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THE 


GENESEE  FARMER 


AND 


Gardener's  Journal. 


A  WEEKLY  PAPER,  DEVOTED  TO 


n&titultuvtf  flfoiHrnltmt  #  Mmal  ^roiioni  „ 


If-  GOODSELL,  EDITOR 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER. 

PUBLISHED   BY  LUTHER   TUCKER   &   CO. 


1831. 


wfdov  ot  xaa 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  I. 


EDITORIAL. 

Agricultural  Reading  9    Asparagus  101 
Apples  69  92  100  321  401     April   140 
Age  of  Trees  28  118     Agri.  Papers  116 
Agri.  Experience  29     Apple  Sauce  321 
Aphis  or  Plant  Louse  149     Atmosphere  91 
Agri.  Society  Jef.  Co.  153 
Amer.  Wines  266  274  297 
Alb.  Hort.  Soc.  282    Amer.  Institute  330 
Amer.  Productions  385. 
Bruff's  Elevating  Machine  363 


JInsects  187  227  233    Indian  Cakes  156 

.'  Insects  on  Trees  124  156     Irrigation  209 

|  Incisions  in  Fruit  Trees  265 

|  Indian  Corn  157  273     Impr.  Plough  289 

S  Improvement  Hudson  River  335 

I  Improving  Fruit  Trees  274, 

JJeff.  Co.  Ag.  Soc.  153    Jeff. 


Ag 
Keeping  Fruit  289 


Co.  179  209. 
Kraken  323 
£  Keeping  Farmers'  Accounts  329. 

*  Life  Preserver  410     Locusts  187  209  330 

*  Lampas  of  Horses  69     Lucerne  110  330 
Bees  and  Bee  Hives   10  178  *  Large  Fruit  322  337     Long  Wool  329 

Beer  156-Butter  157     Broom  Corn  12  |  Lib.  Ent.  Knowledge  337     Libraries  330 

Brocoli  76     Bass  Matting  84    Budding  250  \  Laying  down  Plants  361. 
Breeding  Animals  117     Bulbous  Roots  249  *  Melitot  140     Mandrake  322     Manures  86 
Barometer  30     Bonnets  157.  5  Manufactures  179  370  377  385  394 

Calves  94  361     Cider  2  289  313  ?  Melons  201  250     Metheghn  241 

Cheese  68  76  84  194     Chesnuts  68  J  Meteor.  Obs.  at  Silver  Lake  242 

Canal  Tolls  6  163  330  363     Cranberries  10  §  Maple  Sugar  60  69  69  185 


*  Vulgar  Errors  10  45  193  273 

?  Vegetable  Physiology  2  22  37  70 

l  Vegetable  Life  369  377. 

J  Work  for  March  92  April  116  May  13S 

<|      June  170  Aug.  249  257  Oct  322  Nov  St5 

I  Watermelons  250     Wants  23     Woad  61 

%  White  Oak  Timber  265     Wheat  21  281 

i  Walnuts  68     Weather  1830,  6     Winter  70 

I  Weather  46  70  156  227  337  362 

I  White  Beet  69     White  Washing  125 

1  Wet  Feet  353     Woodpeckers  281. 

S  Yellows  in  Peach  Trees  44 

l  Yellow  Bugs  170. 

1  Zinc  297. 


Currants  12     Changing  Seeds  36 
Coffee  20  171     Cattle  36  60  134 
Carrots  44     Crops  242     Caps  410 
Corn  Plough  410     Corn  Crops  410 
Cow  Cabbage  241     Canada  Thistle  203 


Mulberry  118  S62     Mustard  101 
Meteorology  21     Madder  12 
Mon.  Hort.  Soc.  9  124  194  313 

keting  Wheat  281     Mushroom  282 
\  Meterological  Table,  Aug.  275     Sept  314 


JM 


Cucumbers  15G  137  212  281     Cherries  202  j      Oct  354     Nov  333 

Curculio  169  185  £49     Caterpillars  137       \ Nutritive  Matter  20     Nurseries  36 

Currant  Wine  193     Chimney  Swallows  195  J  Niag.  Agri,  Soc.  257     Nothing  new  361. 

Covent  Garden  Market  S62     Cellars377        ?Okra«11293     Ornament.  Hort.  241 

Cincinnati  Market  362     Cider  Casks  289      e  Opinions  and  Truths  91». 

Cap  of  Liberty  336     Comets  410  JPafasitic  Plant  209     Pears  227  233  321 

Chinese  Mulberry  362    Cucum.  Seeds  281.  J  Peaches  and  Peach  Trees  250  289 

Diseases  of  the  Horse  329     Dandelions  140    \  Paring  and  burning  Soils  257 

D.  Thomas' Letter  321     Door  Yards  156      SPickles27S     Purslane  140     Patatoes  148 

Domestic  Exports  369     Dom.  Economy  218  ?  Primrose  85     Pomology  52  92  J00 

Dom.  Hort.  Soc.  13  195  274  306  'Puddings  86     Ploughing  100 

Eggs  125     Egg  Plant  233     Eclipse  54  'Percus.  Powder  410     Pumpkins  125  157 

Evaporation  76     Effects  of  Whiskey  363       \  Peach  Borer  109  149  273     Patents  338 

Education  of  Farmers  393    Eels  353  |  Pruning  5  116     Pomolog.  Manual  337 

Effects  of  Winter  at  Alb.  &,  at  Rochester  161  '  Prosperous  Times  337. 

Feeding  Hogs  281     Fall  Ploughing  370         \  Quebec  Cattle  Show  S33. 

Fires  S21     Fences  361     Flowers  179  185        Revenue  of  G.  Britain  370 


Filberts  76     Fig  Tree  85  234     Fish  29  53 
Floral  Calendar  94  163  171   179  195  211 

218  227  234  265  266 
Flax  28  44   125  225  260 
Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees  22  7"   193  201  265 

274  289  321   385 
"Flour  6  363  394     Foddering  Cattle  36 
Grafting  Grapes  125     Guinea  Grass  37 
Grub  or  Peach  Borer  109  149  273 
Gooseberries  101   109  -Geology  52  60  77 
Grafting  37  68  85   103   125  156 

Grafting  Wax  37     Genesee  Country  1  394  $  Sea  Kale  61   134  Shade  Tfafes  93 
Grapes  and  Grape  Vines  2  12  20  29  37  45  ' ' 


Roses  20  193 
$  Real  Estate  Sale  315     Itain  217 
t  Rochester  Manufac's  410     Rabbits  233 
I  Rail  Road  Statistics  315     Reflections  22 
SRens.Hoit.  Soc.  93     Rosebug  134 
J  Rochester  Veg.  Market  257     Rye  273. 
|  Swamp  Mud  202     Silk  Culture  250 
fSalt  Petre  162     Slips  29     Soap  162 
l  Sunflower  20     Summer  Fallows  IS 
|  Strawberries  173  233  262  314     Scions  5 
£  Sheep  28   53  124  193  305  411 
?  Snow  46  62     Seed  Coin  46 


93  125  202  233  289  297  321  345  353 
377  885  409     Gardens  169  170 
Grouting  or  Puddling  140     Gold  362 
Greenhouse  Plants  305. 
Hogs  281     Hops  289     Hedging  386 


'Sweet Potatoes  109     Stocmsll8  314 
\  Shape  of  Trees  1 16     Sap  in  Plants  337 
\  Strawberry  Apple  321     Siberian  Crab  321 
'  September  Pear  321     Season,  Sept.  289 
%  Sugar  from  Beets  314 
%  Smoky  Chimneys  369 


Horticulture  377  242  250  282  306  313  149?  Tanners'  Convention  362     Timber  53 
Hampton  Court  Vine  202     Hessian  Fly  202  \  Transplanting  9     Transfer  Varnish  322 


Hay  and  Haymaking  210  227  227 
Harvesting  Grain  217     House  Plants  227 
Honey  241     Homminy  273     Hats  410 
Horses  69  133  157   109  177   179  185  217 

329  401     Horn  Distemper  134 
Hints  to  Farmers  5  61  77  306  353  361 
Hotbeds  86  102     Hazlenuts  76. 
Introduction  1     Innoculating  217 


J  Tariff  Convention  S46  353 

|  The  Farmer  354  362 

4  Terminology  5  11  30  38  53  61 

I  Threshing  Machines  132    Tulips  163 

*  Tea  171  370     Toads  218     Turnips  21 


.>  Tomatoes  233  266. 

*  Temperature  of  April  14o  May  171 


|  COMMUNICATIONS. 

§  Apricots  308     A  "  Young  Farmer"  S3 
|  Amer.  Silk  and  Wine  42 
<|Ag.  Almanac  90     Ag.  Schools  114. 
;  Benefits  of  Ag.  Papers  383     Botany  150 
I  Breeding  Animals  309     Budding  228 
S  Bees  and  Beehives  41     Bass  Matting  97 
t  Barley  105  126  244     Beer  S32. 
t  Cure  for  Salt  Rheum  58     Carrots  67 
|  Cider  Apples  85     Cider  89  308 
5  Calves  89  93     Cock  Turkey  82 
|  Currant  Wine  188     Caper  Tree  9T 
'Curculio  196  293     Caterpillars  196  301 
?  Cow  Cabbage  244     Cherries  252  300 
?Coffee49  73  106     Cheap  Paint  11 
I  Chinese  Mulberry  412     Coxe's  View  308 
jCatalpa412     Currants  325 
i  Cherries  on  Plum  Stocks  332. 
£  Diseased  Plants  204     "Dioecia"17 
Planting  100 'Diseased  Fruit  Trees  220 

£  Duration  of  Vegetable  Life  372 

5  Dr.  Spafford's  Address  332 

I  Dr.  Spafford's  Reply  to  E.  Y.  374. 

I  Eel  324  S56     Experiments  244 

'  Effects  of  Winter  at  Grealfield  189 

5  Effects  of  Winter  at  Albany  161 

;  Effects  of  Frost  73     "  Economist"  41 . 

5  Fuel  and  Stoves  035 

*  Flowers  S89     Fish  324     Frosts  356 
I  Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees  808     Fire  Blight  5 
i  Fruit  from  D.  Thomas  321  340    Flax  74 
|  Fall  Ploughing  373  397 
5  Fattening  Hogs  105. 

I  Grape  Culture  801     Gooseberries  245  325 
|  Grapes  and  Grape  Vines  S40  340  412 
"?  Grafting  the  Vine  57  66     Green  Crops  313 
$  Green  House  Plants  58 
\  Girdled  Fruit  Trees  41     Garden  Insects  10."' 
\  Grub  or  Peach  Borer  129  172 
$  Genesee  Country  65  356  374. 
■JHort.  Exhibition  212     Horse  Beans  89 
^Hort.  Conversations  244     Hotbed  17  34 
|  Hints  to  Florists  286     Hawley's  Address  4 

*  Haymaking  237     Hemp  105     Hones  42 
I  Hedging  373     Heaves  97 
g  Hogs  42     Hams  97. 

i  Irrigation  286     Indigestion  301    Insects  173 
j*  Intemperance  381     Isabella  Grape  412. 
|  Judge  Buel's  Letter  33. 
\  Linnea?n  Botanic  Garden  308 
5  Lime  Plant  42     Leghorn  Bonnets  25 


i 


Lightning  Rods  220     Locusts  187  212. 


u. 


States  Debt  351 


'Mildew  on  Grapes  245     Mandrake  316 
Vegetable    Oyster  14llM.  Floy's  list  of  Shrubs  57  82  113  121 


116 


INDEX 


Milk  Sickness  310     Man  Root  SG 1 
Military  Trainings  349  356  364  373 

381   381   389  405     Meteors  66 
Means  of  inducing  fertility  in  Fruit  trees  404  \  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees  395. 


|  Calcareous  Manures  342    Corn  Crops  395 
J  Chapin's  Address  357  364     Cider  399 
«  Cobbett's  First  Love  384     Clover  Mill  399 


Meadow  Mice  34. 

Nurseryman  82  121  2l3    Nectarine  S08 

N.  E.  Storms  41  49. 

Oyster  Ponds  74     Okra  260. 

Peaches  292     Parasitic  Plant  285 

Primrose  121     Planting  380     Pruning  17 

Potatoe  Onions  51     Preserving  Butter  11 

Plants  in  bloom  11  mo.  20.  389 

Plugging  Trees  389     Poison  Ivy  373 

Pigeons  284  324  S96     Potatoes  348  396 

Petrifactions  228  252  277     Peas  97 

Pear  on  Apple  Stocks  106 

Prickly  Comfrey  90. 

"  Q"  s  Criticisms  213  236  237  252  276 

285  293  325     Quince  Trees  380. 
Robbing  Gardens  34     Rabbits  137  204 
Rhubarb  81. 

Sea  Kale  81     Slips  57     Snow  Storm  89 
Silk  Culture  49  66     Shade  Trees  343  364 
Sheep  26  58     Spring  97     Seed  Corn  213 
Southern  Rail  Road  316     Snails  277 
Sweet  Potatoe  41   50  137  309  364  380 
Slate  Manufacture  285     Squashes  381 
Snowball  and  High  Cranberry  57 
Spontaneous  Vegetation  3  25  34 


g  Cobb's  Manual  406. 

«;  Domes.  Hort.  Soc.  357     Ditching  267 

I  Diversity  of  Temperature  27 

|  Deception  in  Flowers  286 

|  Durability  of  Timber  296 

j  Dr.  Cutbush's  Address  347 

i  First  and  Last  Census  48 

|  Ergot  in  Spear  Grass  75 

„  Effects  of  Agri   Societies  382. 

|  Fire  Department  360     Flowers  166 

*  Farm  School  for  the  Poor  415 


Fattening  Hogs  355     Flour  Mill  355 


£  National  Prosperity  400. 

£  Onions  106     Okra  211     Oats  227 

|  Orange  Farm  83  131   190 

|  Orchard  Grass  298.  Orcadian  Sketches  36P 

f  Penn.  Hort.  Exhibition  197     Pigs  298  272 

£  Plugging  Trees  56     Pears  83  93   107  27 

|  Potatoe  Cheese  54  299     Pork  382 

g  Potatoes  51   56  83  158   182 

*  Premium  Agri.  Essays  99 

SPeas  75  91   290 

,>Pork  and  Whiskey  376 

I  Prince's  Hort.  74     Prince's  Nursery  366 

5  Peaches  and  Peach  Trees  126  150  215  262 

|      271     Penn.  Canal  Expend.  402 

|  Packing  Butter  310  350. 

I  Quinoa  394. 


Vs   „      .  Z„  *"°      ""tune  Lirape 

Sugar  from  Potatoes  380.    Sachrometer  49  $  Grape  Butter  331     Graftine  134 


The  Eclipse  53     Talavera  Wheat  89 
Tea  Plant  106     Temperature  129 
Transplanting  17     Tomatoes  293 
Threshing  Machines  285. 
Use  of  Salt  in  Ag.  and  Manufactures  50 
U.  States  and  England  332. 
Vegetable  Life  81   113  228  245 
Vitality  of  Plants  11 


i  r  aliening  nogs  355     Mour  Mill  355  I  Quinoa  39 

t  Farmer's  Work    Feb.  54  Mar.  88  May  138  |  Radishes  190     Robbing  Gardens  18  88 

|      June  181    189   197    July  and  August  247  J  Roller  181    189     Rouge  Plant  147 

|      Sept.  295  Der.  403  »  Recipes  23  80  171  256  263  359 

|  Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees  160  175  181  245  268  t  Reus.  Hort.  Soc.  46  93  168  203  267 

>  274  275  278  290  302  395  S  Rural  Cemetery,  Boston  205  214 

*  Flax  225  237  245  253  260  ?  Report  on  Farms.  Bristol,  Ms  350 

'  b  oddering  Cattle  27     Female  Industry  294  '*  Royal  Printing  Office,  Paris  328 

I  Flour  47  48  70  87  248  355     Figs  290  334  <  Rep.  of  View.  Com.  Jeff.  Co.  Ae.  Soc   3^6 

>  t  rench  Agri.  307     Farms  59  239  243  \  Rail  Road  Celebration  312. 

}  Geology  7  26  38     Grass  Grounds  382  f  Silk  Culture    46  80  83  91  107  114  122  126 

5  Gov.  Throop's  Proc.  343     Grain  95  ?    167  182  198  231  243  275  278  279  294  310 

§  Grapes  and  GrapeVines  67  91  152  155  172$   318  331  339  347  363  371  374  387  406 

%  Sedgwick's   Address  51     Stock  Farm  131 
\  Spayed  Cows  147     Shallow  Sowing  219 
I  Sheep  122  145  175  181  271     Swine  334 
\  Spesutia  Farm  218     Swiss  Chard  203 
|  Strawberries  262  268  277  286 
|  Shakers  254     Spurred  Rye  235 
|  Sweet  Potatoes  220  302  334 


%      174   180  203     Grafting  Grapes  125 


%  Greville's  China  Rose  51 
|  Gooseberries  175  215  245  339 
%  Green  Dressing  115   123 
i  Grain  on  Light  Soils  407. 
Hay  and  Haymaking  195  221  230 


I  Hemp  225  237  245  253  260  319     Hops  48  \  Sugar  from  Beets  160     Stout's  Address  13 
Horses  64  133  141   146  1S9  176  184  185    I  Salt  for  Milk  Cows  15     Saving  Seed.  33. 
251   258  302  359  383     Hogs  163  \  Sunflower  Oil  16  379 


S 


m  7.i     w      1 »  „r  ,     ,  |„    al   *ao  d0B  d3B  383     Hogs  163  \  Sunflower  Oil  16  379 

„  ,,     J~%,  ^  ire  Worm  s43     Wabash  413  j  Hints  to  Farmers  411     House  Keeping  415  X  Staves  and  Heading  352 
Wild  Black  Cherry  237  260  \  Horticulture  328     Ham,  17,1  P    b         \  Star*  AcriSnr   A 11   A 


Wild  Black  Cherry  237  260 
Webster's  Dictionary  405 
"  X  "  42. 


I  Horticulture  328     Hams  174 

^  Hudson  and  Ohio  Rail  Road  344. 

I  Imprisonment  for  Debt  343 

g  Improved  Lands  205     Improved  Stock  "3 

,.Indian  Corn  130  139  152  175  181  231 


323 

8  298. 


SELECTIONS, 

Alb.  Co.  Ag.  Report,  1830  43  do.  1831  402  I  ,taJian  Agri;  '"     Ice  Houses  399 
Agricultural  Education  167  216  1  Influence  of  Chmate  on  Plants  316 

Agri.  Board  98     Apricots  223  I  ,ro"  Ma™ftclures  399     Insects  IS 

Agri.  Hofwyl  317     Amer.  Navy  352  W^»'  Le"er  l41 

Agri.  Conven.  411   413     Amer.  Rivers  376  J  l^:,^!"-  Soc'  3°6' 
Alb.  Co.  Hort.  Soc.   150   163  295  298  203  i„y.  S  Address  390  39T 

215  242     Amer.  Silk  318      Apples  152   I  £-?Pr, &  farmer's  Accounts23l 
Amer.  Wine  403     Alabama  Wine  408  \  , ''"  Dned  Corn  402- 

Asparagus  174     Agave  Americana  219.  t     d"16,    J81     Lightning  Rods  220 

Bees  and  Beehives  56   126   139  152  155  174?  ,     Kayde  Chaumom's  Address  153  164 

234  £82     Bloating  in  Cattle  46     Botts  59  \  T^6  P™duce  371  39/     Lamhs  230 
Buffalo  Berry  Tree  139  251     Barley  160      ^iberia  Colonists  287     Locusts  209 
Butter  166  310  350     Budding  269  1  l'Ve  l  e"cres  355  382. 

Barnard's  Letters  96  102  104  112  1»0  1«8  t™g     Wurtzel  106     Milk  Cows  158  5 

136  144  199     Broom  Corn  Whiskey  392  J  mE-T"  1?  lS?J39  174  222  22ii  2« 
Blidn  in  Pear  Trees  359  *S1    .  oyi,l,st  of  Trees  and  Shrubs  26  3£ 

Market  Garden  at  Paris  269 


158  207 


State  Agri.  Soc.  411  413 
5  System  in  Farming  411 
$  Sayings  for  Farmers  411 
*,  Strange  Affection  407 
§  Stockfeeding  in  Ohio  400. 
|  Tulips  166    Turnips  190    Tomatoes  269 
|Topdressing  Grass  Grounds  198 
<  Transplanting  Trees  206 
|T:rnip  Butterfly  222 
?  Taliacotian  Operation  400 
$  Temperance  375  391. 
5  Use  of  Snow  19     Underdraing  286  338 
I  Unfermented  Manures  19. 
5  Village  Gardens  58. 

i  Wheat  27  56  78  141   174  182  192  211  235 
t     243  283  338     Wild  Rice  130 
%  Wool  24  70   130  255     Weril  270 
J  Zinc  Ware  190. 

I  POETRY. 

e  1 


Birds  and  Insects  411. 
Chloride  of  Lime  19  167 


6~35  42  r6  104176  256  271  328  344  352  376  408  41c. 


Cellars  272 


>M 


r.  Coke,  Eng.  Farmer  251 


Census  N.York  7  Arkansas  15  Mississippi  \  »oral  doughboy  254     Melons  152  189 

15  Cities  and  Towns  16  U.  States  152  416  \  »,      ,ms,for  Ma"'ed  Ladies  243 
Currant  Wine  220     Cream  Cheese  203         \  m".  Inducin?  fertility  hi  Fruit  trees  404  : 
Cattle  145  147   158   166   196  |  ^{ount  Auburn  Cemetery  318  383 

Cucumbers  189     Canal  Tolls  312  $  "Jontreal  Cattle  Show  339  J 

Calves  90     Carpet  Weaving  78  %  v'lk  S'ckness  340. 

(Jure  for  Consumption  118     Castor  Oil  290  $  xTec,arlne.sI.1 5*  21 5     Na""-a'  History  6  7 
Criminal  Suits  against  Animals  18  t  ^0,es°"  Mlch|gan  158  " 

Chii 


MISCELLANEOUS  ITEMS. 


27 

47 
70 

87 


30 

48 
71 

88 


31 
54 
72 
91 


32 
55 
75 
95 


7  15  19  23  24 

35  38  39  40  46 

56  59  62  63    64 

78  79  80  83  86 

99  110  111  119  126  127  134  135  136 
139  142  143  144  151  152  158  159  167 
175  176  182  183  184  191  195  200  207 
208  215  216  224  231  232  240  243  247 
248  255  256  263  264  268  271  272  275 
279  280  295  296  302  303  304  312  315 
320  328  334  335  336  338  344  368  39? 
415. 


VOLUME  I. 


KOCHESTER,  JANUARY  1,  1831. 


NUMBRR  I. 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 


Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &e.  Af 


The  first  number  of  a  paper  under  the  above 
title,  was  published  at  Rochester, on  Saturday. 
Jan.  1,  1831 — conducted  by  a  gentleman  long 
experienced  in  the  science  of  Agriculture,  Hor- 
ticulture, and  other  gsetul  arts, assisted  by  man) 
of  the  best  practical  firmers  in  this  section  of 
the  country,  and  particularly  by  some  of  the 
Jlfambers  of  the  Western  and  Sloaroe  County 
Horticultural  Societies. 

No  part  of  the  world  is  more  richly  blessed 
with  soil  and  climate,  for  a  great  and  flourish 
ing  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  interest, 
than  the  western  part  of  the  state  of  New  York 
— that  part  called  Old  Genesee.  Thi6  section 
of  country  is  supposed  by  competent  judges  to 
be  as  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  Vine  and 
'fulborry  as  the  middle  of  France  ;  and  as  wine 
and  silk  are  becoming  matters  of  national  in- 
terest and  legislation,  a  portion  of  ihe  columns 
of  the  Farmer  will  be  devoted  to  these  sub- 
jects. 

This  section  of  country  has  become  densely 
populated  with  an  industrious  and  thriving 
lass  of  Citizens,  who  have  made  themselves 
rich  by  their  own  labors  and  who  have  now  ac 
quired  ihe  time  and  means  of  becomiug  The- 
oretically and  Practically  learned  in  the  arts  for 
cultivating  Scientifically  the  soil  they  have  gn 
lately  reclaimed  from  the  wilderness  &  prepar- 
ed for  the  highest  stale  of  Agriculture.  While 
must  otherbrar.ches  of  science  have  been  pro- 
gressing, aided  by  the  unwearied  eiertionsof 
men  of  learning  and  invention  ;  and  while 
practical  improvements  have  flowed  like  a 
stream  from  the  press,  Agriculture  and  Horti- 
culture (twin-sisters)  have  been  comparatively 
speak.ng,  neglected  and  forgotten  ;  and  those 
who  have  been  pursuing  the  primitive  mode: 
of  tillage  for  subsistencehave  been  left  to  strug 
gle  onward,  (maided  in  their  progress  byjthosc 
means  which  have  been  given  to  other  bran 
cbes  of  science,  and  which  have  proved  the 
cause  of  their  rapid  advancement. 

These  are  among  the  reasons  that  have  indu 
••.edthe  subscribers  to  embark  in  the  cnterprize, 
and  to  direct  ii  part  of  their  tirr  e  and  attemion 
to  the  diffusion  'of  Agricultural  and  Horticul- 
lural  information  which  will  occupy  a  lar«e  por- 
tion of  their  paper. 

They  further  expect  through  the  aid  of  the 
Franklin  Institute  of  this  place  to  be  able  oc- 
casionally to  present  such  essays  as  shall  he 
Thought  useful  in  meehanical  Philosophy. 

The  undertaking  is  one  which  must  neces- 
sarily require  much  labor  and  expense  in  its 
prosecution,  and  without  the  aid  of  a  liberal 
patronage  cannot  long  be  sustained ;  yet  aware 
of  all  these  difficulties  to  be  encountered,  the 
subscribers  flatter  themselves  that,  if  they  suc- 
ceed in  rendering  their  paper  worthy  of  sup 
port,  itp  merits  will  be  duly  appreciated  by  an 
enlightened  community,  and  their  labors  re- 
warded in  proportion  to  the  profitable  informa- 
tion distributed  to  their  Patrons. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  will  be  pub 
iVied  monthly  aMetesrologica!  Table,  givin-> 


the  temperature  and  slate  of  the  Atmosphere, 
course  of  the  winds,  &c  It  will  also  contain 
>  Horticultural  and  Pomological  register;  giv- 
ing the  time  of  leafing  and  blossoming  o  plants, 
and  the  time  of  ripening  of  the  various  kinds 
of  fruit,  lor  the  benefit  of  those  who  reside  in 
different  latitudes,  as  well  as  to  compare  dif- 
ferent seasons  in  the  same  latitude. 

ST  A  Price  Current  and  Bank  Note  Table, 
carefully  corrected  each  week,  will  be  given. 

The  paper  will  be  printed  every  Saturday, 
in  quarto  form,  ob  fine  paper  and  fair  type,  ma- 
king 416  pages  a  year,  besides  a  Title  Page  and 
Index,  at  $"2,50  per  annum,  payable  in  six 
months,  or  $2,00,  if  paid  at  the  time  of  sub 
scribing. 

TUCKER    &  STEA'ENS. 

Rochester,  Jan.  1, 1631. 


Editors  who  will  give  the  above  two  or  three  inser- 
tions, will  confer  a  favor  which  will  be  reciprocated  the 
first  opportunity. 


HTJMBER  ONE. 

We  are  aware  that  this  season  of  the  year  is 
rather  an  unfavorable  time  to  commence  a  work 
like  this,  when  every  subjeotof  whiohwc  shall 
treat   is   frozen    in  "  thick  ribbed  ice," — the 
field,  the  garden,  and  the  forest,  shorn  of  their 
glorias,  dressed   in  the  habiliments  of  death, 
have  gone   to  their  night  of  repose  ;  and  man, 
with  his  fine  bounding  animal  spirits,  which 
expand  and  exhilarate  the  frame  at  the  return 
of  spring  and  the  re-appearance   of  all  things 
that  are   fair — he  whose   "  eye  in  a  fine  frenzy 
rolling,  doth  glance  fiom  heaven  to  earth,  from 
earth  to  heaven" — now  frigid  and  torpid,  driv 
en  like  the  "  silvery  sap"  of  vegetables  to  their 
hidden  recesses — we  say.  that  this  period. when 
all  things  aro   a  "  chaos  of  hard  clay,"  mav  he 
rather  an  unfavorable   one   to  commence   our 
work  ,of  which  this  number  is  a  specimen  ;  but 
as  this  little  plant  is  the  only  one  of  the  class. 
;>rdor,  genus,  or  species,  of  the  kind,  in  this 
Slate,  except   a  monthly  publication   in  ISew 
York  city,  we  intend  to  nurse  it  with  peculiar 
care,  and  fondly  hope  that  this  bud  which  we 
now   set  will  increase   and  multiply,  blossom 
and  bear  fruit  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  concern- 
ed.    With  this  number  we  strike  off,  and  shall 
continue  at  that    ratio    1000   copies,   trustin" 
that  when  the  genial  sun  of  public  approbation 
and  liberality  shall  kindle  it  into  life,  the  bene- 
fits on  the  score  of  mutuality  may  be  in  favor  of 
our  patrons.     We  shall  not   be  disappointed 
nor  discouragi  d  if  a  part  of  our  edition  should 
lie  dormant  for  a  while,  until  the  season  of  hy 
bernation,  both   of  the  animal  and  vegetable 
systems,  shall  pass  away. 

In  the  mean,  time,  maugre  as  the  season  is 
with  subjects,  we  hope  to  be  able,  not  only  to 
assure  but  to  instruct  a  great  portion  of  our  rea- 
ders by  uch  suggestions  on  general  topics,  and 
such  philosophical  speculations  as  our  experi 
ence  and  research  has  endowed  ns  with,  to 
gether  with  the  kind  favors  we  anticipate  from 
a  large  and  able  promised  correspondence,  and 
selective  facts,  regarding  the  physiology  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  from  staple  authors  and 
periodical  works  as  we  shall  regard  worth  the 
attention  of  our  readers.  With  this  peroration, 
I  we  make  our  congee  to  our  patrons.  * 


GENESEE   COUNTRY. 

We  were  forcibly  struck  with  the  wonder 
ful  and  magic  change  that  the  region  once  cal 
led  the  "Genesee  Country,"  has  undergone 
in  the  brief  space  of  thirty  years— brief  space 
because  many  of  our  readers  can  look  back  te 
that  length  of  time  as  yesterday,  and  see  in  the 
mirror  of  memory  events  shadowed  forth  with 
more  palpable  boldness  and  reality  than  even 
the  events  of  yesterday.  We  say  we  were 
forcibly  effected  by  the  wonderful  change  of 
thirty  years  on  looking  over  a  little  work  pub- 
lished by  the  Messrs.  T.  A-  J.  Sword  in  1799 
ontitled,  "  A  Series  of  Letters  from  a  Gentle- 
man to  his  Friend,  describing  the  Genese« 
Country."  He  says,  "  in  1790,  all  that  part  oi 
the  Stale,  lying  west  of  the  above  mentioned 
line  to  lake  Ontario,  including  the  Genesee 
Country,  was  ereoted  into  a  county  by  the  name 
of  Ontario  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  lake 
Ontario,  on  the  west  by  Niagara  river,  and  lake 
Erie;  on  the  south  by  Pennsylvania, and  on  the 
east  by  the  counties  of  Tioga  and  Onondaga.'' 
"  In  1796,  a  printing  office  was  established  in 
the  town  of  Eatb,  entitled  the  Bath  Gazette— 
another  paper  is  also  printed  in  the  Genesee,  en- 
titled the  Ontario  Gazette,  The  same  year  a 
sloop  of  forty  tons  was  built  and  launched  on 
the  Genesee  lake." 

Quere?  Where  was  the  •■  Ontario  Gazette" 
printed,  and  where  is  the  "  Genesee  lake?" 

That  portion  ofcountry  once  called  ihe  ''Ge- 
nesee Country,"  although    its  exact  boundaries 
were  rather  vague  and  uncertain,  probably  now 
contains  some  two  hundred  towns  with  more 
than 800,000  inhabitants,  with  cities  and  villa- 
ges at  every  four  corners,  and  newspapers  as 
thick  as  blackberries.     The  Genesee  Country, 
at  that  time  a  wilderness  of  forest,  now  teems 
with  an  active,  industrious  and  wholesome  po- 
pulation.    The  forests  have   fallen  uefore  the 
axe,  and  the  bread  stuffs,  and  all  the  luxuries  of 
life  arise  behind  the    plough  share,   and  the 
young  lion  of  the  west,  from  a  purblind  whelp, 
now  shews  his  gnashing  fangs  and  bristles  his 
waving  mane,  in  proud  confidence  to  ihe  mam- 
moth of  the  east.     Possessing   one  of  the  most 
luxurious  soils  of  the  globe,  with  a  climate  that 
for  mildness  will  compare  with  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania,  and  situated  on  the  great  inland 
seas  of  America,  the  production  of  their  soil 
can  lay  under  contribution   Quebec  and  Mon- 
treal, New  York,  Boston,  and  the  cities  of  the 
east— New  Orleans— even  (under  the  modern 
discoveries  which  defy  time  and  space)  Colum- 
bia rivar,   and  Kamschatka.     These   are   not 
chateaus  d'  Espagne,  and  Time,  that  old  hoary 
headed  truth-teller,will  endorse  it  a  '"true  bill." 
Feeling,  as  we  do,  the  importance  and  wo.th 
of  the    Genesee  Countiy,  we  trust  our  reader? 

will  not  ihink  the  title  of  our  paper "The 

Genesee  Farmer"— too  local  or  trivial  to  pat- 
ronize it  even  beyond  the  counties  of  "Tioaa. 
and  Onondaga;"  and  although  they  may  ask 
what  good  can  come  out  ofGallilee,  like  tbem 
of  old  let  them  wait,  and  hear  what  he  hath  to 
say  for  himself.  » 


BtFTwo  weeks  will  elapse  before  tho  pub- 
lication of  No.  2,  after  which  this  paper  wilfc 
be  published  every  Satnrday. 


2 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  1,  1831. 


THE  VINE. 

There  is  "°t   a  section  of  country  in  the 
United  States  better   adapted   to   the  growth 
of  the  vine  than  that    bordering  onthesoui" 
side  lfLak?  Ontario,  taking  intoconsideratiun 
climate  and  soil;   and  so    far  as  experiments 
have  been  made,  most  of  the  European  varie- 
ties,  which  have  been  introduced  into  this  sec 
lion,  have  endured  our  winters  without  any  pro 
tection,  as  well,  apparently,  as  they  do  in  th> 
middle  of  Fiance.     There   is,  upon  the  south 
side  of  tho  Lake,  a  glade  of  land,  stretching  al- 
most the  whole  length  of  it,  from  east  to  west 
and  varying  in  width  from  three  to  eight  miles 
of  aligln  sandy  soil,  deep  and  dry,  and  dis'in 
"uished  bvthe  name  of  Oak,  Lands,  or  (Jali  O- 
ptninns.     These  lands  are  extremely  well  cal- 
culated for  vineyards,  as  it  is    acknowledged 
that  few  lands  are  too  dry  for  vines.     Another 
important  advantage   this  country  has  over  the 
territory  for  the  first  hundred   miles  south   is 
the  influence  the  lake  has  upon  the  atmosphere. 
In  the  spring  vegetation  is  not  so  forward  as  i; 
is  farther  south,    the    difference    being   often 
ten  days  in  the  first  fifty  miles.     This  retarding 
of  vegetation  on  the  shores  of  the  lake,  secure- 
fruit  from  late  frosts   in  the  spring.     Again,  in 
the  fall,  as  the  early  frosts  are  generally  accom 
pained    with  moderate  northerly  winds  which 
moving  across  tho   waters,   become  charged 
■with  exhalations  from  the  Lake,  which,  being 
warmer  than  t'ue  atmosphere,  is  condensed  an/ 
i9  driven    several  miles  inland,  preventing  the 
frost  as  far  as  it  extends  ;   owing  t»  this  circum- 
stance vegetation  continues  fresh  a?  late  as  it 
does  as  far  south  as  New  Jersey  or  Pennsy! 
vania.     The  influence  of  the  lake  is  quite  con- 
siderable during  mid-summer  by  preventing  the 
scorching   heat   which  injures  grapes  in  south- 
ern latitudes ;   and  it  is  well  known   that  tem 
perate  climates  are  best  for  the  vine.     It  has 
been  said  that   in  this   latitude   in   the  United 
States,  the  seasons  were  not  long  enough  for 
the  perfection  of  grapes.     This  is  not  the  case 
as  I  have  eaten  grapes  this  season  which  were 
the   second  crop,  and    were  ripe  before  frost 
had  checked  the  vegetation  of  the   Vines. — 
Theygrew  in  the  garden  of  G.  H.  Holden,  E.-q. 
on  the  shore  of  the  lake,  at  the  mouth  of  Gen- 
esee river  ;  and  it  I  were   to  judge   from  the 
growth, the  Vineswere  as  much  accommodated 
as  to  soil  and  climate  as  any  Vines  I  ever  saw. 
They  had  been  planted   out  but   one  season 
before  the  past,  during  which  thev  made  shoots 
from  Ifteen  to  twenty   feet  in   length,  and  as 
thick  as  a  man's  thumb,  which  were  remarka- 
bly  short  jointed.     In  this  neighborhood,    I 
have    examined   Isabella  grape    Vines  which 
have  grown  twenty  feet  the  past  season,  and 
ripened  the  wood  perfectly. 

These  facts  go  far  to  prove  that  the  county  of 
Monroe  is  a  good  location  for  Vineyard*,  and 
we  hope  soon  to  =ee  our  farmers  as  much  en- 
gaged in  making  wine  as  they  arc  at  present  in 
making  cider.  It  maybe  asked,  if  this  section 
is  so  natural  to  Grapes,  why  do  we  not  find  the 
native  fox  grape  growing  upon  those  lands  1  — 
Because  nature  had  not  providoior  completed 
any  method  by  which  the  seeds  of  the  fox 
grape  should  be  scattered  over  tho  face  of  this 
country.  The  fox  grape  is  not  often  eaten  by 
birds,  and  if  so  it  is  at  a  season  when  birds  are 
emigrating  to  the  south,  and  the  seeds  would 
be  carried  in   an  opposite  direction,  as  there 


are  none  found  growing  wild  north  of  the 
lakes.  But  these  observations  will  not  apply 
to  the  ch-ken  or  frost  grape,  which,  from  its 
•  ize  &  time  of  ripening,  is  readily  destroyed  by 
birds.  These  grapes  often  remain  hanging  u- 
pon  ihe  Vines  until  spring,  and  >t  may  be 
readily  imagined  that  they  would  thus  be  trans- 
pi  rted  to  every  part  of  the  United  States. 
which  we  find  is  the  case,  and  particularly  the 
district  spoken  of,  and  if  any  easy  method 
could  be  found  out  of  grafting  the  fox  or  Eu- 
ropean upon  the  wild  frost  grape  stocks  then 
an-  already  vines  enoush  growing  in  this  vt 
cinity  to  furnish  the  country  with  wine.  We 
i  herefore  invite  our  readers  or  any  oher  per- 
son who  mny  possess  practical  information  u- 
pon  tins  subject  to  communicate  the  same  thro' 
:his  paper  for  the  benefit  of  the  public. 
CIDER. 

Perhaps  there  is  not  in  the  whole  round  of 
farming  any  one  operation  more  neglected  than 
Cider  making.  Cider,  when  well  manufactur- 
ed, is  a  cheap  and  wholesome  beverage,  and 
one  of  the  readiest  substitu;cs  for  wine  which 
our  country  can  afford;  but  when  it  is  made  in 
•i  slovenlv  negligent  manner  anil  allowed  to 
run  imo  the  acetous  fermentation,  it  has  a  very 
deleterious  effect  upon  the  constituiion. 

A  little  aiti  ntion  to  facts  will  inure  a  fine 
arttclo  in  this  section  of  the  country,  which  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world  for  produ- 
cing the  apple  in  perfection  Many  attempts 
have  been  made  to  increase  the  strength  of  Ci- 
der, such  as  boiling  the  must,  freezing,  adding 
spirits,  &c.  all  of  which  have  a  direct  tenden- 
cy !o  destroy  the  fine  vinous  flavor  accompany- 
ing the  well  made  article.  Much  is  said  is  to 
particular  kinds  of  apples,  withoul  which  good 
Cider  cannot  be  made.  Now  th  is  is  all  a  mis- 
take— not  but  that  some  apples  coniain  more 
malic  or  tartaric  acid  and  sacharine  matter  than 
others,  and  will  of  course  make  a  stronger  li- 
quor ;  some  also  possess  peculiar  flavor  which 
is  desirable — but  any  of  our  apples,  produ- 
ced by  common  orchards,  are  c  tpable  of  ma- 
king what  is  called  first  rate  Cider,  and  of  suf- 
ficient strength  for  the  temperate  use  of  any 
man.  First  let  the  apples  be  gathered  free 
from  leaves,  but  more  particularly  from  rotten 
or  decayed  ones,  as  both  these  will  communi 
cate  a  bad  taste  to  the  cider,  which  cannot  be 
got  rid  of  after  it  is  made — apples  should  not 
be  allowed  to  lie  too  long  in  a  heap  as  they 
sometimes  contract  a  bad  flavor,  and  it  is  not 
as  important  that  apples  should  be  perfectly 
ripo,  as  has  generally  been  supposed,  as  green 
apples  make  good  Cidor.  After  the  juice  has 
been  pressed  out  and  carried  to  the  cellar  or 
placo  where  it  is  to  be  fermented,  the  better 
way  is  to  put  it  into  vats  or  tubs.  It  should  re- 
main in  this  situation  until  the  fermentation 
has  brought  all  the  pumice  to  the  top  in  a  thick 
scum;  it  should  then  he  drawn  off.  through  a 
hole  near  the  bottom,  into  barrels,  passing  it 
through  a  number  of  thicknesses  of  flannel  pla 
ced  in  the  tunnel,  or  what  is  -till  better,  thro' 
alternate  layers  of  sand  and  flannel,  which  will 
more  completely  retain  all  the  feculent  matter, 
which  is  the  thing  desired  iu  this  operation. — 
Let  the  casks,  into  which  the  Cider  is  to  be 
drawn,be  made  perfectly  clean  before  they  are 
filled,  after  which  they  may  be  left  with  the 
bungs  out  for  a  short  time,  during  which  the 
operator  should  frequently  taste  the  liquor  to 


watch  the  progress  ofthr  fermentation,  (which 
will  be  very  slow;)  when  it  has  advanced  far 
enough,  and  the  Cider  has  acquired  sufficient 
body,  there  should  be  added  about  two  quarts 
of  skim  milk  to  each  barrel,  and  well  incorpo- 
rated with  the  Cider,  either  by  drawing  off  a 
part  of  it  and  returning  it,  or  by  means  of  a 
stick  introduced  at  the  bung.  Let  the  cask 
low  be  bunged  perfectly  tight,  and  set  in  a  cool 
place  for  two  months,  after  which  it  may  again 
be  racked,  when  it  is  wished  to  be  kept  thro' 
the  summei  or  may  be  drawn  from  the  cask 
for  use.  When  Cider  has  been  allowed  to  fer- 
ment in  barrels  it  should  be  racked  off"  as  soon 
as  the  white  bubbles  begin  to  appear  on  the 
surface,  strained,  fined  and  bunged  as  above, 
which  will  always  insure  a  fine  and  pleasant 
beverage. 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY— NO.  1. 

In  commencing  this  paper,  the  editors  are  desirous 
to  begin  with  the  first  rudiments  of  those  branches 
of  science  to  which  it  is  to  be  principally  devoted,  in 
order  to  render  it  a  complete  text-book  for  the  prac- 
tical Farmer  and  Horticulturist.  In  doing  which, 
they  are  not  to  suppose  that  each  reader  has  become 
perfectly  acquainted  with  every  branch  of  science  of 
the  present  day,  and  therefore  they  ask  the  indulgent  < 
of  those  who  have  become  more  perfectly  acquainted 
in  those  branches,  to  introduce  some  of  the  Leading 
principles  of  systematic  Botany.  When  we  consider 
that  Agriculture  and  Horticulture  are  so  immediatel) 
connected  with  this  study,  and  that  much  of  the  sne 
cess  in  either  must  depend  upon  the  knowledge  the 
pperator  has  of  this  science,  we  are  convinced  of  th< 
necessity  of  becoming  at  least  familiar  with  the  more 
common  laws  which  govern  the  Vegetable  kingdom. 
It  does  not  follow  that  each  farmer  or  gardener,  in 
order  to  avail  himself  of  the  improvements  of  the 
present  day,  should  become  a  profound  Botanist ; — 
but  a  very  little  attention  to  the  subject  will  convince 
him  that  the  most  of  the  modern  improvements  arc 
far  from  having  been  accidental,  and  in  order  to  a- 
vail  themselves  of  similar  improvements  it  is  neces 
sary  that  they  should  become  familiar  with  (hose 
functions  of  Vegetables  which  may  be  denominated 
Vegetable  Physiology. 

It  has  been  found  necessary  in  every  branch  ofsci 
ence,  in  order  to  express  the  multitude  of  objects  in- 
cluded, to  make  use  of  certain  technical  terms,  cho, 
sen  for  the  sake  of  brevity  and  perspicuity;  these 
phrases  are  often  perplexing  to  those  who  do  not  fee] 
a  particular  interest  In  that  branch  in  which  the;  are 
used,  and  the  editors  will  studiously  avoid  all 
such  as  do  not  appear  necessary  for  the  benefit  of  tin 
readers. 

Philosophers  have  divided  all  matter  into  tuoclas- 
jses — organized  and  unorganized  bodies.     Annua! 
and  plants  belong  to  the  former,  and  minerals  in  the 
latter.    This  arrangement  is  again  divided  into  sei 
sibleand  insensible.    Sensibility  is  confined  t<>  an 
mals;  but  Irritability, Contractibility,  and  Elasticity, 
bclnng  in  all  organized  bodies. 

Oneofthc  most  useful,  interesting,  and  amusing 
parts  of  the  study  of  Vegetable  Physiology,  is  th, 
fructification  and  reproduction  ofplants. 

That  plants  are  endowed  with  sexual  organs,  and 
are  capable  of  reproducing  their  kind  according  to 

given  l:e\s,  isa  t.iet  so  generally  admitted  as  1 < 

no  argument  in  its  favour,  and  from  a  knowledge  of 
those  laws  the  justly  celebrated  T.  A.  Knight,  now 
President  of  the  Horticultural  Societj  of  London. 
has  been  enabled  to  make  those  improvements  which 
laitl  the  foundation    of  his    exalted    reputation. — 

This  reprodction,  or  continuation  plants 

is  the  seed  containing  in  embrio  ihe  rudiments  of  the 
riew  plants,  and  although  the  last  produce  of  main 
plants, (this,  together  with  the  blossom,  will  first 
come  under  consideration. 


Vol.  1.— No  1. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


Every  perfect  Flower  is  composed  of  seven  ele- 
mentary organs,  including  the  seed  vessels  and  seed, 
and  the  receptacle,  stem,  or  base  on  which  the  other 
parts  rest,  and  by  which  they  are  connected  with 
the  plant.  There  are  a  number  of  other  appendages 
attached  to  some  flowers  whieh  seem  as  if  designed 
by  nature  to  facilitate,  though  not  essential  to,  the 
reproduction  of  plants  ;  as  the  nectary  or  part  con- 
taining honey,  which  seems  designed,  in  the  econo- 
my of  nature,  to  allure  bees  and  other  insects  which 
pass  over  the  stamens  and  pistils  of  the  plants  and 
greatly  assist  the  fecundation  of  the  latter. 

The  seven  elementary  organs  of  a  Flower  arc  as 
follow,  viz : 

1.    Calyx.— The  outer  covering  of  the  flower  before 
it  is  expanded  :  its  colour  is  generally  green.    The 
poppy  affords  a  familiar  example. 
■2.     Curol— The  coloured  leaves  of  the  flower  which 

arc  included  in  the  Calyx. 
3.  Stamens.— The  mealy  knobs  supported  on  the 
ends  of  small  fillaments ;  they  contain  the  pollen 
of  the  plant.  These  are  considered  the  male  or- 
gans and  on  their  number  and  situation  is  founded 
the  artificial  classification  of  Linnseus. 
I.  PutS. — The  central  organ  of  the  flower,  projec- 
ting from  the  pericarp  orseed-vesscl.  This  is  con- 
sidered the  female  part  of  the  flower ;  and  without 
this  no  flower  will  produce  seed. 

5.  Pericarp. — The  vessel  which  contains  the  seed 
whether  a  pood,  as  in  the  bean  and  cabbage,  or  a 
pulpy  substance,  as  th"  apple,  currant,  or  mellon 

6.  Seed.— Containing  the  rudiments  of  the  young 
plant. 

7.  Receptacle. — The  stem  or  base  on  which  the 
other  six  parts  rest,  and  connecting  them  with  the 
plant. 

The  Seed  is  divided  into  four  essential  parts,  viz  : 
1st.     Corclc— The  embryo  of  the  new  plant,  which 

exhibits  the  plume  or  top,  and  the  rostil  or  root  of 

the  new  plant. 
2d.     Cotladojis.— The  thick  fleshy  lobes  of  the  seed, 

which,  rising  above  the  ground,  when  the  seeds 

germinate,  become  the  seed  leaves. 
3d.     Tegument. — The  skin  or  bark  of  seeds  which 

separate  from  the  lobes  when  the  seeds  germinate. 
1th.      Hilum. — The    external    scar    to    whieh  the 

membrane  is  attached,  by  whieh  the  young  seed 

is  suspended  in  the  receptacle,  and  through  which 

nutriment  is  conveyed  to  the  young  seed  in  'ts 

immature  state. 


SPONTANEOUS   VEGETATION. 

"  And  God  said,  let  the  earth  bring  forth  grass.,  the 
herb  yielding  seed,  and  the  fruit-tree  yiebting  fruit, 
after  his  kind,  whose  seed  is  in  itself  upon  the  earth  ; — 
and  it  was  so." — Gen.  1,  11. 

Messrs.  Editors. — I  perceive,  by  the  papers, 
that  you  are  about  to  publish  a  weekly  work,  devo- 
ted to  the  arts  of  farming  and  gardening  and  other 
branches  connected  therewith.  Now,  as  1  have  a 
little  taste  that  way,  beyond  the  mere  "ditching  and 
hedging,"  appertaining  to 'those  pursuits,  and  am 
heartily  tired  with  the  point-no-point  politics  of  the 
day;  I  am  determined"  to  give  up  entirely  that  un 
profitable  contest,  which  is  very  justly  said  to  be  "  the 
strife  of  the  many  for  the  good  of  the  few." 

I  am  truly  glad  to  find  the  country  is  about  to  be 
served  with  a  paper,  which,  if  it  is  as  well  conducted 
as  you  promise  and  the  talent  of  the  country  wai  rants* 
will  be  a  most  important  desideratum,  and  the  vehicle 
of  doing  much  good. 

The  following  remarks  and  speculations  are  sent 
to  you  for  the  purpose  r{ helping  you  to  start,  as  all 
new  machines  move  rather  hard  at  first ;  and  to  so- 
licit the  opinions  and  suggestions  of  your  readers  and 
correspondents. 

I  ask,  what  is  the  cause  of  the  apparent  self-pro. 
duction  of  many  weeds  and  plants,  and  the  probabil- 
ities whether  they  are  spontaneously  produced,  or 
whether  they  are  the  produce  of  a  former  parent, 
"yielding  seed  after  its  kind." 


It  is  a  well  known  fact  that,  on  clearing  up  a  new 
country,  thousands  of  weeds,  herbs,  and  grasses, 
pring  up  almost  simultaneously,  as  though  they  were 
all  sown  atone  time  and  by  some  invisible  hand. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  vegetables  that  only 
seem  to  acquire  life  by  fire,  and  the  more  intense  the 
greater  theproduct.  I  have  known  the  bird  cherry 
to  come  up  as  thick  as  I  have  ever  seon  flax  growing 
in  the  field,  the  seeds  of  which  must  have  lain  dor- 
mant for  numbers  of  years,  until  a  great  fire  laid 
waste  the  forest  and  revivified  them  into  life.  I 
once  saw  a  piece  of  intervale  which  had  laid  in  n 
natural  pasture  for  more  than  twenty  years,  ploughed, 
immediately  planted  to  corn  on  the  turf ;  on  which 
:prung  up  all  those  common  kinds  of  noxious  weeds 
that  commonly  infest  the  oldest  cornfields.  I  once 
knew  a  field,  which,  19  years  before,  had  borne  tur- 
nips, and  subsequently  had  lain  as  pasture  and  mead- 
ow, on  being  ploughed  up,  came  up  with  turnips  al- 
most thick  enough  for  a  crop.  I  once  came  into  the 
possession  of  a  lot  of  land  on  which  was  a  wood- 
vard,  which  had  been  used  as  such  for  about  thirty 
years.  About  4  square  rods  of  which  was  fenced 
into  the  garden,  from  whence  was  t  aken  about  60 
loads  of  chip  manure.  After  coming  to  the  surface 
earth,  it  appeared  so  good  and  in  so  fine  order  that 
I  planted  it  with  onions,  but  in  a  few  days  there  arose 
such  innumerable  hosts  of  every  thing  but  onions, 
that  it  seemed  like  Hamlet's  "  unweeded  Garden, 
things  rank  and  gross  possessed  it  merely." 

Again.  Marl,  which  is  dug  and  transported  consid- 
erable distances  as  a  manure,  is  taken'put  of  pits  10 
to  20  feet  in  depth  pieces  of  which  have  been  taken 
immediately  from  the  pit,  covered  with  glass,  kept 
wet  and  exposed  to  light,  and  in  a  short  time  white 
clover  has  sprung  up,  grown  and  matured  itself.  It 
is  a  well  known  fact  that  seeds  sown  too  deep  in  the 
earth  rot  and  will  not  grow;  and  farmers  and  gard- 
ners  are  often  disappointed,  during  a  wet  spring,  par- 
ticularly, on  having  to  plant  a  second  time  :— In  fact, 
we  know  of  no  instance  of  any  of  our  field  or  garden 
eeds  lying  in  the  ground  over  the  year  and  then 
coming  up. 

Now  the  question  I  demand  is,  Whence  come  all 
of  these  cases  of  Vegetation  ?  Were  they  produced 
naturally  from  the  earth  without  seed  ?  Do  we  live 
in  a  day  of  [miracles,  when  material  "form,  shape, 
and  comeliness,"  spring  from  nothing?  Will  a  hun" 
dred  grains  of  sand,  congregated  together  under  any 
circumstance,  produce  a  pig-weed  large  enough  for 
the  birds  of  heaven  to  rest  upon  ?  Or,  are  they  all 
produced  from  seed,  after  its  own  kind,  which  have 
'ain  buried  for  10,  30,  or  nan  hundreds  of  years,  be- 
yond the  reach  of  light  or  heat  ?  and  if  so,  why  have 
they  not  shared,  by  decomposition,  the  fate  of  all  other 
vegetable  matter  ? A.  B 


peach  or  contagion  in  tbo  animal  Bjii'.em— 
which  is  analogous  to  appoplexy,  or  perhaps 
gangrene. 

Some  writers  alledge  that  seedling  trees,  and 
new  seedling  grafts  on  sebdling  stock,  are  not 
effected.  Others  that  confinement  in  close 
planted  orchards,  and  want  of  circulation  of  air 
is  the  cause.  Others  that  those  trees  which 
blight  have  a  long  tap  root  that  runs  deep  into 
the  earth  and  brings  up  water  as  sap  which  is 
not  charged  with  carbonic  acid  and  the  salts 
of  the  surface,  and  kills  the  tree,  as  taking  too 
much  cold  water  does  into  the  animal  stomach  , 
or  introducing  it  into  an  artery  of  a  living  sub- 
ject; and  another  person,  well  skilled  in  these 
matters,  says  that  he  has  lost  all  of  his  trees 
(20  or  30)  in  the  crotches  of  which  he  has  not 
hung  old  scythes,  sickles,  chains  and  other 
heavy  iron  articles.  Now,  who  shall  decide 
when  doctors  disagree  ?  The  conjectures  are 
as  various  as  the  minds  employed  in  investiga- 
ting the  subject. 

The  vulgar  term,  fire  blight  is  in  reality  not 
badly  chosen — for  the  appearance  is  the  very 
same  36 1  have  observed  in  trees  that  have  stood 
so  near  a  fire  as  to  have  their  leaves  scorch»d 
and  the  vitality  of  the  small  branches  destroy- 
ed. Such  a  tree,  in  the  course  of  three 
or  four  days,  puts  on  exactly  the  same  appear- 
ance and  smell  as  the  blight. 

Now  comes  my  hypothesis.  Is  not  the 
eause,  the  primum  mobile  of  this  destructive 
diseaoe  some  defect,  in  the  leaves,  which  arc 
the  lungs  of  the  plant,  and  which  elaborates 
the  sap  and  without  which  neither  the  venous 
ncr  arterial  system  can  proceed — the  rising  sap 
accumulates,  stagnates,  firmentalion  commen- 
ce*, heat  is  generated,  acetous  acid  is  formed, 
which  would  produce  exactly  the  state  of  things 
wo  find  in  the  blighted  tree. 

The  leaves  may  become  unhealthv  by  excre- 
ting some  morbid  or  acrid  substance,  or  by  ho- 
ney dew.  which  as  yet  is  not  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained, or  by  some  small  insects  destroying 
the  secreting  or  excreting  vessels  of  the  leaf  or 
puncturing  the  pettiole  and  desiroying  the  tubes 
that  carry  and  return  the  sap,  at  a  period  when 
the  tree  is  too  far  exhausted  by  bearing  and 
the  lateness  of  the  season  to  push  out  the  new 
bud.  H    Y. 

West  Bloomtield,  26th  12th  mo.  1830. 


FIRE  BLIGHT.  , 

Messrs.  Emtors—  I  see  by  the  papers,  and 
learn  from  persons  from  various  quarters,  that 
blight,  or  fire  blight,  as  it  is  called,  is  producing 
great  ravages  on  apple,  quince,  and  particularly 
on  pear  trees,  of  the  grafted  and  best  kinds, 
which  threatens  total  annihilation  to  some  of 
the  finest  varieties  hitherto  known  ;  and  as  the 
same  disease  is  obtaining  in  this  country,  many 
instances  of  which  I  observed  the  past  setson, 
I  beg  leave  to  add  my  mite  to  the  stock  of  con- 
jecture,  which  seems  to  be  the  only  advance- 
ment that  the  best  physiologists  of  the  coun- 
try have  as  yet  been  ablo  to  oft'er  as  to  its  cause 
— in  fact  it  seems  to  be  shrouded  in  the  most 
impenetrable  veil  of  mystery,  and  as  yet  has 
eluded  the  closest  and  most  critical  analysis 
of  our  best  Horticulturists. 

It  has  been  imputed  to  a  redundancy  ofsip, 
a  surfeit,  to  the  too  great  heat  of  the  sun,  to  in- 
sects and  to  disease  received  by  impregnation 
of  the  blossom,  analogous  to  the  yellows  in  the 


Sy  Those  gentlemen  to  whom  we  have  ta- 
ken the  liberty  to  forward  this  number,  and  its 
extra,  if  they  shall  think  favorably  of  the  under- 
taking, and  of  the  merits  of  the  work,  will  ob- 
lige us  by  forwarding  iheir  names  and  those  of 
am  friend  to  whom  such  a  paper  as  this  would 
be  desirable.  As  it  is  of  its  kind  unique  in  this 
state,  and  intended  lor  genera!  circulation,  we 
expect  to  look  abroad  for  a  great  part  of  our 
patronage 

O3  The  proprietors  have  undertaken  the 
publication  wi'h  the  determination  of  makiug  it 
permanent :  they  therefore  suggest  to  those 
gentlemen  who  would  wish  to  see  the  Farmer 
become  a  durable  and  useful  paper,  the  propri- 
ety of  not  only  interesting  themselves  in  its 
circulation  but  also  of  contributing  to  its  col 
iimns. 

ACCTIONS- 

The  duties  paid  by  auctioneers  in  Philadel 
phia  duriog  the  last  quarter  amount  to  $32, 
944.90. 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  1,1831. 


H0RTICULTUR4I. 

SOCIETY    OF   MONROE:   COOXTT. 

The  following  Address  was  prepared  by  a 
Committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and 
submitted  by  Jesse  Hawley,  Esq.  to  the  meet- 
ing at  which  was  organized  the  Horticultural 
Society  of  the  County  of  Monroe  : 

Hobticdltobe,  means  the  cultivation  of  a 
garden — in  tho  general  icciptation  it  is  exten- 
ded to  include  fruit  and  forost  trees,  also  laud 
scape  and  flower,  as  well  as  culinary  garden- 
ing- 

According  to  the  Mosaic  history,  gardening 
Was  the  first  occupation  of  man,  taught  by  the 
Creator  himself,  to  Adam: — "And  tho  Lord 
God  planted  a  garden  eastward  in  Eden,  and 
there  he  put  the  man  whom  he  had  formed:" 
•'And  God  said,  Behold  I  have  given  you  cv 
ery  herb  bearing  seed,  which  is  upon  the  face 
of  all  the  earth,  and  every  tree  in  the  which  is 
the  fruit  of  a  tree  yielding  seed  ;  to  you  it  shall 
be  for  meat :" — "  And  the  Lord  God  took  the 
man  and  put  him  in  the  garden  to  dress  and 
keep  it:" — and  commanded  him  to  "  Be  fruit- 
ful and  multiply  and  replenish  the  earth,  and 
subdue  it." 

Hero  then,  we  find  the  history  of  Horticul- 
ture commenceswith  that  of  the  creation  ;  un 
der  the  immediate  superintendence  of  the  Al- 
mighty Parent,  on  the  day  when  he  created 
Man  with  the  Heavens  and  the  Earth. 

How  ancient  the  date!  how  natural  the  pur- 
suit, when  we  consider  it  as  a  part  of  the  grand 
design  of  God  in  the  creation  of  all  things  j 
for,  in  his  enumeration  of  the  generations  of 
the  heaven3  and  the  earth,  and  before  the  crea- 
tion of  man,  he  said,  "  there  was  not  a  man  to 
till  the  ground." 

How  sublime  tho  idea, — when  we  further 
consider  the  moral  design  of  the  whole  crea- 
tion, that  man,  by  the  toils  of  his  labor  in  the 
peaceful  and  quiet  pursuits  of  the  tillage  of  the 
earth,  should  bo  made  to  increase  the  means  of 
the  sustenance  of  his  species;  and  by  his  con 
nubial  affections,  to  multiply  and  replenish  the 
human  family,  for  tho  purpose  of  increasing  the 
number  of  souls  for  the  Almighty  Father  to 
bless  and  save  through  the  munificence  of  hi- 
Grace,  as  the  only  positivo  act  of  duty  which 
man  could  render  to  his  God;  all  other  acts  of 
duty  being  necessarily  relative,  as  rendered  to 
his  fellow  man  1 

But  Adam  by  his  transgression,  soon  fell. 
and  lost  his  garden  with  his  innocence,  and  his 
primeval  happiness ;  and  was  turned  out  to  till 
the  crude  ground  "  cursed  for  his  sake,  infested 
with  thorns  and  thistles,  and  made  to  eat  of  it 
in  sorrow  all  the  days  of  his  life." 

Tho  posterity  of  Adam,  for  many  ages  and 
centuries  afterwards,  -was  contented  to  subsist 
upon  the  wild  and  uncultivated  productions  of 
nature,  in  the  field  and  in  the  forest.  In  this 
rude  state,  man  was  a  pursuer  of  the  chase — a 
hunter;  in  which  condition  it  took  many  acres 
—  a  township  of  land,  to  subsist  an  individual 
A  small  increase  in  their  numbers  soon  served 
to  over-stock  a  portion  of  the  country,  then 
when  the  stronger  began  to  cortend  with  the 
•weaker  for  the  better  choice,  and  from  whence 
wars,  conquests  and  desolation  ensued  among 
the  vagrant  tribes  and  hordes  of  men.  Thi 
strife  for  his  subsistence,  made  man  ferocious 
an lus  disposition  tottrard  his  fellow-man;  and 


thus  we  have  been  led  to  call  him  lavage  while 
in  the  hunter  state. 

The  Indians  of  our  forests,  who  still  retain 
these  primitive  habits,  well  illustrate  to  us  the 
miserable  condition  of  human  society  in  the 
early  ages,  for  the  pancity  of  their  numbers; 
for  their  precarious  and  scanty  means  of  sub- 
sistence ;  for  the  coarseness  of  tho  fare  and  fla- 
vor ot  their  food;  and  for  the  impotency  of 
their  skill,  ingenuity,  and  productive  labors  to 
provide  themselves  with  the  comforts  of  life .  I 
:n  ail  the  vanetieo  of  food,  raiment  and  shelter 
Irom  tho  weather. 
For  many  ages,  man  did  surely  eat  his  bread  in  sorrow  ' 

With  all  the  energies  and  resources  of  the 
human  mind,  man  but  slowly  emerged  and  pro 
gressed  from  the  hunter's,  to  the  shepherd'.- 
Iife.  Tho  propagation  of  the  flocks  and  herds 
of  animals  for  the  food  of  man,  greatly  increas- 
ed the  means  of  subsistence  and  reduced  the 
requisite  acres  for  his  supply,  from  thousands 
to  hundreds.  This  increased  supply  of  fcod 
Boftened  the  disposition  and  improved  the  mor- 
al character  of  man  and  fitted  him  for  more  so- 
cial habits — yet  as  be  still  increased  in  num 
bers  there  were  strifes  for  right  and  choice  a- 
mong  them.  Abraham,  Lot,  and  Jacob,  had 
iheii  conflicts  and  difficulties  respecting  their 
possessions. 

It  was  even  still  slower  that  man  made  his 
advances  from  the  shepherd,  to  the  agricultur- 
ist, or  farmer's  life. 

The  tillage  of  land,  duly  proportioned  with! 
the  propagation  of  flocks  and  herds,  so  mnch 


the  past ; — until  the  human  family  shall  increase- 
in  the  myriads  of  their  numbers,  corering  the 
face  of  the  earth  "  as  the  stars  of  the  heavens: 
and  as  the  sands  which  id  upon  the  sea-shore." 

In  taking  a  retrospect  through  the  vista  of 
time,  the  progressive  improvement  in  nature 
is  obvious — animals,  by  being  domeslicateili 
by  feeding,  and  by  cross-breeding,  have  been 
made  to  advance  from  a  wild  buffalo  of  the  wil- 
derness, to  the  many  varieties  in  the  herdt 
of  our  farm  yards — vegetables,  by  redeeming 
ullage,  by  natural  seedlings,  selected  and 
extended  by  inocculation,  ingrafting  and  in- 
arching, have  been  made  to  advance  from  the 
oriental  crab  Apple  up  to  the  hnndred  varie- 
ties of  our  orchards  ;  the  delicious  and  melting 
Peach  originated  from  the  bitter  Almond,  and 
from  which  it  is  scarcely  distinguished  while 
it  is  in  the  green  state.  The  rich  and  juicy 
Plumb  from  the  wild  stock  of  the  hedges, 
which  produce  the  uneatable  haws.  The. 
Egyptian  corn,  was  formerly  but  little  better 
than  our  illet  seed.  The  Potatoe,  in  its  o- 
riginal  state,  and  which  is  still  found  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Mississippi,  was  a  small  uneatable 
production,  not  larger  than  a  walnut,  by  culti- 
vation has  become  a  v?luable  esculent,  and 
with  some  nations,  almost  a  staple  article  of 
human  food. 

The  first  coffee  tree  planted  in  the  island  of 
Jamaica,  was  in  1728;  the  berries  produced 
from  this  tree  were  sold  at  sixpence  each,  si/ 
rapid  was  the  extention  of  its  culture  that  in  21' 
years  the  exportation    of  coffee  amounted   tc 


farther  increased  the  supplies  of  his  food,  as  toij  60,0011  pounds  ;  and  in  SO  years  to  nearly  thirty 
reduce  the  requisite  acres  of  land  for  his  main-  ij  million  pounds.  The  cotton  of  the  southern 
tenance  from  hundreds  to  units— giving  avast  I  states  in  the  space  of  40  years,  has  grown  from 


deal  more  room  for  the  progressive  increase  of 
his  numbers;  location  and  stability  to  his  res- 
idence, with  social  and  moral  dispositions  ;  in- 
troduced the  idea  of  each  man  holding  tho  right 
of  his  home  and  property  in  severalty;  and 
producing  a  powerful  excitement  to  individual 
industry  and  enterprize  to  acquire  it — hence 
originated  the  purchase  of  farms  for  a  fixed 
home  and  residence — this  led  to  the  re-intro- 
duction  of  Gardens,  Orchards,  &c. 

The  Agricultural  state  of  society  called  for 
stable  governments,  to  guarantee  and  secure 
individuals  in  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  the  pro- 
duct of  their  labor. 

When  thus  secured  in  tho  fruits  of  his  labor, 
man  sought  to  extend  the  means  of  his  imme- 
diate necessities  ;  from  a  daily  and  precarious, 
to  a  yearly  and  adequate  supply  ;  and  thence 
onward  to  provide  a  patrimony  for  his  succeed- 
ing generations. 

All  nature,  both  animate  and  inanimate,  has 
been  most  wisely  and  providentially  endued 
with  the  capacity  of  progressive  improvement; 
constituting  a  principle  of  self-regeneration. — 
And  ibis  principle  of  progressive  improvement 
seems  to  have  been  given  to  all  organized  bo- 
dies of  creation,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  em- 
ployment to  the  rational  and  moral  energies  of 
tho  human  mind  in  multiplying  the  means  of 
sustenance,  as  mankind  shall  progress  in  de- 
veloping the  urts  and  scienees  and  render  them 
applicable  to  the  enlargement  of  the  comforts 
of  human  life : — each  keeping  pace  with  the 
other  throngh  the  successive  generations  of 
time  to  an  infinite  scries  of  variety  and  exten 
sion,  unconceived  by  the  present,  as  tho  pres- 
ent march  of  htrman 'im*elJcct  wits  flntiiiqwn  to 


units  to  millions  of  dollars. 

It  is  not  within  the  limits  of  our  design  to 
trace  the  history  of  Horticulture  from  Eden 
through  the  ages  of  time  to  the  present;  tc 
describe  the  groves  of  the  ancients,  or  the 
hanging  gardens  of  Rabylon,  but  merely  to  pre- 
sent a  few  faots  accompanied  with  some  gen 
eral  observations  to  serve  as  inducements  for 
us  to  form  a  Soeiety  in  our  county  for  the  pur- 
pose of  combining  the  exertion  of  spirited  indi- 
viduals into  an  united  operation  in  the  collec- 
tion and  diffusion  of  practical  knowledge  on 
the  subject,  that  shall  contribute  something  to- 
ward an  improvement  of  the  vegetable  and 
fruit  market  in  the  village  of  Rochester. 

We  have  been  invited  to  the  undertaking  br 
the  consideration  that  all  nations  have  been 
characterized  by  their  attention  to  Horticul- 
ture, in  proportion  to  their  advancement  in  civ- 
ilization. 

Holland  formerly  took  the  lead  of  the  Euro- 
pean nations  in  the  science  of  Horticulture 
and  extended  the  luxuries  of  her  flower  gardens 
to  that  excess  that  she  has  become  proverbial 
Ibr  her  whimsical  Tulip  mania  in  which  Tulip 
roots  were  sold  from  $1,000  te  $10,000  each, 

England, from  being  an  almost  barren  island 
not  having  in  its  natural  productions  more  thai; 
half  a  dozen  species  of  vegetables  suitable  for 
human  aliment,  has,  by  her  industry,  enterprize- 
and  science,  borrowed,  acclimated  and  natur- 
alized almost  all  the  productions  of  northern 
latitudes,  until  she  is  rendered  a  garden  al- 
most from  one  extremely  of  the  kingdom  it  the 
other — and  she  now  sustains  a  population  ef 
13  millions — equal  to  that  of  the  U.  S.—  avera- 
ging   SO?   to  a  square-  mire—that  of  fhe'  V.  9.' 


Vol.  I  —No.   1. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


Only  10 — and  only  3  seres  of  land  to  each  in- 
habitant. 

France.deprivedof  her  West  India  colonies, 
has  undertaken  to  extract  sugar  from  beets. — 
But  the  grape  vine  is  her  boast,  and  of  which 
she  is  more  proud  than  of  her  Bourbons.  Her 
Wines  diffuse  nourishment,  health  and  tempe- 
rance among  her  population.  It  is  worth  a 
passing  remark  to  say  VY  ine  countries  enjoy 
more  temperance,  than  those  countries  that 
substitute  alcohol  for  wine. 

It  is  a  singular  ard  pecaliar  fact,  that  these 
various  and  impoitaut  improvements  in  the  e- 
conomy  of  nations,  havo  been  achieved  more 
by  the  efforts  of  enterpnzing  and  patriotic  in- 
dividuals and  at  their  private  expense,  than  by 
all  the  public  authorities  and  revenues  of  the 
got  erntnents  under  which  they  have  lived. 

England  has  been  highly  gified  with  a  nu- 
merous list  of  those  worthy  individuals,  among 
whom  some  of  the  most  prominent  are  Arthur 
Young,  John  Bakewell,  Humphrey  Davy,  John 
Sinclair,  and  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  who  is 
now  the  President  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Society;  whose  profound  science  invegotable 
physiology,  and  whose  singular  improvements 
in  cross-breeding  the  several  varieties  among 
the  same  species  of  fruit  and  vegetables  (as  the 
former  characters  had  done  with  animals)  will 
consecrate  his  fame  to  posterity,  equal  with  the 
warrior  Wellington. 

In  America  we  have  a  number  of  men  of  tal- 
ents who  are  engaged  in  diffusing  Horticultural 
science,  blessing  their  country  with  their  la- 
bors, and  who  will  in  turn  obtain  the  gratitude 
of  an  enlightened  people. 

The  moat  pro-eminent  of  those  isJUaj.  J.  Ad- 
'ura  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  a  veieran  of 


PRUNING. 

This  is  the  season  of  the  year  when  farmers 
often  take  it  upon  them  to  prune  their  orchards. 
This  is  a  bad  practice  and  should  be  discontin- 
ued. It  is  desirable,  when  a  limb  of  a  tree  is 
cut  off,  to  have  the  new  growth  cover  the 
wound  as  soon  as  possible.  When  trees  are 
pruned  in  winter,  by  the  action  of  the  san  and 
air  upon  the  parts  cut,  the  wood,  to  a  small 
distance,  becomes  dried,  with  the  balk  firmly 
attached  to  it,  and  all  circulation  of  sap  per- 
leclly  suspended.  It  requires  some  years,  more 
or  less,  according  to  the  size  of  the  limb,  be- 
fore the  young  wood  can  break  through  the  old 
bark  in  order  to  cover  the  wound.  Never  prune 
until  the  sap  begins  to  circulate  freely  in  the 
BpriBg,  or  until  the  tree  is  in  leaf.  At  this 
time  the  bark  is  loose  from  the  wood,  and  the 
elaborated  juice  of  the  tree  will  be  seen  pro- 
jecting from  between  tho  bark  and  wood,  for- 
ming a  lip  which  is  covered  with  a  thin  bark 
which  continues  to  extend  and  soon  covers  the 
wound. 

As  to  nurseries,  when  you  approach  them  be 
careful  to  keep  your  knife  in  your  pocket. — 
There  has  been  nine  nurseries  spoiled  by  over 
pruning  to  where  one  ever  suffered  for  the 
want  of  it,  I  know  it  is  easier  work  to  prune 
a  small  tree  than  to  dig  about  it.  Whoofyou; 
would  ever  think  of  fattening  your  horse  by 
brushing  without  feeding  him,  or  that  he  could 
digest  his  food  without  his  stomach;  but  it 
would  be  equally  natural  to  trim  and  brush  him 
after  he  was  in  flesh  before  taking  him  to  mar- 
ket. So  with  trees.  Many  of  the  elements 
nf nutrition  are  taken  ap  by  the  roots;  but  the 
leaves  are  as  essential  to  the  elaboration  of 
those  elements  as  the  stomach  of  a  horse  is  to 
the  digestion  of  bis  food— without  these  either 


t0  years;  who  alter  many  years  of  effort  and  i, 

.  ,  ,   ,         -  ,    .       y  would  perish:  but  when  trees  have  attained  a 

experiment,  has  achieved  the  science  and  sini-  ' 

phtied  tlie  art  of  making  American  Wine  from 

native  grapes  with  such  masterly  tact  as  fully 


equals  the  best  of  our  imported  wines,  even 
that  of  the  celebrated  Tokay  ;  and  in  a  man- 
ner that  will  supercede  our  further  importation 
of  foreign  grape  vines,  and  eventually  of  wines. 
In   20  years  bo  will  become  tho  reputed,  and 

esteemed     Father    of     American     wines. 

Next  to  him  in  order  is  the  Messrs.  Prince, 
Jesse  Buel,  D.Thomas, Floy,  Parmenlicr,  Lou 
bat,  and  others.  The  last  named  are  residents 
of  our  State. 

As  new  and  as  novel  as  the  suggestion  of  an 
Horticultural  Society  is  to  us ;  as  inexperienced 
and  untaught  as  we  are  in  its  science  ;  as  in- 
competent as  we  feel  ourselves  to  imitate  mid 
equal  the  example  of  these  worthies  of  their 
age  and  country, — yet  we  are  favored  with  a 
prospect  of  at  least  a  partial  success  in  our  un- 
dertaking, by  the  goodness  of  our  climate,  suil 
and  location.  Our  soil  is  mostly  a  warm,  light, 
pliable  and  fertile  loam,  the  chosen  kiud  for 
gardens  and  fruit  orchards.  Tho  marine  at- 
mosphere of  Lake  Ontario  renders  our  climate 
nearly  as  temperate  as  that  of  Now  York  aud 
Long  Iiland  ;  and  our  village  market  promises 
a  rensonable  remuneration  for  a  part  of  otlf  la- 
bors ;  to  be  divided  between  profit  and  enjoy- 
ment. 
_  Gentlemen,  shall  we  attejnpt  the  Un.de.rta- 

In  bthalf  of  the  Corrrmiuee. 

.  J.  IlA\VL-nY. 

RocheSTe^  2Qfh  Scjpt,  1^  * 


ufficient  size  for  sale,  it  is  well  to  give  such 
pruning  as  may  give  a  desirable  shape  to  the 
tops,  and  this  should  be  done  one  year  before 
transplanting. 


HINTS  TO  FARMERS, 

Nevee  feed  potatoes  to  stock  without  boil- 
in"  or  steaming,  as  this  increases  their  nutri- 
tive qualities. 

Grind  your  corn  with  the  cobs — it  is  better 
feed  ami  pays  Well  for  the  trouble. 

One  bushel  of  flax-seed,  ground  with  eight 
bushels  ofoats,  isbetterfor horsesthan  sixteen 
bnshels  of  oats  alone,  and  will  effectually  de- 
stroy the  bolts. 

Never  burn  nil  dry  wood  inyourfire  place — 
nor  iu o  a  firo  pluce  when  you  can  get  a  stove. 

Cut  your  trees  for  rails  in  winter,  as  they  are 
more  durable. 

Nover  dew  ret  your  flax  or  homp,  unless  you 
wish  to  render  it  worthless. 

Never  select  your  seed  corn  from  the  ciibi 
but  from  the  stalk. 

Never  feed  out  your  best  potatoes  and  plant 
the  refuse — nor  sell  your  best  sheep  and  keep 
the  poorest. 

A  fat  ox  is  worth  more  than  a   poor  horse, 


TERMINOLOGY. 

As  we  wikh  to  cultivate  a  taste  for  the  pur 
suits  of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture  with  all 
classes,  and  a  great  part  of  our  readers  will  ho 
farmers,  plain,  honest  and  unlettered,  we  hope 
the  initiated  will  not  think  it  lost  time  if  we: 
in  each  number,  give  a  short  vocabulary  of 
terms,  all  of  which  must  be  cnore  or  less  used 
in  the  course  of  our  pursuits  in  these  arts: 

Seedling — a  natural  stock,  growing  fronj,lbe 
seed. 

Stock — that  part  of  the  tree  opoa  whiob  tne 
cion  or  bud  is  set. 

Cion — a  limb  or  twig  of  the  tree  intended  to 
be  graftod  on  the  stock. 

Bud  or  Gem— the  germ  of  tlie  new  leaf  or 
flower. 

Layer — that  part  of  a  tree  or  vine  which  is 
bent  down  and  covered  with  earth  till  it  takes 
root. 

Slip — a  limb  or  twig  cut  with  one  or  move 
buds,  and  stuck  into  the  ground  to  take  root. 

Suckers  or  Sprouts — young  shoots  that  spring 
up  spontaneously  from  the  roots  of  trees. 

Runners — a  slender  vine  thrown  off  which  a> 
gain  takes  root  like  the  strawberry. 

Bulbs — those  plants  in  which  are  enclosed 
the  perfect  plant,  as  the  onion,  garlic  andtir.- 
lip. 

Tubers — those  with  roots  like  the  potatoe,. 
artichoke,  &c. 


wagon  harness. 

Keep  plenty  of  cows  and  bees  as  the  surest 
way  of  having  milk  and  honey.  Confine  your 
cows  with  gofri  (JnStes,  but  let  your  bees  go  at 
forge-. 


though  he  does  not  eat  as  much — and   a  yoke 

and  chain  can  be  bought  for  less  money  than  a|  l0  ,|)e;r  piace  0f  destination,  may  be  put  in  the 


CIONS. 

I  am  frequently  inquired  of,  as  to  the  proper 
season  for  cutting  Cions  for  Gralting,  to  which 
inquiries  my  reply  is,  "  at  any  time  when 
you  find  a  kind  of  fruit  you  wish  to  cultivate." 
There  is  no  season  of  the  year  at  which  cions 
may  not  be  taken  and  transported  two  or  three 
hundred  miles,  if  done  with  care,  and  he  iu 
condition  for  Grafting  or  Inoculating. 

As  winter  is  the  season  when  farmers  do 
most  of  their  travelling,  visiting  their  friends, 
&c,  it  oilers  greater  opportunities  for  them  to 
collect  Cions  of  choice  fruits  than  any  othei 
season  of  the  year.  But  then  opportunities 
are  often  neglected,  under  the  impression  that 
cions  should  be  cat  in  February,  and  even  at 
that  period  many  think  that  stone  fruit  cannot 
bo  grafted.  To  correct  these  errors  a  few  di- 
rections may  be  acceptable. 

Wcon  yeu  find  a  variety  of  fruityou  wish  to 
cultivate,  procure  some  Cions  of  the  kind — it 
in  summer,  select  strait,  healthy  shoots  of  the 
present  year'a  growth,  of  such  length  as  shall 
suit  your  convenience  for  carrying  ;  let  them 
he  done  np  in  a  wet  linnen  cloth  and  carried  in 
such  a  manner  as  not  to  be  bruised.  Budding 
may  bodone  any  time  during  the  summer  when 
the  bark  will  part  from  lite  stock  freely,  whira'i 
it  will  generally  do  from  June  until  the  last  o4- 
August.  It  is  not  essential  that  the  bark 
should  part  from  llie  wood  of  the  cion  as  the 
bud  may  be  inserted  with  the  wood  attached 
to  it — after  the  season  ofbudding  is  past,  cions 
cut  in  autumn  should  be  cut  with  a  few  inchet 
of  the  preceding  years  wood,  and  when  carried 


garden  sticking  the  lower  end  or  old  wood  u 
few  inches  in  the  ground.  If  put  in  the  cellar 
they  are  very  apt  to  be  destroyed  by  rats  or 
mice — cions  may  be  kept  in  this  way  (or  graft- 
ing until  June.     Apples,  feats".  plumliSj  chei 


« 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  1,  183  1. 


rie*,  arid  quinces  may  lie  grafted  wilh  much 
certainty.  Peaches,  apricots,  and  nectarines 
are  more  difficult  but  will  succeed  if  carefully 
done;  also  most  kinds  of  forest  trees:  but  there 
are  very  few  trees  or  shrubs  of  any  kind 
that  may  not  he  budded. 

Currants,  gooseberries,  and  grapes  are  gen- 
erally cultivated  by  cuttings  winch  may  be  ta- 
ken from  September  until  June.  In  procuring 
cions,  persons  should  be  very  careful  in  ascer 
taining  the  names  and  qualities  of  the  fruit  and 
equally  careful  in  labelling  and  recording  the 
same. that  they  may  cultivate  from  them  or  dis- 
tribute them  to  their  friends  in  turn  without 
the  possibility  of  mistake. 


THE  WEATHER, 
The  past  season  has  been  marked  at  this 
place  with  many  striking  peculiarities.  The 
spring  opened  with  a  very  pleasant,  growing, 
and  forward  April — a  backward,  rainy;  and  cold 
May,  the  frosts  of  which  month  only  departed 
on  its  last  day,  that  on  the  31st  being  the  most 
severe.  The  ripening  of  fruits,  and  the  whole 
summer  crop,  was  retarded  about  10  days  later 
than  usual.  The  full  has  also  been  an  uncom- 
mon one ;  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
lake  and  ilie  Genesee  river,  there  was  not  frost 
onough  to  lull  moderately  tender  vegetable-  tilljj  rity 


the  Glh  of  December — the  chrysanthemum  o 
artemisia,  blossomed  in  the  ope  >  air,  faded  and 
perfected  its  seed.  Mr.  Silas  Cornell,  nursery 
man,  in  this  neighborhood,  showed  us  three 
full  blown  monthly  ruses,  plucked  in  his  garden 
on  the  12th  of  December.     In  shirt,  the  mild- 


NATIIBAL  HISTORY. 

There  appeared  in  tho  9th  number  of  the 
Family  Library   Borne   facts  on   this   subjoct, 
which  prove  it  a  much  more  interesting  matter 
than  people  have  generally  supposed      The  in 
sect  creation  by  nioBt  persons,  but  particularly 
by  the  superficial  observers  of  nature,  has  been 
passed  over  as  an  item  too  small  to  be  deserving 
of  noticee,  among  the  numereus  works  o"  the 
Great  Architect   of  all  things.     But  the  phi 
losopher  whose   delight  is    the   continued   in> 
crease  of  knowledge,   and  approximation    to 
wards  the  great  fountain  of  wisdom,  find?  in 
this  part  of  the  economy  of  nature,  as  clear, 
certain,  anddemonstrative  proof.not  only  of  the 
existence  of  a  Great  First  Cause,  but  also  of 
his  wisdom,  power,  benevolence  and  good,  as 
ho  does  in  the  examination  of  nature  in  a  high- 
er range,  or  of  the  formation  of  men — so  "  fear- 
fully  and    wonderfully    made  "      Man   has  a 
deeper  interest  in  this  minute  part  of  creation 
than  he  generally  supposos  :  much  of  his  weal 
or   woe  is  in  some  way  or  manner,  dependent 
upon  the  operations  of  the  insect  world. 

'•  An  accurate  knowledge  of  the  properties 
of  insects  is  of grpat  importance  to  man,  mere- 
ly with  relation  to  his  own  comfort-and    secu- 
The  injuries  which  they  indict  upon  us 


are  extensive  and  complicated  ;  and  the  rem- 
j  ed'es  which  we  attempt,  by  the  destruction  of 
those  creatures,  both  insects,  birds  and  quad- 
rupeds, who  keep  then  ravages  m  check,  are 
generally  aggravations  of  the  evil,  because 
they  are  directed  by  an  ignorance  of  tho  econ- 
omy of  nature.  The  little  knowledge  which 
ness  of  the  fall  is  unprecedented  even  in  tlii-ll  we  have  of  the  modes  by  which  insects  may 
region.     This  day  the  thermometer  stands  sit 'i  be  impeded  in  their  destruction  of  much   thai 


tin 

the 
eful 


luable  to  us.  lias  probably  proceeded  from 

jur  contempt  of  their  individual  insignificance. 

The  security  of  properly  has  ceased   to   be 


42,  with  a  very  dense  fog — rain  full  diirm 

last  ii'glitto  the  Jdepth   if  1.3-10  imhes- 

river  and  canal  clear  of  ice;  with  a  boj 

prospect  ofa  plentiful  supply  of  that  great  sta-   endangered  by  quadrupeds   of  prey,  and   yet 

,      ...         '  j       »<■      ,u-  i         i  our  gardens  are  ravaged  by  apuides   aud  cat- 

pie  of  this  country — mvrl.     Alter  this  week  we!  b  ,         .       ,  ~ 

r,    .,  ,     ,      ■  i     •     i.  ii  leipillars.      It   is  somewhat  startling  to   aUirm 

shall  rciruarv  give  a  meteorological  table,  to-     ,    . ..  ,-.-         c  »i     i 

=        '  6  °  '        ii  that  the  condition  of  the  human  race   is  sen 

gotherwith  regular  notices  of  all  the  apparent   ouslj  inj,lred  by  these  petty  annoyances  ;  but 
phenomenaof  the  atmospheric  influences;  and  |lt  js  prefectly  true  that  the  art  and  industry  ol 
at  the  opening  of  the  spring,  a  register  of  the 
flr.t  appearance  of  vegetation  and  blossoms  of 
all  the  plants  within  our  observation. 


A  0.1IEST1ON. 


nan  have  not  yet  been  able  to  overcome    the 

collective  force,  the  individual  persevereance, 

and  the  complicated  machinery  of  destruction 

which  insect-  employ.     A  small  ant,  accord- 

ding  to  a  most  careful  and  philosophical   ohser 
ii- '      ™  .  '  j 


A  gentleman  bought  from  a  nursery  man  four 
trees  and  desired   his  gardener  to   plant  them)  urHgre8S  0f  civilization. in  many   pari 


out  in  such  a  form  that  they  should  be  cquidis 
lant,  each  and  every  individual  relatively  with  j 
he  other,  or  in  such  manner  that  a  rope  fasten. 
ed  to  any  one  would  reach  the  other  three.  —  j 
Now  in  what  form  would  they  set  to  comply 
with  his  order.  X. 


of   111 


A  KOOD  BUSINBSS. 

We  learn  that  between  the  I  tth  of  August 
and  the  14th  of  December,  1830,  Me  srs.  E.  S. 
Beech,  (V  Co.  have  floured  at  their  mill  in  this 
village  164,000  bushels  of  wheat,  making  be 
'.ween  37  and  33,000  barrels  of  flour.  Large 
as  is  this  amount,  it  is  only  a  small  item  in  the 
general  average  of  ihe  flouring  business  done 
;n  this  place  during  that  time. 

Canal  Tolls — 'I  ho  collector's  office  in  this 
village  closed  yesterday,  having  received  dur- 
ing the  Beason  tolls  to  the  amount  of  $150,188 
S3.  Last  year  the  amount  of  tolls  was  $!>8, 
518,17,  making  an  increase  this  year  of  S."> t . 
[110,06.  The  amount  of  flour  entered  at  this 
>f!ico  during  the  season  is  $337,484  Barrels. 


equinoctial  /.one.  These  animals  devour  paper 
and  parchment  ;  they  destroy  every  hook  and 
manuscript.  Many  provinces  of  Spanish 
America  cannot  in  consequence,  show  a  writ- 
ten document  of  one  hundred  years'  exis- 
tence. '  What  development,' he  adds,  'can 
the  civilization  of  a  people  assume,  if  there 
be  nothing  to  connect  the  present  with  (he 
past — if  the  depositories  of  human  knowledge 
must  constantly  be  renewed — if  (lie  'noun 
ments  of  genius  and «vislo:n  cannot  he  trans 
mitted  to  posterity  ?'  Again,  there  are  bee 
lies  which  deposit  their  larvx  in  tires,  in 
such  formidable  numbers,  that  whole  forests 
perish,  beyond  the  power  of  remedy.  The 
pines  of  the  Hartz  have  thus  been  destroyed 
to  an  enormous  extent  ;  aud  in  North  Amer- 
ica, at  one  place  in  North  Carolina,  at  least 
ninty  tress  in  every  hundred,  upon  a  tract  ol 
two  thousand  acres,  wire  swept  away  by  a 
-mall,  black,  winged  bug,  And  yet  accor- 
ding to  Willson,  the  historian  of  American 
bird-,  the  people  in  the  l.'nited  States  were 
in  the  habit  of  destroying  the  red  headed 
I  woodpecker,  Ibe  great  enemy  of  th<  se  inserts 


becauat  be  uccasiooly  spoilt  an  apple.     The    * 
same  delightful   writer,  and   true  naturalist, 
speaking  of  the    labours  of  the   ivory   billed 
woodpecker,  says,  '  would  it  be  believed  that 
that  the  larvx  of  an  insect,  or  fly,  not  larger 
than  a  graio  of  rice,  should  silently  and  in  one 
season  destroy  some   thousand  acres  of  pine 
trees,    many     of    them    from  two  to  three 
feet  in  diameter,  and  a  bundered  and  fifty  feet 
high  ?     In  some  places  the  whole    woodf ,   as 
far  as    you  can    see   around  you,  are   dead, 
stripped  of  their   bark,   there  wintiy  looking 
arms  and  bare  trunks  bleaching  in  the  sun. 
and  tumbling  in    ruins   before  every  blast.— 
The  subteraneous  larva  of  a  species  of  beetle 
(Z'irbus  Gthl/us,)  has  often  caused  *  complete 
failure  of  seed  corn,  as  in  thedistrict  of  Halle, 
in   1812.     The  corn  weevil,   which    extracts 
(he  flour   from  the  grain,  leaving  the  husks 
behind,  will  destroy  the  eontents  of  the  largest 
storehouse  iu  a  very  short  period.     The  wire- 
worm,  and  the  turnip-fly  are  dreaded  by  every 
farmer.     The  ravages  of  the   locust   are   too 
well  known  not  to  be  at  once  recollected,   as 
an  example  of  the  formidable  collective   pow- 
er of  the  insect  race.  The   white  ants  of  torp- 
lcal  countries  sweep  away  whole  villages,  with 
as  much  certainty  as  a  fire  or  an  inundation  ; 
and  even  ships  have  been  destroyed   by   lliese 
indefatigable  republics.     Our  own  docks  and 
embankments  have  been  threatened   by   such 
minute  ravagers. 

'•  The  enormus  injuries  which  insects  cause 
to  man  inn  thus  be  held  as  one  reason  for 
ceasing  to  consider  thesiudy  of  them  as  an  in- 
significant pursuit  ;  for  a  knowledge  of  their 
structure,  their  food,  their  enemies,  and  theii 
general  habits,  may  lead  as  it  often  has  led. 
to  the  means  of  guarding  against  their  inju- 
ries. At  ibe  same  time  we  der've  from  them 
both  direct  and  indirect  benefits.  The  hon- 
ey of  the  bee,  the  dye  of  the  cochineal,  and 
the  web  of  the  silk  worm  the  advantage  of 
which  are  obvious,  may  well  be  balanced  a- 
gainst  the  destructive  propensities  of  insects 
which  are  offensive  to  man.  But  a  philosoph- 
ical siudy  of  natural  history  will  teach  us,  that 
the  direct  benefits  which  insects  confer  upon 
us  are  even  less  important  than  their  general 
uses  in  maintaining  the  economy  ol  the  world 
The  mischiefs  which  icsult  lo  us  from  the  ra- 
pid increase  and  ibe  activity  of  msecls,  are 
merely  results  of  the  very  principle  I  v  which 
they  confer  upon  us  numberless  indirect  ad- 
vantages. Forc-ts  aie  swept  away  by  minute 
flies;  but  the  same  agencies  relieve  us  from 
(hat  extreme  abundance  of  vegilable  matter, 
which  weu.d  render  the  earth  uninhabitable 
were  this  excess  not  periodically  dcslroytd- 
In  hot  countries,  the  great  business  of  remov- 
ing corrupt  animal  matter,  which  the  vulture 
and  the  hyaena  imperfectly  perform,  is  effect- 
ed with  certainty  and  speed  by  the  myriads  of 
insects  that  spring  from  the  eggs  deposited  in 
every'carcass,  by  some  fly  necking  therein  tin 
means  of  life  for  her  progeny.  Destruction 
aud  production,  the  great  law  of  Nature, 
are  carried  on  very  greatly  thtough  the  in- 
strumental]'}' of  insects;  and  the  same  prin- 
ciple regulates  even  the  increase  of  pralicular 
species  of  insects  themselves.  When  aphides 
are  so  abundant  that  we  know  not  how  lo  es- 
cape their  ravages, flocks  of  lady  birds  instant- 
ly cover  our  fields  and  gardens  to  deslroi 
them.  Such  considerations  as  these  are 
thrown  out  to  show  that  the  subject  of  insects 
has  a  great  importance — and  what  portion  of 
the  works  of  Nature  has  not  ?  The  habits  of 
all  God's  creatures,  whether  they  are  noxious 
or  harmless  or  beneficial,  are  irort  y  objects 
of  our  study.  II  they  affect  ourselves,  in  our 
!iealih  or  uur   possessions,  whether  for  good 


Vol.  I— TVo.   1. 


AND  GARDENER'S  .JOURNAL. 


or  for  evil,  and  an  addition;  i  impulse  is  ualu- 
rally  giuen  to  our  desire  to  attain  a  knowl- 
edge of  their  properties.  Such  studies  form 
oDeof  the  most  interesting  occupations  which 
can  engage  a  rational  anJ  inquisitive  mind  ; 
and,  perhaps  none  of  the  employments  of  hu- 
man life  are  more  dignified  than  the  iovesli 
"ation  and  survey  of  the  workings  and  the 
way  of  Nature  in  Ibe  minutest  of  her  produc- 
tions "         

GEOLOGY. 

'  Governor  Crafts,  in  his  late  message  to  the 
Legislature  of  Vermont,  recommended  the 
subject  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy  to  public 
attention  as  a  souice  of  uidustry  and  wealth. 
Sonv'of  the  papers  in  that  state  have  warmly 
approved  of  tins  suggestion  of  their  Governor 
and  proposed  that  a  Lyceum  in  er.ch  town 
collect  its  own  specimens,  and  furnish  a  de- 
posit  for  each  county  Lyceum,  by  which 
means  all  the  specimens  could  be  named  and 
described  at  the  semi  annual  meetings. 

A  late  covention  of  ( lie  friends  of  educa- 
tion and  general  improvement  in  Utica,  rec- 
ommended that  the  second  number  of  the 
Scientific  Tracts,  which  treats  upon  Geology, 
be  read  in  each  town  in  the  state,  at  meetings 
for  appointing  delegates  to  attend  an  adjouru- 
ed  meeting  of  the  Convention  in  January, — 
The  exhibition  and  explanation  of  a  few  Geo- 
logical specimens  at  the  various  county  con- 
ventions of  teachers  have  induced  and  ena- 
bled very  manv  of  those  who  witnessed  them, 
to  introduce  the  subject  into  their  schools,  by 
which  means  several  thousand  children  are 
now  familiar  with  the  common  rocks  and  min- 
erals which  come  under  their  observation. 

The  experiments  already  made  upon  this 
subject,  are  proof  that  if  Lyceums  gpuerally 
should  make  Geology  a  speciGc  object  of  at- 
tention for  a  few  months,  the  whole  country 
would  be  thoroughly  explored,  our  resources 
of  industry  and  wealth  opened  to  individuals 
and  the  bublic. — Boston  Traveller. 

Gigantic  Flower. — The  most  im- 
portant discovery  throughout  our  journey 
was  made  at  Sumatra  ;  i:  was  a  gigantic 
flower,  of  which  I  can  hardly  attempt  to 
give  you  any  thing  like  a  just  description. 
It  measured  across  from  the  petals  rather 
more  than  a  yard,  the  neetarum  was  nine 
inches  wide,  and  as  deep,  and  estimated 
to  contain  a  gallon  and  a  half  of  water  ; 
and  the  weight  of  the  whole  flower  wa 
fifteen  pounds! — The  Sumatran  name  of 
this  extraordinary  production  is  Petimtin 
Sikin'oili,  or  Devil's  Siri  (beetle)  box  — 
It  is  a  native  of  the  forest.  This  gigan- 
tic flower  is  parasite.on  the  lower  stems 
and  roots  of  the  Cisus  Augusttfolia  of 
Box,  and  of  a  deep  dusky  red.  The 
flower  when  fully  expanded  is  in  point  ol 
size,  the  wonder  of  ihe  vegetable  king- 
dom ;  the  breadth  across  from  the  top  of 
the  one  petal  to  the  other  is  three  feet. 
The  cup  may  be  estimated  capable  of 
containing  twelve  pints  ;  its  inside  is  of 
an  intense  purple,  and  more  or  less  dense' 
ly  yellow,  with  soft  flexible  spines  of  the 
same  color.  The  Iruit.  never  bursts,  hut 
the  whole  plant  gradually  rots  away,  and 
the  seeds  mix  with  th<-  putrid  mass. — 
[Memoirs  of  Sir  J.  Roffles. 

District  Attorney. — General  Vincent  Math- 
ews was  appointed  District  A-ttorney  of  this 
county. 


CENSUS   OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  followr  g  relurns  we  give  as  furnished 
for  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  and  with  a 
few  exceptions  are  official.  Those  marker' 
with  asterisks  are  not  official,  but  the  esti- 
mate is  so  nearly  correct  as  not  to  vary  more 
lhaa  a  hundred  from  the  actual  amount  In 
ten  years  our  population  has  increased  41 
per  cent,  being  now  nearly  two  millions,  and 
entitling  us  at  the  present  ratio  to  48  Repre- 
sentatives. 

A  new  ratio  of  representation  is  cootem 
plated, and  probably  will  be  adjusted  this  win- 
ter by  the  present  ■  ongress.  The  one  pre 
posed  is  50,000  which  would  entitle  us  to  38 
representatives,  leaving  a  large  fraction. — 
If  fixed  at  48,000  we  should  be  entitled  to  40 
representatives,  and  the  county  of  Monioe  to 
one,  leaving  a  fraction  of  1,810.  and  at  50- 
000  it  would  fall  short  of  the  ratio  only  190  ; 
and  being  one  of  the  largest  fractions  would 
probably  be  considered  a  District  entitled  to 
a  representative. 

1825 

43821 

18,164 

13893 
8643 

42743 

2n039 

34215 

14486 

37970 

2H271 

29565 

46G93 

24316 

16993 
7978 

40905 

26229 
1196 

33040 

41659 

14679 

11669 

23S6D 

35646 

391U8 

39706 
166086 

14069 

57847 

48435 

37422 

41732 

14460 

17S75 

47698 

11860 

20331 

44065 
0932 
8016 

302115 

12876 

2592G 

20169 

250U4 

27595 

23695 

10373 

19951 

32908 

32015 

10906 

39280 

2G761 

33131 

17455 

Total     1,016,458  1,934,496 

Population  of  JVew  York  at  various  periods 

1790        1800        1810  1820  1830 

340,120  586,060  959,049   1,372,S12   1.934,496 

Gaining  in  10  years  561,684,  or  over  40  pr.  ct 

*A  small  part  of  this  population  included  by 

estimate. 


Counties. 
Albany 
Allegany 
Broome 
Cattaraugus 
Cayuga 
Chautauque 
Chenango 
Clinton 
Columbia 
Cortland 
Delaware 
Dutcness 
Erie 
Essex 
Franklin 
Genesee 
Greene 
Hamilton 
Herkimer 
Jefferson 
Rings 
Lewis 
Livingston 
Madison 
Monroe 
Montgomery 
New  York 
Niagara 
Oneida 
Onondaga 
Ontario 
Orange 
Orleans 
Oswego 
Otsego 
Putnam 
Queens 
Rensselaer 
Richmond 
Rockland 
Saratoga 
Schenectady 
Schoharie 
Seneca 
Steuben 
St.  Lawrence 
Suffolk 
Sullivan 
Tioga 
Tompkins 
Ulster 
Warren 
Washington 
Wayne 
Westchester 
Yates 


1830. 
53532 
26276 
17593 
16724 
47947 
34668 
37417 
19344 
39952 
23988 
33025 
50926 
35712 
192S  7 
11312 
52154 
29525 
1325 
35869 
48495 
2U539 
15239 
27729 
39u37 
49810 
46447 
'213-170 
18482 
♦69847 
5S974 
40372 
4.3372 

iss;!? 

27110 
51372 

12701 
22276 
49453 

7084 
9388 

-4f.i2a 

12334 
279.51 
21031 
33977 
36351 
26780 
12372 
27768 
36541 
36551 
11795 
'43280 
33553 
30456 
19019 


Gain. 

111711 
8612 
3700 
8081 
5204 

14029 
3202 
4858 
1982 
3717 
3460 
4228 

11396 
3294 
3334 

11249 
3296 
129 
2829 
6845 
580H 
3570 
3809 
3391 

■10702 

6741 

*47384 

4413 

*12000 

10539 
2950 
3040 
4383 
9230 
3474 
835 
1945 
53S8 
1252 
1372 

'3827 

loss,  542 

2025 

862 

8973 

8756 

30S5 

1999 

7817 

3033 

4536 

889 

4000 

0791 

3325 

1564 

318,038 


Di-MtSTIC     MANUFACTURES 

The  Palladium  states  that  the  mannfacturc 
of  Palm  Le.if  Hals  has  becomo  In  Massachu- 
setts, a  business  of  considerable  importance, 
and  gives  employment  to  many  persons  A 
friend  calculates  that  a  million  of  those  will 
be  made  for  the  next  season.  Formerly  they 
wore  imported  from  Cuba,  and  sold,  we  bo- 
lieve,  for  about  $2  each  Now  the  raw  mate- 
rial is  imported,  and  the  hats  made  here,  which 
sell  for  3  or  $4  per  dozen  Formerly  we  had 
the  trifling  business  of  selling  a  few — now  we 
have  the  whole  business  of  making  and  selling 

The  same  paper  says — We  are  glad  to  hear 
chat  Massachusetts  Site  Leather  is  in  high  es- 
timation The  Philadelphia  Leather  is  in  high 
repute  ;  but  we  understand  that  many  now 
give  the  preference  to  that  manufactured  bv 
Mr.  Tufts,  of  Charlestown. 

NATURAL  HISTORY. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  New- York  Lit- 
erary and  Philosophical  Society,  Dr.  S  L- 
Mitchill  made  the  following  communications. 

Two  specimens  of  the  Ovoviviparous  Shark 
from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  off  Cape  Hatieras. 
This  animal,  though  a  fish,  is  viviparous — 
that  is,  it  brings  forth  its  young  alive.  But 
what  is  very  peculiar,  to  its  little  fish,  is  ap- 
pended an  egg,  and  yet  this  egg  ha'S  no  con- 
nexion with  the  dam  or  mother  fish.  The 
brood  of  foetuses  have  a  separated  existence 
in  the  uterus  ;  and  each  draws  it9  supply  of 

nourishment,  before   birth,  from   the  egg 

Tins  peculiar  organization  is  one  of  the  great 
curiosities  of  the  animal  race  ;  and  richly  de- 
serves the  particular  attention  of  anatomist 
and  physiologists,  Mr.  Bloodgood,  who  fur- 
nished the  articles,  look  them  alive  from  the 
body  of  the  parent. 

A  specimen  of  the  elegant  calcareous 
Breccia,  from  the  quarry  near  Summenille, 
m  New  Jersey.  It  is  entirely  composed  or 
'traginpn'.-  ihat  are  firmly  aggregated,  and 
which  receive  a  splendid  p. dish.  The  con- 
slitutent  pieces  are  of  various  colors,  and  ex- 
pose a  beautiful  -url'ace.  It  is  slated,  that 
this  marble  fnrmaiion  is  of  considerable  ex- 
tent. The  present  preperation  was  received 
i.om  Mr.  William  Frazee,  at  whose  manuf.ic- 
loiv,  in  Amity  street,  large  blocks  may  be 
seen.  Jt  is  much  more  elegant  than  the  Ma- 
ryland  production,  of  which  Ihe  pillars  ol  the 
Capitol  at  Washington  are  made. 

A  sample  of  the  famous  antidote  against  the 
bite  ol  venomous  serpents,  from  Guatimala. 
in  Central  America,  as  forwarded  by  Mi. 
Consul  Perrine.  He  said  he  had  put  a  living 
plant  under  the  protection  of  Andrew  Smith. 
our  well  known  horticulturist  and  seeds- 
man. 

HORTICULTURE. 

Thomas  Cody  gardener  of  Commodore 
Channcey,  at  the  Navy  Yard,  in  B-ooklyn;  has 
raised  a  Savoy  cabbage,  weighing  nine  pounds 
and  a  half,  without  the  stalk  and  under  leaves. 
It  i-i  considered  large  for  thai  peculiar  kind, 
and  was  produced  from  foreign  seed  by  Mr 
Cody.  ' 

Lyceum. — A  Lyceum  has  been  established  je 
Cambridge,  Washington  co  ,  for  the  promo- 
tion of  literature  and  the  arts  and  sciences.— 
At  their  next  meeting  a  lecture  is  to  be  de- 
livered on  Popular  Education  This  is  the 
first  institution  of  the  kind  in  that  conntry. 


NEW    POEMS. 

White,  Gallaher  fy  White,  publishers,  N.  Y 
have  in  the  press  and  will  soon  publish  a  vol- 
ume  of  poems  by  Mrs.  Emma  Willard,  of  the 
Troy  Female  Seminary.    They  are  published 
at  the  request  of  numerous  pupils  nowscatlei 
ed  through  every  part  of  the  United  States- 


« 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


Jan.  1,  1831. 


HYMN   TO  THE    STARS. 

We  cut  the  following  lines  from  a  newspaper 
several  years  since  :  we  know  not  who  is  the 
author  of  them,  but  whoever  he  was,  he  has 
written  a  hymn  which,  for  sublimity  of  thought 
and  expression,  we  do  not  remember  ever  to 
liave  seen  surpassed. — St.  Louis  Times. 
Ave  !  there,  ye  shine,  and  there  have  shone, 

la  one  eternal  '  hour  of  prime  ;' 
Each  rolling,  burningly,  alone, 

Through  boundless  space  and  countless  time; 
Ay  !  there,  ye  shine,  the  golden  dews 

That  pave  tho  realms  by  seraphs  trod  ; 
There,  through  yon  echoing  vault,  diffuse 

The  song  of  choral  worlds  to  God. 

Ye  vis'bln  spirits  !  bright  as  erst 

Young  Eden's  birthnight  saw  ye  shine 
On  all  her  flowers  and  fountains  first, 

Ye  sparkle  from  the  hand  divine  : 
Yea  !  bright  as  then  ye  smiled  to  catch 

The  music  of  a  sphere  so  fair, 
To  hold  your  high,  immortal  watch, 

And  gird  your  God's  pavillion  there. 

Gold  frets  to  dust  ;  yet  there  ye  are  ; 

Time  rots  the  diamond  ;  there  ye  roll 
In  primal  light,  as  if  each  star 

Enshrined  an  everlasting  soul. 
And  do  they  not  ?  since  yon  bright  throngs 

One  alUenlightening  Spirit  own, 
Praised  there  by  pure  sidereal  tongues, 

Eternal  glorious,  blest,  and  lone. 

Could  man  but  see  what  yo  have  seen, 

Unfold  awhile  the  shrouded  past, 
From  all  that  is,  to  what  has  been  : 

The  glance  how  rich,  the  range  how  vast ! 
The  birth  of  time  !  the  rise,  the  fall 

Of  empires  ;  myriads,  ages  flown  ; 
Thrones,  cities,  tongues,  arts,  worships  ;  all 

The  things  whose  echoes  are  not  gone. 

Ye  saw  red  Zoroaster  send 

His  soul  into  your  mystic  reign  ; 
Ye  saw  the  adoring  Sabian  bond, 

The  living  hills  his  mighty  fane  : 
Beneath  his  blue  and  beaming  sky, 

He  worshipped  at  your  lo'ty  shrine, 
And  deemed  he  saw,  with  gifted  eye, 

The  Godhead,  in  bis  works  divine. 

Aud  there  ye  shine,  as  if  to  mock 

The  children  of  an  earthly  sire  : 
The  storm,  the  bolt,  the  earthquake's  shock, 

The  red  volcano's  cat'ract  fire, 
Drought,  famine,  plague,  and  blood,  and  (Time, 

All  nature's  ills,  and  life's  vrorA  woes, 
Are  nought  to  you  :  ye  smile  the  same. 

And  scorn  alike  their  dawn  and  close. 

Ay  '.  there  ye  roll,  emblems  sublime 

Of  him  whose  spirit  o'er  us  moves 
Beyond  the  clouds  of  grief  and  crime, 

Still  shining  on  tho  world  he  loves. 
Nor  is  one  scene  to  mortals  giv'n, 

That  more  divides  the  soul  and  sod, 
Than  yon  proud  heraldry  of  heav'n, 

Yon  burning  blnz  mry  of  God. 

SYMBOLS. 

In  youth  the  heart  is  like  tl  e  bird — 

The  humming  bird  in  eastern  bowers— 

That  ever,  (take  the  traveller's  word,) 
Feeds  flying,  on  the  dews  of  flowers. 

irtmanhood.  'lis  the  eagle  bold, 

Borne  upward  to  the  cloud,  the  sky — 

That  soorns  the  rock  and  mountain  bold, 
Except  to  build  on,  or  to  die. 

The  sparkler  of  the  woods  is  caug/it, 
The  eagle's  bosom  pierced  ere  Ion" — 

What  symbol  s!i;ill  for  age  be  aoygut  I 
What  bird  its  emblem  lie  in  sun;;  ? 

The  mocking-bird  it?  likeness  be, 
That  hath  no  music  of  its  own — 

TJiat  sings  with  imitative  glee  : 
The  bird  of  memory  alone. 


CONSOLATION. 

The  philosopher  Citophilus  was  endeavoring 
ono  day  to  console  a  lady  overwhelmed  with 
sudden  and  unutterable  affliction — Madam,  said 
he,  the  fate  of  the  dueen  of  England,  daughter 
of  tho  great  Henry,  was  still  more  unfortunate 
than  yours.  She  was  driven  from  her  king- 
doms, was  on  the  point  of  perishing  by  ship- 
wreck and  was  doomed  to  behold  her  royal 
and  affectionate  husband  lay  down  his  life  upon 
the  scaffold — I  am  sorry  '.or  her,  replied  the  la- 
dy, and  continued  to  deplore  her  own  misfor- 
tunes. But  madam,  said  the-  philosopher,  re- 
member Mary  Stuart,  who  was  dethroned  and 
imprisoned  by  her  rebellious  subjects,  and  be- 
headed by  her  cousin  the  Queen  Elizabeth,  to 
whom  she  had  flown  for  succour  and  assist- 
ance. She  was  very  cruel,  said  the  lady,  and 
relapsed  immediately  into  her  own  melancholy. 
You  have  heard  of  the  beautiful  Joan  of  Naplos, 
who  was  captured  and  strangled  by  the  inhu- 
man monster  Charles  de  Duras,  whom  she  had 
educated  as  her  own  son.  I  remember  her, 
said  the  afflicted  lady.  I  must  relate  to  you 
the  history  of  a  sovereign  of  my  own  time,  said 
Citophilus,  who  was  dethroned  one  evening 
after  supper  and  passed  tho  remainder  of  his 
life  in  a  desert  Isle.  I  know  the  whole  story, 
replied  the  lady. 

Well  then,  let  me  inform  you  of  what  hap- 
pened to  another  great  Princess  to  whom  1  had 
the  honor  to  teach  philosophy.  She  had  a  lov- 
er without  the  knowledge  of  hor  father,  who 
having  one  day  surprised  him  in  her  company 
gave  him  aviolentblow  in  the  face.  The  lover 
seized  a  pair  of  tongs  and  broke  tho  head  of  his 
good  father-in-law,  who  was  cured  with  diffi- 
culty and  carries  the  mark  of  it  to  the  present 
hour.  The  princess  affrighted,  jumped  from  a 
window  and  broke  her  log  sa  that,  although 
previously  possessed  of  the  finest  figure  in  the 
world,  she  has  now  became  a  cripple  aud  can- 
nm  walk  without  limpiug —Her  lover  was  con- 
demned to  death  for  the  vioienoe  offered  to  his 
King — You  may  imagine  the  slate  of  the  priu- 
cess  when  her  lover  was  conducted  to  the 
scaffold — I  saw  her  lover  often  while  in  prison 
and  she  never  spoke  to  me  but  of  her  sorrows. 

Why  then  will  you  not  allow  me  to  think  of] 
nine?  replied  tho  lady.  'Tis  because,  said| 
the  Philosopher,  it  is  not  proper  to  think  ol: 
them;  and  since  so  many  great  ladies  have! 
been  unfortnnate,  it  ill  becomes  von  to  despair  | 
Think  of  Hecuba.  Think  of  Niobe— Ah! 
said  the  lady,  if  I  had  lived  in  their  times  it 
those  of  the  beautiful  princesses  you  mention, 
and  if  to  console  them  yon  had  recounted  my 
misfortunes  to  them— do  you  think  they  would 
have  listened, K>  you? 

The  next  day  our  philosopher  lost  his  only 
sou.  and  was  frantic  with  grief.  The  lady  pre- 
pared a  list  of  all  the  great  men  who  bad  lost 
their  children,  and  sent  it  to  him  wiib  her  af 
fectionate  regards.  He  ra.id  it,  allowed  it  to 
be  accurate  and  uue,  but  was  not  the  less  af- 
flicted for  the  loss  of  his  son.  Three  months 
afterwards  they  met  again  and  were  astonish- 
ed mfind  each  other  sereno  and  choerful. — 
They  erected  a  statue  to  Time,  with  this  in- 
scription : 

"  TO  HIM  THAT  CONSOLES." 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CVRRENT. 

Jan.  1,1831. 


Ashes  por  2340  lbs 

Fox,  cross 

1000200 

Pot                      S91<i93  50 

Mink 

12o31 

Pearl                   1 00a 102  58 

Raccoon 

18o31 

Apples  per  bushel        25a44 

Martio 

25o62 

Uo  dried                          75 

Fisher 

37a50 

Pristles.corab'd  per  lb  20a31 

Wild  Cat 

18o2T> 

Beeswax                do    18o20 

Gray  Fox 

18o2T) 

Butler                     do    )0al2 

rirassSeed  per 

bush         62 

Beef—  Mess  per  bbl      $8o9 

Hops  per  lb 

12al5 

Do  prime     do             5a7 

Honey  do 

09 

Do  fresb  per  lb        02a03  Lard     do 

06007 

Barley  per  bushel        38n44IMutlon  do 

02a  Hi 

Beans        <lo                  50a62 

i  lai.-  per  busb 

22 

Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  els 


Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 


Col.  John  A.  Dix  of  Cooperstown,  has  been 
appointed  by  th*»  governor, adjutant  genera!  of 
Hie  state,  in  place  of  K.  F.  Ruck,  deceased 


Manufactures   of   Green    County. Tl>e 

Catskill  Recorder  of  the  16th  inst.  says,  on 
Vlonday  last,  the  sloop  Catskill  sailed  from  the 

'wharf  of  Messrs.  Donnelly,  Cookes  k  Co., 
having  on  board  10,00(1  sides  of  leather,  worth 
more  than  £5^000,  all  manufactured  io  thai 
county.  This  they  say  is  but  a  small  item  of 
the  immense  amount  uf  the  products  of  the 
Oak  and  Hemlocks  of  (heir  mountains.  On 
the  same  day  other  sloops  sailed  from  there. 
freighted  with  the  same  article  ;  and  from  ten 
to  twenty  loads  of  leather  have  been  received 
daily,  for  many  da)s  past,  iu  that  village,  aach 

.load  averaging  in  value,  from  five  to  six  nun- 

Idrcd  doll3is.     So  much  for  cultivating  our 

,  ?wn  resources. 


Do  dipped         do 

Do  sperm  do    28  " 

Com  per  bushel  44o50 

Cheese  per  lb  U4a05      Do  prime 

Clover  Seed  per  bush   $4  Cm     Do  fresh  per  lb 
Flour  per  bbl  4  25  QailU  per  100 

Flu  per  lb  07a08]Rye  per  bash 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     78<zK7iRag9p«r  lb 
Feathers  per  lb  31a37|Salt  per  bbl 

Furs— Otter  100o400jTallow  per  lb 

Fox,  red  50a75[  Wheat  per  bush 


Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches, dry'd  booh  lOOflCOO 

Pork,  oiess  per  bbl    $lSal3 

8a9 

OSaO-1 

S5a3D 

50 

03 .20-* 

$175 

06a0T 

7S 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser* 

BY  C   W.   DUflDAS. 


NEW  YORK. 

All  banks  in  this  slate,  par 
except  the  following 
BrokcnBanks.     Washing- 
ton &  Wa<ren,  Barker's  t.x 
change,  Franklin  Bank.Mid- 
dle  Dist ,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co., 
Plattsburgb,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    banks  in  this  state,  par. 
except  the  following 
Broken  Bank*      Farmers' 
b'uk  of  Belcb'-rtown,  Sutton, 
Berksbi  e,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton baHks. 

VERMONT. 
AM  banks  m  ibis  -tale.  par. 

EtHODC-lSLAND 

All  banks  in  tbis  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers' 

Exchange,  and   Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  bank*. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  bunks  iu  tbis  state,  par. 
except  tho  fellowing 
Broken    Banks.       Eagle, 


lamaqnoddv  banks. 

NEW-JERSBY. 
Statob'nk,  &  Trenton  Bank 

iug  Company,  par 

\ll  ether  banks,  2  per  cent. 

except  the  following- 

Broken  Banfa.  Salem  & 
Phil.  ManufCo.,  Monmouth,. 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
V.Jersey  Manof  &  Baokjnp 
Co.  at  Hoboken,  State  Bank 
jt  Trenton,  Protection  aud 
Lombard,  and  Jersfcv  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Philadelphia  Banks,       par. 

\11  other  banks,    %per  cent, 

except  the  following1" 

Broken  Banks.  Farmer.* 
&  Mechanics'  at  N.  So. .Cen- 
tre, iluctington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Joniata,  Greencaa- 
tle,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington, UniontoUii,  Agricul- 
tural, Sil.  Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co  new  emle- 
»lou,aud  Browoville  bonks. 
OHIO. 


Eagle  pay'oie  al  Union  bank  All  banks,     4  to  6  per  cent. 
New-Vork,  Derby, and  Der-|  MICHIGAN. 


by  payable  at  Fultou  bank 
New- York. 

.NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

All  bauks  in  this  slate,  par. 

MAINE. 


All  banks,  iper  tent, 

except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Monroe, 
and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 


All  bank>  in  this  state,  par. lAll  banks,      3  to  3  per  ctr.i 
except  the  following  except  the 

Broken   Banks.     Casiiue,)     Upper  Cans,  at  Kingston 
vYiscauet,  Hallowetl  &.  Au-  and  Unchartered  banks. 
guita,  Kennebec,  and   Pas-| 

U  The  above  table  trhen  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re 
fers  to  those  of  $ii,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation are  receivable. 


IMPORTANT    LAW    DECISION 

A  case  has  lately  been  decided  at  the  eourt 
of  King's  Bench  for  the  district  of  Montreal, 
which  ie  of  some  importance  to  common  car- 
riers of  goods,  in  (he  British  colonies.  A 
quantity  of  merchandise,  brought  from  Que- 
bec, was  landed  in  Montreal  without  the  con 
signees  knowledge,  and  lost.  The  proprietor 
broaght  an  action  against  the  steamboat  com- 
pany for  the  value  ot  the  goods,  as  there  had 
been  no  delivery  to  him  or  to  his  agent  He 
obtaiued  judgement  for  the  amount  with  costs 
The  chiefjustice  decared  that  selamboat  pro- 
prietors were  liable,  not  only  for  the  safe  pas 
sage,  but  also  for  the  safe  delivery,  of  proper- 
ty delivered  to  them,  although  a  clause  to  the 
contrary  might  be  contained  in  the  bill  of  lan- 
ding. Too  same  principles  are  also  applica- 
ble to  stage  propretors,  notwithstanding  any 
notification  to  Ins  contrary  in  handbills  or 
waybills.— V.  V,  E    Post. 

AMERICAN    SILK. 

A  gentleman  from  Mansfield-  Con.  informs 
.js  that  i;  is  computed  that  at  least  four  tooe 
of  raw  silk  have  been  raised  in  ''onnecticut 
ihisseason  ;  and  that  the  Silk  raised  in  Mans- 
field and  the  adjoining  towns  this  year  lias  a- 
mounted  to  g.!4.000\ — all  of  which  bas  founfl 
a  ready  sale.— W,  E.  Farmer. 


TOM  ^I^2Sf^! 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JANUARY   15,   1831. 


NUMBER  2. 


THE     GENESEE     FARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &c,  &c. 

Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  it'  paid  at  the 
time  of  subscribing,  by  Tucker  &  Stevens, 
ut  the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 

33"  The  proprietors  have  undertaken  the 
publication  with  the  determination  of  making 
it  permanent  :  they  would  therefore  suggest 
to  all  those  wbo  would  wish  to  see  the  Farmer 
become  a  durable  and  useful  paper,  the  propri 
cty  of  not  only  interesting  themselves  in  its 
circulation,  but  also  of  contributing  to  its  col- 
umns. 

33"  Those  gentlemen  to  whom  we  have  ta- 
ken the  liberty  to  forward  this  number,  if 
they  shall  think  favorably  of  the  undertaking, 
and  of  the  merits  of  the  work,  will  oblige  us 
by  forwarding  us  their  names,  and  those  of  a- 
ny  friends  to  whom  ^uch  a  paper  as  this  would 
be  desirable.  As  it  is  of  its  kind  unique  in  this 
stale,  and  intended  for  general  circulation,  we 
expect  to  look  abroad  for  a  great  part  of  our 
patronage. 


HORTICULTURAL,  SOCIETY  OF  MOW 

ROE  COUNTY. 

This  Society,  which  was  formed  after  the 
delivery  of  the  Address  contained  in  our  first 
number,  held  its  first  annual  meeting  at  the  Ar- 
cade in  this  village  on  the  8th  October,  1830 
in  the  Atheiueum  rooms,  which  were  politely 
tendered  to  the  Socie.y  by  the  Managers  of  that 
Institution,  when  the  following  officers  were 
elected  for  the  ensuing  year ; 

James  K.  Guernsey,  President, 

Elisha  B.  Strong,  ) 

Silas  Cornel,  >  Vice  Presidents. 

Henry  Fellows,     ) 

L.  B.  Langworthv,    )       ,  , ■     „     , 

N.GoodseU  JcorspondtngSecys. 

O.  E.  Gibbs,  Treasurer, 
H.  Stevens,  Recording  Sec'y. 
At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  executive 
Committee,  the  following  persons  were  appoin 
ted  a  committee  for  receiving  and  examining 
such  specimens  of  fruits,  flowers,  or  vegeta 
hies,  as  might  be  presented  in  their  season,  and 
report  the  same  at  the  next  annaal  meeting  of 
the  Society:  J.  L.  D.  Mathies,  Ebenezer 
Watts,  and  H.  N.  Langworthy. 

The  committee  appointed  to  examine  fruits, 
&c.  will  meet  on  Wednesday  of  each  week  at 
their  room  in  the  Arcade.  Persons  presenting 
specimens  will  please  to  leave  them  with  J.  L. 
I).  Mathies,  chairman  of  the  committee,  togeth- 
er with  their  names,  plac.es  of  residence,  and 
name  of  the  fruit,  whether  it  is  a  seedling  or 
graft,  and  whether  they  can  supply  cions  if  cal- 
led for. 

At  their  meeting  last  week,  they  examined 
many  kinds  of  apples,  some  very  fine,  among 
•which  was  the  Nova  Scotia  or  Roxbury  Rus- 
set, Rhode  Island  Greening,  aud  a  new  variety 
of  Russet  without  name,  of  fine  size  and  fla- 
vor ;  the  New  York  Gloria  Mundi  of  large  size, 
and  many  other  kinds  richly  worth  cultivating; 
but  as  those  who  presented  them  did  not  leave 
Uleir  descriptions  as  required,  they  will  not 
be  particularized. 

Gentlemen  having  choice  kinds  of  fruit 
which  they  wish  to  distribute  among  their 
friends,  are  invited  to  present  specimens  as  a- 
bove,  when  particular  notice  will  ba  given  of 
the  same, 


AGRICULTURAL,  READING. 

As  winter  is  the  season  when   farmers  have 
most  leisure  for  reading, so  it  is  a  very  important 
season  to  such  as  wish  to  make  the  most  of  their 
time;  and  as  Mr.  Fessenden  has  very  justly  ob- 
served, "  the  seeds  of  knowledge  may  be  sown 
in  winter,  and  the  horticulturist  may   cultivate 
his  mind  when  his  soil  is  bound  in  frozen  fet- 
ters."    Therefore  let  the  young  farmer  consid- 
er that  the  science  of  Agriculture  is  the  most 
complicated,  and,  when  taken  in   that  extensive 
signification  which  we  give  it,  including  the 
management  of  farm,  stock  of  different  kinds, 
the  making  of  butter,  chaese,  cider,  &c.   re- 
quires more  study  to  become  perfect  in  it,  than 
any  other  profession  whatsoever.     He  should 
consider  that  the  present  age  is  an  age  of  im- 
provement, that  the  arts  and  sciences  are  pro- 
gressing, and  he  that  would  win  the  prize  must 
run  for  it,  otherwise  he  will  have  the  mortifi- 
cation of  seeing  many,  with  smaller  means  but 
with  more   application,  passing   by,  and   soon 
leaving  him  at  an  irrecoverable  distance  behind 
them.     The  time   has  been  when  it  was  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  elementary  works  on  Agriculture 
in    all  its  different   branches,  at  such  pjrices  as 
were  within  the  power  of  every  man;  and  ev- 
en when   procured,  most  of  them  were  mere 
pieces  of  plagiarism,  taken  from  European  au- 
thors, and  no  better  calculated  for  our  climate 
than  our  course  of  cropping  would  be   for  the 
West  Indies.     But  those  times  are  past.    Ag 
riculture  is  assuming  that  place  which  was  giv- 
en to  it  by  our  Creator  on  that  day  "  when  he 
created  the   Heavens   and  the    Earth."     We 
find  men  of  talents  and  education  not  only  be 
coming   its  patrons,  but  actual  operators  and 
experimentors,  and  sending  forth  the  results  of 
those   experiments,  like   so   many   streams  of 
pure  and   wholesome  water,  to  make  glad  the 
face  of  ouf  most  highly  favored  country. 

Our  bookstores  already  abound  with  practi- 
cal works  on  Agriculture,  and  Gazettes,  Maga- 
zines, and  Journals,  aie   increased  to  that  ex- 
tent that  he   that  will  "  may   read."     But  the 
body  politic,  as  well   as  the   animal  system,  ts 
subject  to  disease — the  dog  has  his  mange  and 
the  horse  his  distemper ;  and  most  nations  have 
had  the  novel  mania  ;  but  as  this,  like  the  two 
former,  rarely  makes  its  appearance  more  than 
once  with  the  same  subject,  we  hope  theyoung 
er  class  of  agriculturists  will  hereafter  bo  ben 
efitted  by  a  more  healthy  and  profitable  course 
of  reading.     We  have  already  many  men  in  the 
United   States  who  are  becoming  justly  cele 
brated  for  their  writings  on  subjects  connected 
with  farming — men  who  already  enjoy  the  con 
fidence  of  the  public,  and  who  are  entitled  to 
the  gratitude  of  their  countrymen  for  the  con- 
cise and  correct  manner  of  detailing  whatever 
they  find  by  experiment  worth  communicating. 
As  temperance,  like  a  redeeming  spirit,  is  now 
hovering  about  our  land,  we  hope   that  many 
young  agriculturists  will  devote  a  part   of  the 
amount  formerly  applied  to  the  purchase  of  ar- 
dent spirit  to  the  purchase  of  such  works  ap- 
pertaining  to    their    vocations    as  will   prove 
profitable    to  themselves  and  a  blessing  to  our 
country.     What  more  profitable  and  amusing 
intellectual  repast  than  to  spend  a  winter  even- 
ing in  loohing  over  Prinze's  Treatise  on  the  j 


Vine  and  Horticulture,  Fessenden  on  Garden- 
ing, or  Adlum  on  Wine  making.  So  far  as  an- 
ticipation is  concerned  we  seem  transported  to 
ihe  feast  of  fruits  and  flowers  and  exhilarated 
in  fancy  as  though  we  had  been  partaking  of 
■'  Wine  which  maketh  glad  the  heart  of  man." 

TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 

As  this  operation  is  often  performed  in  open 
winters  as  well  as  during  fall  and  spring  months 
a  few  remarks  may  be  acceptable.  We  shall  not 
enter  into  any  arguments  in  this  article  as  to 
the  particular  time  neeessary  for  this  opera- 
tion, as  at  any  season,  if  well  done,  is  better 
than  not  done  at  all.     There  is  a  great  conven. 
ience  in  being  able  to  procure  trees  near  by  bo 
that  they  may  be  put  in  the  ground  the  same 
day  on  which  they  are  taken  up ;  this,  when 
done  in  warm  days,  prevents  the  danger  of  the 
roots  being  frozen,  which  often  happens  when 
trues  are  kept  out  of  ground  many  days  during 
late  fall  and  winter  setting.     If  tke  roots  of 
tiees  are  frozen  and  thawed  when  they  are  out 
of  ground  in  open  air  they  are  killed.    As  the 
fine  roots  are  important  to  the  growth  of  trees 
when  transplanted,  care  should  be  taken  not  to 
expose  tbem  to  the  air  when  it  is  cold  enough 
to  freeze,  as  in  that  case  they  are  instantly  de- 
stroyed.    If  the  ground  into  which  you  trans- 
plant your  trees  is  hard  or  barren,  the  holes 
should  be  made  large  and  filled  up  with  good 
rich  earth  in  preference  to  using  any  kind  of 
manure.     The  roots  should  be  laid  in  without 
being  crowded,  and  covered  with  fine  earth — 
when  there  is  sufficient  earth  laid  upon  the 
roots  to  cover  them,  a  pail  of  water  should  be 
poured  in  and  the  young  tree  stirred  up  and 
down  by  which  the  earth  will  be  made  into  a 
wash,   which  will  settle  in  among  the  small 
roots  and  prevent  their  molding,  which  is  often 
the  case  when  they  are   pressed  together,  by 
having  the  dirt  thrown  upon  them,  or  when 
manure  is  put  in  the  holes  with  the  earth. — 
Many  are  so  particular  as  to  mark  the  trees  so 
as  to  set  the  same  side  to  a  given  point  of  com- 
pass as  before  they  were  taken  up  ;  this  is  well 
enough,  but  i3  not  important      Pruning  at  the 
time  of  transplanting  is  bad,  but  may  be  done 
after  the  trees  begin  to  vegetate  In  spring.    It 
is  well  to  set  young  trees  a  few  inches  deeper 
in  the  earth  than  they  were  before  taken  up, 
but  to  set  too  deep  is  injurious.     Trees  in  open 
orchards  in  this  section  should  bo  set  with  the 
heaviest  part  of  their  tops  to  the  southwest  and 
be  allowed  to  lean  a  little  in  that  direction  tfs 
we  have  the  most  of  our  winds  from  that  quar- 
ter which  are  apt  to  bend  them  in  an  opposite 
direction.       

Answer  to  "  Ji  question,"  in  JS'o.  \,p.  C. 
The  Gardener  must  set  them  an  trM  four  exr 
tromities  of  a  solid  equiangular  tetragon,  to  he 
formed  by  placing  three  of  them  on  a  level  at. 
the  extremities  of  an  equiangular  triangle,  and 
the  fourth,  either  on  a  bill  or  in  a  valley,  so 
that  its  angles  of  inclination  to  the  three  oth- 
er trees  shall  be  equ»l — the  trees  will  then  Be 
eqai-dstant.  P. 


10 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  15,  lS3i. 


VULGAR  ERRORS-NO.  I. 

"Prick  lite  moon  calf  till  be  roar  again.' — Shakspeare. 
The  incongruities  of  the  human  mind  are  so 
manifold,  and  its  discrepancies  are  so  at  vari- 
ance with  sober  reason,  established  fact,  and 
eternal  truths  that  the  wild  vagaries  of  one  age 
are  no  sooner  exploded  by  its  own  research  and 
experience,  than   the  next,  seizing   the   mon- 
strosities of  the  last  in  preference  to  their  weli 
established  truths,  hug  them  to  their  hearts,  and 
defend  them  as  creeds,  with  all  the  zeal  of  fa- 
natics.    And  it  is  a  truth  not  to  be  denied,  that 
we  profit  but  very  liitlu  by  the  knowledge  and 
experience  of  past  times,  and  each  succeeding 
age  has  to  arrive  at  ihe  former's  perfection  by 
the  tedious  process  of  experience  and  inven- 
tion, and  even  then  if  unfavorably  situated  as 
respects  laws  and  governors,  they  not  only  re- 
main stationary,  but  frequently  retrograde    in 
moral,  political,  and  philosophical  science. 

Another  of  ihe  palpable  absurdities  of  our 
natures,  is  that  eternal  shy  larking  of  our  minds 
after  something  that  we  cannot  comprehend, 
or  hardly  figure  to  our  glowing  imaginations, 
even  when  fancy  runs  wildin  her  most  mettle- 
some career;  and  that  religion,  society,  or  av- 
ocation, that  carries  in  its  train  the  most  "pomp 
and  circums'ance,"  pageantry,  idle  and  unmea- 
ning and  imposing  ceremonies,  and  dark  and 
undefined  anticipations,  has  and  ever  will  num- 
ber the  bulk  of  mankind  as  its  votaries, — now 
as  ever, 

"  Pleased  with  a  rattle,  tickled  witi  a  straw." 
The  splendid  trappings  of  the  god  of 
war,  has  laid  many  a  "  tall  fellow"  low,  who 
Jiever  would  have  thought  of  exposing  himself 
to  the  "  mooving  accidents  of  flood  and  field" 
in  Ins  native  "hodden  gray."  It  is  the  great 
engine  by  which  kings  maintain  their  power, 
and  priestcraft  its  influence.  The  gorgeous 
mosque  and  ihe  magnific  nt  Pagoda,  are  mure 
powerful  arguments,  than  the  everlasting  truths 
of  reason.  The  morgana  of  the  mind  is  not 
more  deceptive  ami  illusive  than  lhat  of  the 
vision. 

We  look  in  t'  e  clouds,  in  the  moon  and  the 
stars  for  our  motions  and  our  fate,  and  many 
an  act  of  necessity  and  duty  are  left  undone, 
ltecause  it  is  not  right  in  the  sign,  or  quarter  of 
the  moon.  The  stars  arc  in  fault  for  our  vices, 
and  the  clouds  are  fruitful  sources  of  procras- 
tination. 

In  these  enlightened  days,  is  it  not  the  cli- 
max of  absurdity,  to  suppose  that  the  moon  go- 
verns the  vegetable  world,  or  lias  any  influence 
on  the  animal.  According  to  the  prevailing  pre 
judioes,  different  grains  and  vegetables  must 
bo  planled  m  different  quarters  of  the  moot 
the  garden  esculents,  when  the  moon  is  incroa- 
iiimant!  the  grains  when  it  is  declining.  Hogs 
are  to  be  killed  near  the  full,  and  castration  per- 
formed near  ihe  wane.  Sheep  shorn  in  the 
crescent  near  the  change,  ground  manured  in 
the  last  quarter  lhat  weeds  may  not  abound. — 
Trees  planted  and  grafted  just  after  the  full, 
&c.  Children  arc  to  be  weaned  in  one  sign, 
and  their  hair  cut  in  another;  and  in  fact  it 
would  seem  by  the  daily  conduct  of  a  majority 
of  mankind,  that  business  of  the  greatest  import 
was  put  otT  from  day  to  day  waiting  for  the  si. 


and  as  the  relics  of  the  astrology  of  the  ancients, 
the  Salem  witchcraft  of  a  later  period,  and  the 
grannyism  of  our  own  times,  and  only  gains 
credence  with  any  class  of  men,  even  of  the 
must  moderate  capacities,  by  the  ease  and  non- 
cnalence  with  which  they  receive  these  chime- 
ras, in  preference  to  giving  their  mind  the  least 
trouole  of  investigation,  or  even  a  question. 

In  our  next  number,  we  shall  examine  the 
propriety  and  probabilities,  that  the  planets  and 
constellations,  exercise  any,  or  what,  influence 
on  the  matter  of  this  globe  ;  and  if  to,what  they 
are.  * 


CRANBERRIES. 

A  new  field  is  opon  for  speculation,  to  those 
who  have  low  lands,  and  it  is  hoped  that  some 
of  our  Monroe  farmers  will  be  wise  enough  to 
profit  by  it.     The  New  England  Farmer  states 
that  Capt.  Henry  Hall,  of  Barnstable,  has  been 
engaged  for20  years  in  the  cultivation  of  Cran- 
berries; lhat  his  grounds  have  averaged  for  the 
last  ten   years  70  bushels  per  acre,   and  t:tat 
some  seasons,  he  has  had  100  bushels.     "  Mr. 
F.  A.  Hayden  of  Lincoln,  has  gathered  from! 
his  farm,  this  season,  40U  bushels  of  cranber- 
ries,   which  he  sold  in   this  city    (Boston)  for 
$600."     Now,  where  is  the  propriety   of  far 
mers  emigrating  to   the  Michigan,   or  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  when  tbey  can  be  compen- 
sated for  their  labor  in  this  manner,  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  our  large  cilies,  where  ihe 
comforts  of  life,  and  the  blessings  of  civiliza 
tion  are  so  easily  obtained.     Now  let  us  look  a 
httle  further   into  this  business — If  we  go  to 
raising  cranberries,  where  shall  we  find  a  mar- 
ket?    This  is  a  very  natural    question,    but  is 
easily  answered;  go.where  Mr.  Hayden  went, 
if  you  are  not  suited  with  the  New  York  mar- 
ket. 

Cranberries,  unlike  most  other  kinds  of  small 
fruits,  are  capable  of  being  transported  to  Eu 
ripe,  without  suffering  by  the  voyage,  and  we 
have  seen  American  cranberries  sellmg  in  Lon 
don  at  eight  dollars  per  bushel,  as  fresh. as 
when  first  gathered  from  the  marshes  Now 
let  us  compare  this  kind  of  farming,  with  rais- 
ing wheat  in  the  northern  part  of  Ohio,  and 
Michigan,  where  we  believe  the  price  the  last 
season,  has  been  about  40  cents  per  bushel, 
and  the  produce  25  bushels  per  acre.  We  will 
suppose  that  the  cultivation  of  one  acre  of 
land  in  either  crop  to  be  the  same,  but  this  is 
for  ihe  sake  of  brevity,  and  is  in  favor  of  the 
wheat:  wo  will  allow  the  wheat  to  he  threshed 
for  every  tenth  bushel,  and  that  the  cranberries 
cost  twenty  cents  per  bushel  for  harvesting. 
The  produce  of  one  acre  of  wheat,  '25  bush 


gan  ;  now  this  is  all  well;  t*  ere  are  some  peo- 
ple who  seem  to  require  care  to  make  them 
happy,  and  thus  by  emigration,  they  can  in- 
crease their  cares  twenty  fold,  on  the  same 
amount  of  business. 

TO  FARMERS. 

As  the  forepart  of  winter  has  been  mild,  i'. 
should  occur  to  you  that  bees  eat  more  during 
mild  than  cold  weather;  they  should  he  looked 
to — perhaps  some  of  the  late  swarms  want 
feeding;  and  a  few  pounds  of  honey,  given 
them  after  they  have  consumed  their  stock, 
may  save  the  swarm.  Do  not  give  it  to  them 
in  such  a  manner  that  they  will  get  into  it — 
put  it  on  dry  comb  or  on  pieces  of  soft  bread. 
There  is  no  stock  pays  better  for  the  attention 
you  bestow  upon  them  than  bees,  and  none 
suffer  sooner  by  neglect,  therefore  look  to  them 
often. 


els  at  48  cents  is 

Cultivating  same 
Threshing  same 


Net  profit 


$5 

1 

6 


*«0 


to  come  right,  a  contingency  that  seems  never  Thus  it  would  appear  that  the  net  proffit  of 
■to  arrive.  Now,  kind  reader,  we  are  sceptics  one  acre  of  cranberries  in  N«w  England,  would 
enough  to  consider  signs  and  times,  as  meta-  be  equal  to  twenty-one  acres  and  a  quarter  of 
physical   humkqg  and   astrological  nonsejise;,  |l  wheat  in  the  northern  part  of  Ohio  and  Michi- 


Thc  produce  of  one  acre  of  cranberries  70 


bushels  at  $1,50  is 

Cultivating  same 
Packing  same 


Net  profit 


$6 
14 

CO 


20 

$85 


INVENTION  FOR  REPUBLICS. 

A  new  kind  of  Bee  Hive  has  lately  been  in 
vented,  which  promises  to  be  of  great  utility 
to  those  engaged  in  raising  bees.     It  consists 
of  a  number   of  cells,  about  the  size  of  small 
beehives,  or  about  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inch- 
es square,  and  from  fifteen  to  eighteen   inches 
deep,  arranged  like  the  pigeon  holes  in  a   wri- 
ting desk,  or  a  number  of  bee-hives  piled  upon 
their   sides.     The  number  of  these  cells  may 
be  according  to  the   taste  of  the   builder  :  say 
four  rows  up  and  down,  and  ten   long,  making 
forty   cells.     These   should   be   enclosed  in  a 
tight  house,  of  sufficient  dimensions  to  allow  a 
oerson   room  to  pass  freely  before  and  behind 
them,  and  they    should  be  supported  at  such  a 
distance  from  the  floor  as  to  be  convenient  for 
examination.     In  front  of  these  there   should 
be  a  number  of  small  holes  made  through  the 
side  of  the   building,  sufficient  fur  the  bees  to 
pass  in  and  out.     In  the  back  end  nf  each  cell 
there  may  be  a  slide, or  door,  for   the  purpose 
of  taking  out    the  honey.       The    building,  if 
made  of  wood,  should  be  carefully  made,  not 
allowing  cracks  or  joints,  through  which  mice 
cuuld  enter,  and  a  door  in  tlio  rear  for  the  kee- 
ner to  go  in  and  out    at.      Into   these  cells  a 
number  of  swarms  of  bees  are  introduced,  and 
it  is  said  that  they  work  as  well  as  in  hives  of 
common  construction — that   they  never  leave 
the    hcuse  by  swarms,  as  long  as  there  is  an 
empty  cell  for  the  young  colony   to   emigrate 
to.     There   is  no  necessity  for  destroying  the 
bees  to  gettbe  honey.     They  are  not  troubled 
with    the   moth,   where   the   house  is  tightly 
made,  and  where  the  door  is  well  secured,  they 
are  not  so  liable  to  be  r-rhbed  by — man, 

O"  It  is  a  fact  worth  recurring  to,  that  the 
ti pier,  and  those  generally  intemperate,  arc 
not  fond  of  fruits,  particularly  those  of  fine  and 
delicate  flavors,  while  temperate  persons,  fe- 
males aud  children,  possessing  unvitiated  pal- 
ates, have  tastes  and  propensities  directly  the 
contrary  ;  and  observe  it  when  yon  will,  the 
debauched,  the  intemperate,  and  the  boorish, 
care  but  little  about  the  garden,  the  flower,  or 
the  fruit  tree  There  is  nothing  in  their  coirr- 
posilion  that  is  congenial  with  their  natures. 
but  to  the  intellectual,  thinking,  and  unsophis- 
ticated lover  of  natnre,  and  its  productions, 
the  garden  and  the  field  is  the  paradise  of  earth; 
and  its  blooming,  verdant,  and  fragrant  inhab- 
itants, the  Fairies  and  Uouris  created  to  ad- 
minister to  their  necessities,  pleasure  and  pro. 
fit. 


Vol.  1.— No-  2. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


11 


For  thw  Genesoo  Farmtr. 
ON  PRESERVING  BUTTER. 

Addressed  to  Farm.ra  and    Citizen  House-WiveE. 

Butter  baa  become  an  article  of  such  prima- 
ry importance,  and  such  a  leading  material  in 
tbe  daily  consumption  of  mankind,  that  it 
seems  to  ma  that  if  one  quarter  of  the  atten- 
tion had  been  paid  to  its  improvement,  that 
(here  has  to  subjects  of  minor  importance,  our 
markets  and  tables  would  not  so  often  be  the 
subject  of  complaint. 

I  shall  not  attempt  to  give  a  chomical  anal- 
ysis of  butter,  or  even  directions  for  making 
it,  as  it  is  only  a  good  article  that  can  obtain 
buyers,  or  gain  admittance  to  the  tables  of 
private  families,  who  provide  for  themselves, 
but  I  would  here  observe  that  there  is  nut  such 
a  marked  difference  in  particular  districts  or 
pastures,  or  in  breeds  of  cows,  or  even  skill  in 
the  manufacturing,  except  as  to  neatness  and 
cleanliness,  as  most  persons  imagine. 

In  buying  your  butter,  the  most  sensible 
question  you  can  ask,  is  "how  many  cows  do 
you  keep  ","  tne  chance  of  a  good  article  is 
generally  in  favor  of  the  larger  number  ;  any 
other  inquiries  are  mere  moonshine.  Tasting, 
smelling,  seeing,  and  feeling,  are  the  only  true 
criterions.  Fresh,  sweet,  and  clean,  is  all  that 
is  required:  the  grand  secrot  is  preservation, 
and  this  is  so  simple  thatno  one  who  loves  a 
good  article  should  ever  complain  of  having 
bad,rancid,  or  frewey  butter. 

Butter  is  an  oil,  rather  more  appertaining 
to  animal  than  vegetable  origin,  and  when 
pure,  does  not  contain  the  elements  of  sponta- 
neous fermentation,  or  decomposition,  and  if 
not  exposed  to  the  air,  is  as  unchangeable  as 
gold,  or  the  diamond  itself;  and  the  first  pound 
flat  was  made  by  the  Scythians,  who  were 
the  first  discoverers,  600  years  before  the 
Christian  Era,  if  properly  prepared,  and  her-> 
mettcally  sealed,  would  be  as  fine  and  palata- 
ble this  day,  as  the  best  pound  made  in  the 
"  Genesee  cojuntry"  this  year. 

Allow  rao  to  give  one  fact  within  my  own 
knowledge,  to  support  this  assertion.  In  the 
jammer  of  1827,  I  had  presented  to  me  a 
piece  of  butter  SI  years  old,  and  which  to 
t.a^te  and  smell,  was  as  fine  and  sweet  as  tbe 
day  it  was  churned,  and  for  aught  I  know,  e- 
ven  sweeter,  for  it  was  the  very  cream  of  but- 
ter. It  had  been  prosorved  under  tbe  follow- 
ing circumstances.  A  farmer's  wijfe,  during 
vary  hot  weather,  had  put  a  large  roll  on  a 
yewter  plate,  and  tied  it  over  with  a  white 
napkin,  and  lowered  it  into  a  deep  well  to  cool 
and  fit  it  for  the  table.  In  withdrawing  it 
the  3tjing  broke,  and  it  sunk  to  the  bottom. — 
Twenty-one  years  after,  the  well  was  cleaned 
and  during  the  opfejation,  it  got  loosed  from 
its  imprisonment,  rote  and  swam  on  the  sur- 
face, to  the  no  small  annoyance  and  surprise 
of  the  man  who  was  in  the  well.  It  was 
Carefully  drawn  up  as  the  egg  of  some  land  or 
sea  serpent,  but  the  good  wife  soon  laid  the 
sjook,  and  explained  the  mystery. 

Now  for  the  g.and  secret  of  preservation 
for  the  promulgation  of  which,  I  only  ask  my 
readers  to  try  it  once,  and  they  may  forever 
After  do  as  they  please. 

After   butter  is   made,  or  comes  ioto  your 
possession,  K  in  warm  weather,  tbe  first  ope- 
ration, is  to  put  it  either  into  a  cool  cellar  or 
?nto  eu-M  well  or  spring  water.,  nil  tt  oreotnen 


of  as  hard  a  consistency  as  it  can  readily  be 
worked  with  a  ladle  or  paddle.     In  small  por- 
tions work  out  all  the  milk  or  whey  that  it 
contains,  which  is  best  done  in  a  wooden  bowli 
held  in   a  sloping  direction.    You  may   even 
work   it  with   cold   water,   changing  it  till  it 
comes  off  clear,  except  in  which  case,  it  will 
need  an  additional  quantity  of  salt,  and  if  you 
will  do  it   with  the  following    compound,  you 
will  decidedly  find  your  account  in  it ;  viz:  — 
Two  parts  common  salt,  (not  too  fine)  one 
part  saltpetre,  and  one  part  sugar.by  measure 
And  above   all,  remember   that  the   working 
must  be    thoroughly   done, if  you   wish   it  to 
keep  a  long  time,  and   that  it  can  only  be  done 
when   cooled   down  to  a  proper  temperature  ; 
for  by  this  process  you  purify  it  of  all  self  ac 
ting  and  putrefying  particles,  that  are  capable 
of   spontaneous   change   and   decomposition 
and  it  now  only  wants  to  be  kept  from  contact 
with  air,  to  render  it  perfectly  unchangeable 
To  do  this,  take  any  sweet  wooden  cask,  tnb, 
or  firkin,  that  has  been  used  at  least  one  year 
before,  and  lost  its  wood  flavor,  or  what  is  de- 
cidedly belter,  stone  and  earthern  jars  or  pots, 
make  the  butter  into  rolls  of  that  convenient 
size,  that  the  half  of  one  shall  be  fit  for  the  ta- 
ble, and  lay  them  carefully  and  snugly  down, 
till    tho  vessel  is  full,  or  within  a  few  inches, 
then  make  a  brine  of  cold  water,  as  strong  as 
salt   will  make  it,  or  to  saturation,  and  cover 
fairly  the   whole   of  the   butter.     If  properly 
packed,  it  will  not  swim,  as  you  use  from  it, 
and  if  kept  covered,  it  is  as  sweet  and  good  at 
the  end  of  ten  years  as  when  put  down. 

It  is  important  to  be  in  rolls,  to  prevent  its 
coming  too  much  in  contact  with  the  wood, 
whereby  it  would  receive  air  and  be  inconven- 
ient to  come  at  when  wanted.  If  it  is  desira- 
ble to  pack  it  in  bulk  and  solid,  for  market, 
the  best  way  is  to  work  it  well  as  above,  pack 
down  firmly,  and  on  tbe  top  put  about  a  haif 
inch  of  fine  salt,  leave  it  about  8  or  10  days 
and  you  will  find  it  has  shrunk  from  the  side 
about  an  eight  or  quarter  of  an  inch, then  head 
up,  and  through  a  hole  in  the  head  fill  it  with 
brine,  H.  Y. 


A    CHEAP    AND   DURABLE    PAINT,     FOB     GARDEN 
FENCES,  OCT    HOUSES,    EVE    TKOUGHS,  &C. 

I  propose,  Messrs  Editors,  in  a  few  days,  to 
give  you  my  ideas  and  speculations  on  the 
short  duration  of  the  modern  paints  used  on 
houses  and  works  exposed  to  the  weather, 
and  particularly  of  the  prevailing  colour,  white, 
lead,  and  ttiose  with  which  it  is  compounded, 
the  undurability  of  wliieh,  is  a  general  com- 
plaint, aDd  a  great  tax  opon  the, public,  and 
needs  redress. 

In  the  mean  time  I  offer  the  following  cheap 
substitute  fur  linseed  oil  painting,  for  all 
coar9e  uut  door  works  : 

Melt  over  a  slow  fire,  in  an  iron  pot  or  kettle, 
two  lbs.  of  rosin, and  one  lb.  of  roll  brimstone; 
when  perfectly  liquified,  add  slowly  three  gal- 
lons of  train  or  fish  oil,  and  wheu  perfectly 
incorporated, add  Spanish  brown,  Venetian  red, 
yellow  ochre,  or  any  other  dark  calour,  till  of 
sufficient  consistency  to  cover  wood  of  a  uni- 
form colour;  nse  it  warm,  with  a  brtjsh,  and 
when  dry,  give  it  a  second  coat,  and  you  will 
have  a  pabt  that  the  weather  is  incapable  of 
affecting.  It  takes  linger  to  dry  than  common 
paints,  but  if  rightly  managed,  usuajly  be- 
dtimes Itljrd  in  five  or  six  clays.  O.  B. 


VITALITY  OF  PLANTS. 

Borne  of  the  ancient  philosophers  supposed 

the  trocs,  and  the  whole  vegetable   kingdom, 

to  bo  endowed  with  souls,  vitality  and  intelli 

gence.     The  Druids  held  the  misletoe  sacred, 

and  some  of  our   savages   have  certain  trees 

that  they  converse  with,  and  pay  their  adora 

lions  to, 

1  He  sees, 
God  in  the  rocks,  and  SpiritB  in  the  trees.' 

And  in  fact  the  idea  is  not  so  barbarous,  nor 
so  preposterous,  whon   we  look  on  the  shrink- 
ing   sensibility  of   the    mimosa   or  sensitive 
plants,  or  the  trembling  and  nodding  of  the 
anthers  of  the  Barberry,  on  the  slighest  touch  ol 
any  foreign  substance;  the  sensibility  and  voli- 
tion of  several  flowers  of  the  fly-trap  kind, 
which  close  upon  any  of  the  insect  tribe,  who 
invade  their  nectared  cells,  and  hold  them  in 
durance,  till  they  are  smothered  in  sweets,  be- 
fore they  again  expand  their  flowers — All  this, 
with  many  other  curious  facts,  connected  with 
the  sexual  intercourse  of  those  plants,  whose 
reproductive  organs  are  contained  in  different 
flowers,  and  even  on   different   plants— these, 
with  thousands  of  other  wonderful  properties 
of  vegetable  organic  matter,  to  those  who  view 
them  thinkingly  and  critically,  certainly  go  to 
show  that  the  vegetable  economy  and  struc 
ture,  is  something  more  than  the  mere  carpen- 
ter's frame  work  of  inert  snbstances  ; — but  arc 
endowed   with  feeling,   sensibility,  and    voli- 
tion.     The  ascending  and  descending  of  the 
sap;  nay,  the  very  simple  fact,  that  they  all 
incline   to  grow  perpendicularly,   rather   than 
haphazard,   at  the  angles  of  chance,  all  show 
design  and  wisdom  in  their  formation;  and  the 
exercise  of  these  secret  and  inscrutable   prin- 
ciples, which  the  mere  natural  reasoner  may 
spin   out  into  the   attenuated  cobweb's  fino- 
ness  of  analysis  arid  sophistry  without  finding 
the  course.     Then  where  is  the   monstrosity 
of  the  ancient's  belief,  or  the  irrationality  of  a 
creed  formed  in  those  bye-gone  ages,  wlieji 
those  daring  and  mighty  spirits  groped  their 
way  in  the  natural    sciences,  in  more  than  t^- 
berian  darkness?     Why   is  it  unphilosophioal 
to  allow  all  organic  matter,  from  the  humble 
moss  to   god-like  man,  to  possess  its  due  pre 
portion    of  the   spirit,   soul,   mind,   or  intelli. 
gence,  that  constitutes  our  pre-eminence  ov»Er 
the  brute? 

"  Vast  chain  of  beings!  which  from  God  begoji 
Nature's  ethereal,  human,  angel,  man, 
Beast,  bird,  fish,  insect,  what  no  eye  can  see'. 
Noglass  can  reach,  from  infinite  to  thee  I" 
"FromNature's  chain, whatever  linkyou  strike, 
Tenth,  or   ten    thousandth,  breaks  the  chain 


alike 


Y. 


TERMINOLOGY. 

Roots,  trunk,  limbs,  stems,  branches,  twigs, 
pith,  bark,  leaves,  flower,  seed  and  fruit,  com- 
pose a  complete  vegetable. 

Epidermis— the  outer  rough  part  of  the  ba,rk, 
without  a  circulation  of  sap,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  the  excremental  part  of  the  plant. 

Parenchyma — the  part  next  the  epideimVs, 
and  is  jjsually  of  a  greenish  color. 

Cortical  layers — the  soft  and  flexible  part  of 
in  e  bark  next  the  wood. 

Qamb  or  granulated  matter— the  soft  pulpy 
mass  next  within  the  cortical  layers  in  the  con. 
dition  of  forming  new  wood. 

Ligneous  fibre — the  woo8  or  struct^e  and 
frame  WorB  of  the  tree  or  vegetable. 


12 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  15,  1831, 


GRAPE  VINES. 

As  public  opinion  is  now  in  favor  of  wine- 
making,  and  that  too  from  our  native  grapes,  1 
hope  farmers  who  live  in  those  parts  of  the 
country  where  they  abound  will  turn  their  at* 
tention  to  the  subject;  and  if  they  would  spend 
a  few  days  during  the  winter  in  gathering  cut- 
tings from  such  vines  within  their  knowledge 
as  possess  good  qualities  and  distribute  them 
among  their  friends  they  would  confer  a  lasting 
benefit  on  their  country.  Many  practical  men 
are  now  satisfied  that  the  native  American 
grapes  are  the  finest  in  the  world  for  making 
ivine.  The  peculiar  fragrance  of  the  wine, 
when  properly  made,  from  the  fox  grape,  can- 
not fail  to  give  it  superiority  over  most  other 
wines  now  in  use  ;  and  it  is  ascertained  that  a 
wine  may  be  made  from  the  summer  or  chicken 
grape,  equal  in  quality  to  the  finest  Claret  or 
Burgundy.  As  vines  are  generally  propaga. 
ted  from  cuttings,  which  should  be  taken  from 
the  old  stock,  during  fall  or  winter,  I  hope 
those  who  feel  interested  in  the  temperance 
cause  and  advancement  of  our  country,  will 
think  proper  to  devote  a  little  time  to  so  laud- 
able an  object. 

A  few  directions  for  taking  cuttings  may  be 
acceptable  to  the  unpractised.  Three  points 
are  to  be  kept  in  view.  1st.  Select  good  bear- 
ers. 2d.  Such  fruits  as  have  the  most  desirable 
flavor,  either  for  the  table  or  for  wine;  and 
here  allow  me  to  observe  that  those  grapes 
that  are  the  most  desirable  for  the  talle  are  not 
always  so  for  wine.  3d.  Se  ect  those  vines 
which  are  best  growers.  There  are  three 
principal  ways  of  propagating  vines  by  cuttings. 
1st  By  a  short  piece  of  the  preceding  year's 
wood,  containing  but  one  eye  or  bud — this  is 
buried  with  the  bud  up  one  or  two  inches  be- 
neath the  surface.  2d.  By  pieces  of  the  last 
year's  wood  of  one  foot  or  more  in  length  con- 
taining at  least  three  joints,  which  are  to  be 
buried  two  thirds  their  length  in  the  ground. 
3d.  By  two  joints  of  the  hist  year's,  with  one 
of  thejpreceding  year's  wood,  making  the  form 
of  the  cutting  like  an  inverted  T.  The  second 
is  the  method  generally  practised  in  France. 
The  cuttings,  after  being  taken  from  theparen' 
stock  should  be  kept  in  a  damp  place  or  buried 
in  the  ground  till  spring,  then  set  in  a  rich  soil, 
if  you  have  a  situation  where  the  cuttings  will 
be  sheltered  from  the-noon  day  sun  they  will 
succeed  much  better  than  in  a  southern  expo- 
sure. 

The  torms  for.  and  chicken  grapes  may  not 
be  familiar  to  all.  The  fox  grape  is  the  name 
applied  to  the  large  American  grape  growing 
io  the  New  England,  and  most  of  the  Middle 
States  ;  it  ripens  in  September,  varying  in  she 
and  color  from  white  to  deep  purple,  posses- 
sing a  peculiar  fragrance  which  is  not  found 
with  any  other  kind  of  grape. 

The  chicken  or  summer  grape,  is  an  interme- 
diate kind  between  the  fox  and  late  frost  grape, 
both  as  to  size  and  time  of  ripening,  of  a  dark 
purple  color,  quite  sour,  and  moderately  astrin- 
gent; and  there  is  no  doubt  but  this  kind  wil' 
he  found  an  excellent  w,ne  grape,  and  will  sup- 
ply the  place  of  the  tender  grapes  of  Europe 
for  making  red  wines,  and  might  with  propriety 
be  called  the  American  Burgundy  grape.  Both 
these  kinds  of  grapes  are  capable  of  enduring 
the  Severest  winters  of  the  northern  parts  of 
(he  United  States. 


CURRANTS. 

Among  all  the  fruit  of  the  garden,  there  is 
none  more  useful  than  the  Currant.  The  bush- 
es will  thrive  in  most  soils ;  they  endure  our 
most  severe  winters ;  are  constant  bearers  ; 
the  fruit  continues  long  in  use,  and  they  are 
not  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  insects.  Who 
will  neglect  to  cultivate  so  valuable  a  fruit  ? 
There  are  four  kinds  of  this  fruit  which  should 
be  found  in  every  garden.  The  largo  red  and 
white  Dutch,  the  Champaigne  pale  led,  and 
the  black  English  Currant.  We  find  this  Iruit 
in  different  shapes  upon  our  table  for  three 
months  or  one  quarter  of  the  year,  and  always 
acceptable.  As  for  wine.  I  know  it  will  be 
said  that  they  make  a  heavy  kind  of  wine, which 
may  be  drank  when  we  can  get  no  other.  Let 
the  reader  consider  this  is  an  age  of  improve- 
ment, and  we  know  of  a  cask  of  currant  wine  in 
this  county,  made  the  last  season,  which  will  be 
pronounced  equal  in  quality  to  any  imported 
wine  which  can  be  purchased  in  this  place  ai 
two  dollars  per  gallon.  As  there  will  be  an 
account  given  hereafter  of  the  manufacture  of 
this  wine,  by  the  gentleman  who  made  it,  we 
shall  only  observe  that  the  materials  were  all 
the  produce  of  his  farm,  and  such  wine  can 
well  be  made  at  half  a  dollar  per  gallon.  We 
see  attempts  made  to  train  the  currant  as  a 
dwarf  standard;  this  requires  much  time  in 
cutting  down  the  sprouts  which  are  constantly 
springing  from  the  root,  but  which  may  be  a- 
voided  by  commencing  right  at  first.  As  this 
ts  a  proper  season  for  commencing  the  prepar- 
ations for  forming  currant  plantations,  a  few  di- 
rections to  young  gardeners  maybe  usefu.. 

The  best  method  of  propagating  currants  is 
by  cuttings;  these maj  be  taken  from  the  fall- 
ing of  the  leaf  in  autumn  until  spring.  Select 
the  straightest  &  most  thrifty  shoots  of  the  pre- 
ceding year's  wood,  which  should  be  eighteen 
inches  long  or  more,  let  them  be  cut  at  such 
distance  from  the  old  wood  that  the  buds  are 
found  regular,  and  are  large  and  distinct.  When 
you  have  collected  as  many  of  these  straight 
shoots  as  you  wish,  cut  the  lower  end  to  a 
point,  that  it  may  more  easily  be  stuck  in  the 
ground,  then,  with  a  sharp  budding  knife,  cut 
out  each  bud  much  in  the  manner  of  cutting 
them  from  a  cion  for  budding — proceed  in  this 
i  manner  as  far  as  you  wish  the  body  of  your 
bush  to  remain  without  limbs,  as  no  sprouts 
will  ever  come  out  of  that  part  deprived  of  buds* 
and  the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  that  not 
one  bud,  however  small,  should  be  left,  as  that 
would  defeat  all  your  calculations — alter  this 
stick  themjin  the  ground  from  four  to  six  inches, 
keeping  them  perpendicular.  The  first  summer 
they  will  take  root  and  make  small  growths,  af- 
ter which  they  may  be  set  in  the  places  where 
you  wish  them  to  remain.  As  they  increase  in 
size  the  topi  should  be  pruned  and  shaped  to 
ihe  tasto  of  the  operator.  Currant  bushes, 
managed  in  thi-  way,  will  continue  in  bearing 
fifty  years — ihe  fruit  will  be  larger  and  better 
flavored  than  from  those  hushes  left  to  grow 
in  the  common  manner;  the  borders  will  not 
ho  infested  with  sprouts  ;  and  dwarf  standards 
are  ornamental,  and  should  be  found  in  evory 
well  regulated  garden. 

Among  the  giants  for  the  public  service  of 
1830,  the  French  chamber  of  deputies  have 
voted  5,100,000  francs  (rather  more  than  $1,- 
000,000)  for  the  completion  pf  varTrjifs  canal* 


BROOM  CORN. 

From  the  unlimited  use  of  this  article  it  has 
become  of  great  consequence,  and  for  several 
years  past  the  growing  of  it,  as  a  field  crop 
has  been  attended  with  a  handsome  profit ;  and 
the  manufacturing  of  it  into  brooms  gives  em- 
ployment to  the  farmer  within  doors  at  that 
season  of  the  year  when  his  timo  is  of  least 
worth  We  do  not  know  whether  the  increase 
in  price  the  present  season  is  owing  to  the  fail- 
ure of  the  crop,  or  the  increasing  demand  for 
brooms,  when  manufactured  ;  but  from  some 
cause  the  price,  both  of  the  unmanufactured 
and  manufactured  article,  has  increased  from 
fifty  to  seventy-five  per  cent,  within  the  last 
year.  Brooms  which  were  worth  one  year 
since  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  dozen,  are 
worth  this  season  two  dollars  and  sixty-three 
cents,  and  the  unmanufactured  brush  has  been 
sold  as  high  as  ten  cents  per  pound.  Allow* 
ing  the  produce  of  an  acre  of  good  land  to  be 
one  thousand  pounds,  this  wuuldgive  the  far- 
mer one  hundred  dollars  as  the  product,  and 
the  labor  required  would  be  but  little  more 
than  that  for  cultivating  an  acre  of  Indian  corn  ; 
beside  the  broom  corn  would  prodnce  from 
twenty  to  twenty-five  bushels  of  seed  per  acre, 
which  13  worth  as  much  as  oats  to  feed  lo  fowls. 
Great  care  should  be  given  to  the  selection  of 
seed  by  those  who  intend  to  plant,  using  only 
such  as  grow  upon  the  best  stalks,  which  pro- 
duced the  longest  brush.  As  it  is  of  import- 
ance to  farmers  to  raise  those  crops  which  wilj 
give  them  the  greatest  profit  we  would  recom- 
mend to  those  who  have  land  suitable,  to  in- 
quire into  the  prospects  for  this  crop. 

MADDER. 

This  is  theRubia  tinctoria  of  Linneus,  and 
is  thus  described  :— Calyx,  four  toothed  ;  Co- 
ral, four  cleft  and  bellform  ;  stem,  square  and 
piickly  ;  leaves,  whorled  ;  plant,  perennial. — 
In  growth  and  habits  this  plant  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  one  growing  by  the  side  of 
ditches  and  commonly  known  by  the  name  of 
Clivers.  It  is  propagated  either  by  seeds  or 
offsets  ;  the  latter  method  is  the  one  generally 
practised.  This  plant  has  been  long  cultiva- 
ted as  a  dyeing  material.  Madder  thrives  best 
in  a  deep  rich  soil,  rather  wet  than  otherwise 
it  is  cultivated  in  rows  or  drills,  not  unlike  po- 
tatoes, or  in  bods  of  four  or  five  feet  wide, 
which  are  to  be  earthed  over  from  the  space 
between  them.  A  person  of  our  acquaintance, 
who  has  cultivated  this  plant  for  a  number  of 
years,  prefers  planting  in  rows  and  plowing 
and  dressing  it  much  in  the  manner  of  pota- 
toes. The  roots  are  taken  up  after  two  years 
if  from  offsets,  but  not  till  the  third  year  when 
raised  from  seed.  This  operation  is  performed1 
in  autumn,  and  the  crown  oT  the  roots  are  set 
in  a  new  plantation.  The  roots  are  dried  and 
ground,  or  sold  without,  as  the  market  offers  . 
the  price  varying  from  twenty  to  thirty  cents 
per  pound.  The  produce  of  an  acre  may  be 
calculated  at  from  fifteen  hundred  to  two  thou- 
sand pounds.  It  is  with  a  variety  of  this  plant 
that  many  of  onr  western  Indians  make  their 
beautiful  red  colore.  The  root  is  sometime!: 
attacked  by  the  grub,  which  prov.es  very  inju- 
rious to  the  crop. 


Vol.  1.— No-  2. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


13 


SUMMER   FALLOWS. 
To  summer  fallow,   sward  land  is  a  com- 
mon practice  in  this  section  of  country,  bat 
we  are  convinced  from  our   own  observation, 
that  this  is  not  the  most  economical  method. 
After  the  crop  of  wheat,  the  stubble  ground 
is   often  planted  with  corn  ;  now  this   is  get- 
ting the   cart  before   the   horse        Let   your 
sward  land  be  ploughed  late  in  the  fall  or  ear- 
ly in  the  spring,  and  made  ready  for  corn.     If 
the  corn   is  well  tended,  the  grass  will  all  be 
killed,  and  the  decomposing  vegetable  matter 
will  furnish  its  greatest  supply  of  food  to  the 
roots,  at  the  time  the  ears  are  filling  out  ;  and 
as  a  general  rule,  we  get  the  finest  yield  of 
corn  from   turf  ground,   although  we  do  not 
get  as  large  a  growth  of  stalks.     This  is  as  it 
should  be,  to  get  the  most  corn  with  the  least 
oxpense   of  soil.    The   contrary   is  the  case, 
wben   we  plant  stubble    land— we  get   larger 
stalks,  but  less  corn,  as  the  greatest  quantity 
of  vegetable  nutrition,  from  the  decaying  turf, 
is  furnished  the  roots  in  the  fore  part  of  sum- 
mer and  there  seems   a  lack  af  it  at  the  time 
the  ears  are  filling  out.  Itwill  eo  fbund  by  obser 
vation,  that  corn  raised   on  sward  land,  where 
it  is  well  tended,  is   laways  'more  full  at  the 
points  of  the  ears,  than  that  raised  upon  stub- 
ble land.     Again,  when  sward  land  is  summer 
fallowed,  unless  the  season  is  very   favorable, 
the   roots  of  grass  are  not  entirely  killed,  and 
it  will  be  found  upon  examination,   that  most 
of  the  sods  which  lie  upon  the  surface  in  the 
spring  after  the   wheat  is  sowed,  have    roots 
and  runners  of  gi ass  leading   out   from  them 
in  every  direction,   claiming   the  right  of  pri- 
mogeniture, over  the  wheat,  and  depriving   it 
of  a  share  of  vegetable  nuirition  ;  and  it  will 
be  found  by  actual  calculation,  in  many  instan- 
ces, that  tbese  sods  and  roots  extend  over  one 
quarter  of  the  surface;  and  it  is  from  this  cir- 
cumstance, that  many  pieces  of  stubble  land 
produce  so  much  pasturage  after  the  wheat  is 
taken   oft',  where   they  have   not  been   seeded 
with  grass   or  clover  ;  which   sometimes   ren- 
ders  the  hoeing  of  the  succeeding  corn  crop 
more  difficult  than  when  it  succeeds  the  sward. 
When  corn  is  made  the  first  crop,  the  land  is 
in  a  state  of  fallowing  all  summer  ;  that  is,  the 
hoeing  in  the  fore  part  of  llio  season,  and  the 
shading  from  the  corn,  in  the  latter  part,  is  as 
effectual  in  subduing  the  roots  of  the  jrass,  as 
summer  fallowing  would  have  been,  continued 
Tor   the  same  length  of  time.       By    making 
wheat  the  second  crop,  ar.d  summer  fallowing 
•he  stalk  ground,  tho  subduing  process  iscon- 
'inued  twice  as  long  as  it  would  have  been  incase 
vou  had  made  wheat  the  first.     The  breaking 
up  of  your  stalk  ground,  does  not  require  as 
much  strength  of  team,  (and  team-work  at  this 
faintt  season  of  the  year,  is  important,)  neither 
do  the  after  ploughings,  as  when  the  crops  are 
reversed.     Your  grounds  become  completely 
subdued,   the  grass   roots  nil   dead,  and    such 
seeds  as  were  in  the  ground,  have  had  an   op-> 
portunity  ta  vegetate,  and  are  destroyed,  and 
the  whole  surface  prepared  to   give  nutrition 
to  the  wheat  alone.       It   often  happens  that 
mowing  lands  are  of  prime  importance,   and 
tbat  a  rotation  of  crops  are  resorted  to  as  ren- 
ovators for  such  lands,  and  it  is  desirable  to  re- 
turn them  to  grass  as  soon  as  possible  after   the 
surface  is  made   fine    and   smooth.     This  can 
fte   done  by  stocking  with  the  wheat  ;  but  SI 


wheat  was  the  first,  then  corn,  it  would  require 
a  third  crop  before  it  could  be  returned  to 
grass.  Now  if  the  farmers  will  give  this  a 
fair  trial,  they  will  find  that  the  saving  of  la- 
bor will  be  about  one  quarter,  and  the  increase 
in  the  two  crops  will  be  in  an  inverse  latio,  or 
an  average  gain  of  twenty-five  per  cent,  over 
the  method  commonly  practiced  for  the  two 
crops- 

DOMESTIC   HORTICULTURAL  SOCIE- 
TY OF  THE  WESTERN  PART  OP  NEW  YORK. 

This  Society  was  formed  at  Geneva,  27th 
November,  1828.  and  was  designed  to  include 
the  counties  of  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Tompkins, 
Seneca,  Ontario,  Yates,  Wayne,  Livingston, 
Monroe  and  Genesee.  They  held  their  autum- 
nal exhibition  for  1829,  at  the  village  of  Lyons, 
and  for  1830,  at  Geneva.  The  officers,  for  the 
current  year,  are. 

John  Greig,  President 


James  K.  Guernsey,     ~) 

William  S.  De  Zeng, 

David  Thomas,  j        Vice 

James  Wadsworth,        }   Presidents. 

Wm.  H.  Adams, 

Alexander  Duncan,       J 

Joseph  Fellows,  Treasurer, 

Myron  Holley,  Corresponding  Sec'y. 

Z.  Barton  Stout,  Recording  Sec'y. 
At  their  meeting  at  Geneva,  Sept.  28, 1830, 
the  following  Address  was  delivered  by  Z.  Bar- 
ton Stout,  Esq.,  which  we  trust  will  be  read 
with  much  pleasure  by  all  the  friends  of  Horti- 
culture. 
Gentlemen  of  the  Society: 

The  progress  made,  during  the  two  years  of 
the  existence  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 
Society  of  the  Western  Part  of  New  York,  has 
been  gratifying  and  encouraging. 

The  autumnal  exhibition  at  Lyons,  a  yoar  a- 
go,  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  culinary  vegetables, 
was  as  such  might  have  competed  success- 
fully, with  the  supplies  of  the  best  markets  of 
our  oldest  cities.  The  recent  summer  exhibi- 
tion at  Canandaigua,  though  the  early  season 
had  been  particularly  unfavorable,  afforded  tin 
exulting  proof  «if  the  triumph  c,f  horticultural 
taste  and  skill.  And  the  various  and  excellent 
collection  of  the  "  kindly  fruits  of  the  earth," 
brought  together  to-day  shows,  that  zeal  in 
the  cause  has  not  diminished,  nor  industry  re- 
laxed. 

May  wo  not  therefore  conclude,  that  we  are 
bid  to  "  go  on  rind  prosper;"  that  the  laudable 
objects  had  in  view  in  the  formation  of  this  So- 
ciety, are  likely  to  be  realized;  and  that  wes- 
tern New  York  is  becoming,  by  improvement, 
what  it  was  evidently  designed  to  be,  by  na- 
ture, nml  what  we  have  often  heard  it  called, 
one  of  the  garden  spots  of  the  nation.  Our 
social  ion  has  already  been  honored  with  the 
friendly  correspondence  or'  a  number  of  the 
most  distinguished  botanists  and  (horticulturists 
of  the  United  States.  Several  of  our  membprs 
cultivate  gardens,  which,  for  the  variety  and 
excellence  of  their  products,  would  be  highly 
creditable  to  older  countries.  It  will  not  be 
deemed  indelicate,  now  that  our  respected 
President  is  absent  with  his  family  in  Europe, 
to  recall  to  your  recollection,  that  while  this 
eouutry  was  scarcely  reclaimed  from  its  wil- 
derness state,  he  was  distinguished  for  his  taste 
iH  horticulture,  as  lie  has  ever  been  for  the  a- 
miable  courtesies  of  social  life.  Altogether 
then,  our  Society  has  been  commenced  under 
favorable  auspices,  has  already  been  rewarded 
with  flattering  encouragements,  and  has  (ob- 
tained successes,  that  should  stimulate  the 
members  to  untiring  future  exertion. 

In  the  late  able  address  before  the  Society, 
at  Canandaigua,  a  common  botanioal  and  ex- 
perimental garden,  to  belong  to  the  Society, 
was  spoken  of;  and  on  the  whole,  discourag- 
ingly — the  orator  deeming  that  individual  expe- 


riments would  belter  secure  the  expected  ben- 
efits. As,  owing  to  the  various  professions 
and  pursuits  of  the  members,  horticulture  can 
have  but  the  occasional  attention  of  most  of 
them,  and  will  be  deemed  rather  an  ele»ant 
and  useful  recreation,  than  a  business  it  strikes 
me,  that  all  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
experimental  culture,  will  hardly  be  obtained 
by  such  scattered  exertions.  Much  doubtless 
may  be  done  by  the  practice  and  observations 
of  the  members,  regularly  communicated  to 
the  Society,  at  its  stated  meetings;  but  the 
fullest  success  would  be  most  likely  to  attend 
the  skillful  industry  of  some  competent  mem- 
ber, who  would  make  horticulture  his  princi- 
pal study  and  occupation.  The  chief  reason, 
probably,  why  an  experimental  garden  of  the 
Sociejy  would  not  prove  all  we  could  wish,  is, 
that  it  would  be  a  sort  of  common  domain,  un- 
watched  by  the  vigilant  eye  of  private  interest. 
I  will,  with  due  reference,  suggest  to  the  mem 
bers  a  plan,  which  may  afford  them  the  facilities 
and  advantages  of  a  society  garden,  under  the 
fostering  security  of  individual  vigilance  :  That 
they  create  the  office  of  chief  gardener  to  the 
Horticultural  Society;  that  they  select,  to  fill 
this  office,  some  member  of  suitable  botanical 
knowledge  and  skill,  who  will  engage  to  make 
the  cultivation  of  an  extensive  botanical  and 
experimental  garden,  his  chief  business.  The 
members  of  the  Society  always  to  have  the  pre- 
ference as  purchasers  of  the  various  trees, 
piants,  roots  and  flo'wers,  he  may  have  for  sale. 
The  Society  to  engage  him  its  patronage;  and 
the  members  to  furnish  him  gratis  with  any 
rare  seeds,  plants,  &c.  that  may  come  into 
their  possession.  Such  an  establishment,  situ- 
ated at,  or  adjaceut  to  some  one  of  the  villages 
where  our  meetings  are  held,  would  place  the 
means  of  improving  and  ornamenting  our  pri- 
vate gardens  immediately  within  our  reach, and 
could  not  fail  to  prove  of  great  public  utility. 

A  garden  of  this  kind  has  been  successfully 
established  near  Albany.  Several  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  New  York  are  very  flourishing. 

The  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia  mav  boast 
of  a  number  of  beautiful  gardens,  equal  to  any 
in  the  United  States.  Landreth's  and  Bar- 
tram's  are  of  the  kind  and  for  the  purposes,  I 
I  have  been  recommending. 

The  Woodlands  and  Lemon  Hill  are  private 
establishments,  on  the  most  tasteful  and  munif- 
icent scale.  The  latter  of  these,  once  the 
country  seat  of  the  celebrated  Robert  Morris, 
now  better  known  by  the  appellation  of  Pratt's 
;ardcn,  contains  a  most  extensive  collection, 
indigenous  and  exotic,  which  is  freely  submit- 
ted, by  the  liberality  of  the  proprietor,  to  the 
examination,  the  study  and  the  enjoyment  of  all 
respectable  visitors.  And  crowds  avail  them- 
selves of  this  liberality,  enjoying  its  beauties, 
with  intense  delight, 

"  Along  the  blushing  borders,  bright  with  dew, 
And  iu  the  mingled  wilderness  of  flowers." 

Bartram's,  the  above  mentioned,  is,  perhaps, 
the  very  oldest  botanic  garden  in  the  United 
Slates.  1:  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Schuylkill,  a  few  miles  below  ihe  city,  and  was 
begun  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  by  John 
IWtram  the  elder.  He  was  early  encouraged 
in  his  unlerprize  by  scientific  gentlemen  in 
England,  membars  of  the  Royal  Sooiety,  and 
others  ;  and  Ins  garden  was  the  nursery,  whence 
were  distributed  over  the  Old  world,  the  pecu- 
liar vegetables  of  the  New.  Bartram,  the  son. 
known  to  the  readers  of  the  last  generation  by 
his  travels  in  Florida  and  Georgia,  continued 
through  a  long  life,  terminated  but  a  few  years 
ago,  to  cultivate  and  improve  the  garden.  His 
eyes  though  dimmed  with  the  lapse  of  more 
than  four  score  years,  brtghteoed,  as  he  once 
pointed  out  to  me,  a  stately  elm,  which,  when 
a  small  sapling,  and  he  a  little  boy,  he  had  held 
for  his  falher  to  plant.  It  had  attained  the  size 
of  forest  tree.  lie  was  taking  the  last  steps  ol 
the  downhill  of  life.  This  garden  ha9  long 
been  the  improving  icsort  of  the  professors  an(i 
students  of  botany,  rhymistry,  and  materia 
mediea.     Though  not  so  highly  and  expensive- 


14 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  15,1831. 


ly  embellished  as  Pra:t's  garden,  having  more 
of  the  wildness  of  nature,  it  is  a  charming  re- 
sort ;  an  1  the  visitor  of  lasle  will  scarcely  won- 
der, that  ihe  enthusiastic  and  amiable  Wilson, 
the  ornithologist,  expressed  the  wish  thu  his 
remains  might  repose  under  the  spreadins 
branches  of  Bartram's  garden.  As  if  'he  wild 
mudic  of  the  birds,  rioting  amidst  the  foliage, 
which  had  so  often  lent  a  charm  to  his  life, 
could  also 

"  Soothe  the  dull,  cold  ear  of  death. 

The  London  Horticultural  Society  have  bo 
tanical  gardens  to  the  extent  of  thirty  acres, 
maguificently  covered  with  the  productions  of 
everyknown  part  of  the  world.  They  contain 
five  thousand  species  and  varieties  of  fruits  a 
lone.  The  society  send  explorers  to  all  parts, 
who  are  still  constantly  enriching  the  gardens, 
with  nowly  discovered  plants.  One  of  these 
has  traversed  our  own  country,  quite  to  the  Pa- 
cific- The  London  Gardener's  Magazine  for 
1828,  pronounced  this  country  "  rich  beyond  all 
others  in  stores  of  botanical  wealth." 

Botanical  and  horticultural  soienco  is  adap- 
ted in  some  degree,  to  almost  every  condition 
of  life.  It  has  attractions  and  enjoyments  for 
all  ages,  and  both  sexes.  Ladies  frequently 
excel  in  botanical  attainments  and  skilful  culti- 
vation. They  have  honored  our  exhibition  to- 
day, with  their  grateful  offerings,  and  have 
manifested  by  their  piesence  and  attention,  the 
interest  they  take  in  our  success,  Woman  is 
indeed  most  attractively  nngaged,  when  busied 
in  the  care  and  culture  of  plants  and  flowers — 
tjie  apt  emblems  of  virtue,  of  love,  and  of 
fjuth. 

If  we  may  denominate  Agriculture  the  prose 
so  we  may  rank  Horticulture  as  the  poetry  of 
rural  life.  On  the  former,  we  depend  for  the 
necessary  and  the  substantial,  '('be  latter  a- 
dorns,  refines,  and  heightens  the  pleasures  of 
existence.  It  invites  us  to  take  interest  in  the 
smiling  offspring  of  the  earth,  dressed  in  Ran- 
diest and  variegated  hues,  and  offering  us  an 
atmosphere  of  riehest  odors.  It  affords  us  a- 
rnuscment,  refreshment  and  recreation.  It  ex- 
hibits nature  to  us  in  her  garb  of  loveliness, 
and  calls  up  to  light  and  usefulness,  her  hidden 
treasures.  The  trackless  swamp,  the  deep 
glen,  the  wild  crag,  the  prairie  and  the  forest, 
all  yield  their  tribute  to  the  botanist's  claim. 

As  the  poetry  oflanguage  is  a  valued  auxilia- 
ry in  the  service  of  religion,  so  what  we  have 
denominated  the  poetry  uf  rural  life,  is  no  mean 
minister  ill  teaching  man  his  love,  his  duly, 
and  his  countless  obligations  to  our  Heavenly 
father. 

It  has  been  well  remarked,  that  the  order, 
the  beamy,  the  laws  of  motion  of  the  vast  uni 


few  years,  have  been  witnessed  with  eatisfac-l 
tion  by  all.  All  therefore  will  be  gratified,  if 
there  be  reasonable  prospect,  that  ours  may 
become  a  wine-producing  country;  for  the 
people  of  almost  every  nation  famous  for  this 
product,  have  been  comparatively  temperate. 
In  the  south  and  south-western  parts  of  En- 
gland, vineyards  appear  to  have  flourished  at 
an  early  perod,  and  down  to  tie  time  of  the 
Reformation,  were  attached  to  all  the  princi- 
pal religious  foundations  in  the  kingdom. — 
Since  the  Reformation,  the  vineyards  have 
generally  disappeared — forthe  reason  perhaps, 
that  the  passiuns  and  prejudices  of  men  rarely 
admit  of  their  retaining  the  good,  while  they 
are  engaged  in  extirpating  the  evil  of  obnoxious 
institutions.  Tlie  great  commercial  facilities 
of  England  have  rendered  the  replanting  of  her 
vineyards  almost  unnecessary  to  her  in  modern 
limes:  butgrapes  for  the  table,  in  great  varie- 
ty, excellence  and  abundance,  continue  to  bo 
cultivated.  We  surely  therefore,  need  not  be 
discouraged,  from  making  the  experiments  of 
establishing  vineyards,  in  our  climate. 

And  among  the  other  valuable  and  ornamen- 
tal products,  that  this  Hoiticuluiral  Society 
may  be  the  means  of  introducing  and  diffusing 
through  the  country,  we  trust  it  may  ere  long 
be  said, 

••  The  vine  too, here, her  curling  tendrils  shoots; 
Hangs  out  her  clusters,  glowing  to  the  south, 
And  scarcely  wishes  for  a  warmer  sky." 
We  d'ire  hope  that  some  future  voyager  upon 
the  Susqnebannah,  the  Hudson,  or  the  Gene* 
see,  may  sing  of  the  culture  of  their  banks,  as 
song  the  inimitable  Childu  Harold  of 

" the  wide  and  winding  Rhine, 

Whose  breast  of  waters  broadly  swells 
Between  the  banks,  that  bear  the  vine, 
And  hills  all  rich  with  blossomed  trees, 
And  fields  which  promise  corn  and  wine, 
And  scattered  cit.es  crowning  these, 
Whose  far  white  walls  around  them  shine, 
****** 
The  river  nobly  foams  and  flows, 
The  charm  of  this  enchanted  ground, 
And  all  its  thousand  turns  discluse 
Some  fresher  beauty  varying  room!. 
The  picturesque  lakes  of  this  region  already 
show  many  spots  where  the  advantages  of  na- 
ture and  the  embellishments  of  art,  combine  to 
produce  scenes  of  surpassing  beauty.     Hereon 
the  shore  of  the  Seneca,  the  eye  is  regaled  with 
terrace  gardens,  rich  in  fruits,  flowers  and  ver- 
dure, springing  beautifully  op,   from  the  very 
bosom  of  the  waters. 

As  the  topics  of  the  three  able  addresses, that 
verse,  demonstrate  the  existence  of  Divine  |i liave  already  been  delivered  before  this  Soeie- 
wisdom.     The   botanist,  not  less  than  the  as- \  ly<  are  Jet  lr,!sl1 '"  lne  recollection  of" all  of  us 


tronoruer,  learns  at  every  step,  some  furtf'er; 
proof  of  a  protecting  Providence.  He  discerns  | 
hi  the  tree,  the  shrub,  and  the  flower,  marks  of 
r.ifinite  coptrivance  and  all-sustaining  care. —  i 
The  seal  of  Omnipotence  is  stamped  alike,  on' 
'ho  simplest  plant  of  the  field,  as  on  the  bright] 
"st  orb  of  I  he  heavens.  In  Ilia  glorious  works,  [ 
liowever  magnificent  or  minute,  tho  philoso-j 
jjher  and  the  religionist  find  constant  cause  for 
wonder  aud  adoration  1 — and  in  the  broad  vcl- 
|imc  of  creation,  carry  their  studies,  with  over 
increasing  delight,  "  up  to  nature's  God" — and 
read  on  its  ample  pages,  in  ulestial  characters,' 
a.revelation  of  boundless  goodness,  which  "uoi 
ume  can  change,  no  copier  can  corrupt." 

The  attention  of  horticulturists  in  the  United 
rilatos  is  at  this  time  generally,  and  very  prop- 
erly, directed  to  inquiries  in  relation  to  the  cul- 
ture of  the  viae.  The  opinion  is  gaining  ground. 
that  ortr  soil  and  climate  are  well  adapted  to 
various  kinds  of  wine-yielding  grapes.  The 
njfccefsful  experiments  of  many,  among  whom 
I  may  particularize  Col.  Carr,  of  Rarlram's  gar- 
den, and  Maj.  Adluin,  of  tin  " 
l!.:urgetnwe,  have  proved  that  good  aiid  wliole-, 
-I'M.'  .vim's  may  be  made  from  sever."}!  kinds  of 
unr  native,  and  long  ricglectfidgrapes. 

Tlieylutary  effects  of  the  weight  of  public: 
hpiniun  hi  Hid  if  igurpavjftCe,  wiflffB  i 


— the  two  first  by  members  not  only  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  theory  of  their  subject,  but 
both  eminently  successful  as  practical  horticul- 
turists; and  the  last  by  a  young  gentleman,  to 
whom  it  has  evidently  been  not  les  a  pleasure 
than  a  duty  to  become  u  proficient  in  botanical 
science,  and  whoso  recommendations  to  the 
Society  were  as  judicious  as  they  were  happily 
conveyed — little  is  left  me  at  this  time  to  ob- 
trude upon  your  notice. 

Under  these  circumstances,  though  I  yielded 
to  tho  invitation  of  the  committee,  I  did  so  un- 
der the  conviction  that  the  custom  of  making 
an  address,  would  be,  at  least  on  tho  present 
occasion,  "  more  honored  in  the  breach,  than 
in  the  observance." 

Since,  however,  I  am  before  yon,  1  beg  leave 
to  call  your  attention  to  one  other  object,  hith- 
erto neglected  among  us— tho  culture  of  SU.K. 
It  may  he  deemed  worth;  the  best  attention  of 
the  Society.  And  that  bramli  of  ihe  subject, 
tho  cultivation  of  the  food  fur  the  silk  worms, 
is  strictly  within  its  province.  And  the  whole 
VineynrJ  nearj  subject  bolongs  to  all  who  have  the  best  inter- 
ests of  our  country  at  bean  ;  fur  it  is  an  axiom) 


In  several  parts  of  the  United  States,  silk  of 
very  superior  quality  has  been   produced,  on  a 
small  scale.     The  culture  of  it,  however,  has 
been  retarded,  from  the  want  of  persons  skil- 
led in  the  roelim;  and  other  processes  of  prep 
aration.     This  discouragement  is  now  about  to 
be  removed.     About  a,  year  ago,  the  attentioi. 
of  the  public  was  called,  through   the  National 
Gazette,  to  this  subject,  by  a  series  of  able  es- 
says on   American  silk,  by  Mr.  D'Hornerguc, 
then  recently  arrived    in    Pennsylvania  from 
France.     He  was  educated   in    an    extensive 
French  silk  manufactory,  and  well  acquainted 
with  all  the  processes,  from  the  raising  of  Ihe 
silk  worm  to  the  fabrication  of  the  finest  stufis. 
Mr.  D'Homergue  first  gave  us  the  pleasing  in- 
telligence, that  American  silk  is  decidedly  su- 
perior to  that  of  France  or  of  Italy;  not  only 
n  the  weight  of  the  cocoons,  but  in  the  quality 
and  ihe   color,  or  to    use  his  own  expression, 
the    .dazzling  whiteness,''  and   consequent 
fitness  to  receive  the  most  delicate  dyes      He 
believes  that  a  rich  field  of  national  wealth  lies 
invitingly  open   to    us;  that  raw   silk    maybe 
made  a  most  important  and  profitable  article  of 
asportation,  even  should  we  not  choose  to  go 
largely  into  the  manufacture  of  it  ourselves. 

Mr.  D'Homerguo  is  now  at  the  head  of  a  silk 
establishment  in  Philadelphia,  made  either  di- 
rectly by,  or  under  the  immediate  patronage  of 
the  venerable  P.  S.  Da  Ponceau,  President  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society.  Not  on- 
ly are  the  preparative  processes,  before  un- 
known iu  our  country,  here  in  successful  ac- 
tion, but  silk  dyeing  is  also  performed,  in  n 
style  equal  to  the  French. 

I  hope  therefore,  that  this  Society  will  deem 
the  cultivation  of  the  Italian  white  mulberry 
tree,  with  a  view  to  the  production  of  silk,  ap 
object  worthy  its  immediate  attention.  In  oUY 
interior  situation,  silk  would  be  a  particularly 
desirable  product,  from  its  high  value,  the  tri- 
fling expense  atiending  its  transportation  to 
market,  and  the  delicate  and  interesting  em- 
ployment it  would  afford  to  many  of  the  fe- 
males of  our  country.  Well  established  and 
extended  in  our  country,  the  silk  worm  will, 
in  the  progress  of  taste  and  improvement,  have 
made  the  circuit  of  the  globe.  It  seems  to  bt> 
a  native  of  China,  where  it  has  been  reared 
from  a  moslreinoio  period.  It  was  introduced 
into  Europe  in  tho  year  555,  by  two  monks;, 
who  under  the  patronage  of  Justinian,  brought 
great  quantities  of  the  worms  from  India  to 
Constantinople.  Venio  supplied  the  west  of 
Europe  with  silk  for  many  centuries,  from  the 
manufactories  of  Greece,  whence  the  art  pas> 
sed  to  Sicily,  Italy  and  Spain.  It  afterwards 
came  into  France,  acid  was  introduced  into  En- 
gland about  three  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago. 
It  affords  ground  for  vheering  exultation,  thai 
the  most  sagacious  mindi  are  now  convinced, 
"that  tlie  United  States  are  destined  to  be: 
come  a  rich  silk  growing  and  silk  manufacturing 
country."  And  it  much  depends  on  societies 
like  this,  to  accelerate  this  "  consummation, 
devoutly  to  be  wished." 

Rural  pursuits  have  ever  been  the  recreation 
and  the  solace  of  the  wisosl  and  the  bes*.  o.f 
men.  \  long  catalogue  of  distinguished  names., 
aucicnt  and  modern,  who  have  delighted  in,  the 
improvement  and  culture  of  their  fields  and 
gardens,  could  be  presented  to  you.  But  time 
is  denied  (is. 

He,  who  lived  aud  died  "first  in  the  hearts 
of  his  countrymen,"  sought,  after  having  cqh- 
tributed  largely  to  the  happiness  of  his  country 
and  of  mankind,  quiet  enjoyment  amid  ihe 
shades  of  Mount  Vernon  ;  and  these  of  us, who 
have  made  the  pilgrimage  to  that  consecrated 
spot,  have  seen  the  yet  living  ami  fruit  fill  preof,s 
thut  he.  whose  great  employment  had  beeli 
ebtainnig  freedom  for  an  empire  could  also  ap- 


preciate the  pure  pleasures  of  superintending 
his  fields  and  his  gardens.  The  late  high  It 
respected   Judge    Peters,  of  Belmont,  on  the 


in  political  economy,  that  the  more  we  extend  If  Schuylkill,  used  to  show  in  Iris  garden  a  fine 
and  diversity  tho  valuable  productions  of  then  well  grown  chesnut  tree,  which  sprung  from  a 
soil,  the  more  i  ilu  ibl  d  i  v.  e  fender  ljip.se  ni-f  nut.  plant"'!  bv  Washington,  (in  the  occasion 
realty  esfabMiod. 


•*,-  \Ts1f  '  •   flint  dlSjirj3O.is.hed  agriciflTij'- 


Vol.  I.— No.  2. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


15 


rist.  The  Sago  of  Monticello,  whose  name 
will  be  the  watch-word  of  liberty,  wherever 
oppressed  man  shall  dare  to  declare  himself 
free,  toolt  much  pleasure  in  the  cultivation  of 
his  grounds,  as  often  as  the  claims  of  his  coun- 
try would  permit  his  retirement  to  his  classic 
retreat.  And  the  venerated  failier  and  draughts- 
man of  our  incomparable  national  coositution, 
is  passing  the  evening  of  his  useful  and  illustri- 
ous lif«.  in  the  rural  avocations  of  his  own 
Montpelier. 

There  is  yet  another  bright  exemplar  of  blen- 
ded horticultural  taste  and  political  greatness 
— the  apostle  of  liberty  of  two  worlds — the  de- 
fender of  man's  dearest  rights,  during  two  gen- 
erations of  men.  His  aged  brows,  entwined 
with  unfading  wreaths,  placed  there  by  bene- 
fitted and  grateful  millions,  he  is  yet  once  more 
called  from  under  his  own  "  vine  and  fig-tree" 
at  La  Grange,  to  assist  at  the  do  wifall  of  a  ty- 
rant, and  the  re  establishment  of  the  violated 
liberties  of  his  country.  American  liberty  he 
had  aided  to  achieve,  half  a  century  ago  ;  and, 
most  enviable  life  and  oareer! — he  is  spared 
to  see  tvranny  hide  its  diminished  head  in  his 
native  land,  and  the  glories  of  civil  and  reli- 
gious freedom  dawning  in  radiant  promise  upon 
his  own  beautiful  France. 

Among  the  pleasures  attendant  on  our  horti- 
cultural usspciation,  the  semi-annual  meetings 
may  not  be  accounted  the  smallest.  It  is 
wholesome,  occasionally  to  pass  a  day  with 
our  assembled  friends  from  various  sections,  to 
partake  of  the  bounties  of  nature,  with  cheer- 
ful hearts,  grateful  'o"  t lie  Giverof  every  good 
and  perfect  gift,"  and  happily  forgetful  for  a 
time,  of  the  cares  of  life,  the  differences  of 
creeds,  and  the  distentions  of  polities.  For 
oven  in  our  free  ami  highly  favored  land,  we 
often  witness  storms  of  parly  violence  and  con- 
tending factions.  And,  albeit,  these  political 
tornadoes  may  some  times,  "like  their  physi- 
cal prototypes,  purify  the  air  and  the  earth  they 
desolate,  they  can  never  become  the  objects  of 
sympathy  and  affection"  to  those  who  love 
•'peace  on  earth  and  good  will  among  men." 

It  is  grateful  then  to  the  best  feelings  of  pa- 
triotism, to  mingle  with  our  fellow  citizens,  in 
a  mode,  and  under  circumstances  calculated  to 
produce  temporary  oblivion — would  it  could  be 
perpetual  ! — to  the  acerbity  of  party  rancor 
calculated  to  make  us  believe,  for  the  time  be 
ing,  that  the  great  mass  are  good  American 
citizens,  trust-worthy  and  friendly  to  equal 
rights  ;  and  all  having  the  same  single  aim  at 
heart,  the  best  interests  of  our  common  country, 
the  perpetuity  of  our  free  institutions,  the 
spread  of  tolerant  and  liberal  principles — how- 
ever we  may  dissent  from  one  another's  mode 
of  compassing  the  end. 

From  th*  New  England  Farmer. 
SALT    OSEFDL    FOR   MILCH    COWS. 

Collyns,  in  his  "  Ten  Minutes'  Advice  on 
the  Use  and  Abuse  of  Salt, as  a  Manure,"  says 
that  a  lump  of  salt,  hung  up  for  cows  to  lick 
occasionally,  entirely  removes  the  peculiar 
turnip  taste  from  milk  agd  butter  My  cows 
have  eaten  turnips,  spring  and  fall,  for  ten 
years  ;  yet  in  two  or  three  instances  only,  do 
1  remember  that  this  food  imparted  any  bad 
flavor  to  the  milk  and  butter.  I  never  conjec- 
tured the  reason,  until  the  remark  of  Collyns 
met  my  view.  My  practice  for  years  has  been 
to  have  salt  troughs  under  my  cattle  sheds 
daily  accessible  to  my  cows;  and  probably  in 
the  instances  noticed,  the  salt  troughs  were 
from  negligence  empty.  Salt  is  beneficial  to 
cattle,  as  a  condiment,  as  well  as  to  men. — 
Why  then  is  it  not  as  important  that  the  for- 
mer  should  have  it  with  their  daily  food  a, 
well  as  the  latter?  I  have  never  known  ani- 
mals do  themselves  injury  by  using  it  to  ex- 
Cess.  The  consumption  of  salt  is  but  very 
little  inoreased  by  the  practice  I  adopt,  while 
the  waste  is  diminished.  The  books  tell  us 
Chat  the  free  use  of  salt  among  cattle, is  a  great 
preventive  of  disease,  and  powerful  promote 
of  thrift.  Reason  and  e.Tperienee  seem  to  jus 
tify  the  remark. 

Mbany.  Dec.  23.  J.  BUEL. 


THE    <  i  E  N  E  s  K  E    FARMER 

AND    GARDENERS    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &c.  &c. 

The  first  number  of  a  paper  under  the  above 
title,  was  published  at  Rochester,  on  Saturday. 
Jan.  1,  1831 — conducted  by  a  gentleman  long 
experienced  in  the  science  of  Agriculture,  Hor- 
ticulture.and  other  useful  arts,assisted  by  manv 
of  the  best  practical  farmers  in  this  section  of 
the  country,  and  particularly  by  some  of  the 
Members  ef  the  Western  and  Monroe  County 
Horticultural  Societies. 

No  part  of  the  world  is  more  richly  blessed 
with  soil  and  climate,  for  a  great  and  flourish- 
ing Agricultural  and  Horticultural  interest, 
than  the  western  part  of  the  state  of  New  York 
— that  part  called  Old  Genesee  .  This  section 
of  country  is  supposed  by  competent  judges  to 
be  as  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  Vine  and 
Mulberry  as  the  middle  of  France :  and  as  wine 
and  silk  aro  becoming  matters  of  national  in- 
terest and  legislation,  a  portion  of  the  column-) 
of  the  Farmer  will  be  devoted  to  those  sub- 
jects. 

This  section  of  country  has  become  densely 
populated  with  an  industrious  and  thriving  class 
of  Citizens,  who  have  made  themselves  rich 
by  their  own  labors  and  who  have  now  acqui 
red  the  time  and  means  of  becoming  Theoreti- 
cally and  Practically  learned  in  the  arts  for  cul- 
tivating Scientifically  the  soil  they  have  so 
lately  reclaimed  from  the  wilderness  and  pre- 
pared for  the  highest  slate  of  Agriculture. — 
While  most  other  branches  of  science  have 
been  progressing,  aided  by  the  unwearied  ex 
er'ious  of  men  of  learning  and  invention  ;  and 
while  practical  improvements  have  flowed  like 
a  stream  from  the  press,  Agriculture  and  Hor- 
ticulture (twin-sisters)  have  been  comparative 
ly  speaking,  neglected  and  forgotten ;  and  those 
who  have  been  pursuing  the  primitive  modes  of 
tillage  for  subsistence  have  been  left  to  strug- 
gle onward,  unaided  in  their  progress  by  those 
means  which  have  been  given  to  other  branch- 
es of  science,  and  which  have  proved  the  cause 
of  their  rapid  advancement. 

These  are  among  the  reasons  that  have  indu- 
ced the  subscribers  to  embark  in  the  enterprize, 
and  to  direct  a  part  of  their  time  and  attention 
to  the  diffusion  of  Agricultural  and  Horticultu- 
ral information  which  will  occupy  a  large  por- 
tion of  their  paper. 

They  further  expect  through  the  aid  of  the 
Franklin  Institute  of  this  place  to  be  able  oc- 
casionally to  present  such  essays  as  shall  be 
thought  useful  in  mechanical  Philosophy. 

The  undertaking  is  one  which  must  necessa 
rily  require  much  labor  and  expense  in  its  pros- 
ecutioo.and  without  the  aid  of  aliberal  patron- 
age cannot  long  be  sustained;  yet  aware  of  all 
these  difficulties  to  be  encountered, the  subscri- 
bers flatter  themseltes  ihat,  if  they  succeed  in 
rendering  their  paper  woithy  of  support,  its 
merits  will  be  duly  appreciated  by  an  enlight- 
ened community,  and  their  labors  rewarded  in 
proportion  to  the  profitable  information  distrib- 
uted to  their  Pairons. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  will  be  pub- 
lished monthly  a  Meteorological  Table,  giving 
the  temperature  and  state  of  the  Atmosphere, 
course  of  the  winds,  &c.  It  will  also  contain 
a  Horticultural  and  Pomological  register ;  giv- 
ing the  time  of  leafing  and  blossoming  of  plants, 
ind  the  time  of  ripening  of  the  various  kinds 
of  fruit,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  reside  in 
different  latitude  :.  as  well  as  to  compare  differ- 
ent seasons  in  the  same  latitude. 

EP  A  Price  Current  and  Bank  Note  Table, 
carefully  corrected  each  week  will  be  giveD. 

The  paper  will  be  printed  every  Saturday,  in 
quarto  form,  on  fine  paper  and  fair  type,  mak- 
ing 416  pages  a  year,  besides  a  Title  Page  and 
Index,  at  $2,50  per  annum,  payable  in  six 
months,  or  $2,00,  if  paid  at  the  lime  of  subscri- 
bing. TUCKER  &  STEVENS. 

Rochester,  Jan   1831. 

Editors  who  will  give  the  above  two  or  three  insertions 
will  confer  a  favor  wln>h  will  be  reciprocated  ihe  first 
opportunity. 


DOMESTIC  WlNrt. 

A  Mr.Linck,  near  Nashville,  Tenn.  has  for  a 
few  years  past,  directed  his  attention  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  grape,  and  with  great  suc- 
cess; and  during  the  past  year  has  manufactu- 
red several  kinds  of  light  wines,  agreeable  in 
taste,  and  much  resembling  the  European  Port 
and  Cape  wines.  We  are  pleased  to  hoar  of 
instances  of  enterprize  of  this  kind.  The 
fact  has  long  been  settled,  that  the  grapo  call 
be  cultivated  among  us  to  advantage  ;  and  as 
mankind  are  a  sympathetic  race  of  beings,  the 
faster  the  really  enterprising  go  into  this  mat- 
ter, the  sooner  its  cultivation  will  become  gen- 
eral. 

EX-PRESIDENT  MONROE. 

A  large  meeting  has  been  held  in  New  York 
on  behalf  of  Mr.  Monroe's  claims  on  the  U.  S. 
government.  A  good  deal  of  interest  and 
feeling  was  evinced  at  the  meeting  in  favor  of 
the  aged  applicant.  A  memorial  to  congress 
was  adopted,  and  resolutions  passed  requesting 
the  members  of  congress  from  that  city  to  use 
(heir  endeavors  in  effecting  the  passage  of  a  law 
recognizing  his  claims. 

HUDSON    AND   MOHAWK   HAIL   ROAD. 

We  learn  from  the  Albany  Argus  that  Ibis 
work  is  in  a  state  of  rapid  progression.  More 
tbao  two  thirds  of  the  excavation  and  em- 
bankment  is  finished  ;  and  the  whole  will  be 
completed  by  the  first  of  April.  The  stone 
blocks  are  nearly  all  delivered,  and  will  be 
laid  by  first  of  April.  The  timber  is  all  con, 
traded  for,  and  together  wilh  Ihe  iron  rails 
will  be  delivered  by  the  first  of  May.  The 
Company  will  have  a  locomotive  engine  in 
operation  by  the  15th  of  July  between  Lydius 
slreet,  Albany,  and  the  brow  of  the  hill  Sche- 
neciady. 

LEAD. 

Tire  following  statement  exhibits  the  im- 
mense falling  off  in  the  manufacture  of  Ibis 
article  which  is  constantly  taking  place.  The 
quantity  made  at  the  U.  S.  mines  including 
ttie  year  ending  30th  Sept.  last  is '8,332,05R 
pounds,  while  during  the  previous  year  it  did 
not  fall  short  of  14,341,310  pounds. 

ARKANSAS 

The  population  of  this  teiritory  has  increas- 
ed more  than  100  percent,  since  1820,  it  uow 
amounting  to29,000- 

MISSISSIPPI. 

This  state  contaios36,517  males,  and  31,- 
343  females— total '67,865.  This  would  give 
that  state  but  one  representative  in  Congress 
for  the  next  ten  years. 

SMALL    POX. 

This  dreadful  disease  prevails  in  tbe  islands 
of  Dominica,  Antigua  and  Guadaloup.  It  is 
lepiesenled  as  unusually  fatal. 

UMBRELLA    MAKING. 

There  is  an  establishment  in  Philadelphia 
where  rising  of  four  hundred  umbrellas  and 
parasols  are  manufactured  daily. 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 

for  the  I--'  week  in  Jan,  1831. 


Tber 

Barorael'r 

Wi 

nds 

a 

Si  . 

a 
S 
3 

a 
> 

a 
o 
S 

9 

> 

1 

28 

30 

29,25 

29.55 

Ol 

» 

2 

•28 

3D 

211,65 

29,70 

n  w 

nw 

3 

28 

38 

29,60 

29,50 

s  e 

s 

4 

98 

42 

29,20 

29,25 

3 

s  ?c 

fi 

33  25 

29,50 

29,58  » 

nto  i 

6 

28i24|29,65 

20,65  »» 

» 

7 

30 

24 

29,73 

29,75 

w 

nw 

Weather 


Observalrs 


c 
■J 

Hi 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1    I 

I-JOin.raiu 

fair 

do 

3-lOinrain 

raiu 

fair 

do 


XTThc  Barometrical  and  Thermometrieal  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.and-  P.  M.,  which 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  mode  for  ihe  purpost  - 
sheiD  that  time  to  give  the  nearest  mean  average  cftht 
r dative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  otftcr  timx- 


16 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


Jan.  15,  1831. 


A  NEW  YEAR'S  WISH. 
When  winter  shall  sternly  appear, 

And  nature  in  gloor  be  array'd  ; 
When  the  mariner  shudders  through  fear, 

Lest  his  bark  should  by  winds  be  betray'd  ; 
Then,  in  safety,  well  sheltered  from  snow, 

May  you  all,  putting  sorrow  aside, 
In  domestic  tranquility  know 

All  the  joys  of  a  social  fireside. 

When  Spring  in  young  beauty  shall  smile, 

And  charm  following  charm  shall  unfold, 
In  rapture  beholding  the  while, 

May  your  portion  be  pleasures  untold. 
May  each  songster  tliat  chirps  on  the  spray, 

May  each  floweret  that  blows  in  the  field, 
For  you  be  more  cheerful  and  gay, 

For  you  its  choice  fragrances  yield. 

When  Summer  shall  sultry  advance, 

And  flocks  from  their  sports  shall  retire  ; 
May  friendship  your  pleasures  enhance, 

And  sages  your  virtues  admire. 
Mav  the  grape-vine  firm  arbors  of  ease, 

While  the  eglantine  skirts  them  around  : 
And  then  may  the  fresh  balmy  breeze 

Waft    perfumes    from    each    neighbouring 
ground. 

When  Autnmn  his  treasures  shall  bring, 

When  each  fruit  tree  shall  bend  with  its  load; 
May  your  hearts  ever  gratefully  sing, 

The  Hand  that  such  blessings  bestowed. 
Thus  sweetly  shall  time  roll  away, 

Not  shall  you  once  wish  it  in  haste; 
And  the  Year  that  commences  to  day, 

Shall  be  happier  far  than  the  past. 

Then,  when  Winter  and  Springs  shall  decay, 

When  Summers  and  Autumns  are  o'er,         j 
And  Phrebus,  the  Prince  of  the  day, 

Shall  wake  the  glad  seasons  no  more  ; 
To  you,  each  forgetting  his  mirth, 

May  beauty  immortal  be  given, 
May  you  change  the  faint  joys  of  this  earth, 

For  transports  uncloying  in  heaven. 

SUNFLOWER  OIL. 

We  recur  to  this  subject  again,  for  tlft  pur 
pose  of  answering  the  numerous  enquiries  of 
our  correspondents,  relative  to  the   culture   ol 
the  Sunflower,  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
oil  expressed,   its  uses  and  value.     The  culti- 
vation ol  the  sunflower  differs  in  no  respect 
from  that  of  corn   and  the  soil  adapted  to  the' 
latter  is  proper  for  the  former.     The  sunflow- 
er thrives  in  all  our  various  climates.     Uudei 
proper  cultivation,  and  with  a  medium  soil,   it 
yields   from   60  to  ?0   bushels  to    the  acre. — 
The  mach  nery   ler  crushing  and   expressing,  j 
will  cost  about  $300.     One  bushel  of  the  seed  i 
will  yield  three  quarts  of  cold  and  one  of  hot 
pressed  oil. 

The  uses  to  which  this  oil  is  adapted  are 
various.  It  is  equal  to  olive  oil  for  table  use, 
and  superior  in  many  important  respets  to 
sperm,  for  lamps,  while  for  paints  and  machine- 
ry, it  i*  well  adapted  to  supersede  the  oils  now 
used  in  them.  For  burning  in  lamps,  the  sun- 
flower possesses  one  advantage,  which  has 
been  an  object  of  deep  solicitude  ever  since 
sperm  oil  came  into  use — it  has  no  perceptible ' 
smell;  hence  sick  persons  and  others,  to  whom 
the  smell  of  sperm  oil  is  so  offensive,  can  use 
the  sunflower  oil  with  perfect  freedom.  Its 
advantages  in  this  respect  have  been  fully  tes- 
ted in  Philadelphia,  where  it  is  recommended 
by  some  eminent  physicians,  and  in  constant 
use  by  their  patents.  It  has  another  important 
advantage  over  sperm  oil — it  affords  about  one 
third  more  light,  that  is,  sunflower  will  last 
one  third  longer  than  sperm,  both  while  burn- 
ing, affording  the  same  quantity  of  light.  As 
to  a  market  for  the  seed  and  the  price,  at  pre- 
sent there  is  none  of  either.  At  present,  Mr. 
Barniu,  the  intelligent  inventor  of  the  new 
process  of  crushing  '11111  expressing  the  seed, 
reccommends  the  producer  to  crush  the  seed, 
and  express  his  own  oil.  There  is  no  doubt 
but  oil  uiillt  will  soon  bo  established,  at  which 
.'lie  seed  may  bo  sold,  for  this  oil  is  too   impor- 


tant an  addition  to  our  resources  to  be  lost. — 
Charles  A.  Barnitz,  of  York,  Pa.  will  give  any 
information  that  may  be  required — American 
Farmer. 

Under  the  new  CENSUS,  the  cities  and 
towns  in  the  United  States,  containing  a  pop- 
ulation exceeding  five  thousand,  will  range  in 
the  following  order: 

New  York  (estimated)  213,000 


City  of  Philadelphia 

80,477 

Incorp'd  N.  Liberties 

28,923 

Kensington 

13,320 

Spring  Garden 

11,141 

Southwark 

20,723 

Moyamensing 

6,822- 

-161,412 

Baltimore 

80,519 

Boston  and  Charlestown 

70,164 

New  Orleans 

Charleston 

30,289 

Cincinnati  and  Liberties 

26,513 

Albany 

24.216 

Washington 

18,823 

Providence 

16832 

Pittsburg 

12,540 

Allegheny <^ Bayardstown  4,825- 

-  17,365 

Ricbmond 

16,085 

Salem 

13,826 

Portland 

12,521 

Brooklyn 
Troy,  N.  Y. 

12,403 

11,406 

Newark,  N.  J. 

10,900 

Rochester 

10,885 

New  Haven 

10,653 

Louisville 

10,126 

Norfolk 

9,80o 

Hartford 

9,617 

Georgetown 

8,441 

Ulica 

8,324 

Petersburg 

8,300 

Alexandria 

8,221 

Newport 

8,010 

Lancaster,  Penu. 

7,684 

New  Bedford,  Ma*:-. 

7,547 

Sayannah 

7,173 

Springfield,  Mass. 

0,896 

Middletown,  Conn 

6,870 

Augusta,  Geo. 

G;696 

Wilmington,  Del. 

6,026 

L.owel),  Mass. 

6,477 

Nowburyport 

0,375 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

0,353 

Lynn,  Mass 

0,130 

Lexington,  Ky. 

0,087 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

6,071 

Taunton,  Mass. 

5,898 

Reading 

5.021 

Nashyille 

5,500 

Wheeling 

."..'.'ll 

YoratowD,  Va. 

5,2i  6 

Roxbury,  Mass. 

5,100 

Marblehcad,  Mass. 

5.13:: 

AGRICULTURE    IN    ENGLAND. A     illelan 

chol)'  proof  of  the  distressed  state  of  agricul- 
ture in  Buckinghamshire,  is  furnished  by  the 
fact  that  the  entire  parish  ot  Wot  Con  Under- 
wood (with  the  exception  of  a  small  faim  be- 
longing to  another  individual)  conpnsiug  a* 
bout  2300  acres  of  land,  the  properly  of  the 
Duke  of  Buckiuham,  is  advertised  to  be  let, 
the  tenants  either  havug  left  or  given  notice 
to  quit.  ^^__^ 

A  disappointed  author,  indulging  in  a  veui 
of  abuse  against  a  successful  rival,  exclaimed, 
"  lie  is  without  exception,  the  most  superfi- 
cial, self-sufficient,  ignorant,  shallow  creature 
that  ever  made  any  pretensions  lo  literature  " 
11  Gently,  my  dear  sir,"  interrupted  a  gentle 
tnao  present,  "you  quite  forgot  yourself" 

A  short  time  since  a  man  was  heard 
lamenting  the  death  of  his  two  sons — 
'two  stout,  hearty  byees,''  said  he,  "and- 
die*]  jist  afore  baying  time— it  eeneymost 
ondid  me.'* 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser, 
BY  C  W.    DUNDAS. 


NEW-YORK 
All  backs  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
BrokenBanks.     Washing 
too  &  Wa>reo,  Barker's  I.x 
change,  Franklin  Bank, M  iri- 
dic Dist-,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co. 
Plattsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Farmers' 
b'nk  of  Belchertown,  Sutton 
Berkshire,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par 

UHOD1MSLAND 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      farmers' 

Exchange,  and  Farmers'  tfc 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  fellowing 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
New-York,  Derby, and  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

MAINE 


samaqnoddy  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 

State  b'nh.  &  Trenton  Bank 

ing  Company,  par 

All  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 

except  tbe  following 

Broken  Banks.    Salem  & 

Phil.  Manuf. Co.,  Monmouth, 

Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 

N.Jersey  Manuf  &  Banking 

Co.  at  Hoboken,  State  Bank 

at  Trenton,  Protection  and 

Lombard,  and  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,       par, 
AH  other  banks,    2per  cent. 
except  the  following 
Broken  Bunkz.     Fanners-' 
^Mechanics'  atN.Sa.,Cou 
tre,  Huctingtpn,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greeucas- 
tle,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash 
mgton,  Uniontown,  Agricul- 
tural,Si).  Lake,  Westmore- 
land  at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co   new  emis- 
sion, and  3rownville  banks 

OHIO. 
All  banks,     4  to  6  per  cent 

MICHIGAN. 
All  banks,  2  per  cati 

except  the  following 
Broken   Banks.    Monroe, 
and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 


All  banks  in  this  state,  par.*1  Ml  banks,      2  to  3  per  ccjit . 
except  tbe  following  except  the 

Broken  Banks.    Castine,1     Upper  (.'una.  at  Kiogston- 
Wtscasset,  Uallowell  &  Au-|and  Unchartered  banks, 
gusta,  Kennebec,  and   Pas-| 

IT  The  above  table  when  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re  - 
fers  to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation are  receivable. 


ROCHESTER    PRICES  CURRENT. 
Jan.  15,1831. 


Ashes,  per  2210  lbs 

Pot  $9Io92  50 

Pearl  100al02  50 

Apples  per  bushel        25a44 

Ho  dried  75 

Bristles, comb'd  per  lb  2\)a3l 
Beeswax  do     18a20 

Butter  do 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl 

Do  prime     do 

Po  fresh  per  lb 
Barley  per  bushel 
Beans        do 


Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  ctB 


Mink  I2a31 

Raccoon  18o31 

Martin  25aG2 

Fisher  37o50 

Wild  Cat  16o25 

Gray  Fox  lSo25 

GrassSeed  per  bush  62 

Hops  per  lb  tSalS 

$6aS  Honey  do  Q9 

5a7|Lard      do  06o07 

0£<tn3' Mutton  do  02al)3 

38a44  Mustard  Seed  per  bush     $4 

5  'a6S  '"ats  per  bush  Si: 


Wo  12 


Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 


Do  dipped  do      S 

Do  sperm  do    23  " 

Corn  per  bushel  44a50 

Cheese  per  lb  04«05      Do  prime 

Clover  Seed  per  bush    $■!  00!     Do  fresh  per  lb 
Flour  per  hbl  -1  50a4  75JQuills  per  100 

Flux  per  lb  07a08|Rye  per  hush 

Flax  Seed  p^  r  busb     78a87[Raga  per  lb 
Feathers  po*  lb  3la37JSnlt  per  bbl 

Furs— Otter  100a  (OOjTullow  per  lb 

Fox,  red  o75  Wheat  per  bush 

Fax,  cross  I00a200] 


Copper  per  lb  14" 

Peaches,  dry'd  bush  100«ii00 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    |13al3 

03olH 

25*30 

50 


03a04 
§175 
OtiaO: 
B7o91 


Conjugal  Affection. — Mr  P.,  a 
rich  West  India  planter,  one  tempestuous 
evening,  after  supper,  his  stock  of  water 
being  exhausted,  sent  his  wife  a  short 
distance  from  the  house  for  a  fresh  sup- 
ply. The  thunder  and  lightning  bciug 
excessive  during  her  absence,  a  friend 
said  to  him,  "why  did  yon  not  send  that 
girl  (a  slave)  for  the  water,  such  a  nigh! 
as  this,  instead  of  your  wife?"  "  Oh,  do!5' 
replied  be,  "that  would  never  do;  that 
slave  cost  me  forty  pounds  !" — [London 
Moo.  Herald. 

A  lady  who  was  shopping,  (as  it  is  call- 
ed,) at  a  Store  in  this  city,  was  endeavor- 
ing to  purchase  a  dress  at  a  price  as  she 
thought  far  above  its  value.  The  seller 
thought  he  could  not  reduce  the  price  per 
yard— but  if  the  lady  would  take  a  quan- 
tity sufficient  for  a  pair  of  fashionable 
sleeves  he  would  throw  enough  in  for  the 
skirt.— [E.  Gaz. 


wmm  mmi'mmm  t^iiaia 


a 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JANUARY  23,  1831. 


NUMBER  3. 


THE    GENESEE    FAUIIBR 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  DomeBtic  Econo 

my,  &c.  &c. 

Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50por  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  il  paid  at  the 
lime  of  subscribing,  by  Tucker  &  Stevens, 
at  the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 

U*  The  proprietors  have  undertaken  the 
liublication  with  the  determination  of  making 
it  permanent  :  they  would  therefore  suggest 
to  all  those  who  would  wish  to  see  the  Farmer 
become  a  durable  and  useful  paper,  the  propri- 
ety of  not  only  interesting  themselves  in  its 
circulation,  but  also  of  contributing  to  its  col- 
umns. 

KF  Those  gentlemen  to  whom  we  have  ta 
kon  the  liberty  to  forward  this  number,  if 
they  shall  think  favorably  of  the  undertaking 
and  of  the  merits  of  the  work,  will  oblige  ub 
by  forwarding  us  their  names,  and  those  of  a 
ny  friends  to  whom  nuch  a  paper  as  (his  would 
he  desirable.  As  it  is  of  its  kind  uniaueia  this 
stale,  and  intended  for  general  circulation,  we 
expect  to  look  abroad  for  a  great  part  of  our 
patronage. 


ffi<Di«i«  arascr  si  arE©ws. 


FOR   THE    GENESES   FARMER. 

remarks  on   Pruning  in  No.    1. 


The  remarks  on  Pruning  in  No.  1.  of  the 
t  lencboeFarmer, appear  to  be  correct,  when  that 
operation  is  managed  in  the  usual  manner;  hut 
it  has  been  my  practice  for  several  years  past, 
to  prune  in  autumn  and  in  winter,  applying  a 
coat  of  boiled  tar  and  brick  dust,  or  ofcommon 
paint,  immediately  to  the  naked  wood;  and  I 
have  been  led  to  believe  that  no  time  is  more 
favorable. 

I  was  induced  to  try  this  experiment,  part- 
ly in  consequence  of  being  often  from  horns 
at  the  usual  season  ;  and  partly  from  a  desire 
to  test  the  prevalent  opinion  that  autumnal 
pruning  was  very  injurious  to  fruit  trees;  for  1 
could  not  perceive  why  an  artificial  covering 
which  protected  the  wood  from  the  weather, 
would  not  be  a  good  substitute  for  living  bark. 
I  began  the  work,  therefore,  as  soon  as  the 
leaves  were  fallen  ;  and  I  never  saw  trees  bear 
pruning  better.  A  considerable  part  of  my  fruit 
garden  was  pruned  two  months  ago. 

Permit  me  to  add  that  it  is  a  maxim  in  Surgt 
ry  to  save  skin,  and  in  pruning  to  save  bark. 
The  saw  therefore  ought  to  be  used  in  prefer 
ence  to  the  axe,  so  as  to  cut  the  larger  branch- 
es square  off.  In  some  trees  (as  in  the  Fall 
P'rppen)  the  limbs  are  tnti«h  less,  2  or  3  inches 
from  the  trunk  ;  and  if  taken  off  at  that  dis- 
tance, would  be  much  sooner  covered  up  by 
the  new  wood.  It  is  injudicious,  however, 
to  leave  the  stumps  too  long,  as  well  as  to  cut 
roo  close  to  the  trunk.  D.  T. 

Greatfuld,  Cayuga  ce.  \st  mo.  10,  1831. 


knowledge  and  wisdom  of  that  mighty  hand 
hich  formed  and  fashioned  all  things  7  Is  it 
not  profitable  to  look  through  •'  nature  up  to  na- 
ture's God  1"  Does  not  every  blade  of  grass, 
every  leaf,  every  blossom,  the  humble  moss, 
that  the  unpractised  eye  passes  by  unheeding 
and  without  nctioe — yea,  do  not  "  the  very 
stones  preach  of  Ins  whereabout?  '  lioes  no' 
all  organic  matter  and  beings  speak  to  us,  trum 
pei-tongued,  that  there  is  a  God,  and  one 
whose  power  and  wisdom  in  ihe  construction 
of  ihe  humblest  particle  oi  reproductive  matter, 
leave  the  invention  of  man  panting  and  toiling 
at  an  immeasurable  distance  behind  7 

In  the  words  c  f  my  caption,  get  understand- 
ing, not  exclusively  in  the  sense  that  the  noisy, 
prosing  fanatic  of  the  conventicle  will  tell  you 
the  construction  is — but  diligently  study  nature 
and  her  works,  and  there  learn  that  it  is  impos- 
sible for  man  to  lathom  many  ofthe  hidden  and 
wonderful  secrets  which  he  can  see  but  not 
comprehend  ;  and  others  which,  with  the  phi- 
losophical mind  and  microscopic  eye,  he  can 
comprehend  but  not  imitate  ;  and  while  silent 
with  admiration  at  the  wondrous  machine,  is 
irresistibly  drawn  to  admire,  worship  and  a- 
dore  the  greatness  and  wisdom  of  Him  who 
contrived  and  created  it. 

To  cultivate  such  a  feeling  and  propensity, 
and  to  bring  the  subject  familiarly  before  6ome 
ofyourreadcrs,  in  a  plain  and  unvarnished  man- 
ner, I  propose  to  send  you.  as  leisure  shall  per- 
mit, short  his'.oiies  of  such  plants,  vines  and 
irees  as  have  particularly  fallen  under  my  no- 
tice, together  with  observations  on  their  dis- 
eases and  cultivation,  and  occasionally  accom- 
panied with  remarks  relative  to  vegetable  phy- 
tology,  not  only  to  inculcate  a  taste  fur  the  de- 
lightful and  healthful  avocations  of  floral  and 
horticultural  employment,  but  as  a  sort  of  im- 
perfect manual  for  those  who  have  not  the  ex 
perience  and  reading,  that  fifty  vernal  springs 
and  mellow  autumns  have  given  tome. 

D10ECIA. 


FOR  THE   GENESEE  FARMER. 

"  With  all  thy  geltings  get  understanding." 
I  was  strongly  impressed  with  an  idea  advan 
ced  by  a  celebrated  lecturer  in  this  village  not 
long  since — "  TeacUfacts,  and  let  every  one  dram 
their  own  infer ences  and  conclusions  ;"  and  it  i: 
palpiple  to  my  mind  that  if  done  on  the  plain, 
open  and  broad  basis  of  eternal  truth,  and  in  i 
manner  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  all,  the  re- 
sult must  be  uniform  and  irresistible.  Thh 
brings  me  to  the  point  I  would  bo  at.  Al- 
though I  hold  it  ont  of  our  duties,  together  with 
a  diligentstudy  of  the  holy  scriptures,  to  attend 
the  studious  and  pious  readings  of  ihe  occult 
wi<dom,  merey  and  omniscience  of  our  benefi- 
cent Creator,  as  is  weekly  and  daily  expounded 
by  a  learned,  eloquent  and  pious  clergy;  yet  I 
would  ask,  are  these  the  only  sources  irom 
which  we  can  derive  a  just,  exalted  and  over- 
powering sense  of  the  wonderful  invention, 

is 


FOR  THE  GENESEE    FARMER. 

Messrs.  Editors — Although  nearly  a  stran- 
ger in  this  new  world,  allow  me  to  introduce 
myself  to  yon,  by  ordering  your  paper,  and  to 
your  readers  by  a  few  remarks,  which,  as  I  of- 
fer them  gratuitously,  and  am  not  dogmatical 
enough  to  pass  them  by  tale,  but  by  weight,  you 
will  oblige  me  by  inserting  them. 

Jan.  1831.  B.   MAULY. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

Two  very  opposite  opinions  are  taken  and 
maintained,  by  nursery-men  aDd  gardeners,  irs 
lo  the  proper  time  of  transplanting  trees,  one 
recommending  ihe  autumn,  and  the  other  the 
spring,  at,  or  before,  the  swelling  of  the  bud. 
But  us  there  probably  is  a  best  time,  and  as  an 
old  chum  of  mine  used  to  say,  "  the  best  way  it. 
as  good  as  any,"  let  us  look  at  tne  facts  and 
circumstances  of  Ihe  case,  and  try  to  draw  a 
rationale  in  favor  of  one  or  the  other  system 

The  sap,  or  tho  water  that  forms  the  6ap,  is 
taken  up  by  a  set  of  fine  tufted,  hair-like  roots 
or  capillary  vessels,  which  aru  always  at,  or  a- 
bout  the  extremeties  of  the  main  roots,  and 
which  are  principally  lest  in  taking  up,  both  by 
cutting  them  off,  as  well  as  by  the  loose  earth 
being  shaken  off  from  those  roots  which  are 
taken  up  wilb  the  tree  ;  this  happens  alike  to 
both  theories  Now  when,  or  at  what  period, 
are  these  important  agents,  on  which  the  fu- 
ture vcgetability  depends,  the  most  likely  to  be 
reproduced,  for  it  appears  by  a  set  of  accurate 
experiments  made  in  England,  that  they  are 
renewed  with  wonderful  rapidity,  in  certain 
seasons;  and  it  also  appears  by  a  set  of  experi- 
ments by  Do  Hamel,  instituted  for  the  purpose 
of  determining  whether  the  circulation  stop- 
ped with  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  that  it  does  not, 
but  is  continued  in  a  sluggish  and  dull  manner, 
from  the  period  of  deciduetion,  or  fait  of  Lhe 
leaf,  till  the  putting  out  again  in  the  spring, and 


that  a  continual  elongation  of  the  fibrous  roots 
were  plainly  percepiible  every  two  weeks  that 
ihe  plants  subjected  were  examined,  and  even 
lhe  same  plants  blossomed  and  perfected  their 
seeds,    only  in   winter.     These   observations 
weie  made  where  tho  thermometer  ranges  from 
10  deg.  below,  to   30   above  freezing,   during 
winter  months,  and  would  not  apply  to  any  of 
our  weather  that  is  below  freezing  point :  now 
if  there  is  a  circulation  going  on  after  the  fall 
of  the  leaf,  and  an  increase  cf  the  mouths  tha' 
feed  the  system,  then,  I  think,  at,  or  immedi- 
tely  before  the  fall  of  the   leaf,  is  the  best  pe 
riod,  as  the  full  rains,  winter  snows,  and  spring 
thaws,   certainly   close  the  ground,  and  bring 
the   fine   particles  of  the  soil  in  contact  with 
the  roots,  in  a  better  and  more  natural  manner 
than  any  spring  operation  that  they  do  or  can 
undergo  :    and   especially   if  the   trees   have 
to   be   transported   any  distance,  and   are  re- 
ceived late.     On  the  other  hand,  it  is  maintain- 
ed by  those  that  recommend  spring   planting, 
that  ihe  leaves  are  the  only  manipulators    and 
manufacturer--  of  the  sap  thai  forms  new  wood, 
or  can  create  new  roots,  and  that  if  there  is  a 
circulation,  it  is  only  in  the  anterial  system, 
and  is  only  consequent   on  expansion  and  con- 
traction by  heat  and  cold;  and  therefore  a  tree 
taken  frtslifrom  its  native  soil,  with  all  its  en- 
ergies just  commencing  and  bursting  into  life, 
with   a  genial  sun,   and  refreshing  showers,  is 
the  proper  limn  to  transplant  any  tree      To  all 
this,  I  offer  the   following  objections  :    That 
very  warm  forward  springs  bring  out  the  buds 
prematuroly,   and  expose   them   to    frosts,  to 
which  the  autumn  sot  tree  is  not  as  liable,  anil 
a   tree  may  be  set  in  tho   fall,  and  have  from 
two  to   three   months   without  much  freezing 
weather.     The  roots  are  firmer  fixed, and  more 
of  fhem  produced, and  ihe  danger  ofthe  bleed- 
ing of  the  roots,  when  cut  or   broken  in  the 
spring,  is  lessened.       To  which    allow  meto 
add  my  own  experience,  as  well  as  lhat  of  a 
majority  of  the  best  gardeners  I  have  found  in 
the  country.     Peach,  plumb,  and  aprioots  may 
be  an  exception  to  my  theory,  as  in  fail  plant- 
ing, the  small  limbs  sometimes  winter  kill,  and 
I  have  known  thepeaclito  do  well  when  set 
out  in  the  blossom.  

FOR   THE    GENESBE FARMER. 


INQUIRY. 

A  few  years  since  I  collected  a  large  quanti- 
ty of  manure  for  a  hot  hed  ;  it  was  from  a  horse 
stable  and  had  been  kept  under  shelter,  and 
had  began  to  heat  before  I  moved  it.  Think- 
ing that  the  first  heat  would  have  the  effect  to 
keep  it  cooler  afterwards,  I  had  my  bed  made 
about  twenty  feet  along,  eight  feet  wide,  and 
four  feet  high.  This  was  covered  with  soil  and 
a  frame  and  glass  in  the  common  way.  As 
soon  as  the  earth  within  the  frame  was 
warm,  seeds  were  sown  which  soon  came  up, 
but  within  a  few  days  the  young  plants  droop- 
ed, and  upon  examining  them,  their  roots  fed 
perished.  I  had  also  put  some  potatoes  into 
the  edges  of  the  bed  in  order  to  sprout  them  ; 
upon  examination  I  found  them  as  soft  as  ii' 
they  had  been  boiled.  I  then  made  large  holes 
through  the  manure  with  a  stake  to  let  off  the 
heat — I  stirred  lbs  ground  in  Ihe  frame  and  a- 
gain  sowed  it  with  seeds  and  bat  few  of  them, 

egetated.  I  sowed  il  a  third  time,  and  was 
surprized  to  find  not  one  vegetated,  although 
the  bed  was  in  good  condition  as  to  warmth — 
those  that  had  seme  up  of  the'second  sowing 
most  of  them  died.  I-had  the  dirt  taken  from 
the  frame,  and  new  put  in,  and  again  sowed  it : 
the  seeds  came  up.and  grew  well.  I  had  some 
ofthe  saina  seeds  planted  in  the  soil  wfaicli  bad 
been  taken  from  the  frame,  not  one  of  which 
vegetated.  I  repeated  it  a  second  and  third 
time,  not  one  grew.  Now,  Messrs.  Editors, 
will  you  or  any  of  your  correspondents  tell  ran 
the  reason   why  ttiis  s,oil  weuld  not  vegetate 

seeJV.  A  FARMtF.. 


18 


THE  GENESEE  FAKMElt 


Jan.  22,  1831. 


HORTICULTURE. 

The  following  communication,  in  the  New 
England  Farmer,  from  the  President  of  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  will  be 
read  with  pleasure  by  the  Horticulturist,  the 
Moralist,  and  the  Christian.  On  the  one  hand, 
lie  exhibits  the  odiousness  of  vice  :  on  the 
other,  recommends  a  pleasing,  profitable  anti- 
dote. To  such  men  we  must  look  for  the 
protection  of  our  liberties,  both  moral  and  po 
lineal. 

From  the  New  Kugland  Farmer. 
Mb.  Fesse.vden — Although  commendable 
efforts  have  been  made,  in  several  parts  of  the 
I'ottntry,  to  introduce  and  multiply  most  of  the 
choice  varieties  of  fruits,  and  our  cities  aie 
now  tolerably  well  supplied,  from  t he  garden* 
and  orchards  in  their  immediate  vicinities, still, 
there  is  a  lamentable  negligence,  of  this  im- 
portant culture,  throughout  the  union.  With- 
out going  beyond  the  bounds  of  our  own  Com- 
monwealth, how  rare  is  it  to  find  any  fruit, 
other  than  the  most  indifferent  wilding  apples, 
save  in  a  f«w  gardens,  or  estates  in  some  of 
the  most  flourishing  villages.  Strawberries, 
raspberries,  cherries,  apricots,  plumb.,  peach- 
es, pears,  and  grafted  apples  are  so  little  culti- 
vated, that  a  largo  portion  of  the  inhabitants 
never  even  taste  them,  during  the  successive 
seasons  of  their  maturity;  and  every  owner 
of  an  acre  of  land,  could  annually  enjoy  them 
all,  with  but  trifling  labour  and  "expense  A 
few  rods  of  ground,  appropriated  to  a  nursery, 
would  afford  stocks  for  all  the  kinds  of  fruit 
trees,  which  flourish  in  this  climate.  Scions 
or  buds,  of  the  best  varieties,  are  easily  ob- 
tained; and  in  a  few  years,  each  house,  howev- 
hninble.  may  be  embowered  in  the  sbade  of 
many  of  the  most  excellent  mds  of  fruit  trees, 
affording  not  only  an  abunoant  supply  to  the 
family  during  summer  and  autumn,  but  during 
winter,  and  until  strawberries  and  cherries  an- 
nounce thi  commencement  if  a  new  pomonal 
year. 

A  few  hours,  in  the  morning  and  evening, 
could  be  devoted  to  a  fruit  garden,  which, 
without  interfering  with  the  other  duties  of  the 
farmer.or  mechanic,  wouid  insure  the  comforts 
and  pleasures  of  its  products  to  the  whole  fa- 
mily. 

There  is  a  too  general  impress  on,  that 
much  skill  and  great  labor  are  indispensable, 
to  manage  fruit  trees  successfully ,  but  the 
same  intelligence  and  attention,  which  insure 
a  harvest  of  corn  and  gt/iin,  are  ihe  only  requi- 
sites. Those  who  have  made  t lie  experiment 
will  vouch  for  the  iruih  of  tins  assertion  ;  and 
there  are  but  few  farmers,  who  are  willing  to 
acknowledge,  thai  their  neighbors  are  more 
able  than  themselves, or  can  use  t'ue  implements 
of  their  profession  with  better  judgment,  a- 
droitni  ss,  an  I  success  :  slill  they  must  per- 
ceive, that  there  ire  individuals,  in  their  vicin- 
ity, of  neither  greater  capacity  nor  means, who 
exhibit  rigorous  trees  and  beauliful  fruit. — 
Why,  then,  with  equid  talent  and  resources, 
ire  not  such  meritorious  experiments  imita- 
ted? 

There  is  one  objection,  which  is  very  gener- 
ally urged  for  not  establishing  a  fruit  garden,  — 
the  depredations  winch  are  committed  upon 
them.  To  prevent  this,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
make  them  universal,  and  thus  leaving  none  t<> 
intrude — for  all  being  either  in  possession  of 
the  luxuries  which  they  afford,  or  enabled  ;o 
purchase  them  aj:  a  moderate  price,  the  tempt 
ation  to  plunder  is  removed.  Who,  but  the 
most  abandoned,  robs  a  corn  or  potatoe  field? 
Equally  s,,Cure  would  i  «  the  fruit  trees,  if 
they  were  rendered  as  common. 

But  is  to  this  too  common  vice, are  wc  not  all, 
in  some  degreo,  accountable  for  its  existence? 
Is  it  treated  with  sufficient  serio»sness?  Is 
not  the  pilfering  of  fruit  thought  much  too 
lightly  of  in  the  community?  And 
children  induced  to  view  it.  as  a  very  slight, 
ami  even  an  exeusable  offenee, — something  to 


be  laughed  at,  rather  than  to  be  denounced; 
and  all  this  from  the  indifference  with  which 
parents  are  apt  to  regard  such  transgressions. 
In  point  of  criminality,  where  is  the  difference 
between  stealing  fruit,  or  the  fence  which  en- 
closes it, — an  apple,  or  a  plough. — cherries, 
or  silver  spoons, — melons,  or  anv  other  arti- 
cle belonging  to  the  proprietor'  If  the  law 
has  not  made  it  theft,  it  is  an  offence  punisha- 
ble by  a  heavy  fine.  Morality  is  as  much  out- 
raged, by  taking  a  peach,  as  the  spade  at  the 
door;  and  to  treat  such  acts  in  children,  as 
unworthy  of  reproof,  is  a  derelection  of  duty, 
winch  neither  virtue  cr  religion  can  tolerate: 
for  the  doingjwrpng  in  the  slightest  manner,  is 
most  often  the  commencement  of  a  career  of 
depravity,  which  brings  disgrace  and  ruin  up- 
on the  deluded  or  heedless  offender. 

A  man's  ground  should  bo  considered  as 
sacred  as  his  house;  and  every  article  on  his 
estate,  as  secure  against  robbery,  as  if  it  were 
[protected  by  locks  and  bars.  The  very  fact 
that  most  of  the  property  of  the  farmer  is  ex- 
posed, and  without  any  other  protection  than 
the  morals  of  the  people,  makes  it  still  more 
imperious,  that  such  an  exalted  sense  of  honor 
and  hones:}'  should  be  inculcated,  as  to  give 
not  only  security  to  the  products  of  rural  in- 
dustry, but  a  confidence  beyond  the  sanctity  of 
the  laws.  Of  what  value  are  morals,  which 
aro  limiled  by  the  statute  hook,  and  consist  in 
doing  whatever  does  not  subject  the  individu- 
al to  the  penalties  of  the  criminal  code?  But 
placing  this  subject  in  tho  most  favorable  light, 
for  those  who  have  been  in  the  habit,  of  either 
deeming  it  of  such  little  moment  as  not  to  me- 
rit grave  consideration,  or  as  a  foible  incident 
to  youth,  and  not  very  objectionable  at  any 
agti,  still  they  are  bound  to  change  their  con- 
duct ; — this,  politeness  and  common  decency  of 
manners  require.  If  they  believe  there  is  no 
great  harm  in  taking,  there  is  much  of  rudeness 
in  no!  having  the  civility  to  first  ask  permission. 
If  what  is  desired,  is  of  small  value,  it  will 
most  commonly  be  cheerfully  granted,  and  the 
donor  is  happy  to  have  it  in  his  power,  to  do  an 
act  of  kindness,  and  the  receiver  if  no!  grate- 
ful, he  at  least  has  the  satisfaction  of  reiiec 
ing,  that  he  has  acted  like  an  honest  man,  and 
a  christian,  and  tha'  he  has  observed  the  coii'r 
tesies  of  life.  Should,  however,  the  owner 
refuse  the  boon,  there  is  still  consolation  :  ei- 
toer  it  was  of  greater  value  than  had  been  pre- 
sumed, and  thus  an  injury  has  been  prevented; 
or  he  was  not  of  a  generous  disposition  ;  and 
then  comes  the  ejaculation, — thank  God,  tt  ere 
are  but  few  such  men  I  let  the  odium  be  upon 
him  ;  our  hands  are  unstained. 

On  the  continent  of  Europe,  there  are  but 
few  fences  in  the  country  ;  the  grounds  are 
unprotected  even  on  tfie  highway, and  all  hough 
burdened  by  grape  vines  and  trees  loaded  with 
delicious  fruit,  no  one  thinks  of  taking  the 
smallest  quantity,  without  the  approbation  of 
the  proprietor.  Lady  Morgan  observes,  in 
her  travels.  ■■  that  properly  of  this  "descrip- 
tion is  held  sacred,  in  proponion  as  it  lies  ex- 
posed. Having  alighted  fromlour  carriage,  to 
spare  the  spring,  in  a  rough  road,  that  wound 
tbrough  a  wilderness  of  fruit  trees,  1  asked  a 
boy  who  was  lying  reading  under  one  of  these, 
whether  I  might  take  an  apple:  he  replied 
coolly,'  they  are  not  mine.'  But  you  sometimes 
help  yourself,  I  dire  say.  He  raised  his  head, 
and  looking  at  me,  with  an  expression  of  bu 
morous  sarcasm,  he  replied,  "  You  mean  thai 
I  steal;  do  you  not,  madam?  No,  madam,  it 
is  belter  to  asli  for  one,  tlum  to  turn  thuf  for  an 
apple.'' 

If  horticultural  socieies  were  established  in 
each  county,  for  no  other  purpose  than  to  col- 
lect soeds,  buds,  scions  and  plants,  for  distri- 
bution, much  could  be  effected  in  a  few  years 
towards  covering  our  naked  fields  with  fruit 
trees.  A  very  small  fund  would  be  sufficient 
for  this  purpose,  and  when  the  members  had 
obtained  the  best  varieties,  boiv  rauidly  would 
they  be  dissniiiiii ned  nmong  Ihe  inhabitants  of 
every    town.        Bosldi      the    benefits    which 


would  be  derived  from  an  abundance  of  ex- 
cellent fruit,  regetable  gardens  would  natu- 
rally claim  more  attention,  and  a  taste  for 
flowers,  and  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs, 
would  soon  be  induced,  and  at  last  universally 
prevail. 

With  the  picturesque  topographical  features 
which  Massachusetts  presents,  nothing  is  wan- 
ting to  render  its  scenery  as  interesting,  and 
its  villages  as  beautiful,  as  those  of  any  other 
country.  In  England,  scarcely  a  cottage  ex- 
ists that  is  not  surrounded  by  fruit  trees, shrubs 
and  flowers  while  the  neat  esculent  compart- 
ment,— often  containing  less  than  a  rood  of 
land,  supplies  much  of  the  food  for  the  indus- 
trious inmates  of  the  modest  dwelling.  In 
Holland  and  Germany,  it  is  the  general  atten 
tion  which  all  ranks  in  society  bestow  upon 
the  grounds  about  their  habitations,  which 
gives  such  a  pleasing  aspect  to  those  coun- 
tries. 

Whv  then  should  not  such  examples  he  om- 
nia'ed  in  the  Cniied  States,  where  the  indus- 
trious are  so  independent  in  their  rights,  and 
domes  ic  circumstances  ;  wbere  there  are  infi- 
nitely greater  means,  within  the  command  of 
the  cultivators  of  thesril;  where  each  is  the 
lord  of  the  domain  in  which  he  resides,  and 
garners  up  his  undivided  harvest,  free  and  ex*- 
empt  from  all  exactions. 

Besides  the  pleasure,  comfort,  and  econo- 
mical advantages,  which  arc  derivable  fron 
well  managed  fruit  anil  vegetable  gardens,  their 
sanative  influence  is  of  inestimable  value — 
not  only  as  respects  the  fortunate  fam 
which  directly  participate  in  the  various  pro- 
ducts they  afford,  but  the  whole  community. — 
That  fruit  is  not  merely  healthy,  but  is  even  an 
antidote  and  cure  for  many  diseases,  there  is 
not  the,  least  doubt.  We  have  the  opinion  of 
the  ablest  physicians,  in  support  of  this  posi- 
tion ;  but  as  very  erroneous  impressions  are 
still  prevalent  on  this  subject.it is  believed  that 
the  following  extract  will  be  read  with  interest: 
— at  least  by  al!  loves  of  fruit. 

Accept    assurances  of  my  groat  respect. 

H.    A.    S.    DEARBORN. 
Brioly  Place,  Dec  20,  1830. 

The  extract  alluded  to,  is  necessarily  omit- 
ted.   

CRIMINAL  SUITs  AGAI.NST  ArtlMALS. 

By    the  following    ari.cle    copied  from    a 
French  papei  into  the  U.  S.  Gazette,  it  seems 
tbat  animals,  which  people  in   modern    times 
have  generally  deemed  dumb  and  brute,  were 
once   'ield  amenable  to  Ihe   laws  which  are 
designed  to  regulate  t.'ie  conduct  of  man  in  so- 
ciety, and  are  addressed  to   ralional  and  intel- 
ligent beings.     If  this    narrative  is  true,  let 
no  man  hereafter  deny  "  the  march  of  mind  ;" 
and    if  such    nonsense  was   ever    pracfiscJ  in 
grave  Courts  of  Justice,  believed  by  the  /fnni- 
erf  Judges  an!  sanctioned   by  the  great  mass 
of  people,  we  no  longer  w.onder  at  Ihe  sway 
which    pncsfs  and    impostors,   in  times   past, 
maintained  over  Ihe  public  tniod.     To  burn  a 
sow    for  injuring  a  child,  and    a  man  because 
lie  happened  to  believe  a  little  more  or  a  little 
less  than  Ihe  prevailing  creed  of  the  limes, are 
•alike  cieditahle  to  Ihe  age,  and   prove  (hat 
mankind  in   those  days  were   both  fools  and 
villains.  The  article  makes  mention  of  several 
suits  prosecuted  against  May  hugs,  snails,  and 
rats,  and  concludes  with  tho  following  interes- 
ting and  unique  legal  information: 

"  I"  1266,  a  bjog"  was  burnt  alive  at  Nonle--  . 
nayaiix  Rosea,  b)  order  of   (be  ofiiceis  of  jus- 
tice, for  having  devoured  an  infant.      In  13f!6, 
asentenceof  (be  judge  of  Falaise condemned 


Vol.  I. —No.  3. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


19 


a  sow  to  have  lier  lore  fool  and  head  cut  or!, 
on  conviction  of  having  caused  serious  injur) 
to  a  child.  The  execution  look  place  in  front 
of  the  city  hail,  and  cost  10  sous  G  deniers — 
the  animal  having  heen  previously  dressed  ir. 
the  habit  of  a  man.  In  I3S9,  a  horse  was 
.'ikrwise  cocdemued  to  death  for  having  killed 
his  master.  Not  to  go  so  far  back — Gaspan! 
Bailey,  an  attorney  at  law  in  Chamberry,pub 
lished  in  1668,  a  treatise,  ex  prnfesso  upon 
ibis  species  of  suits,  in  which  he  gave  the  for 
inula  of  subpoena,  ofdefence,  of  judgment,  &c 

"  Among  the  manuscripts  belonging  to  the 
royal  family,  there  is  oue  containing  the  origi- 
nal of  a  judgment  pronounced  by  the  judged 
Jjavignv  in  Bourgogne,  against  a  sow  witij 
lier  six  pigs,  which  had  committed  homicide 
upon  the  person  of  a  child  5  years  old,  named 
Jean  Martin.  The  following  are  a  few  of  the 
passages  of  this  important  sentence  : 

"After  haling  considered  the  case  and  heoro 
the  testimony,  having  consulted  the  customs 
and  usages  of  Bouigogne,  and  considering 
ourselves  in  the  presence  of  God,  we  condemn 
John  Bailli's  tow  to  be  confiscated  and  deliv 
ered  to  the  executioner,  to  be  hung  by  the 
neck  untill  she  6hall  be  dead  ;  and  with  refer- 
ence to  the  pigs,  as  it  has  not  been  clearh 
proved  that  they  had  any  participation  in  the 
crime,  we  deter  sentence  upon  them,  and  con 
sent  that  they  be  restored  to  the  said  John 
Bailli,  he  giving  security  for  their  appearance, 
should  theirguilt  be  made  manifest  hereafter." 
A  reference  to  a  report  of  the  case  shows  that 
the  little  pigs  were  afterwards  honorably  ac 
quitted. 

"  The  Frenob  Parliament  showed  itself  not 
less  wise  in  this  respect,  than  the  provincial 
courts.  One  of  its  sentences  in  1604,  con- 
demned an  ass  to  be  hung  and  burnt;  and 
previously  in  1466,  it  confirmed  a  sentence  of 
the  judge  of  Corbeil,  sentencing  a  man  and  a 
hog,  who  were  executed  together.  Examples 
of  this  kind  might  be  greatly  multiplied — oue 
especially  of  Sardaigne,  might  be  considered 
still  more  outre.  We  must  defer  our  case  to 
our  next  rejjort.'' 


The  atmosphere  btiing  heated  by  the  sun  in 
different  climates,  and  in  the  same  climates  at 
different  seasons,  communicates  to  the  surface 
of  the  earth, and  to  some  distance  below  it,  the 
degree  of  heat  and  cold  which  prevails  in  itself. 
Different  vegetables  are  able  to  preserve  life 
under  different  degrees  of  cold,  but  all  of  them 
perish  when  the  cold  which  reaches  them  is 
extreme.  Providence  has  therefore,  in  the 
coldest  climates,  provided  a  covering  of  snow 
for  the  roots  of  vegetable?,  by  which  they  are 
protected  from  the  influence  of  the  atmosphe 
lie  cold.  The  snow  keeps  in  the  internal  lieat 
of  the  earth  which  surrounds  the  roots  of  ve- 
getables und  defends  them  from  the  cold  of 
the  atmosphere, — Eve.  Ag. 


ON   UNFERMENTF.D    MANURES. 

In  favor  of  the  application  of  farm  yard  dung 
in  »  recent  state,  a  great  mass  of  facts  may  be 
found  ill  the  writings  of  scientific  agricultur- 
ists. 

A.  Young,  in  an  essay  on  manures,  ad- 
duces a  number  of  excellent  authorities  in  sup- 
port of  the  plan.  Many  who  doubted,  have 
been  lately  convinced,  and  perhaps  there  is  no 
subject  of  investigation,  in  which  there  is  such 
a  union  of  theoretical   and  practical  evidence. 

Within  the  last  seven  years,  Coke  (the  Nor- 
folk farmer)  has  entirely  given  up  the  system 
formerly  adopted  on  his  farm,  of  applying  fer- 
mented dung;  and  his  crops  have  been  as  good 


the  Bolmer'n  Washington  plumb, and  has  yield- 
ed but  hale  short  ..>f  $'M  per  annum  for  the 
la»t  three  years. — .V.  E.  Fainter* 


CHLORIDE  OF    LIME. 

The  annexed  passage  of  a  letter,  writ 
ten  by  Dr.  Sproston,  of  the  Erie  sloop 
of  war,  while  serving  in  the  West  Indies, 
is  printed  among  the  documents  accom- 
paning  the  latest  annual  report  from  the 
Navy  Department :  — 

"Since  the  date  of  my  last,  the  use  of 
the  chloride  of  lime,  as  therein  mention- 
ed, has  been  steadily  persevered  in  on 
board  of  the  ship  and  in  conjunction  with 
other  judicial  measures  of  the  health  po- 
lice, adopted  since  the  commencement 
of  the  summer,  has  procured  for  us  un- 
der Providence  an  exemption  from  epi- 
demic disease  Tliat  it  lias  done  so,  is  n 
more  strongly  corrobora  ive  of  its  effica- 
cy than  might  se  :in  apparent,  were  I  not 
to  menlion,  that,  during  the  first  six 
months  of  our  service  on  the  West  In- 
dia station,  many  circumstances  in  rela- 
tion to  the  climate,  the  »hip,  and  the 
crew  conspired  with  great  force  towards 


since  as  they  ever  were,   and  his  manure  goes 

nearly  twice  as  far.     A  great  objection  against  !l  the     production    of    general     disease 

i,  .L.I..  c I   J :~    «u_. 1. _: lot 

!  Such    were    in  the  early    months,    much 


THE    USE    OF  SNOW   TO    THE    VEGETABLE     KING 
DOM. 

Were  we  to  ju.lgs  from  appearances  only 
we  might  imagine  that  so  far  from  being  use- 
ful to  the  earth, the  cold  humidity  ofsuounvould 
be  detrimental  to  vegetation.  But  the  experi- 
ence of  all  ages  asserts  the  contrary.  Snow, 
particularly  in  those  northern  regions,  where 
the  ground  is  covered  with  it  for  several  months 
fructifies  the  earth  by  guarding  the  corn,  or  o 
ther  vegetables,  from  the  intense  cold  of  the 
air,  and  especially  from  the  cold  and  piercing 
winds.  It  has  been  a  vulgar  opinion,  very  ge 
nerally  received  that  snow  fertilizes  ihe  laud 
■  in  which  it  falls  more  lino  rain, in  consequence 
of  the  nitrous  ^-alts  which  it  is  supposed  to  ac- 
quire in  freezing.  But  it  appears  from  ihe 
experiments  of  Magraff  in  the  year  1731,  that 
the  chemical  difference  between  rain  and  snow 
water  is  exceedingly  small;  that  the  lattor 
contains  a  somewhat  less  proportion  of  earth 
than  the  former,  but  neither  of  them  contain 
either  earth,  or  any  kind  of  salt,  in  any  quan- 
tity, which  can  be  sensibly  efficacious  in  pro- 
moting vegetation.  The  peculiar  agency  of 
snow,  as  a  fertilizer,  in  preference  to  rain, may 
be  ascribed  to  its  furnishing  a  covering  to  the 
roots  of  vegetables,  by  which  they  are  guard- 
ed from  the  influence  of  atmospheric  cold,  and 
the  internal  heat  of  the  earth,  is  prevented 
from  escaping.  The  internal  parts  of  the 
earth  are  heated  uniformly  to  the  fifty-eighth 
degree  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  This  de 
gree  of  heat  is  greater  than  that  in  which  the 
"watery  juice  of  vegetables  freeze,  and  it  is 
propagated  from  the  inward  parts  of  the  earth 
io  the  surfa-ee  on  which  the  vegetables  grow. 


slightly  fermented  dung,  is,  that  weeds  sprin. 
up  more  luxuriantly  where  it  is  applied.  If 
there  are  seeds  carried  out  in  the  dung,  they 
certainly  will  germinate  ;  but  it  is  seldom  that 
this  can  be  the  case  to  any  extent,  and  if  the 
land  is  not  cleaned  of  weeds,  any  kind  of  ma  ■ 
nure,  fermented  or  unfermented,  will  occasion 
their  rapid  growth.  In  cases  where  farmyard 
dung  cannot  be  immediately  applied  to  crops, 
the  destructive  fermentation  should  bo  preven- 
ted as  much  as  possible.  The  surface  should 
be  defended  as  much  as  possible  from  'he  oxy- 
gen of  the  atmosphere  ;  a  compact  marl,  or  a 
tenaceousclay  offers  the  best  protection  against 
the  air.and  before  the  dung  is  covered, it  should 
be  dried  as  much  as  possible.  If  the  dung  is 
(bund  to  heat  strongly,  it  should  be  turned  over 
and  cooled  by  exposure  to  the  air.— Agricultu- 
ral Encyclopedia. 


SIGNS    OF    A    GOOD    FARMER. 

His  corn  land  is  ploughed  in  the  fall.  He 
ieldom  lets  his  work  drive  him.  Has  a  cook 
ing  stove,  with  plenty  of  pipe  to  it.  The 
wood  lots  he  possesses  are  fenced.  His  slec! 
is  housed  in  summer,  and  his  cart,  plough,  and 
wheelbarrow,  winter  and  summer,  when  not 
in  use  :  has  as  many  yoke  of  good  oxen  as  he 
has  horses  :  does  not  feed  his  hogs  with  whole 
grain  :  lights  may  he  seen  in  his  house  before 
break  of  day  in  winter;  his  hog-pen  is  board- 
ed inside  and  but :  has  plenty  ol  weeds  and 
mud  in  his  yard  in  the  fall  :  all  his  manure  is 
carried  out  from  bis  buildings  and  barn-yard 
twice  each  year,  and  chip  dung  once — his  cat- 
tle are  almost  all  tied  up  in  the  winter — he  be- 
gins to  find  that  manure  put  on  land  in  a  green 
state  is  the  most  profitable — raises  three  times 
as  man"  turnips  and  potatoes  for  his  stock,  as 
he  doo  for  his  f  imily — has  a  good  ladder  rais- 
ed ajainst  the  roof  of  his  house — has  more 
lamps  in  his  house  than  candlesticks — has  a 
house  on  purpose  to  keep  his  ashes  in,  and  an 
iron  or  tin  vessel  to  take  them  up — has  a  large 
barn  and  small  house — seldom  has  more  pigs 
than  cows — he  fences  before  he  ploughs,  and 
manures  before  he  sows — h?  deals  more  forj 
cash  than  on  credit. — Ncio  England  Farmer. 


ENCOURAGING  TO    CULTIVATORS    OF    FRUITS 

Mr.  Samuel   R.   Johnson,   of  Charlestown,[ 
Mass.  has   recieved  this  year  $51, 36  for  the 
produce  of  a  single  plumb  tree,  in  his  garden, 
this  season,  besides  giving  away  considerable 
of  the  fruit  to  Ms  friends.     The  free  produces 


rainy  and  boisterous  weather ;  afterwards 
of  excessive  and  continued  heat,  to  a  de- 
gree unusual,  even  in  the  West  Indies  ; 
the  crowded,  and  impetfeclly  ventilated 
state  of  the  hold<  and  birth  deck  :  the  la- 
borious and  harassing  dulies  of  the  crew, 
their  clothing  illy  regulated,  with  a  small 
allowance  ofwater,and  a  paucity  of  those 
comforts  which  are  calculated  to  amelio- 
rate the  nature  and  effects  of  sea  diet. 
These  and  many  other  unfavorable  cir- 
cumstances existing  during  thefirst  cruize 
gave  to  the  cases  of  fever,  which  occa- 
sionally did  occur,  about  forty  in  the 
whole,  a  high  grade  of  character,  and  pow. 
erfully  predispost-d  to  the  developement 
of  general  diaease.  That  epidemic  ma- 
lignant fever  was  not  produced,  I  unhesi- 
tatingly ascribe  to  the  unremitted  use  of 
chloride,  and  such  other  measures  of  pre- 
caution as  it  was  in  the  power  of  the  me- 
dical officers  to  adopt.  On  board  of  the 
other  vessels  of  this  squadron,  where  the 
chloride  of  lime  has  been  used  still  hap- 
pier results  have  boon  obtained.  I  be- 
lieve that  a  case  of  any  description  has 
not  occurred  in  any  of  them.  On  board 
the  Peacock,  howeverthe  chloride  oflime 
or  chloride  in  any  form,  had  not  been  u- 
sed.  Tiie  higher  order  and  supposed 
general  sweetness  of  ihis  vessel,  were 
deemed  to  render  it  unaecessary.  The 
fact,  therefore,  stands  in  high  relief,  that 
there  has  not  yet  occurred  in  our  navy 
an  instance  of  malignant  disease  where 
the  chloride  of  lime  has  been  steadily 
used  as  a  preventive.  ,' 


We  learn  says  the  Buffalo  Journal  by  a  let- 
ter received  in  this  town  from  Lexington,  Ky. 
that  John'J.  Crittenden,  Esq.  Speaker  of  the 
house  of  assembly,  was  chosen  W.  S.  Senator 
for  that  state  on  the  4lh  inat.  Mo  nanieniars 
were  given. 


20 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  22,  1831. 


©lUffiExaa. 


Svw 


THE  ROSE. 

DIRECTIONS    FOR   CULTIVATING    IT. 

The  rose  may  justly  be  tennod  tho  Queen 
uf  Flowers ;  and  there  are  but  few  people  who 
are  not  more  or  less  pleased  with  iheir  cultiva- 
tion.    Tho  first  object  to  those  cultivating,  is, 
to  procure  choice  varieties,  as  to  beauty   and 
fragrance  of  tl  e  Cower  ;  noxt  to  these  qualifi- 
cations, handsome    shaped   tops,  upon   hardy 
t'ree-growinz  stocks.     Mo*t  kinds  of  Ruses  arc 
disposod  tu  grow  low  and  branching,  malting 
rather  an  unsightly  hedgo,  than  otherwise  ;.  to 
correct  this,  and  perpetuate  the  most  desirable 
varieties,   are   tha  objects  of  the  Floricultur- 
ist.    Roses  are  propagated  by  seeds  from  sin 
gle  roses,  by  layers,  offsets,  or  cuttings.     The 
former  method  is  to  be  preferred  where  hand- 
some, straight,  clean  stems  arc  warned.     Va- 
rieties may   be  continued  by  budding  or  graft- 
in".     As  the  sweet  or  gi cen  brier,  common  in 
the  New  England   states,  is  the  hardiest  of  all 
the  roses,  so  is  it  better  calculated   for  stocks, 
than   most  other  kinds.      Those  who  would 
propagate  them  by  seeds,  should  gather  them 
in  autumn,  and  bury  them  in  some  convenient 
place,  whera  they  should  be  allowed  to  remain 
until  the  second  spring,  as  they  will  not  vege- 
tate tho  first  season  after  planting,  but  require! 
to  lie  in  tho  ground  through  two  winters  ;  thej 
second   spring  they  should   betaken   up,    and| 
planted  out  in  ridges,  raised  six  or  eight  inches 
above  tho  level  of  the    surrounding  surfice. — 
When  the  seeds  have  vegetated,  and  the  young 
plants  have  attained  the  height  of  three  or  four 
inches, begin  to  level  down  the  ridges,  by  remo- 
ving the  earth  from  the  routs,  at  the  same  time 
cut  tin"  away  the  horizontal  fibres,  leaving  only 
the  tap  or  perpendioular  root      This  operation 
should   be  repeated,   as  tuo  plant  increases  in 
size,  until  the.  ridge  is  reduced  to  a  level  wi'h 
the   surrounding  surface.     By    this  operation, 
the  body  of  the  young  plant  is  extended  six  or 
eight  inches  below  tho  colyledones  or  seed 
leaves;  and,  as  there  arc  not  any   buds  formed 
below  them,  that  part  of  the  body  gained  from 
the  root,  will  be   freb  trom  spro.ts.     By  tin-, 
method,  young  trees  may  be  raised,  which  will 
not  be  troublesome  by  throwing  out  suckers 
or  sprouts,  and  the  body  may  bo  kept  free  from 
side  limbs,  as  easy  as  an  apple  tree.    When  the 
stock  has  been  thus  raised.it  may  be  budded  or 
.•rafted  as  other  trees.     Tho  spines  upon  that 
■>art  of  the  stock  to  be  operated  upon,  should 
be  removed  some  time  previous  to  the  opera- 
tion, and  when   the   stocks  are  headed  down, 
the  ends  should  be  covered  with  grafting  wax, 
to  prevent  water  from  penetrating  the  pith. — 
As  the  green    brier   is   a  free   grower,    those 
stocks  intended  for   training  about  windows 
should  be  budded  or  grafted  high.     Some  peo- 
ple are  fond  of  having  dilferent  kinds  of  roses' 
upon  the  same  stalk,  but  they  do  not  form  as 
handsome  heads  as  those  which   have  but  one 
kind.     Roses,  like  other  trees  should  bo  pru 
.nedin  the  spring,  and   those  who  would  have 
p'  Mowers  in  perfection,  should  koep  tho  ton^if 
/  ihem.of,  wood,    and    shorten   tho   luxuriant 
^rowims  of  the  preceding   year.     Those  who 
wish  to  cultivate  new  varieties  should  sow  the 
seed   from  fine  single   ones,  and  if  seeds  can 
be   procured  from  bushes  where  a  number  ofi 
different  kinds  grew  in  contact,  tho  chance  for) 
variety  will  ha  greater. 


GRAPE  SOIL. 

We  have  received  from  our  friend  and  cor- 
respondent. Horatio  Gates  Spafford,  an  ac- 
knowledgmentof  the  receipt  of  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  together  with  his 
advice,  as  to  the  course  which  should  be  pur 
sued,  in  order  to  make  the  paper  useful  to  the 
readers. 

From  the  well  known  reputation  of  this  man 
his  long  acquaintance  with  the  different  parts  of 
our  country,  his  opinions  are  entitled  to  the 
greatest  deference  from  the  agricultural  part 
of  community.  Mr.  Spafford  has,  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  past,  been  much  engaged  in  col- 
lecting information,  and  makin.:  experiments, 
on  the  cultivation  of  the  grape,  both  by  seed- 
lings, and  collecting  the  finest  varieties  of  our 
native  grapes,  as  well  as  making  experiments 
with  foreign  ones.  We  think  we  cmriot  do  our 
readers  a  greater  favor,  than  by  giving  his  ob 
servations,  taking  it  for  granted,  that  it  is  as 
good  authority  as  we  can  produce,  and  that  far 
mers  and  others  may  trust  to  them  without 
fear  of  being  deceived.     He  says — 

"As  to  tho  vine  much  of  your  attention 
should  be  directed  to  it.  The  country  south 
of  Lake  Ontario,  in  this  state,  certainly  has  a 
climate  more  congeni  d  to  the  vine,  than  any 
country  on  the  south  of  Lake  Erie,  even  to 
the  Ohio  liver.  I  know  thoso  countries,  and 
am  confident  of  the  facts  as  stated.  Your 
soil,  particularly  on  your  poorest  lands,  the 
high  dry  ridges,  and  rocky  lands,  is  grape  soil 
and  the  sooner  found  out  the  better,  in  my  o. 
pinion.  There  is  no  region  of  tho  United 
StJte-,  certainly  none  east  of  the  Chesapeake. 


NUTRITIVE  MATTER. 

Thb  following  is  taken  from  Sir  H.  Davy's 

Table  of  Nutritive  Matter  afforded  by  different 
vegetables,  and  may  be  found  useful  to  farmers', 
in  making  calculations  as  to  the  worth  of  dif- 
ferent crops,  for  feeding  stock,  &c.  Indian 
corn,  not  being  the  produce  of  the  Island  of 
Great  Britain,  was  not  analized  by  him,  bu'. 
we  give  the  results  fromother  chemists  : 
1000  parts  of  each  gave  the  following: — 
Winter  Wheat,     955.     Rve,  792 

S,,nng  Wheat,     910.    Barlev  meal,    920 
Indian  Corn,        SOO.     Oal  meal,  670 

Potatoes,  250.     Turnips .  42 

Now  if  we  make  a  Table  from  the  above 
calculations,  giving  to  each  the  produce  of  an 
acre  (as  near  as  may  be)  we  shall  see  at  once 
the  relative  value  of  each  compared  with  tho 
other,  as  contributing  to  the  support  of  anima'. 


life: 

lbs. 
Potatoes,     12,500 
Indian  corn,  2,400 
W.  Wheat,    1,200 
Rve,  900 

Barley,  1,200 

Oals,  9150 

Turnips,        7,500 


lbs.  nutritive  matter 
would  give       3,125 
1920 
1,146 

7i2 

943 
"  552 

315 


or  north  of  the  Valley  of  the  Tennessee  or 
Cumberland  rivers, where  the  vine  will  become 
a  staple  production,  or  succeed  so  well,  as  in 
your  region.  Much  of  this  is  duo  to  the  great 
depth  of  lake  Ontario,  aa  explained  in  many  of 
my  publications.  At  first,  however,  the  cul- 
tivators of  the  vino,  especially,  if  they  com- 
mence with  little  experience,  great  fields,  ton 
many  vines  at  the  outset,  must  expect  more  or 
Ies3  disappointment.  The  true  way  is,  to  be- 
gin with  a  few  vines,  and  by  learning  from  ex- 
perience, both  as  I  o  management  and  varie- 
ties, or  kinds,  expend  to  more,  say  from  a  gar- 
den with  a  few  vines,  tj  a  vineyard.  Try  to 
make  it  a  general  thing, 'hat  every  man  who 
owns  a  farm,  or  garden,  or  both,  shall  have 
growing  a  few  vines,  somo  of  foreign  origin, 
if  thoy  please,  but  by  no  means  neglect  to  culti- 
vate some  of  the  best  natives  " 

N.  B.  It  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  met 
men,  experienced  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
grape,  in  this  country,  that  wo  should  relv  on 
the  nativo  American  grapes,  for  vzino  making, 
as  the  vines  are  more  hardy,  better  bearers. 
and  tho  flavor  of  tho  wine  it.  found  to  bo  supe- 
rior to  thai  produced  by  foreign  grapes,  grown 
in  this  olimatc. 


Thus  it  appears,  that  one  acre  of  Potatoes 
is  equal  to  about  two  a-.reB  of  Indian  Corn 
throe  of  Wheat,  four  of  Rye  or  Barley,  six  of 
Oats,  or  ten  of  Turnips.  J-hould  the  above 
table  be  found  incurred,  we  will  lhank  any  ci 
our  farming  fiienils  to  forward  a  more  accurate 
one,  and  wowiil  give  it  a  place  in  our  column.-. 


SUN  FLOWER. 

As  wo  have  noticed  this  plant  growing  year 
after  year  in  the  fields  in  our  country,  without 
cultivation,  we  aro  induced  tobeheto  that  the 
soil  and  climate  aro  extremely  well  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  it  as  a  field  crop.  We  were 
particularly  struck  with  the  growth  of  it  in  a 
field,  a  little  west  of  Penfield,  on  the  inter 
vale;  it  continued  to  grow  several  years  with 
out  cultivation,  and  yet  the  plants  were  large 
and  vigorous.  It  may  bo  said,  that  there  are 
no  mills  for  extracting  tho  oil :  granted  ;  but 
onco  commence  the  cultivation  of  the  seed, and 
you  may  rest  assured  that  some  Yankee  will 
furnish  a  mill,  or  purchase  the  seed  of  you 


COFFEE. 

We  know  this  is  a   hum-drum  subject,  and 
directions   for  making  it,   aro  found  in   Alma- 
nacs, Journals,  and  Newspapers,  from  the  time 
of  Wouier  Von  Ttsiller  lo  the  present  day,  and 
yet  a  cup  o1-  good  coffee  is  rare  to  be  net  with 
in  the  country.     Now  we  had  rather  rummage 
all  the  almanacs  from  Beers  down  to  Giddings, 
than  diink  one  cup  uf  tho  sylabub  stuff  fre 
qucmly  given  us  at  pubhe  houses  in  tho  coun- 
try.    The  French  are   allowed  to  drink  excel- 
lent coffee,  and  tho  following  we  know    to  be 
the  method  practiced  by  many  of  them  for  ma- 
king it.     Theil  kitchens  are    provided  with 
coffee  pot  or  pitcher,  into  ivhhh  the  coffee  i.- 
leached  :  a  leach  or  vessel  fitted  to  the  too    o.' 
t,  so  as  to  set  into  it  an  inch  or  two;   the  bot- 
tom  of  tho  leach  is   perforated    full   of  small 
holes  :  n  canvass  bag,  tnado  to  fit  the  inside  uf 
th    leach,  having  a  boon  sewed  in  the  top,   to 
prevent  it   falling  within  tho  vessel :  a  pipkin, 
or  sauce-pan.  of  sufficient  size  to  heat  water, 
flavins  selected  and  roasted  codec,   according 
to  taste,  they  procoed  to  grind  it  moderately 
fine,    and  at  evening  wet  with  cold  water  as 
much  as  they  wish  to  use  in  the  morning  ;  this 
is  put  into  the  canvass  bag,  within  the  leach, 
and  boiling  water  poured  upon  the  coffee  until 
sufficient  quantity  is  passed  through  for  use  ; 
during  this  operation,  the  veseels  are  placed  in 
a  situation  to  be  kept  hot,  but  net  boil,  as  that 
would   injure   ihe  flavor  of  the  coffee.     After 
the   first  making,  the  coffee  is  taken  from  the 
bag,  and  kept  for  the  next  making,  when  it  is 
put  into  tho  sauce-pan,  and   to  it  one   Half  of 
the  quantity  "f  water  to  be   used;  this  is  boil- 
ed,  and   the   water  decanted   upon   the  new 
coffeo  in   the    leach,   when  the   other  half  of 
tho  water   is  put  upon  the   dregs,   and  again 
boiled  and  decanted   as  before  ;  after  which. 
Itho  old  dregs  are  thrown  away,  having  beer. 


Vol.  1.— No.  3. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


21 


deprived  of  all  their  strength.  By  this  pro. 
cess,  the  fine  flavor  of  the  new  coffee  is  not 
dissipated  by  boiling,  and  by  tne  after  boiling 
all  the  extract  is  obtained.  This  is  not  only 
an  economical  method,but  we  will  assure  thoso 
who  feel  disposed  to  try  it,  the  pleasure  o' 
drinking  coffee  in  great  perfection. 


WHEAT. 

As  wheat  is  the  staple  article   of  this  sec. 
:ion  of  our  country,  we  cannot  take  too  much 
"pains  in  selecting  those  varieties  which  have 
the  most  good  qualitios.     It  may  be  difficult  to 
determine  what  kinds  of  wheal  will  succeed 
best,  under  all  circumstances,  in  different  parts 
of  our  country.     In  one  part,  the  wheal  may 
winter-kill ;  in  another,   be  destroyed  by  the 
Hessian  fly  ;  in  a  third,  be  tut  off   by  rust.— 
But  we  are  highly  favored  in  this  region  ;  the 
two  first  ore  misfortunes  which  rarely  happen, 
and   the  third  only  in  unfavorable  seasons.— 
When  those  points  are  disposed  of,  ihe  inqui- 
ry will  be, which  kind  produces  inost.and  which 
sells  best  in  market.     With  regard  to  the  first, 
much  difference  of  opinion  prevails,  but  all  a- 
gree  that  the  wheat  known  in  this  market  by 
the  name  of  white  flint,  bears  a  higher  price 
than  any  other  kind,   by  about  two  conts  per 
bushel.        For  several  years   past,  there   has 
jeen  an  universal  uompiaintagainst  this  wheat, 
"  that  it  was  very  difficult  to  thresh;"  but  ow- 
ing to  the  introduction  of  threshing  machines, 
tint  complaint  has  ceased,  and  the  very  quali- 
ty which  was  condemned  before,  has  now  be- 
come one  of  its  recommendations,  that  is,   it 
Joes  not  shell  in  harvesting.     It  is  proper  to 
observe,   that  wheat   threshed  by   a  machine, 
conies  into   market  in  better  conJihon  than 
that  threshed  either  by  horses  or  by  the  flail. — 
3y  the  former  method,  the  white  caps  are  got 
rid  of,  but  by  the  two  latter  methods  it  is  Very 
litlicult  to   separate    all    of   ihctn,   especially 
when  the  wheat  happens  to  be  a  little  shrunk. 
There  is  another  advantage  in  using  threshing 
machines.      It'often  happens  that   a  crop  of 
wheat,   good  in  oilier   respects,  has  a    small 
quantity  of  smut  in  it:  by  threshing  Buch  wheal 
;n  a  machine  when  it  is  dry,  the  smut  grains  are 
broken  in  pieces  and  carried  off  by   the  wind 
from  the  machine.     This  U  well  worth  the  at- 
tention  of  farmers,   as   we  have  seen   wheat 
sold  the   past   season  in  our  market  for  one 
third   less   than  it  would  have  been  worth  had 
t  been  free  from  tiie  smut.     We  are  not  a- 
ware  that  any  perfect  antitode  has  been  found 
jgainst  this  disease  in.  wneat ;    every  variety, 
and  every  country  are  mom  or  less  subject  to 
il  ;    and   among  the   preventives,    to   prepare 
the   ground  icM,  ami  sow  in  scaso7i,  may   be 
counted  the  best.     The  following  observation 
by    Loudon,  are   well  worth  attention.     "  In 
making  a  choice  from  all  the  species  and  vari. 
sties  which  we  have  named,  the    thin  skinned 
while  wheats  are  prefered  by  alltbe  best  British 
farmers,  whose   soil  and  climate  are  suitable 
for  this  grain,  and  for  sowing  in  autumn.     In 
iate  situations,  and'less  favorable  soils  and  cli- 
mates,   the  red   varieties   are  generally  made 
choice  of;  and  those  are  also  generally  prefer- 
red for  sowing  in  the  spring.     Red  wheats, how- 
ever, are  considered  at  least  fifteen  per  cent  less 
valuable  than  the  white  varieties.      Hence,  the 
only  recommendations  we  can  give  as  to  the 
choice  of  sub-varieties,  is,  to  select  the  best 


from  among  chose  in  use  by  the  best  farmers, 
in  tho  given  situation,  or  nearest  well  cultiva- 
ted districts."  Tho  manures  best  calculated 
for  wheat,  are  allowed  by  all  agricultural  che" 
mists,  to  be  animal  matters  and  lime.  The 
former  has  a  direct  influence  in  supplying  that 
essential  constituent  to  wheaten  flour,  gluten  ; 
and  the  latter,  azote  and  lime,  both  artually 
found  in  the  straw  of  the  wheat.  \l  all  e- 
vents,  it  is  certain,  wheat  will  not  thrive  on  any 
soil  that  does  nut  contain  lime.  In  this.  Sir  H. 
Davy,  Chaptal,  Professor  Thaer,  Grisenth- 
waite,  fully  agree. 


METEOROLOGY. 

Meteorology,  in  its  common  acceptation, sig- 
nifies the  doctrine,  or  history,  of  the  appear- 
ance and  causes  of  meteors.     But  in  Physical 
Geography,  its  signification  is  far  more  extend- 
ed.      It  is  here  applied   to  the  explanation  of 
all  atmospheric  phenomena.    In  its  wide  ringe 
are  comprehended,  not  only  the  theory  of  me- 
teorites,  but  also  of  the    Aurora  Borealis,  and 
all  the  splendid  phenomena  of  thunderstorms. 
It  embraces, more  especially,  the  physical  con- 
stitution and  laws  of  the  all-pervading  medium 
in  which  we  subsist :  filling  all  space,  and  ex- 
tending to  the  astonishing  height  of  forty-five 
miles.         Within  this   medium,  there    occurs 
most  of  the  changes  in   the  forms  of  matter, 
with   which  we   are  acquainted;  and  without 
its  prevalence,  all  animated  nature  would  soon, 
er  or  later  lie  in  devastating  ruins.     All  insects 
must  breath  it.  and  all  vegetation  imbibe  it,  or 
wither,  droop,  and  die.     Then  what   is   it,   in 
which  are  wrought  most  of  the  wonders  of  cre- 
ation, that  are  cognizable  by  our  senses  :  and 
how   does  it   enable  life  to  subsist :  matter  to 
assume   new  forms,   and    divest  itself  of  tho 
old:  and  how  is  it  possible  to  explain  all  the 
phenomena  of  heat  and  cold,   the   density  or 
rarity  of  the  air,  to  measure  its  whole  weight, 
or  a  portion   of  it,    its   height,   moisture,   and 
dryness  ;  the  causes  of  rain,  hail,  snow,  dews,  | 
and    fogs;    the  electrical  phenomena,  Aurora 
Bortalis,   rain-bows,  the  azuro  sky;  light,  its 
combinations  and   properties  ;    heat,  and   the 
oiusi  s  of  combustion,  solar  aud  culinary  tiro, 
and  the  phenomena  of  burning  glasses?    be- 
sides a  gr~at  variety  of  others,  the  mere  men- 
tion of  which,   together  with  the  little   that  is 
known  of  the  causes  producing  them,  no  doubt, 
often  paralizes  any  efforts  in  the  field   of  dis- 
covery, and  deadens  well  directed   and  anima. 
ted  ambition.     The  only  rational    answer    to 
such  inquiries,  is,  do  all  that  can  be   done  by 
you,  and  leave  for  future  generations,  your  le- 
gacy, and  the   investigation   of  what,  by  you. 
was  inexplicable.     When  you  reach  the   veil, 
beyond    which  no  man  has  ever  penetrated, 
then,  theorize,   or  even  speculate  ;   and  when 
your  theories  and  speculations,  which,  per. 
haps  may  amount  to  no  more   than    a  unit  in 
themselves,  shall  come  to  be  compared  with  a 
thousand  others,  the  tota1,  or  aggregate,  shall 
abundantly   corroborate  your  suspicions,    aud 
thereby  unfold  new  treasures  to  an  astonished 
and  admiring  world. 

In  this  manner.and  with  very  few  exceptions, 
has  science  been  indebted  for  all  that  adorns 
the  page  of  history,  and  contribotes  to  the 
comfort  and  happiness  of  society. 

Wilh  these  preliminaries,  it  is  easy   to  see 


the  intention  and  usefulness  of  meteoric  ob- 
servations,even  the  limited  ones  that  our  know- 
ledge, and  means  of  obtain  ing  them.shall  enable 
us  to  make.  In  academies  of  science,great  at- 
tention has  ever  been  paid  to  meteorology, and 
tho  facilities  for  accurate  and  extended  observ- 
ations, must  far  exceed  any  thing  that  at  pres- 
ent we  can  hope  for.  Nevertheless,  we  feel 
assured,  that  such  as  we  shall  make, will  claim 
and  receive  all  the  consideration  merited.  We 
moraover  request,  that,  should  they  fall  into 
the  hands  of  any  Meteorologist,  they  may  be 
critically  reviewed,  and  that  inaccuracies',  or 
omissions  may  be  laid  before  the  public  in  such 
shape  as  to  present  to  us  the  proper  correction. 
This  we  solicit  the  more  ardently  and  cheer- 
fully, as  we  have  no  knowledge  that  any  ob- 
servations have  hitherto  been  made,  in  this 
whole  district  of  country;  and  being  the  first, 
also,  ever  made  by  ourselves,  we  desire  them 
to  be  correct ;  and  as  it  is  proposed  to  extend 
them  to  a  lengthy  series, an  abundance  of  time, 
and  a  fair  opportunity,  will  thereby  be  afford- 
ed, for  every  necessary  correction  and  addi- 
tion. 

It  will  readily  be  perceived,  that  these  ob- 
servations will  strengthen,  confirm,  or  over- 
throw any  preconceived  opinions  concerning 
the  humidity  or  dryness,  the  rarity  or  density 
of  our  atmosphere,  and  the  sudden  alterations, 
and  vicissitudes,  or  evenness  of  temperature, 
to  which  this  climate  and  country  are  exposed; 
and  from  them,  when  compared  with  others,  in 
this,  or  foreign  countries,  may  be  deduced  the 
probable  effect  of  these  circumstances  upon 
life,  health,  and  longevity,  as  well  as  upon  ve- 
getation  in  general. 

We  commence  with  the  indications  of  the 
Thermometer,  Barometer,  and  Pluvimeter,  or 
Rain  Guage.  Inserting,  in  cjnnection,  tho 
condition  of  winds,  and  state  of  the  weather, 
at  the  periods  of  observation  ;  leaving  for  the 
reader  to  make  such  inferences  from  the  facts, 
as  may  suggest  themselves  to  him:  as,  perhaps, 
at  what  temperature  and  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere, and  what  the  direction  of  the  wind, 
when  rain,  hail,  or  snow  is  falling,  &c.  &c. 

We  shall  presently  connect  with  these,  ob- 
servations on  the  moisture  and  dryness  of  the 
air,  to  be  measured  with  the  Centigrade  Hy- 
grometer of  Sausome.  We  hope,  also,  as  this 
instrument  can  only  nurk  the  rc(a(irc  moisture, 
to  bo  able  to  present  the  actvnl  quantity  of 
moisture  in  a  given  quantity  of  air,  at  the  times 
of  observation,  and  also  the  point  of  deposi- 
tion, at  each  period  of  rain  or  snow,  as  well 
as  the  relative  force  and  progression  of  winds. 
Tiie  inquiry,  how  fast  does  evaporation  take 
place  at  tiie  surface  of  the  earth,  and  on  the 
surface  of  tiie  water,  al  given  temperatures, 
and  tables  connected  therewith,  and  formed 
upon  such  observations,  would  affird  much  in- 
formation, and  gratify  curiosity- 

At  sunrise,  yesterday  morning,  the  10th,  tho 
thermometer  stood  at  5  dg.  al'ove  Zero,  and  in 
three  hours  rose  to  20  or  to  25  dg.  above  Ze- 
ro. Since  that  time  the  wind  has  performed  a 
complete  revolution,  and  at  this  time,  Tuesday 
the  11th,  10  o'clock  A.  M.  snow  begins  to  fall, 
while  the  thermometer  stands  at43dg.,  or  11 
dg.  above  the  freezing  point.  We  would 
merely  ask,  is  it  not  singular,  that  while  heat- 
ed, or  warm  air,  has  a  strong  inclination  up- 
ward, there  should  still  be  present  in  the  upper 


22 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  22.  1832. 


regions  of  air,  a  strata  below  the  freezing 
point,  and  probably,  from  '.lie  fineness  of  the 
snowy  particles,  many  decrees  below.  Much 
cold,  however,  must  be  brought  to  the  surface 
hy  its  continuance,  which  will  hot  only  dimin- 
ish it  here,  by  imparling  it  to  the  wanner  stra- 
ta, but  also  by  displacing  the  warmer  air,  which 
will  consequently  ascend  tiil  the  restiration  of 
an  equilibrium.     Jan.  11.  1831. 

VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGV.-NO  2. 

We  hope  our  readers  will  understand  our  ob- 
ject, in  continuing  the  numbers  upon  this  sub- 
ject. At  this  time,  there  is  a  general  excite- 
ment in  regard  to  cross  breeding  of  plants,  or 
improving,  by  introducing  new  varieties,  as 
well  as  continuing  valuable  varieties-  by  inocu- 
lating or  grafting.  In  order  to  profit  by 
this,  the  farmer  and  gardener  should  make 
themselves  familiar  with  the  different  parls  of 
the  flower,  and  their  several  functions ;  and 
we  sincerely  hope  that  those  of  our  readers 
who  are  anxious  to  see  the  agriculture  and 
horticulture  of  our  own  country  l;eep  pace 
with  Europe,  will  resolve  to  make  at  least  one 
experiment  in  the  ensuing  year,  and  the  rule 
is  now  generally  adopted,  that  whoever  produ- 
ces a  new  variety,  has  the  privilege  of  giving 
to  it  such  name  as  he  shall  think  proper. 

The  calyx  is  present  with  all  perfect  8owers, 
&  serves  as  a  covering  to  protect  the  more  tender 
parts.  It  is  of  various  shapes,  and  seems  to 
act  the  same  part  with  regard  to  the  flower,  as 
the  leaves  do  for  other  parts  of  the  plant ;  air 
is  inhaled  and  exhaled  by  it,  and  it  elaborates 
the  juices  for  the  perfection  of  the  flower,  and 
contributes   to  the   growth  of  the  stem. 

The  corolla  lies  within  the  calyx  as  a  more  deli- 
cate covering  for  the  reproductive  organs  of  the 
plant,  and  are  capable  of  being  aclod  upon  by 
certain  stimuli,  and  of  closing  for  the  protec- 
tion of  those  organs  which  might  be  destroyed 
by  moisture  or  otherwise  They  are  general- 
ly of  such  shape  as  will  reflect  the  rays  of  the 
6un  to  the  greatest  advantage  upon  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils. 

The  Stamens  seem  very  important  in  the  e- 
conomyof  vegetation, without  the  intervention 
of  pollen  from  the  stamers,  no  pistilate  flow- 
er will  produce  seed,  and  the  character  of  the 
new  plant  is  affected  by  that  of  the  pollen,  by 
which  the  pistil  is  impregnated.  A  proper 
knowledge  of  this  fact  is  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance to  the  farmer  and  gardener,  and  will 
explain  the  manner  in  which  many  of  his  seeds 
and  fiuits  become  mixed,  and  also  point  out  a 
remedy  for  the  same,  and  direct  him  in  the 
process  necessary  for  cross  breeding  of  plants| 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  new  and  useful 
varieties.  As  the  giealest  improvements  in 
agriculture  and  horticulture,  which  have  been 
made  for  the  last  fifty  years  in  the  production 
of  new  varieties,  have  been  dependant  upon 
this  knowledge,  firmers  cannot  study  the  sub-! 
jeot  too  closely. 

The  anther,  or  nob  of  the  stamen,  is  a  fila- 
ceous sack,  filled  with  what  appears  to  bo  a 
fine  dust  ;  this  dust,  when  examined  with  a 
inioroscope.  is  found  to  be  small  particles  of 
albuminous  matter,  inclosed  in  a  membrane- 
ous covering  which  on  being  moistened, 
swells  and  explodes,  emitting  a  thin  glare  fluid. 
When  the  anther  has  arrived  at  maturity,  the 
filaceous  sack  bursts  with  such  force  that  tht 


small  particles  of  pollen  are  projected  to  con- 
siderable distance,  and  being  light,  they  are 
driven  still  farther  by  winds. 

The  pistil,  or  central  organ  of  the  flower, 
projecting  from  the  pericarp  or  seed  vessel — 
this  is  composed  in  most  cases,  of  a  bundle  of 
tubes,  corresponding  to  the  number  of  seeds 
contained  in  the  pericarp,  each  seed  having  a 
separate  tube.  Sometimes  these  tubes  are  not 
connected  in  a  bundle,  as  in  the  Indian  corn, 
where  each  silk  is  a  tube  connected  with  one 
kernel,  and  may  be  considered  a  separate  pis 
til.  Whether  these  lubes  are  separate,  or  in 
bundles,  they  are  enlarged  at  the  outer  end, 
giving  them  the  pestle  form,  from  which  they 
derive   their  name. 

The  seeds,  in  their  imperfect  slate,  consist 
of  a  tegument,  or  skin,  filled  with  a  thin  glare 
fluid,  which  in  its  more  concrete  stale,  forms 
the  rudiments  of  the  young  plant.  During 
the  flowering  of  the  plant,  by  the  expansion 
and  contraction  of  the  tegument,  or  skin  of  the 
young  seed,  a  small  portion  of  the  fluid  con 
tained  in  it,  is  forced  out  through  the  tube  or 
pistil,  and  again  received  into  it  by  suction,-  by 
this  process,  the  mouth  of  the  pistil  is  always 
kopt  wet,  when  the  flower  is  in  perfection,  as 
the  particles  of  pollen  are  brought  in  contact 
with  tho  orifices  of  Ihe  pistils,  by  becoming 
moistened,  they  burst,  and  the  fluid  contained 
in  them,  mixing  with  that  upon  the  pistil,  is  in 
jected  with  it  into  the  tegument  of  the  young 
seed.  And  thus  ihe  plant  becomes  impregna- 
ted, and  the  character  of  the  new  plant  is  un- 
alterably fixed,  as  to  variety,  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  both  the  plants  upon  which  the  sta- 
men and  pistil  grew. 

"I 

REFLECTIONS. 

What  more  devotional,  intellectual,  tasteful, 
and  healthy  employment,  than  the  study,  ob- 
servation,  and  manipulations  of  the  garden. 
Where  is  the  broad  and  comprehensive  book 
ot  nature  so  plainly,  pleasingly,  and  self  evi- 
dently displayed,  as  ainonn  the  herbs,  flowers, 
and  trees;  and  particularly  when  they  owe 
their  fragrance  nnd  beauties,  and  even  their 
existence,  to  the  planting  and  nursing  of  our 
own  hands. 

From  the  incipient  expansion  to  perfect  ma- 
turation and  old  age,  they  are  monitorial  em- 
blems, speaking  in  the  still  small  voice  as  pro- 
fitably as  irresistibly;  they  are  the  preachers 
whose  teachings  are  never  dull,  whose  doc 
trinesare  always  orthodox;  their  lessons,  mor- 
als, and  precepts,  arc  of  plain  application,  and 
easy  comprehension  ;  Ihey  speak  to  all,  and  in 
tho  same  language  ;  calming  the  passions,  and 
smiling  approbation  on  the  heart  void  of  guile. 
I  never  look  upon  a  young  female  who  is  en- 
gaged with,  and  has  a  tasie  for  flowers, and  the 
beauties  of  field  and  grove,  but  that  1  forgive 
hor  all  the  transgressions  of  her  primeval  heri- 
tage, transmitted  from  hor  who  first  tilled  that 
garden  that  flourished  without  weeds,  when  t he- 
world  came  fresh  aud  green  from  the  hands  of 
ils  maker.  Thotyrml,  the  revengeful,  guil- 
ty, and  depraved  soul,  seeks  the  heath,  the 
cave,  or  barren  mountain,  where  nature,  rude, 
wild,  and  uncultivated  assimilates  to  the  rave- 
anous  and  carnivorous  animal  appetites  and 
propensities  rather  than  flee  to  the  innooont 
gaiety,  and  pleasant  soberness  of  the  parterre 
and  shrubbery. 


CULTIVATION  OP  FRUIT. 

There  are  a  number  of  opinions  prevalent  re 
specting  the  cultivation  of  fruit,  by  budding  oi 
grafting,  which,  to  say  the  least  of  them,  arc 
highly  prejudicial  to  the  science  of  horticul- 
ture, and  to  the  interest  of  our  country  gener- 
ally. One  of  the  most  common,  is,  that  small, 
sour,  knotty,  hard  apples,  such  as  are  produ- 
ced in  orchards  which  Hare  not  been  cultivated 
by  grafting  or  budding,  make  the  best  cider. — 
Another  is,  that  the  grafted  freewill  fail  with 
the  old  stock,  from  which  the  c-ion  was  taken. 
And  again,  that  grafted  trees-only  hear  even 
other  year.  It  is  difficult  to  say  whether  those 
prejudice;  originated  in  ignorance  or  supersti- 
tion :  but  it  is  high  time  they  weio  consigned 
to  oblivion  with  the  stories  of  ghosts  and 
witchcraft.  That  the  juice  of  all  kinds  of  ap- 
ples is  not  alike  rich  in  acid  and  sacharim 
matter,  is  apparent,  by  mere  tasting,  but  mori 
accurately  by  ascertaining  the  specific  gravity 
of  tho  juico.  It  does  not  follow  that  the  lai 
gest  apples  make  the  best  cider;  but  for.a  gen- 
eral rule, the  heaviest  apples,  according  to  then 
size,  in  ike  the  richest;  other  circumstances, 
such  as  colour  and  ripeness,  being  the  same. — 
Neither  is  it  certain  that  sweet  apples  contain 
most  sarharine  matter,  although  the  taste 
would  indicate  it;  in  sour  apples,  there  inaj 
be  an  equal  quantity,  but  covered  by  the  acid, 
which  seems  as  necessary,  in  ordtr  to  j  ro 
duce  .a  good  vinous  fermentation,  as  the  su 
gar  ;  hence,  we  often  find  that  cider,  when 
made  from  sweet  apples  alone,  is  tasteless 
and  incipid. 

Two  things  should  be  kept  in  view  by  those 
who  would  cultivate  apples  for  cider — richness 
of  juice,  and  color  of  fruit,  preferring  red  ox 
yellpw.  to  green  or  white.  As  these  quali- 
ties may  be  found  in  fruit  that  possess  othet 
excfcllences,  for  kitchen  and  table  use,  we 
would  not  advise  the  cultivation  of  orchards 
expressly  for  cider.  Very  few  apples  can  be 
produced  yielding  richer  juice  than  the  Eso- 
•pus  Spitzenburg,  and  Swaar,  both  of  which 
are  of  the  first  class  of  table  fruits.  As  to  the 
idoa,  that  all  cions  taken  from  a  tree  will  fail 
at  the  same  time  with  the  parent  stock,  it  i > 
equally  as  absurd  as  it  would  he  to  say  that 
every  child  would  die  when  its  father  did. — 
Wc  know  of  some  of  the  oldest  varieties  of 
apples  cultivated  in  New  England,  cions  of 
which  have  been  brought  into  Western  New- 
York  and  grafted,  which  are  as  thrifty,  and 
produce  as  finely,  as  any  seedling  in  the  or- 
chards. Tnis  is  a  transatlantic  error,  and  is 
resorted  to  as  a  finesse,  beoause  they  can- 
not now  produce  an  apple  corresponding  with 
the  old  descriptions  of  ihe  Golden  pippin,  and 
we  doubt  whether  they  ever  could. 

England  has,  at  this  time,  some  justly  cele- 
brated Horticulturists,  men  who  aro  enriching 
the  world  by  ".heir  improvements ;  but  in  or 
chards  they  are  as  far  behind  us,  as  we  are  be- 
hind them  in  manufacturing.  And  we  think  thai 
the  old  county  of  Ontarie,  in  the  state  of  New 
Vnrk,  produces  more  fine  apples  than  Eng- 
huid,  Scotland,  and  Ireland   together. 

As  to  the  alternate  boaring  of  tree*,  this  i- 
readily  corrected  by  picking  off"  part  of  the 
fruit  when  small,  which  will  allow  the  tree  to 
forrt  blossom  bnds  for  the  next  v  ear. 


Vol.  1.— No.  3. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


23 


THE  STEAM  ENGINE 

The  name  of  ihe  Steam  Engine,  to  most 
persons,  brings  the  idea  of  a  machine  of  the 
most  complex  nature,  and  hence  intelligible 
only  to  those  who  will  devole  much  time  to 
the  study  of  it. 

Bui  he  that  can  understand  a  common 
pump  ma)  understand  a  steam  engine,  h  is 
in  fac;  only  a  pump,  in  nliscli  the  .]oid  is  made 
to  impel  the  piston,  instead  of  being  impelled 
by  it,  that  is  to  say,  the  fluid  jets  as  V.«i  power 
instead  of  being  the  resistance.  It  may  be  de 
scribed  simply  as  a >) long  barrel  or  cylinder. 
with  a  closely  fitted  piston  in  it,  v.  hich  is  driv- 
en upanddown  by  steam  admitted  alternately 
from  above  and  below  from  a  suitable  boiler  ; 
while  the  end  of  the  piston  rod,  at  which  the 
whole  force  may  be  considered  to  be  concen- 
trated, is  connected  in  any  convenient  way 
with  the  work  that  it  is  to  be  performed. 

The  potver  of  the  engine  is  of  course  pro- 
portioned to  the  i  v/.i  of  i  he  piston,  and  the  den 
sity  of  ihe  steam;  iliat  is,  if  the  area  of  the 
piston  be  equal  to  one  hundred  square  inches, 
and  the  density  of  the  steam  equal  to  twenty 
pounds  on  the  square  inch,  then  the  whole 
loice  against  the  piston  will  be  two  thousand 
pounds — In  some  ol  tii«  nines  of  Europe 
there  are  cylinders  and  pistons  on  more  than 
ninety  inches  in  diameter,  of  which  the  pres- 
sure of  steam  equals  the  effort  ol  six  hundred 
horses.  The  mechanical  properties  of  steam 
are  precisely  like  those  of  common  air,  hence 
any  person,  who  is  familiar  with  experiments 
in  pneumatics,  will  readily  see  how  the  elastic 
force  of  the  steam  is  capable  of  moviug  the 
pislon,  in  the  cylinder  of  a  steam  engine;  and 
how  by  attaching  a  lever  or  oth.;r  contrivao 
ces  to  the  piston  rod,  motion  may  be  communi- 
cated to  pumps,  mills,  &c. 

Those  who  are  not  familiar  with  such  ex- 
periments may  iry  lor  themselves  the  follow- 
ing :  Take  a  goose  quill,  and  a  slice  of  poUtoe, 
press  on  one  end  of  the  quill  ou  the  potaioe. 
and  cut  out  a  pi.  ce  which  will  be  lef.  in  the 
quili;  this  may  be  blown  by  the  breath  to  a 
considerable  distance,  or  it  may  be  pushed 
backward  and  forward  in  the  quill,  in  imitation 
of  the  piston  of  a  steam  engine. 

The  steam  after  leaving  the  cylinder,  is 
sometimes  allowed  to  escape  into  Ihe  open  air ; 
tins  is  called  the  high  pressure  engine,  on  ac- 
count ol  the  force  of  steam  required  to  act  a- 
gainst  the  pressure  ol  the  atmosphere. 

In  other  engines  the  steam  escapes  from  the 
i  Cylinder  into  a  vessel,  kept  cool  by  being  sur 
Vouoded  wild  cold  water.  Here  the  force  of 
steam  is  instantly  destioyed;  so  that  a  vacuum 
is  kept  up,  on  one  side  of  the  piston,  while  the 
whole  force  of  the  steam  presses  on  the  other 
side.  This  is  called  the  low  pressure,  or  con 
densing  engine  • 

It  is  not  an  easy  task  to  describe  the  manner 
in  which  the  steam  is  made  to  act  alternately 
at  top  and  bottom  of  the  piston,  wtthouta  dia- 
gram, nor  even  with  one.  unless  some  parts 
are  moveable.  A  leal  model  of  a  steam  en- 
gine, besides  being  very  expensive  and  many 
of  the  parts  hid  from  sight,  is  not  easily  mana- 
ged by  ihose  whose  business  it  is  to  teach  In 
consideration  ol  the  dilliculties,  a  model  has 
been  contrived,  which  is  not  very  expensive, 
and  easily  managed.  Bv  this,  a  correct  idea 
of  the  most  essential  pai'ls  of  ihe  steam  engine 
may  be  easily  obtained. — Education  Reporter. 


TORTABLE  GAS. 

We  were  shown  on  Saturday  a  portable 
gasometer,  of  the  capacity  of  7.1  pints,  in  which 
were  condensed  14  gallons  of  gas,  a  quantity 
which  it  is  said  might  be  increased  to  30  or 
even  60  gallons.     The  proprietor,  Mr.  Joseph  II  alarm  to  tire  citizens. 


Boston,  No.  7,  Wall  street,  is  confident  that 
with  this  contrivance  he  can  furnish  a  better 
light  than  that  which  is  alHirded  by  the  usual 
method,  and  at  the  same  price. — Jour  of  Com. 

VALUABLE    RECIPE. 

When  a  crack  is  discoversd  in  a  stove,  thro' 
which  the  fiie  or  smoke  penetrates,  the  aper- 
ture may  be  cempletely  closed  in  a  moment 
with  a  composition  consisting  of  wood,  ashes, 
and  common  salt,  mndo  into  paste  with  a  little 
water,  plaistered  over  the  crack.  The  good 
effect  is  equally  certain,  whether  tho  stove, 
&c.  be  cold  or  hot. 

IMPRLVED    STOCK. 

Extract  of  a  letler  from  a  gentleman  in  Washington, 
Pa.  to  lire  Editor  of  tlio  N.  England  Farmer. 

"I  own  a  fine  bull  by  Denton,  purchased 
some  years  ago  from  John  Hare  Powell,  Esq. 
This  animal  has  made  a  grerit  change  in  our 
slock.  His  calves  are  large,  well  formed,  and 
j  promise  to  make  valuable  animals  for  the  dai- 
ry. They  discover  a  great  disposition  to  fat. 
and  with  ordinary  beep,his  calves  ot  G  months 
old,  weigh  from  f>  to  000  lbs. — yearlings,  7  to 
800  lbs. — and  we  have  heifers  of  3 years  old, 
13  to  1300  lbs.  live  weight." 

Premiums. — At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  Middlesex  Agricultural  Society,  held  in 
Concord,  Mass.  on  Wednesday,  the  29th  nit. 
the  following  premiums  were  awarded  : 

To  Nathan  Brooks,  of  Acton,  for  36  1-2 
bush,  six  quarts  of  Rye,  from  one  acre  and  5 
rods.  $15,00 

To  Richard  Hall,  of  Littleton,  2144  lbs.  of 
Hops,  first  quality,  from  148  rods,      $10,00. 

Newspapers  in  the  Stale  of  ./Veto  York. 
An  extract  from  Mr.  Williams's  forthcoming 
State  Register  for  1831,  gives  thenumberof 
Newspiper-6  in  this  state  at  234,  of  which  about 
70  are  favorable  to  the  present  Administration, 
and  80  against  it;  46  of  the  latter  number  are 
And- Masonic.  In  Putnam  and  Rockland 
counties  only,  no  papers  are  published. 

In  the  city  of  New  York,  tbere  are  51  pa- 
pers of  all  kinds;  daily  11,  semUweekly  10, 
weekly  24,  monlhlj  5,  semi  monthly  1.  There 
are  supposed  to  be  16  000  da:ly  sheets  pub- 
lished, 18,000  semi  weekly.and  50.000  weekly. 
The  whole  number  of  papers  printed  in  ihe 
city  in  a  year,  is  supposed  to  be  9,536,000 — 
in  the  whole  state,  14,536,000.  Tbe  paper 
consumed  by  the  journals  of  the  State,  in  a 
year,  is  estimated  at  above  33.000  reams,  and 
the  cost  of  it,  $4  a  ream,  g  132.000 

To  the  editor  of  the  jirgus.  dated 

Washington  Jan.  7. 

"  Dear  Sir-  -The  friends  of  Mr  Monroe,  I 
fear,  may  abandon  all  hope  of  obtaining  the 
passage  of  his  bill.  Mr.  Williams,  of  North 
Carolina,  this  day  made  a  speech  against  it,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  entered  fully  into  the 
merits  and  dements  of  the  claim  He  did 
this,  he  said,  to  vindicate  congress  for  voting 
against  it. 

"  The  senate  is  still  engaged  as  a  high  court 
of  impeachment  tor  the  trial  of  Peek.  It  is 
probable  that, the  testimony  on  the  part  of  the 
respondent  will  be  closed  by  Monday  or  tues- 
day'  and  the  counsel  will  then  sum  up. 


METEOROLOGICAL,    TABLE, 

far  the  week  ending  Jan.  14,1831. 


Thcr 


Baromet'r  i 


24  30,00 

8  99,68 

23 1 99,55 

28  89,30 


90l  15  99,81 


99.75  >( 
29,58|m  e 
99.45IW 
99,4(1  » 
2(1,90  n  a> 
99,90  n  w 


nds 

Weather 

a 

9 

> 

- 

i 

>* 

■p 

a 

.2)  to.S 
2i£  i 

e 

1 

n 

1 

s 

I 

nw 

] 

n  w 

1 

n 

1 

ne 

1 

Observant 


linchsnou 


1320,   5  3U.00 
14|l€l|7i3J),80ti>9,08!s 

XT  The  Barometrical  and  Thermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  J  M.  and  P.  M.,tchick 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  (hnt  time  to  give  the  nearest  mean  average  of  the 
relative  keat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time- 

The  coldest  day  at  sunrise  this  week  was  (he  lOlh— ."> 
degrees  above  Zero. 


ROCHESTER   PRICES  CURRENT. 
Jan   21,  1831. 

Ashes  per  2240  lbs                      Mink  12a31 

Pot,                     $91a92  50     Raccoon  lPa3I 

Pearl                   100ol02  50     Martin  25a62 

Apples  per  bushel        25o44      Fisher  37a50 

Do  dried                          75      Wild  Cat  16a23 

Bristles.coinb'd  per  In  Wa'31      Gray  Fox  18a25 

Beoswax                do    )8a20  'JrassSeed  per  bush  62 

0al2  Hops  per  lb  12o!5 

$Ni9  Honey  do 

■'•a'  Lard      do 


50o62 


Butter  do 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl 

Do  prune      do 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Barley  per  bushel 
Beans        do 
Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  cts 

Do  dipped  do      8 

Do  sperm  do    28 

Corn  per  buBhel  44«50 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05 

CloverSeedper  bush    $J  00 
Flour  per  bbl  4  50a4  75 

Flax  per  lb  07a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     78o87 
Feathersper  lb  31a37 

Furs— Otter  I00a400 

Fox, red  50o75 


0Sfflfi3iMuttondo 


09 

0Ga07 
02fl03 


3e<«44iMustardSeed  per  bush     $4 


Fox,  cross 


Oats  per  bush 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  ib  14 

Peaches, dry'dbush  100^200 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $ 12a 13 


Do  prime 

8a9 

Do  fresh  per  lb 

03o04 

Quills  per  100 

25o30 

Rye  per  busb 

50 

Rags  per  lb 

03o01 

Sail  per  bbl 

$1  75 

Tallow  per  Ib 

0(iii07 

Wheat  per  bush 

94a 100 

lOOa^OOiBuckwhest flour, cwt.  $1  7f> 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 
BV  C  W..    DUNDAS. 


COLONIZATION. 

The  praiseworthy  spirit  on  this  subject  13 
extending  its  march.  A  meeting  was  to  be 
held  on  Tuesday  evening  Jast  at  the  middle 
Dutch  church,  N.  Y.  for  the  purpose  of  organ- 
izing a  society  in  furtherance  of  (he  object  of 
Emancipation  and  African  Colonization.  Not 
only  humanity  demands  our  exertions  towards 
the  furtherance  of  this  object ;  but  the  future 
welfare  of  a  portion  of  our  union  is  closely 
coonected  with  its  success.  The  colored  po 
puiation  of  some  of  the  Southern  States  is  al 
ready  becoming  a  matter  of  deep  anxiety  and 


NEW  YORK. 

All  banks  in  tin*  state,  par 
except  the  following 
BrokenBanhs.     Washing- 
ton &  Wairen,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank,Mid 
die  iir-t  ,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Hanuf.  Co., 
Plattsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    banks  id  this  state,  par. 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks      Fanners 
b'uk  of  Belchertown,  Sutton. 
Berkshi>e,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

RHODE-ISLAND 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers' 

Exchange,  and   Tamers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
AH  brinks  in  this  state,  pan 
except  the  fellowiug 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  atUnion  bank 
New-York,  Derby,  aod  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  haul* 
New- York. 

NEW- HAMPSHIRE. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  per. 

MAINE. 
All  banks  in  (his  state,  par.\ 


amaquoddy  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 
State b'nk.&TrentoP  Bank- 
ing Company,  par. 
Al!  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Salein  & 
Phil.  iUanuf.Co-. Monmouth, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
N.  Jersey  Mauuf.  &  Banking 
Co-  at  Hoboken,  State  Bank 
at  Trenton,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  and  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Philadelphia  Banks,       par- 

11  other  banks,    2per  cent, 

except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.  Farmers' 
^Mechanics'  atN.Sa., Cen- 
tre, Huctington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greencas- 
tle,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington, Uniontown,  Agricul- 
tural,Sil  Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hops  Bridge  Co  new  emis- 
sion} and  Browrtvi  He  banks. 

OHIO. 
All  banks,      4  to  G  per  cent, 

MICHIGAN. 

All  banks,  2 per  cent, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks.    Monroe, 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  to  3  per  cent, 
except  the 


except  the  following 
Broken   Bunks.    Castmej     Upper  Cana.  at  Kingston, 
VViscasset,  Hallowell  &.  Au-  and  Unchartered  banks. 
gusta,  Kennebec,  and   Pas-| 

XT  The  above  table  re/ten  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re 
fers  to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  asnone  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation are  receivable. 


f   Errata. 

3d  column,   1st  page,  4th  line  from  top,  for 

the  same"  read  that  Some. 

1st  column,  4th  page,  7th  and  8th  lines  from 
bottom,  for  "  top  of  them  of  wood,"  read  tops 
thin  of  wood. 


Hi 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


Jan.  22,  1831. 


SE3LEeres©-NS. 


do. 


11,859 
3,842 
0,938 
1,663 

4,319  Kegs 
4,216 


RICHES    OF   THE    WEST. 

To  enable  distant  readers  to  judge  more  cor- 
rectly than  they  otherwise  could  of  the  impor 
tance  of  our  Lake  Commerce,  and  of  the  a- 
mount  of  western  produce  which  seeks  an  out 
let  and  a  market  there,  we  have  been  at  the 
pains  to  obtain  from  our  several  Forwarding 
Merchants,  the  quantities  of  the  various  de- 
scriptions   of  property,    the  products  of   the 
country,  which  they  have  respectively  received 
from  the  west,  by  way  of  the  Lake,  during  the 
season  of  navigation,  which  has  just  closed  - 
In  the  item  of  wheat  is  included  all  which  has 
gone  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  fine  flouring 
Mill  at  Bla^k  Rock— the  only  article,  the  whole 
of  which  was  not  landed  at   our   wharves  — 
From  the  transcripts  politely  furnished  us,  we 
have  prepared  a  table  of  the  leading  articles 
(hey  contain,  whioh  follows  : 
£67,909  Bushels  Wheat, 
36,929  Barrels    Flour, 
Ashes, 
Whiskey, 
Pork, 
Beef, 
Butter, 
Lard, 
752  Casks  Linseed  Oil, 
774  Tuns  Pig  and  Scrap  Iron, 
742  Tuns  Stoves  and  other  Castings, 
998  Barrels  and  Tierces  Fiax-Seed 
43'J        do.  do.   Grass  do. 

1  273  Barrels  Lake  Fish, 
646        do.    Dried  Fruit, 
343  Casks  Beans, 
359,000  Pipe  Staves, 

25  Hogsheads  Tobacco, 
3,514  Packs  Furs  and  Pollrios, 
187  Barrels  Tallow, 
47  Tuns  Pig  Lead, 
1,607  Casks  Cheese, 
29,185  Poundi  Wool, 
149  1-2  TunsHemp, 
242  Bales  Feathers, 
2  12  Tuns  Hams, 
32  1-2  Tuns  Hope, 
121  Barrels  Cider, 
36  1-2  Tuns  Beeswax, 
1,153  Hides  and  Skins, 

44  Barrels  Beer, 
2,286  Bushels  Com, 
4,206  Boxes  Glass, 
205  Barrels  Nuts, 
31  Tuns  Glass  and  Stone-ware, 
5,764  lbs.  Western  Bar  Iron. 
Exclusive  of  the  above  there  are  large  quan- 
tities of  Sawed  Building  Stone,  Shingles,  Curl- 
ed Maple  and  other  Lumber,  Paper  Rags,  (ma- 
ny tuns)  with  Axes,  Cigars,  Oats,  Rye,    and 
various  other  articles,  in  lesser  quantities. 

These  returns  we  are  perfectly  aware  are  ne- 
cessarily defective,  as  they  embrace  only  what 
nroperty  has  been  received  at  the  Storehouses, 
whiie  no  account  is  or  can  be  obtained  of  all 
'.hat  has  been  received  by  the  owner  or  con- 
signee, either  upon  the  wharves  or  on  board 
Canal  Boats,  without  entering  into  ware-house 
accounts.  The  statement  we  give,  however,  is 
good  as  far  as  it  goes  ;  and  the  importance 
and  business  of  our  town  may  be  father  illus- 
trated by  the  fact  that  tne  greater  part  of  this 
property  was  either  owned  or  purebsed  here, 
upon  its  arrival.-- -Buffalo  Journal. 
BEA    ISLAND   COTTON. 

By  a  letter  recently  published  in  Philadel- 
phia, it  appears  tint  Sea  Island  cotton  was 
first  iotroduceJ  into  the  United  States  in  the 
year  1789  by  a  Mr.  Patrick  Walsh.  He  sent 
to  a  Mr.  Lovett,  on  Sapelo  Island,  some  sacks 
of  Pernambuco  cotton  seed.  Of  this  he  made 
no  use  until  the  next  Spring,  when  wishing  to 
use  the  sacks  for  some  other  purpose,  ho  emp 
tied  out  the  seed  upon  the  ground,  without 
paying  any  atteolinn  to  it ;  and  the  season  be. 
itig  moist  he  was  surprised  to  find  in  the  tall,  a 
small  quantity  of  verj  froe 'cotton  which  had 


grown  from  these  seed  'bus  accidentally  sown. 
A  few  years  after  be  raised  in  one  season  20 
tons  of  colton,from  this  small  beginning.  This 
is  asserted  to  be  the  origen  of  the  Long  Staple 
cotton  in  the  southern  states, 
woot 

Sales  of  more  than  100,000  pounds  of  fleece 
and  pulled  Wools  have  been  made  during  the 
last  ten  days  Prices  of  Fleeces  are  fully 
maintained,  and  the  quantity  of  this  descrip- 
tion of  Wool  in  our  market,  is  smaller  than  we 
have  before  known  it  for  many  months.  Pull- 
ed Wools  are  more  abundant,  although  there 
is  no  overstock  of  this  article,  sales  of  No.  1 
l/3mbs,have  been  made  during  the  week  at  56c 
3  months.  There  have  been  no  additions  to  the 
former  stock  of  Domestic  Wool.  The  Logan 
from  London,  arrived  yesterday,  brought  21 
bags  of  Foreign  Woo).  Accounts  from  Lon- 
don, of  Nov.  30,  stale  that  the  Wool  Trade 
was  not  so  active  as  it  had  been,  and  that  some 
descriptions  of  the  foreign  article  had  declin- 
ed from  Id  to  3d  per  lb. 

The  New  York  Daily  Advertiser  of  Satur- 
day says — "  Some  long  expected  shipments 
from  London  have  at  length  arrived  to  give] 
relief  to  our  market;  and  some  considerable! 
parcels  are  understood  to  be  on  their  way  to 
this  and  other  ports.  They  consist  of  Eng- 
lish, Spanish,  Saxony,  New  South  Wales  and 
Danish  ;  about  1600  bales  are  staled  to  be  con- 
tained in  the  various  shipments.  This  oppor- 
tune supply  will  serve  to  enliven  the  mar- 
ket, notwithstanding  the  advanced  season. 
Some  coarse  samples  which  we  have  inspected, 
being  considerably  highor  charged  than  any 
previous  shipments  that  have  come  under  our 
notice,  may  possibly  disappoint  the  shippers  in 
their  expectations,  although  the  market  op- 
pears  likely  to  sustain  itself  well  in  this  de- 
scription. In  tne  ordinary  business  of  the 
week  lhere|has  been  no  change." — Bost.  Cour 

COUNTERFEIT  COLD. 

A  German,  Dr  Hermstad,  has  discovered 
a  mixture  of  metals,  which  is  not  only  of  the 
color  of  real  gold,  but  also  possesses  its  hard- 
ness, all  its  ductility,  and  the  same  specific 
weight.  The  inventor,  however,  does  not  as- 
sert that  It  is  as  unchangeable  as  gold;  andthere 
can  be  bo  doubt  that  if  he  had  met  with  that 
quality  in  it,  he  would  not  have  failed  to  men 
lion  it  ;  for  in  that  case  he  would  have  found 
the  secret  which  has  been  so  long  and  so  vain- 
ly sought  by  the  alchymists.  This  material  is 
thus  composed  :--Out  of  twenty-four  parts 
equal  in  weight,  there  are  sixteen  of  platina, 
seven  of  pure  copper,  and  one  of  pure  zinc  ; 
this  is  to  be  covered  with  powdered  charcoal, 
and  placed  in  a  crucible  on  a  strong  fire,  until 
the  fusion  has  reduced  the  three  into  one  mnss  ; 
which  will  be  the  said  counterfeit  gold — Jour- 
nal des  Connaissances  Usuolles. 

NOVEL     SPORT.  , 

Under  this  head  we  place  the  following  ad- 
vertisement, as  it  appears  in  the  Yorkville  Pi 
oneer,  of  this  State  : 

A  oitizen  of  Yorkville,  banters  Union, 
Chester  and  Lancaster  distriots,  S  C.  and 
Mecklenburg  county,  N,  C,  to  run  in  a  fox 
chase,  a  dog  in  his  possession  against  any  dog, 
that  can  be  brought  to  this  place,  from  any 
quarter,  within  the  limits  above  presented  ; 
for,  from  ten  to  fifty  dollars,  or  the  price  of  a 
public  dinner  or  party,  any  time  between  tin* 
and  the  Sih  of  January  next.  For  paiticulars 
inquire  at  the  sign  of  the  "  Golden  Ball,"  York- 
ville, S.  C."—  Charleston  City  Gaz. 

9UF.GERY. 

The  operation  of  lithonticity,  or  breaking  up 
the  stone  in  the  bladder  was  lately  performed 
for  the  first  time  in  this  country  by  Dr.  Dopey  - 
re,  a  young  French  surgeon.  This  new  meth- 
od, which  >vas  first  practised  in  Europe  by  Ba 
ron  Heurtoloup,  supersedes  the  dangerous  ope 
ration  of  cutting,  and  cures  the  disease  without 
the  loss  of  ulood  and  with  little  pain  ox  danger. 
— Atbany  Advocate. 

CATT-    KING'S    EXPEDITION. 

The  British  ships,  Mvtnturc'm  and  Bcrgl&, 


which  have  been  employed,  for  the  las:  three 
years,  in  surveying  the  coast  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, and  particularly  about  Cape  Horn,  under 
the  orders  of  captain  King,  have  arrived  in 
England. 

PrtSENT    NAVAL    FORCE  OF   GREAT   BRITAIN. 

Admirals  of  the  Fleet.  William  Peere  Wil 
'iams  Freeman,  Esq.  ;  Right  Hon.  James  Loic 
Gambier,  G.  C.   B. 

Admirals.  Of  the  red,  19  ;  of  the  white,19  ; 
of  the  blue,  20— total,  58. 

Vice  Admirals.     Of  the  red.  22 ;  of  the  white 

22  ;  of  the  blue,  22- -total,  66. 
Rear  Admirals.     Of  the  red,  23;  of  the  white 

23  ;  of  the  blue,  24— total,  70. 
Retired   Rear   Admirals,   35  ;  retired  Cap- 

iainB,  12 — total,  44 

Post  Captains.  On  full  pay,  568  ;  on  the 
half-pay  of  14s.  6d.  per  diem,  100  ;  on  the  hall 
pay  of  I2s.  6d.  per  diem,  151-  total,  819. 

Commanders.  On  fnll  pay,  757  ;  on  the 
half  pay  of  10s  per  diem,  151 — total,  819. 

Liieutenants   superannuated  with  the  rank 
of  Commander,  100 
Poor  Knights  of  Windsor.     Lieutenants,  C 
Lieutenants      On  full  pay,  2046;  on  the  halt 
pay  of  7s.  per  diem,  300  ;  on  the  half-pay    c' 
6s!  per  diem,  1,010— total,  3,356. 
Masters      Superannuated,  21. 
Ditto  for  Service.    On  full  pay,  121  ;  on  the 
half-pay  of  7s>  per  diem,  100  ;  on  the  half-pav 
of  Cs.  per  diem,  305— total.  526. 

Pursers.  On  full  pa/,  337  ;  on  the  half  pay 
of  5s.  per  diem,  100  ;  on  the  half-pay  of  4s. 
per  diem,  200 — total,  637. 

Medical  Officers.     Physicians, 12  ;  Surgeons 
retired  on    full  pay,  53  ;  Surgesns  for  active 
service,  725  ;  Assistant  Surgeons,  dilto.  357 
Dispensers  of  Hospilals,  12;  Hospital  Males. 
3—10101,1,162. 

Chaplains.     Retired  list,  46— total,  70. 

*The  Royal  Navy  of  Great  Britain  consists  of  CCO  ship1 
r>f  war,  ratingfrom  140  guns  down  to  surveying  veaei-t- 
carrying  no  more  than  two  guns  cash.  Of  this  largp 
fleet,  188  sail  are  employed  on  foreign  and  home  service 
Ibo  for  conveying  mail9  end  specie  from  the  various 
parts  of  Soath  America  and  the  East  Indies.  The  re- 
mainder arelyingin  ordioaty  at  the  naval  depoteat  Sheer 
uess,Port8mouib,  Plymouth,  &c-  some  are  ased  as  con- 
vict ships,  or  lent  to  the  East  India  Company.  The  ef 
fective  force  of  mon  iB  20,000  Sailors  and  3000  Roya" 
Murines.  

The  following  lines  are  attributed  to  the 
late  Sir  John  Malcolm,  author  of  a  history  ol 
Persia,  and  the  interesting  "  Sketches"  of  the 
same  eountry. 

"  O  that  I  had  the  wings   of  a  dore.  that   J 
might  flee  aicay  and  be  at  rest." 
So  prayed  the  Psalmist  to  be  free 

Fiom  mortal  bonds  and  earthly  thrall; 
And  such,  or  soon  or  late  shall  be 

Full  oft  tho  heart  breathed  prayer  of  all 
And  we,  when  life's  last  sands  we  rove, 

With  faltering  fool  and  aching  breast, 
Shall  sigh  for  wings  that  waft  the  dove, 

To  flee  away  and  be  at  rest. 
While  hearts  aro  young  and  hopes  are  high 

A  fairy  dream  doth  life  appear; 
Its  sights  are  beauty  to  the  eye, 

Its  sounds  are  music  to  the  ear; 
But  soon  it  glides  from  youth  to  age; 

And  of  its  joys  no  moro  possessed. 
We,  like  the  captive  of  the  cage, 

Would  flee  away  and  be  at  rest. 
Is  ours  fair  womnn's  angel  smile, 

All  hright  and  beiuliful  as  day? 
So  of  hor  cheek  and  eye  the  while, 

Time  sleals  the  rose  and  dims  the  ray 
She  wanders  to  the  spirits'  land, 

And  we  with  spoechloss  grief  oppress'd» 
As  o'er  the  faded  form  we  stand, 

Would  gladly  share  her  place  of  test. 
Beyond  the  bills — beyond  the  sea — 

Oh!  lor  the  pinions  of  a  dove; 
Oh!  for  the  morning's  wings  to  floe 

Away,  end  be  with  them  we  love; 
When  all  i»  fled  that's  bright  and  fair, 

And  life  is  bet  a  wintry  waste, 
This,  tbis,  at  last  rami  besur  prayer,, 

To  flee  away  and  be  at  rust. 


%mm  mmwmmm  &Ms&mmm. 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JANUARY  29,    1831. 


MMBE6  4. 


THE    GENESEE    F A R M E R 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 
Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo 
my,  &c.  &c 
Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  the 
time  of  subscribing,  by  Tuckfr  &  Stevens, 
at  the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 
ET  The   proprietors   have    undertaken  the 
publication  with  the  determination  of  making 
it  permanent  :  they    would  therefore   suggest 
to  all  those  who  would  wish  to  see  the  Farmer 
become  a  durable  and  useful  paper,  the  propri- 
ety of  not  only  interesting    themselves  in  its 
circulation,  but  also  of  contributing  to  its  col- 
umns. 

U°  Those  gentlemen  to  whom  we  have  ta- 
ken the  liberty  to  forward  this  number,  if 
they  shall  think  favorably  of  the  undertaking, 
and  of  the  merits  of  the  work,  will  oblige  us 
by  forwarding  us  their  names,  and  thoso  of  a 
ny  friends  to  whom  «uch  a  paper  as  this  would 
be  desirable.  As  it  is  of  its  kind  unique  in  this 
state,  and  intended  for  general  circulation,  we 
expect  to  look  abroad  for  a  great  part  of  our 
patronage. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

SPONTANEOUS  VEGETATION. 

Messrs.  Editors — Your  correspondent,  A. 
B-  in  the  first  number  of  the  Farmer,  asks 
whether  ihe  plants  which  seem  mysteriously 
to  soring  up  in  newly  cleared  lands,  are  spon- 
taneous productions,  or  whether  they  are  the 
offspring  of  former  plants. 

I  believe  it  is  now  a  universally  received  o- 
pinion,  among  physiologists, that  neither  plants 
nor  animals  are  of  spontaneous  production,  but 
thatjthey  owe  their  being, in  all  cases.to  parents 
of  their  kind.  Toaccount  then  for  the  eem- 
ing  phenomena  detailed  by  A.  B.  it  is  nccessa- 
ry  to  show,  that  seeds  may  have  been  deposi- 
ted at  a  recent  or  remote  period  ;  that  their  vi- 
tality may  have  remained  long  dormant  with- 
out having  become  extinct ;  and  that  the  ef- 
fects of  fire,  or  the  operations  of  tillage,  may 
be  sufficient  to  vivify  and  call  into  action  the 
living  principle. 

Seeds  may  have  been  deposited  by  waters, 
beyond  the  reach  of  agents  indispensable  to 
germination  ;  or  they  may  hare  have  been 
brought  by  winds,  or  scattered  by  the  beasts 
of  the  forest,  or  the  fowls  of  the  air.  Rice 
has  been  taken  from  the  crops  of  pigeons, 
which  must  have  been  brought  some  hundreds 
of  miles.  Nor  is  the  vitality  of  many  seeds, 
particularly  those  covered  with  a  hard  shell, 
like  those  of  most  small  fruits,  impaired  by  this 
method  of  conveyance.  On  the  contrary  it  is 
common  in  some  oountries,  to  have  haws  and 
other  hard  seeds  pass  through  the  stomachs  of 
turkeys,  and  even  of  cows,  to  facilitate  the 
germinating  process.         " 

But  how  comes  it  that  those  seeds  lay  so 
long  dormant,  and  neither  grow  nor  rot?  Be- 
cause seeds  germinate  only  under  certain  con- 
ditions, which  may  never  all  have  co-operated. 
Dntil  the  forest  was  felled,  or  until  the  fire, 
the  plough,  or  the  spade,  had  facilitated  their 
joint  and  simultaneous  operation.  Those  con 
ditions  of  germination  are,  the  absence  of 
light,  and  the  presence  of  heat,  moisture,  and 
atmospheric  air.  Seeds  have  been  known  to 
KtaJn  their  vitality  for  a  century,  when  kept 
dry,  and  often  instances  are  narrated,  of  other 
seeds  having  lain,  dormant  and  sound,  forty 
years  and  more,  in  the  earth,  and  yet  to  have 
grown  when  brought  by  the  plough,  w'ithin  the 
influence  of  the  sun  and  atmosphere  :  For 
heat,  moisture  and  oxygen,  are  as  indipensable 
to  the  process  of  decomposition  as  they  are  to 
the  process  of  germination.  J.  BUEJ. 

Albany,  Jan.  LT,  1831. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

U  THE  LADY'S  RECREATION." 

I  have  lately  been  amused  with  an  old  book 
on  gardening,  called  The  Lady's  Recreation, 
written  by  Charles  Evelyn,  Esq.  and  printed 
nearly  120  years  ago.  In  many  places,  the  or- 
thography differs  from  that  now  in  use  ;  and 
here  is  also  a  quaintness  of  expression,  which 
often  reminds  us  that  we  have  fallen  on  other 
times. 

I  have  suspected  that  the  doctrine  of  the  in- 
fluence of  the  moon  on  the  growth  of  plants, 
on  manures,  <S:c.  was  introduced  by  artful  per- 
sons to  stimulate  their  laborers  ;  but  it  may  bo 
a  remnant  of  Astrology.  Our  author  appears 
to  have  been  embued  with  those  notions, 
which/long  after,  were  countenanced  b\  some 
men  of  education,  but  which  are  now  chiefly 
confined  to  the  ignorant.  I  offer  a  few  ex 
tracts  on  this  subject;  some  other  extracts  for 
their  singularity  ;  and  some  that  maybe  useful 
to  the  practical  gardener. 

"  About  the  latter  end  of  February,  graff  ap- 
ples, pears,  &c.  in  the  clift,  and  so  continue 
till  the  end  of  March,  when  the  sap  rises  brisk 
ly  ;   the  new  moon  is  the  best  time."! 

"Gather  herbs  in  the  full  of  the  moon  !  dry 
them  in  the  shade,  shewing  them  to  the  sun  a 
little  only  to  keep  them  from  being  mustv.' 

I 


Sow  winter  horbs  in  the  new  of  the  moon. 

"  Gather  olitory  seeds,  clipping  the  horbs 
within  one  handful  of  the  ground  before  the 
full  of  the  moon"! 

[In  spring]  "  cover  tender  flowers  and  ever- 
greens with  mats  or  canvass  from  the  farwel 
frosts  and  easterly  winds." 

"  Sick  trees,  such  as  oiauge  trees,  &c-  im- 
paired by  removing,  and  other  accidents,  are 
many  times  recovered  by  a  milk-diet  as  Mr. 
[John]  Evelyn  calls  it ;  that  is  diluting  with  a 
portion  of  water  discreetly  administered  ; 
sometimes  also  by  plunging  them  in  the  hot- 
beds, or  by  letting  the  tree  down  into  a  pit 
of  4  or  5  feet  in  depth,  covering  the  head  & 
the  rest  of  the  tree."! 

"  Continue  to  cleanse  all  parts  of  your  gar- 
den, and  let  not  your  hough  be  idle  when  the 
weeds  begin  to  peep." 

Auriculas  or  bears' -ears  are  the  most  beau 
tiful  ornaments  of  the  spring ;  and  for  their 
size  are  the  greatest  rarities  in  Flora's  cabinet. 
I  am  informed   that  the  double  striped  ciimson 


and  while,  and  the  large  double  purple  and  ycl- 
(ow.have  been  sold  from  five  to  twenty  pounds 
each  plant.  These  flowers  delight  in  a  rich 
soil,  well  shaded,  but  by  no  means  under  trees." 

"The  lilly  is  a  flower  esteem'd  in  the  earliest 
times  :  about  the  time  of  our  Saviour  it  was  in 
great  reputation,  no  flower  being  then  more  in 
request,  in  the  choicest  gardens,  except  the 
Rose  ;  and  there  is  no  flower  of  that  transcen 
dent  whiteness  as  the  lilly." 

"  The  Peony  is  a  common  flower,  but  yields 
the  fairest  and  most  double  blossom  of  any, 
and  is  very  becoming  in  your  flower  pole  or 
chimnies.  It  contains  two  sexes,  male  and 
female;  the  male  is  single,  and  the  flow 
commonly  of  a  purple  red,  and  are  but  of  one 
sort ;  but  the  females  are  many,  some  single 
and  great  numbers  double." 

"  The  larks-hed  or  larks-spur are  very 

pretty  flowers." 

"  The  sun-fiower  grows  very  tall  and  there 
fore  is  most  fit, for  pots. "I 

The  Crown  Imperial — a  most  stately  aud 
graceful  plant,  bearing  a  flower  like  unto  the 
lilly;  and  the  double  sort,  particularly  the  or- 
ange colour'd,  and  yellow,  shew  finely  inter- 
mixed, in  the  middle  of  a  flowerpot." 

"The  sensible  [sensitive]  plant  has  its  name 
from  the  impression  the  touching  of  it  makes, 
lor  you  no  sooner  touch  the  leaf,  but  it  instant- 
ly shrinks  up  together,  and  in  a  small  space  of 
lime  afterwards  dilates  itself  again.  The  Aum- 
bleplant  ISilirngsn. pv.diui']  so  aajled  from  pros-j 


trating  itself  on  the  ground  so  soon  as  touch- 
ed, tho'  in  a  short  time  it  elevates  itself  a- 
gain.  And  the  Noli  me  tangere  [Impatiens 
balsamina]  which  being  touched,  and  the  pods, 
when  they  are  gross  and  not  fully  ripe,  being 
taken  between  your  fingers,  will  give  a  sudden 
snap,  and  fly  in  pieces,  to  the  great  surprize  of 
the  person  molesting  it.  "I 

"  If  you  have  at  any  time  occasion  to  re- 
move flowers  to  any  distant  place  or  country, 
rub  them  over  with  honey,  and  wrap  them  up 
in  moss;  it  will  effectually  secure  them  being 
packed  up  in  papers  free  from  the  wet." 

"The  Syringa  Pipe-tree  or  Lilack,  boars  a 
blossom  not  much  unlike  the  Persian  Jessa- 
mine. It  flowers  in  April  and  May,  and  yields 
plenty  of  suckers  ;  but  it  is  a  nice  plant,  and 
requires  the  skill  of  a  curious  artist,  for  its 
management."! 

"The  double  blossom'd  Pomegranute-trcc  is 
esteemed  the  most  excellent  of  all  flowering 
trees  ;  it  merits  the  best  place  in  your  garden, 
and  requires  a  warm  south  wall  for  its  propa- 
gation, being  very  tender  whilst  young,  but  af- 
terwards becomes  very  hardy.  [He  recom- 
mends to  "  enrich  the  seil  with  well-consu- 
med hog's-dung.]  They  flower  in  August  and 
September;  and  the  blossoms  for  fairness  and 
beauty.exceed  all  other  that  are  born  by  tri  es." 

"  The  Mezenon is  a  plant   of  the  most 

hardy  nature,  and  is  valued  for  sending  forth 
its  pleasant  flowers  in  the  severest  season  of 
the  year.  [Not  till  spring  in  this  country.]— 
Tho'  cold  will  not  injure  this  shrub,  yet  it  is 
very  nice  in  :he  choice  of  its  ground  ;  the  soil 
ought  not  to  be  neither  light  nor  very  moist ; 
and  for  weather,  heat  only  is  pernicious  to  it.') 
I  lost  a  fine  plant  of  this  kind  last  summer  by 
leaving  it  exposed  to  the  sun.  It  is  a  native 
Britain;  and  like  the  daisy,  and  the  Jatob's 
ladder,  also  from  that  cool  climate,  requires  to 
he  shaded. 

"  Pcriploca  is  a  wood-bind  that  tv»ists  itself 
about  a  pole  like  unto  the  hop.  It  annually 
puts  forth  small  blue  blossoms." 

"  There:s  your  Rosemary  gilded  with  yel- 
low, and  a  sort  of  it  variegated  with  white, 
very  delightful  to  the  eye,  which  are  to  be  pre- 
served under  warm  walls." 

"  Eugh  [yew]  trees  being  dipt,  and  redu- 
ced to  regular  forms(the  most  beautiful  where- 
of, are  the  round  and  square  pyrauaid)  make 
the  most  ornamental  trees  you  can  have  in 
your  garden." 

Many  of  these  whims  for  distorting  Nature 
have  happily  passed  away;  yet  we  observe  a 
remnant  in  the  practice  of  exposing  to  the 
height  of  six  or  eight  feet,  the  dead  bark  of  or- 
namental trees.  Let  their  rough  trunks  be 
clothed  nearly  to  the  ground  with  slender 
branches  and  green  leaves,  for  on  these  the 
eye  rests  with  most  pleasure.  D.  T. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

Mendon.Jan.  21,  1831. 
Messrs,  Editors — I  have  seen  one  number 
of  your  paper,  which  you  propose  to  devote  to 
agriculture,  horticulture,  and  domestic  econo- 
my, &c.  Now  if  you  stick  to  your  text,  I 
shall  become  one  if  your  subscribers.  You 
must  know,  Messrs.  Editors,  that  this  matter 
of  domestic  economy  is  of  some  importance 
to  me,  and  not  only  to  me,  but  to  our  country. 
It  appears  that  the  Old  Genesee  country,  after 
which  you  have  named  your  paper,  contains 
about  400,000  inhabitants,  and  I  think  it  safe 
to  say  200,000  of  these  are  females,  as  people 
seem  disposed  to  sort  off  about  half  and  half. 
We  may  calculate  that  for  some  years  past  a» 
bout  one  quarter  of  the  females  have  been 
wearing  Leghorn  bonnets,  of  an  average  price 
of  eight  dollars,  the  average  duration  of  which? 
we  will  suppose  to  be  eight  years.  Now  this 
comes  within  my  arithmetic,  and  amounts  to 
jrtst  §.'50,000  yearly.     This  sum  has  been  sent 


26 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  29,  1831. 


to  a  foreign  country.  By  introducing  domes- 
tic economy,  last  year,  in  the  shape  of  Nai  a- 
riaos,  I  think  this  sura  has  been  saved  within 
our  country.  Now  if  you  will  persuade  the 
ladies  to  continue  to  wear  domestic  bonnets,  I 
will  comply  with  the  terms  of  your  prospec- 
tus, and  send  you  $2  in  advance.         R.   A. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

Ontario,  Jan.  25M,  1831. 
To  'lie  Editors  of  the  Genesee  Farmer 

As  I  have  been  induced  by  the  great  demand 
for  sheep,  during  the  ninety  days  past,  to  part 
with  my  flock,  with  a  view  of  changing  the 
breed,  I  would  make  the  following  inquiries 
through  your  paper. 

What  breed  of  sheep  are  the  most  profitable 
at  this  time    for  this  section  of  country? 

Where  can  they  be  procured? 

If  any  of  your  readers  or  correspondents 
will  do  me  the  favor  to  answer  the  above  ques- 
tions, they  will  confer  a  favour  mi 

T.  CONWAY. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

The  ideas  of  U.  are  more  mathematical  than 
his  language.  Instead  of  "  tetragon"  write 
tetrahedron,  and  we  will  admit  the  correctness 
of  his  solution.  V. 


SELECTIONS. 


MICHAEL  PLOY, 

V.    P.    N.    Y.    HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 

This  excellent  Botanist  and  Horticulturist, 
is  scarcely  known  to  the  farmers  of  Old  Gene- 
see, although  he  certainly  ranks  among  the 
first  in  the  United  States.  We  introduce  him 
to  our  readers.as  a  nursery-man  in  whose  judg- 
ment and  correctness,  in  selecting  valuable  va- 
rieties of  fruit,  they  may  place  the  fullest  con- 
fidence. 

From  the  New  York  Farmer. 

A  DESCRIPTION  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS.  PRODU- 
CING A  SUCCESSION  OF  FLOWERS  FROM  SPRING 
TO    AUTUMN. 

By  Michael  Floy,  Vice  Pres't  of  the  N.  Y.  H.  Society. 
Mr.  Editor — A  correspondent  in  your  last 
number.page  150, under  the  signature  of  Phlox, 
requesting  a  selection  of  flowering  plants  and 
shrubs  to  ornament  a  cottage,  and  flowering 
from  spring  to  autumn,  observes  that  he  has 
searched  in  vain  for  information  in  many  gar- 
dening books.  As  this  gentleman,  with  many 
others,  may  not  know  what  things  to  plant  out 
for  ornamenting  their  places,  I  subjoin  a  list  of 
trees  and  shrubs  necessary  for  his  purpose,  all 
ef  which  may  be  obtained  of  the  nursery-men 
here  at  reasonable  rates — that  is,  good  large 
flowering  trees  and  shrubs,  at  from  50  cents  to 
1  doll,  eaoh,  or  it  may  be,  by  the  hundred,  at 
less  prices.  The  mode  of  culture  is  very  sim- 
ple, the  ground  should  he  well  dug  with  some 
rotten  manure,  and  if  planted  out  at  any  time 
from  October  to  December,  or  eirly  in  March 
to  the  middle  of  April,  no  danger  may  be  ap- 
prehended of  their  success.  They  should  be 
kept  hoed  and  clean  during  the  summer. 

The  following  trees  for  oustidc  plantings  for 
Lawns,  Clumps,  or  Avenues,  are  all  hardy  and 
cheap,  at  the  rates  above  stated. 

Alianthus  glanduhsa,  Chinese  Heaven-tree, 
a  very  swift  growing  tree,  remarkable  for  its 
long  pinnated  ieaves.and  iB  altogether  a  straight 
beautiful  and  majestic  tree,  very  hardy,  al- 
though not  long  known.it  is  getting  to  be  a 
favourite,  and  will  probably  be  universally 
planted. 

JEsculus,  or  Horse  Chesnut.  The  common 
European  Horse  Chesnut,  is  a  beautiful  tree> 
particularly  when  in  full  bloom  ;  it  is,  howev- 
er, best  calculated  for  open  places,  whore  it 
shows  itself  to  the  best  advantage  ;  there  arc, 
however,  some  very  handsome  species,  native 
of  this  country,  the  most  remarkable  and  beau- 
tiful of  which,  is  the  Dwarf  long  spiked  jEs- 
i  ulus  mttcrostacnija.  The  tree  seldom  exceeds 
ti  feet  in  height,  and  may  mure  properly  be 


termed  a  shrub;  the  spikes  of  flowers  are  com-' 
monly  eighteen  inches  long,  while,  and  very 
handsome. 

Acer,  or  Maple.  The  sugar  maple  is  a  very 
clean  growing  tree,  the  foilane  light,  and  very 
handsome — from  this  tree,  quantities  of  maple 
sugar  is  made  in  the  country  ;  the  scarlet  flow- 
ering maple,  is  also  very  beautiful,  and  the  flow- 
ers appear  very  early. 

Aeerpsuedo  platahus,  or  Sycamore  tree,  is 
also  a  very  handsome  European  tree, the  leaves 
are  larger  every  way  than  the  sugar  maple. 

Broussenettia,  or  Paper  Mulberry,  makes 
a  good  shade;  is  very  hardy,  and  easily  culti- 
vated. 

Balsam  tree,  Balsam  Poplar,  or  Tacmahac,\& 
a  remarkable  fast  growing  tree,  gives  a  fine 
shade,  and  yields  a  rich  balsamic  fragrance 
particularly  after  a  shower  of  rain  ;  the  bals am 
which  proceeds  from  the  buds,  is  of  a  liealin, 
nature  for  cuts  or  wounds. 

Catalpa  syringtefolia  tree,  has  very  large 
leaves,  and  is  well  calculated  for  a  shade,  and 
the  large  bunches  of  flowers  which  it  produ- 
ces, gives  it  a  most  splendid  appearance 

Ccrasus.or  double  flowering  cherry.of  which 
there  are  two  varieties;  one  is  called  tin 
French,  and  the  other  the  English  double  flow- 
ering cherry  ;  the  Eoglish  comes  into  flower- 
ing nearly  a  month  after  the  former  kind— 
when  in  full  bloom,  makes  a  very  splendid  ap- 
pearance, not  unlike  large  clusters  of  White 
Roses.  They  produce  no  fruit,  but  the  tree  is 
very  handsome. 

Cuypressus  disttcka,  or  Deciduous  Cypress, 
and  the  C.  thyoidrs,  the  former  a  native  of  the 
Southern  states,  the  latter  of  the  middle  states, 
both,  however,  are  quite  hardv,  and  make  a 
handsome  appearance. 

Fagus,  or  Beach  :  a  few  of  these  in  partic- 
ular situations,  have  a  good  effect. 

Frazinus,  or  Ash.  One  European  and  two 
or  three  American  kinds  mixed  in,  to  diversify 
the  scene  and  give  effect,  with  trees  of  a  dif- 
ferent habit  and  foliage,  is  very  pleasing. 

Gleditschia  triacanthos, — Honey  locust,  or 
three  thorn  Aeacia.  It  makes  a  handsome 
stately  tree — the  foliage  is  handsome,  but  the 
dreadful  long  tripple  thorns  with  which  the 
tree  is  armed,  give  it  a  forbidding  aspect.— 
Trees  of  ibis  kind  are  often  used  for  hedges, 
and  if  planted  thick,  they  soon  make  an  impe- 
netrable fence,  against  man  and  beast,  but 
must  be  kept  cut  down  to  4  or  5  feet  every 
season,  or  the  hedge  would  soon  be  spoiled. — 
Some  of  them  would  take  the  lead,  &  entire 
ly  destroy  the  rest. 

Ijirix,  or  Larch,  is  a  beautiful  tree  of  the  Pi- 
ous kind,  yet  drops  its  leaves  in  winter — thev 
look  beautiful  in  the  spring  and  during  the 
summer. 

Liriodrndron,  Tulip  tree,  White  wood,  by 
some  called  Poplar,  is  a  noble  and  majestic 
tree,  the  flowers  which  it  produces  in  June  are 
much  of  a  magnolia  appearance,  to  which  ii 
seems  nearly  related.  The  leaves  are  very 
singular  as  if  cut  off  at  the  end  The  tree  is 
very  symmetrical. 

Magnolia  tripetala,  or  umbrella  tree,  is  very 

majestic,  the  leaves  very  large,   giving  n  fine 

shade,  the  flowers  are  also  large  and  white. — 

t  should  be  planted  in  clumps,  or  for  the  back 

ground  of  shrubbery. 

Magnolia  acuminata,  or  Cucumber  tree,  has 
blue  flowers,  the  tree  is  large,  and  has  much 
the  habit  of  the  liriodrndron. 

Magnolia  gltntca.a  small  sweet  scented  mag 
noha,  is  best  calculated  for  the  centre  row  of 
the  shrubbery,  or  for  clumps.  This  a  native  of 
our  country,  from  Jersey,  and  Carolina,  and  is 
perhaps  the  prettiest  shrub  in  the  world,  all 
things  considered.  It  ought  to  be  planted  in 
every  garden  and  shrubbery.  It  yields  its  fra- 
grant blossoms  from  May  to  September. 

Platanus  occidentals,  Button-ball,  by  some 
called  Sycamore,  is  a  large  and  majestic  tree, 
calculated  for  avenuos  or  large  lawns,  or  for 
ornamental  plantations.  It  is,  however,  ton 
stiff  and  rigid,  having   a  degree  of  formality 


nd  spreads  us  branches   too  much  for   street 
planting. 

Iiobiniapseudo  acacia,  or  Locust  tree.  The 
foliage  is  light,  feathery,  and  of  a  fine  green 
the  racimes  o>'  flowers  are  white,  and  is  one  of 
our  most  beautiful  as  well  as  roost  useful  trees. 
Unfortunately  it  is  in  most  places  attacked  by 
a  borer  or  iviitn,  which  caU6es  the  branches  to 
break  off  Where  it  is  free  from  this  enemy, 
it  is  a  most  desitanle  ornamental  tree. 

Umlas,  or  Elm,  three  kinds,  the  European 
E!rn,  the  American  White  Elm,  and  the  Amer- 
ican Slipperj  Elm,  are  all  desirable  to  form  a 
good  landscape  for  lawns  or  avenues,  &c. 

Tilia  Jmericana  the  American  Lindin,  and 
the  TiUa,  Eurnpea,  ore  both  beautiful  trees, 
well  calculated  for  streets  or  lawns — the  trees' 
1  row  handsome,  and  when  m  flower,  the  honey 
becB  are  much  attracted  to  its  sweet  honey- 
like  perfume 

Salyz  BabijlonicaoT  weeping  willow,  in  pro- 
per  situations,  is   a  most   beautiful    tree,  and 
from  its  peculiar  mode  of  growth,  very  desira- 
ble.    It  makes  a  fine  screen  shade. 
[To  be   continued.] 


AGR1CCL 


From  the  Ploughboy,  vol.  I. 
GEOLOGY     APPLIED     TO     PRACTICAL 
TCRE.       NO.  1. 

The  course  of  lectures,  g>ven  last  winter  at 
the  Capitol,  before  members  of  the  legislature 
and  otbeis,  on  Geology  and  Chemistry,  as  ap- 
plicable to  agriculture,  have  excited  much  in- 
quiry in  various  parts  of  ihe  state.  "What 
has  geology  to  do  with  agriculture7"  is  the 
most  common  inquiry.  Having  attended  that 
course  of  lectures,  I  can  answer  the  enquiry 
as  far  as  a  concise  history  of  the  geological 
part  of  it  will  go. 

At  the  commencement  of  that  part  of  the 
course,  large  specimens  of  all  the  rook  strata, 
constituting  the  exterior  part  of  the  earth,  as 
far  as  human  research  has  hitherto  penetrated, 
were  laid  on  the  table  before  us.  They  were 
arranged  from  left  to  right  according  to  the 
order  in  which  they  are  actually  found  in  the 
earth;  beginning  with  granite,  (the  lowest 
known  stratum)  and  ending  in  the  highest  of 
the  secondary  formation.  A  great  number  of 
facts  were  adduced  to  demonstrate  that  such 
was  the  true  order  of  the  straia. 

A  kind  of  geological  alphabet  was  then  pre- 
sented to  us,  consisting  of  specimens  of  all 
homogeneous  minerals  constituting  the  ruck 
straia.  Their  mode  of  aggregation  was  poin- 
ted out  and  illustrated  by  speiimens ;  so  that 
we  were  soon  enabled  to  decide  the  character 
of  any  rock,  and  to  locate  it  in  the  system  by 
a  mere  hand  specimen. 

By  contemplating  the  regular  series  of  rock 
straia,  we  were  enabled  to  locate  prece- 
ding and  succeeding  rocks,  by  inspecting  an 
intermediate  one.  For  example,  when  we 
examine  the  rock  of  argillaceous  slate  along 
the  bed  of  the  river  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany, 
we  infrr  that  the  nexi  rock  to  the  east,  or  be- 
neath it,  must  be  primitive  limestone,  and  the 
next  to  the  west,  or  above  it.  must  be  gray 
wacke.  Tho  same  conclusions  We  were  en- 
abled to  form  respecting  all  the  strata  in  the 
series. 

We.  were  next  taught  by  specimens  and  ex- 
periments, that  till  earthly  soils  consist  of  mi- 
nute fragments  of  dissolved  or  disintegrated 
rocks.  This  being,  to  us,  a  new  fact,  most  of 
us  were  inclined  to  doubt.  But  we  were  soon 
compelled  to  resign  our  objections,  alter  in- 
specting numerous  specimens  of  earthy  soils 
under  the  magnifier.  We  men,  to  our  sur- 
prise, perceived  that  the  finest  soil  was  made 
up  of  minute  pieces  of  rocks  ;  and  though 
finely  pulverized,  each  particle  was  still  a 
little  rock.  Let  it  be  understood,  that  it  is 
tho  earthy  part  only  to  which  I  now  allude. — 
The  decomposed  animal  and  vegetable  matter 
mixed  in  soils,  is  here  left  out  of  view. 

If  earthv  soils  are  actually  the  debris  of  rock 
strata,  the  quality  of  soils  must  depend  on  the 
constituents  of  the   rocks,  out  of  which  they 


Vol.  1.— No.  4. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


27 


were  formed.  Therefore,  [lie  basis  rock  of 
any  district,  which  is  now  mouldering  away, 
and  the  last  superimposed  rock  which  Das  just 
passed  away,  must  give  ciiaracter  to  the  pre- 
sent soil.  By  studying  rock  strata  then,  we 
are  enabled  to  judge  turrectly  respecting  the 
causes  of  the  defects  and  excellencies  in  soils, 
so  far  as  it  depends  on  the  earthy  part.  The 
agriculturist,  who  shall  have  thus  obtained  a 
clear  Aiew  of  the  substantial  part  of  his  soil, 
will  be  enabled  to  prescribe  the  true  method 
for  correcting  its  delects,  and  for  perpetuating 
the  excellencies  of  his  soil. 

I  might  fill  many  sheets  with  facts,  now  well 
established,  in  proof  of  the  great  advantages 
which  geology  throws  into  the  hands  of  the 
agriculturist.  But  I  intended  this  outline  as 
an  introductory  sketch,  fur  the  advantage  of 
those  only  who  have  not  studied  the  general] 
zation  of  rocks,  nor  minutely  inspected  their 
debris.  A. 


CARE    OF    IMPLEMENTS. 

Every  careful  farmer  will  lay  it  down  as  a 
lule,  frequently  to  inspect  all  his  implements; 
and  when  any  part  of  them  is  observed  in  the 
least  damaged,  or  in  danger  of  giving  why,  he 
will  take  care  immediately  to  have  it  repaired 
An  implement,  aho,  that  is  not  longer  wanted 
during  the  season,  should  be  carefully  laid  up  ; 
but  before  it  is  put  aside,  it  ought  to  be  well 
cleaned,  and  rendered  perfectly  dry,  oiled  or 
painted,  if  made  of  iron,  and  kept  so  as  to  be 
ready  for  use,  when  wanted.  No  circum- 
stance marks  mere  the  character  of  an  atten- 
tive husbandman,  than  this  one.  Upon  every 
farm,  likewise,  there  ought  to  be  one  or  more 
places,  properly  constructed  for  holding  the 
larger  implements;  aud  some  secure  place  al- 
lotted for  containing  the  smaller  tools.  Where 
machines  are  necesarily  exposed  in  the  field  a 
great  part  of  the  season,  they  require  to  be 
newly  painted,  at  least  every  second  year. — 
The  invention  of  any  useful  implement,  by 
which  the  labors  of  agriculture  can  be  brought 
to  a  higher  degree  of  perfection,  and  the  ex- 
pense of  cultivation  at  the  same  time  dimin- 
ished, must  prove  of  the  most  essential  ser- 
vice to  the  farmer.  .  All  such  inventions 
ought  to  be  encouraged. — J.  Sinclair. 


CURIOUS    EXPERIMENTS     ON    THE    RETARDATION 
AND    MULTIPLICATION    OF  WHEAT. 

On  the  8th  of  August  1824,  a  single  plant  of 
wheat  was  taken,  which  had  been  sown  in 
the  June  preceding,  and  divided  into  18  oar:s, 
and  put  into  the  ground,  where  it  remained  till 
the  latter  end  of  September,  when  they  were 
again  taken  up  and  subdivided  into  67  parts  of 
roots,  all  of  which  were  carefully  transplant- 
ed, and  allowed  to  remain  till  the  end  of  Mai  eh 
following,  when  ihey  were  a  third  time  taken 
up  and  separated  into  490  parts,  and  again  re- 
placed in  the  earth,  and  allowed  to  perfect 
themselves  and  ripen,  when  the  little  harvest 
was  reaped.  The  oi>e  single  grain  of  wheat, 
by  this  process,  was  found  to  have  produced 
21.109  ears,  containing  570,000  grains,  meas- 
uring "  pecks  and  3  quarts.  The  multiplica- 
tion of  wheat  by  off-sens  and  suckers  at  the 
dollar  of  the  root,  is  well  known,  and  fields 
that  are  apparently  bare  in  the  spring,  frequent- 
ly increase  by  this  mean  to  a  very  handsome 
crop,  and  the  retarding  of  vegetation  can  he 
carried  to  almost  any  extent,  by  constant  trans- 
planting. Flowering  plants  and  shrubs,  by  this 
means, may  have  their  periods  materially  chan- 
ged, particularly  the  herbaceous  annuals. 

Hump.  Eisaijs. 

THE  FARMER'S  CREED. 

BY    SIR    JOHN    SINCLAIR. 

Let  this  be  the  farmer's  creed, 
Of  stock  secure  the  choicest  breed, 
Jn  peace  and  plenty  let  them  feed, 
Yoar  land  sow  with  the  best  of  seed, 
Let  it  not  dung  nor  dressing  need, 
Inclose  and  drain  it  with  all  speed, 
And  yon  will  soon  be  rich  indeed. 


THE    SEASON. 

Where  is  the  industrious  Farmer  who  can- 
not find  employment  enough  to  occupy  his 
time,  during  these  short,  cold,  winter  days' — 
He  should  indeed  now  find  leisure  enough  from 
the  usual  portton  of  lime  devoted  wholly  to 
tabor  in  other  seasons,  to  attend  to  those  es- 
sential attainments — the  improvement  of  his 
mind,  and  the  education  of  hi.^  clildren.  Then 
the  length  of  winter  will  not  be  found  injurious 
to  the  farming  interest 

The  Farn  er's  Chronicle  remarks,  in  favour 
of  family  industry,  that  one  piece  of  domes- 
tic manufacture,  will  go  farther  to  establish 
the  reputation  of  a  daughter,  tnan  a  whole 
winter's  frolicking. 

The  cultivator  who  is  not  in  love  with  idle- 
ness, need  not  be  nactive  even  at  this  season 
of  the  year  :  and  by  driving  now,  may  escape 
being  driven  at  some  future  period.  Is  the 
cutting, splitting  and  piling  of  wood  completed? 
Have  the  implements  of  husbandry  been  over- 
hauled, repaired, and  in  order.  Threshing,  dres 
sing  flax,  ti  many  other  essential  duties, should 
he  suggested  to  fill  up  every  moment  of  other- 
wise leisure  time. — L.I.  Farmer. 


FODDERING    OF    CATTLE. 

When  cattle  have  been  accustomed  to  fod- 
der, they  will  not  make  shift  with  the  same 
fiod  that  would  have  served  them,  if  they  had 
not  been  brought  to  the  use  of  this.  There- 
fore it  is  essential  to  keep  them  from  it  as  long 
as  can  be  done  wiihont  absolute  damage  to 
them  ;  and  when  it  is  first  given  them,  to  let 
them  only  feed  partly  on  that. 

When  tbo  cattle  find  great  scarcity  abroad, 
if  they  be  offered  some  of  the  most  indifferent 
hay,  they  will  feed  gladly  upon  it;  but  if  the 
farmer  begins  with  the  best,  they  will  not  rea- 
dily touch  this  afterwards.  Let  it  be  given  a 
little  at  a  time  only,  and  that  when  they  are 
sharply  hungered.  For  if  he  give  them  a  sur- 
feit of  it  they  never  will  touch  it  afterwards, 
even  when  they  are  hungry. 

Cows  will  eat  straw  freely,  and  thrive  very 
well  upon  it,  unless  they  be  accustomed  to 
hay  ;  but  in  that  case  they  will  refuse  the  very 
best  straw  afterwards  ;  and  the  farmer  must 
submit  to  feed  them  in  this  expensive  manner, 
cr  to  starve  them.  He  must  not  expect  cows 
to  eat  after  one  anothei,  or  that  one  creature 
which  chews  the  cud,  will  eat  what  another 
has  left  ;  rut  tire  leavings  are  not  wasted,  for 
though  these  will  not  eat  them, the  other  kinds 
will.  A  great  deal  of  caution  must  be  used  in 
regard  to  the  time  of  turning  cattle  out  of  the 
yard  where  they  have  been  foddered,  into 
grass;  for  if  theie  be  not  a  sufficient  growth 
for  their  support,  ihey  will  decline  very  soon. 
It  is  a  common  error  to  turn  them  out  too  ear- 
ly.  

PECULIAR    CULTIVATION    OF     POTATOES. 

A  French  soldier  placed  hall  a  dozen  of  po- 
tatoes at  the  bottom  of  a  cask,  upon  a  layer  of 
sand  and  fresh  earth,  three  or  four  inches  thick 
when  the  stalks  had  risen  a  few  inches,  he 
bent  ihem  down, and  covered  them  four  or  five 
inches  deep  wi'h  the  same  mixture.  He  con- 
tinued this  operation  till  the  cask  was  full.  Six 
or  seven  monihs  after,  upon  emptying  the  ves- 
sel, (which  stood  in  a  court  yard.)  he  found 
that  the  half  dozen  potatoes  had  produced  an 
enormous  quantity  of  new  ones,  from  the  por- 
tions of  the  motherstenis  which  had  been  suc- 
cessively laid  down  and  covered. — Journal  des 
Connais.  Usiults,  1829. 


AMERICAN   SILll. 

A  case  of  raw  silk,  from  the  filature  of  D' 
Homergue,  in  Philadelphia,  was  put  on  board 
the  packet  ship  De  Rham,  which  sailed  from 
New  York  for  Havre,  on  the  15th  insj.  Simi- 
lar shipments  are  said  to  have  been  made  to 
England  and  Mexico. 

From  all  that  has  been  of  the  superior  qual- 
ity of  American  raw  silk,  when  compared 
with  any  ether,  and  al,o  of  Mr.  D'H  s  know! 
edge  of  the  best  raode  of  producing  it  and  pre- 
paring it  for  market,  there  can  be  no  reasona 


bio  doubt  that  these  shipmoots  are  to  be  regar- 
ded as  important  epochs  in  the  history  of  A- 
merican  cultivation  ;as  leading  the  way  to  the 
dcvelopement  of  a  new  and  incalculably  valua 
ble  source    of  private   and   publicweallh. 

DIVERSIT1T  OF  TEMPERATURE. 
The  following  theory  of  the  cause  of  the 
difference  of  temperature  which  prevails  upon 
the  Eastern  and  "V'estern  shores  of  the  conli-, 
nen!  of  North  Amerioa,is  from  an  article  byPro-. 
lessor  Mitchell  id  the  last  number  of  Silliman's 
Review  : 

The  Rocky  Mountains  strelcb  from  the  ta- 
ble land  of  Mexico  into  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  polar  se3.  Throughout  their  whole  ex*. 
lent,  they  nowhere  descend  much  below  the 
region  of  perpetual  congelation,  and  in  many 
places  they  ascend  far  iuto  it. 

The  northern  extremity  of  these  mountain, 
lat.  70deg.,was  seen  by  Captain  Franklin, 
covered  with  snow  in  the  beginning  of  Au- 
gust. The  accounts  obtained  of  intermediate 
points,  are  such  as  to  create  a  belief  that  they 
are  still  more  elevated. 

Over  this  lofty  barrier,  a  cause  39  constant 
as  the  revolution  of  the  sun,  is  urging  the  air 
from  the  west,  and  (if  the  views  taken  in  this 
communication  of  the  specific  manner  in  which 
this  cause  operates  are  correct)  urging  espe- 
cially the  upper  strata  of  the  atmosphere.  But 
however  this  may  be,  it  is  at  lea6t  certain,  that 
only  the  upper  strata  can  pass.  I  may  add 
that  the  lower  strata  do  not  pass,  for  if  they 
did  they  would  not  melt  the  snow.  Tbe  air 
which  has  had  a  mild  temperature,  communi- 
cated to  it  on  the  bosom  of  the  Pacific,  is  stop- 
ped and  a  deluge  of  air  having  a  temperature 
never  elevated  much  above  3'^  deg.,  and  often 
depressed  very  far  below  it,  is  poured  over  up- 
on the  region  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountains, 
fiom  ihe  icy  sea.  quite  down  to  Mexico.  This 
air  imbibes  heat  from  the  soil  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  continent,  and  continuing  its 
course,  carries  it  off  over  the  Atlantic.  This 
country  therefore  communicating  beat  to  the 
pievaiiing  winds,  and  receiving  none  from 
thorn,  has  its  temperature  depressed.  This 
cold  deluge  must  exist  and  produce  the  effects 
ascribed  to  it,  unless  a  law  of  nature,  which 
wa  have  shown  to  obtain  in  other  parts  of  the 
globe,  is  arrested  in  the  case  of  North  Ameri- 
ca. Its  existence  is  also  proved  by  observa- 
tion, made  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  oi 
the  mountains,  where  westerly  wiods  aie 
found  to  have  a  greater  predominance  thaD  in 
(he  regions  farther  east 

This  then  is  a  partieular,  in  which  the  eas- 
tern side  of  North  America,  differs  widely 
from  the  western  coast  of  both  America  and 
Europe,  and  the  person  who  has  witnessed  the 
change  of  temperature,  produced  by  our  N. 
U'est  winds,  in  a  single  night,  or  read  of  the 
effects  of  certain  winds  in  other  countries, — of 
the  Sirocco,  for  instance,  in  Italy, — will  not 
be  disposed  to  deny  that  it  is  fully  adequate  to 
the  production  of  the  low  medium  temperature 
of  North  America.  The  vast  ejeyated  plateaus, 
and  enormous  ridges  of  Central  Asia,  stand  in 
the  same  relation  to  China,  that  the  Reeky 
Mountains  do  to  the  United  States.  It  is  sta- 
ted that  the  greatest  cold  experienced  at  Pe- 
kin,  occurred  during  the  prevalence  of  a  wind 
from  the  north  west.  In  Japan  "  in  winter 
tiie  north  and  north  west  winds  are  exceeding- 
ly sharp,  and  bring  along  with  them  an  intense 
frost"     Malle  Brun. 


SAVING. 

It  is  related  that  a  gentleman  once  called* 
upon  Guy,  the  Miser, for  a  lesson  of  frugality — 
Guy,  extinguishing  the  light,  said  "we  can  talk 
this  matter  over  in  the  dark." 


28 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Jan.  29,  1831. 


TBX1   GENESEE  PARMER 


SATURDAY,  JAN.  29,  1831. 


CARD. 

The  editors  of  the  Genesee  Farmer  feel  un- 
der obligations  to  the  public  for  the  patronagi 
their  paper  has  received  thus  far,  and  are  hap 
py  to  find  among  the  contributors  to  its  col 
nuns,  some  of  the  most  scientific  men  of  our 
state,  together  with  assurances  from  them  that 
they  approve  of  the  undertaking  and  will  con- 
tinue their  contributions  as  time  serves.  We 
also  invite  all  practical  men,  who  feel  an  inter- 
est in  this  method  of  distributing  useful  infor- 
mation, to  favor  us  with  communications  re- 
specting their  several  occupations,  detailing  in 
the  plainest  manner,  any  operations  which 
they  may  think  interesting  to  the  public ;  and 
any  enquiry  they  wish  to  make  relative  to  the 
arts  and  sciences, they  are  at  liberty  at  all  times 
to  make  through  this  paps r  Any  not:ce  of 
improved  breeds  of  stock,  choice  fruit  or  trees, 
or  any  new  and  valuable  seeiis,  or  discoveries, 
will  be  inserted,  for  in  this  manner  we  hope  to 
serve  the  public,  who  we  trust  will  favor  us 
with  their  patronage. 


THE  AGE  OP  TREES. 

There  is  no  hypothesis  better  established, 
than  that  the  concentric  rings,  or  grains  in 
wood  are  annual,  and  that  their  numbers 
are  sure  indications  of  the  age  of  trees. — 
The  rings  are  sometimes  not  continuous,  and 
run  out  before  they  reach  around  the  tree,  they 
are  not  always  uniform  in  thickness,  and  fre- 
quently vary  in  different  sides  without  any  fix- 
ed rule,  and  again  certain  sides  have  a  thicker 
grain,  constantly  &,  uniformly,  the  whole  length 
of  the  tree,  which  may  be  owing  to  some  bend 
it  took  ingrowing,  wheteby  the  sap  was  Inn 
derod  from  descending  on  one  side,  or  to  the 
situation  of  large  and  extensive  roots,  attached 
to  that  particular  si  do.  By  what  rule  the  rings  are 
formed  in  the  tap  rooted  vegetables,  like  the 
beet, carrot,  &c.  or  in  the  stems  of  the  herbace 
ous  annuals,  seems  as  yet  unexplained.  We 
were  led  to  these  remarks  by  passing  a  few  days 
since,  a  large  white  water  oak,  cut  for  a  mill 
shaft;  and  on  counting  the  grains,  found  from 
the  pith  to  the  bark,  503  distinct  and  well  mar 
ked  Cinccntrio  rings,  and  it  was  yet  to  appear 
ance  fresh  and  green,  and  had  only  attained  the 
vigor  &.  man(tree;hood  of  its  days.  VVh;it  migh- 
ty winds  and  storms,  tornados  and  convulsions, 
what  revolutions,  what  nations,  anil  Kings  and 
governments,  has  it  outlived  :  where  are  the 
red  men  that  counciled  under  its  shade,  or  the 
grim  warriors  that  ambushed  behind  its  body — 
gone, gone  liko  its  own  sire  aud  grand-sire, who 
might  have  been  a  "  «aplin  ot  sturdy  growth," 
when  the  vail  of  ihe  temple  was  rent,  or  have 
been  coeval  with  Rome,  in  her  "  high  and  pal- 
my state,"  the  everlasting  city,  seated  on  her 
seven  peerless  hills,  now  condemned  to  be 
bound  and  fettered  with  bands  from  Baltic's 
farthest  shore,  and  with  unnumbered  circum* 
girations,  "cycle  in  Epyclcle,  orb  in  orb,"  to 
obey  man's  behests,  who  before  knew  none  but 
.heaven's  command,  tortured  till  the  vegetable 
fibre  cracks,  and  has  neither  life  nor  strength, 
and  like  all  things,  "  yea,  the  gorgeous  temple, 
and  the  cloud-capt  towers,  dissolve  like  the 
baseless  fabric  of  a  vision,  and  leavo  not  a 
wreck  behind."  *    i 


FLAX. 

There  is  no  article  which  is  the  produce  of 
our  farms,  over  which  foreign  interest  and  ig- 
norance have  held  such  undisputed  sway,  as  in 
the  cultivation  and  preparation  of  FLAX. — 
During  the  years  of  1821-2-3,  there  seemed 
a  disposition  on  the  part  of  our  government  to 
encourage  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  this 
article  ;  since  that  time,  we  hear  very  little  a 
bout  it,  and  at  this  time  a  domestic  manufactu- 
red linen  shirt  is  as  rare  as  a  white  colt,  and 
the  distaff  and  wheel  will  soon  be  reckoned  by 
our  young  ladies  as  instruments  belonging  only 
to  the  age  of  chivalry. 

There  are  several  opinions  with  regard  to 
flax,  prevailing  among  us,  which  arc  incor- 
rect. 

First — That  the  climate  and  soil  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  are  not  calculated  to  produco  a  good 
growth  of  flax. 

Second — That  flax  which  has  been  allowed 
to  stand  until  the  seed  was  ripe,  is  not  capable 
of  being  manufactured  into  fine  cloth. 

Third — That  flax  is  not  capable  of  being  spun 
by  machinery. 

Fourth — That  spreading  flax  upon  the  ground 
and  dew-rotting  it,  is  the  cheapest  and  best 
method. 

Now  we  shall  attempt,  from  our  own  obser 
vations,  and  the  authority  of  others,  to  show 
these  opinions  incorrect. 

As  regards  the  quantityof  flax  produced  pr  acre 
m  Ireland,  Marshall,  in  his  report  to  the  Linen 
and  Hempen  Board,  in  1817,  gives  the  averagej 
quantity  at  500  lbs.  In  receiving  this  estimate,  I 
and  comparing  it  with  the  produce  of  our  owni 
soil,  we  must  make  allowance  for  the  differ- 
ence in  acres,  between  the  Irish  and  Ameri 
can  :  also,  that  their  flax  is  water-rotted,  by 
which  it  will  give  about  twenty-five  per  cent 
more  than  when  dew-rotted,  for  which  see  re- 
port from  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  transmit- 
ted to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  Janua- 
ry 5th,  1825,  and  republished  1830.  In  addi. 
tion  to  this  difference,  flax  does  not  waste  as 
much  in  cleaning,  by  the  Irish  process,  as  by 
ours,  as  they  merely  free  it  from  the  woody 
part  of  the  stalk,  leaving  it  to  be  made  fine  by 
what  they  term  dressing,  which  is  the  same  as 
we  call  hatcheling.  Now  by  looking  into  the 
records  of  our  agricultural  societies,  we  find 
that  the  produco  of  flax  offerod  for  premi- 
ums, was  considerably  above  Mr.  Marshall's 
estimate  for  Ireland.  In  the  Ploughhoy,  vol. 
2d,  page  188,  we  find  that  the  first  premium 
was  given  on  773  lbs.  pir  acre,  and  at  page 
179,  a  premium  awarded  on  619  lbs.  per  acre. 
Now,  il  wo  add  to  these  crops  fifty  per  cent 
for  the  difference  in  measure  and  in  rotting  and 
cleaning,  we  have  the  produce  of  1040  lbs. 
per  acre.  Our  own  opinions  are,  that  we  have 
seen  fiuer  flax  grown  in  America.lhan  we  eviri 
saw  in  Ireland  ;  but  do  not  think  our  land  and 
climate  are  gonerally  is  good  as  theirs. 

The  seccond  erroneous  opinion  is,  that  flax, 
that  is  allowed  to  ripen  seed,  is  not  fit  fur  fine 
elk-th.  This  point  the  LineH  and  Hempen 
Board  of  Ireland  havo  put  at  rest. 

Having  been  convinced  of  the  superiority  of 
the  Lutcli  flax  over  the  Irish,  in  1822  they  sent 
Peter  Besnard,  Esq.  Inspector  General  for 
Leinsler,  Munsterand  Connaught,  into  the  Ne. 
therlands,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  reasons  for 


the  superiority  of  the  Dutch  flax.  In  his  re- 
port be  says — 

"  Why  so  general  an  opinion  as  has  prevail- 
ed in  Ireland,  for  u  series  of  years,  that  flax 
which  gives  seed  is  not  adapted  for  her  fine 
linens,  should  have  taken  place,  I  canot  con- 
jecture." Again,  speaking  of  an  establishment 
at  Antwerp,  he  says,  "I  called  at  the  manu- 
factory and  purchased  a  small  quantity  of  the 
yarn,  lor  the  inspection  of  the  Honoura- 
ble Board,  and  which  is  sold  at  the  rate  of 
£47,780  13s  4d.  per  ton.  The  yarn  whioh  I 
purchased,  is  not  of  the  finest  kind,  but  I  have 
every  reason  to  suppose,  from  the  enquiries  I 
made,  that  it  was  spun  from  flax  that  had  given 
seed."  We  have  had  some  yarn  from  Valencien- 
nes,which  was  much  finer  than  that  alluded  to  a- 
bove,  which  was  made  from  flax  which  ripen- 
ed seed. 

As  to  the  generally  received  opinion.that  flax 
cannot  be  spun  by  machinery,  it  is  ridiculous. 
The  machinery  is  not  as  complicated,  nor  as 
costly,  as  for  spinning  cotton.  But  dew-rotted 
flax  is  not  worth  manufacturing,  when  that 
which  is  water-rotted  can  be  procured.  As 
the  season  approaches,  we  propose  to  give  the 
Dutch  method  of  managing  their  flax,  from  the 
time  of  pulling  until  it  is  prepared  for  the  fi- 
nest of  lace  ;  and  I  would  here  observe,  that  a 
female  might  work  one  year  od  one  or  two  lbs. 
of  flax  to  advantage. 


SHEEP. 

This  is  an  important  season  for  farmers  who 
would  have  fine  wool  from  their  sheep.  Du- 
ring extreme  cold  weather,  when  the  groom! 
is  covered  deep  with  snow,  sheep  frequently 
suffer  much  in  health  by  being  fed  entirely  with 
dry  food  :  they  become  costive  and  feverish. 
This  never  fails  to  cot  the  wool  more  or  less, 
or  as  it  is  commonly  called,  they  become  hide- 
bound. This  materially  injures  the  quality 
and  quantity  of  the  wool.  To  prevent  this, 
sheep  should  be  fed  with  green  food,  where 
that  is  to  be  had,  where  not,  boiled  grains  have 
a  very  good  effect,  and  even  turnips,  potatoes, 
or  carrots,  an-  much  better  for  them,  after  be- 
ing boiled,  and  a  little  meal  or  bran,  and  salt 
being  added. 

Do  not  neglect  them  ;  remember  that  Janu- 
ary and  February  are  the  most  trying  months 
lor  sheep.  It  is  a  mistaken  notion  that  sheep 
do  not  want  water  in  cold  weather  ;  let  them 
be  kept  where  they  can  git  it  ;  if  they  do  not 
want  il  they  will  not  drink  it,  as  they  are  tem- 
perate animals. 

■WASTED  IN  THIS  VILLAGE 

TOR    THE    YEAK     1^31. 

More  industry  and  less  idleness. 
More  economy  and  less  extravagance 
More  honest  men  than  rogues. 
More  monoy  than  creilit. 
More  shirts  than  ruffles. 
More  morality  than  giog-shops. 
More  mechanics  than  dandies. 
More  stoekng-yaiii  than  street-yarn. 
More  stability  than  excitability. 
More    duration  than  ignorance. 
More  laborers  than  loungers. 
More  justice  and  less  law. 

And  "  last  no'  least"  the  Printers  wajil 
More  subscribers,  and  tho  Editors  want 
More  correspondents  to.the  Genesee  Farmer 


Vol.  1.— No.  4. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


29 


PROFIT  BY  EXPERIENCE. 

It  is  a  great  misfortune  that  mankind  do  not 
profit  more  by  the  experienee  of  those  who 
have  gone  before  them.  This  observation 
willaDply  'o  agriculture  as  well  as  politicks. — 
But  in  both,  we  see  men  doing  those  things 
which  a  slight  examination  of  the  acts  of  past 
ages,  would  satisfy  them  were  not  profitable  ; 
and  leaving  undone  many  things  which  would 
result  in  the  happiness  of  mankind,  as  well  as 
for  the  interest  of  individuals.  We  are  very 
apt  to  think  that  the  ages  which  have  preceded 
us,  were  ignorant,  compared  with  the  present ; 
therefore  we  do  net  think  it  worth  our  time  to 
examine,  with  a  view  to  profit  by  the  past. — 
But  let  us  remember  that  one  of  the  wisest  of 
mankind  has  said,  that  "  there  is  no  new  thing 
under  the  sun."  "  Is  there  any  thing  where- 
of it  may  be  said,  see,  this  is  new?  It  hath 
been  already  of  old  time,  which  was  before 
us."  This  was  a  declaration,  made  nearly 
three  thousand  years  since,  by  a  man  who 
wrote  as  much,  perhaps,  upon  natural  history, 
botany,  and  those  thing  immediately  connect- 
ed with  agriculture, as  any* man  has  done  sirtce. 
He  was  also  a  practical  man,  for  he  says,  "  I 
made  me  great  works  ;  I  builded  mu  houses  : 
I  planted  vineyards  ;  1  made  me  gardens  and 
orchards,  and  I  planted  trees  in  them  of  all 
kind  of  fruits;  1  made  mo  pools  of  water  to 
water  therewith  the  wood  that  bringeth  forth 
trees;  1  got  me  servants  and  maidens,  and 
had  servants  born  in  my  house;  also  I  had 
great  possessions  of  great  and  small  cuttle, 
above  all  that  were  in  Jerusalem  before  me; 
I  gathered  me  also  silver  and  gold  and  the  pe- 
culiar treasure  of  kings,  and  of  the  provinces; 
I  got  the  men-singers  and  women-singers,  and 
the  delights  of  the  sons  of  men,  as  musi. 
cul'  instruments,  and  that  of  all  sorts." — 
Of  him  it  is  said  in  Kings,  "and  he  spake  of 
the  trees,  from  the  cedar  that  is  in  Lebanon, 
even  to  the  hysop  that  spritigeth  out  of  the 
wail:  he  spake  also  of  beasts,  and  of  fowl 
and  of  creeping  things,  and  of  fishes/'  Now 
when  we  consider  that  such  knowledge  ha^. 
preceded  us  thiee  thousand  years,  we  must 
either  allow  that  the  march  of  improvement 
has  been  slow,  or  that  we  have  profiled  very 
little  by  the  experience  of  past  ages.  The  only 
excuse  that  can  be  offered  for  us  is,  the  de- 
struction that  has  been  mado  of  the  records  of 
past  experiments.  This,  to-be-sure,  may  be 
offered  for  the  first  two  thousand  years  ;  but 
what  apology  can  be  offered  for  the  slow  pro- 
gress of  agriculture  for  the  last  thousand  joars. 
1  know  of  but  ono  that  can  be  used,  and  that 
is.  our  agricalturists  do  not  read  enough  concer. 
ning  their  profession,  and  we  are  glad  to  wit- 
ness at  this  time,  something  that  looks  as  if 
our  stale  legislators  were  taking  into  conside* 
ration  the  subject  of  tho  education  of  the  ag- 
ricultural class  of  community,  as  well  as  for 
other  professions.  When  we  compare  tho  im- 
portance of  agriculture  with  professions,  and 
the  reading  attending  both,  we  must  acknowl- 
edge that  they  are  in  an  inverse  ratio  to  their 
rational  importance. 

It  has  been  remarked,  that  agriculture  was 
confined  to  an  humble  class  of  citizens,  who 
were  compelled  to  follow  it  for  support.  Du- 
ring the  dark  ages,  when  learning  was  confi- 
ned to  the  priests,  such  an   observation  might 


have  been  correct ;  but  at  this  time  it  is  differ- 
ent:  we  now  find  that  men  of  the  first  ac- 
quirements are  willing  to  pursue  those  inno- 
cent employments  which  were  first  taught  by 
the  Creator,  "on  that  day  when  he  created 
the  heavens  and  tho  earth." 

Loudon  says,  •'  the  recent  discoveries  in 
chemistry  and  physiology,  have  led  to  the  most 
important  improvements  in  the  culture  of 
plants,  and  the  breeding  and  rearing  of  ani- 
mals ;  agriculture  is  in  Consequence  no  longer 
an  art  of  labor,  but  of  scieme ;  hence  the  ad- 
vantage of  scientific  knowledge  to  agricultu- 
rists, and  the  susceptibility  of  the  art  of  pro- 
gressive advancement."  "  Agriculture,"  Mar- 
shall observes,  "  is  a  subject  which  viewed  in 
all  its  branches,  and  to  their  fullest  extent,  is 
not  only  the  most  important  and  the  most  dif- 
ficult in  rural  economies,  but  in  the  circle  of 
human  arts  and  sciences." 


SLIPS. 

Ladies  who  are  fond  of  green  bouse  plants, 
and  have  it  in  their  power  to  procure  slips  of 
various  kinds,  will  find  a  great  benefit,  and  a 
most  certain  preventive  of  failure,  particu 
larly  either  in  a  warm  room  in  winter,  or  a 
warm  sun  in  summer,  by  covering  their  slips 
with  bell  glasses, or  where  they  cannot  be  pro- 
cured, with  tuir.Mers,  or  any  kind  of  glasses 
that  will  admit  light,  observing  to  admit  air, 
at  least  one  hour  each  day,  and  not  keep  the 
slips  too  wet,  as  it  has  a  tendency  to  rot  them 
before  i hey  strike  root,  or  have  leaves  to  carry 
on  evaporation,  By  this  process,  hardly  any 
single  instance  of  a  plant  has  been  known  to 
fail.  In  setting  slips, it  is  important  to  clip  near- 
ly all  the  leaves,  else  there  is  too  great  a  call 
for  sap  ere  it  has  rooted.  An  ounce  of  salt- 
petre, or  a  spoonful  of  chloride  of  lime,  in  a 
gallon  of  water,  is  a  great  quickener  of  vege 
tation.artd  at  once  shews  its  beneficial  effects. 


TO  CONVEY  LIVE  FISH. 

As  there  are  many  natural,  as  well  as  artifi 
cial  ponds  that  are  destitute  of  the  most  valua- 
ble kinds  of  fish,  and  from  the  rapidity  with 
which  lish  are  increased,  it  froquen  tlv  becomes 
an,  object  to  transport  them  alive,  for  tho  pur 
pose  of  stocking  such  waters.  Winter  is  the 
most  favorable  season  for  this  purpose.  Al- 
though fish  are  fond  of  cold  water,  yet  when 
the  temperature  is  reduced  to  32  degrees, 
they  become  almost  torpid —thoir  motions  are 
very  slow,  and  they  do  not  require  the  same 
quantity  of  water  for  a  given  time,  that  they 
do  in  warm  weather.  Now,  as  long  as  snow  or 
ice  wh"ii  mixed  with  water,  will  remain  un- 
thawed,  it  indicates  tho  temperature  of  thirty 
two  degrees.  Therefore,  let  a  cask  of  suffi- 
cient size  be  provided,  and  fiilled  with  snow  or 
ice,  and  water,  into  which  put  the  fish,  intend- 
ed to  bo  transported,  as  soon  as  caught.  It  is 
not  necessary  that  the  water  should  be  entirely 
filled  with  ice  or  snow,  (the  latter  is  prefera- 
ble) only  to  keep  a  sufficient  quantity  in  the 
cask  to  insure  the  temperature  ;  neithershould 
the  water  be  allowed  to  freeze  solid,  which 
may  bejpre vented  bv  the  introduction  of  a  pail 
fill  of  water  occasionally  from  a  well.  In  this 
manner,  fish  maybe  taken  a  distance  of  thirty, 
or  fifty,  or  one  hundred  miles  by  land,  with 
less  troublo  than  any  other  method  and  with 
perfect  safety. 


THE  VINE. 

The  following  letter  was  received  by  one  of 
'lie  editors  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  in  1825, 
from  our  friend  Horatio  Gates  Spafford,  and  al- 
though not  intended  for  publication  at  that 
time,  we  think  will  be  read  with  pleasure  bv 
those  who  feel  interested  in  the  propagation  of 
the  grape.  This  letter,  when  compared  with 
one  of  recent  date,  from  the  same  gentleman, 
published  in  our  last,  will  afford  conclusive  ev- 
idence of  his  conviction,  that  the  cultiva- 
tion of  tho  grape  is  of  great  importance  ;  and 
we  sincerely  hope  he  may  yet  live  to  realize 
all  that  his  zeal  in  the  cattso  ever  led  him  to  an- 
ticipate, and  that  he  may  "  sit  under  his  own 
vine  and  fig  tree,  and  there  be  none  to  make 
bim  afraid." 

I  am  glad  to  perceive  by  thy  letter  of  the  22d 
mst.  that  thou  art  still  intent  on  the  culture  of 
tho  grape.  Of  the  sucoess,  ultimately,  of  this 
culture  in  this  country, I  cannot  doubt,  because, 
.wherever  wild  grapes  grow,  spontaneously, 
without  any  care  from  man,  ripen,  and  in  many 
instances  produce  heavy  loads  of  fruit, the  best 
being  selected,pruned, worked  with  care, tied  on 
stakes,  or  trained  on  arbors  or  fences,  the  qual- 
ity would  as  surely  be  improved,  and  the  crop 
iioreased,  in  this  as  in  any  other  culture.  By 
grafting,  which  is  done  more  readily  on  the 
vine  than  on  any  other  vegetable,  and  by  vari- 
ous other  means,  new  varieties  would  be  pro- 
duced, even  from  our  native  stocks,  indige- 
nous, always  to  be  preferred  ;  and  we  have  the 
m^ans  of  selecting  from  all  countries,  where 
the  vine  has  been  cultivated  for  thousands  of 
years,  and  may  soon  have  a  few  hundred  root- 
ed plants,  from  cuttings  and  layers,  the  product 
from  any  on>!  favorite  vine.  All  this  requires 
care  and  labor,  but  just  such  as  every  man  of 
intelligence,'  some  science,  and  a  love  of  Na 
tuie  and  fcer  works,  would  most  naturally  de- 
light in.  I  am  very  fond  of  this  kind  of  a- 
musement,  and  mv  garden  is  beginning  to  show 
that  it  is  success  fully  bestowed,  I  havo  8 
kinds,  select,  besides  many  seedlings,  kinds 
not  yet  known,  all  growing  very  prosperously, 
and  though  but  tho  second  year,  producing 
soi.,  i  fruit,  a  charming  foliage,  and  cheering 
hope  with  future  prospects. 

I  rejoice  to  see  the  increasing  attention  to 
the  s?rape  culture,  not  only  in  this  state  but 
throughout  the  Union,  wherever  our  Eugle  is 
known.  Disappointment  must  be  expected, 
however; — for  like  all  other  business,  expe- 
rience must  first  be  acquired,  and,  perhips, 
in  many  instances,  at  a  dear  rate.  In  nothing 
will  this  be  more  likely  to  come  than  in  large 
expectations  from  foreign  grapes,  some  in  a 
soil  unsuitable,  too  new,  unworked,  from  a  cli- 
mate too  hot,  too  cold,  too  dry,  too  wet.  too 
much  neglected,  for  the  old  varieties  of  the 
vines,  brought  from  old  vine  regions,  will  re- 
quire  much  nursing,  nice  care,  constant  'itt.;n- 
tior  and  old  ground,  where  the  soil  is  perfect- 
ly unmixed.  If  we  would,  in  every  region, 
plant  the  best  varieties  of  native  grapes',  from 
the  woods  around  us,  there  would  be  much 
less  danger  of  disappointment. 

The  nursery  men.  dealers  in  tho  vine,  havo 
such  a  habit  of  giving  new  names  to  their 
vines,  calling  some  natives  by  a  foreign  name, 
or  a  foreigner  by  a  good  name,  or  popular  one, 
of  the  moment,  that  I  apprehend  no  small  dif. 
ficully  from  this  source.  All  this,  again,  might 
be  prevented,  if  we  would  select  for  ourselves. 
1  have  a  fox  grape,  thus  selected  from  the 
woods,  that  yields  fruit  in  abundance,  equal  in 
strength  of  juice,  and  flavor,  to  the  best  dark 
colored  grapo  grown  in  this  state,  excepting, 
perhaps,  one  kind  of  the  Burgundy,  and  the 
Purple  Frontinac.  It  is  larger  than  the  Pur- 
ple Hamburgh,  round,  the  size  of  an  ounce 
leaden  ball.  But  why  mention  this?  There 
are  thousands  of  such,  on  our  hills,  and  many 
others,  some  of  which  may  be  even  better  than 


30 


THE  GENESEE  EARMER. 


Jan.  29   1831. 


•his.     I  am  selecting,  from  the   vuods,  and  sbali 
bye-and-bye  be  read.v  to  show  the  result. 

The  river  hills  of  the  Hudson,  from  N.  York 
to  Sandy  Hill, will  bye-and-bye  have  vineyards, 
where  now  we  find  the  wild  vine,  &  the  time 
is  coming  when  those  hills,  now  thought  of  no 
value,  for  agricultural  purposes, will  yield  more 
clear  profit  to  cultivators,  than  all  the  alluvial 
land  of  their  valley.  To  produce  all  this,  I 
well  know,  must  be  a  work  of  time.  Our  peo- 
ple, however,  taught  by  profitable  experiment, 
learn  very  rapidly,  and  act,  greedy  of  gains, 
prompt,  ever  readv.  This  characteristic  leads 
to  excess  of  enterprize.  sometimes  ludicrous 
enough,  but  then:  can  be  little  danger  of  raising 
more  grapes  than  can  be  sold,  or  made  into 
wine.  That  we  can  make  as  good  wine,  as  is 
made  in  any  part  of  the  world,  and  from  our 
native  grapes,  cultivated  properly,  no  one  can 
doubt,  unless  an  obstinate  dunce,  or  some 
thick  skulled  animal  whose  interest  perverts 
his  reason.  I  have  some  bottled  wine  of  my 
own  making,  two  years  old.  that  is  good 
nough  for  any  body,  and  so  say  the  wine  bib- 
bers, who  by-tho-by  are  not  the  best  judges  of 
pure  wine,  sacli  as  this  is.  I  should  like  to 
send  thee  a  bottle. 


BAROMETER 

Is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  which 
signify  weight  or  gravity,  and  measure — to 
measure  or  weigh  the  air,  more  commonly  ter- 
med a  weather  glass.  It  owes  its  origin  to 
experiments  institated  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
plaining a  very  mysterious  phenomenon,  viz  : 
That  with  a  common  pump,  water  could  not 
be  raised  higher  than  thirty  feet.  Much  novel 
speculation  was  thrown  aronnd  this  curious 
fact,  and  all  as  explanatory  of  the  canse,  but 
nothing  satisfartory  ;  when  suddenly,  and  as 
if  by  inspiration,  Torricelli,  a  distiple  of  Ga- 
lileo, communicate  d  the  discovery  in  lG45,that 
the  air  in  which  we  moved  with  perfect  free- 
dom, and  which  was  supposed  to  add  levity  to 
every  thing  that  contained  it,  was  in  fact  an 
immense  body  of  ponderous  matter,  and  that 
notwithstanding  the  ease  and  elasticity  that 
acoompanied  all  our  motions,  and  the  freedom 
with  which  it  was  inhaled,  we  were  constantly 
supporting  on  the  surface  of  our  bodies,  the 
enormous  pressure  of  neatly  eleven  tons. 

This  was  pronounced  gross  heresy  by  many, 
while  some  stood  aghast   in  wonder.     Finally, 
all  were  convinced,  for  demonstration  was  ea- 
sy ;  and    many  years  afterwards,  the  experi- 
ments which  proved  this  to  be  true,  were  the 
admiration  and  wonder  of  the  world.     Princes 
and  Potentates  were  astonished    at  an    experi- 
ment which  they  saw  performed  by  Guericke 
of  Magdeburgh,   who  took    two   hemispheres, 
> hat  exactly  fitted  eacli  other,  and  having  ck- 
hausted  them  of  air, so  firmly  were  they  connec- 
ted by  the  pressure  of  the  air  which  surroun- 
ded them,   and   which,  to  all   present,  seemed 
nothing,  and  le6s  than  nothing,  that  a  force  of 
twelve  horses  was  scarcely  sullicient  to   sepa 
rate   them.       Much  curiosity  was  excited    by 
the   development  of  ;his  truth;  philosophers 
and  chemists    vied  with  each  other  in  the  fur- 
ther   examination  of  the  properties  of  the  in- 
visible medium.     It  was  soon  suggested  to  the 
celebrated  Paschal,  that  by  ascending,  the  air 
would  bo  found    lighter,   and  its  pressure  not 
50  great.     He  therefore  caused  a  barometer  to 
tie  carried  to  the  top  of  a  high  mountain, where 
its  extreme  levity  was  so  sensibly  indicated,  as 
greatly  t>  astonish  even  himself.     As  they  de 
sconded,  the    mercury    rose    in   the   tube,  and 
Than  at  the  bottom  stood  as  bofore. 


.  The  principle  upon  which  barometers  are 
formed  is  very  simple,  and  may  be  illustrated 
by  filling  a  tumbler  with  water,  and  covering 
it  with  a  saucer,  then  suddenly  inverting  it, 
when  it  will  be  found  that  the  water  remains 
stationary  in  the  tumbler  The  pressure  of 
air  from  above,  is  supported  by  the  glass,  and 
exerts  no  effect  upon  the  column  of  water 
within,  while  it  is  prevented  from  escaping  by 
tbe  pressure  upon  the  small  quantity  in  the 
saucer. 

It  in  place  of  the  tumbler,  we  substitute  a 
tube  three  feet  in  length,  and  for  the  water 
employ  quicksilver,  we  have  a  common  baro- 
meter. The  mercury  is  employed  for  the  ob- 
vious reason,  that  its  great  specific  gravity  re- 
quires a  column  of  but  thirty  inches  to  coun 
terpoise  the  air  ;  whereas,  if  water  were  used, 
as  many  feet  would  be  necessary  to  produce 
the  same  result  At  the  top  of  the  column  is 
affixed  a  scale,  four  inches  in  length,  which  for 
greater  accuracy,  is  subdivided  into  tenths  and 
hundredths. 

At  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  top  of  the  mer- 
curial column  is  at  30,  by  which  is  meant, 
that  from  the  surface  in  the  saucer  or  basin, 
to  the  top  of  the  mercury  in  the  tube,  is  thir- 
ty inches.  As  we  ascend  from  this  level,  the 
mercury  sinks  in  the  tube,  and  on  arriving  al 
tho  top  of  the  highest  mountains,  it  falls  to 
twenty-seven  inches.  Hence  the  altitude  of 
any  place  above  tbe  level  of  the  sea,  is  easily 
calculated  by  this  instrument,  making  some 
deductions  for  changes  of  temperature,  which 
however  affect  it  but  slightly 
It  is  found  that  immediately  preceding  violent 
w  nds  and  hurricanes,  the  mercury  sinks  very 
suddenly;  sometimes  even  to  the  lowest  de- 
gree on  the  scale,  and  when  the  Btorm  is  with 
us,  and  raging  with  its  greatest  fury,  the  mer- 
cury rises.  All  have  observed  the  awful  and 
prophetic  stillness  that  betokens  a  mighty  and 
not  far  distant  commotion  of  tho  elements,  and 
all  have  read  of  tbe  dead  calms  that  prevail  at 
sea,  and  on  land,  that  are  soon  fo:lowed  by  an 
overcasting  of  the  sky,  and  which  are  too  of- 
i  ten  the  precursors  of  desolating  earthquakes. 
These  are  tho  occasions  when  the  greatest  de- 
pressions are  observed. 

Theheaviest  air, and  consequently  the  great- 
est elevation  of  mercury  in  the  barometer  is 
observed  between  tropics  and  in  warm  dry 
weather.  It  is  here  proper  to  remark  that  a 
very  popular  error  exists  among  all  classes  ofi 
men,  as  to  the  weight  of  the  air.  It  is  this,  that 
when  smoke  from  chimnies  is  observed  to  do-i 
scend  to  the  earth,  as  ^also  during  the  preva 
lence  of  dense  fogs,  the  air  is  said  to  be  very 
heavy;  whereas,  exactly  the  reverse  Is  true. 
Generally,  smoke  and  fogs  are  specifically 
lighter  than  air,  at  the  oarth's  surf  ace,  and 
consequently  as  soon  as  generated,  they 
ascend  rapidly  to  the  height  of  some  thousand 
feel,  till  coming  in  contact  with  a  rarer  medi- 
um, they  float  promisoously,  or  are  subject  to 
prevailing  winds  ;  whereas,  on  extremely 
light,  atmosphere  allows  them,  unoporaled  up- 
on, to  remain  quietly  below.  ' 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

Jan.  28. 1831. 
Wheat — Our  market  has  been  well  suppli- 
ed with  ihis  article,  during  the  week  past,  and 
prices  paid,  such  as  to  an-wer  the  expectations 
of  the  farmers.  On  'Tuesday,  there  was 
brought  in  on  sleighs,  and  sold,  about  fifteen 
thousand  bushels  ;  price— from  one  dollar  oix. 
to  one  doll,  twelve  and  a  half  cents. 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91<z92  50 

Pearl  100O102  50 

Apples  per  bushel       25u44 

Do  dried  75 

Bristles.comb'd  per  lb  20a31 
Beeswax  do    18a20 

Butter  do    IOol2 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl       $8a9 

Do  prime      do  5a7 

Do  fresh  per  lb         02co3, Mutton  do 
Barley  per  bushel        3sc44 j >lustard  Seed  per  bosh 
Beans        do  50o62|Oatfi  per  bush 


Mink 

Raccoon 

Martin 

Fisher 

Wild  Cat 

Graj  Fox 
I  ra>>  Seed  per  bush 
Hops  per  lb 
Honey  do 
Lard      do 


12a31 
18a31 
25o6i 
37<j50 
1  BOS! 
18a2r> 

(J--' 
12al5 

09 
06a07 
02o«! 

$4 

-: 


Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  cts  UUI  Pewter,  Brass  and 
Do  dipped         do      8  "  I    Copper  per  lb  14 

Do  sperm  do    28  "  Teaches.dry'd  bush  lOOa-200 

Corn  per  bushel  44rt50jl'ork,  mess  per  bbl    $l2ol3 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05l     Do  prime  8a9 

Clover  Seed  per  bush   $4  50     Do  fresh  per  lb        03nU4 
Flour  per  bbl  5  50  Quills  per  100  25o3D 

Flax  per  lb  07a08  Rye  per  bush  50 

Flaxseed  per  bush     78ao7'Rags  per  lb  03a01 

Feathers  per  lb  3la37,Salt  per  bbl  $1  75 

Furs— Otter  100a400  Tallow  per  lb  06o07 

Fox,  red  .11)075'  Wheat  per  bush        103al09 


Fox, cross 


100o200|Fuckwheat  flour,  cwt.  $1  7." 


TERMINOLOGY. 

The  weekly  insertion  of  our  little  dictionary 
of  terms  which  are  in  general  and  common  use 
with  those  versed  in  the  sciences  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Horticulture,  we  hope  will  need  nc 
exctrsc,  as  it  is  intended  for  the  use  of  the  tyre 
rather  than  the  adept;  and  intended  to  render  in- 
telligible all  of  tho  subjects  treated  of  in  the 
course  of  our  labors. 

Ferennial— growing  from  year  to  year,  like 
tho  tree  or  shrub,  the  maple,  rose  bush,  <Vc. 

Annual—  perfecting  itself  and  its  6eeds  in 
one  year,  as  corn,  salads,  cucumber. 

Biennial — perfecting   itself  in    two  year;, 
as  the  thistle,  carrot,  cabbage. 

Deciduous — those  trees  that  shed  their  leaves 
in  autumn — in  contradistinction  to  evergreens 

Herbaceous — Distinguished  from  wood,  the 
herb. 

Esculent — eatables,  vegetables,  &  roots. 

Succulent — Juicy,  abounding  in  juice,  a  pul 
py   leaf. 

Scguminous — bearing  pods,  beans,  peas,   iy<c. 

Farinaceous — producing  flour  and  starcl 
wheat,  rye. 

fusiform — Spindle  shaped,  tapering,  as  beet. 
carrot. 

Parasitr .—growing  out  of  another  plan! 
moss,  misletoe. 


To  Correspondents — C.  D.  in  answer  to 
A.  B.  on  spontaneous  vegetation,  from  its 
length,  omitted  till  next  week. 

"  A  Young  Farmer,"  and  several  others,  are 
recoived  and,  shall  have  prompt  attention. 


From  iho  Western  Reserve  Chronicle. 

We   had  the  pleasure,   a  few  days  since,    o' 
receiving  a  fine  ripe  orange,   from   the  garden 
of  J.  P.  K inland,   accompanied  with   the  to! 
lowing  note  ; 

Mkssrs.  Editors — Accompanying  ibis  |e(. 
ter  is  a  mature  ami  full  grown  Orange,  the  pro 
duel  ion  ofa  tree  tlm'  sprung  from  a  sped,  pian 
led  in  March,  18iJ8.  The  seedling  was  budded 
from  a  fruitful  stock,  in  the  following  August 
and  in  about  ihree  weeks  was  headed  down 
near  to  the  inoculate.  This  put  forth  a  growth 
of  font  inches,  the  same  season,  and  during  the 
summer  of  182Si"  attained  the  height!)  of  two 
feel, it-  luxuriant  branches  tm  ruing  a  spreading 
top.  In  March,  1830,  (too  years  from  ihe  lime 
the  seed  was  planted,  iV  nineteen  luvntlts  front 
the  insertion  of.  the  inoculate,  it  showed  more 
man  one  hundred  and  fifty  blossom-buds.  Dtj. 
ring  the  month  of  May,  it  was  literally  a  clus 
ter  of  splendid  fragrunt  (lowers.     Of  the  nt; 


Vol.  I.— No.  4. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


31 


merous  young  orang  es  that  lormpri  upon  it,  on 
ly  seven   wero   permitted  to  remain,   each  of 
which  is  now  equal  in  size  and  maturity  to  tin 
one  I  have  forwarded  to  you. 

Yours,  with  respect,  J.   P.  K. 

Poland  Jan.  U,  1831. 


"  THE  WAGES"    OF    LITEEATURE. 

Our  distinguished  fellow  countryman  Wash 
incton  Irving  has  sold  the  copyrights  of  bis 
life  of  Columbus,  history  of  Grenada,  a>  d  (he 
abridgement  of  the  life  of  Columbus  for  thirty 
eight  thousand  dollars  These  have  all  been 
published  wilhin  the  last  eighteen  months.— 
This  we  should  think  a  very  good  remunera- 
tion, so  far  as  money  is  concerned,  for  the  ef 
forts  of  genius  Mr.  Cooper's  last  novels  are 
said  to  have  produced  him  $18,000.  He  re- 
ceives one  dollar  per  copy  for  the  sales  in  this 
country. 

From  the  Daily  Albany  Argus. 
The  annual  meeting  of  the  New  York  State 
Temperance  Society,  was  held  in  the  Assem- 
bly Chamber  on  the  lStli  inst-  agreeable  to 
public  Dotice.  The  President,  hon.  Reuben 
H.  Walworth,  took  tiie  chair,  and  alter  call- 
ing the  meeting  to  order,  the  Rev.  B.  T 
Welch, of  ihe  city  of  Albany,  addressed  the 
Throue  of  Grace. 

The  President  delivered  bis  annual  address  ; 
accompanied  wiiha  report  of  the  proceedings 
of  the  Oneida  Temperance  Society.  Th 
President  also  read  a  letter  from  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Assembly,  stating  that  indis- 
position bad  prevented  him  from  participating 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  meeting. 

The  meeting  was  addressed  by  O.  G  Otis, 

esq   of  the  Assembly,  the  hon.  Mr.  Benton  o' 

the  Senate,  and  B.  F.  Butler,  esq.  of  this  city. 

The  following  resolution,  offered  by  B.  F. 

Buller,  esq.  was  adopted  by  the  Society  : 

Resolved,  That  the  history  of  the  Socieh, 
and  the  facts  in  its  possession,  justify  the  beliel 
that  voluntary  associations  for  the  promotion 
of  temperance,  founded  on  the  principle  of  en- 
tire abstinence  from  ihe  use  of  ardent  sp.rits. 
are  among  the  most  effectual  means  of  promo, 
ting  the  prosperity  and  honor  of  our  country, 
aod  the  good  of  the  human  race  ;  and  that  we 
therefore  earnestly  appeal  to  every  patriot  and 
philanthropist,  who  has  not  already  united 
himself  with  such  an  association,  to  do  so  with 
out  delay. 

On  motion  of  S-  M.  Hopkins,  esq.  Resolved, 
That  the  present  officers  of  the  Society  be  e 
lected  for  another  year. 

Mr!  Friend  Humphrey  resigned  bis  office  as 
a  member  of  the  executive  committee. 

Whereupon  it  was  resolved  that  Mr.  Joshua 
A.  Burke,  be  added  to  tbat  committee. 

On  motion  ofE.  C.  Delavan.esq.  Resolved 
That  this  meeting  adjourn  to  meet  in  this 
place  on  the  third  Tuesday  of  January  next. 

Thos.  Komp8hall,andG.  G.  Andrews,  esqs. 
delegates  from  the  Monroe  County  Temper- 
ance Society,  were  present  at  the  meeting. 
Wm.  C.  MILLER,  Rec.  Sec'y. 

MURDER. 

We  learn  from  the  Pennsylvania  Democrat, 
published  at  Uniontown,  that  a  man  named  Cal- 
vin Wood,  stabbed  two  persons  at  Bridgeport, 
in  that  eounty,  on  the  night  of  Sunday  week, 
one  of  whom,  William  Booh,  died  on  Friday 
evening.  Wood  who  was  drunk,  had  been 
guilty  of  disorderly  conduct  en  board  a  steam 
boat  then  about  la-iding  at  Bridgeport,  for 
which  Capt.  Kimber  threw  him  upon  deck  and 
threatened  to  put  him  overboard.  Wood  was 
about  leaving  the  boat,  when  a  person  whose 
name  we  have  not  beard,  while  in  the  act  of 
handing  his  cap  was  stabbed  by  him  in  the  ab- 
domen. Booh,  who,  as  well  as  the  other  per- 
son wounded,  belonged  to  the  boat's  crew, 
followed  Wood  and  overtook  him  on  the  plank 
extending  from  the  boat  to  the  shore.     A  sctifv 


fie  ensued  in  which  Booh  received  the  stab  in 
ihe  abdomen  of  which  he  died  It  was  not 
until  afterwards,  it  was  discovered  that  a  sim- 
ilar wound  had  been  inflicted  on  the  other  per 
son  referred  to,  and  that  Capt.  Kimber's  watch 
chain  (a  ribbon)  had  been  cut  offby  an  attempt 
;o  slab  him  in  the  same  manner.  Wood  has 
been  committed  for  trial. 

DUTIES    ON    CUSTOMS. 

The  duties  on  Imports  collected  at  the  port 
of  New  York,  for  the  last  6ve  years  were  as 
follows,  namely  : 

In  1825,  total  amount,        $15,742,100  41 
18-26  11  625,b64  22 

1827  13,217.695  89 

1828  13,745.147  21 

1829  13,052,676  46 

1830  (estimated)  13,000.000  00 
Being  an  average  annual  revenue  collected 

at  the  port  of  New  York  alone  (from  1825  to 
1829  inclusive)  of  $13,458,696  41,  or  more 
lhan  one  half  of  the  duties  collected  in  the 
whole  Union  in  each  of  the  respective  years, 
The  duties  on  Customs  collected  iu  the  whole 
Union,  were — 

In  1825,  total  amount,        $20,098,713  45 

1826  23,341  331  77 

1827  19.712.283  29 

1828  (say)  21,500,000  00 

1829  22,681,965,  91 

1830  (estimated)  21,756.707  37 
Comment  on  this  is  unnecessary  ;  the  state- 
ment will  speak  for  itself,  of  the  great  business 
in  foreign  trade,  transacted  in  this  city. 

ONE  DAY  LATER  PROM  EUROPE. 

Halifax  papers  received  at  Boston  have 
furnished  English  dates  to  the  11  th  December. 
These  accounts  confirm  the  last  opinion  thai 
ihere  would  not  be  a  general  war  among  the 
European  powers.  This  is  ascribed  to  the  re- 
cent change  of  Ministry  in  England,  and  their 
prompt  declaration  of  their  determination  to 
traintain  the  principle  of  non-intervention. — 
The  incendiary  outrages  throughout  the  coun 
try  had  nearly  ceased.  The  active  and  effi- 
cient measures  adopted  by  the  authorities  had 
been  very  beneficial,  and  would  in  all  proba- 
bility restore  quiet  and  good  order. 

T'ie  cause  of  Parliamentary  reform  was  ra 
pidly  gaining  strength,  and  must  inevitably  be 
carried  by  an  irresistible  force.  Meetings 
have  been  held  in  several  of  the  large  towns 
at  which  petitions  for  reform  were  carried  with 
acclamations, 

Accounts  from  Copenhagen  state  that  an 
expedition  had  succeeded  in  reaching  the 
eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  where  a  Norwe 
gian  colony  had  settled  eight  centuries  ago, 
and  to  whom  all  access  had  been  barred  by 
ice.  They  still  maintain  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, add  speak  the  Norwegian  language  of 
the  tenth  century. 

A  majority  of  nearly  all  classes  of  the  citi> 
zens  of  Brussels,  Antwerp,  Ghent,  aod  Liege, 
are  said  to  he  in  favor  of  the  accession  ot  Ihe 
Prince  of  Orange  or  one  of  his  sons. 

It  is  rumored  that  a  wide  breach  exists  be- 
tween his  Majesty's  government  and  the  East 
India  Company. 

It  is  reported  that  the  Austrian  and  Spanish 
Ministers  residing  at  the  Court  of  the  Nether- 
lands have  been  recalled. 

poor  man's  loan  company. 
A»  application  ha9  been  made  to  the  Legis- 
lature for  the  establishment  of  an  association 
under  this  name  and  for  the  following  objects  : 
1st  The  principal  object  is  to  relieve  the 
uants  of  Ihe  poor  and  necessitous,  upon  mode- 
rate terms,  viz.  by  lending  them  money  in 
small  sums,  at  seven  instead  of  25  per  cent., 
which  they  now  pay. 

2d.  To  carry  this  object  into  effect  without 
actual  loss,  which  is  provided  for  by  a  small 
charge  of  one  shilling  for  the  certificate,  and 
the  privilege  of  issuing  notes. 


3d.  To  make  the  stock  profitable,  so  as  to 

induce  inonied  men  to  make  investments,  in 

order  to  raise  the   necessary  capital,  which 

will  be  accomplished  by  the  basking  privilege. 

"long  dip. 

An  accident  lately  happened  to  a  com- 
mercial  gentleman,  who,  in  the  course 
of  his  business,  had  occasion  to  enter  a 
soap  and  candle  manufactory  in  Change 
Alley,  London,  which,  as  it  has  been  un- 
attended with  seiious  consequences  may 
be  repeated  for  amusement.  The  gen- 
tleman alluded  to  was  descending  some 
steps  adjoining  (he  melting  Tat,  when 
his  foot  slipped  and  he  was  precipitated 
into  the  agreeable  liquid.  A  workman 
who  was  standing  by,  seized  him  as  he 
rose:  but  from  the  unctious  nature  of  his 
covering  he  was  again  consigned  to  the 
vat.  A  second  pull  extricated  the  suf- 
ferer, in  the  shape  of  a  tremendous  can- 
dle, the  whole  outward  man  being  enca- 
-ed  with  tallow. — [London  pa. 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  Jan.  22, 1831. 


Tber 

Baromet'r 

Winds 

Weaiti 

er 

a 
o 

a 

e 

a 
to 

L.  1   *> 

>. 

a  -3 

=  k 

g 

o 

E 

i 

a 

« 

J=  S 

20  20  29,52 

29.55 

n       In 

1 

20  20 

29,55  29,30 

n  id  \w 

1 

26 .24 

29,10  29,11 

to      [n.to 

1 

29130 

^9,00  29,  2 

to      \w 

1 

20!10 

29,3039,50n      'n 

1 

6  11 

29,44  29,  2|«       '» 

1 

20ll4 

29,  5 

29,10 

10 

n 

1 

1 

Observa'iis 


1  i n'li  snow 

l-2inch  do 

2  1-2  do  do 
4  do  do 
1  1-2  do  do 
1-2    do  do 

U°77te  Barometrical  and  Titer  momctricul  observa~ 
tions  are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.  and  P.  AT,  which 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  tke  purpose , 
show  that  time  to  give  tke  nearest  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time- 
On  the  oioming  of  the  21st  tbo  Tbcmouieter  stood  2 
degrees  below  Zero,  wbich  was  lUe  coldest  day  at  Sun  - 
rise  tbis  season. 

This  month  has  been  one  of  continued  cold,  almost 
without  intermission,  and  though  we  have  often  colder 
4J ays,  yet  the  steadiness  of  the  Tost  ia  almost  without 
parallel. 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE, 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 

BY   C.   W     DUNDAS. 


NEW  YORK 

All  banks  in  this  stale,  par, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.     Washing 
ton  «fc  Wairen,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, Mid 
die  Dist.,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co 
Pittsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Bantu-    Farmers' 
b'nkef  Belchertown,  Sutton, 
Berkshire,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par 

RHODE-ISLAND 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks-     Farmers' 

Exchange,  and  Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par 
except  the  fallowing 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
New-York,  Derby,  and  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par 

MAINE. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

except  the  following 

Broken   Banks.    Castine 

Wiscasset,  llallowell  &  Air 


samaqnoddv  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 

Slate  b'nk,  &  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  par    , 
All  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    SaJem  & 
Phil.  Manuf. Co.,  Monmouth, 
Hoboken  find  Grazing  Co., 
N.Jersey  Manuf  &  Banking 
Co.  al  Hoboken,  State  Bank 
al  Treutou,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  ami  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,  par. 
All  other  banks,  2per  cent, 
exoept  the  following 
Broken  Bank?.  Farmers' 
AMochanicB'  aiN.Sa.,Ceu- 
tre,  Huntington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greeticas- 
tle,  Bedford.  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington, Unioutown,  A  gricul- 
tural.Sil.  Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hops  Bridge  Co  new  emis- 
sion, and  Brownvile  banks. 

OHIO. 
All  banks,     4  to  6  per  cent, 

MICHIGAN. 

All  banks,  "2  per  ccni, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks.    Menrocj 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  to  3  per  cent, 
except  the 
Upper  Cana.  al  Kingston, 
and  Unchartered  banks. 


gu?ta,  Kennebec,  and   Pas- 1 

X7  The  above  table  whenspeahing  of  foreign  Bills,  re- 
fers to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin 
■ation  are  receivable. 


:»i 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


Jan.  29,  1831. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


WINE. 

The  celebrated  Hoffman  considered  wine  a 
universal  medicine.  He  recciraended  it  for 
weakness  of  the  stomach,  obstructed  liver, 
flatulence,  stone  and  gravel,  depression,  and 
all  the  infirmities  of  age.  An  old  French 
writer  describes  the  Germans  as  a  melancholy 
people,  which  disposition  he  attributes  to  the 
want  of  this  beverage.  Fermoelius  says  that 
"  wine  is  to  the  human  body  what  manure  is 
to  trees — it  forces  the  fruit  but  injures  the 
trees" and  therefore  it  i9  argued  that  as  a  gar 
dener  only  applies  manure  when  it  is  wanted, 
so  wine  should  only  be  used  when  needed. 

IMPROVEMENT  IN  THE    QUALITY   AND    QUAN- 
TITY OF  WOOL. 

M.  Montbret  has  presented  a  memoir  to  the 
Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  on  this  subject. 
He  states,  that  the  nourishing  fluids  are  na- 
turally distributed  between  the  flesh,  (he  fat. 
and  the  wool  of  the  sheep.  He  recommends 
irequent  shearings  «  ben  the  animal  is  young, 
whereby  these  fluids  are  determined  in  greate 
abundance  towards  the  skin.  This  increases 
the  quantity  and  improves  the  quality  of  the 
wool. 

BLUE  OOLOR. 

Ths  following  is  given  as  a  method  of  ex 
tracting  a  blue  color  from  the  straw  of  buck 
wheat.  The  straw  should  be  gathered  before 
i lie  grain  is  quite  dry,  and  placed  on  the  ground 
in  the  sun,  until  it  becomes  sufficiently  dry  to 
be  taken  from  the  husks  with  facility.  The 
wheat  having  been  removed,  the  straw  is  piled 
up,  moistened  and  left  to  ferment  till  it  is  in  a 
slate  of  decomposition,  when  it  will  become  of 
a  blue  color;  this  indicates  the  period  when  it 
should  be  gathered  and  formed  into  cakes, 
which  are  to  be  dried  in  the  sun  or  in  a  stove. 
On  these  cakes  being  boiled  in  water  tbe  wa 
ter  assumes  a  strong  bine  color,  which  will 
not  change  either  in  water  or  in  Sulphuric- 
acid.  It  may,  however,  be  turned  into  red 
with  alkali,  into  a  light  black  with  bruised 
gall  nnts,  and  into  a  beautiful  green  by  evapo- 
ration. Stuffs  dyed  blue  with  this  solution, 
which  is  to  be  used  the  same  way  as  vegeta- 
ble matters  of  a  similar  species  employed  in 
dying,  become  of  a  beautiful  and  durable 
color. 

INFLUENCE  OF  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES. 

It  is  known  from  the  official  returns,  that 
the  domestic  distilled  spirits  in  the  cily  of  New 
York,  amounted  in  1828,  to  111,604  casks; 
in  1829,  to  79,913  ;  being  31,591  casks  less 
in  1899  than  in  1828  ;  say  near  40  per  cent 
more  in  1828  than  in  1829. 

From  official  returns,  the  inspection  of  for- 
eign spirits  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1828, 
amounted  to  2,925,705  gallons;  in  1829,  to 
1,695,868,  being  a  falling  off  of  1,229,937 
gallons — the  importations  of  1828  exceeding 
those  of  1829  of  rising  75  per  cent. 

It  is  calculated  from  Ibe  returns,  that  in 
1829  the  diminution  of  foreign  spirits,  passing 
through  tbe  city  of  New  York,  for  domestic 
consumption,  amounted^to  1,471,718  gallons, 
costing  at  the  wholesale  price  as  many  dollars 
Of  domestic  spirits,  thy  diminution  has  been 
about  two  millions  of  gallons,  worth  at  first 
cost  at  least  $500,000 — the  whole,  making  a 
saving  to  the  community  of  about  two  millions 
of  dollars  at  the  wholesale  prices  ;  but  a(  the 
retal  price,  as  generally  dealt  out,  who  can  es- 
timate the  saving  ?  When  we  look  at  this  re 
turn,  and  at  the  lessened  use  of  this  wretched 
stall',  may  we  not  be  permitted  to  ascribe  to 
this  change  of  habii9  in  our  state,  the  uunx- 
ampled  prosperity  which  prevails  throughout 
every  branch  of  industry  ? — Albany  Argus. 


MAMMOTH   CHRVSTAL. 

In  Moretown,  on  Onion  rivei,  among  tbe 
Green  Mountains,  has  been  found  a  chrystal 
of  smoky  quartz,  weighing  HOIbs..  most  of  it 
of  first  water.  This  chrystal  is  a  six-sided 
prism,  very  regularly  formed,  having  one  end 
terminated  by  a  six-sided  pyramid,  surface  ge- 
nerally smooth,  and  angles  well  defined,  and 
being  so  transparent,  that  large  letters  may, 
in  some  directions,  be  read  through  it.  The 
sides  of  the  prism  are  parallelograms,  trans- 
versely etriated,  varying  in  length  from  8  to 
10  inches,  and  in  breadth  from  54  to  7-  The 
circumference  of  tbe  prism,  at  the  end  next  to 
the  termination,  is 2  feet  1 1  inches,  at  the  oth- 
er end,  3  feet.  When  this  chrystal  stands  e- 
reel,  it  is  20  inches  high.  It  is  now  in  the 
cabinet  of  Rev.  T.  A.  Merrill  of  Middlebury. 
VI-  Chron. 

MACKEREL    FISHERY. 

The  Hingbam  Gazette  gizes  a  statement  of 
the  Mackerel  fishery  carried  on  from  that 
port,  during  tbe  last  ten  years.  In  1821  only 
27  tessels  were  engaged  in  the  business,  and 
only  10,875,  bbls.  were  packed.  Since  thai 
time  there  baa  been  a  gradual  increase  of  ve6- 
sels  engaged  and  business  done  up  to  the  last 
year,  in  which  64  vessels  were  employed,  and 
44,8784,  bbls.  packed.  Tbe  increase  of  busi 
from  29  to  30  amounts  to  10,147|  bbls.  Up 
wards  of  8000  hogsheads  of  salt  were  con- 
sumed in  the  business. 

COLONIZATION. 

A  society  has  been  formed  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  auxiliary  to  the  American  Colonization 
Society,  and  the  following  gentlemen  selected 
as  its  officers  : 

William  A.  Duer,  President. 
Vice  Presidents. 

Walter  Bowne,  Abraham  Van  Ness,  Ogden 
Edwards,  John  T.  Irving,  William  Colga,  Na- 
than Bangs. 

Ira  B.  Underbill,  Recording  Secretary. 

John  W.  Mulligan,  Corresponding  Sec'y. 

Moses  Allen,  Treasurer. 

The  following  resolution  passed  : 

Resolved,  That  whereas  the  expense  of  col 
onizing  in  Africa  the  annual  increase  of  the 
whole  colored  population  of  the  United  States 
will  not  exceed  one  million  of  dollars,  or  about 
ten  cents  each,  if  divided  among  the  citizens 
of  New  York  to  imitate  the  example  of  oth 
er  communities  which  have  contributed  in  that 
proportion  to  the  funds  of  the  American  Col 
onization  Society, 

CENSUS    OF    NEWHAMPSHIRE. 

The  census  of  this  state  amounts  to  267,533 
making  an  increase  during   the  last  ten  yoars 
of  25372.     The  number  of  white  males  |131, 
800,  white  females  137,511  ;  free  colored  per- 
sons 023      Foreigners  not  naturalized  400. 

MILITARY    FORCE    OF     THE     STATE. 

The  following  account  of  the  number  of  mi- 
litia tn  this  state  is  taken  from  the  annual  re- 
port made  by  M.  H.  Webster,  the  acting  Ad- 
jutant General. 

Horse  Altillery  1,816 

Cavalry  3,814 

Artillery  12,803 

Infantry  (including  Light  Infantry 

and  Riflemen) 
Companies  of  Altillery,  $-c.  attach- 
ed to  Infantry  for  inspeetion 


1G6.614 

1,763 

138,610 


Total 

SILLIMAN's  JOURNAI* 

The  January  number  of  this  Journal,  com- 
pleting the  nineteenth  volume,  has  been  pub- 
lished, and  issued  tu  its  patrons.  It  contains 
thirteen  articles  on  various  subjects  relating 
to  Natural  Philosophy,  Natural  History,  Me- 
chanical Philosophy,  &c.  &c.,  all  of  winch,  it 
is  said,  ably  sustaiu  the  well-earned  and  ex- 
tensive reputation  of  tbis  invaluable  work 


INTERESTING  TO  THE  LADIES 

The  Journal  ol "Healtu  strongly  recommends 
simple  soap  and  water,  as  the   best  wash   for 
preserving   the   complexion,   instead   of   the 
thousand  varieties  of  cosmetic  lotions,  which 
are  so  much  used.     There  are  five  beautifiers 
jof  the  skin,  viz: — personal  cleanliness,   regu- 
lar exercise,  temperance,  pure  air,  and  cbeer- 
j  ful  temper.     Let  all  pouting  beauties  ponder 
ion  tbis.     The  Journal  puts  its  veto  on  tbe  use 
Jof  distilled  liquor,  Cologne  water.  Sic.  and  in- 
sists that,  to  use  them  for  a  wash,  is  to  destroy 
tbe  suppleuess,  transparency  and  smoothness 
of  the  skin,  and  to    covet   it  with  unseemly 
blotches. 

TEIAL    OF  JUDGE    PECK. 

The  testimony  in  this  case  was  closed  on  the 
11th  inst.  and  the  counsel  for  the  respondent 
announced  that  they  would  commence  their 
augment  on  the  next  day  Thus  it  seems 
this  matter  which  has  consumed  nearly  a 
month  and  a  half  of  a  short  session,  is  now  in 
in  way  to  be  closed  When  we  consider  that 
there  is  a  great  ma«s  of  business  to  be  done  at 
tbis  session,  we  can  but  regret  that,  so  much 
time  should  have  been  occupied  with  this  trial. 
We  sincerely  hope  that  but  few  of  the  U.  S. 
Judges  will  ever  put  themselves  in  the  way 
of  an  impeachment  if  like  this  tbe  trial  must 
ocenpy  more  than  one  third  of  a  session  of 
congress. 

AUCTIONS. 

Collins  and  Hannay  and  other  booksellers  of* 
New  York  give  notice  that  Ihey  will  apply  to 
tbe  legislature,  for  an  alteration  in  the  auction 
law,  so  as  to  confine  sales  of  personal  property 
by  auction  to  day-light. 

A  GOOD  THING. 

It  is  stated  in  an  English  paper  thnt  Mr 
Donaldson,  formerly  connected  with  the  Ed- 
inburgh Advertiser,  has  at  hit  decease  left  a 
property  amounting  to  £220,000,  ($996, 800' 
Ibe  whole  of  which  he  directed  (o  be  employed 
in  founding  and  endowing  a  hospital  for  orphan 
and  destitute  children.  A  noble  act,  worthy 
i  benefactor  of  tbe  human  race.  Such  instan- 
ces of  benevolence  are  rare,  and  should  give 
to  the  generous  donors  a  high  rank  in  tbe  re- 
cords of  the  great  and  good. 


AN  UNNATURAL  AND  INHUMAN  SON. 

We  heard  a  stattment  made  from  a  pulpit 
:  in  this  city,  a  short  time  since,  which  made 
our  blood  run  cold,  and  tbe  bare  recollection 
of  which  makes  us  shudder.  What  monsters 
(men  can  make  of  themselves!  It  was  stated 
.by  Ibe  speaker,  and  in  a  manner  19  leave  no 
doubt  of  bis  sincerity,  that  he  had  recently 
been  called  to  minister  lo  the  necessities  of  an 
!aged  female  who  lay  in  an  entry  or  passage  to 
a  garret,  tbe  light  to  which  was  only  admitted 
by  removiug  two  shingles  in  the  roof.  Hei 
neighbor  a  female,  who  was  a  little  more  fa- 
vored than  herself  by  having  a  room  in  the 
garret,  w»s  tbe  only  friend  to  whom  sbe  could 
^call  for  assistance,  and  she  was  merely  able  to 
crawl  occasionally  to  her  side  to  hand  her  a 
cup  of  cold  water,  which  a  high  fever  made  an 
invaluable  blessing.  Yet  tins  poor,  helpless 
ind  aged  woman,  is  the  widow  of  a  merch?nt 
who  once  traded  on  a  capital  of  near  half  a 
^nillion  of  dollars,  and  whose  son  is  at  this 
lime  an  eminent  and  flourishing  merchant, roll- 
ing in^plendid  affluence  in  a  neighboring  city. 
vVe  regret  that  the  name  of  the  unfeeling 
wretch  was  nol  mentioned ;  such  monsters 
should  be  Leld  up  to  the  abhorrence  and  exe- 
cration of  mankind. — Phil.  Sat.  Bulletin. 

COUNTER  FKITSRS. 

The  bills  of  the  Greenwich  bank,  which  ha^ 
just  commenced  discounting,  have  already 
been  counterfeited.  At  this  rale  counterfeit 
bills  will  soon  be  pot  m  circulation  before  lire 
genuine  anesx 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  FEBRUARY  6,  1831. 


KCMBEi     5. 


THE    GENESEE    FARMER 

AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 
Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo 
my,  &c.  &c 
Published  on  Saturday",  at  $2  50  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $3  00,  il  paid  at  lite 
lime  of  subscribing,  by  Tucker  &  Stevens, 
at  the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


ORIGIN  AX.. 


HORTICULTURE. 

The  following  letter  Irnm  Jkssk  Buel.  Esq. 
of  Albany,  to  the  President  of  the  Monroe 
Horticultural  Society,  was  received  in  answer 
to  one,  announcing  his  election  as  honorary 
mamber  of  that  Society  ;  with  a  copy  of  whiob 
we  have  been  politely  furnished  for  publica- 
tion. 

To  the  President  of  the  Monroe  Horticultural  Society  : 
Sir — In  return  for  the  flattering  compliment 
conferred  upon  me  by  the  Monroe  Horticultur- 
al Socieiy,I  beg  leave  to  offer  to  the  considera- 
tion of  its  members  a  few  remarks  upon  some 
of  the  modern  improvements  in  horticulture, 
in  the  hope,  that  although  the  amateur  may 
find  in  them  nothing  new  or  valuable,  yet  thai 
I  hey  may  afford  some  interest  to  the  noviciate 
in  the  delightful  business  which  you  have  asso- 
ciated to  promote. 

The  production  of  new  and  valuable  varie- 
lies  of  fruit,  by  artificial  means,  may  be  class 
ed  among  the  great  horticultural  improvement 
of  the  day.  The  analogy  between  anim  ils 
and  vegetables,  in  perpetuating  their  species, 
by  sexual  organs,  has  been  long  known.  De 
fects  and  disea»es.as  well  as  habit, are  often  iie- 
reditary  in  both,  and  the  opinion  seems  to  have 
become  pretty  general,  thai  the  variety  in  the 
vegetable,  and  the  breed  in  the  animal,  if  kept 
long  distinct  and  unmixed,  will  gradually  de- 
teriorate and  finally  run  out.  Mr.  Jefferson  was 
of  opinion,  that  the  royal  blood  of  Europe  had 
degenerated  into  imbecility,  by  exclusive  in 
termarriage  among  its  members.  Mr.  Knighi, 
the  enlightened  president  of  the  Horticultural 
Society  of  London,  and  other  eminent  porno 
logists,  embraced  the  opinion,  that  vegetable* 
have  the  same  tendency  io  degenerate,  with- 
out the  admixture,  in  the  process  of  fecunda- 
tion, of  different  species  and  vaiieties.  The 
disappearance  of  old  varieties  of  the  apple,  anil 
the  diseased  state,  and  increasing  barrenness 
of  other  varieties,  yet  under  cultivation,  seem- 
ed to  confirm  ibis  opinion,  while  the  potatoe 
and  other  productions  of  the  farm  and  garden 
offer  to  our  observation  a  farther  proof  of  its 
correctness.  So  strongly  did  Mr.  Knight  be 
come  fixed  in  this  opinion,  by  a  series  of  expe- 
riments, conducted  for  years,  with  great  care 
that  he  seriously  advises  orchardings,  never  to 
plant  an  inoculated  or  grafted  apple  tree,  un 
less  the  parent  tree  is. known  to  exist  in  a 
healthy  state. 

During  the  last  five  and  thirty  years,  many 
distinguished  horticulturists  of  Europe  have 
devoted  particular  attention  to  this  branch  o: 
physiology;  and  they  have  been  successful, 
not  only  in  making  up  for  the  extinct  varieties, 
but  in  greatly  multiplying  the  number  and  vari- 
eties of  our  line  table  fruits.  Two  metho dc 
have  been  pursued,  aDd  both  successfully  -  - 
The  one  by  crossins  (to  use  a  breeder's  term) 
two  distinct  and  approved  varieties.  The  o 
the.r  may  be  called  the  Bakewell  plan,  of 
breeding  exclusively  'ram  Ihe  best  individual*. 
T.  A.  Knight  took  ihe  lead  in  the  first;  and 
Br.  Van  Mons,  of  the  university  of  Louvain 
was  the  pioneer  in  the  latter. 

Mr.  Knight  began  liis  experiments  near  the 
close  of  the  last  eentury,  upon  the  garden  pe 
He  found  to  his  great  delight,  that  the  progeny 
partook  of  the  character  of  the  two   parents. 
&  that  it  was  more  vigorous  &  prolifio,on  being 


planted, than  either  of  them.  He  next  extended 
his  experiments  to  the  strawberry  &lhe  apple, 
and  subsequently  to  the  cherry,  peach,  and  o- 
ther  fruits.  Knight'"  peas  are  well  known  & 
sought  for  by  our  gardeners,  as  being  abund 
ant  bearers,  and  excellent  for  the  table.  The 
downton  strawberry,  which  ha«.  grown  in  my 
garden  to  the  size  of  four  inches  and  three 
qunrlers  in  circumference,  is  Ihe  cross  of  two 
American  varieties.  His  Black  Eagle,  Elton, 
and  Waterloo  cherries,  are  already  in  high  es- 
timation. His  Downton  pippin  equals  one  of 
us  parents,  the. old  golden  pippin,  which  was 
long  the  pride  and  boast  of  an  Englishman's 
table;  his  red  and  yellow  Ingestrie  fall  but  lit- 
tle below  it  in  the  scale  of  choice  dessert  fruit; 
while  his  Foxley,  Siberian  Harvey,  yellow  Si 
berian.  Grange  and  Downton,  escced  in  the 
specific  gravity  of  their  must,  or  fresh  express 
ed  juice  (the  best  test  of  a  good  cidei  apple) 
the  celebrated  Slire.  These  fruits  are  all 
growing  in  my  grounds,  and  exhibit  a  healthi- 
ness and  vigor,  unusual  in  old  varieties. 

The  process  of  Mr.  Knight  consists  in  de- 
stroying the  male  organs  (stamens)of  so  many 
flowers  as  h»  designs  for  experiment,  before 
the  blossoms  open; — in  fecundating  or  inipreg 
Dating  the  female  organs,  (pistils)  when  the 
flowers  are  fully  expanded,  with  the  pollen  of 
the  variety  selected  for  the  cross;— and 
carefully  excluding  insects,  which  might  intro- 
duce the  pollen  of  other  varieties  to  the  denu 
ded  pistils,  and  thus  defeat  the  object  of  the 
experiment. 

In  making  his  experiments  with  the  apple, 
Mr.  Knight,  in  several  instances,  availed  him 
self  of  the  character  of  the  Siberian  crab  for 
hardiness,  and  as  a  great  and  annual  bearer, 
arid  chose  it  as  a  subject  for  experiment. — 
The  trees  which  originated  in  this  cross 
bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  their  northern  pa- 
rent. 

Dr.  Van  Mons  and  his  Flemish  cotemporaries, 
commenced   their  experiments  simultaneously 

ritb 


•.f  our  tables,  I  subjoin,  for  the  benefit  of  a- 
mateurs,  the  names  of  a  few.  which  ure  descri- 
bed and  figured  io  colors,  in  the  Pomological 
Magazine. 

flames  In  eating 

Beurre  Diel  NovtoJitn 

Do    d'\rernbargh  Jan  to  March 

Do    Ranee  Dec  to  May 

Do    de  Capiaumont  October 
Duchess  d'Angouleme  November 


Character 
First  rank  for  table 
Best  cultivated 
Best  late 
Delicious 
Finest  of  autunm 
Equal  to  best 
Very  good 
An  excellent  peav 
Great  favorile 
Fine  quality 
Highly  esteemed 
Superior 


with  Mr.  Knight.  They  preferred  to  begin 
ihe  seeds  of  wildings  as  being  mosi  hardy 
and  most  exempt  from  hereditary  disease.  I 
had  been  the  practice,  in  selecting  from  seed- 
lings of  two  or  three  years  growth,  with  a 
view  of  obtaining  new  varieties,  such  as  had 
few  or  no  spines,  large  leaves  and  thick  shoots. 
But  Dr.  Van  Mons  found  such  plants,  particu- 
larly pear  seedlings, to  produce  generally  sum- 
mer fruits  of  a  small  size  and  little  flavor.  He 
therefore  chose  thorny  plants  in  which  the 
spines  were  long,  and  furnished  with  buds  to 
their  summit,  and  of  whieh  the  general  aspect 
of  the  plant  recalled  to  mind  some  good  known 
varieiy.  When  these  plants  bore  fruit,  he  sow- 
ed their  seeds,  and  again  the  seeds  so  produced, 
te  ihe  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  generation, — al- 
ways selecting  from  his  seedlings,  as  in  the 
first  generation,  those  which  promised  best  to 
realize  his  hopes.  The  peach  and  apricot 
sown  in  this  manner,  did  not  produce  excel- 
lent fruil  till  the  third  generation,  the  apple  not 
till  the  fourth  generation,  and  the  pear  not 
till  the  fifth  or  sixth  generation.  A  good  kind 
being  obtained,  it  was  increased  by  suckers 
pieces  .of  the  root  or  layers,  any  of  which 
modes  M.  Van  Mons  considered  preferable  to 
grafting.  He  remarks,  thai  the  best  varieties 
threw  up  the  fewest  suckers.  In  the  course/ 
of  these  experiments  Dr.  Van  Mons  raised 
80,000  seedlings  of  the  pear  alone.  In  1823, 
hs  published  3  catalogue  of  new  fruits  com- 
prising about  400  varieties  of  ihe  pear;  most 
^?  them  of  excellent  quality, and  affording  a  suc- 
cession for  the  table  during  the  circle  of  the  year. 
.\iany  of  these  choice  varieties  were  received 
by  me  in  1825  and  1827.  from  the  Horticultu- 
ral Society  of  London,  and  the  fruit  of  some 
of  them  has  been  already  exhibited  at  our  hor- 
ticultural shows.  A"  these  new  pears  are  des- 
igned to  contribute  materially  to  the  delieaoies 


F.aston  Beurre  Apl  lo  June 

Gilogit  Mar  to  May 

Napoleon  Oct  ff  Nov 

Passe  Colmor  Dec  to  Jan 

f  rincess  of  Orange     October 
Maria  Louisa  Oct  and  Nov 

Bounude  Malines        Dec  and  Jan 

Persuaded  that  the  Flemish  pears  will  be  an 
important  acquisition  to  our  table  fruit,  I  have 
applied  through  various  channels,  for  all  the 
good  varieties  which  I  have  not  already  under 
cultivation.  Among  other  means,  I  have  made 
a  request  to  Dr.  Van  Mons,  through  a  friend  at 
Paris,  and  have  received  assurances  that  my 
wishes  shall  be  fulfilled. 

The  establishment  of  Horticultural  Socie- 
ties has  contributed  wonderfully  to  dissemi- 
nate pomological  information,  and  to  facilitalc 
intercourse  and  interchanges  among  horticul- 
tural men.  I  have  many  fruit  trees  growing, 
which  were  grafted  in  France,  in  Germany,  &. 
in  England, with  varieties  which  originated  not 
only  in  those  countries,  but  in  Italy,  Denmark, 
Russia,  and  even  Asia.  And  I  observed,  in  a 
nursery  catalogue,  lately  received  from  the'  Isl- 
and of  Jersey,  the  names  of  Sievens'  Gene- 
see pear,  and  the  Jonathan  apple,  two  fruits 
which  I  first  named  three  years  ago,  and  cut- 
tings of  which  I  sent  to  Europe  the  year  fol- 
lowing. Cuttings  of  the  pear  were  taken  from 
the  original  seedling  tree,  in  Livingston,  and 
kindly  presented  to  me  by  Mr.  Edwards,  of 
Springfield.  The  fruit  was  subsequently  for- 
warded to  me  by  Mr.  Ruggles.  It  is  a  beauti- 
ful and  excellent  autumn  fruit.  The  apple 
was  sent  to  me  (cuttings  and  fruii)  by  Jona- 
than Hasbrouck,  Esq,  of  Kingston.  It  is  an 
Ulster  seedling,  resembling  in  its  high  aromat- 
ic flavor  and  color,  the  Esopus  Spitzenburgh, 
but  with  less  aciaitv  than  that  old  favorite. 

While  on  this  subject,  I  am  desirous  of  ealj- 
ng  the  attention  of  the  fruil  loving  community 
to  the  meritorious  exertions  of  some  of  our 
own  citizens  to  increase  the  luxuries  of  our  ta- 
bles. 

Mr.  Howland,  an  intelligent  farmer  of  Still 
water,  cultivates  most  of  the  choice  fruits  of 
our  country,  and  has  originated  several  new 
varieties.  He  showed  me,  three  years  ago, 
growing  on  seedling  trees,  six  or  seven  excel- 
lent varieties  of  the  plum,  all  from  the  pits  ct 
a  green  gage,  but  all  differing  from  this  parent, 
&  other  known  varieties  :  the  blossoms  having 
been  fecundated  by  the  aid  of  insects  and 
winds,  with  the  pollen  of  the  fine  surrounding 
varieties.  Mr.  Haruian.  also,  ol  Schenectady, 
has  been  successful  in  raising  several  fine  new 
varieties  of  the  plum,  worthy  of  propagation. 
With  sentiments  of  respect,  I  am,  Sir, 

Your  ob't  serv't,  J.  BUEL. 

Albany.  Dec.  %,  1630. 


FOR   THE    GINESES    FARMER. 

Messrs.  Editors — The  establishing  of  a 
weeblv  paper  in  the  western  section  of  ouo 
thriving  state,devoted  to  Agriculture  and  Horti 
ticulture,  is  a  circumstance,  I  ihink,  that  can- 
not fail  to  meet  with  a  cordial  support  from  tire 
friends  of  these  pursuits.  Already  have  oirv 
western  farmers,  in  many  branches  of  the  bu- 
siness of  agriculture,  fur  outstripped  those  ot 
the  older  settlements  of  the  east.  The  ra- 
pidity with  which  the  march  of  improvement 
has  spread  through  this  section,  has  excited  the 
wonder  and  admiration  of  those,  who,  only 
thirty  years  since,  knew  it  as  a  wilderness. — 
Wealth  and  competently  abounds  among  us, 
and  every  section  bas  its  peculiarities,    thai 


34 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Feb.  5.  1831 


render  the  plans  and  operations  of  each  differ- 
ent, while  the  events,  may  be  similar.  That 
there  is  mnch  room  for  improvement,  and  that 
the  subjects  are  of  the  greatest  importance  to 
our  country, I  think  none  will  dispute.  Formy- 
solf,  being  an  inexperienced  farmer,  I  look  upon 
it  as  the  opening  of  a  channel,  through  which 
much  good  is  to  flow.  To  the  old  and  experien- 
ced, it  will  be  a  source  through  which  they  may 
present  to  the  public,  such  facts  as  their  long 
practico  and  experience  may  have  taught  them. 
Many  of  them  having  been  early  settlers  of 
the  country,  and  having  had  all  the  difficulties 
to  encounter,  that  usually  occur  in  new  settle- 
ments, must  have  acquired'a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  soil,  climate,  and  other  circum- 
stances, upon  which  those  pursuits  iopend, 
that  would  be  of  vast  importance  to  the  pies- 
ant  operators,  and  to  rising  generations.  The 
learnad  Theorists  will  no  doubt  present  through 
its  columns,  many  new  and  important  plans 
for  its  further  improvement.  The  Naturalist 
will  have  a  source  thro'  which  he  may  expose 
Ins  discoveries  to  that  class  ofcitizens  to  whom 
they  are  always  of  the  most  importance.  The 
practical  farmers  may  exchange  ideas,  and  pre 
sent  results,  upon  their  various  plans  and  ope- 
rations one  with  another.  The  young  will 
grow  up  undor  such  a  state  of  things,  with 
their  minds  alive  to  the  advancement  of  the 
pursuit,  and  will  fit  them  for  filling  the  sphere 
in  which  they  are  to  act,  with  honor  to  them- 
selves and  country.  I  shall  close  this  epistle 
by  wishing  success  to  the  undertaking,  and  en- 
closing the  amount  of  one  year's  subscription: 

A    lOOSC    FARMER. 


lady,  who  discoveredsome  boys  in  a  plum  tree, 
the  sons  of  a  wealthy  neighbor.  She  confined 
thorn,  sent  for  their  father,  and  delivered  them 
up  to  him,  for  once,  with  a  positive  assurance, 
that  if  ever  caught  again,  or  if  she  soon  heard 
of  their  repeating  the  offence,  anv  where,  she 
would  prosecute  them  at  her  own  expense. 

Agricoea 


FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

Messrs.  Editors — I  have  just  returned  from 
treading  down  the  snow  round  my  smaller  fruit 
trees,  to  prevent  the  meadow  mice  from  gnaw- 
ing the  bark.  This  operation  is  generally  a 
preventive,  and  is  most  effectually  performed 
when  the  snow  is  a  little  softened  j  but  it  is  of- 
ten unsafe  to  wait  for  a  warmer  air. 

In  digging  round  the  trees  in  my  fruit  garden, 
more  than  a  year  ago,  the  earth  was  turned  by 
the  spade  inioard  towards  the  trees,  and  in  con 
sentience,  it  was  raised  six  or  eight  inches 
higher  than  the  common  surface  of  the  ground. 
No  injury  to  the  trees  has  resulted  from  these 
little  mounds  ;  and  [  now  observe  that  the 
snow  on  them  is  so  thin  as  to  preclude  the  ne 
cessity  of  treading  it  down,  except  in  drifts 
near  the  fences.  D-  T. 

1  Mo.  24,  1831. 


TOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Trom  the  showing,  as  the  lawyers  say,  of  A 
Farmer,  in  your  number  3,  I  suspect  that  his 
hot-bed,  made  of  horso  dung  that  had  been 
kept  under  shelter,  was  too  dry,  and  that  this 
was  the  case  with  the  dirt,  or  soil,  which  had 
been  removed  from  it,  besides  being  surchar- 
ged with  gasses  evolved  by  a  dry  heat.  Prob- 
ably a  copious  wetting,  by  a  good  rain,  would 
have  cured  the  evil  in  both  cases.  S. 


ROBBING  OF  GARDENS  &  ORCHARDS. 

FOR    THE    GENKSF.i    FARMER. 

The  remarks  of  Mr.  Dearborn,  on  this  sub- 
ject, in  your  last  number,  cer  airly  demand 
very  serious  attention.  The  laws  ought,  in 
the  first  place,  to  niako  every  taking  away, 
without  leave,  a  misdemeanor,  if  not  techni- 
cally a  theft ;  and  in  the  next  place,  we  all 
ought  to  bo  more  severely  rigidj  in  punishing, 
for  every  little  theft,  for  such  tney  are,  though 
it  be  only  a  handful  of  fruit.  1  once  caught  a 
parcel  of  boys  stealing  fruit  from  my  garden 
who  told  me  plainly,  that  taking  a  tittle  fruit 
was  not  stealing;  but  I  soon  convinced  them 
to  contrary,  by  confining  them  till  their  father 
came,  who  happened  to  be  a  lawyer  and  n 
Judge  It  is  said  that  our  revised  laws  have 
introduced  some  desirable  reform,  in  relation 
to  oetty  thefts,  making  them  misdemeanors. — 
If  such  be  the  fact,  let  us  all  help  to  make  ihe 
law  operative,  of  which  there  is  certainly  needi 
enough.  Instead  of  searing  young  offenders, 
depredating  upon  our  fruit,  expose  and  punish 
every  one,  and  they  will  soon  find  out  that  ho- 
nesty is  the  best  policy.  It  is  altogether  wrong 
to  let  these  little  pilferers  go  unpunished,  till 
they  become  confirmed  thieves,  and  large  es 
nough  to  go,  as  men,  to  the  state  prison!  Spare 
no  one,  should  be  our  maxim,  of  whatever  age 
or  condition.  I  should  call  him  a  had  neighbor, 
who  would  spare  my  son  in  such  n  case  An  vx 
cedent  example  was  set  by  an  opulent  widow 


SPONTANEOUS  VEGETATION. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARUEJt. 

Messrs.  Editors — Your  correspondent  A. 
B.  gives  many  curious  cases  of  the  vegetation 
of  seeds  under  circumstances,  which  to  many 
persons  seem  utterly  at  variance  with  facts 
within  evory  person's  knowledge, and  proceeds 
to  ask  several  very  pertinent  questions,  predi- 
c  ited  on  the  facts  which  he  relates,  all  of 
which  1  am  ready  to  admit ;  for  I  have  noticed 
the  most  of  them  for  a  good  many  years,  and 
to  my  mind  there  is  nothing  in  them  inconsist- 
ent with  the  soand  principles  of  reason  or 
philosophy;  and  at  once  to  answer  his  ques- 
tions, and  reconcile  the  seeming  discrepancies 
between  the  facts  as  they  appear,  and  our  ex- 
perience on  the  same  points,  it  will  be  necessa- 
ry to  go  back  and  to  assert  some  probabilities, 
and  assume  some  grounds  by  hypothesis, which 
existed  antecedent  to  our  race,  or  its  history. 

At  the  original  creation,  when  the  earth  was 
void,  and  darkness  was  on  the  face  of  it,  when 
the  waters  were  parted  from  the  land,  and  con- 
cretion and  chrystafzation  of  the  earthy   and 
metalic  matter  held  in   solution  by    the  water, 
according  to  one  theory;   or  according  to  ano- 
ther, when  the  globe  from  a  melted  globule  of 
matter,  first  wheeled  into  its  course,  and  took 
its  station  according  to  the  laws  of  gravity  and 
motion,    and    its    surface    began    to  cool,  and 
the   vapours  to  condense  on   its  surface,    then 
indeed  was  darkness  on  the   face  of  the  deep, 
and    then  in  either  case,   the   probabilities  are 
irresistible  that  there  was  not  one  particle  of 
sand,  earth,   or  vegetable   mould   on  its  whole 
surface,  and  we   find  wherever  it  has  been  pe- 
netrated, that  its   whole  frame  work  and   nu- 
cleus is  solid  rock,  and  the  probability  is.   that 
the  loose  earthy    panicles  do   not  occupy  on 
the    whole   surface  an    average   depth  ot  two 
feet,  all  of  which  are   the  result     f  attrition  by 
tho  commotion   of  water   seekr  g   its  level — 
earthquakes  ;   and  by  decomposition  by  the  ac- 
tion of  air,  heat  and  cold,  and  the   tremendious 
turmoils   and  convulsions    that  the    globe  has 
been  subject  to  by  the  eruption  of  imprisoned 
gasses,  and  heated  vapour,  consmitly  emitted 
from  the  great   furnaces  in  the   center,   winch 
ev6n  now   bum   with  undiminished   strenth  in 
the  two  hundred  volcanos  known  now  to  ex- 
ist, and  by   which   the  whole  of  the   elevated 
and  mountainous   ranges,    were  pushed   from 
their  original    level,    as    evidently   appears  by 
the  confusion  and  dip  of  their  stratification, — 
the  sudden  sinking  of  the  great  cavities  which 
are   now   seas, — the  breaking   of  ihe    barriers 
that  confined  immense   reservoirs   of  water  in 
elevated  regions,  all  rushing  to  the  lowest  lev- 
el,— the  constant  changes  of  the   water  cour- 
ses, all  combined,  are  abundantly  sufficient   to 
account  for  the  mechanical  formation  of  the 
soil. 

We  also  have  the  Mosaic  account  of  one 
great  flood,  since  the  formation  of  man,  and 
the  learned  and  indefatigable  geologists  of  the 
present  day,  show  by  a  series  of  facts  and 
observations,  which  are  not  and  cannot  be  dis- 
puted, that  there  has  been  three  periods  of 
great  and  general  deluges.     The  petrifactions 


and  organic  fossil  remains  of  the  peculiar  kinds 
imbedded  in  the  formations  of  the  first,  do  not 
appear  in  the  second,  having  been  all  destroy- 
ed ;  they  were  not  then  in  existence,  and  form 
a  series  of  vegetable  and  animal  races,  which 
havo  not  existed  since;  the  same  holds  good 
with  the  second  flood  or  deluge,  but  the  re- 
mains of  the  third  contain  only  the  different 
species  that  now  are  found  existing  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  all  of  which  in  the  subsiding 
of  their  waters,  constitute  an  immense  power 
and  an  active  agent  to  facilitate  the  operation. 
By  all  of  these  facts  and  reasonings  I  wish  to 
show  that  in  all  probability  soil  is  the  result  of 
attrition  and  decomposition,  and  is  an  accumu- 
lative creation,  constantly  going  on,  though  in 
a  much  slower  manner  since  the  great  agents 
have  left  off  business,  if  I  may  so  expiess  my- 
self, and  retired  to  their  great  beds  and  repo- 
sitories ;  and  as  a  further  proof,  I  assert  that 
it  is  not  a  very  difficult  operation  to  take  a 
quantity  of  earthy  soil,  and  in  a  very  short 
time  separate  it,  and  assign  each  individual 
particle  to  its  parent  rock,  as  easily  as  a  fores- 
ter would  a  basket  of  chips  to  its  parent  tree. 
The  different  classes  of  rocks  are  placed  in 
perfectly  regular  and  mechanical  structure,  the 
laws  of  which  are  perfectly  familiar  with 
those  who  study  that  science",  one  kind  alter- 
nating with,  and  resting  on  its  fellow,  and  so 
on  with  but  little  variation  ad  infinitum. 

Now  if  it  is  admitted  as  probable  that  soil  is 
artificial,  and  the  concomitant,  and  the  result 
of  the  final  settling  and  adjustment  of  this 
great  globe,  according  io  the  governing  laws 
assigned  to  it  by  its  Creator,  and  that  they  have 
had  many  and  different  periods  of  action,  then 
it  can  easily  be  comprehended  how  seeds  mav 
have  been  deposited  to  any  and  all  depths  to 
which  Boil  reaches.  Now  recurs  the  question 
how  they  resist  for  such  long  periods  the  de- 
compose ion  and  destruction  to  which  all  oth- 
ers are  liable,  which  when  planted  too  deep 
are  rotted  and  lost.  To  which  I  answer,  that 
heat,  light,  air  and  moisture,  are  imueiiously 
necessary  to  cause  germination,  and  when 
seed-  arc  lost  by  planting,  it  is  because  they 
are  not  below  the  heat  necessary  to  cause 
them  to  sprout,  but  not  being  able  to  get  light 

and  air  soon  enoi.gh.   are  exhausted  and  rot. 

But  place  a  seed  below  thai  point    where    the 
heat   necessary    to   germination   reaches,   and 
beyond  the  reach  of  light  and  air,  and  it  is  in- 
humed in  perpetual  silence,  sleep  and  torpor; 
even  the   amphibious  animals,  as   frogs,  toads, 
and  lizzards  are  very  frequent);  found  in  per- 
fect life,  at  great  depths  in  the  earth, and  in  sol- 
id rocks.     Trees  and  shrubs  are  found  at  equal 
depths  with  their  branches  fresh, and  in  a  peol- 
ui'£  state:   and  the  depths  at  which  seeds  with 
sironi:  glazed,  or  coriaceous  coverings,  would 
lie  and  not    he  decomposed,   might  not  be  so 
great  when  shaded  by  dense  forests,  or  cover- 
ed with   a  strong  sward,  or  old    decayed  chip 
manure,  as  in  one   case  which  A.  B.  cites,  and 
in  cafe  of  the f  re  weeds  it  may,  like  the  stone 
seeds  which  require  frost,  require  a  great  heat 
to   Imrst    their  covering,  so  that  moisture  may 
have  access,  ,,r  tiny  may  require  tire  to  create 
an   alkali  from  the  ashes  of  burnt  vegetables, 
to  dissolve  their  covering,  so  that  the  different 
agents  may  do  their  office.  Willi  manv  persons 
who  are  at  a  loss   to  acccunt  for  the  spontane- 
ous  iiDpearance  of  vegetables  on    new  land, 
Birds  are  supposed  to  be  the  agents   who  dis- 
tribute the  seods  ;   hut  this,  except  in  very  i'ew 
cases,   I  conceive  to  be   an   error,  as  tbcv  eat 
the  seeds   for  subsistence,  and   which  furnish 
the  aliment  for  them,  and  are  undoubtedly  di, 
seated,     except    those    which   are    eaten    for 
the  pulp,   like   the  cherry,    currant.  &c. — and 
the  oft  repeated  idea  that   particular  grounds 
are  natural  to  particular  seeds,  or  that  certain 
plants  grow   without  a  seed,  merely   because 
the  land  is  favorable  to  it,    is  too  preposterous 
to  need   refutation.     An  well  might   a   man  or 
an  elephant  grow  out  of  the  earth  like  a  mush- 
room;  and  why  do  not,  if  nature  is  capable   of 
pontancous  production,  and  without  any  nat- 


Vol.  1.— No.  5. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


35 


■Jral  cause,  some,  heretofore  unknown  and 
strange  vegetables,  constantly  grow  up  and 
flourish,  which  is  not  the  case. 

By  my  hypothesis,  the  rationale  is  plain,  ea- 
sy and  consistent  with  known  laws,  causes 
and  effects,  and  I  hope  your  readers  will  not 
consider  it  as/ar  fetched  or  irrational. 

Cttnandaigua.  Jan.  15.  C.  *  D. 


SELECTION 


From  the  New-York  Former. 
A  Description  of  Trees  and  Shrubs,  pro- 
ducing   A     SUCCESSION    OF     FLOWERS    FROM 
SPRING    TO   AUTUMN. 

By  Michael  Floy,  V.  President  of  the  N.  Y,  H.  Society. 
[Continued  from  Page  26.] 
I  shall  now  select  a  list  ot"  hardy  flowering 
shrubs,  calculated  for  shrubberies,  clumps,  and 
ornamental  planting.  The  collection  will  fur- 
nish a  flowering  succession  from  the  early 
spring,  unitil  late  id  the  fall.  They  are  all  to 
be  obtained  at  the  nurseries  here,  and  at  pri- 
ces as  stated  above. 

Amorpha  fruticosa  —Indigo  shrub,  with 
handsome  bunches  of  purple  flowers  in  great 
quantities.  Amygdalus  nana,  Dwarf  double 
flowering  Almond, a  very  beautiful  dwarf  shrub, 
about  throe  feet  high.  Aralia  spmosa,  or  An- 
gelica tree,  about  10  feet  high,  flowers  in  very 
far^s  bunches,  and  continues  a  long  season  — 
Cyiisus  Laburnum,  or  Golden  chain,  a  most  el- 
egant shrub,  with  long  racemes  or  bunches  of 
yellow  flowers,  in  the  greatest  profusion — 
there  are  two  kinds.the  English, and  the  Scotch 
Laburnum.  The  Scotch  is  the  largest,  form- 
ing a  pretty  large  shrub;  the  English  kind  is 
"reener,  more  compact,  and  by  some  thought 
to  be  the  handsomest-they  ought  to  be  in  every 
garden.  Colycanthus  ftoridus,  Alspice,  or  sweet 
scented  shrub,  a  native  ofthe  Southern  states; 
the  flowers  are  of  a  very  dark  chocolate  color, 
and  the  fragrance  very  much  resembles  ripe 
strawberries,  easily  kept  where  once  introdu- 
ced  the  shrub  generally  grows  about  five  feet 

hieh  in  gardens.  Ceunulhns  amcricanus,  Red 
root,  or  Jersey  Tea  tree,  worth  having  a  plant 
or  two  in  the  collection,  as  it  flowers  in  profu- 
sion. Ccriissiliquastrum,or  Judas  tree;  the  flow- 
er* appear  very  early,  before  the  leaves  come 
oat,  and  make' a  fine  appearance — as  it  grows 
rather  tall,  it  is  calculated  for  the  back  row  of 
the  shrubbery.  Colutea  arborescens,  or  Blad- 
der Senna,  having  bunches  of  yellow  flowers 
which  are  succeeded  by  seeds  in  a  kind  ofblad 
der,  calculated  for  the  back  or  centre  row  of 
shrubberies. 

Crataegus  oxyacantha,  the  Hawthorn.  It 
makes  a  pretty  appearance  planted  out  singly 
in  the  back  or  center  row,  the  flowers  are  very 
fragrant,  it  is  sometimes  called  the  Pride  of 
Hay  ;  the  double  white,  double  scarlet,  and  single 
scarlet  Hawthorn,  are  extremely  beautiful,  and 
ought  to  be  in  every  plantation.  Hawthorn 
hedges  are  much  used  in  England,  where  they 
look  very  handsome  when  kept  clipped,  but 
they  do  not  answer  so  well  in  this  country,  (he 
heat  of  our  summers  causing  the  leaves  to 
fall  off  early,  often  in  July  ;  on  that  account 
they  aro  not  much  used — we  have  several 
things  which  are  better  calculated  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

Cydonia  japonica,  or  Pyrus  japonica,  a  very 
beautiful  scarlet  flowering  shrub  from  Japan, 
has  not  been  in  cultivation  here  for  many  years. 
It  is  found  to  be  very  hardy,  resisting  our 
most  severe  frosts;  it  is  evergreen,  flowers 
very  early,  and  continues  a  long  time.  A  se- 
cond flosvering  takes  pla«e  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  summer  It  is  every  way  a  desirable 
shrub.  Daphne  Mazerium,  one  of  our  most 
early  floweriug  shrubs,  often  flowering  in  Feb- 
ruary, and  very  sweet  scented.  It  is  rather 
tender  in  seme  situations,  but  will  stand  our 
ordinary  winters  very  well  in  a  sheltered  situ- 
ation. 

Dircfi  palaslris,  or  Leather  wood,  a  pretty 
little  shrub,  growing  very  regular  in  shape,  and 
has  the  appearance  of  a  large  tree  in  miniature; ! 
it  is  a  native  of  our  northern  states,  the  How- ' 


ers  appear  very  early,  aro  yellow  and  come  oul 
before  the  leaves. 

Gymnocladus  canadensis,  or  Kentucky  Cof- 
fee Tree.  The  berries  have  a  resemblance  to 
coffee,  and  are  said  to  be  used  for  this  purpose  ; 
however  it  is  a  beautiful  tree,  with  handsome 
feathered  leaves,  and  makes  a  fine  contrast 
with'  others.  It  should  bo  planted  in  the  back 
or  centre  ofthe  plantation,  and  is  very  hardy. 

Halcsia  diptcra  and  Halcsui  tctraptera,  two 
winged  and  four  winged  Silver  bell,  or  snow 
drop  tree.  They  aro  both  natives  of  the  South- 
ern States,  but  perfectly  hardy  here  :  our  most 
severe  winters  do  not  hurt  them.  The  former 
kind  flowers  a  month  later  than  the  latter 
kind,  which  flowers  early  in.  May.  They  are 
both  elegant  shrubs. 

Hibiscus  syriacus,  fl.  plena.  The  double 
flowering  althea  frutex,  of  which  there  are  sev- 
eral varieties,  the  double  white,  double  red, 
and  white  and  striped  are  the  most  showy  ; 
they  commence  their  flowering  late  in  July, 
and  continue  till  fall, coming  in  at  a  very  accep- 
table time.  The  single  kinds,  of  which  there 
are  many  varieties,  are  scarce  worth  cultiva- 
ting, the  double  ones  being  raised  quite  as 
well,  and  are  equally  hardy.  These  are  indis- 
pensable in  every  plantation. 

Hypericum  frutescens.  Shrubby  Hypericum  : 
there  are  several  species  of  this  small  beauti- 
ful shrnb,  all  natives  of  the  Southern  States, 
but  perfectly  hardv  here.  They  ail  flower  in 
the  greatest  profusion,  and  continue  for  a  long 
season.  Thoy  should  be  planted  in  the  front 
row. 

Kerria  japorica,  or  Corchorus  japonica — -yel- 
low Japan  Globe  flower;  although  a  native  of 
Japan,  like  many  other  Japan  flowers,  it  is  per- 
fectly hardy  here.  It  flowers  in  the  greatest 
profusion  at  all  times,  except  in  the  very  dead 
of  winter,  and  will  grow  in  almost  any  soil  or 
situation. 

Kalreutcria  panieulata, — Japan  bladder  tree, 
or  Koelreterius.  This  is  another  hardy  shrub 
from  Japan.  It  has  long  racemes  of  flowers, 
succeeded  by  bladder  like  fruit,  and  is  worthy 
of  cultivation  in  every  good  collection. 

Ligustrum  vulgare,  virens.  Large  European 
Privet,  a  very  handsome  evergreen  shrub, 
flowering  in  great  profusion,  and  succeeded 
by  bunches  of  black  round  berries.  It  bears 
clipping  well,  and  is  therefore  well  calculated 
for  hedges,  or  to  enclose  ornamental  planta- 
tions. It  grows  quick,  and  is  well  adapted  to 
our  climate,  and  when  planted  in  a  hedge  row 


and  kept  clipped,  it  makes  a  beautiful  hedge, 
and  ought  to  be  in  more  general  use. 

Philaddphus  coronaris,  or  common  syringo, 
is  very  ornamental,  producing  its  sweet  scen- 
ted flowers  early,  and  in  abundance  , and  also 
sweet  scented  Philaddphus  inodorus,  and  P. 
grandiflonis,  Garland  syringo,  both  natives  of 
the  southern  states,  hut  quite  hardy  here.  The 
flowers  are  large,  and  they  keep  their  flower- 
ing for  several  months  in  wreaths  or  garlands — 
it  is  well  calculated  for  the  centre  row,  and  al- 
so to  hidejunsightly  objects.  It  has  a  beauti- 
ful effect  when  mixed  with  monthly  honey 
suckle,  &c. 

Persica  or  Amygdalus  persica,  Ji.  rosea  pltno 
—The  double  flowering  Peach  is  very  beauti 
ful  in  shrubberies.  It  sometimes  bears  fruit 
but  it  is  cultivated  entirely  for  its  beautiful 
blossoms.  A  few  tjiees  also  of  the  Chinese 
double  flowering  spple,  Pyrus  spectabilis,  has 
also  a  beautiful  effect  for  the  same  purpose. 

Rhus  totinus,  Venetian  sumach,  Aaron's 
beard,  sometimes  called  fringe  tree,  is  a  fine 
shrub,  calculated  for  the  centre  of  the  clump 
or  shrubbery.  Its  large  branches  of  fringe  re- 
maining all  summer,  give  it  a  curious  ana  stri- 
king effect. 

H'Uii.s  Slissouriensis,  or  Missouri  currant  ; 
there  are  two  species  of  this  very  ornamental 
shrub,  from  Missouri,  introduced  by  Lewis  anil 
Cla  ke ;  they  are  quite  hardy,  and  flower  in 
great  profusion. 

Robinia  gtutinnsa,  and  Robinji  hispida,  the 
former  a  pretty  large  shrub,  with  large  bunches 
of  flowers   in  great  abundance,   the  other    a 


smaller  shrub— they  are  both  of  them  worthy 
of  a  place  in  all  large  collections. 

Sorbus  aucupana,  Mountain  ash,  or  Roan 
tree — This  is  a  very  beautiful  shrub,  ofthe  lar- 
ger size,  ihe  leaves  are  ornamental,  the  flowers 
and  fruit  which  are  produced  in  large  bunches, 
are  beautiful ;  the  fruit  remains  till  late  in  the 
autumn — it  is  a  native  of  Europe.  The  Scotch 
moutaineers  attribute  to  it,  virtnes  to  prevent 
witchcraft. 

Sorbus  canadensis.  This  is  a  native  of  our 
northern  frontiers  and  mountains;  it  does  not 
grow  as  large  as  the  former,  the  berries  are 
smaller  and  red,  the  former  larger  and  of  an  or- 
ange color,  but  otherwise  much  resemble  it. 

Spanium  scoparium  and  Genista,  two  or 
three  species  of  Broom,  with  bunches  of  yej-. 
low  flowers,in  very  great  profusion;  the  Genista 
or  Spanish  broom  has  white  flowers,  is  also 
very  pretty,  but  not  quite  so  hardy  as  the  for- 
mer. 

Symphoria  racemosa,  or  snow  berry,  some- 
times called  snow  apple,  a  pretty  little  shrub  ; 
the  bunches  of  wax-like  white  berries,  which 
it  produces  during  the  whole  summer,  gives  it 
a  beautiful  appearance. 

Syringa  vulgaris  or  common  Lilac,  is  welf 
known  to  all,  and  needs  no  comment.  The 
white  variety  not  quite  so  common — they  are 
only  fit  for  outside  plantings,  as  they  sucker 
very  freely,  and  soon  make  themselves  com- 
mon. 

Syringa  persica,  or  Persian  lilac,  is  a  delicate 
low  shrub,  the  flowers  very  abundant,  and  the 
leaves  small  and  delicate.  There  are  two  va- 
rieties of  the  Persian  lilac  ;  the  white  flower- 
ing, and  the  blue  or  purple  flowering. 

The  Chinese  cut  loaved  lilac  is  very  curious  , 
the  leaves  are  finely  cut  like  paisley ;  the 
flowers  growing  in  longer  racemes  than  the 
former. 

Siberian,  or  large  Persian  lilac.  The  bunch- 
es of  flowers  are  very  large,  and  continue  in 
season  a  long  time   after    the  common  lilac. 

Rosa,  or  Roses.  A  pretty  numerous  variety 
of  them  ;  some  reckon  five  or  six  hundred 
kinds.  They  are  accounted  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  Flora's  productions.  Perhaps  a  very 
handsome  collection  might  be  made  of  about 
50  of  the  best  sorts,  which,  by  taking  said 
quantity,  1  suppose  might  be  obtained  at 
about  50  cents  each  under  name  ;  and  gener- 
ally a  fine  collection  nn-named  at  half  that  a- 
mount.  No  good  garden  or  shrubbery  can  be 
without  them. 

Tamarix  gallica  or  French  tamarix,  and 
the  Tamarix  Germanica,  German  tamarix,  are 
two  pretty  shrubs,  the  leaves  and  branches  are 
small  and  slender,  producing  quantities  of 
beautiful  flowers,  and  form  a  very  striking 
contrast  to  the  other  parts  of  the  shrubbery. 
[To  bo  continued.] 


THE  SHAMROCK. 

It  would  seem  from  an  account  given  by  tbe 
late  Rev.  John  Brand,  in  his  Popular  AnHqiii- 
tles,  that  tins  plaDt,  used  as  the  national  cog- 
nizance of  Ireland,  is  Trefoil,  and  of  the  spe- 
cies used  in  husbandry  commonly  called  clo- 
ver. It  is  said  that  when  St.  Patrick  landed 
near  Wicklow,  to  convert  the  Irish,  in  the 
year  433,  tbe  Pagan  inhabitants  were  ready 
to  stone  him;  he  requested  to  be  heard,  and 
endeavored  to  explain  Sod  to  them  as  the 
Trinity  in  Unity,  but  they  could  not  under- 
stand him,  until  plucking  a  trefoil  from  the 
ground,  be  said,  "  Is  it  not  as  possible  for  the 
Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost,  as  for  these 
leaves,  to  grow  upon  a  single  stalk."  It  h 
said  this  illustration  produced  immediate  con- 
viction in  his  hearers. 


TO   REMOVE    IGE. 

To  remove  ice  from  door  steps,  &c.  throw 
upon  it  a  small  quantity  of  salt,  and  the  ice 
«ril!  direutly  crack  aad  become  kiose,  and  may 
be  easily  removed  with  a  suovek 


:J6 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


THIl    OL;N£SEii  FARKillR. 


SATURDAY,  FEB.  5,  1831. 


NURSERIES 

Every  man  who  plants  a  Nursery  of  fruit  or 
ornamental  trees,   and  tends  it  well,  perform- 
an  act  that  should  entitle  him  to  the  thanks  of 
the  community.     A  plenty   of  good   fruil  has 
always  been  considered  a  great  blessing  in  ev- 
ery country.     Bu:  few   climates  are  so  favora- 
ble as  to  produce  valuable  fruits  without  culti- 
vation, and  planting   a  nursery  is  the  first  step 
towards  it.   We  have  no  doubt  but  many  young 
men  aro  deterred  from  planting   nurseries,   be 
cause    they  think   they    cannot  sell   the   trees 
•when  reared.     We    have  travelled  over  con- 
siderable part  of  the  United  States,  bu-.  do  not 
recollect  to  have  seen  a  nursery  ofyoung  fruit 
trees  spoiled  by  overgrowth,   or  left  standing 
too  long.when  they  had  been  well  roared. more 
particularly   if  they  had  been  budded  or  graf- 
ted. Now  if  all  the  trees  that  are  raised, are  set 
into  orchards  or  gardens,  then  the  more  nurse 
ries  the  more  fruit.     There  neid  be  no  fear  of) 
overstocking  the  market,  even  where  orchards 
are  plenty.     The  means  for  transportation  an 
different  from  what  they  were  fifty  years  ago, 
and  a  gentleman  now  thinks  no  more  of  send- 
ing two  or  three  hundred  miles  for  fruit  trees, 
thunJie  would  have  done   twenty  years  since 
of  sending  ten  miles  for  a  pound  of  tea  or  to 
bacco.     The  inquiry  is,  "  where  can  we  pro 
cure  the  best   variety,  and  largest  trees  ?"       A 
gain,  others  may  think  that  in  order  to  insure  a 
bale   of  their  trees,  it  is  necessary    that   they 
should   be  cultivated  with  the  most  approved 
varieties,  and  they  have  never  iiad  an  opportu- 
nity of  becoming   acquainted  with   them.     In 
this  respect,  the  alteration    has  been   as  great 
within  these  few  years, as  it  has  been  in  trans- 
portation ;  you  have    now  only  to   send  to   the 
book  store, and  get  Prince's  Pomological  Man- 
ual, or  some  other  author  on  honiculture,  and 
you  have  all  necessary  direction--.   The  time  has 
arrived  when  scientific  information  is  distribu- 
ted through  every  part  of  our  country,    at   a 
cheaper  rate   than  in   any  other.       We  have 
some  of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  age,  en- 
gaged in  conducting  magazines,  and  journals 
and  even  tracts,  all  at  such  prices,  as  aro  with- 
in the  reach  of  every  farmer  ;  and  there  is  now 
no  excuse  for  their  remaining  ignorant  of  their 
profession,  when  they  have  a  wish  to  be  other- 
wise.    Now  let  us  entreat  such  young  farmer.-, 
as  are  stationary,  to  commence  the  cultivation 
of  fruit  and  forest  trees,  for  be  assured  it  will 
be  a  source  of  intellectual,  as  well  as  pecunia- 
ry profit.     When  you   have  your  young  seed- 
ling liees  growing,  and  are  wishing  to  procure 
any    particular   variety  of  fruit,   which  is  not 
growing  in  your  neightorhood,  or  within  your 
knowledge,  you  have  only  n>  send  your  inqui- 
ry to  any  one  of  the  agricultural  papers  whose 
columns  are  open  for  such  inquiries,   and  you  • 

have   the    information  sought   for;   or  if  you[  ™  j     ,"  "  woultl  "Ppear,  that  the  first  pound 
Jiave   young  trees    to  sell,  a  communication 
through  the  same  channel,  is  sure  to  bring  you 


mer,  for  these  operations,  previous  to  the  sea- 
son for  performing  them. 

FODDERING  CATTLE, 
At  this  inclement  season  much  of  the  time 
and  attention  of.  the  farmer,  is  given  to  feed- 
ing and  nursing  his  stock.  This  is  an  impor- 
tant business,  and  upon  it  depends  much  of  the 
urofit  or  loss  of  the  year.  We  think  if  far- 
mers would  give  more  moist  food  to  their  stocl; 
during  the  winter,  they  would  find  it  much  to 
their  advantage. 

One  reason  why  hay  will   not   keep  an  an- 
imal as  well  for  the  same  length  of  time,  as  the 
grass  would  from  which  the  hay  was  made,    is 
the  lack  of  moisture,  little  else  having  escaped 
during  drying.     If  horses  or  cattle  are  fed  with 
nay,  and  at  the  same  time  have  water  by  them, 
they  will  drink  often.     When  cattle   are  confi- 
ned in  siables,  they  can  be  kept  with  less  food 
than  when  more  exposed  to  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather;   and  when  ihe  hay  or  straw  with 
which  they  are  fed,  is  cut  and  soaked,  they  re- 
quire still  lose,  than  when  it  is  fed  to  them  dry. 
We  know  it  is  not  common   to  cut  hay,  but  it 
undoubtedly   pays   as  well  for  the   trouble  as 
straw:     the  difference   is,    cattie   and   horses 
will  eat  hay  much  better  without  cutting  than 
they  will  straw  ;  but  both  are  more  convenient 
for  after  management  when   cut.     As   thresh, 
mg    machines  are  now   becoming  quite  com- 
mon, we  would  recommend  to  attach  a  cutting 
box   to  each,   to  be  carried   by  horse   power, 
which  may   be  done   with  very  little   expense. 
With  such  an  apparatus,  stock  might  be  fed  in 
many  cases  cheaper  on  chopped  straw  &  meal 
than  they  could   with   hay.     But   in   whatever 
way  stock  are  fed  they  should  not  be   allowed 
to  lose  flesh.     We  know  the  common  practice 
is  different  in  most  parts  of  the  United  States. 
We  look  to  England  for  instruction  derived 
from  experience,  in  many  things  appertaining 
to  agriculture,  but  we  cannot  find  a  precedent 
with  them  for  this  practice;  and  surely  they  are 
allowed  to  be  the  most  systematic  and  econom- 
ical graziers  in  the  world.     They  hold  it  to  be 
bad  economy  to  allow  stock  to  lose  flesh  after 
they  have  once  gained  it,  and  there  is  not   that 
crow  inviting  appearance  with   their  herds  that 
is  to  be  seen  with  us,  during  the  months  of  A- 
pril  and   May.     It   is  true   local  circumstances 
are  always  to  be  taken  into  consideration  with 
regard   to  farming,  and   therefore  what   would 
be  profitable  in  one  place,  might  not  be  in  an- 
other. 

We  believe  it  is  cheaper  in  this  section, 
when  cattle  aro  in  flesh,  to  keep  them  so,  than 
to  allow  them  to  become  very  lean  and  re-flesh 
them  again.  Allowing  that  it  roquires  a  given 
quantity  of  food  to  produce  a  pound  of  flesh 
upon  an  animul  when  full  fed,  and  that  half 
that  quantity  might  be  fed  to  him  in  a  spare 
manner,  and  during  a  time  that  would  occa- 
sion the  loss  of  one  pound,  to  replace  which, 
the  first  givon  quantity   would  be  again  requi. 


Feb.  5.  1831 


a  purchaser.  As  to  grafting  or  budding,  there 
is  not  that  mystery,  that  many  of  the  quacks 
which  go  about  the  country,  would  make  you 
believe-  -no, they  are  as  easy  as  cutting  a  whip- 
stalk,  or  a  bean-pole,  and  you  may  depend  up-! 
'n  finding  all  necessary  directions  in  the  Far 


>f  flesh  cost  only  two  fifths  as  much  as  the 
last  pound,  allowing  other  things  e«,ual.  This 
would  make  a  material  difference  in  the  price 
of  an  animal,  whether  we  sold  him  for  two 
dollars  per  cwt.  or  for  five  1  If  farmers  would 
spend  a  few  of  thoir  winter  evenings  in  solving 
the  following  problem,  it  might  bo  useful  to 
them.  Pbob  :  How  can  a  Horse,  an  Ox,  or  a 
Cow,  be  kept  cheapest  through  the  winter? 


ON  CHANGING  SEEDS. 

We  do  no  know  of  a  nice  common  error, 
than  the  practice  of  changing  seeds,  when  far 
mers  do  not  wish  to  change  variety.or  of  chang- 
ing animals, when  the  breed  is  the  same,  believ- 
ing that  the  transferring  of  seeds  or  stock.often 
from  one  farm  to  another,  U  of  importance  to 
the  growth  of  individuals  of  the  animal  or  ve- 
getable kingdom.  When  we  hear  farmers  say 
"  I  have  had  my  corn,  or  my  potatoes  so  long 
that  they  are  run  out,"  oi  that  "  their  flocks 
have  been  so  long  upon  their  farms,  that  they 
are  much  degenerated,"  then  we  think  they 
are  proclaiming  their  own  disgrace,  and  are 
virtually  saying  that  they  are  not  fit  to  superin- 
tend their  own  flocln;  that  they  neglect  them 
so  that  they  ruin  them;  that  they  are  too  lazy 
to  gather  their  seed  corn  as  they  ought,  and 
wish  others  to  do  it  for  them.  To  such  mer. 
we  think  the  proverb  of  Solomon  will  apply  r 
"Yet  a  little  sleep,  a  little  slumber,  a  little 
folding  of  the  hands  to  sleep,  so  shall  thy  pov- 
erty come  as  one  that  travaileth,  and  thy  wan 
as  an  armed  man."  The  fact,  has  been  lon»  es- 
tablished, that  by  a  course  of  breeding  renom- 
inated '■  in  and  in  ;"  that  is,  by  breeding  from 
the  best  animals,  and  rejecting  the  poorest,  a 
flock  may  be  greatly  unproved,  and  in  this 
manner,  some  of  the  finest  breeds  of  England 
have  been  produced,— the  same  rule  will  ap- 
ply to  corn.  Now  if  by  careful  attention  to 
the  rules  ef  breeding  fiom  the  best  stock,  a 
progressive  improvement  is  made,  and  this 
improvement  is  denominated  breeding  "  in  and 
in,"  then  when  farmers  sell  off  their  best  stock 
and  breed  from  the  poorest,  the  course  with 
the  same  propriety,  may  be  called  breeding  out 
and  out. 

Yet  so  it  is,  the  Butcher  wishes  to  purchase 
some  fat  sheep,    (and   the  best  sheep  are  the 
most  disposed   to  fatten)  and   the  farmer  al- 
lows him  to  go  and  select  from  his  flock  such 
as  he  chooses,   leaving  the  refuse   for  him   to 
breed  from,  upon  the  out  and  out  system.     His 
fields  of  corn  ripen,  and  are  gathered,  the  best 
sold,   and  from  the  poorest  selects  his   seed, 
some  of  which  fails,  hut  it  is  ail  said  to  be  ow- 
ing to  having  been  oil  the  farm    so  long.     His 
potatoes  are  dug  and  put  in    the  cellar,  the  lar. 
gest  are  picked  up  by    tl\e  boys  to  feed  to  the 
pigs;   the  women  look  for  the  largest  and  best 
kinds  to  boil,  and  by  planting  time  none  remain 
but   the  refuse  of  the  crop:  ihese  aro  planted, 
and  because  they  do  not  produce   a  fine  crop, 
as  to  kind  and  quantity,  it   is  suid  they  are  run 
out,  and  the   term  is  very  proper,   since  thev 
were  raised  upon  the  true  out  and  out  system 
If  the  farmers  will  select   such  of  their  sheep 
[at  shearing  time,  as  they  find    do  not  produce 
good  wool,  aro  getting  old,  or  havo  other  bad 
points  about  them, and  put  them  by  themselves 
for  sale,  and  reserve  those  of  good  points  only 
to  breed  from,  they    will  soon  find  the   advan 
tage  of  the  "  in  and  in"  system.     So  with  the 
potatoes,  let  tho  choicest  bo  selected  for  seed 
keeping  the  several  kinds  separate :  let  these 
be  planted  in  good  soil  and  well  tended,  and 
we   venture  to  say   that   the  second  crop  will 
convince  the  man  thai  his  potaioes  are  not  run 

out.  

Great  fail  of  snow— During  the  night  of  tin 
3lst,  we  had  a  fall  of  snow  to  flic  depth  of  II 
inches,  and  an  addition  on  the  1st  of  two  inch- 
es more,  making  in  the  fields  about  20  inche.s. 


Vol.  1.— No.  5. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


37 


GRAPES. 

As  the  preference  of  American  over  foreign 
"rapes,   is  now  completely  settled  as  to  vine 
yards,  we  would  make  the  following  sugges- 
tions, to  be  attended  to  daring  the  winter,  or 
early  in  the  upring  : 

As  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude  that  those 
grapes  which  wo  find  growing  in  a  wild  state, 
through  the  country,  are  well  adapted  to  the 
climate,  we  would  recommend  to  those  per- 
sons who  feel  an  interest  in  the  cultivation,  to 
look  out  such  vines  as  are  in  their  neighbour 
hood,  which  are  good  bearers,  (and  this  in- 
formation can  generally  be  obtained  from  the 
boys,  who  are  better  acquainted  with  them 
than  men)  and  prune  them;  also  cut  away  such 
bushes  as  shade  them,  giving  them  an  oppor- 
tunity to  show  their  qualities  ihe  present  year; 
this  will  make  a  saving  of  two  years  over  mo- 
ving the  vines  to  the  garden.  The  prospect  is, 
that  the  grape  known  through  the  northern 
states  as  the  summer  grape,  or  the  Vitis  inter- 
media of  the  botanists,  being  an  intermediate 
grape  between  the  large  fox,  and  the  small 
frost  grape,  will  prove  one  of  our  most  valua- 
ble varieties  for  wine,  and  as  every  attempt  to 
select  by  fair  experiment  the  best  vines  of  the 
■woods,  is  doing  our  country  groat  service,  we 
hope  it  will  no"  be  negleeted,  and  that  each 
Horticulturist  will  come  to  the  conclusion, 
that  he  will  put  at  least  a  couple  of  vines  in 
training  the  present  year  ;  it  will  not  be  atten- 
ded with  any  cost,  and  may  be  a  souroe  of 
much  pro6tto  those  who  succeed  in  finding  a 
good  variety. 


he  place  :  or,  cut  a  tongue  in  both,  &  let  them 
reciprocally  enter  into  each  branch,  in  which 
case,  neither  of  the  branches  are  cut  oft'  till 
they  are  united,  or  jou  may  only  scarify  them 
by  taking  oft"  the  bark  and  a  little  wood,  till 
they  nicely  fit,  and  in  various  other  ways,  of 
which  some  French  authors  enumerate  more 
than  thirty,  many  of  which  will  suggest  them- 
selves to  any  ingenious  operator.  As  soon  as 
the  joinings  are  completed,  quickly  and  firm- 
ly tie  them  with  bass  matting,  woolen  yarn, 
or  cotton  candle  wick,  and  cover  the  space 
with  clay  or  any  kind  of  adhesive  wax.  as  graf- 
ting composition, or  Burgundy  pitch,  to  exclude 
the  air.  If  the  plant  is  in  rapid  growth,  loos- 
en the  tyings  in  about  a  fortnight,  or  otherwise 
n  four  weeks,  and  again  tie  them,  and  not  fi- 
nally remove  them  under  about  two  months. — 
In  some  of  the  most  difficult  and  expensive 
foreign  varieties,  a  longer  time  sometimes  is 
necessary,  which  is  easily  known  by  examina- 
tion. Persons  who  would  wish  to  perfect 
themselves,  and  get  the  knack  of  doing  it,  may 
in  summer  try  it  on  the  limbs  of  any  tree  or 
shrub.  After  the  joinings  have  taken,  detach 
them,  by  cutting  asunder  and  trimming  off 
smoothly,  and  waxing  the  end. 


frorn  the  coast  of  Guinea,  as  food  for  some 
birds,  which  were  presented  to  Ellis,  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Island."  From  certificates  for- 
warded by  Dr.  Brown,  to  the  Agricultural  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia,  it  appears  that  eight  hor- 
ses were  kept  during  the  growing  season  upon 
the  grass  cut  from  one  quarter  of  an  acre.— 
This  is  an  annual  grass,  of  coarse  but  rapid 
growth,  and  requires  cutting  often.  As  wo 
are  not  aware  that  thU  grass  has  been  cultiva- 
led  in  the  northern  Btates.we  would  thank  any 
gentleman,  who  is  acquainted  with  the  culti- 
vation of  it,  to  forward  an  account  of  the  man- 
ner of  cultivating  it,  and  whether  it  is  calcula- 
ted for  a  northern  climate,  and  what  particular 
advantages  there  would  be  derived  from  the 
introduction  of  it  into  our  northern  states,  as 
a  substitute  for  the  common  grasses. 


INARCHING    OR    GRAFTING    BY  AP- 
PROACH. 

Ladies  who  are  fond  of  Green  house  plant6, 
will  find  a  very  convenient  method  of  propaga- 
ting and  multiplying  them,  by  the  process  of 
in-arching,  which  may  be  performed  at  anv 
time  of  the  year  when  the  plant  is  making  new 
leaves,  and  what  is  its  greatest  recommenda- 
tion, it  is  easily  executed,  and  without  the 
possibility  of  failure,  and  is  the  common  me- 
thod by  which  certain  kinds,  as  the  Camelia 
Japouica,  Orange,  Lemon,  &c.  are  propaga- 
ted. The  peach  is  readily  grafted  in  this  man- 
ner, which  is  extremely  uncertain  by  any  other 
method.  Plants  which  have  bad  shaped  and 
unsightly  tops,  or  branches,  may  be  in-arched 
ou  themselves,  and  made  to  interlace  and  sup- 
port each  other.  Treesand  shrubs,  with  open 
spaces,  and  ill  shaped  chasms  may  have  some 
of  the  upper  or  lower  limbs  brought  in,  and 
mad*  to  fill  up  the  naked  spots.  It  is  necessa- 
ry to  observe,  that  two  of  congenial  tempers 
and  constitutions,  or  rather  if  the  same  botan- 
ical species,  should  be  used,  as  in  other  graft 
ing,  the  same  tree  or  plant  will  always  in-arch 
on  itself. 

It  is  necessary,   if  the  plants  are  in  pots,  to 
bring  them  so  nigh  together,  as  that  the  branch- 
es will  touch,  or  if  a  potted  plant  is  to  be  uni- 
ted to  a  tree   it  n  'let  be  raised  to  the  desired, 
situation,  by  means  of  a  post,  or  platform  ;  at 
ter  the  branches  are  brought  together,  carefull; 
mark  where   they  touch,   then  cut  oft'  the  om 
on  which  you  intend  to  graft,  in  the  shape  of 
wedge,  with  a  sharp  knife,  and   cut  a  corrts 
ponding  slit  or  tongue  into  the  other  about  two 
thirds  of  the  thickness  of  the  branch,  and  cu 
away  the  substance  until  the  wedge  fits  into 


GRAFTING  WAX. 

The  following  manner  of  compounding  wax 
for  grafting,  or  covering  wounds  on  trees,  we 
have  found  the  best  of  the  many  recommend- 
ed by  the  books : 

Take  of  rosin  one  part,  of  tallow  two  parts, 
and  of  bees-wax  three  parts,  melt  them,  and 
when  they  are  perfectly  incorporated,  set  by 
for  use.  When  it  is  intended  for  grafting, 
budding,  or  in-arching  the  most  convenient 
way  of  using  it,  is  to  saturate  some  broad  tape, 
or  pieces  of  thin  iinen,  or  cotton  cloth,  cut  in- 
to slips;  these  may  be  rolled  up  like  rolls  of 
webbing,  and  dipt  in  the  melted  wax,  where 
they  will  absorb  a  sufficient  quantity  to  render 
them  impervious  to  air  and  moisture;  the  cloth 
serves  as  strings,  as  well  as  to  secure  the 
wound  from  air.  When  wax  is  wanted  en- 
tirely for  covering  wounds  after  trimming,  or 
where  trees  have  received  injury,  there  should 
be  a  greater  proportion  of  rosin,  or  the  bees- 
wax may  be  omitted  altogether ;  and  the  best 
manner  of  applying  it  is  when  warm,  with  a 
brush.  Some  have  made  use  of  tar,  in  which 
brick  duet,  lime,  or  chalk  have  been  mixed  in 
such  quantity  as  to  prevent  its  running  off  when 
applied.  The  only  object  of  using  this  upon 
wound*,  is  to  exclude  airland  moisture,  there" 
by  preventing  decay. 


GUINEA    GRASS. 

In  the  first  vol.  of  the  Ploughboy,  page  154, 
we  find  a  very  flattering  account  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  cultivation  of  this  grass  near  Natch- 
ez. It  is  also  figured  in  the  Enc.  Agr.  page 
195.  In  speaking  of  the  productions  of  the 
Island  of  Jamaica,  the  author  says,  "  the  Guin- 
ea Grass  (Panicum  polygonum)  is  next  in  im- 
portance to  the  sugar  cane,  as  the  grazing  and 
breeding  farms,  are  chiefly  supported  by  it. — 
Hence  arises  the  plenty  of  homed  cattle,  both 
Cjr  the  butcher,  and  planter,  which  is  such  that 
IV  w  markets  in  Europe  furnish  beef  of  bet- 
ter quality,  and  at  a  cheaper  rate,  than  that 
of  Jamaica.  Mutton,  also,  is  cheap  and  good 
The  seeds  of  the  Guinea  grass,  were  brought 


VEGETABLE:  PHYSIOLOGY— NO  3. 

Having   traced  the  functions  of  vegetables 
through  the  different  parts  of  the  flower,  to  the 
formation  of  the  seed,  or  the  rudiments  of  the 
young   plant,  we  will  attempt  to  give  some 
of  the  leading   principles   of  germination,  by 
which  is  to  be  understood  that  part  of  vegeta- 
ble economy  by   which  the  embryo  is  elicited 
from  its  albuminous   deposit,  and  assumes  the 
appearance   of  a  young  plant.     This  appears 
to  be  the  connecting  link  between  the  old  and 
new  plants,  or  rather  germination  may  be  con- 
sidered the  first  principle  of  the  new  one,  af- 
ter being  disconnected  from  the  parent  stock. 
The  seed  when  separated  from  the  old  stock, 
and  carefully  dried,   possesses   a   principle  of 
vitality  which    maybe  dormant   under  certain 
circumstances  for  ages,   and  then  be  called  in- 
to life      Three  things  seem  necessary  to  the 
healthy  germination  of  seeds  ;  that  they  should 
be  excluded  from  the  light,  and  furnished  with 
suitable    propenions   of  heat  and  moisture. — 
When  seeds  are  placed  in  favorable  situations 
as  to   the   above  requisites,  the   farinaceous 
part   of  the    seed   absorbs   moisture,  and  the 
radical,   or  root  of  the  young  plant  is  elonga- 
ted,   and  perforates  the   tegument,  or  skin  of 
the  seed,  shorily  after  which,   the  seed  swells 
■V  bursts  the  tegument, &  the  plumule  or  top  of 
the  young  plant  makes  its  appearance  from  be- 
tween the  cotyledons,  (as  in  the  bean)  which 
afterwards  become  green  ind  perform  tho  func- 
tions of  common  leaves;  they  also  decrease  in 
size,   showing  that   a  part   of  the  concrete  al- 
buminous matter  they  contain,  is  carried  off 
for  the  support  of  the  young  plant  before  roots 
and    regular    leaves    have   attained   sufficient 
strength  to  provide  for  themselves. 

The  phenomena  of  the  invariable  disposi 
tion  of  the  roots  to  descend,  and  the  plumule 
to  ascend,  has  never  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained. Perhaps  it  is  a  safe  conclusion  that 
plants  receive  in  water,  charged  with  various 
solutions  at  the  roots,  all  of  which  are  heavier 
than  atmospheric  air,  and  as  the  roots  are  e- 
[ongated  by  constant  injection,  and  ejection, 
of  this  moisture,  which  in  its  motion  carries 
some  of  the  albuminous  matter,  or  elaborated 
juice,  to  the  orifice  of  the  tubes  of  the  root, 
where  it  is  deposited,  and  that  previous  to  its 
complete  organization,  it  takes  the  perpendic- 
ular direction  from  its  specific  gravity.  That, 
on  ihe  other  hand  the  leaves  receive  in  hydro- 
gen, which  is  lighter  than  atmospheric  air,  and 
of  course  as  this  food  would  by  the  same  rule, 


38 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


Feb.  5,  183i, 


extend  the  plumule  upwards,  as  the  food 
01  the  root9  does  them  downwards  ;  but  un 
til  further  investigations,  these  conjectures  are 
not  to  be  taken  as  facts. 

It  is  well  ascertained  that  water  charged 
with  different  substancos  constitutes  a  groat 
proportion  of  the  food  of  plants,  taken  in  by 
the  roots,  and  that  this  is  conveyed  through  the 
sap-wood  to  the  leaves,  where  it  undergoes  a 
process  termed  elaboration,  after  which  it  re- 
turns by  a  different  set  of  vessels,  forming  the 
inner  surface  of  the  bark. 

The  nature  of  the  sap  in  its  descent  by  the 
bark,  seems  entirely  changed,  and  most  of  it 
is  secreted,  or  becomes  fixed,  forming  the 
young  layer  of  wood.  By  what  power  the 
sap  is  raised  from  the  ground  to  the  tops  of 
trees,  has  never  yet  been  agreed  upon  by  phi- 
losophers; neither  can  the  process  of  elabor- 
ation, which  seems  to  be  confined  principally 
to  the  leaves,  be  clearly  comprehended  ;  but 
there  is  an  acknowledged  similarity  between 
the  circulation  of  bio  id  in  animals,  and  the 
circulation  of  sap  in  vegetables;  and  when 
physicians,  by  the  aid  of  science,  can  clearly 
explain  the  first,  perhaps  phytologists  will  be 
able  to  explain  the  latter. 


TBRlIINOLOeV. 

Albumen — The  farinaceous,  or  fleshy  part  of 
seeds.  This  appears  like  a  thin  glare  fluid  in 
imperfect  seeds,  but  becomes  hard  as  they  ri- 
pen. 

Awn — \  stiff  slender  process,  proceeding 
from  the  chaff,  beard-like,  as  in  wheat. 

Axil— A  term  corresponding  with  arm-pit. 
Barb — Armed  with  teeth  pointing  backward. 

Blooming — The  time  when  the  flowers  are 
perfect. 

Bract — The  leaf  near  the  flower. 

Caducous — The  part  of  a  plant  which  falls 
off. 

Cell — In  botany  means  the  place  where  the 
seed  are  lodged. 

Cleft — Split  down.  It  is  applied  to  one 
kind  of  grafting. 

Convolute—  Rolled  into  a  cylinder. 

Corcle — The  embryo  of  the  new  plant. 

Cordate — Heart-form. 

Corymb — Flowers  umbel-like. 

Cruciform — Flowers  with  four  leaves  or  pe- 
tals forming  a  cross. 

Cyme — Flowers  growing  in  umbels,  yet 
with  stalks  diverging  from  the  eentre  one  as 
in  the  common  elder. 


To  Correspondents — Since  the  space  al- 
lotted to  communications  was  filled,  w«  have 
received  several,  which  will  be  published  in 
our  next.  Among  the  number,  are  the  follow- 
ing_0.  W—  H  G.  S.  of  Lansingburgh— D. 
T.  of  Cayuga— S.  Clark— Economist—  W.  0. 1 
— A  Subscriber — &c. 


A  BRUTE. 

A  late  Boston  paper  gives  an  account  of  a 
young  man  who  bad  been  arrested  and  exam- 
ined before  (lie  police  court  on  a  charge  of 
beating  and  assaulting  bis  wife.  The  physi- 
cian who  was  called  in  attendance  upon  the 
woman,  testified  that  she  would  not,  in  all 
probability,  survive,  It  appears  that  the  hus- 
band beat  her  thus  brutally  became  she  refu- 
sed to  attend  a  sleigh  riitc  with  liiui. 


From  the  Ploughboy,  vol.  1. 
GEOLOGY      APPLIED     T»     PRACTICAL     AGRICUL- 
TURE.     KO.  2. 

In  a  preceding  number  of  the  Plough  Boy,  I 
attempted  to  give  a  brief  view  of  'he  applica- 
tion of  Geology  to  Agriculture.  I  confined 
myself  chiefly  to  the  formation  of  the  carihy 
part  of  soils  from  the  disintegration  or  pulveri 
zalion  of  rocks.  I  will  now  point  your  read 
ers  to  the  causes  of  this  crumbling  down  of 
rocks,  and  give  a  few  examples  to  prove  thai 
this  operation  of  nature  goes  on  with  consider- 
able rapidity  in  some  districts. 

The  principal  disintegrating  agents  are  wa- 
ter and  change  ot  temperature.  In  all  rocks 
we  find  natural  cleavasres.  Rains  and  melting 
snows  fill  these  cleavages  with  water  ;  which 
on  freezing,  extends  its  volume,  &  thereby  sub 
divides  the  mass  of  rock  into  small  portions. 
More  surface  being  thereafter  presented  to  the 
same  action  of  the  same  agents,  these  small 
portions  are  still  further  subdivided,  until  a  fine 
arable  soil  is  formed. 

There  is  a  great  difference  in  rocks  in  their  a 
daptation  to  the  action  of  these  agents.  AJrock 
of  granular  quartz,  for  example,  has  but  very 
imperfect  natural  cleavages.  Consequently 
but  little  water  can  gain  admittance.  Besides, 
the  hardness  of  the  rock  will  long  resist  the 
expansive  force  of  the  freezing  water.  Where- 
as the  common  argillaceous  slate  contains  an 
immense  number  of  fissures  or  cleavages,  and 
the  texture  is  soft  and  yielding.  Consequent- 
ly soil-*  are  formed  with  great  rapidity  in  ^laty 
districts.  As  facts  are  preferable  to  anything, 
however  plausible,  I  will  refer  vour  readers  tt 
a  few  examples.  Such  examples  must  neces- 
sarily be  local  ;  your  reoders  will  therefore 
excuse  me  for  referring  them  to  a  looality  where 
I  am  perfectly  familiar  with  the  facts. 

That  part  of  the  town  of  Chatham,  in  Co- 
lumbia county,  called  the  parish  of  New-Con- 
cord, has  argillaceous  slate  for  its  basis  rock. — 
In  this  parish  there  are  many  fields  traversed 
by  ridges  of  slate  rock,  which  were  not  cover- 
ed with  sufficient  soil  for  cultivation,  a  few 
years  ago,  but  are  now  ploughed  and  cultivated 
like  other  parts  of  the  fields.  That  those, 
who  are  curious  to  witness  tlie  most  conclusive 
evidence  of  the  rapid  formation  of  soils  from 
the  disintegration  of  rocks,  may  not  be  subject 
to  the  labour  of  much  inquiry  orreseareh,  I 
will  point  them  to  a  distinct  locality.  On  the 
farm,  now  owned  by  Judge  Patterson,  and  for- 
merly by  Capt.  Abel  Eaton,  on  the  Union  turn- 
pike road,  about  fifteen  miles  from  the  city  of 
Hudson,  is  the  locality  to  which  I  allude.  The 
highest  ridge  in  a  field  on  the  east  side  of  the 
road, being  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  rods 
northeasterly  from  the  dwelling-house,  was 
one  entire  bare  slate  rook,  about  thirty  years 
ago.  This  fact  I  well  remember:  but  I  will 
refer  the  reader  to  Mr.  Hozea  Birge,  who  still 
resides  near  the  plaoe  for  a  confirmation  of  the 
fact.  Now  most  of  this  same  ridge  is  good 
arable  land.  That  the  present  coat  of  soil 
could  not  have  washed  down  from  the  hills  a- 
bove,  is  evident  from  the  position  of  the  ridge. 
For  the  ground  botwees  the  ridge  and  the  bill 
above,  is  much  the  lowest.  Consequently  the 
earthy  soil  eovenng  this  ridge  of  rock  must 
have  been  wholly  formed  by  the  disintegration 
of  the  rock  within  thirty  years. 

May  we  not  safely  infer,  that  the  earthy  part 
of  soils  is  perpetually  undergoing  changes  id 
respect  to  quality  and  depth,  in  some  districts 
of  country  T  For  example,  the  rock  overlay- 
ing the  slate  in  the  before  mentioned  parish, 
was  graywacke.  This  is  evident,  not  only 
from  a  consideration  of  the  geological  series  of| 
rocks,  but  from  the  fact,  that  some  of  the  high- 
est hills  are  still  capped  with  graywacke.  As! 
graywacke  is  chiefly  composed  of  grains  of 
quartz,  cemented  together  by  a  little  alumine, 
soils  formed  of  this  rock  must  be  too  saudy  &.', 
loose.  May  we  not  therefore  presume,  that! 
many  hundred  years  ago,  the  soil  of  that  pa- 1 
rish  was  more  loose  and  sandy  than  at  present,! 
and  consequeutly  less  productive  «  But  since 
the  graywacke  !"»cl«  has  chiefly  passed  away, 


and  perhaps  mostly  gone  down  the  Hudson  to 
form  the  islands  and  shoals  at  its  mouth  ;  and 
since  the  slate  roek  has  become  eyposed  to  the 
disintegrating  agents,  and  commenced  the  ope- 
ration of  adding  its  substance  to  the  graywacke 
soil,  the  earthy  soil  of  this  district  is  greatly 
improved. 

In  the  eastern  parts  of  Columbia  county  the 
slate  rock  has  passed  away  and  left  the  granu- 
lar limestone,  which  is  the  next  structure  be- 
neath it,  bare.  Naar  what  is  called  Canaan 
corner,  is  a  manifest  locality.  Consequently, 
the  disintegrating  agents  have  commenced 
their  attack  upon  it,  and  will  greatly  improve 
the  neighbouring  soil,  by  the  addition  of  car- 
bonate of  lime.  In  the  western  part  of 
the  same  county,  the  upper,  or  secondary  stra- 
tum of  limestone  still  remains  above  the  gray- 
wacke. Consequently  thr.  soil  is  daily  impro- 
ved in  that  district  by  the  mouldering  down  of 
that  rock.  A. 

NEWS  OE>  THE  WEEK. 

U.  S.  SENATOR. 

On  Tuesday  last  the  two  bouses  of  the  le- 
gislature proceeded  according  to  previous  re- 
lolution  to  the  nomination  of  a  U.  S.  Senator 
in  the  place  of  the  Hon.  Nathan  Sanford. 

Tbe  vote  in  the  Assembly  stood  as  follows, 
for  Wm.  L.  Marcy  86,  for  Samuel  Works  of 
Monroe  27,  and  in  tbe  Senate  for  Wm.  L. 
Marcy  20,  and  for  S.  Works  5.  The  Senate 
and  Assembly  then  convened  in  tbe  Assembly 
oharnber.and  their  nominations  agreeing  Wm. 
L.  Marcy  was  declared  by  tbe  President  o: 
tbe  Senate,  duly  elected. 

TREASURER. 

Abraham  Keyser  was  dnly  appointed  Trea- 
surer. 

JUDSE  OF  THE  SUPREHE  COURT. 

Samuel  Nelson,  Judge  of  the  6lh  Circuit, 
was  Dominated  by  the  Governor  and  oonfirm- 
ed  by  the  Senate,  a  Judge  of  tbe  Supreme 
Court  of  this  State  on  Tuesday  last,  in  the 
place  of  Judge  Marcy,  resigned. 

SPECIAL    CIRCUIT. 

The  present  legislature  have  passed  a  Ian 
directing  a  Special  Circuit  Court  and  Coui  t  of 
Oyer  and  Terminer  and  jail  delivery  to  be  h«lc 
in  the  county  of  Niagra,  commencing  on  the 
3d  Monday  of  February  inst  and  to  be  con- 
tiDOed  by  adjournment  to  such  times  as  said 
courts  may  direct  ;  and  the  Circuit  Couit  of 
Oyer  and  terminer  may  be  held  and  continued 
by  farther  adjournment,  as  often  as  the  said 
court  shall  see  fit. 

The  Circuit  Judge  of  that  Circuit  is  empow- 
ered to  direct  such  additional  number  of  petit 
jurors  to  be  drawn  as  he  may  tbink  proper. 

Tbe  Courts  are  to  be  held  by  one  of  the  jus- 
tices of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  is  to  be  al- 
lowed the  sum  of  $5  per  day  for  all  tbe  time 
he  shall  be  engaged  in  going  to  and  returning, 
and  holding  such  Courts  together  with  his  ex- 
penses, payable  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  state 

No  grand  jury  is  to  be  summoned  to  attend 
tbe  Courts  authorized  by  tbis  act. 

All  persons  bound  by  recognizance  or  other- 
wise to  appear  at  any  Circuit  Court  or  Oyer 
and  terminer  for  the  county  of  Niagra  shall  bo 
bound  to  appear  at  the  Coaits  authorized  by 
this  act,  and  the  law  authorizing  these  courts 
takes  effect  immediately  on  the  passage  thereof 
FOREIGN    NEWS. 

It  is  now  more  than  30  days  since  tbeie  lis* 
been  a  foreign  arrival  at  New  York.  The 
last  Liverpool  dates  were  to  9lb  of  Dec. 
Tbe  Journal  of  Commerce  of  the  29th  Jan., 
observes  that  on  the  29th  cf  January,  1830- 
the  ship  I  Iuimibal  arrived  from  London,  bring- 
ing papers  tp  {be   1st  January.     Tbe  public 


Vol.  I.— No.  5. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


39 


anxiety  to  gain   intelligence  from   Europe   is 
again  becoming   intense.       That  quarter  ol 
the  globe  at  the  last  dates  presented  an  inter 
esting  scene  of  action,  and  tbe  times  seemed 
rife  « ith  corning  events  of  no  ordinary  lm 
portance,  and  the  lapse  of  time  since  the  last 
arrivals  has  not  failed  to  increase  tbe  interest 
Arrivals  are  daily  expected,  and  it   cannoi 
be  long  ere  we  shall  be  greeted   with  intelli 
gence  that  in  all  probability  will  afford  a  pretty 
certain  indication  of  the  political   features  ol 
Europe  for  the  coming  year.     The  last  date* 
were  the  harbingers  of  peace — the  next  mat 
be  the  messengers  of  wide  spread  and  devas 
tating  war. 

NEW  YORK   MARKETS. 

The  holders  of  flour  and  grain  are  looking 
with  anxiety  for  English  advices  and  the  mar. 
frets  in  consequence  continue  stationary  and 
quiet,  and  will  probably  remain  so  until  for- 
eign arrivals. 

The  money  market  is  abundant,  and  loans 
have  recently  been  made  at  five  per  cent,  on 
mortgage  securities. 

seaman's  bank  op  savincs.  • 

By  the  report  of  the  board  of  Trustees  of 
this  Institution  in  New  York,  it  appears  thai 
it  went  into  operation  on  the  11th  May,  1829 
and  that  since  that  time  up  to  the  31st  Decem- 
ber, 1830.  there  had  been  deposited  the  a- 
mount  ot  g62,719  45  The  depositors  an 
all  persons  engaged  in  seafaring  pursuits,  an.; 
the  strongest  hopes  are  entertained  that  when 
it  shall  become  generally  known  that  there  is 
such  a  place  of  deposit,  the  habit  of  saving 
will  prevail  to  considerable  extent  among 
thai  class  of  people  peculiarly  distinguished 
for  their  prodigality  while  "in  port."  Th< 
amount  of  interest  received  is  $1,702  38. 

nARVARD  PHI  BETA  KAPPA. 

The  following  appointments  have  beeti 
made  for  the  next  anniversary  performance  o! 
this  Society  :  James  T.  Austin  Esq  Orator, 
Rev.  John  Pierpoint,  Poet;  and  the  Rev. 
Tueodoie  Edson,  Chaplain. 

RHINOCEROS 

The  Rhinoceros  which  was  imported  from 
Bengal  last  Spring,  has  been  sold  at  audio.. 
in  Philadelphia  fo,- $4,100. 

FIRE. 

The  Woollen  Manufacturing  establishment 
of  Joshua  Clapp,  South  Leicester,  Mass.  ha- 
been  destroyed  by  fire      Loss  $10,000. 

WILD  MAN    OP    THE    WOODS. 

Tbe  following  article  from  the  Lexington 
(Ky.)Gazette,  shows  that  the  Kentuckians  an 
up  to  telling  big  lies  as  well  as  whipping  wild 
cats,  &c.  Last  summer  a  story  went  Un- 
round of  all  the  newspapers  of  thRt  state,  of  k 
snake  so  large  that  it  devoured  Oxen,  Hor- 
ses and  other  domestic  animals,  and  to  add  to 
the  terrific  qualifications  of  his  snake  ship 
his  roarings  had  been  beared  the  distance  oi 
several  miles.  That  story  was  exceeding^ 
foolish,  this  is  still  more  so.  While  tbe  Ken 
tuckians  stick  to  their  steam  boats,  wild  cats 
big  waggons,  and  other  kindred  wonders,  (he\ 
are  very  much  at  home,  and  their  association; 
very  proper  ;  but  such  stories  as  this  of  the 
modern  Poliphemus,  and  snakes  exceeding  the 
Boa  Constrictors  of  Asia  and  Africa,  are  too 
exaggerated  to  be  interesting  : 

Mr.  Trotter. — Five  or  six  days  since,  my 
business  called  me  to  Danville,  and  thence  t» 
Harrodsburgh.  Whilst  descending  the  cliff 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Kentucky  river.  I 
very  unexpectedly  encountered  a  being  who?e 
strangeness  of  visage   inspired  me   with   the 


most  horrible  sensations.  When  I  first  saw 
bim,  be  was  lying  upou  the  ground,  his  tail 
tied  to  the  limb  of  a  tree,  about  twenty  yards 
distant,  I  would  judge  it  to  be  thirty  yardB  in 
length  and  about  the  size  of  a  bed  cord.  The 
tramping  of  my  horse's  feet  startled  him,  and 
lie  bounded  to  the  tree,  climing  up  his  tail, 
•.-Inch,  as  before  stated,  was  tied  to  a  limb. — 
Recovering  somewhat  from  my  confusion,  I 
advanced  nearer  tbe  tree.where  I  immediately 
surveyed  his  whole  appearance.  Mis  head 
•  a9  of  the  usual  dimensions,  and  his  hair  was 
long  and  flowing,  reaching  nearly  to  his  waist 
His  eye  (he  had  but  one,  in  tbe  centre  of  his 
rnrebead)  was  almost  white,  and  near  the  size 
ofasilver  dollar.  His  body  wascovered  witb 
/air  and  feathers,  and  bis  feet  resembled  those 
of  tbe  bear.  He  skipped  with  the  greatest 
facility  from  limb  to  limb,  and  muttered  some 
unintelligible  words  in  a  harsh  tone.  Whilst 
he  was  intent  on  gazing  at  me,  I  rode  round 
tbe  tree  about  four  times,  his  head  turning 
each  time  with  me.  When  I  stopped,  his 
head  was  still  for  a  moment,  when  it  wheeled 
with  the  velocity  of  a  top  until  it  resumed  its 
former  position.  Seeing  him  about  to  descend 
by  means  of  his  tail,  I  put  spurs  to  my  horse 
nid  reached  tbe  ferry,  greatly  terrified  and 
nearly  out  of  breath. 

Tbe  above  statement  is  sent  you  at  the  re- 
quest of  my  neighbors,  who  will  certify  to  my 
i<ood  character,  having  resided  amongst  them 
or  nineteen  years. 

PATRICK  C    FLOURNOY 

Jessamine  co.  Ky.  Jan.  3,  1831. 

LORD    BYRON. 

Tbe  following  interesting  remarks  on  this 
Prince  of  Poets  are  from  a  review  of  Moore's 
Life  of  Byron,  in  the  N-  Y.  American. 

Misfortune  stamped  bim  foi  her  own  at  his 
iirth  ;  and  with  no  equivocal  sign.  A  ter- 
■nigant  and  a  libertine  were  his  cradle  watch 
ers.  He  had  no  "monitors  of  his  young  years  " 
Mis  youth  was  Ida  led  in  its  spring;  and  (true 
rideed  like  many  who  have  built  themselves 
nonuments  in  the  bosoms  of  men)  be  who 
ould  move  all  hearts  with  sympathy,  was  un- 
able to  touch  tbe  one  of  bis  choice  with  love, 
lie  lived, 

"  as  lives  a  withered  bough, 

Bloasoraless,  leafless  and  alone." 

He  died, — be.  the  man  upon  whom  the  eyes 
I  tbe  world  were   fixed  with   admiration,  if 
ot  with  favor,  died  in  a  cheerless  barrack 
.Him,  without  a  friend  or  a  relative  to  minister 
>  him :  his   last  moments  disturbed   by   the 
laniors  of  a  mutiupus  soldiery,  and   his  eyes 
,-losed  by  a  menial.     Nay  more,  bis  very   re- 
mains cannot  escape  contumely      His  ashes 
are  excluded  from  a  public  cemetry  by  his 
•  ountrymen  ;  and  there  are  those  found  in  tbe 
land  which  he  delighted  to  honor,  who  would 
brand  his  name  witb  infamy  !     If  such  are  the 
penalties  of  frailty  and  indiscretion,  what  ig 
nominy  is  reserved  for  actual  crime? 

HORRIBLE  REPORT. 

A  St.  Thomas  paper  of  Dec.  28th,  says — 
've  have  to  notice  a  horrible  report  which 
iias  been  going  about  town  for  tbe  last  two 
ays.  but  to  which  there  seems  no  clue  can  be 
und.  It  is  said  that  a  vessel  has  been  fallen 
m  with  near  St.  Domingo,  with  a  great  num- 
ber of  murdered  persons  on  board.  It  is  sup-* 
posed  that  this  vessel  is  the  one  which  was 
braring  the  equestrian  corps  of  Mr.  Handy 
(who  was  here  last  year)  to  St  Domingo.  It 
n  said  that  the  company  had  made  a  great  deal 
of  money  in  their  tour  through  the  Islands, 
which  circumstance  lends  an  air  of  probability 
to  the  report,  as  this  alone  might  have  induced 
the  piracy. — N.  Y.  Eve.  Journal. 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

Feo.  5,  1831. 

O"  The  quantity,  quality,  and  prices  of 
wheat  have  been  well  sustained  the  week  past. 

The  quantity  of  ashes  has  not  been  great; 
but  the  prices  fair,  and  buyers  seem  anxious. 

The  quantity  of  snow  has  been  such  as  to 
give  u«  fine  sleighing,  and  the  bustle  of  busi- 
ness in  our  village,  has  given  the  strongest 
proofs  of  the  prosperity  of  this  section  ot  the 
country. 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91a92  50 

Pearl  100<il02  50 

Apples  per  busbel       25a44 

Do  dried  75 

Bristles, corab'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do    18a20 

Butter  do     10al2 

Beef — Mess  per  bbl 

Do  prime     do  5u7 

Do  fresh  per  lb        02a03 

Barley  per  bushel        3&r44 

Beans        do  50a62 

Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  ct6 

Do  dipped         do      8 

Do  sperm  do    26 

Corn  per  bushel  44ei50 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05 

Clover  Seed  per  bush    $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb  07a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     >ai-7 

Feathers  per  lb  31o37 

Furs— Otter  100a400 


Mink  12/231 

Raccoon  18a31 

Martin  -Jaif. 

Fisher  37n50 

Wild  Cat  If  a2f, 

Gray  Fox  18o25 

Grass  Seed  per  bush  62 

Hops  per  lb  J2al0 

Honey  do  09 

Lard     do  06u07 

Mutton  do  02a0;i 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush    [S4 

Oats  per  bush  25 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches, dry'd  bush  100a200 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $!2al3 


Fox,  red 
Fox,  cross 


Do  prime 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Quills  per  100 
Rye  per  bush 
Rags  per  lb 
Salt  per  bbl 
Tallow  per  lb 


50n75l  Wheat  per  bush 


03o04 
25o3fl 
50 
03a04 
SI  75 
06a07 
106«113 


100o20«|Buckwheat  flour, cwt.  $1  75 


METEOROLOGICAL,    TABLE, 
for  the  week  ending  Jan.  29, 1831 . 


Ther 


S 


Baromet'r  I   Winds 


12  12  29,35  29,42  km  <m 

20  12129,35  29,30|k>  Into 

18:15  29,20  29,15io  to 

29,16  29,20 'to  I  to 

29,25  29,50«d  In 

20,65  29,60 U  Ira 

29.52  29,46ln  m< 


22  20 

30:22 
30,25 

26:18 


Weather 

S|£ 

a 

u 

J=  S 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Observa'ns 


l-2in.snow 


1  in'li  snow 


!ET77ie  Barometrical  and  Thermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P.  M  ,  which 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose* 
show  ihai  time  to  give  the  nearest  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


by  c.  w 
NEW  YORK. 

All  banks  in  tbis  state,  par. 
except  the  following 
BrokenBanks.     JTashing- 
ton  &  WaTen,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, Mid- 
dle Dist.,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf  Co., 
Plattsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  (he  following 
Broken  Bank»      Farmers' 
b*nk  of  Belchertown,  Sutton, 
Berks hi  e,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

RHODE-ISLAND 

All  bonks  in  this  state,  per, 

exoept  tbe  following 

BrokenBanks      Farmers' 

Exchauge,  and  Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  banks  in  tbis  state,  par, 
except  the  fellowing 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
New-York,  Derby,  and  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
All  bank*  in  this  state,  par 

MAINE. 

All  bank*  in  tbis  stote,  par. 

except  (be  following 

Broken   Banks-    Castine, 

Wiscasnet,  Hallowell  &  Au 


DDNDAS. 
samaqnoddy  banks. 
NEW  JERSEY. 

State  b'nfc,  &  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  par  . 
Ah  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.     Salem  & 
Phil.  Mantif  Co.  Monmouth, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
N.  Jersey  Manuf  &  Banking 
Co.  at  Hoboken,  State  Bank 
at  Trenton,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  and  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA 
Philadelphia  Ranks,  paj'- 
All  other  banks,  Sper  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Bank?.  Farmers' 
&  Mechanics'  at  ft.  Sa.,  Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greencas- 
tle,  Bedford.  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington. Uniontown,  Agricul- 
tural, Sil  Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hops  Bridge  Co  new  emis- 
sion, and  Brownvile  banks. 

OHIO. 
All  banks,     4  to  6  per  cent, 

MICHIGAN. 

All  banks,  "J  per  cent, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks.    Monroe,, 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  to  3  per  cent 
except  the 
Upper  Cana.  at  Kingston, 
and  Unchartered  banks. 


gusta,  Kennebec,  and   Pas- 
te? Tftea&ooe  table  when  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re- 
fers to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation arc  receivable. 


40 


THE  GENESEE  FAR31ER. 


Feb.  5,  1831. 


HXSCEX*XiANE0U8. 


From  the  New  York  American. 

THE  ORPHAN  GIRL. 

I  have  no  mother  ! — for  she  died 

Wh»n  I  was  very  young  ; 
But  her  memory,  still,  around  my  heart, 

Like  morning  mists  has  hung. 
They  tell  me  of  an  angel  form, 

That  watched  me  while  1  slept, 
And  of  a  soft  and  gentle  hand 

That  wiped  the  tears  I  wept; — 
And  that  same  hand   that  held  my  own, 

When  I  began  to  wain. 
And  the  joy  that  sparkled  in  her  eyes 

When  first  I  tried  to  talk— 
For  they  say  the  mother's  heart  is  pleased 

Whon  infant  charms  expand — 
I  wonder  if  she  thinks  of  me, 
In  that  bright,  happy  land  ; 

For  I  know  she  is  in  heaven,  now — 

That  holy  place  of  rest— 
For  she  was  always  good  to  mc, 

And  the  good  alone  are  blest. 
I  remember,  too,  when  I  was  ill, 

She  kise'd  my  burning  brow, 
And  the  tear  that  fell  upon  my  cheek — 

I  think  I  feel  it  now 

And  I  have  still  some  little  books 
She  learn'd  me  how  to  spell ; 

And  the  chiding,  or  the  kiss  she  gave, 
I  still  remember  well. 

And  then  she  used  to  kneel  with  me, 

And  teach  me  how  to  pray, 
And  raise  my  little  hands  to  heaven, 

And  tell  me  what  to  say. 
Oh,  mother  !  mother!  in  my  heart 

Thy  image  still  shall  be, 
And  I  will  hope  in  heaven  at  last 

That  I  may  meet  with  thee. 
January  26.  T.  K 


S. 


From  the  Albany  Daily  Advertiser 
The  unhappy  husband  looked  out  of  the  win 
<low  and  his  eye  wandered  through  the  deep 
shadows  of  night.  All  was  still,  even  in  the 
populous  street  in  which  was  his  own  wretch- 
ed abode.  As  he  drank  in  the  universal  air,  it 
see  nod  to  revive  him.  He  called  his  wife 
from  the  wietched  pallet  where  she  was  re- 
clining, and  she  came  to  him  with  tottering 
steps.  He  clasped' her  band,  dr>-w  her  to  the 
open  window,  and  they  looked  cut  together  on 
the  night.  After  a  pause  of  bitter  agony,  he 
addressed  her. 

Four  years  have  past  away 

While  we  have  lingered  here, 
When  has  a  single  day 

Eseap'd  without  a  tear  ? 

Look  out,  love,  on  the  night  ! 

Its  freshness  let  us  share  : 
Better  to  wait  the  light, 

Than  seek  our  couch  of  care. 
Haw  strange  has  been  our  lot  ! 

When  shall  we  find  our  repose  ? 
All,  all  were  soon  forgot  ; 

But  the  remembrance  of  thy  woes  ' 
By  the  lamp's  painful  glare 

In  vain  Iv'e  toil'd  for  bread, 
I'd  grapple  with  despair 

To  raise  thy  drooping  head  ! 
Would  that  another  fate, 

A  happier  had  been  thine, 
Tho  humblest  peasant's  state, 

Were  paradise  to  mine  ! 

But  do  thy  lips  reprove  ? 

O  augcl,  as  thou  art, 
The  rain  diops  of  thy  love 

Fall  on  a  broken  heart. 


WINTER  !    WINTER  '.  ! 

"  Old  Winter  is  here  again — alack  ! 
How  icy  and  cold  is  he! 
He  cares  not  a  pin  for  a  shivering  back — 
He's  a  saucy  old  chap  to  white  and  to  black, 
And  whistles  his  chills  with  a  wonderful  knack, 
For  he  comes  from  a  cold  countiee  !" 
And  old  winter  is  indeed  here  again  !  Moth- 
er   Earth  has   assumed  her   robe   of  spo'loss 
white,  and  her  sons  and  daughters  are   up  and 
active,  partaking  of  or  preparing  for  the  "joys 
of  the  sleigh ."     We   love  to   hear  the  merry 
jingle  of  the  bells  as  they    pass  our  window, 
and  mark  the  flush  of  joy,  the  living  glow  of 
animation,  which  lights  up  the  countenances 
of  those  who  are  thus  smoothly  and  fleetly  gli- 
ding along  the  high  road  of  enjoyment. 

Winter  is  indeed  a  season  for  enjoyment,  and 
comes  laden  with   many  blessings.     Who   a 
mongst  us  has  not  felt  that  it  is  a  period  when 
the  heart  throbs  with  unwonted  pleasure,  and 
the  bosom  expands  with  the  kindliest  emotions 
— that  notwithstanding  the  glory  of  the  sum- 
mer has  departed — though    the  rich  verdure 
has  left  the  fields,  and  the  gay  flowers  bloom 
no  longer  in  the  valley  and  by  the  hill  side — 
though  the  murmur   oi  the  stream    is  hushed 
and  the  tuneful  warblings  of  the  birds   are  si- 
lent— in  short,  though  tne  sceptre  of  the  Frost 
King  has  been  stretched  abroad,  chilling  every 
object  over  which  it  has  been  extended — who 
has  not  realized  that  the  season  is  attended  by 
a  thousand  joys,  a  thousand  peculiar  gratifica- 
tions which  come  upon  the  heart  quietly   and 
stealthily,  and  beguile  it  into  happiness  ! 
"  He  recks  not  of  tho  world  without, 
Who  feols  be  bears  a  world  within." 
To  the  Farmer,  Winter  is  emphatically  the 
season   of  happiness      Possessing  within   the 
limits  of  his  plantation  all  that  is  essential  for 
his  comfort  and  convenience,  when  the  labors 
of  the  day  are  over, he  can  seat  himself  by  the 
cheerful  fire  which  blazes  orj    his   hearth,  and 
whilst  his  wife  and  daughters  ply  the  needle  or 
tho  wheel,  ho  can  calmly  listen   to  the  rough 
blasts  of  wintry  wind,  as  it  fitfully    rushes  by 
his   dwelling.     As  sources   of  enjoyment,  Ins 
books  are  not  neglected— The  stores   of  intel- 
lectual knowledge  are  unlocked,  and    the  fue 
of  gonius  and  tno   wisdom  of  experience  are 
called   up  ;  aDd  whilst   the  jocund    laugh  and 
harmless  jest  goes  round,    emotions  of  grati- 
tude to  the  Givei  uf  all  good  fills  every  heart, 
and  every  tongue  is  eloquent  with  joy. 

But  there  are  those  to  whom  winter  comes 
arrayt-.o  in  terrors — those  who  grasped  by  tho 
cold  hand  of  penury, 

" shrink  from  the  bitter  blast, 

Si  ill  hover  o'er  their  pigmy  lire, 
And  fear  it  will  not  last." 
To  them  Winter  comes  not  a  messenger    of 
joy,   for    the    "cruise  of  oil"  has  failed — the 
last  crust  has  been  eaten— and  the   last   fag 
got  now  sheds  forth  a  feeble  ray  of  warmth  to 
cheer  and  animate   '.heir   frames.     Childhood 
and  innocence — age  and  decrepitude- -the  bew 
ed  down  frame  of  manhood,  and    woman's   fra- 
gile form,  alike  are  suffering  beneath  the  rever- 
ses of  fortune  and  the  pressure  of  want — and 
oh  ?  how  littlo  of  the  overflowing  abundance 
of  those  areund  them,  would  it  require,  1o  rob 
the  season  uf  its  terrors,  and  cause  tbe  hearts 
of  the  widow  and  the  orphan  to  rejoice  and  be 
glad  "  with  exceeding  great  joy" 

"  The  poor  have  yc  ahcaya  with  you,"  said 
the  Saviour  of  men,  and  his  followers  cannot 
better  bring  their  conduct  into  an  aceordanoe 
with  that  of  their  Divine  Mastor,  than  by  fel- 
'  lowing  the  bright  examples  oi  feeding  tho  hun- 
gry and  clothing  the  naked,  which  lie  tins  h-ft 
behind  him  in  bis  word.  Liko  '"  bread  cast  u- 
f>on  the  waters,"  these  holy  alms^will  return. 
after  many  days.  And  they  who  can  thus 
contemplate  tho  appearance  of  meritorious 
actions  and  can  feel  tho  consciousness,  that 
iliwr  hands  relieve  the  distress  of  the  poor, 
and  soothe    the  sufferings  of  the  unfortunate, 


ward  to  that  period  when  they  shall  be   called 
to  their  reward,  and 

"  One  unbounded  Spring  encircles  all." 


HUMAN    COMBUSTION. 

We  extract  the  following  singular  case 
of  spontaneous  combustion  from  the  Ar- 
chives Gende  Medecine  : — A  gentleman 
of   a   robust   healthy    constitution,    and 
temperate   habits.  24  years   of  age,  ex- 
linguished    with    bis  hands    tbe    burning 
clothes  of  his  brother,  who  had  acciden- 
tally set   fire  to    them  with  sulphur,   and 
was  immediately  afterwards  attacked  with 
acute  pains  in    both  hands,      A   woman 
who  came  to  his  succor  observed   that 
boih  bands    were  surrounded  by  a  blue 
flame.     This  at  first  was  supposed  to  be 
occasioned  by  the   sulphur   adhering  to 
them,  and  an  attempt  waa  made  to  extin- 
guish the  flame  with  cold  water,  but  with- 
out  effect.     The   gentleman   ran  down 
stairs  to  a  cutler's  shop,  »nd    plunged  his 
hands  into  a  quantity  of  mud  :   from  this 
he  derived    very  little   relief.     Alter  suf- 
fering   in  this    manner  much    torture  for 
half  an  hour,  he  ran  to  the  house  of  Dr. 
R.  de  Bras,  by  whom  the  case  is  related. 
On  the   way,  both   himself  and   the  ,vo- 
man   who   accompanied   iiim,    observed 
distinctly  the  blue  flame  surrounding  the 
bauds.     The    physician    met  him  at   the 
door,  and  observed  the  hands  to  be  red, 
swelled,  and  exhaling  a  kind  of  smoke  ot 
vapor.     He  directed  his  patient  to  plunge 
his  hands  into  a  well,   and  to  keep    them 
there  until  he  experienced    relief;  on  his 
doing  so  the  pain    abated  and    ibe  flame 
ceased ;   but  he  had  not  gone  more    than 
150  paces  homeward,   when  it  re-appeai- 
ed.     On  leaching  his  dwelling  he  imme- 
diately  immersed  his   hands  in  a  bucket 
of  water,  which  as  it   got  rapidly    heated 
he  had  repeatedly  ienertod.     As  often  as 
he  took  them  out  of  the  water,  he  remar- 
ked a  soit  of  unctuous  matter  flow  along 
his  fingers,  and  the  blue  flame  re-appear- 
ed.    Tbe  latter  was  not  however,  visible 
except  in  a  situation   where    the  light  of 
candle  was   shaded.     A   gentleman    who 
remained  in  the  room  wiiti  him,  saw  the 
blue  flame  several  times  in  the  course  of 
the  night ;  towards  day  bieak  only  sparks 
were  visible.     During  the  following   day 
the  pain  wa*  severe,   and  large    vesifica* 
lions,  filled   with  a  reddish    serum,  bad 
lormed  on  the   fingers,   indeed  the    cuti- 
cle was  entirely  removed,   and  the  cutis 
greyish  and  corroded      The  vesications 
being  opened,  cerate  was  applied  to   the 
denuded  surfaces,  and  th<-  whole  covered 
with  poultices.     The  inflammation  which 
followed  tva-<  moderate,  the    suppuration 
nealthy,  and  in  six  weeks  the  ulcers  cau- 
sed by  tlje  burning  were  healed  ;   but  the 
-cicatrices  wvre  distinct,   and  several  of 
the  nails  dropped  off 


ALABAMA. 

Tho  free  population  of  this  Btate°amounts  to   are  laying  up  for  themselves  sources  of  enjoy 
199,221— The  slave  population  ampunts  to  112,1  ment  which  will  cast  beams  of  sonshine  over]  sent  year  uioro  than  one  hundred   thousand 
025.  ''their  darkest  hpors,  and  gild  their  passage  on-    hogs. 


MABV    SWINE. 

A  late  Cincinnati  paper  calculates  that  there 
will  be  slaughtoreo  in  that  city  during  tbe  pre- 


*j*mm  mm&mmmM  &m&wm&. 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  FEBRUARY  12,  1831. 


NUMBER  6. 


ORIGIN  AL. 


FOB  THE  GENESEE  FIBBER. 
THE  BEE. 
Messrs-  Editors— I  liavo  obssrved  that  re 
Centry  much  has  been  published  in  various 
Horticultural  Journals,  on  the  habits  of  the  ho- 
ney bee  A  knowledge  of  their  history,  econ- 
omy, and  mode  of  working,  is  extremely  in- 
teresting, and  the  subject  derives  additional 
interest  from  the  following  fact,  which  came 
to  me  from  an  authentic  source,  a  short  lime 
since,  and  having  never  seen  it  in  print,  I  send 
the  statement  for  publication  in  your  interest 
ing  Genesee  Farmer,  which  by  the  by,  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  every  practical  farmer  in 
the  Genesee  country,  who  from  the  hints  and 
experience  of  others,  would  save  more  than 
ten  times  the  cost  of  the  paper,  in  the  coarse 
of  the  year— but  to  the  subject : 

A  few  years  since,  a  farmer  removed  from 
this  county,  to  one  of  the  northern  counties 
of  the  state  of  Ohio ;  his  remove  was  in  the 
winter,  and  he  took  with  his  other  moveables 
a  hive  of  bees,  and  at  the  end  of  his  journey 
he  located  in  an  old  log  house,  and  for  the 
want  of  a  better  place  he  put  his  swarm  of 
bees  into  the  garret,  wheie  they  remained  till 

soring. 

Anion"  the  many  cares  of  a  remove  into  the 
wilderness,  he  forgot  his  bees,  and  neglected 
to  place  them  out  of  doors,  as  is  the  custom  ; 
but  with  the  return  of  spring,  and  the  open- 
ing of  the  wild  flowers  of  the  wilderness,  they 
did  not  forget  their  duty,  but  "  gathered  ho- 
ney every  dav  from  every  opening  flower," 
until  the  hive  "was  full  to  overflowing.  They 
found  abundant  passage  between  the  logs  of 
the  house.  When  the  hive  was  full,  instead 
of  swarming  and  going  off,  they  merely  remo- 
ved a  few  fe'et  from  the  old  hive, attached  them* 
selves  to  a  log  in  the  same  room,  and  went  to 
work;  others  attached  themselves  to  the  outside 
of  the  hive,and  continued  their  operations  in  o- 
pen  view, in  thismannerforseveralyears  When 
the  family  wanted  honey,  they  went  into  the 
room,  and  broke  off  what  comb  they  required, 
without  molestation.  Having  abundant  room 
in  the'  garret,  they  never  left  it  in  swarms.  It 
fs  probable  that  the  room  was  nearly  dark,  bu' 
of  this  lam  not  informed.  From  this  circum- 
stance, the  inhabitants  when  they  build  their 
houses,  finish  off  a  small  tight  room,  in  the  gar 
ret,  or  other  convenient  part  of  the  house,  ex- 
clusively for  the  bees, with  timbers  or  braces  to 
which  they  can  attach  the  comb, having  a  light 
door  to  the  room,  to  exclude  mice,  &c,  and  1 
understand  they  are  not  molested  by  the  bee- 
moth  or  miller  I  could  much  enlarge  Dpon 
this  subject, bat  time  does  not  permit,  and  it  is 
quite  sufficient  for  a  practical  mas  to  improve 
the  hint.     I  am,  repectfully,  yours,     O.  W. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

The  north-easterly  storms  which  sweep 
throughout  the  maritime  parts  of  the  United 
Slates,  and  which  perhaps  bring  the  most  un 
comfortable  weather  of  the  whole  year,  are 
unknown  in  some  of  the  inland  districts  ef 
our  ci.ootry ;  arid  though  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Cayuga  lake,  sometimes  a  gentle  breeze 
ocenrs  in  unsettled  weather  from  that  point, of- 
ten veering  in  a  few  hours  50  or  60  degrees  on 
either  side,  yet  I  have  no  recollection  of  ha- 
ving ever  obserred  at  this  place,  what  in  com- 
mon language  is  called  "a  north-easier." 

That  north-easterly  storms  occur,  however, 
on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  I  have 
several  times  witnessed ;  and  it  might  be  ex- 
pected that  such  currents  would  ruth  along 
•valleys  lying  irj  a  south-westerly  direction. — 
Jnrlned,  a  valued  friend  who  resides  at  Lyons, 
on  tho  Clyde  river,  has  spoken  of  their  occur- 
Tenco  at  that  piaefc. 


On  a  former  occasion,  I  remarked  that  the 
course  of  the  same  general  wind  over  exten 
sive  plains,  and  along  the  valleys  of  large  wa 
ters,  was  ofien  very  different,  it  being  in  the 
latter  case  deflected  by  the  parallel  ranges  of 
the  hills.  I  also  referred  to  a  paragraph 
Cook's  last  Voyage,  in  which  was  noticed  a 
difference  of  90  degrees  in  the  direction  of 
the  gale  at  the  same  time,  and  only  at  the  dis- 
tance of  a  few  miles  ;  and  which  on  account 
of  its  pointed  testimony,  and  that  the  occur 
rence  was  not  unexpected  by  those  experien 
ced  mariners,  I  subjoin  in  a  note.  At  this 
place,  we  probably  owe  the  course  of  our  S. 
S.  E.  winds,  (which  so  frequently  occur)  and 
also  our  N.  N.  W.  winds  to  the  position  of  the 
Cayuga  lake. 

Since  tho  days  of  Franklin,  it  has  been 
generally  known  that  the  great  body  of  the 
clouds  in  north-easterly  storms  move  from  the 
soutli-wost;  and  that  the  chilling  wind  that 
carrieB  the  scud  is  only  a  counter  current.  The 
superior  and  principal  clouds  that  rain  or  snow- 
over  this  land,  appear  also  to  come  from  the 
south  west;  but  the  counter  currents  are 
much  more  variable  than  on  the  south  east 
side  of  the  Allegany  range  of  mountains, — 
With  U9,  the  North,  and  even  the  north-north 
west  are  not  considered  fair  weather  winds, 
although  with  these  sometimes  the  sky  is 
clear ;  but  our  deepest  snows  have  come  from 
the  nortlvind  on  two  successive  days, we  have 
had  continued  rains  from  the  N.  N.  W.  Some 
circumstances  bave  induced  me  to  believe  that 
north-easterly  storms  rushing  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence, have  become  deflected  at  those  times, 
and  with  diminished  velocity  have  taken  near- 
ly the  direction  of  our  parallel  lakes. 

Now  the  objeotof  this  communication  is  to 
invite  the  attention  of  such  readers  of  the 
Genesee  Farmer,  as  stndy  meteorology,  to  this 
subject,  so  that  we  may  learn  what  winds  pre- 
vail on  the  Seneca  Lake,  the  Clyde  river,  and 
its  branches,  in  the  valley  of  tho  Genesee,  at 
Lockport,  at  Batavia,  at  Lewiston  or  Niagara 
Falls,  and  at  Buffalo,  white  a  north-easter  is 
chafing  the  shore  of  Ontario.  D.  T- 

Great  field.  1  Mo.  24,  1831. 
Note — "  Before  we  had  got  up  one  anchor  [in  Auatt- 
ka  Bay]  so  violent  a  gale  sprung  up  from  ihe  northeast 
that  we  thought  proper  to  mooragain,  [XT]  supposing 
from  tho  position  of  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  that  the 
current  of  wind  woold  in  at]  probability  set  up  the  chan- 
nel. [jz$]  The  pinnace  was  dispatched  to  examine  the 
passage,  and  returned  with  intelligence,  that  the  wind 
blew  violently  from  the  south-e&t,  with  a  great  swell 
setting  into  the  bay." 


may  be  thus  set  any  time  of  the  day,  and  will 
require  no  watering.  Keep  them  clear  of 
weeds.  If  more  plants  are  wanted,  replace 
the  potato,  which  will  soon  throw  out  a  new 
set  of  plants. 

The  white  are  the  earliest,  and  the  be9t  for 
our  climate  ;  then  tho  yellow,  and  the  red.  A 
light,  dry  sandy  soil,  is  considered  best  for 
them,  but  they  grow  well  in  alight  mould,  or 
loam,  if  dry  and  warm.  I  have  no  doubt  they 
will  become  a  profitable  crop,  even  for  feeding 
stock,  in  your  country.  Mine  were  planted, 
last  year,  in  the  bed,  early  in  April ;  in  the 
hills,  by  the  middle  of  May;  and  ripened  in 
August,  and  to  middle  of  September.  The 
largest  were  8  to  12  inches  in  length,  C  to  8 
in  circumference,  and  very  little,  if  any,  infe- 
rior, in  richness,  to  the  best  from  the  southern 
states.  H.  G.  S. 

Jan.  29,  1831—75. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

The  S2ceet  Potato,  or  Carolina  Potato,  as 
often  called,  may,  and  will,  become  an  article 
of  profit,  in  the  region  of  the  Genesee  Farm- 
er. It  is  cultivated  with  very  little  more  trou- 
ble than  the  common  potato,  in  my  garden, 
and  gives  nearly  as  good  a  yield.  Perhaps  you 
do  cultivate  it  already — if  you  do  not,  try  it. 
I  plant  a  few,  say  a  dozen  well  grown  pota- 
toes, early  in  April,  and  from  them  get  plants 
enough  for  50  to  1G0  hills,  enough  for  my  fam- 
ly.  Dig  a  hole  iu  the  soil  of  the  garden  two 
feet  deep,  and  three  or  four  feet  square,  or 
round.  Fill  this  with  fresh  horse  dung,  from 
out  of  doors,  well  wetted,  and  cover  it  three 
inches  with  soil. 

When  warmed,  by  heat  or  fermentation, 
plant  the  potatoes  two  inches  under  the  sur- 
face, which  I  leave  open  to  the  weather.  The 
growth  will  then  be  stimolated  by  the  internal 
heat,  and  vegetated  by  the  external,  so  as  to 
give  you  plants  for  transplanting,  by  the  lime 
the  season  is  sufficiently  advanced.  I  make 
the  hills,  before  transplanting,  12  to  18  inches 
high,  3  or  4  feet  apart  each  Way.  When  the 
plants  have  3  or  4  or  6  leaves,  nip  off  the  root 
adhering  to  the  potato,  with  the  tliumbcand 
finjjer  nail,  having  thousands  of  fibrous  roots, 
and  set  these,  1,  2,  or  3  in  each  hill.      They 


FOR   THE    GEHEBEE    FARMER. 

Messrs.  Editors — I  wish  to  communicate 
to  the  public,  through  your  paper,  the  result  of 
an  Horticultural  experiment,  which  I  trust 
may  be  new  to  some  of  your  readers.  In  tbe 
spring  of  1829,  I  found  in  my  fruit  garden, that 
the  mice  had  girdled  two  of  my  young  plum 
trees,  taking  off  a  ring  of  bark  near  the  ground, 
about  four  or  five  inches  wide.  A  gentleman 
of  my  acquaintance,  observed  to  me,  that  the 
trees  might  be  saved  by  splicing  in  pieces  of 
bark,  so  as  to  connect  the  roots  with  the  tops, 
<&  gave  me  directions  fordoing  it.  Being  unwil- 
ling to  lose  my  trees  I  proceeded  by  taking  some 
pieces  of  limbs  of  the  same  tree,  corresponding 
in  length  to  the.width  from  which  tho  bark'had 
been  removed,  and  having  split  them,  I  fitted 
them  to  the  bodies,  (which  were  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  diameter)  by  flattening  them, 
and  cutting  square  in  at  the  ends,  so  as  to  make 
good  joints  where  the  bark  was  sound, — tied 
them  fast  with  strings,  and  hillod  the  dirt  over 
them.  The  result  was,  the  pieces  united  at 
both  ends,  and  the  trees  have  continued  to 
grow,  as  though  no  accident  had  befallen  them, 
and  now  hid  fair  to  produce  fruit  the  next  sea- 
son. I  have  since  tried  the  experiment  upon 
an  apple  tree  with  equal  suocess.  As  similar 
accidents  happen  to  trees,  from  mice,  rabbits, 
calves  and  sheep,  I  can  recommend  the  pro- 
cess of  splicing,  as  by  it,  trees  so  injured,  mav 
be  saved.  S.  CLARK. 

'    Greece,  Feb'y  1,  1831. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE   FARMER. 
To  the  Editors  of  the  GeneseeFarmer  : 

Having  received  the   first  four  numbers  of 
your  paper,  I  am  persuaded  it  will  be  a  profit- 
able source  of  information  to   Farmers,  Hur- 
ttculturists,  and  Economists;   and  I  hope  wijl 
prove  a  source  of  profit  to  yeurselves.     If  far 
mers  generally   would  take    an  interest   in  it, 
&  communicate  through  it  such  information  as 
tbey  possess,   as  regards  the  best  methods  of 
performing  the   common   operations   ol  farm- 
j,  or  Horticulture,  &c.  its  usefulness  would 
be  greatly  increased.     By  this  manner  ofcor- 
respondence,     each  farmer   would  have    the 
benefit  of  the  experience  of  tbe  whole,  and 
the  cost  of  your  paper  would  bear  no  couipar 
ison    with   tbe  benefits  arising  fom  this  kind 
of  reading.     Permit  me  to  make  some   inqui 
ries  through  your  paper,  hoping  that  those  who 
have  the  information  sought,  will  give  it  thro' 
the  same  channel ;  which  might  benefit  others 
as  well  as  myself. 

I  have  seen,  the  hist  season,  a  tolerable 
crop  of  wheat  growing  upon  land  that  a  few 
years  since,  appeared  quite  barren,  which,  1 
was  informed,  was  sowed  after  ploughing  in  a 
crop  of  olover.  I  have  also  been  infor- 
med that  this  method  has  been  practiced-, 
both  for  wheat  and  other  crops,  upon  light 
land,  by  filming  the  sward  Und,er,  and  sowing 


42 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Feb.  12,  1831 


or  planting  without  cross-ploughing  or  break 
ing  up  the  sod.  I  would  be  much  obliged  if 
any  of  the  friends  uf  agricultural  improvement, 
who  have  given  it  a  fair  trial,  would  be  kind 
enough  to  give  the  result  of  their  experiment*, 
through  the  medium  of  your  paper,  accompa- 
nied with  such  directions  as  will  enable  those 
unacquainted  with  the  method,  to  put  it  in 
practice  in  the  most  approved  manner. 

Economist. 


Mr.  F.  could  introduce  this  in  a  work  so  well 
and  judiciously  selected,  and  written,  is  mat- 
ter of  special  wonder.  I  can  only  account  for 
it  by  supposing  the  said  vegetable  not  indige- 
nous with  our  yankee  brethren  at  the  east ; 
nd  although  it  is  correctly  described,  yet  with 
us  a  flower  pot  would  figure  as  well  if  filled 
with  coke  weed,  or  skunk's  cabbage.        W.  O. 


FOB   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 
HOGS. 

Messrs.    Editors — There   has    been   much 
said  for  a  few  years    about  the  real  grass  breed 
of  hags.     Now  I  am  not  much  of  a  Hogologist, 
and  do  no'  know  where   this  breed  originated. 
I  do  not  remember  to  have  heard  of  the  im- 
portation of  any    of  them,  and  yet,  all  at  once, 
many  of  my  neighbors  had   them,  and  I  have 
never  been  able  lo  learn  where  they  procured 
them  from  ;  but  so  it  was,    they  had    the  real 
grass  breed,      l'hey   say  they   are  much  more 
valuable  than   other  hogs,   and  some  of  them 
have  sold  a  number  of  them  for  breeders,  at  a 
high  price.  Oie  instance  came  under  my  notice: 
A  friend  of  mine  wishing  to  chango  his  breed, 
purchased  a  pair  of  full  bloods — they  were  small 
boned,  and  very  fat,  and  the  man  of  whom  he 
purchased  assured  him  they  were   inclined  to 
bo  fat  and  quiet,  two  very  desirable  properties 
in  swine,   or  at  least  one   of  them  is,   and  the 
other  follows  of  course.     After  my  friend  had 
kept  his  new  breed  of  hogs  one  year,  he  could 
not  discover  anv  difference  between   his  new 
and  old  breed,  and  they  did  not  fatten  on  grass 
as  he  expected.     This  lie  communicated  to  the 
man  of  whom  he  purchased,  carrying  the  idea 
that  he  had  been  overreached  in  the  bargain;  all 
this  the  man  ht-ard  with  r  uch  composure,  an 
then  *aid,  "  when- 1  sob!  you  the  grass  breed  of 
bogs.   I  did    not   sell  you    my  corn    crib  with 
them;"    thu  satisfied  my  friend  that  the   repu- 
ted grass  breed  were  in  fact  nothing  more  than 
the  old  corn  breed  under  a  new  name. 


FOR    THE      GENESEE     FARMER. 

Mr.  Fessenden.  in  his  American  Gardener, 
gives  ihe  following  description  of  the  Lime 
Plant,  which,  like  all  things  terrestrial,  looks 
well  upon  paper,  but  fades  in  ihe  reality, 

•'Lime  Plant. — This  p\ant(Pod<tphyllumpetta 
lam)  is  a  singular  production  of  nature.  The 
stem  foliage,  flower,  and  fruit,  are  formed  in 
the  earth;  and,  after  the  plant  has  come  up, 
there  is  nothing  more  than  the  extension  ol 
parts.  The  stems,  a'  the  height  offrom  eigh 
to  twelve  inches,  branch  out  in  two  arms;  at 
the  extremity  of  each  is  a  large  palmated  leaf 
In  the  fork  proceeds  the  fruit  stem.  The  first 
that  i.  seen  in  the  spring  is  a  delicate  membra- 
neous cap. which  is  soon  burst  open  by  the  flow- 
er-bud, which  is  large,  white,  and  round  Tb 
shoulders  and  arms  lying  close  to  the  stem  or 
trunk,  -ooii  appear,  and,  as  the  plant  rises,  the 
fruit  stem  elongates,  and  the  arms  elevate 
themselves.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a 
large  lime,  green  while  growing,  and  yellow 
when  ripe  ;  has  the  flavor  of  a  pine-apple  ; 
and,  as  to  eating,  is  but  little  inferior  to  thai 
fruit.  The  plant  requires  a  moist  soil,  in  a 
shady  situation — may  be  propagated  by  seed, 
bu'  best  by  dividing  ihe  roots,  which  are  cree- 
ping and  jointed.     The  root  is  medicinal." 

A  number  of  person  in  these  parts,  who  are 
find  of  curious  plants,  immediately  on  read- 
ing it.  made  up  their  minds  to  procure  it,  but 
on  searching  all  of  the  New  York  and  Albany 
lists,  could  noi  find  it  named  at  all,  and  there- 
fore concluded  it  was  a  new  thing  from  "  far 
thorest  Ind." — and  of  course  a  wonderful  cu- 
riosity, and  were  determined  to  send  to  Bos- 
ton to  procure  it,  until  some  one  looking  for 
its  botanical  name  in  Eaton's  Botanical  Manu- 
al, found  it  to  be  no  more  nor  less  than  that 
pestiferous  weed  the  Mandrake,  of  which  I 
f<now  more  acres  nver  the  whole  state, of  New 
York,   than  I  do  of  the  Canada  thistle.     How 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

We  have  lived  through  a  long  night  of  for- 
eign delusion,  and  have  willingly  submitted  to 
the  dictations  of  those  whose  interests  were 
diametrically  opposed  to  our  national  prospe- 
rity. But  thanks  to  the  march  of  intellect, 
we  at  length  behold  the  day  break  of  reason, 
before  which  the  spirits  of  foreign  interests 
are  crowding  to  their  European  confines.  The 
idea,  that  the  western  world  was  but  the  re 
fuse  of  the  east,  and  although  peopled  from 
that  country,  its  inhabitants  were  so  degener- 
ated, that  they  were  not  capable  of  doing 
things  most  common  with  the  inhabitants  oi 
Europe,  is  no  longer  received  as  orthodox. — 
Americans  begin  to  think  and  act  for  them- 
solves.  It  was  said  a  few  years  6inco,  that  we 
must  ever  be  dependent  upon  England  for  our 
calicoes  !  Where  is  now  the  delusion  ?  Then, 
ihat  silk  could  only  be  produced  in  the  favor- 
ed climates  of  Europe  !  A  few  experiments 
have  been  made,  and  their  own  artists  have 
pronounced  the  American  productions  superior 
to  their  own  !  And  now  some  lingering,  how- 
ling spirit  says  that  wine  was  never  meant  for 
the  uncultivated  Americans.  Ere  anoiherage 
shall  pass,  we  humbly  trust  that  silk  and  mine 
wilt  be  ranked  among  the  first  productions  of 
our  country,  each  claiming  superiority  over  the 
most  favored  productions  of  Europe.         Z. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Messrs.  Editors — As  the  fahsion  if  shaving 
the  beard  is  likely  soon  to  become  extinct,  I 
am  anxious  to  communicate  through  your  pa- 
per, to  those  who  have  not  entirely  given  over 
r.he  use  of  the  razor,  an  improvement  in  keep- 
ing that  instrument  in  order,  in  hopes  that  I 
may  be  ranked  among  the  inventors  of  the 
day  ;  for  ysu  mutt  know  that  I  am  in  favor  of 
cutting  off  the  beard,  instead  of  pulling  it  out, 
or  what  is  worse,  of  pulling  some  and  cutting 
some,  which  hapens  when  the  razor  has  be- 
come very  dull.  Most  of  us  know  that  honing 
a  razor  is  rather  a  long  job,  as  very  tew  of  ut 
resort  to  it,  as  long  as  we  can  possibly  avoid 
it  by  using  the  strop.  I  have  been  in  the  ha< 
bit  of  setting  mv   razor  with   a  Scotch  hone 


mind  with  admiration."     Where  in   the  great 
and  chequered   drama  of  life  is  there  a  spot 
more  fit  for   meditation  than   the  garden  and 
the  field.      Where  a  more   suitable   place  for 
contemplation.     There   can  we    "see  God  in 
'he   stones  and  sermons  in  the   trees," — there 
can  we   see  that  his  immortal  hand  has  been 
engaged. and  there  can  we  worship  and  pay  re- 
verence duvoutly.    Again, the  healthful  exercise 
the  garden  and  the  field  require,  tend  to  free  us 
from  the  many  "ills  nature's  heir  to,"  to  invig- 
orate the  system,  to  stimulate  the  body,  and  to 
cheer  the  mind.     Who  is  there  that  does  not 
envy  the  apparent  happiness  of  the    '-honest 
farmer,"  as  he  wends  his  way  to  his  cot.  from 
his  daily  toil,  unmolested  by  the  "  busy  hum" 
or  the  city  or  village,  and'who,  as  the  oyster 
that  contains  the  pearl,  seeks  the  deepest  wa- 
ter— aliko    seeks  retirement  and  contentment, 
frugality  and  prudence  in  all  his  worldly  affairs. 
Bni  Messrs.  Editors,  1   am  encroaching  on  the 
limits  of  your  paper,  and  will  concl  ude  by  say- 
ing that  I  am  glad  to  see  the  course  you  arc 
pursuing  with  your  publication,  and  the  manv 
scientific  men  you  have   enrolled,  as  contribu- 
tors to  your  columns  ,The  profit  as  well  as  pleas- 
ure I  shall  derive  from  your  paper  this  winter. 
1  hope  may  enable  me  to   attend  to  the  mani- 
pulations a  garden  of  mine  may  require  in  the 
summer'     You  have   taken   up  the  right  sub- 
ject— one  not  hackne\eil  by  "stale,  flat,   and 
unprofitable"  discussions.     1  wish  you  "God 
speed."      Nil  Desptrundum.  X. 


SELECTIONS 


which  I  believe  are  in  general  use,  and  it  is 
known  that  they  are  so  fine  that  il  lakes  a  long 
time  to  set  a  razor  that  has  been  used  long. — 
When  performing  this  operation  a  few  days 
since,  I  rubbed  upon  the  face  of  my  hone  a  lit 
lie  rotten  stone,  which  had  the  effect  to  make 
the  hone  equal  to  the  best  Turkey  Isle-stone  ; 
the  task  was  completed  in  a  lew  minutes.  The 
ige  was  line  and  smooth.  I  therefore  recom- 
mend it  to  all  who  wish  to  keep  up  the  civili- 
zed practice  of  shaving  the  beard. 

Yours,  &.c.  Anti-Mustachio. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 
I  hold  tilt*  world  but  us  [he  world, 
A  stage  whore  every  maomusi  play  his  part  —  Slinks. 

And  ho  it  is,  Messrs.  Editors; — wu  all  have 
our  parts  to  play;  with  this  mundane  sphere 
for  our  stage, — the  various  parturitions  and  o 
bits;  our  exits  and  our  entrances, — and  lha 
manifold  evolutions,  and  ups  and  downs  we  Hre 
subjoel  to, while  wo  "live, move,  &-  have  our  be- 
ing,"  present  alternately  a  diversified  and  Ctr- 
cean  cliange  of  soenery  We  as  the  dramatis 
personac,  are  required  to  sustain  apart,  alike 
The  innocent  employ- 


useful  and  honorable 

rnent  of  "  ploughing  and  tilling  the  land,"  wa* 
first  taughl  to  man  in  his  primitive  state  by 
him  who  made  the  "heavens  and  the  earth." 
and  to  whom  also  was  then  given  a  pre-emi- 
nence over  all  things,  Let  us  embrace  it  as  onn 
that  fills  every  tongue  with  wonder,  and  evory' 


From  the  Nt..  -Voik  Farmer. 
A  Description  of  Tiees  and  Shrubs,  pro- 
ducing   a    succession   of    Flowers    from 
spr<ng  to  autumn. 
By  Michael  Floy,  V  President  of  the  N.  Y.  H.  Society 
[Concluded  from  Page  35.] 
Viburnum   opvlus,   or  Guelder    rose,  other- 
wise called  Snow-ball,  is  a  very  showy  shrub, 
with  lame  balls  of  snow  white  flowers  in  the 
greatest  profusion  ;   and  is    indispensably  ne- 
cessary to  every  shrubbery. 

Vitex  annus  caslus,  or  Chaste  tree,  a  pretty 
and  singular  shrub,  flowering  the  most  part  of 
the  summer. 

In  enumerating  the  above  list,  I  have  omit- 
ted all  such  kinds  of  shrubs  as  were  dear  mid 
scarce.  There  are  soup,  more  kinds  of  an  in- 
ferior nature  not  mentioned  :  the  above  list  arc 
all  to  be  obtained  at  tnc  prices  mentioned,  and 
the  cultivation  of  them  is  in  the  power  of  any 
person,  though  but  little  acquainted  with  gar- 
dening. I  shall  now  subjoin  a  li.,t  of  a  few 
Vine*  and  Creepers,  either  to  train  on  fences  or 
trellisses,  or  to  run  up  the  trees.  These 
have  an  effect  beautiful  and  natural. 

Uinnonia  radieans,  or  Trumpet  creeper,with 
bunches  of  large  red  trumpet  flowers, large  and 
showy. 

Bignonia  grandifiora,  mnch  like  the  former 
in  habit  and  appearance,  but  the  flowers  arc 
much  larger— It  is  said  to  bea  native  ofChina, 
and  the  former  a  native  of  this  country.  They 
are  both  perfectly  hardy,  and  will  climb  up 
brick  work  or  wooden  fences,  without  any  as- 
sistance. 

Clematis,  or  Virgin's  bower.  There  are  se- 
veral species,  some  of  them  tender,  or  not  suf- 
ficiently hardy  for  our  severe  winters,  without 
proteotton.  The  Clematis  virginica,  Viorna, 
I  iti.-lla,  and  Vkalba,  are  perfectly  hardy. — 
Glycine  sinensis,  or  Wistaria  sinensis,  is  a  hand- 
I  me  China  creeper,  of  recent  ntroduction 
from  China,  and  is  not  yet  common  in  our  nur- 
series It  is  a  beautiful  vine,  running  to  a  great 
height,  and  loaded  with  long  racemes  ofpurplc 
flowers,  and  is  highly  spoken  of  in  the  Gar- 
dener's Magazine. 

Glycine  frutcseens,  or  Wistaria  fru'.cseens.— 
This  beautiful  brother  of  the  Chinoso  kind,  is 
a  native  of  our  Southern  States,  grows  much 
in 'he  same  way  as  the  other,  anil  perhaps  not 
inferior.  Although  tins  line  creeper  bad  been 
long   known  in    England,  wu  have  not  heard 


Vol.  1.— No.  6. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


43 


much  about  it  by  English  writers  ;  the  conclu* 
sion  seems  to  be  that  it  does  net  flower  well 
in  England.  In  faot,  none  of  our  Southern 
plants  do  well  in  England,  while  those  from 
China  do  very  well — here,  however,  it  is  quite 
the  reverse.  I  have  the  Chinese  Wistaria  from 
15  to  20  fiet  long,  and  the  American  Wistaria 
about  the  same  height.  The  Chinese  does  not 
look  so  vigourous  and  green  as  his  American 
brother.  The  Amerioan  Wistaria  should  be 
planted  in  every  garden  with  other  creepers, 
or  run  up  the  trees  in  shrubberies,  according 
to  its  natural  disposition. 

Lonicera,  comprehending  all  the  fine  sweet 
scented  honeysuckles;  of  the  Italian  kinds, 
the  monthly  honeysuckle  is  decidedly  superi- 
or, continuing  to  flower  all  through  the  sum- 
mer, until  late  in  the  fall,  and  very  fragrant. — 
Some  of  the  other  European  kinds  may  be 
occasionally  introduced  in  large  shrubberies — 
two  or  three  American  kinds  deserve  particu- 
lar notice. 

Lonicera  sempervirens,  or  Coral  trumpet 
monthly  honeysuckle,  is  extremely  beautiful, 
flowering  during  the  whole  of  the  summer, 
with  its  thousands  of  scarlet  bunches.  It  is, 
however,  destitute  of  scent.  Lonicera  fraseri, 
also  an  American  :  the  flowers  are  like  the  o- 
ther  kind  in  almost  every  other  particular,  ex- 
cept colour,  this  being  a  bright  yellow. 

Lonicera  pubescens,  or  Caprifolium  pubescens, 
a  large  and  beautiful  honeysulckle  from  the 
Northwest  coast;  the  flowers  are  larger  and 
ot  a  bright  copper  color,  inclining  to  orange, 
they  are  all  perfectly  hardy. 

Lonicera  flexuosa,  Chinese  honeysuckle,  of 
late  introduction,  it  is  perfectly  hardy,  with- 
standing our  most  severe  frosts  without  the 
least  injury  :  it  is  a  very  sweet  scented  honey 
suckle,  grows  rapid,  and  to  an  immense  height 
It  flowers  in  pairs  and  threes  all  up  the  bran- 
ches, covering  the  whole  plant  completely 
with  flowers.  It  blossoms  spring  and  fall,  and 
is  a  very  valuable  acquisition  to  our  gardens 
and  shrubberies. 

Lonictra  jnponica.  or  Japan  honeysuckle — 
This  bears  flower*  in  great  profusion,  which 
are  white,  afterwards  becoming  of  a  light  yel- 
low. This  is  not  so  hardy  as  the  former,  and 
requires  a  little  protection  in  winter. 

I  shall  only  add  to  the  above  the  running 
kinds  of  roses,  although  there  are  many  other 
things  which  might  be  mentioned. 

Rosa  muttiflora,  from  China  is  pretty  well 
known,  producing  thousands  nf  small  double 
red  roses  in  bunches.  It  requires  a  sheltered 
situation  from  some  of  our  keen  North  wes- 
ters. R.  mul/ifiora  alba,  from  the  same  coun- 
try, is  of  lale  importation,  but  as  it  increases 
readily,  may  be  obtained  at  about  the  samo 
price  as  the  former;  the  bunches  of  flowers 
are  white.  Rosa  Oiemllii,  a  running  rose  also 
from  China,  the  flowers  o£ various  colors.  Ro- 
sa rubifolia.  Raspberry  leaved  rose,  from  our 
northern  frontiers,  and  extend;ng  over  the  wes- 
tern country  ;  although  asingle  flowering  rose, 
it  produces  larne  bunches  offlowers,  which  are 
different  colored,  on  "the  same  bunch,  exactly 
like  the  former  China  kind,  and  is  another  in- 
stance of  the  similarity  of  plants,  natives  of 
China  and  our  country. 

Rosa  canina.fl. plena.  English  double  Dog 
rose,  is  a  very  pretty  little  double  rose,  and 
will  run  to  a  great  height.  Rosa  Banksii,  La- 
dy Banks'  double  white  China  running  rose. 
It  runs  up,  and  spreads  much — it  may  be  easily 
known  from  others  of  the  running  roses,  by  its 
being  entirely  destitute  of  prickles.  Rosa  noi- 
sette, and  Chunpney's,  are  said  to  have  been 
raised  from  China  seeds  in  Carolina — they  are 
not  strictly  running  roses,  but  as  they  grow  up 
tall, are  fine  ornaments  for  the  shrubbery.fiow- 
ering  during  rile  whole  of  the  summer  and  fall 
in  large  clusters.  The  Madeira  rose,  or  doublt 
while  Cluster  Musk—  It  also  flowers  all  through 
the  summer  and  fall  months,  and  is  therefore 
well  adapted  for  the  shrubbery.  Rosa  Chero- 
bnsts,  called  the  non-descript,  or  Georgia  rose 
—  the  flowers   are  very  large   and  white,  the 


centre  yellow.  This  is  a  running  rose  grow- 
ing very  high  around  trees,  &c. 

Rosa  rubiginosa,  or  sweet  brier,  is  too  well 
known  to  need  description. 

I  did  not  intend  to  have  extended  my  re- 
marks so  far,  but  as  your  correspondent  ob- 
serves that  he  does  not  know  whereto  select 
from,  I  was  led  into  greater  lengths  from  a  de- 
sire to  comply  with  his  wishes. 

Vou  might  as  well  direct  him  to  pick  needles 
from  a  hay  stack,  as  to  send  him  to  Loudon's 
Encyclopedia  of  Plants.  It  might  by  some  be 
thought  a  superfluous  labour  to  describe  com- 
mon shrubs,  but  if  any  description  at  all  were 
given,  we  might  as  well  commence  with  com- 
mon kinds,  as  they  may  not  be  common  with 
every  body ;  but  the  shrubs  and  trees  descri- 
bed, are  altogether  a  pretty  good  collection  to 
begin  with,  and  they  all  n  ay  be  obtained(good 
flowering  plants)  at  moderate  prices.  In  the 
list  of  trees,  I  have  omitted  all  the  oaks,  hick- 
ories, and  walnuts.  Our  ever-green  trees, 
firs,  spruces,  and  pines,  ought  now  and  then 
to  show  themselves  in  every  collection,  where 
there  Is  room.  The  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir  is  ex- 
tremely beautiful,  but  they  will  not  thrive  well 
unless  raised  two  or  three  years  in  a  nursery. 
When  brought  from  the  mountains,  and  plant- 
ed out  atonce,  they  seldom  succeed. 
I  am,  Sir,  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Michael  Floy. 

New  York,  August  l2t/t,  1830. 

P.  S.  At  another  opportunity,  (if  it  would 
be  acceptable,)  I  may  give  you  a  list  of  hardy 
perennial  plants,  and  a  further  description  of 
shrubs.  

AGRICULTURAL   REPORT. 

Extract  from  the  Albany  County  Agricultural  Report 
for  1830.  By  J.  B.  originally  published  in  the  New  Fork 
Farmer,  for  December  last. 

Wheat— The  quality  of  this  crop  has  impro- 
ved within  a  few  years  from  the  attention  paid 
in  selecting  soil  and  preventing  smut.  Th< 
method  of  steeping  the  seed  in  btine,  and  in 
teimixing  lime  with  it  before  sowing  has  be 
come  more  general,  and  is  found  to  be  a  cer 
tain  prevention  acainst  smutty  grain. 

Barley  has  been  a  good  crop,  particularly 
where  sown  early, upon  dry  or  well  condition- 
ed land.  This  is  an  important  staple  of  our 
coun'ry  ;  and  at  the  present  price,  75  cents, 
ot»  of  the  most  profitable  of  our  tillaee  crops. 
fit  product  upon  good  dryloams  maybe  consid- 
ered double  thai  of  wheat, &  lessexhau'tin"  to 
the  soil.  It  is  recommended  to  roll  this  grain 
.vhen  2  or  3inches  high.  1  have  found  the  prac 
tice  beneficial.  It  buries  the  collar  of  the 
plant  and  causes  thereby  an  increase  of  seed 
stems. 

Indian  Corn. — Corn  as  well  as  barley  is  a 
good  crop  en  grounds  adapted  to  its  growth; 
but  on  soils  that  are  exhausted  by  cropping, 
that  are  stiff  and  cold,  or  habitually  wet,  it  is 
seldom  that  the  product  of  either  compensates 
for  the  labour  bestowed  upon  their  culture.  I 
find  from  twelve  years'  practice  that  the  cheap- 
est and  best  mode  of  harvesting  corn  is  to  cut 
it  up  at  the  root  as  soon  as  it  is  fit  to  gather, 
and  immediately  to  tie  it  in  stooks.  It  may 
bo  husked  and   cribbed  in  two  or  three  weeks 

ofter  cutting,  or  suffered  to  remain  longer. 

Two  men  will  cut,  with  a  proper  instrument 
and  stook  two  acres  in  a  day.  I  think  Uiat  it 
economises  labor,  increases  and  improves  the 
fodder,  and  leaves  the  ground  free  in  time  for 
a  wheat  crop,  and  does  not  impair  the  qualitv 
of  the  grain.  I  usually  cut  my  corn  the  first 
week  in  September,  but  have  sometimes  done 
it  in  August.  There  is  an  economy  in  prepa- 
ring this  food  for  swine,  which  I  will  take  the 
liberty  of  recommending.  This  economy  con- 
sists in  grinding  and  boiling  it,  the  same  as  for 
family  use.  Admit  that  one  tenth  goes  ft  r 
toll,  the  boilng  costs  nothing, for  it  can  be  done 
evenings  ovet  the  kitchen  fire  ;  and  1  venture 
to  say,  that  two  bushels,  thus  prepared,  will 
make  more  pork  than  three  bushels  fed  in  the 
ordinary  way.     Who  has  not  observed  that  an 


animal,  whether  hog.  ox,  or  horse,  fed  high 
with  dry  corn  or  other  grain,  voids  a  portion 
if  it  in  a  half  digested,  and  often  in  a  sound 
ndecomposed  state.  Common  sense  teach 
s  that  grain  thus  fed  is  half  wasted.  The 
cob,  it  has  been  satisfactorily  ascertained, con^ 
tains  considerable  nutriment.  If  ground  with 
the  corn  therefore,  and  scalded  for  noat  cattle, 
it  both  increases  and  im»rove9  the  food.  Hogs 
do  not  eat  it. 

To  gentlemen  cutting  lucerne  for  hay,  and  it 
s  oflon  desirable  to  do  this  with  the  third  cut- 
:ing,  I  would  particularly  recommend,  that 
after  the  grass  has  laid  a  few  hours  in  the 
swarth,  to  make  it  into  corks,  not  exceeding  a 
yard  in  diameter,  &  as  high  as  convenient, pla- 
cing it  on  m  layers  wiih  the  fork,  and  point- 
ing at  the  top.  Two  days  will  cure  it  suf 
ficient  for  mowing,  and  every  leaf  will  be  sa- 
ved;  whereas  by  spreading,  the  leaves  will 
crumble  and  be  lost  ere  the  stalk  is  dry.  This 
is  the  practice  I  also  adopt  with  my  clover, 
merely  opening  it  two  or  three  heurs  to  the 
sun  before  it  is  drawn  from  the  field.  By  the  by. 
let  me  repoat  my  advice  to  my  brother  farmers, 
who  have  light  rich  soils,  to  try  an  acre  of  lu- 
cerne. If  they  have  small  farms,  one  acre  of 
this  grass  is  worth  twelve  acres  of  pasture.  If 
they  have  large  farms,  it  will  prove  extremely 
serviceable  to  the  dairy,  when  the  pastures  are 
short,  and  is  always  convenient  for  working 
cattle.  I  compote  an  acre  to  be  worth  to  me 
fifty  dollars  annually.  It  will  keep  six  cattle, 
and  keep  them  well,  from  the  15th  or  20th  of 
May.  I  jowed  nn  acre  on  the  7th  of  May.  I 
cut  it  twice  for  soiling,  and  then  feed  off"  a  fine 
after-math.  As  pasture  grasses,  the  orchard 
and  tall  meadow  oat  grasses  hold  a  pre-emi- 
nent rank.  They  grow  at  all  seasons  where 
the  ground  is  free  from  frost. — they  grow  lux- 
uriantly, and  they  yield  an  abundance  of  ten- 
der nutritious  food. 

Frail  was  seriously  injured  by  the  late  frosts 
of  spring.  The  plum,  however,  escaped  un- 
hurt ;  and  as  the  cold  weather  of  May  destroy- 
ed or  kept  back  the  curculio,  we  had  a  very  a- 
bundant  yield  of  this  fruit.  The  peach  and 
pear  gave  but  a  very  light  crop.  Grapes  were 
generally  cut  off,  except  in  the  city.  In  some 
neighborhoods  the  apple  was  wholly  destroyed 
in  the  blossoms,  in  others  there  has  been  a 
tolerable  crop.  Many  pear  trees  suffered  from 
what  is  termed,  I  think  erroneously,  a  blight. 
The  disease  has  assumed  a  new  form  this  year. 
Its  attacks  were  heretofore  confined  to  the 
branches.  It  has  now  seized  the  trunks.  I 
have  taken  up  several,  of  four  and  five  inches 
in  diameter;  the  limbs  and  foliage  of  some 
were  apparently  sound  and  healhty,  but 
tho  bark  of  whose  trunks  were  perfectly  dead, 
from  6  to  24  inches,  at  different  heights  from 
the  ground.  Among  all  the  speculations  upon 
the  cause  of  this  disease,  I  have  met  with  no- 
thing satisfactory.  Kirby  and  Spence  in  their 
'  Introduction  to  Entomology,'  vol.  1.  p.  212, 
13,  speak  of  a  small  beetle,  which  at  different 
times  has  devastatt  d  the  fir  forests  of  Germa- 
ny, (Bartrichius  Typogtaphus.  F)  which  feeds 
upon  the  soft  inner  bark  only,  but  which  at- 
tacks this  important  part  in  such  vast  numbers, 
80,000  sometimes  being  found  in  a  single  tree, 
that  it  is  infinitely  more  noxious  than  any  of 
those  which  bore  into  the  wood.  I  introduce 
this  passage  to  induce  new  vigilance  in  our 
orchadists  and  gardeners  to  discover  the  cause 
of  this  disease  in  one  of  our  most  valuablo 
fruits, 

Oats  anil  Buckwheat. — I  have  already  ex- 
tended my  remarks  too  far  to  say  much  of 
these.  Indued  I  could  say  little  to  interest  a 
good  farmer:  for  lie  seldom  raises  either  oats 
or  buckwheat.  Anil  any  thing  I  might  offer 
to  show  their  unprofitableness  to  the  cnltiva- 
tor,  would,  I  fear,  be  lost  on  a  bad  one. 

Mr.  Nichols,  proprietor  of  one  of  the  paper 
mills  at  Newton,  near  Boston,  was  suddenly 
killed  on  the  afternoon  of  Wednesday,  by  be- 
coming entangled  in  the  machinery,  and  hav- 
ing his  bead  literally  bruised  to  pieces. 


44 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


Feb.  12,  1831. 


THE   OHNSE3B  rARWEH. 


SATURDAY,  FEB.  12,  1831. 

YELLOWS  II*  PEACH  TREES. 

We  must  acknowledge  with  regard  to  this 
disease,  we  have  been  rather  sceptical.  The 
idea  of  trees  being  subject  to  disease, and  more 
especially  a  contagious  one,  carried  with  it 
such  a  connection  with  sensibility,  that  we 
have  been  inclined  to  consider  it  as  the  vision 
of  some  Horticulturist,  who  in  theorising,  had 
given  us  another  proof,  that  theorists  are  near- 
ly allied  to  madmen.  But  from  actual  obser- 
vation, we  are  now  not  only  compelled  to  be- 
lieve it,  but  entertain  fears  of  its  becoming 
one  of  the  greatest  evils  that  has  ever  befallen 
our  fruit  gardens.  For  three  years  past,  we 
have  been  watching  the  progress  of  this  dis- 
ease, without  knowing  what  it  was.  The  case 
has  been  as  follows  : 

Five  or  six  years  since,  a  gentleman  of  our 
acquaintance,  sent  to  one  of  the  southern  nur- 
series for  an  assortment^of  fruit,  among  which 
were  two  peaches.  The  original  .trees  be- 
ing small,  two  larger  trees  were  inoculated 
from  them,  one  of  each  kind.  The  imported 
trees  were  never  thrifty,  and  one  of  them  died; 
the  oiher,  though  still  alive,  has  made  but  little 
growth  ;  the  leaves  are  small  and  yellow,  and 
the  limbs  remarkably  small,  and  has  produced 
but  little  fruit.  The  two  trees  inoculated  from 
them  appear  stinted  in  growth,  do  not  perfect 
their  fruit,  or  very  little  of  it ;  some  of  it  ap- 
pears ripe,  when  the  size  of  a  9mall  rifle  ball, 
and  that  which  attains  the  largest  size  ripens 
two  weeks  earlier  than  our  common  early  pea- 
ches, which  were  known  in  the  country  at  the 
time  of  the  planting  of  the  large  trees.  In 
short,  the  inoculated  trees  have  become  as- 
similated to  the  imported  one  that  is  now  liv- 
ing, in  respect  to  growth  and  general  appear- 
ance. 

Near  these  trees  was  a  small  nursery  of  three 
or  four  years  old.  On  one  of  these  young 
trees  a  peach  was  discovered,  which  ripened 
very  early,  the  tree  was  marked  to  be  resrrv. 
ed,  as  being  valuable  for  its  early  variety.  The 
other  trees  of  the  nursery  were  taken  up,  and 
the  early  tree  allowed  to  remain,  and  its  ap- 
pearance since  clearly  shows  that  the  early  ri- 
pening of  the  fruit,  was  in  consequence  of  the 
tree  being  diseased.  The  leaves  have  been 
small  and  yellow,  and  the  whole  indicates 
speedy  death. 

From  the  above  described  trees,  more  Ulan 
fifty  young  ones  have  been  inoculated,  all  of 
vvhieh  exhibit  undoubted  signs  of  this  disease 
In  most  instances,  thestoeks  below  vyhero  th< 
bads  are  inserted,  throw  out  small  clusters  of 
sprouts  of  n  feather-like  appearance,  of  a  pale 
yellow  colour ;  these  extend  to  the  length  of 
three  or  four  inches  —the  leaves  wither  and 
die.  The  buds  that  have  been  inserted  make 
a  small  sickly  growth;  in  some  instances,  the 
small  trees  have  died  after  the  inoculation  had 
mads  one  year's  growth,  and  others  after  two 
years,  but  in  no  instance  have  I  known  one 
make  a  healthy  growth,  although  other  trees 
near  them,  inoculated  at  the  same  time  with 
other  kind9,  have  done  well.  Mr.  Prince,  in 
speaking  of  this  disease,  says  that  it  is  spread 
by  the  farina,  when  the  trees  are  in  blossom; 
wo  do  not  pretend  to  say  this  is  not  tho  cas», 


but  of  this  we  are  certain,  that  it  is  spread  by 
inoculation,  with  a  deadly  certainty.  Mr. 
Prince  further  observes,  "  as  soon  as  a  tree  is 
discovered  to  possess  the  characteristics  of 
the  disease,  which  is  generally  known  by  the 
leaves  putting  on  a  sickly  appearance — but  of 
which  the  premature  ripening  of  the  fruit  is  a 
decisive  proof,  it  should  be  marked  so  as  to  be 
removed  in  the  ensuing  autumn,  which  must 
be  done  without  fail,  for  if  left  again  to  b!oomj 
it  would  impart  disease  to  many  others  in  its 
vicinity.  Care  is  also  necessary  in  its  remo- 
val, to  take  out  all  the  roots  of  the  diseased 
tree,  especially  if  another  is  to  be  planted  in 
the  same  place,  so  that  the  roots  of  the  tree  to 
be  planted,  may  not  come  in  contact  with  any 
of  those  of  the  one  which  was  diseased." 

As  we  do  not  doubt  the  prevalence  of  this 
disease,  we  would  recommend  to  all  who  prize 
their  fruit  gardens,  to  examine  them  closely, 
and  on  the  first  proof  of  it  to  root  up  and  burn 
any  trees  that  may  he  affected  by  it,  no  matter 
how  choice  or  costly.  Also  those  who  have 
been  procuring  trees  from  the  ea9t,  if  any  of 
them  have  given  Mr. Prince's  characteristics  of 
the  yellows,  we  would  recommend  taking 
them  up  before  they  blossom  again,  as  the  on- 
ly hopes  of  eradicating  it,  is  by  destroying  the 
subject.  It  may  yet  be  a  long  time  before  the 
cause  or  cure  for  this  disease  is  discovered, du- 
ring which  time  our  trees  may  all  be  destroy- 
ed, if  we  allow  affected  ones  to  remain.  In 
removing,  we  would  recommend  to  take  par- 
ticular notice  of  every  thing  about  them  that 
may  serve  to  throw  any  light  upon  the  subject, 
as  the  appearance  of  the  roots,  bark,  sap,  and 
heart-wood,  etc. —  whether  there  can  be  any 
marks  of  insects,  or  any  thing  else  which 
might  have  injured  the  health  of  the  tree,  as 
it  is  by  such  examinations  that  we  are  to  learn 
the  history  ot  the  malady. 

Let  all  such  discoveries  be  committed  to 
writing,  and  be  communicated  to  the  public 
through  some  of  the  Horticultural  Journals, 
that  such  Physiologists  as  are  disposed  to  give 
time  to  the  examination  of  the  subject,  for  the 
benefit  of  their  country,  may  receive  all  the 
aid  the  importance  of  the  subject  demands. 


For  manufacturing,  water-rotted  flax  only  is 
used  in  Ireland,  as  dew-rotted  is  not  consid- 
ered worth  working. 

Tftte — If  the  Irish  Manufacturers  can  afford  to  pay 
eighteen  ceuts  for  a  pound  of  flax  to  manufacture  to 
send  to  Aaierica,  what  profit  could  the  Yankees  make  in 
the  same  business  when  they  could  buy  the  flux  for  hull 
the  money. 


SPINNING  FLAX  B¥  MACHINERY. 

It  is  not  generally  understood  that  flax  is 
spun  by  machinery,  although  most  of  the  Irish 
linen  sold  in  our  markets  is  manufactured  in 
that  way.  On  the  12th  of  July  1823,  I  visited 
tho  Linen  Manufacturing  establishment  of  Mr. 
Crossthwait,  (banker  of  Dublin)  at  Lucan,  a- 
bout  seven  miles  from  the  city.  At  this  estab- 
lishment was  manufactured  five  tons  of  flax  per 
week,  carrying  it  thro'  the  spinning,  weaviBg, 
and  bleaching  processes.     The  machinery  was 


quite  as  simple  as  that  for  spinning  cotton,  and    -jng  ik   gax 


CARROTS. 

It  Appears  not  lo  be  generally  understood  in 
this  part  of  the  country,  that  carrots  are  among 
the  best  and  most  nutritious  food  for  cattle  and 
horses.  One  bushel  of  carrots  will  yield  more 
nourishment  than  two  bushels  of  oats,  or  po- 
tatoes, and  it  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  horses 
will)  frequently  leave  oats  to  feed  on  carrots, 
after  they  have  acquired  a  relish  for  them. — 
Generally,  cattle  as  well  as  horses  are  very 
fond  of  them,  and  thrive  astonishingly  well, 
when  fed  upon  them.  They  not  only  give 
them  a  fine  flesh,  but  a  rich  brilliant  gloss. 

•If  our  farmers  would  turn  their  attention  to 
the  raising  of  this  vegetable  extensively,  they 
would  find  an  immense  saving  in  grain,  as  weli 
as  a  visible  change  in  the  thrift  of  their  ani- 
mals. As  amatterof  economy  and. profit, il  is  of 
vast  importance.  The  quantity  of  carrots  which 
may  be  raised  from  one  ace  of  good  land,  i? 
almost  incredible  Where  the  land  is  rich  and 
mellow,  an  acre  will  yield  from  1,000  to  2,000 
bushels.  The  process  is  simple,  and  the  la 
bour  comparatively  light. 

Select  a  rich  piece  of  ground,  tolerably  dry, 
and  as  free  from  weeds  as  possible  ;  plough  it 
deep,  make  it  mellow,  and  harrow  it  smooth. 
Then  sow  your  ground  with  the  u'ual  quanti- 
ty of  flax  seed,  and  harrow  it  in  ;  after  this, 
sow  about  a  quart  of  carrot  seed  to  the  acre, 
and  bush  it  lightly.  Both  seeds  will  come  up 
together,  but  the  flax  springing  up  with  consid- 
erable rapidity,  will  so  shade  the  carrots  that 
they  will  not  gain  much  size  till  the  flax  is 
pulled.  The  shade  of  the  flax  will  also  pre- 
vent tho  weeds  from  growing,  so  as  to  inter- 
fere with  the  carrots  After  the  flax  is  pulled' 
which  will  be  in  July,  the  carrots  will  be«in  to 
enlarge  rapidly,  especially  if  the  weeds  have 
been  kept  in  check  by  the  shade,  for  the  pul- 
ling of  the  flax  will  so  loosen  the  earth  around 
them,  and  so  expose  them  to  the  rays  of  the 
sun,  as  to  give  them  new  vigor  and  strength. 
At  that  time,  also,  the  weeds  will  not  grow  ra 
tpidly,   if  at  all. 

Thus  may  be  raised  two  valuable  crops  with- 
out impoverishing  the  land,  more  than  by  u 
crop  of  corn  or  oats. 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  first  attempt  would 
yield  so  largely  as  1  have  suggested  above, but 
if  yon  take  the  proper  preoautions,  and  are 
tolerably  successful,  you  will  realize  from  one 
acre  about  1,000  bushels  of  carrots,  worth  C 
hillings  per  bushel,  $375  00  c. 


less  expensive.  Tho  spindles  turned  about 
three  thousand  times  per  minute,  and  one  girl 
tended  about  eighty  of  them,  which  spun  from  fl 
one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  runs 
per  day.  I  also  examined  about  two  hundred 
toils  of  flax,  a  part  of  which  was  Russian,  and 
the  remainder  Irish.  The  Riga  Flax,  Mr. 
Crossthwait  informed  mo,  cost  from  fifty  to 
sixty  pounds  storhng  per  ton.  Tho  Tandarage 
flax  cost  eighty  pounds  per  ton,  which  is  near- 
ly eighteen  cents  per  pound.  The  same  sea- 
son flax  was  worth  only  about  ten  cents  per 
pound,  in  most  parts  of  the  United  States. — 


6  busu.  flax-seed, 


10  c.  per  lb. 
7  shil.  per  bush. 


30  00 
525 


total  $4IC35 

To  what  use  can  an  acre  of  land  be  applied; 
by  which  it  will  produce  half  the  amount.— 
This  may  seem  a  large  estimate,  but  It  is  nev- 
ertheless true  ;  and  if  you  wish  to  test  the 
matter,  try  it  next  season. 

Horses  will  work  on  carrots,  nearly  or  quite 
as  well  as  ou  oats,  and  keep  in  much  better 
order.  The  Transportation  Lines,  along  the 
Canal,  would  find  great  economy  in  using  tbom 
as  a  substitute  for  oats. 


Vol.   1.— IVo. 

—Ml  [ 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


45 


VULGAR  EREORS..NO.  3. 

ClodpoU  -Prylbee,  man,  in  what  part  of  the  moon 
dostihou  plant  ? 

Hobaon— Nay,  goodman  Delver,  in  no  part,  I  even 
plants  on  this  old  beldame  cand  That  same  moon  is 
too  fickle  and  inconstant  for  me,  and  I  care  not  whether 
sbe  quarters  or  fulls,  were  it  not  she  saves  me  come  fartb 
Togs  cost  of  rush-light.  Old  Play. 

Tbe  moon  is  a  mas.-"  of  matter,  containing 
about  1-70  the  quantity  of  the  earth,  revolving 
around  it  with  a  never  ending  variation  of  its 
orbit,  at  the  moan  distance  of  240,000  miles, 
and  if  its  motions  were  destroyed,  by  which 
it  is  kept  in  its  place,  it  wouid  descend  to  the 
earth  in  about  five  days.  It  is  now  generally 
admitted,  that  she  has  an  atino6phcro,  which 
must  be  strictly  gaseous,  and  without  vapour, 
from  the  uninterrapted  serenity  of  its  whole 
disk,  and  from  the  fact  that  it  lias  no  water  on 
its  surface,  and  is  probably  an  extinct  world, 
without  any  organic  beings  or  substances  in- 
habiting it,  for  which  it  is  illy  calculated,  from 
its  great  number  of  volcanos  both  active  and 
quiet. 

We  will  briefly  sum  up  the  reasons  why  we 
think   that  the   influence  of  the   moon  on   the 
animal  or  vegetable  system  is  nothing,  or  so 
jmall  and  inertly  exerted,  as  to  be  unapprecia- 
ble  or  cognizable  by  our  senses.     In  the  firsl 
place,  the  moon  moves  from  west  to  east,  a- 
round  the  earth,  once  in  27  days,  but   by  the 
daily  motion  of  the  earth,  apparently  performs 
a  revolution  from  east  to  west  in  about  twen- 
ty-five hours,  and  although   she  appears  larger 
at  one  time  than  another,  yet  it  is  only  because 
(ho  son  happens  to  shine  on  a  larger  portion  of 
its  surface  ;  and  the  same  quantity  of  matter 
the  same  globe  is  still  there,  and  exerting  the 
same  influence,  if  any   is  exerted,  at  one  time 
as  another;   now  as  the  light  which  is  reflect- 
ed to  us  from  its  surface,  is  not   presumed  to 
effect  our  globe,  it  does  not  matter  whether 
there  i  more  or  less,  whether  she  is  at  the  full 
or  the  quarter— it  cannot  affect  us.     But  if  any 
influence  is  exerted,  it  must  be  by  the  laws  of 
attraction,  and  that  only ;   that  power  acts  on 
all  matter,  from  the  invisible  atom,  to  the  great 
globe  itself    and  diminishes  inversely,    as  the 
squares  of  their  dstances.     Now  we  would  ask 
how  this  globe  of  matter,  whose  action  must 
be  constant  and  uniform,  and  which  passes  o- 
ver  us  about  the  same  time  every  day,  at   such 
an  immense  distance. and  so  small  in  bulk  when 
compared  to  this  globe,  should  exercise  an  in- 
fluence  on  tbe  ascent  or  descent  of  the  sup  in 
tbe  vegetable,    or  upon  the  blood  or  juices  of 
the  animal  system,   both  of  which  tre  propel 
led  by  causes  complete    and   independent  of 
themselves,  and  which  act  and  would  cuntiuuo 
to  do  so,  with  the  same  vigor,  if  there  was  no 
such  planet  in  existence. 

It  seems  to  bo  admitted  that  the  moon  has 
something  to  do  with  the  tides,  but  how,  is  as 
yet  not  satisfactorily  explained,  and  allowing 
:hat  is  the  principal  agent  in  the  flux  and  reflux 
of  the  waters  of  the  ocean,  yet  with  all  this 
power  over  the  fluid  part  of  tbe  globe,  it  does 
not  perceptibly  effect  the  waters  of  the  rivers, 
qr  our  great  western  lal.es;  therefore  that  the 
power  of  attraction,  of  a  mass  of  matter,  at  240-  ( 
000  milos  distance, that  cannot  sufficiently  effect 
the  waters  of  a  great  iolandsea.to  render  it  per-f 
ceptible,  and  yet  should  exert  such  an  influ 
ence  on  the  animal  and  vegetable  economy,  as 
to  render  it  important  whether  we  should  plan 


form  any  other  operation  with  our  domestic 
animals,  at  particular  periods,  with  relation  to 
the  moon's  age  or  phases,  looks  to  us  as  the 
most  preposterous  and  ill-founded  prejudice 
that  ever  prevailed  uiuong  sensible  men  in  an 
enlightened  age. 

Its  effects  on  our  bodies,  are  not  appreciable 
to',  our  senses,  in  the  most  painful  disease,  or 
the  most  unsound  part,  whether  situated  in  the 
mucus  membrane,  in  the  cellular  substance,  or 
even  in  the  most  delicate  organs.  A  sufferer 
by  disease  of  any  kind,  will  not  be  able  to  say 
by  his  feelings,  whether  the  moon  changes,  or 
hether  she  is  abovo  or  below  the  horison  ; 
therefore,  it  is  fair  to  conclude  that  its  effects 
on  the  animal  system  are  not  very  palpable 

The  effeet  of  its  attraction  on  any  particular 
portion  of  the  surfaco,  cannot  Be  of  long  con- 
tinuance, as  the  moon  every  day  passes  below 
the  horison,  when  it  can  hardly  be  pretended 
that  she  could  exert  an  influence  of  any  sort, 
through  the  whole  mass  of  this  globe,  and  e- 
ven  if  it  were  possible,  it  would  be  exactly 
contrary  to  its  direction  and  effect. 

As  we  said  before,  it  cannot  be  of  any  con- 
sequence whether  the  sun  happens  to  shine  on 
I  the  whole,  or  one  half,  or  one  quarter  of  the 
I  moon,  for  we  presume  it  will  not  be  pretend, 
ed  that  the  reflected  light  has  any  thing  to  do 
with  this  wonderful  agency,  for  although  the 
light  of  the  moon  is  said  to  effect  certain 
kinds  of  sore  eyes,  and  to  cause  cucumbers  to 
grow,  to  whom  it  seems  to  feel  a  great  partial- 
ity, (and  justly,  as  there  is  a  kind  family  cold- 
ness and  nature  in  common  with  both,)  yei 
we  believe  the  strongest  believers  in  "  signs 
and  times,"  do  not  refer  it  to  this  cause. 

It  seems  even  doubtful,  whether  the  weath- 
er is  at  all  controlled  by  the  powers  of  the 
moon,  and  altnough  elaborate  and  complete 
tables  are  laid  down  for  foretelling  the  weath 
er,  and  every  child  is  familar  with  the  Indian's 
powder  horn  prediction,  yot  after  long  and  re- 
peated observations,  we  find  them  to  fail  as 
often  as  to  succeed. 

A  German  philosopher,  of  high  repute,  af- 
ter having  spent  a  long  life  in  astronomical  & 
meteorological  observations,  gave  it  as  his  o- 
pinion,  that  the  moon  had  no  manner  of  influ- 
ence upon  the  weather,  or  up  m  the  health  or 
growth  of  man,  beast,  or  vegetable;  and  that 
the  believers  and  propagators  of  this  heathen- 
ish astrology,  were  moon-struck  fanatics  and 
lunatics  in  very  deed. 


Madeira ;  and  I  have  frequently  laid  out  from 
30  to  50  dolls,  in  a  year,  since.  In  about  eight 
or  nine  years  after  I  first  planted  the  vines,  I 
had  most  of  the  foreign  vines  grubbed  up,  find 
ing  there  teas  no  dependence  on  them.  I  never 
made  but  one  quarter  cask  of  wine  from  the 
foreign  grapes,  and  two  or  throe  five  gallon 
kegs,  in  different  years,  and  that  was  mad 
from  Miller's  Burgundy,  before  they  were 
quite  ripe,  as  they  began  to  crack  and  burst, 
and  I  was  obliged  to  take  that  chance,  or  lose 
them-  1  began  to  keep  an  account  of  my  sell- 
ing wine,  in  the  year  1824,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  statement : 

1824  I  sold  wine  and  cuttings  to  the  amount, 
of  $909,55 

1825  -  .  .  947,41 

1826  -  -  -  928,30 

1827  .  -  .  1070,68 

1828  -  -  -  1162,07" 
The  above  produce  was  from  about  two  and 

an  half  acres  of  land,  and  having  seen  the  qual- 
ity we  must  say  it  is  altogether  inferior  to 
most  of  the  land  in  this  section  of  country. — 
We  consider  the  above  the  best[comment  that 
can  be  made  upon  the  subject  of  vineyards, 
wine-making,  and  the  kind  of  grapes  to  be 
preferred.  Coming  as  it  does,  from  a  man  of 
the  highest  respectability,  one  who  is  not  en- 
gaged in  any  speculations,  to  prejudice  his 
judgment,  we  consider  it  entitled  to  the  most 
profound  respect.  And  now  lot  us  ask  tho 
farmers  of  Monroe  county,  what  course  of 
cropping  has  produced  an  equal  profit  from  any 
of  their  finest  lands,  in  an  equal  number  of 
years. 


at 


there    not    being    more   than    sixty    or   sev- 
or  sow,   or  harvest  our  crops,  or  kill,   or  per-'  enty  of  tho  SchuiMlcIc  Muscadell.   and  Bland' 


VINES. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  letter 
from  our  much  esteemed  friend,  Major  John 
Adlum,  of  Georgetown,  D.  C.  whom  we 
consider  as  one  of  the  most  experienced  wine 
makers  in  the  United  States.  "I  planted  my 
first  vines  in  the  year  1797,  and  in  1799  I  made 
tho  firs:  wine,  which  Mr.  Jefferson  pronoun- 
ced equal  to  the  Burgundy  of  Chambertin. — 
(See  his  letter,  published  in  my  memoir,  page 
149.)  I  have  oontinued  making  wine  every 
year  since, for  when  I  had  not  cultivated  grapes 
I  made  it  of  the  wild  grapes  from  the  woods. 
The  abovo  wine  was  made  when  I  resided 
near  Havre  de  Grace,  Maryland.  In  my  first 
essay,  in  1797,  I  paid  upwards  of  ISO  dol 
iars,  for  outtings,  and  mostly  foreign    grapes 


TO  OUR  READERS. 

We  have  some  misgivings  on  the  subjcot  of 
our  ability  to  amuse  and   instruct   our  readers 
and  patrons, during  this  season  of  general  ster- 
ility of  all  the  subjects   and   interests   which 
our  prescribed  routine  embraoes.     To  interest 
and   draw   the   mind  to   definite    and  abstract 
points,  amoog  the  multifarious  subjects  that  a- 
gitate,  and    engage  an   inquiring   and   seeking- 
people,  as  the  generality  of  our  whole   popu- 
lation  may  bo  called,   it   seems    necessary  to 
"hold  the   mirror  up  to  nature"  at  the  inci- 
dent angles  to   tho  subjects,   which  should  be 
present  and  in  proper  season.     Long  and  stale 
saws  out   of  proper  time,  are  like  a  tale  twice 
told.     To  talk  of  watermelons  in  January,  or 
riddle  cakes  in  deg  days,  would  be  as  prepos- 
terous and  unappropriate,  as  the  sending  a  car- 
go of  curling-tongs  to  Africa,  or  Lehigh  coal  to 
Lackawana;'  and   although   we  have   a   most 
cheering  and  abundant  prospect  of  able  aDd 
intelligent   correspondents,    yet  we  ask    the 
kind  forbearance  of  our  readers,  on   our  own 
part,  till  the  genial  season  of  bud  and  leaf  an<J 
flower  arrives  ;  as  we  propose  to  omit  all  spe- 
al  details  of  the  habits,  diseases  and  cultiva- 
tion of  the   specific   kinds  of  the   vegetable 
kingdom,  until  the  periodic  time  of  their  revi- 
vification,and  "breathing  time"  arrives,  when 
we  propose   to  give   our   attention   to  every 
article  of  general  cultivation,  within  the  scope 
and  compass  of  our  ability,  as  they  shall  res- 
pectively come   into  season ;    and  we  think 
that  course  most  likely  to  strike  tho  attention 
of  general  readers,  and  forward  the  great  ant! 
important  objects,  on  the  success    of  which 
we  have  staked  our  interest,  feelings  and  sym- 
pathies. In  the  mean  time,  we  shall  endeavor  m 


46 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


Feb.  12,  1881, 


continue  such  general  discussions  as  our  obli- 
ging correspondents  shall  favor  us  with, and  our| 
own  poor  abilities  be  able  to  produce,  togeth- 
er with  such  selections  as  a  large  exchange  of 
kindred  works  shall  afford  us. 


SEED  CORN. 

I  have  been  in  the  habit  a  number  of  years, 
(says  a  writer  in  an  eastern  paper)  of  «electing 
the  best  car  of  two  that  grmcs  on  a  stalk  of  corn, 
and  have  found  it  annually  to  improve  to  a  very 
considerable  increase.  After  pursuing  the  ex- 
periment for  three  years,  and  establishing  the 
fact  in  my  own  mind,  that  by  this  method  there 
was  a  constant  and  accumulative  increase  and 
improvement,  I  communicated  the  circum 
stance  to  my  noighbor — be  was  quite  incredu- 
lous, and  I  invited  him  to  a  thorough  experi- 
ment. We  took  each  our  field  of  equal  qual- 
ity of  soil,  and  richness,  lying  side  by  side, — 
planted  them  on  the  same  day,  and  tilled  them 
alike  as  we  could;  the  result  was,  that  his, 
from  ordinary  soed,  produced  nearly  40  bush- 
els ;  while  mine,  from  the  selocted  and  impro- 
ved soed, gave  me  about  sixty  bushels  per  acre. 


Heartt,  G.    B.  Warren,  John   Holme,  mem- 
bers. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare 
the  Constitution  and  By-law?  for  publication, 
with  a  compendious  statement  of  the  objects 
of  the  Society,  and  the  modes  in  which  it  will 
operate,  to  be  prefixed.  This  publication  will 
be  in  a  pamphlet  form,  and  fitted  to  receive 
the  subcription  of  members,  and  will  be  circu- 
lated for  that  purpose.  The  next  meeting  will 
be  on  tho  19th  inst,  to  which  day,  at  3  o'clock, 
P.  M.  at  the  Rensselaer  House,  the  society 
adjourned. 


From  the  Vermout  Inquirer. 

BLOATING  IN  CATTLE. 

A  gentleman  recently  from  France  commn 
nicates  to  us  the  following  cure  for  this  com 
monly  fatal  disorder. 

The  Volatile  Spirit  of  Ammonia  is  found  to 
produce  instantaneous  relief.  Its  action  is 
chymioal.  decomposing  gass  generated  in  the 
stomach  by  fermentation. 

M.  Thenard,  the  celebrated  French  Profes- 
sor of  Chymistry,  speaking  of  scientific  inves- 
tigations, and  of  the  innumerable  instances 
where  they  have  been  found  subservient  to  the 
general  interests  of  society, among  many  others, 
adduced  this  as  an  example,  and  related  the 
following  anecdote,  in  illustration  of  its  effects 


The  Weather — January  has  been  one  of 
the  most  constant  and  uniform  cold  months 
that  this  region  has  witnessed  since  its  settle- 
ment; the  average  daily  temperature  is  21^^ 
by  two  observations  registered  at  TO  o'- 
clock, morning  and  evening,  and  only  on  four 
days  has  the  thermometer  rose  above  the  free- 
zing point  at  10  o'clock.  A.  AI.  While  the 
most  intense  cold  has  been  felt  in  other  parts 
of  the  stale,  our  lowest  temperature  in  this 
village  during  this  month,  at  sunrise,  was  on- 
ly 2  below  Zero, — a  discrepancy  in  the  tem- 
peratures of  places  in  the  same  latitude,  not 
easily  explained.  Good  sleighing  commenced 
on  tho  19th,  and  has  continued  uninterrupted 
to  this  date. 

The  amount  of  snow  which  fell  during  Ja- 
nuary was  13T'n  inches,  and  to  this  date  3!T'5 
inches — and  a  fair  prospect. 

Feb.  10,  1831. 


rope  next  seabou.  As  to  the  filature  and 
twitting  of  the  Bilk,  it  is  as  well  executed  as 
any  I  have  seen  id  this  country,  and  convin- 
ced me  that  with  proper  instruction  and  ma- 
chinery we  shall  be  able  to  manufacture  silk 
not  only  equal  but  superior  to  any  in  the  world. 

Promenade,  Sec.  in  the  Caledonian  Horticural 
Society's  Experimental  Garden,  at  herleitk 
Juhj  10. 

The  garden  is  about  ten  English  acres  in 
exteot.and  commands  from  every  part  a  superb 
view  of  the  city.  It  is  divided  into  compart- 
ments suited  to  the  different  kinds  of  plants 
raised  in  it;  the  chief  of  these  apartment? 
being  the  aboretum,  the  orchard,  the  nursery, 
the  hot  bouses  and  stoves,  and  the  kitchen 
garden.  The  aboretum  is  formed  of  the  nu- 
merous species  and  varieties  of  trees  &  shrubs, 
and  extends  round  nearly  three  sides  of  the 
garden,  besides  intersecting  it  in  the  form  of 
two  raised  belts.  The  orchard  contains  up- 
wards of  600  sorts  of  apples,  collected  with 
great  care,  and  at  considerable  expense  and 
many  new  seedling  varieties.  The  pears  a- 
mount  to  350  sorts,  the  plums  to  100  sorts,  the 
cherries,  to  CO  sorts,  and  the  filberts  to  about 
10  sorts.     Of  the  gooseberries  there  are  350 


A  short  lime  previous,  while  on  a  visitto  his    varieties;  and  the  distinct  kinds  of  straw  ber- 


From  Ihe  Troy  Sentinel,  of  Feb.7- 

HorTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  organization  of"  The  Kensselner  Coun- 
ty Horticultural  Society"  was  completed  on 
Friday  last,  at  the  Rensselaer  House. 

The  following  is  a  complete  liet  of  the  ap- 
pointments. 

President,  John  D.  Dickinson;  1st  Vice 
President,  Abraham  C.  Lansing  ;  2d  Vice  Pre- 
sident. Herman  Knickerbacker  ;  3d  Vice  Pre- 
sident, Richard  P.  Hart:  4th  Vice  President, 
John  Carpenter:  5th  Vice  President,  R.  I. 
Knowlson;  Treasurer.  John  T.  Al'Coun;  Re- 
cording Secretary,  Albeit  P.  Heartt;  Corres- 
ponding Sorretary,  O.  L.  Holley. 

Board  op  Council,  for  1831. 

Horatio  G.  Stafford,  Chairman  ;  Alexander 
Walsh,  Amos  Briggs,  Amos  Eaton,  Moses 
Hale.  Horatio  Hicoek,  Elias  Parmele.  Genrge 
B.  Warren,  John  Holme,  Jacob  Monit,  Hen- 
ry Bulkley,  Elijah  F.  Willey,  Members. 

Lecturer,  on  Botany,  Vegetable  Physiology, 
and  tloritcuttural  Chemistry,  Amos  Eaton. 
Standing  Committees. 

On  fruit  trr.es,  vines  and  fruits — Alexander 
Walsh,  Chairman;  Amos  Briggs.  Elijah  F. 
Willey,  Elias  Parmele,  11.  G.  Spaflbrd,  mem- 
bers. 

On  Kitchen  Gardens  and  thr.  cultivation  oj 
culinary  vcgetahUs —  Stephen  Warren,  Chair- 
man ;  Henry  Bulkley,  Horatio  llicock,  Jacob 
Merritt,  members. 

On  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubs,  Flowers,  and 
Green  Houses— Moses  Hale,  Chairman;  A.  1' 


native  village  in  some  remote  part  of  France 
a  drove  of  thirty  or  forty  cattle  broke  into  a1 
fieid  of  rank  clover,  and  all  of  them  became! 
affected  with  bloating,  and  whsn  discovered,] 
some  of  them  were  so  far  gone  as  to  fall  down' 
upon  their  fore  legs.  Ho  called  immediately! 
for  Spirits  of  Ammonia,  but  none  could  be! 
found  in  the  place,  and  they  were  obliged  tol 
send  four  miles  to  a  neighboring  village  Fie-! 
fore  it  could  be  procured.  He  commenced  bv! 
giving  it  to  those  most  severely  affected,  and 
so  on  to  the  others,  and  all  were  saved  excep- 
ting two.  If  there  had  been  no  delay  in  get- 
ting the  remedy,  probably  none  would  have 
been  lost. 

The  dose  for  a  cow  or  ox  is  a  table  spoon- 
ful, diluted  in  water  or  any  convenient  liquid. 
If  not  effectual,  repeat  the  dose. 

From  the  Harrisburgli  Statesman 

AMERICAN    SILK    AND    RED    MULBERRY. 

We  have  examined  a  sample  of  sewing 
silk,  manufactured  by  Mrs.  Oliver,  lady  of, 
the  present  representative  in  the  stale  legis! 
laturefrom  Mercer  county,  and  we  believe  itj 
to  be  quite  equal  to  any  we  have  ever  seen. — ; 
The  thread    is  fine,  slrong  and   remarkably  | 

even.     It  is  truly  a   pleasant  thing  to  koow(|the  seaSorJi  interspersed  with  conlections,  and 
that    the   citizens   of  this  commonwealth  are 


ries  are  about  100.  The  nursery  is  filled  with 
fruit  and  forest  trees  and  shrubs,  in  vaiious 
stages  of  growth,  intended  chiefly  for  distri- 
bution among  its  members.  The  hot  house 
establishment  is  not  yet  complete,  but  the  col. 
lection  of  pine  apples  amounts  to  about  20 
sorts,  and  that  of  grape  vines  to  about  100 
sorts.  Tbecnlinarum,  or  kitchen  garden  de- 
partment, is  richly  stocked  with  rare  culinary 
plants  and  herbs.  The  whole  garden  is  un- 
der the  management  ofMr.  Barnet,and  never 
did  we  see  a  place  of  the  kind  in  better  or- 
der. Not  a  weed  was  to  be  seen,  and,  still 
more  marvellous  to  be  told,  not  a  bush  appear- 
ed deranged,  not  a  bed  furrowed  by  the  de- 
luges which  had  poured  down  daily  from  the 
weeping  skies.  The  turf  walks  were  shaved 
so  closely,  that  they  soemed  to  the  eye,  and 
felt  to  the  foet  1'ke  a  carpet  of  velvet. 

In  the  centre  of  the  garden  a  large  tent 
was  erected,  supported  on  pillars  gaily  festoon- 
ed with  evergreens  and  flowers.  Under  tins 
awning  two  tables  were  placed,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating about  500  people.  The  tables 
were  profusely  covered  with  all  the  fruits  of 


turning  their  attention  to  such  an  useful  and 
profitable  domestic  manufacture  as  that  of  I 
silk.  The  matrons  who  take  a  lead  in  such: 
laudable  work,  set  an  example  for  which  they 
deserve  the  highest  praise 

From  the  following  extract  which  we  have 
been  permitted  to  take  of  a  letter  received 
by  a  gentleman  from  this  place,  we  perceive 
that  the  wor  is  were  fed  on  the  red  mulberry, 
and  that  the  manufacture  is  pronounced  ex 
cellent  by  Air  Du  Ponceau,  who  is  one  of  the 
btst  judges. 

Extract  of  a  letter,  from  Mr.  Du  Ponceau  > 
of  Philadelphia,  to  a  member  of  the  Pennsyl 
vania  legislature. 

Dear  Sir— I  have  reoeived  Ihe  sam 
sewing  silk  that  you  had  Ihe  goodness  to  send; 
me  manufactured  by  a  lady  of  the  family  ol! 
Mr.  Oliver,  of  Mercer  county.  It  confiimsl 
me  in  the  opinion  that  I  have  for  several: 
months  entertained,  that  worms  fed  on  the  led 
American  Alulberry  will  produce  as  fine  silk, 
as  those  fed  on  Ihe  while.  I  see  no  difference 
in  Jhe  appearance  of  the  silks — As  to  the 
|iAiti!y  and  quality,  that  will,  God  helping.be 
submitted  to  fair  experiments  here  and  in  Eu- 


beside  each  cover  a  nosegay  was  invitingly 
deposited.  At  each  end  of  the  tent  was  an 
elevated  platform,  supporting  a  variety  or 
magnificent  exotic  ph.nts,  the  exhibition  of 
which  was  one  of  the  pimcipal  features  of  the 
entertainment.  The  collection  was  as  nu- 
merous as  many  of  the  specimens  were  splen-* 
did. — Edinburgh  Observer. 

THE    FRAGRANCE    OF    FLOWERS. 

As  the  atmosphere  cooveys  this  quali- 
ty to  a  considerable  distance,  it  must  be 
a  fugitive  body  suflieienty  material,  tho' 
invisible,  to  be  incorporated  with  com- 
mon oir  m  a  gaseoi.s  or  other    highly  re- 

„,       .I fined  state.      It  seems  to  be  yielded  most 

P'e  of,  .  ...  ,  -•  ,     „ 

'  snnH;  intensely  Irom  the   centre  ef  the  flower: 

heoce  it  has  been  supposed   to  be  a   kind 

of  vapor   from  the    houev   or  nectar;   but 

!t  is  alio  coulaiued  in  tha  other  parts,   as 

detached  c.'yces,  Stamina,   petals,   style 

and  pericarp,  as  well  as  the  seeds,  which 

rarry  with   them   ihe   .irsoma,    more   or 

less  intense.     The  state  of  the  air   has 

considerable    influence  in   regard   to  the 


Vol.  I. —No.  6. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


47 


iDiensiiy  of  floral  scent.  In  a  fine,  still, 
dewy  morning,  the  air  is  as  it  were  sur- 
charged with  it ;  but  as  soon  as  the  sun's 
heai  increases,  evaporation  takes  place, 
or  should  sweeping  winds  prevail,  the 
scent  is  dispersed  tar  and  wide.  A  cu- 
rious circumstance,  lately  noticed,  shows 
that  the  fragrance  of  flowers  is  capable 
of  being  exalted  by  qualities  placed,  or 
which  happen  to  be,  in  the  near  neigh 
borhood.  Onions  growing  near  roses 
improve  their  scent.  This  seems  to  be 
a  proof  that  there  is  an  intrn-susception 
of  the  extraneous  quality  ;  and  moreov- 
er, confirms  the  old  idea,  that  strong  or 
pungent  application  to  the  roots  exalt  the 
color  as  well  as  the  scent,  it  has  been 
nuticed,  of  the  common  ever-flowering 
Chinese  rose,  that  when  first  introduced 
about  1793,  it  was,  as  the  little  dark-red 
one  still  is,  almost  scentless  ;  though  now 
wuh  many  of  its  varieiies,  highly  Ira 
giant. — [Florists'  Directory. 


NEWS  OP  THE  WEEK. 


FLOUK    INSPECTIONS. 

F  By  the  official  returns,  says  the  Journal  of 
Commerce,  it  appears  that  the  following  quan- 
tities of  flour  and  meal  have  been  inspected  in 
New  York. 

Wheat  flour,  rye  flour,  lad.  meal, 

brl9      lil'  brls      brls      hhds    brls 

In  1830  of  all  grades  805,852  23,037  15.167  10.316    9,663 

In  1829        do  67H.279  16,634  24,522    8,578  19,446 

In  1328         do  578,863  19,266  18,316    9,517  23,475 

Large  quantities  are  sold  for  consumption 
within  the  State,  which  are  not  inspected. 

The  extreme  prices  reached  during  each 
month  of  1830  and  1829  for  fair  qualities  were 
as  follows  :— 


18! 

0. 

1829- 

January 

$5,00 

$4.75 

$8,12 

$8,25 

February 

4,75 

4,62 

8,25 

8,50 

.March 

4.62 

6.50 

8,26 

7,62 

April 

4,75 

6,12 

7,25 

6,50 

May 

4,75 

4.88 

6,50 

7,00 

June 

4  75 

6,12 

6,75 

6.50 

July 

4S8 

5,00 

6.25 

5.00 

August 

4,88 

b,12 

5,00 

5,38 

September 

5,38 

5,00 

5,60 

6,25 

October 

5,00 

5,25 

5,88 

5,25 

November 

6,25 

5.06 

5,25 

6,50 

December 

5,06 

5.25 

5.38 

5,00 

Extremes  of 

yr.4,50 

5,25 

5,00 

8,50 

The  busuies  of  inspecting,  during  the  ad 
ministration  of  the   present  incumbent,    has 
been  conducted  with  despatch,  and  as  we  be- 
lls ve,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  merchants. 

Our  market,  in  the  extent  of  its  flour  trade, 
is  now  in  advance  of  every  other  ia  the  Union 
Baltimore  has  heretofore  taken  the  lead. — 
The  inspections  there,  in  1830,  of  wheat-flour, 
amounted  to  587,875  brls.  and  19,855  half  brls 

From  the  number  of  barrels  of  Flour  in 
spected  in  this  city  the  past  year,  the  lees  of 
the  inspector  must  have  amounted  to  upwards 
of  $13,000,  at  U  cents  for  each  barrel.  The 
above  sum  is  independent  of  the  Sets,  charged 
for  weighing  each  brl.  light  or  underrated. — 
The  office  of  Flour  inspector  is  one  of  the 
beat  in  the  gift  of  the  State JV.  F.  Adv. 

For  EIGN, 

The  ship  Herald  arrived  at  New  York,  on 
Saturday,  from  Liverpool,  whence  she  salied 
on  the  mh  Dec  The  ship  took  the  place  of 
the  Canada,  belonging  to  the  Old  Line  of 
Liverpool  Packets,  which  was  lost  in  going 
into  Liverpool.  T  e  papers  art  no  later  than 
those  brooght  bv  the  Sovereign. 

The  sales  of  Cotton  for  the  week,  ending 


on  the  evening  of  the  16th,  amounted  to  7000 
balei  at  a  reduction  of  about  }d 

Return  of  the  Killed  and  Wounded  during 
the  Great  Week. — The  Municipal  Committee 
of  Pars  has  nearly  terminated  its  detailed  ex- 
amination of  the  facts  of  the  revolution  ,  the 
latest  return  is  1,162  killad  among  the  people 
alone,  and  more  than  3,000  wounded. 

A  FACT  FOR  THE  CURIOUS. 

By  the  late  census  of  New  Hampshire  it 
appears  that  one  in  every  fifty  of  the  colored 
population  are  deaf  and  dumb, while  among  the 
whites  the  proportion  is  only  one  to  every  one 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  seventy  seven — 
The  difference  i»  very  great,  and  the  circum 
stance  one  that  may  puzzle  physiologists  long 
before  tbey  can  solve  it. 

BUENOS  ATRES. 

Advices  from  this  country  to  as  late  a  date 
as  9lb  November,  report  affairs  as  still  unset- 
tled, and  the  provinces  still  at  war. 

Our  Southern  neighbors  must  have  very 
just  and  elevated  ideas  of  liberty,  national  pros, 
perity  and  glory,  and  fine  conceptions  of  good 
order  and  happiness  in  the  body  politic.  All 
they  bave  gained  by  their  emancipation  from 
Spain  seems  to  be  the  privilege  of  cutting  each 
other's  throat  on  their  "  own  hook.'" 

THE   DEAD    ALIVE 

It  now  appesrs  beyond  a  doubt  that  Mr. 
Edward  Greene  the  stage  driver  who  was 
reported  frozen  to  death  some  where  near 
Providence,  is  not  only  not  dead,  but  ac- 
tually alive,  and  engaged  in  transporting 
the  mail  as  usual,  diffusing  the  very  papers 
letters  and  packages  which  are  on  their  differ- 
ent routes  to  announce  the  dreadful  intelli, 
gence  of  his  own  decease  by  fro;t.  Much 
more  comfortable  however  we  take  it,  he  will 
conceive  his  present  avocation,  than  a  moose 
beneath  a  snow  drift,  so  profound  that  no  stage 
born  could  ever  more  ••  arouse  him  from  his 
snowy  bed." 

EXPENSE  OF  MARRYING. 

It  seems  that  the  subject  of  marriage  or  ra 
ther  of  certain  old  and  foolish  customs  prepar- 
atory to  marriage  which  now  do  and  have  for 
a  long  time  existed  in  Massachusetts,  have 
become  the  subject  of  Legislative  investiga 
lion.  The  matter  of  posting  for  three  weeks 
or  so,  is  the  tiling  that  appears  most  obnux 
ious  to  the  young  folks,  and  which  some  of  the 
'•grave  and  reverend  segniors"  are  disposed 
to  erase  from  the  statute  books.  One  legisla- 
tor averred  that  many  young  people  who  bad 
contracted  a  fondness  for  each  other  sufficient- 
ly strong  to  have  led  to  the  most  intimate  &  re- 
sponsible connexioLS,  have  wholly  forborn, 
and  put  off  forever  the  consummation  of  their 
happiness  solely  from  delicacy  on  the  matter  of 
posting.  How  this  is  we  know  not,  but  we  do 
know,  that  of  all  the  idle,  foolish,  useless  and 
tyramcal  laws  ever  adopted  and  suffered  bv 
man,  that  of  posting  "intents  of  marriage" 
stands  first  and  foremost,  and  partakes  so 
deeply  of  the  spirit  of  the  dark  ages  as  to  be  a 
disgrace  to  any  people  (bat  will  tolerate  it 
at  any  time. 

The  National  Intelligencer  of  Thursday 
Bays — "It  is  understood  that  the  Senate 
have  ratified  the  Conveniion  with  the 
Ottomam  Porte,  with  the  exception  of 
the  reputed  secret  article, granting  to  the 

Turkish  Government  certain  privileges 
as  to  the  building  ships  of  war." 


ROCHESTER   PRICES  CURRENT. 

FeD.  11,1831. 
Owing  to  the  inclemency  of  the  weather 
during  the  week,  the  quantity  of  wheat  in 
our  market  has  not  been  as  great  as  during 
tbe  week  past,  but  the  prices  have  been  well 
sustained,  and  tbe  prospects  for  the  Canadian 
and  foreign  markets  are  such  tbat  our  millers 
are  anxious  to  purchase. 


Antic*  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91a92  50 

Pearl  I00ol02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       25a44 

Do  dried  75 

BrislleB,comb'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do    18o20 

Butler  do    10al2 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl      $Sa9 

Do  prime     do  5a7 

Do  fresh  per  lb        03a03 

Barley  per  bushel        38<z44 

Beans        do  50a62 

Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  cts 

Do  dipped         do      8 

Do  sperm  do    28 

Corn  per  bushel  44d50 

Cheese  per  lb  O4a05 

Clover  Seed  per  bush  $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     78a87 

Feathersper  lb  3U37 

Furs— Otter  100u400 

Fox. red  50a75 


Mink 

Raccoon 

Martin 

Fisher 

Wild  Cat 

Gray  Fox 
Grass  Seed  per  bush 
Hops  per  lb 
Honey  do 
Lard     do 
Mutton  do 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush 
Oats  per  bush 


12a31 
18o31 
25o62 
37a50 
16o25 
16(125 

02 
12nl3 

09 
06o07 
02a03 

$4 

2C 


Fox,  cross 


Oid  Pewtev,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches, dry'd  bush  100o200 

Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $12al3 

Do  prime  8a9 

Do  fresh  per  lb        03aC4 

Quills  per  100  25«30 

07<r08  Rye  per  bush  50 

Rags  per  lb  03o04 

Salt  per  bbl  $1  75 

Tallow  per  lb  06«07 

Wheat  perbush         103(1109 


100a200|Buckwheat  flour,  cwt.  $1  "5 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 
for  the  week  ending  Feb.  5, 1831 . 


Ther!  Baromet'r 


29.47  M 
28,95|io 


20  29,55 
36 ;  30 1 29,40 
30|30|a0,n,-29,46|Ji « 

37  28  29,67|29,70U 

32|31  29,30  28,82J se 

22,13  28,95:29,05s  to 

8l   2|20.3029,44U 


nds 

Weather 

a 

S3 

> 

a 
a 
a 

■p 

>> 

c 
a 

10 

1 

se 

1 

n 

1 

w 

1 

s 

1 

1 

to 

1 

1 

w 

1 

Observa'ns 


12  in -snow 
6  in.  snow 


XT  The  Barometrical  and  Thermometries  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.and  P.  M.,  which 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser . 

BY  C   W     DUNDAS. 


NEW  YORK. 

All  banks  in  i\tu  state,  par. 
except  the  following 
BrokenBanks.     (Fashing 
ton  &  Waireu,  Barker's  Ex 
chaoge,  Franklin  Bank, Mid- 
dle Diet.,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co., 
PlattsburgU,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al   banks  in  this  state,  par. 
except  the  following 
Broken  Bankf*      Farmers 
b'nkof  Belchertown,  Sutton 
Rerksbiie,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
AH  banks  in  this  state,  par 

KHODF-ISLAND 

AH  banks  in  this  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers1 

Exchange,  and  Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par 
except  the  fellowing 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
Rew-Vork,  Derby,  and  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

NEW- HAMPSHIRE. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par 

MAINE. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par 

except  the  following 

Broken   Banks.    Castine 

Wiscaspct,  Hailowell  &  Au 


samaqnoddv  banks. 

NEW*  JERSEY. 

Stateb'nk,  &  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  par  * 
A  i  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Salem  & 
Phil.  ManafCo.. Monmouth., 
Hoboken  and, Grazing  Co., 
N.  Jersey  Manuf  &  Banking 
Co.  at  Hoboken,  State  Bank 
at  Trenton,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  and  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,  par. 
All  other  banks,  %per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.  Farmers' 
&Mechanics'  at  N.  Sa.,  Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniaie,  Greences- 
lie,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash- 
ngton,  Uniontown,  Agricul- 
tural,Sil  Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co  new  emis- 
sion, and  Brownvile  batiks. 

OHIO. 
AUbanks,     4  to  G  per  cent, 

MICHIGAN. 

All  hanks,  %  per  cent, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks.    Monroe^, 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     S  to  3  per  cent, 
except  the 
Upper  Cana.  at  Kingston, 
and  Unchartered  banks. 


usta,  Kennebec,  and   Pas-| 
XT'  The  above  table  when  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re 
fers  to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  lessdenamin- 
atioji  are  receivable. 


48 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


anacszxANsous. 


From  the  jYete  York  Standard. 

THE  FIRST  AND  THE  LAST  CENSUS  OF  NEW  YORE 

Mr  Mumford — In  comparing  the  present 
.-ensus  of  this  state,  with  several  of  the  pre- 
ceding ones  ;  one  cannot  avoid  being  struck 
with  the  rapidjand  almost  unparalleled  inci ease 
of  the  population  of  New  York  I  was  the 
more  impressed  with  this  fact,  from  observing 
while  engaged  in  preparing  some  statistical  ta- 
bles, that  theirs*  census  of  this  state  was  ta- 
ken precisely  one  hundred  years  ago  ;  and  as 
the  circumstance  may  not  be  generally  known 
to  your  readers,  I  take  the  liberty  of  enclosing 
the  results  for  your  valuable  paper,  availing 
myself  of  the  opportunity  for  adding  a  few  re- 
marks, en  passant. 

In  1603,  Hudson  discovered  the  river  which 
bears  his  name,  and  sailed  up  it  as  far  as  where 
Albany  now  stands.     This   was  twelve   years 
befcre  the  landing  of  the    Puritan  pilgrims  at 
Plymouth.    Hudson  sold  his  right  of  discove- 
ry privately  to  the  Dutch,  who  in  1614 erected 
a  fort  at  Albany,  and  in  1615  founded  Manbal 
tan,  now  the  city  of  New  York.     The  English 
Government    refused    to   sanction    Hudson's 
transfer,  and  the  territory  was  taken   possess- 
ion of  for  the  Duke  of  York  in  1664,  from  whom 
it  received    its    name.     From    that    time  until 
1691, the  Duke  appointed  the  governors, &made 
rules  and  orders  which  had  the  force  of  laws. 
In  1691,  the  first  legislative  assembly  washeld. 
It  was  sent 'rom  the  nine  counties  given  below, 
into  which  the  whole  state  was  then   divided. 
The  precise  amount  of  population  at  that  pe- 
riod cannot  be  ascertained,  as  the    first  regu- 
lar census  was  taken  in  1731,when  these  nine 
counties     with     tne     adaition      of     Orange, 
which  had  been  erected    in  the  intermediate! 
Lime,  comprising  the    whole  state,  contained! 
50,395   inhabitants.     The  County  of  Albany, 
{or  a  long  time  after  its  erection  in  1691    con- 
tained all  that  part  of  the  state  lying  north  of  I 
Dutchess,  and  west  of  Ulster,  and  as    will  be 
seen  by  the    tabla,   one    hundred  years  since 
contained  only  8,573  inhabitants.     The  second 
legislative  assembly  was  convened  in  1708  — 
I  have  embodied  in  this  table,  the  names  of  the 
counties  at  the  time  of  the  first   census,  the 
time  of  their  erection,  the  number  of  members 
sent  by  each  to  the  first  assembly  in  1091,  the 
population  at  the  first  census  in  1631,  and  the 
same  in  1810,and  1830.     It  is  possible  an  error 
may  have  occurred  in  the   distribution  of  the 
members,  so  far  as  regards^the  apportionment 
among  the   several  counties,  as  historians  of 
that  period  do  not  agree  on  that  point  ;  in  oth 
er  respects  tho  table  il  is  believed  is  correct. 


o)    "5 

°  3 

"S.S 

—     a  — 

o 

Q 

"i  'a 

e  * 

,a  a» 

CS      «J    ra 

00- 

00 

E   3 

5  S 

5   a 
3    tl 

1   o  = 

d 

b 

ZU 

zs 

5    ft-  o 

Q 

a 

Albany 

1691 

2 

8,573 

34,661 

53,432 

Dutchess 

169i 

T 

1,727 

51,412 

50.926 

Kings 

1691 

2 

2,150 

8,303 

20,539 

New  York 

1C91 

3 

8,628 

96,373  214.470 

Queens 

1691 

2 

7975 

19,336 

22,276 

•Richmond 

1691 

2 

1,817 

5.347 

7,084 

Suffolk 

1691 

2 

7,675 

21,112 

26,780 

Ulster 

1691 

1 

3.728 

26576 

36,551 

Westchester  1691 

o 

6,033 

30,272 

36,450 

Orange  1698 


17 


1,693    34,347    45,372 


50,395 

As  the  present  population  is  estimated  at  1, 
939,490,  it  appears  that  the  incroase  in  100 
^ears  bus  been  1,889,101.  At  tho  lima  of  ta- 
king the  above  census,  Albany  contained  what 
.is  now  divided  into  42  counties,  and  contains 
•!  ,390,879  inhabitants  ;  an  increaso  in  the  same 
period  of  1,382,306. 

No  more  counties  were  ereclod  until  1784, 
when  Clinton,  Washington  and  Montgomery, 
were  formed  from  Albany  county.     Wasbing- 


Feb.  12,  1831. 


ton  then  included  Warren  ;  and  Clinton,  what 
is  now  Essex  and  Franklin      Montgomery  in- 
cluded all  that  part  of  the  state  lying  west  of 
Ulster,  Albany,  Washington  and  Clinton  coun- 
ties.   Columbia  was  erected  from  Albany  coun 
ty  in  1786.     In  1789,   the  county    of  Ontario 
was  erected  from  Montgomery  ;  and  included 
all  the  state  of  New  York,   west   of  what  was 
oalled  the  preemption  line,  which  beginning  on 
the  south  1  ne  of  this  state  about  24  miles  west 
of  Tioga  Point,  ran  north  until  it  touched  the 
west  side  of  Seneca  lake,  along  which    it  con 
tinued  to  the  northern  extremity,  and    thence 
to  Lake  Ontario,  a  few  miles   east  of  Sodus 
bay.     Inconsequence  of  a  claim  from  Massa 
chusetts,  arising  under  the  original  charter  ol 
that  colony;  inl787  the  territorywest  of  the  pre- 
emption line  was  ceded  by  New  York  to   that 
state,  as  well  as   ten  townships   of  six    miles 
square,  between  the  Susquehannah  river,  the 
Tioughnioga,  and  Military    tract.     The  torri 
tory  between  the  preemption  line,  and  what 
was  termed  ihe  transit  line,  which  ran    nearly 
on  the  meridian    of  the    Genesee   river,   was 
early  conveyed  by  Massachusetts  to  the  Pult- 
ney  family,  or  company  ;  and  the  territory  west 
of  the  transit  line  was  in  the  same  manner  sold 
to  the  Holland  Company.     Ontario  at  the  time 
of  its  creation,  inoluded  what  is  now,  Ontario, 
Genesee,  Monroe,  Livingston,  Steuben,  Alle- 
gany, Cattaraugus,  Chatuaque,  Erie,  Niagara, 
Orleans,  Wayne,  and    Yates  counties,   wita  a 
population  of    407,423.     The   year    after   the 
erection  of   the   county   of  Ontario,   in  1790, 
Gen.  Amos  Hall,  as   the   U.  S    Deputy  Mar- 
shal, took  the  census  of  the  territory,    and  a 
few  years  since  he  obligingly  permitted    the 
editor  of  one  of  the  western  papers  to  prepare 
the  following  interesting  abstract  from  the  ori- 
ginal documents.     It  contains   the  number  of 
lamilies  and  total  of  population   in  each  settle- 
ment.    It  is  a  curious  document  as  furnishing 
such  a  striking  contrast  to  the  present    census 
of  the  same  territory. 

In  No.  Range.  famil's.  people. 


2 

1" 

(now  Painted  Post) 

10 

59 

7 

1 

Milo 

11 

65 

8 

1 

Benton 

3 

25 

9 

1 

Seneca 

10 

60 

10 

1 

Do  (Geneva 

8 

85 

11 

1 

Phelps 

2 

11 

8 

2 

Middlesex 

7 

33 

10 

2 

N".  Gotham 

6 

14 

11 

2 

E  Farmington. 

2 

4 

11 

3 

W.         Do, 

12 

55 

10 

3 

Canandaigua 

13 

106 

12 

3 

W.  Palmyra 

4 

14 

3 

4 

S.  Bristol 

4 

20 

9 

4 

N     Do. 

3 

13 

10 

4 

E.  Bloomfield 

ID 

05 

10 

5 

W.      Do. 

7 

26 

11 

4 

Victor 

4 

20 

9 

5 

Richmond 

I 

2 

11 

5 

Mendon 

2 

in 

12 

5 

Piltsford 

8 

2ft 

13 

5 

Brighton 

4 

20 

10 

0 

Lima 

4 

23 

11 

6 

Hush 

9 

56 

12 

0 

Henrietta 

1 

8 

7 

7 

Sparta 

1 

5 

!> 

7 

Genesee 

8 

34 

1 

o 

2  ) 

2$ 

Erwin 

11 

50 

3 
4 

2 

Cannisteo 

10 

50 

5 

Wayne 

1 

9 

10 

7 

Avon 

10 

66 

Calf 

donia 

10 

44 

Leicester. 

4 

17 

its  maximum.  The  Western  district  of  New- 
Fork  has  furnished  its  full  proportion  of  emi- 
grants to  Indiana  and  Michigan  ;  yet  that  has 
not  perceptibly  retarded  its  increase  in  num- 
bers and  wealth  ;  and  it  may  fairly  be  presum- 
ed that  the  next  census  will  show  the  ratio  of 
increase  has  been  amply  sustained.      W.  G. 

HOPS    IN    ALBANY. 

John  C.  Donnelly,  inspector  of  hops  in  Al- 
bany, has,  during  the  last  year,  inspected  600 
bales,  140,388  lbs.  Fees,  deducting  expenses, 
$80,39.  Of  this  116,430  lbs  first  sort,  18,62! 
second  do.,  2,544  third  do.,  2,793  refuse  ;  372 
bales  were  from  Madison  co. ;  144  from  Onei- 
da ;  the  rest  from  Otsego,  Chautauque,  Cat- 
taraugus, Tompkins,  Chenango,  and  Herki 
mer.  The  hop  market  opened  the  last  season 
at  one  shilling  a  pound,  and  maintained  tbat 
price  till  neor  the  close  of  the  season,  when 
they  gradually  advanced  to  16  cents.— Daily 
Advertiser. 


B0TANT. 

|  The  study  of  this  beautiful  science  is  par- 
ticularly adapted  to  young  females,  to  whom 
we  would  recommend  it,  as  a  lasting  source  of 
pleasure  and  amusement.  It  will  be  found 
much  less  difficult  than  may  at  first  be  appre- 
hended, and  the  enjoyment  experienced  in  il* 
progress  will  be  such  that  difficulties,  much 
greater  than  those  whieh  really  present  them- 
selves, would  be  no  barrier  to  the  attainment 
of  the  science.  The  nomenclature,  which  ap- 
pears at  first  view  so  repulsive,  soon  loses 
its  terrors,  and  becomes  familiar,  and  the  plea- 
sure whioh  resultsfrom  tha  application  of  prin- 
ciples, the  exercise  which  the  science  require? 
&  the  perpetual  contemplation  of  the  variega- 
ted and  splendid  colorings  of  nature,  operates 
as  a  species  ef  attraction  so  irresistible  that 
the  student  can  neither  resist  nor  control  it 
No  object  can  be  more  delightful  than  to  be- 
hold a  lovely  woman  indulging  a  passion  for 
tbat  which  is  in  itself  so  beautiful  and  inoo 
cent,  or  than  to  see  her 

"  Looking  through  nature,  up  to  nature's  God." 
What    higher   source    of   gratification    can 
there  be  than  to  stroll  amidst  the   groves,   or 
wander  over  mountain  heights,  and  enjoy  the 
magnificent  scenery  of  nature,  and  inhale  tho 
breeze  teeming  with  fragrance  and  redolent  of 
sweets,  while  you  are  in  pursuit  of  a   richer 
banqaet,  a  more  delightful  spectacle,  the  fair 
and  exquisite  gifts  of  Flora — 
"  Each  beauteous  flower, 
"  Iris  of  all  hues,  Koses  and  Jessamine."-—  Milton 

And  such  an  endless,  variety,  too,  of  forms 
hues,  and  shades,  almutt  as  infinite  as  the 
everlasting  changes  of  the  kaleidoscope,  and 
yet  all  harmonizing  and  blending  in  one  splen- 
did picture  of  beauty 

FLOUR    IN    ALBANY. 

Jaeper  S.    Keeler,    inspector  of  flour 
in  Albany   has  during  1830,  inspected. 
42,136  bbls  superfine  flour 
5C3  fine 

1,027  half  bbls  flour 


205 


1081 

Gene- 

4,000. 


Only  8  families,  and  55  souls,  where 
va  now  presents  a  popnlation  of  nearly 
Only  4  families,  and  2fl  souls,  whereRochester 
now  points  its  dozen  spires,  and  coauts  il» 
thirteen  or  fourteen  thousand  inhabitants. — 
Ami  only  1081  souls  where  now  aro4fl7.4Sl. 

Few  oountrios  can  present  a  parallel  to  this 
increase,  and  it  scema  no!  yet  to  have  rcirchetl 


43,726 
Fees,  at  2  rts.  a 
penses,  $200  67.— 


bhl.    S874 
[Dai.  Adv. 


52: 


REDUCTION. 

Tbe  salary  of  the  Lord  Lientonani  of 
Ireland  has  been  reduced  from  30,00(11. 
per  yenr  to  20,0001. 


..  i  i  i  i  .  i  i  j  i  j  i  i  i  .        i 

TUB    <;  E  N  E  S  E  E    FARRIER 

ANII  BARBKNKR's  JOURNAL. 
Devoted  to  Agriculture  Hortienllure,  Domestic  J-'rm,.,' 
my,  &c.  &c. 
Published  on  Saturdays,  at  Si2  50 per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  tlie 
time  of  subscribing,  by  Lbther  Tucker,  at 
tho  officii  of  the  Ruiclicstcr  Daily  Advertiser. 


tern®  mmstmrnm  w&mmm. 


VOLUME  I. 


KOCUESTKB,  FEBRUARY   19,  1831. 


NUMBER   7. 


communicant,  onp. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

NORTH-EAST  STOBJIS, 
Some  days  ago  I  wrote  a  shori  article  on 
north-east  storms;  and  expressed  my  belief 
that  our  northerly  winds  were  deflections  from 
lhe  main  current  which  sets  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence. I  had  determined  to  keep  memoranda 
of  such  weather  in  this  place,  as  should  appear 
to  be  connected  with  the  north-east  storms  of 
our  sea  coast,  or  of  lake  Ontario  ;  and  1  now 
give  the  following: 

1  mo.  14.  Evening  clear. 

15.  Morning,  sharp  frust.  The  sun  obscu 
red  by  thin  cloud*  from  the  S.  W.  which  grad- 
ually thickened— a  moderate  wind  from  the 
north, — and  before  noon  it  began  to  snow  a 
little.  In  the  afternoon  it  snowed  faster,  and 
the  wind  was  slightly  increased.  Not  severe 
enough  to  deter  pcoplf  from  their  out-door  busi- 
ness. 

16.  Storm  continued,  being  a  gentle  wind 
from  the  north,  with  snow.  J  believe  noni 
staid  at  home  that  day  on  account  of  the  weather. 

17.  Wind  from  the  N.  W.  It  was  only  a 
light  snow,   not  enough  to  muke  good  sleighing. 

I  had  waited  some  days,  expecting  accounts 
from  New-York  and  Philadelphia,  in  regard  to 
this  storm,  and  1  now  find  their  news  papers 
Seem  with  awful  reports  of  its  violence.  With 
them  it  appears  to  have  begun  many  hours  ear 
iierthan  with  us;  the  great  body  of  the  clouds 
on  the  east  side  of  the  mountains,  must  there- 
fore have  kept  in  advance  of  those  which 
spread  over  our  district,  and  although  several 
accounts  of  its  commencement  are  inconsist. 
ent  and  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  careless  ob- 
servers, yet  thero  is  sufficient  evidence  that 
'he  storm  advanced  from  the  South-lVest.  seem- 
ingly against  the  wind.  From  those  papers 
I  subjoin  some  brief  extracts : 

"  The  late  terrible  storm — On  Friday  evening 
of  last  week  [the  14th]  a  snow  storm  com- 
menced which  has  had  no  parallel  of  lute  years. 
The  wind  was  very  high  the  two  following 
lavsftlie  1 5th  and  16th]  durins  which  the  snow 
1'eli  almost  incessantly." — Phdad.  Sat.  Bulle- 
tin. 

"  About  8  o'clock  on  Saturday  evening, [rv- 
other  account  says  at  dusk]  the  snow  com 
menced  witii  a  strong  northeast  wintl.zoi  con- 
tinued with  iicreasing  violence  until  Sunday 
Homing.  In  iho  afternoon  and  evening,  the 
snow  fell  with  rertewed  rapidity  and  ltss 
wind."— Phllad.   U.S.  Gaz. 

"  The  snow  storm  which  began  on  Friday 
{the  14th]  continued  with  uninterrupted  vio- 
lence until  last  evening  [ot  the  16th]  accom 
panied  by  a  gale  from  the  north-east.  Th< 
depth  of  snow  which  has  fallen  in  these  two 
days  is  supposed  to  average  about  15  inches  " 
— JV.   Y.  paper. 

One  account  from  Massachusetts,  however, 
sjives  4  feet  as  an  average  depth  ;  one  from 
Lancaster,  in  Pa.  gives  3  feet  ;  and  other  ac- 
counts from  other  places,  give  20  or  22  inchos. 
ft  teas  a  great  snow. 

It  needed  not  to  be  shown  to  most  of  the 
inhabitants  of  this  county,  that  we  lie  not 
within  the  range  of  the  north-east  storms  ;  but 
I  wish  to  prove  that  our  rains  and  snows  from 
the  north,  were  parts  of  those  tempests,  visi- 
ting this  favored  land,  in  a  milder  form  ;  and 
of  this,  the  foregoing  statement  is  one  remark 
able  proof.  In  the  rain  from  the  N.  N.  W. 
referred  to  in  my  former  article,  I  had  another 
proof,  for  it  appeared  by  the  Philadelphia  pa- 
pers that  there,  at  that  time,  there  was  also  a 
lortheasterly  storm. 

In  my  former  article  on  this  subject, through 
haste,  the  names  of  several  places  were  omit- 
ted.    Among  these,  the  Canandaigua  lake, and 
the  valley  from  Hammond's  port  to  Balh,  from       EF  Several 
their  direction,  must  have  an  influence  on  the!  want  of  room. 


wind,  and  render  observations  made  in  those 
vicinities,  particularly  interesting.         D.  T. 

P.  S.  I  am  informed  that  on  the  16th  ult 
while  to  us  Me  storm  came  from  the  north,  at 
Williamson,  in  Wayne  co.  it  came  from  the 
west-north-west.  By  Your  Meteorological  Ta 
ble,  however,  it  was  north  at  Rochester. 

Greatfield,  Cayuga  co.  2d  mo.  1,1831.' 


FOR    THE    GENF.SEE     FARMEF,. 

COFFEE. 

In  number  3  of  the  ''Genesee  Farmer,"  yoii 
have  an  article  on  the  making  of  coffee-dunk, 
and  in  reply  to  it  I  will  tell  you  how  "  we 
work  it,"  as  the  Prompter  used  to  say.  Al 
the  top  of  the  Coffee  Pot,  or  a  common  Tea 
Pot,  (which  is  large  enough  for  any  family,)  fit 
a  tin  ring,  or  cylinder,  inside,  perforated  with 
thread  holes,  on  to  which  sew  a  small  bag  of 
cotton  cloth, (new,  stout,  unbleached,  is  best,) 
it  a  size  to  hold  double  the  quantity  of  ground 

offee  required  for  a  meal.  When  wanted, 
pour  en  boiling  water,  and  the  coffee  soon  runs 
through,  a  perfectly  clear  and  pure  beverage. 
We  have  practiced  this  mode  for  20  years. — 
The  strength  is  also  extracted,  and  you  get  the 
essential  oil  of  the  coffee,  with  its  delightful 
aroma,  which  is  lost  in  being  boiled.  The 
grounds  may  be  saved,  but  have  no  strength. 
Try  it,  however,  to  satisfy  you,  and  you  will 
find  it  so. 

The  advantages  of  this  mode,  are,  that  the 
coffee  is  made  in  much  less  time  ;  is  pure,  and 
fine;  better  economy,  because  you  get  all  its 
strength  ;  if  companj  come  in,  you  have  only 
to  add  the  ground  coffee,  and  hot  water,  and 
the  drink  is  ready,  in  five  minutes.  You  get 
by  infusion  the  aroma  and  oil  of  the  coffee, 
which  are  dissipated  and  lost  by  decoction,  or 
boiling.  In  the  latter  case  the  drink  is  more 
nervous,  and  constipates  the  bowels ;  in  the  o 
ther,  free  from  the  nervous  effect,  and  quickens 
the  action  of  the  bowels.  Such,  at  all  e- 
vents,  are  tbe  effects  on  my  system. 

EF  Roast  your  coffee,  to  a  dark  cinnamon 
colour,  but  never  burn  it;  and  grind  it  only 
as  you  want  to  use  it. 

When  last  at  Rochester,  I  had  with  mo  a 
small  oval  tin  tea  pot.  with  its  bag,  which  has 
travelled  thousands  of  miles  with  me,  in  which 
to  prepare  my  coffee.  I  carry  a  small  tin  can- 
ister of  roasted  coffee.  Every  body  who 
drinks  our  coffee,  says  it  is  good.  Try  it,  Mr 
Editor,  or  get  your  wife  to,  and  judge  fur 
yourself.  This  mode  is  easier  than  that  poin 
led  out  by  you.     Tell  us  the  result.  S. 

Jan.  29,  1831. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

NEW    SACHROMETER. 

As  it  is  very  important  for  the  farmers  to 
know  which  kinds  of  their  apples  make  the 
best  cider,  and  when  once  known,  to  propa- 
gate those  kinds  only,  and  to  "  hew  down  and 
cast  into  the  fire"  those  which  are  poor  and 
good-for-nothing,  it  is  necessary  that  some  cri- 
terion should  be  known,  whereby  they  can 
come  at  the  knowledge  necessary  todeier- 
mine  the  fact.  Now  except  a  peculiar  essen- 
tial oil  which  the  skins  of  some  apples  possess 
more  than  others,  the  only  good  quality  one 
can  coniain,  more  than  another,  is  sugar,  or 
the  sacharine  principle.  Now  nature  has  for- 
med a  measurer  of  this  quality,  ready  formed 
to  every  one's  hand.  Take  of  as  many  sens 
as  ynu  please,  place  them  on  a  board,  in  a  mo- 
derate cold  room,  in  freezing  weather,  and 
constantly  observe  the  first  that  freeze  ;  those 
are  watery,  and  contain  none,  or  bnt  very  little 
spirit,  and  are  consequently  to  be  rejected. — 
Those  that  are  the  last  te  freeze  are  the  best, 
both  for  ealiug  and  for  cider.  Pomus.  * 


Communications    omitted    for 


FOR  THE  OENESLE  FARMER. 

SMALL  ANIMALS. 

Among  the  many  amusements  to  which  men 
resort  for  pastime,  there  is  none  more  innocent 
or  rational,  than  the  rearing  of  animals.  And 
when  this  pleasute  can  be  made  a  source  of 
profit  and  instruction,  the  interest  becomes 
vastly  increased. 

There  are  but  few  of  us  who  cannot  look 
back  to  the  time  of  our  childhood,  when  tho 
nursing  of  a  robin  or  thrush,  afforded  us  infi- 
nite delight ;  and  when  the  capture  of  a  squir- 
rel or  rabbit  became  an  era  in  our  history. — 
This  propensity  to  doat  on  animals  seems  to 
be  natural  to  all  men,  from  the  Hottentot  add 
Laplander,  to  the  nobles  of  civilized  and  en- 
lightened countries.  And  when  this  feeling  is 
accompanied  by  an  ardent  desire  for  knowl- 
edge and  research,  it  becomes  the  grand  in- 
citement to  all  the  investigations  and  develop- 
ments of  natural  science. 

Time  would  fail  me  to  mention  even  the 
names  of  the  vast  varieties  of  animals  which 
have  been  domesticated  either  for  amusement 
or  instruction,  much  less  to  enter  into  an  anal- 
ysis of  their  iiabits.  Nor  is  it  my  intention 
to  trouble  your  readers  with  an  essay  on  natu- 
ral history.  But  as  I  have  found  much  amuse 
mem  in  the  rearing  of  small  animals,  and  have 
also  devoted  considerable  time  to  the  investi- 
non  of  their  habits  and  the  mode  of  managing 
them,  I  have  thought  that  it  would  not  be  un- 
interesting to  some  ofyourjo«7iff  readers.to  oc- 
casionally devote  a  column  of  your  paper  to  this 
ubject.  I  will  therefore  endeavor,  as  occa- 
ion  may  offer,  to  extract  some  account  of  the 
form,  appearance,  habits,  and  mode  of  man- 
agement of  a  variety  of  Insects,  Birds,  Quad- 
rupeds, and  Fishes.  Some  ot  yuur  readers 
will  doubtless  be  surprised  to  learn  that  of  the 
common  Pigeon  alone,  there  are  at  least  fifty 
varieties,  and  many  of  them  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful plumage  and  fanciful  forms. 

In  England  the  rearing  of  singing  birds,  rab- 
bits, pigeons,  fowls,  bees,  silk-worms,  &c. 
&c.  has  become  a  very  curious  science,  and 
the  source  of  vast  profit.  And  there  is  no 
reason  why  they  may  not  be  made  in  this  counj 
try  a  delightful  and  profitable  appendage  to 
the  farmyard  or  dwelling  house.  The  origin 
nnd  transformation  of  insects,  with  all  their 
wonderful  changes,  and  close  connection  with 
the  very  existence  of  man,  is  alike  interesting 
to  the  Agriculturist  and  to  the  man  of  science, 
and  there  is  no  subject  which  leads  the  mind 
to  a  more  deep  and  reverential  awe  of  the 
great  Creator  of  ail  things,  or  to  a  more  tho- 
rough conviction  of  oar  own  impotency. 

I  shall  commence  these  extracts  with  ashort 
account  of  the 

SILK-WORM. 

The  rearing  of  silk- worms  is  an  agreeable 
and  interesting  pursuit  for  young  persons  ;  it 
has  now  become  so  popular  in  this  country  that 
it  is  hardly  necessary  to  recommend  it  even  as 
a  source  of  profit. 

There  are  several  species  of  larvae  or  cater 
pillars,  besides  silkworms,  whbh  produce  a 
sort  of  silk.  The  web  of  the  spider  is  very 
similar  to  silk,  and  it  is  said  that  a  few  pair  of 
stockings,  and  the  substance  upon  which  a  pic- 
ture was  painted  have  been  made  of  the  webs 
of  a  particular  k  ind  of  insect.  But  it  is  scarce- 
ly to  bo  hoped  that  the  labors  of  the  spider, 
or  any  of  the  different  species  of  larva?,  will 
ever  be  so  valuable  to  mar:  as  that  of  the  silk 
worm. 

The  egg  of  the  silk  worm  is  nearly  round, 
and  in  size  rather  less  than  a  mustard  seed1 — 
When  first  laid,  it  is  of  a  light  yellow,  but  it 
soon  changes  to  an  asft  colour.  Abont  the 
latter  end  of  April,  the  eggs  are  strewed  or 
placed  on  paper,  where  they  were  laid  by  the 
moth,  which  should  be  put  where  the  wind 
cannot  blow  them  away,  but  so  the  sun  ma 


50 


THE  GENESEE' FARMER 


FebT19,  1831 


shine  uj)on  them.  A  cliiimber  window  that 
fronts  the  south,  is  best  lor  this  pnrpose.  It 
is  advisable  to  cover  the  papers  with  a  bit  of 
gauze  ;  and  especial  care  should  be  taken  that 
they  arc  secure  from  birds  and  cats.  Having 
thus  placed  the  egns  in  a  proper  situation, 
leave  them  until  tney  begin  to  natch,  and  as 
the  young  worms  or  larva:  are  warmed  into  ex- 
istence, remove  them  to  the  place  you  design 
to  feed  them,  leaving  the  unhatched  eggs  un- 
disturbed. 

The  larvae  or  caterpillar,  when  it  is  first 
hatched,  is  of  a  dark  hue,  but  when  full  grown, 
its  colour  is  a  croamy  white  ;  it  has  a  small  cir- 
cle on  each  side,  at  every  joint — and  two  half 
circles  on  its  back  ;  its  fret  are  six  in  number, 
threo  being  placed  on  each  side  near  its  head  ; 
it  has  also  ten  holders,  eight  in  the  middle  of 
the  body,  and  two  at  the  tail.  While  it  re- 
mains in  tho  caterpillar  state,  or  rather  from 
the  time  it  is  hatched,  until  it  begins  to  spin, 
tbc  silk  worm  has  four  sicknesses ;  during  each 
of  these,  which  lasts  about  three  days, the  worm 
quits  its  food,  grows  thicker  and  shorter,  and 
at  length  casts  its  skin. 

As  soon  as  the  worms  begin  to  come  out  of 
their  egijs.  you  must  procure  some  young  mul- 
berry leaves,  and  if  they  are  not  to  be  had  iin- 
media'ely,  lettuce  leaves,  which  place  in  the 
receivers,  and  as  the  young  worms  are  hatch- 
ed, place  them  to  feed  upon  the  leaves.  At 
this  early  stage  of  their  existence,  the  silk- 
worras  are  so  small  and  tender  that  thev  ought 


to  be  taken  from  tho  hatching  papers  to  the  re- 
ceiver on  the   point  of  a   feather, 
hair  pencil 


Although  lettuce-leaves  maybe  used  for  the 
first  three  >r  four  day;-,  mulberry-leaves,  the 
natural  food  for  silk-worms,  must  be  procured 
as  soon  as  possible,  and  for  the  first  week  of 
their  lives,  they  ought,  in  fact,  to  be  led  on  no- 
thing else.  The  receivers  or  trays  should  be 
cleaned  out  every  morning;  and  while  little, 
the  worms  should  be  removed  with  care,  by 
means  of  a  hair  or  feather.  When  they  are 
about  one  third  grown,  it  is  as  well  to  put  new 
leavei  into  the  trays  on  the  top  of  the  stale 
ones,  the  worms  will  soon  leave  tho  latter  for 
the  former,  and  then  you  may  take  the  leaves 
and  worms  together  out  into  clean  trays. — 
When  the  worms  are  large,  you  can  lift  them 
from  one  tray  to  another  in  your  finger  ,  ta- 
king care  not  to  squeeze  them.  Until  they  ar- 
rive at  their  first  sickness,  it  will  be  quite  suffi- 
cient to  afford  them  leaves  once  a  day  ;  thence, 
until  their  thirJ,  they  shuuld  be  fed  twice  a 
day,  increasing  the  quantity  of  leaves  at  each 
time  ot  feeding,  according  to  their  growth; 
and  from  their  third  to  their  fourth  sickness, 
they  should  be  fed  three  times,  and  if  it  is  ve- 
ry warm  weather,  four  times  a  day;  and  after 
the  fourth  sickness  is  past,  the  worms  should 
have  as  many  leaves  as  they  can  eat.  They 
will  consume  more  food  during  the  few  days 
that  succeed  their  last  sickness,  than  in  the 
whole  of  the  previous  part  of  their  lives.  In 
all  cases,  the  leaves  should  be  dry  and  fresh 
as  possible.  If  they  have  been  closely  pack- 
ed, they  should  he  dryed. 

If  the  Weather  he  not  unseasonable,  the 
■worms  should  have  plenty  of  air,  especially 
after  they  have  got  over  their  last  sickness. 

They  must  be  frequently  cleansed  too,  as 
they  make  much  dirt  ;  their  trays  should  he 
more  commodious,  and  also  deeper  than  those 
usod  for  the  worms  when  smaller ;  otherwise 
they  may  crawl  out  and  be  destroyed.  At  the 
end  of  forty  or  furty-five  days  from  the  time 
of  their  being  hatched,  they  begin  to  change 
to,a  clear  transparent  pin'*  or  flesh  cilour  par- 
ticularly on  their  taiK:  soon  after,  they  grow 
restless,  and  refuse  their  food.  When  these 
symptoms  are  perceived,  it  is  time  fur  you  ij 
prepare'for  their  spinning. 

THE    COCOON. 

As  soon  as  the  indications  mentioned  in  the 
last  paragraph  are  perceived,  roll  up  small 
square  pieces  of  paper,  corner-wise,  and  pin 
'.tiem  to  a  tape  stretched  across  the  wall  of  a 


oom.  and  with  the  pointed  end  downward. — 
When  a  worm  has  altogether  quit  its  food,  place 
it  in  one  of  these  little  work-shops,  as  they 
may  with  great  propriety  be  called,  for  in  these 
the  worm  spins  its  silk.  It  disposes  of  its 
web  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  a  cavity 
within;  this  is  called  the  cocoon;  and  here 
the  worm  again  casts  its  skin,  and  changes  its 
appearance  altogether,  becoming  short,  iluck, 
anil  enclosed  in  a  hardish,  dark-brown,  shining 
case.  It  is  now  called  an  aurelia,  chrysalis, 
or  nympha.  It  should  be  left  undisturbed  in 
its  labours,  until,  by  gently  shaking  the  co- 
coon at  the  ear,  the  aurelia  may  be  heard  rat- 
tling within.  It  is  then  pruuer  to  wind  off  the 
silk. 

WINDING. 

Were  the  cocoon  to  be  left  for  about  twen- 
ty days  after  the  caterpillar  has  become  an  au- 
relia, it  would  effect  another  change  in  its  ap- 
pearance, and  become  a  moth,  and  eat  its  way 
out  of  the  cocoon.  This,  however,  must  noi 
be  suffered,  if  the  silk  is  to  be  preserved.  The 
loose  outward  silk  is  to  be  removed,  and  the 
cocoon  should  then  be  placed  in  warm  water, 
in  order  that  its  end  may  more  readily  be  f  jund, 
and  also  that  the  silk  may  be  more  easily 
wound  off.  A  common  card  is  often  used  for 
this  purpose,  but  those  who  have  large  stocks, 
wind  the  silk  off,  joining  second  threads  to- 
gether, by  meaas  of  little  reels.  In  those  pla- 
ces where  the  silk  is  wound  off  for  the  purpose 
of  commerce,  a  certaiu  number  iinly  of  the 
cocoons  are  preserved  for  the  purpose  of  pro 
ducing  ag!(s,  and  laid  aside.  The  others  are 
placed  in  boiling  water,  and  the  nympha  thus 
killed.  The  silk  varies  from  white  to  reddish 
yellow,  but  the  lightest  cocoons  are  the  most 
esteemed. 

THE    MOTII — LATINO. 

All  the  silk  being  wound  off,  the  aurelia,  or 
grub,  must  be  placed  in  a  l-ttle  bran,  juet  under 
the  surface  ;  in  this  situation  it  will  effect  its 
change  as  soon  as  if  left  in  the  cocoon.  As 
soon  as  the  moths  have  emerged  from  their 
shell,  place  them  together,  in  paper  trays,'  sim 
ilar  to  those  in  which  they  were  fed.  (-'over 
the  bottom  of  the  trajs  wilh  clean  white  pa 
per,  for  the  mollis  to  lay  on.  The  male  nyui 
iha  are  much  smaller  than  the  female,  and  are 
in  general  about  one  half  their  weight.  Their 
existence  in  the  moth  state  is  but  brief;  the 
female  lays  her  eggs  soon  after  she  assumes  her 
wings,  and  dies  a  day  or  Iwo  after;  the  male 
frequently  drops  off  before  the  female  has 
finished  laying.  The  moths  eat  noihing  ;  they 
flutter  about  with  their  wings,  but  do  not  fly  ; 
and  are  by  ,10  means  admirable  for  their  exter- 
nal appearance,  being  ordinary  in  shape,  and 
almost  entirely  of  a  pale  yellow,  or  mealy  co- 
lor. The  eggs  should  be  put  away  in  a  draw- 
er, or  other  secure  dry  place,  upon  the  papers 
on  which  they  are  laid,  for  nse,  in  the  follow- 
ing spring. 

When  silk-worms  are  bred  to  a  large  ex- 
tent, the  females  are  placed  to  lay  on  a  coarse 
cloth,  and  when  the  eggs  have  acquired  an  ash 
colour,  the  cloth  is  immersed  in  fresh  water, 
which  dissolves  the  mucilage  that  makes  the 
eggs  adhere  ;  they  am  then  collected,  proper- 
ly dried,  and  carefully  preserved  for  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Particular  care  should  be  taken 
that  the  trays  for  laying  be  not  only  out  of 
reach  of  cats  and  birds,  but  that  hey  be  not 
placed  near, cobwebs,  lest  the  moths  should 
crawl  out,  and  become  a  prey  to  the  spider. 


doubt  in  my  mind  but  that  the  Carolina  Potato 
will  succeed,  and  may  yet  become  a  staple  cu- 
linary article  for  domestic  use,  and  lor  market, 
and  even  forexportation  to  the  eastern  counties 

I  have  tried  several  times  to  keep  the  sweet 
potato  purchased  111  New  York,  over  winter: 
but  have  not  been  able  to  sneced.  Ill  one  case 
I  took  a  common  glass  box,  clean  soarse  sand 
well  dried,  and  with  an  aliernate  layer  of  sand 
and  roots,  filled  it  stratum  super  stratum,  till  it 
was  full,  closed  it  weli,  and  put  it  in  an  inner 
cellar  which  was  of  brick  with  a  good  plank 
floor,  and  which  was  warm  and  dry;  in  the 
spring  my  box  was  not  half  lull, and  my  potatoes 
all  gone — vanished  into  "  air,  thin  air,"  and 
nothing  left  but  wet  sand,  and  a  very  thin  skin 
like  dead  leaves. 

I  once  asked  a  Virginia  skipper  who  war 
selling  the  ariicle  in  INew  York,  how  they 
managed  to  keep  tlieio  over  the  winter.  Why 
said  he,  "  I  reckon  it  is  tho  easiest  thing  in  nit- 
lur,  you  must  first  dig  a  big  hole  in  a  sanri 
bank,  then  tote  your  taturs  in  a  cart  and  dump 
them  in,  cover  'em  with  pine  skadou>s,  and  so 
heap  up  the  sand  on  the  top,  and  I  Tcclion  you 
will  have  no  trouble."        . 

1  am  this  winter  trying  tho  experiment,  but 
am  told  it  will  not  succeed,  hut  why,  I  am  una- 
ble to  divine,  if  the  doctrine  broached  bv 
some  of  your  correspondents,  be  true,  that 
seeds,  tree*,  and  amphibious  animals,  will  lie 
buried  for  centuries,  if  they  are  below  the- 
reach  of  heat,  light,  and  air,  without  loosing 
their  vital  energies. 

I  remember  of  seeing  in  two  or  three  instan- 
ces, sweet  potatoes  selling  m  the  Rochester 
market,  which  were  the  growih  of  the  neigli- 
boriiood  ;  ami  I  am  told  thai  a  Mr.  Miller,  wiio 
lives  on  the  Ridge  Hand  has  made  quite  a  con- 
siderable and  profitable  ijusmess  of  it.  If  he 
or  any  of  your  readers  should  be  able  to  eluci- 
date this  uubjeutjby  their  own  experience, they 
would  perhaps  perform  ihat  benefit  to  their 
fellow  citizens,  which  is  said  to  exceed  all  the- 
abstruse  and  Hypothetical  speculations  of  mo- 
dem philosophy,  viz — '•  muke  one  blade  of  gran 
grow  where  none  gicw  before."     DICECIA.* 


FOR    THE    QENKSEE    FARM1.R. 

SWEET  POTATOES. 
Messrs.   Editors— Your  correspondent,  II. 

G.  S..  in  your  last  paper,  has  given  very  plain, 
easj  ,  and  intelligible  directions  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  sweet  potato  Now  if  be  would 
inform  us  how  we  arc  lo  preserve  the  tubers 
through  the  winter  for  seod,  he  would  com- 
plete  the  object  of  his  intentions,  and  render 
1  great  benefit  to  this  region  of  country,  which 
from  the  ease  and  safely  with  which  the  peach. 
Grape,  almond,  &s.  is  propagated,  leaves  no 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

HT  Can  H.  G.  8.  or  any  of  the  readers  of 
the  Genesee  Farmer,  inform  me  where  the 
slips  of  the  sweet  potato  can  be  had  in  this 
section  of  country  ?  I  have  long  been  of  the 
opinion  that  they  might  be  cultivated  here, 
but  hitherto  have  no',  been  able  to  procure 
seed.  O.  W. 

FOR   THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 

How  beneficent  has  been  the  author  of  na- 
ture, in  supplying  the  necessary  wants  of  man, 
in  great  abundance.  Water  which  is  of  the 
first  necessity,  is  every  whereto  to  be  met 
.vith — Iron,  which  is  the  most  valuable  of  any 
of  the  metals,  is  found  in  every  clime — Sail 
so  necessary  to  the  comfort  of  man  and  beast, 
is  disseminated  throughout  the  globe. 

The  following  extract  is  taken  from  a  work  , 
written  by  Dr.  Van  Rensselaer,  of  New  Y'ork, 
and  published  in  1^24,  and  now  copied  rron> 
an  English  Journal.  O.  W. 

OS    THE    USK     OF    SALT    IS    AGRICULTURE    AND 
MANUFACTURES. 

Sal  ammoniac,  or  muriate  of  of  ammonia,  is 
made  in  abundance  from  common  salt.  The 
manufacture  of  this  article  was  abandoned  in 
England  in  consequence  ofthe  heavy  duly  of  301. 
pr  ton  being  laid  on  salt.  In  consequence, how- 
ever,of  bittern, from  the  salt  works, being  allow- 
ed in  Scotland  for  the  manufacture, the  price  has 
been  redured  nearly  one  half.  In  the  maim- 
factures  of  glass,  salt  is  largely  employed:  so- 
da, which  is  procured  from  common  salt,  is  u- 
sed  for  plate  glass  ;  potash  for  llint  glass  ;   and 

CO u.ii  salt,  with    kelp,  for  crown  glass.     I11 

England,  the  heary  duty  on  salt,  is  almost  a 
prohibition  to  its  use  for  those  purposes. — 
Oxvmuriate  of  lime,  and  other  oxyiBtiriatia 
sails,  employed  in  bleaching,  are  made  from 
salt,  and  consume  a  large  quantity  of  it  in  the 
111  in  ufceture.     Spirit  of  salt,  or  muriatic  acid 


Vol.  I.— No.  7. 


ANI>  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


requires  largo  quantities  of  salt ;  at  least  JOOU 
tons  arc  used  fur  this  purpose,  in  England,  ev 
ory  year,  notwithstanding  the  enormous  duty. 
It  is  used  in  a  variety  of  processes,  in  dyeing 
and  calico  printing  Glauber's  salt  is  made 
Irani  what  remains  in  tbo  stills  after  the  distil- 
ation  of  muriatic  acid.  This  residuum  was 
formerly  thrown  away,  until  a  person  employ- 
ed it  in  making  Glauber's  salts,  when  a  duty 
of  £30  per  tun  was  laid  on  the  article  manu- 
factured, since,  however,  remitted.  Epsoro 
salts  are  produced  from  salt,  or  the  evapora- 
tion of  salt  water.  The  brine,  which  yields 
llil)  tuns  of  salt,  gives  from  4  to  5  tons  of  this 
valuable  article.  Dr.  Henry,  the  celebrated 
chemist  of  Manchester,  has  discovered  a  pro- 
cess of  prep  ring  it  from  raragoesian  limestone, 
and  has  reduced  .the  price  of  it  one  halt.  It 
can  be  made  still  cheaper  from  sea  water,  for 
the  employment  of  which,  a  iluty  is  laid.— 
Magnesia  is  made  from  sail  brine,  or  sea  wa- 
ter. The  English  duties  are  so  high  as  to  ren- 
der it  probable,  that  both  this  and  the  preen- 
*ling  article  will  in  future  be  obtained  by  Hen- 
ry's process,  in  magnesian  limestone.  Crystaii- 
zed  soda  is  alsi  nude  from  common  salt  ; 
and  if  the  latter,  or  sea-water  could  be  obtain- 
ed free  of  duty,  in  England,  it  would  super- 
cede the  importation  of  American  or  Russian 
pot  or  pearl  ashes,  and  10,000  tons  would  bo 
used  annually,  several  hundred  in  washing  a- 
lone.  Barylla,  of  an  excellent  quality,  is  made 
from  salt.  Iu  the  manufacture  of  hard  soap, 
salt  is  a  necessary  ingredient.  Corrosive  sub 
limate  is  made  from  salt.  Patent  yellow  is 
also  prepared  from  common  salt.  In  the  fish 
eries,  in  salting  provision  for  the  sea  service, 
and  for  exportation,  salt  is  largely  employed. 
Butchers,  morocco  dressers,  and  shinners,  em- 
ploy it  in  large  quantities.  Farmers  use  great 
quantities  in  making  butter  and  cheese,  and  for 
steeping  wheat  lo  prevent  smut, 
v  Salt  is  likewise  empluyed  by  iron  founders, 
in  mo'.alic  cements,  and  in  rendering  bar  iron 
very  malleable.  It  is  used  by  white-smiths 
and  cutlers,  in  case-hardening,  in  tempering 
files,  and  some  other  edge-tools,  mixed  with 
other  substances,  for  reducing  meulic  ores, 
assaying  minerals,  and  tendering  metals  fusi- 
ble by  the  refiners  of  silver,  and  to  prevent  the 
oxidizement  of  some  metals.  It  is  used  to 
moderate  the  flam  ■  el'  combustible  bodies  ; 
and  is  extensively  employed  by  the  philosoph- 
ical and  manufacturing  chemists,  and  by  the 
druggists,  for  a  variety  of  pharmaceutical  pur- 
poses. Iu  Horticulture,  salt  is  much  used, 
particularly  in  England,  where  its  merits  are 
better  appreciated,  than  with  us.  It  prevents 
"thi j  depredations  of  insects  on  fruit  trees,  and 
when  properly  applied  protects  them  from  the 
honey-dew.  Persons  ambitious  of  having  good 
cider  orchards,  should  dig  a  small  treuch  a  few 
yards  from  each  tree,  and  place  within  it  a  few 
pounds  of  salt,  which  by  the  rains  is  gradually 
conveyed  to  tiie  roots,  and  produces  most  de- 
sirable effects. 


FOB    THE    GENESEE     FABMEIt. 

POTATO-ONIONS. 

These  onions  should  be  sot  in  rich  ground, 
ploughed  shallow,  as  early  as  the  spiing  sea- 
son ivill  admit,  in  rows  from  ten  to  twelve  in- 
ches apart,  and  large  onions  set  about  nine  in 
dies  apart,  in  the  rows;  each  onion  will  pro- 
duce from  three  to  six  large  onions,  and  a  clus- 
ter of  small  ones,  (from  eight  to  tweivo  in 
number)  resembling  the  top-onion  seed  in  ap- 
pearance, excepting  their  location  being  at  the 
bottom  of  the  stocks,  instead  of  the  top.— 
The  small  onions  should  be  set  in  the  same 
manner  as  top-onion  sets,  in  every  respect, 
and  will  produce  about  the  same  quantity  ol 
onions.  The  stalk  produces  no  seed  ol  any 
kind  on  the  top,  ihe  increase  being  from  the 
bottom,  from  which  peculiarity  it  derives  its 
name.  I  commonly  set  them  in  the  ground 
about  the  0th  of  April,  and  between  the  10th 
and  '20th  of  Jane  plant  cucumbers  for  pickling, 
between  the  rows, and  before  the  vines  spread. 


the  onions    will  be    fully  ripe,    and  should  be 
pulled,  which  will  be  from  the  25lh  of  June  to 
the  5th  of  July,  which  is  about  six  weeks  ear- 
lier than  I  can  have  top  onions  ri;,o. 
PtnfiM,  Feb.  8th.  1831.        Si  tiARRER. 


S£Z.£OTION:-3. 


mb.  Sedgwick's  address. 

We  have  received  from  the  amiable  author, 
and  have  rend  with  great  pleasure,  an  Address 
delivered  before  the  Berkshire  Agricultural 
Society,  Oct.  7,  1830,  by  Theodore  Sedgwick, 
President  of  the  Society.  It  bears  throughout 
,he  impress  of  his  mind,  anu  everv  sentence 
exhibits  a  picture  of  the  philanthropy  of  his 
heart.  We  have  annexed  a  few  disjointed  pa 
ragraphs,  in  which  every  reader  will  perceive 
the  outpourings  of  the  enthusiasm  and  kind 
feeli'ig  which  hive  characterized  the  man  in 
every  stage  of  his  life. — BoH.  Cour. 

"The  history  of  trade  and  manufactures 
shows  how  arts  are  must  valuable  to  mankind  ; 
what  kind  of  artizans  are  most  likely  to  pros- 
per; and  in  a  joung  country  the  kind  of  new 
business  to  be  set  on  foot  is  well  worthy  the 
attention  of  all  those  who  are  to  enter  into  it, 
1:  has  been  observed  in  France,  that  the  com- 
mon laborers  in  gold,  embroidery  and  lace  are 
ab  olu'ely  covered  with  rags.  Prudent  me- 
chanics, in  trades  that  are  indispensable,  flour- 
ish of  course.  In  Paris,  botchers  and  bakers 
are  great  owners  of  rea]  esfite.  and  the  same 
is  true,  to  a  good  exient,  in  New  York  and 
Boston.  Peoile  who  deal  in  articles  of  mere 
fashion  and  luxury  lead  a  life  of  miserable  un- 
certainty and  hazard  every  where.  At  one 
time  a  mere  change  in  fashion,  from  shoe  buck- 
les to  shoe  ribbons,  became  a  severe  blow  to 
Birmingham. 

"  In  one  way  alone  can  the  world  advance, 
and  that  is  by  economy,  by  saving,  by  increas- 
ing its  property.  Let  a  man  be  ever  so  rich, 
there  is  no  use  in  scattering  money  as  foots 
scatter  it.  There  can  never  be  too  much  abun- 
dance in  the  world,  never  too  many  good 
things.  A  man  may  be  a  miser,  and  then  lie  is 
poor  creature.  But  as  to  hoarding  bis  money 
in  the  usual  seme,  ho  cannot  do  it.  Provi- 
dence has  provided  against  the  folly  of  man  in 
this  respect,  unless  be  be  quite  an  idiot,  and 
buries  gold  and  silver.  Even  then,  he  can  do 
but  little  harm,  for  gold  and  silver  make  up  but 
a  very  small  portion  of  the  wealth  of  the  world  : 
which  generally  cannot  be  buried.  For  what 
is  it  ?  Wo  have  seen  that  it  is  not  gold  and 
silver  alone.  What  is  it  then?  Notes  and 
bonds?  These  are  but  the  evidence  of  wealth: 
they  are  mortgages,  given  by  those  who  have, 
in  fact  bought  or  borrowed  ships,  bouses, 
lands,  catile,  &c.  It  is  plain,  then,  that  if 
these  things  make  up  property  they  ean  never 
be  hoarded.  While  the  rich  man  is  indulgin_ 
in  selfishness,  these,  his  beneficent  agents,  are 
e\er  at  work,  or  applied  to  some  use.  So  far, 
therefore  from  us  being  the  interest  of  the 
public,  or  the  poor,  that  me  rich  man  should 
spend  his  money  in  any  sort  ef  extravagance, 
it  is  equdly  their  interest  that  he  should  be  a 
laborer  willi  Ins  mind,  or  his  hands — thereby 
increasing  the  general  fund,  and  enlarging  that 
capital,  bv  means  of  which  alone  the  laboring 
portion  of  the  community  are,  or  can  be  em- 
ploved,  or  even  exist.  All  unnecessary  con 
sumption  of  property,  by  either  rich  or  poor,  is 
a  dead  loss  to  the  whole.  There  is  so  much 
less  lo  pay  for  roads,  schools,  houses,  taxes, 
food  and  drink. 

"  It  is  observed  by  foreigners,  that  we  are  a 
profuse  people.  They  are  most  familiar  with 
our  cities,  and  there  observe  our  extravagance 
in  equipage,  dress,  and  at  our  tables.  They 
are  astonished  by  this  profusion  and  do  not 
understand  ii.  In  Europe,  people  of  the  same 
relative  fori unes,  would  be  frightened  at  the 
thought  of  living  as  we  live.  And  that  we  live 
like--  a  wise  people  nobody  can  contend. — 
Take  city  and  country  togethor,  was  ever  so 
much  bankruptcy  heard  ol"  to  au.y  couhtry  :  and 


for  what?  Elsewhere  men  fail  because  they 
have  lost  a  house,  or  a  ship,  or  been  unfortu- 
nate in  some  other  way.  Here,  four  out  of 
five  "fail  for  their  expenses."  It  maybe  tho'l 
that  a  public  speaker,  in  a  plain,  economical 
state  of  society,  is  pushed  hard  for  a  topic, 
when  he  thinks  fit  to  warn  his  neighbors  a- 
amst  extravagance.  Simple  and  economical 
as  we  have  been  allowed  to  be,  it  is  certain 
that  New  England  can  r.ever  prosper  when  out- 
people  have  ceased  to  possess  this  charade-. 
Besides,  there  is  no  use  in  mincing  the  matter. 
Things  are  out  of  proportion  through  the  whole 
country,  Our  children  begin  with  a  degree  of 
expense,  with  which  we  with  large  families 
end.  Their  dress,  houses  and  furniture  must 
be  the  same  with  ours:  and  this  too  in  a  coun- 
try, in  which  the  partihihty  of  estates  require 
a  constant  struggle  to  enable  families  to  main- 
tain their  ground.  We  ail  strive  in  the  most 
servile  (and  may  I  not  say  vulgar  I)  manner  to 
be  alike,  and  to  appear  one  as  well  as  another. 
The  exterior,  what  is  visible,  indicates  little  or 
nothing  as  to  the  wealth  of  people.  The  mid- 
dle cla-ses  follow  hard  upon  the  heels  of  the 
rich,  and  are  as  much  held  in  slavery  by  tho 
fashion,  as  if  there  was  3  chain  about  their 
necks.  The  young  men  and  women  who  are 
just  entering  life,  the  day  laborers,  and  the 
poor,  following  of  course  so  high  an  example, 
catch  the  contagion;  and  the  litter,  especially, 
become  sensual,  vain,  and  expensive,  run  into 
crime,  and  end  in  the  State  Prison. 

"  Travellers  say,  that  there  is  not  a  useless 
vegetable,  or  even  weed,  in  all  China.  A  dead 
nettle  is  converted  into  cloth — paper  is  made 
from  the  straw  of  rice — the  cup  ol  the  acorn 
dies  black — the  leaves  of  a  certain  description 
of  ash  answer,  in  part,  the  purposes  of  the 
mulberry,  for  the  silk  worm.  In  this  way,  the 
occupations  of  people  are  infinitely  diversified. 
For  instance,  in  every  village  as  large  as  Pifts- 
field,  and  perhaps  smaller  there  ought  to  be 
regular  gardening,  as  an  occupation.  In  this 
way,  the  Mechanic  ge's  better  fruit  and  veget- 
ables, and  for  a  less  price.  It  is  the  natural  ad- 
vantage of  the  division  of  labor.  In  living  6o 
much  as  our  neighboring  people  do  upon 
beef,  pork,  and  potatoes,  they  consult  neither 
healih  nor  economy.  They  do  not  seem  to 
understand  that  animal  food  is  by  far  the 
dearest." 

The  Potato — The  ■•  Genesee  Farmer,' 
says,  "  never  feed  potatoes  to  slock,  without 
first  boiling  or  steaming,  as  this  increases  their 
nutritive  qualities, "  This  is  true,  as  well  of 
potatoes  as  of  every  other  vegetable  ;  an  im- 
portant caution,  however,  should  be  added, 
that  the  water  m  which  potatoes  are  boiled, 
should  be  carefully  drained  off.  and  not  mixed 
with  the   food  of  any  animal,  as  it  contains  u 

ry  deleterious  matter,  which  is  extracted 
from  the  potato  by  boiling. — Western  Tiller, 


GREVIIXE   S  CHINA  ROSE. 

Perhaps  among  all  the  astonishing  produc- 
tions of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  there, is  not 
one  mure  remarkable  than  a  Rose  recently  in- 
troduced into  Europe  and  this  country  from 
China,  and  thus  described  in  Loudon's  Gar- 
dener's Magazine,  published  nt  London  : — 
;'  Rosa  Grevilln  or  Greville's  China  Rose — 
The  shoot  of  this  Rn>e  grew  eighteen  feet  in 
a  few  weeks,  and  is  the  most  singular  of  the 
Rose  tribe  that  ever  come  under  my  observa-. 
tion.  It  now  covers  about  100  feet  square 
with  more  than  100  trusses  of  flowers — some 
of  these  have  more  than  50  buds  in  a  cluster, 
and  the  whole  will  average  about  30  in  a  truss  ; 
so  that  the  amount  of  flower  buds  is  little  less 
than  3000  But  the  must  astonishing  curiosity 
is  the  variety  of  colors  produced  on  the  buds  a 
first  opening — white,  light  blush,  deeper  blush, 
light  red,  darker  red,  scarlet  and  purple,  all  on 
the  same  clusters.  This  Rose  grows  io  the 
manner  of  the  Multiflora,  but  is  easily  known 
by  the  leaf,  which  is  much  larger  and  more  ru- 
gore  than  the  common  Multiflora. "—Am.  FV 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Feb.  19  1831, 


THH    GENBSBE  FARMER 


SATURDAY.  FEB.  13,  1831 


DIFFERENT  BREEDS  OF  CATTLE. 

Much  has  been  written  respecting  the  differ- 
ent breeds  of  cattle, as  to  the  nett  profit  attend 
ing  the  rearing  of  one  kind  more  than  another. 
This  is  a  subject  in  which  we  can  never  arrive 
at  any  mathematical  demonstration.  We  are 
therefore  left  to  consult  circumstances.  The 
points  of  excellence  which  would  be  most  de- 
sirable in  one  instance,  might  not  be  so  in  an- 
other. Thus  a  farmer  who  is  wishing  to  raise 
oxen  for  working,  will  prefer  those  that  are 
quick  in  their  motions,  are  good  walkers,  car- 
ry their  heads  well  up,  and  are  of  good  size; 
and  it  is  found  that  those  oxen  will  draw  most 
hat  are  heavy  in  the  fore  quarters,  as  when 
drawing,  the  body  acts  as  a  lever,  the  hind 
legs  serving  as  a  fulcrum,  and  being  heavy  for- 
ward, places  the  power  nearer  the  end  of  the 
lever,  where  it  acts  with  greater  force.  But 
the  farmer  who  is  raising  cattle  for  beef,  has 
different  objects  in  view.  His  leading  one  is, 
how  can  he  realize  the  most  money  for  the 
least  expense,  all  things  consideied.  Here  the 
calculations  become  more  complicated.  First, 
local  circumstances  must  be  consulted — next, 
whether  it  is  more  profitable  to  turn  off  an  an- 
imal at  less  age  and  weight,  or  to  increase  the 
age  and  weight  by  long  keeping.  As  regards 
these  points,  nothing  but  local  circumstances 
can  decide  ;  but  there  is  great  differenoe  in 
breeds,  as  to  early  maturity,  or  as  the  express- 
ion is,  "  for  fattening  young."  Some  breeds 
are  much  more  disposed  to  take  on  fat  when 
young  than  others, although  they  may  be  small- 
er in  size  ;  this  quality  renders  the  flesh  more 
valuable.  Under  some  circumstances,  it  is  an 
object  to  increase  the  size  of  the  animal,  but 
in  all  cases  where  fattening  is  the  object,  it  is 
important  to  have  the  flesh  well  proportioned, 
or  to  lie  most  in  that  part  which  commands  the 
greatest  price.  On  this  account,  the  butchers 
always  seleot  those  animals  which  are  heavy 
in  the  hind  quarters.  This  is  also  the  choice 
of  dairymen,  as  it  is  generally  the  case  that 
cows  with  small  heads  and  neol;s,and  light  fore 
quarters,  are  the  best  for  milk.  All  these 
points  considered,  we  would  introduce  to  no- 
nce, three  different  breeds  of  animals. 

First — For  working  oxen,  we  do  not  know 
of  any  that  are  equal  to  the  Devonshire  breed. 
They  are  of  a  deep  red  colour,  rather  inclining 
to  dun  color  rouud  the  eyes  and  nose,  horns  of 
<i  good  length,  and  bending  upward,  strait  on 
the  back,  with  small  tails,  which  are  set  hijjh, 
heads  elevated,  eyes  quick,  their  flesh  firm  and 
fine,  and  are  highly  valued  in  the  English  mar- 
kets. Most  of  our  deep  red  cattle  in  the  state 
ol  New  York,  take  their  characteristics  from 
this  breed. 

Second — For  early  maturity,  the  long  horned 
Lancashire  breed  are  preferred  for  the  London 
markets.  This  breed  is  particularly  distin- 
guished by  tho  length  of  their  horns,  which 
generally  incline  downwards.  Their  colour 
alwms  more  or  less  mixed  with  white.  They 
have  large  necks  and  heavy  fore  quarters, which 
is  their  greatest  failing,  short  legs,  large  hoofs, 
thick  firm  hides,  hair  short,  close  and  fine,  and 
the  Smithfield  butchers  say  they  give  greater 
weight  according  to  size  than  any  other  cattle. 
Was  it  not  for  the  length  and.  direction  of  their 


horns,  thev  would  be  well  calculated  for  ihi 
yoke,  but  this  will  prevent  the  use  of  the  full 
bloods  for  that  purpose.  The  number  of  these 
cattle  in  the  Smithfield  market,  is  greater  than 
any  other. 

The  sltort-korned,  or  as  they  are  more  gener- 
ally called  in  this  country,  the  Hotdcrness,  pre- 
sent more  valuable  points,  all  things  consider- 
ed, than  any  other  breed  known.  This  is  an 
improvement  upon  the  Leceister  breed,  and 
such  has  been  the  success  of  different  breed 
ers  in  perfecting  them  that  they  have  become 
more  celebrated  than  any  other  in  Europe  or 
America,  The  colour  of  this  breed  is  almost 
universally  dark  red,  or  chesnut  colour,  and 
white,  the  colors  being  in  patches,  and  distinct; 
any  variation  from  this,  in  colour,  would  be 
looked  upon  as  indicating  impurity  of  blood. 
They  have  small  head:,  small  strait  necks, 
short  horns,  much  curved,  rather  drooping  than 
otherwise,  of  a  semi-transparent  color.extend- 
ing  quite  to  the  tips, and  black  tips  are  also  con- 
sidered a  proof  of  degeneracy,  or  a  variation 
from  the  pure  breed.  They  are  light  in  the 
fore  quarters,  long  on  the  back,  broad  on  the 
loin,  and  hind  quarters  full  and  heavy,  and  of 
the  finest  proportion.  Their  skin  is  thin,  the 
hair  fine  and  short,  and  very  glossy.  Their 
legs  are  short,  and  their  motions  slow,  indica- 
ting a  quiet  disposition — the  eye  is  small  and 
pleasant.  Tho  flesh  is  equal  to  any  in  point  of 
fineness  and  flavour,  and  they  are  said  from 
their  quiet  disposition,  to  fatten  easy.  They 
are  undoubtedly  the  greatest  milkers  known, 
for  which  reason  they  are  held  in  great  esti- 
mation by  dairymen  about  London  ;  and  Mr. 
Rhodes,  of  Islington,  who  keeps  about  from 
six  to  eight  hundred  cows,  informed  us  that 
they  excel!  all  others  in  quantity,  and  said  he 
had  some  cows  that  averaged  twenty-four 
quarts  of  milk  per  day, through  the  year  :  he 
also  stated  that  he  had  some  that  had  been 
milked   three   yoars  without  having  calves. 

We  roost  sincerely  recommend  to  farmers 
and  graziers,  to  turn  their  attention  to  this 
breed,  for  this  section  of  country,  in  prefer- 
ence to  all  others ;  and  they  have  become  so 
numerous  in  the  neighborhoods  of  Philadel- 
phia and  Boston,  that  they  may  be  obtained 
at  very  fair  prices. 


PRINCEJS  POMOLOGICAL  MA5JTJAL,. 

Wo  are  looking  with  great  anxiety  for  the 
publication  of  this  work,  now  in  press, which 
is  a  treatise  on  all  the  stone  and  seed  fruits, 
which  are  growing  in  this  country.  From  the 
known  ability,  and  great  experience  of  the  au- 
thor, in  whose  family  Horticulture  and  Flori- 
culture has  become  almost  an  horeditary  sci- 
ence, we  anticipate  a  great  addition  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  qualities,  babits,  and  capa- 
bilities of  the  different  varieties,  suited  to  the 

diversified  climate  of  oar  country,  as  well   as 
settling    and   arranging   the   nomenclature,  or 

{proper   names  of  fruit,   which  in   many  parts 
have  got  iDto  soch  inexplicable  confusion  that 

j  every  grower  b  is  a  cognomeu  of  his  own. 

The  cause  of  this  complaint  obtains  particu- 
larly in  this  region  of  country,  where  every- 
thing is  new  and  of  recent  dute,  aud  experi- 
ence and  comparison  have  not  yet  had  a  chance 
of  exertion.  With  us,  every  apple  that  ij  red 
U  a  SpiUenbersb,  or  a  signijider.  and  every 
thing  green  a  greening,  and  every  thing  yellow 


a  pippin,  and  every  early  peach  is  a  Rase-Ripe, 
a  name  which  to  us  conveys  any  thing  but 
what  is  intended. 

The  taste,  shape,  flavor  and  colour  of  the 
fruit  of  all  good  varieties  with  which  we  are 
acquainted,  are  to  strongly  marked,  and  dis- 
tinctly characterized,  as  when  once  known, 
cannot  easily  be  confounded  with  any  others  j 
it  is  therefore  in  consequence  of  the  impor 
tance  which  we  attach  to  this  forth-coming 
work,  as  a  text  bock  of  acknowledged  high 
authority,  to  settle  at  once  all  disputos,  and 
as  a  reference  for  tho  young  or  inexperien- 
ced, that  we  shall  hail  with  great  satisfaction 
its  appearance. 

We  hope  that  in  all  those  cases  where 
shape  is  the  boldest,  and  most  apparent  crite- 
rion, that  they  will  be  accompanied  with  cuts 
after  the  manner  of  Coxe,  and  we  have  no 
doubt  but  that  the  demand  for  the  work  wil' 
warrant  tho  expense. 

GEOLOGY. 

THE  VALLEV  OF  THE  OENESIE. 

We  have  given  in  oor  preceding  numbers 
quotations  from  the  Pioughboy,  on  this  sub- 
ject :  we  will  now  take  a  geological  view  ot 
the  valley  of  the  Genesee  from  Lake  Ontario, 
to  the  head  waters  of  this  river.  First,  wc 
shall  make  somo  digressions  by  way  of  the 
ory,  after  which  we  shall  confine  ourselves 
to  the  productions  of  different  formations  as 
to  soil;  &c.  We  will  commence  with  the 
first  rock  of  the  socondarv  formation,  the  mUl- 
stone  grit  of  some  geologists,  and  the  second 
grayxoackc  of  others.  This  rock  is  generally 
composed  of  •elecious  particles;  some  speei 
mens  are  coarse  and  conglomerate,  cemented 
together  by  carbonate  of  lime,  others  are  more 
sandy.  In  most  places  it  is  hard  and  impervi 
ous  to  the  water. 

This  rock,  in  all  probability,  forms  the  bot 
torn  of  the  most  part  of  Lake  Ontario.  Next 
above  this  is  the  salifeTOUs,oi  salt  bearing  rock; 
this  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Lake 
and  is  in  sight  much  of  the  way  from  Oswego 
to  the  Niagara  river.  The  color  of  this  rock 
varies  Irotn  an  ash  color  to  a  brick  red,  which 
latter  prevails,  interspersed  with  spots  of  a 
bluish  gray,  the  colors  not  blending,  but  dis- 
tinct— these  spots  distinguish  it  in  detached, 
pieces.  It  is  rather  soft  and  porous  than  oth 
erwise.  It  is  in  this  rock  that  most  of  the 
mines  of  rook  salt  known,  are  found, and  from  it 
issue  most  of  the  salt  springs  ;  and  it  is  into  this 
that  miners  bore  to  procure  salt  water.  Geol- 
ogists &  Chemists  are  not  exactly  agreed  as  to 
the  cause  of  salt  in  this  rock.  One  class  con- 
tend that  when  this  <trata  was  deposited  from 
water,  the  water  was  very  salt,  a  quantity  of 
which  was  retained  in  the  rock  as  in  a  sponge, 
which  is  not  entirely  drained  out.  On  the  o 
ther  hand  they  contend  that  soda  which  is  the 
base  of  salt,  is  a  component  part  of  the  rock, 
and  that  muriatic  acid  is  furnished  by  the  su- 
perincumbent strata,  and  a3  it  percolates  thro1 
this  rock  unites  with  the  soda,  forming  the  mu- 
riate of  soda  or  oommon  salt. 

So  fir  as  we  have  examined  the  localities  of 
salt  mines  or  springs,  they  are  situated  at  the 
lower  end  of  long  inclined  planes,  where  the 
rock  has  a  descent  for  a  long  distance,  and 
I  when  this  inclination  is  interrupted  by  a  change 
n  the  descent,  either  by  a  discontinuation  o;' 


Vol.  1.— No.  7. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


53 


the  formation,  oi  by  a  sudden  rise.  When  ihe 
formation  is  discontinued,  or  has  been  carried 
off  by  water,  leaving  an  out-cropping  of  the 
rocks,  salt  springs  frequency  appear,  but  beds 
af  rock  salt  are  generally  found  where  there  is 
a  sudden  alteration  of  the  descending  strata, 
forming  there'by  a  vast  reservoir,  for  the  drain- 
<ngs  of  the  descending  formation, into  which  the 
salt  water  collects,  and  graduates  itself  by  the 
lighter  particles  passing  off  by  capiliary  at- 
traction, until  the  remainder  becomes  suffi- 
ciently strong  for  crystalization.  Taking  this 
theory  as  correct  we  have  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  great  basin  now  occupied  by 
Lake  Ontario,  was  once  filled  with  rock  salt. 
The  saliferous  rock  has  a  descent  t6ward  the 
lake  for  nearly  one  hundred  miles,  of  from  five 
fo  seven  feet  per  mile,  with  few  exceptions. — 
On  the  north  side  of  the  lake,  this  regular  de 
scent  is  interrupted  by  a  vast  continued  chain 
of  basaltic  rock,  running  east  and  west,  which 
appears  to  have  been  flung  up  by  some  subter 
raneous  convulsion,  forming  a  barrier,  or  vast 
basin  in  the  saliferous  rock  by  the  sudden  al 
teration  or  elevation  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  strata.  If  this  theory  is  not  correct,  how 
are  we  to  account  for  the  disappearance  of 
such  a  vast  quantity  of  rock  which  lay  below 
the  outlet  of  the  Lake  ? 

It  is  through  this  saliferous  rock  that  the 
Qene9ee  river  has  cut  its  way  up  to  the  first 
falls,  or  a  distance  of  about  four  miles.  In 
many  places  the  rock  is  in  view,  forming  per- 
pendicular banks,  or  nearly  so,  of  from  forty 
to  eighty  feet. 

The  soil,  when  formed  from  the  decomposi- 
tion of  this  rock,  is  sandy,  with  a  rusty  iron 
color,  loose,  and  rather  barren.  Much  of  the 
southern  shore  has  this  for  the  superincum- 
bent or  upper  rock,  but  it  is  genorally  cover- 
ed to  considerable  depth  with  surf  or  beach 
sand,  which  was  thrown  mto  bars  before  the 
reoeding  of  the  waters.  Of  this  description  are 
the  oak  lands  of  this  district.  The  water  is- 
suing from  those  hills  of  sand  is  very  pure  and 
good,  and  although  the  width  of  this  glade  is 
not  sufficient  for  forming  any  large  streams, 
yet  those  formed  by  the  springs  from  these 
hills  are  stocked  with  trout,  which  is  a  proof 
oC  their  purity.  On  the  lop  of  the  saliferous 
formation,  is  a  layer  of  from  four  to  ten  feet 
in  thickness,  of  a  bluish  gray  colour,  usually 
denominated  the  gray-band.  Although  this 
seems  lo  be  a  part  of  the  saliferous  formation, 
yet  the  components  seem  to  be  a  little  different, 
3s  it  contains  a  small  quantity  of  allumme, 
Where  this  forms  a  soil  by  d^cnmposition,  it  is 
very  hard  and  barren,  but  we  do  not  recollect 
to  have  seen  it  to  any  great  extent.  This  for- 
mation oan  be  examined  at  the  lower  falls  at 
Carthage,  the  gray  hand  forming  the  floor  of 
die  river,  over  the  red  or  saliferous  rock  ;  for 
although  the  red  rock  is  much  harder  out  of 
water,  the  gray-band  is  tho  hardest  while  it 
remains  under  water,  as  it  soon  falls  to  pieces 
when  axposed  to  the  air. 


CUTTING  TIMBER. 

Febryary  is  Qndoubtcdly  the  best  month  in 
the  year  for  cutting  sucb  timber  as  we  wish  to 
have  durable.  We  would  therefore  recommend 
>t  to  farmers,  to  cut  their  timber  for  rails  and 
other  purposes,  before  the  frost  is  out  of  it,  or 
(he  sap  begins  to  circulate.     The  less  sap  tim- 


ber has  in  it  when  cut,  the  longer  it  will  last 
other  circumstances  being  equal.  When  trees 
are  felled,  it  is  undoubtedly  bettor  to  let  them 
remain  until  spring,  at  full  length,  that  the 
bark  may  be  the  more  easily  peeled  off,  which 
is  a  verv  important  'lung,  when  the  timber  is 
to  be  used  for  rails,  which  should  be  split  as 
soon  as  the  bark  will  come  off,  that  they  may 
have  the  benefit  of  seasoning  during  the  sum- 
mer. If  farmers  will  attend  to  this  they  will 
find  their  rails  will  be  worth  fifty  per  cent 
more  than  when  cut  after  the  sap  begins  to 
rise.  

FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

TO  CATCH  FISH. 

Messrs.  Editors — I  have  an  old  receipt 
book,  which  says,  "  To  cook  u  dolphin,  catch 
him  first,  eye."  Now,  Sirs,  in  a  late  paper, 
you  gave  a  very  clever  and  convenient  way  of 
conveying  live  fish  from  one  place  to  another 
even,  I  have  no  doubt,  to  great  distances,  and 
with  perfect  safety,  in  cold  weather.  But 
Sirs,  you  forgot  lo  tell  us  how  we  were  to 
catch  them.  1  have  a  small  artificial  fish-pond, 
to  stock,  which  I  have  several  times  tried  and 
failed,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  keeping  them 
alive  after  catching  in  warm  weather,  or  du- 
ring the  season  they  are  usually  caught;  there- 
fore you  will  confer  an  obligation  on  me  by  the 
information,  how  I  can  procure  Trout,  Bass, 
Mullet,  &c.  at  the  season  whan  snow  or  ice 
can  be  obtained  to  keep  them  in  a  torpid  state 
so  that  they  can  be  removed. 

Fdi.  1,  1831.  A  Subscriber. 

In  answer  to  A  Subscriber,  as  to  the  best  sea 
son  and  method  of  catohing  fish,  for  stocking 
ponds,  we  reply  : 

The  month  of  March  we  consider  the  bent 
season  for  doing  it  in  this  latitude, — and  the 
kinds  of  fish  that  are  most  generally  taken  for 
that  purpose,  are  Trout,  Bass.Perch,  Pike  and 
Pickerel.  These  kinds  are  readily  taken  with 
a  hook,  baited  with  tho  large  white  grubs, 
which  are  found  in  old  decaying  logs,  or  with 
small  fish,  which  may  be  found  about  large 
springs,  at  this  season  of  the  year.  Having 
ascertained  where  any  of  the  above  named 
fish  pass  the  winter,  the  fisherman  should  pro- 
vide himself  with  such  a  number  of  lines  and 
hook!<  as  be  shall  think  proper,  and  as  we  do 
not  exactly  agree  with  Doctor  Franklin,  in  his 
definition  of  a  fishing  pole,*  it  may  be  omitted 
altogether.  When  the  fisherman  has  arrived 
at  the  place  where  he  intends  catching,  he 
should  proceed  to  cut  holes  through  the  ice, 
towards  which  the  fish  will  approach,  allured 
by  the  light.  His  lines  should  be  wound  upon 
the  thin  ends  of  pieces  of  shingles,  about  3 
inches  wide,  having  holes  cut  through  the  cen- 
tre of  them,  about  one.inch  diameter,  through 
which  rods  of  sufficient  length  to  reach  across 
the  holc9  cot  through  the  ice  should  be  put, 
and  of  sufficient  strength  to  hold  any  fish  that 
may  take  the  hook.  Having  all  things  thus 
arranged,  let  the  hooks  be  baited  and  let  into 
the  water,  unwinding  so  much  of  the  line  as 
will  allow  the  hook  to  sink  to  the  required 
depth,  then  place  tho  rod  across  the  hole,  and 
allow  the  thick  end  of  the  shingle  to  rest  upon 
the  ice,  with  the  other  on  which  the  line  is 
wound,  directly  over  the  water. 

The  advantage  of  this  method  is,  that  one 
man  may  atleud  to  a  great  number  of  hooks, 
for  when  a  fish  has  taken  the  bait, and  attempts 
to  go  off  with  it,    a  little  force  upon  the  line 


raises  ihe  thick  end  of  the  elm  gle  in  the  air, 
which  may  be  seen  at  a  distance,  and  the  de- 
pression of  the  thin  end  allows  the  line  to  un- 
wind, so  that  no  alarming  resistance  is  offered 
to  the  fish.  It  should  be  remembered  that  fish 
biie  at  ihe  bait  more  readily  when  the  weather 
is  becoming  warmer,  than  when  it  is  stationa- 
ry, or  growing  colder.  There  may  be  better 
methods  than  the  above,  for  taking  fish  at  this 
season,  but  they  have  not  come  within  our  ob- 
servation. We  will  mention  one  which  we 
have  seen  practiced  in  taking'the  salmon  trout, 
on  the  north  side  of  lake  Ontario.  A  hole  is 
cut  through  the  ice,  over  which  a  close  tent  is 
made  with  blankets,  within  which  the  fisher- 
man seats  himself  with  a  lamp  and  spear.  The 
hght  of  the  lamp  in  the  water  allures  the  trout, 
which  approach  the  hole  and  are  speared  by 
the  fisherman. 


SHEEP. 

We  cannot  refrain  from  reminding  our  bro- 
ther farmers  again,  of  the  importance  of  giving 
close  attention  to  their  sheep  at  this  season. — 
It  often  happens  that  a  few  ewes  yean  about 
this  time  ;  most  of  the  lambs  die,  because  the 
dam  has  not  milk  enough  to  support  them.  If 
the  farmer  will  take  Ihe  trouble  to  feed  his 
sheep  with  moist  food,  instead  of  keeping 
them  altogether  on  dry  hay,  he  will  find  very 
little  difficulty  in  raising  early  lambs,  which 
will  hring  him  a  greater  price  than  later  ones. 
A  few  turnips,  carrots,  or  boiled  potatoes, 
with  a  little  oat  or  corn  meal,  given  daily,  will 
be  of  great  advantage  to  your  flock,  both  in 
regard  to  the  lambs  and  wool. 


*  A  po'e,  With  a  ettirtg  aj  one  end  aod  a  Cool  at  tile  o- 
tfier. 


TERMINOLOGY. 

Cicatrict — the  mark  or  scar,  from  whence  a 
leaf  has  fallen,  or  from  the  healing  of  any 
wound. 

Culm—  the  stems  of  grain,  grass,  Indian 
corn,  &c.  when  dry. 

Drupe — the  thick  hard  covering  of  a  seed, 
nut,  or  stone,  as-in  the  cherry,  walnut,  &e. 

Exotic — plants  not  found  in  a  wild  state,  but 
which  are  introduced  from  abroad. 

Indigenous— plants  growing  naturally  and  o- 
riginally  in  a  country. 

Peduncle — a  stem  bearing  flowers  and  froit. 

Raceme — stems  arranged  along  the  side  o> 
a  general  peduncle.as  the  grape,  currant,  &c. 

Glands — a  roundish  appendage  situated  on 
leaves,  stems,  &c,  which  serve  for  transpira- 
tion and  secretion. 

Graviina — the  family  of  grasses. 

Hybrid — a  mule — a  vegetable  produced  by  a 
mixture  of  two  different  species. 

To  the  F.diiorBof  the  Genesee  Farmer: 

As  your  paper  is  read  by  many  of  the  scien- 
tific men  of  our  country,  I  would  be  glad  tp 
have  you  give  the  following  publicity  is  hopes 
that  it  may  lead  to  some  experiments  that  may 
be  useful.  As  X  was  travelling  on  a  piece  ot> 
new  road,  a  few  years  since,  I  notieed  a  phe- 
nomeneu  which  was  beyond  my  eompreheri- 
sion-  The  road  that  I  travelled  was  over  . 
tract  of  land  which  was  that  kind  which  we 
call  clay  soil.  On  this  read  there  had  been 
some  repairs  made,  by  filling  up  several  boles 
with  green  hemlock  boughs,  oyer  which  some 
soil  had  been  thrown.  There  was  little  travel 
on  this  road,  and  I  noticed  the  water  in  one 


of  thes*.  holes  was  of  a  deep  green  culour 
which  appeared  to  have  been  extracted  from 
the  leaves  of  ihe  hemlock,  and  perfectly  in 
solution.  In  another  I  discovered  the  c<  lour 
ing  matter  upon  the  bottom,  while  the  water 
was  clear  above.  This  precipitate  I  examin- 
ed carefully;  it  had  much  the  appearance  of  in 
digo,  and  the  quantity  was  such  as  to  cover  the 
surface  of  the  ground  beneath  tho  water 

Quere— Couid  not  indigo  be  prepared   from 
the  green  leaves  of  hemlock  7  R.  K. 

Ontario,  Feb.  10.  1S31 


THE  ECLIPSE. 

With  a  view  to  combat,  and  ;f  possible  cor- 
roct  a  vulgar  error,  founded  solely  upon  pre- 
sumption, concerning  the  temperature  of  the 
weather  during  eclipses  of  the  sun,  we  deter- 
mine I  to  ascertain  the  facts — whether  any  va- 
riatii  n  occurs — how  great  that  variation  be- the 
mean  temperature  of  the  day — and  also  during 
the  obscuration--and  to  compare  the  mean  tem- 
perature of  tills  day  with  the  preceding  and 
following  days,  that  the  community  may  judge 
for  themselves. 

The  Thermometer  suspended  on  the  north 
side  of  the  house,  exposed  freely  to  the  then 
prevailing  north-west  wind,  which  on  the  12th 
blew  in  gusts  of  moderate  force,  and  was  oc- 
casionally accompanied  with  snow,  gave  the 
following  indications. 
Temp.ofthe.lltb 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 

The  temperature  at  the  greatest  obscuration 
was  22  deg.  or  m  jre  than  two  degrees  higher 
than  at  one  time  of  the  eclipse.  The  varia- 
tions were  too  slight  (but  about  four  degrees) 
to  be  attributed  to  the  interception  of  the  sun's 
rays,  for  these  were  shut  out  by  clouds  (with 
a  trilling  e\ception)  for  the  whole  day. 

Before  2  o'clock,  however,  the  sun  was  ob- 
scurely visible  through  tho  flyinz  clouds,  for  a 
f  •  w  short  intervals,  when  about  one  twelfth  of 
his  disk  was  still  eclipsed. 

The  appearance  of  our  atmosphere  at  the 
greatest  obscuration,  resembled  the  coming  on 
of  :wilight.  The  azure  hue,  with  all  the  soft- 
ness of  evening  continued  about  three  quarters 
of  an  hour  and  disappeared.  *  *  * 


=3=  If  I 
2l2S 


Temp  of  the  12th  I  ITernp.  of  Ihe  !3tb 

•ia  3  i-*~Zr"li~  1-3 


;|-  5 


Feb.  19,  1S31. 

beans  are  given  to  sheep,  during  the  win- 
ter, in  small  quantity,  the  I  a  r : .  b  >  will  be  strong. 
and  the  trouble  of  nursing  saved." — New  Eng- 
land Farmer. 


■  - 1 2  £     S  '  i     1     c  I  ~  £     S 
30  I  21  |25.5|M    i  23  I  12  |I7,5U»!|  16  \     3  19,5 

Thus  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  temperature 
did  diminish  on  the  12th,  from  a  mean  of  25,5 
to  17,5,  which  may  be  altributed  to  a  chance 
in  the  direction  of  tho  wind,  from  west  ti 
north-west,  which  in  this  place  is  sure  to  in 
crease  thecal, I.  Moreover,  on  the  13th, the  day 
after  the  eclipse,  owing  1 1  a  continuance  of 
the  north  west  wind,  a  depression,  equal  to 
that  of  the  12th  occurred,  viz — from  a  mean  of 
17,5  to  9.5.  or  8  dg.  colder.  During  the  month 
of  January,  a  change  of  daily  temperature  or 
14  deg.  occurred,  and  this  was  submitted  to 
■without  a  declaration  of  hostilities  ,ig  unst  the 
heavenly  bodies  ;  also  between  the  3d  and  4th 
of  this  present  month,  a  depression  of  14  deg. 
was  experienced,  and  was  hardly  the  subject 
of  remark. 

Doubtless  many  far  greater  changes  have 
been  witnessed  in  our  climate,  that  no  one 
Thought  attributablo  to  conjunctions  of  the 
planets. 

The  following  is  a  five   minutes' register  of 
;be  temperature  for  two  hours,  during  the  oh 
fcuration  of  the  12th. 


Time. 
10  o'clock    0  111 
10      do      3«  ra 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

,1,, 

do 

do 

do 


4r>  in 

02  in 

•57  m 

2  111 

7  111 

12  ra 

17 

22  m 

27 

32 

37  m 

4! 

47  m 

52  m 

57  m 


1  m 


Temp'ture. 

3B  desr  0  in 
22  do  Dm 
22  do  0  111 
22  do  0  in 
22  do  0  11; 
02  do  (I  m 
22  do  0  m 
22  do  5  in 
22  do  3  m 

22  do   I  1" 

23  do  5  m 
23  do  H  m 
23  do  0  111 

21  do  9  111 

22  do  0  m 
21  do  5  in 
21  do  2  m 
21  do  fi  m 
21  do  5  m 


Time. 


ITemp'tre, 


12  o'clock  13  in  22  deg  0  n> 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 

BUD- 


I7n 


21  do  7  m 


■Jam 

t27m 

3  I  in 

37  m 
4-  iu 
47  in 
S3  in 
57„, 


21  ,.  9  is 

22  do  0  m 
-1)  do  2  m 
20  do  2  111 
20  do  0  m 

19  do  8  o 

20  do  5  in 
10  do  5  in 
20  do  5  in 
20  do  5  m 

13  m|20  do  5  m 

30  01 1 22  do  II  in 

0  m  21  Co  0  ni 

')  iii'M  do  n  ni 

22  Jo  0  m 


10  o'cl'k  evAo'gll2  do  0  ni 


Beginning  of  the  eclipse.    I  Greatest  obscuration. 


FARMER  S  WORK  FOR  FEBRUARY. 

Take  this  leisure  time  to  select  and  pur- 
chase such  noat  cattle,  sheep,  pigs,  seed  com. 
>eed  wheat,  potatoes  for  planting.  &c,  as  will 
he  likely  to  prove  most  valuable  on  your  farru,' 
laving  in  mind  the  following  maxim,  viz — 
Choose  those  animals  or  vegetables  to  propa- 
gate from,  that  possess  the  qualities  you  wish 
might  be  possessed  by  their  offspring  in  the 
greatest  perfection.  Our  farmers  are  too  apt 
to  sell  off  their  best  stock  to  the  butchers,  and 
keep  the  poorest  to  breed  from;  and  to  gath- 
er 1  heir  seeds  from  vegetables,  which  were  re- 
served for  thai  purpose  because  they  were  too 
worthless  forthe  harvest. 

Dress  out  hemp  and  flux,  and  see  that  your 
spinning  wheels  come  somewhat  nearer  to 
perpetual  motion  then  some  machines  which 
have  been  invented  for  that  purpose.  For  ev- 
ery centeaved  in  domestic  manufactures,  vou 
gain  at  lesst  three  cents.  One  cent  you  Jain 
by  the  greater  durability  of  tho  home-spun  ar- 
ticle; one  cent  you  save  ofcashnoj  paid  for 
the  purchase  ;  and  one  cent,  or  perhaps  count- 
less cents, by  bringing  up  your  family  to  habit* 
of  thrift  and  industry. 

Look  well  to  your  sheep.  If  you  wish  for 
fine  healthy  lambs,  you  will  take  good  care  of 
lite  ewes.  *'  For  a  lew  days  or  weeks  before 
yeanmg  time,  they  should  be  generously  fed. 
Some  juicy  food  which  they  are  fond  of  should 
be  given  them,  such  as  turnips,  potatoes,  »&o. 
ihat  they  may  have  more  milk  for  their  lambs  : 
for  it  is  the  opinion  of  careful  observers,  that 
want  of  milk  is  tho  cause  of  the  dying  of  so 
many  lambs,  in  the  first  stages  of  their  exist- 
ence."* It  has  been  recommended  to  »ive 
ewes  about  half  a  gill  of  Indian  corn  a  dav, 
ach,  till  they  have  produced  their  young,  in 
order  to  give  them  strength  ;  and  while  6uck 
ling,  good  roots  of  some  other  juicy  tood. — 
The  Farmer's  Manual  says,  "  If  you  have  sto- 
red more  turnips  than  are  sufficient  for  the  use 
>f  the  table,  give  them  to  any  slock  that  will 
eat  them,  except  your  shoep  ;  give  to  tliem  po- 
tatoes, but  not  turnips  at  this  season  ;  they 
will  injuro  ihe  lambs.  Weak  lambs  should  be 
treated  in  all  respects  as  if  they  had  been 
drowned,  and  you  would  r. 'store  ihem  10 
life.  Apply  gentle  and  tegular  warmth  ;  give 
warm  milk  frequently  In  small  quantities,  (the 
milk  of  the  sheep  is  best,)  and  if  the  ewe  has 
sufficient  for  its  support,  you  may  generally 
raise  them,  bin  if  not  ihey  generally  die.  It 
is  more  work  to  nurse  one  such  hmb  for  24 
hours  than  to  feed  regularly  100  sheep  for  the 
same  tune.  If  your  rlock  bo  large,  the  weath- 
ers should  be  kept  by  themselves.  They  do 
not  require  so  good  koeping  as  ewes  and  young 
sheep."  The  Farmer's  Guide  says.  ••  ll'lamhs 
(ire  weak,  it  is  necossary  to  givo  thorn,  the 
first  day  or  two,  a  email  quantity  of  cow's 
milk,  warm,  three  or  four  limes  in  the  day  ;  if 
it  is  cold  weather,  the  cup  containing  the  milk 
should  stand  in  another  vessel  that  is  partly  fil- 
led with  warm  waler.  Should  the  lamb  be  chill- 
ed,rub  his  legs  with  tow, and  let  awarm  cloth  be, 
put  round  it.     But  if  corn,  barloy,  oats  or  white 


•  Dean's  New-England  Farmer. 

0 

POTATO    CHEESE. 

In  Thuringia  and  part  of  Saxony,  a  kind  of 
potato  cheese  is  made,  which  is  very  much 
sought  after.  The  following  is  the  recipe  : — 
Select  good  white  potatoes,  boil  them,  and 
when  cold,  peel  and  reduce  them  to  a  pulp  with 
a  rasp  or  mortar ;  to  five  pounds  of  this  pulp, 
which  must  be  very  uniform  and  homogene- 
ous, add  1  pint  of  sour  milk,  and  the  requisite 
portion  of  salt;  knead  the  whole  well,  cover 
,t,  and  lei  jt  remain  three  or  four  days,  accord- 
ing to  the  season:  then  knead  it  afresh,  and 
place  the  cheeses  in  small  baskets,  when 
they  will  part  with  their  superfluous  moisture  ; 
dry  them  in  the  shade,  and  place  them  in  lay- 
ers, in  large  pois  or  kegs,  where  they  may  re- 
main a  fortnight.  The  older  they  are  the  fi- 
ner "hey  become. — Sil.  Jour. 


NEWS  OF  THE   WEEK. 


JAMES    MONROE. 

The  bill  for  the  adjustment  and  payment  of 
the  claims  of  James  Monroe  was  taken  np  in 
ihe  Senr.te,  on  the  8th  inst.  read  a  socond  time, 
and  reforred  to  a  select  committee,  consisting 
of  Mr.  Hayne,  Mr  Frelinghuvsen,  Mr.  San- 
f.ud,  Mr.  Bell,  and  Mr.  Iredelf 

INCREASED    COLLECTIONS    AT   NEW    VORK. 

The  duties  on  imports  lor  the  third  quarter 
M  this  port,  amount  10  §4,781.128  33.  The 
whole  amount  shows  an  excess,  compared  with 
last  year,  of  half  a  million  of  dollars. 

COM      CREIGHTON. 

The  evidence  for  and  against  Com.  Creigh. 
j  ton,  closed  on  the  9lh  inst.  His  defence  was 
to  have  been  read  before  tbe'eourt  on  Monday 
last. 

NEW  ENGLAND  AND  NEW  YORK. 

The  population  of  Net,  England  entire  3- 
mounts  to  1,949,882;  lhat  of  JNew  York  to 
jjahout  l,934,C0O.  being  a  difference  of  onlv 
15,000,  or  oue  (bird  of  the  number  required 
to  entitle  to  a  single  represiotalire — yet  New- 
Eogland  has  51  members  of  Congress,  and 
New  York  bnl  36  — JV.  Y.  Eve.  Jour. 

NEW    POST   OFFICE 

A  post  office  has  been  recently  established 
in  the  west  part  of  the  town  of  Rush,  in  this 
county,  called  West  Rush,  Lmanuel  C..se,Esu. 
P    M. 

SALT   DLTV. 

■  Tbe  bill  reported  by  the  Commillee  on 
Manufactures  in  Congress,  to  fix  the  duly  on 
Salt  15  cents  a  bushel,  was  on  Saturday  !n> 
laid  upon  the  table  by  a  vote  of  145  to  41. 

CINCINNATI 

An  account  is  published  of  tbe  immense 
building  at  Cincinnati  during  the  last  year, 
The  wnole  number  of  brick  buildings  erected 
was  287 — the  iviiole  number  of  wooden  build- 
ingsltil — tolal  448  ;  which  estimate  does  not 
include  stables,  workshops,  nor  buildings  re- 
moved 10  new  locations. 

It  is  supposed  the  amount  of  specie  now 
lying  in  the  vaults  of  Ihe  Atlantic  Banks  is 
nearly  thirty  millions  oj  dollars.  The  United 
Stales  Bank  and  branches  have  about  1 1 
millions. 

The  London  Common  Council  have  unani- 
mously resolved  to  erase  the  inscription  011 
London  monument,  which  charges  the  great 
fire  in  London  in  the  year  ltJOO,  to  have  boon 
maliciously  caused  by  the  Roman  Catholics. -- 
The  Rpoeohos  made  on  the  occasion  reflect 
hack  great  honour  upon  the  speakers.  A  Liv- 
erpool paper  speaking  of  this  says,  the  inscrip- 
tion is  generally  believed  to  be  an  historic*' 
falsehood.  ^ 


Vol.    1.— No.  7. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


LONG     ISLAND    SOUND    CLOSED 

On  the  10th  inst.  the  Sound  wus  frozen  over 
from  Throw's  Neck  to  Long  Island— tho  ice 
beinj;  solid  and  several  feet  thick.  The  ice  is 
anid  to  be  more  firm  than  it  his  bnen  for  thu 
iast  30  years — it  has  not  been  entirely  frozen 
over  for  seven  years  past. 

LOSS  OF  LIVES. 

The  Louisiana  Advertiser  of  the  1  Stli  ult, 
says  :— "  The  launch  of  the  ship  Pearl. arrived 
at  this  port  on  Sunday  last,  was  lost  in  cross- 
ing the  bar  of  Tampico,  on  board  of  which  were 
tho  mate,  three  seamen,  and  twenty^tu'o  pas- 
sengers, all  of  whom  perished." 

LIGHT    POSTAGE. 

The  following  extrnct  fpom  a  letter,  lately 
recoived  by  the  editors  of  the  National  Intelli- 
fjencer,  from  a  subscriber  in  Santa' Fe,  in  Mex 
ICO,  gives  one  a  lively  idea  of  the  interest  feit 
in  news  from  home  by  those  who  are  "  far 
away." 

"  The  postage  on  twenty  two  of  your  papers, 
received  this  mail,  amounted  to  fifteen  dollars 
and  a  half.being  $2  50  for  each  Amerioan  here 
The  speech  of  Mr.  Drayton, at  Charleston,  was 
worth  the  money." 

NEW    COINAGE. 

The  U.  S.  Mint  has,  just  issued  a  quantity  of 
25  cent-pieces  of  a  new  coinage,  which  are 
said  to  be  very  handsome 

THE    CENSUS. 

JV'cw  Orleans. — The  Census  of  New  Orleans 
gives  that  city  near  50,000  inhabitants  Con- 
siderably more  than  half  of  the  number  are 
blacks. 

Maryland  — Free  white  persons 291, 093, col- 
ored persons,  slaves  and  free,  155,820,  total 
440,913 

Baltimore. — Tho  returns  of  the  Census  show 
the  population  of  Baltimore  to  be  80,626,  of 
which  4,123  are  slaves, and  14,788  free  colored 
people. 

PRINTER    TO    THE     SENATE. 

Duff  Green  was  re-elected  printer  to  the 
Senate  on  Wednesday.  On  the  first  two  bnl 
lotings,  the  numbers  were,  Green  22,  Gale  & 
Seaton  22,  scattering  3.  On  the  3d  bahot,  the 
numbers  stood— Green  23,  Giiles  &  Seaion  22. 
scatering  2.  On  the  4,h  ballot  the  vote  stood 
—Green  24.  Gales  4-  Seaton  22— Blair  1. 

THE    GRAND  DUKE. 

A  late  London  paper  ubserves  :— "  Araotig 
the  more  personal  causes  always  mixed  p  with 
public  ones,  which  led  to  the  mover,  -nts  in 
Toland,  we  may  mention  the  crueltj  of  the 
Grand  Duke  to  a  poor  woman  who  slo><d  in  the 
way  of  his  troops  last  year,  whom  he  beat  with 
his  own  hands  !  This  brutailily,  one  of  many, 
sunk  deep  in  the  minds  of  the  people  of  War- 
saw. His  rudeness,  and  the  Emperor's  cold- 
ness to  the  senate  ttt  the  coronation,  together 
with  his  insisting  on  crowning  himself,  dis- 
gusted the  nobles — that  is,  the  whole  gentry." 

JEALOUSY. 

At  the  Justices' Court  in  Providence,  R.  1. 
Amasa  Cooke,  Jr.  was  examined  on  a  charge  of 
attacking,  Mr.  William  Moore,  and,  after  stri 
king  him  across  the  forehead  with  a  club,  stab 
bing  him  several  times  with  a  sharp  instru 
ment.  Cooke, who  it  appeared,  attacked  Moore 
in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  wss  bound  ever  in  the  sum 
of  $500  to  take  his  trial  before  the  Supreme 

Court.  A    NEW  MOVE. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Hail  Rond  Compa- 
ny have  reported  favorably  on  a  p'an  for  ex- 
tending the  rail  road  into  several  streets  of 
Baltimore,  the  rails  to  be  elevate.'  about  two 
inches  above  the  pavement.  On>-  track  only, 
for  the  present,  to  be  laid  down  in  each  street, 
which  will  leavo  15  fee'  on  each  side  for  car- 
riages. 

A    PRESIDENT  DEAD 

The  schooner  Ned  from  Rio  Salado  brings  in- 
formation that  Gen-  Lamar,  Ex  President  of 
Peru,  died  at  Cartoge,  Central  America,  on 
the  loth  November. 

Mr.  Grigg,  of  Philadelphia,  announces  for 
sale  the  second  series  of  Mrs.  Royall's  Black 
S.rok 


W<  find  the  following  paragraph  in  the  [New 
Vork  Courier  and  Inquirer  :— The  Store  and 
Lot,  No.  ',99  Pearl  street — the  Lot  18  feet  six 
inches  front  and  rear,  by  80  feet  in  depth,  was 
lately  sold  by  Mr.  John  B  Lawrence  to  Mr 
Amos  Palmer,  for  the  sum  of  $40,000,  proba 
bly  a  larger  sum,  than  any  piece  of  ground  fo 
the  same  dimensions  ever  sold  for  before,  of 
business  purposes 

RAISING   THE    WIND. 

A  man  in  Portsmouth,  Ohio, suffered  a  sound 
tooth  to  be  pulled,  which  he  sold  to  the  dentist 
for  50  cents.  With  tho  money  he  bought  rum 
and  made  himself  drunk. 

FIRE    AT    THE    PEAPATCH. 

On  Tuesday  night,  as  statod  in  the  Philadel 
phia  Chronicle  of  Friday  evening,  all  that  was 
combustible  of  Fort  Delaware,  upon  tho  Pea 
patch,  was  consumed  It  would  appear  that 
happily  no  lives  were  lost 

Tho  fire  is  said  to  have  been  causod  by  a 
stove  pipe,  passing  through  the  roof  of  Lieut. 
Tuttle's  quarters.  It  isadded  that  the  quar- 
ters of  the  soldiers  and  officers,  except,  those 
of  the  commander  and  the  engineers,  with 
much  clothing,  provision,  and  furniture,  have 
been  destroyed  ,  and  that  the  work  is  now  but 
the  skeleton  of  a  fortification.  The  public  loss 
is  estimated  at  $100,000. 

Some  kegs  of  powder  exploded,  and  the  re- 
port was  heard  at  Chester. 

The  following  is  derived  from  an  official  re- 
port made  to  major  general  Seott  : — 

On  the  evening  of  the  8th  inst  a  fire  broke 
out  at  Fort  Delaware,  from  some  unknown 
cause,  and  destroyed  the  wood  work  entirely 
of  the  Fort.  Tho  Quartermaster's  stores,  ord- 
nance stores,  and  provisions  belonging  to  the 
troop6,  were  consumed.  The  command  has 
been  removed  to  Delaware  city.  "  The  inluilw 
itants  of  which  (says  a  letter  rocelved  from  an 
ufficer)  displayed  a  generous  and  active  hospi- 
tality in  relieving  us  under  our  present  dis> 
tressing   situation." 

DEATH    OE    ElLIVAR. 

We  are  indebted  to  Captain  Roff,  o 
the  schooner  Charles,  from  Norfolk,  for 
■  he  Beacon  of  thai  place,  of  the  8th  inst. 
This  paper  contains  the  intelligence  of 
the  death  of  General  Simon  Bolivar, 
winch  is  copied  from  the  Kingston,  (Ja- 
maica) Ccurant  of  the  6lh  of  Januaiy. 
The  proclamation  of  this  event  is  pub- 
lished in  the  Courunt,  and  was  issued  hy 
Don  Juan  de  Francisco  de  Martin,  pre- 
lect  of  the  department,  and  is  addiessed 
to  the  citizens  of  Magdalena.  It  is  da- 
ted "Carthageua,  Dec.  21,  1830."— 
Bolivar  died  on  the  17th  of  thai  month, 
at  one  P.  M.  The  Norfolk  editor  pro- 
mises the  official  acc't  in  his  next  paper. 

We  learn  also  from  Capt.  Boff,  that 
Commodore  Sinclair  died  on  the  7tn 
inst.  and  was  buried  on  the  9th  with  the 
honors  of  war.  —  TCom.  Adv. 

"Schwartz,"  says  the  Annals  of  Education, 
•'  one  of  the  most  eminent  writers  on  educa- 
'ion  in  Germany,  observes,  in  his  History  of 
Education,  that  the  state  of  New  York  has  the 
greatest  number  at  children  in  its  schools,  in 
proportion  to  the  whole  population,  of  any 
country  he  has  found. " 

A  man  named  Lovejoy,  belonging  to  Flori- 
Jay,  Mont.  co.  was  frozen  to  death,  last  week, 
near  Schenectady. 

A  beggar  woman  pretending  to  be  blind 
difid  lately  in  London  leaving  the  enormous 
snm  of  $450,000 ! 

Prices  at  Brandy  wine  Mills,  Feb.  2: — 
Flour,  gG  38  j  Wheat,  white,  gl  23:  do  red, 
p  20;  Cora-old,  go  54;  Oats,  26  a  27. 


ROC  HESTER  PRICKS  -CURRENT. 

Feb   18,  1831. 


Ashes  per  2540  lbs 
Pot  ..   $91o9S  50 

Pearl  100nl02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       25o44 
Do  dried  75 

Bristles, comb'd  per  lb  20a3l 
Beeswax  do    18a20 

Butter  do     loot 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl  $Pa9 
Do  prime     do  5aT 

Do  fresh  per  lb  02ao3 
Barley  per  bushel  3?«44 
Beans        do  50a62 

Caudles,  mould  per  lb  9  els 
Bo  dipped  do  8  4I 
Do  sperm  do    28  ll 

Co'ro  per  bushel  44o50 

Cheese  per  lb  O4a05 

Clover  Seed  per  bash   $4  50 
flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb  07a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     7SaH7 
Fealherspei  lb  3l«3 

Furs— Otter  100a400 

Fox, red  50a7 


Miuli  12n31 

Raccoon  l£a31 

Martin  25a62 

Fisher  37a50' 

Wild  Cat  li-,,25 

GrnyFox  lenSS 

Crass  Seed  per  bush  62 

flops  per  lb  ISalS 

Honey  do  09 

I.ard     do  OCoO'i 

Mutton  do  02a03 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush     $3 

Oats  per  bush  £5 

Old  Pewter.  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches, drj'd  bush  tn0o200 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl     $1?gI3 


Fox, cross 


Do  prime 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Quills  |»er  100 
Rye  per  hush 
Rags  per  Ih 
Salt  per  bbl 
Tallow  per  lb 
Wheal  per  bush 


8aD 

O3<r04 

25a30 

50 

O3o04 
$1  -..' 
OOif'-. 
l03alC9 


100a20H;Ituclnvhoal  flour. ewi   SI  ' 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  Feb.  12, 1S31 . 


- 

Ther 

elg 

Barotnel'r 

Wi 

nds 

Wcatl 

er 

Q 

a 

a 

a 

•. 

>, 

js-5 

0  s 

O 

0 

0 

al  J 

s 

0 

£ 

0 

O 

u 

a 

2  S 

6 

10  2 

29,70 

29,74 

to 

IB 

1 

7 

13[10  29,70  29,60 

to 

to 

1 

8 

I81 10  29,55  29,53 

a 

to 

1 

9 

t;.  15  29,52 

29,50 

to     Ito 

1 

1 

10 

25]  16129,50 

29,38 

to      'to 

1 

1 

11 

34,25,29,30 

29,48 

10       1 V 

1 

IS 

23!  12 

29,62 

29,78 

n  to 

mo 

1 

Obsorvn'11- 


|]-2in-snovv 
XT  The  Barometrical  and  Thermomctrical  observa- 
tions arc  registered  at  10  o'clock  AM.  mid  P.  M., which 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  thi 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time- 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertise}-, 
BY   C.   W     LUNDAS. 


NEW  YOU  It. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
BrokenBanks.     Washing- 
ton &.  '.Varren,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, Mid 
die  Dist..  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co.. 
Flailsburgh,  anil  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
A!    banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks-     Farmers' 
b'uk  of  Bclchertowu,  Sutton, 
Berkshire,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

KHODE-ISLAND 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers' 

Exchange,  and  Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  bunks  in  this  stale,  par, 
except  the  fallowing 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
j  Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
New- Vork,  l>erby,and  I>er 
by  payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE- 
All  Irani- .-  in  this  state,  par 

MAINE. 
All  bankn  in  this  stain,  par. 
except  the  following 
Broken   Banks.     Castine, 
Wiscasset,  Hallow  ell  &.  Au- 
gusta, Kennebec,  and  Pas- 


TJ  The  above  table  ichen  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re 
fers  to  those  of  $o,and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation are  receivable 


samaqnoddv  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 

State  b'nk,  &  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  par. 
Ai;  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    SlIcib  & 
Phil.  Munul  .Co.,  Monmouth, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
N.Jersey  Manuf  &  Banking 
Co.  at  Hobokcu,  State  Bank 
i  Trenton,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  and  Jt-rtev  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,  par. 
\ II  other  banks,  2 per  cent. 
except  the  following 
Broken  BanJif.  Farmers' 
•^Mechanics'  oi >.Sa., Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greencat- 
tle,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington, UnioMoWn,  Agricul- 
tural, Sil  Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgb,  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co  new  envi- 
sion, and  Brown  vile  bonks. 

OHIO. 
A1J  banks.      '1  to  6  per  cejii, 

MICHIGAN. 

Alt  banks,  2 per  cent, 

except  the  ful.owiog 

Broken  Banks.    Monroe, 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  to  3  per  cent, 
except  the 
Upper  Caua.  at  Kingston  . 
and  Unchartered  banks. 


LAW    REPORT. 

The  Coshocton  (Ohio)  Spy,  of  a  late  date; 
contains  the  following  report  of  a  law  ease  in 
progress  before  tho  Common   Pieas  of  that  cc 

WAJ.LAC'K    V6     CAMELF. 

Messrs.  Wallace  and  Gamble, 
About  corn  have  a  scramble, 

One  of  many  unfortunate  job?, 
For  when  the  Zanesville  attorntj's. 
Shall  be  pttid  for  their  journeys. 

The  parties  may  pocket  the  cok^s. 


i»6 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


Feb.  19,  1831 


JOX8CSXXANBOT73. 


BES« 

The  Editor  of  the  Windsor,  Vt.  Chronicle, 
after  copy  iDg  Dr.  Smith's  article  on  bees  froi.. 
a  late  New  England  Farmer,  has  added  the 
following  remarks : 

Dr.  Smith  doubts  the  existence  of  the  quee>. 
bee.     Now  we  nerei  heard  a  bee  promulga- 
ting laws  or  appointing  subordinate  officer." 
Stc.  but  we  have  seen  what  may  perhaps  be 
wcrtb  telliog  of 

There  was  an  empty  hive  at  the  north  end 
of  the  bee  house,  inteuded  for  the  next  swarrn 
From  the  hive  next  south,  a  swarm  had  issu- 
ed, and  after  flying  about  for  a  while,  return 
ed.     The  reason  assigned  by  the  owner  was 
that  the  queen  was  unable  to  fly.     A  day  01 
two  after,  the  swarm  came  out  again  and  sooi. 
began  to  return  as  before.     It  occurred  to  u>. 
that  possibly   her  majesty,  in  att«mpting  to 
fly,  might  have  fallen  to  the  ground.     Step 
ping  in  front  of  the  hive,  we  saw,  six  or  eigh: 
feel  from  its  mouth,  some  twenty  bees,  flying 
about  a  tufi  of  grass;  and  on  drawing  nearer 
we  saw  perched  upon  a  blade  of  grass,  a  bee, 
about  as  long  as  a  drone,  but  much  moreslen 
der, — tbe  back  of  a  brighter  black,  and  the 
legs  redish, — evidently  neither  a  drone  nor  a 
working  bee.     A  stick  being  presented  to  this 
singular   insect,  she  crept  upon    it,  and  was 
carried  upon  it  to   (he  mouth  of   the  empty 
hive  before  mentioned.  A  few  beet  had  aligh 
ted  at  its  mouth.     These  immediately  followed 
her  into  the  hive.     Some  of  tbem  soon  return 
ed,  and  ran,  evidently  as  fast  as  they  were  a 
ble,  to  the  old  hive,  the   stool    and   front  oi 
which  were  covered  with  the  returning  swam. 
Having  arrived  among  these,  the  messengers 
for  such  they  appeared  to  be,  would  occasion 
ally    stop,  and    shake    themselves    violently 
swinging  or  rather  rocking  themselves  from 
right  (o  left  and  the  contrary,  as  they  are 
sometimes  seen  to  do  at  and  about  the  time  of 
swarming.     This  motion  was   invariably  lo! 
lowed  by  a  general  scampering  of  the  sur 
rounding  bees  to  the  hive.     Some  of  these 
messengers  entered  the  old  hive,  where  then 
operations  were  out   of  sight ;   but  tbcir  en 
trance  was  soon   followed  by  the  pouring  ou, 
of  multitudes,  who   made  their  way  with  all 
possible  speed   to  the  new    hive.     In   a  leu 
moments  the  odd   looking  bee,  picked  up  on 
the  grass,  was  surrounded  with  a  respectabi. 
swarm,  all  was  quiet,  ibe  usual  labors  of  bee' 
commenced,  and  in  tne  end,  a  good  summer's 
work  of  honey -making  was  done.     This,  and 
haviug  seen  a  number  of  bees  of  tbe  same  ap 
pearance,  but  never  more  than  one  in  a  hive 
is    all  we  know   by  our  own  eyes,  about   a 
queen  among  bees. 

NEW  VARIETY  OF  WHEAT. 

Doar  Sir — I  beg  leave  to  send  you  herewith 
a  Bample  ol  wheat,  originally  from  Syria,  af- 
terwards raised  in  Englan  ',  and  now,  as  fir  as 
lam  informed,  in  our  country  Its  quality  ;- 
Said  to  be  very  fine,  and  its  productiveness  ve- 
ry great.  I  place  the  samples,  regretting 
that  they  are  not  larger,  in  your  hands,  to  be 
given  awny  to  such  of  our  farmers  of  Yorkcoun- 
ty  as  you  think  may  feel  a  disposition  to  make 
a  trial  of  them  upon  their  farms.  I  have  ven- 
tured to  give  it  the  namo  of  the  ''liexley 
Wheat,"  having  received  the  first  samples- of 
it  from  Lord  Bexley  in  England,  who  obtained 
it  from  Syria,  as  I  understood.  When  at  Wa- 
shington, 1  gave  a  small  quantity  to  my  friend 
Col.  Maynadier,  of  Annapolis,  Maryland,  un- 
der whose  cultivation  in  that  neighborhood,  it 
has,  on  a  single  trial,  succeeded  wonderfully. 

In  the  hope  ihat  it  may  pro»e  useful  among 
Us,  I  remain  very  respectfully,  yours,  o,  c. 

iuchArd  hush. 

T.  0.  HrjMBLy,  Esq. 


From  the  Saturday  Evening  Post. 
PLUGGING  TREES. 

Tbis  simple  operation  is  avery  efficient  rem 
edy  for  destroying  caterpillars,  aphides  and  oth- 
er insects   preying  upon  leaves   and   limbs  of 
fruit  trees,  ornamental  and  shade,  fine  shrubs, 
&c.  &c. 

It  has  often  been  desired  to  find  such  a  re- 
medy. Rewards  have  been  offered  to  destroy 
easily  and  speedily  the  insects  of  fruit  trees. 
Our  shade  trees  are  covered  every  vear  with 
disgusting  and  voracious  caterpillars.  Year  af- 
ter year  new  troublesome  means  are  proposed, 
which  are  inefficient  while  this  very  easy  and 
cheap  way  to  poison  and  destroy  at  once  all 
the  insects  of  any  tree,  is  so  little  town  that 
our  farmers  and  gardeners  appear  to  be  unac- 
quainted with  it.  It  was  discovered  in  France, 
and  I  have  verified  it  by  actual  experiment. — 
I  now  publish  it  again,  and  request  editors 
friendly  to  agriculture  to  spread  the  knowledge 
of  it  every  where. 

This  simple  operation  consists  in  boring  a 
i'ole  into  a  tree  with  a  giniblet, about  one  thud 
of  the  diameter  of  the  tree  in  depth.  Fill  Hie 
hole  with  a  small  quantity  of  Flour  of 'Sulphur, 
and  plug  the  bole  with  a  wooden  peg.  This 
sulphur  is  decomposed  or  carried  into  circula- 
tion by  the  sap,  and  is  exhaled  by  the  leaves 
in  a  gaseous  stale,  while  it  poisons  and  lulls 
all  the  caterpillars  and  insects  preying  upon 
them.  Whether  boring  and  plugging  with 
sulpher  the  roots  of  the  peach  tree,  and  other 
trees  whose  roots  are  injured  by  insects,  will 
answer  as  well,  is  unknown  to  me,  not  having 
tried  it ;  but  it  is  worth  while  to  try  the  expe- 
riment— the  result  may  be  favorable. 

C.  S      RaFIRESQUE, 

Professor  of  Botany,  <$•<;. 

ON  THE    PRESERVATION  OF    POTATOES. 

Potatoes  at  the  depth  of  one  foot  in  the 
ground,  produce  shoots  near  the  end  of  spring, 
at  the  depth  of  two  feet  they  appear  in  the 
middle  of  summer;  at  three  feet  of  depth, 
t hey  are  very  short  and  never  corne  to  the  sur- 
face ;  and  between  three  and  five  feet,  they 
cease  to  vegetate.  In  consequence  of  obser- 
ving these  effects,  several  parcels  of  potatoes 
were  buried  in  a  garden  at  the  depth  of  three 
feet  and  a  half,  and  were  not  removed  till  after 
intervals  of  one  and  two  years.  They  were 
then  found  without  any  appearance  of  germi- 
nation ard  possessing  their  original  firmness, 
freshness,  goodness,  and  taste. — Sillimun's 
Journal. 

LIRIODENTRINE. 

The  active  principle  of  this  beautiful  veget- 
able production  ot  our  country — the  Lirioden 
drine  Tulipifera,  Tulip  Tree  or  American  Pop 
lar, — has  been  recently  separated  by  Dr.  J  P 
Emmelt,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Materia 
Wedica  in  the  University  of  Virginia  This 
active  principle, to  whicb  he  has  given  the  name 
Liriodendrinc,  although  not  a  vegetablealcali, 
is  soluble  in  acids,  and  possesses,  no  doubt,  in 
an  eminent  aegree,  the  tonic  arid  febrifugp 
properties  for  which  the  bark  of  the  tree  has 
been  celebrated  Its  solution  in  alcohol  fur- 
nishes limpid  crystals, and  hns ,thc  same  intense 
bitterness  as  that  which  characterizes  the  Sul» 
phale  of  Quinine.  Tho  tulip  tree  contains  it 
in  considerable  quantity,  and  the  process  fur 
obtaining  it  is  extremely  simple. 

As  thxLiriodendnne  is  found  to  sublimate  at 
a  beat  a  little  above  that  ofboiling  water,  it  is 
obvieus  that  any  extract  mado  from  the  bark 
of  the  tree,  after  the  ordinary  methods,  must 
be  comparatively  inert. — Nat,  Gaz. 

LARGE  ORANGES 
The  editor  of  the  Poughkeepsio  Journal 
■:i\s;  Mrs.  J.  D.  Robinson,  of  that  village. 
■ias  6ont  bun  a  couple  of  magnificent  oranges, 
which  have  grown  with  many  others,  on  a 
ireeof  her  own  raising.  The  larger  of  the 
vro  measured  I3A  inches  in  circumference, 
and  weighed  one  pound.  The  other  was  but  a 
(.Jiflc  smaller. 


From  the  New  York  American. 

SLEIGHING  SONG— by   bans  van  poesg 
Merrily,  merrily  sound  the  bells 

As  o'er  the  ground  we  roll, 
And  the  snow  drift  breaks  in  silver  flakes 

Before  our  Cariole  ; 
While,  muffled  in  sables  rich  and  warm, 

With  mantle  and  beaver  dight, 
We  drive  in  the  teeth  ol  the  angry  storm, 

Or  skim  in  the  cold  moonlight, 
Merrily,  merrily,  &c. 

Merrily,  merrily  sound  the  bells 

Upon  the  wind  without, 
When  the  wine  is  mulled,  and  the  waffle  culler 

And  the  joke  is  passed  about  : 
And  rosy  lips  and  dimplo  cheeks 

The  flash  of  wit  inspire, 
While  mirth  in  many  a  bright  ey6  speaks, 

Around  the  crackling  fire. 
Merrily,  merrily,  &c. 

IMPORTANT   T  I   RESIDENT   ALIENS. 

The  Laws  of  this  state  require  resideD' 
aliens,  who  have  taken  conveyance  of  rea 
estate,  to  make  and  file  a  deposition  of  their 
intention  to  become  citizens,  in  the  office  ot 
(he  Secretary  of  state  ;  and  also  to  take  the 
incipient  measure  which  the  laws  of  the  U- 
States  require  to  enabie  them  to  obtain  natur- 
alization before  the  15th  day  of  April,  13JI 
I  vol.  Rev'd.  Slat.  p.  120.  Sess'n.  Laws  1830 
chap.  171    p.  198. 

VALUABLE  STOOL. 

Several  years  since,  the  British  comman- 
der of  Sierra  Leone,  visited  the  prince  ot 
Asbantee  for  the  purpose  of  concluding  a  trca 
ty  of  peace  with  hirr  ;  be  found  his  sable  ma- 
jesty seated  on  asloolof  virgin  gold,  weighing 
ninety  pounds  avoirdupois.  It  is  doubted 
whether  any  of  his  legitimate  European  breth- 
ren can  vie  with  him  in  the  costliness  of  then 
chairs  of  state. 

CATTLE. 

We  learn  from  the  Boston  papers,  that  six 
thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty  three  head 
of  beef  cattle  have  been  slaughtered  at  thr 
establishment  of  Mr.  Winchester,  at  Lech- 
mere  Point,  Cambridge,  in  the  short  spacs  o> 
13  weeks. 

ANECDOTE    OF    LAFAYETTE. 

During  the  trial  of  the  ex-ministers,  Gen 
Lafayette  had  repeatedly  rode  out  and  address 
ed  groups  of  the  people  assembled  in  the  neigh- 
boring streets.  This  venerable  patriot  assured 
them  that  justice  would  be  done  upon  the  pris- 
oners according  to  the  laws  of  the  land,  bu! 
that  vengeance  should  not  be  inflicted  upon 
one  of  them  by  popular  violence,  until  his  life 
was  first  sacrificed  in  their  defence.  The  pert- 
pie  as  on  the  previous  day,  generally  cheered 
their  ancient  champion  ;  but  some  cried  "Down 
yvith  Lafayette."  The  old  soldier  remarked 
that  liberty  had  never  been  secured  by  a  tu- 
multuous interference  with  tho  laws  ;  and  at 
length,  when  irritated  for  a  moment  by  some 
hisses,  he  exclaimed,  "  Who  are  you  in  that 
corner  f  1  know  the  brave  defenders  of  liber- 
ty, but  your  faces  ore  strange  to  me — on  the 
29th  of  July  1  do  not  remember  to  have  seon 
you  at  our  barricades." 

MEDALLION  OF  CLINTON. 

We  have  seen  a  medallion  likeness  of  De 
Wilt  Clinton  in  plaster,  done  from  a  steel  plate 
executed  by  'JharlesC.  V\  right  of  New  York. 
It  is  very  like  tbe  original,  and  calls  to  mind 
the  features  of  that  great  man  moro  than  any 
likeness  we  have  seen  since  his  death.  Mi 
iV  right  is  the  executor  of  the  medal  made  for 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts,  which  wi 
noticed  some  time  ago,  and  which  acquired 
for  him  so  much  credit.  He  is  an  artist  oi 
of  whom  out  country  mav  be  proud. — .2nV 
Dai.  Adv. 


*G*^^P        ^VW^9  'H^^^^  ^^^^M^     ^^^^^^Sr   ^MW^V       ^•'^•^y  <V^^pH^V  ^^W^IW 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  FEBRUARY  26,  1831. 


NUMBER  8. 


COlHHItfNICA'J.IONS. 


FOIl    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

The  climate  of  the  Genesee  country,  con- 
siderably diners  from  that  of  the  sea  coast  in 
the  same  parallels  of  latitude.  We  have  le9s 
sunshine  in  winter,  owing  to  the  condensed 
exhalations  of  our  lakes  ;  and  day  and  night 
have  a  more  equal  temperatnre.  Our  snows 
are  more  durable, — commonly  swept  off  by 
warm  southerly  winds,  —seldom  melted  by  the 
.-am.  In  summer,  not  more  subject  to  the 
drought ;  but  back  from  the  two  great  lakes, the 
air  is  evidently  drier  than  on  the  sea  coast. 

Even  as  far  south  as  Philadelphia,  perhaps 
the  mcrcjiry  sinks  as  low  in  the  thermometer; 
but  their  warm  sunshine  revives  many  a  south- 
ern plant,  which  has  barely  endured  their  clear 
nights  of  intense  frost.  Long  coniinued  cold 
fs  more  fatal  to  some  plants,  than  greater  cold 
of  short  duration.  In  1794,  Fahrenheit's 
thermometer  at  London,  was  20  deg.  below 
Zero,  yet  many  plants  abide  their  winters, 
which  are  here  considered  tender. 

In  regard  to  tender  plants,  however,  we 
tiave  something  yet  to  learn.  I  have  observed 
that  some  shrubs,  planted  in  autumn,  weaken- 
ed by  lacerated  roots  and  branches,  have  por- 
isiied  in  winter,  when  the  same  kinds  are  un- 
questionably hardy,  alter  their  roots  are  estab- 
lished in  the  ground,  the  wood  matured,  and  a 
scaly  bark  protects  them  from  the  frost.  Such 
ought  therefore  to  be  shielded  from  the  severi- 
!y  of  winter  tili  their  vigor  is  fully  restored. 

These  remarks  have  detained  me  from  some 
brief  comments  on  M.  Floy's  list. 

He  has  omitted  the  black  maple,  (Acer  ni 
grum)  remarkable  for  its  dense  foliage.  It  is 
a  native  of  the  Genesee  country,  and  may  bo 
distinguished  b_\  its  dark  greeu  leaves,  with 
rapped  lobes,  pubescent  on  their  under  side. 
I  know  of  no  finer  shade  tree. 

1  found  Cuprcssus  distieha  rather  tender,  but 
have  hopes  of  its  recovery. 

Cuprcssus  tbyoidas  is  an  elegant  evergreen. 
One  of  nearly  three  feet  in  diameter,  stands  io 
Bartraai  s  Botanic  Garden,  planted  by  the  em- 
inent founder  of  that  ancient  establishment.  I 
S"et  out  three  small  trees  late  in  autumn,  care- 
fully bent  them  to  the  ground  when  the  cold 
-became  severe, and  they  now  repose  under  in- 
verted sods.  I  find  it  profitable  to  treat  many 
newly  transplanted  shrubs,  both  deciduons 
and  evergreen,  in  this  manner. 

The  biae-ash  of  the  Western  States  (Fraxi- 
ims  quadra  ngul-ata)  1  believe  has  not  been  in- 


a  foot  long  and    half  an   inch   diameter,    set  i 
common  soil,  I  had  a  tree,  in  one  season,   five 
feet  high.     We  have  several,  very  flourishing 
and  perfectly  hardy.  D.  T. 


iroduced  into  any  of  the  great  nurseries.  It 
rs  a  fine  stately  tree,  splits  treely,  and  deserves 
cultivation.  Some  of  our  citbens  who  visit 
fne  Seiota  country  in  autumn,  might  easily 
procure  seeds. 

Three  speoies  of  the  Larch  are  known  in 
this  country — two  natives  and  one  exotic.  Our 
farmers  well  know  the  redjarch  (Pinusmicro- 
ear/iff.)  by  the  name  of  Tamarack, (perhaps  a  cor- 
ruption, ot  Tamarix,  which  it  resembles  in  fo 
fiage.)  It  appears  to  grow  equally  well  in 
deep  swamps,  and  on  the  driest  hills.  It  i 
tree  of  great  beauty. 

Magnulia  tripetala,  and  M.  glauca.  I  have 
not  been  successful  with  these  tine  flowering 
trees,  which,  when  young,  require  protection  in 
'this  climate. 

The  white  elm  (Vtmvs  Americana)  consti- 
tutes a  remarkable  feature  in  the  scenery  of 
the  Genesee  Country.  Its  gigantic  stature, 
and  elegantly  recurved  branches,  have  long 
excited  the  admiration  of  foreigners.  Tfiere 
T3  another  large  elm  in  our  forests  (Vimus  ra- 
cemosa)  which  has  lately  been  figured  and  de- 
scribed in  Silliman's  Journal. 

I  have  not  been  successful  ia  transplanting 
fhe  weeping  willow;  in  one  case  the  bark  was 
injured  by  the  hot  sun  ; — but  1  have  complete- 
ly succeeded  wifh  cuttitigs.     From  one  about 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 
GRAFTING  THE  VINE. 

Friend  Tucker  -Prince,  in   his  new  work, 
'  Treatise  on  the   Vine,"  in  the  article  on  the 
object  ofingrafting,  makes  the  following  state- 
ment and   assertions — "The  vine  differs  from 
other   trees  in  having  no  hher,  or  inner  bark, 
nor    cortical  coverings,   and    it    conseqnentlv 
may  be  ingrafted,  without  its  being  requisite  to 
bring  the  two   barks  in  contact,  as  the  sap  as 
cendsby  the  different  capillary   vessels,  with 
out  any  distinction   between  liber,  cortex,  or 
wood,  whilst  the  sap  of  other  trees  is  exclu 
sivoly  conducted  between  the  wood  and  bark.' 
Now  this  to  me  is  entirely  new  doctrine,  and 
one  which  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  controvert. 
In  the  first  place,  I  assert  that  the  vine  has  a 
parenchymatous,    or   outer,   dead   and   excre- 
idi  Dial    bark,  analagous    to  the    Epidermis  of 
the  forest  tree,  which,  in  old  subjects   it  casts 
off  more  or  less   every  year;   and  within  that 
bark  certainly   is  another,  which  answers  to 
the  cortical  coverings   and  layers  of  trees  and 
shrubs;  and  next  to  the  wood  is  a  fine   mem- 
brane or  cambium  during. the  vegetating  season, 
as  I  have  frequently  observed  in  attempting  to 
bud  the  vine. 

All  of  these  points  are  in  my  mind  facts,  and 
which  every  one  familiar  with  the  vino  or  veg 
etpble  phylology,  will  at  once  recognise  as 
such. 

Again  the  text  asserts  that  "  the  sap  ascends 
by  the  different  capillary  vessels,  without  any 
distinction  between  liber,  oortex.  or  wood, 
whilst  the  sap  of  other  trees  is  exclusively 
conducted  between  the  wood  and  the.  bark. 

On  this  last  point,  it  is  the  first  time  that  I 
have  heard  that  the  sap  of  trees  is  conducted 
between  the  wood  and  bark,  for  I  supposed  it 
was  settled  that  the  sap  ascended  through  the 
alburnum, and  descended  between  the  wood  and 
bark ;  and  that  such  is  the  case,  not  only  with 
trees,  but  with  the  vine  itself,  I  have  only  to 
cite  his  own  theory  of"  Girdling  or  incissure," 
commonly  called  Ringing,  (to  the  truth  of 
which  I  can  bear  ample  testimony. „having  per- 
formed it  in  numerous  instances  with  great  ef 
feet)  to  prove  the  fallacy  of  his  assertion,  that 
the  sap  ascends  through  all  of  its  organs,  in- 
discriminately ;  for  by  girdling,  the  whole  sap 
is  stopped  in  the  parts  above  the  incissure. snd 
which  continue  to  enlarge,  while  the  parts  be- 
low remain  entirely  stationary,  which  incontro  - 
vertibly  shows  that  the  sap  does  not  ascend  by 
ihe  bark,  and  will  not  descend,  if  the  vine  is 
girdled  ;  therefore  we  are  to  presume  that  the 
whole  operation  is  the  same  as  in  other  sub- 
jects. 

There  is  a  great  discrepancy   between  the 
eatise,  and  the  points  above  stated, which  for 
the  benefit  of  the  science,  I  should  like  to  see 
explained. 

I  have,  always  been  a  sceptic  on  the  subject 
of  grafting  the  vine  at  all,  having  never  been 
able  to  succeed  in  the  operation,  but  friend 
Prince  asserts  its  feasibility,  and  gives  the  mi 
nutue  of  manipulation  with  so  much  confidence 
and  cites  such  practical  authorities,  that  I  am 
even  constrained  to  believe  it. 

Another  point  in  reference  to  this  subject, 
and  I  have  done;  where  it  is  stated  that  it  is 
not  necessary  for  the  bark  in  grafting  to  join 
in  any  point,  and  that  a  cutting  in  the  form  ol 
a  peg,  stuck  into  a  hole  bored  in  the  end  of  a 
large  stock,  will  succeed  as  well  as  in  any  o- 
ther  method  ;  all  of  which  is  so  at  variance 
with  my  notions  of  the  process  of  ingrafting, 
that  nothing  short  of  occular  proof  will  ever 
remove  my  doubts.  And  here  let  me  observe, 
that  it  is  in   all  cases  recommended  (hat  the 


operation  should  be  performed  bdow  the  sur- 
face and  tccll  earthed  up.  Now  I  would  ask 
whether  from  the  well  known  ease  with  which 
cuttings  strike,  as  it  is  technically  termed, they 
would  not  vegetate  if  well  earthed  vp,  if  it  was 
inserted  in  a  dead  vine,  or  in  a  "cherry,"  or 
even  in  a  potato?  It  most  certainly  would, 
as  that  operation  could  be  no  hindrance  to  its 
taking  root,  as  an  ordinary  cutting,  if  well  ear- 
thed up,  seldom  fails;  and  in  my  opinion,  the 
process  of  grafting  underground,  needs  exam- 
ination, to  see  whether  the  eion  does  not 
throw  out  its  roots,  above  the  point  of  eon- 
tact,  and  independently  of  the  stock  in  which 
it  is  set.  And  yet  after  all,  I  will  not  under- 
take to  say  but  that  the  vine  may  be  in- 
grafted ;  it  is  an  easy  process  to  try,  and  within 
the  reach  of  proof  in  the  right  season,  to  anv 
person  who  has  the  least  curiosity  that  way, 
and  therefore  I  will  only  say  nous  vcrrons. 

If  any  of  tby  readers  have  any  practical  ex- 
perience on  the  subject,  I  shonld  be  very  much 
gratified  by  their  communication  through  tby 
interesting  Journal. 

With  the  work  generally  I  am  well  pleased  ; 
it  is  for  its  volume  a  complete  Encyclopedia 
of  the  vino  :  the  descriptions  are  full  and  com- 
plete, both  as  to  foreign  and  domestic  varie- 
ties ;  and  the  comparative  advantages  of  cul- 
tivating the  different  sorts,  are  honestly  and 
ably  laid  down  ;  together  with  extensive  and 
elaborate  directions  as  to  soil,  elimate  and  cul- 
tivation, and  will  prove  that  desideratum  so 
long  and  imperiously  wanted,  to  secure  suc- 
cess in  its  cultivation  ;  an  object  which  is  not  oj 
secondary  importance  to  any,  except  the  produce 
lion  of  silk,  that  our  country  possesses  natural 
abilities  for,  that   is  not  yet   generally   mlrodn^ 


ccd. 


II.  Y. 


West  Bloomfield,  12th  2d  mo.  1831. 

FOI}    THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

The  Snow-Ball,  or  Guelder  Rose,  and  the 
High  Cranberry,  of  our  swamps,  take,  readily, 
by  inoculation,  each  on  the  other.  To  me,  a 
Snow-Ball  Tree,  covered  with  flowers  ia 
spring,  and  loaded  with  the  fruit  of  the  High 
Cranberry,  in  autumn,  and  through  the  winter, 
is  a  novel  spectacle,  though  not  rare.  Both 
the  snow-ball  and  the  cranberry,  however,  in 
the  garden,  are  so  apt  to  be  loaded  with  in- 
sects.that  I  have  had  to  cut  down  all  ihe  bush- 
es, with  iheir  leaves,  for  two  summers  in  suc- 
cession. I  had  rather  forego  the  pleasure  off 
this  new  family  alliance,  than  breed  such  hosts 
of  enemies,  especially  in  a  garden.  S. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

The  excellent  advice  respecting  smps  by  *; 
[page  29]  has  suggested  the  inquiry  whether 
the  glasses  ought  not  to  he  shaded  from  the  hot 
sun  ?  and  ought  noi  the  clipping  of  the  leaves  to 
be  confined  to  such  as  would  be  co\  ered  by  the 
the  earth  or  mould  ?  The  following  extract  re- 
lative to  layers,  from  Loudon's  Eaq/clupedia  of 
Plants,  exactly  ace  irds  with  my  experience  in 
the  treatment  of  cuttings. 

"  Most  cultivators  cut  off  many  of  the  leave? 
ind  shoots  of  layers,  when  they  aro  first  taken 
off,  thinking  the  roots  will  not  have  so  mufh 
to  nourish,  which  is  the  very  reason  they  often 
lose  a  great  part  of  their  crop;  layers  of  any 
kind  of  shrub  whatever,  when  first  taken  uffi 
should  not  have  a  single  leaf  taken  off  till  they 
have  made  fresh  root:  supposing  their  tops 
flag  ever  so  much,  as  long  as  there  is  life,  it 
II  draw  up-lhe  sap,  and  help  the  plant  to  root 
afresh.'' 

Jn  the  early  part  of  last  summer,  I  cut  a  stalk 
of  the  golden-lotus  chrysanthemum,  planted  it 
in  a  pot,  leaving  on  all  the  leaves  above  the 
earth,  and  set  it  in  the  shade.  It  is  a  tall  va- 
riety; and  the  top  withered  and  drooped  So 
mufti,  that  to  keep  it  iinijghj,  I  Bad  to  fie  ifr-to 


58 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Feb.'26,  183i 


a  slick  in  different  places:  yet  after  a  few 
weeks  it  ro  ted,  and  flowered  in  autumn. — 
On  the  contrary,  I  have  never  succeeded  with 
one  of  those  cuttings  from  which  I  removed 
the  large  leaves.         

FOR    THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 

GREEN-HOUSE  PLANTS. 

The  unusually  cold  weather  of  the  present 
season  has  proved  seriously  injurious  to  many 
areen  louse  plants,  as  few  buildings,  not  par- 
ticularly prepared  for  the  purpose,  are  proof 
a"ainst  cold,  so  long  continued  ;  and  it  is  not 
unfrequently  the  case,  that  plants  become  fee- 
ble for  want  of  experience  in  their  managers, 
and  consequently  perish  by  a  slight  frost,  which 
they  would  havq  resisted,  had  their  vital  action 
been  healthy.  Light,  Heat  and  Air,  are  indis 
pensahle  to  the  healthy  growth  of  plants;  but 
as  these  cannot  b«  supplied  in  the  cold  season, 
with  sufficient  regularity,  it  is  advisable,  at 
this  time  that  while  we  guard  against  frost, 
we  also  avoid  that  degree  of  heat  that  would 
eau-c  tender  plants  to  form  n.'w  shoots  ;  for 
they  may  be  kept  in  a  state  perfectly  healthy, 
for  a  considerable  length  nf  time,  without 
growing;  and  such  is  the  constitution  of  most 
plants,  tnat  their  growths  are  periodical,  re- 
quiring intervals  of  rest. 

When  the  heat  is  such  as  to  promote  vege- 
tation, where  a  sufficient  quantity  of  light  and 
air  cannot  be  furnished,  planis  will  always 
send  up  slender  and  long  jointed  shoots,  of  a 
palo  and  sickly  hue,  tending  to  exhaust  the 
root,  to  unfit  the  whole  plant  for  the  functions 
of  a  healthy  vegetation,  and  to  expose  it  to 
every  casualty.  To  prevent  these  evils,  ex- 
pose your  plants  to  as  much  light  and  air  as 
you  can,  without  danger  of  frost,  and  avoid  a 
redundancy  of  water.  If  the  eartl)  appears 
dry  on  the  surface,  some  suppose  water  is  im- 
mediately necessary,  but  this  is  not  always 
the  case.  If  on  removing  a  little  of  the  sur- 
face you  find  the  earth  moist,  that  is,  sufficient 
for  this  season  of  the  year,  and  when  water  is 
needed,  supply  it  in  small  quantities,  until  tin 
winter  is  so  far  passed  that  you  may  reasona- 
bly expect  to  supply  the  necssnry  light,  heat, 
and  air, when  you  may  water  alillle  more  free 
!y;  always  observing  that  aloes  and  all  succu- 
lent plants  require  less  water  than  others; 

When  plants  are  slightly  frozen,  they  may| 
generally  be  preserved  with  but  little  injury, 
by  raising  their  temperature  gradually,  with 
cold  water  This  may  be  done  by  setting  the 
pot  in  a  tub,  and  sprinkling  it  freely  with  a  wa- 
tering pot ;  or  if  the  plant  be  small  it  may  be 
entirely  immersed  until  the  leaves  are  soften 
ed.  I  succeeded  last  winter  in  saving  some 
of  the  tenderest  geraniums,  although  repeat- 
edly frozen  ;  and  a  hearing  orange  tree  bed 
the  surface  of  the  earth  in  I  lie  pot,  frozen  hard 
for  several  days,  yet  some  of  the  fruit,  which 
was  then  about  half  grown,  remained  on;  it 
has  since  ripnned,  and  proved  good.  S.  C. 
Linden  Hill,  2rt  mo. 


He  took  much  pains  with  his  flock  of  sheep, 
so  that  previous  to  the  merino  speculation,  he 
had  become  famous  abroad  for  his  particular 
breed  of  sheep,  which  was  generalb'  reported 
he  brought  from  England  with  him,  as  he  came 
from  that  country.  Farmers  would  come  Irom 
fifty  loan  hundred  miles  to  purchase  the  Tone- 
clitfe  breed  of  sheep,  for  which  they  would 
pay  from  live  to  fifteen  dollars,  and  go  home 
well  satisfied. 

This  gentleman,  finding  the  rage  ror  his 
breed  of  sheep,  was  willing  to  keep  their  his- 
tory out  of  sight;  not  that  he  wished  to  de- 
ceive any  one,  by  telling  them  what  was  noi 
true  ;  but  perhaps  he  did  not  choose  to  tell 
more  than  was  inquired  for.  to  his  own  disad- 
vantage. This  rage,  for  this  particular  breed 
of  sheep,  was  quite  considerable,  and  brought 
many  an  honest  dollar  to  the  family.  A  friend 
of  mine  happened  to  be  conversing  wilh  him 
as  to  his  breed  of  English  sheep,  he  replied, 
'•  that  his  sheep  were  no  more  English  than 
his  neighbour's,  for  they  were  sheep  that  he 
procured  in  that  part  of  the  country."  Thi- 
rather  surprised  my  friend,  who  had  been  led, 
from  their  size  and  shape,  to  consider  them  as  a 
distinct  breed  :  "  but,"  continued  ho,  "lean 
tell  you  where  the  difference  has  originated  ; 
when  tiie  butchers  or  drovers  come  to  pur 
chase  sheep  of  you,  you  allow  thotn  to  select, 
but  when  they  come  to  purchase  of  me,  I  se- 
lect for  them." 

I  hafc  every  reason  to  believe  that  this  fine 
flock  of  aheep  was  brought  to  that  desirable 
perfection  by  a  course  of  breeding  in  and  in. 
and  tliat  too  in  the  course  of  twelve  or  fifteen 
years.  What  encouragement  to  young  farm- 
ers, to  begin  early  to  improve  their  stock;  and 
should  this  communication  induce  any  one  to 
commence  a  similar  experiment,  either  with 
cattle,  sheep  or  hogs,  it  will  have  answered 
the  purpose  for  which  it  was  intended,  by 

Yours,  &c.         T.  P. 


I  was  led  to  these  reflections,  by  hearing  a 
prediction  that  the  cold  will  be  so  intense  to- 
morrow, during  the  eclipse,  that  many  people 
will  perish.  It  is  mortifying  to  him  who  feels 
any  pride  in  his  countrymen,  to  know  that  a 
fablo  so  ridiculous,  should  gain  a  moment's  se- 
rious attention  ;  or  that  well-dressed  people; 
in  genteel  companies  should  indirectly  avow 
their  belief,  by  asking,  "  Would  it  not  be  very 
strange,  if  it  should  so  happen?  Don't  you 
think  it  would  he  very  remarkable  I"  I  think 
it  would  be  very  remarkable,  if  such  folks  be- 
lieve in  the  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth  ;  o: 
know  why  the  sun  stiajs  off  so  far  to  the 
south  in  winter.  Q. 

Feb.  II.  

FOR  THE  CNNESEE  FARMER. 

Messrs.  Editurs — To  your  corresponded 
R.  K.'s  inquiry,  whether  from  the  appearance 
of  a  green  dye  in  one  ease,  and  a  dark  blue 
precipitate  in  another,  whieh  he  supposes  were 
produced  from  an  extract  from  green  hemlock 
boughs,  immersed  in  water,  in  making  new 
roads,  there  could  not  be  indigo  contained,  as 
the  appearance  was  analagous  to  that  article, 
I  would  answer — lhat  the  hemlock  is  known 
to  contain  a  large  quantity  of  tannin,  and  con- 
siderable of  the  Gallic  acid, or  astringent  prin- 
ciple, which  if  the  water,  as  it  frequently  does 
in  particular  soils,  contains  any  iron  in  solu- 
tion, the  same  appearance  would  be  induced 
as  ho  describes  ;  and  it  is  most  likely  attribu 
table  to  lhat  cause,  as  from  the  familiarity  ot 
that  article  with  almost  every  one,  if  it  con- 
tained as  important  a  principle  as  the  constitu- 
ents of  indigo.  I  hink  something  of  the  kind 
would  have  been  discovered  before.         Y.* 


SELECTION^. 


for  the  cenesee   farmer. 
CURE   FOR  SALT  RHEUM. 

A  few  weeks  ago,  a  member  of  my  family 
had  salt  rheum  on  the  hands,  of  more  than  9 
months  continuance  ;  and  latterly  it  formed  a 
spot  of  an  inch  diameter,  on  the  face.  This 
disease  is  well  known  to  subtract  largely  from 
personal  comfort. 

A  case  was  mentioned  of  a  neighbor,  whom 
suit  rheum  had  nearly  covered.  She  was  told 
to  take  nitric  acid,  (aqua  fortis)  and  vinegar  in 
equal  portions,  and  apply  a  drop  or  two  at  a 
lime,  to  the  skin.  She  hesitated,  and  consul 
ted  the  family  physician.  He  said  it  would 
kill  her.  However,  she  determined  to  try  it — 
applied  a  little  with  a  feather  to  one  spot — 
bore  the  smart — and  after  an  interval,  applied 
it  to  another  soot.  She  became  entirely  well, 
and  well  she  has  continued. 

This  account  encouraged  our   inmate  also 
to  make  atrial.       The  nitric   acid    and  vine 


FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

SHEEP. 

Otsego,  Feb.  7,  1831. 
There  has  always  been  much  said  in  all  ag- 
ricultural publications,  respecting  the  differ- 
ent breeds  of  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs, insomuch 
that  some  are  almost  led  to  believe,  'hat  unless 
they  are  fortunate  enough  to  procure  some  of 
the  favored  breeds,  they  may  as  well  give  up 
raising  stock,  as  to  be  troubled  with  it.  Now 
Messrs  Editors,  1  consider  this  all  fudge.  I 
have  noticed  that  those  farmers  who  pay  most 
attention  to  feeding  their  stock,  become  cele- 
brated for  their  choice  breeds.  Suffer  me, 
therefore,  to  givo  you  a  history  of  an  instance 
of  this  kind  : 

During  the  early  settlement  of  this  county, 
a  family  by  the  name  of  Tonecliffcame  to  re- 
side in  this  county.  The  man  had  considera- 
ble taste,  us  to  farming  operations,  was  some- 
thing of  an  horticulturist,  and  introduced  ma- 
ny valuable  kinds  of  fruits  among  us — as  the 
greengage  plum,  and  several  other  varieties. 


gar  was  applied,  with  the  end  of  the  finger. 

In  four  or  Jive  weeks  there  was  not  a  trace  of  salt 

rheum  remaining,   and  nothing  unfavorable  toll  to  put  walnut  leaves  enough, that  the  water  may 


'Selected  for  the  Uentsee  Farmer,  by  D.  T. 
From  Lawrence's  Gardening,  printed  in  1717. 

Because  both  grass  and  gravel  walks  are  so 
much  the  ornament  and  beauty  of  a  garden, 
and  do  afford  so  considerable  a  pleasure  to  a 
thoughtful,  contemplative  person,  I  cannot  but 
here  insert  a  speedy  effectual  method  if  destroy- 
ing worms,  those  filty  annoyers  and  spoilers  of 
the  beauty  of  all  walks. 

At  any  time  iu  autumn,  fill  a  cistern,  or  any- 
large  trough,  wilh  water,  putting  thereinto  a 
large  quantity  ol  walnui  leaves,  where  lei 
them  steep  at  least  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks  ; 
in  which  time  the  water  will  have  received 
such  a  bitterness,  lhat  if  you  pour  genilv  a 
small  quantity  of  it  on  such  places  as  are  most 
annoyed  with  worms:  by  thai  lime  the  water 
can  be  supposed  to  re  ich  them,  you  will  find 
the  worms  hurrying  in  great  confusion  out  of 
their  hulcs.  so  as  to  crawl  in  great  plentv  un- 
der your  feet,  upon  the  ground,  when  they  may- 
be gathered  up  and  thrown  away.  They  may 
indeed  bo  taken  by  a  candle  and  lantern  in  a 
summer's  evening,  after  rain  ;  but  this  may  be 
practiced  at  am  tune  in  the  day, with  pleasure, 
and  it  will  certainly  destroy  them,  if  it  be  but 
carefully  practiced,  and  repeated  ;  only  be  sure 


health  has  been  observed. 


FOR    THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 

THE  ECLIPSE. 

No  achievement  of  science  is  so  likely  to 
appear  supernatural  to  an  illiterate  savage  as 
the  fore-knowledge  of  Eclipses.  It  is  ono  of 
the  last  pretensions  lhat  would  be  allowed, 
without  occular demonstration, or  a  knowledge 
of  Astronomy;  yet  occular  demonstration  has 
been  so  often  repeated,  that  neither  man,  wo- 
man,nor  child  stands  in  doubt  when  an  eclipse 
is  predicted.  Ignorant  of  the  principles, how- 
ever, by  which  those  results  arc  obtained,  the 
populace  credit  the  astronumer  for  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  weather,  as  well  as  of  the  stars. — 
And  why  not  ?  ought  he  not  to  bo  belter  ac- 
quainted with  the  movements  of  the  clouds 
which  are  so  near  us,  than  with  the  motion  of 
the  planets  1  If  he  can  foretell  eclipses,  why 
Can  t  he  foretell  the  wuuther  '  v 


be  very  bitter,  otherwise  it  will  do  no  good. 

VILLAGE  GARDENS. 

Selected  for  the  Genesee  Farmer,  by  D.  T. 

From  Sir  Jolnl  Sinclair's  Code  of  Agriculture. 
Round  many  villages  nnd  small  towns, garden* 
of  moderate  size  are  numerous  and  productive. 
It  i;.  a  fortunate  circamstanci ,  ichen  manvfactv 
rers  and  mechanics  taken  delight  in  them  :  since 
their  health  is  promoted  by  the  exercise  in  ihl 
open  air,  fop  which  an  opportunity  is  thus  af- 
forded ;  while  at  the  same  time,  any  tendency 
to  immorality  is  greatly  checked  by  an  agreea- 
ble anil  useful  means  of  occupation.  The  vil- 
lage gurden  is  frequently  the  retreat  of  the  oc- 
cupier, in  the  summer  evenings,  after  the  la- 
hours  of  the  day.  where  he  agreeably  employs 
himself,  in  watching  over  the  progress  of  his 
crops,  and  the  success  of  his  exertions. 

In    those   manufacturing  villages,  or  small 
towns,  where  cv  number  of  inhabitants   havi 


Vol.   1.— No.S. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


gardens,  a  tiste  for  keeping  them  in  good  or- 
der ^prevalent,  and  few  instances  of  dissipation 
occur.  In  such  gardens,  not  only  aromatic 
herbs  and  medicinal  plants,  are  cultivated,  hut 
(lowers  of  various  sorts  are  raised,  as  carna- 
tion s,  pinks,  aiiriculre,  polyanthus  &c.  by_  the 
sale  of  which  some  money  is  obtained.  The 
Florist  Society  at  Paisley  in  Scotland,  is  a 
sufficient  proof  of  the  advantage  to  be  derived 
from tdirectmz  the  attention  of  manufacturer* 
to  such  innocent  pursuits,  the  rearing  ofbeaur 
tifal flowers  is  found  to  improve  their  taste  for 
manufacturing  elegant  patterns  of  fancy  inus- 
'in;  while  the  florists  of  Paisley  huve  long  been 
remarked  for  the  peaccfvlness  of  their  disposi- 
tions, and  the  sob)  icly  of  their  manners. 

SMtLL    FARMS — COLLECTING  MANURES. 

The  great  principles  of  agriculture  may  be 
reduced  to  these  two  points  :  keep  small  farms 
and  manage  thim  well.  What  constitutes  a 
small  farm,  or  in  what  consists  good  man- 
agement, arc  subjects  deeply. affecting  the  best 
Interests  of  saciety,  and  have  engaged  vol- 
umes of  the  most  philanthropic  writings.  The 
pages  of  a  worlt,  limited  in  size,  and  devoted 
lo  various  purposes,  can  afford  but  a  short  re- 
view of  a  subject  so  comprehensively  useful ; 
Vet,  by  entering  directly  into  real  matter,  and 
avoiding  the  prolixity  of  books,  much  instruc- 
tion and  benefit  may  be  obtained  at  an  expense 
of  money  and  lime  comparatively  email. 

An  anxiety  to  grow  rich  has  done  more  inju- 
ry and  produced  more  disappointment  lo  .far- 
mers, than  lo  any  other  class  of  fortune  hun- 
ters; the  merchant,  who  not  only  risks  his  en- 
tire capital,  but  also  his  utmost  credit  on  a 
sin«le  voyage,  may  suoceed  even  beyond  his 
calculation,  and  may,  at  once,  increase  his  for- 
tune and  enlarge  his  credit  :  the  mechanic, 
who  risks  all  on  a  single  project,  may  succeed 
to  riches  and  its  comforts  ;  but  the  farmer, 
who  enlarges  his  fields  beyond  his  actual  means 
of  cultivating  them,  never  sueoeeds  in  Ins  da- 
sign. 

Land  badly  tilled  and  badly  fenced,  produ- 
ces a  small  crop,  which  nut  unfrequenlly  be- 
comes a  prey  to  the  inroads  of  cattle,  or  suffers 
for  want  of  hands  to  secure  it  in  harvest;  yet 
such  must  be  the  fate  of  large  firms,  that  is, 
farms  exceeding  the  disposable  means  of  the 
proprietor.  No  general  rule  can  be  laid  down 
lo  determine  the  proper  size  of  a  farm,  as  it 
mustbe  regulated  by  a  whole  view  ol  the  far- 
mer's means,  family,  Ac;  but  in  choosing,  a 
farm,  it  would  be  a  prudent  maxim  to  prefer 
one  even  apparently  too  small,  to  one  that 
might  prove  loo  large  ;  and  perhaps  the  gnne- 
alitv  of  farmers,  who  look  merely  to  the  sup- 
port of  a  family,  migftt  do  .well  to  confine  their 
industry,  in  the  first  instance,  to  fifty  acres  of 
land,  exclusive  of  the  necessary  proportion  of 
woodland.  The  result  would  prove  so  deci- 
sive'y  the  superior  advantages  of  small  farms, 
as  more  than  probably  to  indace  the  farmer  to 
continue  his  industry  on  a  scale,  which  would 
Meld  so  much  in  poinl.of  crops,  save  so  much 
labor,  render  a  frequent  view  of  the  entire 
farm,  and  the  collecting  of  the  produce  to  the 
'yarn  so  convenient. 

"But,"  6iys  the  farmer,  who  has  six  or 
ei^ht  children,  "fifty  acres  will  not  suffice  to 
support  my  family."  It  may  be  replied,  and 
with  more  truth,  "  no,  nor  one  hundred  acres," 
because  of  the  undeniable  fact,  that  one  hun- 
dred acres  badly  tilled,  will  produce  less  than 
fifty  acres,  well  managed  ;  and  that  the  labour 
necessary  to  the  good  tillage  and  management 
of  the  small  farm,  will  not  be  sufficient  even 
lur  the  slovenly  mt.'iagement  of  the  large  one. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  describe,  how  a  large 
\arm  may  be  ruined,  in  thecaso  oT  a  proprietor 
whose  capital  is  small;  every  practical  farmer 
can  explain,  and  the  most  superficial  view  of 
hundreds  of  such  farms,  to  be  seen  in  all  di- 
rections, will  at  onoe  convince  the  doubtful. — 
It  only  remains  to  see  how  the  farmer  and  his 
i'amily  can  be  supported,  on  a  farm  of  fifty  a- 
ejes. 


The  skilful  farmer  will  keep  his  lands  in  a 
state  of  constant  productiveness  ;  the  most 
injudicious  management,  or  the  most  apparent 
neglect,  can  alone  cause  land  to  remain  for 
years,  or  even  for  a  season,  without  conlnbu- 
tin"  to  the  fanner's  sustenance  ;  this  state, 
however,  seldom  fails  to  attend  large  farms. — 
A  rotation  of  crops,  and  a  supply  of  manure, 
will  secure  this  constant  productiveness.  Eve- 
ry farmer  is  a  sufficient  judge  of  the  managing 
a  rotation  of  crops,  and,  in  some  measure,  acts 
on  lhat  principle  ;  but  the  mind  and  labor  are 
so  divided  in  the  caro  of  large  farms,  that  nei- 
ther can  be  brought  to  act  with  sufficient  judg- 
ment or  effect.  A  proper  disposition  of  cattle, 
added  to  a  judicious  collecting  of  manure, will 
always  produce  the  means  of  enriching  and  in- 
vigorating  the  soil,  nor  can  there  ever  appear 
any  want  of  a  sufficient  supply  of  manure  for 
every  purpose  of  the  farm. 

The  collecting  cf  compost,   or  manure,   be- 
ing 'ndispensable  to  the  farmer,  it  shall  be  here 
first  attended  to.     Compost  is  to  be  consider- 
ed,  both  as  to   its  quantity  and  its   quality. — 
The  quantity  may  be  increased  by  mixing  clay, 
or  other  unforniented  matter  with  the  manure; 
the  entire  mass   will  partake  of  the  salts,  and 
all  ferment   together.       The   quality,    which 
seems   of  more  importance  than  the   quantity, 
may    be  improved   by  choosing  a  proper  site 
for  the  manure  heap.     It  should  not  be  made 
in  a  hole,  because  the  rain  water  will  soon  fill 
the  hole  and  chill    the  manure  ;   which  should, 
in  order  to  fermentation,  preserve  a  considera- 
ble heat :  it  should  not  be  made  on  a  hill,  be- 
cause the  water  passing  through  it,  will  carry 
away  its  most  valuable  part;  nor  should  it  be 
entirely  excluded  from  the  air,  which  is  essen- 
tially useful  to  it.     With  these  general  obser- 
vations in  view,  the  farmer  will  easily  contrive 
a  proper  plan  for   collecting    a    sufficiency    of 
rich  compost  for  all  the  uses  of  his  farm, which 
thus  plentifully  supplied,    will  never  degener- 
ate into   a   barren  waste.       The  manure  heap 
should  be   placed  near  the  farm   yard,  so   that 
the  rotten  straw,   bedding  of  the  cattle,  &c. 
may  be   easily  removed  to  it;  a  sewer  or  gut- 
ter should  also  be  contrived  to  carry  off  tin:  u- 
riuc  from  the  cattle's  stalls,  to  a  reservoir  near 
the  manure ;  and  finally,  it  should  be  collected 
on  a  flat  spot  of  ground,  so  hard  as  to  be,  if 
possible, impervious  to  the  juices, which  would 
otherwise  sink   into  the   earth  and   be   totally 
lost.— N.  Y.  Farmer. 


lo  imperfect  mastication.  These  causes  pro- 
duce indigestion,  and  ultimately  worms.  Mr. 
Hinds  recommends,  that,  when  it  is  certainly 
ascertained  the  horse  is  attacked  by  worms,  the 
following  bolus  or  hall  be  administered  :  Calo- 
mel, 1  12  drachms  ;  Annis  seed,  5  drachms, 
mixed  with  treacle, into  a  paste,  Tor  two  doses, 
to  be  given  on  two  successive  nights  ;  the 
first  dose  lobe  preceded  by  water  gruel,  and 
the  last  one  to  be  followed,  the  next  day,  by 
a  purgative  compound  of,  Barbadoes  aloes,  4 
drachms,  Gamboge,  1  1-2  drachms,  prepared 
kali  2  drachms,  ginger  1  drachm,  oil  of  amber 
a  ten-spoonful,  syrup  of  buckthorn  sufficient 
to  form  the  whole  into  a  ball  for  one  dose. — 
Should  the  horse  be  weakly,  the  first  mixture 
may  bo  divided  into  three  doses,  for  as  many 
successive  days,  to  he  followed  on  the  fourth 
morning  after  by  the  purgative.  The  horse  in 
the  mean  while  should  be  fed  with  fresh  grass. 
cracked  corn,  mashed  potatoes,  or  other  food 
easily  digestible  ;  accompanied  occasionally 
with  salt.  As  the  disease  is  produced  by  im 
paired  digestive  organs,  it  must  be  cured  bv 
restoring  to  these  organs  their  healthful  tone, 
towards  which,  the  medicines  recommended, 
have  a  favorable  tendency. 


B0TT9    IN    HORSES. 

A  writer  in  the  American  Farmer,  states  the 
following  as  a  sure  remedy  for  the  botts  in  hor- 
sas,  and  says  it  was  practiced  by  a  veterinary 
sur"eon,  who  came  to  this  country  during  the 
revolution,  with  Baron  Steuben  : 

First,  drench  the  horse  with  a  quart  of  new- 
milk,  saturated  with  honey,  molasses,  or  su 
gar,  (to  be  preferred  in  the  order  in  which 
they  are  named  ;)  leave  him  two  hours,  at  rest; 
drench  him  again  with  a  pint  of  strong  brine, 
previously  made,  by  dissolving  in  boiling  wa- 
ter as  much  common  salt  as  it  will  hold,  and 
leave  the  horse  undisturbed  two  hours  more. 
Then  administer  half  a  pint  of  linseed  oil,  and 
the  treatment  is  complete. 

The  rationale  of  this  course,  according  to 
the  writer,  is  as  follows  :  Botts  destroy  hor- 
ses by  feeding  upon  and  destroying  the  inte- 
guments of  the  stomach:  but, preferring  swee- 
tened milk  lo  flesh  diet,  they  leave  the  sub- 
stance of  the  stomach,  and  glut  on  the  milk,  of 
which  they  partake  so  much,  that  they  are 
greatly  distended,  exposing  a  thin  skin  to  the 
action  of  the  brine,  when  administered,  which 
easily  destroys  them.  Oil  is  afterwaids  gi- 
ven, to  heal  the  wounds  in  the  stomach,  made 
by  the  worms. 

John  Hinds,  in  his  Treatise  on  Farriery,  (a 
work  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every 
man  who  has  the  charse  of  horses,)  attributed 
the  generation  of  worms  to  irregular  feeding 
and  to  feeding  upon  indigestible  substances, 
Imusty  hay,  grain,  &c.  and  in  some  aged  horses 


COLUMBUS. 

A  correspondent  of   the   Macon  Telegraph. 

who  writes  from    Havana,  thus   describes  the 

tomb  of  Columbus  ■ 

"  My  first  pilgrimage  has  been  made  to  the 
tomb  of  Columbus.     I    need  not  say  it  is  the 
most  splendid  I  have  ever  seen,  for  I  have  ne- 
ver seen  any  thing  which  can  be  placed  in  com  - 
pariso.i  witli    it.     It  stands  within   the    walls, 
and  under  one  of  the  most  splendid  domes  of 
the  cathedral;  its    form    is   that  of  a   temple 
surrounded  with  pillars,  standing  on  a  massive 
basement  or  pedestal,  in  front  of  which  there 
is  a  small  portal  between  four  miniature  col- 
umns, within  which  the  box  conlainiug  his  re- 
mains is  said  to  be  deposited — within  the  tem- 
ple is  a  statue  about  three  feet  in  height.     The 
materiel  of   the  whole  temple    is  of    the  most 
beautiful  Italian  marble,  and  is  6aid,  by  trav- 
ellers who  have  visited  Italy,  that  they    have 
never  seen  so  beautiful  a   piece   of  sculpture 
there  or   elsewhere.     It  was  made  entirely  in 
Italy,  and  brought  ready   to  be  set  up  here  — 
The  morning  I  attended   mass,  at   the    cathe- 
dral, the  tomb  of  Columbus    was  surrounded 
with  candlesticks,  I  should  think  near  three  feet 
in  height,  of  massive  gold,  while  every  thing 
around  corresponded  in  style  and    richness  of 
ornament.     The  cathedral  itseif  far  surpasses 
any  thing  I  had  ever  seen  or  hardly  imagined, 
in  the  beauty  and  style  of  its  architecture — of 
its  length,  breadth,  width  or  height,  I  will  not 
undertake  to  form  what  I  would  call  a  correct 
opinion  ;  for  the  eye  and  mind  of  the  visiter  are 
so  deeply  impressed   with  the  awe  and  solems 
nily  of  such  a  scene,  as  to  be  wholly  unprepa- 
red to    make  estimates  of  measurement.     Its 
high  towering  domes,  its  massive  columns  and 
arches,  its  beautiful  statuary  and  paintings,  all 
strike  the  eye  with  wonder,  in  which  the  mind 
re  lust  in  thought.     Add  to  this  the  impressive 
solemnity  of  the  rites  and   ceremonies,  which 
were  constantly  going   on   at  the  shrines   and 
confessionals,  which  were  so  distant,  that  the 
priests  were  out  of  the  reach  of  each  other's 
voices,  you  will  not  be    surprised  lhat   1  was 
impressed  with  feelings  beyond  description." 

Natural  history  is  no  work  for  one  lhat  loves 
his  chair  or  his  bed.  speculation  may  be 
pursued  on  a  soft  couch,  but  Nature  must  be 
observed  in  the  open  air Johnson. 


It  is  wonderful  that  old  men  should  remem 
her  more  accuiately  what  happened  fifty  years 
agOjthan  the  affairs  of  the  last  week.  The 
brains  of  old  men  are  like  hard  wax,  tena- 
cious of  old  impressions,  and  not  very  suscep 
lible  of  dcw. 


ttO 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Feb.  26,  18Si, 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

SATURDAY,  FEB.  2G,  1831. 


DIFFERENT  BREEDS  OF  CATTLE. 

I  Continued  from  page  52.] 

In  our  last  number,  we  noticed  some  of  the 
most  approved  breeds  of  cattle — in  this,  we 
mention  others  that  are  still  reared  to  conside- 
rable extent  in  England. 

The  Herefordshire  cattle— Theso  somewhat 
resemble  the  Devonshire  breed.being  of  a  deep 
red  color,  with  a  white  face.  They  have  thin 
hides,  and  fine  hair,  are  more  moderate  in 
iheir  motions,  than  the  Devons.  They  are 
well  proportioned  for  beef  or  milkers,  being 
heavy  in  the  hind  quarters,  which  have  rather 
i  bony  appearance, tolerably  strait  on  the  back, 
neck  rather  descending,  the  head  small  and 
;lean,  and  carried  rather  low.  They  are  thin 
and  light  in  the  fore  quarter?,  narrow  in  the 
chine,  but  a  full  sutloin,  they  fatten  yotrng.and 
are  considered  by  many  of  the  English  gra- 
ziers, as  being  next  to  the  Holderness  in  exeel- 
lenee,  and  dairymen  say  their  milk  is  very 
rich. 

The  polled  breed — These  are  raised  more  in 
Scotland  than  England,  and  some  of  them  have 
been  brought  to  this  country.  The  color  of 
this  breed  is  mostly  black.  Tuey  are  strait 
and  round  in  tbeir  build  ;  the  head  is  short,  but 
carried  well  up;  general  features  rather  dull 
than  otherwise ;  strait  on  the  back,  broad 
on  the  loin,  round  in  the  hind  quarters,  and  ra- 
ther light ;  short  legged,  with  a  heavy  bushy 
tail ;  and  the  hair  is  longer  than  on  most  breeds. 
In  size,  they  are  below  the  Lancashire  breed 
but  are  said  to  arrive  at  maturity  young.  They 
are  not  in  high  estimation  for  the  dairy,  and 
are  only  grown  in  those  parts  of  the  country 
where  the  breeding  of  fine  cattle  is  neglected. 

Each  of  the  above  breeds,  as  described  in 
this  and  the  preceding  number  of  our  paper, 
have  had  their  advocates;  some  preferring 
large,  others  small  breeds  of  cattle  ;  but  I 
believe  the  best  breeders,  both  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  England,  are  now  agreed  tint 
the  difference  in  size  of  breeders,  is  not  so  im- 
portant as  the  shape.  Bakewell,  who  was 
one  of  the  first  breeders  in  England,  gave  a 
preference  to  the  Lancashire  breed,  which  he 
consienled  were  raised  at  less  expense  than 
any  ethers.  Others  again  maintain,  that  the 
Holderness,  or  short  horned  breed,  excell  eve- 
ry other  for  dairy  and  for  beef;  while  the  far- 
mer,who  is  wishing  to  raise  oxen  for  the  yoke, 
prefers  the  Devonshire.  \ 

If  farmers  would  be  more  careful  in  the  se- 
lection of  the  slock  from  which  they  intend  toj 
breed,  even  with  the  common  cattle  of  the! 
country,  fine  stock  might  be  raised,  with  care  I 
fill  feeding.  And  here  let  me  observe. that  the 
best  breeders  are  now  satisfied  that  as  lunch 
rlepend*  on  the  selection  of  the  dam  as  the 
sire,  both  with  cattle  and  horses,  and  large  fe- 
males arc  allowed  to  be  best  in  both;  the  health, 
strength,  and  proportion,  then,  of  these,  be- 
iniii.  equally  as  important  as  the  siro,  not  on- 
ly in  giving  proportion,  but  in  giving  support 
after  they  have  brought  forth  their  young. — 
Therefore,  almost  as  much  advantage  might  be 
gained  in  breeding  cattle,  to  select  the  best 
iwwi  from  our  present  breeds,  as  to  impart 
fine  bulls  and  ncglcet  this  selection. 


In  short,  the  first  point  to  be  gained  on  this 
subject  is,  to  get  up  an  exciiement  sufficient  to 
make  farmers  seek  for  information  ;  or  a  spirit 
of  inquiry,  which,  when  once  started,  will  al- 
ways beget  ambition,  or  a  wish  to  excel, which 
>vill  be  attended  with  a  lasting  benefit  to  our 

country.  

GEOLOGY. 

THE    VALLEY    OF    THE    GENESEE. 

[Continued  from  page  36.] 
Next  above  the  gray-band  is  a  mixed  forma- 
tion, if  we  include  all  the  variety  between  the! 
gray  band  and  the  Lias,  in  one.  As  modern 
geologists  have  adopted  this  course,  and  have 
included  them  all  under  the  head  of  Feriferous 
sand  rack,  we  will  follow  them,  but  describe! 
the  different  layers,  and  their  effect  upon  the 
soil.  Directly  above  the  gray-band,  there  is  a 
layer  of  magnesian  slate,  of  a  light  green  co- 
lour, having  a  peculiar  soft  soapy  feel ;  it  read- 
ily disintegrates,  or  falls  to  pieces,  on  being 
exposed  to  the  air.  It  forms  a  tenaceous  soil 
from  the  quantity  of  clay  which  it  contains,  as 
the  layer  is  thin  ;  we  do  not  know  of  any  large 
fields  where  this  predominates.  Above  this 
lies  layers  of  feriferous  sand  rock,  which  are 
very  hard,  containing  many  bivalve  shells;  in 
short,  some  of  the  stones  seem  almost  entire- 
ly composed  of  them.  Many  specimens  are 
agatized,  and  fine  specimens  of  chalcedony 
are  found  among  (hem.  These  stones  are 
very  hard  and  durable  ;  ahhoogh  they  do  not 
decompose  readily,  yet  the  soil  where  they  out 
crop  is  generally  strong  and  light,  and  of  a  rus- 
ty iron  colour.  Alternating  with  these  layers, 
and  near  the  centre  of  this  formation,  is  the 
layer  of  conglomerate  argillaceous  iron  ere, 
varying  in  thickness  from  one  to  four  feet. 
In  some  localities,  this  ore  may  be  shovelled 
like  coarse  sand ;  in  others,  the  particles  aro 
cemented  together  by  a  carbonate  of  lime,  to 
i  he  hardness  of  ooramon  lime  stone.  This  lay<  r 
of  iron  ore  may  be  traced  from  the  high  lands, 
west  of  the  hitle  falls,  on  the  Mohawk  river, 
through  the  stale  of  New  York,  and  into  Up. 
per  Canada,  on  the  north  of  Lake  Ontario. — 
The  iron  made  from  ii  is  coarse,  hard  and  brit- 
tle, and  of  little  %vorth,  except  for  sleigh  shoes, 
plough  irons,  &.c.  Stoves  and  hollow  ware 
made  from  it  almost  invariably  crack  by  heating 
and  cooling.  In  some  places  this  ore  is  ground 
into  Spanish  brown.  As  the  whole  of  the 
feriferous  formation  in  this  region,  is  not  more 
than  forty  or  fifty  feet  thich  ;  its  character  on 
the  surface  is  limited. 

Next  in  progression  we  come  lo  the  Lias,  or 
calcifirous  sluto.  This  is  a  more  important 
formation  in  Agriculture, and  the  general  thick- 
ness of  it  may  be  calculated  at  about  one  hun- 
dred feet.  It  is  through  this  formation  thai 
most  of  the  celebrated  falls,  in  the  western 
part  of  the  United  Slates,  descend,  viz — the 
falls  of  Niagara,  of  the  Genesee  at  Rochester, 
and  the  fills  of  St.  Anthony,  on  the  Mississip- 
pi. The  component  puts  of  this  rock  are  dif 
ferent  at  different  localities.  It  contains  sul- 
phate and  carbonate  of  lime,  magnesia,  iron, 
silsx,  and  a  largo  proportion  of  .'illumine,  or 
clay.  In  this  formation  are  found  bedsofsul- 
phutc  of  lime  or  gypsum,  and  water  lime  or 
hydraulic  cement.  When  it  is  decomposed, 
this  rock  makes  a  very  excellent  soil,  both  for 
wheat  and  grass  j  it  is  very  retentive  of  mois 
tare,  and  is  not  rrs  apt  to  suffer  from  drought, 


as  limestone  land.  Manure  lasts  longer  on 
this  than  on  sandy  land.  In  some  places  the 
soil  from  this  rock  has  sufficient  clay  in  it  fq,r 
brick  making. 

This  is  the  superincumoent  formation  over 
a  very  considerable  extent  of  country,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Genesee  river,  north  of  the  lime^ 
stone  formation.  From  the  nature  of  this  rock 
it  is  capable  of  absorbing  water  and  giving  it 
off  again  by  capillary  attraction,  to  tho  soil  a- 
bove,  and  it  is  owing  to  .his  quality  that  soils 
formed  from  and  upon  this  rock,  are  capable  ol 
enduring  the  drought  for  a  longer  time,  than 
those  upon  impervious  rocks,  where  the  water 
passes  down  through  the  cracks  which  are  too 
large  for  its  return  by  capillary  attraction,  and 
such  rocks  being  impervious  to  the  water  do 
not  retain  any  water  to  soften  the  soil  by  evap- 
oration. There  is  no  doubt  but  this  rock  ta- 
ken up  at  such  places  as  are  undergoing  de- 
composition, and  carried  upon  our  thin  light 
sandy  soils,  would  prove  an  excellent  manure  j 
the  effect  would  be  similar  to  putting  on  clny. 
which  is  found  to  be  a  great  strengthener  ol 
such  soils. 

The  beds  of  gypsum  found  in  this  formation 
are  of  importance  to  this  western  country,  as 
upon  some  soils  it  has  a  powerful  influence 
in  promoting  vegetation,  and  it  is  likewise  use- 
ful as  a  cement,  as  it  is  now  found,  that  the 
celebrated  cement  with  which  the  Romans  laid 
iheir  baths  and  aqueducts,  was  nothing  more 
than  ihe  sulphate  of  lime,  orgvpsum,  bating 
its  waler  of  crystahzation  driven  off  by  heat, 
in  a  manner  very  similar  to  our  burning  lime  ; 
after  which  it  was  pounded  fine,  and  on  adding 
water  it  soon  hardened,  and  was  verv  durable, 
as  we  have  examined  some  of  these  works 
which  have  been  done  nearly  fifteen  hundred 
years,  without  being  able  to  discover  any  signs 
of  failure  in  the  cement. 


MAPLE  S    GAR. 

This  is  the  season  to  prepare  for  manufac- 
turing this  article,  which  is  one  of  the  purest 
of  sweets,  and  may  be  made  into  the  fines: 
loaf  sugar.  For  catching  the  sap,  pails  or 
buckets-  are  preferable  to  troughs,  and  may  be- 
made  almost  as  cheap  ;  and  when  we  take  into 
consideration  the  ease  with  which  they  arc 
handled,  and  their  durability,  compared  with 
troughs,  we  think  the  latter  should  be  rejec- 
ted. We  have  seen  buckets  made  with  one 
s'ave  longer  than  tho  others,  through  which 
was  a  hole  for  the  purpose  of  hanging  it  upon 
a  nail,  driven  into  the  tree  below  the  spout, 
tlii-»  is  a  very  neat  and  convenient  way,  as 
when  the  buckets  arc  set  down,  they  are  some- 
times turinid  over  by  the  thawing  of  the  snow. 

If  those  farmers  who  have  maple  trees  plen 
tv,  would  provide  themselves  with  two  hun- 
dred buckets,  they  might  manufacture  all  the" 
sugar  that  they  would  want  for  their  family 
use, and  some  to  spare  ;  for  where  the  business 
is  well  attended  to,  there  may  he  made  about 
Mireo  pounds  for  each  bucket,  and  a  good  si- 
zed tree  will  afford  s.-ip  enough  for  about  five 
pounds  in  a  season.  If  proper  vessels  are  u- 
sed,  one  cord  of  wood  will  evaporate  sap  for 
two  hundred  pounds  of  sugar.  One  man  with 
a  horso  or  yoko  of  oxen  '  and  sled,  will  tend 
two  hundred  buckets:  cutting  his  wood,  col- 
lecting the  sap,  iVc.  The  usual  season  for 
making  sugar  continues  about  one  mantis,  u>. 


Vol.  1.— No.  8. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


61 


though  there  are  not  more  than  from  ten  to  fif- 
teen days  in  the  reason,  that  are  favorable  for 
the  running  of  the  sap.  During  this  time,  a 
man  armed  as  above,  will  make  about  six  htm- 
Jrod  pounds,  worth  nine  cents  per  pound,  or 
$54. 

The  cost  of  two  hundred  buckets,  made 
suitably  for  this  purpose, would  be  aboot$20 — 
two  kettles  for  boiling,  about  $15 — making  an 
outfit  of  $35. 

Thus  with  the  small  expense  of  thirty-five 
dollars,  in  apparatus  which  will  last  10  years, 
tor  which  we  will  allow  ten  per  cent,  which 
added  to  the  simple  interest,  would  make  the 
annual  interest  of  about  six  dollars,  which  ad- 
ded to  twenty-four  dollars,  as  the  wages  of  the 
man  and  horse,  would  amount  to  $30. 

Thus  for  the  amount  of  thirty  dollars,  a  far- 
mer who  has  plenty  of  maple  trees,  may  fur- 
nish himself  with  six  hundred  pounds  of  su- 
gar, equal  to  the  best  West  India,  provided 
the  operation  is  well  conducted.  Thus  it  ap- 
pears that  the  cost  of  maple  sugar  would  be 
but  five  cents  per  pound,  which  is  mostly  paid 
in  labor,  and  can  be  done  in  most  lamilies  ea 
sier  than  to  pay  one  half  that  sum  in  cash. — 
We  hope  those  farmers  who  have  not  been  in 
the  habit  of  making  their  own  sugar,  will  think 
the  subject  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  give  it 
a  fair  trial,  which  would  make  a  great  saving 

to  Old  Genesee.  

TERMINOLOGY. 

Herb — a  plant  destitute  of  a  woody  stem. 

Herbarium— a  book  in  which  specimens  of 
plants  are  kept. 

Imperfect — a  flower  which  does  not  contain 
both  stamens  and  pistils  is  imperfect. 

Irritability— the  contractile  motion  of  plants. 

Leafing  season — that  time  when  leaves  make 
their  appearance. 

Lurid — of  a  pale,  dull,  deathly  color. 

Midrib— the  middle  rib  of  the  leaf  running 
irom  the  stem  to  the  apex. 

Nectary — that  part  of  a  flower  which  con- 
tains honey. 

Palmate — spreading  like  the  hand. 

Pcifect flower — huving  both  stamens  and  pis- 
tils. 

Phytology—  treating  of  the  principles  of  ve- 
getables. 

Plant — any  substance  growing  from  seed.. 

Pulpy — filled  with  a  tenaceous  kind  of  Pa- 
renchyma. 

Raceme — arranged  like  a  bnnch  of  grapes. 

Radicle—  Small  roots. 

Runner — a  side  horizontal  shoot,  producing 
young  plants- 

Serate — notched  like  a  saw. 


QUESTIONS  FOR  FARMERS* 

-Have  you  got  your  wood  cut  and  piled  up 
uir  next  summer? — examined  your  bees?  got 
your  buckets  ready  for  making  sngai — and 
spouts  for  tapping  the  trees  ?  drawn  your  logs 
'.o  the  sawmill?  racked  off  your  cider — and 
bunged  your  casks  tight?  put  your  hams  in 
the  smoke  house  ?  threshed  out  all  your  grain? 
assorted  your  potatoes  in  the  cellar  ?  felled 
your  trees  for  rails  ?  collected  your  cions  for 
grafting  in  the  spring  ?  repaired  your  carts, 
ploughs  and  harrows?  seltled  with  all  your 
,  mechanics?  dressed  out  your  flax?  taken  a 
toad  of  wood  to  the  poor  ? — If  you  have  done 
:jjl  these  things,  you  have  done  well. 


tVOAD. 

Rochester,  Feb.  4,  1831. 
Messrs.  Editors— In  the  New  England 
Farmer  of  the  28th  ult.  1  observed  an  inquiry 
from  a  committee  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society,  on  the  culture  of  madder,  ba- 
rilla and  woad.'  In  1826,  I  received  a  letter 
from  Mr.  \Vm.  Partridge,  of  New  York,  on  the 
culture  and  properties  of  woad,  which  I  send 
you  for  publication,  in  the  Genesee  Farmer. — 
Mr.  Partridge  is  a  practical  man,  and  author  of 
a  valuable  treatise  on  dying,  and  which  I  think 
also  treats  on  the  cultivation  of  madder. 

I  am,  respectfully,  &c.  O.  W. 

As  the  Want  of  room  forbids  our  copying  the 
letter  at  full  length,  we  mako  the  following  ex- 
tracts : 

"Your  iuquiries  relative  to  the  woad  plant 
induces  me  to  believe  that  yon  have  an  inten- 
tion of  raising  it.  A  considerable  quantity  of 
that  plant  has  been  raised  in  different  parts  of 
America,  both  by  individuals  for  personal  use, 
and  by  cultivators  for  a  market ;  but  those  who 
have  engaged  in  it  have  been  ignorant  of  wliat 
ought  to  be  performed  to  insure  a  good  ariicle, 
and  American  woad  is  consequently  in  disre- 
pute. Our  market  has  been  supplied  mostly 
from  England.  German  and  French  ball-woad 
has  been  imported  to  some  extent,  but  owin 
to  its  being  in  a  different  state  from  the  Eng 
lish,  few  of  our  workmen  can  use  it,  and  for 
want  of  sales  the  importation  is  stopped.  Woad 
is  valuable  in  proportion  to  the  coloring  matter 
it  contains,  and  as  a  fermentative  medium  to 
bring  the  indigo  used  with  it  to  a  state  of  de- 
oxidizement.  To  perform  the  latter,  any  ve- 
getable equally  succulent,  worked  up  in  the 
same  way  would  answer  as  well  as  woad.  Its 
principal  value,  therefore,  consists  in  the 
quantity  of  blue  coloring  feculaa  contained  in 
the  plant. 

"To  obtain  this  disideratum,  woad  must  bo 
raised  on  a  rich  soil,  not  a  soil  that  has  been 
enriched  by  manure,  but  a  naturally  strong, 
rich  soil  ;  unless  this  can  be  obtained,  it  wouid 
be  useless  to  make  the  attempt.  Twenty  a- 
cresof  such  land,  divided  into  three  parts,  one 
third  to  be  cropped  every  year  would  af- 
ford a  pretty  plentiful  supply  for  the  present 
market.  Land  will  not  bear  more  than  two 
crops  of  woad  in  succession,  notbecanse  it  is 
weakened  by  cropping,  but  because  after  the 
second  crop  the  land  becomes  so  filled  with 
white  grubs,  as  to  destroy  the  plants  raised  on 
it. 

"  Upon  good  land,  two  tons  of  woad  can  be 
raised  on  an  acre — i.  e.  two  tons  when  couch- 
ed, by  which  process  the  weight  is  increased 
about  twenty  per  cent." 

The  writer  then  proceeds  to  a  description 
of  the  mode  of  rearing  and  preparing  the  plant 
for  use,  &c. 

This  plant  was  brought  into  notice  by  the 
ingenuity  of  Bonaparte  during  his  reign,  in  or- 
der to  render  the  nation  independent  of  others 
for  dying  materials,  and  was  shortly  after  in- 
troduced into  English  manufactories;  but  Lou- 
don, a  late  English  writer,  of  high  repute,  in 
speaking  of  it  says,  "  At  present  it  is  to  be 
considered  moro  as  a  matter  of  curioos  histo- 
torical  information,  or  of  local  adoption,  (han 
of  general  utility  ;  beoause  no  mode  of  cul- 
tivating or  preparing  woad  could  bring  it  into 
competition,  either  in  the  European  or  Ameri- 
can rrrarfcetwilh  inttigo. 


DUTCH  SPINKA6.E. 

This  is  a  hardy  perennial  plant,  a  native  of 
Italy,  and  introduced  into  the  gardens  in  Eng- 
land in  1573.  It  is  a  valuable  plant,  and  should 
be  found  in  every  garden.  We  introduced 
this  plant  into  several  gardens,  in  this  neigh- 
borhood, in  1825,  and  yet  the  plant  is  not  gen. 
orally  known. 

In  growth  and  habit,  it  greatly  resembles 
the  common  narrow  leaved  dock,  which  is  so 
troublesome  in  rich  meadows.  The  leaves, 
however,  are  much  larger  and  more  succulent. 
It  is  easily  cultivated  from  seed  sowed  in  the 
spring,  in  rows,  or  beds  ;  and  if  a  row  is  sow 
ed  by  the  south  side  of  a  fence,  it  will  increase 
its  precocity.  Cover  the  plants  in  the  fall  with 
litter,  or  stable  manure,  which  should  be  re- 
moved as  soon  as  the  frost  is  out  of  the  ground 

in  the  spring,  as  the  plants  vegetate   early. 

The  leaves  should  be  gathered  and  dressed 
like  other  spinnage  dishes,  over  which  it  has 
the  advantage  of  being  more  easily  cultivated, 
and  not  inferior  in  flavor. 

If  sowed  in  rows,  the  plants  may  be  allowed 
to  stand  within  four  or  six  inches  of  each  oth- 
er in  the  row  ;  and  this  is  like  most  other  spin- 
nage plants,  in  one  respect — the  more  thrifty 
the  plant  the  better  the  leaves.  Its  leaves 
will  be  fit  for  use  early  in  May,  and  will  scn- 
tinue  good  for  one  month. 

SEA«KAIjE-«C7hj»iJ£  Maritima,  L. 
William  H.  Adams,  Esq.  Vice  President  of 
the  Domestic  Horticultural  Society  of  the 
western  part  of  New  York,  called  at  our  office, 
on  the  19th,  and  politely  offered  to  send  us  a 
box  of  the  Sea-kale;  and  also  some  Alpine 
strawberries,  for  the  Monroe  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. These  will  be  forwarded  on  the  open- 
ing of  the  canal,  as  a  present  from  the  above 
named  gentleman.  Nolice  of  their  arrival 
will  be  given,  that  they  may  be  distributed  to 
the  members. 

As  the  cultivation  of  this  plant  is  not  gener- 
ally known  in  this  section,  we  subjoin  the  fol- 
lowing : 

The  Sea-Kalo  is  a  hardy  perennial,  which 
has  been  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  Europe; 
for  the  last  hundred  years.  It  is  found  grow- 
ing, wild,  on  the  sea  coasts,  in  England,  and 
some  other  parts  of  Europe.  The  inhabitants 
of  those  countries  where  it  is  a  native,  have 
been  in  the  habii  of  gathering  the  young  shoots 
of  this  plant  for  boiling,  from  time  immemoik 
al ;  and  it  is  now  ranked  among  the  luxuries'  of 
the  garden.  The  young  shoots  are  blanched 
by  inverting  a  box,  or  some  other  convenient 
article,  (which  shall  exclude  the  light,)  over 
them,  when  they  begin  to  vegetate,  which  is 
early  in  the  spring  ;  by  which  means  the  young 
shoois  become  as  crisp  as  asparagus,  to  which 
many  prefer  it,  when  dressed  in  the  same  man- 
ner. In  its  growth,  when  young,  the  leaves 
bear  the  greatest  resemblance  to  cabbage,  be, 
ing  covered  with  a  beautiful  bloom.  As  the 
stalk  increases  in  height,  the  leaves  become 
smaller, and  indented, the  flowers  are  white  and 
fragrant, the  seeds  are  produced  in  pods,whicli 
are  round,  and  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  contain- 
ing but  one  seed  each.  It  is  raised  from  seed, 
also  propagated  bv  offsets  from  old  roots, which 
row  very  readily  ;  and  as  those  who  have  at- 
tsmpted  to  raise  the  young  plants  from  seeds 
procurer!  from  Neiy  York,  have  almost  invati 


62 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Feb.  26,  1831. 


ably  failed  1  would  recommend  to  propagate 
from  roots,  unless  fresh  seed  can  be  procured 
as  we  are  convinced  the  frequent  failures  have 
bean  owing  to  the  seed  procured, being  too  old. 
This  plant,  as  the  name  indicates,  is  found 
growing  wild  upon  the  sea  coasts,  in  the  beach 
sand.  From  that  circumstance,  it  is  inferred 
That  a  sandy  soil  is  most  congenial  to  its 
growth.  The  plants,  whether  by  seeds  or  cut- 
tings, should  be  planted  at  least  one  foot  apart 
in  the  beds,  which  should  be  made  light  and 
rich.  One  advantage  in  the  culture  of  this 
plant,  is,  that  it  furnishes  the  table  at  that  sea- 
son of  the  year  when  fresh  vegetables  are 
highly  prized.  The  months  of  April  and  May 
would  be  the  time  for  eating  it  in  this  climate 

Ten  or  fifteen  plants  of  sea-kale,  woll  tend' 
ed,  would  furnish  a  family  with  a  good  sup- 
ply for  the  table,  until  other  vegetables  came 
in;  after  which  time,  it  might  be  suffered  to 
go  up  to  seed. 

As  the  leaf  and  stock  are  rather  tender,  it  is 
necessary  to  support  the  plants  intended  for 
seed,  by  a  stake,  or  some  other  method  ;  for  if 
the  stalks  are  allowed  to  rest  upon  the  ground, 
the  seeds  will  be  much  injured. 

SNOW  STORM. 

On  the  22d,  the  wind  blew  in  the  morning 
Sightly  from  the  west ;  but  veering  tibout  to  tUe 
southeast  by  south,  was  stationary  hut  not  high 
in  that  direction  for  a  number  of  hours.  To- 
wards evening,  of  a  day  which  had  been  un- 
commonly mild  and  pleasant,  the  snow  began 
to  fall  in  large  flakes,  which  it  was  prophecied 
would  soon  be  succeeded  by  rain,  but  the  tem- 
perature diminished  slowly  from  a  daily  mean 
of  36°  to  below  30°,  and  the  anow  continned 
falling  till  the  evening  of  33 J,  when  it  measured 
abwut  12  inches.  This,  together  with  what  was 
before  on  the  ground,  measured  in  the  woods 
raoro  than  !)  feet  ;  in  the  open  field,  from  six  lo 
ten  inches  less.  This  storm,  together  with 
that  of  the  first  and  second  of  this  month,  vi 
sited  lis  from  the  southeast  and  cast,  and  it 
would  be  interesting  to  know  at  what  distance 
from  us  it  commenced,  and  how  far  south,  if 
at  all,  it  was  rain,  and  also  its  entire  extent. 


NEWS  OF  THE  WEEK. 


(D*  We  again  invite  the  attention  of  our  rea- 
ders, and  others,  who  have  choice  seeds,  vaii- 
ties  of  fruit  or  breeds  of  stock,  to  make  the 
same  known  to  their  brother  fanners,  through 
our  columns,  and  those  who  have  choice  kinds 
of  fruit  trees,  from  which  thoy  are  willing  to 
distribute  cions,  may  leave  them  at  the  office 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  for  distribution,  where 
they  will  be  distributed  gratis. 

U  We  have  been  much  gratified  at  the  no- 
lice  which  our  brother  Editors  have  taken  of 
ihe  Genesee  Farmer,  by  making  extracts  from 
our  columns  ;  and  we  will  continue  our  exer- 
tions '0  make  it  useful  to  that  class  of  commu- 
nity for  which  it  was  designed  ;  but  assume  of 
them  have  neglected  to  give  us  credit  for  such 
extracts,  we  hope  in  future  they  will  not  fur- 
get  the  civilities  due  from  one  editor  to  ano- 
ther.  

FEMALE    AGRICULTURIST. 

A  young  lady  at  Marhlelie.id,  lias  in  her  pos- 
session, a  bed  quill  of  her  own  manufacture, 
the  cotton  of  which  she  planted,  hoed,  reaped 
and  ginned  with  her  own  hands,  while  residing 
in  the  territory  of  Arkansas,  a  few  years  since. 
IIow  many  female's  in  our  country  can  boast  as 
much  ? 


From  Ihc  Rocheirter  Daily  Advertiser. 
DINNER  TO  LAFAYETTE. 

The  Americans,  residents  in  Paris,  on  the 
8th  December  last  gave  a  dinner  in  honor  of 
the  groat  Apostle  of  Liberty  to  two  hemis- 
pheres, Lafayette.  One  of  the  most  celebra- 
ted houses  in  the  city  was  selected  on  the  oc. 
casion,  and  the  room  ornamented  in  an  elegant 
and  tasteful  style,  and  decorated  with  the  ban- 
ners of  the  two  nations  in  festoons. 

The  occasion  was  distinguished  by  the  at- 
tendance of  many  of  the  first  citizens  of  Paris, 
Mr.  Cooper,  the  American  novelist  presided. 
Mr.  Rives,  the  American  minister  at  Paris, 
and  Mon.  Serurier,the  French  minister  to  this 
government,  were  both  present.  In  announcing 
the  toasts  which  had  been  previously  prepared 
the  Chairman  prefaced  them  with  some  few 
brief  remarks,  which  served  very  much  to  in- 
crease the  interest,  and  heighten  the  hilarity 
of  the  occasion. 
The  first  toast  announced  was  : 
"  Liberty  and  Order — the  motto  of  freemen 
— without  the  last,  the  first  has  no  existence  ; 
without  the  first,  the  last  no  guarantee." 
And  the  second : 

"  The  King  of  the  French,  and  the  source 
from  which  he  derives  his  power." 

This  eentiment  called  up  M.  Serurier,  who 
tendered  his  gratitude  and  acknowledgements 
in  a  brief  but  happy  manner,and  concluded  by 
proposing, 

"  The  Prcsidont  of  the  United  States." 
The  Chairman  then  rose  amid  a  profound   si- 
lence, 

"  It  is  in  calling  your  attonlion  to  the  next 
toast,"  said  Mr.  Cooper,  "  that  1  most  feel  my 
insufficiency  for   the  duty  which   has  fallen  to 
my   share   to-day.     A  glorious  consummation 
has  just  been  added  to  the  acts  of  a  long  life, 
past  in  a  constant  struggle  for  the  rights  of  the 
human  race.     We  have  met,  gentlemen,  to  do 
honor  to   that    ardent    and  chivalrous   spirit, 
that  rushed,  uncalculating  and  devoted,  to  the 
rescue  of  the  feeble  and  oppressed  in  the  gloo- 
my  period   of  177G—  to    the   youth   who   was 
found  worthy   to  sit   in  the  council  of  VVaBh 
ton — to  the  enlightened  individual,  who,  at  a 
later  day ,  contended  with  ignorance  and  pre 
judice  in  his  native  land — to  the    prisoner  of 
Olmutz — to  the  fearless  patriot,   who  directed 
the  attention  of  a  victorious  warrior, at  ihe  head 
of  his  conquering  legions,  lo  the  first  and  mos! 
solemn  duties  of  a  citizen—  to  the  Senator  who 
was  foremost  in  withholding  the  sceptre  from 
the  grasp  of  u  military  diclator,and  to  the  man 
on  whom  not  only  the  eyes  of  France, but  of  the 
whole   civilized  world,  wore    turned,  in  ho; 
and  confidence, a  confidence  that  the  result  lias 
nobly  justified,  in   the  hour  of  his   country's 
greatest  trial.     This  brief  cataloguo  will  recal 
to  your  minds  the  histories  of  tho  two  hemis* 
pheres,  and  the  great  events  of  more  than  two 
ages,  in  which  your  illustrious  guest  lias  boon 
a  conspicuous  actor.     Since  the  last,  and,  per 
haps,  tl.c  most  important  of  all  these  glorious 
achievements,  homage,  of  tho  most  unequivo- 
cal and  flattering  nature,  has  been  the  reword 
of  his  courage,  his  constancy, his  disinterested 
ness,   and  his  consistency.     Admiration    and 
respect  have  poured  in  upon  lur»  from  every 
qutrter,  and  this  banquet,  probably,  is  not  the 
twentieth,  at  which  the  public  have  chosen  tc 
exhibit  their  commendation  in  this  particular 
form. If  wo  have  delayed  the  manifestation  of  our 
own  feelings,  it  is  nut  that  we  have   estimated 
his  conduct  loss,  or  that  others  have  sympathi- 
zed in  his  triumphs  more.     Hut  admiratiou  and 
respect  ate  not  the  tcrnre  I  could   choose  lo 


use  in  describing  tho  feelings  which  have  now 
brought  us  together.  Admiration  and  respect 
are  tributes  which  Lafayette  has  extorted  even 
from  his  enemies.  Gentlemen,  we  lore  him." 
The  speaker  was  here  interrupted  by  a  spon- 
taneous and  tremendous  peal  of  applause. — 
The  whole  company  rose  as  if  it  had  but  one 
soul,  and  delivered  nine  such  cheers  as  have 
rarely  been  heard  within  the  walls  of  Paris — 
The  venerable  La  Fayette  was  obviously  and 
powerfully  nffecled,  his  eyes  suffusing  with 
tears  at  so  strong  a  mark  of  the  affection  of 
his  hosts — "  Yes,  Gentlemen,  and  we  have 
reason  lo  love  aim."  Mr.  C.  was  again  inter- 
rupted by  a  second  burst  of  sympathy,  scarce- 
ly lessstrong  than  the  first.  When  silence  was 
j  again  obtained,  he  proceeded — "Perhaps  the 
history  of  the  world  does  not  6upply  a  parallel 
to  that  feeling  which  binds  the  community  of 
which  we  are  members,  to  the  illustrious  mar, 
who  sits  at  your  table — a  parallel  to  a  friend- 
ship which  has  been  transmitted,  among  ue, 
from  generation  to  generation— to  a  friendship 
which  has  endured  through  good  report,  and 
evil  leport  :  through  days  of  darkness  and  days 
of  sunshine  :  through  peace  and  war — to  a 
friendship  which  has  equally  resisted  the  de- 
pression of  defeat,  and  the  allurements  of  suc- 
cess— to  a  friendship,  Gentlemen,  in  which 
one  of  the  parties  is  an  individual,  and  the 
other  an  entire  nation  !  Before  such  feelings, 
all  political  consideration:.,  except  as  thev 
may  serve  to  strengthen  our  esteem,  are  mo- 
mentarily lost  ;  and  I  feel  certain  of  meeting 
an  answering  sympathy  in  the  bosom  of  every 
man  who  hears  me,  when  I  odd,  that  we  arc 
not  assembled  to-day,  raoro  with  the  intent  to 
do  honor  to  him  who  has  been  so  well  termed 
the  '  Patriarch  of  Liberty,'  than  to  exhibit  the 
reverence  and  affection  of  children  towards  a 
common  father.  (Another  burst  of  applause.': 
—  We  will  now  fill  to  the  brim — and  drink— 

"  To  the  health  and  happiness  of  our  ven- 
orated  guest  and  friend/' 

The  good  old  man  replied  with  a  voice  a*> 
most  suppressed  by  the  flow  of  genuine  and 
generous  emotions.  He  spoke  of  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  his  long  life,  of  the  proud  moment 
when  in  presence  of  the  two  buuses  of  the  A- 
merican  Congress  he  had  been  told  from  the 
representative  chair,  that  in  every  instaoce 
on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  he  had  proved  him- 
self a  genuine  disciple  of  the  American  school, 
and  a  not  unworthy  son  of  Washmgton.  He 
then  proposed  the  following  : 

"  To  the  American  people,  the  Cist  borrj 
and  most  highly  gifted  sons  of  independence 
and  freedom — may  they  forever  enjoy  the 
blessings  of  federal  union  and  self-govern* 
ment." 

The  Chairman  next  announced, 

••  The  People  and  Institutions — The  Presi 
dent  and  other  Functionaries  of  the  {Toiled 
Slates." 

This  was  followed  by  an  eloquent  address 
from  Mr.  Rives,  which  we  are  obliged  to  omit 
from  waul  of  room.  Mr.  Hives  then  proposed 
the  following  toast,  alike  creditable  to  the 
representative  abroad  and  the  patriot  aim", 
statesman  at  home.  It  breathes  the  perpetui. 
ly  of  our  Union,  free  from  nullijlcativn  of 
clamors  about  disunion : 

"  Our  Federal  Union — tho  source  of  our 
rcs.iect  and  security  abroad;  the  palladium 
j of  our  liberties  aud  happiness  at  home." 

Toasts  were  given  by  several  other  genlle 
men,  among  which  was  one  by  Mr.  Lameth, 
a  soldier  of  the  Auiencau  revolution,  who  lia'l 
been  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Yoik- 
town. 


Vol.  I.— No.  S. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


63 


Odillon  Barrot,  the  republican  loader,  gave 
the  Prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  U.  States. 

One  of  the  toasts  though  simple,  we  think 
peculiarly  appropriate,  anJ  piquant.  It  is 
the  lol  lowing: 

"  The  Paving  Stone — Ultima  ratio  populi.0 
Those  who  remember  "  Ihe  three  days  of 
French  glory"  will  need  no  explanation. 

Tlio  two  last  toasts  were,  "  Universal  Ed- 
ucation," and  "  Home,"  after  which  the  com- 
pany  withdrew. 

New-  York  Markets.— The  New-York 
Daily  Advertiser  of  Saturday  says  :  "No  la- 
*.er  dates  than  those  noticed  last  week,  viz  : 
1th  of  Jan.  have  been  received  from  Eng- 
land. The  market  for  Flour  and  Cotton,du- 
ring  the  week,  have  rather  declined.  Ashes 
and  Flax  Seed  have  been  in  better  request. 
The  sales  of  Sugar,  Coffee,  and  Molasses, 
have  been  more  extensive.  The  weather 
has  been  more  mild  for  several  days,  which 
has  been  more  favorable  forout-doorbusiness, 
and  a  change  of  wind  has  brought  into  port, 
a  large  fleet  of  "essels,  which  had  been  de- 
tained off  the  coast  for  several  weeks." 

In  a  late  London  paper,  we  observe  the 
following  paragraph  respecting  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  St.  Lawrence  : — 

"It  is  not  generally  known,  that  the  mag- 
netic variation  in  the  River  St.  Lawrence,is 
very  erroneouslyjtated  in  our  charts.  This 
circumstance,  added  to  the  great  inaccuracy 
of  the  charts  themselves,  and  the  severity  of 
the  climate,  have  been  the  cause  of  the  nu- 
merous shipwrecks  which  have  occurred 
there.  That  the  variation  is  wrongly  given 
may  be  easily  accounted  for,  by  having  been 
handed  down  by  the  original  observations  of 
Major  Holland,  about  60  years  ago,  faithful- 
ly [preserved  by  his  follower  Des  Barres  ; 
and  as  rigorously  maintained  by  modern 
chart  makers.  Unfortunately  as  Columbus 
first  found  out.  magnetic  variation,  as  its 
name  implies,  is  of  a  fickle  nature,  and  quiet- 
ly follows  its  own  secretand  mysterious  laws. 
Since  Major  Holland's  survey  it  has  under- 
gone a  change  of  about  half  a  point,  and  at 
Q,uebec  is  now  18  1-2  deg.  at  Bic  Island  17 
1-2  deg.  at  Cape  Chat  21  deg.  at  the  Bay 
of  Seven  Islands  23  1-2  deg.  and  at  the  west 
point  of  Anticosti  24  deg.  westerly.  The 
sudden  and  rapid  change  in  it  also  between 
Quebec  and  Anticosti,  in  a  distance  of  350 
miles,  is  another  source  of  mischief  to  our 
traders,  who,  heedless  of  its  importance,  are 
mostly  unacquainted  with  itsextent.  When 
overtaken  by  bad  weather  and  they  loose 
sight  of  the  land,  a  wrong  course  is  in  conse- 
quence adopted,  which  proves  fatal  to  their 
ships.  There  is  no  chart  of  the  river  St. 
Lawrence  that  can  be  of  real  service  to  its 
navigation,  and.  in  consequence,  the  annual 
loss  of  property  is  great,  and  not  unfrequent- 
ly  that  of  lives  also.  To  remedy  this  evil: 
which  was  gaining  importance,  Commander 
W.  H.  Bayfield,  R.  N.  was  dictated  by  his 
present  Majesty,  when  Lord  High  Admiral, 
to  make  a  careful  survey  of  this  river,  which 
should  answer  all  the  purposes  of  navigation 
throughout  its  extensive  reefs  and  channels. 
This  survey  has  since  then  been  proceeding, 
and  a  plan  of  the  harbor  of  Quebec  made  by 
Commander  Bayfield  has  been  published.— 
His  charts  of  the  river  are  looked  for  with 
much  anxiety  by  the  Provincial  Government 


of  Quebec,  who  are  only  waiting  lor  their 
appearance  to  pass  a  law  for  regulating  the 
examination  of  pilots  for  the  river,  touching 
their  necessary  qualification.  The  erection 
of  three  new  light-houses  in  different  parts  of 
the  river  has  been  already  offered,  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  Commander  Bayfield,  which  wil 
materially  contribue  to  the  safety  of  its  nav- 
igation."   

Skating. — On  Tuesday  a  party  of  gen- 
tlemen started  from  Philadelphia  for  Bristol 
taking  the  "river  road,"  or  rather  skating 
thither  on  theDeleware.  The  distance  trav- 
elled must  have  been,  as  they  compute,  a- 
bout  25  miles,  which  they  were  one  hour 
and  forty -six  minutes  in  performing  !  After 
refreshing  themselves  they  returned  by  the 
same  independant  and  delightful  mode  of  tra- 
velling.   

ICE    BOAT. 

The  Providence  Journal  describes  an  ice 
boat,  invented  by  capt.  Geo.  L.  Brown,  which 
has  been  plying  of  iate  in  the  harbor  of  that 
town,  and  been  found  very  useful.  "  It  is  of 
very  simple  construction,  its  runners  being 
three  pieces  of  small  joist,  connected  by  cross- 
pieces  and  braces,  on  which  are  supported  seats 
for  a  few  passengers,  and  two  canvass  sails. 
It  steers  easily,  and,  before  the  wind,  it  will, 
with  a  good  breeze,  move  at  the  rate  of  thirty 
miles  an  hour,  or  more  ;  and  we  are  informed 
by  a  gentleman  who  took  an  excursion  in  it  on 
Saturday  afternoon,  that,  with  s  strong  breeze 
at  the  northwest,  they  held  a  southwesterly 
courss,  at  the  rate  of  a  mile  in  three  minutes. 
The  ice  was  far  from  being  smooth ;  but  had 
it  been  of  that  kind  known  among  skaters  as 
'  black  duck,'  the  speed  must  havo  been  doub- 
led." This  boat  rendered  great  assistance  a 
few  days  ago,  when  a  loaded  sled  crossing  the 
ice,  on  the  way  to  Pawtueket,  broke  in,  and 
the  cattlo  were  in  danger  of  perishing. 

A  fellow  by  the  name  of  Brown,  but  a  few 
days  released  from  the  penitentiary  in  New- 
Orleans,  committed  two  murders  during  the 
last  week  in  January,  the  more  atrocious  be- 
cause in  one  case  wanton  and  unprovuked:  and 
in  the  other,  he  was  entirely  the  aggressor. — 
It  .-eeins  that  in  passing  a  sailor,  who  was 
quietly  eating  his  dinner,  Brown  stole  his  hand- 
kerchief. The  sailor, whose  name  was  Buaden, 
pursued  him— a  scuffle  ensued — and  the  sailor 
was  stabbed  to  the  heart.  In  the  other  case, 
there  appears  to  have  been  not  even  the  apolo- 
gy of  a  scuffle  for  the  deed. 

POTATO-ONIONS. 

SOME  of  these  onions  have  Leei\  left  with  the  Pub- 
lisher of  the  Farmer,  for  sale,  by  Mr.Barker.  (See  Far- 
mer no  7.  page  51,  for  directions  for  cultivating  them.) 

GARDEN  SEEDS. 

THE  subscribers  aro  now  roatly  to  receive  the  spring 
orders  of  their  customers,  having  received  by  the  Sove- 
reign, from  Loudou,  and  by  arrivals  from  France  and 
Holland,  a  choice  assortment  of  Garden,  Field  &  Flow- 
er seeds — among  which,  are  many  fine  sorts  of  early 
Cabbago  ;  early  anil  late  Caulillower  ;  purple  Cnpc  Bro 
cole  ;  early  scarlet  Radish  ;  Mangel  Wurzell  :  Sir  John 
Sinclair's  new  Silver  Beets,  (a  very  luxuriant  and  valu- 
able vegetuble)  ;  Bishop  s  early  Dwarf  Prolific  Peas, 
75  cents  per  quart,  These  peas  need  no  recommenda- 
tion ;  many  who  had  them  last  season  attest  to  their  su- 
perior quality — they  were  introduced  by  a  Scotch  Gar- 
dener, named  Bishop,  1627,  in  London,  and  so  great 
was  their  reputation, that  they  sold  for  one  guinea  per 
pint;  they  arc  remarkably  early,  very  productive,  and 
grow  only  twelve  inches  high — should  be  planted  three 
inches  apart,  as  they  spread  tike  a  fan  ;  they  commence 
blooming  when  only  three  inches  high 

Also,  a  few  pounds  superior  white  Mulberry  Seod, 
growth  1830, price  50  cents  per  oz.  or  6  dolls,  per  pound; 
t*erenuial  Ryo  Grass  ;  Orchard  Grass  ;  fine  early  Pota- 
toes ■  English  Windsor  Beans  ;  Greeu  Nonpareil  Beans, 

&C.  ^-c.       ., 

Bird  Seed  of  every  sort :  fresh  Embdon  Grotts  ;  Oat 
Meal ;  Barley  Meal;  Kice  Flour;  Shaker's  Parched 
Corn  ;  Medicioal  Herbs  ;  Barks  and  Roots  in  great  va- 
riety. 

Also,  40  bushels  fine  white  Mustard  Seed,  received  by 
the  Columbia  and  Hudson,  late  London  arrivals  ;  this 
Seed  was  selected  expressly  for  Medicine— is  quite  free 
of  dust  and  impurity 

Gentlemen  supplied  with  Gardeners.by  the  day.moalh 
or  year.  G.  THORBURN  &  SON. 

Feb.  29— G  F  6  w       67  Liberty  street,  New  Xork. 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

Feo.  25,  1831, 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91a92  50 

Pearl  100ol02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       25a44 

Do  dried  75 

Rrislles.comb'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do    18a20 

Butter  do    10al2 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl       $faO 

Do  prime     do  5o7 

Do  fresh  per  lb        02a03 

Barley  per  bushel        38<z44 

Beans        rio  50a62 

Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  cts 

Do  dipped         do      8  " 

Do  sperm  do    28  " 

Corn  per  bushel  44fl50 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05 

Clover  Seed  per  bush   $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  ib  07a08 

Flox  Seed  per  bush     7eo87 

Feathers  per  lb  3ia37 

Furs— Otter  100a400 

Fox, red  50o75 


Mink 

Raccoon 

Martin 

Fisher 

Wild  Cat 

Gray  Fox 
Grass  Seed  per  bush 
Hops  per  lb 
Honey  do 
Lard     do 
Mutton  do 

Mustard  Seed  per  busb 
Oats  per  bush 


12a3l 
leo31 
25a(ft 
37o50 
18a2fi 
18a25 

62 
12ol6 

09 
06u07 
02oU:i 

$3 

25 


Fox,  cross 


Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

PeacheB.dry'dbush  lOOoSOO 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $12al'l 
Do  prime  8«9 

Do  fresh  per  lb         03a04 
Quills  per  100  25a30 

Rye  per  bush  50 

Rags  per  lb  03o04 

Salt  per  bbl  $1  75 

Tallow  per  lb  06o07 

Wheat  per  bush         103nl09 


100a200lBuckwbeatflour,cwt.  $1  ' 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

Jcrtke  week  ending  Feb. 10, 1831. 


Ther 

sl  = 

SI  £ 

Baromet'r 

Winds 

-Vcalher 

>1 

a 
0 

-    a 

a 
0 

a 
0 

u 
a 

— 

m 

o 

Si  J 

c 

0 

S 

<u 

0 

u 

S  i 

18 

16   3 

29,90  30,15 

71  ID 

w 

1 

n 

20|18 

30,20  30,02 

8  W 

e 

1 

15 

36|30 

29,90 129.58 

S 

s  e 

1 

1 

16 
17 

45136 
28  16 

29,23|29,15 
29,36  29,52 

8  10    1 10 
w      In  IB 

1 

1 

1 

1 

18 

24  32 

29,57  29.20 

10      \s  10 

1 

1 

19 

34l23 

29  22 

29,40 

n  10 

n  w 

1 

Observa'ns 


-lOia.  r'n 
•2  in.  rain 
now  1  if 


0*TAe  Barometrical  and  Thermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  AM.  and  P.  M,  which 
by  a  long  scries  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Baity  Advertiser . 


BY 
NEW-YORK 

All  banks  in  Liu-  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
BrokenBanks.     JFasbing 
ton  &.  Warren,  Barber's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, Mid- 
dle Dist.,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co.. 
Plattsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
AI   banks  in  this  state,  par 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks  ■     Fanners 
b'nk  of  Belchertown,  Sutton 
Berkshire,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  stale,  par. 

RHODE-ISLAND. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

BrokenBanks      Farmers' 

Exchange,  and  Farmers'  & 

Mecbanice'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  fellowing 
Broken  Banks,  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'hle  at  Union  bank 
New-York,  Dorby,  and  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-V'ork. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

MAINE 


DUNDAS. 
samatjnoddy  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 
Stateb'nfc,  &  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  par  - 
AH  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Salein  Sc 
Phil.  Manuf  Co..  Monmouth, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
N.  Jersey  Manuf  &  Banking 
Co.  at  Hoboken,  State  Bank 
at  Trenton,  Protection  aud 
Lombard,  and  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,  par. 
All  other  banks,  2per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.  Farmers' 
&  Mechanics'  aiN.Sa.,  Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadville. 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greencas- 
tle,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington. Uniontown,  Agricul- 
tural, Sit.  Lake,  Westmore- 
and  at  Greenburgh,  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co-  new  emis- 
sion, and  Brownvile  banks. 

OHIO. 
All  banks,     4  to  6  per  cent, 

MICHIGAN. 

All  banks,  Sper  oent. 

except  the  following 

Broken   Banks.    Mouroe- 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 


All  banks  in  this  state,  pcr.JAU  banks,     2  to  3  per  cenl 
except  the  following  except  the 

Broken    Banks.    Castine.i     Upper  Cana.  at  Kingston. 
Wiscaseet,  Hallowell  &  Au-  and  Unchartered  banks, 
gusta,  Kennebec,  and   Pas-1 

IT  The  above  table  when  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re- 
fers to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation are  receivable. 


Pleasant  is  the  joy  of  grief!  it  is  like  the 
shower  of  spring,  when  it  sof'ens  the  branch 
of  the  oak,  and  the  young  leaf  lifts  its  green 
head. — Ossian. 

It  is  notorious  to  philosophers,  that  joy  and 
grief  can  hasten  and  delay  time.  Locks  is  of 
opinion,  that  a  man  in  great  misery  may  so 
far  lose  his  measure,  as  to  Ihiok  a  minute  an 
hour;  or  in  joy  make  an   hour  a  minute. 


64 


THE  GENESEE  EAR3IE1S. 


Feb.  2G,  1831- 


MUSIC  FROM  SHORE. 

By  Mrs.  Hemans. 
A  sound  comes  on  the  rising  breeze, 

A  sweet  and  lovely  sound  ! 
Piercing  the  tumult  of  the  seas, 

That  wildly  dash  around. 

Prom  land,  from  sunny  land  it  comes, 
From  hills  with  murmuring  trees, 

From  paths  by  still  and  happy  homes — 
That  sweet  sound  on  the  breeze  ! 

Why  should  its  faint  and  passing  sigh 
Thus  bid  my  quick  pulse  leap  ? 
-No  part  in  earth's  glad  melody 
Is  mine  upon  the  deep. 

Yet  blessing,  blessing  on  the  spot 
Whence  those  rich  breathings  flow  ! 

Kind  hearts,  although  they  know  me  not, 
Like  mine  must  beat  and  glow. 

And  blessings,  from  the  bark  that  roams 

O'er  solitary  seas, 
To  those  that  far  in  happy  homes 

Give  sweet  sounds  to  tho  breeze  ? 


miSCELLAKSOUE. 


THE    HORSE. 

The  Horse,  which  did  not  exist  in  the  new 
continent  before  the  arrival  of  Europeans  is 
spread  in  Europe,  and  in  Iceland,  as  far  as  be 
yond  the  polar  circle.  In  Asia  the  horse  is 
scarcely  found  beyond  the  G4lh  parallel ;  in 
America  the  rsce  has  spread  to  the  country  of 
Patagonia,  thf;  clim?te  of  which,  under  the 
50th  degree  of  south  latitude,  answers  to  the 
climates  of  the  northern  hemisphere  ly iug-  un 
der  the  60th  parallel. 

It  appears  to  us,  thai  there  were  in  ths  old 
continent  at  least  three  origin.nl  races  of  hor- 
ses. The  first,  and  Ihe  best  proportioned,  was 
ojiginally  spread  between  the  40th  and  55ih 
paialluls,  and  probably  came  from  Great  Bu 
charia,  from  Persia,  or  even  from  Asia  Minor. 

The  Tartar  steeds,  and  those  of  Poland  and 
Hungary,  seem  to  have  preserved  the  original 
form  of  the  breed.  In  countries  that  are  mo- 
derately damp  and  cold,  and  where  there  is 
rich  pasturage,  this  race  has  become  larger  & 
stronger.  The  forms  which  are  best  devel- 
oped have  acquired  that  sjmmetry,  and  that 
noble  warlike  gait  which  mark  the  Danish, 
Norman,  and  English  horses.  These,  how- 
ever, have  been  mixed  with  the  Arabian  race. 
The  third  variety  of  the  first  race  is  a  degen- 
erate breed,  produced  by  the  deteriorating  in- 
fluence of  a  climate  excessively  damp;  we 
may  even  trace  the  different  degrees  af  this 
rlegeneracy.  The  horses  of  the  country  ut 
Bremen  have  their  feel  worse  madf  than  those 
of  Holstein  and  Jutland.  As  we  proced  to 
2ast  Friesland,  their  shape  grows  more  aDd 
.more  clumsy. 

The  second  race  is  small,  and  sometimes 
alinost  dwarfish  ;  its  characteristics  are  a  com- 
pact square  form,  endowed  with  great  strength 
and  surprizing  agility.  It  appears  to  derive 
its  origin  from  the  northern  upland  plains  of 
Asia,  from  the  steppes  of  Kirguises,  although 
Palhs  looks  upon  the  wild  horses  of  these 
countries  as  haviug  come  from  the  Studs. — 
This  race,according  to  some  accounts,  appears 
to  be  spread  io  the  north  of  India,  in  Chica,  k 
in  the  islands  of  Japan.  It  is  more  certain  that 
trie  breed  is  common  in  Russia  and  in  Scandi- 
navia. The  Norwegians  introduced  it  into 
Iceland  and  Scotland.  It  exists  in  the  Danish 
Island  of  Zeeland. 

The  third  race  of  horses  is  possessed  of  the 
most  showy  properties,  being  extremly  swift, 
supple,  vigorous,  and  mettlesome.  We  mean 
(lie  "  Arab  race,"  which  undoubtedly  has  a 
common  origin  with  that  of  Barbary,  if  it  has 
no}  given  btrfti  to  it.    The  A«flalu5lan  horsos 


are  its  lineal  descendants.     The   English  say  I  about  a  fortnight  ago.     He  said  he  should  leave 
that  their  racehorses  are  directly  spruuff  from ;iil,is,     together  with    others  of    smaller  size. 


crossing  the  Arab  with  the  Barbary.  Histoiy 
proves,  that  the  Romans,  the  Saxons,  the 
Danes,  and  the  Normans,  by  introducing  into 
Britain  the  various  races  of  their  respective 
countries,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  English 
breed.  Private  persons  afterword,  from  time 
to  time,  imported  Arabian  and  Barbary  stall- 
ions.— Malte-brun. 


BANK    STATISTICS. 

Tahle  shelving  the  amount  of  capital  in  several 
of  our  principal  cities,  the  amount  of  dizi 
dends,  and  the  amount  of  notes  discounted 
during  the  last  year. 


Cities. 
New-Vork 
Brooklyn 
Albany 
Trov 
Hartford 
New-London 
Newport 
Providence 
Boston 
Portland 
Disr.  Columbia 
Richmond 
Norfolk 
Charleston 
Savannah 
AugiLsta 
Baltimore 
Philadelphia 
New-Orleans 
Pew-Haven 
Portsmouth 
Salem 

Totals 


Capital.      Div'nds    Discounted 
18,130,000    1,037,700  103,769,952 


300,000 

1,576.600 

1.018,000 

3,859,000 

247.687 

595,000 

4,324,950 

13,900,000 

1850,000 

S,895,350 

2,517,500 

1,460,000 

4.975,000 

2,600,000 

1  400  000 

6  8S8  691 

10  792  000 

10  000  000 

840  000 

775  000 

1  450  000 


21,000 
301,248 

61,840 
159,540 

15,452 

19  400 
276,692 
703.500 

36,001) 
186.702 
151.025 

85,30(1 
371,000 
146  600 

60  000 
362  118 
693  075 
542  500 

27  200 

22  100 

60  500 


2,099  968 

9f792,801 

6,183.593 

15,952,964 

1,545.964 

1,939,964 

27,572,184 

70.349,968 

3,919,968 

18,670,184 

15,102,462 

9,240.816 

34.341,632 

14661  MP. 

5  999  960 
36  211  864 
69  307  472 
54  249  988 

2  720  016 
2  310  056 

6  049  992 


either  in  Troy  or  Albany,  until  the  river  opens. 
It  is  a  most  perfect  six-sided  chiystal,over  16 
inches  long,  and  14  in  its  greatest  diagonal  di- 
ameter." 

CHATTER  OP    CRIME    lli   NEW  YORK. 

During  the  year  1830,  as  appoars  from  a  care- 
ful examination  of  the  records  kept  by  the  clerk 
ot  the  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  Court  of  Ses- 
sions, there  were  seven  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  parsons  sentenced  by  those  Courts  to  ims 
orisonmont,  as  follows  : — to  the  State  Prison 
137,  Penitentiary  590,  City  Prison  37,  and  to 
the  House  of  Refuge  9. 

Tho  following  enumeration  of  the  character 
and  grades  of  offence,  of  which  they,  with 
others  who  were  discharged  with  fin3s,  were 
severally  committed,  is  derived  officially  from 
the  same  source. 


93  394  778    1  140  492  511  992  927 


TAXATION. 

The  followng  is  said  to  be  a  oorrect  view  of 
the  relative  taxation  of  the  principal  European 


States  :— 

V 

?r  head. 

£. 

s. 

d. 

England, 

3 

0 

5 

France, 

1 

G 

8 

The  Netherlands. 

1 

o 

C 

Sweden, 

1 

1 

G 

Hesse  Darmstadt, 

0 

12 

o    j.o 

Prussia. 

0 

12 

1 

Hesse  Cassfcv, 

0 

12 

0 

Saxony, 

0 

11 

3 

Sardinia, 

0 

11 

2 

Denmark, 

0 

10 

4 

Baden, 

0 

10 

19 

Brunswick/ 

0 

10 

0 

Spain, 

0 

9 

0 

Hanover, 

0 

8 

9 

Tuscany, 

0 

8 

S 

Naples, 

t) 

8 

8 

Bavaria, 

0 

8 

7   1  2 

VVurtemburgh, 

0 

3 

1    1  2 

Austria, 

0 

G 

7    1-2 

Norway, 

0 

G 

G 

Poland, 

0 

4 

8 

Russia, 

0 

4 

7 

[Ionian  Slat»s, 

0 

4 

4 

Ylecklin  Schwerin, 

0 

Q 

5 

f  Petit  Larceoy 
[Assault  and  BattcTy 
Graud  Larceny 
Burglary,  1st  degree 
Do.  2d  degree 
Do.  3d  degree 
I  Bigamy 

Assault  &..  Battery,  • 
with  intent  to  kill  > 
Receiving  stolen  goods 
Manslaughter 


■1C3  Swindling 

M^Forgery,  2d  degree  10 

«8'      Do.     3d  degree  1 

0  Perjury  5 
12iBrcaking  Prison  ' 
12'ftigiiWHy  Bobbery 

1  luM,,  t  to  poison 
JAltrmpt  to  commit  orson    ', 
^Pelit  Larceny  °d  offence  4 

10  Keeping  disorderlyliouse  V 
2'Libel 


BERYL. 

The  following  paragraph  is  circulating  in 
the  papers: 

A  Beryl.  —  There  is  at  St.  Pefersburgh, 
says  the  Mining  Journal,  published  there,  a 
beiyl,  found  three  years  ago  near  Murzinkaja, 
in  tlie  district  of  Catherineburg,  .vhicQ  is  above 
11  pounds  in  weight,  and  valued  at  £27,000- 

This  is  a  large  and  precious  beryl,  but  small 
both  in  size  aDd  value,  if  value  go  with  size, 
compared  with  the  one  named  io  the  following 
statement,  made  to  the  Troy  Sentinel  by  Pro- 
fessor Baton,  of  the  Rensselaer  School.  After 
referring  to  the  Russian  heryl,  he  says : 

*'  A  poor  laboring  maD  has  got  out  a  beryl 
from  a  rock  in  Ackworth,  New  Hampshire, 
which  weighs  between  50  and  100  pouuds. — 
This  I  nidge  from  its  size  ,  1  have  not  seen  it 
weighed.     He  callctl  al  the  Rensselaer  School 


THE  GA1UERER. 

"  A  snapper  op  of  unconsidered  trifles."—  Shakt. 

Cato,(be  Censor,  being  scurnlouslv  treated 
bv  a  fellow  who  led  a  liceutious  and  dissolute 
lite,  a  "contest,"  said  he.  "  between  thee  and 
me  is  very  unequal,  for  thou  canst  bear  ill  Ian 
guage  wkh  ease,  and  return  it  with  pleasure, 
but  as  for  my  pait,  'tis  nnusual  for  me  to  hear 
it,  and  disagreeable  to  speak  it." 

Spectacles  were  first  Rented  by  Spina,  a 
monk  of  Pisa,  in  the  year  5200. 

Men  show  particular  folly  on  five  diffcren 
occasions  :  When  they  establish  their  fortune 
on  the  ruin  of  others;  when  they  expect  to 
excite  love  by  colduess,  and  by  showing  more 
marks  of  dislike  thau  affection  ;  when  they 
wish  to  become  learned  in  the  midst  of  repose 
and  pleasure  ;  when  they  seok  fiiends  without 
[making  any  advances  of  friendship;  and  when 
they  are  unwilling  to  succour  their  friends  in 
distress. 

Spinning  wheels  were  first  invented  a' 
Brunswick,  in  Germany,  in  1630. 

To  delicate  minds,  the  unfortunate  are  al- 
ways objects  cf  respect  ;  as  the  ancients  held 
sacred  those  places  which  had  been  blasted  by 
lightning,  so  the  feeling  heart  considers  the 
afflicted  as  touched  by  the  hand  of  God  him- 
self. 

Like  dogs  in  a  wheel,  birds  in  a  cage,  or 
squirrels  in  chain,  ambitious  men  still  climb 
and  climb,  with  gieat  labor  and  incessant  anx- 
iety, but  never  reach  the  lop. 

The  brain  of  a  hasty  man  is  like  a  sooly 
chimney;  it  is  continually  in  danger  of  taking 
fire  from  the  flames  beneath.  The  brain  of  a 
well  ordered  and  quiet  citizen  is  like  a  chim- 
ney newly  swept  ;  the  sparks  of  passion  pass 
through  it,  and  escape  without  danger  into  the 
cooler  regions  of  thought  and  reflection. 

Flowers  of  ihetoric  in  sermons  and  seriou- 
discourses,  are  like  the  blue  and  red  flowers 
in  corn — pleasing  to  those  who  come  ooly  for 
amusement,  but  prejudicial  to  him  who  would 
reap  Ihe  profit  from  it. 


I   II  K    NBHGSEB    FARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &c.  &c. 
Pnblished  on  Salnrdays,  at  SJ2  50  per  annum 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  tht 
time  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tuuker,  &' 
the  office  of  fire  RodicWar  Daily  AdveTt15r-r> 


^?Ia£21  ©21S2F! 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  MARCH  5,  1831. 


NUMBER   9. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FUR   THE    GENESEE    FARMEft. 

THE  GENESEE  COUNTRY. 

Messrs.  Editors — I  read  with  much  pleasure 
:he  Essay  on  "  The  first  and  last  Census  of  New 
York,"  copied  from  the  New-York  Standard,  into 
your  6th  niimbor — because  of  its  exhibit  of  the  vast 
acquisition  of  population  of  the  territory  known  to 
its  early  settlers  as  the  Genesee  Country,  (in  compli- 
ment to  which,  you  have  named  your  useful  paper,) 
'hen,  Ontario  County,  containing  1031  souls; — and 
now,  407,421, comprised  in  13  counties: — being  an 
increase  of  nearly  400  to  one,  in  the  space  of  forty 
years. 

And  with  a  view  to  show  the  progressive  wealth 
of  the  Genesee  Country,  as  well  as  its  population,  I 
annex  a  return  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  real 
and  personal  property  therein,  for  1828  : 

Covntks.     R:al  Estate.   Personal.  Amount. 
Ontario,  $5,696,240    625.087    6,321,327 

Steuben,  1,408,889      61572     1,470,461 

Yates,  1,540,203      75,418     1,615,621 

Wayne,  2,922,426     116.743     3.039.169 

Monroe,  5,191,643     524  823     5,716.466 

Livingston,        3.098,906    228  628     3,327,534 
Ueneaee,  3,956  793     32S  825     4,285,618 

Orleans,  1,442,686      43,384     1,486,070 

Niagara,*  1,430,000 

Ejrie,*  2,740,000 

Allegany,*  1.635,000 

Cattaraugus,*  1,130,487 

Chautauque,       1,754,333      43,897     1,798,247 


$27,012,136  2,048,377  35,996,000 

■  These  counties  are  given  by  estimates. 

Making  an  amount  of  nearly  thirty-sis  millions  of 
dollars  ;  and  the  valuation  for  1830,  may  bo  presu- 
med at  38  millions  ;  from  which  deduct  about  the 
east  half  of  the  eounty  of  Wayne,  which  lies  on  the 
Military  Tract;  leaving  nearly  thirty  seven  millions 
for  the  present  value  of  the  territory,  which  the  state 
of  Massachusetts,  about  forty-four  years  ago,  sold  to 
.Uessrs.  Phelps  &  Gorham,  for  one  million. 

But  I  sincerely  regret  to  notice  there  were  several 
errors  in  that  Essay,  both  in  the  geography  and  his- 
tory of  the  country,  and  which  is  interesting  tons, 
as  its  residents,  to  have  corrected,  in  order  to  check 
:.he  errors  which  might  otherwise  creep  into  its  early 
history,  in  its  descent  to  posterity,  and  render  it  par- 
.'ially  fabulous. 

In  that,  the  town  of  Rush,  is  put  down  for  T. 
No.  11,  in  the  6th  R. 
Henrietta,        -         -         12      -        " 
Brighton,         -         -         13      -       5th 
when  they  are  all  in  the  7th  Range  of  Tow  nships, 
and  lying  on  the  east  bank  of  Genesee  River 

Again — "the  pre-emption  line,"  "touching  the 
west  side  of  Seneca  Lake,"  "and  thence  to  Lake 
Ontario,  a  few  miles  east  of  Sodus  Bay" — [See  this 
corrected  below.] 

But  the  most  material  error  is  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing eAtrr.;: ; 

"  The  territory  between  the  pre-emption  line,  and 
what  was  termed  the  transit  line,  which  ran  nearly 
on  the  meridian  of  the  Genesee  river,  was  early  con- 
veyed by  Massachusetts  to  the  Pulteney  family,  or 
company  ;  and  the  territory  west  of  the  transit  line, 
was,  in  the  same  manner,  sold  to  the  Holland  Com- 
pany." 

The  writer  must  have  been  very  ignorant  of  the 
facts  relating  to  the  early  sales  and  settlement  of  the 
country,  to  have  jumbled  together  so  many  errors, 
both  in  its  geography  and  hittory,  into  so  short  a 
paragraph.  The  line  he  terms  the  transit,  was  ne- 
ver known  by  any  other  name  than  the  meridional 
line,  forming  a  part  of  the  western  boundary  of  the 
Phelps  &  Gorham  purchase. 

All  the  transit  lines  of  the  country  [being  only 
two,]  belong  to  the  surveys  of  the  Holland  Compa- 
ny's Lands;  the  first  of  which  forms  their  eastern 
boundary.  It  lies  twelve  miles  west  of,&  runs  about 
parallel  with  the  meridian  line,  and  crosses  the  Buf- 
falo road.ai  Black  Creek,in  Stafford,  six  miles  east 
of  Batavia.  The  second  transit  line  forms  the  west 
boundary  of  the  first  of  the  three  mortgages  which 
Robert  Morris  made  to  the  Holland  Companv,  com- 
prehending one  million  of  aeies  ;  it  is  the  dividing 
Jme  between  the  6th  and  7th  Range  of  Townships, 
in  their  large  traet,  and  passes  through  the  village  of 
fcockpqrt. 


But  the  most  egregious  error,  and  that  which  has 
induced  me  take  this  notice  of  it,  for  correction,  is 
contained  in  the  following  expressions,  viz — "  The 
territory  east,"  "  was  early  conveyed  by  Massachu- 
setts to  the  Pulteney  family,  or  company  ;  and  the 
territory  west  of  the  transit  line,  was,  in  the  same 
manner,  sold  to  the  Holland  Company," — because 
it  so  utterly  obliterates  from  memory,  and  the  page 
of  history,  the  enterprize,  toils,  hardships,  merits  and 
character  of  the  pioneers  &  early  settlers  of  this  now 
beautiful  section  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  es- 
pecially the  name  of  Oliver  Phelps,  who  was  the 
Father  of  the  whole  project. 

The  following  extract,  taken  from  our  Village  Di- 
rectory, printed  by  Everard  Peck,  in  1827, will  serve 
to  correct  the  principal  errors  noted  above  :  but  that 
was  written  on  the  spur  of  the  moment,entirely  from 
memory,  without  the  advantage  of  recurrence  to  doc- 
uments, for  correction,  and  subject  to  inaccuracies 
It  is  too  brief  for  the  history  of  the  early  settlement 
of  our  country ;  its  only  recommendation  consists 
in  its  being  the  most  full  and  accurate  sketch  of  I  he 
subject,  yet  in  print. 

In  1796  or  '7,  Charles  Williamson  published,  un- 
der the  borrowed  name  of  Robert  G.  Monroe,a  small 
pamphlet  on  the  Genesee  Country.  But  that  was 
mostly  a  topographical  description  of  the  territory, 
to  invite  emigrants  to  the  settlement  of  it,rathcr  than 
a  history  of  its  early  settlement.  It  is  but  too  proba- 
ble that  it  is  now  entirely  out  of  print. 

It  would  seem  that  the  present  wealth  and  popu- 
lation of  the  Genesee  Country  could  afford  a  remu 
neration  for  the  history  of  its  early  settlement,  with 
narrations  of  the  adventures,  fatigues,  privations  and 
hardships  of  the  pioneers  of  a  wilderness,  and  ma- 
king their  settlements  in  it,  then,  so  remote  from  ci- 
vilized society,  and  its  accommodations  for  the  com- 
forts and  enjoyment  of  life,  with,  a  biographical 
sketch  of  many  of  them,  and  particularly  of  its  foun- 
der, Oliver  Phelps.  To  leave  the  subject  delayed 
but  a  few  years  longer,  and  many  of  the  early  events 
which  would  entertain  and  interest  the  present  resi- 
dents and  their  posterity,  will  have  passed  from  the 
memory  of  man. 

But  who  is  there  now  remaining  among  the  first 
settlers,  to  write  it  ?  Messrs.  James  Wadstvorth,  Au- 
gustus Porter,  and  Peter  B.  Porter,  are  the  most  pro- 
minent among  them  which  occur  to  my  mind  ;  and 
it  seems  to  be  required  of  them  ;  but  should  they 
decline  the  undertaking,  it  then  appears  as  if  it  must 
devolve  upon  the  present  Oliver  Phelps,ihe  grandson, 
who  enjoys  the  domicil  of  his  ancestor,  at  Canan- 
daigtia  ;  and  who  has  the  largest  portion  of  the  doc- 
uments. 

0        THE     EXTRACT. 

"The  preemptive  title,  however,  to  this  Territo- 
ry, was  claimed  by  Massachusetts,  under  its  coloni- 
al charter,  which  comprehended  the  whole  region 
between  its  north  and  south  boundaries,  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  charter  of  the 
state  of  New  York  interfered  with  this  claim,  and 
after  various  unsuccessful  attempts  to  adjust  their 
differences,  under  the  Congress  of  the  old  confedera- 
tion, they  were  happily  terminated  at  last,  by  com- 
missioners mutually  appointed  by  each  state,  who 
met  at  Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  and  on  the  16th  De- 
cember, 1786,  agreed  that  Massachusetts  cede  to 
New  York  the  sovereignty  and  jurisdiction  of  all 
the  teritory, claimed  by  the  former,  within  the  limits 
of  the  latter ;  and,  that  New  York  cede  to  Massa- 
chusetts the  property  of  the  soil ;  or,  in  the  words 
of  the  settlement,  "  the  right  of  pre-emption  of  the 
soil  from  the  native  Indians" — "  to  all  the  lands  now 
in  the  state,  lying  west  of  a  line  running  due  north, 
from  the  82d  mile  stone,  on  the  north  boundary  of 
Pennsylvania,  to  the  British  possessions  in  Canada, 
except  a  tract  of  one  mile  in  width,  along  the  Niaga- 
ra river." 

This  line  commences  in  the  42d  degree  of  north 
latitude,  82  miles  west  of  the  northeast  corner  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  is  called  the  Pre-emption  Line. — 
It  runs  through  the  middle  of  the  Seneca  Lake  at  its 
noith  end,  abont  one  mile  east  of  Geneva,  and  also 
through  Sodus  Bay.  Dr.  Spafford,  in  his  Gazetteer 
of  New  York,  says  it  proves  to  be  the  meridian  of 
the  city  of  Washington.t 

In  1787,Massachuselts  sold  the  Whole  of  this  tract, 
containing  six  million  of  acres,  to   Messrs.  Oliver 


t  It  is  also  the  west  boundary  line  of  the  Kcw  York 
Military  Lands,  which  contain  23  Tew  nships, each  con 
tammy  It-n  square  miles — that  yroud  and  SfiUaitid  mon- 
ument «/  the  gratitude  of  Tieto  York,  to  her  Revolu- 
tionary Heroes.  £iro  gave  D&0  acres  of  gXrod  land  to 
every  soklier  '•  ■  I 


Phelps  &  Nathaniel  Gorham,  for  one  million  of  dol- 
lars ;  or,  three  notes  of  £100,000  each,  New-Eng- 
land currency,  payable  in  consolidated  securities,  at 
par. 

In  the  following  spring,  Oliver  Phelps,  then  living 
at  Granville,  Massachusetts,  prepared  himself  with 
men  and  means,  to  explore  the  country  thus  ac  quired, 
and  with  great  resolution  and  intrepidity,  took  leave 
of  his  family  and  his  neighbours,  together  with  the 
Minister  of  the  Parish,  who  had  assembled  on  the 
occasion,  and  started  on  his  expedition,  leaving  them 
all  m  tears,  bidding  him  a  final  adieu,  scarcely  ho- 
ping for  his  return  from  a  wilderness,  in  an  Indian 
country,  hardly  yet  pacified. 

He  persevered,  and  penetrated  the  forest  from 
the  German  Flats,  to  Canandaiguat  a  distance  01  188 
miles,  by  the  present  improved  road — sent  out  run- 
ners, and  collected  the  Sachems,  Chiefs,  and  War- 
riors of  the  Six-Nations,  and  in  July  1788,  with  the 
aid  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Kirtland,  as  State  Commis- 
sioner and  Indian  Missionary,  concluded  a  treaty  of 
purchase  of  a  tract  containing  2  1-4  millions  of  acres  ; 
bouuded  east  by  the  pre-emption  line,  and  west  by  a 
meridional  line,  running  from  a  point  in  the  north  line 
of  Pennsylvania,  42  miles  east  of  the  82d  mile  stone. 
to  an  dm  tree,  in  the  forks  of  the  Genesee  and  Cana- 
saraga,  thence  down  the  Genesee,  as  it  meanders,  to 
a  point  two  miles  north  of  the  Cauawagus  village, 
[near  Avon  Bridge]  thence  due  west,  12  miles,  [1  1-2 
miles  south  of  Le  Roy  village,]  thence  northwardly, 
parallel  to  the  general  course  of  the  Genesee  River. 
[N.  24  dg.  E.]  to  Lake  Ontario ;  which  course  jfiwra 
the  east  line  of  the  tract  called  the  Trianglef&xid  is 
about  24  miles  long. 

The  reason  of  this  remarkable  offset,  of  12  miles 
to  the  westward,  may  not  be  unworthy  of  notice,  a* 
illustrative  of  the  change,  or  progress  of  landed 
property,  with  the  growth  of  the  country  :  the  Indi- 
ans were  disposed  to  confine  Mr.  Phelps  to  the  Gene- 
see river,  as  his  western  boundary.  lie  proposed  the 
erection  of  mills,  at  the  falls  of  the  river,  now  at 
Rochester,  and  asked  of  them  that  offset  for  a  Mill 
yard  ;  to  which  they  assented,  making  a  squaro  of 
12  miles  by  24  for  that  purpose. 

After  Ebenezer  Allen  erected  his  mill  at  the  falls, 
[near  the  west  end  of  the  canal  aqueduct]  and  the 
Indians  came  to  see  it,  and  the  quantity  of  ground 
requisite  for  a  mill-yurd,  they  nttercd  their  interjec- 
tion of  surprise,  quoah  !  and  added  Kuushonchicos  ! 
[signifying  waterfall,  in  the  Seneca  language]  and 
which,  ever  after,  became  the  Indian  name  for  Mr. 
Phelps. 

The  kindness,however,and  good  faith  with  which 
Mr.  Phelps,  like  the  celebraled  William  Penn,  al- 
ways conducted  his  intercourse  with  the  Indians, 
secured  to  him  their  confidence  and  affection  ;  in  to- 
ken of  which,  they  adopted  both  him  and  his  son, 
Oliver  L.  Phelps,  as  honorary  members  of  their  na- 
tional councils. 

The  leading  chiefs  and  warriors,  concerned  in 
these  negociations,  were  Parmer's  Brother,the  Grand 
Sachem,  and  who  for  his  political  wisdom,  might  be 
called  the  George  Clinton  of  the  Six-Nations — and 
Red  Jacket,  the  celebrated  orator. 

After  the  treaty,  Mr.  Phelps  surveyed  the  land  in- 
to tracts,  denominated  Ranges,  running  north  anil 
south,  and  subdivided  the  ranges  into  tracts  of  six 
miles  square,  denominated  Townshim  ;  and  designa- 
ted each,  by  numbers,  beginning  tojpumber  both  thf- 
ranges  and  townships,  at  the  82d£mjle  stone,  in  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  tract,  [now  tree  southeast  cor- 
nerof  Steuben  county]  numbering  nsrthwardly  to  the 
lake,  from  1  to  14,  and  the  ranges  \testwardly,  from 
1  to  7  :  thus  Bath  is  designated  as  township  No.  4-, 
in  the  3d  range ;  Canandaiguaas  township  No.  10,  in 
the  3d  range  ;  Pittsford,  as  No.  12,  in  the  5th  range  ; 
and  Brighton  as  No.  13  in  the  7th  range  of  town* 
ships,  in  Gorham  and  Phelps'  purchase. 

As  the  Genesee  river  runs  about  24  degs.  east  Qf 
north,  below  Avon,  and  Mr.  Phelps  continuing  his 
7th  range  of  townships  to  Lake  Ontario,  the  5th  range 
was  left  to  contain  but  twelve,  and  the  6th  range 
but  ten  townships  ;  and  in  order  to  square  the  tract 
lynig  west  of  Genesee  river,he  sat  offtwo  townships 
near  the  Lake,  which  he  called  the  Short  Range, 
now  comprising  the  towns  of  Gates  and  Greece ; 
and  the  present  towns  of  Caledonia,  Whe atland, 
Chili,  Riga,Ogden  and  Parma,  being  four  townships, 
he  called  the  first  range  of  townships,  Weslof  Gen- 
esee River,  in  Gorham  and  Phelps'  purchase. 

This  entire  tract  formed  the  counties  of  Ontario  and 
Steuben,  for  many  years,  until  1821,  when  Monrpe 


*  Meaning  a  cltozcn  plan,  in  tho  Indian  la^iguajev 


66 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  5,  183L 


and  Livingston  counties  were  eat  off,  except  that  part 
of  it  lying  west  of  the  Genesee  river,  which  was  an- 
nexed to  the  county  of  Genesee  at  its  organization, 
in  1802,  and  the  south  part  of  the  7th  range,  sat  off 
from  Steuben  to  Allegany. 

In  1789,  Oliver  Phelps  opened  a  Land  Office  at 
Canandaigua;  this  was  the  first  Land  Office  in  A- 
uieriea,  for  the  sale  of  her  forest  lands  to  settlers. — 
And  the  system  which  he  adopted  for  the  survey  of 
his  lands  by  townships  and  ranges  became  a  model 
for  the  survey  of  all  the  new  lands  in  the  United 
States  ;  and  the  manner  of  making  his  retail  sales 
to  settlers,  by  Articles  has  also  been  adopted  by  all 
the  other  land  offices  of  individual  proprietorships, 
that  have  followed  in  sucoession  after  him. 

The  Article  was  a  new  device,  of  American  ori- 
gin, unknown  in  the  English  system  of  land-con- 
veyancing ;  granting  the  possession,  but  not  the  fee 
of  the  land  ;  facilitating  the  frequent  changes  nmong 
the  settlers,  enabling  them  to  sell  out  their  improve- 
ments and  transfer  their  possessions  by  assignment ; 
and  securing  the  reversion  of  the  possession  to  the 
proprietor,  where  they  abandoned  the  premises.  His 
sales  were  allodial ;  and  the  other  land  offices  by 
following  his  example,  have  rendered  the  Genesee 
farmers,  all  fee-simple  land  holders,  which  has  great- 
ly increased  the  value  of  the  soil,  and  the  enter- 
prise of  the  people. 

Oliver  Phelps  may  be  considered  the  Cecrops  of 
the  Genesee  Country.  Its  inhabitants  owe  a  mauso- 
leum to  his  memory,  in  gratitude  for  his  having  pio- 
neered for  them,  the  wilderness  of  this  Canaan  of 
the  west,  and  selling  his  land  to  them  in  fee  simple, 
instead  of  entailing  it  by  leases. 

Gorham  and  Phelps  sold  out  about  one  third  of 
their  tract  by  townships  and  parts  of  townships,  to 
companies  and  individuals,  to  settlers  and  specula- 
tors, who  invited  an  emigration  into  the  country 
that  soon  formed  the  new  county  of  Ontario,  (taken 
from  Montgomery)  which  by  the  United  States 
census  of  1790,  contained  a  population  of  1075 — or 
1081. 

On  the  18th  of  Nov.  1790,  they  sold  nearly  all  the 
residue  to  Rober  Morris,  containing  1,264,000  acres, 
for  eight  pence,  lawful  money,  an  acre,  who  sold  the 
same  to  Sir  William  Pulteney,  of  England, II  for  the 
sale  of  which,  he  opened  a  land  office  at  Geneva, 
and  also  at  Bath,  under  the  agency  of  Charles  Will- 
iamson. 

Gorham  &  Phelps  not  being  able  to  pay  the  whole 
purchase  money,  compromised,  and  surrendered  to 
Massachusetts  that  part  of  the  land  to  which  the  In- 
dian title  remained  unextinguished,  being  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  western  part  of  it ;  in  consideration  of 
which,  the  state  cancelled  two  of  their  notes. 

In  1796,  Robert  Morris  purchased  of  Massachu- 
setts the  tract  surrendered  by  Gorham  and  Phelps — 
extinguished  the  Indian  title — sold  but  several  tracts 
ro  different  persons,  of  fifty,  and  one  hundred  thou- 
sand acres,  in  ali,  twelve  miles  width,  off  the  east 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    1'ABMER. 

SILK. 

Mr.  Isaac  Foster,  of  Ogden,  called  upon  me 
the  other  day,  for  some  eggs  of  the  silk-worm, 
and  iclated  to  me  several  facts  on  the  subject 
of  raising  silk,  the  relation  of  which  may  in- 
terest some  of  your  readers,  and  call  up  the 
slumbering  attention  of  the  farmers,  to  a  sub- 
of  much  importance  to  them  and  the  country 
at  large.  Mr.  Foster  came  from  a  part  of 
Connecticut,  where  silk  is  made,  10orl2yenrs 
ago,  and  purchased  a  farm  in  Ogden  ;  his  first 
objeet  was  to  plant  out  a  nursery  of  white 
mulberry  trees,  from  which  he  has  an  orchard 
now  of  150  trees.  He  states  that  a  full  grown 
tree  will  furnish  food  sufficient  to  make  one' 
pound  of  raw  silk  in  a  season  ;  and  midere-, 
i'erence  to  a  large  mulberry  tree  standing  in  the 
steet  near  Mr.  Avery's  brick  tavern,  at  the 
Landing,  as  capable  of  doing  it ;  this  tree  is 
from  15  to  18  inches  diameter, near  the  ground, 
and  from  the  best  information  I  cat)  ob 
lain,  is  about  20  years  old,  and  has  a  very 
spreading  top,  not  unlike  a  large  apple  tree. 

During  the  last  war,  Mr.  F.  went  to  a  dis- 
tant town  in  Connecticut,  where  there  were 
many  mulberry  trees,  but  where  the  inhabi- 
tants were  not  accustomed  to  tnuke  silk.  He 
obtained  permission  to  cither  the  leaves,  and 
with  the  aid  of  two  females  of  his  family,  he 
made,  in  six  weeks,  silk  enough  to  yield  him 
I  about  $u00,  after  adding  to  it  the  labour  of  the 
females,  five  or  six  weeks  longer,  in  reeling, 
and  making  it  into  sewing  silk,  silk  twist,  Ac. 
I  should  add,  that  during  the  last  week  offeed- 
ing  the  worms,  he  had  the  assistance  of  a  few 
children  and  others,  for  in  the  last  stages  of 
their  existence,  they  eat  voraciously,  and  must 
be  kept  supplied  with  food,  or  all  previous  la 
bor  is  lost.  He  made  his  crop  of  silk  before 
the  hay  and  harvest  of  his  own  farm  came  on. 
Mr.  F.  s"aies  that  it  is  customary  for  youngj 
women  to  go  out  to  those  families  who  cannot  j 
make  their  own  silk,  and  make  it  on  shares  ; 
that  in  this  manner,  one  .vill,  in  the  course  of] 
te!  or  twelve  weeks,  make  about  15  pounds 
of  silk,  reel  it  from  the  lulls  or  cocoons,  and 
return  the  one  half  of  the  raw  silk,  thus  made, 
to  the  owner  of  the  trees  ;  thus  making,  or 
earning  as  much  for  herself,  frequently  in  a  feu- 
weeks,  as  a  young  man  will  in  a  year,  at  com- 
mon labor. 

It   is   not   often,  however,  that    mulberry 

orchards  can  be  had  on  shares,  as  dkery  family 

prefers  making  and  manufacturing  their  own 

side  of  the  tract,  and  along  the  Genesee  river;  and  ]|  silk,  when  they  have  the  power,  as   it  is  much 


the  common  white  mulberry,  and  are  perfectly 
hardy. 

If  the  foregoing  remarks,  hastily  made,  are 
worthy  of  notice,  you  are  at  liberty  to  insert 
them  in  the  Farmer.  I  am,  respectfully, vours, 
O.  WILDER. 

P.  8.  I  might  remark  that  the  price  of  silk, 
during  the  war.  was  much  higher  in  price  than 
it  is  now  ;  but  raw  silk,  that  is,  in  the  state  in 
which  it  is  reeled  from  the  cocoons,  is  now 
worth,  in  France,  from  5  to  $5,50  per  pound, 
and  is  now  worth  I  he  same  in  this  country  ;  but 
its  value  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the  additional 
labour  of  converting  it  into  sewing  silk,  or 
twist, which  every  house-wife  could  soon  do.  I 
have  been  speaking  of  the  domestic  manofac- 
ture  of  the  article,  which  is  only  preparatorv 
to  its  more  extended  culture  and  use,  which 
would  be  a  necessary   consequence. 


FOR   THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 

GRAFTING  GRAPES. 

Port  Lawrr.ncc,  [Michigan]  Feb.  7th,  1831 
Messrs.  Editors— In  the  first  number  o1 
the  Genesee  Farmer,  information  is  solicited  in 
relation  to  the  ingrafting  of  grape  vines.  As 
I  havo  succeeded  in  the  process,  I  will  give  tnv 
views  upon  the  subject.  I  conceive  that  the 
failures  have  been  principally  owing  to  the  pe- 
riod when  the  ingrafting  has  been  performed. 
If  it  is  alter  the  sap  begins  to  flow  in  the  spring, 
there  is  almost  a  certainty  of  failure.  I  have 
attempted  it  several  times  after  the  circulation 
of  the  sap  had  commenced  and  failed.  But  I 
have  subsequently  succeeded  in  the  following 
manner.  In  the  first  weather  that  was  warm  e- 
nough  to  thaw  an  inch  of  the  ground  in  Match, 
I  inserted  the  cions,  four  or  five  inches  long, 
with  one  bud  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  in 
the  common  mode  of  cleft  grafting.  Then 
drawing  the  earth  about  it  to  the  top  of  the  ci- 
on,  and  covering  it  with  a  bunch  of  straw  a 
foot  thick,  least  the  ground  might  afterwards  • 
freeze  and  draw  it  out.  After  all  danger  of 
frost  was  past  1  removed  the  straw.  In  this 
manner,  if  the  process  is  well  performed, there 
is  as  much  certainty  of  success,  as  in  ingrafting 
the  apple,  or  any  other  tree. 

B.  F.  STICKNEY. 


mortgaged  the  residue,  in  three  parcels,  to  William 
Willink  and  others,  of  Amsterdam,  called  the  Hol- 
land Company  ;  under  the  foreclosure  of  which  mort- 
gages, the  Company  acquired  the  full  title  to  their 
large  tract — surveyed  it  into  ranges  and  townships, 
after  the  manner  of  Oliver  Phelps,  and  in  1801  open- 
ed a  land  office  at  Batavia,  under  the  agency  of  Jo- 
seph Ellicott,  for  the  sale  thereof." 

I  will  close  this  lengthy  communication,  (for  the 
ihread  of  the  subject  would  have  been  impaired  by 
dividing  it  into  two  numbers,)  by  an  attempt  to  cor- 
rect an  error  in  your  first  number. 

The  Newspaper  "  printed  in  Genesee,  entitled  the 
Ontario  Gazette"   was  probably  the  one  established 

by  a  Mr.  Carey,  which  soon  passed  over  to 

Gould  and  Post,  and  shortly  after ,  to  Gould  &  Bemis, 
and  entitled  the  Ontario  Repository. 

Carey  and  Post  left  the  country  in  an  early  day — 
Gould  died  in  1808,  and  was  an  early  victim  to  the 
consumption,  in  the  country.  The  Repository  was 
continued  by  James  D.  Bemis  up  to,  and  prob- 
ably beyond  its  thirtieth  volume,  who  has  lately 
retired  from  it  with  an  ample  competency.  It  is  still 
continued  by  Morse  and  Willson.  Its  files  must  fur- 
nish many  materials  for  the  early  history  of  the  coun- 
try. 
( The  Vessel  was  built  by  Charles  Williamson,  at 
Geneva,  for  the  navigation  of  the  Seneca  Lake. 

There  is  no  Genesee  Lake  in  the  country. 
JESSE  HAWLEY. 

II  Toliim  individually,  and  noi  to  bin  family  or  compa- 
any,  for  he  was  concerned  with  no  company,  and  had 
!mt  ODe  heir.  Chariot  tc,  who  married  Sir  John  Lowther 
Johnstone,  whose  hcttsnow  inherit  tho  preoertv. 


more  profitable,  especially  where  there  is  a  fa 
mily  of  children,  to  iiati'.er  leaves,  which  is  ihe 
chief  labor.  The  reeling  can  always  be  done 
during  leisure. 

A  firmer  could  scarce  y  leavo  a  better  lega- 
oy  to  his  children,  in  toe  shape  of  properly 
than  to  set  out  for  each  of  them,  50  white  mul- 
berry 'rees,  on  such  parts  of  his  farm  as  not  to 
interfere  with  his  ordinary  farming  operations, 
he  would  nave  growing  a  better  mine  of  wealth 
than  the  goldmines  of  the  south. 

1  saved  eggs  of  the  silk  worm  last  summer, 
and  if  they  are  well  preserved  through  the 
winter,  will  cheerfully  furnish  a  few  to  any 
person  requesting  them,  free  of  expense,  in 
he  spring.  I  have  a  nursery  of  about  3090 
irees,  of  two  summers  growth  from  the  seed, 
a  portion  of  which  will  be  fi/r  sale,  in'  the 
spring,  at  ten  or  twehe  dollars  the   100  trees. 

I  have  one  tree,  a  variety  of  the  white  mul- 
berry, that  1  prize  very  highly,  the  morusmul- 
tkaulis,  which  produces  a  leaf  about  twelve  in- 
ches long  by  ten  wide,  the  genuine  Chinese 
mulberry  tree.  It  is  yet  extremely  rare  in  the 
United  Stales,  though  I  have  seen  a  few  ad- 
vcrtised  for  dale,  in  the  uurscries  near  New 
York.  About  nine  years  ago,  two  trees  were 
brought  from  the  Phillippino  Islands,  into 
Fruuce.from  which  they  have  been  extensively  ,     -         „ 

propagated,  and  from  thonee  have  found  their  „      0ffen  been  sc,.„|,,r„ 
Way  tu  this  country. 

They  grow  more  readily  from  cuttings,  than 


FOR    THE    GKNFSEE     FARMER. 

METEORS. 

Returning  to  Rochester,sometiine  in  Augus. 
last,  from  Henrietta,  when  within  about  amile 
and  a  half  of  the  village,  upon  the  high  grounds 
south,  I  heard  an  explosion  in  the  air,  like  llu 
bursting  of  a  skyrocket.  Turning  toward  it, 
I  discovered  at  a  distance  not  to  exceed  2U 
rods,  and  at  a  height  of  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet,  a  large  white  ball,  with  a  streaming 
tail,  apparently  about  five  yards  in  length,  mo 
ving  rapidly  in  a  horizontal  direction,  towards 
the  south-west.  Its  motion  was  attended  with 
a  distinctly  whirring  sound,  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  very  sudden  gust  of  wind. 

Its  career  was  very  short,  after  the  explosion, 
for  the  oozing  of  its  substance,  which  formed 
the  tail,  rapidly  wasted  it  away,  and  from  the 
tune  I  first  saw  it,  to  the  time  of  its  extinction, 
it  had  passed  apparently  about  one  hundred 
yards. 

The  b  ili  itself,  which  at  first,  at  that  distance 
appeared  ubout  the  size  of  a  man's  head,  was 
nearly  white,  while  the  color  of  the  tail  was  a 
low  s"hades  darker  than  tho  sky,  which  was 
perfeetly  clear,  The  day  w.-is  fair,  ami  I  anx- 
iously looked  for  some  relics,  but  not  a  particle 
reached  the  ground,  that  I  could  discover. 

The  first  impression  was,  that  it  was  the 
work  of  art,  but  alter  it  was  wasted,  all  was 
still,  and  not  a  human  form  except  myself  was 
to  be  seen. 

I    send  you  this,   wilh  the  hope  that  you,   or 
some  of  your  meteorological   readers   will  of- 
fer an  explanation  of  what,  to  me,  was  an   e\ 
phenomena.       Have   they 
and  arc  they  noi 
what  in  the  night  arc  callc  !  "  shooting  st:irs.' 

PHILO.=  -- 


Vol.  I.— No.  9. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


67 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMBR. 

CARROTS. 

Messrs.  Editors— In  number  6  of  your  pa- 
per, I  noticed  an  article  on  Carrots,  in  which 
that  vegotable  is  strongly  recommended  as  a 
cheap,  wholesome,  and  invigorating  food  for 
horses,  ^-c.  Now,  sirs,  although  I  am  neither 
an  Agriculturist  nor  Horticulturist,  and  not 
much°of  a  Horse  otngist,  yet  having,  as  I  con- 
ceive, thoroughly  tested  the  properties  of  car- 
rots, as  an  article  of  food  for  horses,  I  beg 
leave  to  communicate  the  result  of  that  test 
through  the  medium  of  your  interesting  Jour- 
nal : 

In  the  summer  of  1829,  I  became  possessed 
of  two  horses, lhat  were  so  lean  and  ungainly  in 
their  appearance,  that  they  would  have  caused 
a  "  Rozinante"  to  blush  for  the  degeneracy  of 
his  race.  A  neighbor  of  mine  advised  me  to 
feed  them  on  carrots  :  1  did  so — and  their  ra- 
pid regeneration  equalled  my  most  saneuine 
expectations.  I  continued  this  diet  until  they 
were  in  what  is  called  good  order,  when  ha- 
ving occasion  to  travel  about  four  hundred 
miles,  I  resolved  to  ride  one  of  the  horses  and 
have  the  other  put  to  work.  Before  I  got  to 
my  journey's  end,  however,  I  found  that  the 
horse  on  which  I  lode  was  losing  flesh  faster 
than  he  before  had  gained  it,  for  which  I  was 
at  a  loss  to  assign  any  adequate  reason  ;  I  fi- 
nally concluded,  however,  that  he  was  unwell. 
Having  with  much  difficulty  rode  him  home,  I 
was  surprised  to  find  the  horse  which  had  been 
worked,  poorer,  if  possible,  than  the  *'  bony 
steed"  which  I  bestrode — the  former  having 
been  fed  entirely  on  carrots.  I  communicated 
the  circumstance  to  a  gentleman  in  the  neigh-, 
horbood,  who  had  been  a  drover  for  a  number 
of  years,  thinking  that  he  might  probably  ac- 
count for  the  phenomena. 

From  him  I  learned,  that  whenever  be  be- 
came possessed  of  a  poor  horse,  he  immedi- 
ately dieted  him  on  carrots,  mixing  with  them 
a  little  oat  or  corn  meal ;  or  else,  after  fatten- 
ing them  on  carrots  alone,  he  always  fed  them 
on  meal,  fur  two  weeks,  or  more,  before  dri- 
ving or  working  tin  m  ;  because,  from  the  rapid- 
ity with  which  they  acquire  flesh,  when  fed  on 
this  esoulent,  their  flesh  is  not  solid.  This  I 
subsequently  found  to  be  the  case. 

As  you  truly  observe,  horses  will  fatten 
quicker  on  carrots  than  on  any  other  diet,  but 
1  would  recomn;end  that  they  should  be  chop- 
ped  fine,  and  mixed  with  meal,  as  their  fles!., 
when  fattened  in  this  manner,  will  be  much 
more  firm  and  durable.  Monns. 

Rochester,  Feb.  21,  1831. 


SELECTIONS. 


A  Memoir  on  the   Cultivation  of  the  Vine  iu  A 

merica,  and  the  best  mode  of  making  Wine.  Se 

cowl  edition.     By  John  Apluw. 

We  have  perused  this  work,  and  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  pronounce  it  a  valuable  manual  for 
those  who  are  wishing  to  cultivate  the  Vine. 

For  the  benefit  of  our  readers,  we  make  the 
following  extract  from  it : 

INSTRUCTIONS    TO    PLANTERS    OF   VINEYARDS 
FROM  CUTTINGS. 

1st.  In  making  choice  of  a  situation,  I  would 
recommend  it  to  be  as  near  the  top  of  a  hill 
as  possible,  having  a  gentle  slope  ;  any  soil 
will  answer,  except  a  heavy  clay  ;  and  any 
exposure  from  north,  south,  east,  or  west,  or 
point  between  those  quarters:  though  from 
the  great  heat  of  our  sun,  and  the  length  of  the 
seasons,  I  am  inclined  to  think  a  northern  expo- 
sure the  best  for  delicate,  foreign  grapet, — oar 
natives  will  ripen  in  any  exposure. 

2nd.  If  the  ground  has  not  been  prepared, 
by  raising  a  crop  of  potatoes,  or  other  ame 
liorating  crop,  and  if  the  land  is  not  natnrally 
rich,  in  the  month  of  September,  or  early  in 
tfctuber,  give  it  a  manuring  and  plough  it  deep, 
three,  four,  or  five  times,  to  ameliorate  it. 

3>l.  Mark  out  the  rows,  two  at  five  feel  a- 
nart-,  and  then  leave  a.n  interval  of  qui?  or  fpn 


feet ;  then  again,  two  rows  at  five  feet,  and 
then  an  interval  as  above  mentioned.  By  this 
mode  of  planting,  they  will  have  a  free  circu- 
lation of  air,  and  (hey  may  be  worked  wilh 
the  plough,  taking  care  not  to  go  too  near  the 
vines,  where  they  must  bo  worked  with  the 
tpade  and  hoe. 

4th.  Stretch  in  the  course  a  line,  and  at 
every  four  feet  dig  a  holo  from  eighteen  in- 
ches to  two  feet  deep,  and  if  the  surface 
ground  is  rich,  or  has  been  manured  as  above 
mentioned, it  will  answer  to  fill  the  holes  wilh, 
when  plantinjthe  cuttings;  otherwise,  have  a 
compost  of  well  rotted  dung  mixed  with  virgin 
earth,  or  earth  and  ashes.  Or  make  a  trench, 
by  running  the  plough  a  few  times,  and  remove 
the  earth,  the  surface  or  rich  earth  on  one  side 
of  the  ditch,  and  that  which  lies  deeper,  on 
the  other,  or  opposite  side. 

5th.  Provide  your  cuttings,  which  shonld  be 
of  shoots  that  are  strong,  and  well  ripened,  of 
last  year's  growth  ;  the  bottom  part  shonld  be 
(Hit  off  smooth  near  the  joint,  and  the  upper 
:srt  should  be  cut  about  half  an  inch  above 
iho  upper  bud  or  eye,  sloping  from  the  opposite 
side  of  the  bud,  so  that  if  it  should  chance  to 
bleed,  the  sap  will  not  run  on  the  bud.  The 
cutiiags  should  be  from  16  inches  to  two  feet 
long,  and  have  five  or  six  eyes. 

Oth.  Having  vour  trenches  or  holes  dug,  put 
into  the  bottom  a  few  inches  of  any  rubbish, 
stone,  brickbats,  oystershells,  or  any  thing  else 
that  will  let  down  the  water,  and  on  that  put 
some  earth,  and  plant  one  cutting  in  each, four 
feet  distance,  and  fill  the  hole  or  trench  with 
the  surface  earth  or  compost,  bending  the  bot- 
tom of  the  cutting  with  your  foot,  and  press 
the  earth  close  lo  the  cutting,  leaving  but  one 
eye  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  :  and  if  it 
should  be  in  the  autumn  or  winter  when  they 
are  planted,  cover  the  upper  bud  with  a  small 
hillock,  which  must  be  removed  in  the  spring, 
as  soon  as  the  buds  begin  to  swell  ;  and  if 
from  any  cause  the  upper  bud  should  perish, 
remove  the  earth  to  within  half  an  inch  of  the 
next  bud  below,  when  there  is  but  little  dan 
ger  of  its  not  growing.  When  you  plant 
your  cuttings, set  a  stake  to  each — a  common 
lath  will  answer  for  two  years.  If  the  wea- 
ther be  dry,  whan  planted,  ihey  must  be  wa- 
tered. 

7th.  Keep  your  vineyard  clear  of  weeds,  by 
working  it  occasionally;  and  snfler  but  one 
shoot  to  grow  this  season,  by  rubbing  off  all  fl- 
itters wilh  the  finger  and  thumb;  or  if  the 
shoots  are  weak  let  all  grow. 

8lh.  In  the  autumn,  raise  a  little  hill  of  eanh 
about  the  plant,  sometime  in  the  monlh  of  No- 
vember.    And  this  finishes  the  first  season. 

9th.  Second  year.— In  the  spring,  say  Feb 
runry,  March,  or  April,  according  to  the  lati 
tude,  after  rubbing  off  tho  lower  bud,  prune 
the  vino  to  throe  eyes,  if  of  strong  growth, 
and  if  weak,  to  two  eyes,  and  after  theysheot 
rub  oil'  the  weakest,  leaving  two  shoots  on  the 
strong  shoot,  and  but  one  on  the  weak  one. — 
Theie  will  be  frequently  two  shoots  Irom  one 
bud;  rub  off  tho  lower  one  of  the  two  as  it  is 
always  the  weakest,  and  keep  the  vineyard 
clear  of  weeds  as  last  year,  and  tie  the  shoots 
lo  a  stake  as  they  grow,  and  they  must  be  sof 
fered  to  grow  ai  full  length.  This  ends  the  se- 
cond setison. 

10th.  Any  time  from  November  to  April.ao- 
cording  to  the  latitude,  after  rubbing  off  the 
lower  eye,  prune  each  shoot  to  three  eyes  or 
buds;  and  provide  good  stakes  this  year,  from 
six  to  seven  feet  long,  and  from  one  inch  and  a 
half  to  two  inches  square,  either  of  oak,  cbes- 
nut,  cedar  or  locust,  and  lie  the  two  shoots  one 
on  enoh  side  of  the  stake,  and  suffer  them  to 
srow  at  full  lengih,  and  rub  off  all  the  side 
shoots,  and  if  there  should  any  fruit  appear, 
suffer  but  one  cluster  of  grapes  to  each  shoot 
to  ripen, so  that  the  shoots  may  gather  strength 
to  produce  a  fair  crop  the  next  year.  But  there 
may  be  some  of  ibe  vines  so  strong  on  the 
third  year,  as  to  prodrrce  a  fair  crop  of  grapes, 
and  as  I  do  not  know  how  to  describe  it,  it 
ifluV  tre  left  Jo  Che  discretion  of  the  Vt^rrefgn  ; 


and  more  can  be  explained  in  a  few  minutes, 
and  shewn  in  a  vineyard,  ihan  c«n  be  satisfac- 
torily described  on  a  sheet  of  paper.  Tfti's  ends 
the  third  season. 

11th.  This  soason  coming  in,  the  vines  may 
be  pruned  in  the  same  months,  as  mentioned 
in  the  preceding  article.  But  as  it  is  to  be  a 
fruit  bearing  year,  the  pruning  must  be  differ- 
ent. First  tie  the  bottom  of  the  main  stem  of 
the  vine  fast  to  a  stake,  and  culling  your  shoots 
that  are  lo  bear  fruit,  so  as  lo  leave  from  eight 
to  sixteen  buds,  according  to  the  strength  of 
the  6hoot,then  take  one  of  the  shoots  and  bend 
it  in  a  circular  manner,  so  that  it  will  make  near 
a  semi-circle,  and  tie  it  fast  to  the  south  side 
of  the  stake,  and  take  the  other  shoot  and  tie 
it  in  the  same  manner,  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  stake  from  the  first,  and  the  shoots  of 
tho  two  lower  buds,  one  oneachshtot,  mum 
not  bo  suffered  to  hear  any  fruit  this  season  ; 
hut  must  be  suffered  to  grow  at  full  length,  and 
tied  one  on  each  side  of  the  stake  and  suffer- 
ed to  grow  at  full  lengih,  to  bear  fruit  the  next 
year. 

12th.  When  the  grapes  are  about  the  size 
of  peas,  cut  off  the  end  of  the  vine  at  least 
two  joints  boyond  the  last  cluster  of  grapes, 
that  they  may  grow  to  the  greater  perfection. 
\nd  when  they  become  ripe,  and  are  gathered 
and  the  ground  is  kept  clean  of  weeds,  and 
worked  over  in  autumn.  This  ends  tiie  fourth 
season. 

13th.  When  you  ngain  prune  your  vines  cut, 
off  those  that  have  borne  fruit  down  to  2  eyes, 
having  rubbed  offlhe  lower  one, to  raise  shoots 
to  produce  fruit  the  next  year,  and  when  tbey 
shoot  if  the  vino  is  of  very  vigorous  growth, 
another  stake  may  be  added,  and  the  whole 
four  shoots  be  suffered  to  grow  at  full  length 
to  hoar  fruit  tho  next  year,  otherwise  the  wea- 
kest may  bn  rubbed  off,  and  the  two  remain- 
ing  trained  as  above  described. 

By  planting  the  rows  two  at  five  feet  apart, 
and  then  leaving  an  interval  of  10  feet,  there 
will  be  about  1400  plants  to  an  acre,  and  each 
plant  according  to  the  number  of  bearing 
shoots  and  eyes  left,  will  have  from  3D  to  60 
clusters  of  grapes. 

By  having  the  land  very  rich,  we  may  calcu- 
late upon  every  vine  root  producing  on  an  av- 
erage, forty  clusters  of  grapes,  which,  at  four 
ounces  each,  will  make  ten  pounds  to  each 
plant;  and  fourteen  hundred  plants  will  pro- 
dace  fourteen  thousand  pounds  of  grapes  in 
the  clusters  on  an  acre, and  each  fifteen  pounds 
of  grapes  will  produce  a  gallon  of  wine,  there 
will  be  at  the  rate  of  upwards  of  nine  hundred 
gallons  of  wine  produced  from  an  acre;  and 
on  the  worst  years  there  will  be  at  least  four 
hundred  gallons  produced  from  each  acre* 
when  the  vines  are  properly  trained  and  culti- 
vated. 

14th.  Some  persons  may,  perhaps,  prefer 
training  their  vines  on  trellises,  and  my  advi&e 
is,  in  that  case,  to  hare  the  rows  at  least  ten 
feet  apart,  and  the  vines  from  five  to  six  feet 
in  the  rows.  The  trellises  may  be  made  by 
putting  stakes,  as  above  mentioned,  and  tie 
poles  to  them  horizontally,  at  eighteen  inches 
from  the  ground,  and  two  feet  above  the  first 
pole;  and  parallel  to  it  tie  another  pole,  and 
at  two  feet  above  that,  and  parallel  to  the  oth- 
ers, tie  another,  which  will  make  the  trellis  five 
feet  six  inches  high  :  and  there  may  be  from 
three  to  five  shoots  left  to  each  root  of  the 
vine. 

Note — The  vineyard  will  require  to  be  wor 
ked  in  tho  spring  and  autumn,  with  the  plough 
or  otherwise,  also  tn  the  summer,  to  keep  it 
clear  of  weeds. 

JJ»  A  few  copies  of  the  above  work  for 
sale  at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer—  pvi.c'e 


THE    EFFECTS    OF    IGSOHANCE. 

Of  one  hundred  persons  committed  fo  (Sler- 
kenwell  prison,  EnglaBd,  for  assauUg,  not  one 
could  write  well  enough  t'o  net  is  watdsrrjan 
ov.^r  the  rc"st. 


08 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IEK 


March  5,  1831 


THB  GENESEE  PARMER. 

SATURDAY,  MARCH  5,  1831 

CHEESE.    MAKING. 

Cheese  is  a  well  known  article  of  food,  which 
is  prepared  from  the  milk  of  the  cow.  When 
cheese  is  well  made,  it  is  a  healthy  article  of 
food,  and  may  be  considered  one  of  the  neces- 
sury  luxuries  of  our  tables.  On  the  contrary, 
when  the  manufacture  of  it  i9  entrusted  to  un- 
skillful persons, to  use  the  expression  of  Bloom- 
field,  the  moad's  sweet  nectar  is  converted  in- 
to stone.  Nothing  can  be  more  unhealthy, 
when  taken  into  the  stomach,  than  the  hard  in- 
digestible cheese,  made  by  some  of  our  dairy- 
women,  not  to  mention  the  rank,  disgusting 
composition  of  others. 

We;know  it  is  a  generally  received  opinion, 
(hat  such  dariy-women  as  make  poor  cheese 
mnke  more  butter,  or  in  other  words,  that  they 
destroy  the  quality  of  their  cheese,  by  skim- 
ming the  milk.  Now  this  may  often  be  the 
case  ;  yet  we  know  of  some  women  who  will 
make  better  cheese  from  skimmed  milk,  than 
others  do  from  new;  and  the  celebrated  Par- 
mesan cheese  of  Europe,  is  made  altogether 
from  skimmed  milk. 

We  have  longbeen  of  the  opinion  that  there 
were     no    parts   or   operations,    which  were 
connected  with  agriculture,   which  were  more 
neglected,  in  Old  Genesee,  than  eider  ^-cheese 
making.     No  one  can  offer  a  good  reason  why 
itshouldbe  so;  for  we  can  boast  of  some  dai 
ry-women,   who    manufacture    the    article    in 
great  perfection,  whoso  cheese  in  this  market, 
readily  commands  from   seven  to   eight   cents 
per  pound,    while  their  neighbor's,    who  feed 
'.heir  cows  upon  (he  same  lands,  are  compell- 
ed to  part   with   the  produce  of  their  dairies, 
at  from  tour  to  five   cents.      Now  we  would 
ask,  where  is  the  necessity  of  this  vast  differ- 
ence in  the  price  of  cheese,   produced  by  ad- 
joining  dairies?     To  say  that  one   dairy  was 
larger  than  the  other,  would  not  be  a  satisfac- 
tory answer  ;   for  we  often  find  small  cheese  of 
very   fine  quality.     And  for  a  dairy-woman  to 
say  that  she  could   not  learn  how  fine  cheese 
were  made,  would  be  either  declaring  herself 
incompetent   to  the   task,  or  what  is  not  true; 
for  thanks  to   the  Almighty    Preserver  of  our 
liberties,  we   have   not  yet  thought  proper   to 
borrow  that  transatlantic  custom,  of  shrouding 
every  usefnl  discovery  in  impenetrable  mystery. 
Where  among  our  house-wives  is   there  one, 
who  being  in  possession  of  the  art  of  making 
the  best  of  cheese,  would   not  be  willing    to 
communicate  it  to  her  neighbors,  aye,  and  feel 
a  pride  and  satisfaction   in  doing  it.     But  we 
fear  that  there  are  more  instances  where  peo- 
ple are  .unwilling  to   inquire  than  to  be  inqui- 
red of.     Now  this  may  well  be  6aid   to  be  that 
kind  of  pride  "  which  bringoth  poverty,"  and 
"  that    maketh  ashamed,"   for  whoever  saw  a 
housewife    offering  a  poor  cheese  in   market, 
without  being  ashamed. 

But  we  are  not  prepared  to  lay  all  the  blame 
upon  females.  The  men  are  entitled  to  their 
share.  They  direct,  or  ought  to  do  si},  the 
course  of  education  for  their  daughters,  and 
while  ihey  prefer  the  sublime  accomplishments 
of  icaltzing,  singing,  and  painting,  to  the  use- 
ful housewifery,  no  wonder  if  a  few  poor 
cheese  are  offered,  now  and  then,  in  our  mar- 


ket. We  have  followed  the  vices  and  foiling 
of  some  of  the  effeminate  nations  of  Europe, 
long  enough  ;  let  us  return  to  the  simple,  vir- 
tuous industrious  habits  of  our  forefathers,  not 
neglecting  to  profit  by  the  experience  of  othor 
nations  ;  but  let  us  put  away  that  Jackanapes 
oharacttr  of  aping  the  overgrown  nobility  of 
other  tottering  governments,  whose  very  exal- 
tation will  prove  their  overthrow. 

They  are  the  last  remains  of  governments 
which  were  established  when  personal  prow- 
ess was  accounted  greatness  ;  the  right  of  e- 
quality  not  having  been  acknowledged.  We 
live  under  a  different  dispensation — the  culti- 
vation of  the  mind  now  constitutes  the  man  ; 
and  equal  rights  are  the  foundation  of  our  go- 
vernment. 

Under  such  circumstances,  there  is  every  en- 
couragement for  improvement.  We  have  such 
■i  diversity  of  soil  and  climate,  that  whatever 
is  found  useful  in  practical  agriculture,  in  any 
other  country,  may  be  transferred  to  our  own  ; 
added  to  which,  we  have  a  population,  which, 
from  the  freedom  of  their  early  habits,  and  the 
reward  offered  to  successful  competition,  are 
very  apt  to  learn. 

The  greatest  obstacle  to  improvements  a- 
mong  us,,  is  the  want  of  booke,  especially 
those  treating  upon  the  more  common  opera- 
tions of  life.  As  it  cannot  be  expected  un- 
der our  form  of  government,  that  farmers  can 
be  in  possession  of  large  libraries,  the  cheap- 
est alternative,  is  to  supply  the  place  of  books 
by  papers  devoted  to  that  particular  branch  we 
are  wishing  to  pursue.  The  farmer,  the  me- 
chanic,&  even  n.en  in  the  self- denominated  high- 
erpursuits  of  life, can  all  be  accommodated, and 
at  a  cheap  rate.  As  our  paper  is  for  the  use  of 
farmers,  we  propose, hereafter  to  take  a  general 
view  of  cheese  making,  in  different  countries  ; 
and  shall  also  recommend  to  ourdairy-women 
such  improvements  as  we  shall  think  the  pre- 
sent state  of  the  business  calls  for. 


GRAFTING  WALNUTS  AND  CHESNUTS. 

The  climate  of  the  Valley  of  Genesee,  is 
found  to  be  very  favorable  to  the  growth  of 
both  walnut  and  chesnut  trees,  if  we  are  to 
judge  from  the  growth  of  thoso  found  grow- 
ing wild  in  this  region,  or  from  those  varieties 
which  have  been  introduced  from  abroad  since 
the  settlement  of  this  country;  and  some  of 
the  natives  of  our  forests  will  compare  with 
those  of  the  valleys  of  Ohio  or  Mississippi,  in 
stateliness  and  size  ;  thereby  giving  proof  of 
the  congeniality  of  our  climate  and  soil  to  their 
habits. 

Most  people  of  observation,  who  have  trav- 
elled through  tho  different  6tates,  hava  noticed 
the  vast  difference  whieli  exists  in  the  quality 
of  the  common  walnuts,  in  size  and  flavor. — 
Commencing  with  the  eastern  atbntic  states, 
and  travelling  west,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
walnut  increases  in  size,  but  diminishes  in  fla- 
vor ;  the  shell  becomes  thicker,  and  the  ker- 
nels are  not  as  plump.  The  walnuts  which 
are  gathered  in  the  northern  part  of  Ohio,  and 
brought  down  the  canal,  to  this  market,  arc 
nearly  doublo  the  size  of  thoso  brought  from 
Connecticut,  and  yo)  the  latter  command  about 
double  the  price  of  the  former.  Those  gath- 
ered upon  the  Mohawk  (river  are  much  finer 
than  tho«c  gathered  in  tho  valley  of  the  Gene- 
sec,    although  tho   climato  here  is  more  mild 


than  upon  the  Mohawk.  Those  gathered  in 
the  northern  part  of  Ohio,  are  not  so  good  as 
either,  although  the  climate  is  allowed  to  soft- 
en as  we  progress  west  in  the  same  latitude 
The  difference  in  tke  quality  of  walnuts, 
therefore,  cannot  be  owing  to  any  thing  unfa 
vorable  in  the  climate,  but  to  the  variety  of  the 
trees  which  produce  tne  fruit.  The  walnut 
takes  readily  by  grafting  or  by  budding,  and 
any  fine  varieties  growing  in  the  eastern  states, 
may  be  introduced  and  continued  in  this  man- 
ner. 

As  the  walnut  tree  lives  to  a  great  age,  and 
is  not  very  subject  to  have  the  fruit  destroyed 
by  insects,  we  know  of  no  reason  why  the 
cultivation  of  choice  kinds  of  walnuts  would 
not  be  profitable  in  this  section  of  country. — 
We  will  suppose  that  one  hundred  walnut 
trees  would  be  sufficient  for  an  acre  of  ground: 
this  number  would  not  prevent  the  ground  from 
being  cropped,  as  in  apple  orchards.  We  wil! 
suppose  that  these  trees.for  the  first  fifty  years, 
would  average  half  a  bushel  each,  or  fifty  bush 
els  per  acre.  The  average  price  for  eastern 
walnuts,  has  been  for  the  last  five  years, about 
one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  bushel.  This 
would  bring  the  produce  of  one  acre  at  $75 
allowing  the  use  of  the  land  for  gathering, 
paying  taxes,  fencing,  &c.  Land  well  calcu 
lated  for  walnut  orchards,  might  be  purchased 
for  twenty-five  dollars  per  acre  ;  the  trees  wc 
will  allow  to  cost  twenty-five  dollars  ;  and  the 
setting- out,  staking,  &c.  twenty-five  more, 
amounting    to  $75. 

Vet  wo  know  of  land  that  might  be  purcha 
sed  for  twelve  dollars, which  has  more  than  thr 
requisite  number  or  young  walnut  trees  grow- 
ing upon  each  acre,  which  would  only  require 
to  be  grafted,  or  budded,  and  the  orchard 
would  be  formed  ;  and  in  five  years,  the  pro- 
duce would  be  quite  considerable,  as  the  ope- 
rator might  select  such  sized  tree9  as  would 
suit  his  convenience. 

The  cultivation  of  the  chesnut,  wc  think 
would  be  equally  as  profitable  as  the  walnut. 
Although  the  common  chesnut  of  the  northern 
states,  is  a  valuable  timber  tree,  yet  we  arc 
not  aware  that  any  attempts  upon  a  large  scale 
have  been  made  in  cultivating  the  tree  for  fruit, 
otherwise  than  with  llie  common  kind.  In 
Europe,  they  have  a  kind  whioh  they  cftll  the 
Spanish  chesnut,  the  fruit  of  which  is  four 
times  the  size  of  our  common  chesnut  of  the 
country.  Tho  tree  is  equally  as  valuable  as 
ours  for  timber,  and  is  one  of  the  loftiest  trees 
of  Europe.  It  attains  to  a  great  size,  as  the  far 
famed  tree  upon  mount  Etna,  is  one  of  this 
kind,  which  is  said  by  travellers,   to  be   one 

hundred   and    four  feet    in    circumference 

This  kind  takes  well  upon  our  common  tree, 
as  does  also  the  Chinquepin  of  the  Southern 
Slates,  which  is  rather  a  shrub  than  a  tree  ; 
yet  tho  fruit  of  it  is  highly  esteemed. 

The  fruit  of  the  large  Spanish  chesnut,  or 
as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the  Italian,  is  in 
high  repute  in  Trance,  as  stuffing  for  tur- 
kius.  The  fruit  is  first  boiled,  the  shells  ta- 
ken off,  and  the  farinaceous  part  mashed  will, 
cream,  when  it  is  certainly  oho  of  the  best 
compositions,  for  that  purpose.  Wc  think 
that  the  introduction  of  this  kind  of  chosnut. 
into  our  fields,  would  be  a  source  of  profit  IG 
the  farmer,  and  gratification  to  the  Horticult"  • 
ri  at. 


Vol.  1.— No.  9. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


69 


KEEPINGS  APPl/ES. 

The  subject  of  keeping  apples,  and  other 
kinds  of  fruit  for  winter  use,  as  well  as  culina- 
ry vegetables,  is  a  matter  of  considerable  con 
sequence.  With  regard  to  the  management 
of  apples,  there  has  been,  and  is  still,  one  o- 
pinion  entertained  by  nuny,  which  we  con- 
sider very  absurd  ;  that  is,  putting  apples  in  a 
large  heap,  "  to  sweat,"  as  it  is  commonly  cal 
led.  By  this,  many  suppose  that  a  greater 
quantity  of  moisture  is  dissipated  from  the 
apples, than  I  here  would  be  if  they  were  spread 
thin  on'the  floor  ;  but  the  contrary  is  the  truth. 
We  do  not  know  the  necessity  of  drying  ap- 
ples before  they  are  packed  away  ;  but  this 
we  do  know,  that  when  large  quantities  of  ap- 
ples are  put  in  a  heap,  or  binn,  and  suffered  to 
remain  for  any  length  of  time,  unless  the  tem- 
perature is  very  low,  the  skin  of  the  apples  is 
affected,  and  the  rotting  very  much  facilitated, 
and  the  apples  imbibe  a  disagreeable  flavor, 
which  can  never  be  got  rid  of. 

We  do  not  know  of  any  fruit  that  we  think 
would  pay  better  for  careful  attention  than  ap- 
ples. They  are  commonly  sold  in  this  mar- 
ket, iu  the  fall,  at  from  twenty-five  to  thirty 
one  cents  per  bushel ;  and  in  June,  from 
seventy-five  cents  to  two  dollars  par  bushel, 
and  even  scarce  at  that. 

Many  of  those  sold  and  used  in  the  fall  and 
early  in  the  winter,  are  kinds  which  might  be 
kept  until  June,  with  proper  attention,  and 
other  kinds  might  be  brought  to  market  at  that 
season. 

Now  let  us  make  a  little  calculation  in  this 
matter.  A  load  of  russets,  of  thirty  bushels, 
are  sold  in  the  fall  at  thirty-one  cents  per  bush- 
el, amounting  to  nine  dollars  and  thirty  cents  ; 
now  the  same  quantity  of  apples,  brought  to 
market  in  June,  would  fetch  at  least  one  doU 
\ar  and  fifty  cents  per  bushel,  which  would  a- 
inount  to  forty-five  dollars  ;  or  thirty-five  dol- 
lars and  seventy  cents  for  keeping  a  load  of 
apples  through  the  winter.  Now  we  will  sup- 
pose that  two  bushels  of  the  thirty  rotted, 
which  we  think  would  be  equal  to  the  actual 
loss,  when  well  taken  care  of;  then  we  have 
thirty-two  dollars  and  seventy  cents  for  win- 
tering a  load  of  apples,  which  only  requirp 
the  care  of  letting  them  alone — a  monstrous 
task. 

Now  to  keep  apples  through  the  winter  in 
the  most  approved  method,  the  farmer  should 
provide  during  the  dry  weather,  in  the  fall,  a 
quantity  of  pit  or  beach  sand,  which  he  should 
spread  upon  boards  in  the  sun,  until  perfectly 
dry,  when  it  may  be  put  away  for  use.  When 
his  apples  are  in  condition  for  gathering,  let 
them  be  hand-picked,  and  carried  to  the  cham- 
ber, or  they  may  he  taken  at  once  to  the  cel- 
lar. A  binn  should  be  prepared  with  a  light 
floor,  a  little  above  thp  cellar  bottom,  in  which 
let  there  be  laid  sufficient  dry  sand  to  cover  it 
then  set  in  a  layer  of  apples,  at  such  distances 
as  not  to  let  them  come  in  contact  with  each 
other,  and  then  a  layer  of  dry  sand  ;  and  so 
on,  alternately,  until  you  have  packed  away 

all  the  apples  which  you  intend  to  preserve. 

The  cellaT-should  be  kept  just  warm  enough 
to  prevent  freezing;  as  the  colder  the  better, 
provided  it  does  not  freeze. 

Apples  kept  in  this  way  are  not  apt  to  rou, 
•hey  preserve  their  flavor  better,  .•than  when 


kept  by  any  other  method  ;  and  as  long  as  mo- 
ney making  is  an  object  with  the  farmer,  we 
should  think  this  course  would  not  be  neglect- 
ed. 

The  common  culinary  vegetables,  used  in  a 
family,  are  enough  better,  when  preserved  by 
the  same  method,  to  give  ample  satisfaction 
for  the  cost,  to  overy  person  who  has  any 
choice  between  a  superior  and  an  indifferent  ar- 
ticle upon  his  table. 


LAMPAS  OF  HORSES. 

As  the  season  of  the  year  is  now  approach- 
ing, when  some  people  commenoe  one  of  the 
most  cruel  and  barbarous  practices,  ever  retain- 
ed by  any  people,  pretending  to  be  civilized — 
viz.  that  of  burning  out  the  lampas  from  the 
mouths  of  young  horses,  we  cannot  refrain 
from  making  a  few  remarks  upon  that  subject. 

We  are  sensible,  that  some  of  our  most  en- 
lightened readers,  will  say,  that  this  article 
should  appear  under  the  head  of  Vulgar  Er- 
rors ;  but  yet  we  have  what  we  consider  a  rea- 
sonable excuse  for  not  putting  it  there.  Most 
of  the  articles  •which  have  been  placed  under 
that  head,  in  our  paper,  are  rather  innocent 
delusions,  than  partaking  of  the  barbarous  ; 
rather  superstitious  rites  and  ceremonies,  ap- 
pertaining to  property,  than  any  retained  usa- 
ges of  the  dark  ages  of  barbarity.  At  what 
time  or  with  what  people  this  practice  origina- 
ted, we  will  not  pretend  to  say;  but  there  is 
one  nation,  who  should  either  discontinue  the 
practice,  or  else  say  less  of  the  general  diffu 
sion  of  useful  information  ;  tltat  is  America. 

The  idea  that  the  enlargement  of  that  part 
of  the  roof  of  a  horse's  mouth,  is  a  disease, 
has  long  been  exploded  by  all  veterinary  sur- 
geons. All  horses  are  subject  to  it,  between 
the  ages  of  three  and  five,  more  or  less  ;  and 
in  many  cases,  this  soft  spongy  enlargement, 
descends  to  a  level  with  the  fore  teeth,  yet  up- 
on examining  it,  there  will  not  be  found  any 
marks  of  tenderness  or  inflammation  indicating 
disease;  and  if  left  to  the  operations  of  na 
ture,  will  disappear,  and  the  horse  will  have  a 
sound  and  healthy  mouth  ;  not  to  speak  of  the 
danger  of  bleeding  the  horse  too  freely,  by  o- 
pening  the  palatine  artery  ;  the  manner  of  per- 
forming the  operation,  is  shocking  to  the  feel- 
ings of  humanity,  as  well  as  painful  to  the  ani- 
mal. It  is  uncalled  for,  and  must  be  consider- 
ed a  piece  of  wanton  cruelty. 

SUGAR  KETTLE. 

There  has  lately  been  introduced  from  Ohio, 
and  are  for  sale  at  some  of  our  hard-ware 
stores,  kettles  expressly  designed  for  boiling 
sugar,  but  will  answer,^  the  same  time,  any 
purpose  the  common  cauldron  is  used  for. 

They  are  aboui  the  same  diameter  as  a  caul- 
dron, with  a  flat  bottom,  and  hold  about  half 
or  two  thirds  as  much.  Its  advantages  con. 
sist  in  its  power  of  evaporation,  by  exposing  a 
greater  surface  of  sap  to  the  air,  in  proportion 
.to  its  contents,  and  requires  mnch  less  fuel; 
and  we  are  convinced  of  its  utility,  in  any  pro- 
cess where  evaporation  is  concerned. 

From  their  peculiar  shape,  they  can  be  sel 
with  very  little  preparation  for  an  arch  ;  three 
or  four  stones  being  all  that  is  wanted  in  the 
woods  where  sugar  is  generally  made. 

They  are  of  different  sizes,  and  are  sold  at 
from  5  to  $10  each. 


WHITE  BEET,  OR    SWISS  CHARD. 

As  there  has  been  much  said  respecting  this 
plant,  ihe  year  past,  we  trust  that  a  desenjv 
lion  of  it  will  be  acceptable  to  many  of  our 
readers.  **.*.-. 

The  seeds  of  this  plant  have  been  dietribu- 
ted  under  several  different  names,  as  the  great 
white  beet,  the  Sinclair  beet,  the  sileer  stalked, 
and  the  Swiss  chard.  It  is  a  biennial  plant,  the 
leaf-stalks  of  which  are  very  large,  and  of  a 
silvery  whiteness,  and  are  the  most  valuable 
part  of  the  plant;  the  leaves  are  thick  and  suc- 
culent, and  are  also  boiled  as  spinnage.  The 
ools  of  this  plant  are  of  but  little  worth,  not 
being  larger  than  a  man's  thumb.  It  has  been 
cultivated  in  gardens  on  the  continent,  since 
the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  found  growing 
wild  on  the  sea  coast  of  spain.  It  is  equal- 
ly as  hardy  as  other  kinds  of  beets,  and  is  sow- 
ed early.  The  stalks  will  be  fit  for  U6e  in  Au- 
gust, and  should  be  boiled  and  dressed  as  As- 
paragus. 

As  there  lias  been  considerable  demand  for 
the  seed  of  this  kind  of  beet,  for  one  or  two 
years  past,  it  has  been  difficult  to  procure  it 
free  from  admixture  with  the  seed  of  other  va- 
rieties ;  it  may  be  well,  therefore,  for  those 
who  intend  raising,  to  plant  thick,  and  allow 
the  plants  to  remain  until  they  are  about  four 
or  five  inches  high,  when  they' may  be  thinned, 
as  at  this  time  the  genuine  ones  may  be  distin- 
guished by  the  white  stalks  and  veins  of  the 
leaves.     Oihers  should  he  rejected. 

Having  raised  this  plant,  we  can  recommend 
it  to  others  as  worth  cultivating. 


fC  The  communication  on  the  early  settle- 
ment of  the  Genesee  Country,  came  to  us, 
signed  "  Old  Genesee."  We  requested  the 
writer  to  put  his  proper  name  to  it,  but  lie  oh. 
jected,  because  it  was  unfashionable. 

We  are  of  the  opinion,  that  it  would  contri- 
bute to  the  improvement  of  our  Essays  and 
communications,  were  the  writers  thereof,  to 
get  into  the  habit  of  signing  them  with  their 
proper  signatures  ;  and  we  fully  concur  with 
the  writer  of  the  following  suggestion,  in  this 
respect ;  and  for  this  reason,  we  have  taken 
the  liberty  to  put  Mr.  Hawley's  name  to  his 
communication,  and  give  him  the  credit  which 
is  so  justly  due  him.  The  following  is  from  a 
correspondent  in  Michigan  : 

"  I  would  suggest  the  idea  for  consideration, 
in  relation  to  the  Genesee  Farmer, — whether  it 
would  not  be  well,  in  such  a  paper,  to  have  all 
the  writers  for  it,  annex  their  proper  names  to 
their  contributions.  Every  article,  in  a  work 
of  that  nature,  rests  entirely,  or  nearly  so,  up- 
on the  authority  of  the  writers.  It  is  not  to 
be  expected  that  the  editors  can  be  vouchers 
for  every  article.  Such  an  observation  in  the 
paper,  followed  by  a  few  examples,  would 
probably  produce  the  effect." 

As  the  season  is  advancing,  we  would  ask 
the  farmers  of  Old  Genesee,  if  they  have  all 
things  in  readiness  for  sugar  making;  remem- 
ber the  earlier  in  the  season  the  sugar  is  made, 
the  whiter  it  will  be. 
Trees  should  be  tapt  on  the  south  side  first 
after  the  season  advances,  on  the  east  and 
west  sides  ,  and  lastly,  on  the  north.  When 
the  weather  has  become  warm,  rinse  out  your 
buckets  with  lime  water,  now  and  then  ;  thi? 


TO 


THE  GENESEE  PAR3IER 


March  5,  1831 


will  prevent  the  sap  from  souring,  and  also  be 
useful  in  cleansing  the  syrup,  by  neutralizing 
the  galic  acid  contained  in  the  sap. 

GENERAL  I<AWS  OF  VEGETATION. 

M.  M.  Gay  Lussac  andThenard  have  dedu- 
ced three  propositions  which  they  have  called 
Jaws,  from  their  experiments  on  vegetable  sub- 
stances. 

1st.  That  a  vegetable  substance  is  always 
acid,  whenever  the  oxygen  it  contains  is  to  the 
hydrogen  in  a  greater  proportion  than  in  wa- 
ter. 

2d.  That  a  vegetable  substance  is  always  re- 
sinous, or  oily,  or  spiritous,  whenever  its  oxy- 
gen is  in  a  smaller  proportion  to  the  hydrogen, 
than  exists  in  water. 

3d.  That  a  vegetable  substance  is  neither  a- 

oid  or  resinous, but  is  either  saccharine  or  muci- 
laginous, or  analagous  to  woody  fibre  or  starch, 
whenever  the  oxygen  and  hydrogen  in  it  are  in 
the  same  proportions  as  water. 


THE  WINTER. 

The  month  of  December  was  very  uniform- 
iy  cold,  with  little  snow,  and  no  sleighing, 
which  rendered  it  unfavorable  for  business. — 
Travelling  was  for  the  most  part  very  bad. 

January  was  also  distinguished  for  the  gen- 
eral severity  of  the  cold,  during  the  entire 
month.  The  mean  temperature,  for  every 
flay  was  21°  above  zero,  and  the  extreme  cold 
on  one  day,  (21st)  at  sunrise,  2°  below  Zero. 
From  the  19th  of  this  month  to  the  present  date 
42  days  inclusive,  the  sleighing  has  been  unin- 
terruptedly good;  the  wastes  have  been  re- 
newed by  frequent  light  falls  of  snow,  which 
with  two  exceptions,  have  not  encumbered  the 
travelling,  even  for  a  short  period. 

On  the  1st  day  of  February,  snow  fell  to  the 
depth  of  12  inches,  and  on  the  3d  to  6  inches, 
both  from  the  east  and  south  east.  On  the  22d 
and  23d,  snow  fell  to  the  depth  of  12  inches, 
also  from  the  south-east  and  east.  The  snows 
have  not  been  drift  ed  here  as  elsewhere,  and 
we  have  heard  of  no  interruption  in  the  travel- 
ling generally. 

The  mean  daily  temperature  of  Feb.  was 
23  9-10°  above  Zero,  and  the  extreme  cold  at 
sunrise  on  the  7th,  was  4°  below  Zero.  This 
at  sunrise,  was  undoubtedly  the  coldest  regis- 
ter in  this  plice*  for  the  season. 

To-day  persons  from  the  country  complain 
of  poor  sleighing  for  the  first  time  since  the 
19th  January,  on  the  account  of  there  not  be- 
ing sufficient  depth  of  snow. 

For  the  transaction  of  business  generally, 
tfiis  has  undoubtedly  been  one  of  our  moat  fa- 
vorablo  winters,  and  the  snowy  mantle  that 
during  the  coldest  season  has  enwrapped  the 
earth  must  have  preserved  from  blight,  all  that 
in  autumn  was  entrusted  to  her  bosom,  and 
with  it,  the  fondest  hopes  of  the  agriculturist. 
«— -—  *  »  # 

IT  Several  communications  are  in  type, 
which  have  been  necessarily  omitted— they 
will  appear  in  the  next  number. 


Who  is  the  best  Politician  ?  Not  he  who 
ridca  the  fence  till  he  sees  which  side  is  the 
strongest,  or  who  intrigues  with  the  ignorant, 
the  vicious  and  the  profligate,  to  get  himself 
into  office.  But  ho  who  reads  candidly,  im- 
parts the  information  he  has  acquired  hoiicSty, 
and  isfaifnful  in  all  situations. 


From  the  Philadelphia  Price  Current. 
Inspections  of  wheat  and  ryo  flour,  and  corn 
meal,  in  the  principal  ports  of  the  V  ■  S  for  the 
year  1830,  including  the  preceding  nine  years  . 


Albany 
New  York 
Philadelphia 
Baltimore 
Georget'n  DC. 
Alexandria  do. 
Frederics'g  Va 
Falmouth  Va. 
Richmond  Va. 
Petersburg 
N.Orl'nsyear  ) 
end'gSep30  j 

Total— 1330 
1829 
1828 
1827 
1826 
1825 
1824 
1823 
1822 


Wheat 
Flour. 


Barrels, 

42,215 

827,370 

473.876 

597,804 

139,713 

187,432 

79,336 

46,406 

251,024 

72,000 

133,700 


Rye 

Flour. 

Br'U. 

15,191 

21,712 

4,436 

12 


Corn  Meal. 


2,851,876 
2,225,132 
2,245,257 
2,061,459 
2,031,558 
1,882,611 
1,714,410 
1,557,724 
1,599,973 


41,351 
77,945 
55,239 
34,487 
27,282 
57,419 
68,380 
76  620 
59,363 


Hhds. 

10,316 

7,498 
558 


1821   1 1,707,350143,976 


18,372 
17,891 
19,178 
16.869 
18,619 
14,781 
17,192 
14,705 
15,157 
17,449 


Brls. 

9,663 
19,949 
5,458 


35,070 
51,666 
8,958 
51,192 
36,979 
51,297 
7o,415 
36  863 
32,274 
40,693 


Quantities  of  flour  and  grain  exported  from 
the  United  States,  from  October  1  1821,  to 
September  30,  1830  i 

Wheat      Rye      Corn 
Flour.     Flour.    Meal 


1830 
1829 
1828 
1827 
1826 
1825 
1824 
1828 
1822 
1821 


Barrels. 

1,225,881 
837,385 
860,809 
865,491 
857,820 
813,906 
996,792 
756,702 
827,865 

1,056,119 


Brls 
26,298 
34,191 
22  214 
13^45 
14,472 
29,545 
,31,879 
25,666 
19,971 
23,523 


Barrels 
145,301 
173,776 
174,639 
131,041 
158,625 
187,285 
162,723 
141,50] 
148,288 
131,669 


Wheat 


Bush 

45,289 

4,007 

8,906 

22,182 

45,166 

17,960 

20,373 

4,272 

4,418 

25,812! 


Corn. 


Bush 
444,107 
897.656 
704,902 
978,664 
505,381 
869,644 
779,297 
749,034 
509,098 
607,277 


HYDROPHOBIA. 

The  following  remedy  has  been  used 
by  Lord  Hossmore,  in  his  kennel,  for 
some  years, and  by  gentlemen  and  sports- 
men  of  his  lordship's  acquaintance,  in 
the  King's  county  in  Ireland.  One  re- 
ference will  be  sufficient  for  the  present. 
A  hound,  having  all  the  appearances  of 
madness,  bit  several  hounds  in  the  pack 
of  a  Mr.  Freeman  ;  he  was  killed  ;  the 
medicine  was  immediately  applied  to  all 
the  rest,  bit  and  not  bit,  save  one,  on 
which  the  experiment  was  not  tried  ;  he 
died  raving  mad  ;  none  of  the  rest  show 
ed  any  appearance  of  infection.  The 
sooner  it  can  be  applied  the  better.  Af- 
ter the  lapse  of  12  or  24  hours,  the  reme- 
dy might  succoed  in  a  case  or  two,  but 
would  fail  in  others.  No  kennel  should 
be  without  this  roedicir.e.  Any  chymist 
can  determine  how  long  it  will  keep. — 
Six  ounees  filings  of  pewter,  six  ounces 
rue,  four  ounces  garlic,  four  ounces  of 
mitliridate  or  Venice  treacle  ;  cut  the  rue 
and  garlic  small,  mix  them  with  three 
quarts  of  strong  beer,  or  white  wine,  in 
a  vessel  that  can  be  slopped  close,  put  it 
into  a  pwt  of  water,  with  b*y  tied  about  it 
lo  prevent  it  from  being  brokeji  against 
the  sides  oi"  the  pot  when  the  water  is 
bailing)   let  it  sijnmtj  over  a  slow   fire 


three  or  four  hours,  thet,  squeeze  the  li- 
quor from  the  herbs,  and  bottle  it  for  use 
and  seal  the  cork.  How  to  apply  it: — 
for  a  dog,  one  table  spoonful  the  first  day, 
'.wo  the  second,  three  the  third,  four  the 
fourth,  and  five  the  fifth  ;  continue  to 
give  five  for  four  mornings  more:  nine 
mornings  in  all.  The  same  quantity  to 
a  man  or  woman,  making  allowances  for 
robus;  or  less  vigorous  frames :  to  a  child 
half  the  quantity.  If  a  poultice  can  be 
applied  to  the  wound,  let  it  be  of  the 
squeezed  herbs  hot. 

CULTIVATION  OF  THE  TEA  PLAST  AT  THE 
CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE. 

The  colonists  at  the  Cape  have  beer, 
for  some  time  speculating  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  tea  plant.  The  South  Afri- 
can Advertiser  states,  that  IVr.  Rhenius, 
one  of  the  governors  of  the  Cape,  raised- 
tea  sufficient  for  his  own  consumption. 
It  states  that  the  tea  plant  is  hardy  and 
vigorous,  and  will  grow  any  where,  from 
the  Equator  to  the  45th  degree  of  lati- 
tude, but  the  best  tea  is  produced  between 
25  and  32  degrees  of  latitude.  It  is  sup- 
posed, if  Chinese  acquainted  with  the 
cultivation  could  be  induced  to  come  to 
the  Cape,  even  for  a  time,  that  under  their 
instruction  it  might  be  brought  to  perfec- 
tion; but  the  great  difficulty  appears  to 
be,  how  to  induce  such  Chinese  to  come 
among  them ;  for  which  they  seem  to 
build  their  hope  on  the  effect  of  opening 
the  trade  between  England  and  China, 
which  they  suppose  will  cause  a  much 
greater  number  of  Chineso  than  hereto- 
fore to  visit  England  and  the  colonies  i'r. 
the  line  of  voyage. 

WOOL. 

There  has  been  a  good  demand  for  the 
various  kind-  ;  Fleeces  are  very  scarce 
and  may  be  considered  a  shade  higher. 
A  sale  of  about  20,000  lbs.  Saxony  Woo* 
of  various  casts,  imported  in  the  ship 
Courier,  from  Londm,  has  recently  been 
made  at  91c.  per  lb  ;  54  bags  Wool  from 
one  of  the  Western  States,  were  sold 
here  at  auction  on  the  17th,  at  the  fol- 
lowing prices — unwashed  full  blood  and 
high  grade  fleeces,  85c.  6  mos. ;  pulled 
Lntnb'a,  rather  ordinary,  49c.  6  mos. : 
1100  lbs.  superfine,  pulled  in  this  city, 
46c.  cosh ;  a  few  other  inconsiderable 
lots,  were  sold  at  varieus  prices. — [Bost. 
Cour.  

RAW    SILK. 

The  following  fads  from  the  work  of  K 
Randall,  esq.,  in  the  library  of  cougreis,  being 
a  view  of  the  silk  trade,  and  the  measures  oi 
the  British  government  relative  thereto,  will 
shew  Iho  immense  value  of  this  article  of  com- 
merce. 

During  the  term  of  seven  years,  from  1521 
to  1823,  there  were  imported  into  Great  Bri- 
tain. '24,157,516  pounds  of  raw  silk,  which,  at 
$5  the  pound,  cost  gl 20,787, 5S0-  It  also 
appears  from  the  same  work,  that  daring  the 
like  number  of  years,  there  was  imported  ot' 
llus  article  bojn  lt£Ty  afom;,,  to  flip  value  of 
$59,88l,«fc. 


Vol.  1.— No.  0. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


71 


NEWS  OP  THE  WEEK. 


William  H.  Stanley,  Esq.  was,  od  Monday 
last,  elected  Cashier  of  the  Livingston  couniy 
Bank. 

The  following  is  from  the  Long  Island  Pa- 
triot of  Wednesday  morning: — We  have  just 
been  informed,  that  late  yesterday  afternoon, 
a  man  of  genteel  appearance,  but  limited 
means,  went  into  a  victualling  house  in  New 
Vork,  and  obtained  6  cents  worth  of  some 
(bingtoeat.  After  eating  it,  he  told  the  land- 
lord that  he  had  no  money,  and  could  not  pay 
for  it.  The  landlord  was  abusive,  and  when 
the  stranger  left  the  house,  he  was  followed  a 
short  distance  from  the  door,  by  the  landlord, 
who  struck  him  violently  on  the  temple,  and 
killed  him  instantly. 

Lorenzo  Hoyt,  Esq  of  Albany,  has  been 
appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  a 
commissioner  to  take  acknowledgments  within 
N"ew  York  Stale  of  all  instruments  in  writing, 
under  seal,  to  be  used  m  the  state  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  and  to  take  affidavits  and  examine  wit- 
nesses under  commissions  issuing  from  any  ol 
the  courts  of  this  state. 

We  are  informed,  says  the  New  York  Daily 
Advertiser,  on  wbal  we  are  assured  is  very 
<>-ooil  authority,  that  Senor  Don  C.  Ibarra  has 
been  appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
the  United  States,  by  the  Mexioao  Govern- 
ment, and  that  the  Senate  have  approved  the 
nomination,  so  that  he  was  to  sail  by  the  first 
packet. 

Sylvester,  at  New  York — who  contends 
that  he  sells  as  large  a  share  of  prizes  as  Jo« 
Strickland — has  received  from  St.  Johnsville, 
through  the  post  office,  a  five  dollar  U.  S. 
Bank  bill,  without  any  envelope,  which  by 
this  means,  saved  him  half  postage  on  a  double 
letter. 

The  city  council  of  Savannah,  on  the  10th 
lit.  passed  a  law  imposing  a  tax  of  one  hun- 
dred dnllars  upon  every  free  person  of  color 
coming  to  that  city,  after  that  date. 

The  Boston  Transcript  says—"  There  is  in 
press,  in  this  city,  Letters  on  the  Authership 
of  Junius,  addressed  to  John  Pickering,  Esq. 
showing,  by  the  most  satisfactory  evidence, 
that  the  author  of  that  work  could  be  no  otl'.or 
lhan  Earl  Temple,  hrother-in  law  of  Lord 
Chatham,  and  elder  brother  of  Jlfr.  George 
Greenville,  the  author  of  the  American  Stamp 
Act.     By  Isaac  Newhall,  cf  Salem." 

SUBPLUS    REVENUE. 

Mr.  Selden,  the  chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee of  Ways  and  Jl/eane,  in  the  House  of  As>> 
sembly,  has  recommonded  the  passage  of  a  re- 
solution urging  upon  Congress  the  distribution 
of  the  Surplus  Revenues,  annually, among  the 
different  States  according  to  their  population  ; 
and  directing  the  Governor  to  transmit  a  copy 
of  the  resolution  to  the  executives  of  the  dif- 
ferent States,  and  to  the  President  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

COUNTERFEITS. 

A  large  quantity  of  counterfeit  bills,  princi- 
pally $5  bills  of  the  bank  of  Troy,  was  found, 
on  Wednesday, in  the  store  of  Charles  English, 
a  grocer  in  Fullon-st.  New  York.  English 
was  held  to  bail. 

CONSCIENCE. 

*  The  Adjutant  General  of  this  Btate  in  the 
last  Argus,  acknowledges  the  receipt  of  fifty', 
one  dollars,  from  some  unknown  person,  en- 
closed in  a  note  containing  the  following  words: 
'■'■  Due  for  Military  fines  evaded  by  illegal  ex- 
ruses." 

That  portion  ot  Poland  which  has  been  in 
corporated  with  Russia,  comprehends  Lithua- 
nia, Samogitia,  White  Russia,  Voltrynia,  Po 
dolia,  and  the  Polish  Ukraine.  It  contains  a 
surface  of  7,fi00  square  miles,  (Polish  measure)  I 
and  a  population  of  8,S0jO,QiaU  souls. 


UNITED  STATES  AND  ENGLAND. 

The  Boundary  Question  — By  the  following 
paragraph  it  will  be  seen  that  the  King  of  (he 
Netherlands  has  decided  the  boundary  question 
referred  to  his  arbitrament  by  the  governments 
of  the  United  States  and  England  nothing  has 
transpired  by  which  we  can  even  guess  in 
weose  favor  tit'  decision  has  been  made. 

Hague,  Jan,  10. — "  Tbeir    Excellencies 
Sir  Charles  Bagot,  Ambassador  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  His  Britannic 
Majesty,  and   Mr.  Preble,  Ambassador    Ex 
traordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from 
the  United  States  of  North  America,  have  this 
morning  received   from  the  hands  of  his  Ma 
jesly,  the  Act  which  declares  the  decision  giv 
en  by  his   Majesty,  as  umpire,  in  differences 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
respecting  the  determination  of  the  frontiers 
of  their  respective  territories  " 

The  net  proceeds  of  the  fireman's  ball,  given 
at  the  Bowery  theatre,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
fire  department  fund,  were  eight  hundred  and 
twenty-four  dollars  and  fifteen  cents. 

APPOINTMENTS. 

Cattaraugus. — Andrew  Mead,  judge  of  coun- 
ty courts  in  the  place  of  James  Parmele, whose 
term  of  office  expiros  on  the  21st  March 

Monroe.-  Samuel  L.  Selden,  first  judge  — 
Manley  G.  Woodbury,  inspector  of  beef  and 
pork,  in  the  place  of  Daniel  D.  Hatch.  Rufus 
Meech,  inspector  of  pot  and  pearl  ashes.  Ozias 
S  Church,  inspector  of  lumber,  in  the  place  of 
Lester  Beards'ey. 

Chautauque. — Thomas  B.  Campbell,  judge 
of  county  courts. 

APPOINTMENTS  BY   THE    PRESIDENT. 

Abraham  Edwards,  to  be  register  of  the 
land  office  for  ihe  district  of  lands  subject  lo 
sale  at  Monroe,  in  the  territory  of  Michigan, 
from  the  third  day  of  March  1831,  when  the 
commission  of  Robert  Clarke  will  expire. 

James  G.  Reed,  to  be  receiver  of  public 
moneys  for  the  distiict  of  lands  subject  to  sale 
at  Joffersonville,  in  the  state  o!  Indiana,  vice 
Wiriiun  H.  Hurst,  removed. 

John  Coffee,  of  Alabama,  to  be  surveyor  of 
public  lands  in  Alabama,  to  take  effect  after 
the  expiration  of  his  present  commission. 

Gideon  Eilz,  to  be  surveyor  of  public  lands 
south  of  Tennessee,  vice  Joseph  Dunbar,  re- 
signed.   

FOTATO-OBTIOIVS. 
SOME  of  these  onton?  have  Leen  left   with  the  Pub- 
lisher of  the  Farmer,  for  sale,  by  Mr.  Barker.  (See  Far- 
mer no  7,  page  51,  for  directions  for  cultivating  them.) 


GARDEN  SEEDS. 

THE  subscribers  are  now  ready  to  receive  the  spring 
orders  of  their  customers,  having  received  by  the  Sove- 
reign, from  London,  and  by  urrivals  from  France  and 
Holland,  a  choice  assortment  of  Garden,  Field  &  Flow- 
er seeds — among  which,  are  many  fine  sorts  of  eorly 
Cabbage  ;  early  and  late  Cauliflower ;  purple  Cape  Cro 
cole  ;  early  scarlet  Radish  ;  Mangel  Wurzell  :  Sir  John 
Sinclair's  uew  Sliver  fleets,  (a  very  luxuriant  and  valu- 
able vegetables;  Bishop's  early  Dltarf  Prolific  Peas, 
75  cents  per  quart.  These  peas  need  no  recommoyda- 
tion  *,  many  who  had  them  last  season  attest  to  their  su- 
perior quality— they  were  introduced  by  u  Scotch  Gar- 
deuer,  named  Rishop,  1827,  in  London,  and  so  great 
was  their  reputation, that  they  scld  for  ode  guinea  per 
pint  ;  they  ore  remarkably  early,  very  productive,  and 
grow  only  twelve  inches  high — should  be  planted  three 
inches  apart,  as  they  spread  lihe  a  fan  ;  they  commence 
blooming  when  only  three  in  lies  high. 

Also,  a  few  pounds  superior  white  Mulberry  Seed, 
growth  1830,prire  51)  cents  per  oz.  or  6'dolls  per  pound; 
Perennial  Rye  Gross  ;  Orchard  Grass  ;  line  early  Pota- 
toes ;  English  Windsor  Bcaus ;  Green  Nonpareil  Beans, 
&c.  ifc. 

Bird  Seed  of  every  sort;  fresh  Embdon  Grotts  ;  Oat 
Meal ;  Barley  Meal;  Rice  Flour  ;  Shaker's  Parched 
Corn  -,  Medicinal  Herbs  ;  BarUs  and  Roots  in  great  va- 
riety. 

Also.  40  bushels  fine  white  Mustard  Seed,  received  by 
the  Columbia  and  Hadsou,  late  London  arrivals  ;  this 
Seed  was  selected  expressly  for  Medicine — is  quite  free 
of  dust  and  impurity 

Geutlemen  supplied  with  Gardoners.by  the  dav.month 
or  year.  R.  THORBURN  &  SONS. 

Be*.  CO— G  F  G  w       GJ  Liberty  street,  New  York. 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

March  4,  1831. 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91a92  50 

Pearl  100al02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       31a50 

Do  dried  75 

Bristles, coinb'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do    18a20 

Butter  do    K'i/12 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl       $8a9 

Do  prime     do  5c7 

Do  fresh  per  lb         OSaOJ 

Barley  per  bushel        38n44 

Beans        do  50a62 

Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  cts 

Do  dipped         do      8  »' 

Do  sperm  do    28  " 

Corn  per  bushel  50&56 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05 

Clover  Seed  per  bush    $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb  07a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     78a87 

Feathersper  lb  31a37 

Furs— Otter  100a400 

Fox, red  50a75 


Mink  12(431 

Raccoon  18a31 

Martin  25a62 

Fisher  37a50 

Wildcat  1MT5 

Gray  Fox  ]So25 

Grass  Seed  per  bush  62 

Hops  per  lb  J2al5 

Honey  do  09 

Lard     do  08a07 

Mutton  do  02fll)3 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush     ?3 

Oats  per  bush  25a31 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches,  dry'd  bush  I00o2ti0 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $12aK: 


Fox,  cross 


Do  prin 
Do  frcs 


me 

U  per  lb 
Quills  per  100 
Rye  per  bush 
Rugs  per  lb 
Salt  per  bbl 
Tallow  per  lb 
Wheat  per  bush 


8a9 
03a04 
25e30 
50o5C 
03o04 
$1  75 
0f,o07 
109«I15 


100a200|Buckwheat  flour,  cwt.  $1 


METEOROLOGICAL.    TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  Fcb.ZG,  1831. 


Ther  Baromet'r  I 


a     o 
Ol  Si 


26 


-I- 
22!  12 
22^31 
42,29 
30  24 
28 '12 
26 1 15 
28  !3! 


29,05 
!9,88 


29,93!» 
29,60*  sw 
29,60'29.25|» 
29,10  29,35  e 
29,00,29,60U 
29,66!29,6B|k> 
29,80129,77 


\v. 

nds 

Wc 

ather 

a 

0 

B 

a 
> 

n  w 

>> 
u 

r 

>, 

-  -=j 
3  S 

ir 
J 

s 

s  e 

w 

w 

w 

w 

1 

1 
1 

i 
i 

Obsrcrva'ns 


4  in's  snow 
3  in's  sdqav 


Ts  The  Barotnttrical  and  Thermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registeredat  10 o'clock  A.  M.  end  P.  M.,  which 
by  along  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
slioio  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertlsxx> 

NEW-YORK. 
AH  banks  in  tbis  state,  par. 


except  the  following 
BrokcnBanks.     Washing 
too  &■  Warren,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, Mid- 
dle Dlst.,  Columbia,  Greene 
Couuty,  Marble  Manuf.  Co., 
Plattsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    banks  in  this  state,  par-, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.     Farmers' 
b'uk  of  Belchertown,  Sutton, 
lierksbie,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

KHODE-ISLAND 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers 

Exchange,  and  Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT. 
All  banks  jn  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
New-Tiork,  Derby,  und  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

ISEW-  HAMPSHIRE. 
All  banks  iu  this  state,  par- 

MAINE. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

except  the  following 

Broken   Banks.     Castine, 

Wiscusset,  Hallowell  &  Au- 


samaqnoddy  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 
State  b'nk,  &,  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  par. 
Ali  other  banks,  2  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Salem  & 
Phil.  Manuf  Co..  Monmouth, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
N.Jersey  Manuf &  Banking 
Co.  at  Uoboken,  Stale  Bank 
at  Trenton,  Proteelion  and 
Lombard,  and  Jersey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,  par. 
All  other  banks,  %  per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Bunks.  Farmers' 
AMechunius'  alN.Sa., Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadville, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Greencas- 
tie,  Bedford:  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington, Unioutown,Agricul- 
tural.Sil  Lftke,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh.  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co  new  cm  if « 
sion.and  Brownvile  banks. 

OHIO. 
Ali  banks,     4  to  6  per  cent*, 

MICHIGAN. 

All  banks,  2per  cejit, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks.    Monroe, 

and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  fa  3  per  cent. 
except  tba 
Upper  Cana.  at  Kingston, 
and  Unchartered  banks. 


guita,  Kennebec,  and   Pas 

ZF  The  above  table  when  speaking  of  foreigaBills,  re- 
fers to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  less  denomin- 
ation are  receivable. 


HOPE. 
Hope  !  ah,  'tis  but  the  silver  spray, 

That  dances  on  the  wave  ; 
The  mountain  mist  that  floats  away; 
A  rainbow  smile — a  meteor  ray-- 

Its  only  home — the  grave! 


On  Tuesday  last,  the  president  submitted  to 
congress,  by  message,  what  should  be  done  with 
the  four  Arabian  horses  brought  from  Constan- 
tinople by  Mr.  Rhind.  The  subject  wae  refer- 
red to  the  committee  on  foreign  relations. 


12 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


March  5,  1831.- 


ieiSCEZ,tANEOUS. 


"KNOWLEDGE  FOR  THE  PEOPLE. 
Or  the  plain  Why  and  Because," 

Is  the  title  of  a  book,  which  we  learn  from 
the  Atbeneum  has  been  recently  published.and 
concerning  which  it  thus  speaks  : — Chr.  Reg. 

This  is  the  first  portion  of  an  attempt  to 
simplify  science,  or  rather  to  trace  effects, 
which  we  witness  every  hour,  to  scientific  prin- 
ciples ;  or.  in  common  parlance,  the  plain 
Why  and  Because,  and  reduce  it  to  plain  and 
popular  terms. 

The  present  part  is  devoted  to  Domestic 
Science,  or  the  phenomena  that  occur  in  parlor, 
kitchen,  chamber  and  hall.  Each  question  be- 
gins Why — and  the  answer  Because,  and  of 
these  are"  upwards  of  400.  We  quote  a  few 
specimens : — 

Fires — Why  does  water  thrown  on  a  brisk  and 
Naming  fire  apparently  increase  tho  combus- 
tion ? 

Becau68sthe  water  is  converted  into  steam, 
which,  expanding  and  mixing  with  the  flame, 
causes  it  to  spread  out  into  a  much  larger  vol- 
ume than  it  otherwise  would  have  occupied. 

Why  does  sunshine  extinguish  a  fire  ? 

Because  the  rays  engage  the  oxygen,  which 
had  hitherto  supported  the  fire. 

Why  does  a  fire  burn  briskly  and  clearly  in 
cold  weather  ? 

Because  the  air  being  more  dense,  affords 
more  nourishment  to  the  fire. 

Effects  of  Heat. — Why  do  we  stick  a  pin  in  a 
rush  light  to  extinguish  it  ? 

Because  the  pin  conducts  away  so  much  hoat 
that  the  tallow  will  not  melt  or  rise  in  the  wick- 
Why  does  the  heater  of  a  tea  urn  soon  change 
when  placed  near  the  water  ? 

Because  it  parts  with  its  heat  to  the  water, 
until  both  are  of  the  same  temperature. 

Why  is  a  harp  or  piano  forte,  which  is  well 
tuned  in  a  morning  drawing  room,  not  perfect- 
ly in  tune  when  a  crowded  evening  party  lias 
heated  the  room  ? 

Because  the  expansion  of  the  strings  is  grea- 
ter than  of  the  wooden  frame  work;  and  in 
cold  the  reverse  will  happen. 

Why  dues  a  gate  in  an  iron  railing  ehut 
loosely  and  easily  in  a  cold  day,  and  stick  in  a 
warm  one  ? 

Because  in  tho  latter  there  is  a  greater  ex- 
pansion in  the  gate  and  railing  than  of  the 
earth  on  which  they  ate  placed 

Why  are  thin  glass  tumblers  less  liable  to 
be  broken  by  boiling  water  than  thick  ones? 

Because  the  heat  pervades  the  thin  vessels 
almost  instantly  and  with  impunity,  whereas 
thicker  ones  do  not  allow  a  ready  passage  of 
heat. 

Why  does  straw  or  flannel  prevent  the  freez- 
ing of  water  in  pipes  during  winter  ? 

Because  it  is  a  slow  conducting  screen  or 
covering,  and  thus  prevents  heat  passing  out  of 
the  pipe.  By  the  same  means  the  heat  is  re- 
tained in  steam  pipes. 

Evaporation  —  Why  is  profuse  perspiration 
so  cooling  to  laboring  men,  ana  all  evaporation 
productive  of  cold  .' 

Because  of  the  necessity  of  a  large  quantity 
of  caloric  being  combined  with  fluids  to  con- 
vert them  into  vapor  or  gas. 

Why  do  persons  take  cold  by  sitting  in  wet 
clothes  ? 

Because  they  suddenly  lose  a  large  portion 
of  hoat,  which  is  carried  off  from  the  body  by 
the  evaporation  of  the  water  from  the  (dollies 

Boiling. — Why  should  tho  bottom  of  a  tea 
kettle  be  black,  and  the  top  polished  ? 

Because  the  bottom  has  to  absorb  heat, which 
. ■  i  aided  by  rough  and  blackened  surfaces  ;  and 
in*  top  has  to  retain  heat,  which  is  ensured  by 
polished  ones. 

Why  rs  a  crust  so  frequently  seen  on  the  in- 
sides  of  lea  kettles  and  boilers? 

Because  of  the  hard  water  boiled  in  them, 
which  holds  in  solution  carbonato  of  lime,  but 
being  long  boiled,  tho  latter  is  no  larrger  suju- 
bie  aud  becomes  ptpcipitat-ed. 


Why  is  water  when  boiled,  mawkish  and  in- 
sipid ? 

Because  the  gases  which  it  contained  have 
been  expelled  by  boiling. 

Why  is  hard  water.by  boiling,  brought  near- 
ly to  the  state  of  the  soft  ? 

Because  it  is  freed  from  its  gases,  and  its 
earthy  salts  and  substances,  by  which  its  hard- 
ness was  produced,  are  precipi>nted. 

Why  is  it  wasteful  to  put  fuel  under  a  boil- 
ing  pot,  with  the  hope  of  making  the  water 
hotter  ? 

Because  the  water  can  only  boil,  and  it  does 
so  at  212  degrees  of  the  thermometer. 


THE  SAFETY  FUND. 

In  a  recent  report  of  the  bank  committee  of 
the  senate,the  amount  paid  lo  the  Safety  Fund, 
up  to  the  present  time,  by  the  several  banks 
contributing  to  it,  is  thus  stated,  from  an  ab- 
stract furnished  by  the  Comptroller :  — 

Jefferson  county  bank,  $100  00 

Livingston  coouty  b,ink,  166  67 

Ontario  bank,  2,500  00 

Hudson  River  bank,  116  44 

Bank  of  Monroe,  1,333  33 

Mechanics' and  Farmers' bank,  2,138  18 

Bank  of  Auburn,  1,000  00 

Canal  bank,  Albany,  1,333  33 

Otsego  county  bank,  72  63 

BankofUlica,  2,500  00 

Bank  of  Ithaca,  791  67 

Ogdensburgh  bank,  437  00 

Onondaga  cuuuty  bank,  187  50 

Catskiil  bank,  636  66 

Bank  of  Newburgh,  616  67 

Mei  chants'  and  Mechanics'  bank,  1,312  50 

.New  York  slate  bank,  1,682  94 

Bank  of  Albany,  1,200  00 

Bank  of  Genesee,  395  83 

Bank  of  Poughkeepsie,  70  82 

Wajue  couuly  baok,  350  63 

Lockport  bank,  443  06 

Bank  of  Troy,  1,943  34 

Fanners'  bank  of  Troy,  1,390  00 

Bank  of  Chenango.  600  00 

Saratoga  county  bank,  41   67 

Mohawk  bank,  825  00 

Bank  of  Geneva,  2,000  00 

Central  bank,  Cherry  -Valley,  497  75 


making  a  total  of  $26,983  67 

The  aggregate  capital  of  Ihe  above  twenty 
nine  banks,  now  subject  to  the  annual  pay 
ment  of  one  per  cent,  on  their  capital,  is  $6,- 
294,600. 

Inaidition  to  the  above,  there  are  eight  of 
the  old  banks  in  the  city  of  New  York,  whose 
chaitera  have  been  renewef.and  three  that 
were  chartered  by  the  legislature  of  1830, 
whioh  have  commenced  their  operations  since 
the  first  of  January  last.  The  aggregate  cap- 
ital of  these  eleven  banks,  is  about  ten  millions 
of  dollars,  and  their  annual  payments  to  the 
fund  will  consequently,  amount  tofifly  thous- 
and dollars;  there  will  be  in  the  treasury, 
therefore,  in  the  month  of  January  next,  ex- 
cept what  may  be  drawn  from  it  for  expen- 
ses, rising  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  viz  : 
the  sum  now  paid  in,ainouoting  to  $..'6,983,67, j 
together  with  the  half  of  one  per  cent,  on  $16,- 1 
215,800,  the  capitals  of  the  forty  banks  that  i' 
now  are,  including  those  that  shortly  will  be, 
subject  to  the  fund  law.  The  annual  pay- 
ments on  this  amount  of  capital  will  be  $31,  I 
079,  and  will  make  the  aggregate  amount  in 
the  treasury,  in  January  nexi,$108,062,67      I 

The  population  of  Virginia  is  ascertained  to 
be  1,207,783.     In  1820,  1,065,362— increase, !- 
142,421,     At  a  ralio  of  either  48,  or  50,01)0, 
she  will  toso  two  members  of  Congress. 


Selected  lor  the  Genesee  Farmer. 
AN    UNFORTUNATE. 

What  an  unfortunate  situation  am  I  placed 
in!  Being  one  of  those  who  mix  in  all  kinds 
of  society,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  and 
confessedly  by  all  parties  aD  important,  ne- 
cessary, and  welcome  visiter  at  all  times  and 
in  all  situations;  yet  am  I  eternally  abused 
by  all  hands,  who  are  constantly  dissatisfied 
with  me,  either  as  a  visiter  or  friend,  while 
tbey  admit  that  from  my  long  and  habitual 
intercourse,  they  cannot  do  without  me. 

I  have  arrived  at  a  "  greeD  old  age,"  and 
on  that  account  have  a  claim  to  be  respected  ; 
I  am  allowed  to  be  venerable  in  my  appear- 
ance, and  sage  from  my  experience,  and  that 
my  temperature  and  passions  are  under  full 
as  good  conlrol,  as  those  of  my  complainants, 
and  therefore  think  I  ought  not  to  be  repro- 
bated, on  the  score  of  inconstancy  ;  yet  so  it 
i3,  that  although  I  seemingly  take  pains  to  ac- 
commodate my  variable  dispositions  to  the  va 
triable  dispositions  of  all  mankind,  yet  the  cir. 
cumstance  produces  no  sympathetic  conge- 
niality between  us,  and  my  inconstancy  is 
rendered  proverbial,  while  their  own  propen- 
sity to  fickleness  never  recurs  to  their  recol- 
lection. I  have  no  complaint  to  make  against 
the  world  on  the  subject  uf  indifference,  ueg- 
lect,  or  disregard,  for  1  must  confess  that  every- 
body pays  me  due  attention.  1  am  eagerly  en- 
quired about  every  night  and  every  morninc, 
and  am  60  much  the  topic  of  conversation  and 
so  regularly  introduced  sfter  ,tbe  customary 
greetings  of  ceremonial  intercourse,  that  I 
may  be  said  to  be  a  kind  of  necessary  assis- 
tant to  conversation,  for  when  people  are  bar- 
ren of  ideas  I  am  always  at  hand  to  supply  the 
vacuity  of  their  minds.  The  closest  friends 
on  passing  each  other  at  such  speed  as  not  to 
be  able  to  ask  about  each  others  dearest  con- 
cerns, will  yet  speak  of  the  state  of  mine;  mv 
situation  absorbs  all  minds,  and  moves  a!; 
tongues;  the  "  brain  sick  lover,"  mute  on  all 
other  subjects,  can  preach  most  fluently  on 
my  affairs,  and  the  statesman  and  devotee  are 
not  so  oveiwbelmed  with  their  respective  du- 
ties, as  to  be  uodmindful  of  my  state  aud  cir- 
cumstances, &  yet  I  am  scarcely  named  in  any 
other  light  but  as  the  source  of  complaint  and, 
dissatisfaction,  nor  withont  having  some  oppro- 
brious epithet  attached  to  my  name;  sometimes 
I  am  too  warm  and  free  in  my  behaviour 
aud  sometimes  too  cold  If  I  smile  unexpec- 
tedly I  am  suspected  of  harboring  treacheroui 
designs,  and  men  say  to  each  other  sarcasii- 
Ij,  "  we  shall  pay  foi  this,"  and  if  I  continue 
my  placid  deportment  aud  am  mild  and  swei ' 
tempered  for  any  length  of  time,  1  am  said 
to  be  breeding  wars  and  commotions.  Some 
wish  me  to  weep  when  I  am  inclined  to  bff 
merry,  and  some  tu  be  gay  when  I  am  inclined 
to  be  sad.  Thick,  heavy,  dull,  nasty,  muddy, 
are  epithets  commonly  applied  to  me.  If  I  am 
still  I  am  said  to  be  vaporish.  If  loud,  bois- 
terous and  rude.  1  am  accused  of  causing  a!1 
the  mischances  of  business,  and  creating  all 
the  ills  of  life.  Aches,  pains,  rheumatism,  and 
shooting  corns  are  attributed  to  my  influence. 
In  shot  t,  I  am  so  wretched,  so  ceusured,  so  a- 
bused  every  day,  that  it  would  setm  as  if  I 
was  a  stranger  upon  earth,  and  born  but  yes- 
terday, rather  than  an  inhabitant  of  Paradise, 
and  oue  who  was  present  at  the  creation,  and 
was  the  friend  and  attendant  on  .Vdi-m  and 
Eve  aBd  every  OBe  of  their  multitudinous 
race.  But  gentle  reader  I  will  not  detain 
yen  longer,  as  I  see  you  looking  at  me  thro 
ihe  window  and  fixing  your  muscles  to  abuse 
me  fpr  detaining  you  flom  more  important  be 
siness,  tiIe  weather. 


wmm  mmtmsmm  &&mmMsx> 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  MARCH  12,  1831. 


NUMBER  10. 


coiannrNzoATiONa 


FOR    THE    C.ENESEl    FARMER. 

EVERGREENS. 

We  cultivate  plants  with  a  view  to  their  ra 
ity,  as  well  as  to  their  beauty.  Through  much 
Df  the  Genesee  Country,  evergreens  are  rare  ; 
ind  these,  to  the  eye  of  Taste,  are  particular- 
ly pleasing  in  winter;  more  pleasing  when 
Jistributed  by  the  hand  of  man,  round  his 
dwelling.than  when  seen  in  the  forest — not  that 
cultivated  plants  are  more  beautiful,  but  fewer 
and  rarer. 

Evergreens,  in  the  colour  of  their  leaves, 
vary  exceedingly.  Andromeda  calyculata  pre- 
serves through  winter,  a  fino  green,  in  the 
thick  shelter  of  hemlock  swamps;  but  it  chan- 
ges to  a  rustv  brown  in  the  open  marsb.  The 
unsheltered  leaves  of  the  rid  cedar,  are  also 
"reatly  discoloured  ;  and  the  hemlock,  in  open 
situations,  is  a  pale  olive  green.  In  unchan- 
ging verdure  and  brightness,  I  have  seen  no 
tree  that  excells  the  balsam  fir. 

The  "enus  Pinus  ra;ry  be  divided  into  three 
sections.  1-  The  pines, — several  leaves  in  a 
sheath.  2.  Theirs  and  spruces, — leaves  sin- 
gle, somewhat  distichally  or  cylindrically  ar- 
ran"ed  on  the  branches.  3.  The  larches, — 
leaves  deeiduous. 

1.  The  white  pine, (Pinus strobus)  preserves 
its  colour  well  through  the  winter,  and  the 
length  and  silkiness  of  its  leaves,  places  it  first 
on  onr  list.  The  Norway  pine  (improperly  so 
called,  for  it  is  not  anative  of  Europe)  is  alio  a 
line  tree  ;  and  grows  on  the  high  lands,  in  the 
southern  parts  of  our  district.  It  is  tbe  Pinus 
inonticola  of  Muhlenberg.  Pinus  variabilis  is 
said  to  be  a  beautiful  tree,  with  leaves  four 
or  five  inches  long.  Other  species  would  add 
to  the  varied  appearance  of  the  shrubbery. 

2.  I  recur  to  the  balsam  fir  (Pinus  balsamea) 
It  is  surprising,  that  the  late  A.  Paimcntier  de- 
clared that  "this  is  the  only  large  evergreen 
which  succeeds  in  this  latitude."  I  cannot  ac- 
count for  the  mistake.  Floy  remarks,  that 
these  trees,  when  taken  from  the  mountain, 
seldom  succeed,  unless  placed  in  a  nursery. — 
This  is  true,  when  set  out  in  »rass  plats,  and 
left  to  themselves.  In  droughts,  grass  lands 
become  comparatively  dry,  while  cultivated 
soils  remain  moist.  I  planted  several  from  a 
swamp,  in  Hector, — rather -shallow,"  as  mosi 
evergreens  ought  to  be  planted,  and  laid  round 
plenty  of  old  hay  to  keep  the  roots  moist  and 
cool,  and  to  destroy  the  grass.  With  this  treat- 
ment, nearly  half  the  trees  grew. 

The  silver  fir  (Pinuspicea)  of  Europe,  is  ve- 
ry elegant;  and  even  clumps  of  our  hemlock 
{Pinus  canadensis)  should  appear  in  extensive 
shrubberies.  Those  from  open  grounds  will 
be  the  best ;  having  better  roots — having  bet- 
ter tops,  that  is,  having  dense  foliage,  which 
clothes  them  from  the  ground  upward,  and 
which  Tio  knife  should  touch.  In  this  case, taste 
and  success  are  inseparable.  Hemlocks  which 
have  grown  in  thick  woods,  generally  die  when 
the  other  trees  are  cut  away,  having  nothing 
to  shield  their  trunks  from  the  heat. 

The  black  spruce,  (Pinus  nigra)  is  found  a 
few  miles  from  Ithaca,  and  in  some  mountai- 
nous districts  of  Pennsylvania.  Last  season, 
I  applied  for  it  at  three  great  nurseries, without 
success.  Its  dark  green  foliage  makes  a  tine 
appearance  in  winter. 

Pinus  abics,  from  Norway,  of  a  bright  green, 
well  merits  a  place  besi  'e  our  red  spruce,  with 
a  denser  foliage.  The  white  spruce  (Pinus  al- 
ba) abounds  in  several  swamps,  of  the  Gene- 
see country.  I  took  two  small  plants  of  this 
tree  from  a  morass  two  or  three  miles  N.  E. 
of  Geneva ;  and  wrapping  bog  moss  round  the 
roots,  (which  had  never  touched  bottom)  plan- 
red  them  in  the  garden.       The  moss  supplied 

*  I  had  this  advice  from  my  friend,!//.  G.  Spajjortl. 


them  with  moisture  till  their  roots  were  a- 
dapled  to  a  harder  soil;  and  I  observed  no  di 
minutton  of  vigor,  notwithstanding  the  extra- 
ordinary change  of  situation.  I  prefer  small 
soedlings  to  larger  plants  of  stunted  growth. 

3.  These  are  not  evergreens  ;  but  the  Euro- 
pean larch  (Pinus  larix)  I  find  to  be  vigorous 
and  hardy. 

The  genus  Thuya  includes  the  white  cedar 
of  our  swamps,  (Thuya  occidentalis)  and  the 
Chinese  Arbor  vita  (Thuya  orirntalis).  The 
latter  preserves  a  better  green  in  winter;  but 
our  species  appears  tbe  more  vigorous.  The 
white  cedar,  like  the  white  spruce,  and  the 
red  larch,  in  our  district,  grows  naturally,  in 
swamps  ;  but  spreads  on  the  dryest  hills,  when 
no  longer  imprisoned  by  other  trees.  It  is  ve- 
rv  ornamental. 

Our  red  cedar  (Juniperus  virginiana)  de- 
serves further  notice.  Though  a  native  of  the 
precipitoas  banks  of  our  lakes,  I  have  seen 
one  tree  in  a  swamp  of  the  outlet  above  Wa- 
terloo. This  shows  that  it  is  also  indifferent  to 
soil.  By  the  thick  forest,  this  species  was 
long  confinod  to  the  banks  of  the  Cayuga,  near 
this  place  :  but  it  now  spreads  eastward,  into 
the  open  woods,  in  consequence  of  the  scat- 
tering of  the  seeds  by  birds.  Some  years  ago.I 
strewed  more  than  a  peck  of  those  seeds  in  a 
neglected  field  ;  and  many  young  troes  have  ari. 
sen  from  that  sowing.  The  old  trees  afford  food 
and  shelter  to  the  gluttonous  cedar  rurd.whicb 
in  consequence,  visit  our  fruit  trees  in  greater 
numbers  ;  but  this  evil  admits  of  a  remedy. 

Of  this  genus,  is  the  common  juniper,  (Ju- 
niperus communis)  remarkable  for  its  varied 
forms; — sometimes  upright,  like  a  post, — ai.d 
sometimes  with  horizontal  branches  near  the 
ground,  rising  in  the  shape  of  an  ill-built  hay- 
stack The  former  figure  is  much  aamired  ; 
and  to  obtain  it,  sometimes  a  cord  is  wound 
spirally  round  the  tree,  which  prevents  the 
branches  from  spreading.  I  have  found  it  dif- 
ficult to  transplant  this  tree,  successfully,  in  au- 
tumn ;  but  a  branch  which  had  been  loaded 
with  berries,  and  cut  several  feet  from  the 
ground,  grew  freely  on  being  planted  in  a  moist 
and  mellow  soil. 

The  savin  [Juniperus  sabina,"]  a  native  of  both 
Europe  and  America,  is  a  low  shrub ;  but  it 
deserves  a  place  with  Juniperus,  [prostata  ?~\ 
which  forms  thickets  at  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 
and  other  places. 

The  shrubby  horse-tail  [Ephedra  distachya.} 
from  the  south  of  Europe,  is  also  an  ever- 
green, though  leafless;  and  its  branches  re- 
semble some  species  of  Equisetum.  It  is  per- 
fectly hardy,  easily  increased,  singular.cunous, 
and  ornamental. 

Two  evergreens,  beautiful  in  summer  by 
their  flowers,  and  in  winter  by  their  broad 
leaves,  (Kalmia  lutifolia,  and  Rhododendron 
maximum)  have  been  found  difficult  to  culti- 
vate in  some  parts  of  our  district.  This  diffi- 
culty is  ascribed  to  the  soil.  It  is  a  curious 
fact,  that  wherever  the  detritus  of  this  cal 
careous  reiiion  was  deposited  by  the  Deluge, 
the  Laurels  do  not  occur.  It  is  true  there  is  a 
locality  of  Kalmia,  on  the  bill,  north  of  Ithaca, 
near  Fall  Creek,  among  gravel,  some  roots  of 
those  planis  penetrating  the  seams  in  the  sili 
ceous  rocks  ;  but  1  observed  no  deposits  of 
calcareous  matter.  Those  shrubs  are  too 
beautiful  to  be  relinquished  without  many  ef- 
forts. 

Several  other  evergreens  may  be  noticed 
hereafter.  D.  T. 

2d  mo.  12,  1831. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

EFFECTS  OF  FROST. 

Messrs.  Editors — A  few  years  age,  I  lived 
in  the  neighborhood  of  a  market  town,  and 
one  of  my  neighbors  was  in  the  habit  of  mar- 
keting, more  or  less,  early    vegetables  every 


summer;  among  which,  hr  was  always  able 
to  bring  in  green  corn  earl  er  in  the  seasm 
than  any  one  else  living  on  the  same  k  nd  of 
land,  and  with  the  same  seed 

After  some  years,  it  was  discovered  that  bis 
secret  was  to  plant  his  corn  after  the  frost  had 
ornmenced  in  the  fall,  and  the  ground  become 
slightly  frozen,  or  during  some  open  thawing 
weather  in  the  winter;  and  the  reason  wa6 
said  to  be,  that  corn  planted  at  a  time  when 
it  could  become  soaked  and  saturated  with  wa- 
ter, and  then  frozen  with  the  earth,  would  ob- 
tain the  property  of  withstanding  the  frosts  of 
spring,  and  become  a  hardy  vegetable. 

Not  being  a  farmer,  I  have  never  tried  it. 
and  therefore  cannot  vouch  for  its  authentici- 
ty. 

Are  you  or  any  of  your  readers  acquainted 
with  this  fact,  or  know  any  case  analagous  to 
it? 

Would  it  have  the  same  effect  on  any  other 
kind  of  seeds,  and  how  wouldfit  opetaU  with 
beans,  cucumbers,  &c.  ? 

If  true.it  is  probably  a  new  feature  in  vege 
table  pathology,  and  well  worth  trying  the  ex 
periment.  N.  G.  W.* 

FOR   THE    GENESEE,    FARMER. 

COFFEE. 

Mt.  Tockeh,  Sir — I  agree  with  your  corres- 
pondent S.  on  the  subject  of  filtering  coffee — 
it  is  decidedly  more  palatable,  healthy  and  pro- 
fitable than  any  other  process.  The  peculiar 
taste  of  leached  coffee,  which  those  used  to 
drinking  the  stewed  kind,  are  apt  to  call  raw, 
grows  out  of  an  acquired  and  vitiated  taste. 

S's  remarks,  as  to  roasting  and  grinding,  are 
perfectly  .catholic,  ns  well  as  his  process  rela- 
ting to  its  preparation. 

The  philosophy  of  the  why's  are  as  "  plain 
as  road  to  parish  church,"  and  to  my  concep- 
tion the  rationale  is  so  palpable,  that  I  admire 
that  the  old  boiling,  stewing,  and  distilling 
process  should  obtain  at  all. 

When  I  first  began  to  keep  house,  my  wife 
used  a  simple  flannel  or  cotton  bag,  with  two 
wood  skewers  put  through  the  hemming,  to 
keep  it  from  sinking  into  an  earthern  pitcher, 
whioh  was  our  coffee  pot, and  I  had  such  coffee 
as  an  Arab  Scheick  might  delight  tu  honor  with 
his  approbation;  but  now  being  blessed  with 
John  Roger's  portion  of  the  poor  mairs  bles- 
sing, we  have  resorted  to  the  regular  leach. 

The  why,  that  it  yields  a  greater  abundance 
of  extract,  I  thus  explain— that  pure  water  kin- 
charged  with  the  essence  of  coffee,  is  a  better 
solvent  or  menstruum  than  the  same  water 
which  by  boiling  with  the  material  has  become 
saturated,  and  its  solvent  power  destroyed  ;  in 
the  one  case,  you  pour  on  the  water  two  or 
three  times,  which  then  passes  pure  and  unco- 
lored,  and  the  whole  is  dissolved.  To  render 
it  plain,  a  fluid  is  said  to  be  saturated  when  it 
cannot  dissolve  any  more,  as  in  the  case  of 
brine  or  sweetened  liquors,  which  every  one 
has  observed, with  salt  or  sugar  laying  undistur- 
bed for  any  length  of  time,  its  appetite  and  ea- 
pabilitvis  palled  and  destroyed;  and  if  diges- 
ted a  thousand  years  at  the  same  temperature, 
a  would  not  take  up  another  grain.  It  is  self* 
evident,  that  the  grounds  of  coffee  after  using, 
are  still  soaked  and  saturated  with  the  liquid, 
as  strong  as  any  part  of  the  ,;  coffee  drink"  ti- 
led. 

To  elucidate  this  assumption,  allow  me  tc 
elate  the  following  story  : 

A  person  of  my  acquaintance,  who  kept  a 
arge.  public  house,  had  got  him  a  filtering  cpf 
fee  pot,  being  convinced  that  he  should  not 
only  iniprove'that  delightful  beverage,  but  be 
a  gainer  on  the  score  of  econotr.y.  A  poor 
woman  who  lived  in  tUe  neighborhood,  who 
used  frequently  to  assist  in  the  kitchen,  was  in 
the  habit  of  taking  the  grounds  of  his  coffee 
nots,  from  which,  by  a  second  boiling-,  she  wrs 

\ 


i  boil! 


74 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  12,  1831. 


enabled  to  nave  a  very  good  dish;  but  a  few 
days  after  lie  had  commenced  his  new  process, 
she  said  to  the  mistress,  "  What  is  the  mat- 
ter with  your  coffee,  lately — you  have  got  a 
poor  kind,  I  guess."  '•  Why  1"  asked  the 
lady.  "  Because."  says  she,  "it  has  got  no 
strength  in  it."  "  Oh,"  answered  the  mistress, 
"  wo  have  got  ,i  patent  coffee  pot,  which  we 
are  trying." 

"  Well,"said  the  poor  woman.  '•  it  is  a  good 
for  nothing  Yankee  cheat,  and  it  ought  not  to 
be  used,  and  it  shouldn't  if  1  could  hinder  it." 
The  shoe  pinched  the  poor  woman's  toes — 
she  was  curtailed  of  her  mornings  comfort. and 
it  was  denounced  a  deception,  much  to  the 
proof  of  its  usefulness,  and  was  the  real  and 
true  test  of  the  fact. 

The  wli'j  that  coffee  is  betterboth  in  flavor  & 
effect  is  equally  palpable  and  conclusive,  and 
is  thus  explained  ; — The  peculiar  flavor  which 
coffee  possesses  over  any  other  burned  vege- 
table berry,  grain  or  root,  resides  in  its  pecu 
liar  aromatic  essential  oil.  All  essential  and 
volatile  oils  are  specifically  lighter  than  water, 
and  in  heating  rise  first,  in  vapor,  and  pass  off 
if  not  condensed  ;  this  peculiarity  constitutes 
the  process  of  distillation.  Now  in  the  boil- 
ing process,  the  fine  aroma  which  constitutes 
the  value  of  this  king  of  drinks  is  distilled  off 
in  vapor  and  lost,  and  the  drinker  of  it  is  fed 
with  what  in  another  process  constitutes  the 
slops  of  the  still  hoyse,  when  compared  tvilh 
the  true  article. 

As  your  correspondent  observes,  it  is  but  a 
live  minutes'  business  to  make  the  best  cup  of 
eofteo  that  ever  smoked  in  a  Turkish  Harem. 

If  made  in  this  way,  you  may,  without  dan 
ger  to  the  stomach  or  bowels, make  it  so  strong 
that  it  will  bear  up  an  iron  wedge,  to  speak  liy ■ 
perbolically  ;  only  observe  to  dilute  with  plen- 
ty of  cream  and  sugar,  and  drink  the  less  quan- 
tity of  a  much  superior  article.  Speaking  of 
cream,  note— coffee  and  strawberries  cannot  be 
good  without  it,  and  the  fresher  the  better. — 
With  a  brief  recipe  I  will  closo  this  trespass  : 

Roast  brown — roast  often — grind  when  wan- 
ted— filter  ([nick  and  strong — reduce  with  cream, 
and  please  the  taste  with  sugar.  Y* 


bors  have  town  it  repeatedly,  and  the  result  .o 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  has  never 
been  any  more  favorable  to  the  flint,  than  the 
bove,  when  sown  upon  the  same  soil,  and  at 
the  same  time.  It  appears  to  be  a  hardy  plant, 
and  withstands  the  vicissitudes  of  the  season  as 
well  is  any  variety,  and  is  usally  a  very  flatter 
ingcrop  while  on  the  ground  ;  the  straw  ischorl 
and  stiff,  which  prevents  its  lodging  as  much 
as  most  of  the  other  varieties;  but  it  fails  in 
yield  from  the  bundle  or  sere,  and  is  much 
harder  to  thrash  by  hand,  than  any  other  that 
I  am  acqu  dnted  with.  The  farmers  in  thia 
section  have  pretty  generally  ceased  to  culti- 
vate it.  The  varieties  which  are  held  tn  the 
(lightest  estimation  among  them,  are  the  red 
bald,  red  and  white  bearded,  and  a  bearded  va- 
riety, called  the  crate  wheat,  which  has  been 
lately  introduced  among  us,  and  is  very  high- 
ly recommended  by  those  who  have  tried  it.-- 
For  my  own  part,  I  am  not  much  acquainted 
with  any  of  the  bearded  wheats,  a9  I  hive  ae 
yet  been  able  to  raise  as  good  crops  of  the  red 
bald,  as  any  of  my  neighbors  have  of  the  <>- 
thers.  I  give  it  the  preference,  from  its  being 
the  pleasantest  to  work  among. 

The  above  statement  and  remarks  are  drawn 
from  but  a  short  and  limited  experience  in  ag- 
ricultural pursuits,  and  are  offered  to  the  public 
with  the  hope,  that  some  one  more  acquainted 
and  better  able  to  throw  light  upon  the  subject. 
may  be  induced  to  take  it  up.  VV. 

Yates  co.  5th  March.  1831. 


OYSTER  PONDS, 

IN    WESTERN     NEW  YORK. 

Though  the  planting  of  oysters  is  not  exact- 
ly either  Agriculture  or  Horticulture,  yet  it  is 
planting.  Many  years  ago,  I  proposed  to  try 
the  experiment  of  raising  oyster.-,  in  small  arti- 
ficial ponds  of  salt  water,  in  the  western  part 
of  this  state.  Will  you  allow  me  to  repeat 
the  suggestion  ?  The  salines  of  the  West  af- 
ford water  salt  enough, and  salt  does  not  waste 
by  evaporation,  so  that  the  cost  would  be  but  a 
mere  trifle.  Oyster  seed— small  oysters,  such 
as  they  plant  .n  the  bays  of  the  sea  shore, 
may  be  had  in  plenty,  transported  by  the  canal; 
and  with  such  facilities,  ought  not  the  experi- 
ment to  be  tried  1  it  appears  to  me  that  there 
can  be  no  difficulty  in  "  growing"  your  own 
oysters.  When  the  ponds  are  once  stocked, 
they  will  supply  themselves  .with  seed.  The 
Onondaga  Lake,  if  all  its  inlets  of  fresh  wa- 
ter were  detached  from  it,  would  become  a 
miniature  of  a  salt  water  sea,  and, by  the  help  of 
a  few  barrel*  of  oyster  seed,  from  the  ocean,  an, 
oyster  bed,  tn  the  course  of  a  few  years.  Pos- 
sibly, however,  its  springs  of  fresh  water,  anil 
supplies  by  rain  and  snow  would  be  more  thai'. 
equal  the  loss  by  evaporation  ;  in  which  case, 
it  would  remain  loo  fresh  for  an  Oyster  Gar- 
den !  S. 


SELECTION  .. 


TOR   THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 
WHEAT. 

Having  read  an  article  in  the  third  ntimbe 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer, upon  the  cultivation  of 
wheal, in  which  the  variety  known  as  the  white 
flint  is  somewhat  favorably  noticed,  I  am  in- 
duced to  give  the  following  brief  statement  of 
the  result  of  my  experience  in  the  cultivation 
of  ibis  and  the  red  bald  wheat : 

In  the  fall  of  182(3,  I  assisted  in  the  sowing 
of  about  twenty  acres  of  ground  to  wheat,  in 
which  there  was  little  or  no  difference  in  soil, 
lime  or  preparation,  and  upon  which  was  sown 
the  three  following  varieties,  viz — white  flint, 
red  bald,  and  beaverdam,  or  yellow  bald.  The 
latter  produced  but  a  hglu  crop  of  wheat,  al- 
though the  growth  ol  straw  was  greater  than 
either  of  the  others  ;  the  straw  is  very  long, 
head  short  and  light,  and  usually  falls  down 
before  it  fills;  at  least  such  has  been  the  case 
in  all  the  experiments  that  have  come  within 
my  observation. 

With   respect   to  the   others,  there   was  no 
perceptible   difference    in  their  growth  or  ap- 
pearance, except    that  the    Hint  had    rather  the 
advantage  in  situation,  from   being  more  expo- 
sod  i.o  the  sun  than  the  others, and  consequent 
ly,  was  rather  more   even  in   its  growth.       It 
was  a  beautiful  field  of  wheat,  and  I   think  as 
well  headed   as  any  that   I  have   ever  seen  of 
the  kind.     The  following  was  the  average  per 
.acre,  while  in  the  sheaf,   and  after  thrashing 
I  give  the  number  of  bundles  to  show  the  dif 
l'crence  in  the  heading  of  the   two   kinds.  a» 
the  growth  of  straw  was  about  the  same  : 

Kct)  bsld  gave  3G0  bundles, yielding  30  bush. 

White  linn  "  3oG       "  "      231-2 

Shewing  a  difference  in  favour  of  the  Red 
if  six  and  a  half  bushels  per  acre. 

I  have  tried  it  since,  and  many  of  my  neigh- 


FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARatER. 

IMPORTANT  TO  FARMERS. 

Messrs.  Editors — As  you  look  abroad  for 
a  part  of  your  patronage,  I  take  the  liberty  of 
advising  the  farmers,  through  your  papor;  to 
water  rot  their  flax,  it  being  the  easiest, cheap- 
est, and  most  profitable  way  of  preparing  it  for 
dressing,  either  for  market  or  home  use.  By 
water  rotting  the  flax,  tho  farmer  will  gain,  in 
saving  of  labor,  yield  of  flax,  and  in  the  price 
of  the  same,  twenty  five  per  cent. 

The  best  time  for  water  rolling  flax,  is  du 
ring  the  summer  Put  the  flax  in  small  bun- 
dles, and  steep  it  in  still  water  about  48  or  GO 
hours.  The  farmer  must  judge  of  its  being 
sufficiently  rotted,  by  watching  it  while  in  the 
water.  As  soon  as  the  lint  or  coat  separates 
from  the  stalk,  it  is  then  time  to  remove  and 
spread  it  out  to  dry,  which  will  require  three  or 
four  days  ;  this  depends,  however,  on  the  wea 
ther  A  week's  attention  to  it,  in  this  manner, 
is  sufficient  to  have  it  ready  for  cleaning. 

Experiments  have  been  fully  made  as  to  the 
strength  and  durability  of  cloth  made  from  wa 
ter  rotted  flax,  and  likewise  that  made  from 
field  or  dew  rotted  ;  and  tho  advantage  in  fa- 
vor of  the  former,  is  about  fifty  per  cent.  Wa- 
ter rotted  flax  can  be  bleached  immediately  af- 
ter it  is  dressed,  so  as  to  become  as  v.  hite  and 
as  soft  as  silk  ;  while  with  dew  rotted  flax,  no- 
thing can  be  done. 

The  following  is  the  mariner  of  bleaching 
flax,  and  it  is  in  the  power  of  every  fanner 
to  try  tho  experiment: 

Coil  it  in  ash  lye  of  about  half  the  strength: 
neoessary  to  make  common  soap,  for  two  or 
three  hours,  then  rinse  it  well  in  vinegar  and 
water,  or  any  other  weak  acid  preparation,  and 
lay  it  either  in  the  sun  or  under  cover,  where 
there  is  a  free  circulation  of  air. 

I  feel  confident,  that  it  our  farmers  woo  id 
try  the  foregoing  experiments  they  would  be 
encouraged  to  cultivate  this  highly  useful, and. 
hitherto  much  neglected  plant. 

E.  QUINBY. 

Note — Wo  were  pleased  with  the  above 
communication  on  flax,  which  we  presume  is 
from  a  practical  man,  at  least  his  views  of  the 
subjeot  are  mostly  correct,  and  we  would  refer; 
him  to  the  28th  page  of  the  Fanner,  also  to 
the  United  States  Journal  there  referred  to, 
and  if  he  would  call  .it  the  office,  the  Editor 
would  be  glad  to  Convcrso  with  him  upon  the 
subject. 


PRINCE'S  UOKIK  IL.TTJHE. 

Wc  have  been  very  much  pleased  with  the. 
perusal  of"  A  short  treatise  on  Horticulture," 
by  William  Prince,  boih  as  to  matierand  man- 
ner. As  we  are  convinced  that  every  work 
which  contributes  to  the  advancemet  of  Hor 
ticulture  in  tne  United  States,  is  more  or  less 
interesting  to  our  redears,  we  shall  occasional- 
ly make  such  extracts  from  it  .is  we  think  wil' 
be  most  likely  to  amuse  by  instructing.  We 
are  anxiously  waiting  for  his  forthcoming  work 
on  Pomology,  which  we  trust  will  reduce  the 
Babel-like  confusion  of  names  of  fruit  to  or- 
der, "a  consummation  devoutly  to  be  wished 
for"  by  all  classes  of  society. 

SEASON  FOR  TRANSPLANTING. 

Sorinii  is  the  season  when  we   find  the  most 
in  making   our  rural  improvements 


spring 


pleasui 

and  from  this  circumstance,  probably,  it  has 
become  the  mos'  general  season  for  plant- 
in™  trees— but  experience  ha*  proved  the  fall 
planting  to  be  the  most  successful,  especially 
in  i hose  parts  of  the  United  States  which  are 
subject  to  droughts,  as  the  trees  planted  in  au- 
tumn suffer  little  or  none  from  a  drought,  when 
those  set  out  in  spring  often  perish  in  conse- 
quence of  it.  , 

Notwithstanding,  with  regard  to  those  fruits 
that  have  been  origi  ally  brought  from  warmer 
climates— such  us'the  peach,  apricot, nectarine, 
and  almond,  which  are  natives  ol'  Persia,  Ar- 
menia, &c— it  is  necessarj  for  us  to  consult 
the  operations  of  climate  also,  and  from  a  I  on 
sideration  of  these  attendant  circsmstances,  I 
have  come  to  the  following  conclusion  :— In 
localities  sou:h  of  New  York,  the  fall  season  is 
preferable  for  transplanling  all  frees— north  of 
New  York,  the  fall  is  preferable  only  for  the 
apple,  pear,  plumb,  cherry,  quince,  and  all  o- 
in,i  trees  of  northern  latitudes;  whereas,  the 
sprin"  is  to  he  preferred  for  the  peai  h, apricot, 
nectarine,  and  almond,  which  for  the  reasons 
above  staled,  might,  during  severe  winters, suf- 
fer  from  the  intensity  of  the  frost.  Still  I  do 
not  mean  to  assert,  that  tries  of  these  kinds 
are  certain  to  be  injured  by  the  winter,  as 
in  ver^  many  seasons  they  are  not  in  the  least 
affected,  still  they  are  exposed  to  vicissitudes 
which  may  or  may  not  occur.  Many  gentle- 
ui  ii,  however,  of  excellenl  judgment,  make 
(loir  plantations  in  the  fall,  winch  only  serves 
to  prove,  that  e\cn  in  the  most  intelligent 
minds  a  diversity  of  opinion  exists. 


Vol.  1—  No.    10. 


AND  'GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


TRKES,     &C.   ON    THEIR    ARRIVAL  AT  THE  PLACE 
OF    DESTINATION. 

As  soon  as  the  trees  arrive  at  the  place 
where  they  are  to  be  planted,  let  a  trench  he 
dug  in  cultivated  ground,  the  bundles  unpack- 
ed, ano  the  loots  well  wet,  and  immediately 
covered  with  earth  in  the  trench,  observing  to 
make  the  earth  fine  that  is  spread  over  tbem, 
so  a-<  not  to  leave  vacancies  for  the  admission 
of  air  to  dry  the  roo's — it  having  been  found 
by  experience,  that  the  thriftiness  of  trees, the 
first  season  after  transplantation,  depends 
much  on  the  fine  fibres  of  the  roots  being  kept 
moist  and  not  suffered  to  dry  trom  the  time 
they  are  taken  up  until  they  are  replanted — a 
precaution  which  is  always  attended  to  with 
respect  to  the  trees  sent  from  the  Nurseries  of 
the  Proprietor,  as  tho  roots  are  invariably  kept 
moist  from  the  time  they  are  taken  np  until 
they  are  packed  ready  to  be  shipped.  Their 
success,  therefore,  must  depend  pricipally  on 
the  subsequent  management  on  their  arrival  at 
the  place  of  destination  ;  for  if,  when  the  bun- 
dles are  unpacked,  the  trees  are  carelessly 
left  exposed  to  drying  winds,  the  young  fibres 
of  the  roots  must  perish,  and  the  trees,  if  they 
live  at  all,  cannot  thrive  the  first  season, as  they 
can  receive  little  nr  no  nourishment  until  those 
rfbresare  replaced. 

MANNER    OF    PLANTING. 

Let  the  holes  be  dug  somewhat  larger  than 
is  sufficient  to  admit  ihe  roots  in  their  natural 
position,  and  of  sufficient  depth  to  allow  th< 
tree  to  be  placed  two  or  three  inches  rieepe 
than  it  was  before  transplanting — take  caru  to 
cut  otf  any  wounded  parts  of  Ihe  rent,  and  to 
reduce  the  top  full  one  tliird,  by  shortening 
the  branches,  or  thinning  them  out.  Let  from 
two  to  four  shovel. ful  of  well  rotted  stable 
manure,  in  proportion  to  ihe  size  of  the  tree, 
be  incorporated  with  the  earth,  and  the  whole 
made  fine  previous  to  filling  it  in  ;  and  during 
the  operation  of  filling  in  the  earth,  let  the 
tree  be  several  times  shaken,  in  order  that  the 
soil  may  be  admitted  among  the  finer  roots  ; 
and  when  completely  filled  in,  lot  the  ground 
be  well  trodden  down,  and  finish  by  making  a 
hollow  or  basin  round  the  tree  to  catch  the 
rain  and  convey  it  to  the  roots,  or  to  receive 
the  watering  which  it  will  be  necessary  to  give 
it,    should  the  season  prove  drv. 

TO    CAUSE    THE  TREES    TO  THRIVE. 

The  ground  wbeie  they  are  planted  must  be 
kept  cultivated — young  trees  will  not  thrive  if 
the  grass  is  permitted  to  form  a  sod  around 
them  ;  and  if  it  should  be  necessary  to  pl.int 
them  in  grass  ground,  care  must  be  taken  to 
keep  the  earth  mellow  and  free  from  grass 
fur  three  or  four  feet  distant  around  them  ; 
and,  every  autumn,  some  w.ll  rotted  ma- 
nure should  be  dug  in  around  eaeh  tree,  and 
every  spring  the  bodies  of  the  apple,  pear, 
plum,  and  cher'y  trees,  and  others  that  it  is 
particularly  desirable  to  promote  the  growth 
of,  should  be  brushed  over  with  common  soft 
•oap. undiluted  with  water — this  treatment  will 
give  a  thriftiness  to  ihctrees  surpassing  the  ex- 
pectation of  any  one  who  has  not  witnessed 
Us  effect.  Should  the  first  season  after  trans- 
planting prove  dry,  reaular  waterings  will  be 
necessury  ;  as  from  a  neglect  of  proper  atten- 
tion in  this  respect,  many  lose  a  large  portion 
of  their  trees  during  a  drought. 


From  the  New  Bngland  Farmer. 
Extracts  from   tin  address  delivered  before   the 

Middlesex  society  of  Husbandman  and  Manu- 
facturers, at  their  animal  festival,  Oct.  7. 

Action,  rather  than  speculation,  anil  to  ex- 
hibit practical  result's,  rather  than  theoretical 
schemes,  are  the  appropriate  business  of  Far- 
mers, on  an  occasion  like  this. 

The  importance  of  the  subject,  on  which  I 
ifavc  had  the  hooor  of  being  invited  to  address 
you,  is  too  deeply  felt,  and  too  generally  ac- 
knowledged, to  require  either  arguments  to 
enforce,  or  eloquence  to  emblazon  its  claims. 
ft  need  only  he  said,  that  the  first  sod  (hat  vras 


turned,  was  one  of  the  first  decided  steps  from 
a  savage  to  a  civilized  life,  and  that  in  propor- 
tion to  his  advancement  in  agriculture  and  the 
arts  of  husbandry,  man  has, in  all  ages,  recedftd 
from  barbarism.  Compare,  for  a  moment,  the 
miserable  condition  of  '.he  houseless,  roaming 
savage  of  the  forest, clad  it:  the  skins  of  beasts, 
furious  and  ungnverned  as  himself,  dopendina 
for  his  subsistence  upon  the  uncertain  fruits  of 
the  chase,  or  the  spontaneous  productions  of 
ihe  earth,  with  Ihe  substantial,  permanent 
comforts  of  tho  industrious,  intelligent,  and 
virtuous  farmer; — and  will  not  the  contrast 
reconcile  the  cultivator  of  the  soil  to  a  cheer- 
ful obedience  to  the  divine  command,  to  "  eat 
his  bread  in  the  sweat  of  his  brow?'' 

We  find  the  opulent,  the  powerful  and  lear- 
ned of  modem,  as  well  as  ancient  days,  devo- 
ting their  wealth,  their  influence  and  their  tal- 
ents,to  the  advancement  of  the  interests  of  ag- 
riculture. 

Who,  then,  is  so  regardless  of  the  utility, 
the  honor  or  the  pleasure,  of  cultivating  the 
soil,  as  not  to  aspire  to  the  honorable  appella- 
tion of  Farmer?  Who  does  not  wish  to  with- 
draw from  the  anxious  cares  and  uncertain 
pleasures  of  merchandise,  and  the  perplexing 
duties  of  public  or  professional  life,  to  repose 
on  the  tranquil  bosom  of  rural  retirement,  and 
taste  the  pleasures,  as  well  as  partake  in  the 
labors  of  rustic  life  ? 

Books,  I  am  aware,  are  the  most  distrustful 
source  of  information,  among  many  of  my  ag- 
ricultural brethren.  This  ought  not  so  to  be. 
While  the  professors  and  friends  of  all  the  o- 
ther  arts  and  sciences,  call  to  their  aid  the  light 
and  accumula'ed  written  wisdom  of  the  past 
and  present  ages,  "why  should  the  art  of  culti- 
vating the  earth,  by  far  the  most  important  of 
all  the  arts,  be  allowed  no  other  guide  than 
blind  tradition  ? 

To  what  are  we  attributing  the  recent  rapid 
advances  in  agricultural  knowledge  1  What 
has  enabled  the  farmer  to  discover  new  sour- 
ces of  wealth  and  pleasure  ?  What  has 
staid  the  wasting  mania  fur  emigration,  and 
taught  our  young  men, that  from  a  New  England 
soil,  and  a  Now-Englttnd  fireside,  more  sub- 
stantial comforts  maybe  derived,  than  can  be 
found  '■  beyond  the  mountains  ?"  What,I  say. 
lias  done  all  this,  but  books,  and  the  scientific 
communications  of  literary  men,  who  have  de- 
voted their  wealth  and  their  talents  to  lighten 
the  burdens  and  increase  the  stores  of  the  far- 
mer ? 

Allow  me,  while  on  this  subject,  to  advert 
to  one  source  of  information,  which  has  been, 
in  no  small  degree,  instrumental  in  producing 
these  favorable  results.  I  mean  the  various 
periodical  publications  of  the  day.  At  the 
head  of  ihese  stands  the  New  England  Far- 
mer. This  has  done  much  to  arrest  the  with- 
ering power  of  ancient  custom — has  not  only 
taught  us  the  theory,  but  has  enabled  us  to  re- 
alize the  pleasure  of  fruitful  gardens,  of  smi- 
ling fields  and  luxuriant  harvests.  I  am  con- 
fident the  sincerity  of  my  motives  will  not  be 
questioned, when  I  rec  >minend  the  sound  prac- 
tical lessons  of  its  enlightened  Editor,  to  the 
constant  perusal,  not  only  of  farmers,  but  to 
every  friend  of  rural  economy. 

From  the  3d  vol.  Plough  Boy. 

ERGOT    IN    SPEARGRASS. 

For  the  following  extract  from  a  letter,  we 
are  indebted  to  Dan  Bradley,  Esq.  of  Marcel- 
lus,  to  whom  we  fender  our  thanks  for  the  fa- 
vor. By  this  it  will  be  seen,  that  our  farmers 
ought  to  be  extremely  cautions  as  to  the  state 
of  speargrass,  when  cut  for  fodder,  as  themost 
deleterious  consequences  to  their  stock  will 
fellow,  if  it  should  be  iefected  by  the  ergot. 
Genoa,  Agust  9,  1821. 

I  have  lived  more  than  half  a  century,  and 
never  heard  of  the  scant  in  grass,  until  1  learn- 
ed it  from  the  Plough  Boy,  and  woeful  expe- 
rience. Soon  after  my  son  returned  from  your 
house,  I  found  all  my  neat  stock,  except  two, 
disordered,  and  from  what  cause  1  knew  not. 


The  first  1  discovered,  was  my  oxen  beginning 
to  be  drowsy,  with  the  loss  of  appetite,  and 
soon  followed  with  swelling  in  their  limbs, and 
n  great  pain  ;  and  in  in  a  few  days,  all  the  rest 
of  my  stock,  as  I  observed  before,  except  two, 
were  in  the  same  condition.  1  now  began  to 
find  out,  or  rather  to  search  for,  a  cause,  that  1 
might  better  apply  a  remedy.  After  observ- 
ing the  symptoms, and  studying  into  the  nature, 
of  the  complaint,  I  remarked  to  my  family  and 
neighbors,  that  I  should  think  my  cattle  were 
poisoned,  if  there  were  any  poison  in  my  hay  ; 
hut  knowing  it  to  be  clear  of  any  poisonous 
plants,  and  that  there  was  nothing  but  pure 
speargrass,  or  as  some  call  it,  June  grass,  I 
was  at  a  loss  still  for  the  cause. 

After  some  time  had  elapsed,  and  manv  ex- 
periments were  tried  to  no  purpose,  Miles 
Bradley  came  to  my  house,  and  told  me  he  had 
read  in  the  Plough  Boy,  that  there  was  a  cer- 
tain smut  in  hay,  that  occasioned  what  is  call- 
ed the  hoof-ail;  it  being  of  a  poisonous  quali 
ty.  We  then  went  to  the  barns,  and  on  exa- 
mination found  my  hay  very  full  of  it.  I  then 
removed  as  many  of  my  cattle  from  the  bam 
into  the  field,  as  I  could,  and  fed  them  at  a 
stack  of  another  kind  of  hay  ;  the  most  of 
which  soon  began  to  recover. 

I  am  fully  convinced,  sir,  of  your  remarks, 
when  last  at  my  house,  that  a  systematic  mode 
of  farming  is  the  best,  and  that  land  ought  not 
to  lie  too  long  to  grass.  As  this  field  from 
which  I  cut  my  diseased  hay,  was  small,  and 
produced  well,  it  has  been  mowed  for  five  and 
twenty  years  successively  ;  and  it  being  an 
early  kind,  I  always  put  it  in  the  bottom  of  my 
mow.  I  came  toil,  just  when  our  last  great 
snow  came  on,  and  my  cattle  could  get  nothing, 
else. 

I  have  other  reasons,  however,  to  convince 
me  that  this  was  the  cause  of  my  calamity, 
which  I  have  not  time  to  mention.  I  shall 
leave  you  to  make  your  own  comments  to  the 
above.  My  loss  of  stock  amounted  to  more 
than  100  dollars,  besides  the  injury  done  to 
many  that  survived.  I  remain,  with  esteem, 
dear  sir,  yours,     ALSONUAH  T1LLOTSON. 

LIME  NECESSARY    FOR  RAISING   PEAS. 

It  is  observed  that  the  common  pea,  wheth- 
er white  or  arey,  cannot  he  reared  to  perfec- 
tion in  anv  field  which  has  not  been,  either  na- 
turally or  artificially  impregnated  with  some 
calcareous  matter.  And  hence  it  is  supposed 
to  happen  that  peas  are  only  cultivated  univer- 
sally as  a  field  crop, unless  ,in  those  parts  of  the 
country  where  either  lime,  mar!  or  chalk  a  # 
bounds,  or  upon  strong  clays  ;  except  indeed 
on  the  sea  coast,  where  shell  fish  are  often 
caught  in  abundance,  and  where  ihe  fields  are 
manured  with  their  shells  in  a  state  of  mixture 
with  dung.  But  it  is  remarkable,  that  a  soil 
that  could  scarcely  have  brought  one  pea  to 
perfection,  although  richly  manured  with  dung, 
from  their  running  too  mucin  to  haulm,  and  af- 
ter blossoming,  dying  away  without  becoming 
ripe,  if  it  has  once  had  lime  applied  upon  it, 
is  capable, when  properly  prepared  in  other  re- 
spects, of  producing  plentiful  crops  of  peas 
ever  afterwards. — Farmer's  Companion. 


"PATENT  PORTABLE  SPIRIT  GAS  LIGHT." 

Tins  is  the  name,  given  by  Ihe  invenlor,  iu 
Albany,  to  a  combination  of  spirils  of  turpen- 
tine and  alcohol,  to  be  used  instead  of  oil  for 
lamps.  It  is  said  fo  be  equal.and  much  cheaper 
than  oil.  Sun-light,  the  ©eueva  Gazette 
remarks,  is  both  cheaper  and  better  than  any 
artificial  light  whatever,  and  its  more  general 
use  would  not  only  save  many  dollars,  and  pre- 
serve many  eyes,  but  it  has  the  additional  re- 
commendation of  conducing  to  the  health  oi 
the  whole  system,  particularly  when  used  ear- 
ly in  the  morning .' 

Who  is  the  best  man  ?  Not  he  who  makes 
the  gretest  show,  or  the  most  noise.  But  he 
who  does  the  most  good  at  the  feast  expense. 


76 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  12,  183  i 


THE   GENESEE  FARMER. 


SATUR/DAY,  MARCH  12,  1831. 


CHEESE  MAKING. 

The  preparation  of  rennet  is  one  of  the  first 
operations  in  cheese  making,  and  the  flavor  of 
the  cheese  depends  very  much  upon  the  man- 
ner in  which  it  is  prepared.  For  this  purpose, 
the  stomach  or  maw  of  some  ruminating  ani- 
mal, is  made  use  of,  and  that  of  a  young  calf 
is  preferred  hy  the  best  dairy  women.  Various 
opinions  have  prevailed  at  different  times  with 
regard  to  the  use  of  renne'.  The  Jews  made 
use  of  the  juice  of  plants  for  coagulating  milk 
for  cheese  making,  as  the  use  of  rennet  was 
strictly  forbidden  by  the  Mosaic  law.  The 
Dutch  cheese  of  commerce  is  made  by  coagu- 
lating the  milk  with  muriatic  acid,  which  com 
bining  with  animal  alkali,  contained  in  the 
milk,  forms  muriate  of  ammonia,  and  it  is  ow- 
ing to  the  presence  of  this  salt,  that  Dutch 
cheese  has  such  a  sharp  pungent  taste,  like 
the  sal.  ammoniac  of  the  shops.  When  the 
stomach  of  a  young  calf  has  been  taken  out, 
which  is  intended  to  be  used  as  rennet,  the 
contents  should  be  emptied  out,  and  the  bag 
washed  very  clean,  and  laid  down  into  a  stone 
jar,  or  some  other  convenient  vessel,  and  co- 
vered with  a  strong  brine. 

It  is  the  custom  of  some  to  save  the  coagu- 
lated mild  or  curd,  contained  in  the  stomach 
when  the  calf  was  killed  ;  hut  it  is  found  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  keep  it  sweet, and  therefore 
it  is  now  neglected  at  most  dairies.  When 
the  mew  has  been  about  fourdavs  in  the  brine, 
it  should  be  taken  out  and  drained,  and  put  in- 
to a  new  brine,  sufficient  in  quantity  to  cover 
the  maw;  in  which,  there  should  be  put,  at 
the  rate  of  one  lemon,  and  one  oz.  of  cloves, 
to  four  maws.  After  the  rennet  is  thus  prepared, 
it  should  be  kept  closely  covered,  so  as  to  ex- 
clude the  air  as  much  as  possible  ;  a  stone  jug 
of  sufficient  size,  is  well  calculated  for  con- 
taining it  during  summer,  which  may  be  close- 
ly corked. 

Rennet  which  has  been  kept  in  this  manner 
one  year,  is  found  to  bo  better  than  such  as  has 
been  nowly  prepared. 

In  whatever  way  the  rennet  is  prepared,  it 
should  be  done  before  the  season  for  cheese 
making  commences,  in  sufficient  quantity  for 
the  season.  It  should  all  be  prepared  in  one 
vessel,  that  tho  whole  quantity  may  be  assimi 
lated  in  strength  as  well  as  flavour.  One 
very  great  defect  in  most  of  our  small  dairies 
is  a  want  of  uniformity  in  the  quality  of  the 
cheese,  and  with  large  ones  that  we  have  nev- 
er adopted  any  partieular  standard  for  quality. 
which  should  be  known  in  market  by  a  partic- 
ular name. 

In  England,  cheese  making  is  reducod  to  a 
system,  and  the  hind  of  cheese  to  be  mado  be- 
ing decided  upon,  the  particular  process  for 
that  kind  is  pursued  ;  and  the  cheese  are  pro- 
duced with  as  much  uniformity,  as  our  bakers 
mako  their  bread  from  the  same  flour,  and 
thus  cheese  are  known  from  one  end  of  the 
kingdom  to  the  other,  by  name  ;  and  a  person 
wishing  to  purchase  of  any  given  variety,  can 
send  for  it  with  as  little  danger  of  being  de- 
ceived, as  there  would  be,  if  he  sent  to  the  ba- 
kers for  a  loaf  of  brown  bread  or  a  loaf  ol 
white. 


Now  this  uniformity  of  quality,  which  should 
be  known  byname,  in  our  market,  is  what  is 
wanted  to  make  our  cheese  compare  with  any  in 
the  world, as  no  country  produces  finer  or  rich- 
er pasturage  for  cows.  The  first  great  step 
towards  this,  is  the  careful  preparation  of  the 
rennet,  to  have  an  article  of  the  same  strength 
and  flavor  through  the  whole  season  ;  and  this 
can  only  be  done  by  having  it  all  prepared  to- 
gether, before  the  season  commences.  This 
is  so  important  a  part  of  the  proee  s,  that  it 
should  never  be  trusted  to  unskillful  hands. 

It  is  a  very  common  practice  for  dairy  wo- 
men to  send  to  the  butchers  and  purchase  dried 
maws.  This  is  risking  the  produce  of  tho  dai- 
ry, as  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  tell,  after  the 
maw  has  been  dried,  whether  it  was  carefully 
done  ;  and  if  not  no  after  process  can  restore 
it.  And  if  the  rennet  is  bad,  the  most  skillful 
operator  cannot  produce  good  cheese  with  it. 
If  you  have  not  sufficient  maws  in  preparation 
for  the  season,  they  shoe-Id  be  purchased  of 
the  butcher,  when  first  taken  out,  and  prepa- 
red under  your  own  dire'  tion.  It  has  been 
practiced  by  some,  to  make  use  of  the  stom- 
ach of  hogs,  as  a  substitute  for  those  of  calves. 
But  this  should  never  be  done,  where  those  of 
calveB  can  be  procured,  as  cheese  made  from 
them  is  very  apt  to  have  a  strong,  rank,  disa- 
greeable flavor,  unless  there  has  been  uncom- 
mon pains  in  preparing  them. 

But  let  every  dairy  roan  and  woman  remem- 
ber, that  after  the  rennet  is  well  prepared,  and 
the  milk  is  in  readiness,  that  unless  there  is  a 
uniformity  of  process,  there  will  not  be  a  uni- 
formity of  product.  In  the  first  place,  the 
greatest  attention  is  necessary  as  to  the  quan- 
tity of  rennet  to  a  given  quantity  of  milk. — 
This  should  always  be  determined  by  weight 
or  measure — then  the  temperature  at  which 
the  rennet  is  added.  This  should  never  be 
left  to  the  vague  manner  of  being  determined 
by  the  hand,  but  by  a  thermometer.  A  titer, 
mometer  is  as  essential  in  this  process  as  in 
brewing  or  distilling;  and  we  should  pro- 
nounce that  brewer  or  distiller  mad  who  at- 
tempted to  scald  his  grain  without  one. 


BROCOU. 

This  plant  belongs  to  the  cabbage  family, 
but  has  not  been  cultivated  in  the  U.  States  as 
much  as  the  common  cabbage.  It  appears  to 
be  a  mixture  between  the  cauliflower  and  com- 
mon variety,  and  perfects  itself  with  more 
certainty  in  this  latitude  than  the  cauliflower. 
Like  the  hitter  it  is  cultivated  for  the  congre- 
gation of  flower-buds,  which  is  the  part  used  ; 
these  appear  in  a  conical  shape,  and  are  very 
tender.  When  used  they  are  boiled  and  serv- 
ed up  with  drawn  butter.  The  plants  are  to 
be  sown  and  treated  in  the  same  manner  as 
cabbage;  and  there  is  also  early  and  late  va- 
rieties, both  of  white  and  purple  colour.  The 
purple  cape  brocoli,  or  fall  brocoli,  is  one  of 
tho  best  varieties  for  our  climate,  as  the  head 
of  the  flower-buds  is  large  and  close,  and 
although  the  color  when  growing  is  a  palo  pur 
pie,  when  boiled  it  is  of  a  beautiful  green.  In 
flavour,  brocoli  much  resembles  the  cabbage, 
but  the  part  used  is  extremely  lender  and  deli- 
cate. 

We  would  recommend  to  every  farmer,  to 
set  out  a  few  of  tho  plants  with  his  cabbage. 


HAZLE  NUTS  AND   FILBERTS. 

The  common  liable  nut  [corylus  anuncana', 
belongs  to  the  20th  class  and  13th  order  of  L. 

This  class  includeg  those  plants  whose  sta- 
mens and  pistils  grow  upon  the  same  plant, yet 
in  separate  flowers.  The  male  or  staminate 
flower  makes  its  appearance  in  the  fall,  in  the 
form  of  a  catkin  or  anient  and  remains  on  the 
tree  until  the  opening  of  the  female  or  pistilatt 
flower  in  the  spring,  after  which  they  drop. — 
The  hazle  nut  gr  >ws  wild  in  many  parts  of  our 
county.  The  corylus  avallana,  oi  filbert,  be- 
longs to  the  same  class  and  order  as  the  com- 
mon hazle  nut,  and  of  course  can  be  cultivated 
by  grafting  upon  the  wild  stocks  of  our  coun- 
try. As  the  fruit  of  this  last  variety  is  univer- 
sally prized,  we  would  recommend  it  to  those 
who  have  the  wild  hazle  nut  upon  their  lands, 
to  make  the  experiment  the  ensuing  spring. — 
As  the  filbert  is  a  larger  growing  shrub  than  the 
hazle  nut,  it  may  be  necessary  to  graft  at  the 
ground,  in  order  that  the  graft  mny  take  root, 
as  it  would  out  grow  the  stalk.  Perhaps  by 
grafting  in  the  tops,  dwarf  standards  might  be 
produced,  which  would  be  ornamental.  By 
this  method, the  fruit  would  be  produced  much 
sooner  than  from  seed. 

As  both  these  varieties  endure  our  winters 
perfectly,  we  can  tee  no  reason  why  an  or- 
chard of  filberts  would  not  be  profitable. 


EVAPORATION,- CLOUDS,  <fcC. 

Clouds  are  commonly  supposed  to  originate 
at  a  great  distance  from  the  place  where  they 
are  first  observed:  Perhaps  by  a  majority  they 
are  thought  to  arise  where  no  human  eye  is 
present  to  behold  them.  This  opinion  flows 
naturally  from  the  fact,  that  large  clouds  are 
first  saeu  at  a  distance,  aproacliing  majestically 
towards  us;  and  when  in  the  stillness  of  r. 
beautiful  summer  afternoon,  I  see  tho  horizon 
suddenly  obscured  by  a  dense  thunder  cloud, 
gathering  blackness  as  it  arises,  I  often  wish 
that  its  origin  were  veiled  forever  from  human 
comprehension,  that  we  might  wonder  and  a- 
dore  the  more  profoundly,  the  every-where 
present  but  unseen  Author. 

But  philosophy  has  penetrated  the  veil,  and 
we  are  no  longer  at  liberty  to  conjecture  am! 
speculate  on  this  interesting  subject.  From 
the  minutest  globules  that  are  exhaled  from  the 
surface  of  land  and  water,  commences  a  trait, 
of  events  that  have  their  consummation  in  the 
most  terrific  thunder  storms. 

Heat,  and  its  variations,  seems  by  far  tho 
most  active  agent  in  the  production  of  atmos 
pheric  phenomena.  Air,  however,  at  any 
temperature,  is  capable  of  suspending  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  moisture,  and  though  not  al 
ways  visible,  it  still  contains  in  its  driest  state, 
more  or  less  water- 
Its  oapaeity  for  moisture,  though  not  increa- 
sed as  its  temperature,  is  greatly  augmented; 
for  in  this  last  case,  vegetation  and  the  earth's 
surface  would  be  deprived  of  rain,whcn  it  was 
most  needed,  viz — in  the  hottest  summer  wea- 
ther. 

There  is  a  point  of  deposition  at  all  temper- 
atures, depending  on  the  quantity  of  moisture 
contained  in  the  air.  Winn  therefore  at  the 
highest  temperature,  the  air  has  attained  its 
maximum  of  moisture,  deposition  commences 
in  the  form  of  dew  or  rain. 
The  coldest  air  is  consequently  the  dries' 


Vol.  I.— No.  10. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


71 


and  when  the  extreme  cold  is  accompanied  by 
high  wind,  evaporation  is  very  rapid,  or  the  at- 
traction of  air  for  moisture  is  very  great,  inso- 
much, that  ice,  at  a  temperature  far  below  the 
freezing  point,  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  wasted 
away. 

The  agency  of  winds  in  evaporation  is  very 
.jreat ;  hence,  high  winds  are  soon  accompa 
nied  with  flying  clouds,  and  not  unfrequently 
with  storms.  But  the  quantity  of  water  eva 
porated,  depends  so  much  upon  the  surface 
over  which  the  wind  passes,  that  rain  or 
snow,  as  a  consequence,  is  made  to  depend  in 
this,  and  probably  all  countries,  upon  the  di- 
rection from  which  it  comes. 

Evaporation  has  ever  been  to  me  a  singular 
and  inexplicable  phenomena;  nor  do  I  find  a 
satisfactory  solution  of  the  problem  in  the  wri- 
tings of  the  most  distinguished  philosophers. 
The  specific  gravity  of  water,  contrasted  with 
that  of  air,  or  even  a  knowledge  of  the  physi- 
cal properties  of  them  both,  disconnected  with 
each  other,  could  never  lead,  or  even  suggest 
to  the  mind  of  any  man,  that  water  could  be 
so  mechanically  divided,  as  to  be  suspended 
at  any  height,  in  the  form  of  vapor  or  clouds, 
for  any  length  of  time  ;  much  less  that  it  could 
be  buoyed  at  the  height  of  many  milos,  where 
the  air  is  greatly  rarified,  and  there  float  pro- 
miscuously, as  a  feather  upon  water. 

Without  accounting  satisfactorily  for  this 
extremely  useful  operation,  many  have  theori- 
zed, and  offered  interesting  explications,  che- 
rishing a  belief  that  assiduity  and  further  re 
seaiches  would  develope  the  truth  or  falsity  of 
their  reasonings.  A  notice  of  these  will  form 
part  of  the  subject   of   a   future  article. 


A  SUGGESTION. 

We  beg  leave  to  suggest  to  our  readers  the 
benefit  which  would  result  from  the  practice 
of  commuting  to  writing,  from  time  to  time, 
such  observations,  connected  with  their  busi- 
ness, as  in  their  several  opinions,  might  be 
worth  being  generally  known,  and  occasional- 
ly sending  transcripts  from  such  memoran- 
dums, to  the  editors  of  the  Genesee  Farmer, as 
it  would  promote  the  objects  for  which  the  pa- 
per was  established. 

It  would  be  desirable  if  all, both  far  and  near, 
but  more  especially,  a  number  in  each  county 
adjoining,  and  at  a  distance,  could  be  impress- 
ed with  the  great  advantages  that  would  result 
to  all,  by  giving,  in  the  shape  of  short  commu- 
nications to  the  editors,  such  facts  as  have  a 
bearing  upon  any  of  the  subjects,  open  for  in- 
vestigation, in  our  columns,  and  come  within 
this  purview.  On  the  subject  of  the  weather 
it  would  be  interesting  to  know  from  whence 
proceed  our  long  and  heavy  storms,  both  of 
snow  and  rain— the  direction  of  high  winds 
and  tornadoes — their  duration  and  effects,  es- 
pecially in  producing  storms,  and  their  agency 
.n  changing  temperature,  &c.  &c. 

To  be  more  explicit,  we  would  respectfully 
suggest  the  expediency  of  submitting  these 
subjects  in  form  of  queries,  to  be  answered  as 
5oon  as  circumstances  will  admit. 

On  the  state  of  the  weather  alone,  as  con- 
nected with  the  subject  of  meteorology. 

What  is  ttfe'  general  direction  of  winds,  par- 
ticularly high  winds  ? 

What  are  its  effects  in  producing  changes  of 
temperature,  and  also  storms  ? 


From  whence  do  our  storms,  both  of  rain  and 
snow,  proceed  ? 

Please  to  mention  theday.and  if  possible  the 
hour  of  theircommencement,  and  their  dura- 
tion, and  likewise  the  depth  in  inches,  and 
the  effect  npbn  the  temperaturo. 

Minuteness  in  your  description  of  storms 
and  tornadoes  is  very  necessary,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  accurate  deductions. 

And  as  spring  has  commenced,  on  the  sub- 
ject of  vegetation,  connected  with  the  time, 
and  state  of  weather. 

At  what  time  did  the  first  buds  appear  ? 

At  what  time  did  vegetation  from  the  ground 
commence  ? 

What  was  the  state  of  the  weather  for  a 
few  day3  previous  ? 

Did  your  wheat  winter-kill — and  how  do 
you  account  for  it  1 

When  were  the  first  blossoms  discovered  ? 

On  what  day  were  they  first  seen  on  fruit 
trees — and  on  what  trees  ? 

What  is  the  succession  of  blossoming  on  all 
your  trees  ? 

On  what  night,  from  April  forward,  had  you 
frost,  and  what  its  effects  ? 

What  was  the  temperature  and  direction  of 
the  wind  ? 

When  did  you  first  plant  seeds,  and  did  they 
vegetate  ? 

How  late  can  oats  be  sown  and  come  to  ma- 
turity i. 

What  the  Say  and  soil  on  which  you  planted 
your  corn  ? 

Did  you  plant  upon  ridges  or  in  furrows  ? 

How  soon  after  planting  did  it  come  up  ? 

How  did  you  guard  against  the  corn  worm  ? 

How  do  you  prevent   bugs  from  destroying 


zation  of  knowledge,  by  imparting  their  own 
mite  individually,  and  receiving  in  return  the 
whole  fund  ihus  collected.  And  furthermore, 
we  shall  thereby  be  enabled  to  institute  a  com- 
parison with  other  places  in  the  same  range  of 
country,  as  well  those  at  a  distance  ;  and  tables 
deduced  from  such  observations,  for  eachcoun- 
ty  in  the  state,  would  be  invariable,  and  sub- 
jects of  great  curiosity  to  all  inquiring  minds. 


cucumber  vines  ? 

On  what  day  did  the  first  swallows  and  mar 
tins  appear  and  disappear? 

When  do  you  sow  or  plant  peas  ? 

How  soon  after  planting   had   you    cucum- 
bers  ? 

Did  your  flax  do  well  1 

On  what  day  did  you  commence  wheat  har- 
vest? 

At  what  time  was  your  corn  suitablo  for  boi- 
lin_ 

When  did  you  plant  potatoes—how  prepare 
the  ground — and  when  fit  to  boil  ? 

On  what  day  can  you  pronounce  your  corn 
secure  from  frost  ? 

How  do  you  select  your  seed  corn  ? 

How  do  you  prepare  your  flax  for  getting 
out  ? 

Such  are  but  a  few  among  a  thousand  inqui- 
ries, the  answers  to  which  would  diffuse  much 
useful  information.  Other  facts,  that  suggust 
themselves  to  any.  should  receive  attention  ; 
and  we  can  discover  no  legitimate  reason  why 
farmers  and  others,  in  circumstances  suitable 
for  making  observations  of  such  general  and 
important  consequence  to  the  agricuftural  in- 
terest of  the  country  in  which  they  live,should 
withhold  so  small  and  reasonable  a  contribu. 
tion  to  the  friends  of  useful  knowledge,  from 
the  inexperienced  and  uninformed.  Moreover, 
they  can  easily  discover  a  two-fold  benefit  to 
themselves  ;  first,  a  habit  of  correct  observa- 
tion, which  reduces  all  our  labor  to  a  system, 
and  thereby  ensuring  certain  results,  whether 
in  increase  of  riches,  or  of  successful  experi 


GEOLOGY. 

[Continued  from  page  CO.] 
The  Geod if erous  Lime-rock.  This  is  the  next 
formation  above  the  Lias,  and  is  about  30  feet 
thick,  where  it  crosses  the  valley  of  the  Gene, 
see.  This  is  a  dark  coloured  limesrock,  con- 
taining considerable  quartoze  sand,  and  as  the 
name  indicates,  full  of  geodes  or  holes.  These 
holes  are  frequently  lined  with  crystals  of  dog- 
tooth spar,  sulphate  of  strontyan,  barytes,  and 
lime,  also  some  small  crystals  of  zinc  blende, 
fluor  spar,  and  sulphate  of  lead.  This  rock 
when  broken  or  struck  with  a  hammer,  gives 
off  a  very  disagreeable  bitumious  smell.  This 
rock  forms  the  bed  of  the  Genesee  river  for  se- 
veral miles  above  the  ialls  at  Rochester,  and  is 
the  superincumbent  formation  over  considers, 
ble  extent  of  country,  forming  by  its  decom- 
position a  light  strong  soil ;  but  in  many  pla. 
ces  there  is  not  sufficient  depth  to  prevent 
crops  being  injured  by  drought.  When  burnt, 
this  rock  forms  excellent  lime  for  plastering, 
the  quartz  sand  contained  in  it  being  of  ser- 
vice, as  the  mortar  becomes  more  hard,  than 
when  made  from  lime  which  does  not  contain 
it.  The  lower  layers  of  this  rock  are  very 
good  for  building,  being  more  compact  than 
the  upper  ones. 

The  Cornitiferous  Lime-rock,  or  lime-rock 
containing  horn  stone  is  the  next  in  ascent. — 
There  is  very  little  difference  in  the  appear, 
ance  of  this  from  the  former  rock  to  a  superfi- 
cial observer.  The  colour  is  not  as  dark  as 
the  former,  and  the  layers  of  horn-stone, which 

are  contained  in  it,  serve   to  distinguish   it. 

Like  the  geodiferous,  it  makes  good  lime  for 
buildings  when  burnt, &  being  generally  in  thin 
layers,  it  is  very  useful  for  making  stone  wall. 
By  some  Geologists  these  two  rocks  are  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  the  same  formation,  and 
we  confess  we  cannot  see  any  very  great  ob- 
jection to  adding  to  these  the  third,  or  carbon- 
ferous  formation  which  overlays  them.  One 
strong  argument  in  favor  of  this,  is  the  bitu- 
minous smell,  which  is  similar  in  them  all.  A- 
gain,  by  this  family  connection  the  heaviest 
part  of  the  formation,  the  sandy  lime  stone 
would  be  at  the  bottom  and  the  lighter  one, tho 
bituminous  shale  would  be  at  the  top,  which 
would  be  in  the  natural  order,  in  which  they 
would  subside,  allowing  they  all  belong  to  the 
same  formation. 

The  cornitiferous  lime-rock  forms  the  bed  of 
the  Genesee  river,  from  near  Henrietta  to 
Mount  Morris.  This  rock  is  generally  the 
floor  of  the  coal  formations.  The  next  in  pro- 
gression is 

The  Carboniferous  rock,  or  bituminous  shale. 
This  formation  is  arranged  by  Professor  Eaton 
under  the  head  of  cornitiferous  lime-rock,  but 
e  will  describe  it  separately.  It  overl-.ys 
the  last  mentioned  rock, and  forms  the  perpen- 
dicular banks  at  Mount  Morris.     It  is  of  a  dark 


ments  in  agriculture  '  .and  secondly,  the  equali-   brown  color  approaching  to  black,  breaks  wifh 


78 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  12,  1831 


a  fracture  like  chalk,  ha3  a  strong  bitumious 
smell,  when  thrown  upon  the  fire  crackles  and 
flies  to  piece9,  and  will  burn  with  a  bright  glare 
for  some  time. 

When  the  stone  is  dry,  by  wetting  it  with 
the  mouth,  :t  gives  off  a  strong  alluminous 
3mell;  when  decomposed,  it  makes  a  dark 
olayey  soil,  which  is  very  good  for  grass  and 
wheat,  ard  is  very  retentive  of  moistnre.  It 
is  owing  to  the  decomposition  of  this  rock 
that  the  soil  upon  the  Genesee  flats  has  such  a 
dark  colour.  It  is  in  this  formation  that  all  the 
bituminous  coal  of  the  south-west  is  found. — 
The  out  cropping  of  this  rock  may  be  seen  at 
Le  Roy,  also  a  little  south  of  Geneseo,  on  the 
road  to  Dansville. 

lietween  Mount  Morris  and  Nundathis  rock 
passes  under  a  silicious  formation,  and  is  not 
seen  again  in  a  southern  direction,  north  of 
Mc  Kean  county,  in  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is 
found  to  contain  beds  of  bituminous  coal;  it 
also  contains  beds  of  coal  on  the  south  side  of 
lake  Erie.  The  average  thickness  of  this  for- 
mation is  about  100   feet. 

The  next  formation  above  the  bituminous 
lias  been  denominated  Pyritiferous  Shale,  or 
Graywacke.  It  is  about  five  hundred  feet 
thick,  varying  in  color  from  a  pale  blue  to  an 
ash  color,  and  in  hardness,  from  a  soft  allumi- 
nous shale  to  rock  sufficiently  hard  for  grind- 
atones,  some  of  which  formed  from  this  rock, 
have  proved  to  be  of  excellent  quality.  From 
the  great  thickness  of  this  rock,  it  is  the  su- 
perincumbent formation  over  a  large  tract  of 
country,  on  both  sides  of  tho  Genesee  river. 
From  the  nature  and  proportion  of  the  compo- 
nent parts,  which  are  sand,  clay,  and  lime, 
when  decomposed,  it  forms  one  of  the  finest 
wheat  soils  in  the  state,  and  the  clay  is  in  suf- 
ficient quantity  to  make  an  excellent  grazing 
soil, which  is  not  readily  affected  by  the  drought 

The  wheat  brought  to  this  market  the  pasi 
winter,  from  those  lands,  has  been  superior  in 
quality  to  any  other.  We  would  not  be  un- 
derstood, however,  to  say  that  all  the  lands 
south  of  Mount  Morris,  to  the  Pennsylvania 
line  are  universally  good  ;  on  the  contrary, 
there  are  some  wet  cold  lands,  but  there  is  a 
fair  proportion  of  good. 

Above  this,  and  capping  the  dividing  ridge 
between  this  state  and  Pennsylvania,  is  a  rock 
formation,  which  we  are  notsensiblc  has  been 
named  by  geologists.  It  is  a  coarse  sand  rock, 
of  a  light  gray,  or  flint  white,  in  some  locali- 
ties ;  in  others, it  is  a  conglomerate  rock, made 
up  of  rolled  qnart.  pebbles,  of  a  snowy  white- 
ness, varying  in  size  from  a  pea  to  a  hen's  egg. 
Uoulders,  or  largo  masses  of  this  rock  may  be 
seen  scattered  over  the  country,  forty  miles 
nonh  of  the  ridge,  and  it  is  one  of  tho  purest 
silici  his  rocks  to  be  found  in  our  country,  and 
of  course  valuable  for  glass  making. 


CHOICE  FRUIT. 

It  has  been  gratifying  to  every  friend  of  Hor- 
ticultnre,  for  the  year  past,  to  notice  the  zeal 
which  has  been  manifested  by  our  farmers  and 
gardeners  for  introducing  into  our  country  eve- 
ry kind  of  choice  fruit,  suited  to  our  climate  ; 
and  to  such  lengths  has  this  noble  emulation 
been  carried,  that  we  can  now  boast  of  having 
most  of  the  choice  and  valuable  varieties,  not 
only  of  America,  but  of  Europe  ;  and  this  has 
been  so  managed,  that  the  expense  has  been 
trifling,  compared  with  the  benefits  which  may 
be  expected  to  flow  from  their  introduction. 

We  would  now  remind  our  readers  that  the 
best  season  for  transplanting  trees  is  approach- 
ing.and  that  a  tew  dollars  expended  in  the  pur- 
chase of  ohoice  varieties,  adds  more  to  the 
comfort  of  a  family,  and  to  increase  the  worth 
of  property  on  which  they  are  planted,  than 
double  the  amount  expended  in  any  other  im- 
provement. 

For  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  introduc- 
tion of  valuable  kinds  of  fruit  and  ornamental 
trees,  shrubs,  plants,  roots,  or  garden  seeds, 
of  any  description,  any  orders  sent  to  the  of- 
fice of  the  Genesee  Farmer  will  be  strictly  at- 
tended to,  without  ,»ny  charge  for  pergonal  ser- 
vices ;  and  any  of  the  above  articles  will  be 
procured  from  any  part  of  the  United  States, 
when  orders  are  sent  seasonably.  When  per- 
sons are  not  acquainted  with  varieties  of  fruit, 
an  experienced  nursery-man  will  make  the  se- 
lection, if  requested.  % 

QtT  Catalogues  of  most  of  the  nurseries  may 
be  examined  at  this  office. 


WHEAT. 

The  Waterloo  paper  stales,  thai  upwards  of 
100,000  bushels  of  wheat  have  been  purchased 
in  that  county  during  the  last  six  months,  a 
great  portion  of  which  has  been  purchased  in 
that  village. 


DR.    EIGHTS'   ADDRESS. 


0°  Correction  of  errors  in  the  communi- 
cition  on  the  Early  History  of  the  Genesee 
Country. 

In  tho  Noto  on  the  Military  Lands,  for  "ten 
square  miles,"  road  ten  miles  square. 

In  the  3d  column,  for  "  42  miles  east  of  the 
82d  mile  stone,"  re»d  42  miles  tocst,  $-c. 

Toward  the  close,  after  "by  a  Mr Ca 

rev,"  add  at  Canaitdfiigita. 


We  have  read  with  much  pleasure  and  in- 
struction the  able  address  delivered  on  the  1st. 
hist,  before  the  New  York  State  Medical  Soci- 
ety, by  Jonathan  Eights,  M.  D.  the  president 
thereof,  and  which  is  published  with  the  pro- 
ceedings of  tho  society 

The  subject  of  tho  address  is  Vaccina,  Coio 
or  Kine  Pock,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  is 
treated  is  simple,  clear  and  interesting.  We 
should  think  no  one  could  read  it  without  be- 
ing fully  convinced  that  vaccination,  when 
properly  administered,  is  a  perfect  security 
against  small  pox  infection,  and  also  against 
what  is  called  the  varioloid  ;  and  we  believe 
that  if  tho  address  were  generally  circulated 
among  tho  peaple,  it  would  induce  a  general 
adoption  of  vaccination,  and  thus  that  Joath- 
somo  disease,  the  small  pox,  would  soon  be 
known  no  more. 

The  place  which  tho  author  held  for  many 
years,  as  physician  of  tho  almshouse  in  this  ci- 
ty, gavo  him  abundant  and  satisfactory  oppol 
tunnies  of  observing  this  disease,  and  ol  judg- 
ing of  tho  effects  of  vaccination.  Among  oth  - 
er  instances,  ho  mentions  onenf  a  woman  who 
had  tho  small  pox  and  died  with  it,  whose  in- 
fant, which  had  been  previously  vaccinated, 
was  nursed  by  he,  and  lay  with  bet  uatil  with- 
in two  days  of  her  doath,  and  escaped  the  con- 
tagion. 

In  1824,  the  small  pox  mado  its  appearance 
in  this  city,  being  brought  by  emigrants  from 
Canada.     It  spread,  says  the  author,  with  ra- 
pidity, for  some  lime,  until  checkod  by  a  gen«[ 
■:ral  vaccination,  and  tho  prudent  measoresoft 
our  coTpor.itiou.     Ho  s^ys  Ire  believes  there 


never  was  a  greater  proof  of  the  preventive 
powers  of  kine  pock  th*n  during  the  preva- 
lence of  this  disease  Among  all  whom  he  bad 
vaccinated  from  1810  to  that  time,  he  knows 
of  no  instance  of  small  pox  occurring 

The  author  satisfactorily  accounts  for  the 
failure  of  vaccination  in  some  instances,  by 
showing  that  it  was  either  performed  by  an  ig- 
norant person,  or  that  the  matter  used  was 
not  genuine  ;  and  to  prove  his  positions,  he 
gives  several  cases  which  came  unaer  his  own 
observation- 
He  remarks — 

"  In  order  to  prevent  the  failure  of  vaccina- 
tion, it  ought  to  be  performed  by  no  person  uni 
less  a  regular  physician.  It  unfortunately  has 
been  and  still  is  the  custom  for  persons  of  ev- 
ery grade,  of  every  habit,  of  6very  occupation, 
men  and  women,  to  vaccinate,  and  with  instru- 
ments as  rude  and  as  various  as  tnelr  various 
occupations  Can  it  then  be  a  matter  of  sur- 
prise that  failures  do  take  place  and  that  a 
greater  havock  in  human  lives  does  not  occur 
during  the  prevalence  of  epidemic  small  pox  : 
It  bocomeslhen  the  duty  of  physicians  to  make 
themselves  thoroughly  acquainted  with  this 
disease,  and  with  all  its  variations  ;  to  lay  aside- 
all  sordid  views  ;  to  act  as  men  who  have  the 
health,  welfare,  and  preservation  of  human 
life  only  in  view,  and  to  consider  this  as  their 
first  great  object." 

The  address  contains  some  remarks  oa  the 
subject  of  obtaining  and  preserving  pure  vac- 
cine virus  ;  and  mentions  the  difficulty  which 
often  occurs  of  procuring  pure  virus  when 
most  wanted.  To  remedy  this  serious  evil,  the 
author  suggests  the  establishment  of  an  insti- 
tution, founded  by  private  association,  and  de- 
pending on  individual  support  ;  or  one  estab- 
lished, conducted  and  supported  by  public  pat- 
ronage. He  says  "  an  institution  under  the 
patronage  and  control  of  the  stale,  properly 
conducted,  and  established  on  a  liberal  plan., 
would  be  a  public  blessing." 
The  address  concludes  with  the  following  pa- 
ragraph, and  it  is  hoped  that  the  suggestion 
made,  may  obtain  the  attention  of  the  legisla- 
ture and  induce  them  to  take  active  means  in 
this  great  causo  of  humanity. 

'■  Almost  all  the  governments  of  Eu- 
rope have  institutions  of  this  kind.  Vac- 
cination is  under  (he  direction,  patronage 
and  control  of  the  states  where  they  ex- 
ist ;  and  would  not  our  legislature  be  con- 
sullina  the  vital  interests  of  the  state,  of 
posterity  and  of  mankind,  by  turning  their 
attention  to  this  impo:tant  subject  ?  The 
preservation  of  health  and  ihe  lives,  not 
only  of  the  present  generation,  but  of  un- 
born thousands,  is  certainly  of  as  much 
importance  as  any  subject  that  can  en- 
gross their  time  or  their  attention. "-[Alb 
Dai.  Adv. 


CARPET    WEAVING. 

The  business  of  manufacturing  Carpets  in 
this  country,  has  not  existed  much  beyond 
four  years,  and  yet  with  such  signal  soccees 
has  it  been  prosecuted,  and  so  good  ate  tliear 
ticlos  made,  that  the  domestic  manufacture! 
have  sopercedetl  the  foreign  ones,  and.  they 
are  now  almost  excluded  Horn  the  market. — 
One  of  the  principal  establishments  in  this., 
country  far  weaving  carpets,  is  at  TanflViJIe, 
Connecticut,  about  eleven  miles  north  west  of 
Harlfoid,  on  the  lTarraiugton  river  ;  there  aie 
four  other  establishments  of  equal  magnitude 
in  this  country, namely. Enfield,  Lowell,  Great 
Falls,  and  Harghts,  near  New  York,  which 
supply  the  American  market,  and  are  aJmit- 
ted  by  the  most  prejudiced  indtartduaU,  to  be 
qua!  to  the  best  imported. 

The  village  ol  Tariffville  is  wholly  suppor- 
ted by  ftie  Carpet  Factffry.foiuTnlJelstreiweef; 


Vol.  I.— No.  10. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


79 


llnee  and  lour  hundied  individuals  ;  the  Fac- 
tory buildings  consist  of  asoacious  five  story 
stone  mill  and  a  stone  dye  house  ;  a  weaving 
house,  machine  shop  and  six  oilier  vvoodon 
buildings  connected  willi  the  woiking  depart. 
inents;  there  are  sixteen  dwelling  houses,  be- 
sides taverns,  stores,  mechanic's  shops,  and 
other  buildings  attached  to  the  establishment. 
It  employs  ti3  males  and  42  females,  and  pays 
out  annually,  for  labor  and  fuel,  about  $25. 
000  :  the  quantity  of  wool  used  yearly  amounts 
tu  150,000  pounds,  and  much  of  it  is  brought 
from  Soulh  America  and  '.lie  Mediterranean  ; 
about  100,000  yards  of  Carpeting  are  manu- 
factured annually,  and  Ihe  capital  invested  a 
mounts  to  upwards  of  $100,000. 

This  estalbishment  has  seen  in  operation  on- 
ly about  three  years,  and  has  already  an  es 
tablished  reputation  for  the  beauty  and  dura- 
bility of  its  Carpets.  The  process  of  weaviug 
is  singularly  intricate  and  perplexing,  partic. 
ularly  the  formation  of  thefiguies  and  the  in- 
termingling of  the  various  colors  and  timings  ; 
this  operation  is  performed  entirely  by  males, 
principally  Scotchmen,  whose  skill  and  expe 
i  ience  cannot  be  surpassed  scarcely  inEurope. 
The  high  price  of  .vool  has  tended  to  enhance 
the  value  of  American  Carpeting,  but  when 
our  farmers  turn  their  attention  to  the  more 
general  growing  of  wool,  we  may  expect  a 
vast  quantity  ol  money  will  be  liept  ai  home 
and  the  price  of  American  Carpets  piopor 
tinnally  reduced, — Northampton  Courier. 


SEWS  OP  THE  WEEK. 


AMERICAN  TARIFF. 

One  effect  of  this  measure  ha9  been  the  im- 
portation of  English  yarn  into  the  U.  States, 
instead  of  eloth.  Formerly  we  exported  vast 
quantities  of  cloths'lo  America,  but  the  duty 
imposed  by  the  tariff  is  now,  including  freight. 
&c.  1 8d  per  yard,  and  we  send  them  the  yarn 
to  make  them  of  in  the  dyed  state  Immense 
quantities  of  cotton,  linen  worsted  and  wool 
len  yarns  are  now  exported  from  England, 
and  woven  in  foreign  countries,  in  some  of 
which  the  power-loom  is  in  full  operation. — 
Leeds  Mercury. 

ANOTHER  RESTITUTION. 

The  comptroller  of  this  state,  has  received 
an  anonymous  letter  by  the  western  mail,  en- 
closing thirty  five  dollars,  and  containing  the 
following  words  ; — "  This  money  belongs  to 
the  canal  fund — you  will  please  appropriat 
it  accordingly  " 

NEWSPAPERS   IN   OHIO. 

The  Zanesville  Republican  contains  a  list 
of  all  the  newspapers  and  periodicals  now  pub 
lished  in  Ohio,  giving  the  names  of  the  pub 
hshers  or  editors,  the  size,  and  location  o 
each.  It  appears  from  this  that  there  are  101 
newspapers  and  five  monthly  journals  now 
published  in  this  state. 


A  counterfeiter, calling  himself  Robert  Gray, 
has  been  arrested  in  Vargennes,  Vt.  In  his 
wao-on  was  found  a  roll  of  $1,800  in  spurious 
bills— $1,000  on  Geneva  Bank,  N.  Y.  about 
$500  on  Rutland  Bank,  and  $200  on  the  Uni 
ted  States  Bank,  Philadelphia.  He  was  on 
his  way  from  Canada  to  New  York. — Counter- 
feit Detector. 

The  Naval  Court  Martial,  lately  sitting  for 
the  trial  o!  Co'rmodorp  Creighton,  at  Phila- 
delphia, adjourned  last  Thursday,  sine  die. 

ST.    JOSEP1I    LAND    OFFICE. 

The  law  having  passed  establishing  a  land 
office  iu  the  St.  Joseph  country  in  Michigan, 
the  president  has  appointed  the  lion.  Abraham 
Edwards,  register.  Emigrants  to  the  St.  Jo 
seph  country  will  no  longer  be  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  travelling  150  or  200  miles  to  enter 
their  land  at  Detroit  or  Monroe. — Buff.  Rep. 

IMPRISONMENT  FOR  DEBT. 

Abill  abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt  was 
passed  in  in  the  Senate  of  Maryland  on  Thurs- 
day last. 

EXPLOSION. 

On  the  24th  ult.  at  6  o'clock,  P.  M.  one  of 
the  graining  mills  attached  to  the  powder  works 
belonging  to  Mr.  Rogers^  at  Newburgh,  explo- 
ded, and  killed  one  man,  Francis  Murfey,  who 
was  in  it  at  the  time.  No  other  person  was  in- 
jured, and  no  damage  of  consequence  done  to 
any  of  the  other  buildings.  There  are  no  ap 
parent  grounds  from  which  to  explain  the  cause 
of  the  accident. 

BRIDGE   GONE 

The  Bridge  across  the  Gensee  ftiver  near 
Capt.  Jones',  between  Geneseo  and  Leicester 
wascarried  away  by  the  ice  and  high-water, 
on  the  4th  inst.  The  Geneseo  Journal  of 
Wednesday,  says — The  water  in  the  river  is 
now  high,  overflowing  the  flats  in  some  places ; 
and  the  river  is  completely  dammed  up  with 
rce  for  several  miles,  opposite  this  town. 

SINGULAR    EIRTH. 

A  poor  woman, in  the  vicinity  cf  Winchester, 
was  on  Tuesday  safely  delivered  of  twins,  uni- 
.  ted  to  each  other  precisely  in  the   same   man- 
ner as  the  Siamese  youths,  who  have    excited 
sueh  curiosity  in  the  metropolis. 


NEW  CATALOGUE.— PRICES  REDUCED. 

Linnaan  Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries,  at  Fluslting, 
near  NeicYork. 

WM.  PRINCE  &.  SONS,  proprietors  of  this  establish 
moot,  now  annouuce  that  the  great  extension  made  in 
ihcir  establishment,  which  now  covers  nearly,  50  acres 
compactly  filled  with  the  choicest  Trees,  Shrnlts,  &c. 
has  enabled  them  to  reduce  the  prices  for  various  kinds  ; 
and  their  new  Catalogue  with  the  reduced  prices  will  be 
speedily  presented  to  the  public,  when  it  may  be  ob 
tained  of  the  various  agents,  or  by  application  to  them 
selves  direct  by  mail.  The  greatest  attention  and  the 
strictest  scrutiny  have  heeu  exercised  in  regard  to  the 
quality  and  accuracy  of  their  Trees,  and  they  are  of  a 
larger  size  than  at  any  previous  period  Aware  that  the 
establishment  of  Nurseries  in  every  part  of  our  country 
would  be  a  national  advantage,  they  will  furnish  all  sup- 
plies in  such  cases  at  a  liberal  discount,  and  at  a  credit 
to  comport  with  the  convenience  of  the  purchasers.  Any 
information  desired  will  be  furnished  by  return  mail,  to 
those  who  desire  it,  and  all  orders  rye.  will  receive  the 
accustomed  attention  end  despatch.  - 

Those  who  desire  any  additional  information  respect 
ing  the  establishment,  or  who  wish  to  send  orders  for 
Trees,  Shrubs,  etc  are  requested  to  call  on  A.  REY- 
NOLDS, in  the  Arcade,  first  door  below  the  Post  Office 
who  is  an  authorized  agent  of  the  establishment. 
.  Rochester,  March  12th,  1831.  F2t 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

March  11,  1831. 

The  Wheat  Market — Owing  to  the  late 
news  from  Europe,  there  has  been  considera- 
ble business  done  in  wheat,  the  week  past ;  se- 
veral large  lots  have  been  bought,  and  prices 
have  rather  improved,  although  we  quote  the 
same  as  the  week  before.  Several  contracts 
have  been  made  for  delivery  in  June  and  July 
as  high  as  $1  09,  in  lots  of  from  five  to  ten 
thousand  bushels. 


POTATO-ONIONS. 

SOME  of  these  onions  have  been  left  with  the  Pub- 
lisher of  the  Farmer,  for  sale,  by  Mr. Barker.  (See  Far- 
mer no  7,  page  51,  for  directions  for  cultivating  them.) 

GARDEN  SEEDS. 

THE  subscribers  arc  now  ready  to  receive  the  spring 
orders  of  their  customers,  having  received  by  the  Sove- 
reign, from  London,  and  by  arrivals  from  France  and 
Mollaud,  a  choice  assortment  of  Garden,  Field  »fc.  Flow- 
er seeds— among  which,  are  many  fine  sorts  of  early 
Cabbage  ;  early  and  late  Cauliflower  ;  purple  Cape  Uro 
jeole  ;  early  scarlet  Radish  ;  Mangel  Wurzell :  Sir  John 
Sinclair's  new  Silver  Beets,  (a  very  luxuriant  and  valu- 
I  able  vegetable);  Bishop's  early  Dwarf  Prolific  Peas, 
[75  cents  per  quart.  These  peas  need  no  recommenda- 
tion ;  many  who  liad  them  last  season  attest  to  their  su- 
perior quality — they  were  introduced  by  a  Scotch  Gar- 
dener, named  Bishop,  1827,  in  London,  and  so  great 
was  their  reputation, that  they  sold  for  one  guinea  pel- 
pint  ;  they  are  remarkably  early,  very  productive,  and 
grow  only  twelve  inches  high — should  be  planted  three 
inches  spart,  as  they  spread  like  a  fan  ;  they  commence 
blooming  when  only  three  inches  high. 

Also,  a  few  pounds  superior  white  Mulberry  Seed, 
growth  J 830, price  30  cents  per  oz.  or  6  dolls,  per  pound; 
Perenniil  Rye  Grass  ;  Orchard  Grass  ;  fine  early  Pota- 
toes ;  Eijglish  Windsor  Beans  ;  Green  Nonpareil  Beans. 
&c.  eye. 

Bird  Seed  of  every  sort ;  fresh  Embdon  Grotts  ;  Oat 
Meal ;  Bsrley  Meal  ;  Rice  Flour  ;  Shaker's  Parched 
Corn  ;  Medicinal  Herbs  ;  Barks  and  Rools  in  great  va- 
riety. 

Also,  41  bushels  fine  white  Mustard  Seed,  received  by 
the  Columbia  and  Hudson,  le.te   tendon  arrivals  ;   this 
Seed  was  selected  expressly  for  Medicine — is  quite  free 
of  dust  ami  impurity 
Gentlemen  supplied  with  Gardeners.by  the  day.monUj 
G.  THORBURN  &  SONS. 
67  Liberty  street,  New  York, 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91a92  50 

Pearl  100<tl02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       31n50 

Do  dried  75 

Bris-tles.CQinb'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do     18a20 

Butter  do    10o,12 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl       $8o9 

Do  prime     do  5a7 

Do  fresh  per  lb         02o03 

Barley  per  bushel        38a44 

Beans        do  50a62 

Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  cts 

Do  dipped         do      8 

Do  sperm  do    28 

Com  per  bushel  50n56 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05 

Clover  Seed  per  bush   $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb  07a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush '    78a8' 

Feathers  per  lb  31n37 

Furs— Otter  100«400 

Fox, red  5Ua75 


Mink  12»31 

Raccoon  18a31 

Martin  25<t02 

Fisher  3*a50 

WildCot  leo2G 

GrayFox  18a25 

Grass  Seed  per  bush  62 

Hops  per  lb  12aJf> 

Honey  do  09 

Lard     do  06o07 

Mutton  do  02o03 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush      &3 

Oats  per  bush  25a31 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches, dry'd  bush  100a20O 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    S12ul3 


Fox,  cross 


Do  prime 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Quills  per  100 
Rye  per  bush 
Rags  per  lb 
Salt  per  bbl 
Tallow  per  lb 
Wheat  per  bush 


8«9 
03oll4 
25«30 

r,n<i5c 

03«04 
$1  75 
0fia07 
109«11 


lOOaSOOlBurkwheuiflour.cwt.  $1  75 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  March  5, 1831. 


Ther  Baromet'r  J   Winds 


40  22 

42-12 


54i:» 

56  46 

3|42]40 

4  50  50 

5|44l34 


29,82 
■39,08 
29,74 


29,75  w 
29,64  se 
29.65 U  to 
29,44  29,25s  20 
29,45|29,60  to 
29,35  29,30 \s  w 
29,55l29,65iw 


«  e 

s  e 
.*  to 
s  to 

I  to 
a  to 
!to 


Weather 

"0 

"0 
"0 

a 

1=  S 

i 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

Observa'h..-. 


No  sleigh- 
1-2  in. rain 
gr'd  bare 


XTTke  Baromktrical  and  Tkermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P.  M-,  which 
by  along  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  pvrpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  meat  average  of  flit 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 

*  Temp,  in  sun  114  deg.;  in  shade,  CO  deir.  2  o'clock- 


BANK  NOTE  TABLE. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser, 


or  year. 
Feb.  2&-G  F  0  w 


NEW  YORK. 

All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  following 
BrokeuBanks.     ^Fashing- 
ton  &  Wau-en,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, Mid- 
dle Dist.,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co., 
Pittsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al   banks  in  this  6tate,  par, 
except  l!ie  following 
Broken  Banlta.     Farmers' 
b'uk  of  Belchertowu,  Sutton, 
Berkshi  c,  Essex  and  Brigh- 
ton banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  io  this  stale,  par 

UHODE-ISLAND 

All  batiks  in  this  state,  par 

except  the  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers' 

Exchange,  and   Farmers'  & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT- 
All  brinks  in  this  state,  par 
except  the  fellowing 
Broken  Banks.  Fugle, 
Eagle  pav'Me  at  Union  bank 
New-Vor'k,  Derby, and  Der- 
by payable  at  Fulton  bank 
New-Vork. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

MAINE. 

All  banks  in  this  stale,  par. 

except  the  following 

Broken   BajiJcs.     Castiue 


samaqnoddv  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 

State  b'nk,  &,  Trenton  Bank- 

_  Company,  par '. 

All  other  banks,  2  per  cent3 

except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.  Salem  A. 
Phil. Manuf  Co., Moamoutli, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
N.  Jersey  Manuf.  &  Banking 
Co.  at  Hoboken,  Slate  Bank 
;it  Trenton,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  and  Jersev  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Banks,       par. 
All  other  banks,    %per  cent, 

except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.  Farmers' 
&  Mechanics'  atN.  Sa.,  Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadvllle, 
Marietta,  Juniata,  Grecncas- 
tle,  Bedford,  Beaver,  Wash- 
ington. Uniontown,  Agricul 
tural.Sil.  Lake,  Westmore- 
land al  Grecnburgh,  New- 
Hope  Bridge  Co  new  emis- 
sion, and  Brownvilc  banks. 

OHIO. 
AJIbnnks,     4  to  G  per  cent, 

MICHIGAN. 
All  banks,  2 per  cent, 

except  the  foUowing 
Broken  Bank3.    Monroej 
and  Detroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  f o  3  per  cent, 

except  the 


Upper  Cana.  at  Kingston  . 
Wiscasset,  Hallowell  &  Au-land  Unchartered  banks, 
gusta,  Kennebec,  and  Pas-| 

XT  The  above  ta.ble  when  speaking  of  foreign  Bills,  re 
fers  to  those  of  $5,and  over,  asnone  of  a  lessdenomin 
ntion  arc  receivable. 


MO 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


March  12,  1S31 


misceiaaneous. 


there's  music  in  a  mother's  voice. 
There's  music  in  a  mother's  voice, 

More  sweet  than  breezes  sighing  ; 
There's  kindness  in  a  mother's  glance, 

Too  pure  for  ever  dying. 

There's  love  within  smother's  breast, 
So  deep,  'tis  still  o'er  flowing, 

And  care  for  those  she  calls  her  own, 
That's  ever,  ever  growing. 

There's  anguish  in  a  mother's  tear, 
When  farewell  fondly  taking, 

That  so  the  heart  of  pity  moves, 
It  scarcely  keeps  from  breaking. 

And  when  a  mother  kneels  to  Heaven, 

And  for  the  child  is  praying, 
Oh,  who  shall  half  the  fervor  tell 

That  burns  in  all  she's  saying  ! 

A  mother  !  how  her  tender  arts 
Can  soothe  the  breast  of  sadness, 

And  through  the  gloom  of  life  once  more 
Bid  shine  the  sun  of  gladness. 

A  mother  !  when,  like  the  evening's  6tar, 
Her  course  hath  ceased  boforo  us, 

From  brighter  worlds  regards  us  still, 
And  watches  fondly  o'er  us. 


Extract  from  an  Address,  delivered  be- 
fore Ihe  Massachusetts  Charitable 
Mechanic  Association,  October  7th, 
lS30,by  Joseph  T.  Buckingham,  Esq. 
"Give  me  whereon  to  stand,  exclaim- 
ed Archimedes,  and  with  my  lever  I  will 
move  the  world.  The  mechanics  of 
these  free  and  independent  states  can  do 
as  much ;  they  can  make  as  proud  a 
boast  as  the  Grecian  philosopher,  and 
they  are  not,  like  him,  without  a  sale  po 
sitton  on  which  to  plant  themselves,while 
they  put  the  power  into  operation.  The 
influence  they  possess  as  a  body,  is  daily 
increasing.  An  awakening  spirit  is  a 
broad  among  them,  and  stirring  tbem  up 
to  the  establishment  of  schools,  lyceums 
and  institutions  for  purposes  of  education 
and  for  uniting  and  directing  their  ener- 
gies to  the  advancement  of  literature, 
arts  and  sciences.  The  highest  honor 
of  a  mechanic,  or  any  other  man,  con- 
sists in  the  cultivation  of  his  mind  ;  be- 
cause it  is  mind  that  contnls  and  directs 
eyery  thing  else.  It  is  mind  that  pur- 
sues, preserves,  Bnd  enjoys  happiness  ; 
it  is  mind  alone,  of  all  earthly  posses- 
ions, which  is  eternal ,  mind  is  the  onlv 
attribute  of  our  nature  which  exalts  us 
to  the  likeness  of  our  Maker — the  only 
one  in  which  the  image  of  God  is  reflec- 
ted. 

"It  is  the  mind  that  makes  the  body 
rich.''  It  is  wisdom  and  understanding 
that  makes  the  man  independent.  Igno 
ranee  is  of  all  slavery  the  most  degra- 
ding. Chains  and  fetters  may  bo  made 
of  gold  as  well  as  of  iron,  but  neither 
ihe  one  nor  the  other  can  keep  down  the 
energies  of  an  intelligent,  well  cultivated, 
independent  mind, — a  mind  trained  in  the 
school  of  virtue,  and  imbued  with  princi- 
ples of  honesty,  integrity,  firmness,  and 
that  self-love  which  forms  the  basis  of 
the  social  system.  The  power  of  such 
a  spirit  is   uncontrolable  and  unlimited  ; 


its  elasticity  can  no  more  be  subdued 
than  that  of  the  vital  fluid  which  sustains 
its  physical  organization.  Prison  walls 
cannot  confine  it,  nor  mountains  nor 
seas  set  bounds  to  its  operations. 

"Do  yoo  ask  what  is  Ihe  evidence  to 
support  so  broad  an  assertion,  look  at 
your  own  doors.  Look  at  your  public 
school  houses,  which  from  year  to  year, 
send  forth  their  hundreds  of  boys  and 
gifis,  instructed  in  all  the  elements  of  all 
that  is  indispensable,  and  of  much  that 
may  be  superfluous  in  education,  forming 
a  basis  on  which  they  may  build  a  fabric 
of  moral  and  intellectual  power,  which 
no  commotion  can  place  in  jeopardy,  no 
revolution  can  overturn  or  destroy. — 
Look  at  your  infant  schools  where  wo- 
man—the first  and  best  instructor  of  hu- 
man ignorance — the  first  and  last  suppor- 
ter of  human  weakness — the  purest  and 
noblest  nourisher  of  the  human  affections 
-waits  and  watches  for  the  develope- 
ment  of  the  yet  unformed  idea,  and  from 
the  instant  of  its  birth  nurses  it  in  ten- 
derness, and  trains  it  with  fidelity,  till  it 
shall  acquire  strength  and  firmness  to  be 
handed  over  to  its  ruder  teacher,  man. — 
Cast  your  eyes  back  only  for  a  few  days, 
and  see  your  spacious  common,  crowd- 
ded  with  the  beautiful,  the  innocent,  iho 
wondering,  ihe  inquiring  young,  wiiose 
intelligent  eyes  asked  of  every  passer-by 
in  that  splendid  pageantry  which  marked 
your  centennial  festival,  "what  mean  ye 
by  this  service  and  these  testimonies  V — 
Look  on  these  things,  and  ask  yourselves 
if  you  do  not  perceive  in  tbem  the  work- 
ings of  a  restless,  deathless  spirit  of  in- 
dependence— the  glimmering  of  an  un- 
quenchable spark  of  patriotism,  which  ti 
breath  can  raise  to  a  flame — the  con- 
sciousness of  an  indestructible  and  ev- 
er active  mind,  susceptible  of  all  that 
is  great,  good,  or  elevated  and  honorable 
— an  earthly  essence  that  may  be  pre- 
pared lor  weal  or  wo — a  blessing  or  a 
cuisp,  to  itself  and  to  all  surrounding  ex- 
istence."   

SELECTED  FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 
AN   ACCOUNT 

Of  a  remarkable  species  of  men,  two  liundred 
leagues  from  the  country  of  the  Hurons. 
A  man  who  had  rambled  and  travelled  a- 
bout  the  world  for  many  years,  at  length  re 
turned  to  his  native  country — his  friends  flock- 
ed to  welcome  him,  and  every  one  expressed 
their  jov  to  see  him  returned  safe  and  sound, 
and  after  the  mutual  salutations  were  out, 
each  wa*  desirous  he  should  recount  some  of 
his  adventures,  and  give  them  a  history  of  the 
wonders  he  had  seen. 

The  budget  of  miracles  was  presently  open- 
ed, and  among  many  others,  hoPecouuted  the 
following  :  "  You  well  know  my  friends,  the 
prodigious  distance  from  ihis  country  to  that 
inhabited  by  the  tlnrons,  well,  two  bandied 
leagues  froth  that  country  I  saw  societies  of 
nea  whose  actions  appeared  very  siugular  to 
me.  I'hey  would  often  sit  around  \  tabie 
whole  nights  and  days,  though  there  r/as  ne 
cloth  laid,  or  any  thing  for  them  to  oat,  the 
thunder  might  roll  over  their  heads,  two  ar 
mies  might  fight  by  ttwir  sides,   the    beavens 


might  menace  ruin  without  making  them  quit 
their  places,  or  giving  them  the  least  distur* 
bance;  they  appeared  to  be  deef  and  dumb. — 
From  time  to  time  you  might  hear  them  uttei 
some  badly  articulated  sounds,  which  had  no 
connection  with  the  business  they  were  about, 
they  ofien  turned  their  eyes  to  some  part  ol 
the  company  in  a  strange  manner,  and  made 
singular  motions  with  their  hands — looking 
with  the  most  overpowering  intensity  on  some 
little  machines  or  images  before  (hem,  1  often 
looked  at  them  with  astonishment,  for  they 
were  generally  surrounded  with  spectator? 
who  took  no  part  in  their  orgies,  but  seemed  as 
intently  engaged  as  the  sitters,  and  believe 
me  my  friends  I  shall  never  forget  the  trou. 
bled  countenances  which  I  have  seen  on  these 
occasions,  despair,  rage,  and  sometime  malig- 
nant joy,  blended  with  mad  inquietude  were 
by  turns  depicted  on  their  haggard  counte 
nances,  anon,  with  horrid  blasphemies,  thev 
exhibited  the  rage  of  Eurnonides,  then  the  se- 
rious and  sullen  air  of  the  infernal  judges,  and 
then  the  pangs  of  a  malefactor  going  to  the 
gibbet  " 

But  said  our  traveller's  friends,  "what  had 
these  onhappy  creatures  in  view  ?  were  they 
laboring  for  the  public  good?"  No—  '•  VVeie 
they  searching  for  the  philosophers  s'onef" — 
It  was  not  that — "  U  was  the  quadratum  of  the 
circle  or  |the  purpetnal  motion.1' — Still  less — 
"  Ah  !  mo  have  it,  they  were  performing  pen 
ance  for  their  crimes." — You  are  mistakes 
again — "Why  then  you  have  been  telling  us 
about  a  set  of  madmen  or  fools,  without  hear- 
ing, speaking,  taste,  or  feeling,  what  could 
they  be  doing?" — They  were  civilized  men  in 
a  christian  country,  gambling. 

HONEY  LOCUST  BEEK. 

Recipe. — Take  one  bushel  of  honey  locus; 
seeds  and  pods,  when  about  ripe,  break  tbem. 
put  them  into  a  barrel,  and  fill  it  with  boiling 
water  ;  let  il  stand  until  milk  warm,  then  add 
a  pint  of  good  yest.  Put  in  the  bung  lightly, 
until  fermentation  is  nearly  over,  then  rack 
off,  as  with  cider,  when  clear,  bottle  it  and 
wire  the  corks.  When  kept  a  few  months  it 
is  equjl  to  sparkling  champaigne.  It  can  be 
used  in  two  days  after  it  is  made — Western 
Tiller.  

CULTURE   OF   SILK. 

Judge  Spencer  of  Now  York  has  made  va- 
rious appeals  to  the  House  of  Representatives 
to  take  up  for  consideration  (be  bill  to  promote 
the  growth  and  manufacture  of  silk.  The 
importance  of  this  object  has.  as  we  learn  from 
a  Washington  paper,  strongly  impressed,  not 
only  the  learned  and  respectable  Chairman  erf 
the  Select  Committee  by  which  the  bill  was 
reported,  but  also  a  great  many  of  the  most 
reflecting  of  the  members  ;  and  it  is  greatly 
to  be  regretted  that  every  effort  to  reach  it  liar 
been  vainly  made.  We  annually  export  mil- 
lions for  the  purchase  of  foreign  silks  ;  while 
for  a  Pingle  appropriation  of  about  one-fiftieth 
or  one-sixtieth  o(  that  annual  expenditure,  we 
might,  as  is  averred,  secure  a  home  manufac- 
tured fabric,  the  material  of  which  might  be 
produced  on  our  own  soil,  and  the"  reeling, 
weaving,  and  dying  of  which  may  be  perform- 
ed by  our  own  labor.  It  was  hoped  that  a 
more  successful  effort  would  be  made  by  Judge 
Spencer  on  Saturday,  to  induce  the  House  to 
consider  this  interesting  subject. 


THE    G  E  I*  E  S  K  H     PARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Denoted  ioA£ricnlturo.  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo 
my,  Sic.  Ac. 
Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  58  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  it  paid  at  the 
lime  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tdcker,  at 
the  oflice  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advctflfccr. 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  MARCH    19,   1831. 


IN  UMBER    11- 


THE     GENESEE     FARMER 

AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 
Devoted  to  Agriculture.  Horticulture,  Domestic  Ecouo 
my.  itc.  lie. 
Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum. 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  ilie 
lime  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tucker,  at 
rfio  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


3f.  GOODSELL,   EDITOR. 


COHiaiXJaTICATIOiWS. 


FOR     TUB    GENESEE     FARMER. 

I  was  gratified  by  the  editorial  remarks  in 
number  4,  on  the  opinion  that  the  life  of  a 
grafted  tree  is  dependant  on  the  life  of  the  o- 
riginal  seedling  whence  the  graft  had  been  ta 
ken;  that  the  graft,  lioicever  vigorous  may  be 
the  slock  on  which  it  stands,  wilt  not  long  sur- 
vive its  -parent  tree  ;  and  that  it  is  unsafe  to 
set  grafts  loilhout  first  knowing  that  the  ori- 
ginal seedling  remains  in  a  healthy  condition. 
Not  believing  in  this  matter,  I  was  pleased  to 
find  a  coincidence  of  sentiment  in  one  so  expe- 
rienced as  the  writer  of  that  article. 

In  the  manner  of  discussing  subjects  of  this 
nature,  I  have  sometimes  seen  much  that  was 
improper.  Some  people  seem  to  think  it 
a  personal  affront  if  another  holds  a  different 
opinion,  as  if  none  had  eyes  to  observe,  or  a 
right  to  judge,  but  themselves ;  yet  which  of 
their/newt's  does  not  differ  from  them  in  some 
point  of  the  wide  circle  of  speculative  opinion  i 
J  mako  these  remarks  partly  in  reference  to 
the  ill-humor  that  stained  some  columns  of  the 
American  Farmer,  a  few  years  ago,  in  a  des- 
cant on  this  very  subject.  Abuse  is  seldom 
employed  but  where  argument  is  wanting. 

Among  those  who  assert  that  a  tree  only 
Jives  through  adeterviinate pcriod,havc  appea- 
red men  of  great  eminence.  Thomas  Andrew 
Knight, the  venerable  pres't  o{  the  Horticultu- 
ral Society  of  London,  has  distinguished  him 
self  on  this  side,  and  has  brought  in  its  favour 
all  the  weight  of  a  great  name.  However, 
i  hough  we  are  bound  to  receive  his  opinions 
with  duo  respect,  we  are  not  bound  to  surren 
der  our  own. 

The  duration  of  some  plants  is  very  clearly 
defined.  The  life  of  the  annual,  and  of  the 
biennial,  can  only  be  prolonged  by  preventing 
them  fcom  seeding,  by  torpor  from  cold,  by 
debility  induced  by  heat,  by  excision  of  the 
H*ing  6tem,  or  by  a  division  of  the  plant.  The 
imperfect  perennial  is  of  more  uncertain  dura- 
tion, and  ceases  to  vegetate  when  the  dead 
■parts  ot  the  plant,  annually  accumulating, pre- 
vent the  extensien  of  vigorous  fibres. 

In  regard  lo  perfect  perennials,  Ihe  learned 
and  scientific  Mir,bel  remarks,  that  "  a  due 
Consideration  leads  us  to  distinguish — the  new 
part  which  actually  lives  and  grows,  from  the 
old  part  which  has  ceased  to  grow, and  is  dead. 
When  vegetation  revives  in  the  woody  plant, 
on  the  return  of  spring,  it  is  because  a  new  li- 
ber, endowed  with  all  the  p'roperties  of  a  young 
herbaceous  plant,  has  replaced  under  the  cor- 
fex  or  rind,  the  liber  of  the  preceding  year, 
which  has  hardened  and  become  wood. 

"  The  Yews  of  Surrey,  which  are  supposed 
Co  have  stood  from  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar, 
and  are  now  two  yards  in  diameter ;  the  Cedars 
on  !\J.ount  Lebanon,  nine  yards  in  girth  ;  the  fig 
free  of  Malabar,  usuallf  from  sixteen  ts  seven 
teon  yards  round  ;  the  stupendous  chesnuts 
On  M"unt  JEtna,  one  of  which  measured  17 
yaixis  in  circumference  ;  the  Ceibas  of  the  eas. 
?e»n  cotfst  of  Africa,  o'  6UcJi  bulk  and  height 
that  a  single  stick  is  capable  of  being  transfor 
med  into  a  periogua  or  sailing  vessel,  c*f  eigh- 
ffeen  or  twenty  yajds  from  stem  to  stern,  and 
of  three  or  four  yards  in  the  waist ;  the  baobab 
of  Senegal,  of  ten  or  twelve  yards  in  girth, 
•2~.?c0"!^'nS5  to 'he  computation  of  Adamson 


•Hm  M  C0G0  years !  old .  dh  at^gimtis.as  t/tey  IfrASBtorf&S  ^/vbSVff^ 


are,  vegetate  as  does  the  humblest  bush,  solely 
by  the  thin  herbaceous  layer  of  the  liber,  annu 
ally  produced  at  the  inner  surface  of  theb 
bark.  The  concentric  layers  of  preceding  libers 
constitute  the,  mass  of  the  wood,  a  lifeless  ske 
leton,  serving  solely  to  snppert  the  new  formed 
parts,  and  to  conduct  to  them  the  juices  by 
which  they  are  fed  ;  nor  is  it  even  necessary 
for  these  functions,  that  this  should  be  in  an 
entire  state.  Willows  and  chesnuts,*  when 
quite  hollow  at  the  heart,  still  continue  to  grow 
with  vigour;  but  in  their  soundest  state,  strip 
them  of  their  bark,  and  they  quickly  perish 

"  The  liber  which  is  formed  on  the  stem  of 
a  tree  of  centuries  old,  if  the  tree  has  met 
with  no  accidental  injury  to  affect  its  health, 
enjoys  the  vegetative  power  in  as  full  forco  as 
the  liber  which  is  formed  on  that  of  the  sap- 
ling ;  and  that  a  sound  well  grown  scion  from 
the  aged  but  healthy  tree,  affords  as  good  a 
cutting  for  propagation  as  that  taken  from  the 
young  one,  so  that  the  race  might  be perpetua 
led  by  cuttings  alone,  without  the  assistance 
of  seeds. 

"  From  this  we  are  entitled  to  conclude  thai 
according  to  the  course  of  Nature,  the  prog- 
ress of  regeneration  by  continuous  evolution, 
would  never  be  arrested,  if  the  overgrown  size 
of  the  branches  and  stem,  the  hardening  of 
the  wood,  and  the  obstructions  of  the  chan- 
nels that  penetrate  it,  did  not  impede  the  cir- 
culation ot  the  sap,  and  consequently  its  ac- 
ctss  to  the  liber. 

In  fine,  what  we  call  death  by  old  age,  in  a 
tret,  to  speak  correctly,  is  the  extinction  of 
that  portion  of  a  race  which  has  been  carried 
on  by  continuous  evolution  ;  the  inevitable  re 
suit  of  an  incdental  death  in  the  liber,  occa- 
oned  by  the  privation  of  nourishment." 
These  extracts  present  to  my  mind,  a  clear 
view  of  the  subject  in  controversy.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  discover  why  a  scion  taken  from  » 
healthy  tree,  and  grafted  on  a  healthy  stock  of 
its  own  kind,  should  not  produce  healthy  and 
vigorous  branches ;  nor  why  this  operation 
may  not  be  continually  and  successfully  re- 
peated for  centuries. 

The  only  cause  of  death  that  I  can  discern, 
belongs  to  incidental  diseases,  arising  from 
unfavorable  localities,  climates,  &c.  Like  o- 
ther  organized  bodies,  plants  are  subject  to 
constitutional  injuries, — witness  the  white  or 
yellow  blotches  in  the  holly,  the  box  and  the 
jasmine  ;  or  the  yellows  in  the  peach  tree  ; 
nd  if  a  diseased  scion  be  grafted,  that  debility 
may  extend  through  all  its  branches  and  rami- 
fications ;  but  a  scion  selected  while  the  parent 
was  in  health,  cannot  be  affected  by  the  disease 
which  that  parent  may  afterwards  contract. 

It  is  probably  that  scions  of  tho  same  tree, 
taken  to  different  countries,  may  continue 
healthy  and  productive  in  one  climate,  and  be- 
come diseased  and  worthless  in  another.  I 
doabt  not  indeed,  but  some  kinds  are  no  lon- 
ger worth  cultivating  ;  but  if  this  be  fully  pro- 
ved, it  by  no  ujetms  affects  or  impairs  the  gen- 
eral proposition,  that  no  lurking  principle  of 
ieath  exists  in  a  healthy  tree. 

It  may  be  fairly  questioned,  however,  whe- 
ther those  are  qualified  to  determine  the  dura- 
tion of  a  plant,  who  only  observe  it  as  an  ex- 
otic sxurcety  acclimated — or  at  lea.-t  scarcely 
bringing  its  fruit  to  perfect  maturity  for  years 
in  succession.  Yet  sush  is  the  sta,te  of  the 
apple  tree,  in  England,  if  we  may  place  confi- 
dence in  some  accounts  written  and  published 
n  that  country.     I  give  one  extract : 

"The  apple  has  of  late  years  scarcely  ripen- 
ed. Indeed,  we  are  informed  upon  good  au- 
thority, that  it  is  now  [1818]  sixteen  years 
since  the  orchards  have  afforded  a  plentiful 
orop."( 

Jntrys  ■fioimti'y  trie  Bullt/i  icood  una  tire  senir  guiii, 
are  tjtitt  more  rejnurkable  examples. 
t  Journal  of  Science  and  the  Arts,  ertite'd  at  trtfi  Jl'oy-. 


And  this  accords  with  their  importations  of 
American  apples,  and  with  their  ideas  of  the 
rich  treat,  which  our  apples  afford. 

'  I  have  seen  an  apple  tree  one  hundred 
years  old,  still  thrifty  and  vigorous.  When 
the  upper  branches  became  mossy  and  died, 
the  wood  was  so  brittle  as  to  be  broken  off  by 
high  winds;  an  opening  was  made  fur  new- 
branches,  which  rose  and  fell  in  suecessionf 
while  the  canker  which  began  in  the  twigs  o 
its  surrounding  contemporaries,  spread  down 
to  the  roots  and  destroyed  them.  Now  if  no 
storms  had  arisen  to  trim  the  old  tree,  and  if. 
had  died  of  canker,  would  its  grafts  ten  miles 
off  have  died  at  the  same  time  V 

It  may  bo  said  this  would  have  been  a  case 
of  incidental  death,  and  not  a  death  by  oldaoe. 
With  this  opinion  I  would  concur. 

One  writer  in  favor  of  rejecting  grafted  trees 
of  established  reputation,  proposed  to  select 
scions  from  seedlings  not  more  than  twenty  or 
thirty  years  oid,  evidently  because  older  trees 
have  only  a  short  remnant  of  existence.  In 
Lawrence's  Treatise  on  Gardening,  printed  in 
1717,  however,  I  find  tho  following  varieties 
mentioned,  which  appear  to  be  still  in  high  re- 
pute; and  I  can  attest  that  many  of  them  in 
my  grounds,  even  at  this  distant  period,  show 
no  symptoms  of  decline.  How  old  these  va- 
rieties were  at  that  time,  I  have  not  discover- 
ed; but  it  is  remarkable  that  the  Old  Kewing- 
ton  Peach  was  then  called  old. 

Pears — Windsor,  Summer  bon  Chretien,  Ver* 
te  tongue,  Rovsselet,  Bergamot,  Swan's  Egg, 
Winter  Thorn,  Pound,  St.  Germaine,  St.  Catha- 
rine, Spanish  bon  Chretien,  Colmar,  Ambrettc 
Winter  bon  Chretien.  [Buree  du  roy,  Chrysan 
and  Black  Pear  of  Worcester.are  also  named.]* 
Cherries — May  Duke,  Orleans,  Morello. 
(common  Flemish  also  named.)* 

Plums — Drop  of  gold,  Mrlonum  bonum,  Foth- 
erjng[bam],  Orleans,  Muscle,  Roch  Courbon,  Vi- 
olet, Royale,  White  Perdrigon,  Blue  Perdrigon-* 
Damascene,  (Queen  Mother,  and  pear  plum; 
also  named.)* 

Apricots, — Masculine,  Orange,  (No  other 
named.) 

Peaches—  While  Magdalen,  Minion,  [Mig- 
non  ?]  Old  Ntwington,  Admirable,  Chevreux, 
[Nivet,  also  uamed.)* 

Nectarines — Red  Roman,  (the  only  one  na- 
med.    EP  No  list  of  apples  was  given.) 

Although  Ieaunot  adopt  the  hypothesis  that 
the  graft  and  its  parent  tree  must  perish  near 
the  same  time  ;  yet  if  we  owe  to  this  notion 
the  plan  of  originating  new  varieties  of  fruit,  and 
tUepcrseveraJicew'ilh  which  it  has  been  so  suc- 
cessfully oondacted  by  President  Knight,  and 
Professor  Va:i  Mons,  we  can  scarcely  regret 
the  speculative  error,  so  great  has  been  ttieprac* 
tieal  good ;  for  theirs  indeed,  rank  among  tire 
great  achievements  of  horticultural  science. 
D.  T. 


Which  I  have  not  noticed  in  modani  catalogues* 

RHUBARB  AND  SEA-KJVkJE. 

The  season  has  arrived  to  commence  the  forcing- 
and  blanching  of  these  fine  garden  productions. 
Put  three  or  four  barrels,  divested  of  one  hend>, 
or  having  no  head,  over  so  many  stools  of  rhu- 
barb (pie-plant.)  and  sutrouad  and  eover  them 
with  recent  stable  or  horse  dung.  The  neat» 
generated  by  the  fermentation  of  the  manure 
will  cause  the  plants   to  grow  vigorously,  and 

n   from  U  to  5J8  days  they  will   have  reached 
the  top   of  the  cask,  when  the  stocks  may  Ue 

akenofffor  pies  and  tarts. 

Sea  Kale  may  he  forced  in  tlie  s-ame  way, 
taking  small  boxes,  pots  or  kegs,  to  place  o>er 
the  plants, and  taking  care  not  lv  give  too  in*ich 
heat.  To  blanch  Qhly,  the  stools  shoujd  be 
covered  with  close  pots,  or  wi'h  a  small  pyra. 
mid  of  sand.        The  rhubarb   reVju-ire*  a  rich 

oil.     The  sea-kale  is  finest  ttpop  a  l%ht__sa.rid» 
without  manure.  B. 

MarchU.  1881. 


S2 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


March  10,  1831. 


FOB    THE     GENESiS    FARMER 

Mr.  Editor— In  your  number  for  February 


done  •  Let  a  large  hole  be  made,  two  and  a,l  this  neighbourhood.  Yes,  it  may  have  been 
half  or  :lirce  feet  across,  and  nearly  tbe  same!  ignorance,  but  he  made  it  profitable  at  my  ex- 
let  the  bottom  soil  be  thrown  out,   andj  pense. 


06  rram  pleased  ,o  observe  that  you  have  depth;  ^  ^^XZ^T^vU^^-V^e^  o(  P^s  ordered,  but  not  sent,  h. 
take'n  Lice  of  the  lis.  of  trees  and  shrubs,  film  ^^M^»^^^,&]  packed  several  kinds  ..  ordered,  charged  a 
and   hope   to  .  have  your   rem* to wbtc    you    *<%fi™    ™       «e  of  you   b  g 


seem  to  promise;  you  will,  however,  please  to^mou 
observe,  ihat  the  list  I  furnished  is  not  to  be 
considered  as  containing  all  the  known  irees 
and  shrubs,  native  of  this  country,  but  mere- 
ly a  list  in  answer  to  n  correspondent  in  the 
New  York  Farmer,  who  requested  a  list  o 
things  for  ornamenting  his  place.  Inisvvill 
account  for  the  omission  of  some  tilings  you 
mention  as  native  of  the  Genesee  Country. 

You  notice  the  omission  ot  Acer  nigrum 
This  species  of  maple  is  not  common  about 
here,  and  shows  the  utility  that  may  be  deri- 
ved from  giving  the  description  of  the  native 
plants  and  trees  of  the  neighborhood  where 
we  reside,  so  that  exchanges  may  bo  made  of 
seeds  from  one  place  to  another,  to  m""ial 
benefit,  and  to  the  dissemination  jf  useiul 
knowledge  ;   I  hope  others  will  do  tho  same. 

You    proceed    to  observe    Fraxinus    quad- 
ranaularis,  (blue    ash,;  which  you  justly  ob- 
serve is   a  fine  stately  tree.     This  tree  also  is 
properly    a  tree  of  the  western  states  and  ra- 
ther a  stranger  here.     The   Pinuspendula,  is 
here  called  black  larch    and  Tamarack,  and  is 
found  in  various  sicamps  from  Jersey  to  Carta 
da      The  Pinus  microcoria  is  a  more  northern 
and  highland  subject,   and  said  to  grow  north] 
as  far  as  Hudson's  Bay,  and  on  mountains  of! 
New  York    .nd  Pennsylvania;   this   is  called 
•  he  red  larch,  arid   it  may   he  that   you   call   ii 
Tamarack  also;   would  it  not  be  wonh   while 
to  examine  if  it  is  not  the  Pinus  Pendula  that 
grows  in   the   swamps  and   the  P.  microcuffa- 
that  grows  on  the  driest  hills,  as  you  say    that 
the  P.\M-  grows  "  equally  well  in  deep  swamps 
and   on    life    driest  hills."       This  last  species  | 
is  not  to  be  met  with  round  here.       I  am  sur- 
prised  at  your  last  paragraph,   that   you  have] 
not  been  successful  in  transplanting  the  weep- 
ing willow  ;    but  yuu  have  succeeded  without 
tings  of  it.     In  my   opinion  no  treo  will  trans- 
plant better  or  surer.       But  U  not  this  riddle 
solved    by  your  assertion    in  a  former   para- 
graph—" I   have  observed  that  some  shrubs 
planted    in  autumn,   weakened   by    lacerated 
roots  and  branchc-6.   have  perished  in  winter." 
Would  it  not  have  been  better  not  to  have  the 
roots  and  branches  lacerated  7    Autumn  plant- 
in^   was    not    tbe    cause    of  the    death   of  the 
shrubs  :  it    is  not  the  winter  that  hills  autumn 
planted  shrubs  ;  it  is  the  spring  that  kills  them. 
tf  this  assertion  should  surprise  you,  I  will  ex 
plain  :  . 

A  treo  planted  in   the  fall,  the  earth  having 
been  loosened  by  digging  out  the  holo  to  re- 
ceive it,  although  the  earth  might  be   settled 
well  down  with  the  foot, pretty  firm,  as  it  ought 
lo  he  in  tlie  planting,  yet  the   winter  frost  will 
penetrate  deep  ;  and  the  consequence  will  be, 
that  when  the  frost  goesout  in  i lie  spring,   the 
"round  will  be  raised,  and  the  roots  of  the  tree 
up  along  with   it.  having  no   firm  hold  in   the  I 
"round  "and  if  Buffered   to  remain  so  will  die. 
?t  is  a  settled  principle  with  Gardeners,   that  if 
the  roots  are  not  Grm  to  the  soil,  but  are  loose 
with  hollows  round  the  roots,  the  tree  or  plunl 
cannot  thrive.    Even  if  it  should  not  dio  imme- 
diately,   it   will    go    off  in    tbe  summer         Tu 
•niard  against  this  evil,  remember  that  <i/7  trees 
planted  in  the  fall  ought  lo  be  carefully   exa- 
mined in  tho  spring. 

As  soon  as  the  frost  is  out  of  the  ground  let 
ttieui  be  well  trod  down,  as  firm  with  the  foot 
:rs  oossible.  and  if  large  to  be  well  staked  and 
(ied,  with  soft  matting  or  swingle  tow,  to 
•prevent  the  winds  from  moving  them  about — 
ftsamine  them  also  after  heavy  rains,  and  sol- 
do them  down  with  the  foot,  and  if  tho  tree 
has  bein  Mowed  on  one  side, set  it  up  atonoo, 
jnij  suffer  no  holes  to  admit  air  lo  the  roots. 
Bxecpt  these  precautions  are  observed,  it  will 
he  ot  little  use  to  plant  in  the  fall,  or  spring  ei- 
ther. 
Anolltcr  observation  on  pfantTng,  and  I  have 


he 

t 

er 

This  was  a  piece  of 


trouble  to  procure   two  or  three  loads,   to   be    I  had  those  kinds  or  not. 
ready  to  give  each   treo  a  good  wheelbarrow    supreme  impudence 

full.  Lefthe  hole  be  raised  higher  in  the  mid- J  .In  their  catalogues,  some  nurserymen  men- 
die  than  the  side,  in  a  kind  of  conical  manner:  I  lion  the  same  plant  under  several  names,  not 
let  the  mould  be  beat  fine;  let  the  roots  be !)  as  synonyms,  but  as  entirely  different  plants, 
spread  out ;  and  finally  let  the  mould  be  well  and  ,1  the  names  were  not  manufactured  forthe 
tod  down  after  planting.  purpose    of  deception,   so   that   duplicates  or 

Very  respcctfully.your  ob't  serv't.  j:  triplicates  oi  the  same  plant   may    be   sold  a. 


ly.y 

MICHAEL  FLOY, 

Nursery  §•  Seedsman,  New  York 


for  the  genesee  farmer. 
"  1  shall  how  to  the  line,  let  the  chips  fly  where  Ihcy 
may." 
I  know  not  whether   any  rules,  founded  on 
the  broad  principles  of  common  sense  and  com- 
mon honesty,  have  ever  been  laid  down  panic 
ularly   for   the   government   of    Nurserymen ; 
but  abuses  have    hecomo  so  frequent,    and   so 
numerous,  that  it  is  time  that  something  of  the  I 
kind   should  be  attempted.      In   the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  nurseries,  where  the  purcha- 
ser can    examine  what  he  wants  to   buy;   and 
can  repress  the  itchings  of  knavery  by  his  pre- 
sence or  refusal,  little  cause  for  complaint  is  to 
be  expected  ;  but    it  is  often  so  inconvenient 
to  take  a  long  journoy,  solely  to  procure  20  or 
30  dollars  worth  of  plants,*  that  very  consider- 
able sums  are    annually  sent  from  Old.  Genesee 
to  distant  parts,  by  some  neighbor  who  knows 
nothing  of  the  mailer  hut  to  pay  the  bill.  The  l 
coast  being  thus  clear  for  the  full  operation  of 
unfair  propensities,  very  great  abuses  arc  prac- 
tised iu  some  of  these  establishments,  on  their 
absent  and  distant  customers. 

I  am  free  to  admit  thai  there  is  a  fair  pro- 
portion of  honorablo  men  in  that  business  ; 
and  were  I  not  determined  to  abstain  from 
personalities  of  every  kind.  I  would  name 
some  fi>r  whom  I  have  great  regard  ;  and  also 
some  others.  But  it  is  my  design  to  expose 
vices,  and  not  men.  Of  course,  il  is  not  to 
be  known  whether  I  have  sent  to  Boston,  N. 
York,  Philadelphia,  or  Baltimore ;  but  the 
tricks  which  I  shall  notice, have  been  practised 
at  different  limes,  and  in  different  places. 

In  his  new  printed  catalogued  found  the  names 
of  several  plants  that  I  wanted,  the  order  was 
written,    and  the  return  was  made  ; — not  quite 

"  A  beggarly  account  of  empty  boxes," 
but  not  one  third  of  my  order  was  sent. — 
No,  I  had  not  to  pay  for  what  I  did  not  get,  but 
I  had  to  pay  for  transporting  a  box  almost  emp- 
ty ;  and  in  consequence  of  his  false  signal  (slA- 
vertising  what  he  could  not  furnish)  it  was  too 
late  to  procure  them  from  others,  and  I  had  to 
wait  another  year. 

In  his  new  printed  catalogue,  the  price  was 
affixed  to  each  plant.  This  cannot  be  con 
sidered  bv  any  fair  interpretation,  less  than  it 
pledge  not  to  charge  hie  customers  more  than 
such  published  price ;  yet  disregarding  good 
faith  and    fair  dealing,    in  two  small  bills  now 


distinct  plants,  it  requires  much  charily  not  to 
bclievo  that  these  names  are  retained  for  that 
purpose. 

Rejected  trees  sometimes  attain  a  large  size 
in  old  nurseries.  As  a  particular  favor  I  a  far- 
mer of  Old  Genesee,  re'.eivcd  such  at  double 
price,  which  he  would  have  scorned  as  a  pre 
sent  in  tbe  nursery.  At  sight  of  the  box, when 
tt  arrived,  the  wondering  neighbours  gathered 
round;  the  latinist  esolaimed,  monstrum  hor- 
renduin  I— but  the  bills  for  box,  trces,and  trans- 
portation were  all  paid. 

These  abuses  have  been  practised  by  some 
who  affect  to  holdup  their  heads  among  honest 
men.  I  will  mention  no  names;  but  I  have 
several  bills  which  I  am  willing  to  havo  filed  in 
your  office,  along  with  my  outers,  and  their 
catalogues.  Let  the  farmers  of  Old  Genesee 
call  and  examine  them, -iiid  Icon  the  difference 
between  profession  and  practice,  before  the*, 
irust  their  purses  in  the  hands  of  strangers. 
Veebuu  Sat. 


as 
at 


For  the  Geaosce  Parmer, 
SINGULAR.    PnOPtKSlTY    IN     A    COCK  TIT.KEY. 

The   circumstance  I  am  about  lo    relate, 
far   as    I  know,  is  not  common,    if  it  exists 
all.  '    I   have    been  in    ilio   habit   of  raising    u 
good   many  domestic  fowls,  and   among    lliein 
have  been  rather  partial  to  the  turkey,  particu- 
larly to  setting    ones,   about  Christmas.       A 
mong  a  brood  I  once  possessed,  there  was  om 
male,  who  was  a  long  legged,  gander  shanked 
fellow,  of  a  most  unique  appearance.     During 
the  period  of  incubation,  or  as  soon  as  one  ol* 
the  hens  began  to  set     which  she,  seeming  to 
know  tlie   old  gentleman's  propensities,  was 
very  careful  to  manage   in  a  very    private   and 
secret  manner,  he  began  lo  grow  uneasy,  and 
mounted  tbe  stumps  and  fences,    watching   for 
tbe  appearance  of  the   hen,  and  peering  abont 
to  find  the  place  of  her  concealmcni,  vt  hit h  he 
usually  discoverd  the  first  or  second  day  ;  when 
he,    by   virtue   of  Ins  authority   as  one   of  the 
lords  of  the  creation,  immediately  took  posses- 
sion of  the  nest, and  fr»m  Ilia!  lime  forward, till 
the   period  of  hatching,  went  on  with  '.be  leg 
ul  ir  process,   when   be    brought   off  bis  brood 
and  duly  carried    them  forward  tu  maturity 
while  the  ben.  poor  simple  wife,  was  alto  wed 
to   trudge  along  at    a  respectable   distance,   iu 
true  after-honeymoon  style. 

Although  I  am  aware  1hnt  certain  other  birds, 
male  and  female,  alternately  sit  upon  the  nest 
during  the  period    of  incubation,  yet  I  am  not 


lying  before  inc.  l\\\s  pkdgr  is  violated  C  times.-  m|firmL,a  0'f  anv  C.ISB  where  a  mile  has  shown 
and  50  per  cent  added  to.each  item,  though  not    8Ucn   a  decided"  passion  and  propensity,  for  the 
one  plant  of  extra  size  or  value  is  among  ihern.  i  sedentary  habit'  of  hatching  eggs  ;   this  he  bru- 
it is  also  fairly  to  be  inferred  and  understood, " 
that  plants  advertised  in  this  mannei'.shall  be  in 
a  thrifty  state,  and  of  medial  size.    Y'et  stunted 
shrubs  or  trees,  the  refuse   of   old   nurseries. 

peach   trees,  dwindling    with   that    contagious 

malady,  the  yellows;  or  layers,  just  separated 

by  a  pruning  knife, with  one  or  two  little, short, 

succulent  fibres, ready  io'rot  or  lo  wither— have 

been  sent,  charged  at  foil  prices.   True. he  may 

have  had  no  others,  but  ho  ought  to    havo  hail 

the  grace  to  apologize  by  adjusting  the  price  to 

the  value. 

In  one  small  package,  two  plants  were  sent 

Under  wrong  names,  ul  high  prices,  as  raro  ox- 

otios,  which  are  vcrv  common  ;  and  with  one, 

a  cart  might    bo  soon   loaded  from    a   bank  in 


performed  for  ihreo  years  in  succession,  and 
being  such  a  notable  exhibition  of  pugnacious 

opposition  to  petticoat  government,  that  be 
became  quite  a  favorite,  and  1  intended  to  have 
kept  him  as  an  example  to  some  of  my  ne:gh- 
bors,  and  as  a  ram- arts  in  Urns. 

Hut  onu  night  he  '.aiiie  up  missing, and  who 
ill,.,  he  was  sacrificed  as  a  target  at  n  cbristrmis 
"itmbol,  of  made  one  at  master  Reynard's  sup- 
er, or  is  even  \ct  silting   on  eggs  that  prove! 
ddle,  I  was  never  abb-  to  ascertain.         V. 


*Bv  plants  I  mean  frtiil  trecB,  orUamenfaltri-cs,  shrubs 
anil Bcrbac'cous  p.c-rcniifnrs. 


'•  A  sufTcrer"  stales,  in  tho  N.  Ft.  Farmer. 
that  tbe  field  mice  arc  operating  under  tbe 
-now  upon  the  bark  near  the  roots  of  the  young 
peach  trees  The  mischief  inai  be  prevented 
by  removing  the  snow  around  the  ropfo 


Vol.  1.— No.   11. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


83 


SELECTION. 


A  Great  Mistake. 
Many  persons  suppose  that  no  more  improve- 
ments can  be  made  in  agriculture — that  even 
subject  has  been  sufficiently  discussed;  and 
therefore  nothing  more  need  be  said  or  writ- 
ten. It  might  suffice,  to  rebut  this  assertion, 
to  say  that  it  is  neither  more  nor  less  than  say- 
ing— ■'  the  agriculture  of  the  United  States 
has  attained  a  state  of  perfection."  Gut  it  is 
a  great  mistake.  Agriculture  has  scarcely 
passed  its  infancy  in  this  country.  We  speak 
of  agriculture  in  general.  There  are  a  few 
farmers  who  have  made  advances  far  beyond 
ihe  mass  of  husbandmen  ;  but  thev  areoxcep 
Linos  which  prove  the  general  rule.  Pray 
how  many  farms  in  the  United  States,  of  the 
same  number  of  acres, (250)  have  sold  as  much 
produce  as  the  Orange  farm  during  last  year  ? 
Are  we  wide  of  the  mark  in  saying,  not  one 
in  Maryland,  not  ten  in  the  Union  ?  How  ma-l 
ny  have  produced  hall" as  much  ?  The  Orange 
farm  sold  last  year  nine  thousand  six  hundred', 
dollars  worth  of  produco.  Let  it  not  be  ask- 
ed, "  to  what  kind  of  produce  is  the  Orange 
farm  devoted,"  for  all  farmers  are  at  liberty  to 
^o  and  do  likewise  ;  hut  let  the  question,  how 
many  farms  produce  as  much  ?  be  answered. 
If  none,  or  few,  which  is  ti.e  fact,  then  how 
can  it  be  said  or  rationally  supposed,  that  no 
further  improvements  can  bo  made  in  our  agri- 
culture ?  The  truth  is,  that  by  attention  to 
small  things,  economising  in  time,  making  the 
most  of  every  thing,  and  gathering  up  the 
fragments,  the  proprietor  of  Orange  farm 
makes  dollars, where  most  farmers  would  make 
cents.  Go  to  that  farm  ;  look  at  its  arrange- 
ments and  management.  There  you  will  see 
nothing  lost:  neither  time,  which  is  money, 
nor  labor,  which  products  money.  There 
every  particle  of  matter  that  can  he  converted 
into  food  for  man  or  6east  is  availed  of.  One 
half  the  nutriment  of  fodder  is  not  lost  by 
passing  the  stomachs  of  catile  undigested,  in 
consequence  of  improper  feeding,  but  the  whole 
is  saved, by  preparing  the  fodder  by  cutting  and 
steaming  ;  so  that  not  only  all  the  nutritive 
matter  is  saved,  but  the  food  is  rendered  more 
palatable  lo  the  animals.  The  intelligent  ma- 
nager of  that  firm  allows  no  animal  to  be  fed 
on  long  or  raw  food.  Another  peculiarity  in 
his  management  is  worthy  of  notice.  There 
is  not  on  Orange  firm  an  unproductive  ani- 
mal, or  a  useless  thing.  The  very  dog  that 
basks  in  the  sunshine  and  barks  back  the  poa- 
cher,has  Ins  regular  hour  of  duty  in  the  wheel, 
pumping  water, cutting  straw, turning  the  grind- 
stone, ifc.  If  there  are  no  useless  animals 
to  foed,  neither  arc  there  any  worthless  build- 
ings to  keep  in  repair  for  show.  On  passing 
Orange  farm,  the  traveller  would  suppose,  it  to 
he  the  comfortable  residence  of  some  comfort- 
loving,  unambitious  farmer,  who  has  enough, 
because  ho  wants  no  mere — being  just  able  to 
pay  his  taxes,  and  "  make  both  ends  meet'' — 
yet  Orange  farm  produces  nine  thousand  dol- 
lars a  near  !  How.  it  wiil'be  asked,  does  this 
farmer  produce  so  much  mure  than  any  other. 
We  answer  emphatically,  by  discarding*  as 
fallacious,  the  idea  of  perfection  alluded  to  at 
the  head  of  this  article  ;  by  believing,  that  e- 
ven  his  system  is  far  Irom  perfect ;  and  by  con- 
finually  bending  his  attention  to  improvements. 
IT,  therefore,  agriculture  in  this  country  is  not 
susceptible  of  immense  improvement,  why  do 
not  our  farmers  produce  as  much  as  *he  skill- 
ful one  of  Orange  farm  ?  Taking  this  farm  as 
the  acme  of  perfection,  surely  it  will  be  ad- 
mitted that  all  our  farms  of  equal  soil  may  be 
made  equal  to  it;  and  i,"  so,  has  the  subject  of 
Agriculture  been  sufficiently  discussed  ?  need 
nothing  more  be  published  ?  are  there  no  more 
improvements  to  be  made  ? — Am.  Furmer. 


Another  Great  Mistake. 

Many  farmers  suppose,  that  the  small  sum 

"hey  pay  annually  for  a  newspaper  or  an  agri- 

<>uUoral  paper,  is  so  much  money  given  away. 

Mi^veUotlmie  to  tetfd  i>,sqys  one  ;  jt  notorf-' 


ger  possesses  novelty  for  me,  says  number;   ij 
cannot  afford  to  take  it  says  a  third.     Now  lei 
us  suppose    a   case — an    extreme  one,  it  is  al- 
lowed,   but  perfectly  applicable  to  such  rca 
soners : 

Suppose  the  art  of  printing,  writing,  and 
the  mail,  to  be  struck  from  existence — what 
would  he  the  condition  of  the  farmer?  We 
leave  the  answer  to  farmers  themselves,  satis- 
fied that  there  is  not  one  intelligent  man  in  the 
United  States,  that  would  not  freely  givo  dou- 
ble the  sum  they  now  contribute  to  their  sup- 
port, for  their  restoration.  The  press  is  like 
many  other  blessings — it  confers  its  favors  im- 
perceptibly. Every  farmer  is  benefited  by  the 
press  without  knowing  it.  He  receives  infor- 
mation, which  at  the  time  is  not  noticed  ;  but 
it  is  precious  seed  accidentally  scattered  in  the 
soil,  which  at  the  proper  season  will  yield  him 
valuable  fiuit.  We  need  not  descend  to  par- 
ticulars; but  refer  every  farmer  to  his  own 
case.  Has  he  not  obtained  some  new  and  val- 
uable mode  of  cultivation ;  some  method  of 
correcting  an  evil,  or  preventing  loss ;  some 
new  article  of  cultivation  ;  some  new  material 
for  improving  land  ;  some  remedy  for  disease 
in  his  stock,  through  the  medium  of  his  pa- 
per, which  has  enabled  him  to  make  or  save 
more  than  the  cost  of  the  paper?  We  can 
name  many  persons  who  have  informed  us 
that  they  have  made  and  expect  to  make  ra  i 
ney  by  taking  the  American  Farmer.  Some 
have  said  th  it  they  have  made  more  than 
one  thousand  dollars  from  information  derived 
from  a  single  article  in  our  columns,  and  we 
will  venture  iln  assertion,  that  ihere  is  not  a 
single  individual  who  has  taken  the  Farmer  12 
months,  that  would  be  divested  of  the  infor- 
mation thence  obtained,  for  double  the  cost  of 
it.  Then  is  it  not  a  very  great  mistake  to  say 
that  you  cannot  afford   to  take  an  agricultural 

paper. — ft.  

From  Lire  New  York  farmer. 

An  Economical  Method  ov  raising  Early 
Potatoes. 

In  the  month  of  February  and  the  first  part 
of  March,  let  the  potatoes  intended  for  faun 
ly  use  be  pared  somewhat  deeper  than  usual 
— Save  the  parings  by  spreading  them  on  the 
cellar  floor,  or  any  other  place  where  they 
will  not  freeze  or  dry  up.  About  the  20th  of 
March  prepare  a  hot  or  forcing  bed  in  the  or- 
dinary way, with  fresh  stable  manure.  Spread 
over  the  manure  an  inch  or  two  of  sand,  or 
light  earth  ;  then  lay  your  potatoe  parings 
with  tho  skin  up  close  t<*  each  other,  so  that 
the  whole,  forcing  bed  may  be  covered,  and  co 
ver  the  parings  with  light  earth  two  inches- 
deep.  Water  tho  bed  frequently,  and  protect 
it  from  the  frost  by  covering  with  mats  or 
straw  when  necessary,  and  let  it  be  exposed 
to  the  sun  and  air  in  moderate  weather.  When 
the  plants  are  two  or  three  inches  high, trans- 
plant  them  into  rows  or  dril's  two  and  a  half 
feet  apart,  and  ten  inches  from  each  other  in 
the  di ill,  and  yod  will  have  potatoes  earlier 
and  of  a  larger  size  than  in  any  other  way. — 
The  time  of  preparing  the  hot  bed  and  of  set-! 
ting  out  the  plants  will  vary  according  to  the 
time  when  the  last  frosts  are  expected,  and  ac- 
cording to  the  care  taken  to  protect  the  plants 
after  they  ate  set  out. 

The  writer  of  the  above  has  made  the  ex- 
periment three  years  in  succession  with  uni-j 
formly  pleasing  restilts.  The  potatoes  wore 
what  am  called  in  Pennsylvania,  Mercer  or! 
Neshanock  ;  any  other  early  kind  may  answer! 
as  well.  The  same  kind  of  potatoes  were! 
planted  at  the  time  the  parings  were  placed! 
in  the  forcing  led,  in  the  ordinary  way,  byj 
cutting  and  whole,  and  those  from  the  parings! 
were  earlier  and  larger  than  those  raised  in 
the  common  way.  From  experience  he  is1 
satisfied  that  it  is  useless  if  not  injurious  to 
plant  more  of  tbe  old  potato  than  is  sufficient 
to  cause  the  bud  to  germinate. 

The  greater  part  of  the  potato  usually  plan- 
ted may  thus  be  saved  and  Used  for  the  cat-; 
(Te.    Ij.  'is  rt.evertheress  tftougftt  finporfanl  td 


select  the  largest  and  most  perfectly  formed 
potatoes  for  seed,  because  they  will  afford  pa- 
rings suitable  for  planting,  and  will  probably 
improve  the  stock,  which  will  degenerate  if 
small  and  deformed  one*  are  used  fur  seed. 
Princeton-  (M~.J.)  Feb.  1st,  1831. 

Beurre    D'Aremeerg. 

This  very  excellent  variety  was  introduced 
into  our  country,  from  Flanders,  about  eight 
years  since,  and  has  become  pretty  widely  dis- 
seminated throughout  the  middle  and  eastern 
states  of  the  Union.  The  Gloux  Morceau, 
which  was  sent  to  England  from  Flanders,  at 
tho  same  time  with  th'.s,  has  been  cultivated  in 
several  English  nurseries  and  private  collec- 
tions for  this  kind,  and  in  some  instances  the 
error  originated  there,  has  been  extended  to 
this  country,  hy  trees  sent  from  them.  Tho 
Gloux  Morceau,  although  of  great  excellence, 
is  rather  inferior  in  quality  to  this. 

I  extract  the  following  description  from  the 
Pomological  Magazine  : 

•'  This  pear  is  truly  characteiized  in  the  Hor- 
ticultural Transactions  as  deserving  '  to  be 
placed  at  the  head  of  all  the  pears  in  cultiva- 
tion.' We  certainly  do  not  know  any  variety, 
which  can  upon  the  whole  be  said  to  equal  it  . 
for  its  flavor  is  not  only  excellent,  and  its  flesh 
tender  and  juicy  but  It  is  hardy,  a  great  heal- 
er, and  will  keep  till  March.  It  is  usually  cul- 
tivated as  a  dwarf,  being  grafted  on  quince, and 
trained  against  an  east  or  west  wall, but  it  suc- 
ceeds perfectly  well  as  an  open  standard. — 
Summer   Melting  Pear. 

This  is  a  tree  of  the  niost  vigorous  growth^ 
and  flourishing  appearance,  shooting  erect  in- 
to astutely  form,  the  fruit  is  of  a  fair  size 
ripens  early  in  August,  and  has  by  some,  been 
considered  tbe  best  pear  of  its  season.  After 
it  comes  into  bearing,  it  increases  annually  in 
fertility  and  the  quantity  a'  its  produce,  but  it 
attains  considerable  size  bofore  it  produces 
freely. 

I  received  the  original  tree  of  this  variety, 
in  1802,  from  a  person  then  resident  in  Calti 
more,  who  was  very  curious  m  fruits,  and  who 
had  a  number  of  French  larieiies  of  pears. — 
(t  was  on  a  quince  stock,  and  soon  bore  fruit-. 
which  was  larger,  handsomer,  and  more  mel- 
ting than  any  I  since  had  on  pear  stocks. — 
Prince's  Manual.  

RAW    SILK. 

The  following  facts  from  the  worts  of  K- 
Randall,  esq.,  in  the  library  of  congress,  being: 
a  view  of  the  silk  trade,  and  the  measures  «; 
the  British  government  relative  thereto,  will 
show  Ihe  immense  value  of  this  article  of  eoni- 
nerce 

Dining  the  term  of  seven  years,  from  1821 
lo  182",  there  were  imported  into  Great  Bri- 
tain. 21.157,510  pounds  of  raw  silk,  which,  at 
$5  Ihe  pound,  cost  $120,787,580-  It  also 
appears  from  the  same  work,  that  during  the 
like  number  of  years,  Ihere  was  imported  of 
(his  article  from  Italy  alone,  to  the  value  of 
§59,881,2-33.  

SILK    WORM-1. 

In  the  Legislature  of  MassaGhusetls,  on 
Thursday ,the  Committee  on  Agriculture  made 
an  interesting  repoit  to  the  House,  in  favor  ot 
encouraging  the  cultivation  of  Mulberry  trees, 
and  the  raising  of  Silk  Worms.  The  tepoft 
concluded  with  a  resolve  requesting  the  Gov- 
ernor to  cause  a  book  to  be  compiled  on  ihe 
subject,  and  distributed  to  the  towns  in  (he 
commonwealth ;  six  hundred  dollars  wa9  ap- 
propriated to  defray  the  expense. 

LEGENDS    OF    NEW  ENGLAJSD. 

This  is  the  title  of  a  volume  just  published 
ia  Hartford, Conn.,  for  the  appearance  of  tvltich 
we  have  looked  with  some  anxiety.  A  copy 
has  not  reached  us  yet  ;  we  hope  it  will  come 
.soon.  It  is  by  John  G.  Whittier.  He  is  a  fine 
poet  and  a  chaste  prose  writer.  We  anticipate 
much  pleasure  from  a  perusal  of  "  Legends  $f 
New  EnglttirdV 


84 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  19,  18SJ. 


THE    GENESEE  PAHMEH. 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  1L>,  1831. 


IT*  From  llic  very  flattering  reception  which  ' 
ihe  Genesee  Farmer  has  met  with  from  the 
Editorial  corps,  and  the  public  generally,  and 
the  constant  augmentation  of  its  subscription 
)ist,  we  augnr  the  fulfilment  oP  our  most  san- 
guine expectations  ;  indeed,  we  never  doubt- 
ed the  success  of  a  paper  of  the  kind.,  From 
the  prompt  manner  in  which  some  of  the 
most  talented  rnen,;devoted  to  Agriculture. 
&c.  have  come  forward  to  second  our  efforts, 
iiy  their  contributions  and  exertions  to  extend 
its  circulation,  we  have  been  induced,  at  con- 
siderable expense,  to  maUe  a  permanent  ar-]l 
rangement  wilh  Mr.  N.  Goodsell,  oneoftliejj 
Corresponding  Secretariesof  the  Monroe  Her- 
licullural  Society,  to  take  entire  charge  of  the 
Editorial  Department.  Mr.  Goodsell  is  a  prac- 
tical Farmer  and  Gardener;  and  whose  long 
experience  in  this  country,  and  the  advantages 
or  an  European  tour,  with  a  view  to  observe 
the  progress  and  improvements  of  those  sci- 
ences in  the  "  old  world,"  will  enable  hiui.  it 
is  believed,  so  to  conduct  the  Farmer,  as  to 
place  it  in  a  high  rank  among  the  agricultural 
papers  of  our  country. 

We  cannot  refrain  from  tendering  our  thanks 
to  the  correspondents  who  have  thus  far  con- 
tributed so  liberally  to  our  columns.  A  refer- 
ence to  the  well  known  signatures  which  have 
already  appeared  in  the  paper,  will  show  that 
among  the  number  are  several  of  the  first  men 
ii  the  state,  and  we  have  the  promise  of  con 
ttibutions  from  many  others  in  due  time. 

For  the  purpose  of  extending  the  usefulness 
of  this  papor,  and  its  patronage,  exertions  are 
making  to    prooure   correspondents  in   Ohio. 

and  also  in  the  province  of  Upper  Canada. 

The  climate  and  soil  of  the  fertile  district  on 
tho  north  side  of  Lake  Erie,  are  nor  dis.-i 
tnilar  to  those  of  the  Genesee  Country.  It 
will  be  interesting  to  note  the  observations 
of  intelligent  agriculturists  io  those  regions. 

As  soon  as  navigation  commences,  now 
type  will  bo  procured,  on  which  to  print  the 
Farmer;  and  no  pains  will  be  spared  to  im- 
prove the  appearance,  as  well  as  the  matUr,  of 
•the  paper.  [ 

We  canaot  better  conclude  this  article-  than 
by  giving  one  of  tho  numerous  approbatorv 
letters  we  have  received  from  men  of  the  first 
rack  in  tho  state.  The  name  of  the  writer  in 
omitted,  as  we  have  Dot  his  permission  to  pub- 
lish it. 

t.etter  from  erne  of  the  Judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the; 
United  States: 


CHEESE  MAKIJGi  ,  ofour  druggists  who  do  notkeep  it    and  few  of 

(Continued  from  page 7C]  ..  r 

...         ,,  ,  .,    ,    .  ...     .  j  our  villages  where  it  cannot  be  procured. 

It  is  well  known  that  cheese  of  the  best  quail-        _.  ,  .   ,  f 

.      .  ,V  ,      I  lie  green    colour   of  the  Swiss  cheese,  is 

ty,   by  keeping  assumes  a  yellow.color.more  or  I     .        ,  .;      ;   .         _ ..  '  ,. 

.■"    .'  ,.   .'     *       ,   _;;     '.      ,'.       ...     .         given  by  using  the  juice  of  the  common   Hhk- 
lessincltnmgtored.  Thiscolor  being  indicative!  ...  ,         %  .    ,.  „,  ... 

»...'■'..  L        I  to*  ot  our  ga'dens.    Trifohum,    Mehlotus,  offici- 

os quality  10   cheese,   various   attempts    have;  ,,„.•      T       ™,n  .   .        ■„.,.      i  ,    ■ 

.     ^         ',  ..'..,  K. .   „   .     \\nahs,  L.      ll.e  juice  of  this  plant  not  only  im- 

been   made   to   imitate  it,  in   those  ot  interior  ,  ___,,,  ,..,,  ,_  _   ,        ,      ,         ,  ,         . 

...  ,  ,.  ...         j.  parts  the  green  colour  to  this  cheese,  but  that 

quality,    by  adding  some  colouring   ingredient  I  „„„„i-   .    ,  .  .         ,  .  .     . 

?     i         ...     L   r        .  ■    •  j.  peculiar  strong  flavor,  for  which   it  is  celebra 

to  the  milk,  before  the  coagulation.  L.j  ,i,i,„.,„-L :.  :  ,,     •  .       .     , 

„,,.    ,       ,  •      ,       ,         .  ,       !|-ed, although  it  is  generally  imputed  to  its  being 

this  has  been  practiced  so   ong  oy  our  best;  m.,j.  pi.    "  ,,  ,,      r       .         ,     ,    .  ,° 

||  made  from  the  milk  ofgoats,   which  is  not  the 

case. 


"  Sir — I  send  you  enclosed  Two  Dollars  to 
pay  for  T/ic  Genesee  Farmer  for  one  year.  I 
had  formed  arc-solution  not  to  extend  niy  sub 
scription  for  Periodicals  of  any  description  : 
hut  this  publication  is  calculated,  from  its  na- 
ture, th  become  so  eminently  useful — it  has 
thus  fur  been  so  well  condncted — in  short,  it 
has  won  so  muoh  npon  my  good  will,  that  I 
cannot  withhold  from  it  my  support  as  a  sub- 
scriber. * 

Wilh  the  best  wishes  for  the  success  of  your 
meritorious  enterprise,  I  am,  sir,  very  respect 
fillty,  yourob'ts-erv't." 


dairymen,  ihat  the  idea  of  excellence  is  now 
inseparably  connected  with  the  color  ofcheese, 
and  custom,  lhatgreat  law-maker,  now  direct, 
that  those  who  would  manufacture  the  article 
for  market,  should  resort  to  this  artificial  re- 
commendation. 

On  the  choice  of  the  coloring  material,  not 
only  the  health,  but  even  the  life  of  the  consu. 
mer  depends.  From  an  injudicious  selection 
of  it,  those  fatal  accidents  occur  which  we  of- 
ten 6ee  noticed  io  the  newspapers,  where 
whole  families  become  poisoned  by  eating 
cheese,  in  which  some  noxions  drug  has  been 
incorporated,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  colour. 
One  of  the  poisons  most  common,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  most  dangerous,  is  red  lead. — 
Lead  taken  into  the  stomach,  in  any  shape,  is 
a  powerful  poison,  and  we  caution  dairywo- 
men  against  using  it  in  any  way,  about  cheese 
making,  either  in  the  milk,  or  by  rubbing  it  on 
the  outside. 

The  safest,  and  therefore  most  approved,  ar- 
ticle for  colouring  cheese,  is  the  Spanigh  Ar- 
natto.  This  is  a  preparation  from  ibe  seeds  of 
d  tree  growing  in  South  America,  the  Biza  o- 
rctlit-na  of  Linnzeus. 

The  seeds  of  this  tree  are  covered  with  a 
rod  pulp  ;  they  are  macerated  in  warm  water, 
which  is  allowed  to  stand  undisturbed  until  the 
coloring  matter  subsides,  when  it  is  made  up 
into  rolls  and  dried,  as  we  find  it  in  the  shops. 
The  quantity  necessary  to  give  a  fine  orange 
colour  to  milk  or  cheese,  is  so  small,  when 
it  is  good,  that  it  does  not  communicate  any 
taste  or  smell  to  tho  cheese,  and  is  free  from 
any  deleterious  effects  when  taken  into  the 
stomach. 

This  is  the  artiole  that  Is  made  use  of  for  co- 
louring the  fine  Gloucester  und  Cheshire 
cheese:  of  England,  the  former  of  which  is  per- 
haps the  finest  that  is  known.  The  manner  of 
Qsing  it  is  thus  described  by  Loudon  : 

"  There  when  tho  colouring  matter  is  want- 
ed.it  is  usual  to  tie  upas  muoh  of  the  substance 
as  may  be  deemed  sufficient,  in  a  linon  rag  . 
and  putting  it  into  half  a  pint  of  warm  water, 
to  let  it  stand  over  night.  In  the  morning,  im- 
mediately before  the  milk  is  coagulated,  the 
whole  of  this  infusion  is  mixed  with  it  in  the 
cheese  tub,  and  the  rag  is  dipped  in  the  milk, 
and  rubbed  on  the  palm  of  the  hand,  until  all 
the  colouring  matter  is  completely  extracted." 

A  more  simple  method  is  directed  by  Par- 
kinson : 

"  Take  a  piece  about  the  size  ot"  a  hazel 
nut,  put  it  into  a  pint  of  milk  the  night  before 
yon  intend  to  make  cheese, and  it  will  dissolve. 
Add  it  to  the  milk  at  the  time  the  rennet  isj 
put  in.  This  quantity  will  suffice  to  colour  a' 
cheese  of  20  lbs.  weight.' 

From  the  simplicity  and  safety  of  tho  nse  oft 
ariiatto,  we  hope  our  dairy-womon  will  select  itj 
n  preference  to  any  and  all  other  substances' 


SPECIMENS  OK  ISGBA.FTIKC,  &C. 

Members  of  the  Monroe  Horticultural  Soci 
ety,and  others  who  may  wish  to  improve  them- 
selves, or  learn  the  art  of  ingrafting,  budding, 
&c.  can  see  some  well  executed  specimens  o!" 
the  various  and  most  approved  methods  of 
cleft,  crown,  tongue,  whip,  and  saddle  graft- 
ing, inarching,  budding,  shield  budding,  gin! 
ling,  or  incissure,  &c.  at  the  store  of  Messrs. 
Lar.gworthy  and  Green,  Carroll  st.  by  calling 
an  Mr.  (I.  N.  Lang-vorthy.one  of  the  members 
of  the  Examining  Committee. 


BASS  MATTING. 

We  would  recommend  to  the  superintend- 
ents of  state  prisons,  keepers  of  poor  houses, 
&c.  the  manufacture  of  a  new  article  ;  via— 
bas6  matting. 

We  are  confident  that  if  '.he  manufacture  of 
this  article  was  carried  on  in  the  United  States, 
that  it  would  not  only  become  one  of  exten- 
sive use  among  ourselves,  but  of  considerable 
consequence  for  exportation. 

The  uses  to  which  this  article  might  be  np-. 
plied  would  be  first,  for  carpels,  for  churches, 
court  houses,  halls,  &c.  ;  for  bagging  fol 
hops,  cotton  and  wool,  and  fur  wrapping  dtv 
goods,  furniture,  fruit  tries,  Ac.   &c. 

Wo  receive  tins  artiole  mostly  from  Rtissia, 
but  there  is  no  country  in  the  world  that  can 
furnish  the  bark  in  quality  and  quantity  equal 
lotho  United  States  ;  and  the  cost  ef  it  would 
be  little  more  than  the  cost  of  transportation  ; 
and  as  the  manufacture  of  it  would  bo  simple 
and  easy,  we  doubt  not  but  under  favourable 
circumstances,  it  would  be  attended  with 
profit. 

The  bark  might  be  taken  from  the  trunks  of 
the  trees,  after  they  were  felled,  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  yards  in  length,  the  rough  part  eha 
ved  off  and  the  inner  bark  cut  in  strips,  of  con- 
venient width  for  transportation,  when  it 
might  be  coiled  up  in  a  very  compact  form,  and 
might  be  kept  fur  any  length  of  time. 

The  mode  of  manufacturing  would  be,  first 
to  split  the  bark  into  strips  of  about  half  an 
inch  wide,  with  a  splitting  gaga  ;  after  which 
it  might  he  boiled  to  dissolve  the  mucillagi- 
nous  matter  contained  in  it,  when  tho  strips 
may  bo  divided  with  ease,  as  the  ooitioal  lay- 
ers are  onlv  held  together  by  the  mucillagiuous 
matter,  and  after  that  is  discharged,  the  bark 
becomes  flexible,  and  possesses  a  considerable 
degree  of  strength,  and  Wo  doubt  not  would 
muko  wrapping  paper  of  a  very  superior  quali- 
ty- 

We  have  seen  this  article  rrsed  for  carpeting 

1  in  Europe,  and  was  informed  lhat  it  was  very 


durable.     The  eost  of  it  manufactured  in  this 

country,  would  not  exceed  ten  cents  per  yard. 

We   sincerely  wish  the    superintendents  of 

for  a  colouring  materiaj.     The»e  are  very  fewl  prisons  and  work  houses,  would  make  the  e.v 


Vol.  1.— Xo.    II. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


86 


periment  this  spring,  as  it  could  not  be  attend- 
ed with  much  expense. 

THE  PRIMROSE. 

Few  flowers  liavo  been  more  celebrated  by 
"he  Poets,  than  the  primrose  ;  and  yet  so 
little  are  the  Lady-florists  in  this  country  ac- 
quainted with  it,  that  we  have  seen  no  less  than 
four  varieties  of  the  Primvla  family,  which 
were  called  primroses.  As  the  varieties  of 
•his  plant  produce  some  of  the  most  charmin, 
Bowers  of  the  garden,  we  tinst  descriptions  of 
varietios  will  be  acceptable. 

the  primrose—  Primula  vulgaris,  L. 

This  a  common  perennial  plant,  growing  by 
■whe  hedges  in  England,  producing  flowers  in 
March  and  April,  but  in  this  section  in  May. — 
They  have  a  rich  velvet  appearance  ;  the  co- 
lors are  yellow  and  purple,  or  yellow  in  the 
-•enter,  with  a  purple  border.  A  good  primrose 
should  be  three  quarters  of  au  inch  in  diame- 
ter, and  on  a  single  scape  or  stem  about  four 
inches  long. 

the  cowslip — Primula  vcri,     . 

This  is  more  fragrant  than  the  former  varie- 
ty, and  is  distinguished  by  producing  many 
flowers  upon  one  stem,  umbel-like  ;  the  flow- 
ers are  uot  so  large  as  the  primrose,  and  are 
mostly  yellow.  Tho  flower  has  an  involucre, 
with  a  funnel  shaped  corolla,  much  indented. 
the  oxlip — Primula,  clatior,  L, 

This  is  distinguished  from  tho  primrose  by 
us  many  flowered  umbels,  and  from  the  cow- 
slip by  the  corolla,  which  is  much  larger  and 
flat. 

All  three  of  the  above  varieties,  are  hardy 
plants,  and  may  be  propagated  from  seeds,  or 
offsets  after  the  season  of  blossoming  is  over. 
The  leaves  of  these  three  varieties  bear  a 
strong  resemblance  to  eaoh  other,  being  long, 
oval  and  rough  ;  and  it  is  probably  owing  to 
this  resemblance,  that  such  oonfusion  has  been 
introduced  in  regard  to  names,  as  they  are  all 
Galled  Primroses,  Cowslips  and  Polyanthus,  as 
suits  the  poetical  taste  of  the  florist. 

The  common  name  of  Primula  for  th;»e 
plants,  is  the  generic  name;  vulgaris,  veris, 
md  elatior,  are  the  names  of  (be  species  ;  and 
Polyanthus,  is  the  name  of  a  variety,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Primrose,  which  is  genus  Primu- 
la, species  vulgaris,  and  variety  polyanthus. — 
As  they  are  all  hardy  plants,  wo  recommend 
them  as  among  the  handsomest  border  flowers. 


NEW  ZEALASD  SP1JIAGE. 

Having  raised  the  New  Zealand  spinage  the 
last  summer,  we  cannot  but  recommend  it  to 
ihoso  who  are  fond  of  spinage  dishes,  during 
'he  summer  months.  It  is  a  very  luxuriant 
■•rowing  annual  plant,  witn  thick  succulent 
Seaves  of  beautiful  green  color. 

The  »eed  of  this  plant  siiould  be  sprouted 
;h  a  hot-ted,  in  order  tohavo  it  fit  for  use  be- 
sore  tho  middle  of  summer.  The  branches 
are  decumbent  and  spreading  to  the  distance 
jf  two  feot  from  the  roots,  which  is  a  suitable 
distance  for  setting  the  plants  from  each  other. 

After  the  plants  imve  grown  about  a  foot 
'ong,  the  tips  of  tho  branches  may  be  cut  for 
iso  ;  they  will  be  found  very  tender  and  well 
j3avored.  It  continues  growing  very  luxuri- 
antly until  killed  by  the  frost.  The  seed  is 
produced  at  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Eight  or 
ten  plants  will  be  sufficient  for  a  large  family, 
both  for  producing  seed  and  for  boiling. 


THE  FIG. 

The  fig  tree  is  a  native  of  Asia,  and  has  beer- 
cultivated  for  its  fruit,  from  time  immemorial. 
In  our  southern  and  middle  stales,  the  fig  pro- 
duces two  crops  in  one  season,  and  I  ihink 
mi"ht  be  cuhivated  on  the  south  side  of  Lake 
Ontario,  to  some  advantage.  The  tree  is  of 
humble  growth,  rarely  if  ever  rising  more  than 
fifieen  feet  in  the  middle  states,  and  will  bear 
when  not  more  than  four  feet  high.  The  wood 
is  soft  and  porous. 

Should  this  tree  be  found  too  tender  for  our 
climate,  by  traiuing  tho  trees  with  two  main 
horizontal  roots  on  opposite  sides,  the  tree 
might  be  laid  down  in  the  fall,  and  covered 
with  the  same  care  as  a  tendergrape  vine. 

The  fig  is  easily  propagated,  as  it  grows  rea- 
dily from  cuttings  or  layers  ;  the  latter  method 
:sj  generally  preferred,  as  bearing  limbs  laid 
down  do  not  cease  bearing,  and  even  cuttings 
bear  the  second  year. 

The  fruit  of  the  fig  is  different  from  most 
other  kinds,  as  it  is,  strictly  speaking, the  calyx 
of  the  flower,  the  stamens  and  pistils  being 
contained  within  it. 

The  fruit  is  eatonboth  green  and  dry,  and  in 
some  oountries  is  stewed  when  green,  in  the 
same  manner  as  apples. 

We  sincerely  hope  that  some  of  our  garden- 
ers will  make  a  few  experiments  with  this  tree, 
and  lay  the  result  before  the  public. 


PREPARE  FOR  GRAFTING. 

We  again  repeat  the  caution  to  Farmers  ar>d 
Gardeners, that  now  is  the  time  to  see  that  their 
cions  for  grafting,  are  collected,  and  put  in  a 
safe  place  for  keeping  until  they  are  wanted. 
There  is  no  witchcraft  attending  the  operation 
of  grafting  ;  it  is  as  easily  done  as  setting  oui 
cabbage  plants  ;  and  yet  wc  know  of  farmers 
who  will  hire  some  strolling  quack  to  do  it  for 
them,  and  pay  him  as  much  for  one  day's  im- 
position, as  themsolves  could  earn  in  a  week, 
besides  spending  as  much  time  in  waiting  up- 
on them  as  would  have  been  required  for  doing 
it  themselves. 

Cut  your  cions  with  a  few  inches  ofold  wood 
with  them, and  stick  them  down  in  the  garden, 
where  they  will  not  be  disturbed  until  wanted. 

It  may  be  useful  to  new  beginners  to  spend 
an  evening  in  practice  before  grafting  season  ; 
for  tliis  purpose,  procure  some  green  limbs  of 
suitable  size  for  cions  and  stocks,  and  proceed 
to  fit  thorn  together,  both  by  cleft  and  whip 
grafting.  This  will  be  found  very  useful  when 
you  commence  grafting  your  trees.  Prepare 
your  wax,  and  ascertain  whether  it  is  of  the 
proper  consistency.  Have  ready  narrow  strips 
of  cambrick,  dipt  in  the  wax  for  use  in  graft 
ing ;  this  being  the  easiest  and  sorest  way  of 
using  it,  as  it  prevents  the  wax  from  cracking, 
which  it  is  apt  to  do  when  put  on  warm;  and 
it  serves  as  a  bandage  at  the  same  time.  Al 
ways  prefer  whip-grafttng  where  the  size  of 
the  stork  will  admit  of  it,  in  preforenco  to 
cleft  grafting.  But  when  large  stocks  must 
be  grafted,  see  that  your  wedge  corresponds 
with  the  length  of  the  cleft. 

Remember  that  not  only  apples  and  pears, 
but  plnms,  cherries,  quinces,  chesnuts,  wal- 
nuts, and  most  kinds  of  forest  trees,  as  welt  as 
ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  may  he  grafted, 
and  now  is  the  time  to  prepare  for  it. 


FOB    Ttf     G£HESEf      FARMER. 

There  is  no  subject  more  interesting  to  the 
farmer,  than  the  selection  of  his  cider  fruit, 
lor  I  am  decidedly  of  opiuion,  that  the  apple  is 
capable  of  producing, under  proper  culture  and 
care,  as  wholesome,  and  very  near  as  palata- 
ble a  liquor  as  the  vine.  The  objects  to  be  re- 
garded are  the  selection  of  fruit,  the  si  e  of 
the  orchard,  and  ihe  manufacture,  particularis- 
tic fermenting  process,  of  the  cider. 

Two  properties  determine  the  quality  of  an 
apple  for  oider,  viz — the  saccharine  matter  and 
astringent  principle.  The  first  is  indicated  by 
the  sachromcter— the  more  saccharine  matter 
|  the  heavier  will  he  the  must,  and  the  g  raster 
the  proportion  of  alcohol  after  fermentation, 
The  astringent  principle  is  dedecied  by  the 
taste,  and  is  supposed  to  be  principally  tannin. 
Sorao  fruits,  in  which  it  most  abounds,  are  aus- 
tere, acrid  and  uopleasant  to  the  taste.  It  is 
this  property  principally  which  preserves  ci 
dera  from  the  acetous  fermentation.  Hence 
the  requisite  properties  ol  a  good  ider  fruit 
are  seldom  found  in  apples  esteemed  for  table. 
The  Virginia  crabs,  which  yield  a  cider  nearly 
equal  to  Champaigns,  are  not  eatable, and  give 
a  must  specifically  lighter  than  water. 

Of  the  old  varieties,  the  styre,  redstreak, 
and  fox-whelp  were  esteemed  as  giving  the 
strongest  liquors,  yet  the  specific  gravity  of 
their  must  did  not  exoced  1,079,  water  being 
1,000.  Knight  has  produced  four  vari  cties 
yieldiug  a  stronger  juice  than  either  of  tli  em, 
His  Downton  and  Foxley  pippins  give  a  must 
of  1,080  his  yellow  Siberian  1,085,  and  his 
Siberian  Harvey  1,091,  which  last  is  said  to 
be  the  heaviest  cider  must  known.  The  first 
named  of  these  is  considered  a  very  beautiful 
table  apple. 

Of  our  table  varieties,  the  Harrison,  Can  • 
field,  Winesap,  Greyhouse,  Poughkeepsie, 
Russett,  Cooper's  Russetiug,Ruckman's  rear- 
main,  <tc.  The  Harrison,  Winesap,  and 
Ruckman's  Pearmain  are  fine  for  the  table  and 
kitchen.  We  have  probably  many  other  na- 
tive varieties  equally  good  ;  and  it  is  desirable 
that  our  native  kinds  should  be  subjected  to  a  fair 
test,  inorder  to  determine  their  relative  value. 

It  is  believed  that  cider  properly  manufactu- 
red from  any  one  variety,  or  perhaps  two  vari- 
eties, properly  blended,  would  always  com- 
mand a  ready  market  in  our  cities  and  towns, 
at  five  to  ten  dollars  tho  barrel.  The  Harri- 
son and  Canfield  cider  sells  at  this  price ;  and 
I  recollect  seeing  in  the  memoirs  of  the  Phil- 
adelphia Society,  a  letter  Irom  a  Mr.  Wyn- 
koof,  of  Lancaster,  detailing  the  profits  of  hrs 
cider  orchard  ;  the  amount  of  which  was,  that 
four  acres  in  Virginia  oralis,  afforded  him  eve- 
ry second  year,  40  hogsheads  of  cider,  which 
sold  by  contract  at  about  §10  per  barrel,  or 
$1,600  for  the  crop.  There  is  no  art  in  ma 
king  cider  from  this  fruit.  It  requires  merely 
to  be  made  separate  and  with  caio. 

It  is  as  unreasonable  to  expect  a  fine  oider 
from  a  dozen  or  twenty  varieties  of  the  apple, 
as  it  would  be  to  expect  a  fine  wine  from  as 
many  kinds  of  the  grape.  The  proper  way  is 
therefore, for  tho  planters  to  select  one  or  more 
kinds  for  his  cider, and  to  manufacture  the  fruit 
of  each  by  itself,  or  to  blend  them  in  such  pro- 
portions as  experience  shall  dictate.  The  Eng- 
lish rule, that  a  good  cider  apple  is  cither  red  or 
yellow,  though  correct  in  the  main,  will  no! 
hold  in  regard  to  our  crabs. 

The  site  of  the  orchard  should  be  elevated 
or  sloping — a  souili  to  east  aspect  the  best — 
a  dry  preferable  to  a  wet  soil — and  an  ordinary 
richness  of  soil  better  than  one  of  too  great 
fertility.  It  is  a  conclusion  drawn  from  expc- 
perience  in  England,  that  the  best  cider  comes 
from  a  calcareous  or  marly  soil.  Upon  these 
situations  the  fruit  is  not  so  large,  but  the  jui- 
ces are  far  more  concentrated  than  upon  moist 
or  rich  soils. 

The  subject  of  manufacturing  eider,  particu 
larly  that  part  which  regards  tho  fermenting 
process,  requires  more  time  to  detail  than  I 
have  at  present  at  command.  I  shall  there- 
fore defer  it  till  another  occasion.  J.  B. 

Majrch  10,183). 


86 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


HOT-BEDS. 

This  is  the  proper  season  to  commence 
preparations  for  raising  early  plants  for  the 
•rarden.  From  various  experiments,  we  are 
convinced  that  a  hot  bed  planted  by  the  first 
of  April,  in  this  section,  is  as  profitable  as  one 
planted  sooner. 

In  order  to  have  a  bed  ready  to  plant  by  the 
iifst  of  April,  the  manure  should  be  collected 
by  the  20th  of  March,  and  pnt  in  a  heap,  that 
the  fermentation  may  commence;  and  it  is 
well  to  turn  it  over  once  before  putting  it  in 
the  bed,  that  all  parts  may  be  well  incorpora- 
ted. The  bed  should  be  fotmed  three  or  four 
days  before  it  is  to  be  sowed.  If  a  bed  is  well 
managed  at  this  season,  the  plants  will  be 
large  enough  to  transplant  by  the  tenih  of 
Mav,  which  is  as  early  as  is  safe  to  put  them  in 
open  ground.  Early  sallads  may  be  used  from 
'.he  beds,  and  some  cucumber  andmellon  plants 
may  be  left  upon  the  bed  for  early  use  ;  they 
will  be  much  more  forward  than  those  trans- 
planted. A  bed  about  four  feet  wide, and  four- 
teen feet  long  will  produce  plants  enough  for 
a  common  family  garden,  which  can  he  raised 
with  more  certainty  than  in  open  ground,  and 
about  one  month  earlier,  which  will  well  pay 
for  the  little  extra  expense  attending. 

The  best  manure   for  a  hot  bed  is  that  from 

ihe  horse  stable,   the  litter  included.       A  bed 

made  the  first  of  April,  need  not  be  more  than 

eighteen  inches  thiol;,  and  will  not  require  any 

additional  heat.  

MANURE. 

The  month  of  March  is  a  verv  important 
one  to  farmers  who  wish  to  keep  their  farms  in 
order,  by  saving  and  applying  manure.  As  a 
great  proportion  of  the  manure  from  the  faun 
yard  is  made  from  straw  and  refuse  fodder,  it 
is  important  that  this  should  lie  turned  to  the 
greatest  profit.  It  is  more  easily  collected  into 
heaps  at  this  season,  before  the  frost  is  out  of 
lite  ground  th.m  afterwards  ;  besides  when  the 
ground  becomes  soft,  much  of  it  is  trodden 
into  the  ground,  where  it  often  remains  after 
the  ground  becomes  dry  and  hard.  As  remo- 
ving all  the  soil  from  the  yard,  as  deep  as  had 
teen  penetrated  by  the  feet  of  cattle,  would 
require  too  much  labor,  therefore  it  is  better 
to  scrape  the  manure  into  heaps  as  soon  as  the 
frost  is  out  of  it  in  the  spring,  and  appply  it  to 
the  fields  as  soon  as  is  convenient,  remember- 
ing that  manure  left  to  ferment  in  heaps  until 
it  becomes  rotten,  loses  half  of  its  valuable 
properties,  We  know  that  unrotted  straw  appli- 
ed to  some  crops,  would  he  unpleasant  to  work 
rnong,  but  yet  from  the  diversity  of  cropping 
on  a  farm,  it  can  always  be  applied  somewhere 
to  advantage. 

There  needs  no  stronger  .proof  of  a  sloven. 
if  farmer,  than  too  see  the  manure  lying  round 
tiisbarn  year  after  year,  piled  tip  against  the 
lower  timbers  in  many  instances,  rotting  them 
away,  not  to  mention  the  effect  upon  the  at- 
mosphere which  is  unhealthy  as  well  as  un- 
pleasant.   

APPLE   PUDDING. 

Pare,  core,  and  stew  sour  apples,  till  they 
ate  sufficiently  soft  to  strain  through  a  sieve  or 
Colander.  When  thus  prepared,  to  the  pulp, 
(sufficient  in  quantity  for  baking  upon  a  soup 
i_)latc^  add  one  spoon-full  of  melted  huttcr.one 
egg,  and  three  spoons-full  of  smrar:  then  add 
nulmes  or  essence  of  lemon,  according  lo 
taste,  afirTbake  wifVrif  a  cover  a?  tarts. 


March  19,   1831. 


Horticultural  Society. 
The  nest  semi-annual    meeting    of  the  Do 
mestio  Horticultural   Society  of  the  Western 
Part  of  New  York,  will  be  held  at  Canandai- 
iua,  on   the  30th  day  of  June  next,  when  the 
following  Premiums  will  be  awarded  : 

Fruits. 
For  the  best  quart  of  ripe  Strawberries    $2,00 

Next  best  do  1,00 

For  the  best  quart  of  Raspbenies  2, IK' 

Next  best  do  1,00 

For  the  best  quart  of  ripeCherries  2,00 

Next  best  '     do  1,00 

For  the  best  of  Gooseberries  2, OH 

Next  best  do  1,00 

Culinary  Vegetables. 
For  the  best  half  peck  green  peas  in  the  }  0  „( 
pod  J     ' 

Next  best  1,00 

For  the  best   half  peck  string  Beans  in  >  0  nn 

the  pod"  I  ^'UU 

Next  best  do  1,00 

For  the  best  100  shoots  of  Asparagus         1,00 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  dozen  young  Turnips  1,00 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  doz.  young  Oniens  1,011 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  25  young  Potatoes  1,00 

Next  best  do  5I> 

For  the  best  3  Cabbage  Heads  1,00 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  25  Radishes  50 

Next  best         do  25 

For  the  best  6  Lettuce  plants  1.00 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  6  blood  Beets  (long  orehort)  1,00 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  6  Cucumbers  1,00 

Next  best         do  50 

For  the  best  dozen  Carrots  1,00 

Next  best  do  50 

For  the  best  specimen  of  any  valuable  cul- 
inary Vegetable,  not  enumerated,  one  dnllai 
each,  extending  to  three  sorts.  Of  culinary 
Vegetables,  every  specimen  entitled  to  a  pre- 
mium must  be  meritorious,  and  fit  for  the  ta- 
ble. 

F  LOWERS. 

For   the   most    beautiful  and    desirable  ? 
double  Tulip  J 

Next  best  do 

For  the  most  beautiful  and  desirable  sin-  \ 
gle  Tulip  5 

Next  best     do 
For  the    most    beautiful  and   desirable  } 
double  Hyacinth  ) 

Next  best  do 

For   the   most   beautiful   and   desirable  > 
monthly  Rose  J 

Next  bo*t         '     do 
the   in 


For 


1,00 

50 
1,00 

50 
1,00 

50 
1,00 

50 


50 


ost    beautiful  and  desirable  )   , 
hardy   Rose  \  J»01 

Next  best         do 
For  the  most  beautiful  specimen  of  flow 
not  enumerated,  one  dollar  each,  to  extend  to 
six  sorts. 

Discretionary  premiums  will  be  awarded  for 
such  valuable  Plants.  Fruits,  Flowers  or  Vege- 
tables, not  enumerated,  as  may  be  presenied, 
and  deemed  worthy. 

Every  specimen  otTered  of  fruits,  culinary 
vegetables,  and  flowers  must  have  been  cull i 
vatedby  the  person  claiming  the  premium,  or 
by  some  member  of  his  family  ;  and  no  premi- 
um can  bo  awarded  except  to  a  member  of  the 
Society.  Any  person  can  become  a  member 
af  the  Society,  at  the  time  of  the  stated 
meeting,  or  at  any  time  before,  by  sending  the 
name,  and  paying  the  annual  subscription  of 
a  member,  (two  dollars,)  lo  Joseph  Fellows, 
of  Geneva. 

Each  successful  applicant  for  a  premium  will 
be  required  to  furnish  a  written  and  particular 
statement  of  the  cultare  of  the  plant,  with  the 
soil  and  aspect. 

FRANCIS  GRANGER,       )  Commute, 
MARK  U.  SIBLEY,  }ofArrav 

ALEXANDER  DUNCAN.   S  mniig} 
March  16,  1831. 


1; 


NEWS  OF  THE  WEEK, 
FIRE 

Thularje  flouring  mill  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Genesee  river  in  this  villa  (re.  owned  by  H.  Ely, 
■  eenpied  by  Messrs.  Ford  &.  Bissell,  was   de- 

troyed  by  fire  on  Tuesday  night,  There  was 
in  ihe  Mill  about  twelve  thousand  bushels  of 
wheat,  on  which  there  was  an  insurance  often 
thousand  dollars.  Owing  to  the  skill  and  ex- 
ertions of  the  different  fire  companies,  the  ad 
joining  buildings  ivere  saved  from  the  devour- 
ing element  The  fire  was  got  under  in  time 
io  save  the  walls  of  the  building,  and  although 
the  wheat  is  spoiled  for  flouring,  yet  it  is  hoped 
sufficient  will  bo  realized  from  it  to  cover  all 
damages  which  mav  have  accrued  above  the 
insurance.  There  was  also  an  insurance  upoti 
the  building,  of  five  thousand  dollars. 

In  (be  U-  S.  supreme  court,  at  Washington 

.n  Saturday,  Mr.  Sergeant,  on.  hehalf  of  the 
Cherokee  nation,  moved  for  an  injunction  a- 
gainst  the  state  of  Georgia,  in  pursuance  of  a 
bill  in  equity  filed  and  read  by  him  in  open 

■ourt. 

The  editor  of  the  Washington  Globe  has  is  ■ 
sued  proposals  for  the  publication  of  that  pa 
per  as  a  daily  journal. 

The  Richmond  Enquirer  states  that  Mr. 
Archer,  the  present  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee on  Foreign  Relations,  is  spoken  of  as  tin 
successor  to  Mr.  Randolph  in  the  mission  to 
Russia. 

The  Augusta  (Geo.)  Courier  of  the  28lh 

nit    contains   the  following  paragraph  : — Ot: 

Friday  oight  last,  some  villains  killed  five  milk 

ows  in  the  upper  end  of  Broad  street,   skio> 

ned  and  left  the  carcases  in  the  street. 

HYDROPHOBIA. 

We  are  inlormed  by  a  gentleman  of  Mo$= 
cow,  that  a  rabid  dog  has  lately  bitten  several 
logs  and  other  animals,  in  the  (own  of  Leices- 
ter ;  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  that  (own  have 
taken  measures  to  destroy  all  dogs  found  ruti- 
iing  at  large  within  it. — Lip.  Jour  nil. 
roitOERY. 

A  forged  note  for  one  housand  dollars  was 
latt  !y  presented  at  the  Auburn  bank  by  a  mar. 
named  Fox,  formerly  of  Delphi,  in  this  coun- 
ty. The  note  contained  the  signatures  of 
Messrs.  Hall  of  Skeneateles.  a  Mr.  Taylor  o: 
'bis  town,  and  Elisha  Litchfield  of  Pompey. 
Fox  was  taken  into  custody,  and  is  now  con- 
'ined  in  Auburn  gaol,  theie  to  await  his  trial. 
This  all  comes  of  making  too  fiee  with  other 
men's  names. — Manlius  Rrpos. 

The  Washington  Spectator,  tuns  describes 
the  winding  op  of  the  late  session  of  Congress  : 

As  the  session  drew  to  a  close,  Congress 
were  in  their  usual  hurry.  Like  Don  Quixote 
among  the  toys  of  the  show-man,  they  passed 
some  propositions,  mutilated  more,  and  knock- 
ed doicn  a  still  greater  number,  upon  or  under 
the  table.  It  is  ardently  to  be  desired  that  the 
time  may  come,  when  Congress,  instead  of 
winding,  like  iho  rivers  of  Africa,  through  a 
long  and  sluggish  course,  and  then  rushing  to- 
wards  its  end,  with  a  headlong  impetuosity, 
will  move,  like  some  of  our  American  rivers 
steadily  onward  from  the  first,  powerful,  eJii  ■ 
cient  and  majestic. 

The  governor  of  Pennsylvania  has-  appoint- 
ed Samuel  Meredith,  Esq.  Attorney  at  Law  in 
tho  city  of  New  York,  a  Commissioner  to  ad- 
minister oaths,  and  take  depositions  in  relatio.il 
to  causes  pending  in  the  courts  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  to  take  the  acknowledgement  and 
proof  of  deeds,  mortgages  or  conveyances  to 
bo  recorded  in,  or  of  any  instrument  under 
seal,  to  be  used  in  said  State. 

The  nomination  by  the  Governor,   of  Wn. 
r    M'Coi  .v,  of  the  city  of  New-York,  asVicc- 
hanccflor,   \v,\s  confirmed  by  the  Scrlafie  on 
.Fridav. 


Vol.  I.— No.   U. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


81 


FLOUR. 

The  ci.lire  exports  of  floor  from  the  United 
States    to  all   parts  of  tho    world    in  the  year 
1830,  ending  30th  September,  1,225.881   bbls. 
And  of  wheat,  45,289  bush 

Which  exceeded  the  average 

exports  (or  8  years  previous 

about  400,000  bbls. 

And  of  wheat,  20,000  bush. 

T  heeverage  exports  of  flour  to 

G.  Britain    from  the  U.  S. 

for  8  years  past,  amount  to,  04.274  bbls. 
But,  owinsr  to   n  deficiency  of 

crop  in  England  in  1828 .our 

exports  there  for  18"29,    to 

meet    said    deficiency,   in- 
creased and  amounted  that 

year  to,  221,170  Ibis. 

And,  owing  to  the  deficiency 

of  crop  there  in  1S29,  our 

exportsin  1630,  ending  30th 

Sept  last,  amounted  to,  326,lc2  bbls. 

Which  exceeded  the  average 

export  of  eight  years  prcvi- 

,1U8t  231, GOG  bbls. 

During  this  period,  it  will  be  borne  in  mind . 
that  llie^grain  countries  of  the  continent  of 
Europe  furnished  large  supplies  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  when  the  ports  opened  in  England 
!ast  summer,  a  very  large  stock  of  grain  and 
flour  then  in  bond,  wns  entered  for  consump- 
tion—so that,  at  the  close  of  1830,  (two  months 
Since,)  there  was  not  remaining  in  bond  in  all 
Great  Britain,  in  svlioat  and  flour  to  exceed 
180,000  barrels  flour. 

Wc  now  nome  to  the  probable  demand  in 
Encland  for  the  year  1831. 

Tho  consumption  of  (ireat  Britain  is  esti- 
mated at  something  like  14  millions  of  quarters, 
or  say  112  millions  bushels.  The  deficiency  of 
the  crops  of  1830  is  variously  estimated— some 
say  15,  some  1-4  ;  and  Ireland,  a  usual  supply 
country,  is  said  to  be  shorier.  Circular  state- 
ment from  sources  in  which  much  confidence 
;"s  placed,  estimate  the  quantity  that  will  be  re- 
quired in  England  before  the  next  harvest— 
from  abroad— at  two  millions  of  quarters-equal 
to,  say  thiee  millions  and  half  barrels  Flour. 

The  next  inquiry  is,  whence  is  Englond  to 
get  this  supply  ?  or  even  the  half  of  it,  with- 
out occasioning  serious  advances  in  the  coun- 
tries whence  these  supplies  are  drawn. 

The  reports  from  all  the  Grain  countries  in 
Europe  announce  short  crops — and  some  of 
them,  instead  of  furnishing  supplies,  are  more 
likely  to  need  supplies  themselves,  and  the  dis- 
turbed stale  of  the  Grain  couniries  themselves 
—and  the  existence  tbero  of  large  embodied 
armies— evens  hould  no  war  occur,  increases 
The  difficulty  of  furnishing  supplies  to  Eng- 
land. All  now  concur  that  the  main  supplies 
Cor  England  are  looked  to  from  the  United 
Slates. 

It  then  behooves  us  to  look  at  home  and  es- 
finute  our  ability  to  furnish— having  regard  to 
our  own  wants  for  consumption,  and  that  ol 
markets  about  us  on  this  side  of  the  ocean, 
mainly  depending  upon  ua 

The  Purls  of  England  will  no  doubt  be  open 
by  or  before  the  close  of  April-arid  as  the  stock 
in  bond  to  be  entered,  will  be  far  short  of  for- 
mer periods,  there  is  scarcely  a  doubt  also  that 
the  ports  will  continue  to  remain  open  to  the 
result  of  the  harvest.  If  the  statements  and 
estimates  of  deficiency  and  supplies  prove  any 
way  near  correct,  a  wido  allowance  may  be 
made  for  error  or  exaggeration,  and  still  leave 
us  a  market  in  England  for  the  export  of  Flour 
there  for  the  year  1831,  ending  in  September, 
equal  to  our  entire  export  to  all  places  in  1S30  ; 
and  which  export  from  official  data,  may  be 
yepn  to  have  exceeded  tho  average  exports  of 
oighf  years  past  about  400,000  barrels. 

We  have  no  data  to  estimate  the    extent  of 
the  crop  of  1830  in    the  United    States  — buj 
whether  abundant  or  otherwise.it  should  be  re 
membered  that  our  own    consumption  is  vast 
and  rapidly  increasing 

Wo  wish  to  be  understood  as  abstaining  from 
*he  expression  of  our  own  opinions— but  would 


commend  the  consideration  of  the  above  to 
those  who  may  feel  an  interest  in  examining 
into  and  testing  its  correctness.  To  the  man 
ufacturing  interest  of  our  country,  it  may  be 
found  to  involve  a  serious  inquiry.  A  period 
may  be  at  hand,  furnishing  an  illustration  of 
the  truth  that  the  corner  stone  of  national  pros- 
perity and  wealth  is  its  agricultural  resources, 
and  out  of  its  abundance  grow  up  all  other  in- 
terests. Without  it,  a  nation  must  depend 
mainly  on  the  political  policy  or  calamities  of 
other  nations.  The  low  cost  of  a  loaf  of  bread 
enters  more  in  aid  of  protection  to  manufac- 
tures, than  we  are  apt  to  allow.  If  the  calam- 
ities of  other  nati"iis  offer  us  high  rales  for 
comestibles,  a  tarifT'of  protection  may  be  found 
inadequate  to  keep  spindles  profitably  employ- 
ed.— Boston  Gazette 

NEW  BANKS. 

Five  banks  have  been  incorporated  by  the 
Legislature,  each  with  a  capital  of  $100,000  — 
viz  :  the  Tanner's  Bank  at  Catskili ;  Bank  of 
Buffalo  ;  MadisonCounty  Bank,  at  Cazenovia  ; 
Oswego  Bank  ;  and  Ulster  County  Bank,  at 
Kingston.  Tho  vote  was  unanimous  on  the 
last  named  bank,  and  nearly  so  on  each. 

Bills  have  passed  the  House,  and  are  now 
before  the  Senate,  to  incorporate  the  Mont- 
gomery County  Bank,  and  tho  Yutcs  County 
Bunk. 

WASHINGTON   AND   WARREN   BANK. 

The  receiver  of  this  institution  has  .i.ade  an 
arrangement  and  sale  of  the  effects  of  the 
company,  by  which  the  holders  of  all  certifi 
cates  granted  by  him,  and  the  owners  of  all 
bills  re  Inch  are  now  in  circulation,  are  to  be 
paid  the  par  value  thereof,  provided  they  are 
presented  before  the  first  of  July  The  pay 
merits  will  be  made  at  anytime  after  the  first 
of  April,  in  thecily  of  New -York. — Jllb.Jirg. 

The  seats  of  sixteen  ol  the  membeis  of  (lie 
United  States  Senate  were,  wc  believe,  vaca- 
ted  on  3d  inst.  ten  of  whom,  viz  -.  Messrs. 
Woodbury ,of  N.  H.  Willey.  of  Conn.  Chase, 
of  VI.  Sandford,  of  N.  Y.  Marks,  of  fa.  Ire- 
dell, of  N.  C.  Smith,  of  S-  C  Burnet  of 
Ohio,  M'Kinley,  of  Alabama,  and  Bat  ton  of 
Missouri,  have  had  leave  (o  reUre  lu  private 
life.  Of  this  number,  Messrs.  Chase.  Iredell 
and  Bnrnet  declined  a  reelection.  Five  of 
the  sixleen  have  been  re-elected,  viz :  Messrs 
Chambers  of  Maryland,  Forsyth,  of  Geo. 
Johnson,  of  Lou.  H  ndricks,  of  Indiana,  and 
Kane  of  Illinois.  I"  Kentucky  no  choice  has 
I  j  et  been  made. — JV.  Y,  JUcratntile  Adv. 

On  Saturday  last  Mr  Bigelow,  of  Boston, 
proposed  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  of 
the  Massachusetll  Legislature,  now  in  session, 
an  amendment  to  the  Marriage  Act,  which 
passed,  making  it  lawful  for  any  authorised 
person  to  join  in  marnage  any  negro,  mulatto, 
or  Indian  to  any  white  porseu.  Formerly  the 
law  imposed  a  penally  on  any  one  so  marrying 
and  the  marriage  itself  was  declared  null  and 
void.  

The  AIaiiket — Owing  co  the  h»l  slate  or 
the  roads,  (here  has  been  but  little  doing  in 
the  Wheat  Market  the  week  past.  We  quote 
the  same  prices  as  the  week  before. 

SSED  STORE. 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  Goodscll, 
Etlitur  of  thetienesec  Fiirmer,  hfive  uiuiic  arrangements 
to  supply  tins  village  and  the  surrounding  country  with 
evory  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
Seeds,  tugether  with  Fruit  and  Shade  Trces.Grapo  Knots 
Flower  Pots,  Garden  Tools,  etc.  Orders  will  he  recoi- 
ved  for  Trees  and  olhcr  articles,  from  the  following  Nnr- 
scrios  and  Hotel  Stores  : — I'rince  s,  aud  I'armt-iilicr's, 
Long  Island  ;  Floy's,  Wilson's,  Thurburn's,  and  A. 
Smith  and  Co.1?,  f\e\v  York  ;  Betel's,  Albany  ;  uud  Laa 
dreth's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  which  ore  left  previous 
lo  tho  1st  of  April,  will  tic  filled  as  noon  as  the  canal  o- 
pens.  As  the  subscribers  intend  giaduuUy  to  establish 
an  extensive  Seed  Sloro,  they  tiosl  that  the  friends  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture  in  this  vicinity,  will  render 
them  all  the  facilities  and  encouragements  in  their  power 

A  NUR8KUY,  under  the  control  of  Sir-  Goodsell,  is 
now  lu  progress, from  which  many  first-rate  Trees  .md 
Grape  Vines  may  be  selected  tor  Ihis  spring's  transplant- 
ing, mar  ID  KO?SITER  ami  KNOX. 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  March  12, 183). 


Ther  Baroinel'r  i   Winds 


42  34 

30,28 
62!  32 

36128 
54 1 40 
50 1 40 


29,55, 29.lol»e 
29.4529,55!» 
29,68l29.50|e 
29,25  29,3-1  \m 

29,55  29,55'» 

29.35129  281 


a  f- 

n  ID 

n  w 
la 
|n  e 

8  W 


Y  en  ther 

s£ 

►, 

-3 

u 

; 

l 

1 

i 
i 

i 

l 

Obscrvn'ii: 


t-IOicr't 


1-10  in.  r'a 


29,25120,1515  w  -io 
T7  The  Baromttrical  and  Thermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registercdat  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P.  HI.,  tahiCl 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  lite  pnrposc, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  tJlc 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


ROCHESTER  PRICKS  CURRENT 

March  18,  1831. 
Mink 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91(i92  50 

Pearl  I00al02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       31a50 

l>o  dried  75 

Bristles.comb'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do     18a20 

Butter  do     lOalS 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl       $8a9 

Do  prime     do  5a7 

Do  fresh  per  lb         02aO3 

Barley  per  bu&hcl        38n44 

Beans        Co  50a62 

Candles,  monld  per  lb  9  els 

Do  dipped  do      8  " 

Do  sperm  do    28  " 

Corn  per  bushel  50a56 

Cheese  per  lb  04a05 

CloverSeedper  bush   $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb  07a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush      78a87 

Feathers  per  ib  31a37 

Furs-Otter  lOOa-JOO 

Fox,  red  50a' 


I2tf3 

18a3i 


Raccoon 

Martin 

Fisher 

Wild  Cat 

Gray  Fox 
Crass  Seed  per  Lash 
Hops  per  lb 
Honey  do 
Lard      do 
iVIutlou  do 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush     , 
Oats  per  bush  25o*jL 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  Ib  K 

Peaches, dry'd  bush  lOOffSOil 
PorU,  mess  per  bbl     $12<il:: 


25flfi2 
37*50 

18a2T. 
18a25 

i2oin 

09 
Q6aOT 

02fll 


Fox,  cross 


Do  prime 

8a9 

Do  fresh  per  lb 

03n04 

Quills  per  100 

25o30 

Rye  per  bush 

5(  «5t> 

Rags  per  lb 

03o01 

Salt  per  bbl 

Si  75 

Tallow  per  Ib 

06n07 

Wheat  perbiish 

109all5 

100o200|Buck wheat  flour. cwi.  S>  7r> 


bank:  note  table. 

Corrected  Weekly  for  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 
BY   C.   W     UUNDAS. 


NEW  YORK. 

All  banks  in  this  stalo,  par. 
except  the  following 
Broke.nBa.nks.     JFashing 
ton  <fc  Wairon,  Barker's  Ex 
change,  Franklin  Bank, M id- 
die  Dist.,  Columbia,  Greene 
County,  Marble  Manuf.  Co., 
Plaitsburgh,  and  Niagara. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Al    bauks  in  this  state,  par. 
except  (he  following 
Broken  Bank* .     Farmers 
b'nk  of  Bclckrrtowi],  Sutton. 
Rerkshi  c,  Essex  and  Biigh- 
ton  banks. 

VERMONT. 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par. 

UHOD!    ISLAND 

All  banks  in  this  stale,  par, 

except  tho  following 

Broken  Banks      Farmers' 

Exchange,  and   Farmers' & 

Mechanics'  banks. 

CONNECTICUT- 
All  banks  in  this  state,  par, 
except  the  fellowing 
Broken  Banlcs.  Eagle, 
Eagle  pay'ble  at  Union  bank 
New-York,  Derby,  and  Der- 
by payablo  at  Fulton  bank 
New-York. 

NEW-  HAMPSHIRE. 
All  banks  in  ihis  siute,  par- 

MAINE. 

All  banks  iu  ihis  state,  par. 

except  the  following 

Broken    Banks.     Castino, 

Wiscasset,  Hallowcll  «fc  Au- 


suraarpioddy  banks. 

NEW-JERSEY. 
State  b'nU,  &  Trenton  Bank- 
ing Company,  pay. 


Ali  other  banks, 


'■  per  rtuty 


except  the  following 
Broken  Banlts.  Salem  & 
Phil. Manuf  Co.. Monmouth, 
Hoboken  and  Grazing  Co., 
X.  Jersey  Manuf  Si  Bantling 
t-o.  at  II'  boken,  State  Bank 
ai  Trentun,  Protection  and 
Lombard,  and  Jtrsey  City. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia  Bauks,       par- 
All  other  banks,    ^per  cent, 
except  the  following 
Broken  Banks.    Farmers-' 
&■  Mechanics'  at  N.  Sa.,  Cen- 
tre, Huntington,  Meadville 
Marietta,  Juuiata,  Greeocas-, 
tie,  Bedford,  Beaver,  WasJi- 
lugton,  Uuiontowii,  Agricu! 
turaJ.Sil   Lake,  Westmore- 
land at  Greenburgh,  Neu^ 
Hope  Bridge  Co   new  emis 
sion,and  Brownvile  bank;. 

OHIO. 
All  bonks,      4  to  G  per  ccflt, 

MICHIGAN. 

Ali  banks,  2 per  cent, 

except  the  following 

Broken  Bojtks.    Monroe, 

aiid  Deiroit. 

CANADA. 
All  banks,     2  to  3  per  cent. 
oxrept  the 
Upper  Cana.  at  Kingsipn 
and  Unchartered  basks. 


gnsta,  Kennebec,  and    Pas 

XT  The  above  table  when  speaking  of  foreign  Bilh^rc 
fers  to  those  of  $5,  and  over,  as  none  of  a  lessdenovmt 
ation  are  receivable. 


THE  ALBANY   NURSERY  "~ 

NOW  contains  177  varieties  of  the  Apple,  12C  of  the 
Poar.  50  of  the  Plum,  27  of  the  Cherry,  30  of  the  Pearii, 
40  of  the  Crape,  tyc— Apricots,  Nectarines,  Quince?' 
Strawberries  Gooseberries,  Raspberries,  Currants,  &-c. 
—more  than  146  varieties  of  hardy  Roses,  aud  other  de 
sirnble  varieties  of  Ornnmental  Shrubs  and  Trees.  sinH 
Herbaceous  and  Green  House  Plants,  of  vigorous  growth 
ami  in  fine  condition  for  transplanting.  Tuberoses,  DaV 
lias,  Feirariae,  Jacobean  Lillies,  and  other  tender  roots. 
shoaUl  be  planted  in  May,  aud  now  is  the  time  to  order 
them.    Orders  solicited,  aud  Catalogues  furnished  gr*»h 

Albany,  March,  1631.  BUF.L  and  WILSON 

m  T9   Ord-crs  w  i  ll  be  received  by  LUTH  EH  TUC7vE  R , 


*8 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


March  19,  1831 


SELECTION.?. 


Setectcdfor  the  Grnr.see  Farmer,  by  D.  T. 
From  Lawrenco'a  Gardening,  printed  in  1717. 

At  my  first  coming  to  my  parish,  I  found 
-iom.o  difficulty  to  preserve  my  fraitfrom  rol) 
hers  ;  hereupon  I  resolved  upon  this  strata- 
gem I  ordered  t lie  smith  to  make  a  large  iron 
trap,  with  formidable  teeth,  to  close  within 
another,  which  was  called  a  %nan  Imp.  This 
was  hung  Up  several  weeks',  at  the  smith's 
shop,  in  tcrrorem,  giving  it  out,  that  now  there 
would  be  great  danger,  if  any  one  should  at- 
atten-ipt  to  rob  my  garden.  This,  without  set- 
tin"  the  trap,  succeeded  to  my  wish, and  I  have 
Mot  been  since  rf-bbed  these  12  years. 

It  is  very  convenient  to  have  a  large  cistern 
,.r  Htono  trough — and  if  it  should  be  thoughi  i 
difficult  to  procure  such  a  sort  of  slone  as] 
will  endure  the  hard  frosts  in  the  winter;  as  a 
romedy  for  this,  I  made  an  experiment  upon 
a  very  brittle  stone  trough, — which  the  mason  I 
told  tne  would  not  endure  the  frost, — and  it 
succeeded  according  to  my  expectaiions.  I 
used  it  for  salting  meat  in  the  bouse,  far  two 
or  three  months,  till  1  thought  it  was  thorough- 
ly soaked  with  brine,  and  then  set  it  abroad  ; 
and  it  has  already  endured  six  winters,  and 
defied  even  the,  great  frosts  in  1708. 


From  the  New  England  Farmer. 
FARMER'S  WORK  FOR  MARCH. 
Cattle  should  be  liberally  suppl.ed  with  food 
from  this  time  till  they  can  be  turned  to  grass. 
As  straw  and  hay  become  drier  than  they  were 
:  n  the  fore  part  of  the  winter, the  supply  should 
be  greater,  and  the  quanlity  of  roots  which  you 
give  them  had  better  he  increased  than  dimin- 
ished. Potatoes  are  better  food  for  breeding 
ewes  than  turnips,  which  it  is  said  are  apt  to 
injure  the  lambs. 

Dress  with  stable,  compost,  hog  pen, or  such 
other  well  rotted  manure  as  you  have,  such 
grass  ground  as  you  have  neglected  in  au- 
tumn; three  loads  now,  may  he  i-qual  to  two 
then  :  hut  it  is  best  to  secure  a  good  crop  even 
now.  Your  winter  grain  should  bo  now  dres- 
sed with  plaster,  if  it  was  neglected  at  seed 
time  :  your  mowing  grounds  which  are  upon  a 
dry  soil,  will  pay  you  well  for  a  bushel  or  two 
of  piaster,  or  a  few  bushels  of  lime  or  leached 
ashes  to  the  acre. 

Your  orchards  continue  to  claim  your  atten- 
tion— give  to  eaclt  tree  a  top  dressing  of  your 
best  chip,  stable,  or  compost  manure  ;  your 
fruit  will  richly  repay  besides  the  extra  profits 
upon  your  grass  under  your  tress,  whether 
mowing  or  pasture.logether  with  the  growth  of 
your  trees. 

Look  to  your  water  courses,  and  change 
their  direction,  to  receivo  the  benefit  of  the 
spring  rains ;  the  frequent  changing  of  vour 
water  courses  will  render  your  mowing  even, 
and  prevent  one  part  from  becoming  rank,  and 
lodging  before  the  other  part  is  fit  to  cut,  and 
thus  turn  to-your  best  pro-lit,  that  which  if  neg- 
lected, would  become  waste  and  damage. 

Do  not  permit  the  carcases  of  dead  animals, 
such  as  lambs,  cats.  Ac.  to  contaminate  your 
premises,  and  poison  its  inhabitants.  When 
tlomeslicatod  animals  die,  it  is  the  common 
prnctice  to  let  them  rot  above  the  gronud. — 
TJiis  is  suro  to  annoy  the  neighbaurhoori.  If 
the  stencil  from  the  animal  be  too  distant  to 
contaminate  the  air,  dogs  are  fond  of  carrion, 
and  after  they  have  gorged  themselves  with  it, 
become  insufferable  inmates  to  the  families  to 
which  they  belong.  The  dead  animal  should 
be  laid  on  a  thy:k  layer  of  earth,  and  well  co 
voted  with  the  same  material.  After  the  co 
vering  has  sunk  in,  and  the  earth  has  absorbed 
the  animal  matter, the  compost  will  not  be  more 
offensive  than  slaughler  house  dung,  provided 

a  sutlicieuey   of  earth  has  been  employed. 

They  should  be  hauled  to  the  field  during  win- 
tor,  and  ploughed  under  us  soon  as  frost  will 
tpermit.  The  same  should  also  be  done  when 
■fight  soil  is  osed. 

Sir  Hufnplrrev   D;cvv   ol^tyVed'  flint   <*  Ma- 


nures from  animal  substances,  in  general  re- 
quire no  preparation  to  fit  them  for  the  soil. — 
The  great  object  of  the  farmer  is  to  blend  them 
with  earthy  constituents,  in  a  proper  state  of 
division,  and  to  prevent  their  too  rapid  decom- 
!  position. 

The  .ntire  parts  of  tho  muscles  of  land  ani- 
mals are  not  commonly  used  as  a  manure, 
though  there  are  many  cases  in  which  such  an 
application  might  bo  easily  made.  Horses, 
dogs,  sheep,  deer,  and  other  quadrupeds,  that: 
have  died  accidentally,  or  of  disease,  afierj 
their  skins  are  separated,  are  often  suffered  toj 
remain  exposed  to  the  air,  or  immersed  in  wa- 
ter,till  they  are  destroyed  by  birds  or  beasts  of 
prey, or  entirely  decomposed  ;  and  in  this  case, . 
j  most  of  their  organized  matter  is  iost  for  the 
land  on  which  they  lie,  and  a  considerable  por- 
lion  of  it  employed  in  giving  off  noxious  gases  I 
to  I  he  atmosphere. 

By  covering  dead  animals  with  five  or  six 
times  their  bulk  of  soil,  mixed  with  one  purl 
of  lime,  and  guttering  (hem  to  remain  for  a  few] 
months, their  decomposition  would  impregnate! 
the  soil  with  soluble  matter,  soasto  render  it. 
an  excellent  manure;  and  by  mixing  a  little 
fresh  quick  lime  with  it  at  the  lime  ol  its  re- 
moval, the  disagreeable  effluvia  would  be  iu  a 
great  measure  destroyed  ;  and  it  might  be  ap- 
plied in  the  same  way  as  any  other  manure 
to  crops. 

Procure  the  very  best  of  garden  seeds,  and 
other  seeds  for  the  ensuing  season.  If  you 
mean  to  deserve  the  character,  and  realize 
the  profits  of  a  good  cultivator,  you  will  see 
that  every  arlicle  of  use  in  your  honorable  vo- 
cation, is  among  the  best  of  its  kind-  You 
must  plant  good  seeds,  or  you  will  not  grow 
good  vegetables,  possess  good  breeds  of  do- 
mestic animals,  or  your  slock  will  not  be  so 
valuable  as  it  might  and  ought  to  bu.  If  your 
tools  and  implements  are  not  the  best,  you  will 
waste  much  strength  to  little  purpose,  when 
you  attempt  to  use  them. 

Those  plants,  which  you  wish  might  yield  a 
forward  crop,  such  as  garden  peas,  beans,  &c. 
may  be  sown  very  early  iu  the  spring,  and  very 
thick  in  hoi  houses,  or  under  hot  bed  frames, 
or  the  south  side  of  walls,  and  transplanted 
when  they  are  one  or  two  inches  high,  into 
ihe  places  in  which  they  are  intended  to  stand 
for  a  crop. 

Your  ploughs,  harrows,  carls,  hoes,  rakes, 
&.C.  should  be  inspected  and  put  in  readiness 
for  use.  They  will  last  the  lunger  if  painted 
or  covered  with  some  suitable  composition. — 
Covering  wood  repeatedly  with  oil  or  grease, 
will  have  a  tendency  to  preserve  it.  Where  tools 
or  implements  are  exposed  in  the  field,  a  good 
part  of  the  year,  they  require  to  be  new  pain 
ted  at  least  every  second  year.  This  applies 
as  well  to  the  iron  as  to  the  wood,  both  of 
which  should  he  kept  coated,  as  far  as  practi- 
cable, with  paint  or  oil. 

It  will  soon  bo  (if  it  is  not  now)  ihe  proper 
season  for  pruning  fruit  trees.     London   says, 
'•  For  all  the  operations  of  pruning  which  are 
•performed  ou  the  branches  or  shoots  of  trees, : 
'it  would   appear   the  period  immediately  be-  j 
]  fore,  or  commensurate  with  the  rising  ot  the  J 
sap,  is  the  best."       Col.  Pickering  observed, 
"  ftjy  practice  has  been  to  prune  in  tlic   spring, 
beginning  when  the  bads  have  scarcely   begun  I 
to  swell,  aud  coiling   before   the  expansion   of 
tho    leaves        llui  1  never   leave   '  slumps'  of 
lin.bs.     Every  branch  that   is  taken  away,   is; 
cot  close  and  even  with  the  stem  or  limb  where 
it  grows;   and  llie  healing  of  the  wound  com 
ineiicesixail  proceeds  kindly  as  vegetation  ad- 
vances.      II  the  branch  cut  off  bo  largo,   the 
wound   should  bo  covered   with  some  kiud  of 
plaster." 

Here  follows  the  communication  of  our  qor- 
respondent  D.  T.  on  pruning,  for  which  sue 
number  3,  of  this  paper. 


MAPLE  ^UGAR. 

As  the  season  for  making  maple  sugar  is  ap- 
proaching, we  think  it  may  be  of  use  to  some 
of  our  readers  to  attend  to  the  following  di- 
rections. 

Scald  your  buckets  for  catching  sap,  before 
tapping  the  trees. 

The  sap  should  be  kept  clean  from  dir; 
through  the  process  of  boiling. 

Avoid  leaving  your  sap  long  in  an  iron  kettle 
as  the  rust  will  give  it  a  dark  color. 

When  nearly  boiled  down  to  syrup  or  thin 
molasses  a  little  lime  thrown  into  the  kettle 
will  be  of  use. 

At  this  stage  of  boiling,  as  well  as  in  sugar- 
ing off,  care  should  he  taken  to  avoid  heating 
the  top  of  the  kernel  too  hot,  or  any  other  way 
burning,  as  it  will  injure  the  colour,  and  Ihe  fla- 
vor of  the  *ugnr. 

When  thi  syrup  is  boiled  down,  turn  it  while 
hot,  into  a  clean  wooden  vessel  ;  let  it  stand 
two  or  three  days  and  settle  ;  then  turn  \'. 
carefully  from  the  dirt  at  the  bottom, and  strain 
it. 

Hang  it  ovor  a  gentle  fire,  and  when  it  is 
warm,  stir  in  one  pint  of  milk  to  four  or  five 
gallons  of  syrup,  which  will  rise  as  it  begins 
lo  boil,  and  must  be  taken  off  will)  a  skimmer. 

If  you  wish  to  make  your  sugar  very  nice 
coo!  it  until  one  half  or  two  ihirds  will  grain  . 
torn  it  hot  into  a  light  cask  ;  let  it  stand  until 
it  is  grained  at  the  bottom.  Turn  off  the  mo- 
lasses, and  turn  the  cask  botiom  npwards  ove" 
some  vessel  to  catch  what  will  drop;  then 
set  vour  cask  upright,  and  what  moisture  re 
mains  will  settle  to  the  bottom,  leaving  the 
tup  dry,  and  the  sugar  will  he  of  a  superiol 
quality. — Osi«c»»  Pallad. 


CiARDElV  SEEDS. 

THE  subscribers  ur>:  now  roaily  to  receive  the  spring 
I  orders  of  their  customers,  having  received  by  the  Sove- 
reign, from   London,  and  by  arrivals  from  France  auc 
j  Holland,  a  ciioice  assortment  of  Garden,  Field  &  Flow- 
er  seeds— among  which,    are  many   hue  sorts   of  enrry 
|  Cabbage  ;  early  and  Iato  Cauliflower  ;  purple  Cupe  Ilro- 
jcole  ;  early  scarlet  Radish  ;   Mangel  \Vur2cll  :  Sir  Join. 
Sinclair's  uew  Silver  tlcets,  (a  very  luxuriant  anil  vain  - 
jablo   vegetable);  Bishop's  early  Dlrarf  Prolific  Pent. 
75  emits  per  rjuart.     These  peas  need  no   rcconinienda 
tion  i  itmuv  who  iiad  them  last  season  attest  to  theirsii- 
perior  quality — they  were  introduced  by   aScotcu  Gar- 
dener, named    Bishop,   1827,  in    London,,  and  so  great'' 
was  their  reputation, that  they  s.dd   for  one   guinea  per 
pint  ;  they  are  remarkably  early,  very  productive,  an.: 
grow  only  twelve  inches  high — should  be  planted  three 
inches  apart,  as  they  spread  liko  u  fan  ;  they  coiuiucucc. 
blooming  when  only  three  inches  high. 

Also,  a  few  pounds  suporior  white  Mulberry  Seed 
growth  lS3u,prico59  cents  per  oz.  or  6 dolls,  per  pound 
Perennial  llyo  Grass  ;  Orchard  Grass  ;  tine  early  Pota 
toes  ;  English  Windsor  lieaus -,  Green  Nonpareil  Beans 
Ate.  iyc. 

Bird  Seed  of  every  sort :  fresh  Emhdon  Grotts  ;  Oat 
Meal  i  Barley  Meal;  Kice  Floor;  Shaker's  Parched 
Corn  ;  Medicinal  Herbs  ;  Barks  and  Roots  in  great,  va- 
riety. 

Also,  40  bushels  fine  white  Mustard  Seed,  received,  by 
the  Columbia  and  Hudson,  late  LoudoD  arrivals;  this 
Seod  was  selected  expressly  for  Medicine— is  qurte  frer 
ofdust  and  impurity 

Gentloiuen  supplied  with  Gardeners, by  the  dav, loom* 
or  year.  O.  THOKBURN  &  SONS. 

Feb.  29— G  F  C  w        67  Liberty  street,  New  Vorkt 


Who  is  the  best  F«nner  !  Not  lie  who  lias 
the  largest  firm  or  the  tno9t  land.  But  he 
who  does  all  his  wOfik  aj  flye  rrfehtr  Oih'o,,  apd 
iti  flie  trglu  Vf  try 


MEYV  CATALOGUE.— PRICKS  REDUCED. 

Linntan  Botanic  Garden  and  Jfurscriit,  a&l'lusjiinj/ 
near  TVetr-lorft. 

WM.  PRINCE  &  SONS,  proprietors  of  this  establish" 
ment,  now  announce  that  llu)  great  extension  made  in 
their  establishment,  which  now  covers  nearly  TiD  acre? 
compactly  lilted  with  U»e  choicest  Trees,  Shrubs,  &c. 
has  enabled  them  to  reduce  tho  prices  for  various  kinds . 
and  their  new  Catalogue  with  the  rcdooed  prices  will  I. 
speedily  presented  to  the  public,  when  it  may  bo  ob- 
tained of  the  various  ageou,  or  by  application  to  them 
selves  diu-ct  by  mail*  The  greatest  attcnttcai  and  thr- 
J  strictest  srrutiuy  have  baeu  exercised  in  regard  to  the 
[quality  and  accuracy  of  their  Trees,  una.  they  are  of  a 
larger  sj-.ee  than  at  any  previous  period  Aware  thai  the 
establishment  oX  Nurseries  in  every  part  ojf  olrt  ronutry 
woutd  be  a  national  uuv.-image,  they  will  furnish ajl  sur- 
plies  ,11  such  cases  at  a  liberal  discount,  ajid  at  a  credit 
to  comport  with  1  he  convenience  0/  ihe  purchasers.  An^ 
information  desired  will  be  tarnished  by  return  majl,  ti 
those  who  desire  it.oud  all  orders  <ye.  Will  receive  thi 
acteosioinrd  attention  "Bd  despatch. 

Those  who  desire  any  iidilitiouul  uit'oruunkfti  respect-  - 
ing  tjio  establishment,  or  who  wish  to  send  utders  fir 
rrcoai   SIlTUtut,  etc   are  retjueatcil  to  coll  on    A-  KKV. 
NOM1S,  in  the  Arcade.  Bin  door  belo\v^licPK?t  Q/fivv  ,. 
who  is  an  ajithnrr.3!!l  agent  of  /Jrts  OBb,Rli|i7e,'f-. 

Riie,1te-- ;.;f\ *,'r->:--,>  I'J'.li.T-'.'l  F» 


mmmm.  ^®Lmmmm* 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  MARCH   26,   1831. 


NUMBFR   12. 


THK    U  K  IS  E  S  K  E     FARMER 

AND    GARDKNKr's    JOURNAL. 

iDovotedto  Agriculturo,  Horticulture,  Doinestio  l.rorio 

qiv.  &.C-  &c. 

N.  GOODS!  LL,  EDITOR 

Published  on  Sat  ui  days,  at  $2  50  per  anndm, 

payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  the 

time  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tuckfr.  at 

the  office  of  the   Roithester  Daily   Advertiser. 


COIHOTTJNICA  riONS. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FIRMER. 
CIDER. 

Cider,  as  well  as  all  other  fermented  liquors 
is  benefited  by  close  fermentation.  \U  car- 
bonic acid  gas  in  the  original  must  or  juice,  (if 
there  were  any,)  or  all  that  may  be  generated 
in  the  process  of  fermentation  should  be  re 
tamed  if  practicable.  Therefore  the  juice 
should  be  put  in  a  strong  cask,  before  any  fer- 
mentation commences.  Every  thing  that  has  a 
tendency  to  clear  the  juice  of  the  pulp  and  o- 
ther  matter,  and  charge  it  with  carbonic  acid 
gas,  will  give  that  lively  zest  which  is  so  highly 
prised  in  fermented  liquors. 
The  first  thing  should  be  to  run  the  apple  juice 
through  a  rectifier,  made  by  laying  flannels  in 
the  bottom  of  a  cask,  over  which  should  he  a 
layer  of  pounded  limestone,  made  very  fine, 
then  a  layer  of  charcoal,  recently  burned  and 
made  fine.  Running  the  juice  through  this 
will  deprive  it  of  nearly  all  ihat  would  make 
lees. 

The  enrbonic  acid  gas  may  be  retained  in  the 
liqnor  by  fitting  to  the  bung  hole  of  each  cask 
a  safety  valve  which  may  be  made  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner: 

Lay  upoti  the  hung  hole  some  twenty  or 
thirty  leaves  from  the  grape  vine,  or  some  oili- 
er large  leaved  plant,  such  as  will  not  imparl 
an  unpleasant  taste  to  the  cider,  on  these  place 
a  small  piece  of  board,  and  i.pon  it  as  much 
weight  as  the  strength  of  the  cask  will  bear 
Thus,  much  of  the  gas  may  be  retained,  and 
the  remainder  can  pass  off  by  raising  the 
weight  upon  the  leaves. 

If  your  casks  are  musty,  or  otherwise  not 
sweet,  they  must  be  rendered  so  by  what  is 
called  matching,  or  stumming  them.  For  this 
purpose  take  a  strip  of  linnen  or  cotton  cloth, 
about  a  foot  long,  more  or  less,  dip  it  ,n  mel- 
ted brimstone. set  one  end  on  fire, and  drop  it  in- 
to the  bung  hole  of  the  cask,  holding  the  oiher 
in  yourfingers.  and  pressing  the  bung  in  gently 
with  the  end  of  the  match  by  the  side  of  it. — 
Let  it  remain  in  this  situation  for  an  hour  or 
two.  and  if  on  removing  the  bung  any  of  the 
musty  smell  remains  in  'he  cask,  the  mUohing 
must  be  repealed 

The  practice  of  putting  cider  trora  the  press 
into  open  vns  or  tubs  to  ferment,  that  the  pu 
mice  may  rise, or  the  clear  liquor  be  drawn  from 
"under  the  scum,  is  undoubtedly  a  bad  one,  and 
it  is  useless,  for  if  it  is  passed  through  a  rectifi 
er.  that  will  e'.ear  it  effectually.  Besides  re- 
fining it,  the  coal  will  give  it  a  beautiful  amber 
oolour,  w'nh  the  mellowness  common  to  white 
wines.  Bottle  the  cider  in  March,  and  when 
it  is  a  year  old,  if  it  is  well  managed,  it  will 
sparkle  like  champaigne,  and  if  made  froua 
unripe  fruit,  it  will  sparkle  mure  than  when 
made  from  ripe  fruit. 

If  you  wish  at  any  period  of  the  fermenta- 
tion to  stop  its  further  progress. it  may  be  done 
fty  adding  one  ounce  of  sulphate  of  potash  to 
a  barrel,  which  will  n  't  affect  the  flavor  of  the 
cider.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that  some  kinds 
of  apples  are  better  for  cider  than  others, 
and  that  some  countries  produce  belter  fru't, 
ooth  for  cider  and  the  table  than  others;  foi 
instance,  those  from  France  ate  better  than 
those  from  England.  About  Detroit  and  the 
western  end  of  Lake  Erie,  the  apples  are  bet 
ter  than  those  of  the  eastern  states:  the  ori- 
ginal stooire  of  the  former  were  from  France, 


while  orchards-  raiser)  from  seeds  brought  from 
:Vew  England  are  inferior  to  those  raised  from 
French  stocks,  for  cider,  as  the  juice  from  the 
latter  contains  more  saccharine  matter. 

Yours,  &c.        B.  F.  STICKNEY. 
Port  Lawrence,  (Michigan)  Feb.  7th,  1831. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Mb.  Editor— If  you  think  the  following 
wotihy  of  a  place  in  your  very  useful  paper, 
you  will  notice  it.  Although  apparently  insig- 
nificant, it  is  of  much  importance  to  breviers. 
and  a  serious  injury  to  young  calveH — it  is  a 
remedy  for  the  scottrs,llte  natural  consequence 
attending  the  feeding  of  young  calves  with  a- 
nv  other  food  than  new  milk.  I  have  prac- 
ticed it  this  season  with  a  number  of  calves,  and 
have  had  entire  success. 

The  course  I  pursue,  is  simply  to  add  a  little 
pulverized  chalk  to  their  food  at  every  meal. 
I  have  experienced  more  inconvenience  from 
this  malady  than  any  other  attendant  upon  the 
rearing  of  calves.  The  great  benefit  to  be  de 
rived  from  il,  is  in  being  able  to  have  the  use 
of  a  greater  portion  of  the  milk,  at  the  season 
when  most  wanted,  as  skimmed  milk  boiled, 
with  the  addition  of  a  little  meal,  is  as  good  as 
the  new  milk,  with  a  small  feed  of  dry  bran 
and  hay  twice  a  day. 

Calves  treated  in  this  manner  through  the 
summer,  have  decidedly  the  advantage  over 
those  that  are  brought  up  on  ihe  cow.  They 
are  much  more  hearty — are  not  so  dainty  of 
what  they  eat — and  winter  far  better. 

Yours,  vory  respectfully,         A  Breeder. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

In  the  Genesee  Farmer,  page  G2,  informa- 
tion relative  to  the  extent  of  the  snow  storm 
which  occurred  at  Rochester,  on  the  22d  ami 
23d  ultimo,  is  requested ;  and  iu  compliance 
wnli  that  notice,  I  present  the  following  mem- 
oranda made  at  Greaifield. Cayuga  county  : 

2  mo  22.  In  the  morning,  the  sun  was  jus' 
discernable  through  the  clouds.  Yvfind,  model 
ato,  south-south-east.  Half  past  2  o'clock  P. 
M.  it  began  to  snow— about  an  inch  fell  At 
sunset,  it  became  calm;  and  soon  after  the 
wind  sot  in  very  moderately  from  north-north- 
east. A  cold  rain  through  the  night — not  warm 
enough  to  melt  all  the  light  snow  of  the  prece- 
ding day. 

23.  Wind  north-west  by  north.  Grew  cold 
very  suddenly  in  the  morning.  Very  sinanlar 
figures  of  frost-work  appeared  on  the  board 
fences,  two  inches  across,  finely  curved  like 
feathers  or  the  curled  foliage  of  the  vine  — 
A'  11  o'clock  it  began  to  snow  very  moderate 

■y- 

24.  Continued  to  snow  a  little  from  the 
north-west  till  noon— then  cleared  up.  This 
was  a  light  snow  of  only  two  or  three  inches. 

In  a  letter  dated  the  23d  ult.  near  Montrose. 
Su-quehanna  comity,  in  Pennsylvania, the  wri- 
ter remarked  "  It  is  now  raining  here,  the  rner 
cury  is  up  to  40  " 

It  appears  that  the  freezing  wind  from  the 
N.  W.  by  N.  which  prevailed  at  this  place  in 
the  morning,  had  not  reached  Montrose  at  ihe 
time  that  letter  was  written. 

As  '  continuation  of  my  remarks  on  north- 
east  storms,  1  add  the  following  : 

1  mo.  31.  Thin  elouds  from  the  S.  W.  Wind 
S.  S.  E.     In  the  evening  it  began  to  snow 

2d  mo.  1.  Morning.  Wind  N.  N.  W.  Depth 
of  ibis  snow  was  8  or  9  inches. 

Mem.  It  appeared  by  the  newspapers  that  a: 
ihis  lime  a  north-east  storm  raged  on  our  sea 
coast.  D.  T 

FOR   THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

The  olfactories  of  some  people  are  kepi 
mostly  employed  while  they  are  ranging  thro' 
a  flower  garden  ;  and  the  odours  of  the  Inn 
cinth,  the  sweet  violet, some  lulips,  the  honey- 
suckle, the  rose, and  many  others, present  pow- 
erful inducement's  for  the   jjruosjee  ;  {nit  ih,c 


following  brief  extracts  from  Loudon's  Ency- 
clopedia of  Plants,  show  that  caution  is  neces- 
sary in  some  cases. 

Narcissus.  Derived  from  a  Greek  word  sig- 
nifying '-stupor,  on  account  of  the  dangerous 
effecls  produced  by  the  smell,  even  of  the  least 
perfumed  kinds,  upon  the  nerves.  For  this 
reason  [the]  Nurcissus  was  consecrated  tn  '.ho 
Furies,  who  by  means  of  it  were  [supposed! 
to  stupify  those  whom  they  wished  lo  punish." 
In  that  volume  55  species  of  At<it«ssks  are  enu- 
merated, including  the  Daffodils,  Jonquils,  and 
Polyanthus-Narcissus. 

Aconilumrapellus — Monk's  hood.  "  Some 
persons  only  by  taking  in  the  effluvia  of  the 
herb  in  full  flower  by  the  nostrils,  have  been 
seized  with  swooning  fits,  and  have  lost  their 
sight  for  two  or  three  days."  P. 

Grorelnnd,  MarchlGth,  1831. 

Mr.  Editor — I  was  highly  gratified  when 
the  publication  of  your  useful  paper  was  first- 
announced,  and  my  name  is  in  Ihe  list  of  your 
subscribers.  Your  importunate  appeals  to 
practical  farmers,  for  any  communications 
which  oan  be  useful  or  entertaining,  upon  ag- 
ricultural subjects,  have  induced  me  to  address 
you.  although  I  have  nothing  very  important  to 
offer;  as  indeed,  I  think  a  little  of  mere  chit- 
chat on  such  subjects,  between  farmers,  may 
be  useful. 

In  the  first  place,  sir,  allow  me  to  inquire, 
whether  Horse  Beans,  which  are  so  commonly 
.and  extensively  grown  all  over  Europe,  aro 
cultivated  in  any  part  of  Western  N.  York  1 
They  are  of  very  great  importance  in  the  hus- 
bandry of  England,  and  are  mixed  with  oats 
for  feeding  hard  working  horses,  all  over  the 
kingdom,  being  very  nutritious.  They  suc- 
ceed best  on  clays  and  loams,  the  richer  the 
better.  This  crop,  well  cultivated,  proves  an 
excellent  preparation  for  yvheat.  They  should 
he  drilled  in  rows  about  27  inches  asunder  s» 
is  to  allow  a  plough  to  work  between  them. 
If  the  experience  of  last  season  may  be  relied 
upon  for  the  future,  they  will  come  off  tha 
ground  immediately  after  wheat  harvest,  thus 
allowing  ample  time  for  one  ploughing,  prepar- 
atory to  sowing  the  same  land  with  wheat. 

I  sowed  a  few  last  year  on  the  flats, but  they 
were  injured  by  a  flood  in  the  summer, and  the 
crop,  not  yet  thrashed,  will  be  small;  the  sam- 
ple is,  however,  very  good.  I  shall  try  them, 
again  this  year,  under  more  favorable  circum- 
stances. 

I  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  any  farmer  who 
s  in  the  practice  of  sowing  spring  wheat.  Tri- 
iu.nm  Ostitmm— what  is  the  period  which  he 
finds  best  for  sowing  it.  The  latter  end  of  A- 
nrtl  is  thought  the  best  season  in  England  ;  but 
i  suppose  it  should  be  sown  earlier  here, as  the 
great  heats  of  summer  come  on  so  very  soon 
after  vegetation  Do  you  know  a  species  of 
wheat,  called  in  England,  Talavera  ?  It  is.as 
yon  would  infer  from  the  name,  a  Spanish  va- 
riety, introduced  in  England,  during  the  Pen- 
insular War. 

The  millers  there  prefer  it  to  any  other  kind 
It  is  a  large,  full,  white  grain,  the  bran  remar- 
kably thin7  Very  litile  of  it  is  sown  there,  as 
the  summers  are  seldom  so  dry  and  warm  as 
its  constitution  reqit'ues,  I  procured  a  little 
of  the  seed  from  England, the  produce  efl82S, 
but  it  was  so  much  grown  out,  owing  to  the 
wet  harvest  of  that  year,  that  hardly  one  gram 
n  ten  vegetated  :  still  I  hope  that  I  saall  he 
able  to  save  enough  to  give  it  a  fair  trial. 

1  shall  feel  obliged  for  any  details  of  the  ac- 
tual produce  of  Hemp  per  acre,  both  in  quan- 
tity aud  price,  as  also  of  the  expense.  Is  there 
any  where  in  this  part  of  the  country,  one  of, 
those  patent  machines,  which  are  said  to  sn> 
persede  tbe  necessity  of  rotting  it  ? 

lam,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

A  8R0VEri>si>  SAinisT.: 


90 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  26,  1831 


FOR  THE  CENESEE  FARMER. 

Mr.  Editor — Enclosed  in  the  accompany- 
ing letter,  I  have  received  the  seeds  and  de- 
scriptions therein  mentioned  ;  and  as  its  partic- 
ular habits, and  periods  of  ripening  its  seeds,arc 
unknown  to  me,  I  have  thought  it  advisable  to 
plant  them  in  pots,  in  order  to  bring  them  for- 
ward as  early  as  possible  for  transplanting. 

That  evory  facility  may  be  jiven  to  try  the 
experiment, on  as  extended  a  scale  as  the  quan- 
tity of  seed  will  admit,  I  shall  be  happy  to 
distribute  the  plants  among  the  members  of 
the  Society,  as  soon  as  they  shall  be  in  season, 
of  which  notice  will  be  given  through  the  rne- 
dillm  of  vour  journal. 

From  the  English  -ieseription,  if  it  should 
not  prove  a  RiUa  Baga  or  Mangel  WuriztU  bub 
ble,  and  unfilled  both. to  our  climate  and  rural 
economy,  it  may  prove  not  only  a  valuable 
ortcn  crop,  bur  a  curious  and  ornamental  item 
in  our  list  of  herbaceous  exotics. 

Acco'ding  to  the  Liniiren  system  ofBotany, 
it  is  refeired  to  class  Pentandria,  order  Mono- 
gynia 

The  donsr  will  please  to  accept  my  own  and 
- Ii . ■  Society's  thanks  for  his  polite  attention 
and  donation.     Yours,  &c. 

March 22, 1831.  L  B.  LANGWORTHY. 

Rochester,  March  17,  1831. 

Dear  Sir — While  I  was  at  Quebec,  on 
business,  the  oast  season. 1  became  acquainted 
with  Mr  Myers,  recently  from  Ipswich,  Eng- 
land, who  presented  me  with  a  few  seeds  of 
the  Prickly  Comfiey,  a  new  species  of  lood  for 
cattle,  which  was  originally  discovered  by  a 
Traveller  at  Caucasus  between  the  Mountains, 
near  the  Caspian  Sea.  For  particulars  in  re- 
gard to  the  value  of  the  plant,  I  refer  you  in 
the  accompanying  certificates.  It  struck  me 
very  forcibly  lint  it  might  be  cultivated  to  great 
advantage  in  the  valley  of  the  Genesee;  I 
therefore  present  the  seeds  !  obtained, through 
you  to  the  Monro-  Horticultural  Society,  as 
one  of  their  officers,  hoping  it  may  be  found 
useful  to  our  agiiculturists.  1  am.  sir,  your 
ob't  servant.  SAMUEL  MURDOCH.. 

L.  B.  Langworthv, 

Ouo  of  the  Cor,  Sec'y'sof  the  M.  II.  Society. 

A  Letter  addressed  to  ihe  Right  Honorable  Lord  Fnrn- 
burough,  on  the  cultivation  of  the  Symphytum  Asper- 
rimuni,  or  Prickly  Comfrey,  a  new  species  of  green 
food  fur  cattle  ;  a  hardy  perennial  of  gigantic  growth, 
introduced  from  Caucasus,  as  an  Ornamental  Plant. 
My   I. ouo — Some  years  back  I  happened  to 

have  two  of  the  above  plant-  growing  near  an 


open  fence,  where  my  cati  le  passe  I  daily.     As 

sprung   up,  so  that  they  could  reach 

it,  they    feu  on  ii    with    the    greatest   avidity; 


the  following  ye  u  they  did  the  same.  1  then 
thoughi,  if  it  should  prove  wholesome.it  might 
be  turned  to  good  account,  as  green  food  tor 
cattle  generally  ;  and  in  consequence,  I  set  a 
bout  increasing  it,  ami  have  fed  horses,  cows, 
sheep,  pigs  and  geese  with  it,  and  they  have 
all  done  well ;  and,  as  it  is  of  such  wonderful 
growth,  and  may  be  cut  successively  from  A- 
pril  to  October,  it  may  be  cultivated  to  great 
advantage. 

For  horses,  to  be  put  in  racks,  spread  on 
pastures,  or  the  green  stalks  to  be  rui  with 
chaff,  it  will  be  found  most  useful.  About  two 
out  of  three  will  take  it  upon  tho  first  trial; 
the  others  will  soon  follow  ;  and  when  once 
th  tasle  is  acquired,  they  will  never  leave  it. 
My  neighbour,  Moorey,  the  Veterinary  Sur- 
aeon,  hail  a  young  mare,  lasi  autumn,  very  bad 
with  the  strangles,  so  much  so,  that  she  had 
left  off  feeding  ;  bethought  of  the  Comfrey, 
and  sent  for  soiue  ;  she  immediately  began  to 
feed  on  it,  and  she  s  ion  gol  well  :  he  considers 
that,  on  account  of  its  oily  nature,  it  was  of 
the  greatest  service. 

Cows  do  not  take  it,  in  the  first  instance,  so 
freely  as  the  horse  ;  but  they  will  soon  take  to 
it,  and  then  are  quite  as  eager  for  it.  In  J 827, 
(  fed  the  worst  cow  I  had,  entirely  upon  ii,  for 
some  length  of  tune;  she  did  well,  and  milk 
od  bet'er  than  -h<  h  id  done  before.  The 
.ream  was  ;bickcr,  and  good  flavored. 


For  sneYp  and  lambs  it  is  very  good  ;  they 
will  eat  it  freely.  Lambs  will  all  feed  on  it 
before  they  area  month  old;  and  as  itissucli 
a  very  early  plant,  it  will  immediately  follow 
the  turnips.  For  the  first  crop  of  leaves  to  he 
fed  off  before  the  flowering  stalks  rise,  care 
being  taken  not  to  feed  too  hard,  so  as  to  da- 
mage the  crowns  of  the  plants;  lobe  spread 
on  pastures,  or  put  in  racks  in  the  folds,  on 
fallows,  it  will  be  found  of  grpat  service. 

For  pigs  it  is  very  useful,  they  oat  it  freely, 
and  do  well,  I  kept  a  sow  chiefly  on  it  with 
twelve  pigs,  and  she  brought  them  up  well  ; 
they  all  fed  on  it  before  they  were  three  weeks 
old.  Geese  do  well  with  it;  the  young  ones 
will  feed  on  it  as  soon  as  hatched. 

I  have  no  hesitation,  my  Lord,  in  pronoun- 
cing it  a  most  valuable  discovery,  as  it  will 
grow  in  all  soils  and  situations,  superior  to  a- 
ny  other  plant ;  it  may  be  planted  by  the  sides 
of  ditches  in  anv  waste  corner  of  fields,  or- 
ctiards,  gardens,  &c.  where  useless  rubbish 
grows  ;  it  is  a  plant  thai  no  one  can  lose  by,  as 
the  only  expense  is  the  purchase  of  a  few  in 
the  first  instance,  as  it  may  soon  he  increased 
to  any  quantity,  and  when  once  established,  I 
believe,  it  will  last  forever.  I  never  knew  a 
plant  to  die,  and  I  know  some  that  have  stood 
more  than  twenty  years,  and  are  as  full  of  vi- 
gour now  as  they  have  ever  been.  It  is  now 
ready  for  cutting,  which  shows  it  is  a  plant 
of  such  early  growth,  that  it  must  come  into 
general  use. 

I  have  no  doubt  but  in  a  few  years,  it 
will  be  cut  and  carried  in  bundles,  and  sold  a- 
bout  the  streets  of  London,  and  other  great 
lowns,  as  tares,  rye,  clover,  &c.  now  are  ;  as 
it  comes  before,  with  and  after  them,  and  the 
produce  being  so  enornions,  and  the  expense 
so  trifling,  in  comparison  with  all  oilier  crops. 
I  have  out  it  when  more  than  seven  feet  high, 
and  as  thick  as  it  could  stand  on  the  ground. — 
1  once  cut  and  weighed  one  square  rod  ;  the  av- 
enge was  seventeen  tons  three  hundred  per 
acre.  I  have  no  doubt  but  in  the  course  of 
the  year,  the  produce  would  have  been  thirty 
tons. 

I  cannot  undertake  to  say  what  effect  con- 
tinual cutting  may  have  on  the  plant,  or  on  the 
land,  for  tnanj  years  logo. her.  but  as  far  as  I 
have  experienced,  it  does  not  weaken  the 
plant.  I  Have  cut  it  three  times  in  the  year. 
&  found  it  equally  strong  the  following  spring. 

The  proper  distance  for  planting  it,  is  from 
two  to  five  feet  square,  according  to  the  quali- 
ty of  the  land.  Ii  may  be  planted  at  any  time 
of  the  year;  hut,  like  other  herbaceous  planls, 
it  moves  best  when  in  a  growing  stale. 

I  am   mv  L'-rd,  your  obedient  humble  ser'vt, 

March  31   1830.  D.  GRANT. 

A  copy  of  Q   letter,  extracted  from  the  Farmer's  Journal 
ofth.l-ltliof  June,  k-<30. 

Sir — Having  beard  much  of  the  Symphytum 
Jispirrimum,  or  Prickly  Comfrey,  and  having 
had  a  put  of  ii  during  the  sprii.'g,  for  show,  I 
wished  to  see  it  in  its  cultivated  state,  in  the 
ground.  I  went  down  to  Lowishrtm,  last 
week,  for  this  purpo-e,  and  can  assure  you  I 
was  very  much  pleased,  I  u  ay  say  astonished 
at  the  produce  :  it  was  beautifully  in  bloom, 
and  some  of  it  near  seven  feet  high.  AH  Mat 
Mr.  Grant  has  said  of  the  produce  and  quali- 
ty, seems  t<>  be  quite  correct ;  from  the  taste  of 
it,  I  think  there  can  he  no  doubt  but  it  con- 
tains agreat  deal  of  nutritious  matter,  and  is 
wi  II  worth  a  trial. 

I  saw  one  plant  which,  I  was  informed,  had 
been  planted  three  years,  containing  thirty-two 
stalks,  none  of  them  loss  than  six  feel  high, and 
from  one  and  a  half  to  four  inches  in  circumfe- 
rence; 1  also  saw  stalks,  said  to  1 1  i v .  been 
planted  but  fourteen  months,  from  five  to  six 
no  !o  s  in  circumference,  and  seven  feel  high. 

I  am,  Sir,  yours,  $c.     W.  W.  FARNES. 

West  Smtthland,  June  ll th,  1830 

The  plant  containing  the  thirty-two  stalks, 
was  cut  and  u  ighed  in  the  presence  of  Mr, 
VV.  G.  Selby,  of  the  Bridge-house  Farm,  Lew- 


isham,  on  Monday,  the  14th  of  June,  1830,  and 
weighed  56  lbs. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARMER. 

Being  at  Philadelphia  in  in  the  year  1819,  I 
bought  an  Agricultural  Almanac,  embellished 
at  the  heatl  of  each  calendar  p^ge  with  wood 
cuts  descriptive  of  such  rural  labour?  as  seem- 
ed most  appropriate  to  the  month.  I  had  to 
remark,  however,  that  in  all  my  researches  a- 
mong  pictures,  from  the  period  of  my  child- 
hood till  that  day,  I  had  never  seen  any  thing 
so  destitute  of  expression,  as  several  of  these 
figures. 

The  following  year,if  I  mistake  not,  an  Ag 
ricultural  Almanac  was  got  up  by  my  old  friend 
the  Editor  of  ThePlough  Boy;  and  greatly  to 
my  surprise,  the  same  awkward  images  were 
pre-ented  on  his  pages.  Whether  he  procu 
!  red  the  blocks  at  Philadelphia,  or  got  some  Chi- 
nese genius  to  copy  them,  1  know  not;  but 
!from  that  time  we  may  date  the  decline  of  the 
\jine  arts  in  New  York,  as  applied  to  almanac. 
[  making  Either  the  same  blocks,  or  copies  of 
them,  have  been  employed, on  other  almanacs  : 
and  we  presume  more  than  a  hundred  thousand 
impressions  have  been  presented  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  ihe  Old  Genesee  Country. 

Let  any  farmer  look  at  those  (.lu.osv  fellows 
in  the  firs:  picture,  and  say  if  they  ever  had 
hold  of  Jlails  before  1  See  that  creature  with 
au  ax  In  the  next  picture,  and  say  if  he  has  the 
attitude  and  nerve  of  an  American  ?  The  man 
at  the  break  appears  to  he  just  commencing  a 
new  business.  Perhaps  the  best  representa- 
tion is  the  hoy  who  pulls  the  sheep  towards 
the  water  precisely  as  an  awkward  boy  might 
be  expected  to  do.  Both  boy  and  artis'  should 
be  better  taught.  The  prints  from  these  old 
blocks  are  wretchedly  black  and  indistinct ; 
and  1  enter  myprolest  against  those  caricatures. 
Let  our  almanac-makers  throw  away  such 
old  trumperv,and  either  leave  the  spaces  blank, 
or  represent  us  at  our  labors  in  decent   style. 

A  Farmer. 


SELECTION?. 


t-N    RAISING    CALVES. 

Extract  of  a  letter  from  Gorham  Parsons,  Esq.  to  the 
Rev.  Gardener  B ,  Perry. 

Respecting  the  proper  time  and  manner  of 
weaning  calves,  I  have  considered  if  you  in- 
tend raising  the  calf  at  the  time  it  is  calved,  it 
is  best  to  take  it  from  the  cow  the  day  after,  or 
not  to  exceed  two  davs — unless  the  udder  of 
the  cow  is  swollen  01  hard,  then  it  may  require 
the  process  thai  nature  points  out  lor  the  calf, 
the  forcible  application  of  the  head  against  the 
udder,  which  generally  reduces  the  swelling 
and  hard  bunches;  while  either  remain  I  should 
noi  take  away  the  calf.  But  supposing  no 
difficult)  of  that  kind,  the  caif  should  be  taken 
from  the  cow  the  first  day,  or  twelve  hours  al- 
ter it  is  calved, thin  fed  from  a  bucket  or  small 
lub,  with  two  quarts  uf  milk  from  the  cow,  in 
the  morning  and  evening. the  finger  hold  in  tbo 
milk  will  very  soon  induce  the  calflo  suck, and 
in  a  very  short  time  he  will  drink  the  milk  free- 
ly and  readily. 

I  have  h  id  a  piece  of  leather  (upper  leather) 
sewed  together,  of  the  size  and  in  the  form  of 
a  cow's  teat,   a  small  opening    at 'he  top,   the 
bottom  so  cut  as  when  nulled  to  the  bottom  of 
the  bucket  or  tub  with  three   pump  nails,  (be 
milk  will  |iass  under  easily,  and  tlow  to  the  or- 
ifice of  the  teat;  the  calf  will  soon  press  for.it 
with  as  much  earnestness  as  for  that  of  his 
dam,   and  shortly  he  will   be  so  impatient  for 
.us  i.i,  akfasl  and  sapper,  that  tin-   process  of 
tucking  will  tie  too  tedious,  and  he  will  dftVik 
fieely — it  will  not  be  necessarj  to  increase  the 
quaotit)  of  milk  beyond  iwo  quarts  night  and 
morning,  hut  as  be  ad',  a  ices  in  size,  add  a  lu- 
ll   water,  a  pint  at  first,  and  increase  it,  e 
same  Warmth  as  the  in. Ik,    lo  which  add  a  gil 
of  Ind.an  meal,   which  may,  be  increased  to  a 
pint,  al  hough  I  prefer  using  double  the  quan- 
tity of  wheat  bran,  and   ibink  it  far  bettor  for 
milch  cows  than  Ind  an  meal— offer  b'rn  "ecom! 


Vol.  1.— No.  12. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


91 


crop  hay,  (if  before  the  season  for  grass)  he 
will  soon  eat  of  it,  and  may  have  skimmed 
milk  soon  substituted  for  now  milk, made  warm 
with  water,  as  milk  directly  from  the  cow. 

When  four  or  five  weeks  old  he  will  eat 
grass  and  dnnk  water,  and  be  quite  as  large  at 
if  ho  had  taken  ail  the  milk  from  the  cow.—1 
The  saving  of  milk  will  amply  pay  for  the 
trouble,  and  the  calf  will  not  be  stinted  in 
size.  I  think  we  err  in  permitting  calves  to 
suck  to  much  at  first,  even  when  intended  for 
the  butcher.  They  fa!  better  by  beginning 
moderately,  and  increasing  gradually,  as  gor- 
ging is  injurious  to  the  brute  creation  as  well 
as  to  the  human  race. 

Let  a  man  pu' chase  an  animal  as  prepared 
and  presented  ai  cur  cattle  shows  for  premi- 
um, stuffed  and  pampered  for  the  occasion, 
then  let  him  feed  fairly, as  a  good  farmer  would 
and  ought  to  feod,  and  beiore  the  next  cattle 
show,  the  animal  would  be  iiku  the  lean  kine 
of  Pharaoh.  You  see  I  differ  from  many  good 
men  as  to  the  condition  in  which  animals 
should  be  exhibited  at  our  cattle  shows — I  do 
i:ot  mean  the  cattle  as  fitted  for  boef  although 
in  that  case  I  should  lean  to  the  firmer  who 
presented  well  fatted  beef  at  the  least  expense 
I  have  thought  it  better  to  have  rather  small 
enclosures  for  grass  for  calve.',  and  change 
them  every  two  or  three  weeks.  It' the  feed 
should  be  short,  or  the  flies  so  troublesome  as 
to  prevent  their  eating  in  the  day  time,  feed 
with  a  quart  of  wheat  bran,  or  three  pints  per 
day — if  no  bran,  a  pint  of  Indian  meal — some 
crusts  of  bread  occasionally,  of  which  they 
soon  become  fond. 

I  am  fully  of  opinion,  calves  should  be  so 
ted  as  to  keep  them  in  a  growing  state,  but 
never  gorged  or  pampered.  It  frequently  oc- 
curs that  they  require  a  very  small  piece  ot 
their  tail  cut  off;  the  necessity  is  ascertained 
by  pulling  the  tail,aud  if  the  hones  are  loose  and 
the  skin  spongy,  cutting  is  necessary  :  they  are 
what  fanners  term  tail  sick.  They  should  be 
provided  with  salt  to  lick  when  they  please  ; 
I  use  the  crude  lump  salt  from  Liverpool  :-- 
ray  cattle  of  every  description  lick  it  freely. 
It  is  economy  to  use  it,  and  I  think  it  answers 
the  purpose  quite  as  well  as  white  and  granu- 
lated salt  that  is  more  expensive — you  can  see 
some  of  it  at  my  farm  in  Eyefield. 

The  age  at   which   they  should  have  their 
first  calf  does  not  appear  to  be  settled,  as  1  find 
farmers  disagree,  some   preferring    two  years 
old  past,  or  the  month  of  June  succeeding  the 
spring  when  they  were  two  years  old,   others 
three  years  old  paM — I  am   rather  inclined  to 
prefer  the  latter  agr-,  unless  Ihpcalf  grows  ra- 
pidly, and  has  attained  great  size,   and  may  be 
considered  a  forward  animal.       Never  allow  a 
heifer  to  calve  till  June ;  the  verv  last  of  the 
month  is  preferable  ;  they  will  then  have  a  flow 
of  nutritious  grass  feed,  which  will  swell  the 
udder,  give  health  and  strength,   and   unless  a 
violent  cold  rain  storm,  no  injury  arises  from 
calving   in  the  pastures.       1    have   thought  it 
best  to  use  bows,  straps,  or  stanchions,  to  tie 
them   up,   as  it  is  termed.;  the   first  fall  they 
are  brought    to  the  bar,    I   have  had   practised, 
(and  my  father  before   me,  who  was  remarka- 
bly fond  of  them,  and   an   excellent  judge  of 
their  qualities.)  handling  the  udder  almost  ev 
cry  morning,   when  tied  up  feeling   the   teats 
and,  if  I  may  use  the  term,  make  believe  milk- 
ing, if  dene  gently  it  will   save  trouble,  which 
frequently  happens  with  heifers  with  the  first 
call.     1  think   I  have    known   several   spoiled 
for  want  of  this  attention,  and  were  ofno  val- 
ue as  milch   cows — requiring   their  legs   tied, 
and  were  not  milked  well,  becoming  the  terror 
of  female  and  finally  of  male  milkers. 


The  expense  would  not  exceed  from  25  10  50 
cents.  Many  would  undoubtedly  bo  neglected 
and  die  ;  but  many,  also,  would  grow  and  bear 
fruit  abundantly.  •  Let  it  be  not  an  objec- 
tion, that  the  tenant  is  to  occupy  but  one 
year. — N.  Y.    farmer. 


LARGE    AND    FAT    OXER. 

A  pair  of  a  North  Devonshire  breed  was  ex- 
hibited in  this  city  on  the  25ih  inst.  Thev 
were  raised  and  fattened  by  Mr.  Hurlbut,  of 
Winchester,  Conn,  and  weighed  each  2700 
pounds.  They  were  a  very  fat,  handsome, 
and  noble  pair  of  oxen.  The  stock  was  deri 
ved  from  Mr.  Coke,  the  celebrated  and  opu- 
lent English  Agriculturist,  Our  farmers  are 
entitled  to  all  praise  when  they  send  to  our  ci- 
ty such  specimens  of  what  their  management 
and  their  farms  produce. — lb. 

CHARC0  4L    FOB    HAMS. 

A  writer  in  the  American  Farmer  recom- 
mends to  pac|t  hams,  after  they  have  beet: 
smoked,  in  pounded  charcoal.  It  keeps  out 
the  flies,  and  prevents  the  foetid  smell  and  uri 
pleasant  taste  too  often  found  in  hams  exposed 
for  sale.— lb.  

TAR    ON    SHEKP. 

It  is  but  little  known,  but  it  is  nevertheless 
a  fact,  says  the  Portland  Mirror,  that  a  little 
tar  rubbed  on  the  nocks  of  young  lambs  or 
geese,  will  prevent  the  depredations  of  foxes 
upon  them;  these  animals  having  an  uncon- 
querable aversion  to  the  smell  of  tar. — lb. 


peas,  the  marrowfats  are  generally  ureferred, 
and  are  very  productive.  Keep  your  peas 
clear  of  weeds,  if  you  mean  to  havo  them  do 
well. — lb.  

The  durability  of  posts  used  in  making  fen- 
ces, is  a  matter  of  great  importance  to  our 
farmers.and  will  continue  so  as  long  as  the  pre- 
sent system  of  fencing  is  continued  We 
have  been  informed  that  the  shakers  at  Union 
Village,  have  been  in  the  habit  of  making  oak 
posts  as  durable  as  locust,  by  a  very  simple 
and  easy  process.  This  is  merely  to  bore  a  hole 
m  that  part  of  the  post,  which  will  be  just  at 
the  surfaco  of  the  earth,  with  such  a  slope  as 
will  carry  it  just  below  the  surface, and  fill  it 
with  salt  This,  it  is  said,  will  preserve  the 
timber  from  decaying  for  a  long  time  ;  and 
from  the  knowledffe  we  have  of  the  influence 
of  salt.in  preserving  ship  timber,when  treated 
in  a  somewhat  similar  manner,  we  have  no 
doubt  of  its  being  a--  excellent  method.—  ib. 


PASTURE  AND    AAY. 

He  who  wishrs  to  have  good  pasture  thro'- 
out  the  season,  and  good  crops  of  hay,  must 
keep  his  stock  in  his  barn-yard  until  his  pas- 
ture fields  are  well  grown  over  with  stout  grass, 
and  by  no  means  turn  his  cattle,  horses,  or 
sheep  into  his  meadow. 

Some  farmers  come  short  of  hay,  and  rather 
than  buy,  feed  off  their  meadows  ;  the  conse- 
quence is,  their  next  crop  of  hay  is  ruined,  and 
the  spring  following  they  are  compelled  to  do 
the  samo  ;  thus  they  arc  ever  straightened  for 
hay,  and  their  farms  are  impoverished — it  is 
just  so  with  pasture  fields. 

He  who  turns  out  his  stock  early  will  never 
have  good  pasture  ;  and  his  fields  are  kept 
bare,  by  close  grazing,  until  they  too  are 
exhausted  ;  and  what  grass  roots  the  horse 
and  sheep  do  not  pull  up  in  the  fall,  are  so  ex- 
posed by  their  nakedness,  that  the  frost  of  the 
winter  destroys  them,  and  thus  the  grazing 
part  of  the  farm  is  ruined.  Let  him  who  wish- 
es to  have  a  vigorous  and  early  growth  of  grass 
permit  his  fields  to  go  into  winter  quarters 
with  a  good  cover  of  old  grass,  keep  the  bars 
all  up,  the  sheep  off  during  winter,  and  he  can 
never  fail. — L.  hi.  Farmer. 


From  the  New  t^ogland  Farmer. 

TO    PREVENT    SOWS     FROM     DESTROYING     THE1P 

OFFSPRING 

*  *  *  *  Last  summer  a  vessel  arrived  at 
Long  wharf,  in  this  city,  having  on  board  a 
sow, which,  very  soon  after  reaching  the  wharf, 
produced  a  fine  litter  of  pigs  She  very  soon 
began  to  devour  them, upon  which  the  captain 
threw  her  several  pieces  of  salt  pork,  which 
she  ate  greedily,  and  disturbed  the  pigs  no 
more  The  captain,  who  was  formerly  an  ex 
perienced  farmer  as  well  as  sea  captain,  said 
he  had  often  tried  the  experiment,  and  always 
with  perfect  success.  This  may,  or  may  not, 
be  new  to  your  readers.  To  me  it  appears 
very  important.     Yours,  (ruly,  B. 

Boston,  March  1,  1831. 


VEGETABLE    "  COINCIDENCE." 

We  were  shown  this  morning,  by  Mr.  San- 
derson, of  the  CofFeeHouse,a  curiously-formed 

oraDge.  left  with  him  by  one  of  his  friends. 

The  fruit  was  shaped  in  exact  resemblance  to 
the  head  of  a  parrot.  Not  the  slightest  min- 
utiae: Df  a  like  appearance,  was  omited.  The 
eyes,  the  crest,  the  bill, — and  the  whole  con- 
tour of  the  bird's  visage,  were  all  "  as  to  the 
life."  In  this  age  of  wonders,  such  a  vegeta- 
ble curiosity  deserves  a  record. — Phil,  Gaz. 


PLAST1NG    VINFS   IN    YARDS. 

Every  persan  who  occupies  a  house,  either 
in  the  city  or  country,  should  consider  himself 
under  obligations  to  plant  a  vine  in  his  yard. — 
.Suppose  a  choice  variety  of  either  foreign  or 
native  grapes  should  be  planted  ill  every  yard 
in  this  city,  in  a  few  years  not  a  family  liowev- 
fr  poor,  would  be  without  this  delicious  fruit. 


They  should  be  sowed  as  early  as  may  be 
harrow  them  in,  but  they  may  be  ploughed  it 
in,  if  thought  best.  Be  cautious  and  see  thai 
they  are  not  covered  too  deep.  Oats  or  some 
other  plants  should  be  sown  with  them,  in  or- 
der to  support  them  ;  as  their  stems  will  be 
too  feeble  to  support  them  alone  The  crop 
should  be  cut  before  the  peas  become  too  dry. 
Lay  them  in  small  heaps,  and  thrash  them  in 
the  common  manner  when  they  are  dry  e- 
uough.  The  sti  aw  is  good  for  fodder.  Peas 
are  good  for  fatting  «»  ine  or  cattle,  and  mix 
od  with  oats  make  excellent  provender  for  a 
horse.  Some  people  sow  them  on  purpose  for 
fodder,  which  is  proved  to  be  a  mo6t  nutritious 
and  heavy  crop.  They  leave  theground  mel 
low,  and  in  a  good  state  for  a  crop  of  grain. — 
As  to  bugs,  let  the  poas  be  soaked  in  some  rich 
and  suitable  liquor,  made  hot,  before  sown  — 
r<*or  the  garden,  peas  should  be  sown  about 
once  a  fortnight.  Thus  you  may  have  green 
peas  through  the  season.  Sow  them  in  double 
rowB.and  stick  them  between,having  the  brush 
or-sticks  placed  firm  in  the  ground. 

There  is  an  early  sort,  called  the    Washing- 
ton peas,  which  are  very  excellent.     For  later 


It  is  stated  in  Watson's  Annals  of  Philadel- 
phia, that  the  original  cultivation  ofbroom  corn 
in  this  country  originated  with  Dr.  Franklin  ; 
the  Doctor  accidentally  saw  an  imported  whisk 
of  corn  in  the  possession  of  a  lady  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  while  examining  it  as  an  article  of 
curiosity,  saw  a  6eed,  which  he  secured  and 
planted,  and  thus  originated  the  abundant  and 
lucrative  crops  which  are  so  beautifully  spread 
over  meadows  in  the  season  of  vegetable  life. 


SILK   WORMS. 

In  (he  Legislature  of  Massachusetts,  on 
I  Thursday, the  Committee  on  Agriculture  made 
I  an  interesting  report  lo  the  House,  in  fa^or  of 
encouraging  the  cultivation  of  Mulberry  trees, 
aod  the  raising  of  Silk  Worms.  The  report 
concluded  with  a  resolve  requesting  the  Gov- 
■ynor  to  cause  a  book  to  be  compiled  on  the 
subject,  and  distributed  to  the  towns  iu  the 
commonwealth;  six  hundred  dollars  was  ap- 
:  loprialed  to  defray  the  expense. 

A  Parsnip  was  raised  in  the  garden  of  Mr 
L.  Hine,  in  the  village  of  Cairo,  which  grew 
from  the  seed,  since  last  spring,  weighing  five 
oounds  aDd  fouitcen  ounces,  and  had  it  been 
dug  entire,  would  have  exceeded  six  pounds. 
Its  circumference  tvas  tweDty  inches. 


Who  is  the  best  Lawyer  ?  Not  he  who 
makes  the  most  writs, or  gets  the  most  money. 
But  he  who  has  the  most  knowledge,  and  uses 
that  knowledge  honestly 


92 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  26,   1831. 


THHaBNSSEE  VABXtSim. 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  26,  1831. 


MARCH. 

Thi9  may  properly  be  called  a  month  for  pre- 
paration, ratlier  thnn  for  finishing  business, 
with  tho  Farmer.  Nevertheless,  it  is  a  verv 
importunt  time  to  those  who  would  have 
their  work  well  done,  for  unless  work  is  done 
in  season,  it  canno'.  be  called  well  done  ;  and 
in  order  to  have  it  done  in  season,  it  must  be 
commenced  in  season.  The  weather  during 
this  month  is  very  variable,  and  out -door  work 
frequently  interrupted  by  storms.  Ye:  this 
should  not  lessen  the  exertions  of  the  farming 
man  ;  let  him  always  remember  that  when  he 
cannot  work  out  doots,  there  is  enoujh  to  be 
dune  within;  therefore  he  should  never  be 
idle. 

During  stormy  weather  he  should  examine 
his  field  and  garden  seeds,  and  see  that  ihe 
quality  and  quantity  are  suitable  for  his  ap 
proaching  wants.  Cider  barrels  that  have  been 
emptied  during  the  winter  should  be  rinsed  out 
first  with  water,  and  afier  that  rinse  them  with 
lime-water  ;  then  bung  them  perfectly  tight — 
see  that  the  tap  and  vent  holes  are  tight,  when 
ihey  may  be  packed  away.  Wood  for  sum- 
mer should  he  cul  and  piled  up,  as  it  is  a  great 
hindrance  in  the  summer  to  allow  a  man  to 
chop  wood,  besides  the  axes  are  dull  at  that 
season. 

It  is  well  to  split  rails,  and  lay  them  in  a  fa- 
vorable situation  to  dry,  if  they  are  not  wanted 
immediately  on  the  fences;  repair  gates  and 
bar-posts,  aa  a  broken  post  may  occasion  the 
loss  of  a  crop.  It  is  useless  to  raise  crops  un- 
less they  are  well  fonced.  Ploughs,  carts, 
harrows,  yokes, hoes,  forks  and  harness, should 
be  pin  in  order. 

Much  of  the  manure  from  the  yard  can  be  ta- 
ken out  upon  sleds,  while  the  ground  is  frozen, 
with  less  labor  than  upon  carts.  Fences  should 
be  repaired  as  soon  as  Ihe  srnund  will  permit. 

Some  farmers  allow  their  catile  to  range  o- 
ver  their  meadows  in  the  spring ;  this  is  bad 
policy,  as  the  injury  they  do  by  rendering  the 
surface  of  the  ground  uneven,  is  g. eater  than 
the  benefit  derived  by  iheir  feoding.  Where 
the  surface  of  the  meadows  is  not  smooth, 
they  should  be  rolled,  which  will  compensate 
for  the  trouble;  this  should  be  done  as  soon 
as  the  frost  is  out  of  the   ground. 

Where  meadows  have  been  mowed  many 
years,  it  often  happens  that  the  clover  anil 
herd's  grass  havo  been  run  out  (to  use  the  com- 
mon phrase)  by  spear  grass  ;  in  such  cases, it  is 
well  to  sow  on  more  6eed,and  drag  the  ground 
both  ways,  after  which  roll  it.  We  have  seen 
flie  crop  of  hay  donblod  by  this  management. 

Where  hay  is  foddered  out  from  stacks,  care 
should  he  taken  to  remove  the  manure  before 
the  frost  is  all  out  of  the  ground.  If  left  un- 
til May,  the  grass  roots  under  it  will  be  killed, 
and  if  not  removed  at  all  it  will  be  several 
years  before  the  manure  will  be  sufficiently  rot- 
ted to  allow  grass  to  grow  upon  it.  When  we 
see  tho  slack  pens  remain  in  meadows  through 
the  summer.  wi:h  the  manure  about  them,  we 
think  that  it  is  bad  farming.  Pigs  should 
always  be  ringed,  and  sheep  trimmed,  before 
they  are  allowed  to  run  in  the  fields  in  the 
spring.    Parsnips  that  have  stood  in  the  ground 


through  the  winter,  should   be  dug  as  early  as 
possible. 

Bee  hives  should  be  raised,  and  all  the  dead 
bees,  and  whatever  else  is  offensive   to  them. 


Red  #  GrMn  Sweeting—This  is  one  of  the  ap- 
ples arranged  by  Prince  in  his  catalogue.     It  is 
a  large  fruit,  and  as  the  name  implies, the  color 
is  red  and  green  striped.     The  flavor  is  sweet 
eared  from  the  hive.       In  shorl.  March  ami  1! and  pleasant.     The  tree  is  agood  grower,   but 


April  are  two  important  months  for  nursing  all 
kinds  of  stock  upon  a  farm. 


POMOLOGY. 

We   have  oinittted  the  descriptions    of  ap 
pies  for  some   time,  waiting  for  Mr.    Prince's 
forthcoming  work   on    Pomology,   but  as   tha' 
has  not  arrived,   and  the  season  for  cutting  ci 
ons  has,  we  will  givo  such  descriptions  of  som> 
of  the  best    apples  of  this  section    ufcountrv 
with  their  common  names, as  will  furnish  those 
who  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  becoming 
acquainted   with   them,    some   directions   foi 
making  up  a  good  assortment  for  the  different 
seasons.     Aware  of  the  confusion  that  exists 
among    Horticulturists   with  regard  to  nami  s, 
we  shall  endeavor  to  keep  clear  of  local  where 
general  names  are   known. 

Juncatiiig,  Large  Early,  or  Yellow  Harvest — 
This  is  ons  of  the  earliest  apples  we  have  a- 
mongus,  ripe  the  last  of  July  and  first  of  Au- 
gust, of  middle  size,  rather  flat,  of  a  pleasant 
acid  flavor,  colour  yellow,  wiih  a  slisht  blush  , 
the  tree  is  a  good  bearer.  This  apple  is  called 
the  Bow  by  many  orchadists  in  this  country) 
but  the  growth  of  the  tree  is  sufficient  to  dis 
tinguish  it  from  that  apple.  It  is  rather  sm  ill 
with  a  flat  top,  the  limbs  of  a  dark  color,  free 
from  spurs,  and  produce  their  fruit  at  the  ex 
tremeties  of  a  year's  wood,  where  they  often 
part  into  three  branches,  each  branch  growing 
very  straight. 

Large  Early  Dough,  or  German  Baugh — 
This  is  one  of  the  finest  early  apples,  it  ripens 
about  the  tenth  of  August,  is  of  a  large  size 
rather  conical  shape, of  a  beautiful  yellow  whet 
ripe, the  flavor  sweet, ami  the  flesh  tender.  The 
tree  is  an  annual  bearer, of  rather  slow  growth, 
the  limbs  are  curved,  and  have  very  yellow 
bark.  As  the  apple  grows  uncommonly  fair 
we  do  not  know  of  any  early  apple  that  soil- 
butter  ,n  the  market. 

Tool's  Indian  rare  ripe — This  apple  ripens 
at  the  same  time  with  the  Bough,  and  is  with, 
out  exception,  the  finest  early  apple  we  have 
ever  seen.  It  is  very  large,  of  a  beautiful 
light  yellow,  handsomely  blushed  on  the  sunny 
cheek,  with  a  pleasant  acid  flavor,  and  uncom. 
monly  tender,  so  much  so,  that  they  frequeni 
ly  break  to  pieces  in  Tailing  from  the  trees;  the 
shape  is  rattier  conical,  and  the  fruit  remarka- 
bly fair.  The  tree  is  an  annual  bearer,  and  is 
of  fine  growth  and  lofty  appearance,  and  noeds 
but  little  pruning.  This  is  a  new  apple,  and  is 
a  native  of  this  state  ;  and  we  most  cheerfully 
recommend  it  to  all  lovers  of  good  fruit.  It 
should  be  introduced  into  every  orchard. 

Golden  Pippin — There  is  an  apple  known  b; 
this  name  in  western  New  York. which  is  well 
worth  cultivating.  We  are  not  certain  tlintil 
is  arranged  in  any  of  the  eastern  catalogues  ;  if 
so,  we  do  not  know  by  what  name.  It  is  a 
middle  sized  fruit,  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
bough,  of  a  bright  yellow,  and  very  sweet  and 
tender.  It  ripens  about  the  middle  of  August. 
The  above  four  kinds,  (two  sweet  and  two 
sour)  indr  the  best  suite  of  early  apples  with 
which  we  are  acquainted.  They  will  contin.l 
ue  through  the  month  of  August. 


with  us  the  young  trees  are  rather  shy  bearers- 
[t  ripens  in  September. 

Large  fall  pippin,  or  Pound  Sxreeting — There 
s  an  ..|,plo  cultivated  in  this  county  called  by 
these  names,  a  few  trees  of  which   would  be 
well   in   every  orchard.       The    apple  is  very 
arge  w  ightng  from  twelve  to  twenty  ounces, 
■of  a  light    green,  covered   with  a  bloom,   and 
turning  to  a  beautiful  yellow  when  ripe.     The 
flavor   is    sweet,   and  the  flesh    tender.       The 
lee  grows    very  thrifty,  and  the  top  is  rather 
broad,  and  the  ends  of  the   shoots  when  grow- 
ing  are  covered    with   down,    not    unlike   the 
Rhode  Island  Greening.       The  apples  should 
be  picked  as  soon  as  ripe,   for   if  allowed  to 
hang  on  the  tree  they  become  watery,  and  are 
good  for  nothing.     They  ripen  in  October,  and 
if  picked  seasonably,  will  keep  until  January. 
Holland  pippin — This    is   one   of  tho  finest 
looking  apples  of  the   season,   large  and  well 
sh;iped.  of  a  pale    yoliow  colour,  and  sub-acid 
flavor.     The  flesh  is  while  and  juicv,  but  not 
very  rich.     Tiie  tree  is  a  thrifty  grower,  with 
large  upright  shoots,  and  smooth  bark.      It  is 
in  eating  from  October  to  January,  and  is  fine 
for  Cooking, 

Seekno-furtherr — Thure  are  two  apples  known 
in  thu  state  by  th<-  same  name,  both  very  good, 
and  so  nearly  alike  in  flavor  as  not  to  be  distin- 
guished when  eaten  in  the  dark.  The  original 
>>ne  is  a  fine  apple,  of  a  deep  red  color,  with 
•  mall  l,ght  specks,  the  size  rather  above  mid" 
iliiig,  tapering  toward  Ihe  blossom  end,  and 
we  do  not  know  of  any  apple  that  is  so  nni- 
"••rsally  fair  as  this  ;  ihe  tree  is  a  constant  bea- 
rer, and  has  a  beautiful  lop,  which  seldom 
wants  pruning  ;  the  limbs  are  well  shaped  to 
-u.port  their  giowlh  and  fruit  ;  the  bark  is 
smooth,  and  of  a  light  grey  color.  The  flavor 
is  sub-acid  and  musky,  the  flesh  tender,  and  of 
a  beautiful  yellow.  As  an  apple  for  all  purpo- 
ses, there  are  very  few  that  can  compare  with 
it,  It  comes  into  eating  in  October,  and  will 
keep  till  March. 

The  oilier  variety  is  supposed  to  havo  origi 
■  iitetl  in  the  neighborhood  of  Slockbridge 
Maks.  and  is  sometimes  called  the  Stockbricbge 
Seek-no-further.  It  is  not  as  large  as  the  pre. 
ceding  variety,  bui  is  a  very  valuable  apple. — 
The  colour  is  striped  red  and  green,  the  flesh 
inclining  to  yellow,  and  very  rich.  This  apple 
ke'eps  longer  than  the  preceding  variety.  The 
tree  resembles  the  other  in  arowth,  but  is  ra- 
ther thicker  in  the  top,  and  more  inclined  to 
tlnow  out  seekers  ;  like  the  other  it  is  a  good 
bearer.  Both  kinds  are  excellent  cider  ap- 
ples. 

Swaar — This  is  undoubtedly  one  of  I  he  most 
valuable  winter  apples  of  our  western  states. 
It  is  of  a  middle  size,  well  shaped,  grows  fair 
is  green  in  autumn,  and  is  one  of  the  heavi- 
est apples  known;  as  it  ripens  ii  become- 
of  a  bright  yellow,  and  though  of  a  subacid 
flavor  when  green,  the  juice  becomes  extreme 
ly  rich  in  saccharine  matter  when  ripe  ;  and  wc 
doubt  whether  aiy  apple  cultivated  among  us 
gives  a  juice  of  greater  specific  gravity.  Tin 
growth  of  the  tree  is  rather  thick,  and  requires 
much  pruning  ;  the  limbs  arc  thick,  strong,an<! 


Vol.  1.— No.  12. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


93 


thickly  set  with  fruit  spurs.  it  is  ar.  annual 
bearer.  It  is  in  eating  from  February  till 
June .— (  To  be  continued.) 

SHADE  TREES. 

There  are  few  things  whirh  add  more  to  the 
beauty  of  a  town  or  village,  than  the  proper 
arrangement  of  shade  tiees  ;  whether  they  are 
intended  for  the  purpose  of  giving  shelter  and 
shade  from  the  inclemency  of  the  scorching 
sun,  or  for  heightening  the  beauty  of  other  ob- 
jects connected  with  them  in  perspective, they 
are  equally  desirable,  and  connect  witli  them 
such  ideas  of  comfort,  'aste,  and  rural  enjoy 
rnent,  that  they  are  the  pride  of  those  who 
possess  them,  and  the  admiration  of  passing 
strangers. 

What  can  give  a  more  pleasing  introduction 
to  a  town  ur  village. than  entering  it  through  a 
well  arranged  avenue  of  trees,  whoso  different 
shape*  and  shades  of  foliage  seem  to  lend  new 
beauty  to  all  surrounding  objectH,  and  produce 
that  association  of  ideas  which  can  better  be 
imagined  than  described.  ResideB  shelter- 
ing the  inhabitants  from  the  sun.  they  are  of 
gr^at  service  in  tempering  the  winds, by  check 
ing  their  violence,  and  in  summer  they  distri 
buto  their  fragrance  in  every  gale. 

For  the   purpose    of  lining  streets    and  ave 
nues,   forest   trees  are   better  calculated  than 
fruit  trees  ;  they  are  of  larger  growth  and  lon- 
ger lived,  and  their  beauty  ofien  increases  with 
their  age. 

The  effect  of  trees  upon  the  salubrity  of  the 
atmosphere  is  very  great,  not  only  by  thuir  in 
fluence  upon  the  temperature,  which  thev  ren- 
der more  equal,  but  by  their  inhaling  and  exha- 
ling different   portions  of  the    atmosphere. 

If  we  examine  the  results  of  different  expe- 
viments  made  by  scientific  men,  we  are  forci 
bly  led  to  the  conclusion,  that  the  all-wise 
Creator  designed  that  animals  and  plants  should 
inhabit  the  same  region,  and  breath  the  same 
atmosphere.  When  a  quantity  of  atmosphe- 
ric airis  taken  into  the  lungs  of  an  animal,  the 
oxygen  is  retained,  and  the  hydrogen  and  car- 
bonic acid  is  given  off.  On  the  other  hand, 
"when  atmospheric  air  is  taken  into  the  leave? 
or  lungs  of  plants,  the  hydrogen  and  carbonic 
acid  is  retained,  and  the  oxygen  is  given  off. 
thus  each  acting  for  the  other's  benefit  by  an 
unerring  law  of  nature  each  rejecting  that  por- 
tion of  the  atmosphere  which  is  requisite  for 
the  health  of  the  other. 

As  most  transplanting  is  done  in  the  spring* 
we  would  recommend,  the  following  kinds, 
vhere  they  are  intended  for  ornament  only  : 

Tulip  Tree,  or  Whitewood.  Liriodcndron 
ulipifera..  This  is  one  of  the  handsomest  trees 
of  our  forests.  It  grows  to  a  large  size,  with 
a  handsome  shaped  head  or  top — the  leaves  are 
large  and  of  a  beautiful  shining  green  ;  the  tree 


is  not  often  infested  with  any  worms,  and  may 
be  called  a  very  clean  shade  ire-o.  Tht6  tree 
produces  a  profusion  of  flowers,  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  large  tulip,  which  are  fragrant.  The 
seeds  are  produced  .n  a  strobile,  with  woody 
scales,  not  unlike  the  pine. 

Buttokvvood,  or  Plane  Tree.  Platanus  oc- 
udcntalus.  This  is  one  of  the  most  rapid 
growing  trees  of  this  section  of  our  country. 
When  set  as  a  shade,  it  forms  a  very  hand- 
some conical  head,  rather  open  than  other- 
wise.    The  leaves  are  five  angled,  of  a  pale 


green, inclining  to  yellow  ;  the  blossoms  are  too 
small  to  be  taken  into  consideration,  when  set 
as  a  shade  tree.  The  seeds  are  produced 
the  shape  of  a  ball  thickly  set  with  hairs.  As 
these  are  produced  in  profusion,  they  are  the 
Greatest  objection  to  the  tree,  which  added  to 
the  sloughing  off  of  tht  outer  bark,  annually 
makes  it  unpleasant  when  set  near  a  dwelling  ; 
but  for  an  avenue  it  is  very  ornamental. 

Basswood.  Tilia  Americana.  Of  this  ge- 
nus there  are  several  species,  all  very  well 
calculated  for  ornamental  trees.  It  grows 
large,  with  well  shaped  lops,  and  very  thick. 
The  leaves  round  and  cordate  ;  some  varieties 
are  shining, while  others  are  somewhat  downy, 
•  ini  have  red  twigs,  others  are  of  a  brownish 
green.  The  flowers  are  inferior,  but  fragrant, 
and  inviting  to  bees. 

Elm.  Ulmus  Americana.  Of  which  there 
are  several  varieties,  the  white  elm  with  pen 
dulous  branches  being  preferred.  There  is 
also  an  European  that  is  more  beautiful  in  its 
growth  than  any  of  the  American  varieties.— 
This  may  be  budded  or  grafted  upon  our  na- 
tive stocks.  The  flowers  of  all  the  varieties 
are  inferior,  producing  single  seeds  inclosed  in 
a  winged  pericarp.  The  leaves  are  rough, 
cordate,  but  of  a  beautiful  green  color,  which 
ihey  retain  very  late  in  autumn. 

Hacmatack.  Pinus  Microcarpa.  This  tree 
when  mixed  with  others,  has  a  pleasant  ap- 
pearance, with  leaves  somewhat  resembling 
ether  pines  in  summer,  but  falling  off  in  win 
ter.  It  is  a  tall  fast  growing  tree,  and  may  be 
found  in  most  of  our  swamps  ;  bears  trans- 
planting well,  and  although  natural  to  swamps 
it  grows  well  upon  our  dry  soils.  The  seeds 
are  produced  in  strobiles,  like  other  varieties 
uf  pine. 

Maple.  Acer  saceharinum  and  rubrum.  Both 
tbeso  varieties  are  well  calculated  for  shade 
trees.  They  are  both  hardy  and  bear  transplan- 
ting well.  The  rubrum  or  soft-maple,  produ- 
ces its  blossoms  very  early  in  the  spring,  which 
are  very  showy.  The  leaves  of  both  are  five 
lobed,  and  the  seeds  are  produced  in  winged 
pericarps,  joined  at  the  base  in  pairs. 

Black   Walnut.       Juglans  nigra.       This 
is  a   hardy  tree,  with  an  open  top,  the   limbs 
branching  wide,  leafets  lanceolate,  sub-pubes 
cent.lhe  fruit  globular.     The  whole  tree  rather 
fragrant. 

Wild  Cherry.  Prunus  virgmiana.  This 
tree,  from  its  large  growth  and  inferior  fruit,  is 
more  deserving  of  a  place  among  shade  tree8 
than  in  the  orchard  It  forms  a  very  handsome 
top,  and  the  flowers,  which  appear  in  compact 
racemes,  are  rather  ornamental.  It  is  well  de- 
serving a  place  in  the  avenue. 

The  Vinedresser's  Theoretical  and  Practical  Na 
nual.    By  Thikbaut  De  Bf.rneaud,  Secrcta 
ry  of  the  Lmnrcan  Society  of  Paris. 
This  is  the  title  of  a  treatise  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  vine,   making  wine,  &c. ;   and  al 
though  carculatod  for  a  foreign  olimate,  will  be 
found  to  contain  some  excellent  directions,  ap. 
plicabla  to  the   same  objects  in  this  country. — 
As  we  intend  hereafter  to  make  some  extracts 
from  tins  work,  we  shall  accompany  thein  with 
such  observations  on  the  difference  of  climate, 
soil,  variety  of  grapes,  manner  of  training,&c. 
as  we  think  will  be  beneficial  to  those  engaged 
in  the  business  in  this  country. 
Eor  the  present,  we  have  only  to  observe, 


that  we  are  convinced  that  we  shall  find  it  for 
our  interest  to  plant  vineyards  with  American 
grapes  in  preference  to  foreign  varioties.  We 
repeat  this  opinion,  in  hopes  that  it  may  induce 
those  who  have  it  in  their  power,  to  collect 
and  plant  out  cuttings  of  such  varieties  as  are 
good  bearers,  either  of  the  Fox  or  Chicken 
grape,  without  reference  to  their  being  plea, 
sant  table  grapes,  as  some  that  are  austere  and 
unpleasant  to  the  taste,  may  be  valuable  for 
wine,  and  it  is  only  by  repealed  experiments 
that  we  are  to  find  the  most  valuable  varieties. 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY 
IIORTICCLTniAL  SOCIETY. 

We  have  been  favored  by  one  of  the  officers 
of  the  above  society,  with  a  copy  of  the  de- 
claration of  the  objects  of  this  society,  togeth- 
er with  their  Constiiuton  and  By-laws. 

Among  the  names  of  the  officers  c  f  this  so- 
ciety, we  see  some  of  the  most  scientific  and 
literary  men  of  our  state.  When  such  men 
associate  themselves  for  the  improvement  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture  in  our  country, 
we  cannot  for  a  moment  doubt  their  patriot- 
ism or  success,  and  we  hope  that,  their  exam- 
ple will  be  followed  by  all  the  counties    in  the 

state. 

Objects  of  the  Society. 
To  stimulate  Industry,  directed  in  its  efforts 
by  Art,  Science,  and  Philosophy;  to  observe 
facts,  and  to  communicate  them  ;  to  excite  a 
generous  competition  ;  and,  finally,  to  make 
Horticulture  al  once  a  sourco  of  elegant  a- 
musement,  of  domestic  and  social  happiness, 
and  of  profit,  are  among  the  objects  of  Horti- 
cultural Associations.  It  has  been  supposed, 
for  somp  time,  that  among  the  intelligent  and 
enterprising  cultivators  ofthesoil  ofthis  coun- 
ty, a  disposition  prevailed  favorable  to  the  ex- 
periment of  an  effort.  We  are  about  to  make 
this  experiment ;  for  which  purnose  has  been 
formed  and  organized,  The  Rensselaer  County 
Horticultural  Society,  under  a  Constitution  and 
iiy-Laws,  to  which  all  that  feel  friendly  to  its 
objects  and  purposes,  are  invited  to  add  their 
signatures.  The  organization  is  nearly  com- 
pleted ;  the  officers  elected,  to  serve  one  year: 
and  we  are  assured  by  thosp  persons  most 
competent  to  form  an  estimate  of  its  pros- 
pects, that  about  100  signatures  may  be  expec- 
ed  in  Troy  alone. 

It  may  be  proper  to  ob-erve,  that  the  Pre- 
miums and  subjects  of  Premiums,  will  soon 
be  declared  ;  before  which  i*.  is  necessary  thai 
the  extent  of  patronage  should  he  ascertained. 
We  therefore  say,  to  all  those  who  love  an  a- 
bundance  and  variety  of  the  good  things  of  tin; 
Garden,  the  Orchard,  and  th«i  Finn — to  all  who 
love  to  see  labor  well  diree'ed  and  successful 
— to  the  patriotic  lovers  of  their  country,  and 
all  the  friends  of  improvement — be  prompt 
in  your  action,  and  lot  us  go  zealously  to  work. 
That  whatever  increases  the  variety  and 
abundance  of  the  productions  of  the  soil,  is  a 
public  benefit,  ali  men  admit.  But  that.in  the 
same  ratio  as  this  abundance  and  variety  is  ex- 
tended by  skill  and  science,  is  both  land  and 
labor  made  more  productive,  seems  either  to 
have  been  questioned,  or  the  fact  too  general- 
ly overlooked.  Horticulture,  stimulated  by  al; 
effort  such  as  we  are  about  to  make,  will  de- 
monstrate this,  not  only  as  Horticulture  mere- 
ly, but  in  the  mure  extended  operations  of.?4'- 
riculture  ;  a  remark  to  which  we  invite  the 
attention  of  Farmers  throughout  the  country. 
That  highly  cultivated  Unds  have  a  local, 
artificial  soil,  is  generally  known ;  but  that 
they  have,  also,  in  a  degree — and,  during  the 
season  of  vegetation,  in  a  very  great  degree — 
a  local  climate,  also,  available  for  important  u- 
-es,  may  have  escaped  general  observ  ation.— ■ 
The  fact,  however,  is  undeniable.  We  are 
thus  enabled,  and  with  great  profit,  to  propa- 


94 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


March  26,  1831. 


gate  many  very  desirable  things,  even  from 
distant  and  different  climates  and  soils,  great 
ly  extending  the  variety  of  our  own  produc- 
tions. 

There  are  now,  in  successful  operation. both 
in  our  own  country  and  in  foreign  slates,  many 
such  Horticultural  Societies,  which  have  been 
found  to  be  productive  of  much  good.  We 
propose  to  derive  all  the  benefit  we  can  from 
their  experience  ;  to  add  their  publications  to 
our  Library,  'or  the  use  of  members,  and  to  be 
omulous  of  good  example  and  honest  fame,  in 
a  career  of  soiiul  usefulness  and  activity. — 
We  have  much  to  learn  in  culture  of  all  sorts  ; 
yet  eacli  of  us  knows  something,  and  this, 
when  thrown  into  common  slock,  will  at  least 
soon  enable  us,  we  trust,  to  take  a  respecta- 
ble rank  among  the  kindred  institutions  of  our 

country.  

From  the  New  Kngland  Weekly  Review. 
Uncommon  Density  of  the  Atmosphere  — Du 
ring  the  eclipse  of  Ihe  sun,  it  is  obvious  that 
thermometers  will  always  suffer  a  depression 
and  that  this  change  will  be  greatest  in  those 
placed  in  his  rays.  Perhaps  also,  '.here  might 
be  expected  a  slight  difference  in  the  height  of 
the  barometer  at  the  same  time,  owing  to  the 
increased  density  of  the  atmosphere, in  conse- 
quence of  the  sudden  interposition  cf  the  sun's 
lieat;  but  on  watching  a  very  delicate  instru- 
ment, with  which  a  thermometer  is  connected, 
I  saw  no  such  change  during  the  late  eclipse. 
On  the  morning  af.er  the  eclipse,  however  I 
was  surprised  to  find  that  the  barometer,  sus 
pended  in  a  chamber  indicated  a  degree  of  at 
rnospheric  density  which  I  had  never  before 
witnessed,  the  mercury  standing  at  30  inch. 
34-100.  the  thermometer  at  the  same  time  be- 
ing at  45°. 

The  greatest  pressure  indicated  by  the  same 
instrument  for  a  series  of  years,  was  on  the 
0th  of  Feb.  1830,  being  30,  40,  thus  indicating 
a  density,  in  the  present  instance,  greater  by 
44-100  than  had  been  before  ob.-crved. 

On  examination  of  a  series  of  barometrical 
ndicationsmade  at  the  sent  of  Earl  Spencer 
in  England,  I  find  no  instance  of  a  greater 
heigbth  of  the  mercury  than  30  53.  Several 
series  of  observations'  with  this  instrument, 
made  in  this  country, have  also  been  examined, 
without  finding  an  instance  of  atmospheric  den- 
sity equal  to  that  above  noticed. 

Without  at  present  supposing  that  this  great 
density  of  the  atmosphere  had  any  connection 
with  the  eclipse,  it  would  be  a  subject  of  cu- 
rious inquiry,  a;  least,  to  ascertain  whether 
the  same  observations  has  been  made  by  oth- 
ers, in  different  sections  of  the  country.  Pos- 
sibly the  density  above  noted,  is  not  so  un- 
common as  is  apprehended,  but  the  observa- 
tions already  made,  together  with  the  fact, 
that  the  writer  has  been  in  the  habit,  for  a 
:onsiderable  period,  of  observing  daily,  the 
indications  of  the  barometer. will  tend  to  show 
i hat  at  least,  such  a  degree  of  pressure  is  not 
nommon. 

Should  inquiry  prove  that  30,  48  is  a  very 
uncommon  degree  of  atmospheric  pressure,  at 
about  100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
that  this  observation  coincides  with  those  made 
by  others  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  it 
's  not  therefore  proposed  to  connect  the  phe- 
nomenon with  the  eclipse,  since  this  single 
coincidence  proves  nothing.  But  shoubi  fu- 
ture observations  prove  the  same  coincidence 
with  respect  to  other  solar  eclipsos,  it  will 
■  lien  be  in  time  to  propose  some  hypothesis 
to  account  for  the  connection  between  the 
cause  and  effect. 
Hartford.  February  20,  1831. 
It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  observation, 
male  by  Doctor  Comstocl;,  of  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut, that  on  the  day  after  the  eclipse  of] 
Feb.  12th,  the  mercury  of  the  barometer  rose 
to  the  uncommon  height  of  30,  84-100ths — 
nearly  31  in.  which  was  4  llOOths  higher  than 
lie  had  ever  before  observed. 


of  the  air.fora  series  of  years,. he  was  very  na- 
turally surprised  at  this  great  change,  and  en 
quires  if  it  corresponds  with  other  observa 
tions  upon  the  same  instrument  in  different 
parts  where  tho  eclipse  was  visible. 

Professing,  if  possible,  a  deeper  interest  in 
thre  subject  than  Dr.  C.  we  thank  him  for  di 
recting  our  inexperience  to  this  question,  as 
we  find  by  reference  to  the  record  which  we 
made,  and  have  been  making,  since  the  com 
mencement  of  the  year,  tit  10  o'clock,  morning 
and  evening,  at  a  height  of  more  than  600  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  tiie  fo'lowing  ob- 
ervations,  which,  but  for  him,  would  have 
I  passed  unnoticed  : 

Barometer.  A'ind. 


oElo£    I  <=  E  |  a  S 


rb'y 

11 

57 

Do. 

12, 

47 

Do. 

13 

35 

Do. 

"i 

50 

Do. 

15 

5* 

I- 


29,301 
1 29,62 1 
29,93 
30,20 
39,90 


E   -  j 


02  [89,48  29,39  29,5 'to 
47  ,29.7S  29.70  ~~ 
55    30,15  30,06 
59  130.02  30,11 
64    29,58,29,74 


17,5  >n  w  j  n  to 

9,5  in  w  ,ia 
19  »  \e 
36     »      !»  e 


Do.  16|  62  !29,23|  CO  |29,15!29,19i40,5  iste 
Thus  it  will  be  seon,  that  from  the  morning 
of  the  11th,  to  that  of 'he  14th,  the  mercury 
rose  90-100ths.  declining  from  thence  till  the 
eve  of  the  16th,  and  from  10  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  the  eclipse  till  the  same  hour  on 
the  14th,  it  rose  58-lOOihs. 

As  we  neglected  to  record  the  extremes,  ii 
may  have  risen  much  higher  during  the  night 
of  ihe  13th,  or  between  the  10  o'clock  obser- 
vations. 

As  our  observations  commenced  with  the 
year,  we  can  do  but  little  else  than  present 
the  facts.  And  should  the  inference  that  the 
eclipse  had  an  agency  in  increasing  the  densi- 
ty of  the  air,  be  sustained  by  other  solar  e- 
clipses,  still  we  have  no  probable  explication 
to  offer,  but  only  to  state,  that  greater  changes 
of  mean  daily  temperature  have  occurred  the 
present  year,  with  comparatively  little  altera- 
tion of  atmospheric  pressure,  and  even  a  com' 
bination  of  the  same  circumstances,  in  the 
chanaes  of  temperature  and  direction  of  winds, 
has  produced  a  contrary  result,  a  depression  of 
the  mercury  in  ihe  barometer. 

As  these  are  the  only  barometrical  observa- 
tions during  the  eclipse,  that  we  have  noliced, 
it  remains  an  interesting  inquiry,  whether  the 
density  of  the  air,  throughout  the  U.  States, 
and  at  other  places  where  this  piienomena 
occurred,  was  also  increased,  and  its  connec- 
tion, if  at  all,  with  tho  obscuration  of  the  sun, 
which  can  only  be  ascertained,  by  comparing 
the  effect  in  this  case,  wiih  oihers  yet  to  come. 


ol  different  locations,  whether  in  i he  same  lat- 
itude or  not,  and  the  effects  of  mountains,  val- 
leys, rivers  and  lakes,  in  retarding  or  accelera- 
ting the   dovelopment    of  vegetable  life,  from 

'.he  swelling  of  the  germ,  to  perfect  maturity. 

______  \ 

POMOLOGICAL  MANUAL. 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  Prince  several 
sheets  of  this  work,  from  which  we  shall  make 
quotations  in  our  next 


CATALOGUES. 

The  Catalogues  of  Messrs.  Buel  &  Wilson, 
Wm.  Prince  &  Sons,  Michael  Floy  Mrs.  Par- 
mentier,  G.  Thornburn  «  Sons,  and  S.  Cor- 
nell, may  be  examined  at  the  office  of  tho  Ge- 
nesee Farmer,  where  orders  for  any  of  the  es 
tablishmeuts  may  be  left. 


CALVES. 

At  this  season  of  the  year,  calves  sometimes 
are  troubled  with  lice,  which  increase  to  that 
extent  as  oven  to  endanger  the  life  of  the  ani- 
mal. To  destroy  these,  take  common  unguin-  ' 
turn  of  the  shops,  rub  a  little  about  the  horns 
and  ears,  also  some  about  the  nose,  which  will 
effectually  destroy  all  ihe  lice. 


March.  FLOBAL  CALENDAR' 

15— Tulips.  Hyacinths,  Crown  Imperials,  (F.  Imperia 

lis,)  Dptr„dils,(iVarri«,_,i/_o,show  an  inch  or  raort 

above  ground 

23— Lilac. {Syringa\,budB  quite  swelled  and  expanding 
24— Gooseberry,  iu  warm  situations,  leaves  quite  percep 

tible.  blue-birds  and  robbiao  have  made  their  op 

pearaoce. 


FLORAL  CALENDAR. 

Under  this  head  we  intend  to  give  a  weekly 
notice  of  the  first  appearance  of  the  vegetation 
of  those  plants  which  are  generally  to  be  found 
in  all  gardens  and  fields—of  the  first  appear- 
ance of  (lowers,  and  the  ripening  of  fruits — 
also,  the  appearance  and  disappearance  of 
birds  of  passage — the  ripening  of  grain— and, 
the  earliest  appearance  of  green  vegetables  in 
the  market. 

If  any  of  our  readers  will  take  the  trouble 
to  do  Ihe  like,  and  forward  them  for  publica- 
tion, we  shall  be  happy  to  give  them  an  inser- 
tion. 

The  objects  we  design  to  effect  are,  to  ex- 
cite attention  to  every  thing  appertaining  to 
the  vegetablo  economy,  and  to  serve  as  a  cn- 
Ashe  has  been  an  observer  of  the  density1!  tcrion  as  to  the  favorablencss,  or  the  contrary. 


U_r  Several  communications   have  been  re- 
ecved,  which  will  appear  in  our  next 


NEWS  OP  THE  WEEK. 


LATEST  FROM  LIVERPOOL. 

Th' ship  Chandler  Price,  Gap'am  Pulaski, 
arrived  at  Baltimore  on  the  17th  inst.  Capt 
P,  sailed  on  the  8lh  of  February,  but  unfortu- 
nately brought  no  papers  later  than  the  27th 
January.  Cap'.,  P.  s'atts  that  American  flour 
was  in  brisk  demand  when  he  sailed,  and  was 
quoted  at  34s  fid.  a  35s.  Gd.  The  cargo  of  the 
Dorothea,  fiom  Philadelphia,  was  sold  at  35s 
a  35s,  6d. 

Liverpool,  Feb.  3—  Since  our  last  respects 
we  have  little  of  interest  to  add.  It  will  not 
bi  known  till  to-morrow  whethsr  the  turn  out 
cotton  spinners  have  resumed  their  work  to- 
day. The  market  is  steady,  with  a  limited  de- 
mand. Bonded  flour,  fine, at  34s.  6d  a  35s. 
CANAL  NAVIGATION. 

We  iearn  thai  the  Bo.ird  of  Canal  Commis- 
sioners have  ordered  that  the  Erie  Canal  be 
put  in  readiness  for  the  passage  of  boats,  &c 
the  lotb  day  of  April  next,  and  also,  that  ar- 
rangements are  making  by  the  superintend- 
ents for  carrying  the  same  into  affect  through- 
out ihe  whole  line  of  the  canal. 

A  violent  fall  of  snow  commenced  in   Phil- 
adelphia, at  i  past  11  on  Thursday  morning 
the  wind  blowing  hard  (rom  W.  by  N, 

The  Western  Sentinel,  Mansfield,  O.  givi 
an  account  of  tho  destruction  by  lightning,  at 
early  as  the  2d  inst.  of  a  barn  belonging  to  Col. 
David  Robinson,  near  Wooeter,  in  Wayne  co> 
The  barn  and  its  contents  were  consumed,  to- 
gether with  several  stacks  of  hay  in  an  adjoin- 
ing yard.  Two  men  were  at  the  time  thresh- 
ing in  tho  barn,  who  escaped  uninjured,  altho 
the  straw  around  them  was  set  in  flames  by  the 
lightning. 

Governor  Tomlinson  of  Connecticut,  has  re- 
signed the  gubernatorinl  office,  in  consequence 
of  Ins  election  as  V.  S.  Senator  from  that  state, 
fur  the  torm  of  six  years,  commencing  on  till 
4th  of  March  inst. 


Vol.  I.— No.  12. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


95 


GRAIN  AND  FUEL. 

The  New  York  papers  furnisli  the  Report  oi 
the  City  Inspector  to  the  Common  Council, 
showing  the  quantity,  average  price,  and  a^ 
mount  of  Firewood.  Anthracite,  Viijrinia,  anri 
Charcoal,  which  have  been  inspected  in  that 
city,  during  the  year  1630  Foreign  Coal  is 
not  subject  to  inspection.  To  mis  document  is 
addod  the  quantity,  average  price  and  amount 
of  Grain  inspected  during  the  same  period. 

Wood.  Average  price.  Aintpryear 

■.'05,079  loads  Oak,         $1  03        $334,428  40 

4l',244  loads  Nut,  2  2d  91  893  90 

52,283  loads  Pino,  1  '27  (ilj.764  80 


297,600  loads.         Total  amount,  $493,085  80 


Coal.  Average  price.  Ami  pr  year. 

23,005  ions  Anth.  $8  47        $200,060  73 

11,8.05  chi.  Virginia,        0  43  76.547  39 

12.593  tons  Charcoal,       3  58  45,114  08 

Total  amount  for  Wood  and  CoaI,$814,817  60 
Bushels.    Aver. price.  Aintpryear 


Wheat, 

900,442 

$1  02 

$927,105  8b 

Rye, 

428,020 

65 

281,048  46 

Corn, 

l,10O,u97 

52 

576,446  60 

Oats, 

798,134 

35 

280,638  50 

Barley, 

124,663 

64 

80,939  18 

Bushels,  3,351,338 


$2,140,214  62 


Fractions  »f  less  than  ono  cent  in  the  aver 
age  prices  aire  omitted. 

MEXICO. 

It  is  stated  in  the  N.  Y.  Com.  Adv.  that  the 
Mexican  Congress  have  allowed  a  pension  ol 
three  thousand  dollais  per  annum  to  the  widow 
of  Guerrero.  There  are  rumors  that  the  par- 
ty which  supported  this  unfortunate  military 
chieftain  will  rally  under  the  banner  of  the 
exiled  Pedraza.  We  hope,  however,  whatso- 
ever the  nghts  of  the  question,  if  there  are  any, 
may  be,  that  the  government  of  the  Southern 
Un.ten  States  will  now  assume  something  line 
an  aspect  of  stability.  The  Regislro  Official 
of  February  22,  contains  a  decree  of  Congress, 
sanctioned  by  the  acting  President,  Busta 
mente,  granting  a  pension  of  $3000  per  aim 
to  citizen  Bemardo  Gonzales  Angulo. 

PARLIAMENTARY  KEFOKM 

Motions  on  this   subject    in   the   House  of 
Commons,  during  the  last  fifty  years  :— 
1782  by  Mr.  Pitt  negatived  by  20 

1782       Mr  Sawbndge  do  88 

Mr  Pitt  do  144 

Mr.  Pitt  do  24 

Mr.  Flood  withdrawn 

Mr  Grey,  dow  Premier  nega.  by  241 


1788 
1785 
1790 
1793 
1797 
1800 
1809 
1810 
1812 
1812 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1821 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1829 
1830 
1830 


Mr.  Grey,  now  Premier 
Mr  Grey,  now  Premier 
Sir  Francis  Burdett 
Hon   T   Brand 
Hon    T   Brand 
Marquis  of  Tavistock 
Sir  Francis  Burdett 
Sii  Francis  Burden 
Sir  Francis  Burdett 


do 

165 

do 

142 

do 

59 

do 

119 

do 

127 

do 

188 

do 

106 

do 

95 

am 

do   12 

do 

31 

do 

105 

do 

98 

do 

111 

do 

24 

do 

124 

do 

74 

do 

113 

do 

386 

tages  which  will  render  the  articles  thus  formed 
generally  acceptable. 

TENNESSEE. 

The  penal  laws  of  this  state  have,  as  wo  learn 
from  a  Philadelphia  paper,  recently  been  revi- 
sed and  amended.  According  to  the  new  code 
murder,  in  the  first  degree,  is  alone  punishable 
with  death  ;  and  in  the  second  degree,  to  im 
prisonment  from  ten  to  twenty^one  years. — 
The  crime  of  stealing  a  iree  person  of  color,  or 
selling  a  free  person  as  a  slave,  is  liable  to 
fr.im  five  to  fifteen  years  imprisonment  ;  steal- 
ing slaves  the  same  nenally,  and  horse  stealing 
from  three  to  ten  years  imprisonment.  The 
penalties  are  not  so  severe  as  according  to  the 
old  code,  and  the  whole  system  may  be  esteem- 
ed farmore  humane  and  philanthropic  than- 
formerly. 

GOLD  MINES. 

The  Washington  News  stages  that  there  is  a 
mine  in  Habersham  county,  Georgia,  superior 
to  any  heretofore  discovered,  ana  promises  to 
inexhaustible.  The  editor  has  seen  a  sample 
of  the  gold  extracted  from  this  mine,  and  also 
some  of  the  rock  taken  from  it,  which,  from 
appearance  and  weight,  justifies  the  opinion 
declared  by  those  who  have  experimentally 
examined  it. 

A  FORTUNATE  LEGISLATOR. 
Mr.  Otis,  of  the  Assembly,  is  the  holder  of 
one  half  of  a  ticket  which  drew  $6000  la  the 
lastj  lottery. 


ENGLISH  CATTLE  COB  SALE. 

The  sul>dcribt)r  offcis  10  the  punlic  on  rousonable 
terms,  several  animals  from  Imported  Stock,  the  most 
celebrated  in  Kuglauil,  both  for  their  grcoi  milking 
properties  and  the  stall.  Those  who  have  a  desire  to 
become  possessed  of  this  fine  breed  of  Cattle  have  Dow 
an  opportunity.  One  of  the  subscriber's  cows  was  im- 
ported from  England  at  a  great  expense,  which  her  val- 
uable properties  fully  warrant ;  having  given  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  during  (lie  summer  months, thirty-six  quarts 
of  rich  milk  daiiy.  Hit  weight  on  foot  last  May  was 
1700  lbs  She  is  of  tile  Improved  Short  Homed  Dur- 
ham breed,  of  fine  proportions  and  celebrated  as  a  bree- 
der ;  as  the  famous  Bull  Eclipse,  her  Calf,  will  show, 
and  several  others  of  her  stock  now  on  the  premises. 

The  sto>;£  Bulls  lor  the  season  aie  Jitlmiral  from 
Boston,  Mass.  a  full  blood  Durham,  and  Jilbum  a 
full  blood  cross  three-fourths  Durham  and  one- 
fourth  North  Devon.  They  will  stand  on  the  pre- 
mises. Terms  for  the  season,  as  usual,  made 
4nown  at  the  stables,  where  the  animals  may  be 
seen.  L.  JENKINS. 

Canaitdaigua,  Ontario  co.  JY.  ¥.  March  26,1831. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  &.C. 

THE  subst  riber  offers  for  bale  at  his  Nursery,  a 
variety  of  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Fibrous  and  Bulbous  Roots,  &c  ,  among 
which  are  Apples,  Peaches,  Pears,  a  few  Cherries. 
Lot  ust.  Caialpa,  Weeping  Willow,  Glediischia  or 
Honey  Locust,  Rose  Acassia  or  Moss  Locust,  Fir, 
Mountain  Ash,  Snow  Balls,  Lilacs  of  different  spe- 
cies. Paper  Mulberry,  a  variety  of  Roses,  Honey 
Suckles.  Tulips, Crown  Imperials,  Hyacinths.  Lil- 
lies.  and  many  others.  Also  a  few  Green  House 
Plains.  Communications  received  thro*  the  Roch- 
ester post  office,  and  Trees  delivered  in  Rochester 
without  charge.  SILAS  CORNELL. 

LindenHiU,(4  miles  N  W  of  Rochester)  3d  mo  20. 

***  Orders  for  the  above  may  be  left  at  the  Office 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer.       M  Ftf    mar26 


above  may 


Lord  Juhn  Rus,elj 
Lord  Juhn  Rusaell 
Lord  John  Russell 
Lord  John  Russell 
Hon  Mr.  Aberct  tmbie 
Lord  John  Russell 
Marquis  of  Blanford 
Marquis  of  Blanford 
Mr.  O'Connell 

AN    INVENTION. 

Mr  Caleb  A.  Ore.  a   resectable  boot  and 

slioemaUerof  PitilatMihia,  residing  at  No.  40 
South  Ei^htlWrtet,  has  discovered  a  new 
method  nf  manufacturing  hoots  and  shoes,  fo» 
which  he  is  about  to  obtain  a  patent.  The  in- 
vention consists  id  manufacturing  these  arti- 
»  cles  with  but  one  seam,  that  of  the  boots  in  the 
beel — of  the  shoes  over  the  instep.  So  far 
as  we  are  able  to  judge  from  examining  a 
specimen,  the  new  method  possesses  advan- 


TO  OUR  FRIENDS  IN  THE  WEST. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Canal,  in  and  about  Mbany. 

Twelve  years  ago,  there  ciime  forib  a  host  of  Seed* 
men,  with  Co&belt  at  their  head,  speaking  great  swell 
ing  word? — they  promised  much — they  performed  noih 
ing.  From  s  planting  of  fifteen  dollars,  tire  present  state 
of  ,.ur  •Bfcli.'li.  icol  wilt  show  what  good  seeds,  good 
;>H^bl  cultivation  will  produce 

For  tnWccomriiodatiou  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
iniet>d,  (nothing  extra  preventing;  to  open  a  Seed,  Plan* 
nniJ  Flower  Root  Store,  at  No  347  North  Market  street, 
on  the  6th  day  of  April  next,  opposite  the  building  into 
which  thf  post  office  is  to  be  removed  on  or  before  the 
1st  of  May,  within  a  lew  doors  of  the  Museum,  and  within 
piskol  shot  of  the  five  banks.  The  business  it*  Albany  will 
be  conducted  by  one  of  my  sous,  and  the  store  supplied 
withthe  same  goods,  and  at  the  same  prices  at  which  we 
sell  in  New  York.  As  we  derive  our  supplies  more  oi 
less  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  we  think  it  will  be 
a  facility  to  the  agriculturist,  as  well  as  profitable  to 
the  concerned.  If  ihey  will  keep  pace  with  the  ability, 
and  Prmi  !ence  smiles  on  the  undertaking,!  see  nothing 
to  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  to  the  same  exten 
*ive  footing  in  Aluany  as  the  mother  store  in  New  York 
for,  u  bile  the  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  flowers  and 
the  blossoms, and  the  rivers  and  the  ocean  carry  our  seeds 
to  every  clime,  so  in  Albany  the  taste  wants  only  food, 
and  riches  art'  already  thare  in  abundance:  while  the 
canal  conveys  'he  seeds  to  the  Lake  Superior,  the  great 
Western  Ro-id  will  transport  them  far  towards  the  set- 
ting sun.  Nothing  that  g  od  seeds  and  attention  tobus- 
iuess  can  pe'form,  will  be  wanting  on  our  part  to  meet 
the  public  expectation 

Just  received  from  France,  a  quanity  cf  superior  Lu- 
cerne Seed,  weil  worth  the  atteiitiou  of  the  firmer  Al- 
so, Lnglish  Ifiwihorns  fur  Live  Fencing  at  $4  perihou- 
san.l,  with  a  quantity  of  the  seed  at  '25  penis  per  qu.nl. 
Also,  Scotch  Goopebury  Bustus,  juat  received  f:  om  Gree- 
nock; they  are  packed  fr  transporting- to  any  reasona- 
ble distance  iu  bundles  of  six  roots,  each  hundleTcontaics 
two  of  each  of  the  three  h.st  sorts  now  cultivated  w  Scot- 
land, price  $1  25  cents  per  bundle—  samples  of  uie  fruit 
may  be  seen  in  hottles  at  the  store.  Seed  Catalogue*  it 
the  s'ore  ;  also,  Catalogues  of  Trees,  and  orders  receiv- 
d  for  the  Nurserys  of  Huel  and  Willsou,  Albany;  Priu^', 
Parraentier,  and  Loubatt.  Long  Island  ;  Floy,  Wilson. 
and  Hogg,  New  York  ;  and  fo> '  arr,  Lnudretb,  etc.  Phil- 
adelphia,   mar  26  FSt      G.  THORBUftN  and  SONS. 


GARDEN  SEEDS. 

THE  subscribers  are  now  ready  to  receive  the  spring 
orders  of  their  customer^  having  received  by  the  Sove- 
reign, from  Loudon,  and  by  arrival  from  France  and 
Holland,  a  choice  assortment  of  Garden,  Field  &  Flow- 
er seeds— among  which,  are  mauy  fine  sorts  of  early 
Cabbage  ;  early  and  lateCauliflowar:  purple  Cupe Bra- 
cole  ;  early  scarlet  Radish  ■  Mangel  YVurzell :  gir  John 
Sinclair's  new  Silver  Beets,  (a  very  luxuriant  and  valu- 
able vegetable)';  Bishyp's  early  Dwarf  Prolific  Peas, 
75  cents  per  quart.  Thesn  peas  need  no  recommenda- 
tion ;  many  who  had  them  last  season  at'est  to  their  su- 
perior quality— they  were  introduced  by  a  Scotch  Gar- 
dener, named  Bishop,  1827,  in  London,  and  so  great 
was  their  reputation, that  tbey  sold  for  one  guinea  per 
pint  j  they  are  remarkably  early,  very  productive,  anJ 
grow  only  twelve  inches  hieh — should  be  planted  three 
imhes  apart,  as  they  spread  like  a  fan  ;  they  commence 
blooming  wheu  only  three  inches  high- 

Also,  a  few  pounds  superior  white  Mulberry  Seed, 
growth  1830,price  50  cents  per  oz.  or  6  dolls,  per  pound; 
Perennial  Rye  Grass  ;  Orchard  Grass  ;  fin  a  early  Pota- 
toes ;  English  Windsor  Beans  ;  Green  Nonpareil  Beans, 
£.0  «re.. 

Bird  Seed  of  every  sort:  fresh  Embdon  Grotts  ;  Oat 
Meal;  Barley  Meal;  Kice  Flour ;  Shaker's  Parched 
Cora;  Medicinal  Kerbs  ;  Barks  and  Roots  in  great  va- 
riety. 

Also,  40  bushels  fine  white  Mustard  Seed,  received  by 
the  Columbia  and  Hudson,  late  London  arrivals  ;  this 
:?eed  was  selected  expressly  for  Medicine—is  quite  free 
of  dust  and  impurity 

Gentlemen  supplied  witb  Gardeners, by  theday,month 
or  year.  G.  THORBiRN  &  SONS. 

Feb    29— G  F  6  w        67  Libiny  street,  New  York. 


JiErEOKOLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  March  19,  1831. 


ITher 


Baromet'r  (   Winds 


l^in.snw* 
1  I    -iti.snv 

1-2 iu.  do 

[day 
freezes  all 


13  40!32,29,04|29.18  to 
Hi40i34|-J9,4-2|291^!w 
ISUo^O, 29,40  29,2f.jw 
I6I37i25  29,36:29,33  v 

17  30132  39,40(29,67  »« 

18  35  33  [29,75^9,47*  w 
I9|40]29|29f10l29,20i*  » 

*  Barometer  at  sunrise  28,94. 

XT  The  Barometrical  and  Thermomctrical  observa- 
tions arc  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.andP  M.,whith 
a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpo&e, 
show  thai  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  i/ic 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


Weatl 

er 

eg 

1 

>. 

3  i 

1 
1 

1 

i 

1 

1     1 

Observa'ns 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

March  25.  ,1831. 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  S9U92  50 

Pearl  100al02  50 

Apples  per  bushel       31a50 

Ho  dried  75 

Bristles, comb'd  per  lb  20a3I 
Beeswax  do     I8o20 

Butter  do    10aI2 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl       $Ha9 

Do  prime     do 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Barley  per  bushel        28a44 
Be,ms        do  50a62 

Caudles,  mould  per  lb  9  els 

Do  dipped         do      8  " 

Dio  sperm  do    28 

Corn  per  bushel  5tia56 

Cheese  per  lb  04o05 

CloverSeedper  bush   $4  50 
Klour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  pei  lb  07«08 

Flax  Seen  p^r  bush      78«87 
Feathers  uer  lb  3io3' 

Furs-Otter  100<z400 

Fox,  red  50a75 


Mink 

Kacr.oon 

Martin 

Fisher 

Wild  Cat 

Gray  Fox 
Grass  Seed  per  bush 
Hops  per  lb 
Honey  do 
Lard      do 


02a03  Mutton  do 


12a3i 
18a3l 
25o62 
37o50 
I8o25 
18^25 

62 
12al5 

09 
06a07 
02a03 


1  Fcx,  crass 


Mustard  Seed  per  bush      $3 
Oats  per  bush       .  25a3I 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  J  4 

Peaches, dry'd  hush  100a200 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $12/el3 
Do  prime  8a9 

Do  fresh  per  lb         03o04 
Quills  per  1 00  25a30 

Rye  per  bush  50o5C 

Rag^pe.r  lb  03a04 

Salt  per  bbl  si  75 

Taliowper  lb  06o07 

Whe.it  perbush        109all5 


100<*200|Buckwheat  flour, cwt,  $1  ' 


96 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


March  26,  1831 . 


LETTERS  FROM  EUROPE 
We  commence  to-day,  the  publication  of  a 
series  of  letters,  from  one  of  our  townsmen, 
now  on  Ins  travels  in  Europe,  to  a  friend  in  this 
village,  who  haB  politely  submitted  them,  at 
our  request,  for  publication.  We  confidently 
anticipate  that  they  will  be  found  interesting. 
The  welkWnown  abilities  of  the  author  as  a 
writer,  hit;  general  information,  and  tho  great 
facilities  which  he  enjoyB,  being  a  visitant  in 
the  most  interesting  section  of  the  world,  all 
conspire  to  give  a  deep  interest  to  this  cor 
respondence.    Roch  Dai.  Adv. 

LETTER  I. 

Packet  ship  Sully — at  sea- 
Dec.  20th,  1630. 
My  dear  H — 

The  monotony  of  a  sea  voyage,  with  only 
the  usual  complement  of  calm  and  tempest, 
must  not  be  expected  to  furnish  matter  for  a 
letter  of  much  length  or  interest  In  traver- 
sing, as  we  have  already  done,  nearly  three 
thousand  miles  of  waste  waters,  we  seem  to 
have  had  the  ocean  to  ourselves  Only  one 
solitary  ship  has  appeared  within  our  horizon, 
and  she,  on  the  very  vorgeof  it,  just  where  the 
heavens  bent  down  to  meet  the  water,  looked 
scarcely  more  real  than  a  phantom.  Tho  very 
inhabitants  of  the  deep  seem  to  have  abandon- 
ed their  homo  and  element  to  us,  for  not  one 
of  them  has  deigned  to  show  himself  during  al 
our  passage  thus  far,  except  that  on  one  tern 
pestuous  day,  a  few  miserable  porpoises  gam<- 
boled  about  our  ship,  for  half  on  hour,  as  i.  to 
say,  that  what  was  peril  to  us  was  only  sport 
to  them. 

There,  is  something  singularly  depressing  in 
the  solitariness  of  such  a  condition.  The  lar- 
gest ship  becomes  an  insignificant  object,  when 
seen  day  after  day,  and  week  after  week,  very 
exactly  poised  in  the  centre  of  an  extended 
plane,  on  which  the  sky  shuts  down  on  every 
side,  forming,  apparently, a  wide  circular  world 
for  her  single  self,  and  from  which,  no  matter 
what  her  direction  or  her  speed,  it  seems  im- 
possible for  her  to  escape.  There  she  still  is, 
in  the  same  centre  of  the  same  everlasting  cir- 
cle, with  nothing  better  (or  her  pavement  than 
leaving  billows,  and  a  eanopy  over  her,  for  the 
greater  portion  of  time,  hung  in  black.  It 
matters  not  how  well  hor  decks  or  her  cabin 
may  be  peopled — these  form  hut  a  single  house 
hold,  (though  classed,  indeed,  somewhat  aris- 
tocratically) and  the  eye  soon  becomes  fauiiuar 
with  the  every-day  objects  on  which  it  rests, 
and  then  instinctively  looks  abroad  to  discover, 
«t  it  can,  something  besides  these,  possessed  ofi 
lite  or  motion  T:.e  firbt  great  navigator,  when 
the  whole  earth  was  ocean,  and  his  the  only 
ship  upon  it,  could  hardly  have  felt  himself 
more  alono  in  the  world,  than  we  have  some- 
times done  in  the  course  of  our  passage 

When  Ispeakofihe  monotony  of  a  sea  yoys 
age,  I  do  not  mean  that  it  is,  even  at  the  worst, 
absolutely  without  variety      There  are  chan- 
ges enough,   but  no    where  else  on  earth  are 
ihey  so  rapid  as  at  sea,  in  a  northern  latitude, 
in  the  month  of  December      I  have  often  stept. 
on  deck,  of  an  evening,  to  enj"y  a  clear  atmos 
rihere  and  a  brilliant  sky,  when  not  a  cloud,  so 
Rarge  as  a  man's   ha.id,  could  be  seen  in  the 
whole   circle  of  the    Heavens.     I  have  stood 
tijiis,  perhaps  for  half  an  hour,  gazing  intently 
Upward,  wondering  at  the  apparent  depth  of 
tveaven  into  which  ray  eye  could  penetrate,  and 
at  the  host  of  bright  stars,  some  set  and  soma 
floating  there,  which  seemed  "  infinitely  mul- 
tiplied," compared  with  what  1  ever  witnessod 
from  the  land,  and  which   shed   down   on  the 
surrounding  waters  a  blended,  soft,  but  distinct 
light — a  kind  of  radiant  influence  from  above, 
».f  I  may  call  it  so  without  being  poetical  ;  and 
while  I  have  been   yet  gazing  and  wondering, 
a  sudden  and  unaccountable  change  has  come 
over  the  face  of  the  whole  sky,  like  the  shift 
ingot"  the  scenes  in  a  drama ;  tho  wind  was  up 
and  the  ram  was  coming   down   in  torrents  — 
'•There  are  other  changes  too,  scarcely  less  rap 
«d.    Tho  sea  prosonts  itself  in  a  variety  of  as>. 


pects.     There  is  the   unbroken  glassy  surface 
of  the  sea  in  a  calm,  when  the  light  which  is 


shot  down  upon  it  from  sun,  moon,  or  stars, 
instead  of  being  reflected  back  strikes  through, 
and  illumines  its  own  pathway  to  an  incon- 
ceiveable  depth — then  there  is  the  roughened 
surface  of  the  sea,  when  the  smoothness  of 
pulish  of  the  glassy  sheet  is  just  disturbed  by 
the  lightest  breath  of  wind  imaginable,  but  still 
remains  unbroken,  presenting  an  appearance, 
to  compare  great  things  to  small,  not  unlike 
the  watermarks  in  a  piece  of  coarse  moreen — 


i: 


in  actual  cunvulsion,  or    before   tbi   effecia  of 
her  convulsive  throes  have  passed  off. 
Ever  yours, 


P 


then   there  is  the  broken  and  agitated  surlace 
of  the  sea,  showing  here  and  there  a  whitecap, 
from  the  very  comb  of  which  a  little  light  spray 
is  now  and  then  thrown  off—  then  there  is  the 
billowy  surface  of  the  sea,  when  it  appears  ev- 
ery where  restless,  and  its  whole  bosom  heav- 
ing, as  with   some  deep  internal  cause  of  un 
quiet — then  comes  the  deeper  and  loftier  swells 
of  the  sea,  showing  sometimes  a  gradual  eleva- 
tion or  hill  side  of  water,  apparently  of  half  a 
milo,  or  more,  in  extent,   and  beyond  that  an- 
other and  another,  which  flash  back  the  rays 
of  the  sun,  if  he  shines  on  them,  into  the  very 
face  of  the  sky — and  then,  through  some  inter- 
mediate changes,  come  the  mountain  waves  of 
the  sea,  rolling  higher  than  1  dare  tell  you  of, 
whitened  all  over  with  foam,   and  seemingly 
engaged,  though  in  mighty  confusion,  in  a  ter- 
rible warfare  with  the  tempest   which  lashes, 
and  howls  over  them.     The  noise  of  the  horri- 
ble and  unearthly  roar  of  wind  and  sea  togeth- 
er, in  a  storm,  cannot,  fail  to  strike  terror  and 
awe  into  tho  bosom  of  any  one  who  hears  it  for 
the  first  time.     TheBO  mutations  of  tho  ocean 
aro  tometimes  exceedingly  rapid,  and  are  con- 
stantly recurring,  and  only  a  few  days  experi- 
ence  has  convinced  me   how  eaBily  one  may 
bocome  familiar  with  objects  of  buautv,  sublim- 
ity and  terror,  so  as  to  forget  to  wonder  or  to 
fear. 

Besides  theso  obaoges  in  the  ocean,  there 
are  the  u9ual  variety  of  phenomena,  which  I 
have  certainly  witnessed  with  great  interest, 
hut  which  it  would  be  worse  than  useless  for 
me  to  dwell  upon.  You  may  find  them  all  des- 
cribod,inany  book,  or  letter,  which  has  been 
written  on, or  concerning  the  sea,  lor  centuries. 
There  is  lioweveiAie  fact  which  I  cannot  omit 
stating,  because  r^»  not  recollect  ever  to  have 
seen,  or  heard  it  noted;  and  that  is,  the  very 
remarkable  difference  between  a  dark  night  al 
sea,  and  a  dark  night  on  land.  The  nights  at 
sea,  in  tho  same  state  of  the  atmosphere  and 
the  heavens,  are  decidedly  the  lighter  of  the 
two.  This  is  evidently  owing  to  ih^j^iospho- 
rescencc  of  tic  ocean  1  h.ivo  ilis^^By  wit- 
nessed its  effect  in  thedarkest  ni^^^rm.l  dur- 
ing a  storm,  enabling  me  to  observe  the  moun- 
tainous tops  of  the  waves  at  a  great  distance, 
and  very  visibly  and  steadily  casting  light  on 
the  deck  and  rigging  of  the  ship.  Un  my 
mentioning  this  subject  to  our  intelligent  cap- 
tain, ho  informed  me  that  in  tropical  climates, 
he  has  often  seen  the  sails  of  his  ship  illumin- 
ed, to  a  degree  of  brightness,  with  the  effect 
of  this  phosphoric  light  from  the  water. 

I  have  rnn  on  in  this  letter,  to  more  length 
than  1  thought  of,  when  I  sat  down,  and  there 
yet  remain  some  things  unsaid,  which  I  do  not 
like,  altogether,  to  omit.  I  want  to  tell  you 
something  of  life  at  sea,  and  give  you  some 
account  of  the  discipline  and  police  uf  a  ship 
and,  if  possible,  before  making  the  laud,  I  will 
do  this  in  another  letter. 

I  hope  the  condition  of  my  health  will  enable 
me  to  furnish  you  the  brief  sketches  which  you 
made  me  promise  to  give  you,  during  my  ab- 
sence. You  know  the  reasons  which  induced 
me  to  tear  myself  away  from  objects  of  the 
lenderest  interest  at  home,  to  spend  u  few 
months  in  a  foreign  climate  and  country  — 
i  Whether  1  shall  find  the  relief  1  seek,  must  he 
j  determined  by  the  event-  In  tho  mean  while, 
|I  have  much  to  see  ami  hoar,  und  I  shall  not 
fail  te  make  the  busiest  use  of  my  time.  The 
cause  of  Freedom  is  one  of  cultusiastis  inter 


THE  NURSERY  MAN. 
I  once  was  a  gard  ner  so  gay, 

Till  I  brought  to  my  Eden  a  wife; 
But  now  I've  found  out,  we]  i  a  day  ! 

That  a  Nursery  man  I'm  for  life 
Tho'  'tis  fruitless  my  wishing  for  good— 

My  ills  double-blossomed  appear, 
Like  Two-faces  under  a  hood, 

We've  happily  Twins  ev'ry  year. 
When  fatigued  with  the  sun  and  the  air, 

My  son  and  heir  gives  me  no  peace  ; 
I've  Climbers  all  over  my  chair,  [cearc. 

Whose    Deer-tongues  from    moving   ne'e; 
I  So  tortured  am  I  by  each  child,  [ble. 

That  spleen  wort  now  gives  me  mueh  trou 
My  brain  I'm  afraid  will  grow  wild 

If  I  can't  raise  my  Salary  double  .' 
When  I  married  the  fair  Mary  Gold, 

If  she  had  .Ine  monie  I  asked  ? 
[That  Yellow  Everlasting,  we're  told, 

Will  'honesty  even  outlast.] 

Shepherd's  Purse  from  her  father,  the  farmer. 

She  brought, — and  a  fine  Goldenehain  ■ 
:  Yet  (tho'  I  don't  say  it  to  harm  her,) 

Lady's  eardrops  are  all  that  remain. 
London-Pride  she  has  always  e6teeme/l, 

All  beauties  in  her  wero  assembled  ; 
But,  tho'  Bella-  Donna  she  seemed, 

'Tis  Rag-wort  she's  lately  resembled 
'Twas  first  at  a  Hop  that  1  saw  her, 

In  vain  a  young  Cocks-Comb  was  pleading. 
Sweet  he-plant !  his  warmth  could   not  thaw 
her : 
Ah  !  thought  I,  in  ray  heart  Love-lies-bleeu 
ing 


Last  Sunday  she  brought  me  a  flower, 

A  f'orget-me  not,  for  me  to  wear  : 
Said  I,  "  Were  the  choice  in  my  power, 

I'd  haye  Batchelor's  buttons,  my  dear1 
In  Spring,  when  I'd  mind  early  Peas, 

1  made  people  pay  what  I'd  choose; 
But  now,  without  hoping  to  please, 

1  must  mind  both  my  P's  and  my  (£s  I 
How  Rueful,  alaB  !  is  my  fate, 

To  Beet  and  Bvce  doomed  all  my  life  ! 
'Stead  of  Heart's  ease  or  Balm,  to  meet  haU 

'Tis  not  Sage  to  be  plagued  with  a  wife. 
I'm  sure  we're  a  very  bad  Pear  ; 

And  our  babes  are  wild  Crabs,  slot  to  teach 
As  lor  home — what  a  hot  house  is  there  ! 

But  I'll  Pine. —  cause  I  don't  like  to  Peach  I 


TUB  ALBANY  NM9ERI 

i  'NOW  contains  177  varieties  oX  the  Apple,  120.  of  tho 
1  Pear.  56  of  Ihe  Plum,  37  of  the  Cherry,  M  of  the  Peach 
■H)  of  the  Grape,  tfc. — Apricots,  .V-ctarines  Quince--. 
Strawberries,  Gooseberries,  Raspberries,  Curreuta,  *,-c. 
.  — more  than  146  varieties  of  bardy  Roses,  and  other  lie* 
lirable  varieties  of  Ornamental  Shrubs  and  Treat,  and 
Herbaceous  a ud  Green  House  Plants,  of  vigorous  grown}, 
and  in  fine  condition  for  transplanting.  Tuberoses,  Dah- 
lias, Ferrarias,  Jacobean  LtUiea,  and  other  tender  roots, 
should  bo  planted  in  May,  and  now  is  tho  time  to  older 
them.  Orders  solicited,  and  Catalogues  furnished  gratis 
Albany,  March,  1831.  BUKL  and  WILSON. 

inlM  Orders  will  be  received  by  Ll'THER  TUCKER. 


SEED  STORE). 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  Good9eP, 
?  Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  have  mode  arrangements 
to  supp'y  ibis  village  and  the  surrounding  country  with 
'every  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
!3oods,  together  with  Fruil  and  Shade  Treos, Grape  ttnots, 
I  Flower  Pots,  Gardes  Tools,  etc.    Orders  will  be  recei- 
ved for  Trees  aod  other  articles,  from  the  following  Nur- 
Weries  Bed    Seed  Stores  :— Priuce's,   and  Parmrnt ,«  r's. 
Long   Island;  Floy's,   Wilson's,   Thorbnru's,    and" A, 
Smith,  and  Co.'a,  New  York ;   hnel's,  Albany;  and  Lan- 
[dreth's,  Philadelphia.    Orders  which  are  left   previotts 
•to  the  1st  of  April,  will  be  filled  aa  soon  res  tho  aaual  o- 
|peas.    As  tho  subsoiibers  inland  gradually  to  establish 
in  extensive  Soed  Store,   thoy  tiust  that  the  friends  o! 
Agriculture  and  Uerticnltaro  in  this  vicinity,  will  render 
then,  all  the  facilities  ami  encouragements  iu  I hfSJLfjower. 
NURSERY,  au.lor  tho  coutrul  of  Mr   Uomlaell,  is 


i 
,  -wt.L.  «.«   --  -.  -    ^-.l     it-      *  il    now  in  progrsss,  from  which  uianv  first-rate  frees  ana 

cat  with  me,  as  it  is  with  all  ra  America,  and  I ! ■■,,..,,. -^nol  „,,.,,  octroyed  for  this  spring',  transplant 


desire  le  Ipojt  upon  the  face  of  Ejirppc,  either  :'rrrg. 


rt.tr  n> 


KXJSSl  1 ETP.  unit  »NuX. 


^mm  r&m^mmmw  i&m&Mmm, 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  APRIL  2,  1831. 


NUMBER    13. 


THE    GENESEE    FARMER 

AND  GARDENER-*  JOURNAL. 

Oovotedto  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &c.  &c. 
N.  GOODSsXL,  EDITOR. 
Published  on  Saturdays,  at  f$2  50  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  n  $2  00,  it  paid  at  the 
time   of  subscribing,  Dv   Lcther  Tucker,   at 
l lie  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


COIVXiaUNIUA  t  IOWS. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

Mr.  Editor— i  am  pleased  with  the  num 
hers  of  your  paper  so  far;  because  vou  give 
us  valuable  aiaterials,  without  regard  to  their 
origin.  To  be  original  seems  to  be  the  whole 
object  of  some  editors.  Such  editors  should 
have  no  patrons  but  editors  who  puff  them 
for  originality.  Let  such  compliment  each  o- 
ther,  or  quarrel  about  "  first  entries."  We, 
common  folks,  ";care  not  a  straw"  whence 
vou  derive  materials,  provided  you  give  us  val 
liable  ones.  I  hate,  '  fiutn  my  soul  I  halo  all 
affectation"  of  original  materials  in  a  periodi- 
cal. The  farmer  neither  knows,  nor  cares, 
who  first  penned  an  article  on  raising  peas  or 
potatoes. 

Col.  A.  Worthington  of  this  county  first  said 
:lsow  peas  about  the  10ih  of  Juno,  and  they 
will  not  be  infected  with  bugs."  This  I  pub- 
lished in  1822.  Thousands  of  dollars  have 
been  saved  by  the  information.  But  farmers 
<!o  not  know  that  Colonel  Worthington  first 
communicated  the  fact  to  me;  and  that  I  said 
it  was  because  the  10th  of  June  was  too  late 
for  the  pea-bug  (Biuchus  pisi)  to  deposit  its 

Col.  Worthington  and  mysel1",  (though  "  un- 
noticed and  unknown";  are  paid  by  the  fire- 
side pleasure  of  saying  to  our  boys  and  girls. 
"  we  first  suggested  this."  Vanity  is  vora 
cious,  but  is  easily  fed.  Now  continue  to  give 
us  valuable  materials,  and  pay  the  authors  by 
inverted  commas,  while  you  interest  your  sub- 
sribers  ;  who  (like  me)  care  not  a  straw  which 
end  of  a  comma  stands  uppermost,  unless  our- 
selves were  the  original  suggestors  of  new 
thoughts.  Then  a  wrong-endup  comma  will 
pay  us.     Your  friend,         AMOS  EATON. 

Troy,  March  18,1831. 


FOR    THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 

HAMS. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  subject  of  equal  inter- 
est among  farmers,  on  which  there  is  such  a 
contrariety  of  opinion,  as  that  of  curing  hams. 
Almost  every  farmer  who  is  fond  of  good 
hams,  or  wishes  to  procure  a  good  price  for 
them,  has  opinions,  forms  or  receipts,  peculiar 
to  himself,  and  after  all,  the  article  is  seldom 
produced  in  the  country,  much  superior  in 
taste  or  flavor  to  that  of  common  salt  pork — 
The  plan  which  I  pursue  is  extremely  simple, 
and,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying,  produces 
hains  superior  to  any  of  the  kind  which  I  have 
ever  lasted,  not  excepting  the  celebrated  hams 
uf  Virginia,  or  England,  or  the  still  more  fa- 
mous of  Calabria. 

The  hams,  as  soon  as  they  are  separated 
;Vom  the  body  of  the  animal,  are  to  be  closely 
packed  in  a  clean,  tight,  common  sized  barrel ; 
and  to  a  full  barrel  aid  a  pickie.  made  by  dis- 
solving eight  quarts  of  clean  Liverpool  salt, 
and  four  ounces  --alipetre,  in  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  rain  or  soft  water,  to  covet  the  whole. 
In  this  situation  thev  are  to  remain  until  re- 
moved to  the  smoke-house,  which  should  be 
from  eight  to  twelve  weeks. 

The  smoking  process  is  to  be  conducted  al- 
together with  cobs,  or  the  wood  of  sugar  ma- 
ple (the  former  is  prelerred) ;  and  when  suffi- 
ciently smoked,  those  that  are  intended  for  im- 
mediate use,  may  be  hungup  in  a  dark  garret, 
orTt'  the  weather  be  too  cool,  in  the  sellar;  as 
freezing,  particularly  if  often  repeated,  is  ve- 


Lttuicn  Hill,  3d  mo.  25,  1831 . 


I^afh 


FUR  THE   GENESEE  FARMER. 

I  wTsh  our  HoriicHlttirists  to  believe  as  I  do, 
that  there  is  no  finer  di.mo.tr.  than  that  of  the  Gene 
see  Country.  To  some,!  know, this  declaration 
may  be  startling.  We  have  heard  much  of  the 
temperate  seasons  of  Gieat  Britain,  and  ol 
tho  glorious  skies  of  Italy  and  Greece.  1 
doubt  not  that  those  countries  partake  largely 
of  the  bounties  of  a  munificent  Creator;  bu' 
I  wish  not  for  the  long  enervating  summers  of 
the  south,  nor  for  the  mild  winters  of  Bruaiu 
connected  with  its  pale  and  feeble  sun  in  sum- 
mer. 

Hereafter  I  may  discuss  this  subject  more 
at  large.  Many  plants  from  warm  countries 
would  mature  their  fruits  under  our  genial 
skies,  and  even  become  naturalized. could  theii 
stems  endure  our  rigorous  winters.  Of  this 
kind  is  the  fig, the  pomegranate,  and  the  caper. 
L'y  the  following  extract  from  Loudon's  Enrij- 
r.lopcilia  of  Plants,  it  appears  that  even  at  Pa- 
ris, six  degrees  further  north  than  this  place, 
ihe  caper  is  cultivated.  That  our  summers  are 
morn  favorable  will  scarcely  be  questioned  ; 
and  I  have  un  donbt  lhai  the  plant  can  repose- 
equally  safo  beneath  our  sods  in  winter. 
H  D.  T. 

The  caper  tree  (Capparis  spinosa)*'  lias  the 
habit  of  the  common  bramble  ;  it  grows  in  t lie 
souih  of  Europe,  especially  on  rocks  and 
ruins.  Tho  chief  supply  of  caper  buds  is 
from  Sicilv  ;  but  the  plant  is  cultivated  in  the 


ry  injurious.  Those  that  are  intended  for 
summer  use,  are  to  be  well  whitewashed  with 
lime,  and  when  dry,  wrapped  in  paper  and 
packed  away  in  new  dry  ashes,  and  then  set 
in  a  cool  dry  place  in  the  cellar.  Particular 
c  ire  is  requisite  to  prevent  its  being  heated  loo 
much,  while  in  the  smoke-house,  as  this  is  ve- 
ry destructive  to  its  line  flavor.  Q.  B; 

FOR   THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 
BASS  MATTING. 

On  reading  an  article  in  your  paper  of  last 
w>  ek,  headed  Bass  Matting,  I  took  some  good 
•und  basswood  bark,  that  had  been  taken 
from  the  tree  last  summer,  and  boiled  it  from 
two  to  three  hours  in  water,  trying  it  at  inter- 
vals, to  see  whether  its  layers  would  separate  ; 
hut  I  found  at  the  end  of  the  boiling  that  its 
adhesion  was  scarcely,  if  at  all,  diminished  ; 
which  confirmed  what  I  before  supposed,  that 
the  gum,  if  once  dryed,  becomes  insoluble  in 
water ;  this  is  well  known  to  be  the  case  with 
gum  copal,  caouchouc,  indigo,  and  many  other 
vegetable  substances,  which,  by  exposure  to 
the  air,  undergo  snch  chemical  changes  by  the 
absorption  of  oxygen,  and  perhaps  some  other 
means, that  water  will  no  longer  serve  them  as 
a  rnenstrum. 

The  inner  bark  of  the  Basswood,  (Tilia 
Glttbra)  however  useful  i:  may  be  for  various 
purposes,  is  almost  indispensible  to  every  hor- 
ticulturist in  the  form  of  strings ;  and  that 
prepared  frum  our  trees  is  much  better  than 
what  we  get  from  Europe.  To  prepare  it.  I 
take  the  bark  from  the  trees  when  it  will  peel 
freely,  and  immerse  it  in  water  immediately, 
beng  careful  that  every  part  is  covered.  In 
from  four  to  six  weeks,  in  warm  weather,  the 
inner  layers  will  be  completely  loosened,  and 
fall  apart  on  being  lifted  up;  it  may  then  be 
stripped  out,  washed  soft  and  pliable,  having 
a  smooth  and  regular  fibre,  but  as  we  approach 
the  outer  rough  bark,  we  find  the  fibres  broken 
and  interrupted  by  the  expansion  of  the  tree, 
forming  a  kind  of  im-guter  net  work,  not  easi- 
ly separated.  Proba^Bit  may  make  good 
wrapping  paper,  but  it  Spears  difficult  to  form 
this  part  into  the  proper  state  for  matting,  fo 
when  much  force  is  required  lo  separate  it 
ihe  fibres  are  broken,  and  the  ribbands  will  be 
of  very  irregular  breadth.  S.  C. 


neighborhood  of  Toulon,  in  orchards,  in  the 
intervals  between  fig  and  olive  trees;  and  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Paris,  where  it  is  trained 
on  low  walls,  and  the  shoots  durino  winter  laid 
down  and  covered  with  soil  to  protect  them  from 
thefrost  In  [England]  it  has  stood  the  winter 
in  the  open  air  in  some  situations,  and  by  rai- 
sing from  the  seed  for  severul  generations 
might  probably  be  naturalized.  A  plant  stood 
near  a  century  against  the  wall  of  the  carden 
of  Camden  House,  Kensington;  it  produced 
many  flowers  annually,  though  the  young 
-hoots  were  frequently  killed  to  the  slump  du- 
ring winter. 

"  As  a  pickle,  the  flower  iurfsofthe  caper  are  in 
great  esteem  thro'outEurope.In  Italy  the  unripe 
fruit  is  prepared  in  the  same  way  as  the  flow- 
er buds  ;  both  are  highly  arrid  and  burning  to 
the  taste.  In  ihe  Isles  of  the  Mediterranean, 
and  near  Toulon,  the  flower  buds  uf  the  caper 
are  gathered  just  be  fore  they  begin  to  expand, 
which  forms  a  daily  occupation  during  six 
months,  when  the  plants  are  in  a  flowering 
state.  As  the  buds  are  gathered  they  are 
thrown  into  a  cask  among  as  much  salt  and  vin- 
egar as  is  sufficient  to  cover  them,  and  as  the 
supply  of  capers  is  increased,  more  vinegar  is 
added.  When  the  caper  season  closes,  the 
casks  are  emptied,  and  the  buds  sorted  accor- 
ding to  their  size  and  colour,  the  smallest  and 
greenest  being  reckoned  the  best,  and  put  into 
small  casks  of  fresh  vinegar  for  commerce. They 
will  in  this  state  keep  fit  for  u>e  five  or  six 
years.  The  best  capers  are  called  nonpareilles, 
and  ihe  second  best  capucines. 

"  Most  of  the  species  arc  very  showy  when 
in  flower.  Ripe  cuttings  grow  readily  in 
sand."  

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

HEAVES  IN  HORSES. 

Take   one  pound  and  a  half  of  good  ginger, 

for  a  horse,  give   two    spoonsfulls   each   dav 

one  in  the  morning,  and  the  other  in  the  eve- 
ning, mixed  wilh  wheat  bran.  This  receipt  has 
been  selling  ai  the  eastward  for  $5,  where  the 
efficacy  of  the  above  medicine  has  been  pro- 
ved in  the  cure  of  several  cases  of  obstinate 
heaves.  K. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

SPRING. 

Winter,  bleak,  desolate,  and  dreary  winter 
has  at  length  taken  its  flight.  It  now  awaits 
the  revolution  of  another  year.  With  it,  its 
chilling  train,  its  benumbing  power,  its  spot- 
less garb  of  virgin  white,  and  its  "  envious  nip- 
ping frosts,"  have  vanished,  and  like  an  ill- 
starred  dream,  it  is  bat  held  in  remembrance. 
Ii  has  fled  to  give  place  to  the  benign  influence 
of  a  genial  sun,  and  now, 

"no  more  [cold; 

Th'  oxpansive  atmosphere  is  cramp'd  with 
But,  full  of  life  and  vivifying  soul, 
Lifts  the  light  clouds   sublime,  acd  spreads 
them  thin,  [ven." 

Fleecy  and  white,  o'er  all-snrrrounding  hea- 
The  delightful  season  of  spring   has  return 
ed,  that   refreshing  and  ioviguratiug  period  of 
man's  existence.     The  regeneration  of  things 
has  commenced,  and  at  its  gentle  coming 

"  all  nature  then      [up 

Rejoiced  together  glad;   the  flower  looked 
And  smiled  ;   the    lorest,  from  his  locks 

shook  off  (birds 

The  hcary  frost,  and  clapped  his  hands;  the 
Awoke,  and,  singing, rose  to  meet  the  day." 
The  various  implements  of  agriculture  are 
now  pat  in  requisition  and  the  ground  is  pul 
in  preparation  to  receive  the  seed.  The  fru- 
gal husbandman  rejoices  that  another  season 
has  relumed,  and  is  bestowing  his  energies  for 
another  crop. 

The  fields  already  begin  la  arrogate  to  tbern 
selves   their  green  mantle  and  the  buds  .aud 


98 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER. 


April  2,  1831. 


blossoms  are  igain  putting  forth  with  all  the  r 
grace  of  loveliness.  The  trees  have  left  th*- 
"  sear  and  yellow"  stale,  and  are  now  fondly 
assuming  tfieir  garb  of  "  everlasting  green." 
The  delightful  music  of  the  feathered  songster* 
is  every  where  heard  warbling  in  soft  melodies. 
Na,ure  wears  a  sweet  and  sorene  aspect, and  all 
that  is  seen  awakens  an  inspiration  at  once 
pleasing  and  delightful.  The  family  hearth 
ts  no  longer  crowded,  and  the  mild  effects  of  a 
softer  sun  is  acknowledged 

Man  renovates  his  spirits,  and  his  mind  is  no 
longer  crowded  with  the  dire  forebodings  and 
gloomy  temperament  of  sullen  wintor.  Tin 
re-appearance  of  nil  things  fair,  the  flower,  the 
garden,  and  the  field,  after  months  of  cold  ge 
lid  intractable  winter,  should  put  the  unprin- 
cipled disbeliever  in  Divine  power  to  shame, 
and  show  the  blind  absurdity  of  his  blinder 
doctrine  nf  chance.  The  Sentimentalist  in  his 
reflections  on  the  works  of  naiure,  perceives 
that  an  omnipotent  hand  has  been  engaged  in 
its  resuscitation, and  finds  cause  that  He  should 
be  worshipped  and  adored  for  his  equal  mercy, 
justice  and  kindness.  X. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE     FARMFR. 

A  spoonful  of  flax  seed,  steeped  an  hour  or 
two  in  warm  water,  and  given  to  calves  with 
their  accustomed  food, once  a  day,  till  they  are 
six  or  seven  weeks  old,  is  very  beneficial  to 
them.  When  Indian  meal,  which  is  highly  va 
lu  I  !o,  is  added  to  their  food,  a  little  magnesia 
or     lalk,  now  and  then,  will  prevent  scouring 

March  26,  1831  B.  C n. 


SELECTIONS. 


POMOLOGICAL  MANUAL,. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  politeness  of  Mr. 
Prince,  for  a  few  sheets  of  this  work,  from 
which  we  copy  the  following,  and  shall  make 
further  selections  in  our  next. 

LITTLE  BLANQ.UET.  Pa.  Cat. 
Evel.      For. 

This  fruit  is  pyriform,  eighteen  lines  in 
heiglnh  by  thirteen  in  breadth  ;  the  skin  is  ve- 
ry smooth  and  yellowish  white;  the  flesh  in 
half-breaking,  white,  with  a  slight  musk  flavor, 
and  of  a  pleasant  taste.  The  seeds  are  well 
formed,  and  of  a  light  brown  hue,  and  the 
frait  ripens  the  first  part  of  August.  The  tree 
can  be  ingrafted  on  the  quince  or  pear,  and  is 
very  vigourous  and  fruitful. 

HASTIVEAU.     Pr.  Cat.      Roz.     Duh. 

This  pear,  which  is  of  turbinate  form,  a  lit- 
tle flattened,  usually  measures  fifteen  hues  in 
diameter,  and  thirty  four  in  height,  and  has  a 
slender  stem,  whose  length  is  disproportion 
ate  to  the  fruit,  and  often  measures  eighteen 
lines.  The  skin  is  very  even,  and  entirely  of 
a  light  yellow  hue,  except  on  the  sun  side, 
where  it  has  some  touches  of  bright  red.  The 
flesh  is  half  melting  and  musky,  but  neverthe- 
less has  hut  little  flavor  ;  the  seeds  are  black 
and  well  formed;  and  the  fruit  ripens  about  the 
mi  Idle  of  July  ;  the  tree  produces  abundant- 
ly, and  may  be  propagated  on  both  pear  and 
quince  stocks.  I  havo  already  stated  my  rea- 
sons lor  the  supposition  that  this  maybe  ihe 
pear  at  present  known  in  Englamd  as  the 
Green  Chisel. 

GROS  HASTIVEAU  DE  LA  FORET. 
Pr.   Cat.     Dch. 

This  fruit  is  of  the  shape  of  a  top,  and  is 
but  eighteen  to  twenty  lines  in  height,  by  fif- 
teen or  sixteen  in  diameter,  with  a  large  and 
short  peduncle  of  only  eight  or  nine  lines  in 
length.  Its  skin,  at  perfect  maturity,  is  whi- 
tish in  the  shade,  and  of  a  lively  red  next  the 
sun  ;  the  flesh  is  white,  breaking,  rather  dry, 
•tnJ  very  slightly  acid,  but  of  no  peculiar  flavor,' 
and  has  nothing  to  render  it  particnlarly  desira 
ble.  The  seeds  are  dark  brown,  and* the  fruit 
'ripens  about  the  middle  of  August. 


FINE  GOLD  OF  SUMMER. 
Pr.  Cat.     Coxe. 

This  fruit  is  of  medium  size,  and  turbinate 
form,  somewhat  truncate  at  the  end  next  the 
stem,  which  is  sixteen  lines  in  length  ;  it  is 
flattened  at  the  base,  and  the  eye  is  situated 
in  the  centre  of  a  small  cavity.  The  skin  is 
very  smooth,  of  a  yellowish  green,  dotted  o- 
ver  with  red  points  on  the  shade  side,  and  of 
a  deep  and  brilliant  red  next  the  sun  ;  the  flesh 
is  delicate,  greenish,  half-melting,  a  little  acid, 
and  very  agreeable  ;  the  seeds  are  black,  am; 
tolerably  large,  and  the  fruit  matures  about  the 
middle  of  August.  I  find  by  mv  own  obser- 
vations, and  those  of  my  intelligent  friend  Ro- 
bert Manning,  Esq.  of  Salem,  Mass.  that  two 
other  varieties  of  pears  are  erroneously  culti- 
vated under  this  name  in  some  nurseries,  pro- 
bably without  the  knowledge  of  the  proprie- 
tors. — 

DOUBLE  EYED  PEAR.  Auth. 

This  fruit  generally  resembles,  both  in  form 
and  in  colour,  the  one  usully  called  here  the 
Jargonelle,  which  is  the  Epargne  of  the  French: 
it  differs  only  in  being  a  little  smaller,  its  grea- 
test length  is  but  twenty  eight  lines,  and  its 
greatest  breadth  twenty-two.  What  particular- 
ly distinguishes  it  is,  that  it  appears  to  have 
two  eyes,  which  is  caused  by  two  sections  of 
the  calyx  forming  themselves  one  within  the 
other  in  such  a  manner  as  to  divido  the  eye  in- 
to two  parts,  and  to  give  it  the  appearauoe  of 
being  double  ;  the  flesh  is  half-melting,  with  a 
little  sharpness,  hut  of  agreeable  flavour.  In 
the  south  of  France,  this  pear  ripens  as  early 
as  the  end  of  June,  with  us  here  the  period  of 
maturity  is  July.  Rozier  places  the  title  of 
this  pear  a-  a  synonyme  of  the  Poire  a  deux 
tetes,  hut  the  New  Dubamel  describes  them  as 
quite  distinct ;   I  have  followed  the  latter. 

LARGE  CRIMSON.  Pr.  Cat. 

It  is  only  comparatively  with  the  still  small- 
er variety  of  this  pear,  that  the  present  one 
has  received  the  term  of  grosse  or  large,  for  its 
hiight  is  hui  twenty-seven  lines,  and  its 
greaiest  diameter  twenty-one  lines  ;  the  stem 
is  ten  or  twelve  lines  in  length,  large  in  com- 
parison with  the  fruit, and  is  inserted  laterally 
T'te  skin  is  a  whitishJfceen  in  the  shadj.and  ofa 
ligh  er  or  darker  hue~^Qcrimson  on  the  side  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  The  flesh  is  somewhat  firm 
of  a  high  and  sugary  flavor,  and  the  seeds  are 
dark  brown,  or  nearly  black.  The  Pelite-cre- 
ines'ne  only  varies  from  the  precediding  by  he- 
ather smaller,  and  in  general  not  so  high- 


ly  coloured.     Tbese  two  kinds  are  m 
vated  in    Provence,    (France,)  whe 
pen  in  July  ;  in  ihii  latitude  they  wil 
mature  their  frnit  by  the  first  of  August 


Ill^k^U 
1^ 


subject  of    a    Beard   of    Agriculture but  he 

would  p!esunie,surrounded  as  the  Editor  must 
be, by  the  lovers  and  admirers  of  that  great  and 
singular  man,   that    ere  this  he  has   been   fur- 
nished  with    the    materials  ho   desired.       To 
make  the  foundation  of  any  future  remarks  in 
relation  to  the  subject  as  perfect  as   possible. 
G.  W.  P.  Curtis,   Esq,  of  Arlington,  and  Mr. 
Sparks,  in  possession  of  Washington's  papers, 
of  almost   every    description,   would  no  doubi 
with   pleasure  afford  their  aid      General  Mar- 
shall, in  his  history,  and  on  Ihe  occasion  of  the 
last  speech,  thus  refers  to  it,"  in  presenting  a 
lull  and  clear  view   of  toe  situation  of  the  U- 
niled  States,  and   in  recommending  those  na~ 
itional  measures,  in  the  utility  of  which  he  felt 
i  a  confidence,  no  personal  considerations  could 
I  induce  the    omission  of  those   to   which  open 
j  and  extensive  hostility   had  been  avowed."     A 
tnavy     was    recommended    to    rise    with    the 
growth,  and   increase   with  the    strength  and 
,  prosperity  of  the  country.     "  1  he  speech  i  ext 
proceeded   earnestly  to  recommend  the  estab- 
lishment of  national   works  for  manufacturing 
uch  articles  as  were  necessary  for  the  defence 
I  of    the  country,    and  also    of   an    institution 
|  which  should  grow  up  undi r  the.  patronage  of 
the  public,  ana   be  devoted  io  the  improvement 
of  agriculture.      The  advantages  of  a  Milna^ 
ry  Academy, and  ofa  National  University, were 
also  urged.       If.  in  all   reasonable  calculation 
and  human  probability  such  a  n'nal  establish- 
ment as  suggested  by  Washington. w. mid  have 
protected  ou,-  commerce,  and  iaved  us  from  a 
foruign  war,  what  resuUs  might  have  oeen  an^ 
ticipaled.from  the  active  operation  and  co-op- 
eration of  the  other  three  >  Nothing  less  eureiy 
tban  a  country  uniformly  prospering  under  the 
influence  of  liberal  institutions,  arts. and  seien- 
ces.and  every  internal  improvement  coincident 
with  our  age  as  a  people,  and  ability  as  a  na- 
tion; with  an  uncomplaining  ard  rapidly  im- 
pioving  agriculture,  dignified  by  the  talents  of 
the  wise  and  good.     The  navy  and  military  a- 
cadomyhave,  with   the   weapons  of  war  and 
science,  long  since  fought  themselves  into  fa- 
vor with  the  nation,  in  spiie  of  modern  philos- 
ophers.      May  the  time  speedily  arrive,  when 
the  others  will  be  permitted  to  co-operate   in 
rendering  our  country  gronl  and  nappy.     Bat 
before  wa  can  expect   to  arrive  at  such  felici- 
tous results,  we  must  sub'lue  in  a  <rreat  degree 
that  double  headed  monster,  party  spirit— and 
how  is  that  best  to  be  done  ?     In  the  spirit  of 
Washington,  and  that  source  from  whence  he 
derived  both  his  political   and    moral   wisdom. 
i  let  it  be  answered— a  judicious  combination  oi 
general  education   and  practical   religion— for 
1  he  said  on  another  occasion,  that  we  would  ne- 
[  ver  expect  to  be  a  happy  nation,  except  we  de- 
meaned   ourselves    to   each    other   with   that 
,:  charity,  humility,  and  pacific  temper  of  mind 
which  were  the  characteristics  of  the   Divine 
; author  of our  blessed  religion  "     It  might,  have 
'been  unpardonable,    sir,  to   have    diverged    so 
far  from  our    su'-ject,  having  any    other  cause 
for  it  than  the  present — but  no  apologies  need 
ever  be  offered,  for  mingling  the  politics  and 
parental  advice  nf  Washington  with    agrieuK 
lure  ;  for  like  the  structure  of  our  happy  gov- 
ernment  which    ha   approved,  his   plans  were 
clearly  to  be  discriminated  as  individually  use- 
ful, but  most  important,  in  their  union,  produ- 
cing one  great   concentrated  whole.       Permit 
I  me, in  eonclusion.to  wish  you  the  most  success- 
ful application  of  every    appropriate  principle, 
j  and  increasing  light  from  all  his  virtues  in  the 
continued   progress  of  the  American   Farmer. 

the  lucerne  grass. 
By  an  advertisement  in  this  paper  it  will  b£ 
seen  that  Lucerne  Seed  is  to  be  hid  at  Cook  & 
Coming's.  The  seed  hen  advertised  is  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Day,  an  English  cultivator,  now 
i  resident  in  this  city,  and  it  is  very  clean.and  of 
the  best  quality. 

The  cultivation  of  the  Lucerne  is  well  worth 
.     -..-_.:__    -r  ,u»    r. ,.    ■  ■  *** 


EARLY  ROUSSELET.  Pr.  Cat.  For. 
This  fruit  is  small  am!  pyriform,  twenty-two 
to  twenty -four  lines  in  height,  and  eighteen  to 
twenty  in  its  greatest  diameter,  it  is  rounded 
at  the  bead  with  a  partial  cavity  to  receive  the 
eye.  The  stem  is  large  in  proportion  to  the 
fruit,  and  is  rarely  more  than  nine  or  ten  lines 
in  length.  The  skin  is  delicate,  yellowish  in 
the  shade,  and  ofa  rather  lively  red,  mingled 
with  "mall  gr.y  spots  next  the  s+iu.  Tho  flesh 
is  white,  with  a  partial  tint  of  yellow,  half- 
breaking,  of  an  agreeable  fragrance,  with  a 
sweet  and  perfumed  flavor.  This  pear  ripens 
here  al  the  end  of  July,  and  greatly  rosembles 
the  Kousselet  de  Rheims,  but  has  less  flavour 
and  perfume.  In  Fessendcn's  American  Gar- 
dener, it  is  stated  that  this  variety  is  known 
around  Boston  by  the  title  of  Catharine,  or  a-, 
pronounced  Katttrn;  but  some  confusion  ex- 
ists there  on  this  head. 

From  the  Araaric.tn  Former. 
agricultural   boards. 
R.   K.  M.  presents  his  friendly   respects  to 
the  Editor  of  the   American   Farmer,   and  ro- 
fers  him   to  the  address   of  General  Washing- 

ton'  .'-TY^r  Nn"°fnnJ   Lce'slature>  "f  Decern- II  the   attention  of  the  farmers   of  this  reirion 
ber,  itjb,  for  the  information  required,  'Jn  tnefl  and  wc  confidently  trust  that  anion-  tire  V«>r! 


1.— TV. 


13 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


99 


results  which  we  expect  from  the  Horticultu 
ral  Society,  about  going  into  operation  among 
us,  if  it  be  not  sootier  brought  about,  will  be 
the  introduction  of  Lucerne  as  one  of  the  very 
best  kinds  of  fodder. 

We  do  not  profess  to  know  much  about  it 
personally,  but  the  testimony,  wherever  it  has 
been  tried,  is  strongly  in  its  favor;  and  we 
take  the  following  noiice  of  it  from  the  Farm' 
er's  Assi-tant.  a  very  useful  publication,  which 
we  happen  to  have. 

This  grass  was  introduced  from  Prance  into 
Groat  Britain,  about  70  years  ago;  and  was 
first  brought  to  this  country  by  thai  distinguish- 
ed promoter  of  improvement,  the  late  Chan- 
cellor Livingston.  With  this  best  cultivation 
and  plentiful  manuring  it  will  yield  from  six 
to  nine  tons  of  hay  per  acre,  in  a  season.  A- 
bout  twenty  pounds  of  seed  per  acre,  are  ie~ 
quired,  if  sown  broad  cast,  which  is  consider- 
ed a  more  profitable  mode  of  cultivation,  fur 
the  farmers  of  this  county,  than  drilling.  It 
may  be  sown  with  oats  ;  but  it  seoms  to  be  re- 
garded as  best  to  sow  this  seed  by  itself,  after 
deep  and  thorough  plowing.  Mr.  Livingston 
sowed  it  with  success  in  September,  after  ear- 
ly crop  of  potatoes  ;  and  it  may  well  be  sow- 
ed immediately  aftor  a  crop  of  flax,  in  both 
of  which  cases  the  soil  is  reduced  to  a  fine 
mellow  mould. 

The  best  soils  for  it  are  said  to  be  of  ths 
dryer  kind,  such  as  a  rich  sand,  or  a  gravelly, 
Of  sandy  loom.  It  grows  well,  even  tn  the 
coldest  climates,  though  it  is  more  productive 
under  the  more  temperate  skies.  It  comes 
forward  very  early,  endures  drought  well,  and 
if  cut  frequently  will  renew  itself  till  late  in 
the  season. 

The  first  year's  crop  is  not  as  large  as  the 
subsequent  ones,  snd  it  retains  its  vegetative 
vigour  about  10  years, when  it  should  b,»  plow- 
ed in,  and  the  soil  will  hu  found  improved  for 
other  uses ;  it  is  as  good  as  c'over,  if  not  bet- 
ter, for  this  purpose,  making  the  ground  rich, 
friable  and  light. 

There  is  one  quality,  in  particular,  which  re 
commends  this  grass,  for  fresh  fodder,  to 
farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  market  towns.  If 
mowed  as  often  as  the  growth  will  fill  the 
scythe,  (as  it  should  be  for  this  purpose)  it 
will  continue  to  produce  a  succession  till  very 
late  in  the  season.  Mr  Young,  a  celebrated 
English  farmer,  says:  "for  fatting  bullocks 
and  pasturing  swine  this  gra-s  may  be  very 
advantageously  used.  When  it  is  made  into 
liay  let  it  be  cut  while  quite  green,  and  made 
without  DAich  shaking,  as  the  leaves  fall  off 
considerably  when  dry.  A  little  salt  added 
to  it,  when  laid  in  the  mow,  would  be  a  great 
improvement." — Troy  Sent. 


indications  of  rising  on  a  permanent  founda 
lion.  Of  the  society  at  Newburgh  we  have 
no  information  of  its  proceedings.  Next  year 
we  hope  for  better  things.  The  Rensselaer 
ooiiuty  Horticultural  Society  recently  formed 
at  Troy,  will  not,  we  are  well  persuaded,  be 
contented  to  remain  last  and  least.  The  So- 
ciety at  Philadelphia,  like  the  Philadelphians 
themselves,  preserves  its  par  value.  The 
Charlestons.  C.  Horticultural  Society, recently 
organized,  will,  without  doubt,  put  on  a  spiri- 
ted aspect.  There  arc  other  similar  associi- 
tions  in  contemplation.  Among  the  benefits 
flowing  from  these  societies  are  the  cultiva- 
tion of  a  taste  for  rural  charms,  the  introduc- 
tion of  new  and  valuable  fruits,  and  esculents, 
and  the  beautifying  the  grounds  about  dwel- 
lings, and  along  streets  and  roads.  It  is  a 
matter  of  surprise  that  these  associations  a'e 
not  appreciated.  We  should  have  supposed  the 
tasty  inhabitants  of  Now  Haven,  for  instance, 
would  have  increased  the  attractions  of  their 
city  in  this  way. 

Of  Agricultural  associations  there  are  but 
few.  Those  in  Massachusetts  appear  to  move 
on  with  unabated  ardor,  and  with  decided  use- 
fulness. In  almost  ererv  branch  of  husband- 
ry this  State  has  made  greater  and  more  gene- 
ral advances  than  any  other  in  the  Union — all 
attributable  is  the  spirit  excited  by  these  socie- 
ties. The  great  state  of  New  York  concen- 
trates all  its  honor  in  this  respect,  in  one  soci- 
ety, that  of  Jefferson  county.  The  successful 
progress  of  this  society  will,  at  no  distant  day, 
convince  the  inhabitants  of  the  State  of  their 
folly  in  abandoning  a  system  calculated  to  pro- 
mote their  individual  interest  and  the  wealth  of 
the  State-  There  are  other  societies  in  the 
Southern,  and  particularly  in  the  Western 
States.  The  one  at  Baton  Rouge,  in  Louisia- 
na, and  of  Hamilton  county.  Ohio,  are  favora- 
bly known  to  the  Agricultural  public.  We 
see  indications,  particularly  in  this  State,  of  a 
disposition  to  revive  those  associations.  The 
times  and  the  taste  of  the  people  are  more 
I'avorable  than  they  were  ten  or  fifteen  years 
ago. 

AmoDg  other  indications  ot  national  prospe- 
rity is  the  increase  of  facilities  in  travollm» 
ami  transportation  of  goo^s  and  produce.  Be- 
sides numerous  and  extensive  canals  in  every 
section  of  the  country,  rail  roads  are  awaken- 
ing a  spirit  of  enterprise,  and  opening  new 
and  nearer  markets  to  the  products  of  the  far- 
mer's labor.  These  means  of  conveyance  are 
producing  effects,  which  will  increase  and  per- 
petuate_our  blessings — tending  to  remove  sec 


Extract  from  the  adtlress  of  the  Editor  of  the 
Noio  York  Farmer,  at  the  commencement  of  Ins 
4th  volume. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  increased  attention  to 
rural  affairs,  are  the  formation  and  success  ofl 
societies  having  for  their  objects  the  oultiva-j 
tion  of  a   taste  for  the   science  of  the  vegetal 
ble  kingdoui.and  the  improvements  of  the  pro- 
ductions   of  the    garden    and    orchard.        The 
Massachusetts   Horticultural   Society   at   Bos- 
ton, has,  during  the   past  year,  marched   nobly 
on  in  her  praiseworthy  career.     The  great  va- 
riety of  fruits  exhibited,  and  the  rare   »nd  at- 
tention with  which  they  are  examined  and  de 
scribed,  entitle  this  society  in  'his    particular, 
to  stand  pre-eminent  among  tier  lovely  sisters. 
The  Boston   market  has  unquestionably  bt  en 
improved  in  fruit  and  vegetables, by  tbe  efforts, 
of  this  association.     The  Slate  of  New  York  [ 
has  taken  tbe  lead  in  'he  number  of  its  Horti- 
cultural  societies.  The  one  in  this  city  is  vene- 
rahle  for  its  years, and  (or  the  good  it  has  done. 
Let  it  undergo  a  more   scientific  organization, 
and  it  will  at  once  be  acknowledged  the  pa- 
rent   in  knowledge   as  well  as  in  age.        Tbe 
one  at  Albany  has  done,  and  will  continue  to) 
do  well.     The  Domestic  Horticultural  Sscie- ' 
ty  of  the  western  past  of  this  State,  exhibits 


ttonaljoealousies,  peculiar  habits,  and  bring 
forwardra  race  of  men  quick  in  thought  and 
movement,  and  of  liberal  and  enlarged  views. 
Tbe  increased  attention  paid  to  education, 
particularly  in  that  class  of  schools  designed 
to  benefit  the  great  body  of  the  people,thc  con- 
cert of  effort,  and  the  interchange  of  views, 
brought  about  by  conventions  of  teachers,  are 
calculated  to  produce  much  and  lasting  good — 
'o  render  the  munificent  bestowments  of  our 
legislatures  the  most  effectual  in  accomplish- 
ing the  desired  ends,  and  add  very  materially 
to  the  firmness  and  consolidation  of  the  foun- 
dation on  which  our  imperishable  national  fa- 
bric is  to  be  reared 

The  establishment  of  farms  and  workshops 
in  connexion  with  schools  and  colleges  is  ano- 
ther pleasing  expression  in  the  features  of  our 
country.  In  proportion  as  these  institutions 
flourish,  it  will  only  require  industry  and  a  fair 
moral  character  for  youth,  however  poor,  to  a- 
vail  themselves  of  tho  privileges  afforded  by 
our  best  seminaries  of  learning. 


Erotti  fcue  American  Farmer. 

PLEtnlUM    A6RICSLTURAL    ESSAYS. 

A  country  so  essentially  agricultural  in  its 
interests,  and  possessing  a  population  so  intel 
ligeut,  as  the  tinned  States,  ought  to  produce 
more  original  matter  for  the  press,  en  subjects 
connected  with  husbandry.  The  political,  and 
scientific  press, teems  with  fresh  matter  weekly 
ijxi  daily  ;  wlyle  tiie  agricultural  is  very  much 


neglected.  The  cause  u.  which  we  atttnbute 
this  want  of  agricultural  writers  may  be  infer- 
red from  the  remedy  wa  are  about  to  propose. 
No  one,  it  is  presumed,  will  attribute  it  to  a 
want  of  subjects,  or  ability  on  tho  part  of  our 
farmers — there  is  no  country  on  earth  where 
more  abundant  materials  exist  f->r  agricultural 
essays,  and  none  possessing  a  greater  propor- 
tion of  intelligent  writers  among  its  agricultu- 
rists 

Without, therefore, attempting  an  elucidation 
of  the  evil  caused  by  this  dearth  of  agricultu- 
ral matter,  and  believing  that  its  existence  is 
sufficiently  apparent,  we  prooeed  to  the  reme- 
dy, or  sueh  a  one  as  we  think  will  be  at  least 
partially  effectual. 

We  propose  to  award  premiums  for  original 
Essays  on  the  three  great  divisions  of  the  ag- 
ricultural interest,  to  wit  : 

1st.  For  the  best  Essay  on  any  subject  strict- 
ly Agricultural,  a  perpetual  free  subscription 
to  the  American  Farmer,  beginning  with  the 
13th  volume. 

2d.  For  the  second  best  Essay,  of  the  same 
character,  five  years'  subscription  to  the  Ame- 
rican Farmer,  beginning  with  the  l3th  vol- 
ume. 

3d.  For  the  third  best  Essay  of  the  same 
character,  one  of  the  previous  volumes  of  the 
Farmer,  handsomely  bound. 

4th.  For  the  best  Essay  on  any  subject  strict- 
ly Horticultural,  a  perpetual  free  subscription 
to  the  American  Farmer,  to  begin  with  the 
13ih  volume. 

5th.  For  the  second  best  Essay  of  the  same 
character,  five  years'  subscription  to  the  Far- 
mer, beginning  with  the  ]3th  volume. 

6th.  For  the  third  best  Essay  of  the  same 
character,  one  of  the  previous  volumes  of  the 
Farmer,  handsomely  bound. 

7th  For  the  best  Essay  on  any  subject  of 
Rural  Economy,  a  perpetual  free  subscription 
to  the  American  farmer,  to  begin  with  the 
13th  volume. 

8th.  For  t he  second  best  Essay  of  the  same 
character,  five  years'  subscription  to  the  Far- 
mer, beginning  with  the  13th  volume. 

9ih.  For  the  'hird  best  Essay  of  the  same 
character,  one  of  the  previous  volumes  of  the 
Farmer. 

The  Essays  offered  for  the  above  premiums 
will  be  submitted  to  a  committee  of  respecta- 
ble, intelligent,  arid  practical  Agriculturists; 
and  to  secure  to  the  successful  competitors  the 
premiums  for  the  best  Essays  in  the  three  de- 
partments, their  names  will  be  regularly  ente- 
red on  the  book  of  the  office  as  subscribers  for 
life,  charged  one  hundred  dollars  therefor,  and 
credited  by  premium  Essay  in  full,  which  will 
bind  as  well  our  successors  as  ourselves  to  a 
faithful  performance  of  the  contract. 

In  judging  of  the  merits  of  the  Essays,  all 
things  else  being  equal,  a  preference  will  he 
given  to  practical  over  theoretical  treatises  ; 
but  no  deficiency  of  style,  inelegance  or  errors 
of  composition,  will  be  allowed  to  militate  a- 
gainst  the  success  of  an  Essay,  the  matter  of 
which  in  a  more  comely'  dress  would  have  ob- 
tained a  premium.  (The  Editor  will  take 
pleasure  in. supplying  such  deficiencies.)  The 
particular  subjects  for  the  Essays  in  the  three 
department-  of  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  and. 
Rural  Economy,  are  left  entirely  to  the  sug- 
gestion of  tbe  writers  themselves;  as  are  also 
the  length  of  the  Essays,  and  the  propriety  of 
accompanying  their  publication  with  the  pro- 
per names  of  the  writers,  though  we  always 
profr  proper  signatures. 

Essays  for  tbe  above  premiums  will  be  re- 
ceived until  tbe  first  day  of  June,  at  whieh 
time  all  tbat  may  have  come  too  hand  will  be 
submitted  to  the  judges,  whose  award,  with 
the  first  prize  essay,  will  be  published  in  the 
first  usmber  of  the  American  Farmer  after  the 
decision.  Those  who  do  not  wish  their  names 
published  may  accompany  their  Essays  with  a 
sealed  paper,  containing  their  names,  and 
which  will  not  be  opened  unless  it  obtains  a 
premium,  and  then  only  to  enable  us  K>  awatti 


too 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  2,  1831. 


TKE  GENUSES  FARBIER. 

SATURDAY,  APRIL  2,  1831. 

FLOWING  AND  PLANTING. 

On  tins  subject  few  of  our  farmers  need  any 
instruction,  but  as  many  things  published  in 
the  Genesee  Fanner,  are  designed  for  young 
beginners,  a  few  hints  on  these  important  op- 
erations may  be  acceptable.  It  is  well  in  this 
country  to  break  up  lurf  grounds  in  the  fall, 
which  are  intended  for  spring  crops.  By  this, 
much  of  the  heaviest  team  work  can  be  done 
at  a  time  when  teams  are  strong,  and  the  wea. 
ther  cool,  and  labor  cheap.  But  where  the 
plowing  has  nit  been  done  in  the  fall  it 
should  be  done  as  early  in  the  spring  as  the 
weather  will  permit.  Much  time  and  labour 
may  be  saved  by  commencing  this  work  right. 
We  are  not  to  suppose  that  all  lands  require 
the  same  management,  neither  do  the  same 
iand9  for  different  crops  require  to  be  managed 
in  the  same  way,  but  as  a  general  rule,  it  is  de- 
sirable 10  render  turf  lands  as  mellow  as  possi- 
ble, with  the  least  labour.  For  this  purpose, 
where  there  is  a  tough  sward,  as  soon  us  the 
ground  is  thawed  two  or  three  inches  deep, 
it  should  be  thoroughly  harrowed  both  ways' 
with  a  sharp  iron  toothed  lianow  ■  this  can  be 
done  before  the  ground  is  sufficiently  thawed 
for  plowing,  and  the  sward  more  completely 
cut  to  pieces,  than  could  be  done  by  the  same 
labour  after  the  ground  had  been  plowed. — 
Where  soils  are  light  and  dry,  the  earlier  some 
crops  are  planted  ihe  better.  Peas  which  are 
designed  for  early  market  should  be  sown  as 
soon  as  the  frost  will  admit.  Oats  that  are 
sown  early  will  be  heavier  by  the  bushel,  than 
those  sown  late,  although  the  late  ones  may 
grow  the  most  straw.  Spring  rye  cannot  be 
sown  too  early.  Wo  have  known  those  three 
crops  sown  together  on  strong  lands  with  the 
common  quantity  of  seed  of  each,  and  each 
kind  produce  almost  as  much  as  if  sown  sepa- 
rately. Where  they  are  designed  for  feeding 
stock,  we  would  recommend  the  experiment. 
Corn  should  be  planted  in  this  section  (rom 
the  sixth  lo  the  tenth  of  May.  Some  farmers 
say  that  if  planted  too  early  the  seed  will  rot 
in  the  ground.  If  your  seed  corn  has  been 
well  selected  and  preserved,  you  need  not  fear 
that. 

Potatoes  should  either  be  planted  earlv,  or 
not  till  June,  as  we  would  prefer  the  last  of 
June  to  the  last  of  May.  Those  planted  ear- 
ly frequently  make  their  growth  befora  the 
midsummer  drought,  whereas  those  planted 
the  last  of  May,  are  frequently  injured  by, 
while  those  of  later  planting  make  their  growth 
with,  the  later  rains,  and  are  better  for  keeping 
through  the  winter.  We  would  notice  one 
common  error  with  regard  to  the  rearing  of  po- 
tatoes : 

It  ia  a  received  opinion  that  if  potatoes 
are  planted  on  dry  sandy  soil,  the  produce 
will  be  dry.  This  is  diametrically  opposed  to 
the  fact.  The  best  potatoes  are  allowed  to  b 
produced  in  Ireland  and  the  west  of  England. 
There  the  climate  compared  with  ours  is  cool, 
and  the  soil  contains  much  vegetable  matter. 
The  best  potatoes  raised  in  the  United  States 
arc  on  a  high  cold  ridge  of  land,  running  east 
from  the  east  end  of  L;ike  Ontario  to  Lake 
Champlain  ;  also,  on  the  high  grounds  of  Ver- 


mont and  Maine.  In  our  southern  states  the 
potatoes  are  waxy  and  poor  in  quality.  The 
nference  to  be  drawn  is,  that  they  grow  best 
when  cool.  Now  we  know  that  our  dry  sandy 
lands  become  very  much  heated  in  summer 
weather,  while  our  black  boggy  or  peat  soils 
remain  cool.  Therefore,  in  proportion  to  this 
difference,  we  should  always  preler  soils  tha' 
contain  much  vegetable  matter  and  that  which 
is  damp  and  cool,  rather  than  dry  and  warm — 
no'  that  we  would  recommend  soils  that  wouid 
be  oalled  wet,  or  where  water  remains  upon  j 
the  surface,  but  such  lands  as  are  not  subject  jl 
to  the  drought.  We  hope  that  the  farmers  of 
Old  Genesee  will  make  observations  upon  this 
subject  ihe  coming  season,  and  let  us  know 
the  results,  as  wo  think  this  crop  has  beaa 
more  neglected. according  to  its  intrinsic  valua, 

than  any  other  

POMOLOGY. 
[Continued  from  page  93.] 

Esopus  SpitzKiiburgh — From  the  well  known 
repu-ation  oftbis  npple,  all  red  apples  that  are 
brought  to  market  are  called  spiizenburghs, 
and  a  great  many  kinds  have  been  cultivated 
by  this  name,  some  of  which  are  very  inferio. 
in  quality;  and  so  rare  is  the  genuine  appie, 
that  it  is  known  but  to  few  of  our  farmers.— 
We  shall  be  particular  in  desCi  ibing  it,  to  ena- 
ble those  who  wish  to  cultivate  it,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  the  spurious  kinds.  It  is  of  mid 
die  size,  rather  long  than  round,  or  barrel  sha 
ped,  being  very  square  at  the  blossom  end  ; 
rather  uneven  on  the  surface, or  slightly  ridged; 
the  color  is  a  deep  scarlet,  and  dotted  over 
with  small  light  colored  spots.  The  flesh  is 
crisp,  and  very  yellow.  It  is  plesantly  acid, 
with  a  rich  mnsky  or  vinous  flavor.  Itisve 
ry  heavy,  and  yields  a  rich  juice  for  cider,  and 
is  accounted  by  some  our  best  cider  apple,  it 
is  in  eating  from  January  until  May,  tnd  few 
kinds  are  more  justly  esteemed  as  a  table  fruit 
The  tree  is   a  good  grower,    with  long  limbs, 

which  are  thickly  studded    with  fruit  spnrs. 

When  left  to  itself,  the  tree  becomes  an  alter 
nate  bearer,  bearing  one  yeai  so  full  as  to  en- 
danger the  tree,  by  which  it  becomes  so  mur-h 
exhausted  as  not  to  show  any  fruit  luSs  the 
next.  This  should  be  remedied  by  pickinc  off 
part  of  the  fruit  when  young,  by  which  man 
agetnent  it  will  bear  successively. 

In  selecting  cions,  the  best  criterion  to  judge 
the  tree  hy.  is  the  length  of  the  limbs.  The 
top  is  flat  and  wide,  and  the  colour  of  the  bark 
is  a  light  grey  with  light  spots. 

Green  Newt.ncn pippin— This  is  justly  estee- 
med as  one  of  .>ur  latest  keeping  apples,  which 
is  in  eating  from  March  to  July.  This  apple  is 
of  middle  size,  and  rather  flat,  of  a  deep  green 
colour,  the  flesh  very  crisp  and  hard,  of  .-, 
sprightly  acid  flavor.  The  tree  ia  of  rather 
slow  growth,  with  small  limbs,  and  the  shape 
of  the  tree  is  rather  flat.  The  applo  has  a  ve- 
ry smooth  skin,  but  it  is  very  liable  in  this  vici 
ty  to  the  mildew,  which  in  many  cases  cover- 
and  destroys  the  fruit.  Very  Tew  apples  of 
•his  kind  can  be  found  without  more  or  less 
spots  upon  the  skin,  and  yet  it  is  well  worth 
cultivating.     Tno  trees  are  not  great  bearers. 

Yellow  Newtown  pippin— Few  American  ap 
plea  have  such  a  reputation  abroad  as  this,  ow- 
ing to  the  lirge  quantities  that  are  shipped  ... 
England   and  "ther  parts  of  Europe.       This 
Jlike  the  preceding  variety.keeps  long,  and  is  of 


a  brisk  acid  flu  or.  The  shape  of  the  apple  is 
long  and  square  at  the  ends,  the  color  of  a  pale 
green,  changing  to  yellow.  The  tree  is  a  bet- 
ter bearer  than  the  preceding.  1  do  not  con- 
sider either  of  them  good  cider  apples. 

Rhode  Island  Greening — Perhaps  this  apple 
is  more  generally  known  through  the  western 
part  of  this  stale  than  any  other.  In  size  it 
is  above  the  middle,  often  weighing  three- 
fourths  ot  a  pound.  The  colour  is  of  a  deep 
green,  changing  to  a  pale  yellow  when  fully 
ripe.  It  is  very  smooth,  and  the  tree  is  a 
yearly  and  good  bearer.  The  shape  of  the  top 
is  flat,  the  limbs  large  and  strong,  and  the 
young  wood  covered  with  a  white  down.  It 
is  not  a  good  cider  apple,  but  nevertheless  a 
valuable  one  to  cultivate.  It  is  in  eating  from 
Jinuary  to  May,  and  is  an  excellent  cooking 
tpple. 

Roxhury  Russeting — This  apple  is  known  by 
a  variety  of  names,  in  western  New  York.sue], 
as  English  russeting, Boston  russeting,  ifrc.  It 
is  under  middle  size,  flat  in  shape,  moderate 
russet,  with  a  blush  on  the  sunny  side.  The 
flesh  is  firm,  of  a  yellow  colour,  with  a  rich 
sub-acid  flavor ;  it  keeps  well,  being  in  eating 
from  February  lo  July.  The  tree  has  rather  ;. 
flat  top,  the  limbs  iarge  and  strong,  and  thick- 
l\  set  with  fruit  spurs.  The  tree  is  a  good 
bearer,  and  we  consider  this  and  the  Pommc 
Gris,  two  of  the  best  of  our  russet  apples. 

Pummt  Gris — This  apple  is  of  French  ori 
gin,  and  is  cultivated  much  in  the  Canadas.  — 
It  is  of  small  size,  and  of  flat  shape,  of  a  fine- 
yellow  russet  color,  the  flesh  is  firm  and  ten- 
der, and  full  of  rich  juice,  which  has  a  muskv 
agreeable  sub-acid  flavor.  It  is  one  of  the 
richest  table  fruits  for  winter,  being  in  eating 
Com  January  to  June.  The  tree  is  a  »ood 
bearer 

Winter  Russet— This  is  one  of  the  longest 
keeping  apples  we  have,  being  in  eating  from 
.Hay  to  July.  Ihe  tree  is  of  rapid  growth, 
with  straight  upright   shoots,  which  are  long, 

and  are  apt  to  break  when  loaded  with  fruit. 

The  bark  is  of  cinnamon  colour,  and  the  tree 
is  one  of  the  hardiest  we  k,-,ow  of.  The  grea. 
test  recommendation  this  fruit  has,  is  its  dura- 
bility. The  apple  is  of  middle  size,  of  coni. 
cal  shape  ;  of  a  russet  color,  the  flesh  rathei 
touuh,  and  of  an  unripe,  sub-acid  flavor. 

Black  MhjfiowcT — A  fall  apple,  of  singular 
shape  and  colour,  baing'of  a  dark  purple,  stri- 
ped with  green,  and  covered  with  a  ligh: 
bloom.  It  is  in  eating  from  October  to  Janua- 
ry, is  of  pleasant  flavor,  but  rather  dry;  it  lo- 
ses  its  flavor  before  it  rots,  and  becomes  very 
insipid.  The  tree  grows  with  small  crooked 
limbs  and  flat  bushy  top.  Notwithstanding 
its  short  durability,  a  few  trees  in  an  orchard 
arc  well,  as  the  apple  makes  a  singular  appea- 
rance in  a  dessert.  It  is  not  a  good  cider  ap- 
ile. 

Bourassa — This  is  accounted  one  of  the 
best  winter  apples  of  the  Canadian  market.  It 
is  of  a  beautiful  red  colour,  with  some  spots 
of  rust.  In  its  shape  it  resembles  Bradocfc's 
seek  no-further,  being  conical,  and  of  middle 
•  us.  it  is  in  eating  from  January  to  June, and 
is  certainly  one  of  the  best  apples  of  the  sea 
•on.  The  flesh  is  of  a  nrh  yellow  color,  very 
andcr,  and  full  of  juioe,  which  is  highly  per- 
imed.  This  apple  deserves  to  be  more  e\ 
lansively  cultivated  in  the  states. 


Vol.  1.— No.  13. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


lOl 


Pan's,  iV.  Y.March  I9tk,  1831. 
Mr.  Editor— A  subscriber  is  anxious  to 
cultivate  the  article  of  mustard,  provided  a 
knowledge  of  the  cost  and  net  proceeds  will 
warrant  the  trial.  Now,  sir,  through  the  medi- 
um of  your  useful  paper.  I  wish  to  knov — the 
time  of  sowing,  state  of  the  ground,  process 
of  maturing,  time  of  harvest,  manner  of  fitting 
fur  market,  quantity  of  an  average  crop.  Al- 
so, as  the  seaso.i  is  commencing,  information 
sufficient  to  enable  an  inexperienced  hand  to 
improve  the  quality  of  his  fruit  by  the  process 
of  ingrafting.     Yours,  &c.  W.  O. 

In  answer  to  the  inquiries  of  W.  O.  respec- 
ting the  cultivation  of  mustard,  as  a  field  crop, 
we  offer  the  following  observations  upon  its 
botanical  history,  cultivation,  manufacture,  u- 
scs,  *.'    . 

Mustard  belongs  to  the  fifteenth  class,  and 
second  order  of  the  Linnaean  system,  genus  si- 
tiapis,  of  which  there  are  two  species  cultiva- 
ted as  a  field  crop,  the  alba  and  nigra,  or  white 
and  black. 

All  the  plants  of  this  class  have  flowers  whh 
four  leaves,  or  petals,  forming  a  cross,  from 
wliich  circumstance  they  are  called  cruciform 
(lowers.  The  second  order  of  this  class  in- 
cludes those  plants  which  have  a  silique  or  pod, 
whose  length  is  more  than  twice  its  breadth. 

Both  species  have  been  cultivated  from  time 
immemorial,  in  most  parts  of  Europe.  It  is  a 
received  opinion  in  America,  that  the  white 
mustard  alone  is  cultivated  in  England,  from 
which  circumstance  it  is  called  English  Mus- 
tard; but  both  white  and  black  are  there  cul- 
tivated to  considerable  extent  as  field  crops, 
for  the  manufacture  of  bottle  mustard,  which 
has  been  exported  to  different  parts  of  the 
world. 

The  Black  Mustard  is  a  plantso  well  known 
to  every  fanner,  that  a  particular  description 
of  it  is  unnecessary.  It  is  of  taller  growth 
than  the  white,  and  ripens  much  earlier.  Th« 
leaves  and  pods  of  this  species  are  smooth 
and  shining,and  the  plant  may  be  called  hardy, 
as  it  will  continue  growing  about  yards  for 
years,  without  any  care ,  and  the  seed  will 
continue  in  the  ground  for  years.  The  flour 
from  the  black  kind  has  more  pungency  than 
the  white. 

The  White  Mustard  is  not  as  hardy  as  the 
black,  and  is  of  smaller  growth  ;  the  leaves, 
stalks,  and  pods  are  covered  with  short  sharp 
pointed  hairs,  giving  the  whole  plant  a  rough 
appearance  ;  the  leaves  are  feathered  on  the 
edges,  and  the  plant  is  not  as  branching  as  the 
preceding,  neither  does  it  ripen  its  seeds  at 
early.  The  green  leaves  of  both  kinds  are  u 
sed  as  pot  herbs,  as  are  most  of  the  plants  be- 
longing to  this  class,  which  includes  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  cabbage,  turnips,  cresses,  &c. 

Both  kinds  will  grow  upon  any  dry  rich  soil, 
which  requires  no  other  preparation  than  for 
other  spring  crops.  It  is  sown  in  drills  at  a- 
bout  one  foot  distant  from  each  other,  and  ho- 
ed, or  when  land  is  in  good  order,  and  clear 
from  weeds,  it  is  sown  at  broad  cast.  When 
sown  in  drills,  about  eight  quarts  per  acre  are 
considered  sufficient  for  the  black  kind,  and 
ten  for  the  white  ;  but  when  sown  at  broad 
cast,  about  ten  quarts  of  the  black  and  twelve 
of  the  white  are  required,  per  acre.  It  should 
be  sown  as  early  as  the  ground  will  admit  of 
m  the  spring,  and  it  will  ripen  in  this  climate 
August.    The  quantity  produced  in   Eng- 


land per  acre,  I  was  informed,  vane*  from  20 
to  30  bushels 

Tho  cultivation  of  mustard,  in  this  section 
of  Ihe  United  States,  would  be  subject  to  the 
samo  uncertainty  as  thai  of  turnips,  as  they 
are  both  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  the  fly,  (the 
chrysomela  of  Linnajus)  which  feeds  upon  all 
the  plants  belonging  to  this  class.  They  are 
more  disposed  to  feed  upon  the  white  than 
black  kind,  when  growing  together,  from  which 
we  should  inler  that  the  black  would  be  the 
surer  crop.  We  would  recommend  the  same 
precaution  against  the  fly,as  for  turnips  ;  that 
is,  sowing  on  now  land, or  newly  broken  up  turf 
iand.  Where  these  fail,  we  do  not  know  of  any 
antidote  against  the  fly,  as  they  will  sometimes 
destroy  the  crop  when  the  young  plantB  first 
appear  above  ground. 

Should  the  inquirer  have  any  reference  to 
the  cultivation  of  mustard  for  oil,  for  which  it 
is  often  cultivated  in  Europe,  we  would  re- 
commend him  to  examine  a  plant  which  we 
have  seen  growing  upon  the  Mohawk  flats,  at 
the  mouth  of  Oriskany  creek,  which,  if  we 
mistake  not,  is  the  Sisymbrium  amphibium,  L. 
This  plant  grows  very  luxnantly  on  bottom 
lands,  and  we  have  seen  it  growing  at  the  a« 
bove  mentioned  place,  which  wo  should  think 
would  produce  at  the  rate  of  forty  bushels  per 
acre,  and  the  plant  is  not  as  liable  to  be  at- 
tacked by  the  fly  as  mustard. 

Both  the  white  and  black  mustard  are  ground 
and  bottled  for  culinary  use;  and  in  Durham 
and  some  other  parts  of  England,  the  black 
husk  or  skin  is  so  completely  separated  by  t tie 
machinery,  that  it  does  not  affect  the  colour  of 
the  flour,  which  is  considered  stronger  than 
when  made  from  white,  but  as  it  contains  more 
od,  some  other  farinaceous  matter  is  mixed 
with  it,  which  not  only  facilitates  the  dressing 
or  bolting  process,  but  incrsases  the  quan- 
tity. 

Mustard  is  very  generally  used  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  as  a  condiment  for  meats  during  the 
spring  season,  and  both  white  and  black  are 
considered  medicinal 

Note.  The  inquiries  respecting  grafting 
will  be  answered  in  our  next  ;  and  for  varie- 
ue.-  of  apples  we  refer  him  to  our  articels  or, 
Pomology,  which  will  be  continued. 

ASPARAGUS. 

This  is  one  of  our  choicest  spring  vegeta 
bles,  and  yet  not  one  half  of  the  families 
through  western  New  York  pay  any  attention 
to  the  cultivat.on  of  it.  Wo  believe  many 
would  cultivate  it  that  do  not,  if  they  under 
stood  what  was  necessary. 

There  is  a  tradition  handed  down  among  our 
good  old  people,  that  in  order  to  raise  aspara 
gun,  it  is  necessary  to  dig  a  hole  the  size  of  the 
intended  bed, to  the  depth  of  two  or  three  fee* 
in  which  there  must  be  laid  a  floor  of  brick  or 
•tone,  over  which  must-be  laid  alternately, lay 
•rs  of  manure  and  earth,  until  the  pit  is  filled 
up.  on  the  top  of  which  the  asparagus  is  to  be 
planted. 

Now  we  confess  this  would  be  enough  to 
discourage  many  but  a  little  attention  to  the 
history  and  cultivation  of  the  plant,  dispels 
this  imaginary  difficulty. 

Tho  plant  is  found  growing  in  its  native  state 
in  low  grounds,  near  the  ea,  from  which 
we  may  infer  that  it  delights  in  a  moist  situa- 


tion, and  that  salt  is  not  injurious  to  it.  The 
preparation  of  ground  for  this  plant  is  simple, 
but  as  it  is  to  remain  many  years  in  this  place, 
it  should  be  well  prepared.  First,  when  you 
wish  to  plant  out  a  bed,  select  a  piece  of 
ground  that  is  rather  damp  than  otherwise,  the 
deeper  the  soil  the  belter :  let  it  be  well  manu- 
red, and  spaded  one  foot  deep  at  least,  and 
the  soil  and  manure  well  mixed  ;  upon  this  set 
your  young  plants,  one  foot  apart,  each  way, 
spreading  the  small  roots  horizontally;  cover 
them  over  about  two  inches  with  good  mould, 
and  the  task  is  done.  The  young  plants  should 
be  kept  hoed  until  they  shade  the  ground  suf- 
ficiently to  keep  the  weeds  under.  In  the 
fall  cut  down  the  stalks,  and  cover  the  bed 
with  coarse  manure,  which  may  be  stirred  in 
the  spring,  and  a  little  salt  sprinkled  ever  it. 
The  third  year  the  shoots  will  be  big  enough 
to  cut  for  use  ;  after  which,  if  it  is  well  tend- 
ed, a  bed  will  do  well  for  twenty  years.  As- 
paragus may  be  cut  until  early  peas  are  fit  for 
use  ;  after  which  it  should  be  allowed  to  make 
its  full  growth.  A  bed  of  five  feet  wide  and 
forty  feet  iu  length,  will  be  sufficient  for  the 
supply  of  a  family.  We  recommend  the  cul 
tivation  of  a  bed  of  asparagus  to  every  farmer, 
as  a  matter  of  health,   comfort,  and  economy. 

GOOSEBERRIES. 

Of  which  there  are  some  hundred  sorts,  of 
various  colors,  shapes,  and  sizes;  wliich  Ihe 
nursery-men  dignify  with  high  sounding  and 
gratuitous  names. 

Of  Ihe  large  and  monstrous  kind),  it  is  ob- 
served that  like  the  imported  vine,  they  are 
subject  to  mildew,  when  the  berry  is  in  the 
tart,  and  also  the  young  growth  of  wood  during 
the  whole  season.  In  England  it  is  advised  to 
keep  them  open  by  pruning,  and  to  give  them 
sjn  and  ft  free  ciiculation  of  air;  but  when  we 
contrast  our  clear,  bright,  and  burning  days, 
with  the  mists  and  fogs  of  an  English  climate, 
it  would  seem  that  the  rule  should  be  reversed, 
and  as  far  as  our  experience  goes,  all  of  those 
large  and  high  fed  varieties  thrive  altogether 
best  in  the  shade,  when  pruned  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  admit  a  free  Circulation  of  air — the 
shade  of  vegetables  is  not  as  favorable  as  the 
sides  of  houses,  walls,  and  fences,  with  north, 
south,  and  west  exposures. 

We  had  several  sorts  last  year,  which  grew 
to  the  size  of  walnuts,  all  of  which  tell  to 
the  ground,  completely  coveted  by  a  dark 
brown  fungus,  which  commenced  at  a  very 
small  point,  and  seemed  to  be  endowed  with 
vegetable  life,  and  composed  of  small  running 
filaments,  and  was  to  ail  intents  a  parasite 
possessing  organs  of  vegetability,  and  sustain- 
ed itself  by  preying  upon,  and  deriving  its  ali- 
ment from  the  fruit;  others  from  the  same 
stock,  in  more  shaded  situations,  perfected 
their  fruit  free  from  this  disease. 

They,  in  all  cases  within  our  knowledge, 
fared  the  same  on  light  sandy  soils,  as  on  the 
richest  and  deepest  bottoms  ;  and  if  they  con- 
tinue to  be  thus  affected.it  is  a  fair  conclusion 
that  our  humid  nights  and  hot  days  are  the 
proximate  causes  of  mildew  or  blight,  and  that 
our  climate  is  unfavorable  to  their  production 

Tho  sulphurated  lime  water,  and  the  chlo. 
rites,  proved  perfectly  inert, as  to  arresting  this 
disease;  and  the  only  remedy  we  can  suggest 
is,  the  raising  new  sorts  from  the  seeds  of  im 


102 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


ported  varieties,  from  which  process, when  ap- 
plied to  the  vine,  as  well  as  various  other  exo- 
tics, we  have  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
of  being  able  to  naturalize  and  acclimate  them 
to  our  light  and  shade,  heat  and  cold, and  cau^e 
ihem,  not  only  to  become  naturalized,  but  na- 
tural born  republican  denizens  of  our  gardens) 
and  fields,  who  originally,  with  aristocratic 
pride,  wero  withdrawn  from  vulgar  gaze,  in 
the  sumptuous  palaces  and  hot-houses  of  Eu- 
rope, or  were  indigenous  in  the  enervating  re- 
gions of  a  tropical  temperature. 

The  process  is  simple;  the  seeds  sown  in 
the  fall  vegetate  the  next  spring,  and  usually 
produce  the  third  year.  They  all  bud  and 
graft  freely  on  the  common  and  wild  stocks, 
which  may  have  a  favorable  effect  on  the  large 
varieties  ;  it  is  worth  trying.  Observe  in  bud- 
ding,the  bandages  must  be  kept  on  much  lon- 
ger than  in  other  cases. 

We  shall  continue  this  subject  next  week, 
and  give  some  hints  on  improving  the  com- 
mon kinds,  and  on  the  best  manner  of  mana- 
ging them.  » 

HOT-BEDS. 

Those  persons  who  are  fond  of  good  gar- 
dens will  find  it  very  much  to  their  advantatro 
to  rear  their  young  plants  in  a  hot  bed  ;  and  al- 
though professional  gardeners  may  make  theirs 
in  March,  we  would  not  recommend  those  who 
are  unacquainted  with  the  business,  to  com- 
mence theirs  until  April. 

To  manage  an  early  hot  bed  with  perfect 
success,  is  one  of  the  skilfull  operations  in 
gardening  ;  but  when  the  bed  is  not  commen- 
ced until  April,  they  may  be  managed  with 
success  by  any  one  who  will  pay  a  little  atten. 
tiort  to  the  subject.  By  commencing  a  bed 
about  the  first  of  April,  plants  mav  be  kept  in 
a  thrifty  growing  state,  under  the  glass,  until 
the  weather  becomes  warm  enongh  to  plant 
them  out,  without  the  trouble  of  chani'irji' 
them  trom  one  bed  to  another,  or  giving  the 
bed  a  second  beat  ;  whereas,  if  planted  one 
month  earlier,  they  require  the  skill  of  .in  ex- 
perienced gardener  to  keop  them  from  run- 
ning up  with  Ions  stalks,  which  would  injure 
them,  or  their  being  stunted  by  the  bed  beco- 
ming cold,  after  the  fermentatiun  of  the  ma- 
nure is  over. 

As  we  are  wishing  to  give  simple  directions 
to  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  busi- 
ness, the  more  experienced  gardeners  will 
make  all  allowance  where  we  do  not  describe 
their  more  practical  rules. 

To  commence  a  hot  bed,  take  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  manure,  (that  from  the  horse  sta- 
bles, and  which  has  bn.cn  thrown  in  a  heap  and 
began  to  heat,  being  preferable)  ;  arrange  it  in 
a  square  form, about  b'vo  lout  wide,  and  of  such 
ieuglli  a*  may  suit  your  convenience,  and  a- 
bout  from  eighteen  inches  to  2  feet  in  height ; 
on  the  top  of  this  place  a  box  about  four  feet 
wide,  and  of  a  length  corresponding  witll.your 
bed,  making  the  north  side  six  inches  higher 
than  the  south, to  give  tho  glass  sufficient  slope 
tp  carry  oil'  the  water. 

This  box  should  be  made  with  good  joints, 
otherwise  the  mice  will  get  in  and  destroy  the 
plants.  The  box  thus  prepared,  is  to  bo  pla- 
ced upon  the  top  of  the  pile  of  manure,  winch 
should  be  made  level,  that  the  box  may  sit 
"lose  upo!»  it.  Tim  south  side  of  the  box 
itou.d  be  about  one  foot  high,  anA  fhe  north 


side  about  one  foot  and  a  half;  and  when  pla- 
ced upon  the  manure,  there  should  he  put  into 
it  about  four  inches  of  good  fine  rich  loam— 
that  from  turf  land  is  preferred. 

After  the  bed  has  been  thus  formed,  and  has 
become  warm,  (which  may  be  known  by  run- 
ning a  stick  into  it),  the  seed  may  be  planted 
upon  it.  The  whole  bed  should  be  covered 
with  glass,  where  that  can  be  had  ;  but  as  ma 
ny  of  the  farmers  may  not  have  that,  oiled  pa- 
per may  be  used  as  a  substitute,  which  may  be 
taken  off  in  warm  days. 

By  a  little  attention  to  this  mode  of  raising 
plants,  gardens  may  be  advanced  from  twi 
weoks  lo  a  month,  and  many  plants  raised 
with  more  certainty  than  when  planted  in  open 
ground. 

Among  the  seeds  that  are  to  be  sown  first 
upon  a  hot  bed,  may  be  enumerated— Early 
York  and  Dwarf  Cabbages,  Early  Caulyflnw 
era  and  Brocoli,  Cucumbers  and  Mellons  of 
different  kinds,  Peppers  of  sorts,  Tomatoes 
and  Egg  plants,  Lettuce  and  Pepper  grass,  a 
few  Radishes,  Squashes,  Turnip  Beets,  and  it 
some  eyes  are  cut  from  Early  Potatoes,  and 
planted  in  the  bed,  and  after  the  frosts  are 
past,  planted  out,  thoy  will  be  fit  for  use  two 
weeks  earlier  than  those  planted  directly  in 
the  open  ground.  Other  potatoes  may  be  put 
in  holes  made  with  a  stick  in  the  side  of  the 
bed,  where  they  will  soon  sprout  and  be  readv 
for  early  sotting.  If  Sweet  Potatoes  can  be 
procured  in  season  by  sprouting  them  in  a 
hot  bed,  they  produce  very  well  in  this  sec 
tion  of  country. 


April  2,  1851. 


NOTICE. 

A  Meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Monroe  Horticultural  Scciktt  will  be 
held  at  the  Arcade  House,  in  this  Village,  on 
Thursday  the  7th  of  April  inst.  A  genera! 
attendance  is  reqnested. 

HESTOR  STEVENS, 

Rochester,  .1pril2,  1831.  Rec  Skc'v. 


March.  FI.OB.AIj  CALENDAR' 

%i-~ Wild  Pigeons  made  their  appeal  ance— Crocus,  I  C 
vermis)  and  lied  Maple  in  Bower— The  Catkin. 
of  the  Willow  and  Poplar  out- Winter  wheal  looke 
fair. 


ONEIDA    INSTITUTE. 

We  have  been  favored  with  the  third  repon 
of  this  flourishing  seminary,  from  which  it  ap- 
pears that  forty  two  young   men  have  earned 
during  the  last  year.a  sum  equal  lo  the  amount 
of  their  board,  wbicb,  at   a   little    more   thai 
one  dollar  a  week,  amounts  to  gi,OUO.   While 
earniQg  Ibis  sum,  they  have  also   been   giving 
strength  and    vigor    to    their  constitutions ;   a 
healthy    tone   to  their   mental  faculties;  am! 
preparing  themselves  to  endure  hardships,  to 
encounter  difficulties,  and    to  accomplish    tin 
great  purposes  of  life.     All  the  other   expetr. 
ses  of  the  institution,  for   tuition,  room  rem 
fuel,  light  and  contingencies,  amount  to  ggfj  a 
year  for  each  student.     This   plan   of  nnilinp 
manual  labor  with  study,  we  regard  as  amonv 
the  best  improvements  of  (he  day;  theexperi 
meot  at  Wbilcsborough.  has  been  a  fair  and 
nuc/.'essful  one  ;  and  we  rejoice  to   learn    (ha 
the  Trustees  propose  erecting  buildings  to  ac 
commodate  one /lum/Vet/slydeuts.     Fivk  hdk 
drbd   applicants,  it  is  stated,  have  been  re 
fused   admission,    the  last  year,    for   want  o 
room :  a  noble  comtneut  on  (he  adaptation   o 
Hie  system  to  the  tvaWs  of  Hie  community. 

Utka  Sgnf, 


LETTERS  FROM  EUROPE. 

From  the  .lochester  Daily  Advertiser 
LETTER  VI 

Paris,  January  8,  1831. 
My  dear  Friend— Ton  will  have  heard  of  the 
resignation  of  Lafayette  asCommander-in-ehief 
>f  the  National  Guards.     This  event  of  itself, 
and  unconnected  with  circumstances,  ought  to 
™'1"no  surprise,  when  it  is  considered,  that 
'he  office  was  conferred  under  the  provisional 
oovernment,  for  the  exigencies  of  the  time, 
and  was  in  truth  held,  so  long  as  it  continued, 
without  warrant  of  law      After  fhe  new  Gov- 
ernment was  once  organized,  this  office, by  thc- 
Constitution.bolonged  lothe  King,  and  to  place 
and  keep  it  in  the  hands  of  an  individual,  was 
.o    place   that   individual,  at  once,  above  both 
the  King  and  the  Constitution     But  after  what 
had  transpired  on  the  subject  in  the  Chambers, 
(jen.  Lafayette  not  only  resigned  the  command 
of  the  National  Guards   of  the   kingdom,  but 
lie  refused,   though   repeatedly  and  earnestly 
entreated  by  the  King,  to  retain  the  command 
of  those  of  Paris.     It  had  become  evident  that 
the  good   Genera!  had  fallen   under  suspicion 
•  he  jealousies  of  a  considerable  portion  of  cit- 
izens were  awakened  against  him      The  exist- 
ence of  a  plot  against  the  Government  bogan  to 
be  bruited  about,  and  the  conspiracy  was  said 
to  embrace  two  very  dis'inct  and  even  opposite 
classes  of  persons.    It  was  said  that  the  repub- 
licans of  France  desired   and    wero   resolved 
toat  every  trace  of  monarchy,   or    hereditary 
authority,  either  in    the    legislative  or  execu- 
tive department,    should    be  abolished.     Th-> 
existenco  and  objects  ofsucb  a  party  becominn- 
known,  the  Carhsts,  it  was   said,   had   joined 
themselves   to  it,  in  the   hope  of  preparing  a 
way  for  bringing   back    the    Bourbons  in  the 
confusion  and  anarchy  that  would  follow  from 
a  civil  war.     I  have  not  learned  that  any  ver\ 
satisfactory  evidence  of  such  a  conspiracy,  or 
any  other,  has  been  adduced,  though  its  exist- 
ence was  expressly  charged,    by  Ministers,  in 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies.     In  limes,  however, 
of  high    political    excitement  and    alarm,  the 
simple  averment  of  a  fact  is  often  quite  as  val- 
uable for  the  effect  intended,   as  the  most  in- 
controvertible proof.     So  it    happenod    in  the 
instance    before    us.     The  political  principles 
of  Lafayette,    the   most  consistent   politician 
perhaps    that   the   world  ever  saw,  were  well 
understood.     From  the  time  he  studied  in  the 
school  of  Washington  to  the  present  hour,  in 
all  the  astonishing  and  changing  scenes  of  hi? 
eventful  life,  ho  has  been   an  undisguised  re- 
publican ;  and  if  ho  did  not  bend  from  this  lofty 
Bentimenl,  either  while  suffering  years  of  im- 
prisonment, or   during    the  splendid   reign  at 
Napoleon,  so   dazzling,   and  so  illustrious   for 
his  country,  it  was  not  to  bo  expected  that  now 
'n  his  old  age  he  would  adopt  opinions,  or  use 
a  language  which  would  give  the  lie  to  a  long 
life  of  active  and  virtuous  energy  in  the  great 
cause  of  liberty.     While,  therefore,  the  Gen- 
eral was  true  to    his  country  amidst  the  new 
and  trying  scenes  in  which  he    was   called  to 
lako  a  part,  he  was  also  true  to  himself.   While 
tie  held  fast  to  his  original  faith,  and  believed 
ihut  tbs  people  of  France  were  capable  of  sell 
government  on  republican  principles,  if  there 
were  only  time  and  opportunity   to  organize 
mch  a  government,  yet  be  saw,  as  clearly  as 
«ny  man,  the  necessity,   lor  the  prevention  of 
liuuian  butchery,  of  bringing  the  floating,  con- 
tused and  warring  elements  about  him. "into  a 
condition  of  order  with  Ihe  least  possible  delay. 
He  saw  loo,  from  the  suddenness  of  the  events; 
of  July,  that  things  wore  by  no  means  prepared 
aud  ready  for  tho  composition  of  a  government 
un  his  principles,  and  that  the  attempt,  making 
confusion  worse   confounded,   Would  certainly 
be  followed,  for  a  season  at  least,  with  horrors 
at   which    humanity  must   shudder      On  the 
j  other  baud,  there  was  the  most  fortunate  com- 
'"binatiou  of  circumstances  that  could  have  hap 
pened,  for  the  restoration  of  perfect  quiet  and 

order  under  tho  Duke  of  Orleins  as   King 

Republican  as  he   was,   the    Gei.eral  did  not 
II hesitate.     Be  not  only  yielded,  Iffs  healrtv  atr." 


Vol.  I  —No.  13. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


io;t 


sent  t"  the  election  of  lh«-  Duke  to  the  execu- 
tive office,  according  to  the  forma  of  monarchy, 
but  he  put  bis  own  hand  boldly  and  effectively 
to  the  work.  He  was  honest  and  he  was  in 
earnest.  He  alone  could  repress  the  rising  re- 
publican spirit  of  the  nation,  and  make  it  give 
place  to  another  order  of  things  Ha  lent  his 
influence  to  this  effect  fearlessly,  and  there 
cannot  be  a  doubt,  that  to  him  more  than  any 
other  man,  perhaps  more  than  all  other  men. 
the  King  of  the  French  owes  it  that  he  is  now 
\vearing"his  crown  in  peace  and  quietness  — 
Of  this,  Philip  and  his  family  are  too  well  a- 
ware  and  too  generous,  not  to  take  pride  in 
making  the  acknowledgment. 

When,  however,  in  this  way,  and  by  so  much 
sacrifi  ce,  order  had  been  restored,  and  the  pro 
visional  Government,  in  one  branch  after  an 
other  of  the  public  administration  of  affairs, 
was  living  way  to  a  more  settled  and  constitu 
tional  order  of  things,  it  was  quite  natural  that 
the  friends  of  rational  liberty  should  hold  opm 
ions  on  the  details,  widely  differing  from  these 
of  thorough  monarchists  and  absolutists.  Be- 
cause they  were  willing  to  submit,  for  the  sake 
of  strength,  that  the  executive  office  should  be 
hereditary,  (always  retaining  the  rightof  elec- 
tion in  cases  of  exigency)  it  did  not  tollow  thai 
vhey  should  be  satisfied  with  hereditary  legis- 
lation also.  They  thought  it  quite  possible, 
that  republican  institutions  should  exist  with 
a  King  as  the  executive  chief  of  the  state,  but 
they  saw  it  was  quite  ridiculous  to  talk  of  a 
government  of  the  people,  while  hereditary 
legislation  existed.  The  Chamber  of  Peers  of 
course  became  obnoxious  to  this  parly.  The 
doctrine  of  political  equality,  rightly  under 
stood,  and  which  they  desired  to  catry  out  in 
the  details  of  the  Government  as  far  as  it  was 
practical,  was  a  mere  jest  in  the  face  of  a  body 
of  men  who  claimed  to  legislate  for  the  people 
by  right  of  birth  That  Buch  views  were  and 
still  are  entertained  by  a  powerful  parly  in 
France,  there  can  be  no  doubt  That  such  sen- 
timents should  be  held  by  one  who  had  long 
since  renounced  bis  own  hereditary  title,  and 
with  it  his  right  to  make  laws  for  the  people, 
should  not  excite  surprise  in  any  mind.  It  is 
certainly  esteemed  no  secret  here,  that  such 
were  and  arc  the  opinions  of  Lafayette. 

There  was,  then,  another  important  branch 
of  the  Government,  of  which  the  General  and 
his  son  were  both  members,  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  the  existence  of  which,  in  its  present 
form,  was  thought  by  many  to  be  incompatible 
with  the  new  condition  of  the  state.  The 
members  were  elected  under  the  old  regime, 
and  although  the  Ministers  of  that  dynasty 
were  shamefully  beaten  at  the  polls,  yet  in  so 
large  a  body,  it  was  certain  that  there  were 
included  not  a  few  devoted  Carlists.  Besides, 
the  Chamber  had  come  together,  in  aid  merely 
of  the  provisional  Government,  its  co-operation 
being  required  principally,  if  not  meroly,  in  the 
election  of  a  chief.  This  work  being  accom- 
plished, it  was  thought  by  many  that  its  func- 
tions onght  to  cease,  as  did  the  functions  of 
the  few  noble  patriots  who.  sat  for  a  few  days 
.n  authority,  at  the  H  >tel  de  Ville.  Of  this 
opinion  was  Gen.  Lafayette,  and  the  noble  Du 
Pont  (de  Leure).  A  majority  of  the  Chambers, 
liowever,  resolved  on  holding  on;  and  they 
still  continue  their  session,  though  amidst  the 
increasing  clamours  of  a  powerful  party.— 
There  is  certainly  some  plausibility  in  the  rea~ 
son  which  they  principally  urge  ;  which  is  the 
necessity,  before  they  dissolve  themsolves,  of 
passing  a  law  for  the  regulation  of  a  new  elec 
lion,  in  the  want  of  whir a,  they  say,  the  elec 
lion  must  be  held  under  the  odious  law  of 
Charles  X  To  this  it  o,  of  course,  answered 
tbat  no  6uch  consequence  would  follow,  be» 
Cause  the  King,  while  every  thing  is  yet  new, 
fa  the  proper  authority  from  which  6Boald  em- 
anate an  ordinance,  conformably  to  the  liberal 
principles  of  the  people,  far  the  first  popular 
election  nnder  his  government :  leaving,  of 
Course,  the  details  of  a  permanent  law  of  elec 
Irorjs  to  be  fixed  by  the  new  Deputies,  who  will 


come  from  the  people   clothed   with   that  and 
other  authority. 

In  what  I  have  now  related,  you  will  see  the 
cause  of  the  temporary  excitement  and  jeal 
ousy  which  existed  against  Lafayette.  This 
was  carried  so  far,  that  he  was  charged  with 
being  at  the  head  of  a  republican  conspiracy. 
The  truth  is,  the  General  had  become  too  pop- 
ular with  the  people,  and  the  envious  resolved 
to  bring  him  down  from  his  elevation.  For 
the  good  of  his  country,  for  the  love  of  liberty, 
and  to  preserve  order,  he  made  the  voluntary 
sacrifice  of  all  his  military  power.  In  reeign- 
nig  the  office  of  Commander-in  chief  of  the 
National  Guards  of  the  realm,  it  is  well  known 
ihat  he  only  anticipated,  by  a  short  period, 
j  vvhat  it  was  his  intention  soon  to  do.  In  re!u- 
ing  to  retain  the  command  of  the  guards  of 
1  Paris,  nt  their  and  the  King's  entreaty,  there 
cannot  be  a  doubt  that  he  acted  with  his  char- 
acteristic prudence  and  wisdom,  both  foi  him- 
self and  his  country.  The  Minister  of  Justice, 
the  excellent  Du  Pont,  followed  hiin  into  re- 
tirement. 

While  there  is,  at  present,  every  indication 
that  the  Government  of  Louis  Philipe  will  be 
stable,  at  least  foi  a  considerable  period,  it  is 
more  than  probable  that  emne  important  chan- 
ges must  occur.  The  Char  ber  of  Deputies 
must  b«  dissolved,  before  many  weeks;  and  a 
powerful  effort  will  be  made,  as  soon  as  things 
can  be  arranged  for  the  purpose,  for  the  abo- 
lition of  hereditary  legislation,  by  the  perpet- 
ual dissolution  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers. 

Ever  yours.  B. 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  &.C. 

THE  subscriber  offers  for  sale  at  his  Nursery,  a 
variety  of  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Fibrous  and  Bulbous  Roots.  &c  ,  araoug 
which  are  Apples,  Peaches,  Pears,  a  few  f. hemes, 
Locust,  Catalpa.  Weeping  Willow.  Glediischia  or 
Honey  Locust,  Rose  Acassia  or  Moss  Locust.  Fir, 
Mountain  Ash,  Snow  Balls,  Lilacs  of  different  spe- 
cies, Paper  Mulberry,  a  variety  of  P,oses,  Honey 
Suckles,  Tulips, Crown  Imperials,  Hyacinths.  Lil- 
lies,  nud  many  others.  Also  a  few  Green  House 
Plauls.  Communications  re<  eived  thro'  the  Roch- 
ester post  office,  and  Trees  delivered  in  Rochester 
without  charge.  SILAS  CORNELL. 

LindenHill,(i  miles  N  W  of  Rochester)  3d  mo  20. 

***  Orders  for  the  above  may  be  left  at  the  Office 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer.  Ftf    mar  26 


SEED  STORE. 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  Goodaell, 
Editor  of  tbe  Genesee  Farmer,  hove  made  arrangement!, 
to  supply  this  village  aud  the  surrounding  cooulry  with 
evory  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
Seeds,  togethor  with  Fruit  unit  Shade  Trees.Grape  Roots, 
Flower  Pots,  Garden  Toots,  etc.  Orders  will  be  recei- 
ved for  Troes  and  other  articles,  from  the  following  Nu  r- 
series  and  Seed  Stores  : — Prince's,  and  Puruu  ulier's 
Long  Island  ;  Floy's,  Wilson's,  Thorburn's.  and  A. 
Smith  uud  Co.'s,  Mew  York  ;  Bud's,  Albany;  and  Len- 
dreth's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  Which  ure  left  previous 
to  the  1st  of  April,  will  be  filled  as  soon  as  the  canal  o- 
pens.  As  the  subscribers  intend  gradually  to  establish 
>n  extensive  Seed  Store,  they  tiust  that  the  friends  of 
Agrjcnllure  and  Horticulture  in  this  vicinity,  will  render 
them  all  tbe  facilities  and  cucourag'  menisin  I  heir  power. 

A  NURSERY,  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Goodsell,  f- 
uow  in  progress,  from  which  many  first-rate  Trees  and 
Grape  Vines  may  be  selected  for  this  spring's  transplant 
ing  marls  ROSSITER  and  KNOX. 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 

for  the  mcch  endtng  March  SG,  1831. 


Theri  Raromet'r  j    Winds 


Si 


35  17  29,50J29,70 \w 

21  40 Uol-19,75-29.65  » 

22  54i41 : 29.70,29,65 \t  w 

23  62'0ol29,6529,54ls  w 

24  60  54  29.40;29.10;sw 

25  56 146  89,10  29,85  » 

26  46!36l29,50l29,l6  M 
TTThe  Barometrical  and  Thcrmomctrical  olscrva- 

tions  arc  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  it/,  and  P.  iu\,  ichilh 
by  along  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
8ILOW  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  f/..» 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


Weather 

- 
5 

> 

£ 

Ofc.~ 

3  S 

~ 

7 

i 
|! 
1 

i 
i 
i 

i 
1 

Observant 


[thaws 
3in.  suw  <£ 
gr'ud  bare 


2-10  in. 
1-10  in. 


GARDEN  SEEDS. 

THE  subscribers  arc  now  ready  to  receive  the  spring 
orders  of  their  customers,  having  received  by  the  Sove- 
reign, from  London,  and  by  arrivals  from  France  and 
Holland,  a  choice  assortment  of  Garden,  Field  &  Flow- 
er seeds— among  which,  are  many  fine  sorts  of  early 
Cabbage  ;  early  and  late  Cauliflower  ,  purple  Cape  Bro 
cole  ;  early  scarlol  Radish  ;  Mangel  Wurzell :  Sir  John 
Sinclair's  new  Silver  Beeis,  (a  very  luxHriam  and  valu- 
able vegetable);  Bishop'eearly  Dwarf  Prolific  Peas, 
75  cents  per  quart.  Thesi-  peas  need  no  recommenda- 
tion ;  many  who  had  them  last  season  attest  to  theirsu 
perior  quality — they  were  introduced  by  a  Scotch  Gar- 
dener, named  Bishop,  1F27,  in  London,  and  so  great 
was  tkair  reputation, that  they  sold  for  one  gninea  per 
pint ;  they  are  remarkably  early,  very  productive,  iiik! 
grow  only  twelve  inches  high — should  be  planted  three 
jiuches  apart,  as  they  spread  like  a  fan  ;  they  comment-* 
Moomlng  when  only  three  inches  high. 

Also,  a  few  pounds  superior  white  Mulberry  Seed, 
growth  1830, price  50  ceutsper  oz-  or  Gdolls.  per  pound; 
Perennial  Rye  Grass  ;  Orchard  Grass  ;  fine  early  Pota- 
toes ;  English  Windsor  Bcatis ;  Green  Nonpareil  Beans 
&c  tye.. 

Bird  Seed  of  every  sort:  fresh  Embdon  Grotts  ;  Oal 
Meal  j  Barley  Meal  ;  Rice  Flour  ;  Shaker's  Parched 
Corn  ;  Medicinal  Herbs  ;  BurkBand  Roots  In  great  va- 
riety. 

Also,  40  bushels  fine  while  Mustard  Seed,  received  by 
the  Columbia  and  Hudson.  late  London  arrivals  .  this 
^oed  waB  seleced  expressly  for  Medicine— is  cpilte  free 
of  dust  and  imparity 

Gentlemon  supplied  with  Gardeners, by  tlie  day, month 
or  year.  G.  THORBURN      SONS. 

Feb.  25— G  F  6  w        C7  Liberty  strset,  New  York. 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT 

April  1,  1831. 

Ashes  per  2240  lbs 

Pot  $91a92  50 

Pearl  100dl02  50 

Apples  per  bushel        31a50 

Do  dried  75 

Rristles.comb'd  per  lb  20a31 

Beeswax  do     18<z20 

10ol2 

Sens 

5o7 

02o03 

38o44 

5(la62 


Butter  do 

Beef— Mess  per  bbl 

Do  priinn      do 

l>9  fresh  per  lb 
Barley  per  bushel 
BeanB        uo 
Candles,  mould  per  lb  9  ct 

Do  dipped         do      8 

Do  sperm  do    28 

Corn  per  bushel  50a56 

Cheese  per  lb  04o05 

Clover  Seed  per  busb   $4  50 
Flour  per  bbl  5  50 

Flax  per  lb  07o08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     78aS7 
Featbersper  lb  3la3r 

Fu-s— Otter  100a400 

Fox, red  50a75 


Mink  12«yl 

Raccoon  18«SJ 

Martin  25«$2 

Fisher  37nSD 

Wild  Cat  Uo30 

Gray  Fox  18„25 

Grass  Seed  per  biiiji  62 

Hops  per  lb  12al5 

Honey  do  09 

Lard     do  06o07 

Mutton  do  02«u*l 

Mustard  Seed  per  bush     £3 

Oats  per  bush  25nSl 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  14 

Peaches, dry'd  bush  ]00fi20& 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    812nl3 


Fox,  cross 


Do  prime 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Quills  per  100 
Rye  por  bash 
Rags  per  lb 
Salt  per  bbl 
Tallow  per  lb 
Wheat  por  bush 


Safl 
03n04 
25o30 
r.CiSO 
03a04 
$1  75 
06o07 
lC9nll5 


100«200|Buckwheat flour, cwt.  SI  IS 


The  supposed  cholera  morbus,  which  has 
been  ragrog  for  some  lime  past  in  Russia,  aDd 
promises  to  devastate  some  of  the  fairest  prov 
inces  of  the  Autrocrat.  torns  out  to  be  lb. 
Turkish-  plague  in  its  most  desliuctive  form 
It  was  introduoed  into  Raasia  by  tbs  army  in 
its  return  from  Tutkey. 


•THE    MARKET. 

The  Journal  of  C  ornmerce  of  Friday  says : 
"  To  day  is  much  as  yesterday,  bul  little  doing 
in  Flour.  Small  sales  are  making,  but  the 
market  gives  way  a!  once  if  crowded.  Most  of 
(be  arrivals  are  storing-. 

The  N.  Y.  Daily  Advertiser  of  Saturday 
says,  those  interested  in  the  Grain  and  Flour 
rrarket,  are  still  kept  in  a  stale  of  suspense 
for  the  want  of  laler  European  advices — our 
last  being  only  (he  3d  of  February,  and  re- 
ceived twelve  days  since.  The  money  mar- 
ket continues  abundant.  Exchange  on  En- 
gland has  been  improved  a  trifle. 

The  Georgetown  (S.  O)  declares,  that  with 
tbe  exception  of  a  few  politicians.  Ibere  is  no 
excitement  in  tbat  Slate  on  the  subject  of  (lie 
Tariff— and  lhat  people  at  a  distance,  who 
form  their  opinion  of  the  state  ol  public  feel- 
ing from  tbe  tone  of  tbe  prints  of  lhat  State, 
are  deceived. 

General  Lafayette  offers  for  sale  one  lial: 
of  his  Florida  lands,  granted,  to  him  by  the  V . 
Slates. 

Miss  Frances  Wright  arrived  at  Boston, 
on  Thursday,  as  a  passenger  in  the  trig  James, 
from  Kingston,  Jamaica. 


104 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


April  2,  1831. 


FARMER'S  VERNAL  ODE. 

From  the  American  Farmer. 
The  farmer's  joyous  season, 

Comes  tripping  gaily  on  ; 
Its  heralds  are  the  gentle  airs, 

Warmed  by  a  genial  sun 
And  no*  he  wends  him  o'er  each  field, 

Each  hedge  and  fence  along; 
And  through  the  groves  and  o'er  the  hills, 

His  gladdened  herds  among. 
And  joyously  he  views  them  all, 

From  dreary  winter  free  ; 
And  feels  as  doth  the  mariner, 

Just  from  the  boisterous  sea. 
Though  herbage  sere  and  leafless  boughs 

Arrest  the  careless  view  ; 
He  sees  the  living  gems  that  peep, 

Their  winter  shelters  through. 
And  gladsomely  he  greets  them  all, 

Those  little  buds  of  hope  ; 
Which  soon  will  'neath  the  genial  sun, 

Their  fragrant  flotvrets  ope  ; 
From  which  he'll  see  the  future  fruit, 

Emerge  and  ripen  soon  ; 
And  thence  the.  farmer's  6toro  of  joy, — 

Of  hope  the  promised  boon 
0  !  deem  not  tame  such  pleasures, 

As  come  with  spring's  return, 
To  fill  the  farmor's  bosom, — 

Nor  yet  their  offerings  spurn. 
For  O  !  of  earth  the  sweetest, 

The  purest  joys  we  sing  ; 
Are  those  the  farmer  feelelh, 

On  the  return  of  spring. 


LETTERS    PROM  El'ROPE, 


From  tUe  Rucliester  Daily  Advertiser. 

LETTERS  FROM  EUROPE 
We  have  received  e.ght  of  these  letters,  and 
from  the  peculiar  interest,  at  the  present  time, 
of  the  letters  from  Paris,  we  have  concluded  to 
break  in  upon  the  regular  series,  that  we  may 
give  the  writer's  views  of  the  recent  events  in 
the  French  capital 

LETTER  V- 

Pari?,  January  4th,  1831. 
My  dear  Friend — When  I  arrived  at  Paris, 
the  city  had  just  passed  through  a  scene  "f 
appalling  danger.  The  officious  intermeddling 
of  tiiose  who  arrestod  the  Ministersof  Charles, 
had  well  nigh  cost  the  country  its  quiet,  if  not 
its  liberty.  These  men.  at  whose  escape  the 
Government  would  have  rejoiced,  having  been 
arrested  and  brought  back  to  Paris,  the  people 
became  clamorous  for  their  blood.  The  vie 
tims  of  the  Three  Days  cried  aloud  for  ven- 
geance from  the  very  silence  of  their  graves 
Their  surviving  friends  and  rolatives,  cherish- 
ing in  a  manner  almost  peculiar  to  the  French 
the  memory  of  the  doad,  demanded  to  offer 
this  sacrifice  to  their  manes  The  Government 
was  embarrassed.  Merely  to  send  the  ex-Min- 
isters into  exile,  would  be  perhaps  to  banish 
them  to  the  enjoyments  of  a  freer  and  happier 
country  than  their  own;  and  to  send  them  to 
ihe  o-uillotine,  would  probably  be  to  set  in  ops 
oration  a  machine  which  seems  to  have  within 
itself  the  power  of  perpetual  propulsion,  and 
which  might  not  be  checked  till  much  of  the 
best  blood  of  France  hadboen  spilled.  In  the 
mean  time,  the  formal  trial  of  the  obnoxious 
Ministers  proceeded  in  the  Chamber  of  Peers 
They  did  not  stop  to  reflect,  nor  perhaps  would 
it  have  been  piudent,or  possible,  to  have  done 
so,  that,  since  tho  last  remedy  of  an  injured 
people  had  been  resorted  to,  and  an  entire  new 
order  of  things  had  been  established  on  tho  ru- 
ins of  the  old,  the  right  of  this  Government  to 
<ro  back  to  the  exercise  of  a  mero  constitution- 
al remedy  was  at  least  doubtful.  Whatever 
opinion  they  might  have  entertained  on  this 
subject,  there  was  behind  them,  in  public  sen- 
timent and  feeling,  an  irresistible  power  pro- 
pelling them  forward.  Whilotho  Peers  were 
going  through  the  formalities  of  a  hearing,  wilh 
ns  much  protraction  as  possible,  public  indig- 
nation was  daily  gathering  intensity.  This 
'.vas  cherished  and  aggravated  in  a  variety  of 


wats  The  fresh  graves 'if  the  slain, several  of 
which  are  still  seen  in  the  most  public  places 
in  the  heart  of  the  city, near  where  they  fell, dec- 
orated with  tri-colored  digs  and  hung  with  tn- 
numerable  wreaths  of  evergreen,  were  visited 
and  wept  over  by  continual  crowds,  and  many 
of  the  most  striking  and  bloody  scenes  of  the 
conflict  and  carnage  of  'lie  revolution,  alrea- 
dy transferred  to  canvass,  were  publicly  exhib- 
ited to  the  senses  of  a  people  who  are  pecu- 
liarly alive  to  sympathetic  impressions.  Some 
of  the  public  journals  and  the  Theatres,  did 
not  fail  to  lend  their  aid  to  the  work.  During 
all  this  time,  nobody  doubled  the  conviction  of 
the  Ministers  They  wero  convicted  before 
they  were  put  to  the  bar.  The  point  of  em- 
barrassment and  doubt  was  how  they  were  to 
be  disposed  of. 

From  the  delay  of  the  Peers  in  coming  to  a 
decision  on  a  matter  which  Eeemed  to  the  mul- 
titude too  clear  for  deliberation,  the  people,  at 
last,  became  satisfied  tha'  it  was  the  intention 
of  the  Government  to   save  the  lives  of  their 
unhappy    prisoners.     The   indignation  of  tiie 
mob  then  rose  to  the  highest  pitch,  and  with- 
out defining  their  own  object,  further  than  to 
enjoy,  at  all  hazards,  the  spectacle  of  the  death 
of  the  Ministers,   they   began  to   assemble  in 
dense  and  portentous  masses  around  the  gates 
and  gardens  of  the  Luxembuurgh.    The  Court 
of  the   Peers   was  then  in  session  at  the    Pal- 
ace.    It  was  a  fearful  moment  tor  Paris  and  for 
France.  The  whole  city  was  thrown  into  alarm, 
and  nothing  was  looked  for  but  such  devasta- 
tion as  follows  the  letting  loose  of  the  worst 
passions  of  the  human  I'eart.     At  this  trying 
hour,  the  National  Guard  was  appealed  to,  and 
happily,  not  in  vain.     Tho'  the  hearts  of  very 
nianyjof  them,  from  their  condition  in  life  and 
the  personal  interest  which  they  had  in  pass- 
ing scenes,  were  with   the   agitators,   yet,  in 
defence  of  order  and  peace,  they  hastened  to 
(tho  point  of  dan2er  and  attack  as  one  man, and 
placing  themselves  fearlessly  between  the  in- 
furiated populaco  and  the  objects  of  their  in- 
dignation,  by   their  intrepidity  and  coolness, 
saved  the  nation.     The  result  of  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  Peers  was  pronounced  by  the  Pres- 
ident, in  the  absence  of  the  accused.     They 
[were  condemned   to  perpetual  imprisonment, 
j'aod  measures  wcro   instantly  taken  for  their 
•[  immediate  removal   to  Vincennes.     This  was 
!  a  task  of  difficult  execution,  for  the  multitude 
I  was  still  besieging  the  Luxembourg!).    Fortu- 
I  nately,  at  the  moment,  a  rumour  was  spread 
!  amongst  them,   that   Polignac,  at   least,  was 
i  condemned  to  death.    The  Ministers  were  has- 
tened into  a  carriage  of  one  of  the  Peers,  to- 
wards whom  the  rumor   just   mentioned  had 
softened    the    mob,   and   under  a  light  guard, 
passed  them  unquestioned,  and  by  a  circuitous 
route,  reached  Vincennes  in  safety.     This  was 
at  six  o'clock  in  tho  evening.     At  eleven,  the 
truth  of  the  decree  was  known,  but  the  crisis 
seemed  to  be  past.    The  force  of  the  insurgents 
had  become  broken,  and  in  a  few  hours  all  was 
quiet. 

The  friends  of  humanity  and  of  good  order 
must  rejoice  that  France  was  spared  the  dis- 
grace, either  of  the  death  of  the  Ministers,  or 
of  a  popular  commotion  because  they  wero  sa- 
ved Much  of  the  credit  is  due  to  the  good 
Lafayette  His  immense  popularity  was  gal- 
lantly risked  in  behalf  of  the  accused.  When 
,  the  officer  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  immedi- 
ately aftei  the  decree  was  pronounced,  nccom- 
;  panied  by  a  file  of  soldiers,  entered  the  apart- 
|  ments  of  the  condemued  Ministers,  in  the  hur- 
ry of  tho  occasiou,  with  only  timo  to  utter  the 
ominous  words,  "-.-■•<■••,  :-?n»i,"  they  did  not 
doubt  that  they  were  to  be  led  to  instant  ex- 
ecution. Polignac  took  the  first  occasion  af- 
terwards to  acknowledge  that  he  owed  his  lite 
to  Lafayetto.  This  is  not  the  first  time  that 
Polignac  has  made  a  narrow  escape.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  infamous  plot  of  the  infernal 
machine,  to  destroy  the  life  of  Bonaparte,  for 
which  he  was  condemned  to  death.  He  was 
saved  by  a  woman  of  whose  devotion  he  could 
not   have  been   worthy.     Of  grea,t  pcreunal 


bsauty ,  in  a  condition  of  peculiar  interest,  and 
overwhelmed  with  grief  she  forced  her  way 
into  the  presence  of  the  First  Consul,  threw 
herself  at  his  feet,  and  begged  the  life  of  her 
husband.  His  instantaneous  reply,  in  his  usual 
rapid  manner,  •'  Uvez-vous,"  assured  her  of 
succoss.  It  is  not  uncharitable  to  say  that  the 
baseness  of  Pohgnac's  attempt  on  the  life  of 
Napoleon,  and  the  uniform  hatred  to  his  fam- 
ily, by  which  he  was  distinguished,  was  his 
prime  recommendation  to  Charles  X.  It  is  p. 
little  singular,  that  having  once  been  saved  by 
the  generosity  of  tho  man  he  attempted  to 
murder,  his  unworthy  life  should  have  been  s 
second  time  yielded  back  to  him  through  the 
voluntary  efforts  of  an  individual  whom  he 
must  havo  equally  hated  for  his  liberal  prin- 
ciples. Ever  yours,  1$. 


ENGLISH  CATTLE  FOR  SALE. 

Tbe  subscriber  offers  to  the  public  od  reasonable 
terms,  several  animals  from  Imported  Stock,  the  mosi 
celebrated  in  r.ngland,  both  for  their  great  milking 
properties  and  the  stall.  Those  who  have  a  desire  to. 
become  possessed  of  this  fine  breed  of  Cattle  have  now 
an  opportunity.  One  of  the  subscriber's  cows  was  im- 
ported from  England  at  a  great  expense,  which  her  val- 
uable properties  fully  warrant  ;  having  given  foranum- 
'  ber  of  years  duriug  the  sun-mar  inoullis.lhirty-six  quart." 
of  rich  milk  daily.  Her  weight  on  foot  last  May  was 
1700  lbs.  She  is  of  the  Improved  Short  Horned  Dur- 
ham breed,  of  fine  proportions  aod  celebrated  as  a  bree- 
der ;  aa  the  famous  Bull  Eclipse,  her  Calf,  will  show, 
and  several  others  of  her  stock  now  ou  the  premises. 

The  stoci  Bulls  ior  the  season  are  Admiralttom 
Boston,  Mass.  a  full  blood  Durham,  mid  Albion  z. 
full  blood  cross  three-fourths  Durham  and  one- 
fourth  North  Devon.  They  will  stand  on  the  pre- 
mises. Terms  for  the  season,  as  usual,  made 
A-nown  at  the  stables,  where  Ihe  animals  may  In 
seen.  I,.  JENKINS. 

Canandaigua,  Ontario  co.  Ar.  Y.  March  26,1831 


THE  ALBANY  NURSERY 

NOW  contains  177  varieties  ,:f  till!  Apple,  120  of  the 
Pear,  56  of  the  Plum,  27  of  the  Cherry,  M  of  the  PeacI/. 
40  of  the  Grape,  «^c. — Apticots,  Nectarines.  Quinces 
Strawberries,  Gooseberries,  Raspberries,  Currant*,  &re. 
— more  than  146  varieties  of  hardy  Roses,  and  other  de- 
sirable varieties  of  Ornamental  Shrubs  and  Trees,  ano' 
Herbaceous  and  Green  House  Plants,  of  vigorous  growl!? 
and  iu  tine  conditioofor  transplanting.  Tuberoses,  Dah 
lias.  Feirarias,  Jacobean  Lilliee,  and  other  lender  roots, 
should  he  planted  in  May,  and  now  is  tho  time  to  order 
them.    Orders  solicited,  and  Catalogues  furnished  gratis* 

Albany,  Morch,  IS31.  Ill  •  I.  and  WILSON. 

m!9   Orders  will  In-  received  by  LUTH..R  TUCKER. 


TO  OUR  FRIENDS  IN  THE  "WEST, 

On  the  banks  of  the  I  anal,  in  and  about  .dtbavy 
Twelve  years  ago,  there  came  forth  a  host  of  Seeds- 
men, With  Cobbett  at  their  bead,  speaking  great  swell 
ing  words — they  promised  much — they  performed  noth- 
ing. From  a  planting  of  fifteen  dollars,  the  present  stair 
of  our  establishment  will  show  what  good  seeds,  goot! 
soil,  and  good  cultivation  will  produce. 

For  the  accommodation  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
intend,  (.nothing  extra  preventing)  to  open  a  Seed,  Plant 
and  Flower  Root  Store,  at  No  317  North  Market  street, 
on  the  Gth  day  of  April  next,  opposite  the  building  into 
which  the  post  office  is  to  be.  removed  on  or  before  thr 
1st  of  .May.  within  a  few  doors  of  the  Museum,  and  within 
pistol  shot  of  the  five  banks.  •  The  business  in  Albany  will 
be  conducted  by  one  of  tny  sons,  and  the  store  supplied 
u  uli  tiu-  same  goods,  and  at  the  same  prices  at  wh.ch  we 
sell  in  New  York.  As  we  derive  out  supplies  more  or 
less  from,  every  quarter  of  Ihe  globe,  we  think  it  will  be 
a  facility  to  the  agriculturist,  as  weil  as  profitable  to 
the  concerned,  [fthey/wiil  Beep  pace  with  the  ability. 
and  Providence  smiles  on  die  undertaking,  I  see  nothing 

to  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  10  the  sanio  exten- 
sive footing  in  Albuny  as  the  mother  sum-  in  New-  York 
for.  while  Ihe  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  Sow  I 
the  blossoms, and  the  rivers  and  the  ocean  carry  our  seeds 
to  every  clime,  so  in  Albans  the  tnstt  wants  only  food- 
and  riches  are  already  there  he,  nbundance :  while  the 

canal  conveys  the  seeds  to  the  liOkt  Superior,  die  gre:,' 
Western  Road  will  transport  them  far  towards  tlia,  set- 
ting suu.  Nothing  thai  good  seeds  and  attention  tobus- 
iuess  can  po.form,  will  lio  wanting  on  our  part  to  meet 
til-'  public  expectation 

Just  received  from  France,  -i  qu.uiui  of  superior  Lu- 
cerne Send,  vt ell  worth  tho  nltentioD  of  the  farmer.  Al- 
so, English  Hawthorns  for  Live  Fencing,  at  $1  per  thou 
an. I,  wuli  a  quantity  of  the  seed  si  '-!."■  cents  per  quart. 
Also,  Scotch  Goosebury  Bushes,  jusl  received  from  Gree- 
nock; tuoy  are  packed  for  transporting*  to  any  res 
bte  distance  in  handles  of  six  roots,  each  buudle  contains 
two  of  each  ofthothree  b  *t  sorts  now  cultivated  iu  Scot- 
laud,  price  $1  2.->  cents  per  bundle— samples  of  the  fruit 
muy  be  seen  in  bottles  at  the  store.  Seed  CutHiogues  at 
the  store  ;  also,  Catalogues  of  Trees,  nnd  orders  receiv- 
ed for  the  Nurserysof  Unci  and  Willsou,  Albany;  Prince 
ParmeuUer,  nod  Loubatt,  Lung  tslaud:  Floy,  Wilson, 
and  Hong,  New  York  :  and  to"  tarr,  Lnudreth,  etc.  Pltll- 
adelpliia.    raar-JOFol      G.  THORBl'llN  and  SO.NS 


wmm  ii^rjiii  *&mm>mm, 


OLUME  f. 


ROCHESTER,  APRIL  9,   1831. 


NCMBEH    14. 


THE    GENESEE    FAKMEK. 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 
Devoted  to  Agriculturo,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &C.&C. 
N.  GOODSKLL.  EDITOR. 
Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  montlis,  or  at  $2  00,  il  paid  at  the 
time  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tucker,  at 
the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR    THE    GENESEK    FARMER. 
CULTIVATION  OP  HEMP. 

Mr.  Editor— A  Groveland  Farmer, through 
the  medium  of  your  twelfth  number,  has  ex 
pressed  i  wish  to  be  informed  "  of  the  actual 
produce  of  of  Hemp  per  acre,  both  in  quanti- 
ty and  price,  and  also  the  expense." 

1  have  seen  eight  hundred  pounds,  and  even 
more,  produced  from  each  acre  of  a  ten  acre 
lot ;  bat  this  is  more  than  the  average  crop. — 
Six  hundred  pounds  may  fairly  bo  se'  down  as 
the  usual  product  of  an  acre  of  good  ground, 
if  faithfully  cultivated.  *.ny  strong  land 
which  has  a  slight  natural  intermixture  oi 
lime  combined,  is  suitable  for  this  crop,  if  clear 
of  stones.  The  ground  should  b  eplowed  as 
soon  in  the  spring  fls  it  is  dry  enough,  or  even 
in  the  fall  previous  if  it  be  sward.  If  plowed 
in  the  spring,  after  it  has  laid  in  furrow  two  or 
three  days,  harrow  it  thoroughly,  and  again 
introduce  the  plow 

tf  the  soil  is  then  completely  meUowed.ha.r- 
row  it  with  a  light  harrow,  and  on  the  ground 
thus  prepared,  sow  not  less  than  two  bushels  of 
seed  which  cover  with  yonr  light  harrows  by 
going  once  over  it,  and  then  close  111*  process 
bv  lightly  smoothing  lh«  ground  with  a  brush, 
or  if  a  silicious  principle  predominates  in  the 
soil,  with  a  light  roller.  The  whole  of  this 
process  shoald  be  done  as  early  as  the  season 
will  judiciously  permit. 

When  th»  crop  is  fit  to  harvest,  it  should  be 
cut  with  an  instrument  (hemp  hook)  made  ex 
pressly  for  the  purpose  It  is  shaped  like  a 
new  moon,  but  not  pointed,  about  two  and  a 
half  feet  long,  an  eighth  of  an  ineh  thick,  and 
aa  inch  and  a  quarter  wide,  with  a  handle  si- 
milar to  that  of  a  sickle.  Some  growers  pull 
the  crop,  but  the  root  yields  no  valuable  lint, 
and  by  this  method  it  is  difficult  to  keep  the 
hemp  even.  Others  have  cradled  it,  but  the 
cradle  does  not  cut  close  enough  to  the  ground, 
and  all  that  is  left  above  ground  is  lost.  The 
best  mode  is  with  the  hook,  and  to  strike  the 
stalks  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  gather 
the  gravel  under  and  beiiind  the  left  arm.  The 
best  mode  of  curing  is  in  water — in  a  tank  for- 
med similarly  to  the  dry  docks  on  the  Erie  Ca 
rial  in  which  the  hemp,  after  it  is  sufficiently 
wilted  should  be  submerged  ;  and  when  rot- 
ted, the  water  must  lie  drawn  off,  and  the  hemp 
placed  in  a  situation  to  dry. 
Cost  per  acre. 
1st  plowing  and  harrowing  $2,00 

2ud      do  do  •  1,75 

Seeding,  brushing,  and  harrowing  1,00 

2  bushels  seed,  at  $2  -  4,00 
Cutting  and  shocking  1  50 
Transportation  to,  and  placing  in  tank  4.00 
Taking  out  and  drying  -  4,00 
Breaking,dressing  &  fitting  for  market  4,50 
Use  of  land  2  50 
Use,  wear,  and  tear  of  tank  1,50 

T»tal  $26,75 

The  price  of  hemp  i  do  not  know  ; — but  will 

hazard   it  at  seven  cents   per  pound — being  a 

price  much  lower  tha»  I  ever  knew  it,  whe»  I 

was  more  conversant   with  the  article.     Then 

00(1  lbs,  at  7  cents        is         $42.00 

Labor  as  per  aceount  26  75 

Amount  of  gain  pr  acre  $15.36 

The  seed  is  easily  producad— -Take  about  a 


peck  for  an  acre  of  strong  light  land — till  the 
ground  well,  and  you  may  expect  about  as 
much  soed  as  is  usually  produced  of  wheat 
from  an  acre,  say  18  or  20  bushels.  The  hemp 
cultivated  for  6eed  will  not  produce  lint  enough 
to  make  it  worth  working  for  that  purpose — 
neither  will  year  lint  crop  produce  seed  in  any 
valuable  quantity. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  machines,  or  machine- 
ry, in  this  state,  which  are  used  for  breaking 
and  dressing  hemp  previously  to  its  being  rot- 
ted. There  are  such  in  existence;  but  they 
are  said  to  be  of  little  use  Hemp,  in  its  raw 
state.contains  a  large  quantity  ofgluten.which 
must  be  destroyed  before  the  fibre  is  fit  for  use. 
The  process  of  rotting  destroys  this  substance, 
and  leaves  the  fibre  soft  and  pliable.  If  it  be 
dressed  withont  rotting,  this  substanee  is  re- 
tained, and  the  fibre  continues  harsh,  and  diffi- 
cult to  manufacture,  and  the  article  manufac- 
tured is  said  to  be  less  durable.     Yours, 

Monroe  co.  March  26,  1831       B.  C N 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  jARMER. 
BAALEY, 
Barley,  from  the  prevalence  of  Temperance 
Societies,  and  consequent  decreased  consump- 
tion of  ardent  spirits,  is  becoming  quite  a 
staple  of  tho  country,  for  the  manufacture  of 
malt  liquors. 

This  crop  may  be  managed  so  as  to  be  one  of 
the  most  profitable  the  farmer  can  produce, and 
for  which  he  always  has  a  ready  cash  market  : 
and  yet  nothing  is  more  common  among  far- 
mers than  the  idea  that  there  is  no  profit  in 
raising  this  crop.  Of  all  crops,  perhaps  it  re- 
quires the  best  treatment,  but  is  of  all  most 
neglected,  or  least  understood,  by  the  great 
mass  of  our  farmers.  From  some  years'  ex- 
perience, and  a  pretty  extensive  trade  in  the 
article,  I  have  never  found  more  than  three  oi 
four  farmers  who  had  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  it,  and  these  uniformly  get  a  yield  of  from 
forty  to  sixty  bushels  per  acre.  This  fact  a- 
lone  should  be  enough  to  induce  our  farmers  to 
peruse  with  attention  every  thing  which  will 
throw  any  light  up.n  so  important  a  branch  of 
agriculture.  I  propose,  therefore,  in  as  con- 
cise a  manner  as  possible,  to  give  publicity  to 
such  information  as  I  possess  upon  this  sub- 
ject, for  the  benefit  of  all  concerned  ;  and  I 
may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  add,  without  ego 
tism,  that  it  is  founded  upon  a  pretty  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  whole  process  of  barley  rai 
sing,  and  nature  of  the  material  itself. 

The  first  thing  to  be  attended  to  by  the  far- 
mer is  the  soil,  upon  which  barley  is  sown.— 
Tnis  should  always  be  plowed  in  autumn,  and 
if  green  sward,  much  pains  should  be  taken  to 
turn  the  grass  side  down  in  plowing,  so  that 
Hie  6od-!  may  become  completely  decayed  be- 
fore the  ensuing  spring. 

The  winter  frosts  operate  very  favorably  up- 
on finds  plowed  in  the  autumn,  by  way  of  fer- 
tilizing and  rendering  it  mellow.  This  is  all- 
important,  as  the  more  the  soil  is  wrought  be 
fore  seeding,  a  good  yield  may  with  the  more 
certainty  be  relied  on. 

The  reason  of  this  is,  that  the  vital  princi- 
ple in  barley  may  be  destroyed  in  two  ways, 
before  the  crop  gets  matured — to  wit :  By  be- 
ing over  wet  by  rains,  or  over  heated  by 
druught.  Now  it  is  plain,  if  land  be  proper- 
ly wrought,  the  water  would  leach  through, and 
tlie  soil  would  not  hold  so  maeb  water  as  to 
become  baked  and  hard  by  a  long  drought.— 
This  principle  holds  good  in  preparing  the  soil 
for  the  reception  of  all  seeds,  though  not  so 
indispensable  to  some  as  to  barley.  There  is 
not  so  much  to  be  really  dreaded  in  a  very  wet 
or  a  very  dry  season,  as  some  have  imagined' 
f  the  ground  be  properly  prepared. 

Ground  plowed  last  autumn,  wilt  probably 
require  no  more  than  another  plowing  nnd 
once  harrowing  to  fit  it  for  the  seed  this  spring 
— bat  rn  respect  to  this  no  general  rule  can  be 


given,  save  that  tiie  soil  is  require-!  to  be  mel- 
low and  light.  "  Wayne  " 

FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

To  kill  two  birds  with  one  stone  was  consid- 
ered no  small  atehievement  in  the  days  of 
yore ;  and  to  induce  such  domestic  animals  as 
only  grow  up  for  food,  to  assist  in.  our  labours, 
is  a  case  strictly  analogous.  The  hog  and'the 
eoosc  war  unconsciously  on  the  curculio  which 
is  eneased  in  the  fallen  fruit;  but  the  turkey, 
the  duck,  and  the  hen,  take  their  pills  with- 
out gilding,  and  destroy  [thousands  of  insect:: 
round  our  dwellings,  of  which  we  take  no  nc- 
ount. 

About  six  years  ago,  1  enclosed  my  garden, 
and  the  poultry  were  entirely  excluded.  Tire 
increase  ef  insects  was  soon  very  perceptible. 
The  lurnep-fly.(called  the  ground  flee  from  its 
jumping)became  so  numerous  that  the  wall  flo- 
wer and  the  stock  gillyflower  were  disfigured; 
turnips  were  generally  attacked  and  destroyed 
as  soon  as  the  young  plants  appeared  ;  and  it 
was  only  by  daily  attention  that  transplanted 
cabbages  were  preserved  from  destruction. — 
Towards  the  close  of  caoli  summer,  grasshop- 
pers appeared  in  formidable  numbers  ;  the 
rays  of  the  China  Astet  were  literally  shorn  ; 
and  oilier  flowering  plants  were  deprived  of 
their  beauty.  Even  the  wood  louse  took  pos- 
session of  the  covered  borders ;  and  to  their 
repeated  irritations,  I  ascribe  the  loss  of  seve- 
ral rare  plant*. 

I  was  advised  to  turn  in  my  poultry  ;  but  I 
found  that  turkeys  ate  the  grapes  ;  and  the 
hens  were  too  fond  of  scratching  to  be  trust- 
ed. At  length  W.  H.  A.  of  Lyons,  gave  me  a 
plan  which  has  proved  eminently  successful. 
As  soon  as  the  chickens  had  left  the  nest,  the 
hen  was  confined  under  a  coop  in  the  garden, 
while  her  brood  spread  themselves  in  every 
direction,  in  search  of  insects.  Their  light 
tread  injured  nothing,  and  their  activity  sur- 
prised and  delighted  me.  Every  plant  within 
several  rods  of  the  ooop,was  examined  and  re- 
examined ;  and  not  a  bug,  nor  a  fly, nor  a  worm, 
nor  a  caterpillar  could  show  itself  with  impu- 
nity. 

1  amused  myself  with  calculating  the  amount 
of  their  services  ;  exactness  was  not  expect- 
ed, but  supposing  each  little  bill  to  strike  a 
thousand  times  in  a  day,  though  sometimes 
missing,  the  destruction  must  have  been  great 
—at  least  the  result  was  great.  The  cab- 
bages stood  nearly  undisturbed;  and  for  the 
first  time  in  the  garden,  I  raised  turnips  enough 
for  family  use.  The  grasshoppers  were  cha- 
sed, and  greatly  diminished  in  number;  the 
wood  lice  were  cleared  from  the  borders. 

Should  this  happen  to  meet  the  eye  of  W. 
H.  A.  by  whose  advice  I  h-ve  been  so  success- 
ful, he  may  judge  with  how  much  cordiality  I 
thank  bun.  D.  T. 

FOR   THE    OENESEE    FARMER. 

While  perusing  the  last  number  of  the  New 
York  Farmer,  my  attention  was  attracted  to  an 
article  by  a  scientific  farmer  upon  fattening 
hogs  on  boiled  food.  The  writer  states  that 
he  has  practised  cooking  or  boiling  the  food 
for  his  hogs,  while  fattening,  for  thirty  years, 
and  thinks  thai  ho  has  produced  at  least  as 
much  pork,  with  one  half  the  quantity  of  corn 
used  by  his  neighbors,  who  feed  raw  and  in  the 
ear.  Mr.  Buel,  in  his  report  to  the  Albany 
County  Agricultural  Society,  for  1880,  [see  N. 
Y.  F.  for  Dec]  makes  same  remarks  upon  this 
subject.  He  says  that  two  bushels  of  corn, 
"round  and  boiled,  will  make  more  pork  than 
three  bushels  fed  in  the  ordinary  way  ;  and 
adds— Who  has  not  observed  that  an  animal, 
whether  hog,  ox,  or  horse,  fed  high  with  dry 
cnrii  or  other  grain,  voids  a  portion  of  it  in  a 
half  digested,  and  often  in  a  sound  undecoin 
posed  state.  These  hints  (if  they  may  be  so 
ailed)  are  well  woith  tho  attention  of  some 
of  our  western  farmers. 


106 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


April  9,   1S31 


Tlie  following  method  I  have  pursued  for 
;li«  tliree  last  years  in  fattening  hogs,  and  have 
found  it  both  profitable  and  convenient.  In 
effect  I  think  it  somewhat  similar  to  the  a- 
bove  : 

la  the  spring,  as  soon  as  the  grass  has  at- 
tained a  sufficient  growth  to  afford  a  good  bite, 
the  hogs  are  let  out  of  the  pen  and  put  upon 
pasture,  (clover  is  the  best)  in  which  there  is 
plenty  of  running  water,  and  fed  regularly  a- 
bout  two  quarts  of  corn  meal  10  each  hog,  per 
day — kept  well  salted  and  occasionally  mix 
with  the  feed  a  little  sulphur,  salt  petre.&c.  as 
preventives  against  disease.  About  the  first 
of  October  they  are  again  shut  up  and  fed  high 
a  fewweeks  upon  boiled  potatoes  snd  corn  un- 
til the  weather  is  cool  enough  for  butchering. 
Since  adopting  this  method  I  have  always  re- 
alized from  a  hundred  to  a  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds  more  pork  with  the  same  expense  than 
I  could  get  from  a  hog  of  the  same  quality  (in 
the  spr.ng)  treated  in  the  usuai  manner  of  pas- 
turing during  the  summer,  and  fattening  in  the 
fall  upon  raw  corn  and  cold  water. 

I  have  never  been  able  to  make  hogs  grow 
very  rapidlv  upon  grass  alone,  but  with  the  aid 
of  a  lit  tie  grain  they  may  be  made  to  thrive 
and  grow  much  faster  thar  one  would  suppose 
who  has  not  tryedit;  and  when  fed  in  such 
small  quantities,  while  running  to  grass,  they 

will  thoroughly    digest  it   without   boiling. 

There  are  other  advantages  derived  from  fat- 
tening hogs  during  the  summer — they  are  al- 
ways peaceable  and  contented — your  P"rk  is 
ready  for  the  fall  market — and  the  trouble  is 
out  of  the  way  before  cold  weather  comes  on. 

Those  who  keep  a  dairy, and  feed  their  whey 
and  buttermilk  to  hog",  would  find  it  much  to 
their  advantage,  I  think,  to  mix  with  it  a  little 
meal,  as  hogs  fatten  much  faster  and  easier  in 
warm  than  cold  weather.  W. 

Middlesex,  JV.  Y.  MarchWth,  1831. 


FOR   THE     GENESEE    FARMER. 
TEA  SHRUB. 

I  have  lately  seen  a  copy  of  a  letter  from 
Wm.  Prince,  dated  1818,  on  the  subject  of 
raising  the  tea  shrub.  Ho  says,  "  it  will  bear 
the  winters  of  England,  unprotected,  and  I 
presume  also  those  of  North  Carolina."  If 
they  will  withstand  the  winters  of  England, 
unprotected,  ldo  not  know  why  they  may  not, 
in  a  warm  sheltered  situation,  bear  the  winters 
of  old  Genesee.  If  they  will,  the  Chinese 
monopoly  will  cease  at  no  very  distant  period. 
fining  no  plants  I  have  not  tried  the  expert 
tnent,  but  merely  recommend  it  to  Horticul- 
turists as  a  subject  well  worth  their  attention. 

Linden  HiU,  2d  mo.  1831.  T.  C.  C. 


FOR  THE  OENESEE  FARMER. 
COFFEE. 

Mr.  Goodsell— I  wMi  that  you,  Mr.  S. 
and  Mr.  *,  were  riding  the  hardest  trotting 
horse,  over  the  roughest  road,  on  the  lon- 
gest journey  and  to  see  yonr  worst  enemies, 
and  were  doomed  to  drink  leached  coffee 
on  the  road,  and  when  arrivod  ad  libitum,  that 
you  severally  might  learn  from  sad  experience 
the  consequences  of  your  innovations  upon 
the  established  usages  of  wisdom  and  length 
of  days.  For  since  the  date  of  your  several 
dissertations  upon  tho  subject  of  this,  till  now, 
lieavenly  beverage,  I  have  been  assigned  to 
the  daily  defence  of  the  old  and  established 
tanning  and  stewing  modus  operandi.  Not 
but  that  my  own  acquired  good  taste  more  than 
overbalances  all  their  hum-drum  theories  of 
tVagrance,  uroma,  volatile  and  essential  oils,  in 
the  same  manner,  and  establishes  the  fact  with 
ti>e  samo  unaltcrnbleness  as  were  the  qualities 
of  pumpkin-sauce,  by  my  christian  uncle,  for, 
says  he,  on  the  return  of  pumpkin  pie  season, 
svhen  his  good  help-dame  placed  a  quantity  be- 
fore him,  of  some  she  was  preparing  to  pie, 
,;  there,  is  no  suuecin  the  world  as  good  as  pump- 
kin sauce." 

As  the  unalterability  of  Persia's  laws,  so 
has  been,  since  that  veto,  the  fTch  sweet  Insi 


polity  of  stewed  pumpkins,  and  I  venture  the 
asseveration,  that  all  who  have  the  same  acqui 
red  good  taste  as  my  uncle  and  myself,  will 
never  suffer  themselves  to  be  enchanted  by 
the  melody  of  such  words  as  aroma,  fragrance, 
oils,  &c.  when  opposed  to  them  stands,  in 
formidable  array, voile  vs  of  harder  words, a  sam- 
ple only  of  which,  for  argumentative  purpo- 
ses, I  oppose  to  their  volaiiles  and  evapora- 
bles  ;  but  for  a  scientific  systematic  answer,  I 
will  settle  the  question  by  marshaling  the  en 
tire  catalogue  in  opposition,  omitting  only  the 
per  cent,  for  that  would  annihilate  their  hypo- 
thesis, not  only,  but  leave  not  a  lingering  r — h  ' 
behind. 

The  analysis  of  coffee  shows  it  to  contain 
Gum  ) 

Resin  \ 

Extractive  ) 

Bitter  principle  )  Volatile  oil,  and  a 

Gallic  acid,  with  \  fragrant  aroma  de- 

Tannin  >   veloped  by   roast- 

Albumen  (  ing. 

Fibrous  insoluble  matter  ) 
and  a  Residuum  } 

With  this  analysis  Mr.  Editor,  little  else 
need  be  said,  for  it  is  easy  to  see  that  in  ox- 
change  foi  a  few  volatiles  we  have  half  a  score 
remaining  that  bid  defiance  to  boiling,  and  I 
had  almost  said  digestion,  and  if  they  cause 
headache  and  induce  appoplexies,  they  in  re- 
turn by  virtue  of  their  tannin  and  gallic  acid, 
corrugate  the  stomach,  rendering  it  less  exci- 
table, and  assimilate  it  more  and  more  to  well 
tanned  leather.  There  is  also  very  little  doubt 
that  dispepsia  is  sometimes  attributable  to  oth- 
er causes,  and  that  stciocd  coffee  is  unjustly  cen 
suied  as  the  parent  of  all  the  cases  that  occur 

Nota  Bena — Our  good  landlady  very  unassu 
mingly  gave  us  her  best  dish  of  the  leached 
kind  this  morning,  with  all  the  aroma  and  fra- 
grance in  its  perfection,  and  tho  most  that  any 
one  among  a  dozen  drank,  did  not  exceed  two 
cvps  of  pint  dimensions  ;  whereas,  of  the  stew- 
ed kind,  as  much  aslringency  and  tannin  as 
was  desirod  could  be  obtained  from  one. 

But  I  will  take  leave  of  you  and  your  easy 
proselytes  to  French  innovations,  by  request- 
ing that  you  atone  in  some  good  degree  to 
your  own  hearts  and  to  your  numerous  readers, 
and  particularly  those  of  slender  forms  ami 
subject  to  coughs,  by  inserting  for  their  bene~ 
fit  the  following  recipe  for  an  entiro  meal : 

Take  good  coffee,  a  desert  spoonful — milk  a 
pint — Boil  slowly  15  minutes,  and  add  two 
shavings  of  Ichthyocalla,  (Isinglass)  simmer 
a  few  minutes  longer,  and  drink  for  breakfast, 
dinner,  or  supper.     Yours,  to  serve, 

Gelatin. 

for  the  genesee   farmer. 

CULTIVATION  OF  PEARTREES  FROM 

APPLE  TREE  STOCKS. 

After  several  unsuccessful  endeavors  to  ob- 
tain peartree  stocks, I  succeeded  in  the  follow- 
ing manner : 

About  the  middle  of  August,  1825.  H.  Fel 
lows,  Esq.  of  this  town,  obliged  me  with  the 
buds  of  several  choice  varieties  of  tho  pear- 
tree,  which  I  inserted  intoappletree  stocks,  as 
near  the  roots  as  practicable.  In  April,  1826, 
I  took  them  up  and  cut  off  the  stocks  about  an 
inch  above  the  buds,  then  transplanted  them 
with  buds  about  four  inches  lower  than  tho 
surface  of  the  ground  and  covered  the  roots  lea- 
ving the  buds  uncovered,  the  earth  forming  a 
basin  around  each  of  four  inches  in  depth. — 
As  soon  as  the  poar  trees  had  grown  about  a 
foot  in  height,  I  began  raising  the  earth  about 
them,  a  small  quantity  at  a  time,  till  it  became 
level.  In  the  spring  of  1829,  several  of  them 
were  as  large  as  I  chose  to  set  in  an  orchard, 
say  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  soven  feet  in 
height,  with  sufficient  pear  tree  roots.  But 
some  of  the  rest  had  grown  but  little.  One 
of  which  measured  but  three  fourths  of  nn  inch 
in  diameter, and  twenty-seven  inches  in  height, 
and  (to  my  surprise)  produced  more  than  thirty 
blossoms,  but  it  pruduced  no  fruit.  I  then  ex 
cavated  Ike  oarlh  around  it,  and  found  It  had 


no  peartree  rants.  I  ihen  made  three  or  fout 
incisions  near  the  bottom  of  it,  peeling  up  a 
small  strip  of  bark  at  each  place,  and  replaced 
the  earih.  It  is  now  seven  feet  in  height,  and 
has  sufficient  pear  tree  roots.  S.  BARKER. 
Penfield,  March  29M,   1831. 


SELECTION 


From  the  New  England  Farmer. 

Extracts  from  the  Reports  of  thi  Massachusetts 

Agricultural  Society,  for  1830. 

MANGEL    WURTZEL. 

The  eommitt  e  take  pleasure  in  recommen- 
ding the  premium  of  $20  to  be  paid  to  Mr.  Gi 
deon  Foster,  of  Charlestown.  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, for  his  admirable  crop  of  M  mgel  Wurtzel. 
The  following  is  an  account  nf  :lie  culture  and. 
product  oi  one  acre  of  Mangel  Wurtzel,  raited 

by  Mr.   Gideon  Foster,  of  Charlcstown,  in  the 

County  of  Middlesex,   Mass. 

The  soil  is  a  black  loam  with  a  clay  bottom. 
inclining  six  degrees  to  the  north-east.  In 
1829,  three  fourths  of  the  tame  was  planted 
with  potatoes,  with  a  moderate  supply  of  ma- 
nure in  the  hills  and  yielded  an  ordinary  crop  ; 
the  residue  was  in  mange!  wurtzel  and  grass. 
Early  in  the  month  of  May  of  the  present  year, 
there  was  spread  on  said  land  about  eight  cords 
of  compost  manure,  and  ploi.ghed  to  the  depth 
of  eight  inches, and  harrowed  in  the  usual  way. 
About  the  12th  of  Way,  I  sowed  the  seed  it; 
rows  by  hand,  twenty-two  inches  apart.  I 
thinned  them  from  8  to  12  inches  apart,  in  the 
rows,  when  they  became  the  size  of  a  goose 
uill.  I  should  have  preferred  an  earlier  peri- 
od for  this  part  of  the  cultivation  had  it  no: 
been  for  the  threatened  destruction  by  the 
wire  worms, which  were  then  numerous.  No 
thing  more  was  necessary  in  point  of  cultiva- 
tion to  perfect  the  crop,  but  to  keep  the  soil 
loose  about  the  roots,  and  the  land  clear  of 
weeds,  which  was  principally  done  with  scuf- 
fling hoes,  except  frequent  cropping  of  the  un- 
der leaves,  by  which  'obtained  treble  benefit. 
1st,  by  obtaining  an  excellent  food  for  swine 
and  horned  catile;  2d,  by  admitting  the  suf 
and  air  to  the  roots  ;  3d,  by  removing  them 
near  to  the  crown,  about  tho  middle  of  Sep- 
tember, which  gave  them  tune  to  heal,  so  that 
on  harvesting  they  are  found  to  be  in  a  sound 
and  healthy  state  for  preserving  them  through 
the  winter. 

They  were  harvested  in  tho  3d  week  of  Oc- 
tober. The  roots  were  measured  in  a  wagon 
body  that  held  twenty-three  bushels  by  accu- 
rate measurement.  This  measure  was  filled 
61  times,  and  there  were  ten  bushels  over. — 
The  wagon  body  was  then  placed  on  its 
wheels  and  twice  filled  fto  the  judgment  of 
those  of  us  present)  as  formerly,  and  weighed 
at  the  patent  scales  ef  D.  Devens,  Esq.  of  this 
town.  The  average  weight  of  which  was  per 
tickets  annexed,  1415  12  lbs.  making  14315 
bushels  or  86,961  lbs.  or  43  tons,  961  lbs. 

It  was  observed  by  agriculturists  who  in- 
spected the  field,  that  much  of  its  beauty  con- 
sisted in  the  uniformity  of  the  size  of  the  roots, 
none  of  them  being  so  large  as  have  been  rai- 
sed by  others,  while  very  few  of  them  wero 
small.  The  largest  that  I  have  known  to  have 
been  measured,  being  25  12  inches  in  circum- 
ference. 

The  actual  expense  of  raising  said  crop,  5 
estimate  to  be  35 dollars.    Gideon  Foster. 

Charlcstown,  Nov.  30,  1830. 

ONtOHS. 

The  committee  award  the  premium  of  $2V 
to  Mr.  Jos.  Perkins,  of  Newbury,  for  his  crop 
of  onions.  The  product  by  estimate  was  657 
bnshels  on  an  acre.  Mr.  Parkins  has  supposed 
52  1-2  lbs.  to  the  bushel.  No  standard  Weight  is 
given  by  the  society, but  the  committee  believe 
50  pounds  to  be  about  tho  average  weight  of  r. 
bushel. 
To  the  Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  A.  Society  : 

Gentlemen— In  confotmity  to  the  rlucs  at! 
regulations  ofyour  society,  I  send  you  a  statf.  . 


Vol.1.— No.   14 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


107 


merit  of  the  amount,  together  with  the  manner 
of  culture,  &c.  of  one  acre  of  onions,  the 
growth  of  18-iO.  The  quality  of  the  soil  is  a 
yellow  loam,  and  has  bain  cultivated  with 
onions  several  years.  In  1829.  it  was  sown 
as  usal  with  onions,  without  any  dressing,  and 
produced  between  400  and  500  bushels.  The 
2d  of  December  last,  after  tho  crop  was  off, 
there  were  3  1-2  cords  of  burn  manure  plough- 
ed in,  in  ridges.  The  21st  and  22d  of  April 
following,  the  land  was  ploughed  and  harrow- 
ed, and  two  and  a  half  pounds  of  seed  was 
sown  in  drills  about  14  inchos  apart.  The  first 
hoeing  and  weeding  was  done  June  11th, which 
cost  five  days'  labour.  The  2d  was  July  2d, 
four  days  more  ;  the  last  weeding  was  done 
the  22d,  which  cost  four  do. 

They  were  harvested  early  in  October,  and 
between  9.000  and  10,000  bunches  have  been 
bunched,  which,  estimating  15  bunches  to  tho 
bushel,  (each  bunch  weighing  3  1-2  pounds,  is 
a  fair  calculation,)  together  with  those  that 
have  been  lopped  and  sold  by  the  bushel, there 
were  657  bushels.  Joseph  Perkins. 

Newbury,  Nov.  ISM,  1830. 

NOTICE    ON    THE    MODE    OF     CULTIVATING    THE 
MULBERRY    IN    PASTURE    GROUNDS. 

By  M.    Bonafous,  of  Turin.     Read  before  the 

Royal  Society  of  Agriculture,  of  Lyons,  1828. 

Translated. 

If  the  great  number  of  Mulberry  trees  to  be 
seen  in  the  above  department,  testify  the  use 
ful  influence  of  this  Institution  on  all  ugricul- 
tors,  it  is  hoped  they  will  consider  and  try  an- 
other mode  of  raising  and  propagating  still 
more  that  plant. 

This  mode,  which  I  submit  to  the  Society, 
is  practised  in  China,  and  I  understand  also  in 
one  of  the  states  of  North  America,  in  which, 
the  culture  of  silk  is  an  object  of  considerable 
industry  :  there,  in  the  spring,  they  sow  their 
seed  in  a  well  prepared  ground, in  drills,  or  by 
broad  cast ;  and  next  year  they  mow  the  young 
plant,  and  obtain  successively  as  much  foliage 
as  is  necessary  to  feed  their  silk  worms,  until 
the  plant  becomes  stunted  stock, and  then  they 
sow  on  another  piece  of  ground  for  the  ensu- 
ing year.  (These  mulberry  stocks  and  roots 
could,  by  proper  process,  be  made  an  excel- 
lent material  for  manufacturing  an  excellent  pa- 
per. Chinese-like,  much  esteemed  by  copper- 
plate engravers.)  Thiscropcan  be  daily  made, 
except  after  very  dry  weather,  in  different  por- 
tions of  the  ground,  and  each  plant  will  bear  to 
be  topped  three  times  at  least  before  the 
mounting  of  the  silk  worms. 

This  method,  however,  should  be  subjected 
to  such  modification  as  the  variableness  or  vi- 
cissitude of  the  climate  must  require.  Per- 
haps it  would  bo  hotter  to  sow  iu  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer  than  in  the  spring, and  also 
to  gather  and  dry  carefully  the  foliage  before 
using  it — also  to  sow  in  drills,  which  might  be 
replenished,  instead  of  broad  cast.  The  fol- 
lowing would  be  the  advantages  of  this  meth- 
od : 

1st.  To  gather  leaves  without  labour  er  ex- 
pense. 

2d.  To  employ  a  muoh  smaller  piece  of 
ground  than  what  it  takes  for  any  quantity  of 
silkworm. 

3d.  To  be  able  in  the  course  of  one  year,  to 
raise  the  mulberry  foliage,  the  silkworm,  and 
to  reel  the  silk. 

4th.  To  protect  the  young  plants  against 
rain  or  moisture  by  the  means  of  a  transporta- 
ble awning. 

5th.  To  enable  tenants  as  well  as  proprie- 
tors of  ground  to  secure  every  year  a  crop  of 
silk. 

6th.  To  proportionate  at  each  season  the 
quantity  of  silk' I o  the  demand  of  the  market, 
or  ef  the  manufactures. 

It  is  thought  highly  important  thus  to  invite 
the  attention  of  silk  culturists  in  ascertaining 
what  ground  would  be  more  productive,  that 
which  is  apportioned  for  grains  or  any  kind  of 
the  cereals, ir  for  grass  ;  and  especially  wheth- 
er the  probable  greater   moisture  of  mulberry 


foliage  thus  raised,  than  that  from  our  trees, 
can  alter  the  quality,  the  fineness, or  the  beauty 
of  silk,  so  as  to  undervalue  its  price. 

Persuaded  of  the  general  utility  oc  those 
subjects  of  inquiry,  I  beg  leave  to  deposit  in 
the  hands  of  your  treasurer,  and  at  the  dispo- 
sal of  the  Royal  Academy,  the  sum  of tn 

be  distributed  in  shares  or  prizes  of  encour- 
agement to  any  culturist  who  will  oommuni- 
cale  the  result  of  his  experience  on  these  dif- 
ferent points,  provided  they  bo  judged  woithy 
of  your  approbation  and  encouragement. 

N.  B.   Any  quality  of  fresh   white   mulberry 
seed  can  be  had  at  No.  71  Liberty  street,  and 
179  Broadway,  New  York.     Translated  by 
F.  Pascalis. 

IMPORTANCE    OF    AGRICULTURE. 

The  life  of  republicanism  is  committed  to 
the  owners  and  cultivators  of  the  soil.  If  they 
indulge  expensive  habits,  involve  their  inter- 
ests, eat  and  wear  out  their  farms,  they  are  not 
the  farmers  to  whom  the  Genius  of  Libeitv 
looks  for  the  perpeiuity  of  our  civil  institu- 
tions :  her  trust  is  in  those  who  live  like  far- 
mers, increase  in  substance,  perpetuate  in  their 
families  their  own  habits, &  keep  above&  inde- 
pendent of  ihe  men  ol  the  learned  professions. 
By  and  by  we  shall  have  professorships  of  agri- 
culture in  our  chief  literary  institutions, making 
farming  a  science  in  fact, as  it  now  is  only  in 
name  ;  and  then, but  not  till  then,  will  husband- 
ry be  duly  honored  as  a  business,  honored  by 
all  men, ministering  to  the  wants  of  all.  That 
man,  whoever  he  may  be,  who  first  unites  the 
energies  of  art  and  science,  practical  with  sci- 
entific agriculture,  field  farming,  with  book 
farming,  and  founds  a  school  of  scientific  ag- 
riculture and  experimental  farming,  for  the  ed- 
ucation of  the  youth  of  ihis  Republic,  will 
perform  a  service  of  more  importance  to  his 
country,  to  pure  religion  and  to  his  God,  than 
the  founder  of  a  hundred  Schools  of  Theolo- 
gy.— Spujford's  Gazetteer  of  New  Yorle—ji.  564. 


POMOLOGY. 

Prom  Prince's  Pomological  Manual. 

ROUSSELETTE  DE  RHE1MS. 

PR      CAT.     DUH.      ' 

This  fruit  is  also  pyriform,  about  two  and  a 
quarter  inches  in  height,  and  twenty  lines  in 
diameter,  the  eye  is  large  and  even  with  fruit, 
the  stem  is  eight  or  ten  lines  in  length  ;  the 
skin  is  green  on  the  shade  side,  but  becomes 
yellowish  at  perfect  maturity,  the  sun  side  at- 
tains a  brownish  red  hue,  and  is  entirely  cover- 
ed with  greyish  dots.  The  flesh  is  half  melting, 
musky,  enriched  by  a  peculiar  perfume,  which 
imparts  an  excellent  taste.  In  fact  this  fruit 
has  the  same  flavor  as  our  far-famed  Seckel, 
(ofwhich.it  is  undoubtedly  the  paront,)  though 
in  a  less  degree,  and  the  growth  of  the  tree  also 
bears  much  affinity  to  that  of  our  well  known 
favorite,  but  Ihe  shoots  are  longer  and  grow 
more  vigorously.  The  seeds  are  large  and 
brown,  and  the  fruit  ripeDs  the  beginning  of 
September.  It  is  much  better  on  standard 
trees  than  on  espaliers,  but  does  not  grow  so 
large  and  the  trees  can  be  readily  propagated 
on  bo'h  pear  and  quince  stocks;  and  when 
they  have  attained  to  a  suitable  age  for  bear- 
ing, they  yield  abundant  crops. 

WINTER  ROUSSELET. 
Pr.  cat.  Mil.  For. 
The  fruit  is  pyriform,  and  two  inches  in 
height  by  eighteen  lines  in  diameter.  The 
eye  is  even  with  the  extremity  of  the  fruit, 
and  the  stem,  which  is  six  or  eight  hues  in 
length,  is  inserted  in  a  small  cavity.  The  skin 
is  greenish  on  tho  shade  side,  and  brownish 
red  on  that  next  the  sun,  the  flesh  is  half-brea- 
king, tolerably  juiey.and  of  rather  a  rich  taste  ; 
the  seeds  are  round, short,  and  of  a  light  brown 
color,  and  the  fruit  is  at  maturity  in  February 
and  March  The  tree  is  of  very  thrifty  growth, 
and  succeeds  on  both  pear  an  I  quince.  Mil- 
ler remarks  lhat  this  pear  is  by  some  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  that  called  the  Dry  Martin, 
but  that  it  is  very  different. 


GREAT  ROUSSELET. 
Pr.  cat    For. 

This  pear  is  two  inches  and  nine  lines  in 
height,  and  six  lines  less  in  its  diameter,  with 
a  stem  sixteen  to  eighteen  lines  in  length, which 
is  often  implanted  in  a  little  cavity  encompass- 
ed by  swellings  or  projections.  The  skin  is 
green  on  the  shade  side,  and  brownish  red 
next  the  sun,  dotted  all  over  with  small  grey 
points.  The  flesh  is  half-breaking,  perfumed 
somewhat  acid,  and  of  agreeable  taste.  The 
seeds  are  elongated,  and  the  fruit  ripens  at 
the  end  of  August  or  first  part  of  September. 
The  growth  of  the  tree  is  vigorous,  and  it  is 
propagated  with  equal  facility  on  the  quiice 
as  on  the  near.  — 

BRITISH  RUSSET.     Auth. 

This  fruit  is  turbinate,  and  flattened  at  flat- 
head,  where  the  eye  is  placed  in  a  pretty  deep 
cavity,  and  the  stem  is  also  inserted  with  a 
depression.  The  flesh  is  white,  utmost  mell- 
ing,  with  a  partially  acid  fUvor,  and  possesses 
a  taste  somewhat  resembling  that  of  the  Cra- 
sanne.  [t  ripens  in  October  and  November, 
and  the  tree  is  vigorous.  This  variety,  which 
is  thus  described  in  Duhatnel,  as  different  from 
the  other  pears  cultivated  in  France,  may  no 
doubt  (if  carried  from  England)  be  synony- 
muos  with  some  ono  of  the  English  pears  do 
scribed  in  their  standard  works.  A  pear  has 
been  recently  imported  into  this  country  un- 
der the  title  given  as  the  last  synonwne,  which 
I  have  thought  it  might  probably  refer  to  the 
same  fruit,  and  1  consequently  subj  uned  it 
with  an  expression  of  doubt;  lime  not  having 
yet  elapsed  sufficient  for  the  necessary  investi- 
gation. — 

MUSCADELLE.     N.  Dun. 

This  French  Muscadclle  pear  is  a  small  fruit, 
seventeen  or  eighteen  lines  in  breadth,  and  of 
nearly  the  same  height,  which  renders  it  al- 
most globular ;  but  occasionally  it  is  pyriform, 
being  twenty  lines  in  height,  and  about  seven- 
teen in  diameter,  at  tho  largest  part ;  but  what 
most  characterizes  it,  is,  that  the  eye  placed  in 
a  regular  formed  cavity  is  always  naked,  in 
consequence  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx  fall- 
ing off,  which  iu  general  remain  stationary  on 
other  sons  of  pears,  but  which,  in  this  case, 
fall  at  an  early  period, or  at  any  rate  before  the 
maturity  of  the  fruit.  The  peduncle,  which  is 
thirteen  or  fourteen  lines  in  length, is  generally 
inserted  somewhat  laterally,  and  in  a  slight  cavi- 
ty, at  one  side  of  which  is  a  partial  projection  ; 
the  skin  is  greenish  for  the  most  part,  with  a 
light  tinge  of  russet  only  next  the  sun  ;  the 
flesh  has  some  firmness,  and  is  enriched' with 
a  small  degree  of  pleasant  musk  flavor.  The 
seeds  are  light  brown,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in 
July  or  early  in  August. 

LARGE  MUSCADEL.     Auth. 

This  second  French  variety  t  f  the  Musca- 
delle  does  not  appear  to  differ  from  the  prece- 
ding, except  m  its  turbinate  form,  and  its  pe- 
duncle, which  is  shorter  and  larger,  and  its  eye 
on  which  the  segments  of  the  calyx  are  com- 
monly persistent.  In  relation  to  other  points, 
its  size  can  scarcely  be  deemed  any  larger ;  the 
skin  is  often  the  same  colour,  ihe  taste  and  flq- 
vor  similar  and  it  ripens  at  the  same  period, 
PERFUMED.     Pr.  Cat.     For. 

This  is  a  small  fruit,  neaily  pyriform,  very 
much  swollen  at  the  base,  and  terminating 
pretty  regularly  in  a  truncale  or  obtuse  point 
at  the  stem,  which  is  eighteen  lines  in  length, 
and  somewhat  fleshy  at  its  junction  with  the 
fruit,  the  skin  is  lemon  colour,  delicately  tou- 
ched wiili  fawn  colour  on  the  shade  side,  and 
a  fine  deep  red.doued  over  with  yellow  points 
on  the  side  exposed  to  ihe  sun  ;  the  flesb  is 
highly  musky  and  quite  juicy;  the  seeds  are 
small,  well  perfected  and  of  "a  brown  huo,  ami 
the  fruit  ripens  in  August  as  its  name  indicates. 
The  tree  is  productive,  and  succeeds  on  both 
quince  and  pear  Btockg. 

Miller  describes  his  Perfumed  pear  differ, 
ently  from  the  foregoing  and  probably  does 
nol  lefer  to  the  same  fruit  ;  he  quotes  ToSrn-. 
th'jrefor,  and  refers  to  no  other  aulhor. 


108 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


TSJ3  GENESEE  TARDIER 

SATURDAY.  APRIL  9,  1M1 


INGRAFTING. 

Ingrafting  is  a  process  by  which  one  tree  is 
made  by  uniting  with  another  of  the  same  spe- 
cies, to  change  its  flowers,  fruit,  woody  6 
bre,  and  leaves,  and  to  remain,  nnd  retain  its 
new  ferni,  without  any  change  or  effect,  from 
the  Stock;  except  some  trees  are  dwarfed,  by 
grafting  on  stocks  of  slow  and  diminutive 
growth,  pear?  on  quinces,  apples  on  paradise 
and  crabs,  &c.  but  in  no  case  is  the  fruit  in  a- 
ny  way,  as  to  flavor  or  color,  controlled  by  the 
stock,  but  it  remains  a  mere  passive  agent, 
sending  ><p  its  supply  of  6ap,  which  by  some 
inscrutable  operation  of  either  the  wood  ves 
suls,  or  the  action  of  the  leaves,  is  manipula- 
ted into  fruit,  whose  flavour,  contour,  and  co 
lor,  are  as  different  os  any  two  opposites  in 
nature. 

That  a  simple  blossom  bud  inoculated  into 
the  bark  of  a  different  variety,  where  the  sap 
cannot  pass  the  ine  hundredth  part  of  an  inch 
through  the  vessels  and  organs  of  the  inocula- 
tion, before  it  reaches  the  bud,  should  be  so 
radically  changed,  as  to  oause  it  to  produce 
the  first  year,  a  fruit  perfect  after  its  own  kind, 
is  one  of  those  occult  operations  of  nature 
locked  in  'he  arcana  of  inscrutability,  beyond 
even  the  reach  of  human  reason  or  analysis. 

We  do  rjot  intend  to  make  a  pathological 
essay  on  this  subject,  but  a  plain  matter  of 
fact  description  of  the  most  approved  method 
of  performing  the  operation,  as  the  season  is 
iast  approaching,  when  those  who  wish  to 
have  the  advantago  of  the  cultivation  and  per- 
fection of  those  fruits  which  the  toil  and  expe- 
rience of  ages  have  brought  to  their  present 
state,  for  ten  minntes  easy  work,  should  be  up 
and  doing.  It  is  so  easy,  that  no  man  who 
lias  sufficient  mechanism  in  his  composition  to 
make  an  ox-bow  pin,  should  hesitate  to  try  his 
hand  at  it. 

Cions  should  in  all  cases  bo  cut  before  the 
buds  expand,  and  in  all  cases  be  set  after  tbey 
fairly  start  in  the  stock. 

Tbis  is  a  general  rule,  although  it  will  some- 
times succeed  under  totally  reversed  circum- 
stances. 

Cions  should  be  kept  in  a  cool  place,  on  the 
ground  in  a  cellar,  or  buried  in  the  earth,  so 
that  they  Joso  none  of  their  original  freshness 
tmd  vitality. 

A  saw,  cbissel,  a  stout  and  sbarp  grafting 
knife,  and  grafting  elay  or  composition,  are  all 
the  materials  that  are  required. 

Cleft  grafting— This  method  is  the  oldest, 
and  most  generally  followed  in  this  country, 
and  for  those  sized  stocks,  whioh  are  not  so 
large  as  to  refuse  to  open  for  the  cioij,  perhaps 
ihe  best.  It  is  performed  by  outting  off  the 
stock,  smoothing  the  end  and  splitting  it  down 
some  two  or  three  inches.  Cut  the  cion  in  the 
stupe  of  a  thin  wedge  with  a  shooldcr  on 
each  side;  this  is  inserted  bark  to  bark,  until 
the  shoulder  sets  upon  tho  end  of  the  stock. 
It  may  be  quartered  or  halved,  so  as  to  take 
two  or  four  cions,  for  greater  security,  into 
each  stock,  wind  tbc  end  with  flax  or  tow,  and 
-aver  smoothly  and  firmly  with  the  composi- 
tion. 

Oeum  ginftingr-Ts  tr?exl  when  Oio  Btoclrs f 


April  9,  1831. 


are  very  large  and  unyielding,  and  is  performed 
in  the  following  manner  :  At  a  period  when 
t!:e  bark  will  peel  freely,  saw  off  the  troe  with- 
in two  feet  or  more  of  the  ground,  at  about 
four  pla'os  make  a  slit  through  the  bark, 
as  in  budding,  about  two  inches  down,  and 
earefully  raise  the  bark  on  each  side;  cut  the 
cion  in  the  form  of  a  wedge  on  one  side  only, 
with  a  sheulder  to  rest  upon  the  stock  ;  insert 
it  under  the  bark,  tie  firmly  and  clay  as  before- 
In  this  manner  they  grow  luxuriantly,  and  re 
quire  supporting  to  protect  thorn  against  the 
winds  the  first  and  second  year. 

Saddle  grafting — Is  used  in  cases  where  the 
stock  is  from  two  to  four  times  as  large  as  the 
cion,  and  it  makes  a  fine  scar  and  sound  un- 
ion. Cut  the  stock  to  the  shape  of  an  obtuse 
wedge,  having  the  apex  in  the  centre,  or  on 
one  side  ;  cut  slits  and  raise  the  bark  as  in 
crown  grafting.  Split  the  cion  in  the  centre, 
with  a  narrow  sharp  blade,  smooth  the  two 
prongs,  and  bring  them  to  a  nice  thin  point, 
not  cutting  the  outside  bark  at  all,  and  of  the 
right  lengths  to  straddle  the  wedge,  and  allow 
the  points  to  enter  under  the  raised  bark  of  the 
stock,  and  the  point  of  the  wedge  resting  a' 
the  extremity  of  the  split  in  the  cion.  It  wil' 
make  a  better  fit,  to  make  with  the  thumb  nail 
a  partial  break  or  bend  in  the  branches  of  the 
cion,  where  it  turns  the  angles  on  the  stock. — 
Tie  and  clay  as  before. 

Whip, whip  sad 'die,  and  tongue  grafting—  Are 
operations  used  when  the  stock  and  cion  are 
of  a  size,  for  nurseries  ;  or  where  the  small 
limbs  of  a  whole  top  are  to  be  altered.  The 
whip  method  is  simply  to  slant  off  both  parts, 
as  a  farmer  would  splice  a  wooden  whip  stock, 
and  tie  them  firmly  with  bass  matting,  cotton 
candle  wick,  or  flax.  The  wkip  saddle,  is  to 
form  the  stock  into  a  thin  wodge,  and  tho  cion 
to  correspond,  with  the  bark  joining  at  all 
points.  Tongue  grafting,  is  the  safest  and 
strongest  of  all  these  methods,  where  the  stock 
and  cion  are  of  a  size.  It  is  performed  by 
slanting  both  parts  as  in  whip  grafiing.and  then 
splitting  both  or  one  side  of  the  pith,  about 
half  or  three  qnarters  of  an  inch,  and  insert- 
ing the  tongues  respectively,  and  forcing  them 
together,  till  the  cut  made  on  each  side  is  com- 
pletely covered  ;  tie  firmly,  and  if  covered 
with  day  or  wax  will  be  more  certain  of  suc- 
ceeding. 

There  are  various  other  methods  occasion- 
ally practiced  by  the  curious  ;  but  we  believe 
the  above  comprehend  all  that  are  necessary 
or  useful. 

There  is  also  another  process,  used  some- 
times, which  partakes  partly  of  ingrafting, and 
partly  of  inocalating,  called  scallop  budding. — 
It  is  performed  thus  : 

A;  any  time  when  the  sap  is  rising,  and  the 
bark  will  peel, take  a  bud  from  a  cion  previous- 
ly cat,  or  it  at  a  later  period,  take  a  bud  of  the 
present  year's  production,  cut  it  from  a  rather 
largish  limb  or  twig,  cut  it  as  io  budding,  only 
cut  dceper.taking  out  more  wood,  which  is  not 
to  be  removed  ;  thou  in  the  stock  cut  a  place 
as  exaotly  as  possible  like  tbo  place  in  the 
twig,  from  whence  the  bud  came,  so  that  when 
placed  on  the  spot  it  shall  again  mako  it  whole, 
and  cover  the  wound  ;  bind  it  on,  either  by 
tieing  witji  some  kind  of  strlgg,  or  what  is 
better,  a  narrow  waxed  cloth,  with  a  bole  cut 
'or  fbc  bad,    rf  (hc  fop  cf  flio  stwft  Ts  ehor- 


lened,  it  will  grow  the  same  year,  ai.d  is  a  very 
safe  way  of  budding  on  large  ai.d  old  stocks, 
whose  bark  will  not  cleave,  and  is  thick  and 
unyielding  to  the  bud,  in  the  common  method. 
The  rose  bush  may  have  its  flowers  changed 
the  same  year,  by  this  process,  on  which  it  is 
a  very  ceriain  operation. 

The  grafting  clay  is  made,  by  thoroughly 
beating  two  parts  blue  or  brick  maker's  clay, 
one  part  leached  ashes,  and  one  part  fresh  cow 
or  horse  manure— give  a  few  days  age,  and 
several  workings  with  the  hoe  or  shovel. 

Of  inoculating  or  budding,  we  shall  speak 
previous  to  the  season  of  performing  that  ope- 
ration. In  the  mean  time  we  would  sug«es: 
to  those  who  are  willing  to  try  the  experiment, 
to  take  some  cions  of  the  peach,  pear,  plum. 
&c  and  bury  them,  or  stick  them  like  cut- 
tings, deep  in  tho  ground,  till  the  bark  of  the 
Lree  cleaves  freely,  and  try  if  last  year's  bnds 
may  not  be  made  to  take  and  grow  immediate- 
ly, by  shortening  tho  tops,  as  if  they  were  of 
the  current  year's  growth.  • 

As  to  the  kinds  of  trees  which  will  take  up- 
on each  other,  by  grafing  or  inoculating,  some 
directions  may  be  necessary  fer  new  begin- 
ners. We  shall  therefore  only  name  some 
of  the  common  fruit  trees  which  are  known 
to  do  well  when  ingrafted  upon  others,  leaving 
some  disputable  points  for  a  more  convenient 
season. 

All  kinds  of  apples  take  upon  each  other, 
as  do  quinces  upon  themselves  and  pears;  but 
pears  upon  apples  or  quinces,  or  quinoes  upon 
apples  or  pears,  do  not  thrive  well,  or  apples 
upon  quinces  or  pears  do  not  thrive.  Much  lime 
is  spentyearly  in  useless  experiments  of  this 
kind,  and  although  each  of  the  above  kinds 
may  be  made  to  take  upon  the  other,  yet  they 
never  make  good  trees  upon  each  other's 
stocks.  Many  kinds  of  cherries  will  take  up. 
on  each  other,  but  it  is  better  to  put  those 
kinds  of  cherries  which  are  generally  denomi- 
ted  English  cherries  upon  each  other,  as  when 
put  upon  the  common  or  Kentish  cherry  stock, 
the  cion  is  apt  to  out  grow  tho  stock  There 
is  also  a  small  wild  red  cherry,  which  grows 
wild,  upon  which  the  English  or  heart "cher 
ries  take  very  well,  but  they  do  not  take  upon, 
the  Black  cherry  of  our  forests,  or  upon  the 
choke-cherry. 

Most  kinds  of  plums  will  take  upon  each  o- 
ther,  and  we  think  grafting  them  is  preferable 
to  inoculating  them. 

Peaches,  Nectarines,   apricots  and  almonds, 
are  more  difficult  to  graft,  but  will  all  take  up 
on  each  other. 

Gooseberries  and  currants  will  take  upon 
eacb  other,  by  grafting  or  budding,  bat  as  they 
grow  freely  from  cuttings,  they  are  commonly 
propagated  in  that  way. 

The  above  named  fruits  compose  most  cf 
onr  valuable  ones,  and  as  stocks  of  most  of 
them  aro  to  be  procured  at  cheap  rates,  wc 
would  recommend  to  new  beginners,  to  con- 
fine themselves  to  these  at  first.  After  they 
have  become  acquainted  with  tbc  fundamental 
principles  of  Botany,  there  will  be  little  dan- 
ger of  thoir  being  led  astray  by  the  strange  s'.o* 
ries  of  tho  ignorant.  They  will  then  Cad  that 
treos  most  belong  to  tbo  same  riassand  ordtj 
beforo  they  ean  be  grafted  up-on  eash  otDu 
with  sucqjSf. 


Vol.  I.— No.  14. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


10J> 


SWEET  POTATOES. 

The  inquiry  of  O.  W.  published  in  our  7th 
number,  respecting  the  sweet  potalo,  lias  not 
been  neglected  by  our  correspondent  H.  G. 
S.  than  whom  no  person  seems  more  sincerely 
•devoted  to  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural 
interests  of  our  country,  and  very  few  contri 
bate  moro  to  the  distribution  of  useful  infor- 
mation. 

In  the  note  received  from  him,  Mr.  S.  says, 
"  after  I  saw  the  note  of  your  correspondent 
O.VV.  I  wrote  to  Dr.  McChesney,  (of  Heights- 
town,  New  Jersey)  the  geutleman  from  whom 
two  years  ago  I  got  my  sweet  potatoo  seed 
and  directions.  I  have  found  the  crop  aprofi- 
'able  one,  but  have  never  raised  more  than  e- 
nough  for  fall  use.  As  I  am  sick,  and  unable 
to  write,  I  send  you  Dr.  McChestney's  letter, 
from  which  you  will  select  the  necessary  in- 
structions." 

From  the  letter  it  appears  that  the  Doctor  is 
a  seientific  man,  who  has  not  omitted  making 
himself  familiar  with  the  common  operations 
of  Agriculture.  We  therefore  select  the  fol 
lowing  directions  for  our  readers,  as  entitled 
to  the  fullest  confidence. 

"  Planting.  Place  some  of  your  finest 
potatoes  in  a  hot-bed, composed  of  equal  parts 
of  loam  and  stable  manure,  made  in  some 
warm  place:  as  soon  as  the  earth  is  sufficiently 
warm  they  will  vegetate.  When  the  sprout* 
are  of  sufficient  growth,  transplant  them  into 
hills  about  three  feet  and  a  half  apart  for  the 
hoe—for  the  plough  four  feet.  Iu  wet  sea- 
sons the  simple  sprouts  will  answer  every  pur- 
pose, but  the  safe  plan  will  be  to  detach  a 
small  portion  of  the  potato  with  the  sprout  for 
nourishment  to  the  fibrous  roots.  Tim  ground 
must  bo  made  mellow  and  rich,  and  after  a 
few  days  the  plants  should  have  a  table  spoon- 
ful of  ground  plaster  thrown  around  ea?h  one 
of  them  to  attract  moisture,  nourish,  and  pro- 
vent  their  being  injured  by  insects. 

When  the  vines  begin  to  run  they  must  noi 
be  suffered  to  adhere  to  the  earth,  but  careful- 
ly wound  around  the  original  stem ;  if  left  to 
adhere  to  the  earth,  the  potatoes  will  be  many 
md  small. 

Preserving.  As  soon  as  the  vines  begin  to 
die,  the  sweet  potatoes  should  be  dug, and  ex- 
posed to  the  sun  a  day  or  two  ;  when  perfect- 
ly dry,  they  are  in  order  for  winter  quarters. — 
They  should  be  put  down  in  boxes,  in  the  la- 
mina form,  having  stratas  of  sand  between 
each,  to  prevent  contact  and  exclude  the  air. 
The  sand  used  bad  better  be  dried  in  the  oven 
ifier  the  bread  has  been  removed. 

Sand  is  now  universally  used  for  their  pres- 
ervation ;  formerly,  buckwheat  chaff,  bran,  cut 
\travr,  &c.  were  used,  but  always  failed  ;  in 
sand  yon  may  have  them  for  daily  nse  through- 
gut  the  year,  as  fine'y  flavored  as  when  first 
raised. 

Three  kinds  are  cultivated  vtith  us,  the  red, 
yellow,  and  white;  the  two  former  are  prefer- 
red. 

For  the  last  eight  years  1  have  pdjauetl  tho 
above  mode  without  a  single  fjilure,  and  it  is 
now  generally  practiced  Utroirgjioiit  (Ms  part 


of  the  country.  Thousands  and  thousands  of 
barrels  are  thus  raised  yearly,  and  many  of  our 
farmers  have  lately  turned  their  whole  atten- 
tion to  them,  and  poor  indeed  the  individual 
must  be,  in  this  section  of  country,  who  has 
not  his  sweetspotato  patch.  The  price  here 
is  from  thirty-seven  and  a  half  to  fifty  cents  per 
bushel.  In  cooking,  they  should  be  steamed 
and  not  boiled. 

Last  year  I  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
and  eating  the  sweet  potatoes  of  the  West  In- 
dies, particularly  of  the  Islands  of  St.  Thomas, 
St.  John,  St.  James,  St.  Croix,  &c.  They 
bear  no  comparison  to  ours,  cooking  watery, 
and  are  almost  insipid.  I  could  find  but  little 
difference  between  their  yams  and  sweet  pota- 
toes."   

Git  IB,  OR  PEACH  BORER. 
This  insect  in  its  larva;  state,  is  as  great  an 
enemy  of  the  peach  tree,  as  tho  curculio  is  to 
the  plum  and  nectarine.  The  egg  is  deposited 
on  the  bark,  at  or  near  the  root,  generally  du- 
ring a  part  of  August  and  all  of  September,  by 
a  winged  insect  not  unlike  the  blue  wasp,  ex- 
cept that  it  has  two  or  three  white  or  yellow 
in»s  around  its  abdomen  ;  the  egg  soon 
hatches  into  a  small  grub,  which  pursues  a  zig^ 
zag  course  in  the  epidermis,  or  outer  bark,  un- 
til it  reaches  the  softer  parts  under  the  earth, 
when  it  feeds  itself  in  the  cortical  layers, 
quite  to  the  wood,  causing  the  trees  to  gum  in 
an  extraordinary  manner;  and  pursuing  its  de- 
predations, until  it  oftentimes  completely  de- 
corticates the  tree,  and  causes  its  death  ;  after 
a  certain  period  they  form  a  kind  of  case,  or 
shell,  about  them,  and  pass  into  the  chrysalis 
slate,  preparatory  to  assuming  their  winged, 
perfect,  and  last  transformation — propagating 
their  species  and  dying. 

The  hundred  and  one  nostrums  recommend- 
ed to  dpBtroy  it,  have  about  as  much  efficacy 
and  offect.as  a  blister  '. plaster  would  have  when 
applied  to  a  wooden  leg. 

Let  tho  lovers  of  good  peaches,  and  the  ad. 
mirers  of  healthy  trees  remember,  that  the 
only  cure  is,  carefully  to  eradicate  them  with 
the  knife,  or  wire  pick — and  the  only  preven- 
tive jb,  to  fence  out  the  parent  enemy,  and 
prevent  it  from  laying  its  embryo  about  the 
neck  or  collar  of  the  root. 

We  have  seen  boiling  water  applied  by  pails 
full  to  large  trees,withoutany  effect, and  tobac- 
co juice,  lye, &c.  with  no  better  success;  tbe 
grub  all  the  while  lying  safely  ensconced,  en- 
tirely under  tho  coriaceous  epidermis,  so  se- 
curely that  nothing  can  reach  him  but  tho 
knife,  and  to  succeed  with  hot  water,  on  trees 
of  any  size,  the  bark,  and  a  part  of  tbe  wood 
must  be  rendered  scalding  hot, to  reach  the  en- 
emy in  bis  concealment,  which  would  inevit- 
ably destroy  the  tree. 

Wo  would  propose  to  remove  the  earth  en- 
tirely from  about  die  body  of  the  tree  to  the 
roots,  even  from  the  large  laterals,  and  as  soon 
as  it  begins  to  expand  its  leaves,  to  examine  it 
thoroughly. 

The  most  certain  indication  of  the  presence 
of  the  grub,  is  its  excrements,  and  the  redness 
of  the  gum.  Trees  sometimes  exude  gum  a- 
bout  the  neck,  without  the  intervention  of  the 
grub,  but  it  is  aniformly  nearly  colorless. 

Uso  e  round  pointed  knife,  or  some,  flatten- 
ed iron,  or  even  a  large  nail  or  wire  pointed 
like  an  oyster  knife,  with  which  you  c!%fl  trace 


it  through  all  its  courses  without  wounding 
the  bark  ;  after  removing  and  destroying  all 
you  can  find,  leave  the  roots  in  the  same  sit- 
uation for  two  weeks  or  more,  for  another  ex- 
amination ;  after  which  fill  up  al!  the  eaten  and 
lacerated  places  with  grafter's  wax,  or  clay 
or  fresh  cow  droppings. 
To  prevent  a  new  impregnation,  we  have  some 
faith  in  anointing  the  tree  about  the  root  and 
stem,  with  fcetid  tanners,  or  train  oil,  or  with 
unguentum,  in  which  considerable  turpentine 
is  mixed;  both  these  are  said  to  have  succee- 
ded. Eut  we  have  more  confidence  in  raising 
a  mound  of  six  or  eight  inches  in  height,  of 
some  easy  drying  substances,  of  charcoal  dust, 
or  tanners'  bark,  or  to  make  a  tube  some  two 
or  three  inches  larger  than  the  tree,  of  some 
kind  of  material  that  will  withstand  the  wea- 
ther, thick  sheathing  paper,  oiled  or  painted, 
or  book  binders'  boards  ;  a  thick  flexible  sha- 
ving of  wood,  about  seven  inches  wide  by  thir- 
ty long,  and  coats  about  a  quarter  or  half  cent 
each;  with  any  of  these  form  a  tube  around 
the  tree,  and  fill  it  with  the  above  substances. 
If  the  tree  is  then  impregnated,  it  is  so  far 
from  the  root, that  the  young  insect  will  not  be 
able  to  reach  it  before  winter;  and  anv  time, 
in  one  minute,  you  can  raise  the  tube  and  ex- 
amine fairly  above  ground,  and  destroy  them  ; 
and  in  the  same  space  of  time  replace  and  re- 
fill it  again. 

A  coating  of  strong  adhesive  clay,  or  fresh 
cow  droppings,  while  it  remains  entire,  would 
have  the  same  effect,  but  it  is  not  so  easily  re- 
moved and  replaced. 

The  depredations  of  the  insect  was  the 
cause  of  the  destruction  of  all  the  peach  trees 
at  the  eastward,  about  25  years  ago,  without 
the  cause  being  suspected.  * 

GOOSEBERRIES. 

The  common  gooseberry  of  tho  gardens,  ox 
amber  gooseberry,  is  probablv  the  parent  of 
the  large  mammoth  varieties,  and  when  well 
trained,  and  properly  attended  to,  are  a  valua- 
ble and  productive  article  for  the  kitchen  gar- 
den. 

One  of  tho  great  faults  and  causes  of  fail, 
are,  is  the  bad  shape  of  tbe  bush,  and  want  of 
proper  pruning.  To  commence  fair — all  old 
bushes  or  suokers,  procured  by  dividin"  old 
roots,  should  be  rejected.as  they  invariably  ex- 
haust themselves,  by  producing  a  profusion  of 
sprouts,  or  water  shoots  fram  the  roots, whicli 
are  not  only  troublesome,  but  exhaust  the  fruit 
bearing  branches,  and  render  them  an  unsight, 
ly  swamp  of  brambles. 

The  true  method  is  to  cut  slips  from  the 
roots  of  old  bushes  of  one  year's  growth, 
straight  and  of  strong  growth,  well  ripened1, 
and  with  a  knife  cut  out  all  the  eyes  clean  to 
the  wood,  except  three  or  f»ur  at  the  top,  ana 
stick  them  firmly  into  the  ground,  during  the 
month  of  March  or  April,  the  sooner  the  better 
— the  ftx\l  months  are  better  still. 

The  summer  pruning  i3  all-important,  ag  tc 
the  future  shape  of  the  tree,  which  as  it  begins 
to  develope  itself,regulate  by  pinching  ofl'sach 
shoots  as  you  do  not  wish  to  grow — manage  in 
snch  a  way  as  to  send  up  three  or  four  regular 
arms  or  branches,which  as  tbey  again  send  out 
their  lateral  shoots,  the  next  year  will  give  a 
fme  shaped  head,  which  may  be  clipped  to  c 
fine  contour  and  graceful  sltape ;  or  b#  prop e: 


110 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  9,  1832. 


management  they  may  be  made  t<i  take  the 
troe  form,  and  shoot  up  a  tall  center  stem, 
with  short  laterals,  like  the  Antwerp  Rhasp- 
herry,  in  which  case  it  will  have  to  be  staked, 
and  if  well  managed,  they  look  very  fine  in 
this  shape,  and  do  nst  shade  the  ground,  and 
the  fruit  is  easily  gathered. 

Gouseberries  should  be  at  least  once  a  year 
well  pruned,  by  clipping  all  long,  drooping, 
straggling  limbs, and  thinning  out  those  branch- 
es which  are  much  crowded,  and  all  old  crook- 
ed, rough  and  decayed  snags,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  give  them  a  free  and  airy  appearance 
— keeping  a  proper  quantity  of  bearing  wood. 
The  fruit  is  produced  not  only  on  last  year's 
wood,  but  on  spurs  and  oyes  of  the  wood  oi 
two  or  three  years  old. 

They  are  hearty  feeders,  and  require  a  rich 
•oil,  and  occasion;]!  replenishing,  by  digging 
in  well  rotted  manures  or  oomposts.  By  pro- 
per attention  and  care  they  can  be  induced  to 
repay,  with  more  than  lawful  interest,  all  of 
your  labor. 

The  remark""  respecting  setting  cuttings  in 
preference  to  roots,  apply  with  greater  pro- 
priety to  currants,  than  even  to  the  gooseber- 
ry. Every  one  who  has  noticed  the  bushes  in 
old  gardens,  and  observed  their  squalhd  ap- 
pearance, and  the  forest  of  brush  and  young 
shoots  at  the  root,  will  at  once  be  convinced 
of  the  propriety  of  training  them  in  a  troo 
form,  with  a  clean  straight  stem,  and  a  neat 
round  head  ;  nut  only  for  the  appearance,  but 
for  the  increased  quantity,  and  the  size  and 
flavor  is  wonderfully  enhanced.  Anyone  who 
pleases,  can,  in  two  or  three  years,  renovate 
their  bushes  by  starting  new  ones  between  the 
old  ones,  and  when  of  suffioient  size  for  bea- 
ring, grub  out  the  old  ones. 

The  while  currant,  of  two  different  varie- 
ty, the  Dutch  and  Champaigne,  are  coming 
into  reptile,  and  are  larger  and  not  as  tart — 
good  bearers,  and  easilv  cultivated.  • 

LUCERNE.     Meiir.ago  Saliua,  L. 

This  is  a  plant  which  has  been  cultivated 
from  time  immemorial  in  Europe  and  Asia,  as 
food  for  cattle  and  horses.  It  is  a  hardy  pev 
rennial  plant,  somewhat  resembling  clover  in 
the  leaf,  but  grows  much  higher.  The  flow- 
ers are  blue,  and  produced  on  spikes.  The 
plant  grows  well  on  weak  soils,  as  the  roots 
tun  deep,  of  course  dry  soils  are  best  sui'.ed  to 
the  growth  of  it.  The  French  cultivate  this 
plant  to  considerable  extent,  where  it  is  cut 
with  sickles  or  other  like  instruments,  and  tied 
in  small  bundles.  As  the  greatest  advantage  in 
taising  this  crop  appears  to  be  its  early  growth, 
we  think  it  is  not  likely  to  become  a  general 
field  crop  in  this  section  of  country. 

Those  who  are  wishing  to  try  the  experi- 
ment,will  find  about  1  peck  of  seed  to  the  acre 
a  suitable  quantity  sown  at  broad  cast.  The 
plants  do  not  arrive  at  maturity  until  the  third 
year,  when  it  is  considered  as  giving  its  great- 
est crop.  Cattle  feeding  upon  Lucerne  are 
subject  to  be  hoven  the  same  as  feeding  up- 
on clover.  A  small  spot  of  Lucerne  for  feed- 
ing tender  animals  early  in  the  spring,  may  be 
well,  but  we  would  not  recommend  our  firm- 
ors  to  go  largely  into  the  cultivation  of  it  at 
firaf,  as  a  plant  may  be  well  adapted  to  one 
country  and  not  to  oihers.  Although  lucerne 
^ias  been  cultivated  in  France  for  a  long  time. 


it  is  not  considered  a  profitable  crop  in  Eng- 
land, and  we  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  a ' 
single  field  of  it  in  crossing  the  Island.  We 
would  caution  young  farmers  against  loo  great 
innovations  upon  our  established  mode  of  crop- 
ping, which  if  well  done  will  insure  acomfor- 
lablo  support  to  every  industrious  piudent  far- 
mer. 

The  lesson  which  we  had  from  Cobhett, 
ought  to  suflioe  for  the  present  generation. — 
One  grand  secretin  Agricultural  operations, 
whether  in  regard  to  animals  or  plants,  is  to 
nurse  well  what  you  have.  This  has  rendered 
many  a  man  famous  for  his  breed  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  hogs,  and  his  peculiar  varieties  of 
corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  &c.  We  would  not 
advance  any  thing  to  check  the  ardor  of  young 
farmers  for  making  improvements,  but  if  they 
allow  themselves  to  be  transported  too  far  in 
search  of  new  things  they  often  negleot  that 
which  is  at  home,  and  perhaps  quite  as  valua- 
ble. So  with  Lucerne,  while  we  are  trying 
experiments  with  it,  we  should  not  neglect 
our  while  and  red  clovers. 


NOTICES. 

Hkmp.—  "  B.   C n"    has    answered  the 

inquiry  of  A  Orovrland  Farmer,  in  relation  to 
cultivation  of  Hemp.  Although  the  wri 
leris  unknown  to  us,  yet  the  article  gives  evi- 
dence that  he  is  a  man  acquainted  with  the 
subject,  and  we  hope  be  will  conunue  lo  ho  a 
contributor  to  the  columns  of  Farmer. 

Barley. — Our  correspondent  Wayne  has 
commenced  upon  a  very  important  subject  to 
the  Fanners  of  Old  Genesee,  and  has  assured 
us  that  his  remarks  on  the  culture  of  Barley 
will  be  continued. 

Threshing  Machines. — We  have  received 
a  well  written  article  ''on  the  importance  to  tho 
farmer  of  a  good,  cheap. and  durable  threshing 
machine, and  a  comparative  view  of  those  now 
in  use,"  which  will  be  given  soon. 

Death  of  trees  from  old  age — We  have 
received   from  a  gentleman    well  qualified  to 
discuss  the  subject,  a  reply  to  the  communica 
tionof  D.  T.    in  number    11,  on  the  death  of 
trees  from    old  age,    which   we  shall  give  next 

week.  

CORRECTIONS. 

The  following  sentence  was  omitted  in  the 
article  on  Sweet  Potatoes,  in  the  preceding 
page — it  should  have  followed  the  Gth  para- 
graph : 

"  Place  your  boxes  near  the  chimney,  on  the 
second  floor,  over  the  kitchen  fire,  from  40" 
to  65°  Fahrenheit  will  be  a  healthy  tempera- 
ture." 

In  the  article  on  Bass  Mattiag,  in  number 
18,  first  page,  the  words  "  ami  dried,  for  u<e. 
A  fuw  of  the  inner  layers  will  be" — should  be 
inserted  between  the  words  wasted  and  soft  in 
tho  1-Stli  line  of  the  last  paragraph. 

We  were  yesterday  furnished  with  a  speci 
men  of  new  potatoes,  the  growth  of  ll,e  pres- 
ent year,  in  a  potatoe  hole,  on  the  premises  ol 
Col.  Williams  of  this  village.  They  are  of  a 
-ize  sufficiently  large  for  use  ;  and  have  come- 
to  maturity  in  defiance  of  the  snow  and  frost 
of  Hie  past  winter.— Saratoga  Sentinel. 

We  understand  that  strawberries,  red, 
ripe  and  juicy,  were  yesterday  plucked 
in  abundance,  from  vines  growing  in  the 


STATE   CONVENTION    OF  TEACHERS,  4"C 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  the  Address 
and  proceedings  of  the  convention  for  the  pro- 
motion of  Education,  held  in  Utica  on  the  12th 
13th,  and  14th  of  January  last,  and  from  a 
hasty  perusal  should  think  it  gives  good  evi- 
dence of  the  zeal  and  laudable  intentions  of  the 
memberB  of  that  convention.  The  great  and 
leading  feature  ot  the  address  is  an  ardent  en- 
deavor to  impress  community  with  a  proper 
sense  of  the  great  importance  of  education.anci 
to  atouse  them  to  a  greater  interest  than  they 
generally  feel  on  that  subject.  The  address, 
though  an  excellent  one,  is  but  short,  and  we 
may  at  some  future  period  find  space  for  its 
insertion  ;  at  present  we  must  be  content  witl, 
the  following  extracts  : 

"  There  is,  however,  too  much  reason 
to  fear,  that  even  if  the  teachers  were 
willing  and  competent  to  introduce  sucl: 
improvements  into  the  System,  the  peo- 
ple themselves  would  be  found  opposed 
to  any  plan,  however  plausible,  if  it  were 
recent  or  novel.  The  change,  therefore, 
must  be  effected  by  convincing  the  peo- 
ple of  its  necessity.  To  do  ibis,  facts 
must  be  brought  to  their  consideration. 

A  judicious  reform  would  be  hioh.lv 
economical.  One  quarter's  instruction 
from  a  competent  teacher,  would  be  of 
more  real  value  than  that  of  a  year  as  now 
afforded  ;  and  the  advantage  of  continu- 
ous instruction  over  the  present  interrup- 
ted systems,  incalculable.  Indeed,  mo- 
ney paid  to  an  incompetent  teacher  would 
be  much  better  applied  if  cast  into  ihe 
sea  ;  for  under  him  the  child  acquires 
habits  of  inconsideration  and  incorrect- 
ness^ lasting  as  life. 

When  we  regard  the  future  prosperity 
of  our  nation,  and  consider  that  our  free 
institutions  will  be  under  the  control  of 
those  who  are  now  growing  up  in  igno- 
rance of  their  nation,  the  necessity  of  re- 
form oan  no  longer  be  doubled.  What 
will  avail  ocr  physical  advantages,  natural 
and  artificial,  our  admirable  institutions, 
out  right  of  self-government,  to  a  people 
unenhgMened  and  depraved  ? — for  depra- 
vity ever  follows  ignorance.     Swayed  by 

'blind  and  brutal   impulse  they  must  yield 
to  the  ins:dious  policy  of  the  demagogue 

! — and  law  be  prostrate  at  th  e  feet  of  am- 
bition, or  lost  in  universal  anarchy. 

Beautiful,  indeed,  to  the  patriot's  ad- 
miring eye,  is  our  government  of  fair 
proportions;    but    the   fairest   foim     be- 

j  conies   hideous  and  loathsome   when  the 

,  soul  has  fled. 

The  Convention  earnestly  implore 
their  fellow-  citizenjs  to  exert  themselves 
in  a  cause  so  sacred,  the  cause  of  iheir 
children  and  their  country,  the  cau^o  of 
education.  Fears  nre  no  ionger  idle,  or 
remoustrarrees  unnecessary.     That  com- 

-moo  education  is  deplorably  neglected,  is 
no  louger  a  matter  of  rational  doubt. — 
'hey,  therefore,  implore  their  legislators 
to  mterpose  then    wisdom  and  authority. 


open  air,  in  the  garden   of  Dr.  Williams, 

at  Carabridgeport.—  [Bosten   Palladittip! '  1'hcy  enll   tipon  tho  rich    to  pity  and  r'c 


Vol.  I.— No.  14. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


Ill 


lieve  the  inlellictual  wants  of  the  poor, 
else  the  tenure  of  property  will  be  weak 
before  tbe  illiterate  herd  of  necessitous 
roeD.  They  call  upon  tbe  poor  to  exert 
themselves  for  the  education  of  their 
children,  else  they  will  be  forced  lo  beai 
the  yoke  and  burdens  of  those  whose 
knowledge  is  power.  They  call  upon 
the  philanthropist  end  political  economist, 
to  assist  in  dissipating  that  darkness  in 
ivhich  pauperism  and  crimo  are  ever 
tired.  They  call  up  the  patriot  to  repair 
and  establish  the  foundations  of  our  na- 
tional security,  even  the  virtue  and  intelli- 
gence of  the  many.  Permit  i»norance 
to  overshadow  the  land,  the  people  lo  re- 1 
main  untaught  in  the  nature  of  their  insti- 
tutions, and  our  hopes  of  freedom  will 
fade  like  a  beautiful  but  baseless  vision. 
The  people  will  bow  at  the  nod  of  the 
aspiring  and  insidious  demagogue  ;  the 
fair  portions  of  our  Union  become  the 
stake  of  the  gambler,  or  the  prize  of  the 
jladiator,  and  the  fear  of  the  dying  patriot 
be  ours  :  "That  even  we  may  survive  the 
liberties  of  our  country." 


NEWS  OF  THE  WEEK, 


THE    LEGISLATURE. 

Banks. — Tbe  Senate  has  passed  the  Yates 
bounty  Bank  bill,  by  the  decisive  vote  of  25 
to  S.  This  bill  had  already  passed  the  house  ; 
md  is  the  seventh  already  chartered  during 
;he  present  session.  The  Senate  rejected,  at 
(he  same  time,  the  Saugerliet  Bank. 

Tmprisonnent for  Debt. — The  bill  to  abolish 
'imprisonment  for  debt,  on  all  contracts  exist 
ing,  as  well  as  future,  was  ordered  to  be  en- 
grossed for  a  third  reading  id  the  Mouse  yes- 
verday  afternoon,  by  ?  vole  of  61  to  17. 

Salt. — The  bill  to  protect  the  manufacture 
of  sail,  by  the  payment  of  a  stale  bouuty,  was 
rejected  yesterday  in  the  Senate,  in  committee 
of  the  whole,  by  a  vote  of  15  to  12. 

A  resolution  has  passed  in  the  Assembly,  to 
3djourn  on  the  26lb  inst. 

TWO  DAVS  LATER  PROM  EUROPE. 

The  British  barque  MaryCathenoe,  Capt. 
Holt,arrivedal  Charleston  on  the  26tb  March, 
rom  Liverpool,  having  sailed  thesce  on  the 
Mlbof  February. 

BELGIUM   VET  WITHOUT  A   KING. 

The  London  Couner,of  Ihe  12th  February, 
publishes  in  a  second  erlitoo  an  important 
communication  from  itsBrussels  correspondent, 
dated  Wednesday  nigbt,  which  stales  that  a 
protocol  from  the  Congress  of  London,  dated 
the  27th  ult.  had  been  dorumtinieated  to  the 
Provisional  Government  lhat  evening;  and 
that  it  not  only  declared  that  the  French  Gov- 
ernment  is  resolved  lo  reject  the  offer  of  the 
crown  of  Belgiun  for  the  Duke  of  Nemours, 
but  thai  it  adheres  to  the  protocol  of  tbe  20th 
January,  and  consequently  disavows  the  letter 
of  Count  Sebastiani 

It  further  states,  (hat,  in  (be  event  of  the 
Duke  of  Leuchtenburg  being  again  proposed 
and  elected,  he  will  not  be  recognised  by  any 
one  of  the  five  powers.  The  same  correspon- 
ient,  in  a  letter  dated  Thursday  evening,! 
states,  that  M.  Bresson,  the  Belgic  Minister' 
at  Paris,  had  declined  to  sign  the  note  sent  to! 
ihe  Provisional  Government  with  the  above' 
protocol,  and  that  the  diplomatic  commission 
tad  refused  to  lay  the  document  before  Con- J 
gress,  having  returned  it  to  Lord   Ponsonby  ! 

This  prompt  rejection  of  the  honor  of  reign- f 


iog  over  Belgium,  tendered  by  its  Congress 
to  the  son  of  the  French  King,  shows  the  clea- 
understanding  that  exists  between  the  fivi 
powers,  as  to  the  affairs  of  that  country  Tb< 
question  is  now  stripped  of  much  of  its  com 
plication.  The  Belgic  Congress  will  have  la 
provide  a  king,  very  probably,  from  among 
the  petty  princes  of  Germany.  The  objec 
(ions  against  Ihe  Arch  duke  Charles  would  ap- 
pear to  be  valid  and  strong  as  against  tin 
Duke  de  Neinonrs,  or  any  other  individual 
conuected  with  either  of  ihe  leading   powers. 

THE    MARKET. 

Flour  has  been  sold  rather  nigher  this  morn- 
ing, says  the  New  York  Journal  of  Commereo 
of  Thursday.  We  are  told  that  Alexandria 
had  brought  $7;  but  there  have  been  some 
erroneous  reports  in  circulation  relative  te 
prices  at  Liverpool,  and  we  cannot  be  sure  just 
yet  how  we  shall  stand  when  every  thing  is 
understood.  Liverpool  accounts  of  the  10th 
mention  sales  of  Virginia  Flour  at  35s.  6d. — 
We  think  that  must  have  been  the  price  of  all 
fair  qualities.  A  London  letter  of  Feb.  4th 
quotes  flour  at  37s.  but  we  have  quite  as  good 
quotations  from  that  market  before.  Tbe  la 
test  London  accounts  represent  that  market 
as  dull. 

CHOPS    AT   THE   SOUTH. 

We  learn  from  the  Ricbmoud  (Va.)  papers- 
that  the  wheat  crop  does  not  generally  look 
well  on  the  lower  parts  of  James  river.  At 
the  season  advances,  the  effects  of  the  winter's 
frost,  and  the  withering  ravages  of  the  fly,  be- 
comes more  apparent  in  the  wheat  fields.  Tht 
parts  affected  remain  stationary,  while  those 
which  have  escaped,  begin  lo  show  the  genial 
influence  of  Spring. 

The  ravages  of  tbe  fly  are  developed  raor. 
strongly  in  May— the  insect,  of  which  the 
egg  had  been  probably  laid  in  tbe  fall,  being 
hatched,  and  become,  very  destructive  during 
that  mouth 

SINGULAR   DEATH. 

We  find  the  following  in  the  U.  S.  Gazette  : 
An  infant  child  of  Mr.  Middleton,  in  North 
Fourth  street,  was  yesterday  left  on  the  bed 
in  the  nursery,  while  the  mother  weot  into 
the  lower  part  of  'he  house.  On  her  return, 
which  was  in  a  few  minutes,  she  saw  the  house 
cat  leap  from  the  bed.  She  immediately  went 
to  the  child,  and  to  her  horror,  discovered  it  to 
be  lifeless.  There  were  on  Ibe  infant  no 
marks  of  violence,  and  its  death  is  imputed  to 
the  cat  sucking  its  breath- 

CLAIMS   O.N    FRANCE. 

The  Boslon  Patiiot  learns  from  letters  from 
Paris,  of  recent  date,  that  Ihere  is  reason  to 
believe  that  the  Commission  appointed  by  the 
King  of  the  French,  to  examine  into  Amen» 
can  claims  on  France,  will  report  favoiablj 
to  their  allowance,  and  than  an  early  treaty 
arrangement  for  their  liquidation  may  be  with 
some  confidonce  anticipated,  should  the  pres- 
ent Majesly  continue  m  office. 

GREAT  SALE  OF  CANTON  SILKS. 

About  eleven  hundred  cases  of  China  silks 
were  sold  at  auclion,  in  New  York,  on  the 
29lh  ult.  by  Hone  &  Sons.  The  sale  was 
more  extensive  than  any  made  in  the  city  for 
many  years,  and  amounted  to  more  than  half 
a  million  of  dollars. 

THE  ALBANY  NURSERY 

NOW  contains  177  varieties  of  the  Apple,  12(J  of  the 
Poar,  56  of  the  Plum,  27  of  the  Cherry,  30  of  the  Peach, 
40  of  the  Gxape,  $fe.— Apricots,  Nectarines,  Quinces, 
Strawberries,  Gooseberries,  Raspberries,  Currants,  fyz 
— more  than  146  varieties  of  hardy  Roses,  and  other  de- 
sirable varieties  of  Ornamental  Shrabs  and  Trees,  and 
Herbaceous  and  Green  fioosePlants,  of  vigorous  growth 
and  in  Hoe  eondiLioofor  transplanting.  Tuberoses,  Dah 
lias,  Ferrarias,  Jacobean  Lilliee,  awl  other  tender  roots, 
should  be  planted  in  May,  and  now  is  the  time  to  order 
them-    Orders  solicited, and  Catalogues  furnished  gratis 

Albany,  March,  1831.  BUUL  and  WILSON. 

ml»  Orders  will  be  recstvod  by  LUTHEH  TJJCKTSiu 


far  the  week  ending  March  2b",  1831. 


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_  The  Barometrical  and  ThermomttHcal  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P.  itf.,  wh&h 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  Ike  pur  pone, 
show  thai  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  (/ft 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time- 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  &C. 

THE  subscriber  otters  for  sale  at  his  Nursery,  b 
variety  of  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Fibrous  and  Bulbous  Roots,  See  ,  among 
which  are  Apples,  Peaches,  Pears,  a  few  Cherries, 
Locust,  Catalpa.  Weeping  Willow,  Gleditschia  01 
Honey  Locust,  Rose  Acassia  or  Moss  Locust,  Fir, 
Mountain  Ash,  Snow  Balls,  Lilacs  of  different  spe- 
cies, Paper  Mulberry,  a  variety  of  Roses,  Honey 
Suckles,  Tulips,  Crown  Imperials,  Hyacinths,  Lil- 
ies, and  many  others.  Also  a  few  Green  House 
Pianls.  Communications  received  thro'  the  Roch- 
ester post  office,  and  Trees  delivered  in  Rochester 
without  charge.  SILAS  CORNELL. 

LindenHiim  miles  N  W  of  Rochester)  3d  mo  20. 

***  Orders  for  the  above  may  be  left  at  the  Office 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer.  Ftf    mar  26 


SEED  STORE. 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  GoodseM- 
Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  bave  made  arrangements 
to  supply  this  village  and  the  surrounding  country  with 
every  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
Seeds,  together  with  Fruit  aod  Shade  Treee.Grape  Root  s, 
Flower  Pots,  Garden  Toole,  etc  Orders  will  be  recei- 
ved for  Trees  and  other  articles,  from  the  following  Nu  r 
series  and  Seed  StoreB  :—  Trince's,  and  Parinfu  tier's 
Long  Island;  Floy's,  Wilson's,  Thorhnin's.  and  A. 
Smith  and  Co.'s,  New  York  ;  Bud's,  Albany;  urid  Lan* 
drelb's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  which  are  left  previous 
to  the  1st  of  April,  will  be  filled  as  soou  as  the  cauul  o- 
peus.  As  the  subscribers  intend  gradually  to  establish 
n  extensive  Seed  Store,  they  trust  that  the  friends  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture  in  this  vicioily,  will  render 
thetn  all  the  facilities  and  eiicouragemeni  sin  their  power. 

A  NURSERY,  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Gaodsel],  is 
now  in  progress,  from  which  many  firajt,*Jate  Trees  and 
Grape  Vines  may  be  selected  for  thisjipring's  transplant 
mar  19 


mg. 


ROSS1TER  and  KNOX. 


TO  OUR  FRIENDS  IN  THE  WEST, 

On  the  banks  of  the  Canai^inand  about  Albany. 

Twelve  years  ago,  there  came  forth  a  host  of  Seeds- 
men, witii  Cobbett  at  their  head,  speaking  great  swell- 
ing words — they  promised  much — they  performed  noth- 
ing. From  a  planting  of  fifteen  dollars,  the  present  slate 
of  our  establishment  will  show  what  good  seeds,  good 
soil,  and  good  cultivation  will  produce. 

For  the  accommodation  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
iuioud,  (nothing  extra  preventing)  to  open  a  Seed,  Plant 
and  Flower  Root  Store,  at  No.  347  North  Market  street, 
on  the  0th  day  of  April  next,  opposite  the  building  into 
which  the  poat  office  is  to  be  removed  on  or  before  the 
1st  of  May,  within  a  tew  doors  of  the  Museum,  and  within 
pistol  shot  of  the  five  banks.  The  business  in  Albany  wil  1 
he  conducted  by  one  of  ray  sons,  and  the  store  supplied 
withthe  same  goods,  and  at  tbe  some  prices  at  which  we 
sell  in  Now  York.  As  we  derive  our  supplies  more  or. 
loss  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  we  think  it  will  be 
a  facility  to  the  agriculturist,  as  well  as  profitable  to 
the  concerned.  If  they  will  keep  pare  with  the  ability. 
Mild  Providence  smiles  on  the  undertaking,  I  see  nothing 
to  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  to  the  same  exten- 
sive footing  in  Albany  as  the  mother  store  in  New  York  : 
for,  while  the  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  flowers  and 
the  blossoms, and  the  rivers  and  the  ocean  carry  our  seeds 
io  every  clime,  so  iu  Albany  the  taste  wants  only  food, 
and  riches  are  alroady  there  in  abundance:  while  the 
canal  conveys  the  seeds  to  the  Lake  Superior,  the  great 
Western  Road  will  transport  them  far  towards  the  set- 
ting sun.  Nothing  thai  good  seeds  and  attention  to  bus- 
iness can  peiform,  will  be  wanting  on  our  part  to  meet 
the  puhlio  expectation 

Just  received  rom  France,  a  quanity  of  superior  Lu- 
cerne Seed,  well  worth  the  attention  of  the  farmer.  Al- 
so, English  Hawthorus  for  Live  Fencing,  at  $4  per  thou- 
sand, with  a  quantity  of  the  seed  at  25  cents  per  quoit . 
Also,  Scotch  Goosebury  Bushes,  just  received  ft  om  Gree- 
nock ;  they  are  packed  for  transporting  to  any  reasona- 
ble distance  in  bundles  of  six  roots,  each  bundle  contains 
two  of  each  of  the  three  best  sorts  now  cultivated  in  Scot- 
land, price  $1  25  ceuts  per  bundle—  samples  of  the  fruit 
may  be  seen  in  buttles  ut  the  store.  Seed  Catalogues  fit 
the  store  ;  also,  Catalogues  of  Trees,  and  orders  receiv- 
ed for  the  Nursery  s  of  Buel  and  Will  son,  Albany;  Prince 
Parraentier,  and  Loubatt,  Long  Island:  Floy,  Wilson. 
and  Hogg,  New  York  ;  and  forCarr,  Laudretu,  etc  Phi! 
adelnTiU,    mar  2Q  FS.t      G.  THORBURN  and  SONS".  _. 


112 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


LETTERS  PROM  EUROPE. 

LETTER  VII 

Paris,  January  IB,  1831. 

My  dear  H France  is  at  this  moment  one 

grand  military  encampment.  By  the  opening 
of  the  spring,  she  will  show  to  her  enemies  five 
hundred  thousand  warriors,  armed  and  equips 
ped  for  offensive  service,  besides  one  million  of 
well  organized  and  well  trained  citizen  soldiers. 
For  the  regular  army,  the  conscription,  so  ef- 
fective under  Napoleon,  has  been  put  in  requi- 
sition.  This  is  a  very  unceremonious  mode  of 
raising  an  army  out  of  a  free  people,  and  yet, 
so  far  as  I  can  learn,  it  does  not  excite  one 
murmur  of  discontent.  In  one  respect,  itsis 
certainly  republican.  The  doctrine  of  equal 
rights  and  privileges  is  preserved.  Every  able- 
bodied  male  citizen,  from  eighteen  to  forty- 
five,  is  enrolleJ  as  a  part  of  the  human  mote- 
riel  of  war,  and  in  this  enrolment,  the  sons  of 
Peers  of  the  realm  often  stand  by  the  side  of 
«he  humblest  citizen,  and  take  their  chance 
in  the  casting  of  the  lots  for  active  service. — 
It  is  owing  to  this  circumstance,  that  it  has  so 
often  occurred  in  the  illustrious  days  of  French 
history,  that  the  future  general,  field  marshal, 
and  even  monarch,  has  been  seen  warring  in 
the  ranks  of  the  arm}'  as  a  common  soldier 

The  organization  of  the  National  Guards 
was  at  first  voluntary,  with  only  so  much  com- 
pulsion as  was  induced  by  public  opinion. — 
Every  man,  from  sixteen  to  sixty, of  sufficient 
ability,  menials  excepted,  became  a  National 
Guard.  Nor  was  the  service  merely  nominal. 
The  handsome  uniform  of  tho  corps  was  adopt- 
ed at  his  own  expense,  and  he  received  noth- 
ing from  the  government  except  his  arms, — 
He  appoared  regularly  at  his  post  for  military 
exercise  and  discipline,  and  he  took  his  appoin- 
ted share  in  the  dulies  of  a  guard  and  patrol. 
In  short,  he  was  a  soldier,  devoted  to  the  ser- 
vice  of  his  country,  and  returning  to  his  coun- 
ting-house, his  bureau,  or  his  shop  only  when 
off  duty.  The  main  difference  now  is,  that  the 
whole  of  this  organization  and  service  is  reg- 
ulated by  law  Paris  alone  has  eighty  thous 
and  men-at-arms  of  this   description,  besides 

the  municipal  guard  and  troops  of  the  line. 

The  sons  of  King  Louis  Pliilipe  are  enrolled 
in  its  ranks  as  common  soldiers,  and  it  embra- 
ces every  class,  except  those  who  are  degraded 
by  menial  employment.  The  military  spirit 
of  the  country  is  roused.  If  you  see  the  King 
at  the  balcony  of  the  Palais  Royal,  or  on  the 
Boulevards,  as  you  may  do  every  other  day, 
you  6ee  him  in  uniform.  If  you  look  at  the 
boys  of  twelve  years  old,  promenading  in  the 
garden  of  the  Tuilleries,  you  will  see  them 
armed  and  equipped  cap  a-pie.  Every  third 
»nan  you  meet  in  the  streets  is  dressed  in  reg- 
imentals, and  you  cannot  visit  a  public  ground 
or  place  of  any  kind,  or  turn  the  corner  of  any 
street,  without  passing  a  sentinel  under  arms. 
Even  Pere  la  Chaise,  and  the  very  catacombs 
themselves  are  under  guard,  as  much  as  the 
King's  palace  or  the  legislative  chambers. 

It  is  to  be  recollected,  however,  that  the 
whole  of  this  appearance  is  not  to  be  set  down 
to  the  account  of  warlike  preparations.  The 
entire  police  of  both  city  and  country  is  effect- 
ed in  military  garb.  The  executive  adminiss 
Oration  of  every  department  of  the  Govern 
roentj  is  entrusted  only  to  men  who  either  bear 
arms,  or  wear  some  rug  of  military  ornament, 
us  the  badge  of  their  authority.  Nevertheless. 
it  is  not  to  be  disguised,  that  the  energies  of 
the  Government  are  put  forth  in  the  most  in- 
dustrious and  extensive  preparations  for  war ; 
and  whether  the  war  comes  or  not,  it  is  but 
the  part  of  prudence  to  be  ready.  Tho  very 
preparation  may  prevent  the  actual  conflict, 
by  inducing  the  removal  or  the  withholding  of 
tho  causes  of  collision. 

France  must  be  considered,  at  the  present 
time,  as  arming  in  the  great  cause  of  national 
and  individual  freedom;  and  there  are  two 
ways  in  which  she  may  be  called  on  to  exer- 
cise her  arms— either  in  tho  defence  of  hor 
own  institutions  against  foreign  aggression. or 


April  9,  1881' 


by  coming  to  the  aid  of  some  of  the  oppressed 
powers  of  Europe  in  vindication  of  the  princi- 
ple of  nonintervention.     It  is  true,  that  she  is 
not,  just  now,  in  much  danger  of  attack  from 
abroad      Russia  is  perhaps  the  only  power  in! 
Europe,  at   the  prosent  day,   who  would  dare' 
to  commit  offensive  war   for   the  doctrines  oi 
legitimacy,  and   she  has  work  enough   to  do. 
for  a  while   at  least,   in    her  own  immediate 
concerns.     Poland  demands  her  freedom,  and 
Nicholas  must  yield  it,  or  occupy  his  entire 
strength  in  carrying  on  a  war  of  extermination  j 
against  her.     There  are  other  powers  indeed  . 
who  are  sufficiently  wedded  to  the  doctrines  of  I 
"  the  divine  right,"  and  would  be  glad  enough! 
to  fight  for  them,  but,  thank  God,  there  is  not; 
one  of  them  who  dares  to  send  a  single  soldier ! 
j  out  of  his  own  kingdom  on  such  an  eriand,  lest 
lit  should  weaken  that    portion   of  necessary 
strength  on  which  ho  must  rely  for  Ihesupport  J 
of  his  authority  at  home.     Indeed,  it  may  be  i 
set  down  as  certain,  that  France  is  in  no  dan- ; 
ger  of  attack,  unless  it  should  grow  out  of  a  I 
general  war,  waged,  in  the  first  instance,  for 
the  principle  of  nonintervention.     Russia  her' 
self  has,  in  effect    yielded   the  point ;  having, 
thought  it  most  prudent,  since  the   rising  of] 
Poland,  to  send  an  accredited  Minister  to  the 
King  of  the  French.     Besides,  I  sincerely  be- 
ilieve  that  the  time  has  gone  by,  when  the  ar 
mies  of  Europe  could  be  brought  into  the  field 
and  made  to  fight   for  the  avowed  purpose  of 
overturning  a  government  established  by  the 
free  choice   of  the  people,  in  order   to  make 
room  for  legitimacy  in  any  shape 

Of  the  other  causes  by  which   France  mav 


only  interfere  in  the  event  of  Austria  or  Prus- 
sia coming  in  to  the   war — an   occurrence  of 
which  there  does  not  yet  appear  to  be  much 
probability.     The  Belgian  queslion  is  one  of 
more  difficulty.     Holland  professes  to  be  eon- 
tent  to  let  Belgium  go,  but  would  torn  her  out 
without  covering  or  shelter,  or  the  means  oi 
procuring  either.     The  disputed   right  to  the 
possession  of  certain  p!ace6  and  territory,  with- 
out which  Belgium  could  not  be  dofonded,  and. 
more    especially,   the   freo  navigation  of  the 
Scheldt,  claimed  on  the  one  hand  and  resisted 
on  tho  other,  and  without  which  Belgium  could 
have  but  a  short  lived   and   sickly   existence, 
are  subjects  of  deep  importance  and  great  em- 
barrassment     England    and    France,  and  in- 
deed the  Five  Great  Powers,  have  already  ac- 
knowledged  Belgium  as  a  separate  and  inde- 
pendent state,  while  it  is  perfectly  evident  that 
she  can  have  no  separate  and  independent  ex- 
istence, without,  at  the  least,  the  right  to  nav- 
igate the  Scheldt.     In  the  moan  time,  the  ar- 
mistice between  Holland  and  Belgium  has  been 
broken,  and  hostilities  htive  been   rosumed. — 
In  this  condition  of  things,  what  islhe  position 
of  these  several  powers  towards  each  other  .; 
William  is  now  making  war  on  the  people  of  a 
i  country,  the  independence  of  which  has  been 
I  acknowledged,  and   of  course  with  no  oilier 
J  object  than  to  bring  them  again  under  his  sovc- 
i  reignty,  by  forcing  them  to  take  their  separate 
i  existence,  if  they  will  have  it,  with  such  con- 
'  diti.oas  that  it  would  not  he  possible  to  preserve 
jit,  or   worth  preserving  if  they   could.     Mus; 
,  not  France,  at  least,  say  to  Holland — ''Belgium 


powerful  body 
the  army,  all  who  belong  to  it  now  and  all  who 
would  crowd  into  it  if  it  wascahed  into  actual 


is  a  mockery— your  real  desire  is  to  re-estab- 

j  lish  your  authority  over  her  against  her  will 

and  this  we  cannot  permit."     This  would  be  a 


in  its  own  way,  is  bringing  the  weight  of  every 
argument  and  every  influence  in  Us  power  to  I 
devise,  to  bear  upon  this   important  question,! 
and  to  foroe  the  Government,  if  possible,  into 
hostilities.     An   ingenious   argument  on   the 
subject  of  nonintervention  has  recently  been 
drawn  up  by  a  celebrated  savant  of  Pans,  and 
banded   about  for  approval  among  the  friends 
of  liberty.    This  argument  is  built  upon  the 
fact  that   that   portion  of  ancient  Poland,  of 
which  Nicholas  has  had  the  sovereignty,  has 
never    been    incorporated    with  Russia   since 
1814,  but  has  maintained  a  separate  existence, 
The  people  of  Poland,  of  course,  have  done  no 
more  than  the  people  of  Franco  have  done  be- 
fore  them      They  have  rejected   Nicholas  as  I. 
their  sovereign,  and  have  driven  his   Viceroy 
and   Ministers  from  the  eountry,  and  are  now- 
resolved  on  the  free  election  of  their   own  ru 
|lers.     What  right   then,  has  tho  Emperor  of 
j  Russia  to  bring  in  his  Russian  subjects,  a  for- 
'eigu  army,  to  the  invasiou  of  Poland,  to  coin- 
:  pel  the  people   of  this  latter  country,  against 
their  united  and  declared  will,  to  receive  and 
jcontinuc  him  as  their  sovereign?     This,  says 
jthe  argument,  is  a  violation  ofihe  principle  ol 
I  nonintervention,  rightly   understood  ;    and  as 
i  France  and    England   have   declared  for  thie 
punciple,  France  and  England  must  make  war 
on  the  Northern  Autocrat  to  sustain  it.  There 
is  qertainly  some  plausibility,  if  not  sound  doc- 
trine, in  this  argument ;  but  I  do  not  believe 
it  can  produce  the  effect  intended.     Tho  Gov- 
ernment,  which    is   really  disinclined  tofwar.l 
and  principally   from   motives    of    humanity, 
seems  prepared  to  resist  all  the  politioal  devi-f 
ees  designed  to  influence  it,  of  which  the  po- 
riod  is  so  fruitful,  and  which  are  daily  put  in 
requisition  against  it.     1  am  strongly  dispojed 


which  the  calamity  of  war  is  to  be  prevented  , 
and  that  is  by  Belgium,  single-handed,  prompt- 
ly compelling  Holiand  to  let  go  her  hold  on  the 
subjects  of  dispute  between  the  two  countries 
— a  course  to  which  tne  latter,  if  not  absolute- 
ly compelled  by  force  of  arms,  may  be  partly 
influenced  by  the  certainty  of  bringing  on  her- 
self new  and  more  dreadful  calamities,  if  she 
shall  continue  obstinate.  The  French  army 
now,  like  that  which  marchod  out  of  revolu- 
tionary France,  at  a  former  period,  witb  its 
discipline,  its  valour,  and  its  love  of  liberty, 
would  march  to  certain  victory  and  triumph, 
wheeever  it  should  go.* 

The  best  wisdom  of  this  country  is  baffled 
every  day  end  hour,  in  its  speculation  on  the 
prospect  of  war,  and  1  cannot  pretend  to  be 
wiser  than  those  who  can  render  reasons.  One 
reflection  I  confess  has  had  its  influence  upon 
my  mind.  Europe,  in  every  part  of  it,  seems 
to  be  preparing  for  the  extension  of  liberal 
principles.  These  are  not  to  be  conquered 
from  their  enemies,  and  established,  without 
a  deep  and  desperate  struggle.  The  onl/ 
queslion  would  seem  to  be,  are  they  to  be 
wrested  piecemeal  from  the  oppressors  of  the 
people,  in  each  individual country, as  they  have 
been  in  France  ;  cris  there  to  be  a  sudden  and 
widespread  illumination  on  the  continent,  kin- 
dled up  from  the  fljuies  of  a  general  war? — 
The  latter  event  seems  to  me,  at  present,  the 
one  of  higher  probability. 

Yours  ever,  B. 

*  The  Five  great  powers  have  now,  by  their 
protocol  of  the  9ih  insiaut.  peremptorily  ordered 
hoih  Belgium  and  HolL.'d  lo  case  hostilities, 
and  aiwir.unded  iho  latter  'o  open  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Scheldt  I      Both  countries   are  dis- 


to  believe  that  France  will  leave    Russia  and- 

Poland  to  fight  ont  their  own  battles,  and  will  iaUs^'i>  aod  would  <icclare  war  if  they  dared  ! 


^ns2B  ssaxrai 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  APRIL  16,    1831. 


NUMBER  16. 


THE    Gt;l»BSEE    FARMER 

AND    CARDKNEB's    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  lo  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Ecotio 

my,  &c.  &c 

N.  GOODS'r.LL    EDITOR 

Published  on  Saturdays,  at  :$2  50per  annum, 

payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  the 

time  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tucker,  at 

!he  office  of  the   Rochester  Daily  Advertiser 


COTMIHTNXCATIONS. 


DEATH  OS'  PLANTS  BV  OL.D  AGE. 

TUB     THE    GENESEE    FARMEH. 

1  am  glad  to  see  the  initials  of  my  friend  [>. 
T.  beginning  to  appear  in  public  journals.— 
Science,  aits,  and  agriculture,  are  profited  by 
the  observations  of  such  praciic.il  men,  when- 
ever they  send  forth  a  thought  from  the  shades 
of  retirement. 

His  communication  on  the  1st  page  of  num- 
ber 11,  m  wht-h  he  opposes  the  opinion  ol 
Knight  Smith,  and  other  distinguished  natural 
ist9.  ounht  to  be  fully  discussed.  As  my  opin- 
ion is  diametrically  opposed  to  his,  and  to  the 
Editor's.and  I  am  an  entnc  proselyte  to  Smith 
and  Knight,  I  should  delight  in  discussing  this 
very  important  question,  with  that  nice  obser- 
ver; but  my  time  is  wholly  occupied  at  pre- 
sent with  professional  duties.  I  hope  some 
one  of  the  cotrespondentsof  the  Farmer  will 
find  time,  at  least  to  provoke  friend  D.  T.  to 
come  oui  again,  and  present  us  with  additional 
facts  on  the  subject  of  Dindrological  biogra- 
phy. I  w  iuld  particularly  insist  on  his  giving 
n  reason  for  citing  the  groa'  age  of  some  trees, 
as  a  pro  'f  that  tliuy  never  die  of  old  age  ;  uu- 
los-  tie  will  show  us  that  Methuselah's  great 
a<»e  ornves  that  man  never  dies  of  old  age,  or 
he  OU"ili  to  come  down  to  our  own  times,  and 
show  us,  that  the  elephant  never  dies  of  old 
age,  because  he  lives  centuries  longer  than  the 
American  locust,  or  the  house  dog. 

As  tar  as  we  have  any  knowledge  nf  organi 
zed  nature,  it  appears  to  be  subject  to  dissolu 
tion-  The  laws  of  chemical  attraction  seem 
to  be  forever  at  variance  with  the  living  prin 
ciple:  and  life  is  unquestionably  a  "forced 
3tate."  The  hand  is  now  organized  and  adap- 
ted to  the  performance  of  its  assigned  duties. 
Let  a  tournequei  be  screwed  upon  the  wrist, 
wnh  sufficient  force  to  cneck  circulation — the 
living"princinle  being  suspended,  leaving  the 
elementary  atoms  to  the  government  of  chem 
ical  affinity,  we  can  then  perceive  what  Ins 
been  the  tendency  of  those  atoms,  hitherto 
contiolled  by  the  living  principle.  The  atom.-, 
of  hydrogen  and  of  sulphur  form  their  predis- 
posed union,  and  a  disgusting  gas,  called  sul- 
phureted  hydrogen,  is  produced — nitrogen  an .! 
hydrogen  unite  and  produce  ammonia — carbon 
and  hydrogen  form  carburetted  hydrogen—  ox- 
ygen and  hvdrogen  form  water.  Thus  go  on 
ih,^  various  combinations  of  atoms  now  left 
witho'it  their  adversary's"  control,  until  the 
whole  hand  is  reduced  to  a  state  of  odious  and 
disgusting  ruin, 

A-  the  same  powers  (the  living  principle  and 
chemical  attraction)  are  forever  at  war  in  v» 
getable  nature,  as  well  a:,  in  animal  nature, 
(which  may  he  shown  by  similar  trials)  shall 
we  not  believe,  that  the  living  principle  will 
finally  yield  in  all  vegetables  1  Numerous  fos- 
sil relics  prove,  that  some  radiated  and  mollus- 
cous animals, now  *itt»<;',iniist  have  live,!  man; 
centuries  ;  probably  some  thousands  of  years. 
I  would  ask,  whether  friend  D.  T  has  math 
l  fair  statement  of  tbo  opinion  of  Dr.  James 
Edward  Smith,  and  others'!  They  believed, 
that  no  original  plant,  from  which  grafts, 
cuttings,  bulbs,  or  buds,  were  taken,  would 
probably  live  as  long  as  these  "  individual  e.\ 
tension  ."  For  being  fostered  in  all  situa- 
tions with  particular  care,  they  would  be  ex- 
tended in  many  places  to  the  last  moment  al- 
lowed by   "  that  incirable  disease,  old  age;" 


while  the  parent  sioi  k  may  have  been  dead  for 
centuries.  They  believed,  that  plants  were 
propagated  on  two  distinct  principles.  First, 
by  reproduction — second  bv  continuation.  That 
reproduction  required  a  perfect  seeJ  ;  which 
could  never  come  into  existence  without  the 
application  of  the  pollen  or  farina  of  a  flower 
to  the  stigma  conducting  it  to  the  germ  of  the 
new  fruit.  This  process.they  believed  renewed 
the  species, and  that  its  chance  for  long  life  was 
eqml  to  that  ol  the  parent  plant,  producing 
the  seed.  That  all  other  method?  of  propaga- 
ting merely  extended  or  continued  the  original 
individual.  A  thousand  grafts,  or  buds,  taken 
from  the  same  tree,  were  but  branches  of  that 
tree,  fostered  in  different  localities  ;  all  of 
which  must  die  of  old  age  at  a  limited  period. 
They  supposed  few,  if  any,  arrived  at  the  ex- 
tremes of  this  limited  period  ;  as  few  men  hvi 
to  the  great  age  of  Parr,  or  even  of  our  coun- 
ryman  Francisgo. 

The  methods  of  extending  the  same  indt- 
idiial  are  numerous,  and  exceedingly  interest- 
ing to  the  farmer.  Friend  Thomas  ought  to 
lassify  and  describe  them,  and  give  detailed 
directions  in  the  Genesee  Farmer  for  cuntinu- 
ing  fruit  and  fruit  trees  by  grafts  and  buds, 
grapes  by  cuttings  or  layers,  liliaceous  plants 
by  bulbs,  potatoes  by  roots,  &c.  ic,  He  may 
roserve  Irs  theory,  and  still  give  all  the  pracn 
cal  knowledge  requiied. 

Written  in  haste,  without  revision  or  refer- 
ence to  authors,  by  A.  E. 

N.  B.  1  think  the  editor  ought  to  press 
upon  his  patrons  the  importance  of  seeking 
new  varieties  of  "apples,  pears,  peaches,  pjta- 
toes,  grapes,  buibous  plants,  <Stc.  by  planting 
small   patches  with  their  respective  seeds,   in 

I  kinds  of  soil,  situation,  aspect,  degrees  of 
humidity  and  dryness,  &c. 

It  is  well  known  that  a  variety  of  the  pota- 
toe  will  run  out,  or  die  of  old  age,  after  being 
continued  several  years  by  the  root-buds  only. 
Taking  advantage  of  our  folly,  European  Hor- 
ticulturists make  a  profit  by  raising  from  seeds 
and  sendmg  us,  new  and  useful  varieties. 

FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 
COMMENTS  ON  M    FLOY'S  LIST  Or'  SHRUBS, 

WITH    ADDITIONS. 

Though  the  English  Broom  (spartiuni  sco- 
parium)  drops  its  leaves  in  autumn,  it  has  ev- 
ergreen branches.  In  this  climate,  it  is  not 
perfecily  hardy.  One  that  spreads  near  the 
ground,  is  mostly  covered  in  snows  of  a  fool 
deep  ;  but  in  severe  winters,  those  branches 
which  projected  above  the  snow,  have  been 
killed.  Still,  in  this  humble  state  it  is  a  shruh 
of  great  beauty  when  in  flower. 

There  are  four  species  of  Jasmine  suitable 
for  the  open  ground  ;  but  to  insure  their  beau- 
tiful and  fragrant  flowers  in  spring,  it  is  neces 
sary  to  lay  them  down  at  the  commencement 
of  severe  weather. 

1.  Jasminum  officinale,  the  white  flowerin 
Jasmine.  This  slender  shrub  has  bet  n  culti- 
vated in  England,  from  time  immemorial,  and 
it  still  retains  its  reputation.  C'owpeb,  with 
the  taste  of  a  florist,  and  the  language  of  a  po- 
et, refers  to  this  fine  species  : 

Luxuriant  above  all 

The  jasmine,  throwing  wide  heretegautsweetB  ; 
The  deep  dark  green  of  whose  unvarni6hed  leaf 
Makes  more  conspicuous,  and  illumines  mure 
The  bright  profusion  of  hor  scattered  stars. 

I  have  planted  clumps,  to  be  covered  with  in- 
verted sods  in  autumn,  and  to  bo  raised  and 
fastened  to  posts  in  spring  ;  and  now,  after  ly- 
ing in  this  state  nearly  four  months,  the  plants 
are  in  fine  preservation. 

2.  Jasminum  rcvolutum.  This  is  from  Ne 
paul.  Many  plants  nearly  hardy,  have  been 
brought  from  thai  sunny,  but  elovated  region. 
This  plant  has  remained  in  a  covered  border 
fur  two  winters,  and  is  to  be  transplanted  this 
spring  into  the  open  ground. 


3.  Jasmin um  frulicans  is  considered  more  ten- 
der than  the  following  species,  abo  from  the 
">'outh  of  Europe,  and  neither  are  so  robust  as 
J.  revohitum. 

4.  Jasminum  humile  withstands  our  milder 
winters.  The  three  last  species,  when  shel- 
ered  partially,  rotain  their  green  leaves  thro' 
the  year;  and  all  these  kinds  continue  to  bloom 
a  long  time  in  moist  seasons. 

Coronilla  emcrus,  like  the  preceding  species, 
has  ever^.een  branches,  and  some  leljves  con- 
tinue through  the  winter.  It  is  a  low  shrub, 
with  many  slender  stems  from  the  root,  near- 
ly hardy,  and  quite  ornamental  when  in  flow- 
er. It  is  safer  to  cover  it  in  the  beginning  of 
winter. 

The  terms  "  English"  and  "  Scotch  labur- 
num," are  not  proper;  for  neither  kind  is  in- 
digenous to  Britain.  Cytisus  laburnum'ia  a 
native  of  Switzerland  and  Savoy. 

Several  species  of  Calycanthus  are  cultiva- 
ted. C.  glaucus  is  from  the  mountains  of  Ca- 
rolina, and  C.  levigatus  from  those  of  Penn- 
sylvania C.  precox  from  Japan,  has  been  com- 
monly kept  in  the  green-house  ;  but  one  trans- 
plan  :ed  last  autumn  in  the  open  ground  and 
covered,  appears  uninjured. 

Cercis  canadensis  is  a  native  of  the  lower 
parts  of  Peunsjlvania.  It  is  very  ornamental 
when  in  flower,  and  of  singular  aspect  when 
in  leaf. 

'.  ulutea  arborescens  becomes  rather  trouble- 
some in  gardens,  from  the  number  of  young 
plants  which  spring  from  its  seeds. 

1  know  of  no  nurseryman  who  can  furnish 
the  double  scarlet  hawthorn. 

Cydoisia  japonica  is  not  "  an  evergreen,"  in 
this  climate,  though  it  appears  to  be  perfectly 
hardy. 

Mezereon  (Daphne  mezcreum)  withstands 
the  winters  of  the  Gtnesee  country  without  "a 
khel'ered  situation."  It  is  the  summer  or  au- 
tumnal heat  i hat  pro'  es  fatal. 

Leather  wood  (Dirca  palnstris)  abounds  in 
the  Genesee  country.  Wear  the  borders  of 
the  great  swamps  (which  once  spread  between 
Lockport  and  Pendleton,  but  now  drained  by 
the  Erie  canal)  I  hate  seen  this  shrub  8  feet 
high,  and  2  inches  in  diameter.  It  possesses 
the  singular  property  (in  a  vegetable)  ofstovgh- 
ing, — throwing  off  the  wood.  It  is  rather  dif- 
ficult to  transplant  successfully  unless  the 
plants  are  selected  from  the  open  ground. 

Gymnocladus  canadensis,  Kentucky  Coffee 
Tree,  occurs  in  vaiious  localities  on  the  east 
shore  of  the  Cayuga  lake,  and  of  the  Seneca 
river,  from  Aurora  down  to  Jack's  Reefs.  At 
the  latter  place  we  found  one  60  or  70  feet 
high  and  15  inches  in  diameter.  This  tree  has 
singularity  and  beauty.  When  it  is  cut  down, 
many  suckers,  at  different  distances,  spring 
from  the  roots. 

1  am  told  that  Hybiscus  syriacus  in  this  cli- 
mate, sometimes  perishes  in  winter  ;  the  dou~ 
ble  ichite  indeed  is  considered  tender  at  Flush- 
ing ;  but  1  have  found  four  other  varieties  liar" 
dy. 

The  shrubby  Hypericums  "  from  the  south- 
ern states"  are  said  to  be  tender.  The  kinds 
commonly  cultivated  are  from  other  places.— 
H.  kalmianum  is  a  nativo  of  Pennsylvania.— 
A  fine  variety  ?  grows  plentifully  on  the 
wet  soil  of  the  Table  Rock  at  Niagara,  but. 
flourishes  in  drier  ground.  H.  hericum  with, 
brger  flowers,  is  from  the  south  of  Europe. 

The  slender  stalks  of  Kerria  japonica  do  not 

withstand  our   winters  without  some  injury. 

These  should  be  bent  down  in  autumn,  and 
covered.     The  advantage  is   worth  the  labor. 

Robinia  arborea  is  a  larger  shrub  than  R.  his 

pida,  of  which  it   is   considered  a  variety. 

Though  its  flowers  are  smaller,  they  are  large 
enough  io  render  it  a  very  beautiful  and  desi- 
rable  plant.  A  light  sandy  soil  is  most  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  those  shrubs. 


114 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


April  16,  1831. 


The  genus  Azalea  includes  many  beautiful 
"slirnbs,  and  no  ornamental  garden  should  be 
destitute  of  a  portion.  A.  calendulas  a  was 
pronounced  by  Pursh,"  the  handsomest  shrub 
tn  North  America  ;"  and  Of  this  species  there 
ate  three  fine  variotios.  A.  nndifiora  abounds 
in  manv  parts»of  the  Genesee  country,  with 
(lowers  varying  from  nearly  white  to  a  full 
.red.*  Plants  designed  for  the  garden,  should 
be  chosen  from  open  grounds,  and  if  practica 
ble  from  moist  land,  on  account  of  tie  fibrous 
roots  which  are  fastened  in  the  soil.  Be  partic- 
ular to  transplant  the  whole  mass,  leaving  un- 
touched by  the  knife,  every  stem  and  sucker 
Shrubs  of  good  »ize  and  spreading  roots,  not 
only  grow  better,  but  they  will  blossom  the 
first  season.  A.  viscosa  has  been  found  in 
swamps  near  Loekport,  but  it  is  rare  in  this 
district.  Elliott  says  it  is  not  so  handsome  as 
the  preceding  species  ;  but  it  blooms  innch 
later,  and  its  white  flowers  are  very  fragrant 
.4.  dauca  is  considered  by  some  botanists  as 
only  a  variety  of  this  species.  A.pontica  with 
white  or  yellow  flowers  is  highly  prized.  A. 
indica,  (another  exotic)  with  scarlet,  purple, 
white,  or  orange  colored  flowers  is  rare,  very 
high  prioed,  and  is  treated  as  a  green-house 
plant;  though  Prince  says  the  double  purple 
"  withstands  the  severest  cold,"  like  the  other 
species. 

Sorbus  is  a  fine  genu*.  A.  ametitaua  ? 
grows  near  Pultneyville  and  (S.  inierocarpa  f) 
at  the  tittle  Falls  of  the  Mohawk.  3.  aria 
from  Britain  is  of  singular  foliage.  All  of  this 
genus  are  easily  propagated  by  budding,  and 
several  (if  not  all)  by  suckers. t 

The  finest  species  of  the  Snow  berry  (sym 
phoria,  racemosa)  was  brought  by  Captain  41 
t^owis  from  the  Missouri,  We  have  aiiotlwr 
specios  (S.  glauca)  a  lewer  shrub,  with  berries 
as  white,  which  grows  oa  the  thore  of  th 
Cayuga  lake,  and  which  once  decorated  the 
liuiestoiio  cliff  round  the  basin  at  Loekport. 
The  red  horned  (S.  glovierata)  adds  to  the 
beauty  and  variety  of  a  shrubbery  ;  and  ano- 
ther species  (S.  puniccu)  with  crimson  flowers 
is  noticed  in  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  plants, 
— also  a  nativu  of  North  America. 

Tamariz  gallica  when  young  is  injured  by 
our  winters;  and  I  have  doubts  whether  it 
will  withstand  them  when  old.  The  steins 
(as  long  as  they  can  be  bent)  may  be  safely 
and  successfully  laid  down  at  the  commence- 
ment of  severe  weather.  Sir  John  Sinclair 
says  that  T.  germanua  is  a  hardier  species. 

Missouri  currants  become  troublesome  un- 
less trained  with  a  single  stem.  As  some  rea- 
det  of  your  valuable  paper  may  not  know  the 
method,  1  will  lell  him.  Take  a  thrifty  sJipot 
of  the  last  year's  growth,  18  inches  long,  which 
is  cut  1  1-iJ  inches  above  the  old  wood.  With 
a  -harp  knife,  shave  off  every  bud  even  with 
the  bark,  except  those  buds  on  0  inches  of  the 
upper  end  of  the  shoot.  Plant  it  like  other 
cuttings,  upright,  with  the  lower  end  seven  in- 
ches deep.  It  will  then  be  8  inches  from  the 
around  to  th»  first  branch.  No  species  of 
■flihes  (currants  and  gooseborries)  so  far  as  we 
know, /brai  a  new  bud  in  old  bark,  although 
such  cuttings  root  with  facility. 

Sophora  juponica  is  a  fine  hardy  shrub.  The 
bark  is  green.  It  is  said  to  yield  a  valuable 
yellow  dye. 

ForUanesia  phillyroiaes  from  Landicoa  in 
Syiia,  loses  a  few  inches  of  the  young  twigs 

*  Elliott  calls  it  "  one  of  the  rri09t  beautiful 
plants  which  adorn  the  forests  of  North  America.1 

L  An  unreasonable  prejudice  prevails  against 
flickers  in  the  minds  of  many  horticulturists,  We 
diavebeeu  frequently  tuld  that  "pood  trees  ii  -u'l 
grow  from  suckers."  Now,  a  sucker  is  of;  hkely 
if)  form  a  shapely  tree,  as  any  graft  taken  from  a 
lateral  branch,  (the  place  from  which  they  are  u- 
sually  taken.)  Look  at  the  line  trees  of  the  com- 
mon cherries  which  have  been  propagated  fiom 
suckers  from  time  immemorial.  But  "  suckers  pro 
duce  suckers."  So  do  seed  lings.  I  liavc  at)  apple 
tree  about  twenty  years  old,  a  graft  set  on  a  suck 
■r,  ami  in  all  Hut  time  the  stock  has  never  produ- 
ced a  tucker. 


every  winter,  like  the  amorplm  ;  yet  increases 
considerably  in  size,  retaining  its  leaves  late 
in  autumn. 

Vitex  agnits  castus  from  Calabria,  requires 
eovering  for  its  young  branches  in  winter. — 
Perhaps  it  may  abide  our  freezing  winds  when 
the  stems  shall  be  thicker  and  older,  and  the 
wood  well  matured  If  killed  to  the  ground, 
however,  it  sprouts  freely,  though  late,  blos- 
soms in  autumn,  and  excites  the  attention  of 
the  curious. 

With  us  tho  Bignonias  are  not  "  perfectly 
hardy."  One  year  ago,  a  plant  of  B.  radicans, 
on  the  north  west  side  of  the  summer  bouse, 
was  killod  nearly  to  the  ground,  while  another 
plant  on  the  south  east  side  only  lost  itsyonDg 
branches.  A  little  shelter  is  sometimes  use 
ful  ;  but  another  cause  contributed  to  this  re- 
sult: the  latter  plant  had  received  the  most 
sunshine  in  samrter,  and  oi  course  its  wood 
was  better  ripened. 

B.  grandifiora  has  larger  flowers  wfth  shors 
ter  tubes  and  paler  colors.  It  is  a  fine  plant, 
and  if  killed  to  the  ground,  will  send  np  shoots 
that  blossom  tho  same  season. 

Clematis  flammula,  sweet  sconted  virgin's 
bower,  like  those  mentioned  by  M.  Floy,  also 
withstands  our  winters.  It  produces  a  mnlti- 
todo  of  white  flowers,  and  a  delicate  perfume 
towards  the  close  of  summer. 

Atragene  americana  is  also  a  climber,  and 
by  some  botanists  arranged  with  Clematis  (C. 
verticillaris)  Its  pnrple  flowers  are  very  oi» 
namental.  The  seeds  vegetate  freely,  bat  I 
have  not  succeeded  with  layers,  as  recommen- 
ded in  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  plants. 

Lonicera  pubescens  mentiouedby  Floy  is  the 
Lonicera  hirsnta  of  Eaton.  The  former  should 
be  rejected  as  a  piraiedname,  because  Profes- 
sor Eaton  first  discovered  and  desoribed  the 
species.  I  know  nothing  of  its  coming  from 
the  North  West  Const.  It  was  desgnbed  by 
E&ton  in  1818  from  specimens  found  near  Wil- 
liam's College  in  Ms.  and  was  first  taken  to 
Britain  in  1823  from  Canada.  It  grows  plon 
lifully   betwoen    Hammond's   port   and  Bath; 


rea  opulifolia  (Nine  bark)  more  frequent  in 
this  vicinity,  is  admired  for  its  red  capsules. — 
Ccanothus  americanus  with  its  profusion  of 
white  flowers  in  summer,  also  merits  a  place- 
Neither  is  Staphylea  trifolia  destitute  of  beau- 
ty. 

Acer  spitatum  with  crimson  twigs  in  one  sea'- 
son  and  spikes  of  white  flowers  in  another, may 
be  found  on  rocky  banks  ;  and  Acer  striatnm 
of  greater  growth  and  mora  beautiful  branch- 
es, may  be  brought  from  the  hills  in  thesouth 
of  our  district,  where  Comtonia  asplerifolia 
also  grows  in  thin  soils.  This  small  shrub  is 
admired  for  the  shape  and  fragrance  of  its 
leaves. 

Cornus  ftorida  is  showy  when  in  flower. — 
Laurus  sassafras  is  worthy  of  a  place ;  and 
both  occur  in  many  localities.  Potentillaf/o- 
ribunda  grows  in  a  swamp  11  miles  west  of  Ca- 
nandaigua  on   tho  road  to   Avon.       RhamnuS 

frangnlordes  in  wet   land   near  Lockpurt. 

Xunthoxylum  frcrxinenm  is  found  in  many 
partsof  our  district. 

Among  climbing  shrubs  Celastrus  scandarr? 
(American  bittersweet)  with  scarlet  arils  in 
autumn, — and  Menispemum  canadense  with 
green  eiems  and  black  berries,  claim  a  place 
The  pistillate  plants  of  Clematis  virgiuiaiw 
when  decorated  with  white  plumes  are  verv 
fine.  D.  T." 


FOR    THE     GENESEB    FARMER. 

AaMCULTUaAt  SCHOOLS. 

filooh  has  been  said,  of  late,  about  "  raising 
the  standard  of  common  school  learning,  ele- 
vating the  character  of  Teachers,"  &c.  for 
which  conventions  of  Teachers  have  been  pro- 
posed, and  considerable  movements  have  ta- 
ken place. 

That  the  natural  sciences  ought  to  be  intro- 
duced into  our  common  schools,  I  admit,  and 
believo  they  might  be,  at  least  in  a  degree ;  bat 
I  do  not  see  how  these  measures  arc  likely  to 
effect  the  object. 

That  agriculture  should  be  taught,  and  both 
as  n  science  and    an  art,    to   farmers'    sons,   I 


and  last  season,  I  found  it  io  Hector,Tompkins  I! strenuously  contend.     If  taught,  however,  so 


as  to  do  any  permanent  good,  it  must  he  prac- 
tically, and  not  by  books  only.  It  must  be  by 
the  management  of  a  farm,  connected  with  the 
school,  and  nut  by  a  school  without  a  farm,  or 
oven  a  garden  1  The  good  sense  of  every 
farmer  will  courirto  this  remark,  and  yet  there 
is  great  danger  that  it  will  be  overlooked. 

The  Rensselaer  School  is  not  a  school  of 
this  sort.  Will  uot  somo  of  tho  worthy  and 
patriotic  fanners  of  the  West,  establish  a  truly 
Agricultural  School  1  Say  Fur  a  county  1  De- 
vote a  Farm  to  the  maintenance  of  such  a 
Scliool,  with  its  Garden,  I'mtyard,  Nursery  and 
Orchard,  worked  by  the  Pupils.  This  is  the 
true  plan.  Lut  the  farm  be  purchased  by  pat- 
riotic individuals,  and  given,  forever,  to  such 
an  establishment,  a  noble  example,  worthy  of 
the  greatest  au-J  best  minds.  A  Pattern  Farm, 
each  part  a  Model.  Suggest  the  idea.  Better 
havo  such  a  school  and  farm, than  a  Uuivcrsily, 
rub]rrnnvsin'vretffnmnd;i!cvel1  fot  r:ime'  or  molrey-mabing,  two  things 
c,ts  (lush  cranberry)  is  of  °f  P"™  concern  at  the  present  day 

A  Farjieb. 


oo.     It  is  a  vigorous  and  interesting  plant. 

My  Lonicera  ffexuosa  has  not  eodured  "  our 
most  severe  frosts  without  injury."'  Its  ever* 
green  foliage  is  killed,  but  I  have  hopes  that 
its  brandies  will  survive. 

I  havo  seen  no  rose  more  admired  than  the 
Rosa  rnbifolia  from  Detroit  and  the  Western 
States.  D.  T. 

N.  B.  The  cultivators  of  ornamental 
sukues  in  tho  Genesee  country,  may  select 
many  from  tho  woods, as  lino  as  those  to  be  pro- 
cured at  high  prices  ;  and  for  their  accommo- 
dation I  havo  mentioned  various  localities.  I 
will  adit  a  few  more.  Lonicera  parvifiora  of- 
ten occurs  on  dry  banks  near  brooks  or  larger 
waters;  Shepherdia  canadensis  on  the  shores 
of  our  lakes  ;  Euonywus  atropurpurcus  on 
tiie  flats  of  our  larger  streams  ;  and  Euonnmus 
obovatus  in  llie  vicinities  of  Loekport,  Buffalo, 
and  tho  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Vibur- 
num lentago,!\  fine  sh 
and  Fiburiium  oxjjsoccus 
frequent  occurrence  in  swamps :  In  similar  sit- 
uations may  be  found  tho  swamp  huckleberry, 
(lruccinium  corymbosum)  with  pleasant  fruit 
and  pleasing  aspect ;  Copltalanthas  occidenla 
lis  with  round  heads  of  perfect  flowers  ;  Cor- 
nns  stricta  with  twigs  of  a  fine  crimson  in  win- 
ter and  in  spring  ;  and  Myrir.a  cerifera  (tho 
Caudlc-berry  myitle) — all  easily  accommodated 
in  garden  soil. 

Xylosteum  cilialum  and  X.  solonis  •  (though 
rarer)  also  occurs  in  this  district 
roalis  from  among  tho  hemlocks  at  Saudy 
creek,  will  require  a  shady  spot  in  the  garden 
;  From  tho  swamps  of  Junius  may  be  taken  Ilex 
\canadeneis ;  and  from  various  other  swamps, 
iPrinas  ecrticiValus,  both  \ery  ornamental 
Uvhon  loaded  with  fruit. 


Cl'LTl'BE  OF  SILK. 


Uarcellus,  Jaa.  7th,  1831. 
Toalr.  Isaac  Cady  : 

Dear  Sir — After  somo  delays,  rendered 
necessary  by  causes  needless  to  mention,  I  un 
dertake  to  answer  your  interrogatories  in  re- 
lation to  markets  for  cocoons  and  raw  silk,  to 
mulberry  trees,  and  the  eggs  of  silk  worms. — 
Linuu'a  bo-  jj  The  object  at  which  you  seem  to  aim,  is  a  sat- 
isfactory solution  of  the  question, Whether  the 
'culture  of  silk  can  be  made  a  profitable  branch 
of  American  industry  7  It  is  a  question  which 
j fur  several  years  has  been  greatly  agitated.-- 
The  Congress  of  the  U.  States  have  had  it  be- 


fuie  then),  and  have  acted  upon  it  Under  :s 
Spirea  sulicitolia  is  more  conimou  beyond  Ii  deep  eonvictiwu  of  its  importance.  Somo 
Lockpbrt,  and  by  pruning  may  be  induced  to I  veau  siuoe,  measures  were  taken,  by  order  of 
flower  fhrough  the  summer  and  autumn.    Sjii  llltylt  body, to  collect  from  all  parts  of  the  world' 


Vol.1.— No.  15. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


115 


such  information,  as  might  be  expected  to 
throw  light  upon  the  sub'ject.  This  was  done, 
and  tho  items  of  intelligence  so  collected  were 
published  and  spread  before  the  American 
people,  in  u  very  usoful  Manual,  published  bj 
authority,  Hud  at  the  expense  of  the  nation.— 
Some  of  the  State  legislatures  have  acteil  upon 
the  same  subject,  under  the  same  convictions 
of  ihs  importance.  We  are  informed, that  laws 
nave  been  passed,  exempting  lands  thbt  bear 
mulberry  trees  from  taxation,  and  granting 
bounties  on  nurseries  at:d  orchards  of  mulber- 
ry trees,  and  on  specimens  of  raw  silk.  It  is 
known  that  the  most  wealthy,  and  most  res- 
j»ecta61e  Agricultural  Societies,  now  opera- 
ting  in  the  United  States,  are,  at  the  pre>- 
cnt  time,  offering  great  bounties  on  nurseries 
and  orchards  of  mulberry  trees.  In  all  quar- 
ters, individuals  have  been  prosecuting  experi- 
ments. Indeed,  the  culture  of  silk,  on  a  mod- 
erate, but  increasing  scale,  has  been  going  on 
in  nearly,  or  quite,  all  the  states  in  the  Union, 
producing  results  the  most  satisfactory,  by 
which  all  questions  of  practicability  and  profit, 
have  been  settled  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of 
oven  the  most  incredulous.  And  yet,  so  far  as 
I  know,  the  great  body  of  people  in  this  sec- 
tion of  the  country,  areignarant  of  these  facts. 
Scarcely  has  the  subject  been  presented  to 
their  view.  It  woold  seem  that  blamo  must  be 
somewhere.  The  Legislative  authorities  of  the 
State  should  have  been  prompted  to  act  on  this 
subject.  Should  the  legislature  pas«  a  law, 
granting  bounties  for  the  encouragement  of  the 
culture  of  silk,  this  would  bring  the  subject  be- 
fore the  penple,  and  no  doubt  produce  respilts 
of  great  value. 

I  ought  perhaps,  before  I  proceed,  to  pre- 
monish  you,  that  in  relation  to  most  of  the 
subject,  before  me,  I  bave  uo  knowledge  that 
has  been  derived  from  my  own  experience;  it 
is  chieiv  to  the  periodicals  of  the  day,  and 
-most  of  all,  the  New  England  Farmer,  printed 
at  Boston,  that  I  am  iudebted  for  what  I  shall 
be  able  to  communicate  on  this  interesting 
subject. 

You  inquire  1st,  is  thoro  any  market  for  co- 
coons I  and  ifso  what  are  they  probably  worth? 
My  answer  to  this  interrogatory  is,  that  I  l^e 
no  information  on  the  subject.  I  bave  no 
doubt,  however,  that  any  quantity  of  cocoons 
might  be  marketed  at  their  full  value.  We 
.are  informed,  that  there  are  seveial  silk  facto- 
ries, now  operating  on  a  small  scale,  in  differ 
enl  parts  of  the  United  States.  There  is  one 
at  Philadelphia,  at  which  was  wrought  that 
splendid  specimen  of  American  silk  manufac- 
ture, very  recently  presented  to  the  house  of 
representatives.  I  believe  there  is  a  silk  fac- 
tory iu  Massachusetts,  and  one  in  Connecticut. 
Peihops  there  are  more.  It  may  hi-  presumed 
that,  at  any  of  these  factories  a  market  may  be 
found  for  cocoons.  But  I  feel  very  little  in- 
terest in  the  subject  of  this  interrogatory.  I 
do  not  expect  that  either  you  or  myself  shall 
ever  desire  to  sell  cocoons.  Bui  if  this  should 
happen,  I  have  no  doubt  that,  as  soon  as  the 
produce  of  cocoons  shall  be  sufficient  to  sus 
tain  markets,  therf  will  be  markets  provided 
for  them.  The  si&  culturist  will  find  no  diffi- 
culty in  marketing  his  produce  in  such  form  us 
sjiall  best  suit  him. 

You  inquire,  Sd,  Is  there  any  market  for  silk 
reeled,  and  in  a  raw  state  7  To  this  my  an- 
swer is,  that  if  there  is  not  now  a  market  for 
raw  silk  it  is  because  there  is  not  enough  of 
the  article  in  existence  among  us  to  sustain  a 
market.  There  can  bo  no  doubt,  however, 
that  silk,  in  that  state  of  preparation,  might  be 
marketed  at  any  of  the  silk  factories.  But, 
sir,  it  almost  seems  to  me,  that  this  question, 
as  well  as  the  preceding  one,  is  premature. — 
We  are  not  to  expect  eslablishe-d  markets  for 
•  .omruodities  that  are  not  yet  in  existence,  or 
that  ha?o  but  just  commenced  their  existence. 
t'ic.  it.  can  be  no  doabt  that,  whenever  the 
country  shall  produce  raw  silk  sufficient  to 
make  tt  an  object  of  commercial  enterprise, 
the  markets  for  it  will  bo  abundant  We  are 
ToW  that  tire  United  State-s  annually  import 


silk  goods  to  tho  value  of  8  or  10  millions  of 
dollars,  ana  that  tho  cost  of  imported  silks  far 
surpasses  the  value  of  all  the  bread  6Uiffs  that 
we  export.  With  these  facts  before  us,  can 
we  doubt  the  future  existence  of  home  mark- 
ets for  as  much  raw  silk  as  American  industry 
can  produce  1  But  if  more  be  needed,  we 
have  more,  to  sustain  the  expectation  of  an 
abundant  and  perpetual  market  for  silk.  We 
are  informed  that  a  few  samples  of  American 
raw  silk  have  been  recently  tested  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Lyons,  one  of  the 
great  commercial  towns  of  France,  and  that 
these  samples  were  found  to  be  of  a  quality 
superior  to  that  of  the  silks  of  any  other  coun- 
try, those  of  Italy  not  excepted.  The  jodg 
meut,  as  expressed  by  that  commercial  tribu- 
nal, was,  that  American  raw  silks,  comparing 
with  those  samples,  would  be  preferred  in  the 
markets  of  Europe,  to  those  of  any  other 
country.  We  may  be  sure  then,  that  if  the 
time  should  come,  when  this  country  will  pro- 
duce more  silk  than  will  be  needed  for  home 
consumption,  all  that  we  can  spare  will  be  ea- 
gerly sought  for  in  Europe.  It  is  indeed  sat- 
isfactory to  understand  that  in  all  respects  in 
quanity  as  well  as  quality,  American  silks  are 
found  to  be  superior  to  those  produced  iu  any 
other  part  of  the  world.  In  Europe  as  we  are 
told,  it  lakes  12  pounds  of  cocoons  to  make 
one  of  raw  silk.  It  is  found  that  in  America  8 
pounds  of  cocoons  will  make  one  of  raw  silk. 
It  will  be  seen  here  is  the  difference  of  one 
th'nd  in  favor  of  American  silk.  For  these 
and  many  other  interesting  facts,  we  are  in- 
debted to  the  experiments  of  Mr.  D.  Homer- 
gue,  a  distinguished  silk  manufacturer  from 
France,  now  operating  at  Philadelphia.  You 
sue,  sir,  that  in  relation  to  the  culture  of  silk  I 
derive  no  uneasiness  from  considerations  of 
market.  I  have  no  fear  that  iu  my  day  or  my 
children's  day,  enough  of  this  article  will  be 
produced  to  glut  the  markets  and  depress  its 
value. 

You  inquire,  3d,  Which  would  bo  most  like- 
ly to  find  a  ready  market,  the  raw  material  or 
silk  thread  ?  1  have  no  doubt,  that  silk  pre- 
pared in  either  of  those  forms,  might  be  read 
ily  marketed.  So  far  as  I  know,  it  has  hither- 
to been  the  general  practice  at  the  small  es- 
tablishments (lor  there  have  been  but  few  that 
were  not  small)  to  work  the  material  into  silk 
thread  and  for  this  it  does  not  appear  that  there 
has  been  any  difficulty  in  finding  good  mark- 
ets. It  is  known,  however,  that  considerable 
quantities  of  American  silk  have  been  wrought 
into  divers  fabrics,  such  as  stockings,  ribbands, 
vest  patterns, iSrc.  But  to  those  who  are  about 
to  undertake  the  culture  of  silk,  it  is  of  little 
consequence  to  know  what  may  be, in  its  pres- 
ent incipient  state,  the  best  mode  of  prepaiing 
the  article.  The  practi»es  now  prevailing 
must  not  be  expected  to  continue.  Whenever 
the  culture  of  silk  shall  become  general  in  this 
country,  os  in  a  few  years  it  doubtless  will,  it 
will  be  prepared  and  marketed  in  all  manner 
of  foini-s  It  is  reasonable  to  conjecture,  that 
many  of  those  who  shall  conduct  the  business 
on  a  small  scale, will  ohooso  to  dispose  of  their 
produce  in  the  form  of  cocoons.  These  will 
always  find  gnod  cash  markets  uear  home  ;  for 
there  will  be  fillatures,  or  reeling  establish- 
ments, in  all  pans  of  the  country,  where  the 
culture  of  silk  shall  pievail. 

Other-  who  shall  be  engaged  in  the  business' 
on  a  more  extended  scale,  will  perform  tiie 
reeling  process,  and  whatever  more  may  need 
to  be  done  to  prepare  their  produce  for  mark- 
et «s  an  article  of  raw  silk.  And  we  know 
enough  of  the  enterprise  and  skill  of  our  citi- 
zens te  be  sure,  that  whenever  the  culture  of 
silk  shall  prevail  to  any  considerable  extent, 
the  artiole  will  be  wrought  into  all  the  forms 
of  manufacture  which  tue  or  fancy  may  re- 
quire. 

You  inquire  4th,  Whether  I  have  Mulborry 
trees  o'"  suitable  size  for  setting,  and  what  will 
be  their  prices  1  I  have  a  Mulberry  nursery, 
supposed  to  contain  about  ten  thousand  trees 
The  trees  have  now  had  the  growth  of  two 


seasons.  Tboy  arc  very  thrifty.  Many  of 
them  ari  5  feet  high,  some  G  feet,  but  on  air 
average  they  are,  perhaps,  not  more  than  foot 
feet  high.  To  bring  them  to  tho  size  general-' 
!y  thought  suitable  for  setting  in  an  orchard, 
the  growth  of  another  seasun  will  be  necessa- 
ry. Yet,  they  will  do  very  well  to  set  next 
spring  I  am  hardly  prepared  to  answer  that 
part  of  jour  inquiry  which  relates  to  price. — 
It  is  mv  intention,  however,  to  sell  at  mode- 
rate prices,  and  if  some  of  my  trees  should  be 
called  for  next  spring,  I  think  the  price  if  they 
are  taken  on  an  average,  will  not  exceed  |T<1 
a  hundred  —it  may  be  pot  at  something  less. 

Your  last  inquiry  is,  Whether  I  have  the 
eggs  of  silk  worms,  or  can  inform  you  where 
they  can  be  obtained  1  I  have  a  few  thousand 
of  eggs,  which  were  lately  given  me  by  a  lady 
in  this  vicinity,  who  has  for  several  years  con- 
ducted a  small  silk  establishment.  With  these 
I  intend  to  commence  experiments  next  spring. 
After  that,  if  successful  in  my  experiments,  I 
may  be  able  to  supply  any  quantity  sf  eggs 
*.ha:  may  be  wanted.  1  do  not  know  where 
any  considerable  quantity  can  now  be  obtain- 
ed, otherwise  than  by  sending  to  a  distance. 
Silk  worms  being  once  obtained,  their  propa- 
gation will  be  easy,  for  it  is  estimated  that  one 
m  iller  will  lay  about  300  eggs. 

[Concluded  next  week.] 


GREEN    BRESSING. 

That  is  ploughing  a  green  crop  in  tho  ground 
in  the  summer  to  insure  a  good  crop  of  some 
other  kini — clover,  lucerne,  buckwheat,  peas, 
or  oats,  millet,  or  any  rich  esculent  plant, 
sowed  in  the  spring,  may  be  turned  in  the  lat- 
tei  end  of  June,  or  whenever  it  is  fullest  of 
sap  and  juices.  After  being  under  grouud  two 
or  three  weeks,  it  is  sufficiently  rotted;  then 
plough  for  veur  winter  grain.  This  is  a  very 
great  improvement  in  agriculture,  and  getting 
much  in  practice. 

There  are  various  means  of  improving  land; 
in  fact  lands  may  be  kept  continually  progress- 
ing in  stre,    h  by   a   proper   rotation  of  crop6: 
and  grass  ploughing.     But  in  tho   execu- 

tion of  tbt  much  judgment  is  required  of  the' 
farmer,  for  '•  ithout  some  knowledge  on  his' 
part,  some  fixed  undeviating  rule,  the  best  far- 
mer may  be  ruined. 

The  first  means  of  improving  land   in    point 
of  importance  is  that  of  ploughing  under  grass 
or  any    kind   of  vegetables.      When   land   is 
poor  it  should  never  remain  long  without   til- 
ling, hut  the  fewer  the  crops  are  before  seed-' 
ing  the  better,   and   at   every   breaking  up,   a 
thick  sward  "f  grass  should  be  Invariably  turn- 
ed under.     It  is  generally  thought  that  it  mat-' 
ters  not  how  close  a  field  is  pastured  when    it' 
is  about  to  be  ploughed  up ;  and   this  is  true  if. 
we  wish  to  make  a  rich  field  poor,   for  this   ist 
the  most  certain  method  of  effecting  that  end. 
When  old  gra-s  or  corn  yard  manure  is  left  an 
the  surface  it  is  nearly  lost,  for  the  most  nutrt- 
cious  parts  are  evaporated  by  the  heat  of  the 
sun  and  fly  off,    but  when    they  are  turned  un- 
der  the  surfaoe,   they  mingle   with  the    earth 
and  are  retained  many  years.     So  that  the  of- 
toner  we   plough  under   a  c»at   of  grass,  the 
faster  our  land  will  improve  in  richness. 

Many  good  farmers  are  in  the  habit  of  turn 
ing  up  the  land  they  intend  for  a  fallow  in  the . 
spring.ithen  Bowing  on  a  crop  of  buokwheaf^, 
when  this  is  in  full  blossom  it  is  all  plowed  »n 
der,harrowed  down  smoothly, and  winter  grain 
is  sown   on  over  the  whole.     T hebuckwheat 
ferments  and   sends   up    its  nourishment  and> 
warmth  to  tho  roots  of  the  winter  grain.     Con- 
sidering  that  buckwheat   is  much   less  expen   ; 
sivo  than  clover  seed,  this  plan  appears  to  de- 
serve the  preference  over   that    of  seeding. 

The  most  judicious  course,  however,  would  be 
to  let    then:  succeed  eaoh  other   in  the  follow-, 
ing  order  :  buckwheat  in  the  summer,  timothj- 
in  the  fall,  and  clover  in  the   spring  following, , 
and  immediately  a  good  coat  of  plaster  shoQla  ' 
follow.  

V.  T.'s  notice  of  M.  Floy's  communication,1 
will  appear  nrxtweei.. 


116 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


April  16,  1881 


ths  azsarsssi:  rAniusp. . 


SATURDAY,   APRIL  in,  1831. 


HINTS  FOR  APRIL. 

Although  this  is  s  month  of  shine  and  show- 
ers, the  farmer  begins  his  labors  for  the  sea- 
son. First,  see  that  your  fonces  are  in  good 
repair,  as  crops  without  fences  are  sure  to  be 
destroyed.  Let  the  stock  be  shut  from  mow 
•ing  grounds,  and  the  surface  of  them  made 
smooth — the  stones  picked  up  and  the  water 
drains  repaired. 

Do  not  allow  water  to  stand  upon  any  lands 
where  it  can  be  prevented  by  reasonable  ex- 
pense. Let  all  your  manure  upon  grass  lands 
be  spread,  and  grass  seed  applied  to  such  parts 
as  need  it. 

This  is  tho  best  season  for  applying  plaster 
lo  such  lands  as  are  to  be  manured  with  it. — 
Sow  yourgrass  seeds  with  your  winter  crops, 
where  it  remains  undone  j  and  ive  would  re- 
commend  to  cover  grass  seeds  which  are  sown 
with  winter  wheat  or  rye,  with  a  bush  or  har- 
row. Many  have  recommended  harrowing 
those  winter  crops  in  the  spring  with  a  light 
harrow,  where  seeds  were  not  sown,  as  bene- 
ficial to  the  crops.  If  a  few  of  our  readers 
would  make  the  experiment  on  a  small  por. 
tion  of  a  crop,  and  give  us  the  results,  that  we 
might  hereafter  publish  it,  wn  shonld  be  much 
obliged,  and  perhaps  many  of  our  readers  be- 
nefitted. 

We  would  particularly  recommend  to  all 
our  readers  the  propriety  of  keopiog  a  jour 
nal  through  the  season, of  all  their  operations, 
and  the  resuas,  with  the  attendant  circum 
stances.  These  are  the  data  on  which  should 
be  founded  agricultural  communications,  and 
.  the  benefits  which  would  flow  from  this  course 
would  be  many.  Now  is  the  time  to  intro- 
duce system  into  all  your  business.  Most  ol 
the  hardy  spring  crops  may  be  sown  and  plan- 
tod  this  month.  In  the  fields,  peas,  oats,  bar- 
ley, spring  rye  and  wheat,  hemp  and  flax,  may 
be  sown  as  soon  as  the  ground  will  admit. — 
In  the  garden,  onions,  parsnips,  vegetable  oys- 
ters, lettuce,  parsley  and  cabbages  should  be 
sown,  and  c.uly  potatoes  should  be  planted- 
Those  who  are  cultivating  hops  should  dr-ss 
(he  hills  and  put  down  the  poles  while  the 
ground  is  soft. 

This  is  an  important  month  to  those  who 
would  have  good  dairies,  as  the  cows  require 
good  nursing  to  keep  them  from  losing  flesh 
The  attention  paid  to  calves  is  of  the  utmost 
i.onsequence.  If  you  would  winter  your 
calves  well,  learn  them  to  feed  when  youn», 
and  this  can  never  be  done  so  well  as  before 
they  are  weaned.  Commence  by  mixing  a 
litllo  scalded  meal  with  the  milk,  continue  to 
increase  the  quantity  of  meal  or  provender, 
ano  diminish  the  quantity  of  milk  until  it  is 
omitted  iltogcther,  but  continue  lo  feed  with 
provender  01  such  other  food  as  they  may  be 
fond  if,  sometimes  with  oat«,  bran,  &c,  thus 
loarning  them  early  to  bo  messed  will  be  found 
to  be  of  great  advantage  when  winter  arrives. 
Should  in,  of  them  scour  when  (irst  fed  with 
meal  remember  that  chalk  is  highly  recommen- 
ded for  that  complaint.  Attention  should 
Tie  paid  10  most  kinds  of  poultry.  As  turkies 
and  gesso  .amble  about  for  nests,  they  should 
lie   watched  and  their  eggs  brought  in,  for   if 


left  animals  and  crows  are  apt  to  destroy  them 
The  last  of  this  month  is  a  good  time  for  pru- 
ning orchards,  and  some  kinds  of  grafting  may 
be  done  ;  trees  may  be  transplanted,  and  seeds 
that  hare  been  prepared  for  nurseries  should 
bo  planted  Grape  cuttings  should  be  plenled 
•ut— strawbeiry  beds  should  be  dressed.  In 
-hurt,  the  most  of  spring  gardening  should  be 
done  this  month. 


SHAPE  OF  TREES,  AND  PRUNING. 

Very  few  person'  seem  to  bo  aware  of  the 
importance  of  giving  prober  form  to  the  youn<* 
troe,  or  mending  or  improving  its  shape,  at  a 
later  period.  In  the  peach  it  is  ruinous,sonn- 
er  or  later,  to  encourage  two  or  more  leading 
and  principal  blanches,  from  the  main  stem  ; 
let  thum  grow  ever  so  straignt  and  upright, 
they  constantly  recede  by  the  pressure  of  re- 
pellant  branches,  and  by  the  weight  of  fruit; 
until,  afier  having  nursed  them  to  maturity,  on 
the  first  windy  day,  you  have  the  mortification 
to  find  it  split  at  the  crotch,  and  one  or  huth 
branches  ruined,  perhaps  at  the  moment  of 
the  r'pening  ol*  the  fruit. 

The  peach  is  peculiarly  liable  to  this  misfor- 
tune, as  the  seam  at  the  crotch  adheres  with 
less  tenacity  than  any  other  tree  cultivated. 

The  same  doctrine  holds  good  with  the  plui 
and  nectarine,  but  with  less  force,  and  in  fact, 
there  is  but  one  shape  that  is  to  be  tolerated 
with  tree*  thai  are  allowed  their  full  growth, 
.ind  not  restrained,  or  trained  in  any  way ;  and 
ihat  form  is  a  straight  centre  stem,  from  the 
root  to  the  terminate  bud,  with  branches  aU 
.ornately  projecting  at  judicious  distances, 
both  around  the  circumference,  and  tho  whole 
line  of  ascent,  allowing  no  one  to  gain  the  ad- 
vantage of  mother  in  excess,  but  by  proper  re- 
tarding or  encouragement,  so  to  manage,  as 
they  shall  present  a  cone,  beautiful  in  shape, 
and  strong  to  resist  the  wind,  rains,  and  heavy 
weights  of  foliage  and  fruit. 

Quince  trees,  by  proper  attention,  may  be 
made  to  have  straight  handsome  bodies,  and 
fine  expanding  regular  tops  instead  of  the  croo. 
ked.  craggy,  sprawling  bushes,  so  generally 
cultivated. 

It  is  also  a  great  mistake  to  trim  the  stems 
of  young  trees  too  high,  causing  them  to  shoot 
up  to  premature  heights,  become  top  heavy, 
and  liable  to  be  blown  over,  or  badly  leaned 
from  their  perpendicular  and  true,  position  ; 
which  causes  them  to  need  staking,  and  tying, 
whereby  they  are  apt  io  become  chafed,  and 
frequently  ruined. 

Trees  in  town  gardens,  which  are  situated 
between  high  houses  and  bams,  are  peculiar- 
ly liable  to  misfortunes  by  wind,  which  is  cau- 
sed to  whiffle,  whirl  and  eddy  about  with  such 
force,  as  often  to  dogrei:  damage;  in  all  such 
cases  they  should  be  allowed  to  send  out  limbs 
lower  down,  in  regular  order,  with  a  straight 
centre,  and  handsome  shape. 

When  peach  trees  get  large  and  over-grown, 
or  when  they  are  appan  nlly  ;;oing  backward 
from  age,  they  can  again  be  renewed  by  cut- 
tin-  off  the  whole  lop,  at  the  collar  next  the 
toots  or  at  the  first  branching  limbs,  when  a 
groa:  quantity  of  shoots  will  put  out  and  form 
handsome  dumps,  and  bea.  well ;  indeed  it  is 
the  Pennsylvania  method  of  serving  trees  for 
the  firs i  bearing,  which  for  seedling  kinds  do 
well;  cultivated  kinds  should  be  cut  above  the 


graft.  Prune  all  trees  at  the  opening  of  the 
bud,  and  if  you  wish  to  be  nice  about  it,  cove: 
the  cut  with  grafter's  wax,  tar,  or  oil  paint.  * 


AGRICULTURAL    PAPERS. 

In  the  publication  of  an  agricultural  panor 
the  publisher  will  always  have  to  encounter 
one  serious  difficulty,  that  is,  the  strong  preju- 
dice which  prevails  with  many  of  our  fanners 
against  any  innovations  upon  the  traditions 
and  customs  which  bave  been  handed  down 
from  sire  to  son,  from  generation  lo  genera- 
tion, and  which  originated  in  the  days  of  igno- 
rance and  superstition. 

But  they  should  not  be  discouraged — the 
day-break  of  information  has  arrived,  and  we 
find  all  those  farmers  who  are  wishing  to  keep 
pace  with  the  march  of  improvement,  have 
become  inquiring  men,  and  their  inquiries  now 
are  not,  who  tills  Hie  most  ground,  buL— who 
who  makes  the  greatest  profit  upon  his  capi- 
tal, employed  in  agriculture  ?  not  who  raises 
the  greatest  crop  with  the  greatest  expence, 
but  who  raises  the  most  money  yearly  with  r> 
given  capital. 

In  order  to  take  the  advantage  of  such  in- 
quiries, it  is  necessary  that  a  farmer  should 
know  what  is  going  on  about  him,  and  what 
improvements  ire  making  in  the  agricultural 
world.  And  in  what  way  can  be  obtain  this  in 
formation  so  cheap  as  by  taking  some  good, 
well-codducted  agricultural  journal  ?  not  a 
paper  which  is  got  up  by  persons  unacquainted 
with  the  business ;  in  which  aro  copied  all  Eu 
ropcan  publications,  whether  calculaled  for 
this  climate  or  not— but  one  in  which  are  com- 
municated, in  a  plain  manner,  piain  matters  of 
fact,  by  farmers  themselves  ;  and  from  which 
conclusions  may  be  drawn  that  wiil  not  endan- 
ger the  forluce  of  the  practical  man. 

If  men  of  fortune  are  disposed  lo  devote 
monev  for  the  purpose  of  experiments  in  ag- 
ricuiluro.  it  is  well,  and  Ibey  deserve  to  be  ho- 
norably mentioned  by  those  who  enjoy  the  be- 
nefit of  their  experiments   without  the  cost. 

In  this  manner  Ihe  agricultural  world  has  beer. 
benefitted  with  improved  oreeds  of  cattle,  bor- 
es, &c.  which  require!  no:  only  tuna  but  mo- 
ney to  produce  in  tbeir  improved  state.  In 
this  we  have  been  benefiiied  bv  what.m  many 

respects,  is  called  an  evil  in   society,   viz the 

continuation  of  Baronial  estates  in  England.—. 
They  have  enabled  some  ofihe  nobility  of  that 
country  to  make  experiments  both  in  agricul- 
ture and  the  arts,  which  would  have  been  at« 
tended  with  ruinous  consequences  to  men  of 
small  estates. 

It  is  by  reading  agricultural  works  that  our 
tanners  of  limited  means  can  be  informed  of 
such  improvements  as  are  made  in  other  coun- 
tries, without  the  expense  of  travoiling  to  ex- 
amino  them. 

In  our  own  country  it  is  plain  that  improve- 
ments are  making  yearly.  As  an  example, 
consider  the  plow  that  was  used  twenty  or 
evdn  tea  yens  ago;  compare  it  tvith  the  one 
in  use  at  present,  and  we  shall  be  convinced  of 
ihe  march  of  improvement  among  us.  YV« 
ire  ready  to  grant  ihat  there  was  a  time  when 
inn.  rs  became  so  enthusiastic  for  improve- 
ments that  the  excitement  was   attended  with 


Vol.  I.— No.  15. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


117 


individual  disadvantage,  for  the  time,  in  many 
cases.  We  mean  In*  timi>  when  agricultural 
societies  became  the  rage  through  the  state. 

This  was  an  over  action,  but  lias  produced 
some  good,  though  at  great  expense  ;  and  we 
consider  it  has  done  much  towards  producing 
the  present  spirit  of  inquiry  among  our  farm- 
era.  For  a  time  this  spirit  was  gratified  only 
with  quotations  from  foreign  writers,  whoso 
theories  were  not  calculated  for  our  climate  or 
circumstances.  But  it  has  been  the  cause  of 
tbo  establishment  of  a  number  of  Agricultu- 
ral Journals,  many  of  which  are  becoming 
strictly  American,  confining  their  observations 
to  facts  presented  by  our  own  Agriculturists. 
Such  papers,  we  think  ,will  ultimately  meet  with 
success, although  the  prejudice  against  reading 
may  linger  with  us  for  a  time  like  a  Demon  of 
darkness,  yet  the  day  break  of  improvement 
will  banish  him  to  the  confines  of  ignorance 
and  superstition;  and  we  bope  the  time  will 
soon  arrive  when  American  farmers  will  strive 
for  a  name  among  the  first  agriculturists  in  the 
world.  Nature  has  given  them  the  means — it 
is  only  for  them  to  make  suitable   application. 

We  give  the  following  letter, receh  ed  by  us 
from  one  of  the  bos;  informed  ag'iculturists  of 
Marcellus,  as  containing  correct  ideas  upon  the 
subject  of  supporting  Agricultural  Journals  : 
Marcellus,  April  5th,  1831. 

Dear  Sin — I  have  cursorily  glanced  over 
all  the  pages  ol  those  numbers  which  you  sent, 
and  am  prepared  to  decide-  in  favor  of  the 
claims  of  your  paper.  A  well  conducted  pe- 
riodical paper,  chiefly  devoted  to  the  para 
mount  interests  of  agriculture,  and  its  kindred 
arts,  and  emananng  from  nearly  the  centre  of 
the  far-famed  Genesee  coun'ry,  can  scarcely 
fail  to  pieseut  strong  claims  to  patronage. 
If  the  Agriculturists  of  that  region  under 
stood  their  interests,  the  patronage  of  the 
Genesee  Farmer  would  be  overwhelming. 
Every  cultivator  of  the  groundJn  all  that  coun- 
try, how  small  soever  may  he  his  scale  of  bu- 
siness, would  be  profited  by  taking  that  pa- 
per, or  some  other,  aiming  at  the  same  ob 
j-cts.  I  have  for  many  years,  taken  a  period 
leal  paper,  devoted  'o  agriculture,  and  it-  kin- 
dred pursuit*.  The  expense  of  this  has  not 
been  great ;  but  whatever  it  m  iy  have  been,  I 
doubt  not,  'hat  it  has  been  remunerated,  al 
least,  ten-fold,  perhaps,  u  hundred  fold.  It 
has  been  my  practice,  as  soon  as  the  volumes 
were  completed,  to  get  them  bound,  and  I 
have  now  9  or  10  well  bound  volumes,  some 
ofthemofihe  Plough  Boy,  but  chiefly  of  the 
New  England  Firmer,  the  whole  constituting 
a  valuable  library.  A  strange  s>  ntiment  pre- 
vails, and  that  too  to  ft  great  extent,  that  nei- 
tlier  hooks,  nor  periodical  papers,  can  teach  a- 
ny  thing  that  will  be  profitable  to  farmers. — 
Deep  prejudices  exist  against  what  is  called 
UiniK  farming. 

1:  is  indeed  strange  that,  while,  as  all  admit, 
useful  instruction  may  lie  deiived  from  books, 
in  relati  n  to  all  other  interesting  concerns, 
nothing  can  be  derived  from  them  for  the  bene 
fit  of  agriculture,  and  yet  agriculture  is  the 
most  important,  and  at  the  same  timo,  the 
most  complicated  and  difficult  art  practiced  by 
man.  A  sentiment,  so  obviously  founded  on 
gross  ignorance,  it  may  be  hoped,  will  not  long 
be  sustained  in  a  community  so  enliglnened  as 
that  for  whose  benefit  your  labours  are  intend- 
ed. If  you  can  cause  to  be  broken  down  -hat 
silly  prejudice  against  book  farming,  which 
now  exists  in  the  minds,  perhaps,  of  most  far- 
mers, and  bring  'hem  io  see.  a<  the  truth  cer- 
tainly is.  that  immense  advantages  may  he  de 
rived  from  reading  on  subjects  of  agriculture, 
vour  paper  will  soon  have  the  patronage  of 
1)»iiy  thousand  subscribers. 
It  is  easy  to  Eee  that,  iri  making  calls  for 


patronage,  you  will  labor  under  Hisadvamages. 
Presentations  of  the  subject,  made  through 
the  medium  of  your  paper,  must  meet  the 
eye  of  but  hero  and  there  an  individual,  and 
chiefly  of  that  class,  who  know  already  how  to 
appreciate  such  a  work.  In  this  concern,  yo.i 
will  need,  and  must  have,  the  aid  of  your  pat- 
rons. The  philanthropist  should  consider, that 
here  lies  before  him  a  great  field  of  usefulness. 
and  that,  by  labouring  to  break  down  those 
prejudices  which  contribute  to  hinder  the  pro- 
gress of  improvement,  he  may  render  impor 
tant  service  to  his  fellow  men. 

The  subject  of  patronizing  agricultural  jour- 
nals is  a  proper  one  to  be  presented  before 
the  people  in  the  common  newspapers.  I 
doubt  not  that  you  have  patrons  who  can,  if 
they  please,  afford  you  great  aid,  and  at  the 
same  time  do  much  to  benefit  their  country. 

As  to  myself,  I  can  say  that  I  wish  great 
success  to  your  undertaking.  The  country  in 
which  you  are  located,  obvioHsly  needs  an  es- 
tablishment of  that  kind  ;  and  I  trust  there  is 
too  much  patriotism  there,  to  suffer  it  io  sink 
for  want  of  patronage. 

1  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  yours,  &c. 

ON  BREEDING  ANIMALS. 

We  do  not  know  of  a  more  common  error 
than  exists  in  the  opinions  of  farmers  respect- 
ng  the  breeding  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and 
hogs.  Most  of  them  think  that  they  cannot 
improve  their  stock  wit  bout  crossing  with  some 
other,  and  for  this  purpose  select  the  largest 
males  they  can  find. 

We  do  not  rightly  understand  the  meaning 
of  the  term  breeding,  as  applied  to  horses  and 
cattle,  unless  it  is  to  improve  their  valuable 
qualities.  When  we  say  a  high  bred  /torse,  we 
mean  a  horse  of  valuable  qualities.  As  differ- 
ent animals  are  bred  for  diffeient  purposes, she 
breeder,  before  he  commences,  should  inform 
himself,  and  endeavor  to  fix  upon  an  imagina- 
ry standard  for  his  animals,  in  which  are  con 
gregated  the  most  valuable  points,  all  local  c.ir 
cumstancos  considered.  When  he  has  thus 
matured  his  judgment,  he  should  be  steady  t 
his  purpose,  and  remember  that  he  is  engaged 
in  a  work  of  importance,  and  one  which  wi 
be  perfected  in  proportion  to  the  time  it  is 
steadily  pursued- 

In  maturing  his  judgment,  he  should  Dot  on- 
ly make  himsblf  acquainted  with  the  external 
form  of  animals,  bui  he  should  become  familiar 
with  their  internal  structure.  In  the  former  lie 
may  improve  himself  by  examining  the  most 
approved  breeds,  in  the  latter  by  studying 
their  anatomy  ;  for,  says  a  modern  writer  on 
this  subject,  "the  external  form  is  an  indica- 
tion only  of  internal  structure.  The  principles 
of  improving  it  must,  therefore,  be  founded  on 
a  knowledge  of  the  structure,  and  use  of  inter- 
nal parts." 

When  a  breeder  Iras  matured  his  judgment, 
hit  upon  his  standard  of  perfection,  and  selec- 
ted his  slock,  having  the  most  good  points  of 
those  he  can  procure,  let  him  be  very  careful 
about  any  innovations  upon  his  breed.  Hi 
should  becomo  fixed  in  certain  rules,  which  he 
should  never  depart  from.  First,  that  to  in- 
crease an  animal  in  size  above  the  naturnl  fa 
mily,  is  often  attended  with  a  loss  of  valuable 
points.  His  object  should  be,  therefore,  the 
improvement  of  the  latter. 

Let  every  fanner  remember  that  the  great 
est  benefits  which  have  been  obtained  in  bree- 
ding, for  the  last  hundred  years,  have  been 
where  trsey  breed  "in  ariilin."  But  tho com- 
mon error  which  I  first  referred  to,  is  the  ur.i 


vcrsal  desire  to  breed   from  large   mules   with 
mall  females. 

This  is  diametrically  opposite  to  the  course 
which  has  been  pursued  by  the  best  breeders 
u  England,  On  the  contrary,  they  select  the 
males  smaller  in  proportion  than  the  females 
The  following  is  from  the  writer  above  refer; 
red  to  : 

'•  To  obtain  the  most  approved  form,  two 
modes  of  breeding,  described  as  litem  andin, 
and  crossing  modes,  have  been  practised.  The 
first  mode  may  be  the  better  practice,  when  a 
particular  variety  approaches  perfection  in 
form  ;  especially  for  those  who  may  not  be 
acquainted  with  the  principle  upon  which  im- 
provement depends.  When  the  male  is  much 
larger  than  the  female,  the  offspring  is  generally 
of  an  imperfect  form.  If  the  female  be  propor- 
tionable larger  than  the  male,  the  offspring  isoj 
an  improvcdfnrm.  The  proper  method  of  im- 
proving the  form  of  animals,  consists  in  se. 
lecting  a  well  formed  female,  proportionateh 
larger  than  the  male. 

The  improvement  depends  upon  this  princi- 
ple, that  the  power  of  the  female  to  supply 
her  offspring  with  nourishment,  is  in  propor- 
tion to  her  size!  and  to  the  power  of  nourish- 
ing herself,  from  ihe  excellence  of  her  consti- 
tution. The  size  of  the  foetus  .s  generally  in 
proportion  to  the  male  parent  ;  and  therefore, 
when  the  female  parent  is  disproportionately 
small,  the  quantity  of  nourishment  is  deficient 
and  her  offspring  has  the  disproportions  of  a 
starveling. 

But  when  the  female,  from  her  size  and  good 
constitution, is  more  than  adequate  to  the  nou- 
rishment of  a  fmtus  of  a  smaller  male  than 
hersulf,  the  growth  must  be  proportionately 
greater.  The  larger  female  has  also  a  larger 
quantity  of  milk,  and  her  offspring  is  more  a- 
liundantly  supplied  with  nourishment  after 
nirlh.  Abundant  nourishment  is  necessary  to 
produce  themest  perfect  formed  animal,  from  the 
arliest  of  i's  ezistenct  until  its  growth  is  com- 
plete. 

The  power  to  prepare  the  greatest  quantity 
of  nourishment  from  a  given  quantity  of  food, 
depends  principally  on  ihe  magnitude  of  the 
lungs,  to  which  the  organs  of  digestion  arc 
subserviont.  To  obtain  animals  with  large 
lungs,cro?sing  is  the  most  expeditious  method, 
because  well  formed  ten. ales  may  be  selected 
fi-om  a  variety  of  large  size,  to  be  put  to  a  well 
formed  male.of  a  variety  that  ts  rather  smaller. 

By  such  a  mode  of  crossing,  the  lungs  and 
heart  become  proportionately  larger,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  peculiarity  in  the  circulation  of 
he  foetus,  which  causes  a  larger  proporlion  of 
the  blood  under  such  circumstances,  to  be  dis* 
trihutcd  to  the  lung-  than  to  the  other  parts  of 
the.  body  ;  and  as  ihe  shape  and  size  of  the 
chest  depend  upon  that  of  the  iungs,  hence  a- 
rises  that  remarkably  large  chest  which  isprov 
duced  by  crossing  females  that  are  of  larger 
size  than  the  males.'' 

Now  allowing  the  above  to  he  correct,  how 
inconsistent  is  the  coursp  pursue!  by  most  of 
,ur  farmers.  Every  day  our  eyes  bear  testimo- 
ny of  the  opposite  course.  We  see  horses  led 
.bout,  the  street  which  have  nothing  but  weight 
of  carcase,  and  perhaps  color,  io  recommend 
hem  to  farmers,  as  stock  to  bread  from.  Let 
such  farmers  aB  would  improve  their  breods  bf 


118 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  16,  1831. 


careful  in  Ilie  selection  of  the  females,  and  re-|  be  upon  their  common  age — not  that  this  point 


member  that  iteady  and  full  feeding  is  one  very 

i-ptportant  part  in  Ilie  improvement  of  stocks  of\ 

all  sorts.  

CULTURE  OF  THE  BIULBERRY. 

We  have  received  a  letter  from  8.  R.  Brad- 
ley,requesting  that  we  would  give  him  instruc- 
tions, through  the  medium  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer,  for  raising  mulberry  trcos  from  seeds, 
with  which  we  most  cheerfully  comply  : 

DIRECTIONS. 

Let  your  ground  be  made  rich  and  fine  with 
deep  spading — prepare  your  beds  as  for  beeti- 
or  carrots,  about  four  foot  wide.  Sow  the 
seed  between  the  middle  o  f  April  and  first  ofj 
May,  in  drills  about  one  foot  apart,  covering 
the  seed  about  an  inch  and  a  half  deep.  In 
from  ten  to  twelve  days,  the  seeds,  if  good 
will  come  up  ;  after  which  they  should  be  kept 
clean  from  weeds  by  weeding  and  hoeing  ;  and 
ihey  should  be  watered  in  dry  weather.  The 
iirst  season  the  young  trees  may  be  left  (stand 
ing  within  an  inch  of  each  other  in  the  rows, 
after  which  they  maybe  thinned, and  those  ta- 
ken up  transplanted.  This  is  found  a  better 
way  of  raising  the  small  plants  than  sowing 
ihem  by  bcoad  cast,  or  planting  them  at  such 
distances  as  they  require,  after  the  first  season. 
If  the  young  trees  are  well  tended,  on  good 
ground,  they  will  do  to  set  after  three  years' 
growth. 

We  assure  Mr.  Bradley  that,  such  inquiries 
are  not  unpleasant  to  us,  and  'we  hope  he  will 
be  equally  ready  to  comply  with  a  request  we 
will  mako  of  him — viz  :  to  keep  a  memorans 
lum  of  the  time  and  manner  of  all  the  differ- 
ent operations  connected  with  raising  young 
mulberry  trees  and  the  success  attending,  and 
at  some  future  day  forward  it  to  us  for  publi- 
cation. 

Simple  facts  respecting  agriculture   or  horti 

cnlture,  are  what  we  are  anxious  at  all  times  to 

obtain.  

DENDROLOGY. 

As  there  has  been,  for  a  long  time,  a  differ- 
ence in  the  opinions  of  scientific  men,  con 
cerning  the  duration  of  vegetable  life  in  plants, 
or  rather  tho  limitation  of  duration  of  a  par 
ticular  variety,  we  were  highly  gratified  by  re- 
ceiving from  Professor  A.  Eaton,  of  Troy,  a 
communication  on  this  subject,  in  which  he  in- 
vites D.  Thomas,  of  Cayuga  oounty,  (who 
holds  a  different  opinion  from  himself,)  to 
come  out  and  discuss  the  subject  publicly  in 
the  Genesee  Fanner. 

Should  these  men  proceed  to  this  discus- 
sion, we  think  (to  Use  tlie  Professor's  own 
words)  that  "  science,  arts,  and  agriculture, 
will  be  profited  by  tho  observations  of  such 
practical  men."  In  the  mean  time  we  would 
suggest  to  Professor  Eaton  the  propriety  of 
his  giviBg  his  views  as  to  the  natural  age  of 
plants,  or  common  time  of  duration,  as  with 
out  something  definite  on  this  point  it  will  be 
difficult  for  our  readers  to  decide  wbioli  has  the 
advantage  in  the  discussion.  For  instance, 
Mr.  E.  says,  "  It  is  well  known  that  a  variety 
of  the  Potato  will  run  ont  or   die  of  old  ago 


could  be  fixed  upon  with  mathematical  accura 
cy,  but  to  suppose  a  time  of  duration,  for  the 
present  purpose. 

WIND  AND  RAIN  STORM. 

Friday,  April  8th,  the  sun  rose  behind  a 
clouded  atmosphere, with  a  shilling  north  wind 
— the  temperature  down  to  freezing,  and  the 
mercury  in  the  barometer  40-lOOths  lower  than 
any  register  hitherto  made  by  us.  It  however 
rose  to  29.08  before  10  o'clock,  and  from  that 
point  began  again  to  sink,  till  before  sun  set  it 
stood  at  28,40.  About  one  o'clock  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  was  suddenly  changed,  from 
IS.  E.  to  S.  and  although  an  elevation  of  tem- 
perature is  invariably  a  consequence  of  a  S 
wind,  yet  none  anticipated  the  great  change 
that  did  oceur  at  this  time.  The  mercury  rose 
in  the  short  space  of  one  hour,  15"  and  stood 
during  the  afternoon  at  about  55°. 

This  wind  reminded  us  of  the  Sirocco  and 
Simoon  of  Africa,  described  by  historians, 
and  although  we  had  no  misgivings  of  its  dele- 
nousness,  yet  we  know  not  but  it  carried  on 
its  bosom  the  invisible  Miasm  that  contamin- 
ates thousands, and  even  a  nation,  at  once.  Our 
atmosphere  seemed  almost  a  vacuum — sounds 
wore  transmitted  with  great  difficulty  in  any 
direction,  except  with  the  wind,  and  oould  on 
ly  be  caught  as  they  apparently  flew  along  the 
void.  The  clouds  seemed  rolled  into  immense 
heaps,  and  approached  near  to  the  earth.  The 
wind  blew  in  small  sudden  gusts,  and  appa. 
rently  at  random,  as  if  undecided,  what  direc- 
tion to  pursue.  Tho  vanes  were  constantly 
whirling  and  shifting   their  indications. 

Thus  things  continued  till  night  enveloped 
i.he  whole  in  thick  darkness,  and  about  eight 
o'clock  a  trenienduous  storm  of  wind  and  rain 
commenced. 

In  violence,  we  have  no  recollection  that  ii 
was  ever  exceeded  in  this  place.  The  rapidi- 
ty with  which  the  rain  fell  through  the  rare 
medium  of  the  atmosphere,  gave  it,  on  reach- 
ing the  earth,  the  force  and  violence  of  bail 
stones.  So  sudden  and  violent  were  the  oc- 
cultations  of  the  wind,  that  the  mercury  of  the 
barometer,  in  a  close  room,  was  very  distinct- 
ly seen  vibrating,  and  slowly  rising. 

The  depth  of  rain  that  fell  measured  about 
G-10  inches,  and  the  ground  in  the  morning 
was  covered  with  snow.  The  wind  continu- 
ed very  high  till  Saturday  evening.anu  subsided 
while  yet  tho  mercury  of  the  barometer  stood 
at  29,00  or  down  to  rain.  An  equilibrium  was 
thus  restored,  while  yet  the  air  remained  ex- 
tremely rarified. 

From  the  great  depression  of  mercury  in 
tho  barometer,  it  was  easy  to  predict  there 
would  be  mighty  winds  and  storms,  and  it  is 
not  a  little  curious  to  witness  the  sensitive- 
ness and  accuracy  of  this  instrument.  Its  in- 
dication this  morning  was  fair,  and  (he  fact 
proves  it  ever  so.  *  »  • 


•r  native  varieties  equally  good  ;  and  it  is  de- 
sirable that  our  native  kinds  should  be  subjec- 
ted to  a  fair  test,  in  order  to  determine  their 
relative  value." 

In  number  ll,2d  line  from  the  bottom  offirst 
column,  first  page, for  Adarason  read  Adanson. 

Sick — We  commence,  in  this  number,  the 
publication  of  an  interesting  letter  from  Das 
Bradley,  Esq.  of  Marcellus,  on  the  cultiva. 
tion  of  Silk,  for  a  copy  of  which  we  are  in- 
debted to  the  anther. 


A  friend  of  ours,  at  the  east,  on  forwarding 
a  package  of  cuttings,  roots,  &c.  writes— •■  I 
also  send  you  two  varieties  of  the  White  Black- 
berry, which  you  will  remember,  are  always 
red  when  they  are  green-"  1 

April.  FLORAL,  CALENDAR- 

9lli— The  Livei  teal  (Hepatica  triloba!  and  Spring 
Beauty,  (Claytonia  virginicd)  are  in  ru II  blossom. 
The  leaves  01' the  Weeping  Willow,  Saliz  baby- 
louica,  aad  several  other  varieties  are  expanding 
—  The  Filbert,  Corytus  avellana.nre  in  full  flow- 
er— The  Poplar,  or  American  Aspen,  Populustri- 
pida,  in  flower. 


CORRECTIONS. 

In  number  11,  page  85,  last  column,  the  4th 
after  being  continued  for  several  years  by  the  J  paragraph  should  read-'' Of  our  native  vane 
,„„,.i,„,t0nnl„  »     M„„,  .r  i,„  to„,,m  .;_. ,u,s'   dl«  Hamsou,  Canfitld,    Wnwsnp,  Grev- 


toot-bads  only."  Now  if  lie  would  give  same 
definite  period  or  namberof  years,  it  would  be 
more  easy  to  decide  whether  it  was  or  was 
not  the  case.  Again,  with  regard  to  froit 
trees,  it  would  Be  better  to  fix  as  rrear  as  may 


CURE    FOIl   CONSUMPTION. 

We  give  place  to  the  following  commnni 
cation  with  much  pleasure.  Mr.  E.  White, 
the  genlleman  whose  signature  is  attached  to 
it,  i9  well  known  to  the  community,  and  the 
utmost  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  any  state- 
ment made  by  him.  The  discovery,  if  after 
hi  ing  fairly  tested,  it  shall  be  found  efficacious 
in  Other  instances,  is  truly  a  valuable  one,  and 
is  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  medical 
men  —  JY  Y.  Com.  Adv. 
1o  the  Editors  of  the  Commercial  Advertiser  : 

Seeing  it  stated  in  your  paper  a  few  weeks 
since,  that  inhaling  the  fumes  of  nitric  acid 
had  been  found  to  cure  the  consumption,  at 
my  suggestion  and  request,  a  worthy  and  in- 
telligent man  who  has  been  for  two  years  past 
in  my  employ,  has,  within  the  last  eight  days, 
given  it  a  trial.  As  no  directions  accompa- 
nied yonr  notice,  the  following  course  was 
adopted: — Under  a  handkerchief,  one  end  ut 
which  rested  on  the  head,  the  olher  left  to 
tall  down  over  the  breasl,  he  held  a  glass  tum- 
bler, having  in  itaboul  a  tea  spoon  full  of  the 
acid  ;  and  breathed  tho  fumes,  thus  prevented 
by  the  handkerchief  from  escaping,  ahout  half 
a.a  hour  at  a  time,  three  times  per  day.  The 
effect  has  been  to  relieve  him  entirely  from  an 
obstinate  cough  of  many  years  slar.vling.  and 
which,  for  the  last  two  months,  bad  b:en  ac- 
companied with  all  the  symptoms  of  a  confirm- 
ed and  rapid  consumption;  all  which  have. 
according  to  present  appearances,  disappeared 
with  the  cough.  How  permanent  this  relief 
may  prove,  time  must  show.  That  others,  la- 
boiing  under  the  like  affection,  may  be  put  in 
early  possession  of  the  above  facts,  and  with  a 
hope  that  relief  may  be  found  therefrom,  Ibis 
communication  is  made  by  request  of  (he  per* 
*son  above  referred  to.         Yours, 

E.  WHITE 

.\.  B.  The  gas  can  only  be  breathed  at  ibe 
mouth— and  lo  prevent  the  eyes  being  affect- 
ed  by  it,  keep  them  closed. 


house,  PonghkoopBie    Russett,  Cooper's  Kus 
seting,  Ruukoian's  Poarmain,    &c.  are  known 
to  ykld  excellent  cider.     The  Harrison,  Wine, 
sap,  and  Rurkman's  Pearuiain,  aro  fmo  for  the 
table  and  kitchen.  We  have  probably  many  olh- 


AFFA1RS  OF  BELGIUM. 

Tlie  napeis  give  the  official  account  eff 
the  profiVrofthe  Belgic  Crown  to  the 
Duke  of  Nemours,  and  tho  reply  of  the 
King,  as  his  guardian,  refusing  it.  This 
answer  very  clearly  shows  tfie  restraint 
under  which  Louis  Philippe  bus  actsd. — 
It  was  the  others,  and  not  the  King  of  the 
French,  who  annulled  the  olection  of  (hv 
Belgic  Congress, 


Vol.  I.— No.   15. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


11«J 


NEWS  OP  THE  \VEEIt. 


LATE  FROM  EUROPE 

London  papera  have  been  received  at  New 
York  to  the  23d  February.  From  these  ivc 
draw  the  conclusion  that  the  moral  and  politi 
cnl  affairs  of  England  have  improved  since 
the  previous  intelligence  frein  tliatcouo.tr), 
and  noiv  wear  the  appearance  of  approaching- 
tranquility  to  the  country,  and  of  firmness  in 
(he  government.  In  speaking-  of  tranqailitj 
ro  the  country,  we  refer  to  its  domestic  rela 
lions.  But  in  regard  to  foreign  matters,  it  is 
not  to  be  coocealed  that  much  pnblic  nnxiet; 
prevails;  and  many  fearful  forebodings  exi6i 
fa  relation  to  what  will  be  the  ultimate  result 
of  the  feverish  moieinents  on  the  continent. 
Jtist  now,  Ireland  appears  more  quiet,  and  il 
would  seem  that  the  Marquis  of  Anglesea  has 
fritwnpUed  in  the  prosecution  of  his  vigerotib 
measures.  Mr.  O'Connell  has  plead  guilti 
to  fhe  irtdietmeot  found  agaiust  him,  aud  the 
"overomeat  deny  all  compromise  on  tiie  mat- 
ter, aud  express  their  determination  net  to 
fnlerfere  with  tlie  jadgment  of  the  law. 

In  France  serious  events  Lave- taken  place, 
a-od  every  day  strengthens  the  conviction  thai 
tha  present  King  can  only  maintain  sway  ovei 
fcis  subj-ecls,  bv  the  actual  prosecution  of  war 
of  some  kiud.  The  public  mind  is  evidently 
in  a  state  of  high  ferment,  and  the  readiues* 
with  which  it  blazed  out  in  the  recent  indig- 
nant attack  upon  the  priesthood,  shows  con- 
cjuaively  that  the  French  people  neither  can 
nor  will  long  remain  inactive.  If  this  restless 
and  active  spirit  finds  vent  in  a  foreign  war. 
the  K'og's  power  will  he  safe  from  intestine 
commotion ;  but  if  it  does  not,  there  is  too 
much  reason  to  fear  that  his  reign  will  be 
short.  In  the  recent  affair  the  priests  deserv 
ed  to  sOffer  for  their  folly  and  fool-hardy  pre- 
sumption. On  bo  occasion  should  the  cere- 
monies of  Cue  i-liurcli  be  prostituted  to  political 
purposes,  and  at  such  a  time,  when  the  public 
•rjiud  was  still  violently  inflamed  against  the 
exiled  femlj,  and  their  hands  still  red  with 
the  blood  a:  tbe  "  tliree  days,"  they  must  have 
known  thai  ;  ch  a  movemeut  would  inevita 
bly  bringdown  the  vengeance  of  the  populace 
upon  their  bends.  The  mobbing  of  the  priests 
and  the  destruction  of  the  churches,  tliOng.li  ■ 
almost  excusable  from  ttie  folly  of  tbe  former 
it  is  to  be  feaied  will  operate  unfortunately 
upon  (he  wel  are  of  the  country.  Nothing 
coulrioutes  rr  ore  to  (he  security  of  govern 
inents,  or  the  i  rue  interests  of  the  people,  than 
well  regulated  religious  institutions,  and  noth 
IDg  more  end;  tigers  these,  than  such  bursts  ol 
popular  fury.  Quiet  has  been  restored  in  Pa- 
ris by  the  aid  of  the  National  Guard.  The 
Russian  army  has  entered  Poland,  and  a  tre 
inendous  conflict  was  daily  anticipated-  The 
oraly  thing  lha  appear*  favorable  to  the  Poles, 
is  their  contin  led  confidence  in  their  ability  i 
tj»  sustain  the  contest  Belgium  is  not  yet 
provided  with  a  King,  and  it  is  n.ow  contem- 
plated to  establish  a  temporary  republic  for 
the  present  exigencies,  until  a  Kiog-  can  be 
chosen,  less  exceptionable  to  the  allied  pow- 
ers than  any  that  has  yet  been  proposed. 

POLAND. 

There  can  be  little  doabt  that  befere  this 
fhere  has  been  severe  fighting  in  this  country. 
The  Poles  seem  to  be  united  and  resolute; 
but  the  operatiocs  of  Debitsch,  as  far  as  they  I 
have  been  reported,  prove  that  iheir  patriotism 
and  resources  would  be  put  to  the  test  without 
delay.  Tfjeir  whole  eastern  line  of  boundary 
has  been  entered  at  various  points,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  accounts.  It  was  said  that  the 
Russian  army  had  suffered  ruucli  on  the  frou  i 
fiefSj  frpm  il-Iness  and  severe   weather.     The 


Poles  anticipated  great  advantages  from  tbe 
humidity  of  the  weather. 

The  latest  accounts  by  tbe  way  of  France 
are  contained  in  Paris  papers  of  the  21st. — 
Dutch  papers  contain  somewhat  varying  state- 
ments, of  cotemporary  dates. 

The  Warsav  Gazette  says  the  young  Jews 
in  the  capital  will  form  a  squadron  of  light 
cavalry. 

Prince  Maximilian  Jablonow*ki  and  Joseph 
Lubowirski,  who,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  revolution  of  the  29th  of  November,  were 
on  their  estates  in  Russia,  were  arrested,  and 
have  been  conveyed  lo  St.  Petersburgh. 

It  appears  that  General  Chlopocki  was  ask- 
ed to  give  his  word  of  honor  that  he  would  not 
quit  Warsaw.  His  reply  was,  "I  shall  re- 
main here,  or  leave,  when  I  thiak  proper  ;  1 
will  not  give  my  parole."  Sentinels  were  im- 
mediately placed  at  certain  distances  round 
his  house. 

The  Loudon  papers  of  the  2&d  of  February, 
notice  the  receipt  of  Hamburgh  papers  to  the 
I5lh.  Tliey  describe  the  enthusiasm  in  Poland 
as  very  great,  An  engagement  of  no  great 
consequence  with  the  Russians,  seeflas  to  have 
taken  place  near  Novogorod  ;  but  the  Poles 
intend  to  have  their  grand  struggle  near  War- 
saw. They  consider  the  early  thaw  as  very 
much  in  their  favur,  as  impeding  the  march  of 
Ihe  Russian  materiel.  The  spirit  in  Prussian 
Poland  is  said  to  have  evineed  itself  id  the 
most  decided  manner  in  favor  of  the  Poles. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  &C. 

THE  subscriber  offers  for  sale  at  his  Nursery,  B 
variety  ot  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Fibrous  and  Bulbous  Roots,  &c,  among 
which  are  Applae,  Peaches,  Pears,  a  low  Cherries, 
Locust,  Catalpu,  Weeping  Willow,  GlediiEchia  or 
Honey  Locust,  Rose  Acassia  or  Moss  Locust,  Fir, 
Mountain  Ash,  Suow  Ralls,  Lilacs  of  difiereut  spe- 
cies, Paper  Mulberry,  a  variety  of  Roses,  Honey 
buckles.  Tulips,  Crown  Imperials,  Hyacinths,  Lil- 
lies,  and  many  others.  Also  a  few  Green  House 
Plants.  Communications  received  thro'  the  Roch- 
ester post  office,  aud  Trees  delivered  in  Rochester 
without  charge.  SILAS  CORNELL. 

LindenHill,(4  miles  N  W  of  Rochester)  3d  mo  20. 

*»*  Orders  lor  the  above  may  be  left  at  the  Office 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer.  Frf    mar26 


THE  ALBASY  NURSERY 

NOW  contains  177  varieties  of  the  Apple,  12G  of  the 
Pear,  50  of  tile  Plum,  27  of  the  Cherry.  30  of  the  1'earJi, 
40  of  the  Grape,  drc. — Apricots,  Nectarines,  Quinces, 
Strawberries,  OooselicrrieB,  Raspberries,  Currants,  fyc 
— woro  than  14G  varieties  of  hardy  Hoses,  and  oilier  de- 
sirable varieties  of  Ornamental  Shrubs  and  Trees,  and 
Herbaceous  and  Green  Uouse  Plants,  of  vigorous  growth 
and  in  tine  couditioofor  tjransulauting.  Tuberoses,  Dah- 
lias, Foirarius,  Jacobean  Lillies,  and  other  tender  roots, 
should  be  planted  in  May,  aud  now  is  the  time  to  order 
thein.    Orders  solicited,  and  Catalogues  furnished  gratis 

Albany,  March,  1831.  BUKL  and  WILSON. 

itil9   Orders  will  be  received  by  LUTHER  TUCKKK. 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

fur  tjie  week  ending  Aprils,  1831 . 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER, 

AND  GARDENER:  S  JOURNAL 

THIS  Paper  has  now  been  pubhshed  three 
months,  and  tho  reception  it  has  met  with 
from  the  public  has  been  such  that  the  Pub- 
lisher has  made  permanent  arrangements  with 
Mr.  N.  Goodeell,  one  of  the  Corresponding 
Secretaries  of  the  Monroe  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, to  lake  charge  of  tho  Editorial  depart- 
ment, who,  from  Ilia  long  experience  in  this 
country  in  the  different  branchen  of  Farming, 
Gardening,  and  the  cultivation  of  Nurseries 
and  Flowers,  and  from  a  tour  made  on  tbe 
continent  of  Europe,  with  a  view  to  observe  the 
progress  of  those  sciences  in  Ihe  "  Old  world,' 
the  publisher  flatters  himself  will  be  able  from 
his  practical  knowledge,  to  conduct  the  Fat;- 
mer  in  such  a  manner,  as  to  give  it  a  high 
rank  among  the  Agricultural  papers  of  oui> 
country. 

Tbe  Farmer  is  printed  in  Rochester,  (N.  Y.) 
every  Saturday,  in  a  quarto  form,  on  fine  pa- 
per aud  fair  type,  making 41G  pages  a  year,  be- 
sides a  Title  Page  and  Index,  at  &3  60,  paya 
ble  in  six  months,  or  $2,  if  paid  in  advance. 

Subscribers  can  be  supplied  with    the  num 
hers  from  the  commencement. 

Any  person  obtaining  five  subscribers  and 
forwarding  the  money  for  them,  will  be  enti- 
tled to  a  sixth  copy  for  one  year. 

LUTHER  TUCKER. 

Rochoster,  April,  1831. 

Front  the  Albany  Argus. 

I  have  examined  the  eleven  numbers  oft.be 
Genesee  Fanner,  printed  at  Rochesier  ;  ami 
have  do  hesitation  in  recommending  it  to  tips 
patronage  of  the  public,  as  eminently  calcu- 
lated to  promote  the  agricultural  and  horlicul- 
lural  interest  of  tbe  state.     JESSE  BUEL. 

Albany,  March  28,   1831. 

FJj*  Printers  who  will  give  the  above  a  faiv 
insertions,  will  much  oblige  the  publisher,  and 
the  favor  will  be  returned  whenever  an  oppor- 
tunity occurs.  

SEED  STORE. 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  Willi  Mr.  N.  Qaodsell. 
Editor  of  the  Gcuesee  Farmer,  have  made  arrangements 
to  supply  this  village  and  the  siirruunujilg  country  with 
every  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
SeedB,  together  with  Fruit  anil  Shade  Trees, Grape  Roct-s, 
Flower  Pots,  Gardeu  Toots,  etc.  Orders  will  he  recei- 
ved for  Trees  and  other  articles,  from  the  following  Nu  r. 
series  and  Seed  Stores  : — Prince's,  and  PurmeutUr's 
Long  Island;  Floy's,  Wilson's,  Tborbulu'a.  and  A. 
Smith  and  Co. 's,  New  York;  Duel's,  Albany;  and  Lan- 
dreth's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  winch  are  left  previous 
to  the  1st  of  April,  will  be  filled  as  soon  as  the  canal  o- 
pens.  As  the  subscribers  intend  gradually  lo  csiablbjfi 
..»  extensive  Seed  Store,  they  tiust  that  the  friends  of 
Agrioullure  and  Horticulture  in  this  vicinily,  will  rendev 
them  all  the  facilities  a  ndeucoui  age memsiu  I  be ir  power. 

A  NURSEtlY,  under  the  control  of  Mr  Goodsell,  is 
now  in  progress,  from  which  many  first- rate  Trees  and 
Grape  Vines  may  be  selected  for  this  spring's  transplajlf- 
ing  mar  19  ROSSlTtSil  and  KNOX. 


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Observations 


ultry 
(J  10  inches  raiu 

ggy — hard  frost 
1.-1G 
2  10 


barom  eter  s-Hso  23,40 
0-10  inches  raru 
2-10  ia—ssow  1  iu 
soow  2  iuebes 


<X3*Thc  Barometrical  and  ThcrmomctTtcal  obsfrta 
tions  arc  registered  at  10  ^clock  A  M.  (tnd  P.  itf.,  ichikJ' 
by  a  tuvg  series  of  ezperimcilts  made  for  ike  purpose, 
show  (but  time  to  give  a  nearer  mtua  Qverege  of  tfyi 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  tijne. 


[IT  Several  communications   have   been  re- 
ceived, wjiieh  will  appear  ce.xc  week. 


TO  OUR  FRIENDS  IN  THE  WEST, 

Oa  the  banks  of  tat  Caual^in  and  about  jilb any ■ 
Twelve  vears  ago,  there  came  forth  a  hoist  of  Seerfa- 
rarOD,  with  Cohbett  at  their  head,  tpealuug  great  swell1 
iug  words — ibey  promised  much — tbey  performed  noth- 
ing. From  a  panting  of  fifteen  dollars,  th>e  preseut state 
tif  our  establishment  will  sjiow  what  good  seeds,  good 
soil,  and  good  cultivation  will  produce. 

For  tbe  accommodation  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
ititend,  (nothing  extra  preventing)  to  op*;i.  u  Seed,  Flaxt 
and  Flower  Root  Store,  at  No.  347  North  Market  street, 
oo  the  Gib  d.iy  of  April  next,  opposite  the  building  into 
which  the  post  office  is  to  be  removed  on  or  before  tfic 
Ut  of  Miiy,  within  a  few  doors  of  the  Museum,  and  within 
pisU>l  shi'i  of  the  five  banks.  The  business  iu  Albany  HvilJ 
bo  ceudueted  by  one  of  my  sons,  and  the  store  suppli?*'. 
witiithe  same  goods,  and  at  tbe  same  pricos  at  u  Uich  ivn 
sell  io  New  York.  As  we  derive  our  supplies  more  or 
less  from  every  qaarter  of  tbe  globe,  w  e  think  it  will  l*c 
a  fjicility  to  the  ugriculturist.  as  well  as  profitable  to 
the  conKeruexl.  Iftucy70iJi  beep  pace  with  the  ability, 
and  Providence  smiles  on  the  undertaking,  I  see  DotbiDj,' 
to  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  to  the  same  exten- 
sive footing  iu  Albany  as  tbe  mother  store  inNew  York  : 
fur,  while  the  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  flowers  and 
the  blossoms, and  the  rivers  and  tbe  ocean  curry  our  secy's 
to  every  clime,  so  in  Albany  the  ta£te  wants  only  foyd, 
aud  ricbcn  are  already  there  in  abundance:  while  tru; 
eaual  conveys  the  seeds  to  the  Lube  Superior,  the  greai 
Western  Road  will  transport  them  fur  towards  the  set- 
ting suu.  Nothing  that  gr.od  seeds  and  r.LtcJition  lobb-i- 
iuess  cau  pcforui,  will  be  wanting  uii  our  part  to  mat; 
the  public  oxjicstyUo,0 
up  IG  ::t  G-  TnOPvCyK--^  :\v.i  S<JN;:- 


120 


THE  OKiVESEE  FARMER 


April  16,  1881, 


LKTTR.iK   FROM  EUROPE. 

LETTER  VIII. 

Paris,  January  15,  IS31. 

Mij  dear  H There  is  no  doubt  that  King 

Louis  Philipe  is  at  the  height  of  p  puiar'ty 
with  the  nation  Ho  seems  to  understand, 
perhaps  even  better  than  Napoleon  did,  the 
oharaclcr  of  the  French,  and  lie  is  extremely 
assiduous  in  addressing  himself  to  their  good 
opinion.  The  stability  of  his  Government 
must,  no  doubt,  to  some  extent,  depend  on 
events  beyond  his  own  control.  The  French 
are  naturally  a  warlike  people.  They  are  fond 
of  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of  war,  and  are 
fascinated  with  the  glory  which  results  from 
it.  In  the  absence  of  almost  every  thins  like 
religious  sentiment,  they  are  brave,  because 
they  have  a  perfect  contempt  ol  death;  and  it 
is  only  to  beat  the  drum  and  sound  the  trum- 
pet, to  call  around  the  standard  of  their  court 
try  the  best  blood  and  muscle  of  a  chivalrous 
nation)  Napoleon  practised  on  this  strung  trait 
of  character  too  far — the  people  at  length  be- 
oame  tired,  and  even  satiated  with  glory,  and 
they  began  to  turn  their  attention  to  commerce 
and  to  the  useful  arts  and  trades — a  disposiiion, 
by  the  way,  which  be  did  much  to  encourage, 
while  he  left  them  but  little  leisure  for  the 
pursuit.  The  policy  of  the  present  King  is 
wholly  pacific,  and  it  seems  to  me  that  the 
danger  is   that  he  will  not  give  his  people  a- 

lnusement  enough   in   the    way  they  desire. 

Whenever  this  suggestion  is  made  here,  the 
reply  is.  that  the  character  of  the  French  is 
ohanged,  and  they  desire  now  nothing  so  much 
as  to  bo  permitted  to  pursue  their  useful  or  el- 
egant occupations  in  peace  and  quiet.  lam  not 
satisfied  that  this  is  strictly  true  There  is, 
doubtless,  more  love  of  mere  comfort,  and,  in 
deed,  mere  love  of  gain  in  France  now.  than 
existed  thiriy  years  ago.  Both  the  English 
and  the  Americans,  who  have  come  among 
them,  have  taught  them  lesBonson  this  subject 
by  which  they  have  profited  ;  and  it  is  certain 
that  the  great  body  of  those  who  are  engaged 
in  the  accumulation  of  profits  from  trade" or 
personal  industry,  do  not  like  to  be  disturbed 
in  their  employments — but  it  is  to  my  mind 
equally  certain,  that  this  taste  for  business  is 
far  from  being  universal.  The  French  aro 
light-hearted  and  gay,  and  by  this  time,  they 
have  forgotten  the  calamities  they  endured  in 
former  conflicts  ;  they  lovo  to  point  lo  the 
monuments  of  their  national  glory,  and  thev 
sigh  for  the  opportunity  of  adding  to  the  num- 
ber of  these  monuments.  Young  men  of  birth, 
education  and  fortune,  and  (he  ambitious  of  all 
classes,  look  to  the  army  and  the  field,  as  the 
source  of  distinction,  and  they  hardly  recognise 
any  other  glory,  than  that  which  flows  "from 
military  achievement. 

In  this  condition  ot  the  French  people,  the 
mighty  preparations  for  war  which  the  King 
is  now  making  from  the  necessity  of  the  cas", 
are  to  be  iookod  on  as  fortunate  or  otherwise! 
according  as  tho  conflict  shall  come  or  not.  A 
successful  war  would  consolidate  and  strength- 
en his  Government  more  than  Rny  event  which 
could  happen,  by  giving  employment  to  the 
restless  spirits  of  the  day,  and  especially,  by 
giving  the  King  in  person,  an  opportunity  to 
illustrate  his  name  and  character  Louis  Phil 
ipo  has  nothing  more  to  dread,  at  present,  than 
the  gratification  of  his  desiro  to  lead  a  quiet 
life,  on  account  of  tho  impression  which  would 
follow  thai  his  character  is  made  up  of  nothing 
better  than  negative  qualities.  The  French 
are  proud  of  their  country,  and  thoy  must  have 
occasion  too,  to  be  proud  of  their  King,  or  Lhey 
will  not  be  satisfied  with  him.  It  is  certainly 
oreditable  to  the  King  thai  feelings  of  human 
ity  lead  bim  to  revolt  at  tho  prospect  of  war, 
and  to  use  his  best  exertions  to  prevont  it,  even 
while  he  does  not  entertain  a  doubt,  as  I  have 
reason  to  think,  that  a  war  would  do  more  to 
render  his  reign  permanent  and  secure,  than 
every  thing  else 

It  is  true,  he  may  settlo  down  firmly  in  his 
seat  on  the  throne,  without  any  such  aid,  and 
the  nruspoct  is   that  ho  will,    ABlhaveBaid 


already  he  seems  to  understand  the  character 
of  his  people,  unless,  indeed,  be  is  in  danger  ol 
relying  too  much  on  the  change  to  which  1 
have  alluded.  He  certainly  knows  how  to  hu 
mor  their  improved  taste  for  simplicity,  and 
the  tendency  of  their  sentiments  towards  re- 
publicanism The  style  of  his  court  is  made 
to  conform,  as  far  as  possible,  to  the  existing 
st  ite  of  things,  an  .  every  member  of  his  family 
is  taught  how  he  may  best  address  himself  to 
the  partialities  of  the  people.  His  sons,  for 
inst.ii.ee,  appear  in  the  racks  of  the  National 
Guards  as  common  soldiers,  undistinguished 
in  any  particular  from  their  fellows  ;  aud  he 
himself,  wholiy  unguarded  und  unattended, 
often  mingles  with  the  people,  and  shakes  the 
commonest  among  them  who  desire  it,  cordial- 
ly by  the  hand. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  only  internal  causes 
of  disturbance  to  the  Government  to  be  appre- 
hended, are  those  which  may  arise  out  of  the 
growing  spirit  of  republicanism.  I  have  more 
thfcn  once  beard  the  opinion  freely  broached, 
and  that  too,  by  men  of  talent  and  understand- 
ing, (hat  the  existence  ol  hereditary  power,  in 
any  branch  of  the  Government,  was  wholly 
inconsistent  with  the  genuine  principles  of  ra- 
tional liberty  I  have  even  heard  it  boldly  said 
that  the  present  composition  of  the  Govern- 
ment was  an  anomaly,  which  could  not  con 
tinue.  These  sentiments  are  aimed  principally 
at  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  but  they  mean  more 
than  that.  These  persons  speak  ot  the  present 
order  of  things  as  a  necessary  evil,  to  exist 
while  the  necessity  lasts,  and  no  longer.  The 
example  of  the  United  Stales  is  constantly  be- 
fore thern,  and  they  6ee  nothing  in  the  condi- 
tion of  this  people  which  does  not  qualify  them 
for  a  free  and  elective  Government,  in  all  its 
departments  I  am  satisfied  that  ouch  opin- 
ions are  held  by  great  numbers,  and  in  many 
instances  by  very  respectable  and  talented  per- 
sons. For  my  cif,  I  cannot  regard  the  French 
people  so  favorably,  as  to  believe  that  they  are 
yet  in  a  moral  coadition  to  fit  them  for  self- 
government.  If  lhere  were  no  other  reason, 
llieir  infidelity  would  be  enough.  They  are  a 
nation  of  atheists,  however  hard  it  may  be  to 
say  so.  The  French  philosophers  of  the  last 
century  have  stamped  their  infidel  principles 
so  strongly  on  the  mind  of  the  nation,  that  not 
a  ray  of  religious  light  can  penetrate  it.  I 
need  not  tell  an  American,  that  free  lnstitu^ 
tions  cannot  exist  where  the  virtues  of  perso- 
nal religion  are  wanting.  1  am  compelled  to 
say  therefore,  though  with  deep  regret,  that  in 
my  judgment,  by  just  so  much  as  the  standard 
of  religion,  virtue  and  morality  in  France  fulls 
below  that  of  these  qualities  in  the  U.  States, 
by  so  much  must  the  strength  of  the  execu- 
tive arm  of  the  Government  in  this  country, 
exceed  that  of  the  chief  magistrate  in  ours,  and 
by  so  much  must  the  freedom  of  the  people 
here  be  abridged 

With  a  few  of  the  more  intelligent  ropubli 
cans  of  Paris,  (his  sentiment  is  understood  and 
ackuowledged,  to  a  limited  extent — to  such  an 
extent  I  am  apt  to  believe,  as  will  forbid  any 
organized  attempt  against  the  Government,  on 
their  part,  at  least  for  a  considerable  period  ol 
time.  In  the  mean  while,  they  will  keep  alive 
the  spirit  of  free  institutions  and  gladly  step  in 
to  direct  the  destinies  of  their  country,  when- 
ever thoy  can  be  satisfied  that  it  is  ripe  for  fur- 
ther reform. 

The  classes  of  republicans  below  these,  are 
ready  to  try  the  experiment  now,  and  are  only 
restrained  by  the  military  arm  of  the  Govern- 
ment— especially  is  ibis  true  of  the  lower  or- 
ders. Fortunaloly,  they  are  comparatively 
powerless.  This  very  day,  a  mass  of  pop 
ulation  assembled  near  the  Barriere  de  la 
Glaciero,  and,  breathing  out  republicanism, 
threatened  to  march  on  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties. Tho  sennncls  wore  immediately  doub- 
led, and  a  largo  force  of  the  National  Guards 
have  been  on  duty.  The  mob  is  now  disper 
sed,  and  every  thing  is  quiet  again  It  is  evi- 
dent that  the  quiet  of  the  country  must  be  oft- 
en dis.urbod  in  this  way,  and  perhaps,  in  some 
instances,  much  more  seriously;  but,  on  tho 


wuole,  I  do  not  believe  ilia:  'here  is.  or  will  be 
very  soon,  any  general  concert  of  the  republi- 
can party  against  the  Government  of  the  King. 

Of  the  Carlists  and  Bonapartists,  little  need 
be  said  It  is  utterly  impossible  that  the  Bour« 
bona  should  ever  return  to  France  It  is  as- 
tonishing that  that  family  should  have  been  tol- 
erated so  long,  when  the  universality  of  sen» 
timent  against  them  is  considered.  The  opin» 
ion?  of  the  people  may  be  said  to  be  unanim- 
ous  ua  this  point  \  miserable  remnant  of  the 
ancient  noblesse,  for  the  most  part  impovem 
ished  and  degraded,  Is  all  that  remains  of  the 
power  of  CharleB  in  the  kingdom.  Indeed,  so 
low  is  this  party  fallen,  that  the  most  import- 
ant personage  in  it  at  present,  is  a  ci  decant 
valet  de  chambre  of  the  Dutchess  of  Berri,  who 
has  been  in  Paris  for  6ome  weeks,  and  has  jost 
now  succeoded,  after  a  course  of  labored  eff  ,,t, 
in  throwing  into  his  behaviour  so  much  impu- 
dence as  to  cause  his  airest. 

The  state  of  public  sentiment  here,  towards 
the  family  of  Napoleon,  and  towards  his  mem- 
ory, is  highly  interesting  and  curious  They 
love  his  name  with  as  much  enthusiasm  ae 
ev-r — they  adore  his  memory  for  the  glory 
which  he  shed  on  France — and  yet  if  he  were 
alive  and  in  Paris  10-day,  they  would  not  trust 
him  with  a  modicum  of  power.  The  truth  is, 
that  from  the  hour  of  his  last  abdication  to  tho 
present  time,  France  has  been  growing  in  re- 
publican sentiment,  and  much  as  they  love 
glory,  and  most  of  all  such  glory  as  Napoleon 
gave  and  would  give  them,  yet  they  would  not 
purchase  it  at  the  expense  of  freedom.  The 
present  King  seems  to  be  fully  aware  of  this, 
and  so  far  from  throwing  obstacles  in  the  v.ay, 
he  has,  as  yet,  rather  encouraged  every  thing 
which  has  been  done  and  is  doing,  to  revive 
and  cherish  the  name  and  the  glories  of  the 
Bonapartean  dynasty.  All  the  monuments, 
paintings  and  statues  illustrative  of  the  scenes 
and  exploits  of  that  period,  which  the  late 
reigning  family  had  taken  so  much  pains  to 
remove  and  hide  away  from  public  observation, 
are  now  in  tho  act  of  being  brought  back  and 
restored  to  their  respective  places.  Even  the 
brazen  statue  of  the  Emperour,  which  was 
made  to  descend  from  its  proud  elevation  on 
the  triumphal  column  in  the  P'ace  Vendome, 
will  resume  its  position  there.  Th  >  busts,  en- 
gravings and  lithographs  of  Napoleon  are  even 
more  common  in  the  shop  windows  than  those 
of  Louis  Philipe  Besides  this,  there  are  no 
less  then  three  principal  theatres  of  Paris, 
where  draraatie  representations  of  the  Emperor 
and  the  principal  eventB  of  his  life,  are  exhib- 
ited, night  after  night,  to  houses  crowded  to 
excess.  I  nave  myself  witnessed  one  of  them, 
and  nothing  could  be  more  imposing  ilian  the 
spectacle  You  see  him,  the  soldier  of  Corsica 
and  the  adventurer  ;  the  Lieutenant,  the  Gen- 
eral, the  Consul,  and  the  Emperor — you  see 
him  in  battle,  you  see  him  erowner1.  ;  you  sec 
him  in  his  adieus  at  Fontainbloau,  you  see  him 
die  at  St.  Helena.  It  was  curious  to  witness 
all  this,  and  to  mirk  tho  intense  interest  of  the 
masses  who  had  crowded  to  tho  spectacle  ;  to 
listen  to  the  shouts  of  deafening  applause  when 
the  crown  desconded  on  his  head  ;  'o  see  the 
fast-flowing  and  undisguised  tear  falling  from 
every  eye,  and  hear  the  audible  sob  from  hun- 
dreds and  hundreds  of  bosoms,  at  the  closing 
scenes — an(j  ye(  (0  know,  that,  were  he  really 
before  them  at  that  moment  in  lull  life,  per- 
haps not  one  single  voice  in  tha'  vast  assem- 
blage would  be  heard  to  welcome  him  back  to 
his  country.  Napoleon  lived  at.  precisely  the 
right  period  for  hif  q^n  fame,  and  for  the  "lo- 
ry of  France.  At  the  present  day,  lie  could 
not  govern  hero  on  any  terms,  and  the  exist- 
ing government  has  nothing  to  apprehend 
from  the  love  and  veneration  with  winch  his 
name  and  family  are  regarded  by  tho  nation. 
I  am  sorry  that  some  of  the  King's  ministers 
are  not  of  this  opinion,  and  that  they  are  pre- 
paring a  law  project  for  the  Chambers,  by 
which  tho  theatrical  representations  to  which 
I  havo  referred  are  to  be  suppressed.  It  would 
not  be  surprising  if  some  commotion  should 
grow  out  of  this  attempt.     Adieu,  B. 


wmm  mmmmmm  wm&mmm* 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  APRIL  23,    1831. 


NUMBER    16 


THE    GENESEE    FARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture.  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo- 
my, &c.  &c. 
N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 
Published  on  Saturdays,  fit  $2  50  per  annum, 
payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  if  paid  at  the 
time  of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tucker,  at 
?he  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


COIC1UUNXCATXON& 


NURSERTMEN. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Mr.  Editor — Although  I  do  not  wish  to 
palliate  the  vices  of  nurserymen,  I  hope  I  shall 
be  pardoned  fo'  showing,  that  some  of  the  e- 
vils  which  your  correspondent,  in  the  Farmer 
of  the  19th,  enumerates  is  among  the  tricks  of 
the  trade,  are  really  unavoidable,  and  do  not 
merit  the  censure  which  he  seems  disposed  to 
bestow  upon  them. 

It  is  a  common  and  justifiable  practice  to 
Insert  in  a  Catalogue,  all  the  plants  which  a 
nurseryman  has  for  sale,  though  the  number  of 
some  varieties,  fit  for  sale  may  not  exceed  ten. 
or  even  two.  The  first  order  may,  and  often 
does,  exhaust  one  or  more  of  these  varieties  ; 
and  it  is  a  common  occurrence,  that  before  a 
new  catalogue  is  printed,  one  quarter,  one 
third,  and  even  the  half  of  an  assorment  ad 
vertised,  is  exhausted  Disappointment  is  the 
inevitable  consequence.  Of  gonv  varieties 
not  ten  plant?  are  sold  in  «o  many  years, while 
of  others  hundred?  and  thousands  are  required 
in  one  year ;  and  it  is  impossible  for  any  man 
to  anticipate  the  public  taste,  in  regard  to 
jruits  and  plants.  1  have  had  thousands  of  a 
variety  of  the  apple  on  hand  for  years,  without 
the  prospect  of  selling  them;  yet  in  a  single 
season  the  whole  have  been  taken  off,  and  yet 
the  demand  remained  unsatisfied.  Again,  I 
obtained  in  1825  a  number  of  esteemed  foreign 
pears,  and  propagated  them  to  the  extent  of 
thf  expected  demand.  They  were  but  seldom 
ask  d  for,  until  public  attention  was  awaken- 
ad  to  their  value,  when  the  demand  became 
ao  busk  as  soon  to  exhaust  tde  stock,  and  to 
render  it  necessary  to  wait  to  have  them  grow 
from  the  graft  or  the  hut!  before  other  custo 
mers  could  be  served,  Lass  year  our  plavrs 
ot  one  of  tho  highest  priced  roses  exceeded 
300.  Now  we  have  not  one  in  a  saleable  con- 
dition. Last  autuntii  a  gentleman  from  Now 
Jersey  bought  100  Vsrgaleu  pears;  and  we 
have  cow  his  order  for '500  more,  all  for  hi- 
own  ground.  I  might  multiply  facts  to  show, 
{•hat  the  nurseryman  is  not  always  in  fault  if 
he  <■  .iino!  furnish  the  plant?  he  has  advertised. 
lint  he  substitutes,  says  }  our  correspondent, 
and  ofien,  those  which  we  do  not  want.  This 
is  certainly  an  evil,  where  the  purchaser  is  an 
amateur,  and  has  already  a  collection;  but  to 
the  beginner,  who  wants  a  number  of  plants 
to  place  in  his  grounds,  it  is  often  a  bene- 
fit ;  for  the  trade  are.  generally  the  best  judg- 
es of  fruit ;  and  if  they  are  honest  they  will 
never  substitute  inferioi  kinds.  It  is  not,  how- 
ever, a  general,  and  I  think  not  a  common  prac- 
tice, to  substitute,  where  this  latitude  is  not 
given. 

Until  we  have  a  standard  nomenclature  of 
out  fruits,  and  far  more  experienced  nursery 
men,  1  am  afraid  the  evil  of  selling  the  same 
varieties  under  different  mimes  will  continue 
to  prevail.  There  is  probably  not  a  nursery- 
man in  the  United  Fiates.  tvho  has,  in  a  bear- 
ing state,  one  half  of  the  varieties  which  he 
sells,  or  who  indeed  has  ever  seen  the  fruits 
of  one  half  of  them.  They  introduce  and 
propagate  them  from  their  high  public  repute, 
or  on  the  recommendation  of  friends  or  am- 
ateurs, often  the  same  kind  under  different 
names,  and  years  often  elapse  before  they  de- 
tect tbe  synonymes.     In  1822  I  procured  three 


plants  of  the  Hagloe  Crab  from  a  nursery 
of  repute,  and  propagated,  planted  and  sold 
thein  for  eight  years  before  I  discovered  that 
they  were  nothing  more  nor  less  than  Hugh's 
Crab.  In  a  list  of  cions  received  from  the 
garden  of  London  Horticultural  Society,  in 
1825,  I  find  different  names  given  to  what  is 
described  in  the  Pomological  Magazine  as  the 
same  fruit.  That  Society  has  been  engaged  13 
years  in  cultivating  and  comparing  fruils,  and 
yet  they  admit,  in  their  printed  catalogues. that 
they  have  made  but  comparatively  little  prog- 
ress in  settling  their  nomenclature.  How  can 
a  humble  individual,  then,  expect  to  arrive  at 
perfection  in  this  intricate  branch  of  Horti- 
culture. A   Nurseryman. 


for  the  genisee  farmer. 
Instead  of  welcoming  M.  Floy  as  a  new 
correspondent,  to  the  columns  of  The  Genesee 
Farmer,  which  as  a  reader  interested  in  the 
paper,  1  should  feel  much  disposed  to  do,  I  re- 
gret that  it  has  devolved  on  me  to  point  out 
some  mistakes  into  which  he  appears  to  have 
fallen.  In  performing  this  duty  I  hope  he  will 
he  satisfied,  however,  that  I  have  no  other  ob 
jeci  than  to  have  these  matters  set  right. 

That  he  ha?  mistaken  me   for  the  Editor  of 
the  Genesee  Farmer,  is  of  little   consequence, 
neither  is  the   error  of  supposing   that  we  can 
gel  vegetable  earth  from  "  the   mountains"  of 
ihe   Genesee   Country    of  much  greater  mo 
ment.     We  can  readily  procure  it  in  almost  a- 
ny  part  of  our   extensive   plains  ;  and  his  ad 
vice  is  excellent  as  contrasted  with  the  com 
inon   practice.       Some  horticulturists  of  this 
district,  indeed,  when  preparing  to  plant  theii 
fruit  gardens, have  directed  the  holes  to  be  dug 
6  feet  across  and  2  feet  deep,  throwing  back 
the  subsoil,  and  filling  in  straw,  corn  sialks,  po- 
taio  tops,  &c.  in  alternate  layers,  with  sods  or 
the  rich  vegetable  soil ;  and  also  cart  "  muck" 
into  their  gardens  from   adjacent  woods,  pre 
ferringit  to  the  manure  fiom  the  barn  yard.  But 
no  person  will  doubt   M.  Floy's  skill  as  a  gar- 
dener. 

I  cannot  say  that  the  black  larch  may  not  be 
found  in  our  swamps,  and  a  more  particular  ex- 
amination is  recommended  to  our  botanists  ;  but 
I  cultivate  the  red  larch  from  such  localities, and 
from  the  dry  grounds  adjoining.  It  bear 
roundish  cones  of  a  fine  red  color.  Before  the 
woods  are  thinned  by  the  ax,  this  tree  isconfi 
ned  to  the  swamps.  When  an  opening  is  made 
which  is  not  disturbed  by  the  plough,  young 
trees  spring  up  or.  the  dry  lands  adjacent.  Ii 
might  be  inferred  from  M.  Fioy's  remarks  that 
the  black  larch  would  not  glow  on  dry  ground  ; 
yet  in  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  plants,  sandy 
loam  is  noted  as  the  proper  soil  for  both  these 
species. 

I  doubt  not  that  the  weeping  willow  may 
be  successfully  transplanted;  but  I  failed  in 
several  attempts,  even  in  good  ground.  Yet 
my  notice  was  not  intended  to  denounce  the 
practice,  but  to  show  that  .nether  and  cheaper 
method  had  been  more  successful.  In  the  vi- 
cinity of  New  York  such  a  nonce  would  be  un 
necessary,  because  its  adaptation  to  that  cii 
mate  is  well  known;  but  the  weeping  willow 
is  less  cultivated  here  than  some  olher  exotm 
shade  trees. 

M.  Floy's  great  mistake  is,  however,  in  as 
serting  that  "  it  is  not  the  winter  that  kills  av- 
tumnplavtrd  shrubs  ;  it  is  the  spring  that  kill* 
them"  He  appears  not  to  be  aware  of  the 
great  difference  between  his  climate  and  ours. 
His  explanation  of  ihe  manner  in  which  trees 
sometimes  perish,  I  am  not  disposed  to  contro- 
vert ;  but  that  has  not  been  the  manner  in  which 
my  shrubs  were  damaged.  I  will  state  the 
facts.  Round  Halesia  tctraptera,  Alnus  ghiti 
nosa,  Gordonia  pvhcsctns,  Bignonia  grandiflora 
Hydrangea  quercifolia,  A'c.  late  in  autumn  1 
raised  cones  of  light  earth,  about  15  inches 
high.       The  frost  never  started  one  of  these 


roots  (lor  it  is  doubtful  if  it  ever  penetrates  our 
calcareous  soil  half  as  deep  as  it  does  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  York);  yet  th«  top  of 
every  shrub  was  killed  down  to  the  surface  of 
the  cone.  In  spring,  I  only  removed  or  spread 
those  piles;  and  vigorous  shoots  sprung  from 
those  pa  rts  which  were,  sheltered  by  the  light  earth, 

proving  that  the  lower  part  of  the  plants  had 
sustained  no  injury  whatever.  I  will  more  par- 
ticularly notice  the  English  Alder.  The  length 
of  its  new  branches,  when  added,  was  more 
tian  12  feet;  and  all  these  endured  the  last  win- 
ter without  shelter  of  any  kind,  and  without 
dama  *, 

A  remark  of  my  friend  S.  C.  of  Linden  Hill, 
(Genesee  Farmer,  number  8,)  will  apply  to  the 
loint  in  controversy.  "It  is  not  unfrequent- 
y  the  case,  thai  plants  become  feeble  for  want  of 
experience  in  their  managers,  and  consequently 
perish  by  a  slight  frost,  which  they  would  have 
resisted  had  their  vital  action  been  healthy."  It 
can  make  but  little  difference  whether  the 
plants  suffer  constitutionally  from  improper 
treatment,  or  suffer  from  amputated  roots  and 
branches.  It  is  while  they  are  in  this  feeble 
and  crippled  state,  consequent  to  a  recent  remo- 
val that  many  trees  and  shrubs  denominated 
hardy,  perish  in  winter. 

Tbe  proprietors  of  pleasure  grounds  should 
understand  this  subject.  When  tbe  objects  of 
our  culture  are  damaged,  and  we  mistake  the 
cause  (as  when  the  physician  mistakes  the  di- 
athesis,) no  remedt  can  reasonably  be  expec- 
ted. D.  T. 


FOR  THE   GENESEE  FARMER. 

The  Primrose  is  sometimes  found  among  its 
broad  leaves  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts;  and 
the  Violet  tricolor  appears  al  any  time  when 
s  few  days  of  mild  weather  occur ;  hut  the 
earliest  flower  that  protrudes  through  the  soil  is 
the  snow  drop  (Galanthus  nivalis).  As  in  the 
daysof  Thomson,  so  now 


"  Spring 


Throws  out  the  snow  drop  and  the  Crocus  first." 
The  former  with  its  white  pendant  flower.-, 
contrast  finely  with  the  erect  corols  of  the  lat- 
ter ;  bnt  several  varieties  of  the.  Crocus  also 
present  a  great  contrast  with  each  other  in  color. 
The  clathof  gold,  densely  striped  on  the  back 
of  its  outer  petals  with  brownish  purple,  and 
the  white  flamed^  taller  and  more  delicately  stri- 
ped on  the  outside,  .are  the  earliest.  Then 
appears  the  large  yellow  ;  and  later  the  pure 
while,  and  the  tall  white  and  purple  striped,  vy- 
ing with  the  splendours  of  the  tulip.  Last  of 
all  comes  the  blue-purple  aud  the  dark  blue-pur- 
ple. 

I  can  only  take  notice  of  a  few,  but  the 
species  and  %  arieties  of  the  Crocus  are  very 
numeroi.s.  Bulbocodium  varvum  of  a  roseate 
purple,  will  bloom  along  side  with  the  fragrant 
and  beauiiful  Persian  Iris,  and  the  deep  blue 
pendant  flowers  of  the  Siberian  Squill. 

All  tt.ese  plants  whose  blossoms  are  some- 
times covered  t'p  with  snow,  or  nipped  witli 
'evere  frosts,  are  well  adapted  to  a  covered 
border  ;  and  will  there  bloom  uninjured  while 
the  ground  remains  frozen  without.  Fine  va- 
rieties of  the  polyanthus,  of  tbe  delicate  tlay- 
tonia,  or  of  the  varying  Hepatica,  from  Ihe 
woods,  might  be  added  ;  and  the  florist,  with- 
out the  expense  and  the  care  of  the  green 
house,  may  enjoy  a  portion  of  ihe  fragance  am! 
the  beauty  of  spring  in  advance.  T. 


OIL    FROM  PUMPKINS. 

The  seeds  of  pumpkins  are  most  commonly 
thrown  away;  but  abundance  of  an  excellent 
oil  may  be  extracted  from  them.  When  peel- 
ed, they  yield  much  more  oil  than  an  equal 
quantity  of  flax.  This  oil  burns  well,  gives  a 
lively  light,  and  lasts  longer  than  other  oils, 
and  emits  very  littlo  smoke. 


122 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


April  23.  1831 


CULTURE  OF  iIL,K. 


MR.  BRADLEY'S  LETTER. 

;t. initialled  from  page  115.] 
Having  answered  all  your  interrogatories,  1 
ought,  perhaps,  to  stop.  If  the  subject  did 
not  appear  to  present  more  than  ordinary  claims 
to  attention,  certainly  I  would  not  trouble  you 
with  any  thing  more.  Tin  question,  Can  the 
culture  "of  silk  be  made  a  profitable  business 
in  this  country?  recurs  and  seems  to  isquire 
a  more  detailed  answer.  I  submit  the  follow- 
ing considerations  ;  they  all  have  an  anspi- 
cious  bearing  upon  the  question,  but  the  first 
isentiiled  to  supreme  regard. 

1st.    It   is   ob-ious  that   something  like  the 
culture   of  silk,    f  and  we  know  ofnotbing  that 
can  be  its    substitute)   is  extremely    needed  to 
supply   the   means   of  industry  to  the  children 
and  youth  of  our  country,  especially  of  the  fe- 
male sex.     We  all  see,   and  doubtless  deplore 
the  fact,  that   this   por'ion  of  c  immunity  is,  in 
a  great   measure,   thrown   oui  or  business.     I 
need   not  stop  lo  inquiro  after  the  causes  that 
have  produced  this  state   of  things.     They  are 
obvious.     It   is   enough   for  my  present  pur- 
pose to  know  the   existing  facts.       What,  sir, 
shall  be  done,  that  employment  may   be  found 
for  our  youth?     To   tram  ihein  up  in  habits  of 
indolence,  will  contravene   all  the  sound  max 
ims  of  morality,  and  politic.il   economy.     And 
besides,  a  large  majority  of  families  absolute- 
ly need   tho    available   industry   of  their   chil- 
dren.    The  culture  of  silk,  if  generally  intro- 
duced, would  nappily  supply  the  desideratum. 
2d.    It  being  ascertained   that    the  mulberry 
tree  tows   well    in  our  soil,  and   that  our  cli- 
mate°is  congenial  with  t!ie  silk  worm  it  seems 
reasonable  to  conclude,  that  silk  may  be  pro- 
duced in   this   country    to  as  good  profit  as  in 
3ny  other.     We  are  assured  that,  in  countries 
whee  its  culture  prevails,  it  brings  far  greater 
profits,  than  are  derived  from  any  other  bran- 
ches of  industry  ;  that    even  in  Italy,   a  coun- 
try of  fine  soil,  capable  of  producing  the  choi- 
cest fruits  of  the  earth,  the  produce  of  silk   is 
of  twice  the  value  of  .IF the  other  products  of 
agriculture  put  together.       Air.  L).  Homeigue, 
whose  name   I  have  mentioned,    tells  u»,  that 
Count  Dandulio,  a  nobleman  of  Italy,  does  not 
hesitate  to  affirm,  thai  there  is   no  production 
of  the  earth,  in   he  markets  of  Europe,  which, 
compared    to   its  natur.l  value  or  prime  cost, 
offers   to    the   producer  a   greater   nett  profit 
than   the   article   of  silk.     It   is  supposed  the 
noble  Count  meant  to   include  those   most  fa. 
vored  climes,  where  grow  the  sugar  cane,  the 
cotton  plant,  the  vine,  and  the  olive  tree.     If 
this  be  truo.   what  encouragements  are  presen- 
ted to  the  American  silk  cultunst  !       Indeed, 
so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn,  it  is  a  con- 
ceded  fact,  that  wherever  the  culture  of  silk 
has  been  vigorously    prosccuied.   il  has  never 
failed  to  produce   wealth.     It  ha*   converted, 
almost  as  by  nrigic,  barren  district^    and   dis- 
tricts of  poverty,  into  ilie  abodes  of  affluence 
and  luxury. 

3J.  It  requires  little  effort,  little  skill,  and 
liltle  capital,  to  commence  and  carry  on  the 
culture  of  silk.  Any  .nan,  who  can  avail 
himself  of  one  aero  of  ground  for  the  growth 
of  mulberry  trees,  may  go  mto  this  business, 
and  pursue  it,  on  a  scale  sufficiently  large  to 
make  linn  rich.  I  have  seen  different  em- 
ulates of  tin;  quantity  of  land,  necessary  to  bo 
devoted  to  the  growth  of  mulberry  trees,  with 
1  view  to  a  given  quantity  of  produce.  That 
which  seems  to  hive  gained  Ihe  inns  general 
currency,  is.  that  one  acre  of  ground,  set  with 
mulberry  trees  one  and  a  halt  rods  apart,  will, 
when  the  trees  arc  live  or  six  years  old,  afford 
leaves  enough  to  make  40  pounds  of  silk, 
which,  at  a  moderate  estimate,  will  be  worth 
I  But  this  is  very  vague, and  in  in  opin- 
ion, not  at  all  to  be  relied  upon.  It  brings  in- 
to requisition  a  greater  quantity  of  land  than 
,-j  necessary,  .Mr.  Genet,  of  Albany,  who 
wrote  four  year.-  ago  on  the  subject,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  written  understandingly,  says, 


that  a  small  hodge   of  mulberry   bushes,  occu- 
pying the  20ih  part  of  an  acre,  will,    when  the 
trees  are   three  years   old,    produce   leaves  e- 
nough   to  feed    100.GOO   worms,  and  that  the 
produce  will  be  30  pounds  of  raw  drawn  silk. 
He  adds,  that,  if  the   whole  acre  be  occupied 
with  bushes  set  in  the  same  manner,  the  pro- 
duce of  silk  will  be  600  pounds.     This  seems 
almost  incredible.     Many  other  estimates  are 
before  me,  varying  from  each  other  considera- 
bly, but  they  concur  to  establish  the  fact,  that 
a  very  small  quantity  of  land  will  be  sufficient  i 
for  extensive  operations  in  tho  culture  of  silk. 
Writers   differ  also   as  to  the   best   manner  of 
setting  the   trees.       Some    would  have   them 
stand  1  1-2  rods  apart, which  I  think  would  give 
about  100  to  an  acre.    Oihors  would  have  them 
stand   at  a  less  distance    from  each  other,  so 
that  an  acre  might  contain  150,  or  more.     As 
now  advised,  if  1  were  about  to  plant, I  should 
set  in   the   latter  form.       Although   it  will  be 
necessary    to  have  orchards  of  standard  trees, 
yet   doubtless,    an   immense    saving    may    be 
made,  by  cultivating   mulberry  hedges.     For 
instance,  the  orchard  may  be  surrounded  with 
a  hedge,  without  any  detriment  to  the  stand 
ard  trees.     Another   mode  of  cultivating  the 
mulberry  is  recommended, that  of  so  wing  them 
thick  in  the   drill   form,  as  we  »ow  onious,   or 
they    may    be  sowed  broad  cast,   as  wheat    is 
sown.      These,  after  the  first  year,  are  to  be 
cut  annually  with  a  scythe,  as  the  leaves  shall 
be  needed  for  the  worms.     It  is  likely,   that  a 
small  grove  of  a   few   rods,    growing   in    this 
form,  might  be  a  useful  handmaid  in  the  gener 
al  concern. 

To  the  man  who  seriously  thinks  of  under- 
taking the  culture  of  silk,  it  will  be  satisfacto- 
ry to  know  what  buildings  he  must  have  foi 
the  accommodation  of  bis  worms,  and  what 
will  be  tho  expense  of  them.  1  regret  that, 
in  relation  to  this  subjeet,  my  means  of  infor- 
mation are  scant.  It  does  not  appear,  howev- 
er, that  any  considerable  expenditures  will  be 
needed  to  provide  house  room  for  the  worms. 
It  seems,  they  may  be  kept  in  any  room,  from 
which  cats,  rats  and  mice  can  be  excluded. — 
An  out-house,  or  the  chamber  of  an  out-house, 
would  answer  the  purpose.  An  upper  room 
is  preferred  to  a  lower  one,  on  account  of  its 
containing  less  humidity. 

Barn  floors  are  sometimes  used  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  perhaps,  the  chief  objection  to  them 
is,  their  exposure  to  rats  and  mice,  and  such 
other  vermin,  as  would  annoy  the  worms.  A 
room  of  cummon  size  will  be  sufficient  for  a 
vast  multitude  of  worms.  They  are  kept  upon 
shelves,  placed  one  above  another,  at  suitable 
distances  apart ;  anu  as  many  maybe  so  pla- 
ced, as  the  height  of  the  room  will  admit.  It 
is  estimated, that  a  squire  foot  will  contain  110 
worms,  when  arrived  at  their  greatest  size.  A 
shelf  three  feet  wide,  and  twenty  feet  long, 
will  contain  6,500  worms. 

4th.  It  is  understood  that  the  labor  of  gath 
tring  leaves,  and  nursing  the  silk  wo-ms,  nod 
indeed,  the  whole  process  of  their  culture,  i . 
simple,  easy,  and  trifling  in  amount.  It  may 
all  be  done  by  women,  children,  aged  and  dc 
crepid  people.  Mr.  Tufts  of  Massachusetts, 
who  has  written  ably  upon  this  subject,  says, 
that  an  active  child,  fifteen  years  old,  is  sulli 
cientto  take  care  of  sixty  thousand  worms,  1 1 1 1 
within  ten  days  of  their- winding  ;  after  that, 
the  help  of  one  or  two  moie  such  children 
will  be  needed.  He  adds,  that  one  woman, 
in  the  vicinity  where  he  lives,  performed  all 
the  work  of  taking  care  of  sixty  thousand 
worms,  and  did  her  days'  work  every  day  in 
-pinning  flax." 

With  a  lew  remarks,  which  the  subject  seems 
to  havo  suggested,  I  will  close  thin  long  com- 
munication. In  applying  the  subject  to  your 
own  case,  permit  me  tn  say,  that,  if  you  are 
seriously  intending  to  undertake  the  culture  of 
silk,  it  will  be  only  necessary  that  you  set, 
next  spring,  a  few  hundred  of  mulberry  trees, 
ami,  in  the  spring  following,  you  may,  on  a 
small  scale,  commence  operations 


least,  of  the  trees  should  be  set  in  the  orchard 
form  for  standards,  say,  at  the  distance  of  12 
or  15  feet  apart ;  the  rest  may  be  set  in  rows, 
and  two  or  three  feet  apart  on  the  rows,  to 
form  hedges.  It  is  said  that,  on  any  ground 
where  the  apple  tree  will  thrive,  the  mulberry 
will  thrive  also.  A  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  is 
recommended.  Clay,  probably,  would  not  be 
good.  It  is  not  material  that  the  soil  be  rich, 
for  it  is  said,  the  mulberry  grows  well  on  thin 
barren  soils,  and  that  leaves  produced  on  such 
soils,  make  the  finest  silk.  i  southern  aspect 
is  preferred;  a  northern  one  should  be  rejec» 
ted. 

I  romark  again  that,  for  aught  that  can  be 
seen,  thousands  of  our  farmers  might,  by  in- 
troducing the  culture  of  silk,  greatly  improve 
their  condition.  To  the  farmer  who  operates 
upon  a  small  scale,  and  can  scarcely  avail  him* 
self  of  means  to  support  his  family,  an  extra 
annual  income  of  one,  two,  three  or  four  hun- 
dred dollars,  wonld  be  a  surprising  help.  It 
is  believed,  almost  any  farmer  might,  in  the 
way  here  prescribed,  secure  to  himself  such 
an  income,  without  interfering  with  the  ordi- 
nary business  of  his  farm.  Mechanics  too, 
who  can  supply  a  very  small  piece  of  ground 
for  the  growth  of  mulberry  trees,  may  avail 
themselves  of  the  same  advantages.  Espe- 
cially the  man  who  finds  himself  master  of  a. 
young  and  increasing  family,  should  consider 
himself  as  deeply  interested  in  the  subject  of 
this  communication. 

My  last  remark  is,  that  the  culture  of  silk 
might  supply  to  the  public  houses  of  pauper- 
ism an  easy,  healthful,  and  very  profitable 
branch  of  industry. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  yours.   &c. 

DAN   BKADLEY. 


)  •  It  is  estimated  that,  in  Europe,  three  thousand 
worms  will  produce  one  pound  of  raw  silk  :  it  is 
believed  they  will  produce  more  in  America.  We 
•may  suppose  then,  that  the  60  thousand  worms, 
Ted  by  this  woman,  produced  20  pounds  cf  raw 
| silk.  This,  estimated  al  $5  a  pound,  (a  low  est- 
imate certainly)  would  amount  to  §100.  It  appears 
I  then,  that  the  woman  gained  $1U0,  and  this  was 
'done  by  gathering  up  the  fragments  of  tune,  and 
without  interrupting  her  ordinary  business. 

Author. 


SELECTIONS.. 


SHEEP  HUSBANDRY. 

From  the  New  England  Farmer. 

Sir — I  have  somewhere  met  with  the  re- 
mark that  all  useful  discoveries  in  agriculture 
should  be  considered  common  stock,  and  the 
selfish  principle  which  would  laad  us  lo  keep 
such  discoveries  for  cur  own  immediate  u.e, 
ought  never  to  find  a  place  in  the  bosom  of  the 
farmer. 

Acting  on  this  principle,  I  wish  to  commu- 
nicate through  your  journal,  some  experiments 
un  the  important  subject  of  sheep  husbandry, 
ihan  which  no  branch  of  agncuiruru  is  of  more 
importance, either  as  it  regard-  the  interests  of 
the  farmer,  or  in  a  national  point  of  view. 

I  shall,  in  tho  first  place,  notice  some  facts 
respecting  the  lexture  of  wool.  About  six 
years  ago.  1  placed  a  flock  of  sheop  on  one  of 
my  farms  under  the  care  of  a  Scot-man, whom 
I  considered  one  of  the  best  shepherds  in  this 
section  of  the  country.  Besides  being  ex- 
tremely careful,  he  was  a  very  high  feeder. — 
A!  the  tune  he  took  charge  of  these  sheep, 
they  were  about  the  average  of  my  whole 
flock.  A  iarge  portion  of  them  were  perfect- 
ly unmixed  with  common  blood.  At  present 
tliey  are  a  full  eigliih  coarser  than  those  on 
my  other  farms  that  havo  not  been  so  highly 
fed.  They  havo  increased  somewhat  in  size, 
and  I  think  not  less  ihau  25  per  cent.  The 
(locks  on  my  other  farms  remain  stationary  as 
to  weight  of  carcase  and  Hence  ;  but  by  strict 
attention  to  the  selection  of  the  best  pnmo 
oucks,  we  havo  been  enabled  to  make  great 
improvement  in  the  texture  of  the  wool.  I 
I  find,  with  all  our  care  in  ihe  choice  of  rams, 
A  part,  at |  uo  nru  hardly  ablo  to  prevent  deterioration  in. 


Vol.  1.— No.  16. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


123 


the  quality  of  the  wool  of  the  Scotsman's 
flock.  The  resul:  of  ray  experiments  proves 
that  a  flock  of  fulJ  blood  merinos,  under  high 
keeping,  and  breeding  indiscriminately  from 
the  produce,  may  be  reduced  to  three  quart -rs 
grade  in  six  or  eight  years.  I  am  not  sure, 
however,  that  considering  the  increased  quan-i 
lity  of  wool  and  mutton,  they  would  be  less 
profitable. 

I  have  an  additional  inducement  to  give  pub- 
licity to  my  experience  respecting  the  shearing 
■if  lumbs,  as  on  a  former  occasion,  I  advoca- 
ted what  I  now  believe  to  be  an  erroneous  o« 
pinion  on  the  matter.  In  a  letter,  addressed 
to  John  Hare  Powell,  Esq.  which  was  publish- 
ed among  the  proceedings  of  ihe  Pennsylva- 
nia Agricultural  Society,  and  also,  if  I  mis- 
take not,  in  vour  paper,  I  condemned  theprac 
tice  of  shearing  lambs.  Additional  experience 
has  entirely  changed  my  opinion.  About  four 
years  ago,  1  had  my  lambs  shorn  on  one  farm 
I  found  they  stood  the  winter  better,  came  or 
to  grass  in  fine  order  and  with  less  loss  than 
those  on  my  other  farms.  Since  that  time  I 
have  continued  the  practice,  and  with  uniform 
success.  I  believe  the  great  advantage  is  de- 
rived from  the  destruction  of  the  'ick.  If  a 
lamb  is  closely  and  smoothly  shorn,  about  the 
last  of  June,  or  the  first  of  July,  very  few  of 
those  troublesome  and  destructive  vermin  will 
lie  found  on  it  in  the  spring  unless  they  are 
communicated  from  other  sheep. 

Tho  present  flattering  prospects  which  are 
held  out  to  most  growers, will  no  doubt  induce 
many  to  embark  in  the  business  without  expe- 
rience. To  suoh  these  hints  may  be  useful.— 
Should  this  be  the  case,  I  shall  be  amply  com- 
pensated for  my  trouble 

It  is  high  time  our  country  should  cease  to 
be  dependent  on  Europe  for  either  wool  or 
cloths. 

It  is  not  less  absurd  for  the  U.  States  to  im- 
port wool,  except   the  very  coarsest    kind,  at 
'his  day,  than  it  would  be  to  import  cotton. 
Yours,  very  truly. 

ALEXANDER  REED. 

Washington,  Pa.  Dec.  3.  1S30. 

Extracts  from  the  Reports  of  the  Massachusetts 

Agricultural  Society  in  1830. 
TURNING  IN  GREEN  CROPS  FOR  MA- 
NURE. 
To  Mr.  Win.  Buck  minster,  of  Framingham. 
Middlesex  County,  the  committee  award  the 
premium  of  $20  for  his  experiment  '  of  turn- 
ing in  green  crops  as  amannre.'  This  attempt 
of  Mr.  Buckminster,  in  the  judgment  of  the 
committee,  well  deserves  the  attention  of  far- 
mers, and  particularly  of  those  who  live  too 
far  from  a  city  or  town  to  buy  manure.  Th< 
practice  of  enriching  or  renovating  land  by 
plowing  in  green  crops,  is  a  very  common  one 
in  Europe,  though  hardly  known  here.  But 
would  it  not  be  well  to  try  it?  Our  farmers 
in  general  have  more  land  than  they  can  till, 
owing  to  their  not  having  manure  enough,  or 
because  it  is  too  far  from  their  barn  yards;— 
and  hence  it  is  that  some  large  farms,  and  nat- 
urally of  good  soil,  actually  produce  less,  but 
with  infinitely  more  labor,  than  much  smaller 
ones  that  are  well  cultivated.  Indeed  the  de- 
sire of  having  large  farms,  without  giving  them 
the  necessary  outlay,  is  the  common  error  of 
our  country.  The  inevitable  result  is  scanty 
crops  and  more  labor.  An  acre  is  mown,  oft-| 
en,  for  a  ton  of  hay  or  less,  where  with  decent 
care  two  tons  might  be  had.  A  pasture  often 
ofadoion  acres,  which  might  be  easily  plow- 
ed, does  not  afford  food  enough  for  one  cow; 
whereas  at  small  expense,  it  might  be  made  to 
support  four  or  five.  Now  in  a  country  like 
ours,  where  produce  is  so  cheap  and  labor  so 
dear,  this  is  unquestionably  a  wrong,  not  to 
say  ruinous  mode  of  management, — a  mode; 
which  drives  our  children  to  the  Western  or 
Eastern  conn'ry  fur  want  of  land,  who  mightJ 
have  enough  here  if  rightly  used.  But  if  farm- 
ers will  have  more  land  than  they  can  till  in 


tho  ordinary  way.  for  want  of  manure,  what 
better  plan  can  be  devised  than  that  of  plow- 
ing,and  sowing,  and  turning  in  the  green  crops, 
with  the  sole  view  of  fertilizing  their  landB? 
Whether  it  be  afterwards  used  for  mowing,  or 
tillage  or  grazing,  still  it  must  be  good  husban- 
dry, if  we  can  rely  on  the  testimony  of  Mr. 
Buckminster,  and  on  the  experience  of  farmers 
in  England. 

The  remarks  of  Mr.  Buckminster  on  boggy, 
meadow  mud,  are  worthy  of  notice.  It  is  quite 
certain,  as  he  says,  that  used  in  its  crude  state, 
as  dug  from  the  "meadow,  it  is  inert  and  seem- 
ingly useless  ;  but  when  put  in  the  barn  yard 
and  hog  pen,  and  trampled  upon  and  mixed 
with  manure,  it  becomes  an  excellent  compost. 
As  almost  every  farm  has  bog  meadow,  it  must 
be  well  known,  that  after  being  several  months 
in  the  barn  yard  or  pig  sty,  it  makes  an  excel- 
lent manure"  for  com,  in  the  proportion  of  a- 
bout  two  thirds  mud  and  one  third  dung. — 
Whether  Mr.  Buckminster's  notion  of  carting 
it  at  once  to  the  ground  where  wanted,  to  save 
labor,  and  there  mixing  it  with  manure,  is  a 
correct  one,  every  man  will  judge  for  himself. 
The  common  idea  has  been,  that  to  take  it  to 
the  barn  yard  first  is  better.  But  all  must  a- 
2i  ee  that  it  may  be  very  profitably  used  as  food 
for  plants,  and  therefore  ought  not  to  be  over- 
looked in  the  management  of  the  farm. 
To  the  Trustees  of  the  Mass.  Agricultural  Society  : 

I  have  been  induced,  partly  by  the  premium 
you  offer  and  partly  for  my  own  satisfaction, 
ton.ake  some  experiments  as  to  the  value  of 
green  crops  plowed  in  for  manure,  and  1  send 
you  the  result. 

In  the  middle  of  May,  1828,  I  plowed  up 
'hrea  and  a  half  acres  of  pasture  land  that  had, 
for  many  vears,  been  tilled  by  the  former  own- 
er until  the  crops  would  not  repay  the  labor. 
it  was  a  light  loam,  but  not  sandy.  It  had 
been  so  reduced,  that  ton  acres  did  not  afford 
sufficient  pasturage  for  one  cow  through  the 
season.  We  sowed  immediately  after  thus 
plowing,  a  bushel  of  buckwheat  to  the  acre, 
and  in  six  weeks  rolled  down  the  buckwheat 
in  the  direction  we  intended  to  plow,  and  then 
plowed  and  sowed  as  before.  In  the  latter 
part  of  August  we  turned  in  a  second  crop  of 
buckwheat — having  rolled  it  down  flat  as  at 
first,  and  then  seeded  it  down  with  clover, 
herds  grass  and  red-top,  one  peck  and  a  hall' 
to  the  acre  Most  of  the  clover  was  winter 
killed,  and  a  great  part  of  the  herds  grass  and 
red  top.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1829,  we  sow- 
ed ten  pounds  of  clover  seed  to  the  acre  ;  and 
with  a  light  harrow,  went  slowly  over  the 
whole.  The  seed  took  well,  but  the  clover 
was  not  high  enough  for  the  scythe,  when  the 
other  grass  was  fit  to  cut.  We  mowed  what 
had  not  been  winter  killed;  and  where  it  yield 
ded  best,  we  obtained  one  ton  of  herds  grass 
to  the  acre  Immediately  after  mowing,  we 
turned  in  our  cattle,  and  fed  the  grass  close. 
Last  soring,  (i830)  the  grass  was  so  forward 
we  turned  in  our  cattle  on  the  19th  of  April. 
There  were  eight  acres  in  the  whole  field,  but 
there  were  only  live  acres  that  bore  any  grass 
worth  fifty  cents.  These  five  acres  were  the 
three  and  a  half  managed  as  I  have  stated  a- 
bove,  and  one  and  a  half  on  which  glass  seed 
was  sown  in  April,  1820;  and  fifty  bushels  of 
I  cache  1  ashes  mixed  with  loam,  spread  on  the 
surface.  On  these  five  acres,  (and  the  three 
which  bore  nothing,)  1  pastured  four  cows 
constantly  for  four  months,  wanting  two  days, 
and  they  had  an  abundance  of  feed.  I  never 
had  any  pasture  ground  yield  so  well  before. 
1  think  these  green  crops  improved  the  land 
as  much  as  a  good  dressing  of  manure,  and  the 
comparative  expense  I  estimato  as  follows  on 
one  acre,  viz, 

WITH    MANURE. 

20  ox  cart  loads  of  manure  $"24,00 

Hauling  3-4  mile  and  spreading  5,00 

Plowing  once,  green  sward  2,00 

Harrowing  a"1'  sowing  1,00 


$32,00 


WITH    GREEN    CROPS. 

First  plowing,  green  sward  $2,00 
2d  plowing,  and   rolling  with  man  and 

horse  1,00 

3d  plowing,             do.                 do.  1,00 

Three  harrowings,do.                 do.  1,00 

Two  bushels  buckwheat  1,55 

Sowing               do.  25 


$6,80 
Thus  you  will  see,  that  it  has  cost  mo  less 
than  ono  fourth  as  much  to  enrich  my  land 
with  green  crops,  as  it  would  with  manure.— 
If  my  grass  had  not  been  winter  killed  the  first. 
vear,  t  intended  to  have  6hown  you  the  pre- 
cise weight  of  hay  cut  on  an  acre.  The  above 
estimate  of  the  cost  of  manure,  is  less  by  12 
cents  per  load  than  it  can  be  purchased  for  in 
this  place.  I  have  given  more  within  two  years. 
Fanners  "light,  in  duty,  to  make  the  trial 
for  themselves.  i  hey  generally  have  much 
land,  (miscalled  under  improvement)  ten  acres 
of  which  will  not  pasture  a  cow.  Such  land 
usually  lies  distant  from  the  house.  They  say 
they  cannot  make  manure  enough  for  the  whole 
farm,  and  they  find  it  more  profitable  to  lay 
their  manure  on  lands  nearer  home.  They  do 
not  seem  to  con'  cive  it  possible  to  enrich 
them  otherwise  than  with  stable  manure.  It 
they  would  plow  and  sow  properly  they  could 
make  the  whole  rich. 

They  farther  object  to  growing  crops  to  be 
plowed  in;  for,  say  they,  'The  growing  crop 
will  exhaust  the  land  as  much  as  it  will  enrich 
the  same  when  plowed  in,  so  that  we  end 
whore  we  began.'  This  would  be  correct  rea- 
soning, undoubtedly,  if  the  growing  crop  ob- 
tained i's  whole  sustenance  from  the  ground. 
It  probably  does  not  one  sixth  part.  It  was 
the  knowledge  of  this  principle  that  save  me. 
confidence  of  success  in  the  experime»t.  The 
advantages  of  green  crops  for  manure  are  great- 
er where  the  lands  are  distant  from  the  barn, 
than  in  other  cases. 

EOS    MUD    A3    MANURE. 

I  have  made  another  experiment  on  compost 
manure.  In  April,  1S28,  I  carted  thirty  loads 
of  mud  or  muck  from  a  pondhole,  which  had  a 
black  soil  four  feet  deep.  I  thought  it  must 
be  valuable  manure,  though  nothing  but  rushes 
and  skunk  cabbage  had  grown  on  it  for  twenty 
years,  owing  to  its  sunken  position.  The  thir- 
ty loads  were  immediately  spread  on  an  acre 
ofworn  out  land, and  plowed  in.  While  beaus 
were  planted  on  a  part,  buckwheat  on  a  part, 
and  barley  on  another  part.  No  crop  worth 
cutting  was  produced.  The  muck  did  no  ser- 
vice, either  last  year  or  the  year  before.  Last 
autumn  I  tried  it  again  ;  carted  out  fifteen  loads 
on  to  the  high  land  aforesaid,  and  mixed  with 
those  fifteen  two  loads  of  stable  manure,  the 
whole  was  mixed  together,  and  suffered  to  lie 
in  a  heap  till  the  10th  of  last  May.  It  was 
then  caned  on  to  the  same  land  as  the  oth- 
er, and  the  whole  heap  produced  all  the  good 
effects  of  clear  stable  manure.  I  raised  a  good 
crop  of  Indian  corn  from  it.  without  putting  on 
over  twenty  loads  of  the  compost  to  the  acre. 
Such  was  the  difference  between  applying  this 
muck  raw  or  green,  and  applying  it  afier  it  had 
been  six  months  fermenting  in  a  mass,  thaw- 
in",  freezing,  &c.  to  become  pulverized. 

All  -our  farmers in  this  quarter,  in  making 
compost  manures,  carry  the  most  bulky,  heavy 
ingredients  many  rods — some  half  a  mile  to 
their  cow  yards  and  hog  pens — and  when  these 
materials  have  rested  there  long  enough,  they 
are  then  carried  back  again  to  the  fields.  I 
would  save  them  most  of  this  labor.  Let  them 
make  their  compost  heaps  on  or  near  the  soil 
whero  it  is  to  be  applied  and  as  near  as  possi- 
ble to  where  tho  chief  ingredient  lies.  This 
will  save  a  double  carting  of  half  or  three  quar 
ters  of  a  mile.  They  will  have  to  carry  noth- 
ing but  a  little  stable  manure  to  that  distance 
in  most  cases,  instead  of  carting  hack  and  for- 
wards the  whole  mass.  Respectfully  yours,  g 
William  Buckminster, 

Framingham,  Nov.  10,  1830. 


124 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


April  23,  1831. 


THB  CJiiWBSES  rAKMBK 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  E3,  1831. 


SHEEP. 

As  our  country  is  well  supplied  with  fine- 
waolled  sheen,  both  Merino  and  Saxony,  we 
would  now  invite  the  attention  of  our  farmers 
to  other  breeds  which  we  think  would  be  equal- 
ly valuable  to  the  country.  Mutton  is  undoubt- 
edly the  cheapest  meat  for  food  that  can  be 
produoed  in  this  country,  and  when  well  fed 
is  a  tolerable  substitute  for  beef.  The  Eng- 
lish claim  the  title  of  a  "beef-eating  nation," 
but  they  do  not  eat  as  much  beef  in  proportion 
to  their  population  as  the  Americans.  Fine- 
vvoolled  sheep  are  not  propagated  in  England 
to  any  extent,  although  they  require  fine  wool 
for  their  manufactories.  This  they  purchase 
from  the  Continent,  in  preference  to  growing 
it  at  horns.  Their  coarse-woolled  sheep  are 
mure  profitable  to  them  than  fine-woolled,  for 
several  reasons.  They  grow  to  a  large  size, 
and  are  disposed  to  become  very  fat — their 
flesh  is  the  cheapest  for  the  support  of  the  la- 
boring class  of  community — they  also  furnish 
tallow  for  candles,  and  they  produce  heavy 
fleeces  of  wool,  which  by  the  use  of  machin- 
ery they  manufacture  into  stuff  goods,  each 
pound  of  coarse  wool  giving  more  profit  to  the 
manufacturer  than  a  pound  of  fioo  wool. — 
Hence  the  thrift  of  those  towns  which  have 
beon  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  worsted, 
has  been  greater  than  those  which  have  been 
manufacturing  broadcloths. 

Although  manufacturing  has  increased  iu  the 
United  States  very  fast  for  the  last  ten  years, 
yet  the  manufacture  of  worsted  goods  has 
scarcely  commenced,  and  the  reasons  for  it  are 
plain.  We  have  but  few  iong-wooik-d  sheep 
to  furnish  such  establishments.  Once  intro- 
duce the  sheep,  and  the  manufactories  are  sure 
to  follow. 

In  selecting  sheep  for  breeding  for  this  pur- 
pose, we  would  recommend  the  following 
kinds : 

The  Lincolnshire  Sheep. — This  breed  fatten 
better  than  any  we  have  examined,  and  the  size 
of  them  as  they  are  drove  to  Smilhfield  mar- 
ket, is  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
pounds  dressed.  The  mutton  is  almost  as  fat 
as  pork,  and  is  tolerably  well  flavored.  This 
mutton  sells  for  little  tnoro  than  half  the  pries 
of  the  Welch  mutton,  wh.ch  is  from  smaller 
sheep,  much  the  same  as.  the  common  flocks  of 
this  country.  As  Welch  mutton  is  preferred 
by  the  epicure's,  the  butchers  turn  this  preju- 
dice  to  their  account.  They  select  the  smal- 
lest and  youngest  carcasses  and  hang  them  in 
a  cool  place  for  a  week  or  two,  when  they  are 
Hold  for  Welch  mutton.  Perhaps  the  average 
.weight  of  fleece  may  be  rated  at  one  pound  of 
wool  for  every  ten  pounds  of  carcase.  These 
sheep  are  white  faced,  with  small  heads,  which 
are  without  horns:  they  are  broad  and  heavy 
in  tlu-ir  build,  and  arc  very  lazy  in  disposition. 
The  Teestoater  Sheep. — These  appear  to  he 
much  tho  same  as  the  Lincolnshire ;  the  dif- 
ference,we  cousidor.  has  arisen  from  in-and-in 
breeding  without  any  cross  ol  blood — in  short, 
flocks  hearing  the  different  names  would  no' 
readily  be  distinguished  in  the  market. 

Tin  Leicester  Bred.  —These  are  highly  priz- 
i  by  the  English  farmers.     They  arc  beauti- 


ful animals,  rather  taller  than  the  Lincolnshire 
without  horns,  very  cleaD  in  the  face  and  legs, 
and  small-bsced  considering  their  size.  They 
are  not  qaite  so  heavy  as  the  Teeswater  sheep 
— perhaps  an  average  might  be  put  at  about 
eighty  pounds  the  quarters.  The  wool  is  rath- 
er longer  than  other  breeds  mentioned,  but  is 
not  so  thick  set,  and  has  a  beautiful  white, 
wavy  appearance,  unlike  the  wool  upon  any 
other  breed  that  we  have  examined. 

Wo  think  the  introduction  of  these  three 
breeds  amongst  our  farmers  in  Old  Genesee  is 
desirable.  They  should  be  kept  distiuct  from 
the  Merinos  and  Saxony  breeds,  as  the  valua 
ble  properties  of  the  breeds  are  diamctricallv 
opposite.  Wo  believe  the  above  breeds  have 
already  been  imported  into  the  United  Slates, 
and  probably  may  be  procured  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston  or  Philadelphia. 

We  find  the  following  notice  of  an  impor- 
tation in  the  New  England  Farmer  of  June 
26th,  1829 : 

"  English  Sheep. — Mr,  Pickering,  passengei 
iu  the  Mary  Howland,  from  Liverpool,  has 
brought  out  two  ram?  and  two  ewes,  of  the 
Lincolnshire  long  wonl  breed  of  sheep,  one  of 
which  was  shorn  on  the  passage  and  yielded 
the  extraordinary  fleece  of  nineteen  pounds. 
He  has  also  three  rams,  six  owes,  and  six  lambs 
of  the  Leicester  cowling*  fleeces,  bred  by 
Samuel  Wiley,  Esq.  at  Granbv  near  Yotjt.— 
Mr.  P.  is  to  take  them  to  Albion,  state  of  Il- 
linois." 

*  This  we  conclude  is  a  typographical  error,  and 
should  have  been  combing,  as  the  fleeces  are  used 
(or  worsted. 


INSECTS  OK  TREES. 

By  carefully  examining  fruit  trees  at  this 
season  of  the  year,  it  will  he  found  that  many 
have  passed  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state  in  Jip 
cracks  of  the  hark,  others  about  the  buds,  ami 
others  have  deposited  their  eggs,  which  hatch 
into  life  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  early  in  the 
season.  It  is  desirable  at  all  times  to  keep 
trees  free  from  insects:  we  would  therefore 
recommend  at  this  season  of  the  year  to  wash 
the  stems  and  as  many  of  Ihe  branches  of  fruit 
trees  as  you  can  conveniently,  with  soft  soap 
or  very  strong  soai'  suds  : — this  will  not  oniy 
destroy  a  great  proportion  of  the  insects  and 
eggs  which  are  upon  the  tree,  but  will  giic  the 
bark  a  fine  healthy  appearance,  and  as  it  is 
washed  to  the  ground  by  rains,  it  will  serve  ns 
an  excellent  manure,  and  will  al-o  dos'.roy  ma- 
ny insects  and  larva:  which  are  deposited  in  .he 
ground  about  the  roots  of  the  tree.  This  is  the 
proper  season  for  examining  poach  trees  about 
the  root,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  i  tie  grub 
Was  it  nol  for  tho  two  enemies  to  our  peach 
plum,  apricot,  and  nectarine  trees,  the  curculio 
and  grub,  perhaps  few  countries  in  the  world 
would  excel  the  northern  parts  of  New  -V  r1 
and  Ohio  for  raising  these  delightful  I'ruiis;  we 
therefore  urge  it  upon  ourroaders  to  continue 
their  experiments  for  tho  destruction  of  them 
It  appears  to  us,  that  a  preparation  of  India 
rubber  dissolved  in  fish  oil  and  applied  io  the 
bodies  of  troes,  would  prevent  insects  from 
climbing  llioni — as  it  may  be  made  about  the 
consistency  of  honey,  when  it  is  very  adhesive 
and  is  not  suljoct  to  dry  and  become  hard,  as 
.»lhe  case  with  tar.  To  prepare  India  runhcr 
for  this  purpose,  let  it  be  cut  small  and  put  in- 
'.o  oil  and  kept  hot  for  one  day,  when  it  will 
oe  dissolved  sufficient  for  the  above  purpose. 


HORTIClil.TCRAIi. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Monroe  Horticultural  Society,  held  at  their 
room  iu  the  Arcade  Buildings,  on  the  7th  of 
April  inst.  in  the  absence  of  the  President,  the 
Hon.  Ehsha  B.  Sirong,  Vice  President,  was 
called  to  the  chair:  when  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  Executive  Committee 
shall  meet  at  their  room  every  Thursday  after- 
noon,  at  2  o'clock,  from  and  after  tho  first  day 
of  May  next,  until  the  next  regular  meeting  ol 
the  Society,  for  the  transaction  of  such  busi- 
ness as  may  come  hefore  them. 

R,:solvett,  That  Mr.  J.  L.  D.  Mathies  be  en- 
gaged 'o  prepare  and  fit  up  a  showcase  for  ex- 
h'biting  specimens,  and  that  the  expense  of 
the  same  be  defrayed  from  the  funds  of  the 
Society. 

The  Committee  then  proceeded  to  the  rating 
and  fixing  of  Premiums  to  be  offered  for  spec- 
imens which  may  be  presented  to  the  Receiv- 
ing Committee,  Messrs.  J.  L.  D.  Mathies,  E. 
Watts,  and  H.  N.  Langworthy— when  the  fol- 
lowing were  established : 

ON     FRUIT. 

For  the  best  quartof  ripe  Strawberries,  $1,00 

"              "          "      Raspberries,  1,00 

"         "             "          "     Cherries,  1,00 

"  2d  best        "          "           do.  50 

"        best  pint                  Gooseberries,  1,00 

ON    VEGETABLES. 

For  the  best  1-2  peck  of  Early  Peas,       $1,00 

"         •'  100  shoots  of  Asparagus,  '        1,00 

u         •'  dz.  young  Onions  from  seed,      50 

"         "  1-2  peck  of  Early  Potatoes,     1,00 

"  3  E  irly  Cabbage  Heads,              50 

"         "  25  Early  Radishes,                      50 

"         ,(  6  Lettuce  plants,                            50 

"          >•  6  Larly  Beet-,                                50 

"         "  6  Early  Cucumbers,                 1,00 

"        "  2b  stalks  of  tne  Pio  Plan!,       1,00 


ON   FLOWERS. 

For  most  desirable  spec'n  Tulips,  §1,00 

"  "  "        Hyacinth.  1,00 

"  "        Monthly  Rose,    1.00 

"       Hardy  Rose,       1,00 
"  3  mnst  desirable  specimens  of  Flow- 
ers not  enumerated,  1,00 
Resolved,  That   ihe    Executive   Committee 
hold  a  special  meeting  on  the  7th  day  of  July 
rext,   for  receiving  the  Report  of  the  Receiv- 
ing Committee,   awarding   Premiums,  and  for 
fixing    he  Premiums  fo.  the  annual  meeting  ol 
the  Society,              HESTOR  STEVENS, 

Recording  Seo'y: 

FOR  KEEPING  POTATOES. 
Amongst  all  too  discoveries  foi  keeping  po- 
tatoes for  summer  use,  we  believe  there  is  no 
way  i.ioro  effectual  than  to  lake  out  the  eye  or 
bud  with  a  knife,  or  some  sharp  instrument. — 
Thi*  not  only  renders  the  potatoe  more  valua- 
ble for  keeping,  but  is  a  matter  of  economy 
wiiii  the  farmer;  for  if  he  will  prepare  a  knife 
for  the  purpose  which  he  can  do  by  bending 
the  poin'  of  a  common  case-knife,  and  grinding 
it  in  such  a  manner  that  the  eye  can  be  scoop- 
ed  out  without  cutting  deep  into  the  potatory 
llic  eves  so  scooped  out  will  plant  as  much 
ground  as  the  potatoes  would  if  planted  with 
hem;  audit  is  affirmed  by  many  who  have 
given  it  a  fair  irial,  that  ihey  are  equally  pro- 
ductive. Thus  tho  valuable  p.:rt  of  the  pota- 
to, may  be  saved  for  family  use,  or  boiled  and 
given  to  stock,  which  at  this  season  of  the 
year  require  a  lililc  extra  feeding.  When  boil- 
ed, mashed  and  mixed  with  milk,  and  fed  to 
v'vi  s.  they  ha\e  a  vary  pood  effect,  and  if  a 
little  meal  is  also  mixed  with  them,  calves  mav 


Vol.1— No.  16. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


125 


be  fed  cheaper  and  equally  as  well  as  when  fed 

on  milk  alone.  

WHITEWASHING. 

As  spring  is  a  time  when  country  housewives 
make  every  exertion  to  introduce  cleanliness 
iuto  their  department,  we  would  particularly 
recommend  whitewashing,  as  well  out  doors  as 
in.  Who  ever  parsed  by  a  cottage  where  all 
the  fences  about  the  gardens  the  out-houses, 
&c.  were  whitewashed,  without  being  impres- 
sed with  the  idea,  that  the  inhabitants  were 
cleanly  aud  respectable  I  To  paint  board  fen- 
ces white  with  lead  and  oil,  is  a  costly  busi- 
ness, and  looks  a  little  like  extravagance  ;  and 
unless  every  thing  corresponds  with  it,  does 
not  have  a  more  pleasing  effect  than  a  coat  of 
whitewash  well  laid  on.  Tho  cost  of  doing  it 
is  trifling,  and  it  can  be  done  by  the  females 
when  the  men  are  very  much  engaged  in  put- 
ting in  their  spring  crops.  It  adds  much  to  the 
health  of  the  family  to  have  the  house  white- 
washed as  often  as  twice  a  year;  and  by  giv- 
ing the  out-houses  and  fences  a  coat  in  the 
spring,  many  insects  are  destroyed,  and  their 
hannts  are  broken  up.  One  of  the  cheapest 
and  best  modes  of  preparing  the  whitewash,  is 
to  use  skim-milk  with  new  slacked  lime  ;  this 
renders  it  adhesive,  and  it  does  not  fall  off  as 
quick  as  when  the  lime  is  wet  with  water. 

PLANTING  GRAPE  VINES. 

As  tho  season  for  plaming  out  grape  vines 
in  this  climate  has  now  arrived,  a  few  direc- 
tions for  those  unaccustomed  to  the  culture  of 
the  vine  may  be  useful.  Two  methods  are  re- 
sorted to  fur  the  commencement  of  vineyards, 
or  for  cultivating  the  most  approved  kinds  of 
grapes  for  the  table.  The  first  is,  by  procuring 
from  the  nurseryman  such  as  have  already  ta- 
kon  root,  and  made  one  or  more  year's  growth. 
When  snch  can  be  obtained,  care  should  be 
taken  that  the  roots  be  not  dried  or  frozen  be- 
fore they  are  planted  out,  as  either  would  be 
very  injurious  to  them.  Grapes  have  very  long 
roots,  therefore  much  care  should  be  taken  in 
setting,  that  they  may  be  well  laid  in;  when 
*hey  have  large  buBches  of  fine  hairy  roots, 
they  should  either  be  cut  off  or  washed  in,  by 
pouring  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water  into  the 
hole  after  it  is  partly  filled,  to  reduce  the  soil 
to  a  thin  puddle,  when  by  shaking  the  vine, the 
earth  will  be  filled  in  amongst  the  roots ;  they 
should  then  be  left  until  the  water  disappears, 
nfter  which  the  hole  may  be  filled  with  good 
rich  sod  and  trodden  firmly  about  the  plants  : 
unless  this  precaution  is  taken,  the.  fibrous  roots 
being  packed  upon  each  other,  are  liable  to 
become  mouldy  and  do  the  plants  material  in- 
jury. The  same  effect  is  often  produced  by 
putting  manure  into  the  hole  dug  for  receiving 
the  plant :  this  is  a  bad  practice,  and  ought 
never  to  be  allowed,  After  the  vine  has  beon 
planted  out,  a  little  manure  spread  about  it 
will  serve  to  keep  the  ground  moist  in  dry 
weather,  and  will  he  found  very  beneficial, — 
The  first  year  after  planting,  a  small  stake 
should  be  driven  down  by  each  plant,  to  which 
the  young  vine  should  be  tied  as  it  increases 
in  length.  Care  sbouid  also  be  taken  to  trim 
off  all  the  sprouts  but  one,  or  two  at  most,  from 
a  vine  of  ordinary  size  the  first  year  after  set 
ting,  and  the  tops  of  those  should  be  pinched 
off  by  the  middle  of  August,  to  allow  the  wood 

i  ripen  more  perfectly  to  enable  it  to  with- 


stand  the  first  winter.  The  other  method 
commonly  practised,  is  to  cultivate  plants  from 
cuttings  which  have  been  taken  from  the  vine 
previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  sap  in  the  spring.  The  common 
length  of  these  is  from  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a 
half.  These  should  be  planted  out  in  good 
rich  earth,  and  where  it  is  rather  inclining  to 
clay  than  sand,  and  a  northern  aspect  is  pref- 
erable to  a  south.  Bury  the  cuttings  in  a  slant- 
ing position  nearly  their  whole  length,  leaving 
the  upper  bud  near  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
In  dry  weather  they  should  be  watered,  and 
the  ground  covered  with  some  coarse  manure 
to  keep  it  moist.  The  American  varieties  do 
not  take  root  as  readily  as  the  foreign  ones, 
but  both  will  grow  with  ease.  As  cuttings 
make  but  small  shoots  the  first  year,  it  is  well 
to  cover  them  up  the  first  winter,  afier  which, 
all  the  American  and  most  of  the  European 
vines  will  endure  the  winters  in  this  district 
without  being  covered. 

GRAFTING  GRAPES. 

The  following  article  on  grafting  Grapes,  from 
the  New  England  Farmer,  is  worthy  the  atten- 
tion of  every  practical  man.  We  hope  this 
subject  will  be  better  understood  than  it  has 
heretofore  been,  as  the  advantage  of  it  to  so- 
ciety will  be  very  great  : — 

Mr.  Fessenden:  Observing  in  your  Farmer 
of  the  9th  inst.  apiece  signed  'An  Amateur,' 
soliciting  from  some  one  who  grafted  grapes 
the  last  season,  for  their  result  and  information 
upon  this  subject;  and  no  one  offering,  the 
season  passing  on,  and  fooling  that  we  are 
bound  by  oor  membership  to  the  Horticultural 
Society  to  communicate  the  results  of  our  prac- 
tice and  experiments,  I  venture  to  offer  a  few 
observations  with  a  statement  of  facts  on  graft- 
ing vines  the  last  season.  I  also  hand  you  a 
copv  "f  a  communication  from  an  intelligent 
member  residing  in  the  vicinity  ot  Boston,  up- 
on the  same  subject. 

Sometime  in  March,  say  about  the  middle, 
we  had  eight  wild  grape  vines  grafted  wilh  the 
Chassela?  grape,  three  on  large,  old  vines,  of  an 
inch  and  over  in  diameter — and  five,  on  cut- 
tings of  the  wild  grape  vine  set  out  in  the  spring 
of  1828.  They  were  not  large  when  grafted, 
the  tciont  being  larger  than  the  stocks.  The 
scions  cngrafied  into  the  three  old  vines  did 
not  grow;  they  kept  alive  some  time,  the  buds 
swelled,  and  some  of  them  opened  ;  the  leaves 
expanded,  but  finally  died ;  I  watched  their 
progress  with  particular  attention,  and  my  con- 
clusions are,  they  were  grafted  too  early  ;  as 
the  sap  flowed  so  long,  and  abundantly,  before 
it  became  glutinous  and  adhesive,  that  the  graft 
was  water-soaked  and  died  at  the  bottom,  tho' 
the  top,  as  I  before  observed,  had  the  appear- 
ance some  time  of  doing  well.  The  other  five 
small  vines  did  bitter;  four  of  the  five  took 
well  and  grew  astonishingly  fast;  the  flow  of 
sap  was  small  compared  with  the  old  vines; 
some  of  thein  grew  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet 
in  height,  and  very  rapidly,  after  the  scions 
had  taken  to  the  stock;  sume  days  the  vine 
grew  thirteen  inches  per  measurement. 

The  above  mentioned  vines  were  operated 
on  by  cleft  grafting,  and  grafted  in  the  ground, 
the  soil  hauled  round  them.  Hereafter  we 
shall  alter  in  some  respects,  viz.  where  the 
stocks  are  large  shall  bore  in  them,  good  sized 
stocks  that  pinch  in  i  he  scions  tiald,  let  them 
remain  without  tying  a  piece  of  bass  mat  round 
them;  smaller  stocks  should  be  well  tied,  for 
I  observed  in  those  that  did  not  take,  the  split 
inclined  to  open  and  remain  wide  during  the 
flow  of  the  sap. — Have  them  clayed,  and  the 
dirt  haulded  over  the  clay. 

[Copy  of  memorandum  handed  me] 

Grafts  of  the  Chasselas  set  5tli  April,  1830, 
grew  about  fifteen  feet  same  year,  grafted  (by 


cleft  grafting)  and  clayed  on  the  common  wild 
grape. — The  graft  bore  fruit,  but  it  did  not  come 
to  maturity.  Grafts  set  by  boring  into  a  vine 
laid  down  in  a  trench,  pinned  down  and  cov- 
ered about  two  inches  with  earth.  Set  the  13th 
May,  grew  nearly  as  well  as  those  set  5th  April. 
One  sot  at  the  same  lime  at  the  extremity  of 
the  vine,  by  cleft  grafting,  grew  as  well  as  the 
others  Grafts  set  4th  of  March  did  not  live ; 
of  several  set  11th  March,  by  cleft  grafting,  in 
the  usual  manner,  more  than  one  half  did  not 
take;  those  that  did  take  made  a  greater  growth 
than  those  set  by  boring  holes,  but  more  of  the 
latter  lived.  I  should  think  that  gralts  set 
from  15th  April  to  15th  May  in  this  climate. 
more  likely  to  do  well  than  those  set  i  arHer. 
S.  DOWNER. 
Dorchester,  March  20,  1831. 


PRESERVING  ZGGS. 

At  this  season,  e^gs  are  plenty  and  cheap  ; 
but  recollect  that  next  February  and  March, 
they  mav  be  as  dear  as  they  have  been  the  past 
season,  viz.  from  eighteen  to  twenty  five  cents 
per  dozen.  It  will  be  good  economy  there- 
fore, to  lay  down  eggs  for  the  season  of  scar- 
city. For  this  purpose,  take  a  vessel  of  suffi- 
cient size  and  fill  it  with  strong  lime-water,  in 
which  put  fresh  eggs;  let  them  be  kept  per- 
fectly covered  by  keeping  a  piece  of  board 
loaded  with  sufficient  weight  upon  them  to 
keep  ihem  an  inch  or  two  below  the  surface. 
In  this  manner  eggs  may  be  kept  two  years  — 
Another  method  is  to  dip  them  in  melted  bees- 
wax, tallow,  or  varnish,  or  a  solution  of  gum 
Arabic, by  which  the  pores  of  the  shell  are  made 
tight.  Either  method,  as  may  suit  tho  conve- 
nience of  the  housewife,  will  render  them  suit- 
able for  long  keeping. 


PUMPKINS. 

We  believe  this  crop  is  more  neglected  than 
it  ought  to  be.  Whether  this  is  owing  to  the 
old  cant  phrase  of  "  Brother  Jonathan  and 
Pumpkin  pie,"  used  by  our  transatlantic  breth- 
ren, we  know  not.  But  this  is  certain,  that  a 
given  weight  or  measure  of  Pumpkins  contains 
more  nutricious  matter  than  ihe  same  quantity 
of  turnips,  and  they  are  not  as  difficult  to  keep. 
For  feeding  to  milch  cows  in  the  fall,  we  do 
not  know  of  a  better  article  according  to  their 
cost:  for  feeding  to  beef  catile  Ihey  are  ex- 
cellent— and  when  boiled,  and  a  little  Indian 
meal  added  to  them,  for  feeding  hogs  they  exs 
celt  most  kinds  of  food.  We  hope  therefore, 
that  instead  of  running  mad  about  raising  Ruta 
Baga,  our  farmers  will  look  carefully  to  rais- 
ing Pumpkins,  for  without  them  the  emigrants 
from  Connecticut  would  make  but  sorrowful 
work  keeping  Thanksgiving. 

FLAX. 

We  make  the  following  extract,  from  a  let- 
ter from  a  practical  farmer  of  Pembroke,  Gen- 
esee county,  who.  we  hope,  wili  oft-jn  contri- 
bute to  the  columns  of  the  Former: 

"  I  have  for  a  few  years  past  made  some  ex- 
periments in  the  growing  and  preparation  of 
Flax,  and  believe,  from  mj  own  experience, 
that  the  Irish  mode  is  decidedly  the  tnorf  ad- 
vantageous for  this  country.  Water-rotted 
flax  is  vastly  superior,  when  the  process  is  per- 
formed in  waterof  proper  quality;  butl  tuink  ihc 
watcrof  Old  Genesee  generally  loo  hard  to  pro- 
duce the  first  rate  article.  Last  \ear  I  expos- 
ed my  crop  to  the  Equinoctial  rain,  and  in  five 
days  the  lotting  process  was  finished;  and  a 
better  article  of  the  kind  1  have  never  seen  in 
in  this  country.  Our  farmers  generally,  have 
imbibed  very  ononcous  notions  with  regard  to 
the  proper  quantity  of  seed  to  be  sown  on  an 


12C> 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  23,  1931. 


acre.  From  one  to  two  bushels  is  the  common 
quantity  sown.  This  renders  the  crop  coarse 
and  harsh  like  hemp.  I  sowed  last  year  eight 
bushels  per  aero,  and  received  at  the  rate  of 
twelve  hundred  pounds  per  acre,  of  first  rate 
flax — the  ground  was  in  fine  order,  and  the  crop 
pulled  when  about  two  thirds  of  the  capsules 
were  formed.  I  shall  make  further  experi- 
ments this  spring  in  the  preparation  of  the 
ground,  and  shall  put  ten  bushels  of  seed  per 
acre — which  will  make  about  twelve  seeds  to 
the  square  inch.  Flax  in  this  region  of  coun- 
try, shonld  be  sown  as  early  as  the  frosts  will 
admit,  that  the  plants  may  be  well  started  be- 
fore the  dry  and  hot  season  comes  on — and 
here  we  find  one  of  the  peculiar  advantages  of 
thick  seeding  :  it  prevents  evaporation  from 
the  ground,  and  enables  the  crop  to  defend  it 
selffrom  the  scorching  rays  of  the  sun.  I 
have  made  experiments  on  various  branches  of 
Agriculture,  which  perhaps  I  may  notice  on 
some  future  occasion." 


quality.  No  better  time  for  pruning  peach 
trees  perhaps  can  be  selected  than  about  the 
1st  of  June.  The  mode  and  time  o(  pruning 
may  appear  to  those  who  have  never  made  the 
attempt  at  variance  with  their  ideas;  but  it  is 
experience,  not  theory,  that  has  dictated  the 
above  remarks.  Seth  Davis. 

Netcton,  March  1,  1831. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

BARLEY. 

The  two-rowed  bailey,  if  it  can  he  had,  is 
decidedly  preferable  for  mellow  ground — if 
not,  the  four-rowed  is  next  to  be  preferred. — 
It  should  be  prepared  by  steeping  in  cold  wa- 
ter some  twelve  hours,  carefully  skimming  all 
the  oats  and  foul  stuff  which  rises  to  i  lie  top  of 
the  steep  ;  the  water  may  then  be  drained  off, 
and  the  barley  thrown  into  a  heap  upon  the 
floor,  where  it  must  remain  twelve  hours  :  then 
some  house  ashes  are  to  bo  mixed  with  the 
barley  and  sown  immediately,  three  bushels  to 
the  acre.  Barley  from  clay  land  should  be 
sown  on  sandy  or  alluvial  soil,  and  vice  versa 
The  time  for  sowing  is  from  the  20th  to  the 
last  of  April. 

I  am  aware  that  this  manner  of  treating  seed 
barley  is  very  different  from  the  customary 
mode;  but  let  the  farmer  act  upon  these  in- 
structions, and  I  shall  endeavor  to  sustain  the 
propriety  of  them  in  a  subsequent  essay  by 
what  I  conceive  to  be  sound  reason. 

"  Wayne.'1 

April.  FLORAL  CALENDAR. 

19th — Do^-tootli  violet,  Erythronium  dtnscanis) — Lea- 
ther-wood, iDirca  palustris) — Blood  root.  (San' 
guinaria  canadensis) — Chock  weed.  (Als'nit  me- 
dia)— Tootli-root,  \Dcntaria  diplujlla]~Duffoi\i[, 
[lYarcissus ' pseudo  narcissus] — Hyacinths,  [7fya- 
cinthus  oricntalis\  in  flower. 


PROFITABLE    MANAGEMENT. 

A  general  rule  among  farmers  should  be,  to 
keep  the  best  and  sell  the  poorest  living  pro- 
ductions of  a  farm.  The  most  indifferent  fowls, 
pigs,  lambs  and  calves  should  be  selected  and 
sold.  The  best  kind  of  seeds  and  grain  de- 
signed for  sowing,  should  be  preserved.  The 
choico  butter  and  cheese,  the  best  of  the  hams 
and  salted  meat,  and  the  finest  domestic  cloth 
should  be  sent  to  market.—  Am.  Farmer. 


Front   the  New  England  Farmer. 

TURNING     PEACH    TREES. 

One  remark  will  bo  offered  as  to  the  mode 
of  pruning.  This  ought  to  be  effected  by  head- 
ing Anon,  that  is  cut  ofFaM  the  top,  to  within 
five  or  six  feet  of  the  ground  once  in  four  years 
at  least;  no  injury  will  result,  but  more  heal- 
thy and  vigorous  wood  will  be  foimed,  and  a 
greater  quantity  of  fruit  be  produced  ;  as  peach 
trees  seldom  bear  moro  than  one  or  two  years 
in  succession,  the  succeeding  spring  alter  a 
bearing  year  should  be  selected  to  perform  the 
operation.  Young  wood  will  then  bo  produ- 
ced, and  if  the  season  be  favorable,  yield  a 
good  supply  of  fruit  the  7te:?:/year,  as  the  sec 
ond  year's  growth  is  that  which  mostly,  if  not 
always,  produces  fruit  in  the  peach  tree.  The 
evils  of  a  contrary  course  of  pruning  consist 
in  the  limbs  towards  the  bottom  of  the  tree 
becoming  sickly  and  dying;  the  top  running 
up  so  high  as  to  be  exposed  to  the  wind  and 
consequently  being  broken  off,  and  often  split- 
ting the  trunk  to  the  botttom,  and  affording  a 
'ess  quantity  of  fruit  and  that  of  an  inferior 


Prom  tho  New  England  Farmer, 
BEr.S. 
Mr.  Fcssenden : — In  August  of  last  year,  a 
gentleman  from  Kentucky  called  with  a  friend 
to  see  me,  and  observing  I  kept  bees,  mention- 
ed that  a  friend  of  his  in  that  state  had  for 
several  years  kept  them  in  a  dark  room  in  one 
end  of  his  garret,  (a  brick  house)  with  some 
small  holes  cut  through  to  admit  the  passage 
of  the  bees;  by  this  means  he  was  saved  the 
trouble  of  hives  and  swarming .  (which  they 
never  do  as  long  as  they  have  room  to  work 
in,)  and  that  he  could  at  any  time  go  into  the 
room  (properly  guarded)  and  take  ten  or  fifty 
pounds  of  comb  at  a  time  Early  in  Decem- 
ber, I  wrote  a  letter  asking  man)  questions, 
with  an  intention  of  giving  to  your  paper  the 
results  of  my  enquiries,  but  presume  I  did  not 
get  a  proper  direction,  as  I  have  not  received 
an  answer.  During  the  winter  I  have  made 
some  inquiries,  and  reflected  much  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  herein  give  you  an  extract  of  a  letter 
from  T.  W.  Sumner,  Esq.  of  Brookline,  Mass. 

'In  the  summer  of  1827,  a  swarm  of  bees 
entered  by  a  small  hole  under  the  shingled 
gutter  which  is  on  the  top  of  the  cornice  of 
one  of  the  dormer  windows  of  my  house; — 
when  in,  they  found  abundance  of  room  for 
working,  and  no  one  could  disturb  them,  but 
by  taking  down  tho  plaistered  ceiling  of  my 
upper  rooms.  You  will  recollect  my  house 
has  what  is  termed  a  gamble  roof;  the  space 
above  the  level  plaistering  forms  a  flat  Irian 
gle,  of  seven  feet  wide,  twenty  inches  high, 
and  at  least  sixty  feet  long.  I  think  had  they 
not  been  disturbed,  they  might  have  worked 
twenty  years. 

"  We  did  not  disturb  them,  neither  did  they 
disturb  us,  till  I  took  them  up  in  Jan.  1829, on 
a  very  cold  day  I  took  down  the  plastering 
about  a  yard  square  under  the  comb,  and  smo- 
thered them  in  the  usual  way  with  sulphur. — 
We  got  29G  lbs  of  comb,  bread  and  honey.  I 
have  often  regretted  I  did  not  try  to  propagate 
them,  for  honey  in  a  family  is  a  very  conven- 
ient article." 

A  friend  of  mine,  as  much  as  fifteen  years 
since,  in  taking  a  house  to  pieces  in  Boston, 
found  a  swarm  of  bees  over  one  of  the  dormer 
windows  in  the  garret,  which  he  had  carefully 
sawed  offand  secured  and  carried  to  Brighton, 
where  he  kept  it  several  years. 

1  understand  there  has  been  in  the  roof  of  a 
house  in  Brighton,  a  swarm  of  bees  for  seven 
years  past.  They  have  not  much  room  to  work 
in,  but  will  not  be  driven  away. 

All  these  circumstances  had  determined  mo 
to  prepaie  a  place  in  my  barn,  when  your  pa- 
per about  a  month  since  stated  it  was  a  com- 
mon praetice  in  Ohio. 

I  have  mado  a  tight  closet  of  near  ten  feet 
square  and  about  six  feet  high  in  the  centre, 
at  the  southwest  end  of  my  barn,  immediately 
under  the  ridgepole.  The  floor  is  about  twen- 
ty five  feet  from  the  ground,  and  is  approach- 
ed by  a  fixed  ladder  from  the  second  floor,  and 
kept  under  lock  In  this  I  have  placed  two 
hives  purchased  this  season  from  Mr.  Beard, 
from  the  interior  of  Maine,  where,  as  1  under 
stand,  they  have  not  been  troubled  with  tho 
bee  moth.  I  approhend  from  the  great  eleva- 
tion of  my  bee  house,  I  shall  not  be  troubled 
with  them  again,  as  I  believo  they  do  not  often 
rise  so  high  from  the  ground. 

1  have  kept  more  or  less  boes  for  twenty 
years;  till  about  six  years  ago,  wo  were  so 
much  trouBled  by  the  bee  moth  that  I  gavo 
them  up.  La6t  year  I  began  again  in  the  hope, 
with  some  of  my  improvod  hives  to  succeed 
better,  and  still  intend   keeping  some   in  the 


usual  way  near  the  ground.  If  the  chamber 
plan  succeed.of  which  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt, 
we  shall  be  saved  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  as  we 
shall  no  longer  be  obliged  to  watch  and  hivo 
them  I  hare  put  in  some  extra  rafters,  also 
a  shelf  and  standards  to  enable  the  bees  more 
readily  to  attach  the  comb 

Any  persons  having  a  wish  to  see  the  meth- 
od adopted  by  me,  I  shall  be  happy  to  show  it 
to  them.  The  bees  appear  perfectly  satisfied 
with  their  elevated  situation 

1  am  somewhat  apprehensive  that  a  south- 
west aspect  may  be  ralher  too  warm  in  sura< 
mer,  and  ralher  regret  I  had  not  put  the  room 
even  at  the  northeast  end  of  the  barn.  1  should 
haye  preferred  a  southeast  front,  taking  the 
morning  sun  and  being  cooler  in  the  afternoon. 
I  do  not  think  'here  is  any  danger  to  be  appre- 
hended from  severe  cold,  if  they  are  only  kept 
dry.         Very  truly  yours,         John  Prince. 

Jamaica  Plain,  April  11,  1831. 


Erom  the  American  Farmer. 

A    MARKET    FOR    COCOONS. 

The  Editor  of  the  American  Farmer  is  au- 
thorized to  say  that  any  quantity  of  cocoons 
will  be  purchased  the  ensuing  season, by  a  gen- 
tleman who  is  preparing  to  erect  a  filature  in 
Baltimore.  From  forty  to  fifty  cents  a  pound 
will  be  given  for  them,  according  to  quality. — 
Particular  care  -hould  be  taken  in  killing 
tho  crysalis,  that  the  fibre  of  the  cocoons  be 
not  injured  by  heat,  and  that  all  the  crysalis 
be  certainly  killed.  If  the  cocoons  be  put  in- 
to a  tin  vessel,  the  cover  closed  perfectly,  and 
the  vessel  be  placed  in  a  kettle  of  boiling  wa- 
ter for  half  an  hour,  tho  crysalis  will  bo  all  kil- 
led, and  the  cocoons  receive  no  injury  from 
too  high  a  heat,  as  the  water  will  prevent  tho 
temperature  rising  above  the  boiling  point. 

We  have  thought  it  proper  to  give  this  notice, 
that  those  who  have  been  deterred  from  raising 
silkworms  by  the  absence  of  a  market  for  co- 
coons, might  he  induced  to  commence.  At 
forly  cents  a  pound  cocoons  will  be  avery  pro- 
fitable article.  One  person  with  a  boy  to  as- 
sist during  the  last  ten  days,  csn  attend  to  one 
hundred  thousand  worms :  which,  if  well  at- 
tended to. — kept  clean  and  well  fed  with 
mulberry  leaves,  will  produce  800  pounds  of 
cocoons,  which  will  bring  at  the  minimum 
price  $120  ;  and  if  really  first  quality,  which 
they  will  be  by  proper  attention,  they  will 
bring  $150, — and  the  time  occupied  will  not  be 
over  six  weeks.  What  more  profitable  em- 
ployment can  females  pursue  ?  The  gentle- 
man will  give  notice  in  a  future  advertisement 
of  the  place  at  which  the  cocoons  will  be  pur- 
chased. In  the  mean  time,  the  Editor  will 
take  pleasure  |n  giving  all  necessary  informa- 
tion on  the  subject. —  All  lettters  must  be  post 

paid.  

HORTICULTURE. 

The  Rensselaer  Horticultural  Society, 
recently  organised,  has  commenced  ope- 
rations with  a  good  spirit,  that  promises 
to  do  much  for  the  interests  of  this  ele- 
gant art.  We  would  direct  the  atten- 
tion of  farmers  and  gardeners  to  the  co- 
pious list  of  premiums  they  haveolTeied 
to  horticultural  competition,  lo  he  award- 
ed next  nutumn. 

Early  Products. — We  are  informed 
i  that  at  a  meeting  of  the  Inspecting  Com- 
imitlee  of  the  Horticultural  Society  yes- 
terday,   at   the    Rensselaer   r louse,   Mr. 
David  C.  Norton  of  Lansingburgh,  pre- 
sented   two    bunches    of    radishes,   the 
growth    of  the   present   season,  one   of 
which,   containing   eig'n,  weighed    four- 
teen  ounces.     The   other  contained  ten, 
and  weighed  10  ounces.  He  also  presen- 
ted a  fine  bunch  of  Asparagus. — [Troy 
Sentinel. 


Vol.  I.— No.  15. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


127 


NEWS  OF  THE  WEEK. 

HIGHLY    IMP0TANT   FROM   EUROPE. 

London  papers  to  the  20tb  of  March,  being 
nearly  a  month  later  than  the  former  arrival, 
have  been  received  at  New  York  by  the  pack- 
et Hibcrnia.  These  papers  are  lull  of  inter 
esting  intelligence,  but  are  not  sufficiently 
explicit  to  allay  the  anxiety  which  must  exist 
in  relation  to  Poland.  A  series  of  encounters 
have  taken  place  between  the  Poles  and  Rus- 
sians, which  terminated  in  a  6erce  and  bloody 
contest  on  the  25th  of  February,  which,  from 
all  accounts,  was  indecisive.  It  seems  that 
the  Poles  suffered  the  Russian  army  to  ap- 
proach wiJnn  a  short  distance  of  Warsaw  be 
fore  the  contest  commenced,  aod  it  also  ap- 
peals that  Warsaw  has  not  fallen,  as  was  ru- 
mored, nor  have  the  Russians  advanced  upon 
it  since  the  great  battle,  while  in  the  mean 
time  the  Poles  are  using  every  endeavor  to 
strengthen  themselves.  It  is  admitted  that 
the  Russian  General  Diebitsch  miscalculated 
very  much  in  bis  estimate  of  Polish  courage 
and  bravery.  It  is  impossible  for  us  at  this 
lite  hour  to  give  the  particulars  in  detail, 
but  shall  to  morrow.  We  will  only  add  that 
hope  still  exists  for  the  freedom  of  Poland. 

The  Belgians  have  chosen  M.  Surlel  de 
Chokier  Regent.  From  bis  proclamation  H 
appears  that  Belgium  shall  not  be  the  tool  of 
(he  five  Powers 

A  change  of  Ministry  has  taken  place  in 
France,  but  one  which  does  not  in  any  wise  af- 
fect the  great  principles  of  the  Revolution. — 
Lafitte  has  yielded  his  place  to  Cassimer  Per- 
Tier.  This  is  said  to  have  taken  place  from 
the  embarrassment  of  Lajitle  in  his  domestic 
affairs  Buron  Louis  goes  into  the  Treasury, 
and  Admiral  Ri"ny  goes  into  the  Marine. — 
Marshal  Soult  still  possesses  great  influence  in 
the  Cabinet.  A  new  order  for  a  levy  of  80,000 
men  has  been  made.  The  Austrian  Ambas- 
sador has  announced  that  if  the  French  govern- 
ment object  to  the  intervention  of  Austria  in 
the  affairs  of  Italy,  he  shall  demand  his  pass- 
ports. Great  popuUr  indignation  was  mani- 
fested against  the  Russian  Ambassador  in  Pa- 
ris on  the  receipt  of  the  Polish  news,  and  tu- 
multuary movements  have  taken  place  in  the 
streets,  from  all  which  the  papers  say  it  is  evi- 
dent the  French  government  are  ready,  if  not 
eager,  for  war. 

Nothing  of  much  importance  has  occurred  in 
Italy.  The  insurrectionary  spirit  in  the  Ro- 
man States  remains  about  the  same  as  at  for- 
mer dates. 

The  Reform  Bill  was  introduced  in  the  H. 
of  Commons,  by  Lord  John  Russell  on  the  1st 
of  March,  and  encountered  a  debate  of  seven 
days.  It  was  read  for  the  first  time  on  the  8th 
of  March.  The  second  reading  which  will 
test  the  matter,  was  put  down  for  the  21st. — 
The  Bill  goes  much  further  than  was  expecl- 
ed,  and  eveu  Messrs.  flume,  Hunt  and  O'C'o/i 
nell  admit  that  it  is  worthy  of  their  support. — 
The  tory  party  are  in  despair  about  it.  Mr. 
Jeffreys,  the  Lord  Advocate,  made  his  first 
»peech  on  that  occasion. 

Tha  Bill  laterally  disfranchises  106  bo- 
roughs, it  gives  to  the  principal  cities  whicl 
heretofore  have  been  without  a  representa- 
tion, tiro  memhers  each,  and  extends  to  all 
males  the  right  of  voting,  who  are  possessed 
of  real  property  to  the  value  of  $44,44.  Poll 
lists  are  to  be  made  out  before  elections  and 
none  are  to  vote  who^e  names  are  uot  upon 
the  lists.  Strong  confidence  is  entertained 
that  the  bill  wul  be  earned. 

THE   REFORM    BILL. 

By  the  Packet  George  Canning  from  Liv- 
erpool, dates  to  the  23d  of  March  have  beet, 
received.  The  reform  Bill  still  continues  the 
subject  of  greatest  interest,  nor  is  it  at  all  a 


matter  of  surprise  that  it  should  come  with 
staitling  importance  both  upon  the  Arrislocra- 
cy  and  the  people.  If  carried  into  effect  il 
will  indeed  be  a  revolution  of  no  minor  impor- 
tance, and  every  way  worthy  its  fellows  on 
the  continent.  The  long,  persevering  and 
obstinate  opposition  which  it  has  encountered, 
the  debate  of  seven  days  in  succession,  elici- 
ting the  first  talent  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  the  immense  moral  and  political  changes 
which  it  proposes.deeply  mark  the  importance 
attached  to  it  by  the  different  classes  of  peo- 
ple, and  exhibit  one  of  the  greatest  political 
measures  ever  agitated  in  a  British  Parlia- 
ment- By  this  bill  60  boroughs  will  be  totally 
disfranchised,  leaving  119  members,  which 
with  the  restrictions  upon  certain  boroughs 
will  increase  the  diminution  of  members  to 
163,  and  the  right  of  suffrage  will  be  extend- 
ed to  at  least  5UO,000  persons  heretofore  dis- 
franchised. The  second  reading  of  the  bill 
which  was  looked  forward  to  as  the  test  in  the 
Lower  House,  and  which  it  was  anticipated 
by  the  ministers  would  be  carried  by  a  major- 
ity of  100  certaiMy,  has  been  carried;  but 
by  a  majority  of  o  e  only  ;  and  even  this  we 
should  think  a  victory ,srnall  as  it  is,  one  which 
the  ministry  bad  but  little  reason  to  anticipate. 
During  the  many  lears  in  which  motions  for 
reform  have  been  before  Parliament,  although, 
comparatively  speaking,  embracing  nothing, 
or  nearly  rothing,  yet  on  no  occasion  has  the 
House  expressed  any  great  anxiety  for  effect- 
ing the  object.  True,  great  changes  in  the 
country  have  taken  place,  a  Tory  ministry 
has  been  supplanted  by  a  Whig  one,  and  a 
King  now  fills  the  throne  who  appears  to  pos- 
sess all,  or  nearly  all  the  requisites  ol  a  liberal 
prince,  yet  all  this  might  easily  fail  in  pro- 
ducing that  change  in  men's  minds,  particu 
iarly  of  the  aristocracy,  sufficient  to  reconcile 
them  toso  great  changes  in  the  affairs  of  the 
natiou.  The  Hon.  Lord  John  Russell,  moved 
Iria  question  for  the  2d  reading.  Viscount  Ma 
noil,  John  Stully,  Mr.  Ormsby  Gore,  WarJ, 
Batesoo.and  Lord  Castlereagh  spoke  in  oppo- 
siiion,  as  also  did  Sir  James  Scailett,  who  pro- 
nounced the  Bill  unjust  and  unconstitutional. 
Mr.  Cavendish,  and  the  Attorney  General 
spoke  in  favor,  and  Lord  -Russell  having  re- 
plied to  Mr.  Scarlett,  the  gallery  was  cleared 
aod  the  question  taken  as  follows : 

In  favor  302 

Against  301 

1 

Making  a  majority  of  one  in  favor  of  the 
Bill.  The  result  was  received  with  the  highest 
demonstrations  of  satisfaction  both  inside  and 
out  of  the  House,  and  thus  for  the  first  time, 
ha6  the  question  of  reform  virtually  passed  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  majority  of  the 
members  who  spoke  against  the  bill  during 
the  7  dajs,  or  rather  nights,  were  either  re- 
presentations from  the  close  boroughs,  which 
are  to  betdisfranchised,  or  members  owning 
and  controlling  these  boroughs.  One  objec- 
tion urged  against  the  Bill  was,  that  it  would 
make  members  hereafter  too  depeudent  upon 
their  constituents,  a  reason  which  may  have 
weight  in  a  British  Legislature,  but  would 
be  likely  to  be  scouted  in  an  American.  Il 
comes  home  upon  the  question,  whether  men 
can  govern  themselves  ;  and  il  the  people  ot 
England  have  sufficient  wisdom,  intelligence 
and  virtue  for  thai  .purpose,  the  objection  has 
no  force,  and  the  provisions  of  this  Bill  can 
do  no  harm.  Judging,  so  far  as  we  are  able, 
we  should  entertain  the  opinion,  that  the  Bill 
is  calculated  to  remove  the  sole  power  from 
the  hands  of  the  Aristocracy,  and  balance  it 


betwecQ  that  and  the  Democracy,  thus  pro- 
ducing a  system  of  checks  and  balances, 
which,  whatever  the  effect  may  be  upon  indi- 
vidual classes,  must  be  beneficial  to  the  coun- 
try at  large. 

CONNECTICUT    ELECTION. 

The  New-Haven  City  Gazette  gives  the 
returns  from  96  towns.  Tbe  votes  for  the 
congressional  stand  about  as  9U0C  for  tbe 
"  national  republican"  ticket,  to  about  4500 
or  the  Jackson  ticket.  John  S.  Peters  is 
elected  governor.  lo  105  towns,  the  votes  for 
lieut  gov.  stand,  for  H.  W.  Edwards  5800, 
O.  Merwin  5300,  E.  Ives  2300  ;  20  towns  re- 
main to  be  heard  from.  There  is,  probably ; 
no  choice. 

CITY   BANK   ROBBERS. 

In  Philadelphia,  on  Saturday,  a  man  calling 
himself  John  Ellis,  bui  whose  real  name  is 
Wm.  John  Murray,  was  arrested,  and  on  him 
was  found  a  sum  of  money  ascertained  to  he 
part  of  that  taken  from  the  New  York  Cny 
Bank.  He  was  probably  concerned  with 
Smith  in  the  robbery  He  is  a  Scotchman, 
not  long  in  tbe  country. 

REMARKABLE   PASSAGES. 

The  packet  ship  Hibernia,  arrived  at  Liv- 
erpool  on  the  18th  February,  in  17  days  ;  the 
Caledonia  on  the  5th  March,  in  16  days  ;  nod 
tbe  Canada  on  the  13lh  March,  in  17  days — 
all  from  New  York. 

ARABIAN  HORSES. 

The  four  celebrated  Arabian  hoisea, 
imported  by  Mr.  Rhind,  will  be  sold  at 
Tattersals  on  the  15th  of  May.  Admi- 
rers of  fine  blood  and  muscle,  who  reside 
at  a  distance,  should  be  on  the  ground  in 
time.  The  sale  will  be  positive. 
rail  roads. 

The  Washington  Telegraph,  speakiDg  of 
the  number  of  Rail  Roads  which  have  been 
projected,  says: — "  A  catalogue  of  those  now 
iu  progress,  under  actual  operation,  or  in  con. 
templalion,  would  embrace  the  name  of  al- 
mosl  every  State  and  Territory  in  the  Union." 


METEOROLOGICAL,    TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  April  16,  1831. 

C 

3 

5 

-J 

O   V 

a 

a 

"o 
a 

■all 

'3  S  1        Observations 

1 

— 

MM 

37129,     ,    s 

11 

v. 

M 
E 

38  29, 
36 1     ,28 
33      ,55 

S  20 
B  U> 

n  u 

1 
I 

1 

1 

2-10  rain 

13 

M 
1. 

401     ,65 
36      ,58 

10 

n  to 

1 

1 

severe  frost 

13 

u 

60 

,60 

» 

1 

1. 

54 

,4M 

3 

1 

II 

.11 

64 

50 

s 

I 

K 

50 

,53 

10 

1 

15 

M 

60 

,58 

t 

1 

i. 

52 

,50 

t 

1 

lfi 

M 

64 

50 

e 

1 

1 

1-10  r 

E 

52 

,52 

€ 

1 

1 

1-10  r 

trjrThe  Barometrical  and  Thermomctrical  observa- 
tions are  registeredat  IQo'clocfc  A.M.  and  P.  M.,  iclneh 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  A  -- . 

THE  subscriber  offers  for  sale  at  his  Nursery,  e 
variety  ol  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Fibrous  and  Bulbous  Roots,  &c,  among 
which  are  Apples,  Peaches,  Fears,  a  few  Cherries, 
Locust,  Catalpa.  Weeping  Willow,  Glediiscbia  or 
Honey  Locust,  Rose  Acassia  or  Moss  Locust,  Fir, 
Mountain  Aah,  Snow  Balls,  Lilacs  of  different  sHe> 
oies,  Paper  Mulberry,  a  variety  of  Roses,  Hcney 
Suckles,  Tulips, Crown  Imperials,  Hyacinths,  Lil- 
lies,  and  many  others.  Also  a  few  Grien  Houfe 
Plants.  Communications  received  ihro'  the  Koch- 
eater  post  office,  and  Trees  delivered  in  Rochester 
without  charge.  SILAS  C  ORIVELL. 

LindtnHill,(i  miles  N  W  ot  Rochester)  3d  mo  20. 

*„*  Orders  for  the  above  may  he  left  at  the  Office 
of  the  Genesee  Farmer.  Ftf   mar26 


J  28 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


April  23,  1S31. 


LETTERS  PROM   EUROPE. 

LETTER  II. 

Packet  ship  Sully—in  thi-  British  ) 
Channel,  Dec.  S3d,  1?30.         J 

My  dear  Friend — If  a  ship  of  five  hundred 
tons  burthen,  well  rigged,  appointed  and  man 
ned,  riding  on  her  own  element,  is  ever  an  in- 
significant object,  she  can  only  be  made  so  by 
the  force  of  circumstances  I  have  indeed 
seen  her  in  situations  in  which  she  seemed  to 
mo  of  not  much  account— but  now  that  the 
solitariness  of  her  condition  in  the  mid  ocean 
is  exchanged  for  one,  where,  though  no  Ian 
is  visible,  yet  many  sail  are  in  sight  to  cheer 
us  with  the  assurance  that  we  have  not  the 
whole  world  to  ourselves.  I  look  on  our  noble 
ship  with  increased  admiration — I  might  say, 
loo,  with  affection. 

A  description  of  one  is  a  description  of  all 
our  European  packet  ships.  Thev  have  been 
30  often  described  that  I  could  ndd  nothing  on 
this  subject  to  what  you  already  know  The 
effect  is  certainly  singular  and  striking,  when, 
in  the  midst  of  the  ocean,  one  finds  himself  in 
a  splendid  saloon,  fitted  up  in  a  style  of  eastern 
magnificence,  with  its  colonnade  of  beautiful 
marble,  so  arranged  that  by  a  judicious  dispo- 
sition of  mirrors,  the  pillars  are  multiplied  and 
extended  to  a  degree  which  is  truly  imposing 
But  nothing  in  the  fitting  up  and  decorations 
of  the  state  rooms  and  cabin6,  has  struck  me 
as  worthy  of  notice,  when  compared  with  thp 
grandeur  of  her  exterior.  If  I  were  asked  what 
was  the  most  beautiful  object  of  art  I  ever 
saw,  I  certainly  should  answer,  a  fine  ship, 
standing  before  the  wind,  with  all  sails  set.  I 
could  never  tire  of  looking  at  her.  with  her 
masts  shot  up  to  snch  a  dizzy  height,  and  her 
complement  of  canvass  (to  be  a  little  techni- 
cal) ffm  spanker-sheet  to  jib,  and  from  main 
sail  to  topgallant-royai.  not  omitting  the  man- 
ner in  which  her  breadth  of  canvass  is  eked 
out  with  studding  sails,  all  rising  and  spreading 
in  exact  and  corresponding  proportions,  bent 
and  inflated  full  with  the  breeze,  and  so  skil- 
fully disposed,  that  out  of  twenty  broad  sheets 
set.  not  one  shall  interfere  with,  or  cut  off  the 
wind  from  another.  In  this  plight,  with  a 
strong  breeze  across  her  quarter,  to  see  ber 
dash  along  at  the  rate  of  twelve  miles  an  hour, 
as  if  she  was  not  only  "  a  thins  of  life,"  but  a 
proud  and  ambitious  being  ploughing  ber  foam- 
ing way  through  the  lesser  billows  and  shoot- 
ing over  the  higher,  and  always  with  mose 
ments  which  are  at  once  easy  and  dignified, 
graceful  and  majestic,  is  a  sight  worth  all  the 
perils  of  a  voyage  to  witness.  The  skill  and 
oase,  too,  with  which  she  is  managed,  and  the 
docility  with  which  she  obeys  the  will  of  her 
master,  is  matter  of  interest  and  surprise  to  a 
landsman  How  he  will  bring  her  up  and  make 
her  spued  on  her  way,  almost  in  the  very  eyo 
of  the  wind — and  then,  by  a  combined  use  of 
sail  ano  rudder,  heave  her  to,  with  her  head  to 
the  tempest,  and  make  her  stand  there  and  re- 
ceive its  fury  unmoved— all  this  cannot  fail  to 
make  a  deep  and  lasting  impression  on  the  be 
holder. 

Another  thing  in  the  conrtucting  of  these 
ships  has  excited  my  admiration — and  that,  is, 
the  entire  certainty  and  exactness  with  which 
her  courses  and  travel  are  kept.  The  old 
method  of  keepiug  a  ship's  reckoning  by  the 
log,  is  still  in  use,  at  least  it  is  in  this  ship,  and 
kept  by  one  of  the  inferior  officers,  who  has 
charge  also  cf  the  iog  book.  Bnt  by  the  use  of 
the  sextant  and  chronometer,  in  the  hands  of 
the  commander,  the  beautiful  science  of  navi- 
gation is  applied  to  this  purpose  with  mathe 
maticai  exactness.  The  nautical  day  always 
begins  at  twelve  o'clock  at  noon,  and  we  have 
had  the  precise  course  and  distance  of  every 
day's  work  since  wo  have  been  out,  as  accu 
ralely  laid  down  on  charts,  as  if  we  had  march- 
ed over  land,  and  surveyed  and  measured  every 
foot  of  our  way  by  chain  and  compass.  As  an 
evidence  of  the  entire  accuracy  with  which 
this  business  is  conducted,  the  Captain  yester- 
day foretold  us  at  what  precise  hour  of  the 
night,  and  at  what  distance  and  bearing,  the 


British  lights  of  Lizard  Point  would  be  visible 
— at  the  hour  appointed  one  was  sent  aloft,  and 
they  were  aescried  from  the  masthead  pre- 
cisely as  stated  Indeed,  when  I  look  at  the 
beautiful  charts  I  have  mentioned,  and  trace 
our  lengthened  way  over  them,  I  am  forced  to 
think  that  it  has  become  mere  poetry,  to  talk 
any  longer  about  "  a  pathless  ocean." 

The  discipline  and  police  of  the  ship  is  worth 
notice.  The  crew  is  generally  picked  up  at 
the  docks,  and  are  engaged  for  a  single  voyage  . 
and  when  the  crew  is  large,  almost  every  civi 
lizcd  country  is  represented.  When  the  ship 
is  once  fairly  under  weigh  and  the  harbor  piloi 
is  dismissed,  •  he  "  ship's  company"  is  mustered 
to  teceive  a  word  of  caution  and  encourage- 
ment from  the  commander.  Their  number  is 
then  divided  and  the  first  watch  is  set.  The 
twenty-four  hours  comprise  six  watches  of  four 
hours  each,  and  one  half  the  crew  forms  a 
watch.  At  the  end  of  every  half  hour,  marked 
by  a  nautical  timepiece  in  the  binnacle,  the 
man  at  the  wheel  strikes  a  bell,  which  is  an- 
swered by  another  bell  in  the  forecastle,  struck 
by  the  man  who  has  the  look  out  at  the  bow. 
When  at  the  expiration  of  the  four  hours,  the 
bells  have  tolled  eight,  a  signal  is  given  and  a 
call  is  made  at  the  hatchway  for  the  "  larboard 
Cor  starboard)  watch."  These  instantaneously 
turn  out,  and  the  watch  on  deck  take  their 
places  below.  The  sailor's  day  may  be  deemeti 
a  day  of  eight  hours,  and  never  broken  into 
evening  and  morning  The  darkness  and  the 
light  are  alike  to  him.  Four  hours  he  works 
and  watches,  and  four  hours  he  rests  ;  except, 
which  is  not  very  uncommon,  a  storm  arises, 
when  the  whole  company  is  summoned  to  the 
deck  The  first  and  second  mates  are  the  offi- 
cers of  the  deck  and  watch,  in  the  absence  of 
the  captain,  and  one  of  them  is  always  there 
The  commander  of  a  packet  ship  is  always  se 
lected  for  his  skill  and  experience  in  seaman 
ship,  his  address,  and  other  excellent  qualities 
He  must  unite  qualities  somewhat  opposite. — 
He  must  be  a  sailor  and  a  gentleman  He  is 
master  of  ceremonies  in  the  cabin  and  at  the 
table,  where  the  passengers  are  received  and 
treated  as  though  they  were  his  guests  at  his 
own  hospitable  mansion,  and  on  the  deck,  he 
commands  a  crew  with  whom  he  must  be  as 
impetious  and  haughty  as  a  despot.  He  must 
be  as  mild  as  May,  and  as  rough  as  Winter.— 
The  commander  of  this  ship  is  a  young  man, 
who  has  just  been  promoted  to  ibis  important 
office,  and  is  now  making  his  first  voyage  in 
this  capacity.  Of  respectable  family  and  con- 
nexions, he  commenced  life  fourteen  years  ago, 
as  a  sailor  before  the  mast.  He  has  made  him- 
self what  he  is,  an  accomplished  and  scientific 
sailor.  He  is,  too,  an  agreeable  gentleman,  and 
has  a  turn  for  mechanical  inventions.  If  you 
were  to  see  him  among  his  guests  in  the  cabin, 
with  his  slight  frame  and  figure,  unassuming 
demeanour,  mild  voice,  pale  face,  and  sniali 
white  hands,  you  would  believe  him  any  thing 
else  than  a  sailor — but  see  him  step  to  the  deck, 
and  especially  when  the  wind  and  the  storm 
are  up,  and  observe  how  the  rough  mariner  o: 
twice  his  years  quails  before  his  eye  and  bis 
tread,  and  hoar  the  deep  guttural  of  his  voice, 
never  strained,  yet  sent  with  ease  above  the 
voice  of  the  tempest,  to  the  man  who  hangs  on 
the  head  of  the  topgallant  roast,  and  you  would 
oscarce  believe  your  senses  for  the  change.  I 
peak,  of  course,  of  the  only  commander  o,  a 
packet  ship  whom  I  know  ;  but  I  understand 
that  whatever  there  may  be  ef  commendation  in 
this  account  may  be  applied,  almost  without, 
exception,  to  the  .vhole  class  of  these  comtnan 
ders.  The  captain  is  a  monarch  in  his  ship. — 
The  subaltern  officers  approach  him  only  with 
respect.  His  stateroom,  which  is  filled  up 
with  great  splendor,  is  his  sanctum  sanctorum. 
The  quarter-deck  is  his  promenade,  and  none 
of  the  crew  ever  presumo  to  step  a  fool  on  it, 
excopt  called  there  by  duty  To  preserve  dis- 
cipline bo  has  the  power  of  corporal  punish- 
ment,  or,  if  occasion  require,  he  claps  an  offen- 
der in  irons  and  in  prison.  There  is  muoh  ot 
etiquette,  aristocracy,  and  even  despotism  on 


shipboard,  but,  I  am  satisfied,  no  more  than  is 
necessary  to  preserve  order  and  submission. — 
The  commander  is  answeiable  for  the  safety 
of  his  ship,  and  having  a  responsibility  on  him 
as  important  as  properly  and  life  can  make  it' 
he  must  have  power. 

I  have  no  room  left  to  say  all  I  intended  of 
life  at  Bea.  But  it  is  not  important.  Willi 
some  exceptions,  it  is  life  at  home.  We  go 
thro'  the  regular  routine  of  breakfast,  lunch, 
dinner  and  tea  At  dinner,  wh  ch  is  served  at 
six  o'clock  and  is  truly  sumptuous,  all  the  et- 
iquette of  the  table  in  polished  society,  is  pre 
served.  The  ladies  take  a  becoming  part  in 
the  discussion  of  politics  and  the  substantial 
viands  before  us,  and  help,  in  a  modest  way, 
to  mak"  the  wit  and  the  wine  go  round.  No 
excess  is  indu'ged  in,  and  all  retire  together 
from  the  tah'e.  Music,  cards  and  reading,  ac- 
cording to  the  taste  of  each,  in  the  ladies'  cabin 
finish  the  day  You  will  readily  imagine,  that 
things  are  not  always  as  smooth  as  might  ap- 
pear from  this  account,  any  more  than  the  sea 
is  always  calm.  Sometimes  when  the  water 
is  rough,  one  or  more  of  us  may  be  troubled 
with  a  qualm  which  will  destroy  the  appetite  ; 
•  nd  then  occasionally  the  ship  gets  such  an 
ugly  habit  of  rolling,  that  all  hands  are  requir- 
ed to  keep  the  dishes  on  the  table.  But  life 
would  have  no  spice  without  variety  and  incis 
dent. 

We  are  now  approaching  our  place  of  desti- 
nation, and  are  promised  that  the  light  of  to- 
morrow morning  shall  show  us  Havre.  As  we 
Approach  the  French  coast,  the  auxietj  of  all 
on  board  to  learn  what  news  of  the  revolution, 
is  intense.  God  grant,  that  we  may  not  find 
that  the  wheel  has  begun  to  roll  back. 

Adieu,  till  you  hear  from  me  at  Paris.     B. 


TO,  OUR  FRIENDS  IB!  THE  WEST, 

On  the  banks  of  the  Canal,  in  and  about  ^iott.ny 
Twelve  years  ago,  there  came  forth  a  host  of  Seede- 
mon,  with  Cobbett  at  their  head,  speaking  great  swell- 
ing vvordF — they  promised  murh — they  performed  noth- 
ing. From  a  planting  of  fifteen  dollars,  the  present  state 
of  our  establishment  will  bhnw  what  good  seeds,  good 
soil,  and  good  cultivation  will  produce. 

For  the  accommodation  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
intend,  (nothing  extra  preventing)  to  open  a  Seed,  Plant 
and  Flower  Root  Store,  at  No  347  North  Market  street, 
on  the  6th  day  of  April  next,  opposite  the  building  into 
which  the  post  office  is  to  be  removed  on  or  before  Ins- 
ist of  May,  within  a  few  doors  ef  the  Museum,  and  within 
pistol  shot  of  the  five  banks.  The  business  m  Albany  will 
bo  conducted  by  one  of  my  sons,  anr  the  store  supplied 
with  the  same  goods,  and  at  the  same  prices  at  which  we 
^ell  in  New  York  As  we  derive  our  supplies  more  or 
less  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  wo  think  it  will  bo 
a  facility  to  the  agriculturist  as  well  .is  profitable  tr 
the  concerned.  If  they  aill  keep  pace  with  the  ahility. 
and  Provioenc.  smiles  on  the  undertaking  ,  1  see  nothing 
to  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  to  the  samo  exten- 
sive footing  in  Albany  a*  the  mother  store  in  New  York  : 
for,  while  the  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  flowers  and 
the  blossoms, and  the  rivers  und  the  ucean  carry  our  seeds 
o  every  clime,  so  in  Albany  the  taste  wants  only  food, 
and  riches  are  already  there  in  abundance  :  whilo  the 
"anal  conveys  :be  seeds  to  the  Lake  Superior,  the  great 
\Vestern  Road  will  transport  them  far  to*  'irds  the  set- 
ling  sun.  Nothing  thut  good  seeds  und  attention  tubus- 
iucss  can  peiform,  will  be  wanting  on  our  part  to  meet 
til3  public  expectation 
ap  16  3t  G    THCIRBURN  and  SONS. 


SEED  STORE. 

Ttl  V  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  Goedscll. 
r.ditor  of  the  Genesee  Fnrmer,  have  made  arrangements 
to  supply  this  village  and  the  surrounding  country  with 
every  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
Seods,  togother  with  Fruit  anil  Shude  Trees, Grape  Roots, 
Flower  PotB,  Garden  Tools,  et«.  OrCois  will  be  recei- 
ved for  Trees  and  other  articles,  from  the  following  Nu  r 
-■eries  and  Seed  Stores: — Priace'a,  and  Parmentier'e 
Long  Island;  Floy's.  Wilson's,  Thorburn's.  and  A. 
Smith  and  Oo.'a,  New  York  ;  Biiel's,  Albany:  und  Lan- 
dreth's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  which  are  left  pnviofl 
io  the  1st  of  Apnl,  will  he  filled  as  soon  us  the  canal  e- 
pens.  As  the  subscribers  intend  gradually  to  establish 
n  extensive  Seed  Store,  they  Must  that  the  friends  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticullure  in  this  vicinity,  w  ill  render 
hem  all  the  facilitiesand  encouragements  in  their  power. 

A  NURSt  K.V,  under  tin  ;ontrol  of  Mr  Gondsell,  ts 
low  in  progross,  from  whirh  many  first-rate  Trees  and 
Gr.ipe  Vines  may  be  selected  for  this  spring's  transplant- 
ing mar  19  ROSSITE.R  and  KNOX. 


The  first  section  of  the  Danville  and 
I'ottsrille  rail  road  has  been  located,  ant' 
id  to  be  immediately  commenced. 


THE    GENESEE    PARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo 

my,  &c.  &c. 

N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 

Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum. 

payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $2  00,  il  paid  at  the 

lime   of  subscribing,  by  Luther  Tdcker,   at 

the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily   Advertiser. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

A  diminution  of  temperature  in  the  soil,  is 
sither  caused  by  the  contact  of  colder  bodies 
which  absorb  a  portion  ol  its  heat ;  or  by  radi- 
ating its  heat,  when  colder  bodies  do  not  come 
in  oontact.  With  the  first  cause,  every  person 
is  familiar,  and  it  has  been  known  from  time 
immemorial;  but  the  second  cause  is  classed 
with  the  discoveries  of  modern  chemistry. 

A  cool  afternoon  in  spring  or  in  autumn, 
portends  a  frost  if  the  sky  be  clear  and  calm  ; 
but  the  fears  of  the  gardener  subside  if  he  dis- 
covers clouds  rising  in  the  west,  although  no 
increase  of  heat  is  expected  from  that  quarter, 
—because  neither  frost  nor  dew  is  formed  in 
a  cloudy  atmosphere. 

With  a  clear  aercne  sky,  however,  so  great 
is  the  radiation  of  heat  that  frost  may  happen 
at  the  ground  whan  the  air  is  several  degrees 
above  the  freezing  point* 

To  many,  this  will  seem  a  wonder.  The 
principle  of  radiation  is  indeed  a  wonder  which 
has  not  beerj  explained.  Its  operation,  how- 
ever, i3  easily  shown.  Take  a  closed  vessel 
with  a  polished  metallic  surface — fill  it  with 
boiling  water—  and  note  the  time  that  it  lakes 
to  cool.  Pour  out  that  water— give  the  vessel 
on  the  outside  a  coating  of  thin  ^lue — and  a- 
gain  fill  n  with  boiling  water.  As  the  hot  wa- 
ter is  now  shielded  from  tho  cool  air  of  the  a 
partment,  it  might  be  expected  to  cool  mere 
slowly;  but  so  singular  is  the  principle  of  ra 
diation,  that  it  will  cool  more  than  six  times 
as  fast.  Again  empty  the  vessel — remove  the 
o-lue— apply  a  coating  of  lampblack — fill  the 
vessel  with  boiling  water  as  before,  and  the 
heat  will  pass  off  more  than  eight  times  as  fast 
as  it  did  from  the  clean  polished  surface. t 

Professor  Prevost||  of  Geneva,  (Switzerland) 
first  suggested  that  "  a  mutual  exchange  ol 
caloric  takes  place  between  all  bodies,  of  what- 
ever temperature,  and  this  theory  appears  to 
be  generally  adoptod."  It  cannot  therefore  b 
expected  that  boiling  waier  would  cool  in  an 
apartment  of  the  same  temperature  because 
there  could  be  no  loss  of  heat  by  such  ex- 
change. Neither  is  the  loss  of  heat  from  the 
soil  so  great  as  to  produce  frost  in  a  clear  calm 
night  in  summer,  when  that  soil  and  every 
projecting  object  have  a  temperature  far  above 
the  freezing  point. 

Winds  are  not  favorable  to  the  production  of 
frost, — for  though  the  "radiation  may  not  be  di- 
minished, the  air  which  is  warmer  than  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  by  constantly  changing 
its  position,  commingling  and  sweeping  that 
surface,  imparts  a  portion  ot  heat. 

The  radiati  n  of  heat  from  the  ground  is  in- 
tercepted by  thick  clouds,  or  rather  the  heat 
is  radiated  back  ,  but  from  a  clear  sky  at  night 
there  is  no  return.  It  is  observed  that  at  such 
times,  any  covering,  however  partial,  lessens 
the  quantity  of  while  frost, — even  the  naked 
branches  of  leafless  trees.  It  was  also  remark- 
ed before  the  cause  was  understood,  that  when 
the  temperature  is  ^qual,  there  is  less  frost  in 
•  rooky  weather  lhan  in  clear  calm  nights, when 
tho  stars  are  unusually  brilliant. 

*  Scheele  discovered  that  "  radiant  heat  passes 
through  the  air  without  heating  it." — Libr.  Useful 
Knowledge. 

■f  Brande's  Chemistry. 

||  Conversations  on  Chemistry. 


In  the  old  volume  on  gardening  by  Law- 
ronce,  (printed  in  1717,)  I  found  a  curious  par- 
agraph which  evidently  refers  to  this  phenom- 
enon. His  skill  as  a  gardener  was  successful, 
but  hifr  philosophy  fell  short  of  the  mark. 

"  Most  of  our  frosts  and  blasts.bolh  in  spring 
and  autumn,/a"  perpendicularly ; — and  there- 
fore the  more  any  thing  lies  open  and  exposed 
to  this  perpendicular  descent  of  vapors,  the 
more  will  it  be  subject  to  bo  frozen  or  blasted. 
When  a  fruit  tree  has  been  [trained]  against 
a  slope  wall,  for  tho  convenience  of  receiving 
more  of  the  sun's  rays,  we  always  find  that 
that  is  the  first  and  most  blasted, both  in  spring 
and  autumn  This  therefore  being  the  true 
state  of  the  case  with  respect  to  most  of  our 
destructive  blasts,  horizontal  shelters  are  the 
best  guard  and  defence  against  perpendicular 
frosts.  Tiles  or  thin  bits  of  board  fastened  in 
the  wall  [so  as  to  project  an  inch  and  a  half 
were]  found  to  answer  to  a  wonder,  and  to  se' 
cure  the  fruit  wherever  they  were  placed." 

Here  it  is  proper  to  notice,  that  bodies  radi- 
ate beat  from  evety  point  of  tbeir  surfaces 
that  nearly  half  the  radiated  heat  from  a  vine 
nailed  up,  would  therefore  be  intercepted  by 
tho  wall ;  and  that  a  bud  (or  bunch)  immedi- 
ately below  one  of  these  projections  (or  "  hori- 
zontal shelters,")  could  scarcely  radiate  to  any 
part  of  the  neavens. 

With  these  explanatory  remarks,  I  wibIi  to 
ntroduce  a  passage  from  Loudon's  Encyclopa 
dia  of  Agriculture,  which  must  be  interesting 
to  every  intelligent  gardener,  and  for  a  copy 
of  which  I  am  indebted  to  the  New  York  Far- 
mer. 

"I  had  often,  observes  Dr.  Wells,  in  th 
pride  of  half  knowledge,  smiled  at  the  means 
frequently  employed  by  sardeners,  to  protect 
tender  plants  from  cold,  as  it  appeared  to 
me  impossible,  that  a  thin  mat,  or  any  such 
flimsy  substance,  could  prevent  them  from 
attaining  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere, 
by  which  alone  I  thought  them  liable  to  be 
injured.  But  when  I  had  learned  that  bodies 
on  the  surface  of  the  earth  become  during  a 
still  and  serene  night,  colder  than  the  atmos- 
phere, by  radiating  their  heat  to  the  heavens, 
I  perceived  immediately  a  just  reason  for  the 
practice  which  I  had  before  deemed  useless. — 
Reinc  desirous  however,  of  acquiring  some 
precise  information  on  this  subject,  I  fixed 
perpendicularly  in  the  earth  of  a  grass  plot, 
four  small  sticks  ;  and  over  their  upper  ex- 
tremities, which  were  six  inches  above  the 
r/rass,  and  formed  tho  corners  of  a  square  the 
sides  of  which  were  tiro  feet  long,  drew  tightly 
a  very  thin  cambric  handkerchief  In  this  dis- 
position of  things  therefore,  nothing  existed  to 
prevent  the  free  passage  of  air  from  the  expo- 
sed grass  to  that  which  was  sheltered,  except 
the  four  small  sticks;  and  there  was  no  sub- 
stance to  radiate  beat  downwards  to  the  latter 
grass,  except  the  cambric  handkerchief.  The 
temperature  of  the  grass  which  was  thus  shiel- 
ded from  the  sky,  was  upon  many  nights  after 
wards  examined  by  me,  and  was  always  found 
higher  than  that  of  the  neighboring  grass 
which  was  uncovered,  if  this  was  colder  than 
the  air.  Whon  the  difference  in  temperature 
between  the  air  several  feet  above  the  ground 
and  the  unsheltered  grass  did  not  exceed  five 
degrees,tho  sheltered  grass  was  about  as  warm 
•is  the  air.  If  that  difference,  however,  ex- 
ceeded five  degrees,  the  air  was  found  to  be 
somewhat  warmer  than  the  sheltered  grass 
Thus  upon  one  night,  when  fully  exposed  grass 
was  eleven  degrees  colder  than  the  air,  the  lat- 
ter was  three  degrees  warmer  lhan  the  shelter 
ed  grass  ;  and  the  same  difference  existed  oi 
another  night  when  the  air  was  fourteen  de 
trrc.es  warmer  than  the  exposed  grass  One 
reason  for  this  difference  no  doubt  was,  that 
the  air  which  passed  from  the  exposed  grass, 
by  which  it  had  been  very  much  cooled,  to  that 
under  the  handkerchief, had  deprived  the  latter 


of  a  part  of  its  boat;  another,  that  the  hand- 
kerchief, from  being  made  colder  than  the  at- 
mosphere by  the  radiation  of  its  upper  surface 
to  the  heavens,  would  remit  somewhat  less 
heat  to  the  grass  beneath,  than  what  it  receiv- 
ed from  that  substance  But  still,  as  the  shel- 
tered grass,  notwithstanding  ihese  drawbacks, 
was  upon  one  night  (as  may  be  collected  from 
the  preceding  relation)  eight  degrees,  and  up- 
on another  eleven  degrees  warmer  thar  grass 
fully  exposed  to  the  sky,  a  sufficient  reason 
was  now  obtained  for  the  utility  of  a  very  slight 
shelter  to  plants  in  averting  or  lessening  inju- 
ry from  cold,  on  a  still  and  serene  night. 

;i  The  covering  has  more  ejfett  when  placed 
at  a  little  distance  above  the  plants  or  objects 
to  be  sheltered.  A  difference  in  temperature 
of  some  magnitude  was  always  observed  on 
still  and  serene  nights,  between  bodies  shelter- 
ed from  the  sky  by  substances  touching  them, 
and  similar  bodies  which  were  sheltered  by  a 
substance  a  little  above  them.  I  found  for  ex- 
ample, upon  one  night,that  the  warmth  of  grass 
sheltered  by  a  cambric  handkerchief  raised  a 
few  inches  in  the  air.  was  three  degrees  great- 
er than  that  of  a  neighboring  piece  of  grass 
which  was  sheltered  by  a  similar  handkerchief 
actually  in  contact  with  it  On  another  night, 
the  difference  between  the  temperatures  of  two 
portions  of  grass  shielded  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  two  above  mentioned  from  the  sky,  was 
four  degrees  Possibly,  continues  Dr.  Wells, 
experience  has  long  ago  taught  gardeners  the 
superior  advantage  of  defending  tender  vege- 
tables from  the  cold  of  clear  and  calm  nights, 
by  means  of  substances  not  directly  touching 
them;  though  I  do  not  recollect  ever  having 
seen  any  contrivance  for  keeping  mats,  or  such 
like  bodies,  at  a  distance  from  the  plants  which 
they  were  meant  to  protect."  D  T. 


FOR   THE    GENESEK  FARMER. 

Mr.  Gooosell — It  is  often  said,  and  in  mas 
ny  cases  very  justly,  no  doubt,  that  men  fond 
of  experiments,  as  well  from  mere  curiosity  or 
inquisitiveness,  without  any  definite  object, 
as  when  seeking  knowledge  for  useful  purpo- 
ses, that  the  experimenter  is  in  too  much  has:e 
to  announce  the  remits.  That  I  am  always 
free  from  this  error,  I  will  not  pretend  to  say, 
as  that  point  will  be  left  to  the  ultimate  deci- 
sion of  others.  1  have  been  always  fond  of 
experiments,  to  which  a  large  portion  of  rny 
time  and  means  have  been  dexoted,  even  from 
infancy,  in  which  I  am  very  sure  that  some- 
thing has  been  learnt,  by  experience.  That 
the  experience  of  one  man  is  not  that  of  an- 
other, is  ono  of  those  things  learnt ;  as  also, 
that,  in  most  knowledge-  acquired  by  experi- 
ment, tho  benefit  is  generally  seized  by  oth- 
ers. This  remark,  however,  has  no  relation 
to  such  cases  as  the  one  I  am  aboui  to  state 
to  you,  bin  has  boih  a  prospective  and  retroa- 
peclive  bearing,  as  will  be  seen  by-and-by. 

But  to  tho  point — the  experiment — which  I 
feel  bound  to  communicate,  in  reply  to  some 
remarks  in  your  number  14,  on  the  "Grub, 
or  Peach  Borer."  Twoye.rs  ago  last  Au- 
gust—almost three  years,  remember— I  disco- 
vered that  some  favorite  fruit  trees,  in  my  gar- 
den, were  sadly  affected  by  the  attacks  of  the 
borer,  his  chips  and  excrement,  hmg  in  heaps 
like  saw-dust,  around  t lie  stem  of  each,  on 
the  ground.  On  examination,  I  found  thai  the 
wood  of  the  tree,  of  an  eariy  and  uncommon- 
ly fine  sweet  apple,  was  nearly  eaten  off,  and 
its  weakness  could  be  perceived  by  the  hands, 
jiiving  the  tree  a  waving  motion.  The  tre*  ,  I 
considered  past  recovery,  and  now  for  an  ex- 
periment on  the  borers. 

The  sun  shown  very  ho',  at  mid-day.  I  cut 
open  the  holes  through  the  bark,  and  ran  in 
a  sharp  pointed  pocket-knife  blade  of  two  in- 
ches in  length,  and  couM  turn  ii,  horizontally, 
quite  round.  Above,  the  wood  seemed  to  he 
very  rough   and  full  of  holes.     The   tree  had 


130 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  30,  1831. 


been  bearing  but  two  or  three  years,  and  these 
particulars  will  show  how  desperate  the  rase 
was.  The  fruit  fell  off,  the  leaves  were  all 
rolled  lip,  main  of  ihem  almo-t  dry.  and  all 
of  them  shrivelled. as  if  dying  for  sap.  i  knew 
that  oil  would  install. ly  kill  a  groat  many  in 
se<-ts,  worms,  &c,  having  tried  it  upon  all  that 
1iad  fallen  in  mv  way;   then  wh\    not  now  ?* 

Taking  the  amp-feeder,  and  a  little  crooked 
tin  lube,  I  fill-  d  i tie  whole  <  avity  with  oil.  and 
in  a  few  moment*  pulled  out  several  dead  bo- 
rers. I  left  it  full,  and  slopped  the  hides  up 
with  earth  and  to  make  the  story  as  short  as 
possible,  coniinued  to  pour  in  oil  occasionally, 
common  lamp  oil.  till  tiio  orifices  were  closed, 
by  the  growth  of  the  tree,  in  the  second  sum- 
mer. I  supported  the  tree  by  a  sir  ng  stake 
and  fistemngs  of  lurk — ii  soon  assumed  an 
unusually  heiKhy  and  vigorous  appearance. 
put  out  new  leaves,  blossomed  in  autumn,  and 
had  apples  as  large  as  onion  balls,  of  ihe  sec 
ond  growth  that  year.  It  continues  to  grow 
admirably,  a  perfectly  healthy,  beautiful  tree, 
fruitful  each  year. 

This,  I  know,  is  along  story  about  one  tree, 
but  it  is  the  tale  of  all  my  fruit  trees  of  a  large 
garden,  except  that  I  may  add,  that  I  every 
year,  in  spring  and  midsummer,  continue  to 
apply  some  oil  to  the  bark  of  the  stem,  say  for 
one  foot  above  the  ground,  and  that  none  of 
them  have  since  been  attacked  by  the  borer. — 
The  oil  does  not  injure  the  tree  I  kirvc  upplied 
it  to  theptach,  pear,  apple,  plum,  cherry,  quince, 
an*l  to  my  daiarf  apple  trees,  and  with  perfect 
success.  I'he  result  h  is  been  shown,  and  lold 
to  hundreds  of  persons,  and  perhaps  it  may  be 
time  to  publish  it.  of  which  you  are  to  judge. 
H.  G.  SPAFFOUD. 

Lansingburgh,  N.  Y.  April  16  1831—75. 

*I  very  much  doubt  whether,  ifoil  will  so  in- 
stantly kill  these  progenies  ihe  progenitors  be  not 
repelled  by  its  effluvia,  while  seeking  places  (or 
the  deposit  of  their  seeds  Instinct,  ai  all  events, 
has  much  more  of  sagacity  in  it,  as  to  its  ''  likes 
and  dislikes,"  as  Gen.  Jackson  says,  or  its  appe- 
tites and  aversions,  than  we  are  apt  to  imagine. 


SELECTION-  . 


From  the  American  Farmer. 

WOOL. 

Sip,.  Shith — If  any  suggestions  contained  in 
tbe  annexed  communication  are,  in  your  opin- 
ion, of  sufficient  importance  to  interest  the 
fanners  and  others  who  subscribe  to  vour  val- 
uhle  paper,  you  are  at  liberty  to  publish  them 
for  their  per  isal. 

The  farmers  in  this  vicinity,  as  well  as  oth 
crs  interested  in  agriculture,  are  doubtless  al- 
ready aware  thai  wool  is  becoming  a  very  im- 
portant staple  of  our  country:  therefore  "those 
who  intend  raising  the  article  for  market, 
should  he  in  possession  of  all  the  information, 
which  thev  can  obtain,  respecting  the  most 
suitable  method  of  preparing  it.  so  that  it  will 
meet  with  a  ready  sale  ;  and  at  the  same  time 
afford  the  wool  grower  a  fair  compensauon  for 
the  labour  and  expense  in  the  care  of  his  (locks. 
Many  facts  might  he  given  on  this  subject,  but 
I  shall  statu  only  those  which  seem  of  imme- 
diate importance  During  the  past  year,  I  have 
found  from  experience,  that  the  wool  which 
has  been  offered  for  sale  in  this  market,  has 
been,  a  great  proportion  of  it,  unwashed,  and 
very  heavy  :  those  lols  which  have  been 
washed  are  generally  in  a  very  bad  condition, 
and  the  manufacturers  of  New  England,  to 
whom  a  large  quantity  of  this  wool  has  been 
lold,  have  very  generally  made  complaints  re- 
ipecting  the  condition  ol  wool  shipped  to  them 
from  this  city. 

Many  farmers  in  Now  England,  have,  during 
several  years  pasi,  devotod  particular  aKeu- 
ion  lo  their  (locks,  and  at  this  time,  the  groic 
"S  "f  ,"3<''  among  litem  has  become,  an  extern- 
ive  anil  profitable  business.  The  experience 
vhich  they  have  had,  and  their  dnily  inior- 
ourso  with  thu  manufacturers,  have  led  them 
i  adopt  that  method  of  sending  their  wool  to 
•rarkcr,  whlcfrj  is  best  calculated  to  ensure  u' 


ready  sale    and  at  the  same  time  give  satisfac- 
tion to  the  manufacturer. 

During  ten  vears  experience  in  dealing  in  the 
article  in  Boston  I  have  found  thai,  the  prac- 
tice is  universally  adopted  of  washing  the  wool 
on  the  sheep.  The  fleece.after  sufficiently  dry. 
is  taken  fiom  ihe  sheep  with  much  care,  in  or- 
der to  prevent  its  being  torn  to  pieces  ;  after 
which  it  is  neatly  rolled,  wiih  the  sheared  sidi 
oui,  and  secured  in  that  condition  with  a  small 
cord  or  twine. 

The  manufacturer,  or  wool-assorter,  who 
finds  the  fleece  in  I  Ins  condition,  is  able  to  as- 
sort it  much  more  accurately,  and,  with  at 
least  one  half  ihe  trouble  that  is  required  when 
the  dilferent  fleeces,  and  the  different  parts  of 
each  fleece  are  mixed  together.  If  the  wool 
is  washed  after  taken  from  the  sheep  without 
being  assorted,  as  is  often  the  case  in  this  lection 
of  country,  it  is,  in  this  condition,  almost  im- 
possible for  the  best  judges  to  do  justice,  in 
assorting  it:  because  washing  in  this  condi- 
tion mixes  the  heads  of  the  fine  and  coarse 
part  of  the  same  fleece,  and  also  the  different 
fleeces  together. and  renders  the  different  qual 
tries  almost  inseparable.  Therefore,  I  would 
recommend  to  every  person  who  intends  send- 
ing ther  wool  to  market,  to  have  it  washed  on 
the  slurp,  similar  to  the  manner  adopted  in 
New  Enjjland. 

The  best  method  of  sending  (he  wool  (o 
niarket,is,to  have  the  different  kinds  or  grades 
■aclied  separately  in  coarse  linen  bags  of  suit 
able  size  tocontain  about  one  hundred  pounds. 
Those  who  adop(  (his  melhod  of  preparing 
their  wool,  will  obtain  for  it,  if  sent  to  (his 
marke(  for  sale,  a(  least  ten  or  fifteen  cents 
a  pound  more  than  (hey  would  if  sent  to  mar- 
ket unwashed,  and  in  the  condition  which  it  is 
now  generally  offered  for  sala. 

Vei;  respectfully,   your  obedient  servant, 

Baltimore,  jSpl  13,  1831 .   Lyman  Reed. 


wild  RICE 

W'1  are  indebted  to  Col.  Stambajgh,  Indi- 
an agent  al  Green  Bay.  for  (he  following  no 
(ice  of  (his  singular   vegetable.     Col.   Stam 
baugb  lias  left  with  the  editor  a  small  quanti 
(y  of  this  rice,    which   will   be   distributed  to 
persons  who  may  desire  to  experiment  on  i(9 
culture.      Would   i(  no(   grow   on  the  margin 
of  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  canal  ? 

U.  S.  Tel 

It  is  found   in   nearly   all  the  streams  and 
marshes  north  of  (he   forty-second  parallel  of 
north  latitude.     I  have  not  ascertained  thai  it 
is  peculiar  (o  any  par(icular  hind  of  soil,  bui 
grows     must    luxuriously     it)    still,    sluggish 
streams,    with  bottoms  having  a  proportion  of 
said  and   loam.       Those    who  are    best   ac» 
quainted    with  its    his(ory  at    Greeu  Bay,    be- 
in  re  it    (obea    biennial  plant,    requiring  (he 
period  of  (wo  years  from  (he   fall  of  (he  seed 
lo  bring  it  to  maturity;  but  the   Indians  pro 
nounce  it  an  animal  plan(---(he  old  chiefs  who 
are  now  wilh  me,  are  firm  in  the  belief,   and  1 
have  no  doubt  of  (he   correcdiess  of  (heir   o 
pinion-      That  it  grow  s  from  the  seed  and   not 
from  the  root,  all   appear  to  be  perfectly  satis- 
fied.    The  stalk  is  from  four  (o  fifteen  (eel  in 
length,  depending  upon   (he  depth  of  the  wa 
Ut,  In  which  element,  I  believe,  its  growth  is 
xelu-ively   confined        Shortest  stocks,  it  is 
iaid,  generally  yield  the  most   grain.     I   have 
seen  it  in  great  abundance, in  water  from  three 
'  i  ten  feel   deep.     The   Indians  harvest  their 
rice    on    Pox  river  and  i(s  tributary  Streams 
about    the  midd'e  of  September,  and  further 
north  proportionably  earlier.      In  (he  -17lli  de- 
gree of  nor 'Ii  latitude  it   is  ripe,  when  it  is  but 
hooting  into  heads  at  Green  Bay,  about  two 
nd  a  half  degrees  sonth  of  lha(  point. 
The  mole  pursued  by  Ihe  Indians  ingntho 


ring  tlteir  rrce  is  quite  diverting-.      Two  or    ma  harrowing,  made  mellow  before  planting 


lir  e  of  them  lake   a  cnoe.  and  as   one  pads 

lesit  through  ther.ee.  the  others  hem  the 
stalks  into  the  canoe  and  beat  off  (he  grain 
tvith  small  sticks;  in  this  wav  (hey  collect 
t'  ir  load  in  a  few  minutes.     It  grows  so  lux u- 

lantly  in  Fox  river,  near  (he  portage  of  the 
Oui-consin     hat  it  is  difficult  lo  find  (he  chan 

-I  for  small  boa(s,alt  hough  it  is  a  fine  oaviga. 
ble  stream        The  portage  between  the  Fok 

id  Ouiscir.sm  rivers  is  only  abou(  a  mile  and 
a  quarter.     Ye;  I  believe  ther-  is  not  a  stalk 

•:  rice  lo  be  found  in  the  Ouisconsin.  I  have 
not  heard  this  ciicuinstance  satisfactorily  ac- 
counted for;  (he  F  .x  river,  you  know, "flows 
into  (lie  Lake,  and  the  Ouisconsin  into  (he 

Mississippi.  

F-ora  iho  New  Enclaod  Farmer. 

OS    THE    CULTURE     OF    INDIAN    CORN. 

We  all  know  ihat  what  is  nood  husbandry 
lor  one  kind  of  -oil,  or  one  location,  or  fo'i 
one  farmer,  is  not,  of  course,  for  another. 

Corn  may  be  grown  and  perhaps  with  profit, 
on  different  soils, with  a  proper  tillage  for  each! 
Location,  thai  is  as  to  the  value  of  the  use  of 
the  land,  the  nearness  to  a  market,  and  the  fa- 
cility with"  which  manure  can  be  procured, 
must  be  regarded. 

A  large  forehanded  farmer  can  ofien  do  to 
advantage  what  would  he  ruinous  to  one  dif- 
ferently situated.  Bui  this  should  not  deter 
us  from  drawing  all  the  advantage  we  can 
from  the,  experience  and  observation  of  that 
class  of  farmers,  occupying  the  most  feasible 
and  level  lands;  and  when  n«  cannot  imitate 
the  course  which  has  proved  useful  to  them, 
tn  substitute,  a'-e  irding  to  our  best  judgment, 
some  method  nearly  resembling  that  which 
may  be  equally  useful  to  us. 

1  was  led  to  these  remarks  bv  reading  ia 
the  New  England  Faunei  Mr.  Phinncy's  ad- 
dress,  and  therein  his  statement  of  his  mode 
of  raising  corn  on  green  sward.  This  I  had 
before  read  in  1829,  and  it  siruck  me.ihen  and 
now,  (hat  we  in  ibis  hilly  country,  with  fields 
of  a  very  uneven  surface,  could  not  imitate 
him  exactly.  But  we  had  long  before  adopted 
a  <-our-e  of  tillage,  which  I  think  oossesses  all 
the  utility  of  his,  and  avoids  much  of  the  la 
bor  and  trouble  to  which  ihat  is  subject.  My 
mi-thod  with  green  sward,  and  I  plain  no  oth- 
er with  corn,  is  this  : — In  the  spring  I  feed  im 
land  intended  for  corn  a-  close  a-  possible,  tii) 
within  about  a  week  of  plaining  time,  gel  on 
my  manure,  and  spread  it.  The  field  then  is, 
as  we  term  it,  plowed  into  ridges,  ihat  is,  the 
slices  of  two  furrows  turned  togeti  er,  so  t!iat 
the  edges  of  the  two  will  about  meet,  leaving 
a  narrow  balk,  or  space  of  unploughed  land, 
between  the  ridges.  In  about  a  week  the 
corn  is  planted  on  the  ridges,  at  the  junction 
of  the  two  furrows,  without  any  regard  lo 
rows  crosswise  of  the  ridges,  as  they  are  not 
be  plowed  across. 
Al  the  first  hoeing  the  balk  is  plowed  up, 
and  the  sward  on  it  turned  over,  or  broken  in. 
pieces.  At  each  of  the  two  other  hoeings,tho 
spaces  between  the  ridges,  or  rows  of  corn,, 
are  very  lightly  plowed,  and  the  ground,  mix- 
ed wiih  ihe  manure  lef:  on  them. drawn  up  by  a 
hoc  to  the  hills  of  com 

By  ibis  mode  of  cultivation,  the  manure  is 
all  saved,  being  mostly  covered  with  the  fur- 
rows, and  kept  free  from  the  weather,  and  that 
left  on  the  balk,  well  mixed  wiih  earth  by  the 
first  plowing  and  hoeing  of  the  corn  before  the 
dry  hot  season  commences.  The  sward  is  all 
decomposed,  and  nourishes  the  corn  at  the 
season  when  it  is  most  wanted — Ihat  is,  whet) 
Iho  oars  are  setting,  growing  and  filling  out.-- 
It  is  no  objection  that  part  of  the  surface  ol' 
the  ground  is  not  cut  up  with  the  plough,  bill 
covered  with  furrows. fur  that  becomes  as  mol- 
low  ns  the  other,  and  equally  useful  lo  ihe 
crops. 

If  iho  sward  he  tuugh.  the  first  hoeing  will 
bo  slow  and  laborious,  hut  the  oilier  two  no?, 
more  so  than  when  the  ground    is.  by  plowing 


\ 


Vol.  I.— No.  17. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


131 


anJ  much  timo  and  labor  are  saved  in  prepa- 
ring it  for  planting-  I"  l'le  early  pan  of  the 
season,  the  corn  will  not  appear  very  promi- 
sing, and  will  be  uneven,  and  pe-haps  will  not 
produce  as  great  a  crop  of  stalks  as  in  the  o- 
ther  way;  but  at  the  time  of  producing  the 
ears  of  corn,  both  lha  decomposing  -ward  and 
manure  are  doing  then  best  to  Old  that  pro- 
cess, and  succeed  to  admiration.  The  ex- 
tremes of  drought  or  wet  are  much  less  injuri- 
ous to  land  treated  in  this  way  than  the  other 
— the  weeds  are  not  more  than  half  a->  troub- 
lesome, and  the  land  is  left  in  a  better  state. 

The  second  year,  the  land  is  plowed  and 
harrowed,  sowed  with  oats  or  other  spring 
grain  and  grass  seed,  and  made  smooth,  and 
then  laid  down  for  mowing  or  feeding.  Be 
fore  planting  I  soak  my  seed  corn  ami  roll  it 
in  plaster,  ash  it  at  the  first  and  third  hoeing, 
and  put  plaster  on  at  the  second. 

Mv  method  ot'gathering  my  corn  and  stalk*, 
is  to'cut  the  stalks  above  the  ears  at  the  pro- 
per season,  bind  and  -tack  or  pike  them  in  the 
lield,  and  as  soon  as  sufficiently  dried  cm  them 
and  put  them  under  cover.  If  this  can  be 
done  before  any  great  rain  falls,  I  consider  a 
ioad  of  stalks  worth  as  much  for  fodder  as  a 
3oad  of  good  hav.  My  cattle  ibis  year  did  not 
leave  uneaten  a  handful  to  a  load.  When  the 
Corn  is  ripe,  I  cu:  it  up  close  to  the  ground, 
with  a  scythe  or  sickle,  cart  it  to  the  barn  or 
shed,  and  there  husk  it,  and  keep  the  stalks 
and  husks  under  cover  till  winter,  when  it  is 
thrown  into  the  yard  for  litter  or  fodder.  This 
does  not  cost  more  labor  than  to  pick  and  husk 
the  com,  except  the  carting  of  it,  and  it  saves 
a  great  deal  of  good  litter  and  fodder,  which 
would  otherwise  be  entirely  lost.  My  eattle 
this  winter  ate  at  least  one  half  of  these 
Stalks. 

Perhaps  I  have  been  too  minute,  and  stated 
nothing  but  what  farmers  in  every  town  in  Nf» 
Englend  knew  before;  but  if  any  thing  has 
been  suggested  by  which,  with  the  same  ex- 
pense, one  more  bushel  of  corn  to  the  acre 
can  be  grown,  one  day's  work  in  a  year  saved 
to  the  cultivator  or  one  dollar's  vvorih  of  fod- 
der or  manure,  my  remarks  will  he  worth  all 
they  cost.  The  farmers  in  thi-  vicinity  form- 
erly made  then'  ground  mellow,  by  plowing 
and  harrowing,  before  planting— but  expert 
ence  has  taught  them  that  the  mode  here  de- 
scribed is  much  hetter  in  all  respects,  and  it  is 
now,  for  corn,  verv  generally  practiced  ;  and 
I  would  very  respectfully  suggest  to  Mr.  Phin- 
ney.  whether,  considering  the  saving  of  labor 
in  preparing  for  planting,  which  I  thing  must 
be  at  least  one  half,  and  the  safe  deposit  of  the 
manure  under  the  sod,  for  the  corn  to  make  a 
draft  upon  effectually,  in  time  of  the  greatest 
Deed,  my  method  of  raising  corn,  ever,  on  his 
smooth  and  even  land,  would  not.  when  the 
succeeding  crop  is  to  be  spring  grain,  he  pre 
Jerable  to  his  :  at  any  rate,  I  think  it  i-  a  good 
substitute  among  our  s.ones,  hills,  and  hules. 
One  one  of  my  neighbors  last  year  tried  Mr. 
Phinney's  mode  on  e  level,  moist  piece  of 
ground,  and  it  being  a  wet  season,  he  nearly 
lost  his  crops.  Had  either  the  weather  or  his 
ground  been  dry,  it  would  doubtless  have  suc- 
ceeded. 

Since  writing  the  above  I  have  read  in  your 
last  number  some  remarks  and  queries  about 
dunging  corn  and  potatoes  in  the  hill.  I  have 
often  been  much  surprised  in  learning  from  pa- 
ragraphs in  your  numbers,  tha  that  practice 
should  be  continued  when  such  great  improve- 
ments were  making  in  agriculture  as  in  Massa 
chusetts.  I  had  before  supposed  it  abandon 
ed,  as  one  of  tho  ■  orst  of  the  old  fashioned 
modes  of  tillage,  calculated,  with  much  labour 
and  trouble,  to  obtain  a  little  present  advan 
tage,  at  the  expense  of  keeping  the  land  poor. 

Tillage  should  be  so  managed  as  to  improve, 
not  to  impoverish  the  soil.  If  the  ground  is 
pretty  well  manured  at  broad  cast,  dunging  in 
the  hiil  is  unnecessary.  If  not,  then  this 
mode,  if  it  barely  pay  the  labor  and  expense, 
which  I  much  doubt,  will  leave  the  land  worse. 
1  may  be  thought  an  incompetent  judge,  hav- 


ing never  tried  that  course;  nor  have  I  ever 
tried  feeding  my  children  with  cider  brandy  to 
make  them  sprightly  at  the  time,  and  good 
members  of  society  afterwards,  but  should  as 
soon  think  of  doing  one  as  the  other:  this  I 
know  is  not  argument,  but  strong  opinion. 
Plimouth,  Conn.   March  7,  ld31.  B. 

STOCK    F4RM    IN    THB    VICINITY    OF    BOSTON. 

A  prospectus  of  such  an  establishment  has 

been  issued,  to  be  "  devoted  to  the  important 

object  of  breeding  and  rearing  the  best  breeds 

of  horses,    neat  cattle,    sheep  and  swine  ;  th 

receiving  and  selling  on  commission  all  kinds 

of  live  stock;  and  combining  with  these,  the 

business  of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  upon 

the  most  approved  and  economical  svsietn. — 

The  business   also  of  disciplining  young  and 

[refractory  horses,"  &c.      A  skilful  veterinary 

surgeon  will  also  be  added   to  the  establish- 

I  ment.     The  whole  is  to  be  under  the  care  and 

[superintendence  of  Col.  Samuel  Jacques,  of 

jCharlesiown,  so  extensively   known  by  those 

[  who  have  attended  to  the  march   of  improve- 

j  ment  in  the  husbandry  of  Massachusetts, as  one 

foremost  in  its  encouragement. — Bost   Pat. 

The  following  letter  from  Gov.  Lincoln  on 
the  subject,  is  from  the  New  England  Farmer. 
Colonel  Jacques :  Boston,  March  8, 1831 

Sir — Having  examined  your  proposals  tor 
the  establishment  of  a  Stock  Farm,  I  take  great 
pleasure  in  expressing  to  you  my  cordial  ap- 
probation ol  the  plan,  with  my  best  wishes  for 
your  success,  in  so  important  and  interesting 
an  undertaking.  With  the  skill  and  experience 
which  you  possess  in  the  rearing  and  manage- 
ment of  stock,  the  public  will  have  a  reasona- 
ble assurance  that  there  will  be  the  best  selec- 
tion of  domestic  animals  of  every  desirable 
race,  and  in  the  variety  which  such  an  estab- 
lishment will  present,  the  occasions  and  pref- 
erences of  farmers  for  breeds  of  cattle  suited 
to  different  objects,  will  be  abundantly  satis- 
fied. I  know  of  no  arrangement  in  rural  affairs 
more  important  ihan  that  by  which  the  prop- 
erties of  the  breeds  of  domestic  animals  may 
be  fairly  tested  by  comparison  with  each  oth- 
er, under  the  same  course  of  keeping  and  man- 
agement. No  two  breeders  will  be  found  to 
feed  and  treat  their  slock  in  the  same  manner. 
Hence  the  great  uncertainty,  as  well  as  diver- 
sity, in  the  results  of  practical  observation. — 
Interior  animals,  by  more  care,  are  often  made 
to  appear  belter  and  give  a  greater  product 
than  others  of  decidedly  superior  qualities, 
with  le>s  attention.  But  by  collecting  indi 
v, duals  of  different  races  into  one  establish- 
ment, and  subjecting  them  to  uniform  treat- 
ment under  'he  same  careful  inspection,  their 
characteristic  differences  will  be  ascertained, 
and  the  peculiar  properties  which  recommend 
them  for  different  uses  and  purposes  of  econ- 
omy.will  become  well  understood.  The  feed- 
er will  learn  how  to  select  for  the  pasture  and 
the  stall.  The  husbandman,  who  looks  for 
streng'h,  activity,  and  hardihood  under  the 
yoke,  will  not  meet  frequent  and  mischievous 
disappointments,  and  the  dairy  will  be  sure  of 
its  products. 

The  benefit  of  such  opportunity  for  com- 
parison and  for  selection,  in  conformity  with 
the  particular  interest  of  each  purchaser,  will 
be  equally  experienced  by  those,  who  are  en- 
gaged in  the  rearing  of  horses, sheep  and  swine, 
with  all  which,  as  much  as  with  horned  cattle, 
it  is  now  well  understood,  there  lies  the  entire 
difference,  in  different  breeds,  between  utter 
worthlessness,  and  great  productiveness  and 
value.  Indeed  I  cannot  but  indulge  much  con- 
fidence, both  in  the  utility  of  your  scheme  to 
i he  public,  and  in  its  rewards  to  your  own  ex- 
cellent spirit  and  enterprise.  I  mean  this  re- 
mark should  apply  to  your  whole  plan  ;  as  well 
to  the  part  which  respects  the  course  of  hus- 
bandry proposed  on  the  laud,  as  to  the  breed- 
ing and  keeping  of  animals  ;  although,  as  I  am 
not  acquainted  with  the  precise  character  ofj 
the  firm  which  you  have  selected,  I  beg  to 
decline  offering  any  opinion  as  to  the  particu-l 
lar  purchase,  or  the  atnotuit  of  the  Investment/ 


which  may  be  required   for  the  establishment, 
Your  ob't  serv't,  Levi  Likco&n. 


ORANGE    FARM. 

We  hope  soon  to  be  able  to  comply  with  the 
requests  of  numerous  correspondents  for  a 
statement  of  the  management,  stock,  &c.  in 
'elail,  of  the  Orange  Farm.  In  the  mean 
lime,  we  can  assure  those  who  have  expressed 
surprise  at  the  amount  of  sales  stated  in  a  late 
lumber  of  the  Farmer,  to  have  been  made 
from  this  farm  during  last  year, — amounting  to 
about  $9,600, — that  the  fact  there  stated  was 
literally  correct.  \  remark  made  by  a  much 
re-pected  friend  at  the  south,  However,  ha? 
much  truth  in  it.  He  observes,  that  a  cow 
and  an  asparagus  bed  near  a  large  city  are  val- 
uable, while  they  would  be  worth  but  little  in 
the  interior.  It  is  irue,  the  Orange  Farm  is  a 
dairy  farm;  but  there,  are  numerous  other  dai- 
ries in  this  vicinity, not  one  of  which,  we  ven- 
ure  to  say,  call  exhibit  such  a  »ear's  work.— 
It  is  not  so  much  to  the  branch  of  husbandry- 
pursued,  as  to  the  order  and  system  oi  manage- 
ment, that  all  farms  —whether  near  to  or  re- 
mote from  a  large  city, — are  indcbt-  d  for  a 
large  or  a  small  amount  of  income.  One  great- 
cause  of  the  small  profits  of  most  farms  may 
be  found  in  the  fact  that  they  are  all  devoted 
to  the  cultivation  of  two  or  three  staple  arti- 
les — bread  stuff-,  cotton  and  tobaoco,  com- 
prise the  great  objects  of  agricultural  atten- 
tion in  the  United  States.  The  farmer  who 
ultivates  wheat,  never  cultivates  any  thins 
Ise,  the  same  may  be  said  of  ihe  tobacco  and 
he  cotton  planter,  and  let  the  state  of  the  de- 
nand  and  the  supply  be  what  it  will,  from  yeas 
o  year  the  same  unvaried  routine  is  pursued. 
The  result  is  what  alone  could  be  expected-— 
very  small  profits.  The  merchant  who  should 
continually  fill  his  store  widi  a  few  staple  ar- 
ticles, of  which  there  was  already  an  abund* 
ant  supply,  and  disregard  the  demand  for  vari- 
ty,  would  very  soon  have  to  shut  up  shop. — 
If  it  be  asked,  to  what  other  objects  can  we 
turn  our  attention  1  We  answer,  to  any  of 
hose  articles  which  enter  into  the  consump- 
tion of  the  country,  and  for  which  we  are  in- 
debted to  other  countries,  or  with  the  use  of 
vhich  we  are  obliged  to  disye.ise  for  the  want 
'f  ability  to  obtain  the  in.  A  country  such  as 
ours, — with  a  diversity  of  soil  and  climate  a- 
dapted  to  the  growth  of  almost  every  thing 
that  human  necessity  or  luxury  can  demand, — 
ought  not  to  complain  of  unprofitable  farms 
while  its  agriculture  fails  to  supply  its  actual 
wants.  While  we  import  silks,  linen,  wool, 
hemp,  wines,  oils,  &c.  Ac.  we  ought  not  to 
complain  of  unprofitable  agriculture — it  will 
be  time  enough  for  that  when  we  shall  have 
rendered  ourselves  independent  of  other  coun 
tries  fur  necessary  agricultural  products.  If 
the  system  and  good  management  pursued  at 
the  Orange  Farm  were  generally  adopted,  and 
the  objects  of  agricultural  attention  varied  to 
meet  the  wants  of  the  country,  complaints  of 
depression  in  this  branch  of  our  industry  would 
soon  cease. — Am.  Farm. 


Captain  George  H.  Richards  has  ob- 
tained patents  in  Europe,  South  Ameri- 
ca, and  the  United  Slates,  for  a  method 
of  applying  India  Rubber  lo  various  use- 
ful arts  and  put  poses.  Several  scientific 
gentlemen  have  certified  that  the  im- 
provement is  practicable,  of  immense 
use,  and  will  produce  great  pecuniary 
profits.  The  fluid  Caoutchouc  which 
Captain  Richards  uses  can  be  obtained  in 
any  desirable  quantity.  The  gum  is  pro- 
duced in  the  greatest  luxuriance  in  Asia 
and  South  America  ;  and  might  he  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Hewit 
has  bet'ors  his  mansion,  on  the  Hudson, 
a  species  of  the  Caoutchouc  growing  Ye* 
ry  vigorously. 


132 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  30,  ISai. 


TBaaSNSBSS  FARMER. 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  30.  1831. 


THRESHING  MACHINES. 

Remarks  on  the  importance  to  the  farmer,  of  a 

good,  cheap,  and  durable.  Threshing  Machine, 

and  a  comparative  view  of  the  merits  of  those 

now  in  use. 

It  seems  to  be  admitted  on  all  hands,  that 
nine  times  in  ten,  the  fail  market  for  the  far 
mers'  produce  is  altogether  preferable,  at  least 
to  those  in  the  Western  District,  and  who  live 
within  one  or  two  day's  drive  of  any  conside- 
rable market  town,  the  canal,  or  other  naviga- 
ble waters  ;  for  it  not  only  brings  the  better 
price,  (this  year  is  an  exception,  but  wars  and 
revolutions  will  not  often  happen  as  oppor- 
tunely) but  it  furnishes  him  with  ready  means 
to  meet  his  engagements,  and  enables  him  to 
lay  in  all  the  necessaries  to  go  through  the 
winter  months,  secures  it  against  loss  by  ver 
min,  and  other  casualties — gives  him  an  op. 
portunity  to  visit  distant  friends,  which  he  has 
not  leisure  to  do  at  nny  other  season,  and  al- 
lows him  time,  during  the  winter  months,  to 
enjoy  his  home  and  fire  side,  and  attend  to 
those  duties  and  pleasures  which  compose  the 
happiness  and  enjoyment  of  the  whole  human 
family. 

If.  therefore,  it  is  important  to  the  farmer, 
to  get  his  grain  to  market  before  the  closing 
of  the  canal  navigation,  or  before  the  16th  of 
November,  when  the  great  flouring  establish- 
ments cease  operations — then  it  becomes  of 
the  utmost  consequence  that  he  should  huve 
some  cheap,  labor-Baving  machine,  to  pel  form 
the  threshing  operation  ;  which,  in  the  ordina- 
ry process  of  treading  with  horses  or  cattle,  or 
beating  with  the  hand  flail, is  tedious  and  time- 
consuming,  to  get  the  grain  to  market  in  the 
fall,  and  during  the  great  press  and  competi- 
tion for  wheat,  seriously  interferes  with  the 
farmer's  most  important  avocations,  of  plow- 
ing and  sowing,  and  gathering  his  fall  crops  ; 
but  if  he  has  a  machine  that  can  daily  thresh 
GO  or  100  bushels  with  one  team,  and  do  it 
well,  it  becomes  important,  as  ordinarily  one 
week's  work  will  do  alia  majority  of  the  farm- 
ers will  have  to  spare. 

In  the  first  place,  before  we  come  to  remark 
upon  the  merits  of  those  now  in  use,we  would 
observe,  that  one  of  the  great  and  principal 
causes  of  failures,  in  many  kinds  of  machines, 
is  the  flimsy,  cheap,  and  do-for  the-presont 
manner  in  which  they  are  made.  They  are 
not  unfrcqnently  constructed  by  carpenters, or 
rather  by  those  who  are  only  an  apology  for  a 
<Tood  one,  and  who  could  hardly  construct  a 
button  to  a  barn-door,  or  as  is  frequently  the 
case,  by  patentees,  or  their  agents,  a  set  of 
speculating  cut  throats,  alike  ignorant  of  me« 
chanical  powers,  of  motion  or  matter,  whose 
only  talents  consist  in  the  rigmarole  with 
which  they  recommend  their  wonderful  disco- 
veries. 

By  the  operation  of  these  causes  the  farmer 
often  gets  an  ill-constructed,  weak,  and  ricke- 
ty machine,  which  needs  wedging,  nailing, 
and  bracing,  at  every  revolution,  and  as  much 
power  to  drive  it  as  would  operate   a  run  of 

mill  stones  ;  and  I  havo  known  many  tolera 
bly  good  machines  condemned,  from  having 

connected  with  it  a  weak,   ill-contrived,  and 
tjisflfective  horso  power. 


The  machinery  that  generates  the  motion, 
whether  horse  or  water  power,  ought  to  be  as 
well  constructed,  and  of  as  good  materials,  as 
a  flouring  mill ;  and  it  is  worse  than  useless  to 
make  the  main  wheel  and  pinion  gearing  of 
wood.  Nothing  but  cast  iron,  and  that  of  the 
softest  and  best  kind,  can  be  depended  upon. — 
If  the  main  and  moving  power  is  good,  and  of 
sufficient  strength  to  apply  as  much  power  as 
is  ever  needed,  almost  any  of  the  modern  ma- 
chines, if  tolerably  well  made,  will  do  a  good 
business. 

There  seems  to  be  but  two  principles,  that 
now  or  ever  has  prevailed  to  any  exlent,in  the 
construction  of  threshing  machines,  and  upon 
these  two  principles.nearly  all,  of  two  hundred 
kinds  which  have  been  patented,  (thirty-five 
of  which  have  been  granted  within  the  last 
year)  are  predicated,  viz — percussion — where 
the  straw  is  passing  over  a  sharp  edge.or  edg- 
es, is  struck  by  a  seto!  bars,  or  beaters,  under 
rapid  motion,  with  6uch  force  that  the  momen- 
tum it  gives  to  the  heavy  body,  or  kernel,  of 
the  grain,  forces  it  from  its  resting  place,  in 
the  straw  or  chaff. 

The  other  principle  is  a  process  analagous 
to  rubbing,  and  is  effected  by  a  revolving  cyl- 
inder, with  more  or  less  cogs,  spikes,  or  teeth, 
of  different  shapes  and  lengths  ;  which  pass 
through  corresponding  ones,  placed  in  a  con- 
cave, or  bed-piece,  which  is  stationary.  The 
number  of  spikes  vary  from  100  to  3000,  ac- 
cording to  the  whims  of  the  projectors. 

Various  modifications  of  these  two  princi. 
pies  have  been  brought  forward,  tortured  into 
as  many  shapes  and  torms,  as  yankee  ingenui 
ty  and  the  prospect  of  gain  could  invent  ;  all 
of  which  have  had  their  day ,and  "strait  were 
seen  no  more." 

One  of  the  first  that  the  writer  of  this  arti- 
cle ever  saw,  was  near  thirty  years  ago;  it 
was  an  upnght  hollow  cylinder,  about  4  feet 
diameter,  and  10  feet  high,  with  large  wooden 
arms,  or  rounds,  projecting  to  the  centre;  in 
which  revolved  a  shaft,  having  the  like  pro- 
jecting arms,  like  spokes  to  a  wheel,  its  whole 
length,  moving  in  the  spaces  between  the  oth- 
ers ;  the  straw  was  put  in  at  the  top,  and  its 
weight  carried  it  down  ;  but  it  needed  a  cara- 
van of  horses  to  drive  it,  and  did  not  do  the 
work  well  at  all 

There  were  many  experiments  tried  for  sev- 
eral years  after,  when  a  new  contrivance  was 
brought  forward,  in  which  a  great  number  of 
beaters  were  made  to  rise  and  fall  upon  the 
straw  lying  on  a  grated  table,  in  imitation  of 
the  hand-Hail.  This  proved  equally  inutile. 
and  was  abandoned. 

Another  plan, for  the  success  of  which  great 
expectations  were  raised,  then  had  its  "  all 
the  go"  for  a  period;  in  which  the  bars  or 
beaters  were  covered  with  rough  punched 
sheet  iron,  and  were  attached  to  the  cylinder 
by  springs,  which,  by  the  centrifugal  force  of 
great  motion,  were  cauaed  to  eloDgatc,  and 
press  upon  the  concave  ;  which  was  covered 
with  sheet  iron,  in  the  same  form  as  tho  bea- 
tors.  Its  operation  was  liko  rubbing,  and  not 
unlike  the  principle  of  smut  mills ;  but  from 
the  complication  of  its  construction,  it  soon 
went  to  pieces.  It  looked  well  upon  paper, 
and  n  good  doal  of  money  was  made  by  selling 

gbts. 
Soon  after  camo  the  spike,  or  tubbing  ma- 


• 


chines,  and  wab  them  a  prolific  brood,  which 
multiplied  like  Macbeth's  witches,  enter  here, 
and  exit  there  ;  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see 
a  dozen  different  kinds  in  one  town  and  neigh- 
borhood ;  many  of  which  are  brought  to  that 
degree  of  perfection,  that  they  are  able  to  do 
tolorable.  and  some  of  them  excellent  work. 

There  seems  to  be  a  great  diversity  of  opin^ 
ion,  on  the  subject  of  the  comparative  raer'ts 
of  the  beaters  and  rubbers.  It  is  urged  against 
'he  beaters,  that  they  require  more  speed,  and 
consequently  more  power  than  the  rubber  or 
Bpike  machines,  and  from  the  great  motion 
required,  the  gudgeons,  boxes,  and  bearings, 
heat  and  destroy  the  oils  used  to  lubricate  the 
machinery,  and  finally  destroy  both  box  and 
gudgeons,  which  has  been  an  insuperable  obs, 
jection,  until  within  a  year  past,  an  ingenious 
mechanic  has,  by  using  very  long  bearings  for 
the  guugeons,  on  a  large  single  friction  rolls 
or,  so  reduced  the  friction  as  it  is  thought 
will  remedy  that  defect. 

Against  the  spike  machines  it  is  said  that  if 
astune.  limb,  or  root  should  pass  through,  that 
the  machine  is  very  much  injured,  if  not  to- 
tally spoiled  ;  and  which,  undoubtedly,  is  a 
serious  trouble. 

Tho  spike  machines  or  rubbers,  in  our  opin- 
ion, and  we  have  had  considerable  opportuni- 
ties of  judging  of  their  rela'ive  merit*,  and  are 
not  now,  nor  ever  went  interested  in  any  kind, 
taking  into  consideration  the  lower  «peed, 
simplierty  and  strength  of  their  construction, 
that  under  some  one  of  the  present  or  future 
modifications  that  they  are  o-jpable  of,  will  e- 
ventually  supersede  all  others;  although  the 
beaters  from  the  decreased  expense  of  con- 
struction, and  safety  with  which  they  allow  all 
extraneous  substances  to  pass  without  injuring 
the  machine,  will  always  recommend  it  to  a 
portion  of  the  farming  interest. 

Although  both  principles  are  the  subbject  of 
a  great  number  of  patent  rights;  on  neither  of 
which,  as  relates  to  the  simple  principle,  can 
one  be  maintained  ;  ae  they  have  been  used  in 
some  bhape  or  other,  a  great  many  year*,  both 
in  England  and  this  country;  and  the  paten- 
tees do  not  generally  pretend  to  predicate 
their  rights  on  any  thing  more  than  some  pe« 
cuiiar  application  or  modification  of  the  same 
principles. 

Allowing  a  good  machine  with  horse  power 
complete,  to  cost  from  100  to  150  dollars— 
which  it  ought  to  do  to  be  good,  and  allowing 
10  per  cent  for  cost,  wear  and  tear  ;  it  will 
then  only  cost  the  farmer  ten  to  fifteen  dollars 
per  year,  for  the  use  of  the  machine,  and  will 
be  a  grent  saving  in  time,  labor,  and  the  extra 
quantity  produced  by  the  perfect  separation  of 
the  straw  and  grain,  over  any  othor  method. 

They  are  now  constructed  by  a  very  simple 
and  neat  addition,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  rake 
off  I  he  straw,  separate  the  chaff,  and  deliver 
the  wheat  fit  for  market ;  which  improvement 
may,  at  a  small  expense,  ho  added  to  any  ma- 
chine now  in  use. 

Farmers  purchasing  machines  of  any  kind, 
out'ht  to  be  particular  to  see  that  they  are  well 
and  mechanically  put  together;  with  close 
joints,  of  good  and  seasoned  materials  ;  the 
"udgeons  well  and  correctly  turned,  with  suf- 
ficient shoulders  to  keep  them  from  end  chase 
and  dancing  in  their  sockets. 
Farmers  who  arc  nnacqnainted  with  the  op. 


Vol.  1.— No.  1?. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


133 


oration  of  machinery,  are  generally  not  aware 
of  the    importance  of  paying  proper  attention 
to  oiling  all  the   parts  liable  to   friction,  as  on 
that  depends  their  durability  and  safety.     * 

WORK  FOR  MAT. 

This  is  a  month  in  which  good  farmers  are 
very  busy.  They  should  be  careful  that  their 
oats  are  sowed  before  planting  their  corn, 
which  should  be  in  the  ground  before  the  lOih. 
Early  potatoes  should  be  put  in  as  soon  as  the 
ground  will  admit.  And  here  let  us  observe, 
that  those  who  int«ud  to  save  seed  for  produ- 
cing new  varieties,  should  plant  two  or  more 
kinds  in  each  hill,  that  the  pollen  may  be  more 
sure  to  mix.  We  hope  every  firmer  will  be 
induced  to  make  the  oxperinient  this  season, 
as  it  will  not  be  attended  with  any  cost,  and 
may  be  of  great  advantage  to  him.  For  this 
purpose,  mix  such  potatoes  as  have  all  the  desi- 
rable qualities,  as  one  may  be  very  productive, 
another  of  line  flavor  for  food,  and  a  third  may 
be  of  desirable  shape  and  color — by  thus  mix 
ing  up  the  qualities  which  are  found  separate 
in  different  potatoes,  come  one  of  the  new 
progeny  may  be  found  to  partake  of  them  all. 
No  plant  is  more  worthy  of  experiments  than 
Tho  potato,  and  hundreds  ol  dollars  might  be 
realized  from  oDe  new  and  valuable  kind,  by 
the  person  who  first  introduces  it. 

Early  in  this  month  the  garden  requires  con- 
siderable attention,  and  this  sliouid  be  done 
with  the  least  possible  hindrance  to  the  farm- 
ing operations;  but  it  should  by  no  means  be 
neglected.  Remember  that  not  only  many  of 
'.he  necessaries  of  a  family,  but  many  of  the 
innocent  luxuries  of  life,  are  the  produce  of  the 
garden. 

The  season  has  now  arrived  for  attending  to 
ihe  orchard.  Donor  neglect  the  cultivation 
of  fruit,  as  it  is  attended  with  as  much  profit 
as  any  other  branch  of  farming,  besides  a  great 
proportion  of  pleasure.  Cherries  require  to 
be  grafted  early;  after  these,  pears,  apples, 
plums,  quinces,  dec.  Should  business  pro"*, 
pruning  your  orchard  may  be  omitted,  without 
any  injury,  until  after  planting 

It  is  now  time  for  putting  down  grape  cut 
dngs.  If  your  cnitings  have  been  buried  all 
winter,  lake  them  up  before  the  buds  begin  to 
break.  It  is  well  to  cut  the  lower  end  of  the 
cuttings  oflfat  the  time  of  setting.  This  should 
be  done  about  half  an  inch  below  the  joint,  as 
the  roots  are  more  apt  to  start  from  the  joints 
than  between  them.  If  the  cutting  contains 
four  buds,  cut  off  the  two  lower  ones,  and  al- 
30  the  roots  of  the  tendrils  which  grow  oppon 
site  the  buds,  as  new  scars  or  cuts  throw  out  a 
lip  so i 'nor  than  old  ones,  and  these  lips  act  as 
roots  until  the  roots  strike.  When  the  cut- 
tings are  thus  prepared,  set  them  in  theground 
nearly  their  whole  length,  leaving  the  upper 
bud  near  the  surface.  Let  the  ground  be  pres- 
sed very  close  about  them,  and  if  the  ground 
should  become  very  dry  they  should  be  water- 
•id.  Gooseberry  and  currant  cuttings  should 
be  put  out,  and  do  not  forget  to  take  out  all 
the  lower  buds. 

Early  cucumbers  should  be  planted,  and  one 
of  the  beat  preventives  against  insects  in  the 
roots,  is  to  dig  large  holes  and  pat  in  some  turf 
from  the  etreett  or  pastures,  where  the  soil  is 
strong.  The  same  course  will  also  prevent 
the  grub  about  the  roots  of  cabbage. 


For  planting  watermelons,  dig  a  hole  as  for 
cucumbers,  and  fill  it  with  beach  sand,  whore 
jlhaican  be  procured;  if  not,  uso  pit  sand,  in 
which  should  be  mixed  some  hog  manure. 

Broom-corn  should  be  planted  the  first  week 

in  May,  at  about  the  same  distance  as  other 

corn. 

Asparagus  beds  should  be  made  as  early  as 

the  first  week  in  May,  preferring  rather  moist 
ground.  No  family  should  be  without  a  good 
bed  of  asparagus,  as  it  is  a  matter  of  economy 
as  well  as  a  luxury.  Very  much  depends  up- 
on the  application  of  timo,  mornings  and  eve 
nings,  as  to  rendering  things  about  the  house, 
garden  and  orchard,  snug  and  comfortable.— 
Therefore  let  the  young  farmer  avoid  the  habi' 
of  sleeping  too  much,  remembering  the  denun- 
ciations against  the  slothful  man  ;  for  be  assu. 
red,  if  that  habit  is  indulged  in,  your  fields  and 
fences,  now  as  of  old,  will  tell  the  tale  much 
to  your  discredit. 

NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  HORSE. 

There  are  few  of  the  domesticated  animals 
that  contribute  so  much  to  the  comfort  and 
amusement  of  man  as  the  Horse,  and  of  course 
few  animals  in  whose  history  we  are  so  much 
interested.  We  propose,  therefore,  to  give  a 
brief  history  of  some  of  tho  most  important 
breeds  now  in  use,  that  our  readers  may  be 
more  able  to  judge  of  the  valuable  points,  in 
bleeding  horses  for  the  several  purposes  con- 
nected with  agriculture.  For  this  purpose, we 
shall  make  extracts  from  one  of  the  best  mo- 
dern English  writers  on  domestic  animJs, — 
after  which  we  propose  to  make  some  extracts 
from  the  American  Turf  Register,  edited  by 
J.  S.  Skinner,  Esq.  of  Baltimore.  This  gen- 
tleman has  commenced  a  work  which  will  un 
doubtedly  become  one  of  the  standard  records 
of  our  country,  as  to  the  pedigree  of  horses. 
That  such  a  work  wa"  neejed  in  this  country, 
no  one  will  deny  ;  and  so  far  as  it  has  progres 
sed,  it  fully  proves  that  Mr.  Skinner  is  com. 
petent  to  the  task.  We  hope  that  our  gentle- 
men farmers  and  breeders  of  fine  stock  will 
consider  this  publication  as  indispensible  to 
their  libraries. 

The  Horse  belongs,  according  to  Linnaeus, 
to  the  Class  Mammalia,  Order  Solipedes, Genus 
Equus.     This  Genus   is  divided  into  five  spe 
cies,  viz — E.  Caballus,  or   Horse,   E.  Hemio 
nus,  or  Wild  Mule,  E.  Asinus,  or  Ass,  E.   Ze 
bra,  or  Striped  Ass,  E.  Quagga,  considered  as 
a  variety  of  the  Zebra.     There  is  also  anothe 
animal,  with  a  cloven  foot,  E.  Bisulcus.     This 
is  a  native  of  Chili,  but  is  generally  supposed 
to  belong  to  a  distinct  genus. 

From  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture. 

The  common  horse,  justly  considered  as  the  no- 
blest of  animals,  is  found  in  a  wild  state  in  tin- 
deserts  of  Great  Tartary,  in  the  southern  parts 
of  Siberia,  and  in  other  parts  of  Asia,  and  in 
the  interior  of  Africa.  He  is  of  the  greatest 
antiquity,  and  has  long  been  domesticated  and 
cultivated  in  most  parts  of  the  earth,  for  the 
various  purposes  of  war,  hunting,  parade,  the 
saddle,  or  draught ;  and  in  some  places,  partly 
for  his  flesh  and  the  milk  of  the  female.  The 
parts  of  a  horse,  when  no  longer  endowed 
with  life,  are  applied  to  various  useful  purpo- 
ses :  the  blood  for  manure;  the  bones  are 
broken  and  boiled,  to  produce  oil,  and  after- 
wards are  ground  into  an  excellent  manure  ; 
some  of  the  bones  are  also  Used  in  the  media 
nical  arts.  The  flesh  supplies  food  for  the 
domestic  camiveroos  animals,the  cat  and  dog  j! 


for  carnivorous  birds,  as  the  hawk,  eagle,  \c. 
kept  for  amusement  or  curiosity  ;  and  for  fish, 
and  various  similar  purposes.  We  shall  consi- 
der the  horse,  in  regard  to  its  varieties,  organ- 
ology, anatomy,  physiology, diseases,  breeding, 
rearing,  training,  feeding,  and  working. 

VARIETIES    OF    THE    HORSE 

The  varieties  of  the  domestic  horse  vary  excee* 
dingly  in  different  conntries.  The  Arabian 
horses  are  reckoned  tho  best, and  their  inhabits 
ants  the  most  expert  in  horsemanship.  The 
care  taken  by  the  Arabs  in  preserving  the 
breeds  of  their  horses  is  most  remarkable. — 
None  but  stallions  of  the  finest  form  and  pu- 
rest blood  are  allowed  access  to  their  mares, 
which  is  never  permitted  but  in  the  presence 
of  a  professional  witness  or  public  officer, who 
attests  the  fact,  records  the  name,  and  signs 
the  pedigree  of  each.  The  Persian  horses 
are  considered  next  in  value  ;  and  after  them 
the  horses  of  Andalusia  in  Spain.  The  Bar- 
bary  horses  are  descended  from  the  Arabians, 
and  much  esteemed.  Jackson  (Empire  of  Mo- 
rocco, p.  42.)  mentions  one  very  fleet  variety, 
used  for  hunting  the  ostrich,  and  fed  entirely 
on  camel's  milk.  In  Algiers  they  are  said  not 
to  like  to  castrate  thoir  horses,  but  only 
squeeze  their  testicles  when  they  are  about  3 
months  old,  which  renders  them  incapable  of 
propagation.  The  horses  of  India  are  small 
and  vicious,  the  climate  boing  unfavorable  to 
their  greater  development.  Those  of  Tar- 
tary are  of  a  moderate  size  ;  but  strong,  mus- 
cular, full  of  spirit,  and  active.  The  Tartars 
are  considered  skilful  riders.  Like  the  Kal- 
mucks, they  eat  their  flesh  as  we  do  that  of 
oxen,  and  use  their  milk  either  in  curd  or  fer- 
mented. 

Of  the  European  varieties  of  the  horse,  those 
of  Italy  were  formerly  in  greater  esteem  than 
at  present;  but  still,  thost  of  ihe  Neapolitans 
shine  both  under  the  saddle  and  in  traces.— 
Great  numbers  are  bred  in  Sicily;  those  of 
Sardinia  and  Corsica  are  small,  but  active  and 
spirited.  The  Swiss  horses  partake  of  the 
same  qualities. 

The  Spanish  horses  are  much  commended  : 
some  make  them  second  to  Ihe  Arabians,  and 
place  them  before  the  Barb.  Those  of  the  fi- 
nest breeds  are  generally  finely  earcased  and 
well  limbed  horses,  active,  ready,  and  easy  in 
their  p.:ces,  docile  and  affectionate  to  their  ow- 
ners, full  of  spirit  aud  courage,  bui  tempered 
with  mildness  and  good  nature  ;  the y  are,  for 
the  most  part,  of  a  moderate  size  Those 
which  are  bred  in  Upper  Andalusia  are  deemed 
the  mosi  valuable.  •  The  Portoguese  horses, 
or  rather  mires,  were  famous  of  old  for  being 
very  fleet  and  long  winded  ;  but  of  late  it  is 
said  they  are  much  degenerated. 

France  abounds  in  horsos  of  all  kinds,  but 
does  not  excel  in  native  breeds;  the  best  of 
Uiose  fit  for  the  saddle  come  from  Limousin  : 
they  resemble  the  Barbs  in  many  particulars, 
and  like  them  are  fittest  for  hunting, but  they  are 
supposed  not  to  be  fit  for  work  before  they  a-\s 
seven  or  eight  years  old.  There  are  also  v  jry 
good  "  Bidets'  or  ponies,  in  Auvergne,  "oi- 
tou,  and  Burgundy.  Next  to  those  of  Lmou- 
sin,  Normandy  claims  precedence,  for  a  well 
formed  and  useful  breed.  Lower  Nornfandy 
and  the  district  of  Cotentin  furnish  som>  very 
tolerable  coach  horses,  and  which  are  mOie  ac- 
tive and  appear  more  elastic  in  their  motions 
than  the  Dutch  horses.  They  have,  however, 
a  noble  race  of  large  draught  horses  equal  to 
any  seen  in  England,  and,  among  which,  the 
chesnut  color  seems  to  prevail.  The  French 
horses  generally  are  apt  to  have  their  shoulders 
although  oblique,  yet  too  loose  and  open,  as 
those  of  the  Barbs  are  usually  too  confined 
and  narrow. 

The  Flemish  horses  are  inferior  in  value  to 
the  Dutch, having  usually  large  heavy  heads  and 
necks;  their  feet  also  are  immoderately  large 
and  flat,  and  their  legs  subject  to  watery  hu- 
mors and  swellings. 

Holland  furnishes  a  race  of  horses  which  are 
principally  serviceable  in  light  draught  work  : 
the  best  come  from  Friosland. 


134 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  30,  18-31 


Germany  i-  not  destitute  of  go  >d  hors.  s.aud 
such  as  prove  useful  for  many  purposes  ;  but 
they  are  reckoned  to  be  heavy  and  defective  in 
wind.  The  Gorman*  possess,  however,  finer 
breeds  obtained  from  Turks  and  Barbs  which 
are  kept  as  stallions  ;  they  obtain  also  some 
good  specimens  from  the  Italians  and  Span- 
iards. As  racers  and  hunters  they  are  inferior 
lo  the  Hungarian  and  Transylvanian  horses. — 
The  horses  of  Bohemia  are  not  distinguished 
fcy  any  eminent  qualities.  The  Hussars  and 
Transylvantans  ar»  accustomed  to  slit  ihn  nos- 
trils of  their  horses,  under  a  notion  of  giving 
their  breath  a  free  passage,  and  improving 
their  wind,  as  well  as  to  render  them  incapable 
of  neighing,  which,  in  the  field,  would  be  of- 
ten inconvenient.  The  Croatian  horses  are 
nearly  allied  in  qualities  and  character  to  the 
Hungarian  and  Bohemian  :  these,  as  well  as 
the  Poles,  are  remarkable  for  being,  as  the 
French  term  it,  "  Begut,"  or  keeping  the  mark 
in  their  teeth  as  long  as  they  live. 

The  Polish  horses  are  hardy,  strong,  and  use- 
fill,  but  they  are  eenerally  of  a  middling  size. 
in  the  marshy  parts  of  Prussia,  and  lowards 
the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  there  is  a  breed  of 
tall,  strong  horses,  resembling  those  of  Fries 
land,  but  of  inferior  value. 

The  horses  of  Russia  are  not  much  regarded 
fjy  other  nations.  They  arc  small  but  hardy, 
and  capable  of  enduring  great  fatigue.  Great 
attention  is,  however,  paid  to  such  as  are  very 
fast  in  their  trot,  and  such  a  breed  is  much  en- 
couraged for  trotting  matches  on  the  snow  and 
ice.  Those  of  the  Turkish  breed  are  hand- 
gome  and  finely  shaped,  but  too  slisht  and 
Weak  for  heavy  cavalry  The  Kalmuck  hor- 
ses are  somewhat  higher  than  the  Russian 
common  horses,  and  are  so  lasting  and  consti- 
tutionally strong  as  to  be  able  to  run  three  or 
40<>  English  miles  in  three  days.  They  sub- 
sist, summer  and  winter,  solely  upon  grass  in 
Che  great  deserts  which  are  between  the  rivers 
Don,  Volga,  and  Yaik.  where  they  are  collec- 
ted in  great  herds  of  four  hundred,  five  hun- 
dred, or  even  a  thousand.  They  are  excellent 
swimmers,  and  pass  the  river  Volga,  where  it 
is  from  one  to  two  miles  broad,  with  great 
ease. 

The  horses  of  Sweden  are  low  and  small,  and 
the  Norway  breed  may  be  comprehended  un- 
der the  same  description,  but  they  are  strong, 
hardy,  and  active.  Denmark,  and  also  Hoi- 
stein  and  Oldeuburgh,  boast  a  large  variety  of 
^torses,  which  has  long  been  esteemed  as 
peculiarly  adapted  for  heavy  cavalrv  and  car- 
rta»e  uses  though  they  are  apt  lo  fail  wiih 
respect  t»  ele/ance  of  limb  and  symmetry  of 
^Tarts  ;  their  heads  being  large,  their  shoulders 
heavy,  their  backs  long,  with  croups  too  nar- 
row t  •  correspond  with  their  fore  parts.  In 
the  islands  of  Feroe  there  is  a  race  of  horses 
of  small  growth,  but  strong,  speedy,  and  sure 
footed.  Thev  are  never  shod,  and  feed  abroad 
without  shelter,  both  summer  and  winter.  In 
h'deroe,  one  of  these  islands,  thoy  have  a  pe- 
culiarly swift  breed,  of  great  use  to  the  inhab- 
itants, who  catch  thejr  sheep,  which  are  wild, 
by  Inciting  Lhem  with  a  dog,  pursuing  them  at 
the  sj  me  ttme  with  their  horses.  The  horses 
of  Lapland  are  small  of  stature,  but  active  and 
WiUmt  ;  they  are  used  only  in  the  winter  sea- 
eon,  in  drawing  sledges  over  the  snow,  and 
transporting  wood,  forage  and  other  necessa- 
ries; but  in  summer  they  are  turned  into  the 
fdrests,  where  they  form  separate  troops, 
strictly  confined  to  their  own  quarters. 
[To  be  continued.] 


HORN  DISTEMPER. 

At  this   season  of  the   year  cattle   are  often 

troubled   more  or  less  with  this  cortplaint 

The  symptoms  are  first,  coldness  of  the  horns 
loss  of  appetite,  followed  by  loss  of  strength. 
The  treatment  should  be.  to  bore  into  the  horn 
with  a  common  nail  gimblet,  and  inject  a  quan- 
tity of  salt  and  vinegar  mixed.  The  hole  for 
this  purpose  should  be  bored  about  four  inches 
from  the  head,  on  the  underside  of  the  horn, 
through  which  the  separated  matter  can  be 
discharged.  Some  have  practiced  sawing  off 
the  horns.  This  should  not  be  done,  as  it  in- 
jures the  looks  of  the  animal. 


ROSE  BUG. 

This  insect  made  its  appearance  in  this  neigh- 
borhood last  yoar,  about  the  middle  of  June, 
and  did  a  little  damage.  They  continued  a- 
bonl  three  weeks  and  disappeared.  Strong 
soap  suds  is  said  to  be  the  bust  application  for 
their  destruction. 


xlend  towards  >  e  zeuiib,  with  a  few  tending 
towards  the  mo  n,  and  soon  fade  and  give 
place  to  otbeis.  Repeatedly  also  spots  would 
-uddenly  brighten  up  in  different  parts  of  the 
sky,  of  well  defined  limits,  as  if  a  strong  light 
had  been  thrown  upon  lhem  through  an  open 
door  or  window.  The  sbeels  and  rays  of  light 
extended  a  considerable  distance  south  of  the 
eastern  and  western  quarters  of  the  heavens, 
not  diminishing  in  brightness,  especially  to- 
wards the  east.  In  that  direction  was  the 
principal  display  of  light :  a  broad  but  ill  de- 
fined column  of  brightness  extending  up  that 
part  of  the  slty  towards  the  zenith.  An  ob- 
seiver  informs  us  that  he  distinctly  heard  the 
sounds  which  not  nnfttquently  accompany 
this  phenomenon  :  a  slight  flapping  sounj,  ia 
quick  succession,  like  that  made  by  the  waving- 
of  heavy  drapery  —  />    Adv. 


ROTAU     INSTITUTION,    FEB.    25,    1831. 

Mr.  Cowper,  on  recent  improvements  in  Paper 
Making. 

Antiguarian  was  formerly  the  largest  sheet 
ot  paper  that  could  be  made,  its  frame  being 
the  utmost  that  a  man  could  grasp  with  his  ex 
tended  arms  (i.  e  necessarily  less  than  a  fathom 
long) ;  but  now  a  single  sheet  of  paper  is  often 
■iade  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long— nay.  one 
sheet  has  been  drawn  off  four  miles  in  length  ! 
Long  paper  indeed!  dedicated,  we  presume, 
to  the  especial  service  of  the  long  robe;  long 
enough  for  a  Chancery  sun.  or  for  the  exhibi 
Hon  of  the  talents  ol  the  most  special  pleader. 

Until  lately,  one-sixth  part  of  this  quantitj 
was  wasted  by  the  imperfect  mode  of  cutting  ; 
for  the  paper  being  rolled  in  the  making  round 
a  cv Under,  the  outer  layers  were  of  course 
much  larger  than  the  inner,  and  when  cut 
through  from  the  ciicumference  to  the  centre 
a  second  cutting  was  required  to  reduce  the 
whole  to  one  size,  and  this  caused  one  sixth  of 
the  paper  made  lo  be  made  in  vain.  Now, 
however,  a  machine  has  been  invented,  by 
which  the  whole  of  this  wa-.te  is  saved  ;  for 
instead  of  relieving  the  cylinder  from  its  bur- 
den, by  cutting  its  concentric  citcles  through, 
the  cutting  machine  unrols  and  cuts  the  miles 
of  paper  into  usable  and  equal  sheets. 

Paper  of  12  yards  long  is  chiefly  used  for 
paper-hangings,  and  now  each  piece  is  printed 
on  one  entire  sheet,  although  for  some  time 
after  sheets  of  this  enormous  length  were 
made,  the  revenue  laws  compelled  them  to  b. 
cut  into  short  small  sheets,  which  the  paper 
hanging  manufacturers  had  again  to  join  to 
gether — so  much  for  the  rigor  of  the  laws. 


GRAFTING. 

Mb.  Fessendfn — In  your  paper  of  Deo  31, 
a  new  mode  of  grafting  is  described,  which  is> 
said  to  be  an  improvement.  1  desire  also  to 
show  you  another  new  mode  of  performing 
this  operation,  which  may  prove  equally  valua- 
ble. 

When  trees  begin  to  show  their  fruit,  (nc 
matter  what  kind)  and  it  is  made  evident  that 
grafting  must  he  resorted  to,  or  we  must  pa- 
tiently put  up  with  an  inferior  kind  ;  instead  of 
cutting  off  the.  top,  uncover  the  roots,  and 
choosing  the  most  thrifty  one,  make  a  slit  in. 
the  bark,  cut  your  eion  off  with  aslope,  and 
thrust  it  in  and  cover  the  roots  with  earth.  It 
will  take  well,  and  grow  some  the  first  year, 
much  more  the  next,  and  the  third  vear  the  old 
stock  may  be  cut  away,  and  the  growth  from 
that  time  on  will  be  very  rapid,  and  soon  form 

rood  bearing  tree.  Calvis. 

Preston.  Ohio,  Jan   23,  1831. 

In  addition  to  the  above.  Mr.  Wallace  of 
Cincinnati  writes,  la*t  fall,  that  out  of  more 
than  ojio  hundred  stocks  of  iho  wild  vine  graf- 
ted by  him  the  spring  before,  not  ono  failed, 
and  some  of  lhem  had  grown  during  the  sum- 
mer, more  lhan  forty  feet,  and  it  is  further  ob- 
served that  thev  generally  bear  the  second  yeui 
after  grafting.—  N.  E   Farmer. 


Wu.  II.  Aiiams,  Esq  of  Lyons,  has  forwar 
ded  to  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  ; 
quantity  of  roots  of  the  sea  kale,  as  a  present 
to,  the  members  of  the  Monroe  Horticultural 
Society.  Those  members  who  are  wishing 
fbt  any  of  the  roots,  will  ploaso  call  at  the  of- 
fice. 

P.  S.  Mr.  Adams  will  accept  the  tharitts  of 
die-Society  fin  tho  same. 


AURORA    BOREALIS. 

On  Tuesday  evening,  a  remarkably  beaut i 
fill  and  splendid  Northern  Light  appeared  in 
the  Heavens  From  the  zenith  to  the  hori- 
zon the  sky  was  alnost  covered  with  a  broad 
glare,  excepting  only  a  segment  towards  the 
N.  formed  by  the  arc  of  a  large  circle  which 
rose  about  ten  degrees,  nearly  under  the  pole 
star,  and  sunk  towards  the  east  and  west. — 
That  part  of  the  sky  appeared  as  if  covered  by 
a  deep  and  well  defined  cloud,  and  showed 
neither  the  stars  nor  the  light  of  the  Aurora. 
Just  above  it  scintillations  and  feeble  flames 
appeared, which  there.as  well  as  in  other  parts 
a  novo  it,  frequently  varied  in  form  an  intensity. 
Broad  circular  spots  occasionally  appeared  in 
different  places,  of  superior  brightness,  which 
compared  by  an  observer  to  tho  most  glowing 
pails  of  sheet  iron  unequally  heated;  and  now 
and  then   lairj 


By  the  Ontario,  from  London,  and  the 
Durham,  from  Havre  Messrs.  Buel  and 
Wilson  have  received  a  valuable  addition 
to  their  nursery  nssortraent,  comprising 
50  of  ihe  choicest,  and  mostly  new, 
French  and  flemish  pears,  and  30  new 
roses,  from  the  well  known  nursery  ot 
\arsitte,  at  Paris  ;  40  choice  fruits  from 
the  Lond.  Ilort.  Society's  garden  nt 
Chwwick  ;  50  new  roses  and  40  splendid 
dahlias  or  Georgianas  from  the  best  Lon- 
don nurseries,  and  ihoul  60  varieties  ot" 
fruits,  and  several  ornamental  plants  from 
correspondents  and  amateurs.  The 
whole  will  be  propagated  with  all  dis- 
patch, and  soon  added  to  the  catalogue 
of  plants,  for  sale  at  the  Albany  Nurserv 
—[Alb.  Arg.         

THOMAS    CAMPBELL. 

It  would  seem  from  the  London  papers  (hat 
this  distinguished  poet  has  abandoned  the  idea 
of  visiting  America.  He  is  no  longer  con- 
nected with  the  editorship  of  tho  New  Month's 
Ij  Magazine,  bat  has  announced  a  new  peri- 
odical, lo  be  entitled  "the  Metropolitan." 


The  Richmond  Enquirer  of  the  I6th   inst. 
says: — "  We  understand   that  the  last  letters 
from  Mr-  Ran  lolph,  announce  his  intention  of 
leturning  to  St   Petersburgh  at  Ihe  end  of  A 
rays  ii? "beams  oi'h'ght'wouid  V'1  or  lhe  beginning  of  May.'' 


Vol.  1.— No.    17. 


AND  GARDENERS  JOURNAL. 


NEWS  OF  THE  WEEK. 


IMPORTANT 

Liverpool  papers  have  beeD  received  in  N 
York  to  the  first  of  April.  We  liave  ouly 
time  to  6ay  that  all  (he  accounts  agree  thai 
WAR  between  France  and  Austria,  is  no 
matter  of  doubt,  in  consequence  of  the  Aus- 
<rians  having  entered  Bolugna, 

RESIGNATION    OF    THE    CABINET. 

No  further  intelligence  beyond  what  we 
published  yesterday,  has  yet  been  received  ii 
relation  to  this  subject.  It  is  almost  needles, 
to  say  that  this  circumstance,  unprecedented 
jo  the  history  of  our  government,  has  caused 
no  little  speculation  among  men  of  all  parties, 
and  different  views  bay  been  entertained  b\ 
different  individuals  as  to  the  causes  whici: 
Lave  led  to  it  — Daily  Advertiser. 

The  Mercantile  Advertiser  of  Monda\ 
morning  says:  We  learn  from  a  private  let- 
ter received  yesterday  morning  from  fFash- 
ington,  that  the  new  Cabinet  is  arranged  as 
fljllows: 

Livingston  Secretary  of  State 

IVlcLane  Treasury 

JFoodbury  Ka4^ 

JFbite  (Tennessee)  Jtfar 

We  are  credibly  informed  (says  the  N  Y 
Gazette)  thai  the  Hon  P  P  Barbour  will 
succeed  Mr.  Berriao  a*  A'lornev  General 

The  Secretary  of  Slate  to  the  Povisional 
government  of  Poland,  sa\s  the  Salem  (N.  J.  i 
Messenger,  is i  Julian  Niemceuiez,  formerly 
aid  to  Kosciusko,  who  matried  and  resided 
laany  years  in  New  Jersey. 

execution  of  the  pirates. 
James  D.  J<  ffers,  alia-  Charles  Gibbs,  and 
Thomas  J.  VV'ansley.  convicted  of  the  mur- 
der of  the  Captain  and  Mnle  of  the  brig  Vine 
yard,  underwent  the  last  penalty  of  the  )a« 
this  day  at  12  o'clock,  on  Ellis'  Island  Tbe> 
were  conducted  from  the  prison  at  Bellevue 
at  8  o'clock  this  morning,  in  the  steamboat 
Bellona  to  the  place  uf  execution.  They  both 
supplicated  the  throne  of  mercy  with  earnest- 
Jli'ss,  acknowledging  that  they  we'e  unfit 
longer  to  remain  in  this  world,  and  that  t  e 
punishment  which  awaited  them,  was  justi) 
due  to  the  horrid  crimes  they  had  committed. 
They  took  leave  of  the  spectators  in  the 
in  the  most  affecting  manner,  entrealing  that 
others  would  take  warning  from  their  fate, 
if  he;  were  launched  into  eternity  simultane- 
ously, and  VVaosley  ceased  to  struggle  in  a- 
bout  a  minute  and  a  half.  Gibbs  died  ir. 
great  agon.v .     JV.  Y.  Jour  Com. 

PROM    OUADALoUPE. 

We  learn  iron)  Capt  Shockford.  of  the 
fithr.  Compeer,  (reported  this  morning)  that 
the  inhabitants  of  Guatialoupe  were  verj 
much  alarmed  in  consequence  of  several  fam- 
ilies having  been  poisoned  by  the  negroes— 
About  300  of  the  latter  have  been  imprisoned 
an  Pigeou  island — JV.  T.  Jour,    of  Ctjn. 

John  A.  Dix,  esq.  of  Albanv,  was  elected 
by  the  legislature  on  Saturday'  a  regent  of 
the  universiiy,  in  the  place  of  Hon.  E.  P. 
Livingston,  resigned. 

On  Wednesday,  in  Broadway,  New  Torki 
Mr.  Biyant.  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Even- 
ing Post,  attacked  Mr.  Stone,  of  the  Com 
piercial  Advertiser,  wilh  a  cowskin;  a  scuffie 
ensued,  but  the  parlies  were  separated  with- 
out much  harm  on  either  side.  The  attack 
erew  out  of  a  newspaper  controversy  which 
Rose  persons  had  carried  on  in  which  ihe 
erma  "  falsehood,"  &c.  were  freely  osed 
Jobn  TappeD.editorof  if,e  Kingston  Pfebtan 


135 


left  this  world  of  care  on  Ihe  20lli  inst.  altei 
having  been  a  sojourner  for  65 years,  and  con- 
ductor of  that  paper,  17  years.  He  was  i 
man  ol  talents  and  worth,  and  high  iu  (he  con 
Odence  of  his  fallow  citizens. 

THE  NEW  YORK  MARKET. 
The  N.  Y.  Daily  Advertiser  of  Saturday  re- 
marks:— Our  last  advires  are  to  the  25th 
March  fiom  Liverpool, — only  a  few  days  lat.i 
than  (hose  noticed  last  week.  They  furnish 
nothing  importanl  to  influence  the  inarkei 
here.  Business  has  been  lively  during  the 
past  week,  and  there  is  every  prospect  tha: 
the  spiing  sales  of  dry  goods,  hardware  and 
groceries  will  be  extensive.  The  market  ba- 
llot undergone  much  change,  except  for  flour 
which  has  been  declining  from  day  to  day,  and 
is  now  from  25  to  50  cents  lower  than  lasi 
week.  Tins  isattnbuied  to  the  large  supplie- 
arriving  Irom  the  south,  and  arrivals  by  the 
canal,  which  will  begin  to  reach  here  in  a 
Tew  days.  Exchange  on  England  has  advan 
ced  ;  siill  the  money  market  is  abundant. 

Ashes — Advices  to  the  25th  from  Liverpool, 
quote  ashes  lower.  Prices  have  continued 
much  the  sam-  here.  Pots  are  selling  stead* 
at  g4  50  to  $4  60,  and  pearls  at  $5  50.  The 
supplies  at  market  are  getting  reduced.  Ar- 
rivals by  the  canal  may  be  expected  in  all 
next  week.  We  continue  the  qiotatious  oi 
last  week— Pols  lOOlba.  4  50  a  4  60.  Pearls 
5  50 

Flour— We  have  had  a  declining  marke' 
since  our  last  wiih  considerable  southern  re 
ceipts,  and  the  near  approach  of  oeavy  sup 
phes  through  the  canal,  which  is  now  naviga- 
ble. Ttio  reduction  is  nearly  50  cts  per  bbl. 
from  our  quolations  of  last  week,  according 
to  the  few  sales  i»e  have  heard  of;  among 
which  are,  1200  Howard  st.  at  6  78;  4  or  50i> 
Philadelphia,  at  $6,  and  several  parcels  ol 
North  Kivnr  at  the  same  price.  The  stock  of 
southern  flour  is  large,  mostly  of  the  lower 
descriptions.  Richmond  city  and  Howard  st 
are  moie  enquired  for.  Prices  are  not  estab. 
hshed  sufficient  to  quote  wilh  precision.  Mant 
of  the  holders  decline  selling  at  the  presen. 
reduction,  but  buyers  do  not  freely  offer  even 
jg6  for  common  d  senptions.     Corn  meal  is  in 

demand,  and  has  advanced.      We  quote 

New  York  sup.  6  a  6  12,  Western  do  6  25  a 
6  62,  T.oy  do  6  25  a  6  37.  Philadelphia  6  a 
6  12,  Baltimore  city  6,  do  Howard  st,  6  25  a 
6  37,  Richmond  city  mills  —do  country  6 
Rye  Flour  3  75  a  3  87,  Corn  Meal  3  54  a  3 
62,  dodohhd  17  50  a  17  75. 

Gram—  Wheal    has   been  in  some  request 
for  export  to  England  ;   sales  of  12,000  bush 
els  good  Susquehanna  (via  Baltimore,)  at  14. 
cts.  early  in  the  week  ;   but  has  since  been  ol 
tered  at  135  to  iB'i  cts.;  6000  bushels  Albany, 
at  131    a   133,   which  is  a   reduction  of  5  or  6 
■:ls.     Rye  tias  also  declined,  and  been  offoieo 
at  78  for  northern.     Corn  is  iu    but  little  re 
quest.      We  quote,  Wheat,  Nor'n,  bush.  1   85 
a  131,  do  Western,  —  do  Virginia.  125  a  130 
doN.   Carolina    135,    Rye,   Northern,   78   do 
Southern  70.  Oats,  Nor'n  87  a  38. 

Provisions— There   continues  to  be  a    fair 
business  doing  in  both  beef  and  pork.     Sales 


tmue  firm,  and  the  scarcity   oi  middling  and 

iow  clothing  wools  is  daily  more  apparent 

ales  of  1st  quality  pulled  have  been  made  at 
5j  cts  the  supply  of  which  is  very  loconsider. 
able.  A  few  bales  Saxony  lamb's  were  sold 
ies*erday  at  auction  from  87  to  97  cts.  We 
note  a  further  importation  of  180  bales  from 
Huenos  Ayres,  and  a  few  bales  from  London. 
A  public  sale  is  announced  for  the  4th  May  at 
Boston  of  130  bales  Spanish  and  100  bales 
English,  just  imported.  Com.  fleece.washed, 
lb.  35  a  45,  Merino,  do  do  lb  40  :•  65,  Lambs' 
ist  quality,  lb  50  a  55.  do  2d  do  40  -i  45 


ROCHESTER  PRICES  CURRENT. 

April  30,  1831. 
Mink 


Ashes  per  2240  lbs 
pot  $85  00 

Pearl  95  00 

Apples  per  bnshel      Mai  On 
Do  dried  1 00 

Bristles, comb'd  per  lb  20a3l 
Beeswax  do    " 

Hotter  do 

Beef — Mese  per  bbl 
Do  prime      do 
Ho  fresh  per  lb 
Barley  per  bushel 
Beaus        do 

Candles,  mould  per  IhlO  cts 

Do  dipped         do      9    ' 

Do  sperm  do    28 

Corn  per  bushel  50n56 

Cheese  per  lb  5fl8 

Clover  Seedper  bosh   $4  50 

Flour  per  bbl  G  00 

Flax  per  lb  O7a08 

Flax  Seed  per  bush     78<i87 

Featbersper  lb  31a37 

Furs-Otter  100u400 

Fox, red  50a75 


12«3! 

KaccooD  18o2l 

Martin  25a62 

Fisher  37«3D 

Wild  Cat  ISaaS 

.    Gray  Fox  18o25 

18a20 HlrassSced  perbush  fi2 

I2d5  Hope  per  lb  12ol5 

SJ8<i9  Honey  do  12 

5a7  Lard     do  06a07 

02aO3|Muttoudo  OiioUn 


44a50 
50«62 


Fox, cross 


Mustard  Seed  per  bush     S3 
Oats  per  bush  25afU 

Old  Pewter,  Brass  and 

Copper  per  lb  H 

Peaches, dry'd  bush  109<z2Q0 
Pork,  mess  per  bbl    $12«13 


Do  prime 

Do  fresh  per  lb 
Quills  per  100 
Rye  per  bush 
Rags  per  lb 
Salt  per  bbl 
Tallow  per  lb 
Wheat  perbush 


8a9 
03n0-J 
25a30 
50o56 
03o04 
$175 
0(io07 
112  1-2 


100a'J00|BucRwbeatflour.c\vi  $2  ffO 


of  the  latter  at  1  4  i.j  11J  for  prime;  14,' 
14?  for  mess.  Beef  575  to  6{  for  prime,  and 
Br  to  9>-  lor  mess.  Considerable  supplies  ar 
'lung.     Beef.mess  bbl  0  76  a  9  50,  do  prime 

5  75  a  6  25,  do  cargo  —  Poik,  mess  14   a  14 
7o,  do  prime  11    12a  11   25,  do  cargo  —  But 
ler.  firk.,  N.  Y  lb  —  do  Phila.  No.  1    6  a  7' 
Hog's  Lard  8!,  a  10,  Hams,  Virginia,  10  a  1 1' 
do  North  River  10  a  11,  Cheese,  American, 

6  a  7J.  '| 

Wtiot—  Holders  of  crery  descrjptftm  ctrcj 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  iceek  ending  Jpril  23,  1831 . 


Observations 


thunder  showr  from  w 
15-10  in 

2-10  inch 

hard  frost 

2-10  inch 
2-10  inch 
1-10  inch 
showers 


62|29,63n  e 
50  29,60 11 
65 1 29,50!  e 
42129.35  it  w 
64129,44  in 
V,  64  29.S6  v> 
52'29,35  n  to 
52  29.30  n 
48!29.50  n 
37,29,48 
47 i 29.35 
46(29,42 
46!  29 .3! 
42  29  35 


rr  The  Barometrical  and  Thermomelrical  obsereh' 
tions  are  rcgtettredal  10  ocloeh  A  M.andP  M  irhiU 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purvoee 
shou ,  ,ha.  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  Mr 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 

TO  OUR  FRIENDS  IN  THE  WEST, 

On  the  bunks  of  the  Canal,  in  and  about  Many. 

Twelve  years  ago,  there  came  forth  a  host  of  Seeds- 
men,  with  Cobbett  at  their  head,  speaking  great  sweW- 
ing  words-they  promised  much-tbey  performed  noth- 
ing. From  a  planting  of  fifteen  dollars,  the  present  elate 
of  our  establishment  will  show  what  good  seeds,  goofl 
soil,  and  good  cultivation  will  produce  B 

For  the  accommodation  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
intend,  (nothing  extra  preventing,  to  open  a  Seed,  Plant 

outheCth  day  „f  April  next,  opposite  the  building  ,„,£ 
which  the  post  ofiice  IS  to  be  removed  on  or  befWc  the 
1st  of  .May.  within  a  lew  doors  of  the  Museum,  and  wi.hih 
pistol  shot  of  the  five  banks.    The  business  in  Albany  w^t 
be  conducted  by  one  of  my  sons,  and  the  store  sup„l„  c 
withthc  same  goods,  and  at  ihe  same  prices  at  whiAwe 
sell  in  New  York.    As  we  derive  on,  supplies  I" 
less  from  every  quarter  of  ihe  globe,  we  think  it  will  be 
a  facility   to  the   agriculturist,  as  well  as  profitable  to 
the  concerned.     It  they  Bill  keep  pace  with  the  abilit, 
and  Providence  smiles  on  ihe  undertaking.!  see  nerh  ,,„' 
t.  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  to  the  same  eii™ 
sire  footing  111  Albany  as  the  mother  store  in  New  York 
for,  while  the  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  Bowers  anf' 
the  blossoms.and  the  rivers  and  the  ocean  carry  our  see/\ 
to  every  clime,  so  in  Albany  the  ta,u  wants  only  illi 
and  nches  are  already  there  in    abundance  :  while  The 
cans  conveys  the  seeds  to  the  Luke  Superior,  til  "great 
Western  Road  will  transport  them  far  towards  the  set- 
ting sun.    Noihing  tha.  good  seeds  and  attention  tobus 
mess  can  pe.form  will  be  wanting  on  our  par?  to  mil' 
the  public  expectation  '  ">ce\ 

up  16  3t  c.  TIKmrjUitfj  Qnis0K%, 


13G 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


April  30,  1832, 


LETTERS   FROM   EUROPE. 

LETTER  III. 

Paris,  Dec.  31,  tg30. 

My  dear  H. — This  must,  of  course,  be  a  let- 
ter of  first  impressions.  I  have  taken  my  po- 
sition in  a  central  part  of  the  city,  at  a  Hotel 
fronting  on  the  famouB  Rue  fit.  Honors,  the 
scene  of  so  much  bloodshed  during  the  recent 
revolution,  and  having  an  entrance  on  the  Rue 
Itivoli,  and  looking  out  on  the  Palace  and  gar 
ilen  of  the  Tuilleries.  From  this  position,  du 
ring  my  brief  stay  in  Paris,  my  excursions  into 
the  city  and  to  the  environs  will  be  made,  and 
from  this,  must  be  dated  such  crude  specula 
tions  as  I  may  offer  you,  on  men  and  things. 
The  first  news  which  has  greeted  my  eurs  on 
u»y  arrival  has  been  that  of  a  very  serious 
popular  commotion,  connected  with  an  alleg- 
ed conspiracy  to  subvert  the  government, 
which  broke  out  a  few  days  since,  and  which 
threw  the  whole  city  into  confusion,  and 
threatened,  for  a  while,  to  renew  the  appalling 
scenes  of  former  times.  Happily  the  national 
guard  proved  themselves  worthy  of  the  high 
trust  and  confidence  reposed  in  ihem,  and  or- 
der has  been  restored.  The  opinions  which  I 
have,  as  yet,  heard  expressed  concerning  the 
stability  or  instability  of  the  present  order  of 
things  in  France,  have  been  as  various  as  the 
hopes,  the  fears  and  the  prejudices  of  the  per- 
sons from  whom  they  have  come,  could  make 
them.  If  I  were  obliged  to  make  up  a  hasly 
opinion  on  this  subject,  or  on  that  of  a  conti- 
nental war,  I  would  look  to  the  Exchange. — 
I  am  satisfied,  that  with  some  few  exceptions, 
the  state  of  the  political  atmosphere  here, 
may,  generally,  be  pretty  accurately  ascertain- 
ed by  the  great  barometer  which  is  hung  up  in 
the  Bourse.  Judging  from  this,  it  would 
seem  must  probable  that  France  is  to  enjoy  a 
period  of  internal  quiet,  and  not  the  le-s  so, 
because  she  is  likely  to  he  forced  into  a  foreign 
war.  Bui  I  will  not  suffer  myself,  at  present, 
to  speak  of  this  subje:t.  It  is  too  intricate  to 
be  understood  in  a  moment,  and  too  important 
to  he  lightly  treated  of.  At  another  day  and 
before  I  leave  Paris,  I  will  give  you  my  opin- 
ions fully,  for  belter  and  for  worse,  on  the 
leading  political  topics  connected  with  this  in- 
teresting country.  At  the  present  lime,  I  trust 
it  will  not  be  wholly  uninteresting  to  you,  if  I 
go  back  a  little  to  review,  briefly,  the  ground  I 
have  passed  over  since  landing  at  Hivre. — 
Let  me.  however,  premise  that  lam  not  about 
to  inflict  upon  you,  in  the  usual  manner  of 
modern  travellers,  a  detailed  accouut  of  all  my 
own  movements,  nor  a  minute  and  ladious  his- 
tory uf  every  place,  and  every  object,  that 
met  my  eye.  In  short,  I  em  not  about  to  fa- 
vour you  with  a  geography,  or  a  iruido  book. 
A  hasty  sketch  of  ibe  mo-t  prominent  objects, 
done  in  crayon,  but  taken  from  the  most  com- 
manding positions,  is  all  I  promise,  and  all  you 
will  expect. 

Havre  contains  fewer  inhabitants  than  the 
city  of  Albany,  though  it  is  an  important  sea- 
port, founded  by  royalty  more  than  a  century 
before  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  al  Plymouth, 
and  has  enjoyed,  from  that  day  o  this  the  fa 
vour  and  patronage  of  successive  kings  under 
three  different  dynasties.  As  an  evidence  of 
what  these  important  personages  have  done 
for  it,  its  walls  and  moats  and  harrier-gates 
have  been  constructed  at  great  expense,  and 
are  Indeed  exceedingly  imposing  ;  and  yet  for 
the  purposes  of  military  defence,  1  confess 
they  seemed  to  me  almost  ludicrans  when  I 
looked  at  them  from  an  elevation  of  five  or  si,\ 
hundred  feet,  on  the  high  bank  of  the  Seme, 
within  point-blanc  cannon  shot,  constructed 
as  they  are  around  a  settlement  clusiered  on 
a  low  ground,  scarcely  rising  above,  the  level 
of  the  river,  and  evidently  formed  of  alluvial 
dep'/sits  from  it. 

A  more  important  work  for  Havre,  and  one 
much  more  creditable  to  the  government,  is 
the  construction  of  the  spacious  basin  and  the 
numerous  quays  connected  with  11,  which  in 
truth  give  to  the   town  all  its   importance. —  \ 


These  are  situated   in  the   very   heart    of  the 
city,  which   is   built  up  around   them   as  their 
adjunct,  and  it  is  no  otherwise  a  sea-port,  than 
it  is   made   so   by  these    works  of  art.     The 
docks  are  kept  full  with  the  tides  which  flow  j 
into  them,  and   which   are  prevented   from  es-  j 
caping  by  means  of  gates  which  close,  in  a  vol-  j 
untary  manner,    on   the   imprisoned  waters  as 
they  begin  to  ebb.     In  these  docks    the   ship-' 
ping  being  admitted  from  the  basin  at  high  tide,  j 
rides  at  all  times   in    its   own   element,  while! 
that  which  remains  in  the  basin,  twice   every! 
day,  when  the  tide  leaves  it,    is  deeply  enibad- ! 
ded  in  the  mud.     The  day  of  my  arrival  >n  this! 
catholic  country,    being  Christmas   day,  1  tool;! 
occasion  to  witness  something   of  the   impos-i 
ing  ceremonies  of  their   pompous  religion. —  ] 
The    spacious    Cathedral  was  thronged    with 
worshippers,  of  whom,  as  is   pcihups  tlie  casei 
to  some  extent  with  worshippers  in    all    reli- 
gions, by  far  the  greater  portion  were  females 
The  music  was  splendid  and  ravishing,  pealing 
from  an  organ  of  uicommon  power,  and  from 
a  numerous  choir,   with   whom,    at   intervals,! 
the  whole  congregation  seemed  to  join  in  send- ! 
ing  up  a  shout  to  rend  the  vaulted  roof  of  the 
temple.     The  females  present   were  "onerally  I 
of  the  middle  and    lower  classes,     These   all,  i 
from  the  infant  to  the  grandmother,  wear  caps,  i 
but  no  hats,  and  that,  whether  within  doors  ori 
without.  The  weather  atthe  time  was  wintry  &j 
severe — even   the   sleighing  was   good — and  I J 
saw  hundreds  und   hundreds   of  these   women  ! 
and  children  enjoying  their  holiday  promenade  1 
along  the  streets  and   in  the   boulevards,   with 
nothing  but  their  muslin  caps  to   defend   their! 
heads    from     a  biting    atmosphere.        Among 
these,  I  distinguished  the  cauchoise,   the  peco-J 
liar  ancient  headdress  of  the  women   of  Nor- ! 
mand'A"  rising  several  stories  high,  and  arrang- 
ed with  the  •'  front  to  the  rear." 

That  which  most  attracted  my   attention   all 
Havre,  and  which  struck   me  as  being   almost 
the  only  thing  worthy   of  peculiar   note,    was; 
whut  is  there  called  the   Cote.     Havre,    on   the 
right  bank  of  the  Seine,  resembles,    in  its  po-  j 
sition,  the  city  of  Troy  on  the  banks  of   the: 
[Hudson.     On   the   north  eastern   side   of  the | 
town,  as  at  Troy,  there  rises,  from  the  level  ofl 
the  city,  a  mountain  elevation  of  several  hun- 
dred feet,  the  acclivity  of  which  is  at  an  angle 
of  nearly   forty  five  degrees.     The    whole    of 
this  steep  ascent,  for  a  mile  in  length,  and  as- 
cending to  the  very  summit,  is  occupied   with 
beautiful  country  seats.     The  entire  mountain 
side,  though  of  rock  thinly  covered,   has   been 
terraced.     Excavations   have    been   made    for 
roads,  of  a  width  just  suthcient  for  the  passage 
of  a  single  carriage,  running  along  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  course  of  the  mountain,  and  wil- 
led up  with  heavy  stone  mason  work,  frequent- 
ly to  the  height  of  twenty-five  feet.      Through 
the  lower  wall  of  these  roads  or  paths,  an    o 
pening  will  be    made,   leading   to   a  beautiful 
mansion,    which  may  show   perhaps   a   single 
story  on  the  upper  side,  while,  from  its    posi- 
tion, it  will  exhibit  four  or  five  on  the  lower.— 
The  upper  wall  is  made  to  susiain  the  extrem 
ity  of  the  terraced    and   hanging  grounds  and 
gardens  which   are   the   ornament  of  another 
mansion  occupying   a  position  higher  up   ihe 
steep.     In  this   way,    by  excavations,  walling 
and  embankments,  executed  evidently  at  run 
mous  expense,   this  whole   mountain    side  has 
been  brought  into    use    and   cultivation,   and 
forms  one  of  the  most    romantic   and    pictur- 
esque spots  that  the  eye  can  rest  on.     Besides 
.  visa  lo  it  in  the  day  lime,   I  was   induced    to 
mount   it   on    a  cleai  and  beautiful   moonlight 
night,  and  was   amply  paid  for  the  exertion. — 
The  spacious  channel,  the  quiet  river    and  the 
lights  of  the  town,  to  which  distance  certainly 
lent  enchantment,  were  all  under  my  eye,  and 
the  chime  of  the  cathedral  bells  suit  up  its  pe- 
culiar peal  to  the  top  of  the    mountain,   the 
music  of  which  was  heightened  and  varied  b)  II 
ihe  varying  strength  of  the  breeze  on  which  itH 
was  borne.     I  do  not  know  that  I  ever  enj    ped 
a  scene  in  nature  so  much.    Ever  yours,     B,      If 


POOR  LAWS  AND  INSANE    PAUPERS. 

The  report  by  Mr.  Potter,  from  the  se- 
lect  commitlec  to  which  was  referred  so 
much  of  the  governor's  message  as  relates 
to  these  subjects,  is  published  in  exlen<o, 
on  our  first  page,  to-day.  It  is  so,  from 
the  convicton  that  the  topics  are  of  per- 
vading interest,  and  entitled  to  consider- 
ation both  as  question*  of  philanthropy 
and  sound  policy,  and  that  they  have  been 
prrsenied  in  a  perspicuous  and  interesting 
manner. 

With  regard  to  the  lunatics,  the  com- 
mittee stale  that  there  are  about  1100  in 
the  state,  of  w  ich  350  have  the  means 
oi  supporting  themselves  ;  the  remaining 
750  are  either  town  or  county  paupers,  otr 
are  supported  by  the  chanty  of  their 
friends.  The  aggregate  annual  expense, 
therefore,  of  the  pauper  lunatics,  under 
the  present  system,  even  at  the  low  esti- 
mate ol  $1  each  per  week, is  §39.000;  an 
expense  which  is  likely  to  continue  du- 
ring the  lives  of  these  unfortunate  per- 
sons ;  whereas  under  the  proposed  plats 
of  a  state  asylum,  as  proposed  by  the 
committee  appointed  at  the  last  session, 
and  by  the  select  committee  of  the  pre- 
sent house,  the  counties  would  not  only 
be  relieved  from  the  burthen  of  support- 
porting  them  directly, but,  in  the  language 
of  the  report,  "  would  extend  the  bles- 
sings of  Christian  ciiarity  to  these  loc 
lung  neglected  objects  of  our  compassion, 
illuminate  their  darkened  understandings, 
return  to  their  anxious  and  afflicted 
friends  those  who  have  been  shunned  and 
avoided  as  outcasts,  and  restore  to  soci- 
ety many  of  its  once  most  valued  and 
useful  members."  And  the  gratifying 
t.'ct  is  added,  that  it  is-  susceptible  of  de- 
monstration, that  in  90  out  of  100  cases 
ol  a  malady,  once  considered  incurable,  a 
perfect  cure  can  be  effeoeted  by  a  prop, 
per  ami  judicious  course  of  treatment. 

Whether  the  subject  can  be  sufficient- 
ly considered,  and  the  plan  completed  at 
this  late  stage>  of  the  session,  and  under 
the  present  ptes.-ure  of  the  buisiness  of 
the  legislature,  is  uncertain  ;  but  that  a 
state  Asylum  will  be  ultimately  auiiiori- 
sed,  we  have  no  more  doubt,  than  it  is 
apparent  that  it  ought  to  be. —  [Albany 
Argus.  

SEED  STORK. 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  Goodscl]. 
Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  have  made  arrangement? 
to  suppiy  tins  village  and  the  Burrouuding  couutr>  w  itb 
every  variety  of  Agricultur.iL,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
Seeds,  together  with  Fruit  and  Shade  Trees, Grape  RnoU, 
Flower  Pots,  Garden  Tools,  etc.  Orders  will  In 
ved  for  Troes  and  other  articles,  from  the  following  Nil  r- 
series  and  Seed  Stores: — I'riuce's,  ami  Parnitutier's 
Long  Isjaud  ;  Floy's,  XAilson's,  Thorburn's,  nod  A, 
Smith  und  Co.re,  Ne«  York  ;  Burl'.,  Albany;  and  I.:in« 
dreth's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  which  ore  left  previous 
lo  the  1st  of  April,  will  be  tilled  as  soon  as  ihe  canal  o- 
I"  i.  A?  ilie -ahsciihers  tulend  gradually  lo  establish 
,n  extensive  Seed  Store,  they  uu.-i  that  the  friendsof 
tgriculture  mid  Horticulture  in  tin.-  vi<  iniiy,  will  rendu 
tie  in  all  tie  {ucilitteaond  encourage m ems  in  ibeir  power. 

A  XI.'IISI' 1LY,  under  the  control  of  Mr  Good?.  II.  is 
now  in  progress,  flrosn  which  many  first  rate  Trees  and 
, , ,  pe  Vines  may  he  selected  fi  i  his  spring's  transplant' 
ins;  m:irl9  KOS6ITER  and  KNOX. 


The  President  of  the  United  t-U.es  has  re- 
cognized  Henry  Dagger  as  Vice  consul  of  the 
United  Mexican  Slates  for  the  port  of  iVIobi'c, 


m  &&mmm& 


a 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  MAY  7,   1831. 


NUMBER    18. 


THE    GENESEE    FARMER 

AND    GARDENF.b's    JOURNAL. 

Devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domestic  Econo 

my,  &c.  &e 

N.  GOODSi.LL,  EDITOR. 

Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum, 

■payable  in  six  months,  or  at  j$2  00,  it  paid  at  the 

time  of  subscribing,  by  Luthf.r  Tucker,  al 

the  office  of  the   Rochester  Daily  Advertiser 


c  oiwinnmic  av  ioks. 


FOR    THF.    GENESEE    FARMER. 

SVBRfiREESS. 
The  tall  Box  (Buxus  sempsroirens)  is  a  bean 
liful  shrub,  but  I  have  some  doubts  whether  it 
will   abide   our  severest   winters.     The  dwarf 
box  is   ocly  a  variety       Box  edging  should   be 
trimmed  very   low  (say  two  or  three  inche")  ; 
aud  in  this  state  our  snows  will,  generally  pro- 
tect it  from  the  coldest  winds.       The  upper 
branches  of  mine  in  several  seasons  have  Dee 
Itilled.     I  have  not  found  the  common  mode  of 
propagating  the  Box,    near   the   sea  coasts,    to 
succeed  well  in  this  climate;    but  some  of  the 
difficulty  perhaps   may   be  ascribed  to  our  hea- 
vy loam      Some  hundieds  of  cuttings  planted 
on  the  north  side  of  aboard,  have  rooted  free- 
ly— the  shade  protecting  the  plants  and  preser 
ving  the  moisture. 

The  plants  of  Pontus  ought  to  bear  our  so 
verest  winters,  but  the  capacity  to  resist  low 
temperatures  may  be  gradually  lost  in  green- 
houses, or  in  warmer  climates.  Rhododendron 
ponticum  though  transplanted  in  the  spring, 
was  killed  nearly  to  the  ground  in  the  succeed- 
ing winter.  It  lias  since  partially  recovered; 
and  with  a  slight  protection  of  leaves  it  has 
withstood  the  cold  of  two  succeeding  seasons. 
The  furze,  gorze,  or  whins  (Ulex  europeus 
st  nanuf)  are  natives  of  Britain,  but  are  killed 
in  severe  winters  even  in  thai  country.  My 
plants  may  become  hardier  with  age,  but  a"i 
present  they  require  the  best  protection  of  a 
covered  border.  These  shrubs  have  deep 
green  shoots  and  leaves,  an  I  brilliant  yellow 
flowers. 

Ituscus  oculeatus  is  also  a  native  of  Britain  ; 
its  heiaht  about  one  foot  ;  leaves  pointed, dark 
op-ike  green  as  if  painted.  Its  green  flowc 
come  oulfrom  the  sides  of  the  leaves,  and  not 
from  the  stalks.  It  stands  well  in  a  covered 
border. 

The  evergreen  privet  (Lcgvstrum  italicum) 
13  a  poor  thing  in  this  climate, only  a  few  leaves 
near  the  ground  sheltered  by  the  snow,  con-, 
tinning  green  through  the  winter. 

Crattcguspyracaniha  from  the  south  of  En- 
rope  preserves  its  verdure  beneath  the  snow, 
hut  not  above  it.  The  breath  of  our  winters 
Jestroy  every  trace  of  vitality  in  the  leaves. — 
Near  the  city  of  Washington,  however,  they 
only  change  to  a  purple,  and  revive  on  the  ap 
proach  of  spring.  Its  large  clusters  of  while 
flowers  in  summer, and  of  bright  ,-carlet  berries 
in  autumn,  render  it  ornamental. 

Andromeda  polifolia,  indigenous  to  many  of 
our  marshes,  is  a  very  delicate  little  shrub, 
which  retains  its  leaves,  and  well  merits  cul 
tivation.  It  may  be  taken  from  its  bed  of  wet 
bog  moss  and  successfully  planted  in  common 
garden  soil.  It  will  bear  the  summer  sun.  The 
leaves  are  an  inch  or  more  in  length, linear  and 
revolute,  which  with  the  young  branches  at 
this  season,  are  of  a  pleasing  pink  color. 

A  gold  dust  tree  (ji'vbu  japonica)  has  stood 
in  a  covered  border,  uninjured  through  two 
winters.  Whether  it  would  bear  exposure  in 
the  open  ground,  is  not  certain.  In  severe 
weather,  it  has  a  most  disconsolate  aspect,  but 
soon  revives  in  warm  sunshine.  It  requires 
shade  iu  summer. 

The  branches  of  thu  English  Ivy  (Hcdera 
helix)  have  been  killed  whenever  they  have 
been  trained  on  wood  above  the  common  depth 


of  the  snow.  On  the  ground,  however,  it 
abides  our  winters  ;  and  perhaps  might  do  so, 
on  til!  south  side  of  a  stone  wall. 

The  American  Holly  (Hex  opaca)  is  consid- 
ered nardiei  than  the  English  species  (/.  aqui- 
folium)  which  it  greatly  resembles.  It  requires 
shelter  while  it  is  young. 

Prinos  glaber,  a  native  of  New  Jersey",  is  a 
pleasing  evergreen.  Its  leaves  are  fresh  and 
lively  beneath  the  sod,  where  it  has  lain  from 
the  beginning  of  winter.  One  shrub  of  this  kind 
was  laid  down,  after  being  transplanted  in  ati 
tumn,  and  perished. 

Ledum  latifolivm  is  a  beautiful  shrub  in  its 
native  hemlock  swamps  :  but  I  almost  despair 
of  preserving  its  beauty  in  an  open  garden. — 
It  has  been  found  near  lheEighteen  mile  creek 
on  th"  -outh  side  of  the  Ridge  Road  in  Niagara 
ounty. 

The  English  Yew  (Taxus  bnceata)  is  beauti- 
ful, but  rather  difficult. to  transplant  successful 
ly.  It  requites  shade  till  its  roots  are  well  es- 
lablished._  In  four  attempts  it  has  not  grown, 
hut  the  fifth  is  about  to  be  made. 

The  American  Yew  (Taxvs  canadensis) 
grows  in  many  parts  of  the  Genesee  Country, 
under  the  thick  shade  of  hemlocks,  more  es- 
pecially on  steep  banks  along  brooks  and 
creeks.  Many  persons  pass  it  unnoticed  con- 
undihg  it  with  the  hemlock,  which  in  the 
eaf  it  resembles;  but  the  yew  is  a  low  shrub, 
not  erect,  hu'  ascending.  It  grows  freely, 
when  transplanted  oo  the  north  side  of  n  Imurd 
fence.  Some  of  these  plants  are  very  beauti' 
ful  in  fruit;  but  the  cold  winds,  and  the  hot 
sun,  greatly  discolour  their  most  exposed 
leaves.  fj    T 

3  mo.  22.  


will  be  so  struck  with  their  superior  beauty  of 
'appearance,  that  he  will  not  think  of  merely 
k-eping  the  common  kind,  for  pleasure.  Still 
the  white  rabbits  of  this  country,  are  the  ones 
I  should  recommend  for  profit  or  food. 

Those  who  have  never  had  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  Fancy  Rabbits,  will  probably  be  sur- 
prised to  learn  the  varieties  which  exist ;  and 
as  I  propose  to  give  a  short  account  of  them.  I 
will  begin  with  a  notice  of  the 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

SWEET  POTATO. 

My  friend  Dr.  McChesney,  proposes  to  takp 
a  little  of  the  potato  with  the  plant,  in  trans- 
planting. I  tried  this,  last  year,  on  one  row. 
and  planted  the  others  without  any.  There 
was  no  difficulty  in  the  crop.  It  was  a  careful 
and  fair  experiment. 

Qj°  If  plastcr.or  gypsum  be  used, which  may 
be,  to  advantage,  use  the  white.  The  dark 
colored,  here,  does  more  harm  than  good. 

EF  Two  years'  experience  satisfies  me  that 
the  white  sweet  potato  is  preferable,  for  this 
elimat'-  and  my  soil,  a  light  gravelly  mould, to 
the  other  two  colors.  The  crop,  here,  is  dou- 
ble in  quantity,  and  the  potato  no  way  inferior 
in  quality.  H.'G.  S. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

SMALL,  AI»IMAL,S. 

[Continued  from  page  50.] 
In  my  last  communication,  I  made  some  se 
lections  and   remarks   in  regard  to  the  rearinc 
of  silkworms.     I  will  now  occupv  a  column  of 
your  paper  on  the  rearing  of 

RABBITS. 

Rabbit  keeping  was  never  so  much  practi 
ced  in  Europe,  as  it  is  at  the  present  day.— 
Not  only  do  multitudes  of  young  people  keep 
common  rabbits  fur  their  amusement,  and  oth- 
ers for  the  table,  but  many  gentlemen  have  be- 
come rabbit  breeders,  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent. The  most  extensive  establishments, 
however,  are  devoted  to  the  rearing  of  the 
white  rabbits  only,  on  account  of  the  srjperior 
value  of  their  skins. 

Fancy  rabbits  are  rarely  to  be  met  with  in 
this  country  ;  and  even  in  England,  good  ones 
re  valued  so  high, that  common  dealers  rarelv 
ave  the  means  to  purchase  them.  A  rabbit, 
of  whatever  color,  is  certainly  a  beautiful  lit- 
tle animal,  but  the  common  breed  are  far  infe- 
rior ir.  beauty  of  appearance, to  the  fine  lopped 
eared  and  long  dew-laped  animals,  reared  a- 
roong  the  Fanciers.  I  am  convinced  that  any 
person  who  sees  a  well  ordered  rabbitry.  con- 
taining some  good  specimens  of  fancy  rabbits, 


W1LI>    RABBIT. 

Wild  rabbits  are  considerably  less  than  those 
hich  are  kept  in  a  domestic  state.  They  are 
for  the  most  part  of  a  grey  colour  ;  but  a  few 
black,  black  and  white,"  and  even  fawn  colored 
rabbits  are  to  be  seen  in  some  warrens.  The 
flesh  of  the  wild  rabbit  is  in  general  preferred 
to  that  of  tame  ones,  but  the  latter  may  be 
much  improved  in  flavor  by  judicious  feeding, 
and  affording  the  animals  good  air,  and  sulh- 
cientroom  10  exerci-e. 

It  is  said  that  the  rabbit  will  breed  eleven 
times  a  year,  and  bring  forth  generally  ei»ht 
young  ones  each  tune  ;  at  this  rate,  in  font 
years  a  couple  of  rabbits  would  produce  al- 
most a  million  and  a  half. 

Notwithstanding  'he  fecundity  of  the  ani- 
nvil  in  us  wild  state,  it  is  much  more  profita- 
ble when  domesticated;  for  although  a  pru- 
dent fancier  will  not  suffer  his  doe  to  have 
young  more  than  five  or  six  times  in  a  year, 
the  produce  of  the  tame  animal,  on  account  of 
the  care  taken  of  them,  will  be  greater  at  the 
end  of  the  year  than  that  of  the  wild  one  ;  for 
multitudes  of  the  wild  ones  are  destroyed  by 
damp,  the  old  buck,  and  by  animals   of  prey. 

THE    COMMON    DOMESTIC    RALB1T, 

is  of  various  colors,  white,  grey,  fawn, mouse 
&c.  &c.  Then  price  vary  according  to 
their  age,  size,  and  beauty.  In  this  vilfa^e 
(Rochester)  a  pair  ef  half  grown  whites  can 
be  had  for  50  cents.  The  chief  objects  in 
keeping  tl'.e  common  rabbits  are  for  the  pur- 
pose of  occasionally  furnishing  a  dish  for  the 
table  and  for  their  shins.  For  the  firmer 
hose  who  keep  them,  attend  particulars  to 
the  sorts  whose  flesh  is  said  to  be  the  best  ; 
and  when  their  skins  is  the  object  they  look 
principally  to  the  colour.  The  large  hare-co- 
loured variety  is  much  esteemed  by  some  peo- 
ple, but  the|white  or  white  mottled  with  black 
or  yellow,  are  more  delicate  in  flesh.  The 
grey  and  some  of  the  black  npproach  nearer 
the  flavor  of  the  wild  rabbit  than  any  others. 

LOF-EARF.D   OR  FANCY    RABBITS. 

Formerly  ,a  fine  rabbit  of  any  two  colors, how- 
ever short  its  ears,  was  accounted  a  fancy  ani- 
mals; it  is  now  very  different.  In  the  eye  of 
a  fancier,  the  lopped  ear  is  an  indispensable 
requisite.  The  first  things  which  are  looked 
at,  are  the  length  and  fall  of  the  e.iis;  the 
dew  lap,  if  the  animal  is  in  its  prime,  is  next 
noticed  ;  the  colors  and  marks  aie  then  inspec- 
ted ;  and  las'ly,  the  shape  and  general  appear- 
ance. Rabbits,  whoso  ears  do  not  extend  to 
fourteen  inches  from  tip  to  tip.measnred  across 
the  skull,  would  he  reluctantly  admitted  into 
a  fanicier's  stock, if  they  fell  ever  so  finely  ,-  nor 
in  case  they  exceeded  that  length,  if  they  did 
not  lop  or  fall  downward  in  a  graceful  Planner. 

The  dew-lap,  which  is  oniy  seen  in  fancv 
rabbits,  some  time  after  they  have  attained 
their  full  giowth,  adds  materially  to  the  beautv 
of  their  appearance.  It  commences  immedi- 
ately under  the  jaw,  goes  down  the  throat  and 
between  the  fore  legs  ;  it  is  so  broad  that  when 
the  head  reposes  upon  it,  it  projects  beneath 
the  chin,  and  on  each  side  beyond  the  jaws; 
when  the  fur  in  it  is  of  a  beautiful  color  it  pro- 
duces a  fine  effect. 

There  are  several  grades  between  the  up- 
eared  rnbbit,  and  the  true  aid  perfect  fancy 
l<>p.  The  fir»t  remove  from  the  common  car- 
riage of  the  ears  is  where  they  fall  back- 
ward ungracefully  over  the  shoulder,  with  tht> 


138 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


hollow  part  ouiward.  A  rabbit  that  carries  its 
ears  in  this  manner,  is  not  allowed  to  be  a  fan- 
cy animal,  being  worth  hut  very  little  more 
than  a  common  one.  The  next,  and  in  fact, 
the  most  general  position  of  the  ears,  is  the 
lialflop.  One  of  the  ears  lops  outward,  and 
(lie  other  remains  upright.  Sometimes  the 
oar  which  lops  falls  close  to  the  cheek  ;  in  this 
case,  the  other,  instead  of  being  nearly  hori- 
zontal, is  drawn  over  by  the  weight  of  the  lop- 
ped eir,  and  when  the  animal  is  in  a  stato  of 
•  est,  rather  inclines  to  the  same  side  of  the 
head  as  the  ear  that  lops.  Rabbits  of  this 
description,  however  beautiful  in  shape,  and 
fine  in  color,  are  not  considered  valuable  ;  but 
thev  are  in  general  well  bred,  and  often  throw 
first  rate  rabbits. 

Were  all  the  young  rabbits  which  are  bred 
from  fancy  animals  to  be  reared,  one  half  of  i 
them  at  least,  would  carry  one  ear  upright ;  a 
quarter  of  them  would  be  entirely  up-eared, 
and  the  rest  would  be  oar  lopped  or  horn  lop 
ped  ;  and  occasionally  a  perfect  fancy  fall  of 
both  ears  would  occur. 

THK    HORN   IOP, 

which  is  one  degree  nearer  perfection  than  the 
half  lop,  is  when  the  ears  fall  downward,  and 
project  forward  in  front  of  the  head.like  horns. 
it  is  frequently  the  case,  that  rabbits  with  this 
property  are  more  perfect  in  other  respects 
than  any  others ;  and  it  is  also  common  for 
them  to  occasional ly  raise  one  ear.  The  vari- 
ety, however,  more  frequently  degenerates  in- 
•o  the 

OAR,  LOP. 

The  ears,  in  this  variety  of  the  lop,  spread 
out  horizontally  from  the  side  of  the  head  like 
a  pair  of  oars  from  a  boat.  A  great  many  very 
excellent  does  are  more  or  less  oar  lopped, and 
the  best  bred  bucks  in  the  fancy  are  generally 
antirely  so.  A  rabbit  frequently  carries  one 
ear  in  a  correct  position,  while  the  other  is 
raised  sufficiently  to  constitute  it  an  oar-lop. 
This,  though  by  no  means  a  capital  carriage  of 
the  ears,  is  superior  to  all  others,  except  the 
perfect  fall  ;  and  rabbits  whose  oars  both  drop 
handsomely  over  the  cheek  are  so  rare,  that 
those  which  are  only  oar  lopped  are  valuable 
animals,  if  all  their  other  properties  are  curs 
rect.     We  now  come  to  the 

REAL    FANCY    I.OP. 

The  ears  of  the  real  lop  fall  from  the  roots 
down  bv  the  side  of  the  cheek,  slanting  a  lit- 
tle outward  in  their  descent,  with  their  hollow 
oarts  inward,  outward,  and  a  little  forward,  or 
partly  backward  ;  and  their  tips  touching  the 
ground,  when  the  animal  holds  its  head  in  the 
usual  position. 

For  a  first  rate  fancy  lop,  the  hollows 
of  the  ears  should  be  turned  so  completely 
backward,  that  the  outer,  or  convex  part  of 
them  may  only  appear  in  front  ;  they  should 
match  perfectly  in  their  fall,  and  the  less  they 
start  outward  in  their  descent  from  the  roots, 
the  more  handsome  they  are  considered. — 
These  perfect  lops  are  so  rare,  that  a  breeder 
ivith  a  stock  of  twenty  does,  of  superior  blood 
and  beautv,  and  all  of  them  nearly  or  quite 
perfect,  may  think  himself  very  lucky,  if  they 
produce  a  dozen  first  rate  lops  in  a  season. 

Fine  bodied  young  rabbits  are  frequently 
racrificed,  because  they  are  up-oared,  white  o- 
thers  are  roared  with  scarcely  one  half  tho  sub 
-■tance,  and  perhaps  inferior  in  color,  because 
their  ears  both  fall. 

Young  rabbits  seldom  lop  their  ears  until 
they  aro  separated  from  the  doe.  It  is  best  to 
put  theru  at  first  in  an  open  hatch  for  half  an 
hour,  so  that  they  may  be  tempted  to  look  over 
!he  edge  of  the  bottom,  toward  the  ground; 
this  will  make  their  ears  drop.  It  frequently 
jappens  that  a  very  promising  rabbit,  at  two 
months  old,  whose  ears  lop  perfectly, will  raise 
mo  of  them  when  he  attains  double  that  age  ; 
and  others  again,  lop  only  one  ear,  until  they 
aro  three  parts  grown,  when  the  other  falls,  so 
.is  to  ronder  them  a  perfect  match. 

Tho  color  of  a  rabbit  is  of  great  importance. 
Cirey  is  the  worst  of  all  colors ;  black  is- the 


May  7.  1831. 


next  ;  fawn,  fawn  and  while  and  grey,  are  the 
next;  pure  white,  with  red  eyes,  is  consider 
ed  by  many  as  superior  to  the  last ;  but  tor- 
toise shell  and  moose  color,  are  the  most  ad- 
mired by  the  fanciers. 

In  my  next,  I  will  enlarge  upon  the  Rahbil  - 
ry  and  Hatches,  Feeding,  Breeding,  Diseases, 
nid  General  Directions.  «  #  *  * 


SELECTIONS. 


FARMER  S  UORK  FOR  MAY. 

The  proper  time  for  planting  Indian  corn 
will  soon  arrive,  according  to  the  ordinary 
course  of  the  seasons,  and  we  shall,  therefore', 
state  some  of  the  methods  pursued  by  judi- 
cious and  successful  farmers  for  raisin"  this  ve- 
rv  valuable  product. 

Judge  Buel.  of  Albany,  says,  "If  the  soil  is 
stiff  or  ihe  sward  stubborn,  plough  late  in  the 
fall,  and  harrow  in  the  spring  before  you  plant. 
If  a  sand  or  light  loam,  leave  the  grass  to 
grow  till  near  planting  time.  In  either  case 
the  roller  may  be  used  to  advantage.  It  com- 
presses the  sod,  smothers  the  growth  of  grass, 
and  prevents  the  escape  of  the  gases  evolved 
in  the  fermentation  of  the  vegetable  matter 
buried  by  the  plough.  If  you  hove  manure  to 
spare,  (and  you  can  use  it  no  where  better 
than  with  this  crop,)  spread  it  on  the  sod,  and 
plough  it  under.  Plant  your  corn  in  hills.— 
The  distance  will  depend  on  the  kind  of  seed 
and  strength  of  the  ground.  I  plant  at  three 
feet  each  way.  Harrow  at  the  first  dress 
ing,  the  more  the  belter, provided  you  do  not 
disturb  the  sod  ;  and  plough  shallow  and  earth 
slightly  at  the  second.  But  exterminate  all 
weeds.  By  leaving  the  sod  unbroken,  the 
roots  of  the  grain  have  a  better  supply  of 
moisture  and  nutriment  beneath  it.     »    *    • 

''I  am  satisfied  from  several  years'  experi- 
ence, that  other  things  being  alike,  the  clover 
sod,  ploughed  under  in  May,  will  give  a  ma 
tenal  increase  of  corn,  overland  which  has  no 
sod.  I  think  20  per  cent  on  an  average,  and 
the  crop  is  much  less  liable  to  be  injured  by 
drought.  The  planting  should  be  as  early  as 
the  season  and  soil  will  admit. 

"  Failures  and  great  inconvenience  and  loss 
often  result  from  the  seed  not  vegetated,  from 
its  destruction  by  the  wire  worm  and  grub, and 
from  the  dopredations  committed  upon  the 
young  plants  by  birds  and  squirrels.  As  I  have 
never  suffered  in  either  of  these  respects,  I 
will  state  my  method  of  preparing  the  seed  — 
I  collect  in  the  first  place  a  quantity  of  the 
roots  of  the  black  helebore.or  itch  weed,  which 
abounds  in  swamps,  grows  with  and  resembles 
in  its  habits  skunks' cabbage,  except  that  the 
leaves  are  narrower,  longer,  and  grow  upon 
the  seed  stock;  these  1  boil  till  I  obtain  a 
strong  decoction.  I  then  take  out  the  roots, 
and  add  to  the  liquor,  saltpetre  in  the  propor- 
tion of  four  ounces  to  three  gallons,  and  put 
in  my  seed  corn  while  the  liquor  is  yet  warm. 
Thirty. -ix  hours  is  the  longest  period  it  should 
be  suffered  to  steep,  as  the  nitre  may  destroy 
the  vegetating  principle  of  the  grain.  As  a 
farther  precaution  the  liquor  is  again  warmed, 
and  a  gill  of  tar  stirred  in,  and  the  seed  again 
immersed  in  it  anew.  Thus  prepared,  1  have 
not  lost  twenty  hills  in  four  years.  The  ger- 
minating process  commences  before  the  corn 
is  planted,  and  unless  the  ground  is  too  wet 
to  grow  this  crop,  (and  it  never  pays  tho  ex- 
pense of  culture  on  soils  that  abound  in  springs, 
or  that  are  naturally  wet  and  cold,)  it  will  can- 
tinue  to  progress.  The  helebore  is  poisonous, 
and  though  the  ground  may  partially  extract 
the  poison,  neither  birds  nor  squirrels  will  ev- 
er disturb  a  dozen  hills.  The  tar  impregnates 
the  seed  and  protects  it  from  the  worm.  The 
nitre  and  plaster,  with  which  latter  the  seed  is 
mixed  boforo  planting, combine  their  fertilizing 
properties  to  give  vigor  and  strength  to  the 
young  plants." 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  we  believe,  of  the 
valuable  properties  of  the  steep  above  recom- 
mended.    Whether  it  ought  to  be  preferred  to 


that  of  a  so  uik.n  of  copper.,.-.,  which  has  been 
pretty  extensively  u-ed  ancJ  with  few  excep- 
tions met  with  entire  approbation,  we  are  not 
able  to  sav. 

Mr,  Bu.-I,  moreover,  states  that  "  A  gentle- 
man in  Madison  couuty.  who  is  said  to  have 
raised  the  greate-t  crop'  of  corn  ever  grown  in 
this  state,  ascribes  bn  success  principally  to 
the  circumstance  of  Ins  ha>  ing  put  four  bush- 
els of  seed  to  an  acre,  instead  of  six  quarts, 
the  usual  quantity;  ami  pulling  up  all  hut  the 
icqutsite  number  of  the  most  thrifty  plants  at 
the  first  dressing  of  the  crop;  and  that  no 
stalk  prod  iced  less  lhan  three  ears.  I  do 
uot  know  thai  the  facts  have  been  correctly 
stated  to  me;  but  I  confess  they  appear  to  be 
rational  We  scarcely  ever  notice  a  hill  of 
corn,  without  ob-erving  a  spear  more  vifforons 


than  the  rest,  which  m 


■  imams  rs  ascendency, 


and  is  always  most  prolific  in  its  return.  On 
the  contrary,  those  plants  which  are  pale  and 
sickly  when  young,  seldom  produce  much  un- 
der the  best  care.  My  experience  warrants 
mo  in  the  belief,  thai  seed  taken  from  a  stalk 
which  has  produced  two  or  three  ears,  is  more 
prolific  than  se.  d  which  has  produced  hut  one 
ear." 

A  change  of  seed  is  advisible  with  this  grain 
as  with  all  others.  '  But  let  the  farmer  he- 
ware  of  taking  his  seed  from  loo  great  a  die- 
tance.  If  he  should  bring  it,  for  instance,  a 
handred  miles  from  the  southward,  his  corn 
would  fail  of  ripeninz ;  if  as  far  from  the 
north,  he  must  expect  a  lighter  crop  ;  and  in 
case  of  drought  the  latter  will  be  more  apt  to 
suffer,  as  it  has  been  proved  by  experiment. 
A  farmer  from  the  county  of  Bristol, took  seed 
from  the  county  of  Cumberland,  Maine.  It 
cime  on  well  at  first,  but  the  summer  bein» 
pretty  hot  and  dry,  it  parched  up,  and  produ- 
ced next  to  nothing,  though  the  seed  he  had 
taken  from  hi3  own  field  turned  out  very  well. 

"  If  the  farmer  cannot  conveniently  obtain 
new  seed  ;  or  if  he  be  loth  to  part  with  a  sort 
which  has  served  him  well,  and  choose  rather 
to  use  it  than  seed  lie  has  not  tried,  let  him  at 
least  shift  seed  fiom  one  field  to  another,  and 
especially  from  one  kind  of  soil  to  another. 

"  And  in  the  choosing  of  seed,  some  regard 
should  be  had  to  the  -tate  of  the  soil  on  which 
it  is  intended  to  grow.  If  it  be  poor,  or 
wanting  in  warm'h,  the  sell.. w  sort  with  eight 
rows  will  be  most  suitable,  as  it  ripens  early. 
A  better  soil  should  have  a  larger  kind  of  seed, 
that  the  crop  may  be  greater,  as  it  undoabled- 
ly  will. 

'•  Shell  the  seed  gently  by  hand,  thai  it  may 
not  be  torn  or  bruised  at  all,  rejecting  about  an 
inch  at  each  end  nf  th<  ear.  And  if  any  corns 
appear  with  black  eyes,  let  them  also  be 
rejected,  not  because  they  will  not  grow  at  all, 
the  contrary  6eing  true,  but  because  the  black- 
ness indicates,  either  some  defect  in  drying,  or 
want  of  perfucion  in  the  gran." — Deane. 

It  was  the  o;  inion  of  Mr.  Lorain  that  Indian 
corn  is  not  generally  plained  sufficiently  early. 
He  observed  that  "  when  corn  is  planted  very 
early  it  is  commonly  severely  affected  by  frost, 
so  much  that  many  plants  are  cut  off  by  the 
ground.  TIiib  is  unquestionably  an  injury  to 
which  no  judicous  firmer  would  expose  the 
plant,  if  the  advaniages  obtained  by  very  early 
planting,  could  he  had  by  planting  later.  Still 
if  the  roots  remain  unhurt,  they  are  of  conse- 
quence established  and  very  soon  repair  tho 
injury  done  above  the  soil, after  the  frost  ceases 
to  act  on  the  plants.  Of  course  they  take  the 
lead,  and  will  maintain  their  superiority  over 
later  planted  corn.  The  ears  also  fill  and  ri- 
pen much  better  in  northerly  climates  from 
this  practice. 

The  shooting  and  filling  of  them  takes  place 
when  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  much  greater; 
and  when  less  cloudy,  cold  dripping  weather 
prevails,  and  the  crop  is  nothing  like  so  liable 
to  be  injured  by  frost  [in  antumn].  The 
grounds  are  also  sooner  ready  for  crops  sown 
in  the  fall.  This  mode  of  management  wilf 
often  cnablo  tho  cultivator   to  grow  tho  large; 


Vol.  I.— No.   18. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


130 


and  mora  productive  crop",  in  climate  where 
the)  have  been  abandoned  frum  observing  thai 
they  diJ  not  ripen  when  planted  at  the  usual 
time. — N.  E.  Farmer. 


A  WORD  TO  BEE  KEEPERS. 

AN    EFFECTUAL    SECURITY    AGAINST    THE  WORM. 

As  soon  as  your  bees  commence  working  in 
the  spring,  incline  your  bnx  or  hive  on  one 
side,  and  with  a  slab  of  wood  having  a  thin 
edge,  scrape  the  stand  immediately  under  the 
hive,  also  around  the  inner  edge  of  the  box, 
taking  care  to  remove  all  the  web  that  may  be 
attached  to  the  stand  or  hive,  as  the  whole  se- 
cret is,  in  keeping  litem  free  from  the  web, for- 
med bv  the  moth  or  fly.  Having  completed 
this  operation, provide  yourself  with  four  small 
blocks  of  wood,  and  place  one  under  each  cor- 
ner of  your  box.  so  as  to  raise  it  about  an  inch 
from  the  stand,  this  will  enable  you  to  clean 
the  stand  without  removing  the  hive  ;  this 
scraping  operation  must  be  repealed  every 
three  or  four  davs,  if  there  should  be  any  ap- 
pearance of  web  forming  on  the  stand  or  a 
round  the  inner  edges  of  the  hive.  It  seems 
necessary  to  remark,  ih  it  the  moth  or  fly  com- 
mences its  attack  by  a  kind  of  regular  ap- 
proach, first  forming  its  web  on  the  stand, then 
cxtendina  it  up  the  sides  of  the  hive,  until  it 
crets  complete  possession;  by  a  little  timely 
attention  in  removing  the  web  as  directed,  the 
ravages  of  the  worm  may  bo  effectually  pro 
vented.  As  an  additional  part  of  the  plan 
proposed,  it  will  be  necessary  to  make  an  en- 
trance for  the  hoes,  by  culling  a  perpendicular 
slit  in  the  front  of  the  hive  a  few  inches  from 
the  bottom,  say  about  two  and  a  half  inches  in 
length  and  one  fourth  inch  wide,  with  a  kind 
of  shelf  under  it,  to  serve  as  a  resting  place 
for  the  bees  going  and  returning  to  the  hive; 
after  being  a  little  used  to  it,  the  bees  seem  to 
prefer  this  entrance  to  the  one  at  the  bottom. 
In  the  winter  remove  the  blocks  from  under 
the  hive,  and  allow  it  to  rest  immediately  on 
the  stand  ;  this  will  render  the  hive  perfectly 
close  at  the  bottom,  and  the  entrance  in  front 
being  purposely  made  narrow,  will  guard  a- 
gainst  the  attacks  of  mice,  who  are  sometimes 
troublesome. — Am-  Far. 


IMPROVEMENT    OF    CORN 

The  Editor  of  the  American  Farmer,  has 
been  several  years  in  the  habit  of  improving 
corn  by  crossing  different  varieties,  with  des 
cided  advantage.  If  he  has  a  variety  with 
small  ears,  which  he  deems  good  in  other  re- 
spects, he  plants  it  in  the  rows  with  another 
kind  with  large  ears,  that  fiVwers  at  the  same 
time  ;  and, at  the  time  nf4the  tassels  appearing, 
carefully  cuts  away  the  male  flowers  (or  tas- 
sels) of  the  large  eared  kind.  By  this  opera- 
tion, large  ears  are  produced  of  the  small  ear- 
ed kind.  There  ire  some  kinds  of  early  corn, 
which  though  excellent  in  other  respects  fur 
green  corn,  are  very  much  injured  by  the  co- 
loring matter  of  their  red  cobs.  This  he  at- 
tempted to  remedy  last  summer  by  transfer- 
ring the  corn  from  the  red  to  the  white  cob  in 
the  same  way,  and  he  thinks  with  success. — 
He  planted  some  of  the  red  cob  Tuskarora, — 
which  he  thinks  the  best  early  green  corn,  in 
the  rows  with  the  largest  eared  white  cob  su- 
gar corn  he  could  find,  about  half  and  half. — 
As  the  tassels  of  the  sugar  corn  made  their  ap- 
pearance, he  carefully  cut  them  away,  leaving 
the  whole  to  be  supplied  by  the  pollen  from 
the  tassels  or  male  flowers,  of  the  red  cob  Tus- 
karora. The  result  was,  he  had  the  Tuskaro- 
ra corn  on  the  white  cob  of  the  sugar  corn,  as 
he  desired.  From  his  experiments,  the  Editor 
Concludes,  that  any  variety  of  corn  may  at 
pleasure,  thus  be  transferred  to  the  cob  of  any 
other  variety  that  flowers  at  the  same  time  ; 
and  if  a  large  eared  kind  can  be  found  that 
flowers  at  the  proper  time,  the  smallest  eared 
kind  may  be  made  to  produce  large  ear6  by  the 
above  process.  He  has  not  extended  his  expe- 
riments to  the  improvement  of  the  field  corn; 
out,  has  no  doubt,  that,  by   the  same  process, 


the  thick  cob  of  some  kinds  may  be  improved. 
Suppose  the  thick  cob  kind  were  planted  in 
the  row  with  some  other  that  usually  has  u 
small  cob,  and  the  tassels  of  the  latter  cut  of 
as  above  directed,  would  not  the  desired  vari 
ety  of  corn  bo  obtained  on  the  small  cob  ? — A 
meriean  Farmer. 


HILLING  CORN. 

Erastus  Ware,  of  Silem,  Mass  says  of  an 
excellent  fieid  of  corn,  which  obtained  a  pre- 
mium, that  it  was  hoed  three  times,  but  not 
hilled,  as  has  beon  customary  ;  and  upon  a 
comparison  of  that  not  hilled,  wiih  a  small 
piece  which  was  in  some  degree  hilled,  alter 
a  severe  gale,  he  is  satisfied  that  no  advantage 
is  gained  by  hilling,  as  was  formerly  practi- 
sed. His  opinion  is  that  there  is  no  benefit  to 
he  derived  by  hilling  corn  ;  and  corn  raised  on 
a  flat  surface,  when  the  weeds  are  destroyed, 
and  the  gron.id  kept  loose,  is  by  no  means  so 
likely  to  suffer  by  the  drought,  or  to  have  its 
roots  impeded  in  the  search  after  their  proper 
nutriment,  as  where  the  ground  is  drawn  up 
round  the  stalk  in  a  high  and  steep  hill. 


Soaking  Seed  Corn,  in  Copperas  water, 
has  been  heretofore  recommended ;  and  its 
success  tested,  in  the  advance  and  strength  of 
the  growth  produced  Another  plan  ol  opera- 
tion has  been  stated,  the  result  of  which  is  un- 
known from  any  personal  experiment  or  ob- 
servation. Il  is  to  soak  seed  corn  in  a  solu 
tion  of  Glauber's  salts.  It  is  stated  to  hasten 
its  growth  three  or  four  days  sooner  than  if 
planted  in  its  natural  state,  and  that  neither 
worms,  nor  fnwls,  nor  birds  will  destroy  it. 

SPRING    PREPARATION    OF    GROUND. 

The  only  susgestions  which  we  can  make  re- 
specting field-culture. is  10  have  the  work  done 
at  the  proper  lime,  and  in  the  best  manner. — 
Seeds  will  vegetate  readily  in  proportion  to 
the  favorableness  of  the  circumstances.  The 
ground  -hould  be  well  pulverized,  so  as  to  re- 
tain sufficient  moisture  to  occasion  immediate 
germinal  ion, and  to  afford  the  young  roots  a  pro 
teciion  from  the  extremes  of  wet  and  dry.  and 
heal  and  cold.  The  success  of  a  crop  depends 
more  on  ihe  proper  preparation  of  the  ground 
than  many  farmers  are  apt  to  suppose.  It  is 
ea6v  to  conceive  how  much  struggling  for  ex- 
istence must  take  place  in  a  young  plant,  the 
seed-germ  of  which  haB  been  deposited  among 
lumps  of  earth,  even  if  they  are  no  larger  than 
peas.  It  must  he  important,  therefore,  that 
the  soil  be  finely  pulverized,  and  that  the  earth 
be  closely  pressed  to  the  seed.  To  accom- 
plish these  ebjects,  much  attention  should  he 
given  to  harrowing  and  rolling.  We  find  the 
latter  very  strongly  recommended  by  good  far- 
mers throughout  the  rountry. 

Every  effort  should  be  made  to  have  the  seed 
in  the  ground  at  a  time  when  the  moisture  and 
temperature  are  the  most  favorable  for  starting 
germination,  and  sustaining  the  development 
of  the  vegetating  parts. — N.  Y.  Farmer. 

TREES. 
No  pains  and  no  reasonable  expense  should 
be  spaicd  by  the  farmer  in  setting  out  useful 
and  ornamental  trees  around  his  house  and 
the  public  road.  He  should  do  this  for  his  own 
interest  and  from  patriotic  feelings.  Our  fathers 
made  sacrifices  for  our  country  with  sword  in 
hand.  It  belongs  to  their  children  to  make 
them  with  the  spade.  The  necessitous  calls 
of  our  country  are  so  few,  that  a  patriotic 
spirit  is  in  danger  of  becoming  too  quiescent. 
It  should  be  said  of  no  farmer,  in  any  part  of 
the  Union,  that  he  has  not  patriotism  sufficient 
to  set  out  a  tree  to  ornament  his  house  or  the 
public  road.  The  good  of  the  country  re- 
quires that  a  mulberry  tree  should  be  planted 
in  every  unoccupied  corner. 

SFRING  FEEDING. 
The  farmer  should   pay  particular  attention 
to  prevent  his  horses,  cows,  and  6heep,  from 


losing  flesh  about  the  time  they  are  leaving 
their  winter  dry  fodder  for  that  of  the  green 
spring  grass.  Should  there  bo  a  falling  off  a- 
bnut  this  time,and  a  scarcity  of  grass  succeed, 
it  will  take  the  whole  summer  to  restore  them 
10  a  good  condition.  Owing  to  a  scarcity  of 
fodder  in  spring  ameng  many  farmers,  they 
are  apt  to  scant  their  horses  and  cattle.  But 
such  a  course  is  very  injudicious  and  detrimen- 
tal to  their  profit  — JV.   If.  Far. 

A    NEW     BEAUTIFUL,    AND    VALUABLE  FR  JIT, 
Brougbi  from  Council    Bluffs,    and    bearing   in    New 

England.     Extract  of  a  lettor  Crura  J.  Winsbip,   Esq.  EC 

J.  S.  Skiuncr,  Postmaster  of  Baltimore. 

Brighton,  April  2,  1831. 
We  have  now  growing  in  our  grounds  a 
tree  ten  feel  high,  the  produce  of  ilia  seed  you 
were  so  kind  as  to  send  me  eight  )ears  ago, 
called  the  Shephardia,  or  Silver  Leaf  Buffalo 
Berry  Tree  The  ensuing  autumn  we  -hall 
have  a  quantity  of  them,  and  some  of  them 
are  very  moch  at  your  service.  It  is  one  of 
the  sreatesi  acquisitions  of  the  fruit-bearing 
kind  our  country  can  produce.  For  beauty  of 
loilage,  delicacy  of  appearance,  and  elegance 
of  fruit,  it  is  unrivalled  bi  any  new  production  ; 
the  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  the  ted  Antwerp 
currant,  much  richer  to  the  taste,  and  forms 
one  continued  cluster  of  fruit  on  every  branch 
and  twig. — Am.  Far. 


SILVER  LEAVED  SHEPHARDIA. 

Sht-pUardia  eleagnuidts, 

Buffalo  Berry  Tree.        ) 

Rabbit  Berry  Tree.  >  Indian  names. 

Beef- suet  Berry   Tree.       J 

This  beautiful  tree  was  first  noticed  by  Pro 
fessor  Nuttall,  during  his  travels  in  the  Mis- 
souri Territory  in  the  year  1810,  and  named 
after  his  friend  Mr.  Suephabd,  of  Liverpool, 
England. 

The  seed  of  the  trees  now  cultivated  at  the 
Brighton  nursery,  were  collected  by  Colonel 
Snelling  of  the  city  of  Boston,  and  forwarded 
about  ten  years  since  to  John  S.  Skinner, Esq. 
of  Baltimore,  whose  public  spirited  exertions 
in  Ihe  colleciion  and  introduction  of  new 
seeds  and  trees,  are  well  known  and  appreci- 
ated. 

The  tree  is  perfectly  hardy,  grows  vigour- 
ously  in  our  climate;  and  has  a  near  resem- 
blance to  the  olive  tree.  Its  fruit  is  soushi  af- 
er  with  avidity  by  the  English  and  American 
hunters  at  ihe  proper  season.  It  is  one  of 
the  earliest  flowering  trees  in  North  America, 
having  already  shed  all  its  blossoms,  and  set 
its  fruit. 

Plants  of  a  good  size  will  be  ready  for  sale 
the  ensuiog  autumn  at  a  moderate  price,  at  the 
Messrs.  Winships'  Brighton  Nurseries. — Ntw 
England  Farmer. 


MANURE. 

Farmers  should  make  it  a  point  to  get  as 
much  manure  as  possible  in  the  ground  in  the 
spring.  They  thus  save  a  great  deal  that  is 
lost  by  evaporation,  when  the  manure  is  left 
in  the  yard  until  summer,  and  then  carted  out 
into  the  fields.  The  decomposition,  too,  is 
more  gradual  in  the  spring,  affording  food  to 
the  plants  according  to  their  increasing  wants 

PRESERVATION    OF    FLOWERS. 

It  is  said  that  a  few  grains  of  salt  dtoppeil 
into  the  water  in  which  flowers  are  kept,  tends 
greatly  to  pre  erve  them  from  fading,  and  will 
keep  them  fresh  and  in  bloom  double  the  pe- 
riod that  pure  water  will. 


Gainesville,  in  Georgia,  a  spol  unin- 
habited only  a  few  years  since,  and  situa- 
ted on  the  borders  of  the  gold  region,  now 
contains  nine  or  ten  streets,  and  durirc 
the  past  year,  120,000  dollars'  worih  oT 
gold,  it  is  said,  passed  through  tUe  hand? 
of  merchants. 


J40 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


Moy  7,  1831. 


TBS  SSNSSEE  rARBIEH. 

SATURDAY,  MAY  7,  1831. 


PURSLANE,  OR  QOLDEN  PURSLANE. 

(Portulaca  oterecea,  L.) 

This  is  an  annual  plant  which  has  long  been 

cultivated  in   gardens  as  a  pot  herb,   and  als:> 

for  pickling.     For  the  last  use  it  is  little,  if  at 

all,  inferior  to  Sampherc.  From  the  strong 
prejudice  against  the  common  purslane,  which 
is  so  very  troublesome,  this  plant  lias  been 
much  neglected.  It  may  be  raised  from  seed, 
sown  in  beds  of  rich  earth,  early  in  May. — 
When  the  plants  have  grown  abont  an  inch, 
;hey  shnald  be  transplanlcd  to  the  distance  of 
one  foot  from  eaoh  other,  and  kept  hood. — 
After  they  have  began  to  throw  off  branches, 
they  may  be  cat  off  and  put  down  as  cuttings, 
when  they  will  soon  take  root.  The  plants 
will  rise  to  the  height  of  eighteen  inches  ;  but 
when  intended  for  boiling  should  be  cul  before 
they  attain  that  height.  The  stalks  are  soft 
and  succulent,  and  are  the  most  valuable  part; 
the  leaves  are  very  thick  and  wedge  shaped, 
and  somo  years  are  penetrated  by  a  small  in- 
sect like  a  maggot — but  those  leaves  are  readi- 
ly distinguished  and  separated  when  prepared 
for  boiling.  The  Mowers  are  small  and  yellow, 
situated  at  ihe  axil  of  the  leaves,  and  followed 
by  a  capsule  filled  willi  small  shining  seeds, 
and  as  these  open  in  succession,  the  saving  of 
seed  is  rather  tedious.  We  would  recom- 
mend raising  a  few  plants  in  every  garden. 

DANDELIONS. 

(  LconlO'ion  taraxacum,  L.) 
This  plant,  which  has  hitherto  been  consid- 
ered rather  a  noxious  weed  than  otherwise, 
now  bids  fair  to  become  a  valuable  occupant 
of  our  gardens,  as  some  recent  experiments 
iiave  been  made  with  it,  which  give  it  a  new 
character. 

General  Dearborn  of  Massachusetts,  who  is 
one  of  the  most  scientific  Horticulturists  in 
the  United  States,  has  made  an  experiment,  of 
which  bespeaks  in  the  following  manner  : — 
"  Las',  year  in  May  1  set  out  two  rows  of  dan- 
delions, which  were  taken  up  when  in  bloom, 
not  being  able  to  altend  lo  it  before.  They 
were  placed  a  fool  apart,  and  the  rows  two 
feet  assundur,  and  about  one  hundred  feet  in 
length.  The  leaves  all  pen-hed,  but  having 
hoed  the  earth  upon  the  roots,  others  sprang 
up  in  a  few  days,  and  continued  to  grow  luxu- 
riantly until  autumn,  and  covered  all  the  space 
between  Ihe  plants.  Just  before  the  ground 
froze,  straw  was  spread  over  tliem.  In  Feb- 
ruary they  were  opened, and  my  table  has  been 
supplied  with  an  abundance  of  greens  and  sai- 
lad  since.  They  have  been  cut  four  limes  and 
some  of  them  five." — May  7.  "  TI10  rapidity 
with  which  they  shoot  out  after  cutting  is 
greater  than  in  any  plant  1  havo  ever  seen. — 
Soma  of  them  were  covered  with  flower  pots, 
after  the  4th  cutting,  lo  blanch  the  leaves  for 
sallad  ;  and  they  ore  noarly  or  quite  equal  to 
ardive.  In  fivo  days  after  the  pots  were  pu, 
over,  the  leaves,  which  had  previously  been 
cut,  close  to  tho  crown  of  tbo  root,  shot  up 
fivo  inches  in  height.  I  kopt  tho  ground, which 
is  very  rich, hoed  and  raked  between  the  plants 
during  the  last  season  and  the  prosont. 

Thus    at   little   trouble    and  exponso,  can  a 
family  bo  supplied  with  greens  and  sallad  from 


February    until   sea  kale    and  asparagus  come 
in.'' 

From  the  above  it  would  appear  that  Gener- 
al Dearborn  has  a  very  high  opinion  of  the 
cultivation  of  the  Dandelion,  and  we  hope 
that  some  of  our  readers  will  make  the  ex- 
periment in  this  section  of  country,  and  com- 
inuuicaie  the  result  to  us.  Wo  see  them  daily 
brought  into  our  village,  and  sold  for  boiling. 
They  are  collected  from  the  field  where  they 
have  grown  without  culture,  and  in  this  state 
make  a  very  good  dish.  Should  they  improve 
by  transplanting  as  much  as  many  other  plants 
have  from  lhoir  wild  state,  what  may  we  not 
expeot  from  this,  which  is  desirable  in  its  ru- 
dest shape. 

THE  WEATHER,  AND  PROSPECTS. 

The  weather  for  two  weeks  past  has  been 
uncommonly  cold  for  this  section  of  country, 
owing  undoubtedly  to  the  great  collection  of 
ice  at  the  east  end  of  Lake  Erie,  and  to  the 
westerly  winds.  The  collection  of  this  vast 
body  of  ice  was  owing  to  some  heavy  wind 
storms  from  the  west,  beforo  Ihe  ice  in  lake 
Erie  had  dissolved,  which  drove  it  to  Ihe  aa9t 
end  of  the  lake,  in  such  quantities  as  to  pro- 
vent  its  passim*  down  tho  Niagara  river.  This 
drift  ice  has  been  supposed  to  bo  at  least  from 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  thick,  and  (0  extend  at 
least  twenty  miles  into  the  lake. 

The  effect  has  been  to  keep  the  waters  of 
lake  Ontario  below  the  common  temperature 
for  the  season,  which  taken  in  conneolion  with 
the  vast  body  of  ice  in  Lake  Erie,  have  so  re- 
duced the  temperature  of  Ihe  atmosphere, 
through  the  district  of  Old  Genesee, that  vegeta- 
tion has  been  kept  back  but  not  injured  by  it; 
in  short,  it  may  be  considered  a  very  favorable 
trait  in  the  character  of  the  climate  of  this  dis- 
trict. The  weather  has  been  remarkably  fino 
for  wheat,  which  looks  well  both  in  quality 
and  quantity.  Fruit  trees  which  begin  to  show 
their  blossoms  are  thickly  set  for  fruit.  Grass 
lands  look  well  for  the  season,  and  although 
the  winter  has  been  uncommonly  severe,  Eu 
ropean  vinos  that  were  left  standing  have  no- 
been  injured  by  the  frost,  and  look  equally  as 
well  as  those  which  have  been  covered.  Eve- 
ry thing  looks  encouraging  to  agriculturists. — 
We  believe  there  lias  nover  been  at  any  former 
season  as  much  wheat  on  ihe  ground  as  at  pre- 
sent,and  tho  prospects  for  price  for  tho  coining 
crop,  so  fur  as  connected  with  European  mar- 
kets, is  certainly  favorable.  We  hope  our  far- 
mers will  not  forget  in  this  time  of  plenty  that 
it  is  easier  to  lay  up  money  when  wheat  is 
worth  one  dollar  per  bushel, than  when  it  only 
brings  fifty  cents.  Lot  them  avoid  ono  error 
that  many  run  into— that  is,  when  money  is 
plenty  they  spend  freely. 

This  is  n  favorable  year  for  cancelling  dolus 
md  making  necessary  repairs,  but  do  not  be 
elated  with  the  prosperity  of  the  times,  for 
you  know  not  how  soon  they  will  change. — 
Lot  the  present  prices  oxcite  to  greator  dili- 
gence, with  all  ((inner  economy,  and  with  the 
common  blessingi  of  Providence  yoOr  increase 
in  worldly  goods  is  certain. 


of  the  Genesee  Farmer  some  seed  of  the  Mel- 
ilotus  officinalis,  to  be  distributed  to  the  Mem- 
bers of  the  Monroe  Horticultural  Society. — 
This  is  the  plant,  the  expressed  juice  of  which 
is  made  use  of  to  give  the  flavor  to  the  cele- 
brated Cbapzeiger  cheese  of  Switzerland. 

GROUTING,  OR  PUDDLING. 

These  are  terms  made  use  of  by  experien- 
ced practical  gardeners,  for  an  operation  with 
the  roots  of  trees,  shrubs  and  plants,  after 
they  are  taken  out  of  the  ground.  As  ihis  is 
of  importance  to  those  engaged  in  movin" 
trees  or  plants,  we  will  describe  the  best  man- 
ner of  performing  it : 

Immediately  after  taking  np  a  tree,  di»  a 
small  hole  in  the  ground,  where  it  is  rather 
inclining  to  clay,  and  pour  into  it  a  pail  full  ol 
water;  then  with  a  hoe,  or  some  other  instru- 
ment, mix  in  the  soil  until  it  is  as  thick  a? 
cream.  Into  this  puddle  dip  \':e  roots  of  any 
trees,  or  shrubs,  and  after  stirring  tkem  about 
in  it  a  sufficient  length  of  tir„o  to  have  this 
•hin  mortar  adhere  to  every  part  of  them, 
withdraw  them,  and  have  ready  some  fine  dry 
earth,  in  which  roll  them  about  as  long  as  any 
will  adhere  to  the  roots,  after  which,  the  trees 
thus  managed,  may  be  laid  in  a  shaded  place, 
or  pneked  up  for  transportation. 

When  prepared  in  the  above  manner,  trees 
may  be  kept  many  days  out  of  the  ground, 
without  receiving  injury,  as  the  damp  earth 
adheres  to  all  the  small  fibrous  -oots  and  pre 
vents  Iheir  dryiog.  We  havo  seen  trees  treat 
ed  in  this  manner,  even  after  the  leaves  were 
expanded,  remain  several  days  out  of  the 
ground,    without  having  the  leaves  wither. 

As  the  success  of  a  iree  for  the  first  season 
depends  much   upon    the  care    used  in   trans- 
planting, we  would  recommend  the  above  me- 
thod to  our  readers,    as   from   experience  wc 
know  it  lo  be  of  great  utility. 


IUKI.ITOT. 

Z.  Barton  Stout,  Esq.  Secretary  of  the  Do- 
mestic Horticultural  Society  of  tho  western 
port  of  New  York,  has  deposited  at  flic  office 


API5IL. 

Tho  moan  daily  temperature  of  April,  as 
may  bo  seen  in  our  meteorological  lable,  was 
47°,45.  A  day  has  not  passed, the  comforts  of 
which  wore  not  augmented,  morning  and  eve* 
ning,  by  a  fire.  The  prevailing  wind  has  been 
generally  during  the  month  west  and  north  ; 
and  it  is  probably  owing  to  this  cause  more 
than  any  other,  that  April  of  the  present  year 
has  been  more  cold  and  stormy  than  the  same 
month  in  1830;  for  it  will  easily  be  recollected 
that  the  spring  ol  1880  was,  on  the  whole, un- 
favorable to  gardening,  spring  and  summer 
grains,  and  agricultural  pursuit?.  The  last  ol 
March  and  the  entire  month  of  April,  was  ex- 
ceedingly line.  Tho  whole  garden  of  nature 
smiled  through  the  lineaments  of  beauty,  fruit 
trees  were  in  full  bloom,  and  vegetables  in  gar- 
dens were  fast  putting  forth  tender  shoots  to> 
weloome  ihe  summer's  sun,  when,  with  ihe 
commonceinont  of  Mnj ,  a  change  of  weather 
occurred.  Rains,  long  and  cold,  with  little 
intermission  dining  the  whole  month, were  the 
sum  of  the  moioorulogical  obervations;  gar- 
dening was  suspended,  and  the  animated  hope? 
of  the  husbandman  begun  rapid);  to  wane. — 
Sorions  doubts  were  common,  that  the  "  vege- 
tating season"  would  he  too  short  for  corn  and 
potatoes,  which,  aftor  wheat,  are  second  to 
none  in  this  country.  Wheat,  however,  was" 
probably  benefited   by  the  cold  and  rains,  trs. 


Vol.  I.— No.  U 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


141 


the  harvest  of  1830  was  about  second  best  the 
country  ever  produces.  Corn  and  potatoes  al- 
so, did  remarkably  well  for  the  shot*  period 
(hey  had  to  perfect  themselves;  hut  much  less 
corn  than  usual  was  planted,  as  the  high  price 
it  now  bears  demonstrates.  Fruit  also, though 
not  abundant,  did  well. 

Without  knowing  the  immediate  efTect  on 
our  temperature,  occasioned  by  the  huge  mass- 
es of  ice  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Erie,  we  think  a 
priori,  that  the  very  low  monthly  mean  for  A- 
pril  may  bo  attributed,  in  a  great  degree,  to 
that  cause.  Its  affects  at  Buffalo  and  the 
neighboring  towns,  must  he  very  apparent,  and 
We  should  feel  gratified  with  knowing  precise- 
ly the  range  of  the  thermometer,  while  it  con- 
Smuts, and  at  what  time  last  year  and  the  years 
previous,  tho  lake  was  clear  of  ice. 

Although  unfavorable  to  early  vegetation, 
April  has,  we  think,  been  propitious  on  the 
whole.  Wheat  is  not  benefitted  by  an  ear- 
ly spring  growth,  as  it  has  no  time  to  spread 
and  take  root,  which  are  all  important  to  the 
production  of  a  great  crop,  and  as  this  is  deci- 
dedly the  staple  article  of  this  country,  there 
is  mach  in  the  season  to  gladden  the  heart  of 
:he  husbandman. 


SALSIFY,  OR  VEGETABLE  OYSTER. 

(Tragopogon  porrifolium,   L. 

This  plant  is  a  hardy  biennial,  which  has, 
within  a  few  years  past,  become  a  favourite 
with  our  gardeners. 

It  is  cultivated  for  the  roots,  which  are  about 
the  size  of  small  carrots,  of  a  dingy  white  co- 
lor, with  a  milky  juice.  When  cooked,  they 
have  a  flavor  not  unlike  oysters,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance is  derived  their  common  name.  To 
cultivate  this  plant  the  seeds  should  be  sown 
in  the  fore  part  of  May,  in  beds  of  deep  rich 
earth,  prepared  the  same  as  for  parsnips — 
their  general  culture  and  time  of  use  being  the 
same,  and  also  their  mode  of  preservation. — 
To  save  seeds,  a  few  plants  should  be  put  in 
the  ground  in  the  spring,  when  they  will  shooi 
Up  about  tour  feet  high.  The  flowers  are  of  a 
dull  purple  color,  which  are  followed  by  sueds 
about  an  inch  long,  attached  to  a  feather,  like 
'.he  seeds  of  the  dandelion.  The  young  s'alke 
.ind  leaves  of  this  plant  are  sometime*  boiled, 
and  make  an  excellent  dish. 

We  think  this  plant  will  be  more  generally 
cultivated,  as  gardeners  become  more  acquain- 
ted with  it, as  it  is  the  best  substitute  for  oysterj 
'.hat  has  yet  been  discovered, and  may  be  conk- 
ed in  all  the  different  ways  in  which  they  are, 
and  in  some  dishes,  it  would  be  very  difHcul; 
to  distinguish  the  two.  Having  cultivated 
".hem  for  a  number  of  years,  we  most  earnestly 
recommend  tin  m  to  our  western  farmers  and 
gardeners,  as  a  vegetable  deserving  a  place  iu 
every  garden,  as  they  are  of  easy  culture,  not 
liable  to  be  destroyed  by  insects,  and  asgmng 
n  variety  to  the  table  through  the  full,  winter' 
and  spring  months. 

IMPORTANT  TO  FARMERS. 

The  following  Setter  from  Judge  Dates,  of 
"■jew  York,  to  C.  Dtardoff,  Esq.  of  Dover, 
contains  so  many  useful  remarks  on  a  subject 
in  which  tho  farmers,  not  only  of  this  county, 
but  throughout  the  state,  are  so  deeply  inter- 
ested, that  we  deem  its  publication  absolutely 
necessary.  The  opportunities  afforded  to  the 
writer,  as  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Ohio  Canal, 
of  being  acquainted  with  the  nature  ?nd  char-; 


acter  of  our  soil,  as  an  agriculturist,  give  his 
observations  an  additional  claim  to  our  attcn- 
tion.— TVs.   Chron. 

Rocbesler,  N.  Y.  Jan.  7, 1831. 

Dear  Sir — From  the  commencement  of  my 
acquaintance  with  your  state,  I  drew  an  opin- 
ion that  the  interests  of  Ohio  and  New  York 
were  intimately  connected,  and  that  the  course 
of  improvement  going  on  in  Ohio,  combined 
with  that  already  completed  in  New  York, 
would  eventually  open  to  the  citizens  of  your 
state  a  market  for  their  surplus  produce,  which 
they  had  previously  been  almost  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  throwing  away.  I  am  now  more 
than  ever  confirmed  in  the  opinion,  from  the 
actual  experience  gained  in  the  year  which  has 
but  now  closed.  Your  products  of  wheal, 
hemp,  pork,  and  tobacco,  and  other  articles, 
find  a  ready  and  sure  sale,  without  incurring 
an  exhorbitant  expense  The  agriculturist 
may  sow,  and  from  tho  fertilitv  of  your  soil, 
and  the  geniality  of  your  ciimate.  if  he  does, 
he  is  sure  to  reap,  and  not  only  sure  of  that, 
but  from  the  facility  of  intercourse,  he  is  sure 
of  realizing  a  fair  value  for  the  result  of  his 
labour. 

As  a  proof  of  this  please  to  observe  that  be- 
tween two  and  three  hundred  thousand  bush- 
els of  wheat  have, during  the  past  season, been 
purchased  in,  and  shipped  from  Ohio:  and  in 
addition,  as  much  as  perhaps  fifty  thousand 
barrels  of  flour. 

It  is  found  to  bo  a  fact  that  the  greater  part 
of  the  wheat  raised  in  Ohio,  is  of  a  quality  in- 
ferior to  that  which  makes  the  first  rate  flour. 
This  is  not  owing  to  a  want  of  proper  virtue 
in  the  soil,  or  to  any  unfriendly  peculiarity  of 
climate  ;  but  is  attributable  to  the  quality  of 
wheat  sowed,  and,  in  many  instances,  to  a 
practice  of  permitting  the  crop  to  stand  in  the 
field  till  it  is  dead  ripe,  before  the  sickle  is  ap- 
plied. Much  of  the  wheat  which  has  late 
ly  been  grown  in  your  state,  and  found  its 
way  to  this  market,  has  been  manufactured 
here,  and  the  flour  sent  to  New  York  market, 
where,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  some  of  it,  under  the 
riaid  course  of  inspection  there  pursued,  has 
been  disgraced.  This  is  a  circumstance  which 
has  not  happened  to  tho  flour  manufactured 
from  tho  wheat  grown  in  this  country.  Some 
millers  who  have  manufactured  and  sent  into 
market  the  flour  of  ihe  wheat  of  your  State 
indiscriminately,  with  the  flour  made  from  the 
Genesee  wheat,  have  had  the  mortification  to 
have  their  brands  condemned,  and  their  high 
character  partially  diminished.  Others  who 
have  taken  the  precaution  to  grind  and  send  it 
unmixed,  have  only  been  able  to  obtain  for  it 
th-  character  of  second  brand  superfine.  The 
inevitable  result  will  he,  ihat  your  flour  must 
go  into  the  market  with  a  lower  character  than 
ours,  to  wit,  second  rate  superfine.  'This  cir- 
cumstance, acting  on  a  whole  people,  and  that 
people  so  respectable  as  the  inhabitants  of  O 
hio,  must  be  extremely  unpleasant  as  well  as 
unprofitable.  Our  best  farmers,  to  enable 
them  to  furnish  wheat  of.  the  finest  quality  for 
the  mills,  are  particularly  careful  in  the  selec- 
tion of  th eir  seed.  They  seldom  allow  them- 
selves to  sow  more  than  two  or  three  years  in 
succession,  the  same  seed  which  was  on  the 
same  firm.  They  change  often,  and  always 
gain  by  it, both  in  weight,  measure, anil  qualify. 
Some  lake  the  precaution  to  obtain  their  seed 
from  a  great  distance,  and  always  find  their  ac- 
count in  it.  I  would  suggest  the  idea  of  pur 
suing  the  same  course  among  you.  I  would 
even  take  Ihe  liberty  to  advise  yon  to  send  to 
this  country  for  jour  seed.  I  have  observed 
that  seeds  of  many  kinds  are  improved  by 
transfer  from  a  northern  to  a  warmer  climate, 
and  deteriorated  by  a  contrary  course.  This 
may  he  said  to  be  particularly  the  case  with 
wheat.  The  wheal  grown  in  the  Genesee, 
Seneca  and  Cayuga  oountries.has  long  been  ac- 
knowledged to  possess  a  decided  pre-eminence 
of  character.  The  change,  under  the  present 
facilities  of  intercourse,  can  easily  take  place, 
and  should  it,  you  alone  will  be  the  gainers. 
The  Gencscc  wheat,  among  those  I  have  men- 


tioned,bears,  perhaps,  the  highest  character, 
The  kinds  most  sought  after  here,  as  the  best, 
and  producing  the  best  flour.are  the  flint  wheat, 
the  bald  red  chaff  wheat  with  a  white  berry, 
the  bearded  red  chafl"  wheat  with  a  white  ber- 
ry— and  perhaps  some  others.  All  these  kinds 
can  easily  be  procured.  The  flour  produced 
from  them  is  a  mellow  yellowish  hue,  and  seft 
feathery  feel.  That  produced  by  the  Ohio 
wheat  of  blueish  white,  and  somewhat  harsh 
sandy  feel,  subject  lo  be  under  the  most  care- 
ful course  of  manufacturing,  mixed  with  dark 
or  blaok  specks. 

I  have  do  interest  ir  any  mill  or  establish- 
ment for  the  purchase  ofwhoat  or  flour,but  still 
feel  an  anxiety  that  your  productions  should 
be  as  good  and  as  fair  in  market  as  they  can 
be.  I  have  no*  idea  that  a  change  can  be 
brought  about  instantly;  but  if  only  a  few- 
would  adopt  the  practice,  a  short  time  would 
show  the  utility  of  it,  and  the  community  at 
large  be  benefitted.  Some  wheat  has  been  ob- 
tained from  Goauga,  Huron  and  Seneca  coun- 
ties, which  can  be  called  first  rate.  The  "rain 
from  any  other  counties  may  be  made  as  good. 
The  wheat  from  Michigan  is  superior  to  thai 
from  Ohio  ;  their  6eed  was  obtained  almost 
wholly  from  this  State.  I  am,  respectfully 
vours,  <&c.  DAVIDS.  BATES. 


FromLoudou's  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture. 
NATURAL  HISTORY  OP  THE  HORSE', 

Continued  from  page  13-1. 

The  British  varieties  of  saddle  horse  may  be 
reduced  into  the  racer,  the  hunter,  the  impro- 
ved hack,  the  old  English  road  horse,  the  gal- 
loway, and  the  pony  ;  the  two  latter  of  which 
we  shall  consider  in  another  place. 

Therace  horse  is  descended,  some  from  Ara- 
bians and  others  from  Barbs,  but  principally 
tho  former.  Races  or  courses  were  very  ear- 
ly a  part  of  British  sports  ;  ami  it  is  natural  to 
Biippose  that  on  this  account,  endeavors  would 
be  made  lo  improve  and  enlnrgo  the  breeds  of 
the  native  horses.  Roger  de  Bellestne,  Earl 
of  Shrewsbury,  is  the  first  on  record  who  im- 
ported a  Spanish  Stallion,  whose  progeny  was 
afterwards  extolled  by  Michael  Drayton,  in 
his  Pohjalbwn.  In  Ihe  reign  of  Henry  IV.. 
public  ordinances  wore  made  favorable  to  the 
improvement  of  the  breeding  of  horses.  The 
courses  of  those  timos  were,  however,  proba- 
bly little  moro  than  ordinary  trials  of  speed 
between  the  indigena  or  the  slightly  improved 
breeds;  and  it  was  not  until  the  days  of  Hen- 
jry  VII.  and  VIII.,  that  the  true  Arabian  horses 
were  imported.  During  these  reigns, stallions 
from  Arabia,  Barbara,  and  Persia  were  procu 
red,  their  progeny  were  regularly  trained  to 
the  course,  and  from  these  periods  we  trace 
that  gradual  cultivation  of  the  English  race 
horse,  which  has,  at  length,  produced  a  breed 
unrivalled  throughout  the  world  for  symmetry 
of  form,  swiftness  of  progression,  and  dura- 
bility under  exertion.  The  accounts  on  re- 
cord of  feats  performod  by  some  of  our  horses 
on  the  turf  are  truly  astonishing.  Bay  Mai 
ton,  ran  at  Vork,  four  miles  in  seven  minute? 
and  forty-three  seconds.  Childers,  known  by 
I  the  name  of  the  flying  Childers,  moved  thru' 
a  spice  equal  to  eighty-two  feel  and  a  half  in 
a  second.  After  these  Eclipse,  Highflyer. 
Matchein,  llambletonian,  and  others,  have 
contributed  to  keep  up  the  reputation  of  the 
English  racer 

Cliviale  has  a  great  influence  over  thcfvrm  of 
animals,  and  that  form  is  found  indigenous  to 
each,  whioh  host  fits  it  for  the  purposes  rertni- 
red  of  it.  In  the  arid  plains  of  the  east  where 
herbage  is  scarce,  a  form  is  given  which  ena- 
bles its  brute  inhabitants  Jo  readily  transport 
themselves  from  one  spot  to  another;  and  as 
in  every  situation  the  flesh  of  the  horse  i? 
greedily  sought  after  by  ihe  predatory  tribes, 
so  here,  where  those  are  peculiarly  strong  and 
active,  the  horse  is  formed  peculiarly  agile  and 
swift  to  escape  their  attack,  as  well  as  pecul- 
iarly light,  that  iiis  weight  might  not  sink  hjiri 
in  the  sandy  plains,  nor  retard  him  in  his  flight- 


142 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Mav  7,  18S1, 


Removed. however,  to  more  temperate  climes 
whera  vegetation  affords  by  its  luxuriance 
more  nutriment,  and  where  the  restrictions  of 
danger  have  ceased  to  operate,  we  no  longer 
see  him  equally  small  and  slender,  but  wim 
equal  capacity  for  swift  progression,  we  find 
him  expanding  into  a  form  capable  of  keeping 
up  that  progression  with  a  durability  unknown 
to  the  original  breeds  from  whence  he  sprang. 
Symmetrically  formed  as  we  now  see  him,  he 
at  once  evinces  his  claim  to  great  speed.  His 
osseous  or  bonv  skeleton  exhibits  a  haso  fnun 
ded  on  the  justest  geometrical  principles,  pre- 
senting a  series  of  lengthened  levers,  acting 
by  means  of  a  condensed  muscular  and  tendi- 
nous organization  of  great  power,  on  angles 
capable  of  great  flexion  and  extension  :  while 
his  pointed  form  fits  him  to  cftave  that  atmos- 
phere, from  which  his  deep  chest  enables  him 
to  draw  by  extensive  inspirations  wind  and  vi- 
gor to  continue  his  exertions.  Purity  of  blood 
by  which  is  meant  the  result  of  confining  to 
particular  races  or  breeds  the  means  of  con- 
tinuing their  speeies,  is  observed  with  equal 
care  and  jealousy  by  the  breeders  of  the  Eng- 
lish race,  as  by  lhe  Arabians:  and  turf  jo'  k- 
ies  assert  that  they  can  discover  a  taint  or  de- 
parture from  this  purity  to  the  sixteenth  re 
move. 

The  hunter  is  derived  from  horses  of  entire 
blood,  or  such  as  are  but  little  remjvod  from 
it,  uniting  with  mares  of  substance,  correct 
form,  and  good  action.  In  some  instances, 
hunters  are  derived  from  large  maieo  of  the 
pure  breed,  prorogating  with  powerful  stall- 
ions of  the  old  English  road  horse.  This  fa 
vorite  and  valuable  breed  is  a  happy  combina- 
tion of  the  speed  of  the  Arabian,  with  the  du 
nihility  of  the  native  horse.  More  extended 
in  form,  but  framed  on  the  same  principles,  he 
is  able  to  carry  a  considerable  weight  through 
heavy  grounds,  with  a  swiftness  equalled  only 
by  the  animal  he  pursues,  and  with  a  perseve- 
rance n?tonishing  to  the  natives  of  every  other 
country.  Henee  the  extreme  demand  for  this 
brood  of  horses  in  overy  Europe. in  country  : 
our  racing  stallions  being  now  sent  to  propa- 
gate in  the  eastern  climes,  from  whence  they 
were  some  of  them  originally  brought. 

The  improved,  hackney  is  derived,  like  the  for- 
mer, from  a  judicious  mixture  of  the  blood 
breed  with  the  native  horse,  but  exhibiting  a 
greater  propottion  of  the  latter.  Hackines  are 
now.  however,  mostly  bred  from  stallions  pos- 
sessing nearly  the  same  proportion  of  bl«od 
with  the  hunter ;  but  with  a  form  and  qualities 
somewhat  differing.  In  the  hai  kney.  as  safe 
ty  is  as  requisite  as  speed,  we  look  particu- 
larly to  the  fore  parts  to  see  that  they  are.  high 
and  well-placed  ;  that  the  head  is  not  heavy, 
nor  the  neck  disproportionately  long  or  short  ; 
that  the  legs  stand  straight,  (that  is,  that  a 
perpendicular  line  drawn  from  the  point  of  the 
shoulder  should  meet  the  toe);  and  that  the 
elbows  turn  out:  and  although  a  perfect  con 
formation  in  the  hinder  parts  is  netessary  to 
the  hackney,  it  is  in  some  measure  subordinate 
to  the  same  perfection  in  tho  tore  parts ;  where- 
as in  tho  racer  and  hunter,  but  particularly  in 
the  former,  the  form  of  the  hinder  is  even  of 
more  consequence  than  that  of  the  fore  part. 

The  old  English  road  horse.  This  most  use- 
ful breed  is  now  nearly  extinct,  although  some 
northern  agriculturists  appear  to  be  making  ef 
forts  to  revive  lhe  race.  It  has  so  long  been 
known  in  this  country  that  it  might  almost  be 
reckoned  among  its  induenrc  :  although  it  is 
probable  that  it  originally  sprang  from  a  judt 
ctous  culture  from  horses  of  Norman.  German, 
or  Flemish  extraction,  which  horses  wore  very 
early  imported  to  enlarge  our  smaller  breeds, 
and  to  render  them  equal  to  the  heavy  loads 
they  were  accustomed  to  carry  as  pack-horses, 
and  of  which  kind  the  old  English  road  horse 
unquestionably  is.  Neither  is  it  at  all  impos- 
sible, that  in  the  more  fertile  parts  of  the  isl- 
and, an  original  breed  existed  of  considerable 
power  and  bulk.  Alhelstan  expressly  prohi- 
bited the  exportation  of  English  horses,  and 


the  "scythed  chariots  drawn  by    fiery  st.eds 
if  the  ancient  Britons   struok  terror  even  tnti 
L'oesir's  legions.     These  accounts  of  the  aoti 
quity  of  the  English   horse,  receive  additional 
-trength  from  the  notices  we  obtain  of  the  fog 
-il  hones  of  horses  having   been  found,  accr 
Jing  to  Parkinson,  in  various  parts   of  the   isl 
and.       The  old  English  road  horse  possesse 
::reat  power,  with  short   joints,   a  moderate 
shoulder,    elevated   crest,    with    legs  and  feel 
almost  invariably  good        The   heights  varied 
from  fifteen  hands  to  fif'een  hands  two  inehe^: 
and  ihe  colors  were   frequently  mixed. 

The   obieetion,    however,    to    English   horses, 
both  of  the  original  and  of  the  more  early  im- 
proved breeds,   and  which  is  even  still  semi  a- 
mong   them,  is,    tha'  they  want   grace    or  ex 
pression    in  their  figure  or  carriage  ;    that  ihey 
are  obstinate   and   sullen,   ami  that   a  certain 
stiffness  in  their  shoulders,  and  want  of  sopie 
ness  and  elasticity  in  their  limbs,  renders  them 
unfit  for  the  manege.      As  'his  is  an  impoitan 
charge  against  the  excellence  of  our  breeds    il 
may  be  worth  consideration  how  far  it  is  foun- 
ded   in   truth.      Commerce   requires  despatch 
and  England,  as  a  great    commercial   country, 
makes  every  thing  subservient  to  an  economi 
cal  use  of  lime.     Conformable,  to  ttiese   prin- 
ciples,   many    of  the   qualities   of  our    horses 
but  principally    those    of  flexiblity  and   saf-iv 
in  progression, are  certainly  sacrificed  to  speed. 
in  which  they  undoubtedly  exeel  all  horses  in 
the  world.       It  t-  well  known  that  all  animals 
intended  by  nature  for  qui'jk  progression,   are 
formed  I  iw  in  their  fore  parts,  and  have  usual- 
ly narrow   upright   shoulders  ;   and   which   de 
t'ects  are  too  common  m  English  horses  in  ^en 
oral.     On  the  contrary,  in  mosi  of  the  impro 
ved    breeds    of    continental    ItorBes,    the    fore 
hands  are  elevated,   and   the   shoulder?,   wde 
and  oblique  ;   bv  which,  flexibility   and   safety 
in  progression  are  gained    at  some  expense  01 
celerity  ;   for  the  strong  lumbar  muscle*  of  suel 
formed   horses    operating  on   the    lengthened 
spinous  processes  of  the  dorsal  vertebra)  with 
increased   advantage,    elevate    the  fore   parts 
higher  ;   and    even    in  default  of  this   form  in 
the  fore    parts,   yet   a  cerresponding   effect  is 
produced    in    foreign    horses    by     the    grea; 
strength  and  expansion  of  their  haunches  and 
croups,  and  by  the  greater  inclination  in  their 
hinder  extremities    towards  the  common  cen 
tre  of  gravity  of  the  body  :  for   as    speed  de- 
pends first  on  the  extent  to  which  'he   angles 
of  the  limbs  can  br  opened,  and  secondly,  on 
the  efforts   of  the  body  ill    its    transit  to  coun 
teract  the  tendency  to  the   common  centre  of 
gravity,    the  earth;  so   it   i9   evident    that  the 
form  which  is  the  most  favorable   to  speed,   is 
less  so  to  safety  or  flexibility  in  progression. 

The  hishroad  horse,  or  hunter,  coeval  with 
or  probably  in  some  measure  subsequent  to 
the  culture  of  the  old  English  road  horse,  was 
a  still  more  excellent  breed  With  similar 
properties,  but  an  improved  form,  with  a  great 
acquired  aptitude  for  leaping,  it  gained  the 
name  of  the  Irish  hunter;  and  when  the  doge 
of  the  chase  were  less  speedy  than  tlioy  now 
aro,  this  horso  was  equal  to  every  thing  requi- 
red of  him  as  a  hunter  ;  even  now  the  posses- 
sor of  the  few  which  remain  find,  particularly 
in  an  enclosed  and  deep  country,  that  what  o 
thers  gain  by  speed,  these  accomplish  by 
strength  to  go  through  any  around,  and  ictivi 
ty  sufficient  to  accomplish  the  most  extr  (ordi- 
nary leaps.  As  roadsters,  these  horses  have 
ever  proved  valuable,  uniting  durability,  ease, 
and  safety  with  extreme  docility.  In  form, 
they  may  be  considered  as  affording  a  happy 
mixture  of  an  improved  hack  with  our  old 
English  roadster. 

[To  he  continued.] 


NEWS  OF  THE  tVEEK. 


Within  a  week  an  agent  has  been  in  this 
town  offering  as  high  as  sixty  seven  cents  per 
pound  for  wool,  not  of  the  first  quality. — JV. 
H.  Pott. 


CMMF.RCE    OF     NliW    YORK. 

The  IN.  Y  Mercantile  Advertiser  of  Thurs- 

lay  says  :  "  The  number  of  vessels  arrived  at 
mr  port  within  a  few  we^ks    past,    is  almost 
■inprecedented.  and  our  custom  house,  during 
ihe  whole  of  the   month   of  April,  has  been 
mwded  from  opening  till  closing:   the  clerks 
'iave  been  occupied  not  only  during  the  reg- 
ular hours,  hut  to  keep  up  with  the  great  press 
f   public    business,    have   been   engaged  till 
•ear  midnight      On  Saturday  last  3j7  entries 
»re  made,  and  78  vessels  were  cleared — be- 
>;»  a  grea'er  number  than   ever  was  known 
•i  any  one  day  before.     When  the  account 
ir  April,  of  the  duties  secured  and  the  bust- 
ness  done,  shall  be  made  up,  we  believe  it  will 
be  found  to  exceed  tint  of  any  previous  monfh 
in  the  annals  of  thp  Custom  House." 

CANAL    COMMERCE. 

The  business  on  •:,(■  -;anal,  thus  far,has  been 
greater  than  in  any  firmer  year.  The  col- 
lector at  this  place  commenced  clearing  boats 
on  lhe  16lh  of  April  and  on  Saturday  the  30th, 
three  hundred  and  fifty  eic;ht  boats  had  been 
■ieared.  <nd  about  twenty  eight  thousand  dol. 
lars  collected  for  tolls;  being  an  average  of 
nore  than  $2000  per  day.  Last  year  the 
canal  opened  on  the  20th  of  April,  and  the 
average  daily  receipts  at  the  office  in  this  place 
or  ihe  residue  of  April,  was  about  <tl500- 

The  greatest  amount  of  loll  paid  in  a  single 
lay,  was  on  lhe  231  of  April,  on  which  day- 
tie  collector  at  this  place  received  $4443 ; 
exceeding  the  receipts  of  any  single  day  be-, 
•re,  by  about  g800 — Albany  Argus. 

DISTRESSING    SHIPWRECK. 

An-extract  of  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  in 
Halifax,  N.  S.  to  his  correspondents  in  New 
York,  dated  April  I6'h,  gives  the  following 
ietail   if  the  effects  of  the  late  severe  gale  : 

•'  A  small  vessel  arrived  here  this  afternoon. 
ringing  the  melancholy  account  of  a  raft 
having  come  on  shore  near  Shelburne,  with  a 
i  oung  child  lashed  to  it.  and  also  eighteen  bo- 
I'es,  one  of  which  was  a  woman  with  an  in- 
fant in  her  arms  There  is  no  doubt,  fiom  the 
•vood,  (.cedar)  that  it  is  a  vessel  from  Bermuda, 
vith  invalids,  and  the  families  from  fhence  fo 
r.ts  pott  to  take  in  others  for  Eugland  Our 
last  accounts  from  that  Island  say,  (here  were 
uwards  of  one  hundred  men,  women  and 
children,  and  two  officers;  but  it  is  not  known 
who  are  the  unfortunate  officers.  A  friend  of 
mine  who  has  a  son  in  the  81st  rpgiment,  is 
much  distressed  and  anxious,  as  every  person 
oust  have  perished." 

SHEET    LEAD    MANUFtCTORY. 

We  aie  informed,  savs  the  Illinois  Plough 
boy,  that  Messrs.  Tilton  &  Parker,  of  Galena, 
1  ave  put  their  sheet  lead  manufactory  info 
operation  near  that  place.  They  are  able  to 
roll  5000  lbs.  per  day.  The  lead  is  delivered 
from  the  rolleis  in  sheets  of  fifty  feet  in  length 
ind  Ihree  feet  in  breadth,  and  of  any  required 
■  lickness.  There  is  no  doubt  that  sheet  lead 
will  =oon  supply  Ihe  place  of  shingles  as  a  co- 
vering for  lhe  roofs  of  houses. 

WHAT    A    COUNTRY   FOR   O0LD. 

We  learn  from  the  most  unquestionable  au- 
thority, says  the  Salisbury  (N.  C.)  Western 
Carolinian,  of  thelltbull  that  from  75  lo 
100  pounds  of  gold  (Ihe  precise  quantity  not 
known)  were  lately  found  upon  a  tract  of  land 
in  Mecklenberg  county,  about  20  miles  cast 
of  Charlotte,  belonging  to  two  gentlemen  in 
Virginia,  whose  names  were  not  recollectd 
by  our  informant.  Several  pieces  weigbe? 
from  8  lo  10  pounds. 


Vol.  1.— No.  li 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


14:* 


THE  REV    ROBERT  HALL. 

The  laie  intelligence  from  England  announ- 
ces the  death  of  that  celebrated  divine,  the 
Re?.  Robert  Hall,  of  Bristol,  March  7th  ;  the 
most  distinguished  Baptist  divine  of  the  age  i 
the  interment  took  place  on  the  9lh.  It  is  stal- 
ed by  a  gentleman  long  and  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  late  Mr.  Hall,  that  he  as 
cended  the  pulpit,  and  preached  his  first  ser 
mon  when  about  15  ^ears  old,  attended  by 
his  delighted  Father.  No  wonder  he  should 
have  shone  the  most  eloquent  of  preach 
ers,  when  his  extraordinary  powers  werelhu- 
earlr  developed.  Mr.  flail  pieached  extem- 
pore, and  was  generally  exact  in  the  leugth 
of  time  taken  up  with  his  sermons.  In  his 
church  was  a  clock  opposite  the  pulpit,  a  ne- 
cessary requisite  to  a  preacher  like  himself  ; 
an  hour  glided  rapidly,  nut  tediously  to  his 
hearers  ;  but  as  soon  as  it  was  expired,  he  al 
tvays  closed  his  vivid,  impassioned,  argument- 
ative, or  impressive  discourse;  without  an) 
superfluous  subdividing,  or  Spinning  out,  or 
applying  and  improving  in  all  the  tediously 
minute  methods  of  mere  school  taught  divini- 
ty. He  had  more  of  the  flowing  fulness  and 
majesty  of  Cicero,  than  the  dry  technicalities 
of  schoolmen.  Without  a  timepiece,  hie  ex- 
uberance of  thought  would  have  prolonged 
the  exercises  ol  the  sanctuary  beyond  the 
limits  usually  appropriated  to  such  services, 
and  would  have  thereby  subjected  his  feeble 
health  to  great  exhaustion;  and  it  was  to  e 
conomize  his  bodily  powers  and  prolong  his 
usefulness,  that  the  Deacon,  in  a  desk  under 
his  pulpit,  gave  out  the  hymns,  and  officiated 
during  the  sacrament  of  baplisn.  Those  only 
who  atlended  upon  his  preaching  during  the 
greatest  vigor  of  bis  mind,  can  feel  and  justly 
estimate  his  fervid  eloquence  and  astonishing 
copiousness  in  prayer;  it  was  in  the  exercise 
of  prayer  that  all  the  Iranscendant  power  and 
zeal  of  his  soul  was  poured  forth,  in  supplica- 
tioD  before  the  throne  of  (he  Eternal  ;  it  was 
like  the  bright  and  glorious  visions  of  St. John; 
with  h'm,  the  contrite  soul  was  elevated  ''a- 
midst  the  splendors  and  fruitions  of  the  beatific 
\  i6ion.'' 

silliman's  journal. 
The  April  number  of  this  Journal  contains 
a  number  of  valuable   papers   upon  various 

branches  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  among  otb 
ers  an  article  upon  the  "  Protection  of  Per 
sons  from  Fire,"  being  an  analysis  of  the  Che- 
valier Aldini's  art  of  preserving  from  the  ac 

lion  of  flame,  &c.  illustrated  by  three  litho- 
graphic plates.     Also  an  article  on  the  means 

of  safety  in  steamboats;  one  on  the  use  of 
Carburelted  hydrogen  gas  as  fuel ;  and  a  des 

cription  of  an  economical   steamboat;  al)  of 

which  are  quite  apropos  at  this  time. 

There  arrived  at  the  American  Colony  in 
Africa,  from  9th  to  29th  Jan.  one  ship,  seven 
brigs,  and  three  schooners,  besides  vessels 
belonging  to  the  colonists.  Among  them  was 
a  brig  from  France,  a  ship  from  Liverpool, 
and  three  brigs  and  a  schooner  from  the  U. 
States.  Some  of  the  colonists  are  said  to  be 
worth  from  $10,000  to  gl5,0OO. 

Mr.  Letcher,  who  has  been  for  so  many 
years  an  efficient  representative  in  Congress 
from  Kentucky,  and  who  had  declined  a  re- 
election, has  consented  to  stand  again  It  is 
expected  that  he  will  ba  re-elected  without 
Opposition. 

The  Hartford  Mirror  says  that  a  Fur  Seal, 
weighing  more  than  an  hundred  pounds,  was 
caught  in  a  small  river  setting  up  from  the 
ocean,  and  not  more  than  thirty  or  forty  miles 
from  Harlford,  after  the  storm  last  week. 


Aiming  the  donations  to  the  Ainei  lean  Col 
oniKation  Society,   acknowledged  in  the  Afri 
can  Repository  for  April,  is  one  of  $100  from 
ex-President  Madison. 

FOR   GREEN   BAY. 

The  steamboat  Sheldon  Thompson  is  ad 
vertised  to  leave  Buffalo  for  Gieen  Bay,  on 
the  4th  of  June,  at  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 

MILITARY. 

At  an  election  held  at  Seneca  Falls  on  the 
27th  ult.  Col.  Joseph  Petit,  of  Cayuga  co. 
was  elected  General  of  2d  Brigade  ot  Rifle- 
men, in  place  of  Blig.  Gen.  B  Whiting,  pro 
moted  to  the  office  of  Major  General  of  the 
Division. 

John  W.  Felder  is  elected  to  Congress,over 
Mr.  Preston,  in  Columbia,  S-  C-  by  a  majori- 
ty of  260.  Mr.  Felder  is  a  decided  anli-nul- 
lifier. 

Philip  M'Loskey,  Esq.  resigned  the  office  of 
President  of  the  U.S.  Branch  Bank  in  Mobile; 
Jonathan  Hunt,  Esq.  was  on  the  8th  inst.  elec- 
ted to  fill  the  vacancy 

John  Quincy  Adams  and  family,  have  left 
Washington,  their  winter  residence,  and  re- 
turned to  Quincy,  Mass. 

Henry  Didier,  Esq.  of  Baltimore,  bearer  of 
despatches  from  our  Government  to  Mr.Rives' 
at  the  French  Court,  has  arrived  in  town, 
and  sails  to-morrow,  in  the  packet  ship  De 
HI. am,  for  Havie. — JV.  Y.  Mercantile  Adv. 

The  body  of  a  young  woman,  supposed  to 
have  been  drowned,  was  found  at  Musser's 
Fishery,  in  Chanceford  Township,  on  the 
I  lib  inst.  She  had  on  a  calico  frock,  lace 
hoots,  white  cotton  stockings,  fastened  with 
elastic  garters,  with  silver  clasps,  and  on  her 
fingers  two  rings,  one  of  gold,  the  other  a 
metal  unknown.  She  had  no  bead  dress. — 
There  was  notbmg  about  her  person  to  give 
any  clue  to  her  name. —  York  tiepub. 

UNITED   STATES    REVENUE. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  United 

States  Revenue,  secured  at  this  port  for  the 
year  1830:— 

1st  quarter,  $2,287,045  68 

2d       do  4,009,478   24 

3d       do  4,781,128  33 

4tb      do  3,934,906  04 


Total,  $15  012,553  29 

In  the  year  1829,  (be  whole  United  States 
Revenue  arising  from  the  customs  was  $22,- 
681.965  91.  For  the  year  ending  31st  Dec 
1830,ihe  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  his  Re- 
port of  Dec  15,  estimated  the  revenue  or  cus 
toms  at  $22,293,122  74,  and  of  this  sum  near- 
ly three  Jburths  have  been  secured  at  the  port 
of  New  York.  It  is  pnbable  that  the  actual 
receipts  of  the  revenue  for  1830  will  exceed 
the  estimates;  but  it  is  certain  that  the  re 
ceipts  of  the  customs  since  the  commencement 
of  the  present  year  have  very  much  exceeded 
those  for  the  corresponding  period  of  last  year. 
Several  reasons  are  given  accounting  for  this 
increase;  among  others  that  more  importations 
have  been  made  from  England  during  the 
last  two  months,  than  anyone  expected.  It 
is  stated  that  English  capitalists  afraid  of  the 
■•  signs"  in  England,  are  very  anxious  to  send 
out  property  here  in  the  shape  of  manufac- 
tures, and  have  the  proceeds  invested  in  A- 
merican  stocks. — JV.  Y.  Cour. 

The  Liverpool  Packet  Company  will  con- 
tinue their  operations,  and  they  have  ordered 
the  keels  of  two  first  rate  ships  to  be  laid. — 
The  number  of  arrivals  from  foreign  ports  up 
to  the  20th  ult.  exceeded  that  far  the  same 
time  last  year  by  fifty  sisL 


COMMERCE  l.F  1'IIIL ADLLrHI A. 

The  Philadelphia  Chronicle  inlbrms  us,  that 
the  amount  of  duties  at  iliat  port,  for  (be  quar- 
ter ending  April  1,  1831,  is  estimated  at  one 
million  of  dollars  ;  being  an  excess  over  the 
corresponding  quaiter  of  1830,  of  $500000. 
The  duties  for  the  prexent  month,  up  to  the 
27th,  amount  to  about  $600,000. 

The  same  paper  adds,  that  preparations  are 
making  to  build  extensively,  and  the  prc.s. 
pect  is,  that  mechanics'  as  well  as  every  other 
kind  of  business,  will  be  in  active  and  profita- 
ble operation. 

The  Boston  Patriot  says — Some  persons 
dressed  as  Indians,  on  Saturday  night,  went 
upon  South  Boston  Bridge,  broke  the  chains, 
letdown  the  draws  and  made  the  bridge  pas- 
sable The  bridge  bad  been  barricadoed  by 
vote  of  the  proprietors,  who  did  not  I'ke  to 
keep  the  bridge  in  repair  and  accommodate 
the  public  at  their  corporate  expense. 

METEOROLOGICAL,   TABLE* 

for  the  week  ending  April  30,  1831 . 


«     2- 

a 

a 

P 

f  "2| 

h\a  e 

£ 

u 

(J 

B 

all 

56129,35 

VI 

44  29,30 

to 

1 

?2l29,25 

w 

1 

44129.30 

n 

I 

54 129.50    w 

] 

46129,54     n 

1 

56  29,65     » 

1 

40  29,55 1    n 

i 

54 129,46'    n 

1 

40*29,40  1   n 

1 

i 

i 

42|29,18|    n 

1 

i 

441 29,15  n» 

1 

i 

52  29,1    1  na 

1 

i 

46' 29.20 

n  w 

1 

1 

Observation? 


white  frost 


2*10  inch 
1-10  hick 


J3°TAe  Barometrical  and  Thcrmometrical  ohser^a- 
lions  arc  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P.  M.,tehttfi 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  fur  the  pvrpost, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 

TO  OUR  FRIENDS  IN  THE  "WEST, 

On  the  banks  of  the  Canal,  in  and  about  Albany/. 

Twelve  years  ago,  there  came  forth  a  host  of  Seeds- 
men, with  Cobbett  at  their  bead,  speaking  great  swell* 
iug  words — they  promised  mur.h — they  performed  noth- 
ing. From  a  pijntiag  of  fifteen  dollars,  the  present  state 
of  one  establishment  will  show  what  good  seeds,  goou 
soil,  and  good  cultivation  will  produce. 

For  the  accommodation  of  our  customers  as  above,  we 
intend,  'ootbiug  extra  preventing)  to  open  a  Seed,  Plant 
and  Flower  Root  Store,  at  No  347  North  Market  street^ 
on  the  6ih  day  of  April  next,  opposite  the  building  into 
which  the  post  office  is  to  be  removed  on  or  before  the 
1st  of  May,  witbin  a  few  doors  of  the  Museum,  and  within 
pistol  shot  of  the  five  banks.  The  business  in  Albany  will 
be  conducted  by  one  of  uiy  sons,  and  the  store  supplied 
wiibthe  same  goods,  and  at  the  same  prices  at  which  we 
sell  in.  New  York.  As  we  derive  our  supplies  more  or 
less  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  we  think  it  will  be 
a  facility  to  the  agriculturist,  as  well  as  profitable  to 
the  concerned.  IftheytDiH  keep  pace  with  the  ability, 
and  Providence  smiles  on  the  undertaking,!  tee  nothing 
to  prevent  its  arriving  in  a  few  years  <o  the  same  exten- 
sive footing  in  Albany  as  the  mother  store  in  New  York  : 
for,  while  the  rich  in  our  city  purchase  the  fiVwers  and 
the  blossoms, and  the  rivers  and  the  '>cean  carry  our  seeds 
to  every  clime,  so  in  Albany  the  taste  wants  only  food, 
and  riches  are  already  there  in  abundance  :  wbile  the 
caual  conveys  the  seeds  to  the  hake  Superior,  the  great 
Western  Road  will  transport  iheni  lar  towards  the  set- 
ting sun-  Nothing  that  guod  seeds  and  attention  tobus- 
inesB  can  perform,  will  be  wanting  on  our  part  to  meet 
the  public  expectation 

ap  16  31  G.  THORBURN  and  SONS. 

SEED  STORE. 

THE  subscribers,  in  connexion  with  Mr.  N.  Goodecll, 
Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  have  madofarrangemenle 
to  supply  this  village  and  the  surrounding  country  with 
every  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Flower 
Seeds,  together  with  Fruit  and  Shade  Trees.Grape  Roots, 
Flower  Pots,  Garden  Tools,  etc.  Orders  will  be  recei- 
ved  for  Trees  and  other  articles,  from  the  following  Ku  r- 
series  and  Seed  Stores  :— Trince's.  and  Farmentier'e 
Long  Island;  Floy's,  Wilson's,  Thorburn's,  and  A, 
Smith  and  Co.'s,  New  York  ;  Buel's,  Albany;  and  Lan- 
dreth's,  Philadelphia.  Orders  which  are  lift  previous 
to  the  1st  of  April,  will  be  filled  as  soon  as  the  canal  o- 
pens.  As  the  subscribers  intend  gradually  io  establish 
an  extensive  Seed  Store,  they  tiust  that  the  friends  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture  in  this  vicinity,  will  render 
them  all  the  facilities  and  encouragements  in  iheir  power 

A  NURSERY,  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Goodsell,  is 
now  in  progress,  from  which  many  first- rale  Trees  anA 
Grape  Viaes  may  be  selected  for  this  spring's  transplant 
ing,  um  13  ROSS1TER  and  KNOX. 


144 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


May  7,  1831. 


£,ETTEIIS   FROM   EUROPE. 

LETTER  IV. 

Porie,  Jan.  2d,  1830. 

My  dear  H Normandy  is  the  garden  of 

France,  and  Rouen  is  its  capital.  This  is  an 
ancipnt  town,  having  been  of  some  note  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans,  and  it  is  now  important, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  number  of  inhabit- 
ants, (being  about  equal  to  Philadelphia,)  but 
principally  for  its  manufactures  and  trade. — 
To  mvself  personally,  however,  1  confess  it 
•wa6  chiefly  interesting  from  its  associations. 
The  Palace  of  Justice,  as  it  is  now  called,  was 
once  the  Palace  of  William  the  Conqueror. and 
is  now  used  exclusively  for  the  courts  of  civil 
and  criminal  law.  The  principal  court  room 
was  the  saloon  of  the  Prince,  and  the  old  oak 
ceiling,  curiously  cat  ved  in  crowns  and  pine 
apples  and  beautifully  bronzed,  remains  in  the 
very  condition  in  which  he  left  it,  and  in  per- 
fect preservation.  A  small  room,  to  which  the 
judges  retire  10  consult  together  on  the  fate  of 
the  condemned  criminal,  just  before  putting 
an  the  black  cap  for  pronouncing  sentence, 
was  thv  private  bureau  of  the  Duke,  and  often 
used  by  him  for  purposes  not  very  dissimilar. 
The  entire  preservation  of  the  chief  ornaments 
of  these  rooms,  at  this  distance  of  time,  struck 
me  with  great  force,  when  I  reflected  on  the 
mighty  changes  which  have  since  taken  place 
in  the  world  The  chapel  belonging  to  the 
palace,  which  is  very  large,  is  at  present  a  sort 
of  lounging  hall  for  the  citizens  of  Rouen.— 
Nothirg  now  remains  of  the  saints  which  rest- 
ed in  marble  around  tlio  altar  and  walls  of  the 
chapel,  except  the  niches  where  ihey  stood. — 
The  "Id  clock,  out  of  time  and  tune,  still  how- 
ever, retains  its  position,  though  in  venerable 
ruins.  It  points  now,  but  to  an  hour  long,  long 
past.  There  are  probably  no  better  displays 
of  the  rich  carvings  in  stone,  and  the  brilliant 
stained  glass  windows  of  the  olden  time,  than 
are  to  bo  seen  in  the  Cathedral  of  Rouen  and 
the  old  Abbey  of  Saint  Ouen.  Those  are  made 
to  commemurate  a  great  variety  of  scenes  and 
events,  both  in  history  and  in  allegory.  One 
cannot  but  be  struck  with  a  kind  of  awe  at  the 
grandeur  and  magnificence  of  these  venerable 
piles.  But  what  most  attracted  my  individual 
attention,  was  the  monuments  they  contain  — 
The  visitor  is  introduced  to  some  remarkable 
personages.  Old  Rollo,  and  Bobert  of  Nor 
inanely,  with  others,  are  presented  in  marble  ; 
the  latter,  though  reclining  on  his  tomb,  is  in 
full  life  and  vigour,  and  seems  absorbed  in 
thought.  The  remains  of  William  Long-sword, 
with  a  "  Hie  positus  osl,"  and  ihe  heart  of 
Richard  Coeur  de  lion,  are  buriod  beneath  the 
altar  of  the  Cathedral.  In  one  of  the  walls, 
which  are  of  incredible  thickness,  is  tho  sculp- 
tured body,  as  large  as  life,  of  one  of  the  Arch 
ishops  of  Rouen.  In  a  fit  of  frenzy  he  mur- 
dered one  of  his  slaves,  »nd  he  was  buried  in 
the  excavated  wall,  as  being  unfit  from  his 
crimes  to  rest  within  the  church,  and  yet  toe 
sacred  to  be  buried  out  of  it. 

Adjoining  the  Abbe}  is  the  Monastery  of  St 
Ouen,  which  has  been  repaired  and  moderniz- 
ed, and  is  now  the  Hotel  de  Villc,  or  the  Citv 
Hall  of  the  place.  Attached  to  it  is  Ihe  gar- 
den, nearly  in  the  same  state  in  which  it  was 
occupied  by  the  monks.  The  priests  had  once 
the  entire  possession  of  Rouen,  and  their  chur- 
ches and  chapels,  built  at  the  expense  of  a 
deluded  people,  to  gratify  their  lust  of  magnif- 
icence and  to  form  depots  for  heir  extoited, 
ill-gotten  and  overgrown  wealth,  lined  every 
street,  and  place,  and  lane  in  tho  city  Before 
the  French  Revolution  of  the  last  century 
closed,  these  leeches  were  forcod  to  disgorge 
JMany  of  thoir  monasteries  and  other  religious 
houses  were  suppressed,  and  the  edifices  con- 
verted to  useful  secular  purposes,  so  that  there 
does  not  remain  in  Rouen  one  church  or  ehap- 
ol  at  the  present  day,  for  ten  which  stood  there 
in  1789,  and  yet  there  remain  enough  for  the 
leligious  wants  of  the  oommunity. 

You  may  be  sure  that  I  did  not  leave  Rouen 
without  paying  a  visit  to  the  raimumenlof  the 


too  celebrated  Joan  of  Ate,  erected  over  the 
spot  where  "  the  maid"  was  burned  by  order 
of  the  Duke  of  Iifdford.  On  one  side  of  the 
little  square  where  it  stands,  and  which  is  ap- 
propriately named  "  Place  de  la  Pucelle,"  is 
the  palace  of  Bedford  with  a  small  corridor  of 
beautiful  workmanship, from  a  window  of  which 
the  noble  Duke  looked  out  to  enjoy  tho  spec- 
tacle of  a  burning  heretic  ! 

Oft  be  residue  of  the  country  between  Havre 
and  Pnris,  lean  only  speak,  from    the  passing 
view  I  had  of  it    in  the  course  of  a  rapid  ride 
over  it       As  far  as  Rouen,  the  route,  except  to 
a  stranger  Uj  whom  eyery  thing  was  new    was 
not  particularly  interesting       Until   within  a 
few  miles  of  the  latter  place,  the   whole  coun- 
try  was  remarkably  level,   and   all   under  the 
most  perfect  cultivation.    Not  a  foot  of  ground 
is  suffered  to  be  lost  or  wasted      The  eye  nan- 
■ders  over  immense   fields,   often   without  any 
thing,  not  even  a  fence,  to  break  Ihe  uniform- 
ity.    In  the  season  of  vegetation  and  growth, 
these  fields  are  diversified  with  the  appearan- 
ces which  the  cultivation  of  the  various  crops 
'of  which  the  soil  is  susceptible  would  natural- 
ly present,  but  these  artificial  divisions  are  not 
as  with  us,  marked  with  fences      Sometimes  a 
i  ditch  is  made  to   serve  the  purpose  of  a  fence, 
i  but  for  the  roost  part,   it   is  onlv  the  dwelling 
houses,  with  their  court  and  inner  yards,  that 
|  are  walled  or  hedged  in.     For  miles  and  miles 
|in  extent,   the  mucadamized  or  paved  road  is 
apparently  made  through  the  open  and    uuen- 
j  closed  fields  of  the  country.     Tho  neat  man- 
sion, or  Ihe  splendid  chateau  of  tho  proprietor, 
may  occasionally  be  caught  by  the  eye  of  the 
traveller,  at  a  great  distance,   standing  in  a 
thick  copse  of  wood,  to  which  a  libeial  avenue, 
bordered  with  double  or  triple  rows   of  trees, 
conducts.     The  more  modest  dwellings  of  the 
tenants,  farmers,  and  small  proprietors,   gen- 
erally approach  more  nearly  the   great  high- 
way 

Between  Rouen  and  Pari9,  our  route  was  a- 
long  the  banks  of  the  Seine,  occasionally  chan- 
ging sides  of  that  beautiful  river.     This  route 
conducts  through  a  picturesque  and   interest- 
ing country.     '1  he  high   banks  of  the  Seine, 
receding  for  the  most  part  on  both  sides  to  a 
considerable  distance  from  the    river,  present 
on  thair  declivities  frequently,  a  curious  diver 
sily  of  chalky  cliff-,  and  beds  of  rich  earth  cul 
tivatod   like   a  garden.     1  saw  mote  than  one 
instance  in  which  one  of  these  beds,  apparent* 
!  ly  of  not  more  than  three  or  five  feet  in  width 
|  where  there  happened  to  be  a  sufficient  cover- 
ling  of  earth,  would   run    up   from  the  base    to 
|  the  very  summit  of  the  steep  lull  side, or  moun- 
tain, presenting  a  very  singular  contrast,  even 
at  this  season,  of  green  vegetation   with  the 
bare  white  rocks  which  bordered  it  on  eithet 
side.     This  is  the  way  in  which  "every  rood 
of  ground  maintains  its  man." 

In  all  this  route,  there  was  not,  of  course, 
wanting  the  usual  vaneiy  of  ancient  towns 
and  villages,  time-worn  abbeys  and  monaste- 
ries, and  spacious  mansions  and  chateaus. — 
Near  Mantes  we  passed  the  Castle  of  Rosnv, 
once  the  residence  of  the  great  Sully.  Lately 
it  was  the  prooerty  of  the  Dutchess  of  Bern, 
and  formed  one  of  the  moderate  number  of 
twenty-seven  baronial  castles  which  the  lute 
reigning  family  possessed  in  France,  while 
they  had  the  power  to  Ihrust  their  hands  into 
the  pockets  of  thirty  millions  of  people  for  the 
means  to  sustain  them  in  tho  current  expenses 
of  their  living 

Tho  character  of  the  Normans,  thro'  whose 
country  I  have  passed,  is  very  marked  and  pe- 
culiar They  are  shrewd  and  intelligent;  ra- 
iher  grave  and  given  to  taciturnity  on  general 
topics  ;  curiously  inquisitive  in  a  sly  way,  and 
oautiously  reserved  when  tho  conversation 
might  disclose  anything  relating  to  themselves 
which  they  may  imagine  their  interest  would 
require  them  to  conceal.  They  are  industrious 
and  fond  of  gain,  yet  generally  restraining 
themselves  within  the  bounds  of  honesty. — 
They  love  nothing  bolter  than  to  turn  a  penny 


in  the  way  of  barter.  Very  many  of  this  peo- 
ple, by  their  industry,  shrewdness  and  frugal- 
ity, have  risen  from  the  condition  of  poor  ten- 
anls  of  other  men's  lands, to  become  themselves 
proprietors  of  considerable  estates.  In  this 
hasly  sketch,  do  you  recognize  nothing  of  re- 
semblance to  a  singular  race  in  our  own  coun- 
try ?  You  and  I  are  both  Yankees  and  ought 
to  know.  In  short  the  Norman  character,like 
the  Yankee,  might  be  broadly  drawn  in  caric- 
ature, so  as  to  present  many  points  both  ludi- 
crous and  despicable;  but  look  at  it  as  it  is 
developed  in  the  practical  concerns  of  life,  and 
it  has  as  many,  nay  more,  points  to  be  admired 
and  loved.  Adieu.  B. 


MONTREAL    MARKET.    April  23. 

Sir — When  we  issued  our  printed  circular 
of  the  1st  ultimo,  we  did  not  anticipale  being 
called  upon  by  a  sense  of  duty  towards  out 
numerous  friends  and  customers,  so  soon  a- 
gain  !o  publish  another  ;  but  the  recent  suc- 
cession of  arrivals  from  Europe  at  New-York 
and  Quebec,  bringing  advices  down  to  the 
24th  ultimo,  having  (we  regret  to  say)  chang- 
ed the  prospects  for  ihe  woise,  as  regards 
some  of  the  principal  articles  of  export,  we 
feel  b-und  to  apprise  you  of  it  without  deiaj. 
ASHES — We  stated  in  our  circular  of 
the  1st  till.,  that  Ihe  quar.tity  on  hand  in  this- 
market  was  3485  bbls.  Pots  and  1500  Pearlf 
Received  from  1st  Man  h  to  1st  April 
270  bbls.  Pots  and  G24  do.  Pearls. 

Received  from  Isl  to  23d  April  477  bbl?, 
Pols  and  462  do.  Pearls. 

Slock  on  hand  this  day.  4232  bbis.  Pots  ami 
2766  Pearls. 

Our  latest  European  advices  are  discourag- 
ing in  the  extreme,  both  Pot  and  Pearl  hav- 
ing declined  many  shillings  per  cwt  and  tend- 
ing to  further  decline,  which  in  a  great  meas- 
ure was  owing  to  ihe  arrival  in  Ihe  English 
markets  of  a  number  of  shipments  of  New- 
York  ashes,  and  being  forced  off  at  auclion, 
the  effect  produced  here  is  what  might  natu- 
rall;  be  expecled,  a  tutal  want  of  confidence 
in  the  article,  and  therefore  an  almost  impos- 
sibility of  effecting  sales  at  prices  at  ail  sat- 
isfactory, and  indeed  until  many  more  vessels 
arrive,  and  ca'goes  are  immediately  wanted, 
we  can  scarcely  form  an  opinion  what  (be 
current  price  will  be  ;  some  have  been  forced" 
off  here  wilhin  a  day  or  (wo  a  30s  for  Pots, 
and  unless  our  next  Eurooean  news  is  more 
favorable  than  Ihe  last,  (and  which  can  scarce- 
ly be  expected.)  we  apprehend  thai  30s  or 
something  under  for  Pols,  and  32s  a  33s  for 
Pearls,  will  be  as  high  as  can    be  ohtained. 

GRAIN  AND  FLOUR  —The  very  high 
rates  to  wbich  these  articles  had  attained, 
causing  the  duty  to  decline  to  the  lowest  point, 
had  brought  from  undei  the  lock  immense 
supplies  of  bonded  grain  and  flout,  wbich  pro- 
duced a  decrease  in  price  and  demand  ;  con- 
siderable parcels  arriving  here  from  U.  Cana- 
da thus  early,  with  little  shipping  to  take  it  off, 
we  are  obliged  to  moderate  our  expectations 
a  little,  still  we  have  great  confidence  in  ear- 
ly shipment-  doing  well,  and  if  war  takes 
place,  (of  which  il  appears  to  us  there  can  be 
little  doubt)  we  shall  expect  to  see  our  most 
sanguine  anticipations  more  than  realized  ; — 
but  under  the  present  aspect  of  things.  U.  C. 
wheat  of  the  best  desjriptiuii  cannot  bo  quo- 
ted here  over  6s  Od  the  60lbs.  whereas,  a  feiv 
weeks  since,  some  parcels  were  contracted 
as  high  as  7s  9d  a  8s.  Canada  free  flour  ts 
generally  held  at  36s  3d  a  37s  6d,  but  we  be- 
lieve it  is  difficult  to  get  on  ivnh  sales,  at  -nort 
than  35s.  United  States  floor  in  bond  seems 
rather  neglected  for  the  moment. 

Yours,  Ac. 

HORATIO  GATES,  &  Qo, 


^^^r^^        ^^fc^^^^P  ^^^9^^P   ^^W^^^^^  ^V^v^V  ^^^^^^^^ 


a 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  MAY  14,  1831. 


NUMBER    19. 


THE    GENESEE    FARMER 

AND    GARDENER'S    JOURNAL. 

Hovoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Domcctic  Kcodo 

my,  &c.  &c 

N.  GOODStLL.  EDITOR. 

Published  on  Saturdays,  at  $2  50  per  annum, 

payable  in  six  months,  or  at  $'i  00.  it  paid  at  the 

,'inie  of  subscribing,  by  LorHt  r  Tucker  &  Co 

at  the  office  of  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 


SELECTIONS. 


From  the  American  Farmer. 

BAKEWELL  SHEEP  AND  DEVON 
CATTLE. 

Philadelphia,  March  29,  1831. 
Mr.  Smith — Permit  me  to  make  a  few 
■  ibservations  on  the  subject  of  Bakewell  sheep 
and  Devonshire  cattle ;  if  yon  think  them 
worthy  a  place  in  your  useful  paper  for  the 
benefit  of  the, public,  you  are  at  liberty  to 
publish  them.  It  has  been  frequently  re- 
quested of  me,  verbally  and  also  by  letter, 
from  various  parts  of  the  United  States,  to 
give  my  candid  opinion  which  is  the  best 
sheep  and  cattle  for  the  American  farmer  to 
turn  his  attention  to.  I  have  for  a  number 
of  years  past  given  the  preference  to  Devon 
attle  and  Bakewell  sheep,  and  I  have  turn- 
ed my  attention  to  them  in  preference  to  all 
others;  and  I  still  am  convinced  they  are 
decidedly  the  best  breed  in  the  United  States. 
I  have  information  from  a  large  proportion 
of  the  best  judges  which  I  have  become  ac- 
quainted with,  for  the  two  last  fall  and  win- 
ter seasons  in  the  New- York  cattle  market, 
in  which  I  have  spent  about  four  months  in 
each  of  the  two  last  years,  in  making  sales  of 
fat  cattle  and  Bakewell  sheep  to  a  large  a- 
niount.  When  I  say  best  judges,  I  mean 
the  grazier,  drover, farmer  and  butcher ;  most 
of  them  have  come  to  the  conclusion  with 
myself,  that  they  are  the  breeds  which  prac- 
tical men  ought  to  turn  their  attention  to. 
The  New-York  cattle  market  is  supplied 
from  most  of  the  states  in  the  Union  ;  for 
instance,  Ohio  sends  annually  from  eighty 
to  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  fat  cat- 
'le,  Virginia  a  large  quantity,  Pennsylvania 
of  itself  in  the  four  months  which  1  attend- 
ed, upwards  of  one  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars, and  I  should  say  upwards  of  double  that 
amount  annually.  New-York,  New-Jersey, 
Massachusetts,  Vermont,  and  Rhode  Island, 
their  proportions  ;  not  uncommon  to  see  on 
a  market  day  upwards  of  fourteen  hundred 
head  of  cattle  of  different  breeds.  This  is 
the  place  for  judgment -and  observation  on 
the  various  kinds ;  you  might  stand  on  an 
elevated  platform  erected  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  butchers  and  graziers,and  view 
the  different  enclosures  provided  for  the 
purpose  of  offering  this  large  number  of  cat- 
tle for  sale,  and  easily  behold  the  beautiful 
dark  red  Devons,  and  point  them  out  from 
all  others;  there  is  something  peculiar  in 
their  color.  I  have  the  breed  from  black 
cows,  in  fact  nearly  all  colors,  and  the  calves 
of  half  and  three-quarter  blooded  are  gen- 
erally red.  I  do  not  remember  more  than 
about  four  full-blooded  ones  in  my  time  in 
this  country  being  fattened  for  the  market, 
but  a  vast  number  of  halves,  three-quarters, 
and  seven-eighths ;  the  four  I  have  refer- 
ence to,  the  two  fed  by  Mr.  Hurlbut,  Win- 
chester, Connecticut,  and  I  cannot  answer 
for  their  being  full-blooded,  my  information 


respecting  these  two  being  derived  from 
butchers  and  drovers.  For  further  informa- 
tion reference  might  be  had  to  your  paper. 
No.  02,  Vol.  12th.  I  fatted  a  heifer  four 
years  ago,  slaughtered  in  Philadelphia,  ad- 
mired for  her  beauty  and  fatness  ;  also  one 
fattened  by  Mr.  Thompson  of  Baltimore, 
which  excelled  all  for  weight,  agreeably  to 
sire  and  appearance  when  alive,  exceeding 
the  butcher's  judgment  in  weight  when 
slaughtered.  Their  good  quality  as  milkers 
are  highly  spoken  of;  my  own  experience 
is  not  sufficient  to  state  the  quantity  of  milk 
they  give  at  a  milking.  My  full-blood  calves 
have  always  been  suffered  to  run  with  the 
cows  until  they  generally  weaned  them- 
selves. But  surely  Mr.  Hurlbut  would  not 
keep  bad  milkers  to  make  an  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  pounds  of  cheese  annually 
for  Baltimore  market,  as  stated  in  your  pa- 
per, March  11,  No.  52,  Vol.  12.  But  I  will 
state  what  Mr.  Bloomfield,  a  gentleman  of 
unquestionable  veracity,  said  when  on  a  visit 
to  this  country,  and  at  my  house  in  Dela- 
ware, about  six  years  ago.  He  had  been 
living  under  Mr.  Coke,  Devonshire,  Eng. 
Being  his  principal  man  to  oversee  his  cat- 
tle, he  (Mr.B.)  stated,  for  several  weeks  pre- 
vious to  his  leaving  England,  he  had  made 
from  twenty  cows,  200  pounds  of  butter  per 
week — ten  pounds  for  each  cow,  and  I  feel 
assured  they  must  give  rich  milk,  for  the 
calves  are  always  remarkably  fat.  No  bet- 
ter proof  for  their  giving  good  milk.  Mr. 
Caleb  Churchman,  residing  near  Philadel- 
phia, a  considerable  drover  of  lean  stock, 
has  been  purchasing  from  the  farmers  called 
the  Holland  Company  settlers  in  the  state  of 
New- York.  He  (Mr.  C.)  told  me  about  two 
eeks  ago,  that  Devon  cattle  had  taken  the 
lead  in  preference  to  every  other  breed  in 
that  country.  I  returned  from  New- York 
on  the  22d  inst. ;  while  there  T  was  told  by 
the  most  respectable  butchers  and  drovers 
in  that  market,  that  the  two  steers  of  Mr. 
Hurlbut  weighed,  one  1528,  the  other  1488 
pounds  nett  beef,  and  were  allowed  by  all 
I  conversed  with,  to  be  the  best  pair  of  oxen 
ever  seen  in  that  city,  not  only  for  their 
weight  proportionably  to  their  size,  but  a 
beautiful  color,   small  bone,   and  very  fine, 

ich  beef. 
Thirty-seven  of  the  forty-three  Bakewell 

heep  I  made  mention  of  in  your  paper,  No. 
23,  Vol.  12,  were  slaughtered  last  week  in 
New-York,  and  allowed  by  good  judges  to 
be  the  best  ever  exhibited  in  that  city.  1 
sold  them  to  Mr.  John  Penen  for  12  1-2  cts. 
per  lb.,  and  the  thirty-seven  when  dressed, 
weight,  4,045  lbs.,  total  amount  g505,62  1-2, 
weighed  in  the  presence  of  a  number  of  res- 
pectable gentlemen.  When  it  is  considered 
that  twenty-one  of  these  sheep  were  but  one 
year  old  past,  fifteen  but  two  years  old  past, 
with  one  of  four  years  old  this  spring,  you 
will  be  ready  to  say  with  me,  that  this  breed 
of  sheep,  and  the  Devon  cattle,  are  worthy 
the  attention  of  the  American  grazier,  breed- 
ers, and  keepers  of  sheep,  in  preference  to 
all  others.  The  New-York  butchers  will 
tell  you  they  make  the  best  lambs  that  come 
to  that  market.  An  objection  has  frequent- 
ly been  made,  that  "they  make  the  mutton 
too  fat ;"  this  is  remedied  by  killing  them  at 
early  age.  If  the  Bakewell  can  be  made  to 
excel  the  common  sheep  in  weight  at  the  age 
of  one  year,  when  you  have  to  keep  the  com- 


mon sheep  four  years  to  bring  him  to  the 
same  weight,  surely  the  preference  should 
be  given  to  the  Bakewell.  Another  good 
quality,  they  have  always  been  considered  to 
carry  the  greatest  weight  of  flesh  to  a  smal- 
ler proportion  of  bone  than  any  other  sheep 
in  the  world.  I  feel  I  shall  be  tedious  with' 
my  subject  on  sheep  and  cattle  at  this  time  ; 
but  not  seeing  your  paper  of  the  18th  inst. 
till  I  had  prepared  the  above  to  be  forwarded 
to  you,  and  feeling  a  desire  to  give  a  more 
minute  statement  of  the  several  weights  ol 
my  thirty-seven  wethers  for  the  information 
of  our  Chester  county  friends,  and  Mr.  Fow 
of  Philadelphia,  their  several  weights  are  as 
follows  : 


1. 

130* 

11, 

157* 

21, 

110* 

31, 

89 

2, 

113* 

12, 

106* 

22, 

116* 

32, 

107 

0, 

132* 

13, 

107* 

23, 

116* 

33, 

99 

1, 

97 

14, 

108* 

24, 

100 

34, 

87 

5, 

120* 

15, 

103 

25, 

120* 

S5, 

88 

0, 

126* 

16, 

88 

26, 

100 

36, 

89 

', 

120* 

17, 

106* 

27, 

117* 

37, 

130 

8, 

105* 

18, 

81 

28, 

95 

9, 

98 

19, 

94 

29, 

138* 

C89 

0, 

132* 

20, 

92 

30, 

129* 

1,173  1,042  1,141 

Take  the  twenty-two  largest  weights  mar- 
ked thus,*  and  you  will  find  the  average  of 
each  sheep  is  upwarbs  of  30  lbs.  per  quarter. 
It  must  also  be  considered  they  were  killed 
on  Wednesday  morning,  which  was  the  case, 
and  not  weighed  till  the  Friday  afternoon 
following,  all  this  time  hanging  in  an  open 
shed,  with  their  plucks  taken  out  and  heads 
off,  exposed  to  a  drying  wind,  which  must 
have  made  the  weight  less,  for  each  sheep 
at  least  from  two  to  four  lbs.  than  it  would 
have  been  if  they  had  been  slaughtered, 
weighed  the  next  and  hung  up  in  a  cellar, 
which  is  the  general  method  adopted  in  Phil- 
adelphia and  Baltimore.  Again,  you  will 
see  they  were  not  weighed  by  half  pounds, 
but  by  good  weight  given  by  the  pound;  you 
will  be  inclined  to  conclude  with  myself, 
had  they  been  weighed  by  other  standards 
they  would  have  been  made  to  weigh  consid- 
erably more.  But  their  weight  is  sufficient 
to  excel  all  other  lots  of  sheep  of  the  same 
number  on  record  in  this  country,  being  all 
rai»ed  from  lambs  and  fatted  by  myself.  It 
has  been  admitted  by  a  number  of  English 
gentlemen  acquainted  with  the  feeding  dis- 
tricts in  England,  they  never  saw  a  greater 
display  of  fine  mutton  exhibited  at  any  one 
time ;  I  might  include  all  the  butchers  and 
drovers;  they  said  they  far  excelled  all  oth- 
ers ever  slaughtered  in  the  city  of  N.  York. 
Mr.  J.  Perren,  the  gentlemen  who  purchas- 
ed them,  was  of  the  opinion  they  carried  ten 
pounds  of  wool  each  ;  if  so,  their  skins  were 
worth  five  dollars  each.  The  weight  of  tin. 
loose  fat  I  neglected  to  obtain  ;  but  one  of 
their  cauls  was  weighed  at  the  time  of  their 
being  taken  out  of  the  sheep,  which  weighed 
twenty  pounds :  this  was  considered  a  great 
curiosity,  exceeding  all  they  had  ever  seen 
The  mode  of  feeding  these  sheep  was  noth- 
ing more  than  common,  running  with  others 
on  good  pasture  during  the  summer,  no  grain 
given  to  them  till  taken  to  the  sheep  yard 
about  the  1st  of  December :  their  food  prin- 
cipally the  ruta  baga  turnip,  and  good  up- 
land hay,  with  a  small  proportion  of  con; 
and  oats  per  day. 

Yours,  most  truly,  John  Barney 


140 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


May  14,  1831- 


From  Loudon's  Encycl  'pedis  of  Agnculiurp. 
XATURAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  HORSE. 

Concluded  from  page  142. 
The  British  varieties  of  saddle  horse  of 
more  inferior  description  are  very  numerous, 
as  colts,  galloways,  and  ponies.  Cobs  are  a 
tliick,  compact,  hackney  breed,  from  four- 
teen hands  to  fourteen  hands  two  inches  high, 
in  great  request  for  elderly  and  heavy  per- 
sons to  ride,  or  to  drive  in  low  phaetons,  k.c. 
Galloways  and  ponies  are  lately  in  much  re- 
quest also  for  low  chaises  ;  a  demand  which 
will  lead  to  a  cultivation  of  their  form  ;  the 
number  bred  requires  little  increase,  as  sev- 
eral waste  districts  or  moors  throughout  Eng- 
land are  already  appropriated  principally  to 
the  purpose  of  rearing  ponies. 

The  British  varieties  of  war  or  cavalry 
horse,  and  of  carriage  and  cart  horse,  are  con- 
sidered to  have  been  derived  from  the  Ger- 
man and  Flemish  breeds,  meliorated  by  ju- 
dicious culture.  Most  of  the  superior  vari- 
eties contain  a  mixture  of  Arabian  or  Span- 
ish blood.  Cavalry  horses  are  found  amongst 
the  larger  sort  of  hacknies ;  and  the  obser- 
vations made  in  the  late  wars,  sufficiently 
show  the  justice  of  the  selection.  Except 
in  a  few  unhappy  instances,  where  a  mista- 
ken admiration  of  the  Hulans  had  led  to  se- 
lecting them  too  light,  the  English  cavalry 
horse  possessed  a  decided  superiority  over 
the  best  French  horses  in  strength  and  ac- 
tivity, as  well  as  over  the  Germans,  whose 
horses,  on  the  other  hand,  by  their  bulk  and 
heavy  make,  were  incapable  of  seconding 
the  elforts  of  the  British  dragoons.  The 
coach,  chariot,  and  stage  horses  are  derived, 
many  of  them  from  the  Cleveland  bays,  fur- 
ther improved  by  a  mixture  of  blood.  Oth- 
ers are  bred  from  a  judicious  union  of  blood 
and  bone,  made  by  the  breeders  in  York- 
shire, Lincolnshire,  and  other  midland  coun- 
ties. 

The  varieties  of  draught  horse  were  origi- 
nally as  numerous  as  the  districts  from  whence 
they  were  bred, each  having  its  favorite  breed; 
but  since  the  intercourse  among  farmers  and 
breeders  has  been  greater,  those  in  common 
use  are  so  mixed  as  to  render  it  difficult  to 
determine  of  what  variety  they  partake  the 
most.  At  present,  the  principally  esteemed 
draught  horses  are  the  Suffolk  punch,  the 
Cleveland  bay,  the  black,  and  the  Lanark 
or  Clydesdale.  The  native  breeds  of  draught 
horses  of  England,  Scotland,  Wales,  and 
Ireland,   are  much  too  small  for  the  purpo- 


whence  they  were  originally  brought,  and  to 
the  persons  who  introduced  them,  (Culley  on 
Live  Stock,  p.  S2,  and  Marshal's  Economy 
oj  the  Midland  Comities,  vol.  i.  p.  306.) — 
Marshal,  under  too  confined  a  view,  and 
probably  prejudiced  against  the  breed  on  ac- 
count of  its  fancied  want  of  spirit,  as  well  as 
for  the  alleged  tendency  to  become  flat  and 
pommiced  in  the  feet,  is  most  unreasonably 
severe  on  it,  when  he  says,  "  the  breed  of 
grey  rats,  with  which  this  island  has  of  late 
years  been  overrun,  are  not  a  greater  pest 
in  it  than  the  breed  of  black  fen  horses ;  at 
least  while  cattle  remain  scarce  as  at  pres- 
ent, and  while  the  flesh  of  horses  remains 
to  be  rejected  as  an  article  of  human  food." 
(Marshal's  Yorkshire,  vol.  ii.  p.  164.)  The 
present  improved  sub-variety  of  this  breed 
is  said  to  have  taken  its  rise  in  six  Zealand 
mares,  sent  over  from  the  Hague  by  the  late 
Lord  Chesterfield,  during  his  embassy  at 
that  court. 

The  Cleveland  bays,  which  owe  some  of 
their  most  valuable  properties  to  crosses  with 
the  race  horse,  have  long  been  celebrated 
as  one  of  the  best  breeds  in  the  island  ;  but 
they  are  said  to  have  degenerated  of  late. — 
They  are  reared  to  a  great  extent  in  York- 
shire, the  farmers  of  which  county  are  re- 
markable for  their  knowledge  in  every  thing 
that  relates  to  this  species  of  live  stock.  Jn 
activity  and  hardiness,  these  horses,  perhaps, 
have  no  superior.  Some  capital  hunters 
have  been  produced  by  putting  full-bred 
stallions  to  ip»rcs  of  this  sort ;  but  the  chief 
object  latterly  has  been  to  breed  coach  hor- 
ses, and  such  as  have  sufficient  strength  for 
a  two-horse  plow.  Three  of  these  horses 
carry  a  ton  and  a  half  of  coals,  travelling 
sixty  miles  in  twenty-four  hours,  without  any 


repute  in   Scotland   and  the  north  of  Eng 
land  ;  and,  for  the  purposes  of  the  farmer, 
is  probably  equal  to  any  other  breed  in  Brit- 
ain.    Of  the  origin  of  this  race,  various  ac- 
counts have  been  given,   but  none  of  them 
so  clear,  or  so  well  authenticated  as  to  mer- 
it any  notice.     They   have   got  this   name, 
not  because  they   are    bred   only  in  Clydes- 
dale or  Lanarkshire,   for  the  same  descrip- 
tion of  horses   are  reared  hi  the  other  west- 
ern counties  of  Scotland,  and  all  over  that 
tract  which  lies  between  the  Clyde  and  the 
Forth,  but  because  the  principal  markets  at 
which   they    are   sold.    Lanark,   Camwath, 
Rutherglen  and    Glasgow,    are  situated   in 
[that  district,   where  they  are  also  preserved 
in  a  state  of  greater  purity  than  inmostoth- 
ler  parts.     They  are  rather   larger  than  the 
|  Suffolk  punches,  and  the  neck  is  somewhat 
longer;  their  color  is  black,  brown  or  grey, 
land  a  white  spot  on   the  face  is  esteemed  a 
mark  of  beauty.     The   breast  is  broad  ;  the 
shoulder  thick,   with  the  reaching  cartilagi- 
nous portion  of  the  blade-bone  nearly  as  high 
ias  the  withers,    and    not   so  much  thrown 
backwards  as  in  road  horses;  the  hoof  round 
I  and  usually  black,  with  wide  heels  ;  the  back 
I straight  and  broad,  but    not  too  long;  the 
bucks  visible,   but  not  prominent,   and   the 
j space  between  them  and  the  ribs  short;  the 
■tail  heavy,  and  well  haired  ;  the  thighs  meet- 
ling  each  other  so  near  as  to  leave  only  a 
small  groove  for  the  tail  to  rest  on.     One 
most  valuable  property  of  this  breed  is,  that 
they   are   remarkably  true  pullers,  a  restivr 
horse  being  rarely  found  among  them. 

The  Jf'elch  horse  bears  a  near  resemblance, 
in  point  of  size  and  hardiness,  to  the  best  of 
the  native  breed  of  the  highlands  of  Scot- 
anil,  and  other  hilly  countries  in  the  north 


other  rest  but  two  or  three  halts  upon  the  II  of  Europe. j    It  is  too  small  for  the  present 
road:  and  frequently  perform  litis  labor  four!, two-horse  ploughs;  but  few  horses  are  equal 


times  a-week. 

The  Suffolk  punch  is  a  very  useful  ani- 
mal for  rural  labor,  and  is  particularly  es- 
teemed by  the  farmers  of  Norfolk,  Suffolk, 
and  Essex,  but  the  merit  of  this  breed  seems 
to  consist  more  in  constitutional  hardiness 
than  in  any  apparent  superiority  of  shape. — 
"  Their  color  is  mostly  yellowish  or  sorrel, 
w  ith  a  white  ratch  or  blaze  on  their  faces ; 
the  head  large,  ears  wide,  muzzle  coarse, 
fore-end  low^  back  long,  sometimes,  but  al- 
ways very  straight,  sides  flat,  shoulders  too 
far  forward,  hind-quarters  middling,  but  ra- 
ther high   about   the   hips,  legs  round  and 


ses  of  agricultural  draught  as  now  conduct- 1  short  in  the  posterns,  deep-bellied,  and   full 


ed  ;  but  by  cultivation,  the  improved  breed 
pointed  out,  have  furnished  such  animals  as 
are  equal  to  every  thing  required  of  them. 

The  black  horse,  hied  in  the  midland  coun- 
ties of  England,   is  a  noble  and  useful  ani- 
mal;  and  furnishes  those  grand  teams  we 
.see  in  the  coal,  flour,  and  other  heavy  carts 
and  wagons  about  London  ;  where   the  im- 
mense weight   of  the   animal's  body  assists 
his  accompanying  strength  to  move  the  hea- 
viest loads.     But  the  present  system  of  farm- 
ing requires  horses  of  less  bulk  and  mote  ac- 
tivity for  the   usual    agricultural    purposes 
better  adapted  for  travelling,   and  more  ca-1 
pable   of  enduring    fatigue  ;    consequently 
this  breed  is  seldom  seen   in  the  improved 
farms.     The  black  cart  horse  is  understood 
to  have  been  formed,  or  at  least  to  have  been| 
brought   to    its   present   state,   by  means  of 
stallions  and  mares  imported  from  the  low 
countries;  though  there  appears  to  be  some 
difference  in  the   accounts  that  have  been! 
preserved,    in    regard   to   the   places   from 


in  the  flank.  Here,  perhaps,  lies  much  of 
the  merit  of  these  horses ;  for  we  know,  from 
observation  and  experience,  that  all  deep- 
bellied  horses  carry  their  food  long,  and  con- 
sequently are  enabled  to  stand  longer  and 
harder  days'  works.  However,  certain  it  is, 
that  these  horses  do  perform  surprising  days' 
works.  It  is  well  known,  that  the  Suffolk 
and  Norfolk  farmers  plow  more  land  in  a 
day  than  any  other  people  in  the  island  ;  and 
these  are  the  kind  of  horses  every  where  us- 
ed in  those  districts."  (Culley  on  Live  Stock, 
p.  27.)  Since  Culley's  time  much  pains  have 
been  taken  to  improve  this  useful  breed,  and 
to  render  them,  by  cultivation,  fitted  not  on- 
ly for  heavy  but  for  light  work.  So  great 
has  been  the  estimation  of  this  breed  in  Ire- 
land, that  Beresford  of  — — ,  procured  from 
Suffolk  a  cart  stallion,  for  which  he  gave  a 
hundred  guineas;  and  which  he  allowed  to 
cover  all  the  Suffolk  mares  brought  to  him 
gratis. 

The  Clydestiale  /torse  ha?  been  long  in  high 


to  them  for  enduring  fatigue  on  the  road. — 
|"I  well  remember,"  says  Culley,  "one  that 
1 1  rode  for  many  years,  which,  to  the  last, 
i  would  have  gone  upon  a  pavement  by  choice, 
in  preference  to  a  softer  road."  (Observa- 
tions on  Live  Stock,  p.  35.) 

The  galloway,  so  called  from  its  being 
found  chiefly  in  that  province  of  Scotland, 
|  has  now  become  very  rare  ;  it  is  a  little  horse, 
of  much  the  same  size  as  the  former,  or  ra- 
ther larger  ;  the  breed  having  been  neglect- 
ed from  its  unfitness  for  the  present  labors 
of  agriculture.  The  true  galloways  are  said 
to  resemble  the  Spanish  horses ;  and  there 
is  a  tradition,  that  some  of  the  latter,  that 
had  escaped  from  one  of  the  vessels  of  the 
Armada,  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Galloway, 
were  allowed  to  intermix  with  the  native 
race.  Such  of  this  breed  as  have  been  pre- 
served in  any  degree  of  purity,  are  of  a  light 
bay  or  brown  color,  with  black  legs,  and  are 
easily  distinguished  by  the  smallness  of  then 
head  and  neck,  and  the  clearness  of  their 
bone. 

The  still  smaller  horses  of  the  Highlands 
and  isles  of  Scotland  arc  distinguished  from 
the  larger  breeds  by  the  several  appellations 
of  ponies,  shelties,  and  in  Gaelic  of  garrons 
or  gearrons.  They  are  reared  in  great  num- 
bers in  the  Hebrides,  or  western  isles,  where 
they  are  found  in  the  greatest  purity.  Dif- 
ferent varieties  of  the  same  race  are  spread 
over  all  the  Highland  district,  and  the  north- 
ern isles.  This  ancient  breed  is  supposed 
to  have  been  introduced  into  Scotland  from 
Scandinavia,  when  the  Norwegians  and 
Danes  first  obtained  a  footing  in  these  parts. 
"  It  is  precisely  the  same  breed  that  subsi«rj 


Vol  1.— No.  19. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL, 


147 


tt  ptesent  in  Norway,  the  Feroe  Isles,  and 
Iceland,  and  is  totally  distinct  from  every 
thing  of  horse  kind  on  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, south  of  the  Baltic.  In  confirmation 
of  this,  there  is  one  peculiar  variety  of  the 
horse  in  the  Highlands,  that  deserves  to  be 
noticed  :  it  is  there  called  the  eel-backed 
horse.  He  is  of  different  colors,  light  bay, 
dun,  and  sometimes  cream  colored  ;  but  has 
a  blackish  list  that  runs  along  the  ridge  of 
the  back,  from  the  shoulder  to  the  rump, 
which  has  a  resemblance  to  an  eel  stretched 
out.  This  very  singular  character  subsists 
also  in  many  of  the  horses  of  Norway,  and 
is  no  where  else  known."  (Walker's  He- 
brides, vol.  ii.  p.  158.)  "The  Highland 
horse  is  sometimes  only  nine,  and  seldom 
twelve  hands  high,  excepting  in  some  of  the 
southern  of  the  Hebrides,  where  the  size  has 
been  raised  to  thirteen  or  fourteen  hands  by 
selection  and  better  feeding.  The  best  of 
this  breed  are  handsomely  shaped,  have 
small  legs,  large  manes,  little  neat  heads.and] 
are  extremely  active  and  hardy.  The  com-j 
raon  colors  are  grey,  bay,  and  black  ;  the  j 
last  is  the  favorite  one."  (General  Report 
of  Scotland,  vol.  iii.  p.  176.) 


1 


FiQtn  tho  New  England  Farmer. 

SPAYED  COWS. 
Mb..  Fessenden  : — Some  years  since, 
passed  the  summer  at  Natchez,  and  put  up 
at  the  hotel  then  kept  by  Mr.  Thomas  Winn. 
During  the  time  that  I  was  there,  I  noticed 
two  remarkably  fine  cows,  which  were  kept 
constantly  in  the  stable,  the  servant  who  had 
charge  of  the  horses,  feeding  them  regular- 
ly three  times  a  day,  with  green  Guinea  grass, 
cut  with  a  sickle. 

These  cows  had  so  often  attracted  my  at- 
tention, on  account  of  the  great  beauty  of 
their  form  and  deep  red  color,  the  large  size 
of  their   bags,   and  the  high  condition  in 
which  they  were  kept,   that  I  was  at  length 
induced  to  ask  Mr.  Winn  to   what  breed  of 
cattle  they   belonged,   and    his  reasons  for 
keeping  them    constantly   in  the  stable,  in 
preference  to  allowing  them   to  run  in  the 
pasture,  where  they  could  enjoy  the  benefit 
of  air  and  exercise,   and  at  the  same  time 
crop  their  own   food   and   thereby  save  the 
labor  and   trouble  of  feeding   them?     Mr. 
Winn,    in  reply  to  these   enquiries,    stated 
that  the  two  cows  which  I  so  much  admired 
were  of  the  common  stock  of  the   country, 
and  he  believed  of  Spanish  origin — but  that 
they  were  both  spayed  cows,   and  that  they 
had  given  milk  either  two  or  three  years. — 
Considering  this  a  phenomenon  (if  not  in 
nature,  at  least  in  art,)  I  made  further  in- 
quiries of  Mr.  Winn,  who  politely  entered 
into  a  very  intereresting  detail,  communica- 
ting facts,  which  were  as   extraordinary  as 
they  were  novel  to  me,  and  supposing  that 
they  will  prove  equally  as  interesting  to  your 
numerous  agricultural  readers,  as  they  were 
to  tne,  I  am   induced,   on  the   request  of  a 
friend,  to  offer  them  for  publication  in  your 
very  valuable  journal,  in  the  hope  that  some 
of  the  farmers  who  supply  our  large  towns 
with   milk,   will   deem   them  of   sufficient 
importance,    to   make   experiments  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  the   results 
which  they  may  obtain,  will  corroborate  the 
facts  stated  by  Mr.  Winn,  and  which  should 
they  be  fully  confirmed,   may  lead  to  great 
and   important  benefits,  not  only  to  farmers 
but  to  tavern  keepers  and  inhabitants  of  ci- 
ties, and  villages  who  now  keep  cows,  in 


order  that  they  may  be  sure  of  a  constant 
supply  of  pure  and  unadulterated  milk. 

Mr.  Winn,  by  way  of  preface  observed, 
that  he  had  in  former  years  been  in  the  habit 
of  reading  the  English  Magazines  which 
contained  accounts  of  the  plowing  matches 
which  were  annually  held  in  some  of  the 
southern  counties  of  England,  performed 
by  cattle,  and  that  he  had  noticed  that  the 
prizes  were  generally  adjudged  to  the  plow- 
men who  worked  with  spayed  heifers — and 
although  there  was  no  connexion  between 
that  subject  and  the  facts  which  he  should 
state,  it  was  nevertheless  the  cause  w-hich 
first  directed  his  mind  into  that  train  of 
thought  and  reasoning,  which  resulted  in  the 
discovery  of  the  facts  which  he  detailed,  and 
which  I  will  relate  as  accurately  as  my  mem- 
ory will  enable  me  to  do  it  after  the  lapse  of 
more  than  twenty  years. 

Mr.  Winn's  frequent  reflections,  had  (he 
said,)  led  him  to  the  belief,  '  that  if  cows  were 
spayed  soon  after  calving  and  while  in  a  full 
flow  of  milk,  they  ivould  continue  to  give 
milk  for  many  years,  without  intermission  or 
any  dimunilion  of  quantity, except  what  ivould 
be  caused  by  a  change  from  green  to  dry  or 
less  succulent  food.'1 

To  test  this  hypothesis,  Mr.  Winn  caused 
a  very  good  cow,  then  in  full  milk,  to  be 
spayed  ;  the  operation  was  performed  about 
one  month  after  the  cow  had  produced  her 
third  calf;  it  was  not  attended  with  any  se- 
vere pain  or  much  or  long  continued  fever  ; 
the  cow  was  apparently  well  in  a  few  days, 
and  very  soon  yielded  her  usual  quantity  of 
milk,  and  continued  to  give  milk  freely  for 
several  years,  without  any  intermission,  or 
any  diminution  in  quantity,  except  when  the 
feed  was  scarce  and  dry — but  a  full  flow  of 
milk  always  returned  upon  the  return  of  a 
full  supply  of  green  food.  This  cow  ran  in 
the  Mississippi  low  grounds  or  swamp,  near 
to  Natchez,  got  cast  in  deep  mire  and  was 
found  dead.  Upon  her  death,  Mr.  Winn 
caused  a  second  cow  to  be  spayed  ;  the  op- 
eration was  entirely  successful,  the  cow  gave 
milk  constantly  for  several  years — but  in 
jumping  a  fence,  stuck  a  stake  in  her  bag 
that  inflicted  a  severe  wound,  which  obliged 
Mr.  Winn  to  kill  her.  Upon  this  second  loss, 
Mr.  Winn  had  two  other  cows  spayed,  and 
to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  injuries  from 
similar  causes  with  those  which  had  occa- 
sioned him  the  lo6s  of  the  two  first  spayed 
cows,  he  resolved  to  keep  them  always  in  the 
stable,  or  some  safe  inclosure,  and  to  supply 
them  regularly  with  green  food,  which  that 
climate,  throughout  the  greater  part,  if  not 
all  the  year,  enabled  him  to  procure. 

The  result  in  regard  to  the  two  last  spay- 
ed cows,  was,  as  in  the  case  of  the  two  first, 
entirely  satisfactory,  and  fully  established, 
as  Mr.  Winn  believed,  the  fact,  that  the 
spaying  of  cows,  while  in  full  milk,  will 
cause  them  to  continue  to  give  milk  during 
the  residue  of  their  lives,  or  until  prevented 
by  old  age. 

When  I  saw  the  two  last  spayed  cows,  it 
was,  I  believe,  during  the  third  year  that 
they  had  constantly  given  milk,  after  they 
were  spayed. 

The  character  of  Mr.  Winn,  (now  deceas- 
ed) was  highly  respectable,  and  the  most 
entire  confidence  could  be  reposed  in  the  fi- 
delity of  his  statements,  and  as  regarded  the 
facts  which  he  communicated  in  relation  to 
the  several  cows  which  he  had  spayed,  nu- 
merous persons  with  whom  I  became  ac- 
quainted, fully  confirmed  his  statements. 


At  the  time  to  which  I  alluded,  I  endeav- 
ored to  persuade  Mr.  Winn  to  communicate 
the  foregoing  facts  to  the  late  Judge  Peters, 
then  President  of  the  Agricultural  Society 
of  Pennsylvania.  But  he  was  restrained 
from  complying  with  my  request  by  an  ex- 
treme unwillingness  to  appear  before  the 
public,  and  peradventure,  his  discovery  might 
prove  not  to  be  new,  as  doubts  in  regard  to 
the  facts,  might,  where  he  was  unknown,  sub- 
ject him  to  some  degree  of  ridicule. 

The  many  and  great  advantages  that 
would  result  to  the  community  from  the  pos- 
session of  a  stock  of  cows  that  would  be  con- 
stant milkers,  are  too  obvious  to  require'an 
enumeration. 

Should  gentlemen  be  induced  from  this 
communication  to  make  experiments,  they 
will  find  it  better  to  spay  cows  which  have 
had  several  calves,  rather  than  heifers ;  as 
at  that  age,  their  bags  are  usually  large  and 
well  formed,  and  are  capable  of  carrying  a 
much  greater  quantity  of  milk  (without  pain 
and  inconvenience)  than  younger  animals. 

Keene,  N.  H.  April  1 ,  1831.       Vi  atok. 


ROUGE  PLANT  AND  GUACO  PLANT. 

Dr.  Hamilton  has  received  a  letter  from 
Mr.  D.  Fanning,  the  proprietor  of  the  Bo- 
tanic Garden  at  Caraccas,  including  some- 
rare  seeds  from  that  country,  among  which 
was  one,  a  Convolvulvus,  which  furnishes  a 
striking  example  of  the  great  power  of  veg- 
etation within  the  tropics,  as  Mr.  Fanning 
mentions  his  having  trained  it  5000  feet  in 
the  space  of  six  months.  Some  seeds  of 
most  beautiful  Crotalaria,  and  a  few  seeds 
of  the  Ravina  tinctoria,  or  rouge  plant, 
which  cannot  fail  to  come  into  high  repute 
among  the  fair  dames  of  fashion.  It  is  be- 
lieved by  the  secretary  to  be  a  nondescript 
species ;  and  he  has,  therefore,  given  it  tho 
provisional  name  of  tinctoria,  from  its  pecu- 
liar properties,  as  a  means  of  distinguishing 
it  till  an  opportunity  offers  of  determining  it 
botanically.  It  is  much  used  as  rouge  by 
the  ladies  of  Caraccas,  one  berry  being  suf- 
ficient for  the  service  of  the  toilet  at  one 
time.  It  possesses  two  qualities  which  will 
strongly  recommend  its  use  in  preference  to 
any  of  the  rouges  commonly  employed,  that 
of  not  injuring  the  natural  complexion,  and 
that  of  not  being  affected  or  obliterated  by 
perspiration,  while  its  color  equals  that  of 
the  finest  carmine.  From  the  account  giv- 
en by  Mr.  Fanning,  we  should  conceive  this 
fine  pigment  capable  of  being  usefully  em- 
ployed in  the  arts.  A  few  of  the  seeds  have 
been  given  to  Mr.  Pontey.  Dr.  Hamilton 
is  promised  a  supply  of  twelve  bottles  of  the 
juice  of  the  Guaco  plant,  so  celebrated  as  an 
antidote  to  the  poison  of  snakes,  and  an  in- 
fallible cure  for  gout,  rheumatism,  and  a 
multitude  of  other  distressing  maladies. — 
The  abundance  of  this  supply  will  enable  it 
to  be  tried  upon  a  large  scale.  It  may  be 
expected  by  the  first  vessel  from  Laguira 
that  touches  at  Cowes. — Plymouth  Journal, 

Sept.  16.  

Canal! — Sixty  one   boats   with  heavy 
cargoes   of    merchandize,    for    the    wesf, 
cleared  at  Albany  on  the  7th  of  May  ;  and 
the  sum  of  five  thousand  and  three  dollar, 
and  fifty  nine  cents  was  paid  on  them  for 

toll.     '  

History  informs  us  that  (be  siege  oi 
Canadiacost  the  Venetians  366,743  can 
non  balls;  48.119  bombs,  and  consume.* 
50,317  barrels. 


t48 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


May  14,  1831 


TBS  GENESEE  rARHiER 


SATURDAY,  M  \\  14,  1831 


POTATOES. 

We  are  convinced,  that  according  to  the 
real  value  of  1  his  crop  amongst  us,  there  is 
none  so  neglected  as  Potatoes.  According 
to  the  table  of  nutritive  matter  contained  in 
different  vegetables,  given  by  us  at  page  20t 
we  calculated  the  produce  of  an  acre  of  Po- 
tatoes at  12,500  lbs.  Now  every  farmer 
knows  that  to  be  far  below  the  actual  pro- 
duce of  an  acre  when  well  managed,  and  yet 
by  the  same  calculation  it  would  appear  that 
one  acre  of  Potatoes  afforded  as  much  nutri- 
tive matter  as  two  acres  of  Indian  corn,  cal- 
culated at  forty  bushels  per  acre,  or  as  three 
acres  of  wheat  at  twenty  bushels  per  acre. 
Tims  the  cultivation  of  Potatoes,  as  far  as 
regards  the  support  of  animal  life,  is  of 
greater  importance  than  that  of  Indian  corn 
or  wheat,  as  two  or  thiec  to  one.  Now  all 
these  crops  arc  raised  as  food  either  for  man 
or  beast,  and  the  one  that  will  produce  the 
greatest  profit,  of  course  is  the  one  which 
will  be  cultivated  by  economical  farmers. — 
In  order  to  make  a  comparison  of  the  profit 
of  these  different  crops, we  must  assume  some 
standard  price  for  the  produce,  allowing  the 
rent  of  land  to  be  the  same,  and  for  the  con- 
venience of  calculating  we  will  allow  the  ex- 
pense of  raising  each  crop  and  carrying  it  to 
market  to  be  equal.  We  will  assume  prices 
which  will  correspond  with  the  market  pri- 
ces of  this  village  for  the  last  season,  viz.: 
Potatoes  25  cents,  Corn  50,  and  Wheat  one 
dollar  per  bushel,  and  the  rate  of  produce  to 
be — Wheat  20  bushels,  Corn  40  bushels,  and 
Potatoes  250  per  acre.  The  amount  of  each 
acre  will  stand  thus: — Potatoes  gfi2  50, 
Wheat  g20,  Indian  Coin  #20 ;  making  the 
produce  of  one  acre  of  Potatoes  greater  than 
three  acres  of  either  of  the  other  crops. 

We  are  aware  that  many  will  say  that  this 
calculation  will  only  hold  good  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  large  towns  ;  to  which  we  reply, 
that  if  it  is  profitable  to  fatten  hogs  with  com, 
which  most  of  our  farmers  do,  then  it  must 
be  trebly  so  to  feed  them  with  Potatoes,  and 
the  pork  can  be  carried  to  market  at  the  same 
price.  Again,  it  may  be  said  that  wheat, 
when  raised  and  thrashed  out,  is  ready  for 
market.  This  we  grant;  but  calculate  this 
is  generally  fifteen  months  after  the  crop  was 
sown,  and  eighteen  months  after  the  prepar- 
atory labor  for  the  crop  was  commenced 
and  of  course  the  land  for  wheat  can  only 
produce  a  crop  once  in  two  years,  whereas 
for  corn  or  potatoes  one  crop  can  be  produ- 
ced annually.  As  for  the  situation  in  which 
land  is  left  after  taking  either  of  the  three 
crops  from  it,  no  one  will  hesitate  to  pro- 
nounce in  favor  of  that  which  produced  the 
Potatoes.  Much  has  been  said  in  favor  of 
turnip  husbandry,  but  as  we  are  convinced 
that  one  acre  of  Potatoes  is  equal  to  ten  acres 
of  tumip=,  we  --hall  never  trouble  our  readers 


much  with  that  subject,  unless  it  is  for  rais- 
ing them  for  the.  table. 

We  are  not  able  to  inform  our  readers  at 
what  precise  time  Potatoes  were  introduced 
into  the  gardens  in  what  is  now  the  United 
States,  but  the  following  extract  from  Lewis' 
history  of  Lynn  will  give  perhaps  as  correct 
ideas  as  to  the  time  and  size  of  the  tubers  at 
the  time  mentioned,  as  any  thing  that  can 
be  found  on  the  subject : — 

"  About  the  year  1718,  Potatoes  were  first 
introduced  into  Lynn.  A  man  received  two 
or  three,  which  he  planted  ;  and  when  he 
gathered  the  produce  a  few  of  them  were 
roasted  and  eaten  merely  for  curiosity;  the 
rest  were  put  into  the  shell  of  a  gourd,  and 
hung  up  in  the  cellar.  The  next  year  he 
planted  them  all,  and  had  enough  to  fill  a 
two  bushel  basket.  He  knew  not  what  to  do 
with  so  many,  and  gave  some  of  them  to  his 
neighbors.  Soon  after,  one  of  them  said  to 
him — '  Well,  I  have  found  that  Potatoes  are 
good  for  something.  I  had  some  of  them 
boiled,  and  ate  them  with  fish,  and  they  rel- 
ished very  well.'  It  was  several  years  after 
this  before  Potatoes  came  into  general  use, 
and  then  only  in  small  quantities." 

Dr.  Belknap,  in  his  History  of  Neiv- 
Hampshire,  states  that  the  first  Potatoes  ever 
raised  in  New-England,  grew  in  the  garden 
of  Nathaniel  Walker,  of  Andover,  in 
1719.  Fiomthe  agreement  of  these  records, 
we  may  suppose  that  that  was  about  the  time 
of  their  introduction,  and  they  are  described 
by  all  as  being  very  small — agreeing  with 
Lewis'  account  that  the  produce  of  several 
might  be  put  in  a  gourd  shell.  Every  per- 
son of  observation  has  noticed  the  great  im- 
provements that  have  been  made  with  this 
valuable  root  within  a  few  years,  both  in  size 
and  quality;  and  we  know  of  no  good  rea- 
son why  these  improvements  may  not  be 
continued,  if  proper  attention  is  paid  to  the 
introduction  of  new  kinds  from  seed.  The 
idea  that  Potatoes  run  out  or  die  by  old  age, 
we  conceive  to  be  incorrect,  as  we  attribute 
the  disappearance  of  old  varieties  to  the  in- 
troduction of  new  and  improved  ones  ;  and 
the  theory  that  the  tubers  will  become  mix- 
ed by  being  planted  together  in  hills.is  equal- 
ly unfounded,  as  it  is  only  by  the  mixture  of 
the  farina  or  pollen  of  the  blossoms  that  new 
varieties  are  produced. 

The  best  method  of  planting  Potatoes  for 
field  culture  is  in  drills,  as  the  produce  will 
be  from  one  quarter  to  one  third  greater  than 
when  planted  in  hills.and  the  expense  of  cul- 
tivating is  not  increased  ;  in  short,  we  think 
it  docs  not  require  as  much  labor  for  plant- 
ing and  hoeing  an  acre  in  drills  as  when 
they  are  in  hills,  as  the  trenching  and  cov- 
ering may  be  done  with  a  plow,  when  the 
ground  is  mellow,  as  perfectly  as  by  hand. 
After  the  ground  has  been  planted  sufficient 
time  for  the  sprouts  of  the  Potatoes  to  have 
nearly  reached  the  top  of  the  soil,  they  should 
be  harrowed  with  a  light  harrow  lengthwise 
of  the  rows  or  drills;  this  will  loosen  the  top 
of  the  soil  and  kill  all  the  weeds  as  effectual- 1 


ly  as  hand  hoeing,  and  a  man  with  a  pair  oi 
horses  may  dress  out  ten  acres  in  one  day — 
after  which  one  dressing  with  a  plow  will  be 
all  that  is  required.  But  where  land  is  full 
of  sods  and  grass,  we  would  recommend 
planting  in  drills  and  allowing  them  to  re- 
main unhoed  until  the  tops  are  at  least  six 
inches  high,  then  turn  in  sheep  and  allow 
them  to  remain  until  they  have  eaten  all  the 
grass  and  weeds  close,  which  they  will  do 
before  they  feed  upon  the  Potato  tops;  af- 
ter which  they  should  be  well  hilled  up  with 
the  plow,  and  the  hoeing  is  completed.  By 
either  of  the  above  methods  of  cultivation, 
an  acre  of  Potatoes  can  be  raised  with  les- 
labor  than  an  acre  of  corn. 

In  selecting  varieties  of  Potatoes  for  cul- 
tivation, regard  should  be  had  to  the  uses  to 
which  they  are  to  be  applied.  If  they  are 
designed  for  market  or  for  family  use,  the 
quality  should  be  considered  of  greater  con- 
sequence than  the  quantity  :  but  when  they 
are  for  feeding  of  stock, quantity  enters  large- 
ly into  the  calculation.  We  subjoin  a  list 
of  some  of  the  most  valuable  varieties  culti- 
vated in  this  section  of  country,  with  their 
common  or  local  names,  and  their  qualities 
which  recommend  them.  First,  we  will  se- 
lect a  few  kinds  for  the  table,  omitting  some 
of  the  early  frame  Potatoes,  which  we  con- 
sider rather  as  a  matter  of  curiosity  than 
profit,  as  we  consider  old  Potatoes  well  kept 
superior  to  any  of  the  small  early  ones  we 
have  ever  seen,  as  they  are  generally  watery 
and  insipid. 

The  Mercer  Potato. — This  is  one  of  our 
best  Potatoes  for  family  use.  It  was  first 
produced  by  a  Sir.  Gilkev,  in  Mercer  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  It  is  rather  long  and  flat 
in  shape,  with  many  eyes.  Its  color  is  white, 
tinged  with  a  pale  purple  on  the  tip  end, from 
which  circumstance  it  has  been  called  by 
some  the  blue  nose.  When  cut  in  two,  a 
circle  of  the  same  color  of  the  tip  end  is  dis- 
covered round  the  centre.  It  produces  very 
well,  and  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  kinds 
for  the  supply  of  the  kitchen  during  thf 
spring  months.  When  boiled,  it  is  white  and 
mealy  and  of  excellent  flavor.  It  has  been 
called  by  several  names, as  theNephannock5. 
Moshannocks,  Blue  Noses,  and  Chenango — 
all  meaning  the  same  Potato. 

The  Pink-Eye. — This  is  a  Potato  which 
was  lately  introduced  into  this  country  from 
Ireland.  In  shape  it  somewhat  resembles 
the  Mercer,  but  not  quite  as  long — perhaps 
might  be  called  kidney  shaped.  It  has  bin 
few  eyes,  which  are  not  deep,  but  are  sur- 
rounded with  a  delicate  pink  color.  The) 
are  very  smooth  on  the  skin,  and  aie  liked 
by  the  rooks  as  being  easy  to  clean.  In  this 
section  they  produce  tolerably  well,  and  ar- 
rive at  double  the  size  they  do  in  Ireland. 
but  we  do  not  think  thein  so  fine  in  qualit) 
as  in  that  country,  but  they  are  certainly  a 
lli  ^ t  rate  Potato  here. 

Tin  Sault  Sf.  Marie,  or  Black  Kidnr >/.— 


Vol  1. — No.  19. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


14M 


These  are  local  names  given  to  a  middle  si- 
zed Potato,  recently  introduced  into  this 
section  of  country  from  the  place  after  which 
we  have  named  it.  It  is  one  of  the  finest 
Potatoes  with  which  we  are  acquainted.  In 
shape  it  is  a  flattened  cone,  with  very  few 
eyes,  which  are  small  and  but  little  indented ; 
the  skin,  which  is  a  dark  purple,  becomes 
considerably  checked  and  rough,  from  which 
circumstance  we  have  been  led  to  conclude 
that  is  the  same  one  cultivated  near  Boston, 
called  there  the  Black  Rusty-Coat.  It  pro- 
duces well,  the  vines  continuing  green  until 
killed  by  frost.  Having  cultivated  more  than 
thirty  kinds  of  Potatoes,  we  recommend  the 
three  above  as  being  the  best  assortment  for 
the  table  that  is  grown  in  our  country.  For 
feeding  to  stock,  we  would  recommend  the 
Orange  Potato,  which  is  so  generally  known 
that  it  needs  no  description,  and  the  large 
round  flesh-colored,  which  bears  a  close  re- 
semblance to  the  former  except  in  color. — 
They  are  both  early  Potatoes,  and  we  think 
will  produce  more  than  any  other  kinds  with 
which  we  are  acquainted.  Either  of  these 
two  kinds  can  be  taken  off  the  ground  in  suf- 
ficient season  to  follow  them  with  a  crop  of 
wheat.  They  are  both  very  good  early  Po- 
tatoes for  the  table,  but  are  apt  to  become 
hollow  at  the  centre  when  kept  late. 


PEACH  GRUB. 

Our  valuable  and  intelligent  correspond- 
ent, Dr.  Spaflbrd,  in  our  17th  number,  has 
given  the  public  some  valuable  facts,  justi- 
fied by  his  own  experience ;  and  his  sug- 
gestions on  the  same  subject,  as  they  are 
on  all  others,  are  entitled  to  great  considera- 
tion. 

We  have  some  misgivings,  however,  on 
the  subject  of  his  application  to  expel  the 
peach  tree  grub  in  all  cases,  but  having  no 
experience  with  his  remedy,  we  beg  leave 
to  give  our  readers  what  facts,  pro  and  con, 
which  the  subject  recalls  to  memory,  without 
referring  to  any  direct  authorities  on  those 
points. 

Sir  George  McKenzie,  a  distinguished 
Scotch  Horticulturist,  gives  some  very  sat- 
isfactory results,  on  annointing  the  limbs  and 
bodies  of  trees  with  oils,  to  destroy  the  eggs 
and  pupa>  of  insects,  but  cautions  against 
touching  the  leaf  or  flower  buds,  in  any  case. 
He  further  states  that  the  only  trees  he  found 
injured  by  the  use  of  oils,  was  the  apricot 
and  cherry.  A  writer  in  the  Plough  Boy  for 
1823,  after  stating  the  troubles  he  had  met 
with  from  the  peach  grub,  says  that  he  found 
lamp  oil  effectual  in  expelling  them ;  but 
that  the  remedy  was  as  bad  as  the  disease, 
as  it  invariably  killed  his  trees. 

In  an  old  almanac  published  in  Hartford, 
Conn,  there  is  a  communication  which  states 
the  circumstance  ol  the  preservation  of  a 
single  tree,  among  a  great  number  that  were 
destroyed  by  the  grub,  by  the  accidental 
throwing  of  a  quantity  of  rags  about  the  root, 


which  had  been  used  to  absorb  some  lamp 
oil  which  had  been  spilled. 

If  oi!  does  not  prove  deleterious  to  the 
peach,  or  any  of  the  stone  fruits,  it  is  truly 
a  most  valuable  discovery  ;  as  it  is  of  easy 
application  and  within  the  reach  of  every 
one,  and  we  shall  not  fail  to  make  the  ex- 
periment, and  give  our  readers  the  result. 

We  are  disposed  to  think  that  the  apple 
tree  borer  and  the  peach  grub  are  of  two  dif- 
ferent species,  as  the  latter  only  wounds  the 
bark  to  cause  the  tree  to  gum ;  while  the 
former  perforates  the  solid  wood  in  every 
direction.  We  are  perfectly  aware,  that  the 
oils  are  bane  to  all  the  insect  tribe  and  their 
larva  ;  one  drop  of  which  will  instantly 
destroy  the  largest  of  the  species. 

We  would  suggest  the  use  of  thick  rancid 
oils,  which  have  lost  their  fluidity  or  had  In. 
dia  Rubber  dissolved  in  them,  or  turpertine 
from  the  pine  tree.  All  essential  oils  are 
repugnant  in  the  extreme  degree  to  the  whole 
insect  race. 

We  should  have  no  fears  of  using  any  of 
these  as  an  unguent,  to  simply  annoint,  or 
oil  the  tree  as  a  preventive  to  impregnation, 
in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  allow  it  to  reach 
the  roots. 

The  grub  is  often  so  encased  with  the  out- 
er bark  and  gum,  that  we  should  advise  the 
removal  of  the  earth  and  gum,  before  any 
application  could  be  profitably  made.       * 

FORMATION  OP  HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETIES. 

It  has  been  peculiarly  gratifying  to  us  to 
observe  the  excitement  which  has  prevailed 
in  this  county  since  the  last  autumn,  for  in 
troducing  choice  varieties  of  seeds  and  fruits 
amongst  our  farmers  and  Horticulturists 
One  year  ago  this  county  was  rather  desti- 
tute of  the  choice  varieties  of  Pears.Peaches, 
Plums,  Cherries  and  Grapes.  A  few  gentle 
men  had  furnished  their  gardens  with  trees 
and  shrubs  from  New-York,  but  these  were 
unknown  to  the  public,  and  the  names  of 
most  of  them  were  to  the  individuals  who 
possessed  them.  Since  that  time  there  has 
been  introduced  into  this  town  about  twen- 
ty new  kinds  of  Pears,  forty  of  Peaches,  fif- 
teen of  Plums,  and  fifty  of  Grapes.  These, 
in  addition  to  the  kinds  growing  before, make 
the  assortment  of  fruits  now  with  us  as  ex- 
tensive as  can  be  found  in  any  inland  part 
of  the  United  States.  These  varieties  have 
not  been  procured  to  be  locked  up  in  gardens, 
but  for  the  purpose  of  distributing  scions  to 
different  parts  of  the  county.  Perhaps  much 
of  this  spirit  of  improvement  has  been  ow- 
ing to  the  formation  of  an  Horticultural  So- 
ciety in  this  county  the  last  year,  by  which 
the  exertions  of  those  individuals  who  were 
disposed  to  make  them  for  their  own  comfort 
and  the  benefit  of  others,  were  systematized 
so  that  the  least  expense  might  produce  the 
greatest  good. 

By  the  formation  of  such  societies,  we  are 
convinced  that  lasting  benefits  will  result  to 


society  generally  ;  for  when  valuable  fruit- 
are  once  introduced  into  any  section  of  our 
country,  there  will  always  be  found  individ- 
uals who  will  continue  them,  who  perhaps 
would  never  made  exertions  for  their  intro- 
duction. Again,  the  organization  of  such 
societies  forms  rallying  points  for  the  con- 
centration of  information  on  such  subjects 
as  are  connected  with  them,  from  whirl 
each  individual  may  be  benefitted  by  the  u- 
nited  experience  and  exertions  of  the  whole. 
Another  advantage  expected  from  the  for- 
mation of  such  societies,  is  to  reduce  to  or- 
der the  confusion  which  now  exists  with  re- 
gard to  the  names  of  fruit.  At  present,  one 
kind  of  fruit  may  be  found  under  a  dozen 
different  names ;  and,  again,  a  dozen  kinds 
may  be  found  under  the  same  name.  This 
subjects  every  cultivator  to  serious  and  fre- 
quent disappointments.  The  yearly  exhi- 
bition and  comparison  of  fruits  will  be  very 
beneficial,  as  many  new  kinds  will  be  brought 
forward  which  have  been  raised  from  seeds 
in  this  district,  some  of  which  perhaps  will 
be  found  equal  if  not  superior  to  old  varie- 
ties— in  short,  several  such  have  been  dis- 
covered which  promise  to  be  of  importance 
to  the  Horticulturist. 

We  hope  many  of  the  adjoining  counties  will 
be  so  far  convinced  of  the  utility  of  our  society 
that  they  will  form  similar  ones,  until  our 
whole  country  will  be  furnished  with  the 
choicest  fruits  of  the  earth.  If  we  look  a- 
round  us  in  our  own  country,  we  find  that 
such  societies  have  almost  invariably  suc- 
ceeded; and  in  Europe  they  have  been  found 
so  useful,  that  the  good  men  of  every  nation 
have  honored  them  with  membership,  and 
that  neither  sectarian  nor  political  jealousies 
have  ever  affected  them.  Men  of  science 
have  patronized  them, and  philosophers  have 
allowed  that  the  contemplations  of  the  far- 
mer and  Horticulturist  are  more  elevated 
and  sublime  than  those  of  any  other  class  ot 
people,  their  vocations  tending  directly  to 
lead  the  mind  from  Nature's  works  to  Na- 
ture's God.  — — 

APHIS,  OR  PLANT  LOUSE, 
A  small  insect  which  infests  almost  every 
species  of  tree  or  plant  which  is  cultivated  ; 
and  in  many  cases  becomes  a  serious  hind- 
rance to  the  advancement  of  vegetation  and 
perfection  of  the  fruit — infesting  the  young 
and  tender  branches  and  the  under  side  oi 
the  leaves  :  without  eating  or  perforating  the 
leaves,  they  cause  them  to  curl,  dry  up,  and 
die.  By  some  process  they  destroy  the  func- 
tions of  the  leaf  which  operate  as  the  lungs 
do  in  the  animal  economy,  and  cause  a  sac 
charine  matter  to  exude  on  which  they  exist, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  but  their  depredations, 
under  some  particular  circumstances,  are  the 
cause  of  the  production  of  the  honey  dew 
The  small  Black  Ant  is  often  observed  verv 
busy  among  the  leaves  infested  with  Aphides, 
travelling  over  and  among  them  with  great 
eagerness  and  activity,  and  by  some  observ- 
ers it  was  thought  that  they  preyed  upon  then 


150 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


May  14,  1831 


young,  but  later  and  more  accurate  observa- 
tions have  short  n  that  they  protect  and  even 
act  as  nurses  to  them,  in  order  that  by  their 
operations,  they  shall  cause  the  production 
of  the  sweet  exudation  of  which  they  are  so 
fond. 

Great  quantities  of  flies  are  also  observed 
about  plants  and  trees  infested  by  the  Aphis, 
and  on  the  same  errand;  which  induces  us 
to  think  that  the  Aphis,  by  its  peculiar  ope- 
rations, causes  a  disease  in  the  leaf  whereby 
an  ichor  or  serum  is  thrown  out,  which  con- 
stitute not  only  theirs,  but  the  food  of  many 
other  insects. 

Almost  every  vegetable  has  its  own  par- 
ticular species  of  insect,  of  various  descrip- 
tion, colors  and  sizes,  on  most  of  which  their 
colors  are  green — on  the  cabbage  they  are 
white  or  grey,  on  the  cherry  jet  black,  on 
tanzy  red,  &c.  kc.  They  multiply  with  as- 
tonishing rapidity.  The  males  are  winged, 
and  the  females  without  wings.  The  female 
possesses  the  property  of  producing  her  young 
alive  in  a  perfect  state  during  summer,  and 
and  in  the  autumn  of  laying  eggs  for  the  pur- 
pose of  continuing  the  species  through  the 
winter ;  they  may  be  observed  at  the  joints 
of  brandies,  and  on  the  small  limbs,  of  the 
size  and  color  of  particles  of  black  sand  from 
the  sand  box.  The  male  in  autumn  attach- 
es itself  to  those  leaves  which  are  downy  on 
the  under  side,  where  it  passes  the  winter  in 
perfect  shape ;  while  the  female  contracts 
into  a  small  black  globule  full  of  a  soft  gran- 
ulated matter,  the  final  issue  and  destination 
of  which  has  not  as  yet  been  determined. 

In  green-houses  they  are  destroyed  by  to- 
bacco smoke,  and  it  has  even  been  applied 
to  out-standing  trees  and  shrubs,  by  means 
of  tents  or  coverings  of  cloth  ;  but  from  the 
expense  and  trouble,  cannot  in  common  ca- 
ses he  applied.  A  decoction  of  tobacco,  in- 
jected by  a  syringe,  or  even  a  boy's  common 
sfjuirt-trun  with  a  small  aperture,  or  lime- 
water,  or  soap  suds,  are  effectual  remedies. 
Tobacco  juice  is  the  most  efficient — destroy- 
in"  every  living  thing  but  man,  when  prop- 
erty applied,  and  doing  no  injury  either  to 
the  leaf,  root,  or  body  of  any  vegetable  sub- 
stance. Caterpillars,  worms,  grubs,  nor  flies, 
are  proof  against  it.  One  sixpenny  paper 
of  coarse  tobacco  will  make  liquor  enough 
to  depopulate  a  whole  territory  ef  these  nox- 
ious and  destructive  creatures. 


From  the  Hartford  [Conn.]  Mirror. 

THE  PEACH  TREE. 

From  a  desire  to  encourage  the  culture  of 
the  Peach  Tree,  we  offer  the  following  as 
Ihe  result  of  experiment  and  observation. 

It  is  generally  known  that  worms  near  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  destroy  them  by  eating 
the  bark  ;  the  object  is  therefore  to  find  a 
preventive  in  order  that  the  trees  may  be- 
come aged  in  a  healthy  state. 

It  ts  evident  that  these  worms  pass  through 
the  common  change,  and  assume  the  forms 
of  millers,  early  in  the  summer,  and  depos- 
itc  their  eggs  in  the  bark  as  low  as  they  can 


find  access  to  it,  and  that  the  worms  proceed- 
ing from  them  begin  to  operate  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer  when  they  have  beer 
found  the  size  of  a  common  pin.  If  suffer- 
ed to  remain,  they  grow  to  the  thickness  of 
a  rye  straw,  each  of  them  girdles  the  tree 
about  an  inch, and  the  wood  from  the  wounds 
to  the  heart  dies.  Hence  it  is,  that  a  single 
wound  impairs  the  vigor  of  the  tree,  and  a 
number  of  thein  kill  it.  The  point  to  be 
gained,  is  to  protect  the  tree  from  the  mil- 
lers, and  by  a  simple  method,  we  have  suc- 
ceeded for  several  years,  which  is  recom- 
mended with  full  confidence. 

About  the  first  of  May  remove  the  earth 
from  the  body  of  the  tree,  and  shift  it  to  the 
height  of  fifteen  or  sixteen   inches,   in  such 
manner  as  to  exclude  the  millers,  burying 
the  lower  part  of  it  in  the  earth  :  we   have 
used  straw  cut  to  the  length  and  about  half 
an  inch  in  thickness,  bound  on  with  twine. 
This  should   be   removed   about  the  first  of 
September,  as  we  have  sometimes  found  the 
young  worms  in  the  upper  part  of  the  straw, 
being  then  readily  discovered  on  the  surface 
of  the  bark,  covered  by  a  little  gum.      The 
process  should  be  commenced  when  the  tree 
is  young — they  have  been  found  in  a  rapid 
growth  the  first  fall  after  it  sprouted.     Thus 
a  few  minutes  in  a  year  devoted  to  a  tree, 
will  protect  it  against  this  cause  of  decay — 
a  very  trifling   expense  compared  with  the 
value  of  this  healthy  and  delicious  fruit. 
Jonathan  Brace, 
John  I.  Wells, 
Wm.  II.  Imlay. 
Hartford,  Conn.  Sept.  8,  1030. 
The  above  recommendation   is  from  per- 
sons of  the  first  respectability,  and  is  there- 
fore entitled  to  full  credit.     It  accords  with 
the  suggestions  made  by  us  a  few  days  since, 
and   is  predicated  on  the  same  ground — to 
fence  out,  or  raise  a  defence  against  the  at- 
tacks of  the  insect  laying   the  eggs.     We 
however  think  our  recommendation  of  using 
tan  bark    instead  of  earth,    the   preferable 
'course  :  it  is  easy  to  procure,  easy  to  remove 
for  examination,  and  no  insect  or  vegetable 
is  ever  found  to  live  in  it ;  it  acts  on  the  sur- 
face to  keep  the  ground  raoist  and  open,  and 
if  kept  around  the  tree  by  some  kind  of  box, 
it  mav  be  used  in  gardens  and  borders,  with- 
out being  blown  or  scattered  about.     It  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  that  the  collar  of  the 
root  should   be  laid  bare  a  few  days  and  a 
thorough   extermination  of  the  grub  made, 
before  using  either  earth  or  bark. 


niNTS  TO  FARMERS. 

Baron  Humboldt  says,  that  timber  should 
be  left  standing  on  the  tops  and  sides  of  hills, 
for  three  very  good  reasons  : 

1st.  Affording  a  shelter  during  high  winds. 

2d.  Affording  better  fuel  than  timber  from 
low  lands. 

3d.  Preserving  the  subterranean  water 
cuurses,  which  pursue  the  uneven  tenor  of 
their  way  up  the  steep  woodlands;  but  when 
the  sun  is  let  in,  the  parched  earth  drinks 
up.  retards,  and  finally  destroys  them. 

Xac  York  Post  Office.— From  the  first  of 
April  to  the  first  of  May,  forty-two  thousand 
ship  letters  have  been  received  at  the  Post 
Office,  in  that  city. 


ALBANT    HORTICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 

First  exhibition  of  the  Society  for  the  pres 
ent  year,  April  19,  1831. 

Judge  Buel  presented  .-3  bunches  pie  plant. 
Rheum  tartarum,  foliage  2  to  2  1-2  feet  in 
length. 

Spencer  Stafford,  1  fine  bunch  asparagus, 

Georg-e  Wilcox,  2  fine  bunches  radishes  ; 
2  heads  celery. 

D.  B.  Slingerland,  S  heads  celery,  and  a 
splendid  collection  of  flowers,  consisting  of 
a  variety  of  hyacinth,  narcissus,  jonquils, 
double  violets,  Persian  and  dwarf  violets. 

Thomas  Churnsides,  2  fine  bunches  rad 
ishes ;  1   fine  bunch  asparagus ;  2  bunches 
celery. 

Stated  premiums  were  awarded  Spencer 
Stafford,  George  Wilcox,  D.  B.  Slingei- 
Innd,  and  Thomas  Churnsides. 

Honorary    premium    to    Judge   Buel   foi 
rheum  taitnrnm. — Albany  Argus. 
Second  exhibition  of  the  Society, May  3, 1  S3 1 

6  fine  large  parsnips. 
12  fine  heads  Silecian  lettuce. 
1  fine  boquet  exotic  flowers,  from  the  gar- 
den of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  sen. 

7  heads  spinage. 
7  heads  lettuce. 
6  parsnips. 

1  bunch  25  heads  asparagus. 

2  dozen  large  rich  flavored  apples,  Swar, 
Newtown  Pippins  and  Spitzenbergs,  from 
the  garden  of  D.  B.  Slingerland. 

1  iarge  boquet,  consisting  of  a  great  varie 
ty  of  splendid  exotic  and  indigenous  flowers, 
from  the  garden  of  Jesse  Buel. 

1  fine  bunch,  25  heads  asparagus,  from 
the  garden  of  Spencer  Stafford. 

1  fine  bunch  radishes,  raised  in  the  open 
ground  from  the  garden  of  James  Wilson. 

Stated  premiums  were  awarded  to  Ste- 
phen Ven  Rensselaer,  sen.,  D.  B.  Slinger- 
land, Jesse  Buel,  and  Spencer  Stafford. — ib. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer — Observing 
that  a  portion  of  your  useful  paper  is  devo- 
ted to  the  language  of  Botany,  I  take  the 
liberty  to  make  a  few  remarks. 

The  specif  c  character  includes  only  sttclj 
features  of  a  plant  as  are  sufficient  to  dis 
tinguish  it  from  every  other  species  of  the 
same  genus.  The  specific  character  there- 
fore is  not  a  description  but  a  difference. — 
Of  a  genus  "  where  only  one  species  exist-, 
a  differentia  specif  ca  is  an  absurdity."* 

It  will  then  appear  that  where  there  are 
only  two  species  of  a  genus,  it  is  necessary 
only  to  mark  the  points  of  difference  be- 
tweeen  those  two  species;  and  their  specif- 
ic characters  therefore  cannot  agree  in  any 
point.  So  in  the  genus  f'angtiiera,  which 
has  only  two  species  : 

„  C  e dulis.  Slem  unarmed,  leaves  large,  ovate.  9t*tlkc<i 
'  \  itpinosa.  Slew  spiny,  leaves  small,  ne.irly  sestile- 

But  where  there  are  three  or  more  species 
in  a  genus,  the  specific  character  of  two  of 
those  species,  may  agree  in  several  particu- 
lars ;  but  these  particulars  must  differ  from 
some  other  species.  Thus  in  the  genus 
Burboniu,  which  has  many  species  : 

(.  trinervia.  Leavos  lanceolate,  three  nerretl.  ciuire. 


\  Itinceulttto.  Leaves  lanceolate,  many  nerred,  emir*. 
Here  by  omitting  those  parts    in  which  the 

*  Smith's  Grammar  of  Botany.  Alton  mi 
mark,  en  passcnit,  that  no  practical  notice  of  (his 
rule  is  found  in  Katon's  Manual  of  Botany.  The 
only  speries  of  a  sonu?,  tiicrc  appear*  to  have  a 
specific  character  like  other  plants.  See  \r] 
Cannabis,  Dioncea,  Dirca,  Frasera,  (ialax,  Hnmu 
his,  Hydrastis,  Mitchclla,  he.  Ike.  (.-■■ 


"Vol.  1.— TVo.    19 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


151 


species  agree,  the  student  sees  at  a  glance 
wherein  they  differ.  Or  if  we  take  from  the 
same  genus 

'  cordata.  Leaves  cordate,  many  nerved,  entire. 
"•  j  crcnata.  Loaves  cordate,  many  nerved, <oo(A  letted. 

the  difference  between  these  two  species  is 
equally  plain.     Again,  if  we  take 

r  lanceolata.  Leaves  lanceolate,  many  nerved,  entire. 
■**■  ^  eerdata.  Loaves  cordate,  many  nerved,  eniire, 

the  two  species  are  at  once  distinguished  by 
their  cordate,  and  lanceolate,  leaves. 

It  may  be  observed  that  the  specific  char- 
acters before  us,  are  rendered  much  clearer 
by  the  beautiful  simplicity  of  using  the  same 
terms  to  erpress  the  same  things.  Had  ihe 
language  been  varied,  according  to  the  prac- 
tice of  rhetoricians, the  student  would  scarce- 
ly be  certain  that  different  words,  so  near 
together,  could  mean  the  same  thing,  and 
his  ideas  would  be  vague  and  indistinct. — 
Of  this  bad  taste,  I  select  two  samples  from 
Eaton's  Manual  : 


Bignonia\ 


[  crungera.  Leave!  conjugate,  cirrosc    [ri(s" 
[  capreolata   Leaves  conjugate, bearing  tend- 
r7  <  virginieus  —  Spikelcts,  in  pairs- 

b(ymg*£  viiiolua.Spike\elB,gcmminate, 

A  specific  character  may  also  be  rendered 
less  perspicuous  and  less  convenient  by  a 
confused  arrangement  of  its  parts.  In  the 
same  book,  the  specific  character  of  Eriger- 
on  integrifolium  begins  thus :  "  Stem  sim- 
ple," U.c.  but  in  E-  compositum  the  stem  is 
placed  in  the  rear  of  seventeen  words,  and 
is  the  last  thing  mentioned.  This  want  of 
order  in  the  specific  characters,  occurs  in 
many  pages  of  that  valuable  work;  but  I 
observe  with  pleasure  that  exceptionable  va- 
riations in  the  language  are  not  numerous. 

Q. 

*  An  eminent  botanist  with    more   propriety  be- 
gins those  specific  characters  thus  : 
„■  .    C  crucigera.  Leaves  conjugate  cirrhose. 

tfig&oma^  Gapreoiata.  Loaves  conjugate,  cirrhose. 

Singular  Effects  of  Fear. 

The  following  facta  are  related  by  Mr. 
Young,  in  the  Edinburgh  Geographical 
Journal : 

A  blackbird  had  been  surprised  in  a  cage 
by  a  cat.  When  it  was  relieved,  it  was 
found  lying  on  its  back.  Its  feathers  fell 
off  and  were  renewed,  but  the  new  ones 
were  perfectly  white. — A  grey  linnet  hap- 
pened to  raise  its  feathers  at  a  man  who 
was  drunk  :  he  instantly  tore  the  creature 
from  its  cage,  and  plucked  off  all  its  feath- 
ers. The  poor  animal  survived  the  acci- 
dent, (the  outrage  we  would  rather  say) 
and  had  its  feathers  replaced,  but  they 
were  also  white. 

To  these  we  would  add  the  case  of  a 
gentleman  who  was  in  the  Lunatic  Asylum 
at  Glasgow,  a  few  years  ago,  who  had  his 
intellect  impaired,  and  his  hair  turned  sud- 
denly grey,  by  a  paroxism  of  fear. 


A  Blacksmith's  Study. — What  would 
the  reader  say  to  an  invitation  to  visit  the 
study  of  a  journeyman  blacksmith  ?  La- 
dies and  gentlemen  walk  in  ;  don't  be 
frightened  ;  blacksmiths  were  in  fashion 
before  dancing  masters,  and  steel  was  us- 
ed for  many  purposes  of  utility  previous 
to  the  invention  of  corsets.  In  one  of 
our  editorial  peregrination  we  took  some 
pains  to  call  on  a  subscriber  and  corres- 
pondent, whose  zeal  in  the  cause  had  pro- 
cured us    a  number  of  subscribers,  and 


whose  pithy  productions  in  our  columns 
had  drawn  the  attention  of  the  conductors 
of  some  of  the  first  literary  periodicals. 
On  arriving  at  the  village  inn,  we  inquired 
for  A.  B.  and  was  directed  to  a  black- 
smith's shop,  where  we  found  our  friend 
busily  engaged  at  his  usual  occupation. — 
Without  useless  apologies  or  ceremonies, 
he  politely  introduced  us  to  Iris  residence 
and  to  his  study.  It  was  a  comfortable 
and  snug  upper  chamber,  neatly  plastered, 
and  provided  with  a  fire  stove,  a  bed,  a 
writing  desk,  a  book  case  and  shelves, 
with  other  corresponding  conveniences. 
His  library  consisted  of  upwards  of  a  hun- 
dred well  selected  volumes,  comprising 
some  standard  works  on  history,  civil  gov- 
ernment, science,  law,  theology,  and  gen- 
eral literature.  It  must  have  been  in  such 
retirements  that  the  Benjamin  Franklins 
and  Roger  Shermans  of  a  former  age  con- 
ceived and  planned  the  movements  which 
resulted  in  the  establishment  of  our  free 
institutions. — Cadiz  Gazette. 


NEWS  OF  THE  WEEK, 


National  Lyceum— A  convention,  for  the 
purpose  of  organising  a  National  Lyceum,  as- 
sembled in  New  York  on  the  4ih  inst.  There 
were  about  thirty  delegates  present.  Alex- 
ander Proudflt,  D.  D.  was  elected  President, 
nnd  John  Neal,  and  A.  J.  Yates,  Secretaries. — 
The  object  of  this  institution  is  "  to  constitute 
a  sort  of  lilernry  congress,  where  tho  great  in- 
terests of  literature  and  science,  from  the  al- 
phabet up  to  the  highest  branches  of  science, 
may  bo  represented  in  the  natural  progress  of 
things  hereafter. "  At  the  last  dates  the  con- 
vention wero  discussing  the  provisions  ot  a 
convention,  reported  bv  a  committee  for  the 
government  of  the  society. 

THE  CABINET. 

The  following  person  are  announced  as  com- 
posing the  new  Cabinet : 

Mr.  Livingston,     Sec'y  of         State. 
"    Woodbnry,  Navy. 

"    McLane,  Treasury. 

"    White,  "  War. 

Tbe  two,  first-named,  have  accepted  their 
appointments,  and  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  two  last  named  gentlemen. 

There  does  not  appear  to  have  been  any 
change  made  in  the  Attorney  General. 

The  son  of  Gov.  Desha,of  Kentucky,  who 
murdered  Baker  about  eight  years  ago,  and 
who  escaped  the  gallows  through  the  insuffi- 
ciency of  the  evidence  and  the  technicalities 
of  the  law,  lately  died  at  Texas  ;  confessing 
as  he  was  about  to  depart,  that  he  did  kill 
Baker,  and  was  guilty  of  other  atrocities  a- 
bout  '  equal  thereto.' 

Henry  Seymour,  Esq.  has  resigned  the 
office  of  Canal  Commissioner  of  this  state. 
Mr.  Seymour  was  appointed  in  1819,  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Jo- 
seph Ellicott. 

The  Governor,  by  virtue  of  the  power 
vested  in  him  by  the  revised  statutes,  has  ap- 
pointed Jonas  Kakll,  jun.  Esq.late  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  Onondaga  county,  Ca- 
nal Commissioner,  in  the  place  of  Henry 
Seymour. 

THE  NEW-YORK  MARKET. 
The  N.  Y.  Daily  Advertiser  of  Saturday,  re- 
marks :  — We  are  without  any  later  intelli- 
gence from  Europe.  The  market,  generally, 
has  undergone  but  little  alteration.  The  sup- 
plies of  Flour  are  greater  than  were  ever  be- 
fore known :  at  least   fifty  thousand  barrels 


have  already  been  received  by  the  canal,  du- 
ring the  last  two  or  three  weeks.  The  mar- 
ket, all  things  considered,  has  boen  very  firm 
for  flour,  and  prices  have  left  off  nearly  the 
same  as  our  Inst.  The  shipping  interest  hos 
unproved  at  least  25  per  cent  within  a  few 
months.  Freights  continue  good  ;  and  ship 
building  is  more  active  than  for  many  years. — 
Ten  or  fifteen  ships  are  now  on  the  stocks, and 
preparing  to  be  set  up  ;  every  yard  has  as  much 
as  it  can  do;  and  carpenters  are  getting  two 
dollars  a  day  wages.  The  money  market  con- 
tinues abundant. 

THE  CROPS. 

The  Fredericktown  Herald  states  that  it 
hears  from  all  parts  of  the  country  the  most 
cheerful  hopes  expressed  of  a  rich  harvest. 
The  wheat  crop,  especially,  promises  to  be 
abundant — the  fly  having  as  yet  done  very 
little  damage. 

Fredericktown,  (Md.)  April  30. 
The  Crops. — We  are  gratified  to  state 
that,  from  all  quarters  of  the  country  we 
hear  the  most  cheering  hopes  expressed  of 
a  rich  harvest.  The  wheat  crop  especial- 
ly, is  so  far  very  fine,  and  "the  fly"  has 
done  but  little  damage — the  other  kinds  of 
small  grain  also  promise  well ;  and  should 
it  please  the  great  "disposer  of  events"  to 
afflict  the  European  nations  with  war,  our 
farmers  will  have  a  large  quantity  of  grain 
for  the  new  market  which  will  [be  thereby 
created.  But  the  best  and  surest  depen- 
dance  of  the  farmer  is  on  the  'homemarket;' 
and  it  is  only  in  the  security  and  extent  of 
which  that  he  can  hope  to  receive  a  just 
compensation  for  his  labors  on  the  soil. 
The  low  price  of  produce  is  solely  attribut- 
able to  the  want  of  comsumers  ;  and  with 
the  present  policy  of  all  foreign  nations, 
they  cannot  be  increased,  unless  among 
ourselves  by  the  diversion  of  a  portion  of 
hose  who  raised  bread  to  those  who  will 
eat  it. 

Lieut.  McMurdo,  of  the  British  Horse 
Artillery,  was  killed  in  a  Tiger  Hunt,  at 
Jaulnah,  near  Madras,  East  Indies,  on  the 
11th  September  last.  The  animal  sprang 
upon  his  victim  from  a  cover  of  bushes, 
broke  his  leg,  and  tore  his  arms  and  should- 
ers terribly.  Two  other  officers  were  with 
McM.  who  immediately  despatched  the  tiger, 
but  the  poor  man  died  before  medical  aid 
could  be  procured. 

Fires. — The  store  of  Smith  and  Moore, 
Andes,  Del.  co.  was  burnt  on  Sunday  mor- 
ning last.     Loss  $1500 — insured. 

On  the  23th  ult.  two  children  were  burnt 
to  death,  at  Norway,  in  the  house  of  a  Mr. 
Davis.  The  fire  originated  in  the  absurd 
practice  of  drying  flax  about  the  fire  in  the 
house. 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  May  7,  1831 . 

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2  10  thunder  ihtwe? 

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29,40 

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36 

29,55 

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29,55 

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152 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


May  14,  1831- 


MISCELLANIES. 

Yellow  Locust,  Robinia,  pseudo  acacia. — 
Mr.  Wm.  Buckminster  of  Framingharn,  en- 
couraged by  a  premium  of  fifty  dollars,  of- 
fered by  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, sowed  some  seed  in  1828.  He  first 
poured  boiling  water  on  them  and  let  them 
soak  three  or  four  days.  He  then  sowed 
them  in  his  garden.  In  the  spring  follow- 
ing, he  transplanted  them  in  worn-out  land, 
in  rows  eight  feet  apart,  and  four  feet  distant 
in  the  rows.  On  an  acre  he  lias  one  thous- 
and trees,  some  of  which  are  four  and  a  half 
feet  in  circumference.  Many  a  farmer  would 
idd  to  the  value  of  his  farm  by  following  this 
example. — AT.  Y.  Farmer. 

Currying  Cows. — Cows  should  be  curried 
is  often  as  horses,  particularly  when  they 
ire  shedding  their  hair.  Independent  of  o- 
ther  consequences,  it  tends  to  prevent  them 
from  licking  themselves,  by  which  they  too 
often  swallow  the  hair,  and  receive  injury. 
—lb. 

The  Newtown  Spitzenbtrg  Apple,  Match- 
Jess. — A  great  reputation  attaches  to  a  class 
jf  American  apples  called  the  Spitzenbergs, 
of  which  this  is  the  best ;  but  they  are  not  to 
be  compared  with  such  fruit  as  the  Ribstone 
Pippin,  the  Cornish  July-flower,  the  Golden 
Harvey,  and  others  of  our  fine  English  va- 
rieties. This  is,  however,  an  apple  of  merit. 
It  bears  well,  is  a  pretty  good  bearer  on  a 
•tandard,  and  will  keep  to  the  end  of  Janua- 
ry.— Pom.  Mag. 

Plaster  for  Trees. — The  cheapest  and  most 
-uitable  remedy  for  wounds  upon  trees  occa- 
sioned by  pruning,  is  Spanish  brown  paint, 
a  little  thicker  than  painters  generally  use. 
Lay  it  on  with  a  brush,  and  take  care  to  co- 
ver the  wounded  part  thoroughly.  This  will 
effectually  exclude  the  air  and  weather,  and 
Nature's  healing  process  will  soon  perform 
the  cure. — N.  F..  Farmer. 

Prevention  of  the  Mildew  on  Peach  and  Nec- 
tarine Trets. — Sir,  the  following  preventive 
of  the  mildew  on  Peach  and  Nectarine  trees 
has  simplicity,  as  well  as  the  experience  of 
many  years,  to  recommend  it. : — Take  of 
sulphur  and  rain  or  river  water,  in  propor- 
tions of  two  ounces  of  sulphur  to  every  four 
gallons  of  water.  Put  the  quantity  which 
may  be  required  into  a  copper  or  boiler,  and 
let  it  (after  it  commences  boiling)  boil  for 
half  an  hour:  after  which  it  may  be  taken 
out,  or  suffered  to  remain  until  it  becomes 
of  a  tepid  state,  when  it  ought  to  be  applied 
to  the  trees  by  means  of  the  garden  engine 
t>r  syringe,  as  in  a  common  washing  with 
water.  The  time  for  applying  it  is  annual- 
ly, as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  set  and  considered 
out  of  danger. — Loudon. 

A  Sweet  Chesnut  of  a  very  superior  sort, 
well  deserving  the  attention  of  nurserymen 
is  a  source  of  scions  for  grafting,  stands  in 
i  he  garden  of  Capt.  Clemens,  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Peters,  Jersey.  Mr.  Donald  of  the 
Goldworth  nursery,  and  Mr.  Roy  of  Aber- 
deen new  nursery,  expect  to  have  plants  for 
lie  in  the  autumn  of  1831. — Gar.  Mag. 

Propagation  of  Grape  Vines. — The  enter- 
and  experience  of  Mr.  Longworth,  are 
worthy  of  notice.  He  has  a  variety  of  vines 
which  he  raised  from  the  seed,  producing 
different  varieties  of  Grapes,  which  bid  fair 
to  be  excellent  wine  Grapes.  His  mode  of 
propagating  the  vine  on  the  wild  stock,  has 
in  no  instance  failed,  and  merits  description. 
I  ate  in  the  fall  he  selects  a  wild  vine,  about 


the  size  of  a  walking  stick — cuts  it  about 
three  feet  from  the  ground,  and  digs  it  up 
with  as  much  root  as  he  conveniently  can, 
and  transfers  it  to  a  hole,  in  which  are  min- 
gled, fine  manure  and  light  rich  soil;  thus 
the  root  is  placed  until  March.  He  then 
cuts  it  close  to  the  ground,  and  inserts  neat- 
ly the  Grape  scion,  in  the  same  manner  in 
which  an  Apple  tree  is  grafted.  He  then 
applies  a  paste  made  of  clay  and  fine  Trry 
horse  dung,  then  scrapes  the  loose  rich  earth 
around  imo  the  top  of  the  graft.  So  luxu- 
riant is  the  growth,  that  it  is  necessary,  the 
first  season,  to  protect  them  from  the  severi- 
ty of  the  frost,  by  covering  them  with  earth. 
They  bear  plentifully  the  second  year,  and 
are  more  hardy  and  fruitful  thau  if  raised 
from  cuttings.  Next  season,  we  may  expect 
to  see  Mr.  Longworth  in  our  market,  with 
Grapes  north  looking  at,  worth  buying,  and 
worth  eating. — Zanesville  Gazette. 

A  method  of  accelerating  the  maturity  of 
Melons. — This  consists  in  spreading  under 
and  around  the  melons,  a  bed  of  pulverised 
charcoal  two  inches  deep.  Lampodias,  at 
Freiheng,attempted  this  experiment  in  1813, 
and  he  succeeded  in  ripening  melons  in  a 
box  filled  with  earth  and  not  covered  during 
the  cold  siunmer  of  that  year.  The  surface 
of  the  charcoal  attained  a  temperature  at 
noon  of  from  11:")  to  '.88  degrees,  while  else- 
where it  was  only  from  85  to  88  degrees. — 
American  Farmer. 

Bee  Hives. — Mr.  Abijah  Alley  of  this  city, 
has  exhibited  a  model  of  a  Bee  house, which 
appears  to  us  to  combine  many  convenien- 
ces, and  to  lender  the  care  of  Bees  much 
less  troublesome  than  the  usual  mode  of 
keeping  them.  Mr.  Owen's  system  of  com- 
munities in  parallelograms,  is,  with  some 
modifications,  adopted  for  the  plan ;  which 
is  to  congregate  a  large  number  of  families, 
or  swarms  of  Bees,  into  one  building,  which 
is  so  constructed  that  the  owner  of  it  may, 
at  his  pleasure,  go  into  the  rear  of  the  hives 
and  expel  the  Bees  from  one  of  the  four 
rooms  or  divisions,  into  which  each  hive  is 
separated,  and  take  from  it  one  fourth  (or 
half,  as  the  case  may  require)  of  the  honey 
laid  up  for  their  winter  stores.  The  model 
will  be  exhibited'at  Mr.  Parkhurst's  agricul- 
tural warehouse,  on  Lower-market  street, 
and  the  inventor  will  also  exhibit  it  at  the 
meeting  of  the  society,  to-morrow.  We  sub- 
join his  own  remarks  on  the  subject. — West. 
Tiller. 

Discovery  of  Indian  Corn. — This  re- 
cord of  history  is  going  the  rounds  of  the 
papers,  and  though  we  believe  the  first  dis- 
covery of  the  nutritious  food  is  well  known 
to  all  familiar  with  the  early  story  of  New- 
England — we  may  as  well  repeat  the  par- 
ticulars which  first  led  to  the  use  of  In- 
dian Corn  among  the  settlers.  Captain 
Miles  Standish,  who  was  called  the  "  He- 
ro of  New-England,"  previous  to  the  set- 
tlement of  the  puritans,  commanded  one 
of  the  parties  bent  on  exploring  the  coun- 
try, amounting  in  all  to  sixteen  men.  In 
their  progress  they  met  with  several  hil- 
locks, supposed  to  be  the  burial  places  of 
the  Indians,  but  as  they  advanced,  finding 
many  more,  they  closely  examined  them, 
and  discovered  that  they  contained  what 
they  afterwards  knew  to  be  Indian  Corn. 
Being  buried  in  the  ear,  it  excited  their 
curiosity,  anil  by  some  of  the  party  it  w;ts 


thought  a  valuable  acquisition,  while  oth- 
ers, who  ate  it  in  a  raw  state,  did  not  rel- 
ish it,  and  thought  it  worth  little  or  nothing. 
They  secured,  however,  some  seed.  In 
the  ensuing  spring,  a  Squanto,  a  friendly- 
Indian,  instructed  them  in  the  culture  of  it 
and  it  was  probably  the  means  of  saving 

them  afterwards  from  famine. .V.  F 

Mer. 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

EASTERN    STATES. 

1820  ls>30.         Increase. 

Maino  298  335  3:19,462  101,127 

New-  Hampshire  244.161  269  633  28,372 

Vermont  235.764  280,665  44.901 

Massachusetts  523,287  510.100  86,815 

Connecticut  275.248  297,711  22,463 

Rhode-Island  83,059  97,211  14.152 


1,659,854  1,954,682  297,828 

MIDDLE    STATES 

New-York            1,372.812  1,931,496  561,634 

New- Jersey             277.575      320,779  43.204 

Pennsylvania,      1.049,458  1,330,034  280.576 

Delawaro                   72,749        76.737  3,»8fe 

Maryland                407,350      446.913  39.563 


3,179.944  4.106.959 

929,015 

SOUTHERN    STATES. 

Virginia 

1,065,366  1,186,297 

120,931 

North  Coro 

ma       638,829      738,470 

99,641 

South  Caro 

ina       502.741      581,478 

7883? 

Georgia 

340.989      616567 

175,576 

2,547,925  3  032,812 

474.8S7 

WESTERN    STATES. 

Ohio 

581,434        37,679 

356.245 

Kenluckv 

564  317      688  844 

124,527 

Indiana 

147.178      841,585 

194.404 

Illinois 

55,21 1       157,575 

102,364 

Missouri 

66  586      137,427 

70,842 

1,414,726  2,263.1(7  348,381 

SOUTH-WESTERN    STATES. 

Tennessee               422  813     684,822  262,009 

Louisiana               153  4  7     215,275  62,168 

Alabama                   127  901      309,216  181,351 

Mississippi                75,448       97,866  22,417 


779  569   1 ,307,478  527,909 

TERRITORIES. 

Dis.of  Columbia       33.039       39,859  6,819 

Michigan                    8  896       31.696  22,802 

Arkansas                    14  246        30.380  16,134 

Florida  34,725 


56.181      136,611  80,430 

RECAPITULATION 

E.  Stites             1,659,854  1,954,682  297,828 

M.  States              3,179  944  4.108  959  92it,016 

S.Statos              2.547  925  3  022.812  474.887 

W.  Stales             1.414  726  2.263.107  843,381 

8.  W.  Slates            779.569  1.307.473  527.909 

Territories                56  181      136,611  60.430 


Total 


9  637  299  12  796.649  3  15S.45C 


Romantic — Augusta,  Geo.  Feb.  14. 
— Report  says,  that  lately  the  Sand  Bar 
Ferryman  picked  up  in  the  river  floating 
down,  a  nice  mahogany  cradle,  closely 
canlked,  so  as  to  exclude  the  water.  It 
had  the  usual  cradle  clodiing,  and  its  quilt 
was  neatly  spread  and  tucked  beneath  its 
soft  bed  of  leathers.  The  ferryman  tow- 
ed it  ashore  and  began  to  examine  the  val- 
ue of  his  prize.  He  raised  the  covering, 
and  behold  !  a  beautiful  infant,  handsome- 
ly dressed,  lay  beneath  in  undisturbed 
slumbers.  He  carried  it  to  his  mistress, 
where  it  has  found  that  protection  denied* 
bv  an  unnatural  mother. 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  MAY  21,   1831. 


MMBKI!    20 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY 
AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

We  are  aware  that  the  publication  of  ad- 
dresses delivered  at  agricultural  festivals  and 
exhibitions  may  be  objected  to  by  many  of 
our  readers,  and  for  very  good  reasons ;  as 
many  of  them  arc  mere  quotations  from  for- 
eign authors  and  delivered  by  men  unac- 
quainted with  the  practical  parts  of  husban- 
dry, and  of  course  many  things  recommend- 
ed which  are  not  calculated  for  our  soil  and 
climate.  Such  examples  were  common  du- 
ring the  existence  of  our  State  Agricultural 
Societies,  and  it  is  rather  problematical  whe- 
ther they  had  a  good  or  bad  effect  upon  our 
farming  interest.  In  offering  to  our  readers 
the  address  of  V.  Le  Ray  De  Chaumont,  we 
assure  them  that  it  is  of  a  different  charac- 
ter. It  may  be  said  that  he  is  a  foreigner, 
and  unacquainted  with  our  course  of  tillage. 
This  is  not  correct  but  in  part.  He  is  a  for- 
eigner by  birth,  but  an  American  by  adop- 
tion, and  the  county  of  Jefferson  is  proud  of 
him  as  an  agriculturist.  Hi9  investments  in 
landed  property  in  that  county  have  made  it 
for  his  interest  to  understand  the  agiiculture 
of  our  country,  and  with  such  success  has 
lie  applied  himself  to  study  and  observation, 
that  he  is  now  looked  up  to  as  one  of  the 
most  correct  farmers  in  that  section  of  the 
state.  The  Agricultural  Society  of  that 
county  is  also  a  monument  of  the  correct 
judgment  and  persevering  efforts  of  its  mem- 
bers, among  whom  he  stands  conspicuous, 
and  furnishes  a  noble  example  of  the  bene- 
fits of  such  societies,  when  conducted  upon 
proper  principles.  Notwithstanding  the  gen- 
eral downfal  of  them  in  most  of  the  counties 
through  the  state,  the  Society  of  Jefferson 
has  held  on  its  way,  distributing  its  benefi- 
cial influence  to  community. 

Their  breeds  of  cattle  and  horses  have  been 
greatly  improved  under  the  directions  and 
by  the  exertions  of  the  leading  men  of  the 
Society ;  and  having  attended  one  of  their 
exhibitions,  we  are  justified  in  saying,  that 
we  believe  there  are  few  counties  in  the  state 
that  can  surpass  them  in  the  number  of  fine 
animals.  These  exeYtions  have  also  been 
attended  with  corresponding  ones  on  the  part 
of  the  manufacturers,  as  they  can  boast  of 
having  one  of  the  best  cotton  manufacturing 
establishments,  not  only  in  the  United  States, 
but  in  the  world.  We  refer  to  the  one  built 
by  Mr.  L.  Bebee — which,  in  point  of  location 
as  to  water  power,  proportions  in  construc- 
tion, and  finish  of  machinery,  so  far  as  it 
has  progressed,  will  compare  with  any,  we 
are  confident,  in  Europe  or  America.* 

It  is  with  due  consideration  for  the  agri- 
cultural and  manufacturing  character  of  Jef- 
ferson county,  that  we  offer  the  following 
address.which  will  be  found  replete  with  use- 
ful instruction  and  observations,  and  which 


will,  we  trust,  be  read  with  satisfaction  by 
all  classes  of  community. 

GoutietnaD  of  the  Society,  and  Fellow-Citizons  ; 

We  meet  on  this  annual  occasion  under 
the  most  favorable  auspices.  This  has  been 
an  unusually  healthy  and  productive  year. — 
Our  Society,  the  second  in  age  in  the  state, 
is  now  "  the  only  existing  monument  of  its 
kind  of  that  enlightened  legislature,  which 
so  judiciously  appropriated  a  portion  of  the 
funds  of  the  Slate,  for  the  noble  object  of 
promoting  agriculture. "f 

Far  from  being  dispirited  by  the  withdraw- 
al of  its  support,  we  have  drawn  new  ener- 
gies to  our  aid — we  have  kept  alive  the  sa- 
cred fire,  and  will  keep  it  still  brighter  and 
brighter,  until  it  shall  again  extend  over  the 
State:  we  have  held  out  to  our  fellow-citi- 
zens an  example  by  which  they  may  see  the 
benefits  to  be  deiived  from  it,  and  in  pro- 
gressing steadily  in  usefulness  and  prosperi- 
ty. We  have  improved  our  rules  and  regu 
lations,  and  thereby  acquired  the  support  of 
many  who  before  had  objections  to  join  us. 
The  spirit  of  liberality  which  had  presided 
over  the  subscriptions  has  increased,  but  not 
so  much  in  proportion  with  other  classes  a- 
mong  our  farmers,  and  particularly  those  of 
the  south  part  of  the  county.  Their  distance 
fiom  our  place  of  meeting  is  not  however  a 
good  excuse,  since  we  have  allowed  an  ex- 
tra compensation  in  such  cases,  and  at  any 
rate,  it  would  not  apply  to  the  most  import- 
ant premium,  that  upon  farms.  It  is  the 
Viewing  Committee  who  suffer  by  the  dis- 
tance, and  they  have  cheerfully  travelled  to 
the  most  northerly  parts  of  the  county,  »  lure 
they  have  seen  a  zeal  that  was  as  unexpect- 
ed as  it  was  pleasing  to  them,  and  which  the 
south  ought  to  imitate. 

The  labors  of  this  Viewing  Committee, 
composed  of  some  of  our  most  intelligent 
farmers,  who  go  every  year  through  those 
parts  of  the  county  where  farms  are  offered 
for  premiums,  collect  and  interchange  infor- 
mation, and  afterwards  embody  part  of  their 
observations  in  a  report  which  is  read  to  the 
society,  appear  to  me  to  be  among  the  most 
important  results  of  our  institution,  and  suf- 
ficient in  themselves  to  justify  and  repay  all 
we  do  to  sustain  it.  The  individuals  who 
have  at  different  times  composed  those  com- 
mittees, deserve  our  warmest  thanks.  Their 
influence,  considered  as  a  channel  of  infor- 
mation, as  a  connecting  link  between  the 
different  parts  of  this  county,  would  be  far 
greater  if  more  towns  should  invite  their  at- 
tention. Their  able  reports  have  generally 
encouraged  us  by  tire  account  they  gave  of 
the  improvement  we  make  every  year,  and 
I  feel  pleasure  and  pride  in  adding  the  flat- 
tering testimony  of  one  of  the  most  enlight- 
ened landholders  in  the  state,  whose  prop- 
erty lies  principally  in  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, and  who  in  answering  an  application  for 
a  subscription,  says,  that  "  no  person  can 
travel  through  the  county  of  Jefferson  with- 

'  The  above  manufacturing  establishment  is  situ- 
ated on  an  island  of  rock  in  the  Black  River, in  the 
village  of  VValertown.  The  building  is  250  feet  in 
length  by  50  wide,  and  5  stories  hign.  The  river 
here  flows  through  a  bad  of  compact  limestone, with 
high  banks  ;  the  race  which  conducts  the  water  to 
the  wheel,  which  is  under  the  building  and  secure 
from  frost,  is  cut  through  thie  rock,  and  seems  to 
bid  defiance  to  any  thing  but  time  to  affect  il. 

t  New-York  Farmer,  Sept.  1829. 


out  remarking  the  change  which  has  taken 
place  in  our  agricultural  condition,"  and 
that  it  is  indisputable  that  our  society  has 
given  an  impulse  to  these  improvements. — 
This  compliment  was  not  a  mere  show  of 
words,  as  it  was  backed  by  a  remittance  of 
fifty  dollars. 

It  can  hardly  be  mspected  at  this  day  that 
intelligent  farmers,  even  if  they  should  yet 
see  some  points  in  our  society  which  might 
be  improved,  have  great  doubts  upon  its  gen- 
eral utility,  or  believe  that  such  societies  can- 
not do  much  good,  because  they  are  some- 
times conducted  by  persons  who  are  not  la- 
boring farmers.  No  mistake  could  be  great- 
er than  this.  To  cultivate  well  your  farms, 
and  raise  the  greatest  possible  quantity  of 
the  productions  which  have  been  raised  by 
your  fathers,  are  undoubtedly  important  ob- 
jects of  improvement ;  but  among  an  intelli- 
gent and  industrious  people  they  cannot  fail 
of  being  attained,  and  they  will,  without  an 
agricultural  society,  make  a  good  country, 
producing  plenty  of  food  and  raiment  for  the 
population,  and  perchance  for  a  little  ex- 
portation. But  will  this  ensure  the  prosper- 
ity and  growth  of  the  country  under  all  the 
vicissitudes  which  the  world  is  almost  daily 
undergoing  ?  Far  from  it.  Look  at  the  cot- 
ton, tobacco  and  rice,  the  principal  articles 
of  exportation  of  these  United  States;  the 
wines  of  France  ;  and  in  short,  almost  all 
the  agricultural  products  which  now  form 
the  basis  of  the  riches  and  power  of  civiliz- 
ed nations.  Were  they  known  to  our  an- 
cestors a  few  hundred  years  ago  ?  Who  in- 
troduced them  where  they  seem  to  be  indig- 
enous ?  Not  only  they  were  not  farmers, 
but  they  have  sometimes  been  opposed  most 
strenuously  by  the  very  class  who  were  to 
derive  most  advantage  from  the  introduction 
of  a  new  plant.  Such  reproach  I  know  could 
not  be  incurred  by  the  American  farmers. — 
They  show  themselves  ready  to  adopt  what 
appears  advantageous,  and  therefore  agri- 
cultural societies  are  calculated  to  be  very 
useful  in  this  country,  since  their  object  is 
not  only  to  improve  the  mode  of  cultivating 
the  common  products  of  the  country,  but  to 
nlroduce  new  ones.  To  the  great  staples 
which  I  have  above  mentioned,  it  is  proba- 
ble that  in  a  few  years  two  will  be  added,  or 
perhaps  even  by  another  change  in  some  o- 
ther  country,  will  take  the  place  of  one  or 
more  of  those. 

Hemp,  one  of  those  articles  to  which  I 
allude,  has  been  cultivated  with  great  suc- 
cess in  many  parts  of  ihe  United  States.  If 
is  a  fact  well  ascertained  by  numerous  ex- 
periments and  confirmed  by  the  navy  com- 
missioners in  their  reports,  that  American 
hemp  is  preferable  to  Russia.  I  see  in  a 
publication  from  one  of  our  most  enlighten- 
ed agriculturists,  (Judge  Buel  of  Albany,) 
that  "  the  United  States  pay  annually  to 
the  foreign  cultivators  and  manufacturers  of 
hemp,  more  than  two  millions  seven  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  There  is  therefore  little 
danger  of  gutting  our  markets  with  this  nec- 
essary production.  Most  of  the  states  from 
Tennessee  to  Maine  already  grow  hemp,  and 
in  this  state  it  is  successfully  and  profitably 
cultivated,  particularly  in  the  counties  of 
Orange,  Saratoga,  Washington,  Tompkins. 
&.c.  upon  most  of  the  soils  which  yield  a  pro- 
fit in  the  ordinary  productions  of  agricul- 


154 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


May  21,  l83L 


ture."      After  some  farther  remarks  upon 
soils  adapted  to  hemp,  Judge  Buel  adds,  "  It 
will  do  well  on  any  soil  that  will  grow  good 
flax,"  and  he  concludes  that  it  will  be  profit- 
able to  the  American  farmer  from  the  fol- 
lowing facts  :  the  quantity  grown  among  us 
has  greatly  increased  and  probably  quadru- 
pled within  the  last  four  years.     Few  have 
abandoned  its   culture   who  commenced  it 
under  favorable  circumstances,  while  many 
are  annually  turning  their  attention  to  it. — 
Foreign  hemp  has  increased  in  price  on  ac- 
count of  the  tariff:  one  half  of  the  ordinary 
expense  in  cleaning  and  preparing  it  for  mar- 
ket may  now  be  saved  by  the  newly  invent- 
ed machine  for  separating  the  lint  from  the 
fibre;  and  the  process  of  water  rotting  in- 1 
creases  the  value  of  the  article,  and  renders; 
American  hemp  equal  in  value  and  quanti- 
ty to  Russian  or  Piedmont.     A  select  com- 
mittee of  the  legislature  of  Ohio,  made  an 
elaborate  report  last  winter,   in  which  they 
speak   favorably  of  the  climate  of  our  pari 
of  the  United  States  for  its  cultivation,  and 
conclude  their  remarks  upon  the  soil  adapt- 
ed to  it,  by  saying,  "  any  land  however,  that 
will  bring  a  good  crop  of  flax,  corn,  or  pota- 
toes, will  bring  a  good  crop  of  hemp."  This 
report,  published  in  the  New-England  Far 
mer,  is  a  good  treatise  upon  the  cultivation 
of  hemp,  and  would   alone  repay  a  year's 
subscription  to  an  agricultural  paper.     I  will 
however  endeavor  to  obtain  the  information 
it  procures  in  some  shape  during  the  winter, 
so  that  those  who  have  good   grounds  for  it 
may  if  they   chose  try  it  next  spring.     On 
that  head  I  would  not  be  understood,  in  quo- 
ting what  I  have  said  above  of  the  grounds 
which  produce   hemp,    nor    is   it  either  the 
meaning  of  those  papers  to  recommend  its 


judging  the  question,  and  it  is  well  worthy 
the  observant  agriculturist.  It  has  been  ob- 
served that  our  lands  hold  their  quality  re- 
markably well  without  manure.  There  are 
not  far  from  this  village,  lands  which  have 
been  cleared  more  than  twenty  years  ago, 
and  which  have  given  and  yet  give  without 
manure,  very  good  crops  of  wheat.  A  large 
establishment  for  the  rotting  and  dressing 
of  hemp  has  been  made  at  Copenhagen,  in 
Lewis  county,  and  is  a  credit  to  its  proprie- 
tors and  to  the  country.  One  for  the  same 
purpose  has  been  made  at  Juhelville,  oppo- 
site this  place,  but  unfortunately  was  never 
in  operation  on  account  of  the  failure  of  the 
person  who  put  it  up.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  of  its  being  placed  in  activity  next 
year.* 

The  second  article  above  alluded  to  as 
li  ely  to  be  added  to  our  products,  is  silk, 
for  which  we  pay  annually  above  ten  millions 
of  dollars  to  foreign  countries,  but  which 
will  probably  be  produced  in  the  United 
States  in  sufficient  quantities  for  consump- 
tion, and  even  exportation,  and  will  partly 
be  manufactured  here.  It  it  now  ascertain- 
ed and  acknowledged  in  France,  that  the 
quality  of  the  raw  silk  is  superior  to  that  of 
other  countries,  and  no  difficulty  exists  in 
producing  it  to  any  extent.  The  white  mul- 
berry tree,  on  which  the  worm  feeds,  will 
succeed  well  here,  so  far  as  we  can  judge  by 
analogy  and  the  short  experience  we  have 
Jiad.f  The  leaves  may  be  gathered  by  chil- 
dren after  school  hours,  and  females  from 
twelve  to  fifteen  are  amply  sufficient  to  at- 
tend to  the  worms  within  doors.  Mr.  Rapp, 
in  a  letter  dated  Economy,  Pa.  30th  June, 
1830,  says,  "Adhering  to  the  instructions 
iven  in  the  American  Farmer,   and  books 


being  sown   on   lands,   such    as   would  but   treating  on  the  culture  and  manufacture  of 
strictly  come  under  that  designation,  at  least  |  silk,    we  find  no  difficulty  in   keeping  the 


in  any  thing  like  large  crops.  On  the  con 
trary,  I  think  it  is  important  to  try  it  first 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances.  I 
am  dispensed  from  giving  you  estimates  of 
the  probable,  and  accounts  of  the  actual  ben- 
efits of  this  new  staple,  by  referring  you  to 
our  neighbors  of  Lewis  county,  who  have 
been  before  us  in  this  branch.  On  the  same 
principle  that  I  avoid  exciting  you  by  high- 
ly promising  statement*,  I  would  warn  you 
against  drawing  conclusions  too  hastily  from 
what  you  see  yourselves.  Inquire  well  into 
the  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  state  in  which 
it  received  the  crop.  Examine  such  lands 
as  you  have  to  devote  to  that  plant  when 
thev  have  been  well  prepared.  You  need 
not  think  of  putting  hemp  in  an  indifferent 
soil,  half  tilled  and  already  overgrown  with 
thistle.  Failures  in  sucH  cases  prove  noth- 
ing. The  question  of  the  soil  being  exhaus- 
ted bv  it,  I  should  thinu  to  be  in  a  great 
measure  relative  to  its  natural  quality  and 
the  price  of  the  land.  We  might  afford  to 
let  any  of  ours  which  would  bring  a  net  pro- 
fit, such  as  I  have  seen  mentioned  under  the 
most  respectable  authority,  lie  dormant  for 
ever  thereafter :  and  even  under  ordinary 
circumstances  it  is  probable  that  with  a  pro- 
per rotation  of  crops,  the  injury  done  to  the 
soil  will  be  repaired.  I  do  not  find  this  sub- 
ject treated  in  the  writings  I  have  consulted, 
or  if  it  is,  it  has  escaped  my  notice.  One 
article,  however,  1  have  met  with  in  the  Troy 
Sentinel,  which  contradicts  the  received  o- 
pinion  on  this  head,  and  I  believe  in  fact 
that  it  will  be  found  tc  be  exaggerated. — 
Hemp  has  now  been  raised  sufficiently  long 
in  this  country  to  have  an  opportunity  of 


worms  healthy,  unwinding  or  reeling  the 
silk,  or  weaving  it."  In  1828,  the  industri- 
ous society  directed  by  him,  made  a  small 
j beginning:  they  have  now  made  stripe  for 
female  apparel,  vesting,  and  one  hundred 
handkerchiefs,  of  a  good  quality,  and  feel 
sufficiently  encouraged  to  have  erected  a 
\two-story  building,  24  by  44,  for  the  worms 
land  the  various  operations  of  the  silk  manu- 
facture. It  appears,  however,  that  the  finer 
[textures  of  silk  require  a  more  delicate  pro- 
cess for  reeling,  so  much  so,  that  it  is  only 
[in  the  south  of  France  and  north  of  Italy 
| that  it  is  well  understood.  Congress  will 
probably  next  winter  pass  a  law,  which  they 
had  no  time  to  pass  upon  last  session,  pro- 
I  riding  for  the  teaching  of  skilful  reefers,  and 
meanwhile  the  family  reel  will  answer  for 
family  use,  and  our  ladies  may  shortly  at- 
tend our  anniversary  in  silk  dresses  of  then 
own  manufacture. J 

*  A  Mr.  Wedge  of  Lewis  county,  sowed  last 
spring  fourteen  acres  of  hemp,  ami  had  delivered 
a  part  of  the  crop  on  a  contract,  with  the  owners  of 
the  works  at  Copenhagen,  who  had  agreed  with 
him  and  others  to  give  iifteen  dollars  a  ton.  Jndg 
ing  from  what  he  had  delivered,  his  fourteen  acre? 
Will  yield  fifty  tons,  or  a  fraction  over  three  and  a 
half  tons  per  acre  The  preparation  of  the  ground 
was  the  same  as  for  corn.  I  emote  this,  not  because 
I  have  reason  to  believe  that  it  is  a  favorable  Bpeci- 
men, but  merely  because  1  happened  to  have  heard 
of  it.  and  of  no  other.  Some  of  my  neighbors  had 
small  pieees  which  gave  a  far  greater  produce  in 
proportion. 

t  It  grows  luxuriantly  in  Massachusetts,  where  it 
was  introduced  forty  years  ago.  It  is  no  uncommon 
thing  there  for  the  plants  to  be  cut  down  by  the 
frost  during  the  first  winter ;  but  they  shoot  out  a- 
gain  and  grow  witli  fresh  vigor  the  following  spring. 

}  See  on  the  subject  of  silk,   "Practical  iustruc- 


It  was  a  most  gratifying  surprise  for  me, 
on  my  return  to  the  United   States,  after  a 
year's  absence,   to   find   the  great  improve- 
ment which  had  been  effected  in  the  morals 
of  the  people  in  the  use  of  ardent  spirits. — 
If  there  was  one  cause  capable  of  checking 
and  arresting  the  unexampled  prosperity  of 
this  country,  it  was  the  frightful  increase  of 
the  vice  of  intemperance.     For  the  last  thir- 
ty or  forty  years,   a   great   melioration  had 
taken  place   in    the  customs  of  the   richer 
classes  in  that  particular.      A  fashion,  im- 
ported from  England,  was  prevalent  in  our 
cities  at  that  period,  of  sitting  at  the  dinner- 
table  many  hours  after  the  cloth  was  remov- 
ed, and  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  nor  was  it 
esteemed  derogatory,  for  men  of  respectable 
standing,  to  drink  to  an  excess  on  these  occa- 
sions, which  would  hardly  be  credited  here. 
The  more  refined  custom  of  soon  joining  the 
ladies  or  even  of  accompanying  them  to  the 
drawing-room,   is  now  prevalent ;  and  this 
has  been  aided  in  its  good  effect  by  the  more 
general  introduction  of  the   lighter  French 
wines,  of  which  the  influence  upon  the  so- 
briety of  a  people  is  so  universally  acknowl- 
edged, that  it  has  been  urged  upon  Congres.- 
as  a  reason  for  diminishing  the  duties  upon 
them.     The  low  price  of  whiskey,  since  the 
fall  in  price  of  grains,  is  probably  the  great 
reason  for   the  alarming  increase  of  intem- 
perance   among   the   poorer  classes.      But 
where  wine,  not  stronger  than  cider,  as  Un- 
common French  wines,  is  generally  drank, 
temperance    is    universally  admitted   to  be 
prevalent.     Those  wines  are   also  healthy  ; 
and  it  is  the  opinion  of  enlightened  and  good 
men, that  the  most  effectual  and  lasting  mode 
if  reducing  the  use  of  ardent  spirits  is  the 
one  recommended  last  year   by  your  Presi- 
dent, of  introducing  generally   the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  grape.     1  know  that  this  will  be 
controverted    by   men   very   intelligent  am! 
very  good  too.      Put   my  little   experience 
tells  me  that   moderation   is  the   more  sun 
way  of  proceeding  in  amendments,  and  that 
we  must  mistrust,  in  this  country  particular 
ly,   an  eagerness  of  zeal  which   has  carried 
too   fir  almost  all  the  objects  to  which  pub 
lie  attention  has  been  called. 

In  thus  recommending  the  culture  of  the 
grape,  (for  family  use  only,  either  as  wine  or 
for  the  table)  we  are  encouraged  by  one  more 
year  of  success.  Thai  plant  is  subject  to 
injury  by  late  frosts  in  the  spring,  even  in 
its  favored  abodes  of  the  south  of  Europe. 
We  cannot  complain,  therefore,  if  after  the 
uncommonly  warm  month  of  April  of  this 
year,  the  grape  v.  is  hurt  in  the  succeeding 
month.  Bui  those  which  have  escaped  this 
partial  injury,  show  that  in  proper  situations 
and  with  cine  care,  this  plant  is  destined  to 
find  a  congenial  country  among  us.     1  have 

dons  for  the  culture  of  Silk  and  the  Mulberry  Tree, 
bj  !■  Pascalis.  M.  D."  nn  i  "  Essays  on  American 
Silk  l>  John  D'Homergue  and  Peter  Stephen  l>u 
Ponceau  "  The  '.alter  work  shows  satisfactorily 
that  silk  ought  to  be  worked  at  present  in  this  coun- 
try only  to  that  stale  when  it  is  enllcd  raw  silk.ai.il 
thi  'i  exported,  and  that  this  would  afford  more  pro- 
fit than  to  make  Bewing  silk,  as  they  do  in  Connec- 
ticut. But  as  tin-  preparation  of  raw  silk  requires 
Borne  knowledge  and  machines  which  we  do  nol 
i  el  poi  seas,  I  think  it  «  ill  be  found  advisable  to  be- 
gin as  soon  as  possible  lo  raise  the  trees  and  get 
experience  in  the  management  of  worms  :  we  may 
reach  even  immediate  benefits  therefrom  :  for  no 
doubt  the  inhabitants  of  Connecticut  would  not 
have  persevered  in  making  sewing  silk  for  seventy 
years  (even  with  the  whole  of  the  cocoons,  altho" 
M.  D'Homerguo  says  that  this  is  a  great  waste. 
nice  ihc  refuse  cocoons  only  are  used  for  that  pur; 
pose)  unless  there  was  a  profit  in  it. 


t'ol  1.— No.  20. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


155 


great  pleasure  in  quoting  the  grape  vines  of 
Major  Brown,  one  of  which,  particularly,  a 
mere  cutting,  planted  three  years  ago.  It 
is  of  a  valuable  kind,  (Early  Morrillon)  and 
lias  produced  this  year  one  hundred  and 
twenty  clusters,  of  good  size,  which  came 
to  perfect  maturity  about  a  fortnight  ago, 
notwithstanding  the  unfavorable  season.* — 
Manv  parts  of  this  county  produce  a  kind  of 
wild  grape.  It  would  be  perhaps  tiie  surest 
way,  as  it  is  the  easiest  and  quickest  of  ob- 
taining good  fruit,  to  graft  upon  those  stocks. 
The  grafting  of  the  vine  was  long  consider- 
ed extremely  difficult.  My  brother  has  tried 
the  experiment  upon  the  wild  stock  of  this 
country,  and  it  has  perfectly  succeeded. — 
The  best  mode  of  grafting  appears  to  be  that 
described  by  Dnfour,  of  the  Vevay  Swiss 
vineyards,  in  the  "  American  Vine-dresser's 
Guide,"  and  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Ho- 
ratio Gates  Spafford,  (author  of  the  New- 
York  Gazetteer)  who  says,  that  every  one 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Troy  practises  upon 
this  plan,  and  that  he  has  found  it  by  expe- 
rience perfectly  successful.  "  Saw  oft'  the 
root  of  the  stalk  into  which  you  would  insert 
your  graft,  under  ground  ;  bore  a  small  hole 
into  the  end  of  the  root-stalk,  and  insert  the 
graft,  with  one  or  two  buds ;  then,  keeping 
the  root  covered  with  mellow  earth,  and  the 
upper  bud  just  even  with  the  surface,  and 
the  whole  process  is  accomplished.  Some 
care  is  necessary  in  rubbing  off  the  super- 
fluous shoots,  but  the  operation  is  easy,  and 
as  sure  as  the  inserting  of  a  graft  into  an 
apple  or  plum  tree.  If  the  root-stalk  is  of 
a  vigorous  growth,  and  the  graft  well  cho- 
sen, having  the  wood  of  the  two  last  year's 
growth  upon  it,  and  from  a  bearing  vine,  the 
graft  will  always  bear  fruit  the  first  year, 
and  of  the  quality  of  the  graft." 

*  As  this  exceeds  any  account  of  the  kiud  I  have 
seen,  I  deem  it  proper  to  add  that  I  hold  it  from  a 
person  on  whom  I  place  the  utmost  reliance. 
[Concluded  next  week.] 


From  tho  New  Fugland  Farmer. 

BEES. 
Mr.  Fessenden — In  a  communication  made 
for  your  paper  a  few  days  past  on  this  ine.r- 
haustibk  subject,  I  regretted  not  having  re- 
ceived an  answer  from  a  gentleman  in  the 
western  country,  to  whom  I  had  written  last 
autumn  on  the  method  of  keeping  Bees  in 
the  upper  part  of  a  house,  or  any  other  build- 
ing. I  do  not  enter  into  any  controversy 
concerning  these  valuable  insects,  or  the 
best  shaped  hives.  My  object  is  to  obtain 
honey  in  the  safest  and  easiest  way,  with  lit- 
tle trouble  or  expense,  and  also  I  hope  with 
a  greater  certainty  of  keeping  clear  of  the 
bee-moth,  from  the  greater  elevation  from 
the  earth  than  the  usual  method. 

I  have  this  week  received  the  letter  I  had 
so  long  been  expecting,  and  now  give  it  to 
you  for  publication.         Yours,  Sic, 

Roxbury, April  12,1831.         J.  Prince. 

Versailles,  Woodford  co.  Ky.  April  30,  1831. 
John  Prince,  Etq. 

My  Dear  Sir — Your  friendly  letter  of  Oc 
tober  last  was  forwarded  to  me  at  this  place, 
but  did  not  reach  this  until  my  departure 
for  the  southern  counties;  consequently  this 
is  the  first  opportunity  I  have  had,  and  must 
plead  my  excuse  for  not  attending  to  your 
request  sooner  :  and  now,  as  I  have  to  regret 
that  my  friend  Doct.  Parker  has  not  furnish- 
ed me  with  all  the  informational  require, 
concerning  the  management  of  bees ;  but 
lie  has  kindly  afforded  me.an  opportunity  of 


examining  his  bee-house,  and  if  I  possessed 
the  power  of  description,  you  should  certain- 
ly have  it,  intelligibly.  This  much  is  cer- 
tain, that  he  has  in  his  garret  a  great  num- 
ber of  bees.  He  thinks  about  forty  swarms 
at  this  time,  all  proceeding  from  one  hive, 
put  there  about  ten  years  ago.  He  placed 
the  hive  near  the  brick  wall  or  end  of  his 
garret,  leaving  an  aperture  or  small  hole  in 
the  wall,  through  which  the  bees  passed  out 
and  in.  A  tight  room  was  then  made  for 
them,  such  as  may  be  made  in  the  end  of  any 
house,  leaving  a  door,  which  may  be  locked 
or  bolted.  The  room  must  be  tight,  admit- 
ting neither  air  or  light,  or  very  little  of  ei- 
ther. A  large  box  was  then  put  into  this 
room,  say  eight  by  four  feet,  one  half  sawed 
in  two,  with  small  hinges  on  it,  and  fastened 
at  the  bottom  by  a  bolt  or  lock,  for  the  con- 
venience of  raising  up  and  getting  the  hon- 
ey whenever  you  may  want.  The  hive  be- 
ing placed  on  the  top  of  the  box,  and  the 
latter  having  five  or  six  holes  bored  in  it  by 
a  small  auger — as  soon  as  the  bees  have  fill- 
ed the  hive,  they  go  down  into  the  box,  and 
never  swarm  until  they  have  completely  fill- 
ed it.  But  you  must  have  room  enough  in 
your  house  to  keep  them  always  at  work. — 
And  this  you  may  do  by  adding  box  to  box ; 
and  they  will  even  then  proceed  to  deposit 
their  comb  oji  the  rafters  of  the  house. 

Doct.  Parker  told  me  the  other  day,  that 
he  could  now  take  from  50  to  100  weight  of 
honey-comb  without  disturbing,  or  even  see- 
ing a  bee.  We  have  also  a  bee-house  in  the 
yard — three  sides  planked  up,  as  other  fra- 
med houses  are;  we  have  framed  a  box  the 
whole  length,  say  fourteen  feet;  this  box  is 
eighteen  inches  wide  and  about  twelve  deep, 
with  holes  bored  all  along  the  top,  over 
which  the  hives  are  set  or  placed — the  front 
part  of  this  box  is  full  of  holes  for  the  egress 
and  ingress  of  the  bees — they  directly  go  up 
through  the  box  into  the  hives,  fill  them, 
and  then  go  to  work  in  the  large  box,  so  that 
you  may  take  the  hive  off  as  soon  as  filled 
and  place  another  there,  so  that  there  is  no 
necessity  of  ever  killing  a  bee.  You  can 
fasten  the  hives  on  the  box,  by  running  a 
bar  of  iron  or  wood  through  each  end  of  the 
house  and  putting  a  lock  on  it  so  as  to  pre- 
vent robbery.  The  lock  is  placed  in  the  end 
of  the  bar,  outside  of  the  house. 

We  have  several  other  plans,  or  methods 
of  raising  bees  in  this  neighborhood — such 
as  small  brick  buildings,  and  putting  the 
hives  in  them,  leaving  holes  in  the  wall  for 
them  to  go  out  and  in  at,  having  a  door  in 
the  back  or  front,  as  you  please.  We  also 
have  the  hives  placed  in  the  top  of  the  por- 
ticos or  porches,  boring  small  holes  in  the 
plank  for  them  to  go  through.  In  truth, 
there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  having  plenty 
of  honey,  if  we  devote  any  time  to  making  a 
house  for  the  bees. 

I  am,  fcc.  he.        P-  N.  O'Barnum. 

GRAPE    SEED — NEW  VARIETIES   OF   GRAPES. 

The  Editor  of  the  American  Farmer  has 
received  from  N.  Herbemont,  Esq.  about  a 
gallon  of  grape  seed  for  distribution  among 
those  persons  who  are  willing  to  attempt 
the  production  of  new  varieties  of  grapes. — 
There  are  three  parcels  of  seed ;  one  from 
Herbemont's  Madeira,  one  from  the  Lenoir, 
and  the  other  from  the  Blands  Madeira,  the 
Isabella,  and  the  Arena  mixed.  The  first 
is  a  well  known  hardy  variety,  and  the  pros- 
pect is  very  fair  for  producing  from  the  sev- 
eral varieties  many  valuable  new  seedlings 


and  we  invite  gentlemen  who  have  facilities 
for  the  experiment,  to  call  and  obtain  a  por- 
tion of  the  seed.  The  editor  has  planted 
half  a  pint  of  each  parcel,  and  should  the 
remainder  not  be  called  for  during  the  en- 
suing week,  as  the  season  is  getting  late  he 
will  plant  the  whole,  and  distribute  the 
plants  at  a  future  season,  at  a  price  which 
will  merely  defray  the  expense.  But  it  is 
hoped  that  the  patriotic  intentions  of  Mr. 
Herbemont  will  be  seconded  by  gentlemen 
more  competent,  both  in  means  and  skill, 
for  the  accomplishment  of  the  object.  It 
is  by  such  means  alone  that  the  vine  coun- 
tries of  the  east  have  obtained  so  many  ex- 
cellent varieties  of  grape  adapted  to  their 
various  climates ;  and  it  is  by  such  means 
alone  that  the  United  States  will  be  able  to 
do  the  same.  Mr.  Herbemont  by  this  means 
has  produced  one  of  the  best,  if  not  the  very 
best  wine  grapes  now  cultivated  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  (the  Herbemont  Madeira;)  it 
possesses  the  important  quality  of  withstand- 
ing all  the  severities  and  vicissitudes  of  our 
various  climates;  is  a  full  and  sure  bearer, 
and  its  fruit  inferior  to  no  other  for  wine.— 
The  production  of  one  vine  of  equal  value 
would  be  a  rich  reward  for  the  trouble  and 
expense  of  the  experiment  now  recommend- 
ed. As  the  season  is  late,  we  would  recom- 
mend persons  who  may  plant  the  seed  to 
soak  it  in  hot  water  for  twelve  or  twenty- 
four  hours  previous  to  putting  it  in  the 
ground.  We  would  also  recommend  trench- 
es to  be  dug  two  feet  apart  one  inch  deep, 
[well  rotted  stable  manure  put  in  six  inches 
deep,  the  trenches  filled  with  sandy  loam 
imixed  with  chip  manure,  and  the  seed  sown 
in  drills,  like  radish  seed,  along  the  top  of 
ithem.  A  pint  of  the  seed  might  thus  be  put 
in  six  or  eight  square  rods  of  ground. — Am. 
Farmer.  — — 

THE  MARKET. 

JVcw  York,  May  14. 

The  New-York  Daily  Advertiser  of  Satur- 
day, remarks: — A  few  days  later  intelligence 
from  France  has  been  received  6ince  our  last, 
which  is  considered  by  most  people  as  more 
warlike.  This  had  an  effect  to  strengthen  the 
confidence  of  the  holders  of  flour,  who  have 
been  able  to  advance  their  rates  in  the  face  of 
an  unprecedented  supply  from  the  North  River 
and  Canal.  Business  continues  brisk,  and  the 
sales  nf  sugars,  molasses,  flour,  and  some  other 
articles,  have  been  extensive.  The  demand 
for  vessels  continues ;  und  whenever  the  ship 
ping  is  actively  employed,  our  city  presents  a 
flourishing  appearance 

FLOUR  — There  has  been  more  activity 
since  our  last,  and  a  slight  improvement,  par- 
ticularly in  western,  the  receipts  of  which  are 
considerably  reduced.  Common  brands  of  this 
description  have  been  selling  within  a  few 
days  at  $6  1*8  up  to  $G  3»8  for  choice  marks, 
principally  for  the  eastern  states  and  to  the  city 
dealers.  Shipments  to  England  continue  lobe 
made  by  the  holders  of  western  contracts,  and 
occasional  new  purchases  are  made  to  a  limit- 
ed extent  also  for  that  market.  Common  south- 
ern has  met  with  a  belter  demand  and  rather 
higher  prices.  Holders  have  acquired  more 
firmness  since  the  arrival  of  the  Havre  packet, 
from  the  increased  probability  of  a  war  in  Eu- 
rope. N.  Y.  sup  bbl  5  87  a  6  Troy  sup  6  a 
6  12      Western  6  12  a  C  37 

Fire.    The  furrier  establishment  at  Alba- 
ny, of  Messrs.  Packer,  Prentice  h  Co.  was 
burnt  on  the  12th  inst.  loss,  besides  the  build- 
ing, which  was  insured,  about  515,000,  in 
surance  gl0,000. 

A  child  was  burnt  to  death  1  itely,  at  Lon- 
gueil,  Cadada,  from  its  clothes  taking  fire 
while  near  the  stove. 


156 


THE  GENESEE  FAKMFR 


May  21,  1831. 


T22S  GUNESrE  TAIUViER 


SATURDAY,  MlY  21,  1831. 


PROSPECTS. 

Although  we  have  heen  visited  with  a  cold 
storm  of  wind  and  snow  the  week  past,  yet 
we  cannot  discover  that  any  damage  has 
been  done  to  fruit  in  this  neighborhood. — 
On  Tuesday  morning  there  was  considera- 
ble ice,  and  the  ground  in  ploughed  fields 
was  frozen  sufficiently  hard  to  hear  a  man  ; 
but  on  examining  the  leaves  of  young  plants 
at  sunrise,  we  could  not  discover  that  they 
were  frozen;  Oranges,  Lemons,  and  several, 
other  green-house  plants,  which  had  been 
removed  to  the  garden  anrl  remained  with, 
out  covering,  were  not  injured.  During  the 
storm,  the  large  body  of  ice  which  had  been 
driven  to  the  east  end  of  Lake  Erie  by  a  pre- 
vious one,  was  broken  up  and  drifted  into 
the  lake,  and  the  vessels  which  had  been 
cooped  up  at  Buffalo  were  able  to  leave  the 
harbor. 

Wheat  continues  to  look  well,  and  now 
gives  fair  promise  of  a  bountiful  harvest. — 
The  increased  prices  of  the  past  season  have 
stimulated  the  farmers  so  that  the  exertions 
and  preparations  for  summer  crops  bespeaks 
an  increase  of  industry.  Never  did  business 
put  on  a  more  healthy  appearance  than  the 
present  season.  The  number  of  emigrants 
leaving  the  eastern  for  the  western  states,  is 
greater  than  in  any  former  year,  and  our  ca- 
nal affords  them  a  cheap,  easy,  and  safe  way 
of  transporting  themselves  and  their  effects. 
Should  the  present  tide  of  emigration  con- 
tinue a  few  years,  it  would  be  difficult  to 
make  a  calculation  on  the  amount  of  produce 
which  will  have  to  be  carried  to  market  thro' 
the  Erie  Canal. 


weeds,  a  broken  falling  fence,  in  short  any 
thing  but  a  neat  door-yard,  is  a  suspicious 
circumstance.  The  paper  aforesaid  suggests 
that,  "without  entering  on  the  delicate  ques- 
tion of  right,  this  province  be  made  over  to 
the  ladies;  and  that  they  have  the  full  pow- 
er to  call  upon  any  idle  man  or  boy  about  the 
house,  to  aid  and  abet  them  in  its  due  regu- 
lation." We  think  this  a  good  proposition; 
for  where  there  is  neither  an  idle  man  or  an 
idle  boy,  the  door-yard  is  "  as  neat  as  wax- 
work." We  hope  our  readers  will  endeavor 
to  keep  clear  of  all  those  suspicions  ;  for  to 
be  suspected  of  being  lazy,  or  quarrelling 
with  one's  wife  about  jurisdiction,  is  bad  e 
nough — but  to  have  a  dirty  door-yard  into 
the  bargain,  is  insufferable. 


grow  up  for  shade.  They  should  be  very 
careful  ahout  cutting  them  when  in  full  leaf, 
for  if  cattle  are  allowed  to  get  to  them  they 
will  eat  the  leaves,  which  will  be  sure  to  kill 
them.  When  it  becomes  necessary  to  cut 
down  one  of  these  trees  in  summer,  the  limbs 
should  be  cut  off  and  buined. 


GINGER  OR  SlSiMER   BEER. 

To  every  gallon  of  water  add  one  pound 
of  sugar  or  one  pint  of  molasses,  one  ounce 
of  cream  of  tartar,  half  an  ounce  of  ginger, 
and  a  table-spoonful  of  yeast  ;  put  it  by  to 
ferment,  and  as  soon  as  the  fermentation 
ceases  bung  close  or  bottle,  and  in  two  or 
three  days  it  will  be  fit  for  use. 


DIM),,.  YARDS. 
As  the  season  of  the  year  has  arrived  for 
cleaning  houses,  yards,  &c.  we  cannot  but 
give  an  extract  from  a  Springfield  paper  lor 
the  use  of  housewives,  as  it  relates  to  juris- 
diction, and  may  save  many  "  family  jars." 
Some  people  pretend  that  a  man's  char- 
acter may  be  learned  from  the  shape  of  his 
nose  or  the  shape  of  his  head.  Honest  peo- 
ple may  be  permitted  to  doubt  whether  this 


GRAFTING. 

On  employing  travelling  or  quack  Horti- 
culturists.— Notwithstanding  our  advice  to 
our  readers  not  to  employ  those  men  who 
go  about  the  country  offering  their  services 
to  graft  or  innoculate  fruit  trees,  one  of  our 
friends  called  on  us  the  other  day  and  said 
he  had  employed  a  couple  of  them,  as  had 
also  his  neighbor ;  that  he  came  off  better 
than  his  neighbor,  as  he  had  but  few  trees 
for  them  to  graft,  for  which  they  charged 
him  about  eighteen  dollars,  but  his  neighbor 
about  eighty — all  for  what  they  did  in  less 
than  five  days.  It  remains  to  determine 
what  improvement  they  have  made  in  the 
fruit.  We  believe  these  men  calculate  up- 
on charging  about  ten  dollars  per  day;  and 
if  they  would  be  honest,  we  do  not  pretend 
but  the  farmer  would  be  benefitted,  provided 
he  could  not  get  it  done  any  other  way,  but 
we  do  say  that  he  should  either  do  it  him 
self,  or  have  it  done  under  his  own  superin- 
tendance  ;  as  for  what  he  would  have  to  pay 
one  of  these  quacks  for  one  day  he  might 
hire  a  good  laborer  for  a  month,  and  one 
who  could  do  the  same  business  with  a  little 
instructing.  These  things  are  worth  look- 
ing to  by  those  who  wish  to  be  economical. 


TREES— INSECTS. 

Attend  to  your  Fruit  Trees. — This  is  the 
season  for  destroying  insects  on  fruit  trees. 
A  little  attention  bestowed  upon  them  at  this 
time  will   be  of  great   advantage   to  them 


is  so;  but  that  a  man's  character  in  some  t  throughout  the  season.      Now  the   aphis  or 


particulars  may  be  learned  from  the  appear- 
ance of  his  door-yard,  no  reasonable  man 
will  doubt.  It  is  suggested  in  the  new  YVil- 
liamstown  paper  that  one  of  the  reasons  why 
so  many  door-yards  are  neglected,  is  that  it 
is  a  spot  of  doubtful  jurisdiction,  neither  fall- 
ing exactly  within  the  scope  of  the  word 
"farm,"  which  it  is  the  province  of  the  man 
(o  oversee,  nor  being  properly  in  the  house, 
where  the  woman  reigns  ;  but  if  there  is  any 
question  of  this  sort,  it  ought  to  be  settled 
without  delay — for  a  slovenly  door-yard  is  a 
pretty  infallible  indication  of  a  slovenly  far- 
mer, a  slovenly  wife,  and  a  slovenly  house. 
Old  leaves,   sticks,   chips,    bones,  and  old 


plant  louse  begins  to  multiply.  Those  eggs 
of  insects  which  were  deposited  upon  the 
bark  last  year,  are  hatching  into  life  to  feed 
upon  the  young  leaves  and  fruit,  and  may 
be  destroyed  with  more  ease  when  young, 
than  after  they  have  spread  themselves  upon 
the  leaves ;  as  when  young  they  may  be 
found  mostly  upon  the  bark,  and  washing 
the  trees  with  strong  soapsuds  will  destroy  a 
very  great  proportion  of  them.  Grafting 
for  the  season  should  be  finished,  and  trees 
pruned  as  soon  as  time  will  permit. 


WILD  CHERRY  TREE. 

It  often  happens   that    farmers   cut  down 
Wild  Cherry  tiers  which  have  been  left  to 


CTCISIBERS. 

To  secure  Cucumbers  against  Bugs. — We 
have  tried  various  experiments  for  preserv- 
ing Cucumber  and  Melon  plants  against  the 
hugs,  but  have  found  none  so  useful  as  a 
box  with  glass  in  the  top.  The  following 
we  have  found  the  most  convenient  way  of 
making  them  : — Take  ol  common  fine  clap- 
boards about  eight  inches  wide  in  sufficient 
quantity — with  a  small  plow  such  as  tin- 
joiners  use,  plow  a  furrow  in  one  edge  one 
quarter  of  an  inch  deep — then  cut  this  clap- 
board into  suitable  lengths  to  form  boxes  ol 
the  desired  size,  according  to  the  size  ol 
your  glass  and  the  number  of  lights  intend- 
ed for  each  box.  For  many  uses  one  light 
is  sufficient ;  but  a  better  size  for  Melon- 
and  Cucumbers  is  to  have  two  lights  to  each 
box.  When  the  box  is  to  be  nailed  togeth- 
er, either  cut  off  the  plowing  of  one  piece  or 
have  one  that  is  not  so  wide  as  the  others  by 
the  width  of  the  ploughing,  in  order  that  the 
glass  may  be  slipped  in  and  out  at  pleasure. 
When  boxes  with  glass  in  this  manner  arc 
placed  over  hills  of  green  plants,  they  not 
only  effectually  keep  off  all  bugs  and  flies, 
but  greatly  accelerate  the  growth  of  the 
young  plants.  After  the  season  for  bugs  is 
past,  the  glass  may  be  taken  out  and  pack- 
ed in  boxes,  and  kept  until  the  succeeding 
year.  The  making  of  boxes  and  their  ap- 
plication requires  less  time  than  is  necessa- 
ry to  prevent  the  bugs  from  destroying  the 
plants,  in  any  other  way  with  which  we  are 

acquainted.  

INDIAN  CAKJ.S,  OR  PONE. 

For  making  Indian  Cakes. — To  one  quart 
of  milk  add  three  eggs — beat  them  well — 
then  add  as  much  meal  as  will  make  a  hal- 
ter of  the  same  consistency  as  is  used  for 
buckwheat  cakes;  pour  it  into  a  bake-ket- 
tle  and  bake  as  for  other  cakes.  When 
sour  milk  can  be  had  it  is  to  be  preferred, 
into  which  put  some  pearlash  as  for  making 
biscuit. 

When  cakes  are  made  according  to  the 
above  directions,  most  people  prefer  them 
to  wheat  bread,  and  no  doubt  they  are  more 
healthy.  They  should  he  eaten  warm,  and 
with  a  cup  of  coffee  make  an  excellent  break 
fast.  In  addition  to  all  other  recommenda- 
tions they  arc — economical. 


Vol  1.— No.  20. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


157 


HORSES. 

Horse  Godolph'me. — As  it  may  be  interest- 
ing to  some  of  ouv  readers  to  know  some- 
thing of  the  history  of  the  celebrated  Arabi- 
an horse  Godolphine,  we  subjoin  the  follow- 
ing from  the  American  Turf  Register  and 
Sportsman's  Magazine.  The  Darley  and 
Godolphine  were  two  of  the  most  celebrated 
horses  in  England,  and  from  them  have  de- 
scended all  the  present  famous  breed  of  race- 
horses. These  swift  horses  in  England  are 
what  are  denominated  blood-horses,although 
in  this  country,  unless  it  is  among  sports- 
men, all  imported  horses  are  called  blood- 
horses. 

"  The  Godolphine  Arabian  was  imported 
into  England  about  five  and  twenty  years 
after  the  Darley  Arabian.  They  were  the 
most  celebrated  and  valuable  for  their  blood 
and  bigh  form,  as  stallions,  which  have  yet 
appeared,  and  are  the  source  of  our  present 
best  racing  blood.  There  are  sufficient  rea- 
sons, however,  for  the  supposition  that  Lord 
Godolphine's  horse  was  in  reality  a  Barb. 
The  public  has  been  in  constant  possession 
of  the  true  portrait  of  this  famous  horse,  so 
remarkable  and  striking  in  his  form. 

"  This  Arabian  was  fifteen  hands  in  height, 
of  great  substance,  of  the  truest  conforma- 
tion for  strength  and  action,  bearing  every 
indication  of  a  real  courser,  a  horse  of  the 
desert.  His  color  was  entire  brown  bay, with 
mottles  on  the  buttocks  and  crest,  except- 
ing a  small  streak  of  white  upon  the  hinder 
heels.  He  was  imported  into  France  from 
some  capital  or  royal  stud  in  Barbarv, whence 
it  is  suspected  he  was  stolen,  and  said  to 
have  been  foaled  in  1724.  So  little  was  he 
valued  in  France,  that  he  was  actually  em- 
ployed in  the  drudgery  of  drawing  a  cart  in 
the  streets  of  Paris. 

"  Mr.  Coke  brought  him  over  from  France 
and  gave  him  to  Williams,  master  of  the  St. 
James  coffee-house,  who  presented  him  to 
the  Earl  of  Godolphine.  During  the  years 
1730  and  1731,  the  Arabian  served  in  that 
noble  sportsman's  stud  as  teaser  to  his  stal- 
lion Hobgoblin  ;  which  horse  refusing  to  co- 
ver Roxana,  she  was  in  consequence  put  to 
the  Arabian,  and  produced  a  colt  foal,  the 
famous  Lath,  the  most  elegant  and  beauti- 
ful, as  well  as  the  best  racer  of  bis  time. — 
He  died  in  1753,  the  most  successful  as  a 
stallion  of  any  foreign  horse  before  or  since 

imported."  

INDIAN  CORN  AND  PUMPKINS. 

The  following  is  taken  from  the  Plough 
Boy  of  Dec.  1820,  and  we  would  invite  the 
attention  of  our  farmers  to  it.  We  are  con- 
vinced that  the  farina  from  one  half  of  the 
blossoms  of  corn  is  sufficient  for  fecunda- 
ting the  whole  of  the  silk  or  female  part  of 
the  blossoms.  The  following  experiment 
was  founded  upon  that  principle,  which  we 

believe  is  rather  a  novelty  in   agriculture 

We  hope  some  of  our  readers  will  make  the 
experiment  upon  a  small  scale  and  commu- 
nicate the  result  10  us,  that  we  may  lay  it 
before  the  public. 

"  There  was  raised  on  the  farm  of  R.  II. 
Rose,  at  Silver  Lake,  Susquehannah  coun- 
ty, Pa.  the  present  year,  (1820)  Indian  corn 
at  the  rate  of  136  bushels  per  acre.  It  was 
the  short  white  eight-rowed  corn,  planted  in 
rows  three  feet  apart;  the  stalks  nine  inches 


from  each  other  in  the  rows.  Rather  before 
the  usual  time  of  topping,  the  stalks  of  every 
other  row  were  cut  off  just  above  the  highest 
ear.  The  tassels  were  suffered  to  remain 
on  the  other  rows  till  the  crop  was  harvest- 
ed. The  corn  was  planted  on  the  third  day 
of  June,  and  gathered  on  the  sixteenth  of 
September.     It  requires  a  rich  soil." 

In  order  to  take  any  advantage  of  this 
operation,  the  stalks  should  be  cut  as  soon 
as  they  are  up,  and  before  the  blossoms  ap- 
pear ;  because  after  the  blossoms  have  shed 
their  pollen  then  their  functions  are  perfor- 
med, and  all  the  stalks  might  be  taken  off  as 
well  as  half. 

This  might  not  be  applicable  to  garden 
culture,  where  only  a  few  hills  are  raised, — 
as  we  frequently  find  in  sucn  situations  that 
the  kernels  do  not  all  become  fecundated, 
even  where  the  lops  are  left  on.  This  may 
be  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  winds  at  the 
time  the  blossoms  opened,  which  carried  the 
pollen  away  from  the  silk ;  for  unless  some 
of  the  dust  or  pollen  from  the  tassel  falls 
upon  the  point  of  each  particle  of  silk, which 
is  an  elongated  pistil,  the  kernel  or  seed  will 
not  fill  out  or  arrive  at  maturity. 

The  writer  further  observes — 

"The  produce  of  a  field  of  Pumpkins  on 
the  same  farm,  was  at  the  rate  of  27  1-2  tons 
iper  acre.  They  were  planted  in  hills,  three! 
feet  one  way,  by  six  feet  the  other.  The 
soil  in  both  these  instances  was  a  sandy  loam, 
and  in  fine  order." 

Was  it  not  that  Pumpkins  are  liable  to  be 
destroyed  by  the  yellow-striped  bugs  when  j 
young,we  think  they  would  be  found  of  great 
importance  to  the  farmer,  and  even  as  the 
chance  is,  we  would  recommend  them  in 
preference  to  Turnips  or  Mangel  Wurtzel. 
Allowing  an  average  crop  to  be  half  the  a- 
bove  quantity,  we  think  they  would  be  as 
profitable  for  fattening  cattle  or  hogs,  as  any 
crop  the  farmer  could  raise. 


ture,  as  we  think  a  little  more  industry  would 
stop  many  of  our  prudent  young  men  from 
going  east  in  search  of  wives. 


BONNETS. 

We  are  heartily  glad  to  see  something 
like  domestic  economy  among  the  ladies. — 
Now,  straw  bonnets  are  all  the  go  ;  a  few 
years  since,  and  nothing  short  of  a  Leghorn 
would  answer  for  mistress  or  maid — by  which 
fashion  some  millions  of  dollars  were  sent 
out  of  the  country  for  an  article  of  dress 
which  might  have  been  made  at  home, which 
would  have  given  employment  to  a  great 
number  of  poor  people,  not  to  say  any  thing 
about  the  higher  class ;  but  we  can  well  re- 
member when  it  was  fashionable  in  Connec- 
ticut for  ladies  of  respectability  to  carry  the 
straw  for  braiding  to  afternoon  parties,  in  the 
same  manner  that  our  good  mothers  used  to 
their  knitting  work — and  we  should  be  apt 
to  draw  the  conclusion,  from  the  quantity  of 
bonnets  imported  into  this  section  of  coun- 
try from  those  states  this  spring,  that  their 
females  had  been  amusing  themselves  the 
winter  past  in  the  same  way.  We  hope  our 
young  females  will  take  the  hint  and  be  a 
little  industrious  in  that  kind  of  manttfac-| 


BUTTER. 

Butter  forms  an  important  item  in  the  pro- 
duce of  the  farm,  as  well  as  the  necessaries 
for  the  table.  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance 
to  the  farmer  who  resides  near  a  large  town, 
to  establish  his  reputation  for  bringing  to 
market  fine  Butter.  This  is  not  only  prof- 
itable of  itself,  but  gives  a  comparative  re- 
commendation to  every  thing  he  has  to  dis 
pose  of.  How  often  do  we  hear  the  expres- 
sion in  families,  "  that  they  bought  such  an 
article  of  Mr.  C.  who  make  the  best  butter 
that  is  brought  into  our  market."  When  a 
man  has  established  his  reputation  for  an  ar- 
ticle, he  not  only  finds  a  readier  sale  for  it, 
but  gets  a  greater  price.  This  is  particular- 
ly the  case  with  Butter.  Who  among  us 
does  not  prefer  paying  two  or  three  cents  a 
pound  for  a  fine,  fresh,  well-flavored  article, 
over  the  rank,  marbled,  greasy-looking  stufi' 
which  is  seen  daily  in  our  markets?  Now 
the  milk  for  the  one  was  as  good  as  for  the 
other — the  only  difference  being  in  the  man 
ner  of  making.  From  the  advanced  price 
of  this  article  of  common  consumption  in 
our  market  the  month  past,  we  trust  that  a 
few  observations  on  the  making  of  it  will  bo 
read  with  interest  by  those  in  our  neighbor- 
hood, if  not  by  our  subscribers  at  a  distance. 
Having  been  acquainted  with  the  course  pur- 
sed by  some  eminent  dairymen  and  women 
who  preserve  their  butter  through  the  seas- 
on fine  and  fresh,  we  give  the  following  di- 
rections : — 

1st.  Let  your  dairy-room  be  kept  cool, 
and  not  only  the  room  but  every  utensil  used 
in  it  be  kept  from  any  rancid,  sour,  or  un- 
pleasant smell. 

2d.  Let  the  milk  with  the  cream  be  put 
in  the  churn  as  soon  as  sour,  before  any  pu- 
trid fermentation  takes  place. 

Butter  is  found  to  be  of  better  flavor  when 
churned  with  the  milk,  than  when  the  cream 
is  churned  separately.  Let  the  churning  be 
continued  until  the  butter  is  well  collected, 
after  which  it  should  be  taken  out  with  a 
ladle  and  set  in  a  cool  place  to  harden;  it 
should  then  be  worked  over  with  the  ladle 
until  perfectly  freed  from  the  buttermilk.  In 
no  part  of  the  process  should  the  butter  be 
touched  with  the  hands,  but  be  handled  en- 
tirely with  the  ladle  and  paddles.  In  hot 
weather  it  is  sometimes  worked  with  paddles 
in  clear  cold  water,  which  assists  in  extract 
ing  the  buttermilk.  After  the  Butter  baa 
been  worked  a  sufficient  time  to  give  it,  as 
the  dealers  say,  a  "good  grain,"  salt  if 
moderately.  If  to  each  pint  of  salt  one  oz 
of  fine  sugar  is  added,  it  improves  the  fla 
vor.  If  the  butter  is  designed  to  be  taken 
soon  to  market,  let  it  be  worked  in  small 
cakes  of  half  and  one  pound  each,  hand 
somely  marked  or  stamped  and  put  by  in  a 
cool  place,  and  taken  to  market  in  the  morn 


J58 

ing.  Bat  if  it  is  designed  to  be  kept  through 
the  season,  let  it  be  packed  in  a  firkin  and 
set  by  in  a  cool  place  for  a  few  days,  when 
the  butter  will  be  found  to  have  shrunk  from 
the  sides  of  the  firkin  :  the  head  should  be 
put  in,  and  through  a  hole  bored  in  it,  the 
cavity  should  be  filled  with  strong  brine,  the 
hole  stopped,  and  the  firkin  reversed— by 
which  the  butter  will  cleave  from  the  head 
which  was  at  the  bottom,  and  become  per- 
fectly surrounded  with  a  streak  of  brine;  in 
which  situation  it  may  be  kept  sweet  through 

the  season.  — — 

MILCH   COWS. 
The  attention  of  farmers  is  invited  to  the 
consideration  of  the  character  and  condition 
of  our  milch  cows. 

How  much  milk  ought  a  cow  to  yield  to 
be  worth  her  keeping  ?  What  is  the  aver- 
age time  that  our  cows  are  in  milk  ?  Is  there 
much,  if  any,  waste  of  fodder  among  us  by 
keeping  animals  that  yield  little  or  no  return 
of  profit?  Questions  like  these,  and  there 
are  many  such,  ought  to  be  put  and  answer- 
ed in  the  New-England  Farmer.  It  may 
turn  out  that  our  dairy  stock  is  extremely 
low  in  character  and  its  management  waste- 
ful. 

If  something  like  an  average  quality  of 
milch  cows  could  be  settled — to  effect  ai 
standard — and  it  should  be  understood  that 
no  good  farmer  would  keep  an  animal  for 
milk  that  fell  below  it ;  all  the  cows  in  the 
country  would  soon  come  up  to  that  stand- 
ard and  go  beyond  it. 

A  milch  cow  of  medium  quality  in  this 
state  will  give,  it  is  supposed,  twelve  quarts 
of  milk  per  day  for  two  months  after  calving, 
and  about  seven  quarts  per  day  on  grass 
feed  for  the  next  four  months,  and  four  qts. 
per  day  for  the  next  following  two  months, 
and  perhaps  two  quarts  one  month  longer. 
Altogether  1500  quarts  in  a  year. 

It  takes  nine  quarts  of  milk  to  give  a  pound 
of  butter,  and  four  quarts  to  yield  a  pound 
of  cheese.  The  skim  milk  and  dairy  whey 
may  be  valued  at  three  dollars  a  cow  per 
annum. 

Now  a  cow  that  gives  1500  quarts  of  milk 
in  a  year,  will  produce  166  pounds  of  butter, 
worth,  at  sixteen  cents  per  lb.         $26  56 
Skim  milk,  say  3  44 


830  00 
Nothing  is  said  of  the  worth  of  the  calf, 
as  all  the  milk  the  cow  gives  is  credited. 

A  milch  cow's  keeping  one  year  cannot 
be  short  of  twenty-five  dollars  in  the  inte- 
rior. 

Suppose  a  farmer  to  resolve  that  he  would 
keep  no  cow  that  did  not  hold  out  as  a  good 
milker  nine  months  in  the  year — and  that 
did  not  give  sixteen  quarts  of  milk  per  day 
for  two  months  after  calving,  and  twelve 
quarts  per  day  the  next  three  months,  and 
two  quarts  per  day  the  month  following. — 
Such  a  cow  would  yield  per  annum  3000 
quarts  of  milk. 

Here  it  may  be  remarked,  that  with  the 
addition  of  five  dollars  per  annum  as  esti- 
mated for  a  common  cow,  the  neat  profit 
would  probably  be  four  fold. 

It  it  not  practicable  to  have  throughout 
the  country,  as  common  dairy  stock,  animals 
as  good  as  the  last  described  ? 

This  question  is  submitted  to  farmers  for 
consideration.      The  probability  is  that  in 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


May  21,  1831 


taking  some  pains  to  get  stock  as  good,  they 
would  get  even  better. 

If  the  various  modes  of  obtaining  this 
object  were  resorted  to  at  once  and  with 
zeal  throughout  the  country,  there  would 
be  a  prodigious  improvement  in  a  very  short 
time.  No  young  animal  of  promising  ap- 
pearance for  milk  would  go  to  the  butch- 
er. More  care  would  be  taken  of  young 
stock.  More  young  stock  would  be  retain- 
ed to  insure  a  better  selection  for  milch 
i.  Farmers  would  think  more  of  the 
advantages  of  employing  bulls  of  the  impro- 
ved breeds.  Heifers  should  be  milked  with 
great  care  and  very  thoroughly,  to  get  them 
in  the  habit  of  holding  out  as  long  milkers. 
If  they  once  dry  early,  no  care  and  keeping 
afterwards  will  correct  this  fault.  Heifers 
with  the  first  calf  will  be  fed  well  with  some 
additional  care  the  last  three  months  they 
are  in  milk,  to  make  them  hold  out. 

The  profit  of  a  milch  cow  is  not  generally 
understood.  Milk  is  not  only  the  most  nu- 
tritious but  cheapest  article  of  food.  The 
food  necessary  for  a  cow  in  full  milk,  does 
not  exeeed  in  price,  one  third  of  what  is 
necessary  in  feeding  for  the  butcher. 

These  few  remarks  are  hastily  made,  to 
draw  out  farmers,  and  particularly  scientific 
farmers,  on  this  subject.  These  are  a  great 
many  facts  to  the  purpose,  which  should 
come  to  light. — Mass.  Agri.  Rep. 


Potato.     The  past  season  has  been  too  wet 
and  cold,  even  for  this  hardy  vegetable. 
Yours,  kc.  P.  Williams. 

EXPENSE    OF    CULTIVATION. 

50  loads  manure,  the   proportion  drawn  by 

the  potato  crop  probably   not  more  than 

50  per  cent,  at  gl  per  load,  #25  00 

Carting  the  same  and  spreading,  5  00 

Plowing  in  the  manure,  4  00 

Labor  in  planting,  5  00 

25  bushels  of  seed  at  2  shillings,  8  SS 

Two  hoeings,  9  00- 

Harvesting  the  crop,  say  20  day's  work, 

at  4  shillings,  13  50 


#69   83 


From  Reports  of  the  Mass.  Agricultural  Society.* 

POTATOES. 

The  4th  premium  of  #20  was  awarded  to 
Mr.  Payson  Willians,  of  Fitchburgh,  an  old 
customer  from  the  county  of  Worcester,  for 
his  crop  of  Potatoes — about  570  bushels  to 
an  acre. 

To  the  Committee  on  Agricultural  Products. 

Gentlemen — As  a  claimant  for  the  premi- 
um offered  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Agricultural  Society  for  the  largest 
crop  of  Potatoes  grown  on  the  acre  the  pres- 
ent season,  I  will  state,  that  the  ground  on 
which  my  crop  was  grown,  inclines  to  the 
morning  sun,  is  of  a  deep  reddish  loam, 
somewhat  rocky.  In  182  9  an  abundant 
crop  of  winter  rye  was  taken  from  it,  prece- 
ded by  turnips,  for  the  successful  culture  of 
which,  the  sheep  (100)  were  nightly  folded, 
for  two  previous  years,  after  the  hay  crop 
was  taken  off.  The  rye  stubble  was  turned 
under  immediately  after  reaping  that  crop, 
The  process  of  preparing  the  ground  for  the 
potato  crop  was  as  follows,  viz.  In  May 
1830,  fifty  cart  loads,  thirty-three  bushels 
each,  of  unfermented  sheep  and  other  man- 
ure, was  evenly  spread  on  and  immediately 
plowed  in  ten  inches  deep,  furrows  struck 
three  feet  each  way  at  right  angles.  Twen- 
ty-five bushels  of  the  River  of  Plate  Reds 
and  Philadelphia  Blues,  were  used  for  seed  ; 
the  reds  planted  whole,  one  in  a  hill ;  the 
planting  finished  the  last  of  May.  The 
plants  had  two  good  hoeings;  the  last  when 
I  in  the  bud,  the  plant  or  stalks  being  ten  inch- 
I  es  in  height.  The  harvesting  finished  the 
last  of  October.  The  amount  of  the  potato 
crop  was  by  careful  measurement,  six  hun- 
dred and  eighteen  bushels  on  an  acre  and 
a  half  one  hundred  and  sixtieth  parts  of  an 
acre.  Also  had  on  a  part  of  the  field  about 
1000  pounds  crook-necked  and  West  India 
squashes,  planted  in  every  other  hill  and  ev- 
ery other  row,  where  the  potato  seed  was 
wholly  left  out.  The  land  is  probably  good 
enough  to  produce  a  much  larger  crop  when 
the  season  is  congenial  to  the  culture  of  the 


In  reading  Mr.  Williams'  account  of  his 
fine  crop  of  potatoes.our  farmers  are  request- 
ed to  notice  that  the  manure  was  spread  over 
the  ground,  instead  of  being  put  in  the  hill 
in  the  common   way.     If  using  manure  at. 
broad  cast  will  give  as  good  a  crop  of  pota- 
toes or  corn  as  putting  it  in  the  hill,  will  it 
not  be  a  great  saving  of  labor,  and   at  the 
same  time,  place  the  manure  more  equally 
on  the  ground  1      No  process   in  farming 
seems  more  slow  and  tedious  than  dunging 
out  in  the  hill.     It  is  hoped  that  this  state- 
ment of  Mr.  Williams,  who  has  always  ap- 
peared before  this  society  as  a  very  intelli- 
gent and  successful  farmer,   will  bring  out 
some  remarks   from   practical  men  on  this 
subject.     It  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Ware,  of 
Salem,  planted  this  year,  in  the  same  way, 
both  corn  and  potatoes,  and   if  a  more  eco- 
nomical mode  of  raising  them,   as  regards 
labor,  can  be  found  out,   it  will  be  a  great 
public  benefit.     Mr.  Williams  used  a  great 
quantity  of  manure,  it  is  true,  perhaps  twice 
or  three  times  as  much  as  is  usual  among 
farmers,  and  his  land  was  in  good  condition 
before  ;  but  then  he  intimates,  and  seeming- 
ly with  reason,  that,  owing  to  its  being  spread 
and  plowed  in,  not  more  than  half  its  strength 
was  drawn  out  by  the  potato  crop.     All  ex- 
periments of  this  kind  deserve  regard,   and 
one  great  object  of  the   Society  is  to  elicit 
the  opinions  of  observing  farmers   for  the 
public  good.    Perhaps  some  one  will  attempt 
to  show  the  difference  in  labor,  as  to  plant- 
ing corn  and  potatoes,  by  dunging  in  the  hill 
or  otherwise.     It  is  a  question  which  needs 
to  be  settled.  — — — 


NOTES  ON   MICHIGAN. 

From  reading-  a  Lecture  delivered  before 
the  Lyceum  of  Michigan,  by  Hie  Hon  Henry 
R.  Schoolcraft,  of  the  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie., 
we  glean  the  following  facts  respecting  that 
interesting  district  of  tho  West,  embraced 
within  the  present  limits  of  the  territory  of 
Michigan. 

The  scientific  lecturer  is  of  opioion,  from 
thedevelopement  of  fads,  that  the  whole  pen- 
insula between  Lakes  Michigan.  Huron,  and 
Erie,  is  of  secondary  formation  ;  that  boring 
at  Detroit  for  water,  260  feet,  the  auger  pass- 
ed 115  feet  through  various  earths,  to  a  stra- 
tum of  two  feet  of  beacli  sand  and  pebbles, 
then  a  strata  of  geodiferous  Ijme  rock,  which 
continued  60  feet,  then  succeeded  65  feet  of 
lias;  after  which  a  stratum  of  carbonate  of 
lime  impregnated  with  salt,  occupied  the 
auger  for  8  feet,  when  the  project  was  aban- 
doned. From  the  evident  dip  of  the  strata  of 
lime-rock,  a9  indicated  by  its  appearance  In 
various  poinl9  of  the  territory  between  the 
Lakes,  the  opinion  is  rationally  entertained, 
that  the  flooring  of  the  country  Is  of  lime* 


Vol.  1.— No.  20. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


159 


rock  of  the  geodlferous  quality;  primitive 
formations  being  only  observable  at  ttie  Sauli 
de  Ste  Marie,  between  Lakes  Huron  and 
Superior. 

Those  who  have  examined  the  old  maps  of 
the  "  territory  N.  W  of  the  Ohio"  Rivet, 
supposed  the  entire  north  part  of  this  great 
peninsula,  to  be  swampy  and  sterile  ;  indeed, 
most  of  the  French  population  who  occupied 
for  generations  a  narrow  belt  on  the  Detroit 
river,  imagined  that  the  interior  back  from 
that  river  was  an  interminable  swamp  !  But 
the  prying  genius  of  the  yaukees  threaded  the 
intricate  inazt's  of  those  damp  lands,  and  a 
country  fas  been  opened  to  the  entei  prize  of 
the  sons  of  New  England,  as  fertile,  and  per- 
haps of  easier  clearing  and  tillage  than  that 
of  old  Genesee:  instead  of  swamps — 

"  The  elevation  of  the  table  lands,  between 
the  iwo  lakes  is  not  accurately  known.  It 
has  been  estimated  at  three  hundred  feet.  It 
is  sufficient  at  any  rate,  to  permit  the  streams 
to  pass  off  in  lively  and  healthful  channels. 
And  these  channels  present  a  sufficient  de- 
scent, in  the  piincipal  streams,  to  permit  the 
erection  of  water  mills.  The  aspect  of  the 
country  itself,  is  of  a  highly  picturesque  char- 
acter, and  the  number  of  small  lakes  of  pure 
water,  which  abound  upon  the  uplands,  to 
gether  with  the  proportion  which  the  forests 
bear  to  what  are  called  prairies,  secure  foi  it 
the  principal  advantages  which  are  necessary 
to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  an  agricultu- 
ral population.  There  is  one  character  in  its 
soil,  which,  if  it  has  be^n  observed  in  other 
portions  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  uplands, 
has  not  been  brought  to  our  notice.  Those 
portions  of  its  table  lands  which  contain  the 
fewest  forest  trees,  and  present  a  yellowish  or 
reddish  hue.  impressing  the  traveller  with  the 
idea  of  sterillity,  undergo  a  chemical  action, 
on  being  turned  up  by  the  plough,  which 
changes  the  color  of  the  soil  to  a  qualified 
black,  and  the  soil  itself  is  found  to  be  highly 
productive. 

"Our  notices  of  the  mineralogy  of  the  coun- 
try, must  necessarily  he  b' ief. 

"The  lead  mines  of  Iowa  and  Galena 
which  have  yielded  upwards  of  forty  millions 
of  pounds  in  seven  years,  and  the  strong  indi- 
cations of  copper  mmes,  afforded  by  what  is 
known  of  the  southern  coast  of  Lake  Superi 
or,  belong  to  the  consideration  of  a  region  of 
country,  in  itself  of  immense  extent,  which 
has  been  but  imperfectly  explored,  and  which 
presents  geological,  as  well  as  mincralogical 
feature*,  in  some  respects  peculiar,  at  least 
distinct  and  separate  from  the  agricultural 
plains  of  the  peninsula. 

"It  has  been  stated  that  the  geological 
structure  of  the  peninsula  is  deemed  favorable 
to  the  existence  of  salt-^of  coal,  and  of  gyp 
sum — three  products  of  value  in  the  territory 
at  this  time,  but  which  will  probably  become 
more  in  request,  as  the  increase  of  population 
produces  an  increase  of  consumption.  Brine 
springs  are  known  to  exist  in  Washtenaw 
county ;  on  the  head  of  the  Cheboigan  river, 
and  in  some  other  places.  It  is  now  suppos 
ed  that  saline  waters  proceed  from  the  dilution 
of  rock  salt  in  the  lower  strata,  and  that  the 
waters  are  more  or  less  strongly  impregnated 
in  proportion  to  the  distance  of  these  saline 
repositories,  and  oth  ■<■  circumstances.  Gyp- 
sum is  found  upon  the  cluster  of  St.  Martin's 
islands,  in  lake  Huron ;  upon  the  island  called 
by  the  natives,  Neekiminis,  and  oo  the  sources 
of  Grand  River. 

Carbon  and  bitumen,  under  the  combina- 
tions which  these  bodies  assume  in  a  bituminous 
state,  are  found  in  the  wilderness  parts  of  the 
counties  of  Sagana  and  Lapier,  and  slaty  coal 


an  i  naphtha,  along  the  borders  ot  Lake  Mr 
chigan."  There  have  been  '•  picked  up  along 
the  margin  of  this  lake,  masses  of  mineral 
coal,  fretted  into  the  shape  of  spheroidal  peb- 
bles, which  on  breaking,  exhibited  a  slaty  and 
conchoidal  structure,  and  were  readily  ignited, 
with  a  bituminous  odour  and  flame."  "Amoig 
the  further  objects  of  minerological  interest, 
are — the  White  Rock,  a  vast  mass  of  "  trans 
lion"  limestone,  lying  in,  and  reaching  above 
the  waters  of  lake  Huron  ;  not  far  from  it,  in 
the  margin  of  the  lake,  a  mass  of  native  silver 
was  discovered  in  1824;  (he  alum  slate  and 
the  chalcedony  of  Sagana  bay,  tbe  sulphate  ol 
strontian  of  Gross  Isle,  ihe  calcareous  spar  of 
the  river  Raisin,  Ihe  grains  of  sand  and  vege- 
table substances  invested  with  iron  pyrites  of 
Grand  River,  aud  the  calcareous  incrustations 
o(  the  River  S;  Joseph." 

:iIn  Zoology,  the  following  are  tbe  discove- 
ries of  the  greatest  impootance.  The  white 
bear,  which  formerly  inhabited  this  region,  has 
been  driven  northward  ;  the  natives  say  he 
had  strength  to  tear  the  rib  from  the  bison  at 
one  stroke  of  the  paw  ;  to  kill  him  was  a  mark 
of  distiction,  which  followed  a  hunter  to  his 
grave  ;  Ihe  claws  were  worn  around  the  neck 
of  ihe  fortunate,  and  were  regarded  as  en- 
dowed with  medicinal  properties. 

"Tbe  Carcajou,  Black  Bear,  is  an  animal 
of  the  same  species,  and  the  same  region. 

"  The  Cariboo  is  the  rein  deer  of  North 
America.  This  animal  is  confined  to  that 
portion  of  our  territory  which  embraces  the 
borders  of  Lake  Superior. 

"  The  Buffalo,  or  what  is  more  properly 
called  the  Bison,  is  not  now  found  to  inhabit 
east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  in  the  extensive 
plains  west  of  this  stream,  is  receding  fast  to- 
wards the  broken  eminences  of  Ihe  Rocky 
mountains,  where  it  will  probably  find  a  pro 
lection,  at  least  from  the  presence  of  an  agric- 
ultural population.  All  attempts  to  domesti- 
cate Ihe  bison,  or  to  produce  modifications  of 
it,  from  the  slock  of  the  European  Cow,  have 
heretofore  failed. 

••  The  Moose  is  confined  to  the  portions  of 
country  north  west  of  Lake  Huron. 

"  The  arctic  Fox  is  seen  on  the  north  shore 
of  Lake  Superior ;  a  most  beautiful  animal, 
possessing  a  coat  of  the  most  immaculate  white- 
ness; its  nails  are  protected  by  a  profusion  of 
wnoly  substance. 

The  Gopher,  is  a  small  burrowing  anima], 
which  was  not  known  to  inhabit  so  far  north, 
until  1820.  It  was  found  in  the  prairies  of  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  near  St.  Anthony's  Falls. 
This  animal  appeals  to  subsist  on  roots,  and 
to  enable  it  to  proceed  to  its  subterranean 
search,  natuie  has  provided  a  duplicative  of 
the  check,  extending  as  a  sack  inwardly 
This  sack  is  filled  with  earth  by  the  paws 
and  inverted,  and  the  contents  discharged  at 
the  surface  of  the  mound. 

"  An  animal  of  the  mouse  type  has  been 
found  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
whose  hinder  legs  are  so  much  longer  than 
its  fore  legs,  as  to  give  it,  in  this  respect,  a  cha 
racter  analagous  to  that  singular  Australasian 
quadruped,  the  Kangaroo.  And  from  its 
power  of  leaping,  it  has  been  locally  called 
the  Jumping  Mouse.  Very  little  is  known  o( 
its  habits. 

'.'A  species  of  squirrel,  having  twelve  or 
thirteen  stripes,  inhabits  the  upper  district  of 
the  Territory." 

(To  be  concluded.) 

Louis  Bonaparte,  ex-king  of  Holland,  died 
at  Forli  on  the  17lh  of  March  last. 

The  Representatives  from  the  town  of  Bos- 
ton, amount  to  only  60! 


MYSTERIOUS! 
Yesterday,  about  six  o'clock  in  the  after~ 
noon,  a  man  was  seen  to  jump  from  the  Gene- 
see fallB,  off  from  the  Island.  He  was  only  seen 
by  one  or  two  persons  from  a  distance.  He 
was  a  small  sized  man,  and  wore  bine  striped 
pantaloons.  He  left  behind  him,  on  the  bank, 
a  black  surtout  coat,  considerably  worn — an 
old  lur  hat, a  French  watch, and  a  pair  of  shoes. 
The  watch  has  a  hair  chain,  and  a  key  made 
of  a  five  cent  piece.  There  were  no  papers — 
nor  any  name  or  trace  by  which  he  can  be 
identified.  The  coat  and  watch  are  at  the  of- 
fice of  William  S.  Bishop,Esq  (Arcade)  where 
they  can  be  seen. 

New- York,  May  15.  4  P.  M. 

The  ship ,  Capt.  King,  arrived   this 

afternoon,  with  London  dates  to  the  8(h  of  A- 
pril.  Affairs  in  France,  &c.  remained  as  per 
last  dates. 

It  was  reported  and  believed,  that  Persia 
and  Turkey  bad  declared  wai  against  Russia. 

Russia  had  obtained  no  success  over  the 
Poles 

Wheat  had  advanced  a  little.  Cotton  stea- 
dy at  former  rates. 

The  steam  boat  Washington,  on  her  way  to 
Providence,  was  sunk  off  New  Haven,  last 
night,  in  15  fathoms  water.  Two  passengers 
and  (he  2d  Engineer,  were  lost  The  Mail 
was  saved 

It  is  stated  this  morning,  upon  the  authority 
of  Lang's  Bulletin,  that  Mr.  Van  Buren  has 
been  appointed  Minister  to  England,  and  is 
to  sail  on  the  8th  of  June  in  company  with 
the  Briiish  Minister  Mr.  Vaughan,  who  re- 
turns home  (Alb,  Eve.  Jour. 

Port  of  New  York — The  Commercial  pros- 
peiily  of  this  Port  continues  encreasing.  The 
amount  of  duties  secured  at  tbe  Custom  House 
in  the  month  of  January  was  about  fourteen 
hundred  thousand  dolls,  being  $600,000  more 
than  the  amount  secured  in  January  ihe  pre- 
ceding year.  From  the  first  of  January  of  the 
present  year  until  the  1st  of  May  .nearly  eight 
millions  of  dollars  have  been  secured,  and  the 
bond  and  cash  duties  of  last  week  amount  to 
$622,000.  We  have  reason  to  feel  proud  at  this 
prosperous  aspect  of  our  commerce  in  this  Port . 
asit  enables  us  with  other  collecting  districts, 
to  swell  the  surplus  after  laying  aside  the  annu- 
al sinking  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  national 
debt — the  entire  expenses  of  Government, and 
appropriations  by  Congress  beyond  five  mil- 
ions  of  the  Treasury  estimate  of  the  current 
year.  Our  country  was  never  more  prosperous, 
manufactures  have  no  reason  to  complain,  the 
importer  is  satisfied  with  his  share  of  profits, 
agricultural  products  find  a  ready  sale-new 
ports  are  open  to  us— new  markets  present  a 
field  for  enlerprize.  There  is  nothing  to  mar 
this  prospect  of  national  prosperity  but  our 
own  divisions  acd  dissatisfactions — the  drssat- 
isfaction  of  the  outs  against  the  inns  and  the 
restless  desire  for   change — A".  Vork  C  our. 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  May  14, 1831. 

» 

r 

felss 

■o 

S 

ee 

>. 

>. 

-  --Si 

r- 

E-  Tea  S 

£ 

"u 

o 

s 

3  i  1        Ouservalions 

—  1—  —\-~  ■  j  — 

— 

— 

1 — — •— — — 

8 

M 

F. 

SO 

a* 

39,001  n  e 
39,05    ,n 

i 

3-10 
2-10 

9 

M 

R 

36 
35 

29.15     w 
29,22    w 

! 

t 

1-10  enow  and  sleet 
snow  and  luaw  all  da*" 

10 

M 

.-,() 

39.401   to 

1 

froze  hard 

E  54  29,-281  s  w 

1 

II 

M  70 

29,35|    v> 

i 

1 

E 

lib 

29.43,  s  K 

1 

12 

M 

SO 

29,55 

s  w 

1 

V. 

U4  29,60 

10 

1 

in 

M 

7(tj  39,60 

w 

t 

4-10 

E 

53  39,80 

n 

i 

bar.  12  o'clk  29,e5 

14 

M 

64  29,1=6 

e 

1 

E 

55 

29.80 

n 

1 

KTThe  Barometrical  and  Thermometrical  observa- 
tions are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P,  M.,  which 
by  along  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  tht 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  oU'izr  time. 


WO 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


May  21,  1831. 


SELECTIONS. 


SUGAR  FROM  BEETS. 

[From  ihe  Zancsville   [Ohio]   Gazette  ] 

We  have  made  an  extract  from  Niles' 
Register  on  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar  cane 
in  Louisiana,  giving  the  product  of  sugar 
,ind  molasses  per  acre,  the  capital  employ- 
ed, &.C.,  for  the  sake  of  showing  that  our 
farmers,  at  home,  possess  superior  advanta- 
ges for  the  production  of  sugar,  at  a  cheap- 
er rate,  and  in  greater  quantity  per  acre.  It 
may  he  done  from  the  beet  root  of  the  com- 
mon kind,  but  the  French  white  beet  is  pref- 
erable. To  this  end  we  make  extracts  from 
a  letter  addressed  by  the  Hon.  VVm.  John- 
son, of  South  Carolina,  to  the  Hon.  Jacob 
Burnet,  Ohio,  and  published  in  the  Western 
Tiller.  Mr.  Johnson  has  thoroughly  exam- 
ined the  subject,  by  the  observations  and  ex- 
periments of  successive  years,  of  the  com- 
parative produce  of  the  best  and  the  sugar 
cane.     He  states  as  follows  : — 

"My  friends  at  Washington  were  amused 
at  my  enthusiasm  when  1  expressed  the  o- 
pinion  that  the  day  might  arrive,  when  Ohio 
would  sell  sugar  to  Louisiana.      I   will  not 
he  discouraged  by  their  (at  present)  very  rea- 
sonable doubts.     I  saw  the    time   when  the 
first  projector  of  raising  cotton  in  the  interi- 
or of  South  Carolina,  was  ridiculed  as  a  vis- 
ionary.    And  when  poor  Fitch  had  not  only 
projected   the  application  of  steam  to  boat 
navigation,  but  actually  succeeded   in  run- 
ning a  boat  between  Philadelphia  and  Tren- 
ton,   on    principles    scarcely   varying    from! 
steam  machinery  now   in   use,   he   was  still 
left  to  die  neglected  as  a.  visionary,  or  at  best) 
the  projector  of  an  idle  and  impracticable 
scheme,   while   a  more    fortunate    disciple,' 
Robert  Fulton,    like   Americus  Vespucius,) 
has  borne  away  the  honor.     So  with  regard! 
to  making  sugar  from  beets,  in  order  to  ren-j 
der  France  independent  in  war  and  in  peace; 
of  her  natural  enemy,  we  all  remember  how- 
Bonaparte  was  ridiculed  in  the  British  prints 
— and   now,  the  sugar  from  the  beet  is  set 
down  as  the  most  promising  source  of  her 
agricultural  wealth. 

"  Let  us  present  a  calculation,"  says  Mr. 
Johnson,  "  adapted  to  our  own  language 
and  experience.  We  know  here,  Jrom  actu- 
al experiment,  that  two  square  feet  can  be 
made  to  produce  a  beet  weighing  eleven  or 
twelve  pounds  ;  but  to  be  very  moderate,  we 
will  take  an  acre  of  land  planted  in  beets 
one  foot  apart,  and  allaw  three  feet  between 
the  drill.  This  gives  a  beet  for  every  three 
feet  superficial  measure,  to  which  we  may 
fairly  allow  four  pounds  weight.  We  will 
take  the  acre,  for  round  numbers,  to  contain 
44,000  square  feet,  which  divided  by  3,  will 
give  14,666  beets.  Estimate  these  at  4  lbs. 
each,  we  shall  have  a  product  of  58,664  lbs. 
of  root.  The  beet  may  be  made  to  yield  97 
or  8  per  cent,  of  juice,  if  properly  operated 
upon,  but  we  will  take  it  at  60  per  cent. which 
is  the  lowest  product,  and  that  yields  us,  in 
round  numbers,  85, 000  lbs.  of  juice,  which 
at  5  per  cent,  is  1750  lbs.  of  brown  sugar, 
besides  the  molasses." 

Now  this,  like  silk,  is  the  proper  business 
of  farmers,  and  the  experiment  may  be  made 
by  any  family  on  a  small  scale,  without  in- 
curring any  expense,  and  the  making  of  su- 
gar might  be  the  employment  of  autumn, 
after  the  other  crops  are  gathered  in.  We 
believe  this  subject  to  be  worthy  not  only  of 
the  serious  consideration,  but  of  the  deter- 
mined resolution  of  our  agricultural  com- 


munity to  attempt  the  cultivation  of  sugar 
from  the  beet.  They  would  in  this  way  sup- 
ply themselves  with  that  article,  and  furnish 
a  surplus  for  market  much  easier  than  from 
the  sugar  tree.  If  our  farmers  seize  the 
objects  which  call  for  their  enterprise  where 
they  are  already  located,  they  will  have  no 
temptation  to  sell  their  improved  farms  and 
to  migrate  farther  west. 

The  process  for  making  sugar  from  the 
beet  is  very  simple,  and  will  be  given  here- 
after.   


BAP.  LEY. 

It  is  an  important  fact,  which  is  perhaps 
not  generally  known,  that  nearly  all  the 
barley  consumed  in  the  United  States,  is 
grown  in  the  state  of  New-York.  This  un- 
doubtedly is  caused  by  the  superiority  of  the 
article  to  any  raised  in  the  neighboring 
states.  It  is  evident  therefore  that  the  soil 
and  climate  of  this  state,  are  uncommonly 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  this  crop.  Of 
late  years  it  has  been  observed  that  the  bar- 
ley crops  at  the  east  and  south  have  deteri- 
orated, while  with  us  the  article  has  gradu- 
ally improved  in  quality.  It  is  within  the 
recollection  of  many,  that  some  years  since 
the  breweries  of  this  city  were  supplied  with 
barley  which  was  brought  from  other  states  ; 
while  at  this  time  the  brewers  of  the  north 
and  south  receive  their  supplies  from  this 
state.  It  is  estimated  that  500,000  bushels 
were  grown  in  this  state  last  year,  princi- 
pally in  the  western  section,  200,000  bushels 
of  which  were  consumed  in  this  city  and  its 
vicinity.  The  surplus  was  eagerly  sought 
for,  and  bought  up  for  other  markets. — Alb. 
Advocate.  — — 

There  is  one  habit  among  farmers,  or  those 
who  pretend  to  be  farmers,  which  we  could 
wish  to  see  corrected.  We  have  noticed 
that  very  many,  when  they  have  collected 
and  harvested  their  crops,  do  little  more  du- 
ring the  winter  months  than  to  carry  their 
produce  (not  their  surplus,  but  nearly  all) 
to  market,  and  loitering  away  the  winter  in 
preying  upon  what  they  have  not  sold  :  so 
that  in  the  spring,  when  their  labors  are  to 
be  renewed,  they  have  to  buy  their  supplies 
for  the  summer  !  Every  prudent  husband- 
man will  reserve  enough  for  his  family  and 
his  herds;  and  instead  of  idling  away  the 
cold  weather,  will  be  careful  to  procure  his 
year's  fuel,  get  out  his  flax,  prepare  the  ma- 
terials for  new,  and  repair  old  fences — 'ride' 
his  logs  to  the  saw-mill,  and  top  oil"  the  win- 
ter by  a  vigorous  campaign  in  the  sap-bush; 
then  see  to  the  condition  of  . slice]),  cows,&.c. 
I  suppose  I  need  not  allude  to  his  intemper- 
ance— that  is  I  hope,  already  banished  from 
the  farmer. — Orleans  Republican. 


EXTRAORDINARY    PRODUCTIVENESS. 

In  the  month  of  September  there  were 
sown,  in  a  garden  near  Silberberg,  in  Sile- 
sia, 287  grains  of  wheat.  At  the  ensuing 
harvest,  they  actually  produced  117,5  14  grs. 
fully  and  perfectly  matured  !  There  were 
two  ears,  among  the  rest,  one  of  which  con- 
tained 1055,  and  the  other  1077  perfect 
grains.  The  longest  halm  measured  six  feet 
two  inches  in  length,  inclusive  of  the  ear, 
and  sonic  of  the  leaves  were  two  feet  and 
more  in  length.— Literary  Gazette. 


Method  of  preserving  Grain  from  the  dep- 
redations oj  Mice. — Fix  in  a  heap  of  grain 
(or  in  any  similar  matter  which  you  desire 
to  keep  from  the  ravages  of  the  mice)  some 
stalks,  with  their  branches  and  leaves,  either 


green  or  dry,  of  water  cresses,  (sisymbrium) 
and  none  of  these  mischievious  animals  will 
approach  it.  Some  leaves  of  this  plant  will 
be  even  sufficient  to  drive  them  from  any 
place  to  which  it  is  desired  to  prevent  their 
having  access. 

To  stop  mouse  holes. — Take  a  plug  of  the 
common  brown  soap,  stop  the  hole  with  it, 
and  you  may  rest  assured  you  will  have  no 
further  trouble  from  that  quarter.  It  is  e- 
qually  effectual  as  regards  rats,  roaches,  and 
ants. 

An  easy  and  certain  cure  for  Dyspepsia. — 
Take  every  morning,  as  soon  as  you  rise  out 
of  bed,  one  tea-spoonful  of  fine  salt,  with 
half  a  pint  of  water,  for  one  week  ;  then 
weekly  one  tea-spoonful  less,  and  so  on  till 
you  reduce  it  to  one  tea-spoonful.  This  has 
cured  a  gentleman  in  this  city,  who  has  la- 
labored  under  that  complaint  for  4  months. — 
Albany  paper.         

WASH  YOUR  FRUIT  TREES. 

I  was  pleased  in  looking  over  your  paper 
of  the  5th  inst.  to  see  potash  dissolved  in 
water  recommended  as  a  w  ash  for  fruit  trees. 
As  the  discovery  conies  from  so  respectable 
a  source  as  the  late  Gov.  Brooks,  I  hope  it 
will  be  generally  used  by  our  farmers.  No 
person  need  to  be  afraid  of  injuring  their 
fruit  trees,  but  it  may  be  applied  with  the 
greatest  confidence.  I  Have  used  it  nearly 
twenty  years  with  great  effect. 

I  have  recommended  it  to  a  great  main 
gentlemen,  but  only  few  have  used  it.  Those 
who  have  tried  it,  are  much  pleased  with  it- 
operation. 

The  reason  that  it  has  not  been  more  gen- 
erally used  is,  that  it  has  been  more  fash- 
ionable to  daub  the  trees  with  lime,  clay, 
manure,  and  other  compositions,  which  take 
two  or  three  years  to  wash  off  before  the 
trees  will  look  natural.  When  this  solution 
of  potash  is  applied  it  has  the  desired  effect 
immediately.  It  kills  the  lice  and  moss  at 
Sionce;  and  the  first  rain  that  comes  washes 
the  bark  perfectly  smooth,  and  gives  it  a 
fair,  natural,  healthy  color. 

My  way  of  using  this  preparation  is,  to 
dissolve  two  pounds  of  potash  of  the  firsl 
quality  in  seven  quarts  of  water,  for  the  bo- 
dies of  the  trees  It  is  put  on  with  a  white- 
wash brush.  If  the  limbs  are  covered  with 
moss  and  lice,  1  take  a  painter's  brush,  and 
apply  the  solution  to  the  moss,  is.c.  with  care 
not  to  touch  the  leaves  or  buds.  It  may  be 
done  at  any  time  of  the  year  when  we  arc 
most  at  leisure.  Once  in  from  two  to  four 
years  is  generally  sufficient.  I  have  no  gen- 
eral rule,  however,  but  wash  them  as  often 
as  they  appear  to  need  it,  which  is  always 
the  case  when  the  bark  is  not  smooth.  The 
expense  and  trouble  of  this  wash  are  so 
small,  that  it  is  in  the  power  of  the  poorest 
man  in  the  state,  who  owns  any  trees,  to 
have  them  look  handsome,  and  in  a  line, 
thrifty  state,  if  in  addition  to  this  he  will 
take  pains  to  have  his  ground  spaded  deep, 
and  loose  round  the  roots. 

B.  Wheeler. 

Remedy  for  Lice  in  Cattle. — We  have  been 
informed  by  a  gentleman  who  has  fur  manv 
jears  kept  a  large  stock  of  cattle,  that  fun 
dry  sand  scattered  on  the  back,  neck  and 
sides  of  the  animals,  is  an  effectual  remedy 
against  these  vermin.  He  collects  dry  sand, 
and  puts  it  in  a  box  or  tub  in  the  bam,  and 
occasionally  applies  it  during  the  winter  by 
sifting  or  strewing  it  over  the  body  of  each 
creature,  with  complete  success. 


^mm  asasrcaaaa: 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  MAY  28,  1831. 


NUMBER  21. 


PUBLISHED  BY  I»  TUCKER.  &.  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


EFFECTS  OF  WINTER. 

We  have  been  favored  by  Judge  Buel,  of 
Albany,  with  observations  made  by  himself 
upon  the  effects  of  the  winter  past  on  fruit 
and  forest  trees,  both  in  the  orchard  and  in 
the  nursery,  which  we  deem  of  the  utmost 
importance  to  the  public.  He  is  at  this  time 
largely  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  fruit 
and  forest  trees,  flowering  shrubs  and  plants, 
and  observations  from  him  may  be  consid- 
ered as  of  first  authority.  We  place  his  ob- 
servations under  the  editorial  head,  to  ac- 
company each  article  with  observations  of 
our  own,  made  at  this  place,  to  enable  our 
i  eaders  the  more  readily  to  make  their  com 
parisons  as  to  the  climate  of  the  two  places. 
-'  Observations  on  the  Effects  of  the 
Winter  upon  Plants,  at  the  Albany 
Nursery. 

"  Location. — Three  miles  west  of  Albany, 
and  at  an  elevation  of  from  two  to  three 
hundred  feet  above  the  Hudson  River. 

"  Soil. — Sand  and  sandy  loam,  with  oc 
oasional  patches  of  bog  earth  and  clay.  To 
the  west  and  north,  unimproved  sandy  com- 
mons, abounding  in  marshes,  and  pretty 
much  divested  of  timber.  Greatest  degree 
of  cold,  18  deg.  below  zero,  or  50  deg.  of 
frost." 

Location  of  Rochester. — On  the  Genesee 
River,  sis  and  a  half  miles  south  from  Lake 
Ontario,  at  an  elevation  of  about  two  hun- 
dred and  thirty  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
lake. 

Soil. — Varying  from  sandy  calcarious  to 
clayey  loam,  resting  upon  a  superstratum  of 
geodiferous  lime  rock.  Face  of  the  coun- 
try east,  west  and  south,  generally  flat,  with 
small  undulations;  on  the  north  descending 
to  the  lake,  not  much  cleared,  timber  pine 
and  oak,  soil  more  light  and  sandy.  Great 
est  degree  of  cold  the  winter  past,  4  deg.  be- 
low zero,  at  sunrise  on  the  morning  of  the 
7th  of  February  ;  the  mean  temperature  for 
that  month  was  23  deg.  9-10. 

"  Peachts. — Blossoms  generally  destroy- 
ed. Trees  on  the  north  side  of  a  high  board 
fence,  and  on  the  east  side  of  a  dwelling 
house,  showed  most  blossoms ;  one  the  least 
exposed  to  heat,  and  both  least  exposed  to 
sudden  alterations  of  temperature — which 
sudden  changes  1  deem  most  destructive  to 
vegetable  vitality.  Several  branches  which 
were  apparently  buried  in  a  snovv-bank,were 
loaded  with  blossoms.  Old  trees  have  gen 
erally  a  sickly  appearance,  and  many,  as 
upon  the  borders  of  the  Hudson,  died.  Nur- 
sery trees  healthy,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  on  a  wet  piece  of  ground." 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Rochester,  the 
peach  trees  were  not  injured  by  the  winter — 
blossomed  very  full,  and  now  bid  fair  for  a 
plentiful  crop  of  fruit. 


"Apricots. — Many  young  trees  in  the 
Nursery  partially  or  wholly  killed,  in  sec- 
tions where  the  peaches  were  not  affected. 
Old  trees  healthy,  and  blossomed  fair,  par- 
ticularly on  the  upper  branches.  For  three 
winters  the  blossoms  near  the  ground  have 
been  destroyed,  while  those  at  the  tops  have 
been  but  partially  or  not  at  all  affected.  I 
mpute  the  circumstance  to  the  great  chan- 
ges of  temperature  which  take  place  near 
the  surface  of  the  ground." 

Both  young  and  old  trees  have  not  been 
injured  at  this  place.  Old  trees  have  blos- 
somed very  full,  and  the  young  fruit  is  now 
the  size  of  Almond  kernels.  Both  hard  and 
soft  shelled  Almonds  have  withstood  the 
winter  perfectly  ;  those  of  the  soft-shelled 
of  the  last  year's  growth  were  fresh  quite  to 
the  points  of  the  limbs. 

"  Pears  and  Plums. — Many  tops  of  Nur- 
serv  trees  of  vigorous  growth  killed,  mostly 
on  a  southern  aspect.  Some  varieties  of 
both,  apparently  the  most  hardy,  remained 
without  injury.  The  injury  probably  ow- 
ing to  a  late  vigorous  growth,  and  the  wood 
not  having  become  well  ripened  and  hardy, 
from  the  confined  location  in  the  nursery 
rows,  when  the  severe  weather  set  iu.  Old 
trees  uninjured.  The  Pear  has  an  abund- 
ant show  of  blossoms,  the  Plum  but  a  scan- 
ty one." 

Both  Pear  and  Plum  trees,  young  and  old, 
have  passed  the  winter  without  the  least  in- 
jury by  frost  in  this  neighborhood,  and  bid 
fair  to  produce  an  abundant  crop.  The 
Plums  rarely  fail  with  us,  only  as  they  are 
destroyed  by  the  curculio. 

"  Ailanthvs,  (Tree  of  Heaven)  a  native  of 
China.  The  last  year's  growth  (which  was 
ordinarily  from  four  to  ten  feet)  killed  by  the 
winter.  The  preceding  year's  growth,  the 
root  and  collar  uniformly  uninjured  and  sen 
ding  out  shoots." 

This  tree  has  endured  our  climate  the  past 
winter  without  the  least  injury,  the  young 
shoot  having  put  out  quite  to  the  points  of 
the  limbs;  even  young  trees  that  were  trans 
planted  last  fall  are  uninjured  by  the  frost. 
"Bignonia,  (radicans)  both  in  the  nurse 
ry  and  trained  against  a  wall,   but  partially 
or  not  at  all  injured.     B.  grandifiora  equal- 
ly hardy. 

These  stand  the  climate  of  Rochester  well 
"  Catalpa,  (syringaefolea)  as  usual  in  our 
winters,  the  extremities  of  the  branches  kill 
ed,  but  shooting  vigorously  from  below." 

We  have  noticed  some  young  trees  in  this 
neighborhood  which  have  the  ends  of  the 
tender  shoots  killed ;  older  trees  have  not 
been  injured. 

"  Viburnum,  (lantana)  suspected  to  be  too 
tender  for  our  climate.  Some  trees  which 
have  withstood  two  winters,  were  seriously 
injured  by  the  last." 

We  have  not  noticed  this  tree  growing  in 
this  village. 

"  Helesia,  (letraptera)  snow-drop  or  silver 
Ibell  tree  of  the  southern  states,  partially  in 
'jured,  but  now  in  flower." 

We  examined  one  yesterday  which  was 


passing  froin  flower ;  it  had  not  been  injur- 
ed in  the  least  by  the  winter. 

"  Rose  greville  withstood  the  winter,  laid 
down  with  a  slight  covering  of  tan,  and  one 
in  a  sheltered  situation  is  sending  up  strong 
shoots,  though  the  branches  were  killed  down 
nearly  to  the  ground. 

Champney's  rose  has  stood  in  the  open 
ground  for  several  winters  without  serious 
injury. 

"  Camellias,  viridis,  and  bohea,  (green  and 
black  tea)  and  several  varieties  of  the  Jap- 
ponica,  (Japan  rose)  Peonias  moutan,  var. 
banksia  and  papaveracea,  have  kept  well  in 
a  pit  eighteen  inches  deep,  planted  in  the 
earth  and  covered,  without  artificial  heat.— 
The  Chinese  varieties  of  herbaceous  Peoni- 
as, as  the  double  white,  Whitlei,  double 
crimson,  Humei,  and  fragrans,  (rose  scent- 
ed) are  perfectly  hardy  in  the  open  grounds." 
The  above  plants  have  not  been  cultiva- 
ted with  us  to  any  extent. 

Spanish  Chesnut,  (castanea  vesca)  has 
been  killed  by  the  winter  to  near  the  ground 
for  eight  years,  but  sends  up  new  shoots  ev- 
ery year." 

This  resists  the  severity  of  our  winters  per- 
fectly, and  we  have  seen  it  growing  budded 
into  the  common  chesnut  of  the  woods, where 
it  grew  very  luxuriantly. 

"  White  Mulberry,  (morus  alba)  has  suf- 
fered in  its  branches  more  than  usual  by  the 
severity  of  the  winter,  and  most  in  a  loose 
soil.  The  new  broad-leaved  variety  lately- 
introduced  from  China,  seems  as  yet  rather 
more  sensitive  to  severe  cold  than  the  com- 
mon white." 

All  the  varieties  seem  perfectly  hardy  in 
this  climate,  not  having  been  injured  in  the 
least  by  the  past  winter. 

"  Weeping  Willow,  (salix  babylonica)  has 
stood  the  severity  of  the  past  better  than  that 
of  ordinary  winters.  Its  branches  have  been 
but  slightly  injured." 

This  tree  withstands  the  winters  of  Old 
Genesee  in  its  branches,  but  some  years  we 
have  noticed  black  spots  upon  the  bodies  of 
young  trees  which  in  some  instances  have 
been  injurious. 

"  Madeira  Nut  (juglans  regia)  seedlings 
have  been  partially  frozen  down.  An  old 
tree  remains  uninjured." 

The  habits  of  this  tree  are  similar  to  the 
Black  Walnut,  which  grows  spontaneous  up- 
on our  river  flats,  but  we  have  not  seen  the 
Madeira  Nut  growing  with  us. 

"  Altheas. — Most  of  the  varieties  have  suf- 
fered by  the  winter." 

We  have  not  seen  any  injured  by  the  win- 
ter here,  unless  they  were  moved  in  the  fall ; 
some  double  whites  under  those  circumstan- 
ces have  been  injured. 

"  Grapes. — Several  foreign  varieties  left 
uncovered  have  frozen  down,  but  are  start- 
ing up  again  from  the  collar  or  surface  of 
the  ground." 

We  have  a  great  variety  of  foreign  Grapes 
growing  in  this  neighborhood,  and  we  do  not 
know  of  but  one  instance  where  the  vines 
were  covered  :  and  in  the  same  garden  were 


W2 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


May  28,  1831 


some  left  uncovered,  which  have  stood  the 
winter — as  have  all  others — as  well  as  those 
which  were  covered. 

"  Paper  Mulberry,  (broussonetia  papyre- 
fera)  has  pretty  generally  suffered  by  the 
severity  of  our  winters,  and  we  are  induced 
to  believe  cannot  be  successfully  cultivated 
in  our  latitude. 

"  Magnolia,  glauca,  acumenata,  and  mac- 
rophylla,  (the  latter  with  a  little  tan  about 
the  bottom  of  the  bole)  have  all  remained 
uninjured.  The  two  former  believed  to  be 
sufficiently  hardy." 

There  has  been  but  little  attention  paid 
to  cultivating  the  Magnolias  in  this  quarter, 
yet  we  know  that  the  acumenata,  ov  cucum- 
ber tree,  is  to  be  found  in  our  forests,  where 
it  is  as  hardy  as  other  forest  trees. 

"  Your  valuable  correspondent,  Mr.  Tho- 
mas, intimates  that  the  double  flowering 
hawthorn  is  not  to  be  found  in  our  nurseries. 
We  purchased  one  some  years  ago,  from  Mr. 
Parme.ntier.  at  the  price  of  three  dollars, 
which  we  have  propagated  from,  and  which 
we  have  no  doubt  is  genuine — though  we 
have  not  been  able  to  keep  plants  enough  to 
show  flowers.       Yours,  &c.         J.  Buel. 

"Albany  Nursery,  May,  1331." 

SALTPETRE  ON  BEEF. 

One  of  our  readers  has  requested  as  to 
give  information  in  our  paper,  how  beef  can 
be  restored  which  has  imbibed  too  much 
saltpetre.  In  order  to  comply  with  his  re- 
quest, it  will  be  proper  to  assign  a  reason 
why  saltpetre  is  used  at  all,  and  then  to 
counteract  its  effects  when  too  much  of  it 
has  been  used. 

It  is  generally  supposed  that  saltpetre  helps 
to  preserve  meat.  This  supposition  is  not 
correct;  but,  on  the  contrary,  it  has  a  ten- 
dency to  spoil  it.  Salts  are  composed  of  an 
acid  combined  with  an  alkaline  base.  Com- 
mon salt  is  muriatic  acid,  combined  with 
soda.  Saltpetre,  or  nitrate  cf  potash,  is  ni- 
tric acid,  or  aquafortis,  and  potash.  To 
form  a  salt,  the  alkali  and  acid  combine  in 
certain  proportions.  These  proportions  va- 
ry in  different  salts;  in  some  the  alkali  pre- 
vails, in  others,  the  acid.  The  crystaliza- 
tion  docs  not  take  place  when  the  two  op- 
posites  exactly  neutralize  each  other ;  and 
although  they  are  commonly  called  neutral 
salts,  they  are  not  strictly  and  chemically  so 
— for  on  applying  tests  to  them,  one  will 
show  that  the  acid,  and  another  that  the  al- 
kali prevails,  or  is  in  excess.  It  is  found 
that  those  salts  only  in  which  the  alkali  pre- 
vails, will  preserve  meats.  Common  salt, 
or  muriate  of  soda,  is  of  this  description  ; 
but  if  too  much  of  this  salt  is  used  for  salt- 
ing beef  or  other  meats  which  are  mostly 
what  are  called  lean,  the  meat  will  absorb 
>o  much  of  the  salt  as  to  become  hard  and 
unpleasant  for  use.  Now  the  saltpetre  is 
used  to  counteract  this  effect,  for  in  this  salt 
the  acid  is  in  excess;  and  the  same  effect 
would  be  produced  by  adding  the  same  quan- 
tity of  nitric  acid  or  aquafortis  to  the  brine 
of  the  meat,  that  there  is  excess  contained 


in  the  quantity  of  saltpetie  used.  But  this 
would  be  a  plain  case,  and  every  body  would 
say  that  that  would  sour  and  spoil  the  meat ; 
but  by  adding  saltpetre,  the  thing  is  so  mys- 
tified that  they  cannot  comprehend  it — and 
the  love  of  the  marvellous,  or  what  they  can- 
not comprehend,  is  sufficient  inducement 
with  most  people  to  warrant  its  use.  This 
very  relish  for  what  they  cannot  comprehend,  ' 
is  what  keeps  half  the  quacks  in  our  coun- 
try in  bread,  and  which  gives  some  of  them 
splendid  fortunes  into  the  bargain.  For  in- 
stance, who  would  purchase  a  bottle  of  Opo- 
deldoc at  the  price  at  which  it  is  sold,  if  they 
knew  it  was  only  bar  soap  dissolved  in  whis- 
key, and  scented  with  a  little  ammonia  or 
hartshorn  ? — and  yet  such  is  the  fact : — or  a 
bottle  of  Medicament um  at  the  price  of  one 
dollar,  if  they  knew  it  to  be  similar  to  a  com- 
pound tincture  of  rhubarb  diluted  with  spir- 
its ? — or  a  bottle  of  Panacea  at  three  dollars, 
if  they  knew  it  was  only  a  tincture  of  sarsa- 
parilla  and  corrosive  sublimate,  and  that  the 
materials  might  be  bought  for  three  cents. 
It  is  the  love  of  the  marvellous  that  makes 
us  use  saltpetre  for  beef,  because  it  will  do 
something  to  the  beef  which  we  cannot  com- 
prehend ;  for  no  one  who  tastes  it  will  pre- 
tend that  it  is  pleasant  to  the  taste.  We  do 
not  pretend  to  know  why  it  was  ever  intro- 
duced for  this  purpose, — but  it  has  gained 
such  reputation,  that  were  you  to  give  a  re- 
cipe for  curing  hams  without  it,  it  would 
scarcely  be  read. 

But  to  the  point : — If  your  beef  or  pork 
hams,  or  any  other  meats,  have  begun  to  sour 
by  the  use  of  too  much  saltpetre  or  any  oth- 
er acid,  correct  it  by  adding  to  the  brine  an  j 
alkali  in  sufficient  quantity  to  neutralise  the  j 
acid.  Pearlash  or  soda,  either  will  answer' 
the  purpose — and  the  quantity  necessary 
may  be  known  by  incorporating  it  with  the 
brine  in  small  quantities,  and  testing  it  by 
dropping  into  it  an  infusion  of  Red  Cabbage 
juice;  if  the  juice  changes  to  a  bright  red 
the  acid  still  prevails — but  if  it  changes  to 
green,  then  the  alkali  is  in  excess.  It  would 
be  well  if  housekeepers  would  remember  to 
test  the  brine  from  their  meat  barrels  often 
during  warm  weather — and  as  long  as  the 
alkali  is  in  excess,  there  is  no  danger  of  meat 
spoiling  ;  but  if  the  test  changes  quick  to  red, 
the  brine  should  be  drawn  off  and  scalded, 
and  a  little  potash  or  soda  added — sufficient 
to  change  the  test  to  a  green — when  it  should 
be  returned  to  the  barrels.  The  same  prin- 
ciple is  applicable  to  pork  or  beef  that  has 
been  fed  on  still  slops.  In  the  common  pro- 
cess of  distillation,  the  beer  or  mash  runs 
more  or  less  into  the  acetous  fermentation, 
and  the  slops  of  course  contain  a  quantity  of 
vinegar.  Cattle  or  hogs  which  are  fattened 
on  such  food,  have  a  quantity  of  the  vinegar 
diffused  through  their  whole  system.  When 
such  meats  are  packed,  the  quantity  of  acid 
contained  in  them  is  sufficient  to  more  than 
neutralise  the  excess  of  soda  contained  in 


the  common  salt,  and  the  whole  remains 
sour,  ready  for  the  commencement  of  the  pu- 
trid fermentation,  which  does  not  take  place 
where  the  fixed  alkalies  are  in  excess.  For 
the  want  of  this  knowledge,  thousands  of 
barrels  of  pork  are  lost  annually  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  the  blame  is  often  attached 
to  the  manufacturers  of  salt,  or  to  the  su- 
perintendents of  salt-making  establishments 
who  are  as  innocent  as  were  formerly  those 
persons  who  were  executed  in  New>-England 
for  witchcraft. 

If  to  beef,  hams,  or  fish,  people  would  add 
sugar  instead  of  saltpetre,  they  would  find 
the  flavor  much  improved,  and  the  safety  ol 
keeping  increased. 


SOAP. 

As  this  is  the  season  of  the  year  when  most 
of  our  housekeepers  attend  to  making  sol"; 
soap  for  the  use  of  the  family,  we  trust  a  few 
observations  may  be  acceptable. 

Much  difficulty  is  frequently  experienced 
in  this  business,  and  many  vulgar  errors  have 
:been  connected  with  it;  and  we  have  heard 
jwomen  declare  that  they  believed  their  soap 
jwas  bewitched.  When  the  principles  arc 
'once  understood,  the  whole  process  is  easy 
and  simple.  First,  then,  it  is  proper  that 
j  housekeepers  should  know  the  properties  ol 
'the  component  parts  of  soap. 

There  are  two  fixed  alkalies  used  in  soap- 
'  making,  viz.  potash  and  soda.  Potash  is 
called  the  vegetable,  and  soda  the  mineral 
alkali.  Either  of  these  alkalies  will  unite 
with  grease  and  form  soaps :  potash  and 
grease  make  soft  soap  only,  but  soda  and 
grease  make  hard  soap.  Both  these  alkalie* 
have  a  strong  affinity  for  acids — uniting  with 
them,  and  forming  what  is  generally  called 
neutral  salts.  Thus  potash  and  nitric  a' -id 
form  saltpetre;  soda  and  sulphuric  acid  form 
glauber  salts,  and  soda  and  muriatic  acid,  or 
spirits  of  salt,  form  common  salt. 

Now  no  woman  in  her  senses  would  think 
of  making  soap  with  either  of  these  salts; 
and  yet  the  base  of  either,  when  separated 
from  the  acid,  would  form  when  mixed  with 
grease,  as  good  soap  as  if  they  had  never 
been  united. 

There  is  also  another  acid  which  combines 
with  these  alkalies,  which  will  equally  pre- 
vent their  uniting  with  grease  as  either  of 
tiie  before  mentioned  acids — that  is  carbon- 
ic. Now  this  acid  is  continually  floating  in 
the  atmosphere  unseen,  and  will  combine 
with  potash  or  soda  whenever  it  comes  iu 
contact,  forming  a  carbonate  of  soda  or  pot- 
ash—neither  of  which  will  unite  with  grease 
to  form  soap. 

Much  of  the  difficulty  which  housekeep- 
ers meet  with  in  soap-making,  arises  from 
their  ley  having  become  more  or  less  satur- 
ated with  carbonic  acid.  Ashes  which  have 
laid  long  in  a  damp  place,  or  become  damp 
by  any  other  means,  will  absorb  carboni : 
acid,  or  if  the  ley  is  allowed  to  stand  too  long 
after  it  is  leached  in  an  open  vessel,  the' 


'vol  1.— No.  21. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


163 


same  thing  will  take  place.  Lime  is  often 
placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  leach,  and  but 
few  can  tell  why  they  do  it.  If  the  question 
is  asked,  the  reply  is — because  it  makes  the 
ley  cleaner.  Lime  has  a  stronger  affinity 
for  carbonic  acid  than  potash  has,  and  of 
course  will  separate  it  from  it.  Common 
limestone  is  lime  and  carbonic  acid  :  when 
limestone  is  burned  in  a  kiln,  the  carbonic 
acid  is  separated  by  heat,  and  quicklime  is 
formed.  Now  if  this  quick  or  fresh-burnt 
lime  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  leach 
and  the  ley  made  to  pass  through  it,  it  be 
■comes  purified  from  the  acid,  and  the  only 
thing  necessary  then  to  have  it  unite  with 
grease,  is  to  have  it  of  sufficient  strength. — 
This  may  be  ascertained  by  its  specific  grav- 
ity— to  learn  which,  put  a  new-laid  egg  into 
it  :  if  the  egg  floats,  the  ley  is  strong  enough  ; 
if  it  sinks,  the  ley  must  either  be  evaporated 
by  boiling,  or  by  again  leaching  it  through 
ashes.  The  grease  made  use  of  is  the  refuse 
fat  of  animals,  and  before  it  is  united  with 
the  ley,  should  be  freed  from  all  the  salt  by 
boiling  it  in  water.  The  quantity  necessary 
for  a  barrel  of  good  soap  is  about  sixteen 
pounds,  or  half  a  pound  to  a  gallon. 

Soap,  when  well  made,  should  be  thick 
and  salve-like,  capable  of  being  spread  thin 
upon  cloth  without  flaking  or  rolling  oft*. — 
If  to  such  soap  about  an  equal  quantity  of 
soft  water  is  added,  the  soap  becomes  hard 
and  liver-like,  capable  of  being  taken  up  in 
the  hand.  This  many  think  is  desirable, — 
especially  the  soap-boilers  who  make  it  for 
sale,  as  they  make  double  the  profit  they 
would  on  the  other  quality. 

Some  housekeepers  practice  making  their 
own  hard  soap.  This  is  done  by  adding  salt 
to  the  soap  after  it  is  well  made,  while  it  is 
yet  boiling.  The  effect  is  thus  explained. 
.Salt  is  soda  and  muriatic  acid.  Potash  has 
a  stronger  affinity  for  muriatic  acid  than  so- 
da has,  and  when  they  come  in  contact,  as 
in  this  case,  the  potash  decomposes  the  salt 
and  combines  with  the  muriatic  acid,  form- 
ing a  muriate  of  potash — leaving  the  soda 
pure  to  form  a  hard  soap  with  the  grease  : — 
the  muriate  of  potash  will  be  found  on  cool- 
ing, in  solution  at  the  bottom,  being  of  great- 
er specific  gravity  than  the  soap.  The  salt 
should  be  added  by'small  quantities  until  the 
separation  takes  place,  which  may  be  known 
by  the  soap  becoming  curdled  ;  after  which 
it  should  be  allowed  to  stand  until  cold,  when 
it  may  be  cut  into  bars  or  cakes,  as  suits  the 
operator.  Many  suppose  that  resin  is  neces- 
sary to  harden  the  soap.  This  is  not  the 
case;  it  is  used  as  a  matter  of  profit — not  of 
necessity. 

The  common  yellow  color  of  soft  soap  is 
owing  to  the  iron  contained  in  it,  as  the  ox- 
ide of  iron  is  dissolved  by  potash.  Where 
white  soap  is  desirable,  it  may  be  made  by 
substituting  pearlash  or  carbonate  of  potash, 

and  abstracting  the  carbonic  acid  by  lime 

and  by  using  lard  or  other  white  grease,  the 
purest  white  soap  may  be  made. 


1S31 

$17,269  83 
) 5,21 6  40 


Canal  Tolls  collected  at  Rochester 
The  Canal  Collector  at  Ibis  place  bas  obli 
gingly  furnished  us  with  the  following  fads, 
which  we  deem  of  importance  to  publish.  It 
will  be  seen  (bat  the  amount  of  cash  received, 
from  the  15th  April,  to  the  15th  of  May,  in- 
clusive, is  upwards  of  thirteen  thousand  dollars 
more  than  was  received  duriug  the  correspon- 
ding lime,  last  year, 

1830 

Tolls  ree'd  from  mill  to  tiie 

30th  of  April  inclusive  $9,860  74 

Do.  from  1st  lo  IS  May  itict     9,496  86 

S19.347  60        $32,486  23 

This  is  a  gratifying  result  of  the  first  30 
days  of  business-  From  the  16th  to  the  21st, 
five  days,  there  was  received  $6,479  89,whicl 
is  fully  the  average  of  the  preceding  30  days 
Tbere  was  received  last  season,  gl49.J5CO  55 
which  was  an  increase  of  $57,362  38,  ovei 
the  receipts  of  the  preceding  year,  at  (bis 
place. 

Tbere  has  very  litlle  or  no  wheat  been  sbip 
ped  on  the  canal  Ibis  spring.  The  amount  oi 
Flour,  down  to  the  15th  inslant,  which  has 
£one  E'ist,  has  been  sixty  four  thousand  three 
hundred  and  seventy  two  barrels.  Some  of 
(his  bas  come  down  the  Genesee  River,  and 
some  from  the  West,  but  a  small  quantity, 
however,  from  that  quarter,  at  the  date  o: 
our  estimate  (15th  inst.) — as  it  will  be  recol- 
lected that  Lake  Erie  was  not  navigable  nn- 
til  the  8ih  ;  but  little,  if  any  of  this  amount 
came  from  Ohio. 

While  upon  this  subject,  which  is  so  inter 
esting  to  our  village  and  its  tributaries,  wc 
will  add  some  particulars  respecting  wheat 
In  the  county  of  Monroe,  last  year,  accord 
ing  to  actual  returns,  as  stated  on  respectabh 
authority,  there  were  sowed  and  cut  50,201 
acres  of  wheat,  which  averaging  20  bushel- 
to  the  acre,  makes  1,004,020  bushels.  Thi? 
is  a  considerable  item,  and  must  be  valued  at 
not  less  than  about  $1,000,000.  as  we  believ. 
that  the  wheat  whicli  has  been  sold  at  this  mar- 
ket since  the  15th  of  Auguit  last,  has  b:o't 
au  average  price  of  100  cents  per  bushel.— 
The  quantity  of  land  sown  with  wheat  last  fall 
cannot,  of  course,  be  accurately  ascertained, 
but  we  have  conversed  with  intelligent  Farm- 
ers  who  give  it  as  their  opinion,  that  there  is 
one  third  moie  now  growing  on  the  ground, 
than  was  cut  last  year.  The  coolness  of  the 
spring  is  probablv  in  its  favor. 

The  last  accounts  from  Europe,  state  that 
Flour  was  dull.  We  don't  understand  this 
With  a  short  crop  in  England;  ODly  a  mid- 
dling crop  in  the  grain  growiDg  countries  of 
Europe  ;  and  the  probability  too,  of  Europe  ir, 
arms,  the  present  summer,  what  should  <o 
depress  the  market,  is  beyond  our  coropre 
hension.  If  we  should  ascribe  this  depression 
to  the  giant  operations  of  speculators,  perhaps 
we  should  iuvadc  their  province,  which  would 
be  highly  presumptuous.  A  few  days  must 
end  this  suspense,  which,  to  the  non-initiated 
wheat  and  flour  holders  must  be  painful,    A 


pa i  (  of  the  wheal  bought  here  was  purchased 
in  contract. 

No!  withstanding  sucn  large  sums  bave  been 
'•cretofore  invested  in  mills  on  the  Genesee 
•iver  at  this  place  and  vicinity,  still  another 
handsome  mill  is  now  building,  situate  but  a 
few  rods  below  the  large  mill  of  E.  S.  Ueach 
■»•  Co.,  calculated  for  six  run  of  stones,  which 
will  be  in  operation  (his  summer;  near  this  is 
a  Grist  mill  erecting  calculated  for  two  run. 
Tliese  mills  are  building,  the  lasgest  by  Mr. 
E  D.  Smith,  and  the  other  by  Messrs.  Shel- 
mire  Si  Bemish,  of  this  place. 


TULIPS. 

The  Examining  Committee  of  the  Mon- 
roe Horticultural  Society  acknowledge  the 
receipt  of  a  beautiful  assortment  of  Tulips, 
from  the  garden  of  Messrs.  Howard  &  Par 
sons,  of  Lyons.  They  are  placed  in  the 
Arcade,  for  the  inspection  of  Florists.  As 
they  were  not  labelled,  the  Committee  can- 
not mention  the  different  ones  by  name,  but 
can  say  that  they  surpass  any  that  have  been 
presented  to  the  Society  this  season. 

J.  L.  D.  Mathies, 

May  23J,  1831.  Chairman  of  the  Committee. 


May  15—        FLOBAL  CALENDAR. 

Tulips,  (Tulipa  suaveolens)  Sh<dflower,  (Jyo 
nia  botrijapium)  Crowfoot,  (  Geranium  macu- 
latum)  ii,  flower 
23  Dogwooil,  (Cornusflorida)  Lilacs,  both  white 
iintt  purple,  Mountain  A*h, (Sorbus  Americana) 
Quince,  (Pyrus  cidonia)  in  flower. 

The  weather  has  been  unusually  wet  and  cold 

for  the  week  past,  consequently  the  farmers  are 

backward  in  their  spring  work  j  many  have  no' 

yet  planted  their  Inilian  Corn. 

tfule.    Owing  to  some  oversight,  the  Floral  Calendar 

has  been  omitted  for  several  weeks.      We  hope  to  be 

ii)o,o  careful  in  future- 


ALBANY    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETT. 

Third  exhibition  of  the  Society,  May  1 7, 1 83  i 
A  fine  large  boquet  of  flowers,  consisting 
of  double  flowering  cherry,  Japan  apple, 
peach  and  almond,  snow-flake  jonquils,  dou- 
ble tulips,  spina  futrix,  purple  and  white  li- 
lacs— from  the  garden  of  D.  B.  Slingerland. 
2  fine  bunches  radishes,  12  stalks  rhubarb 
— ■from  the  garden  of  S.  Van  Rensselaer, 
sen. 

1  fine  bunch  Sir  John  Sinclair  beet,  1  fine 
bunch  sea  kale,  20  inches  in  length,  12  stalks 
rhubarb,  2  stalks  polianthus  of  50  and  63 
flowers — from  the  garden  of  Geo.  Wilcox. 

A  fine  collection  of  flowers,  consisting  of 
double  narcissus,  almond,  cherry  and  jaco- 
bia;  2  varieties  of  single  narcissus,  four  va- 
rieties of  lilac,  Silician,  Chinese,  purple  and 
white;  double  tulips  of  different  colors;  bi 
zarn  and  bibloim  tulips,  of  every  variety  oi 
color,  from  the  '  mountain  of  snow  to  the 
rose  Rebecca' — from  the  garden  of  Jesse 
Buel. 

2  bunches  radishes,  12  stalks  rhubarb — 
from  the  garden  of  Spencer  Stafford. 

1  bunch  beets,  1  bunch  carrots,  both  rais- 
ed in  open  ground  by  James  Wilson. 

3  splendid  seedling  heaths,  rose  colored 
and  white — from  the  Albany  Nursery. 

Stated  premiums  were  awarded  to  S.  Van 
Rensselaer,  sen.,  George  Wilcox,  and  Jesse 
Buel. 

Discretionary  premium  for  beta  Sir  John 
Sinclair  and  crambe  maritima,  to  George 
Wilcox,— Alb.  Argus, 


164 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


May  28,  1S3I- 


LE  RAY  DE  CHACMOST'S  ADDRESS. 
Concluded  from  page  155. 

The  operations  of  the   farmer  would  be 
much  facilitated,  if  he  could   foresee  with 
some  tolerable  degree   of  certainty  the  ap- 
proaching changes  of  the  weather.     Henee 
have  arisen,  as  men  are  apt  to  answer  their 
wants  by  fictitious  means,  when  they  cannot 
do  it  by  real  ones,  some  of  those  prognostics 
which  we  find  disseminated  in  all  countries 
and  in  all  ages,  which  are  still  believed  in, 
like  the  predictions  of  card-tellers,   or  the 
explanations  of  dream  interpreters,  though 
thev  have  disappointed  a  thousand  times. — 
There  is  an  instrument,  the  immediate  ob- 
ject of  which  does  not  appear,  at  first  view, 
to  promise  the  results  which  have  been  found 
to  be  drawn  from  it.     The  barometer  meas- 
ures the  relative  weight  of  the  atmosphere, 
by  means  of  a  column  of  mercury  or  quick- 
silver which   rises  in  a  glass  tube,  deprived 
of  air,   when   the  atmospheric  air  becomes 
heavier ;  and  lower  when  the  air   is  lighter. 
It  has  been  remarked  that  the  first  effect  is 
generally  followed  by  good  weather,  and  the 
latter  by   bad,  in  a  greater  or  lesser  degree, 
according  to  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  mercury, 
and  other  circumstances  which  the  habit  of 
consulting  the  instrument  will  soon  teach  to 
distinguish.     Along  the  sea  coast,   and  on 
the  ocean,  this  effect  of  the  mercury  is  more 
generally  indicative  of  the  force  of  the  wind, 
and  hence  this  instrument  has  now  become 
a  necessary  appendage  to  a  well  appointed 
ship ;  but  in  the  interior   the  indications  of 
(he  barometer,  although  they  also  are  influ- 
enced by  the  winds,   are  more  particularly 
in  reference  to  rain.     We  have  made  use  of 
this  instrument  at   Le  Kaysville  for   some 
years,  and  have  acquired  the  habit  and  the 
confidence  of  being  guided  by  it  whenever 
the  coming  state  of  the  weather  becomes  a 
matter  of  interest,  and  we  now  are  like  most 
of  those  who  have  been  in  the  same  practice, 
at  a  loss  when  we  are  deprived  of  our  coun- 
sellor.    I  have  no  doubt  that  a  good  farmer 
who  would  pay  ten  or  twelve  dollars  for  such 
an  instrument,  would  find  that  he  could  not 
well  have  applied  the  same  sum  to  a  better 
purpose.      Were  six  barometers  ordered  at 
once,  they  might  be  had  in  New-York  for 
five  or  six  dollars. 

Another  means  of  attaining  useful  knowl- 
edge I  would  mention,  is  the  subscribing  to 
some   periodical  publication  principally  de- 
voted to  agriculture.     There  are  two  which, 
from  their  location  and  the  manner  in  which 
ihey  are  conducted,   I  would  highly  recom- 
mend.    One  is  the  New-York  Farmer,  pub- 
lished monthly  in  the  city  of  New-York,  at 
three  dollars;  the  other   the  New-England 
Farmer,   a  weekly  paper  of  Boston,  at  two 
dollars  fifty  cents  per  annum.     The  New- 
England  Farmer  is  taken  by  two  of  our  most 
enlightened  members,  who  have  the  highest 
opinion  of  its  merits  and  usefulness.     Some 
numbers  of  those  papers  will  be  distributed 
with  a  part  of  the  premiums.     In  taking  a 
paper  devoted  to  agriculture,  it  might  be  an 
economical  and  otherwise  advantageous  way 
!o  unite  several  in  a  close  neighborhood,  and 
meet  weekly  on  some  evening  to  read   the 
paper.     Each  would  make  his  remarks,  and 
bring  his  stock  of  knowledge  and  experience. 
The  young  part  of  the  families  would  be  in- 
structed.    The  habit  of  observation,  of  in- 
vestigation, the   social   feelings  which  such 
meetings  would  foster,    would,    it  seems  to 
me,  produce  very  great  benefits. 

The  New-York  Farmer  is  under  the  pat- 


ronage of  the  horticultural  society  of  that 
city,  but  both  papers  devote  a  large  space  to 
gardening  ;  and  it  would  perhaps  not  be  a- 
mong  the  least  beneficial  results  this  would 
produce,  if  they  should  improve  so  useful 
and  important  a  part  of  a  good  farm.  It  is 
well  to  raise  the  best  provender  for  our  cat 
tie,  and  adopt  new  species  when  they  are 
well  recommended  ;  but  I  think  we  ought  I 
to  take  as  good  care  of  ourselves. 

A  well  cultivated  garden  on  a  farm  be- 
speaks more  than  any  thing  else,  order  and 
comfort,  and  has  this  peculiar  merit,  that  it 
is  an  outward  testimony  in  praise  of  the  fe- 
male part  of  the  family,  whose  care  is  ne- 
cessary to  its  success.* 

VVe  derive  most  of  our  population  from  a 
part  of  the  country  where  more  regard  is 
paid  to  this  branch,  and  where  new  and  in- 
creasing emulation  is  excited  by  their  flour- 
ishing horticultural  societies.  We  are  yet 
too  young  here  for  such  an  institution ;  but 
our  socieiy  may  very  properly  and  usefully 
at  present  extend  its  care  and  encourage- 
ment over  our  gardens.  It  has  been  a  sub- 
ject of  remark  with  the  traveller,  and  of  re- 
gret in  the  new  comer,  that  so  fine  a  coun- 
try having  made  such  astonishing  progress 
in  every  thing  else,  should  be  comparative- 
ly backward  as  to  gardens.  It  has  been  ob- 
served to  you  on  a  former  occasion  ny  one 
well  qualified  to  speak  on  that  subject,  that 
in  no  country  are  the  vegetables  better  than 
in  this,  nor  are  our  fruits  inferior  to  any,  so 
far  as  we  have  tried  them.  You  will  con- 
duce to  your  health  and  comfort  by  attend- 
ing to  this  subject.  Some  vegetables  of  ear- 
ly and  profitable  cultivation,  which  you  will 
find  noticed  in  the  papers  above  mentioned, 


will  often  compensate  for  going  a  great  dis- 
tance round.  A  level  road  is  of  the  utmos! 
importance  to  the  farmers  who  have  to  car- 
ry their  produce  to  market,  and  when  we 
shall  become  fully  sensible  of  it,  we  may  be 
put  to  a  great  expense  and  trouble  in  going 
through  improved  farms,  kc.  to  level  our 
roads.  In  parts  of  the  United  States,  where 
science  and  experience  are  combined  in  es- 
tablishing roads,  the  angle  the  road  is  to 
make  with  the  horizon  is  determined  and 
adhered  to.  The  very  backbone  of  this  con- 
tinent has  been  passed  at  such  an  angle  as 
would  hardly  seem  to  us,  in  this  even  coun- 
try, to  form  an  ascent.  There  is  no  reason 
why  we  should  remain  behind  our  age  on 
this  subject. 

The  thistle,  for  which  it  is  supposed  we 
are  indebted  to  our  northern  neighbors,  has 
often  been  attacked  in  this  place,  and  to  all 
appearance  with  such  little  success,  that  it 
requires  some  degree  of  fortitude  to  renew 
the  battle.  Yet  it  is  one  of  so  much  moment 
that  v.  e  ought  not  to  feel  discouraged  at  ev- 
ery successive  attempt  which  may  fail.  It 
is  an  undertaking  which  can  succeed  only 
by  general  co-operation.  I  am  convinced 
from  what  I  have  seen  and  heard,  that  with 
united  and  proper  efforts,  this  increasing  evil 
may  be  completely  overcome,  and  with  much 
less  labor  and  in  less  time  than  is  general- 
ly believed.  Cutting  when  the  stem  is  hol- 
low, and  chiefly  before  a  rain,  is  effectual. 
Throwing  upon  the  stumps  the  salt  you  want 
to  feed  to  your  cattle,  has  been  known  to 
succeed,  and  a  due  cultivation  with  Indian 
icorn,  wheat  and  clover,  it  is  asserted,  will 
completely  subdue  them  in  all  cases.  But 
a  farmer  must  not  feel  secure  because  he  is 


are  generally  unknown  here,  and  would  be  exempt  from  them,   or  even   his  neighbor 


valuable  acquisitions ;  and  as  to  fruits,  the 
example  of  some  of  our  best  farmers  is  not 
sufficiently  followed,  and  it  would  seem  as  if 


hood.     The  seeds  are  wafted   by  the  wind 

to  a  great  distance,  and  one  field  only,  one 
| single  small   spot   of  ground,    which    from 


the  generality  were  satisfied  with  such  pro-  isome  cause  may  he  given  up  to  theencroach- 
ductions  as  our  forests  contain,  with  the  ad-  |ing  stranger,  may  poison  a  whole  plantation, 
dition  sometimes  of  seedling  apples.  We | Some  parts  of  the  gronnd  are  now  so  im- 
are  too  far  advanced  to  remain  longer  in  this  f  pregnated  with  the  seed,  even  at  a  distance 
unfarmerlike  state,  and  it  is  time  we  should  [  from  cleavings,  that  if  the  smallest  opening 
render  ourselves  worthy  of  the  country  where   is  made  in  the  woods,  it  will  take  possession. 


it  is  our  good  fortune  to  be  placed 

The  society  has  heretofore  taken  the  sub- 
ject of  roads  into  consideration,  and  justly 
so.  Not  only  do  they  form  an  important  l| 
part  of  the  yearly  labor  of  every  farmer,  but 
the  subject  is  not  so  generally  understood, 
if  we  judge  from  practice,  as  it  ought  to  be. 
I  cannot,  of  course,  enter  into  a  detailed  ex- 
amination at  present;  but  I  am  glad  of  an 
opportunity,  at  this  yet  early  part  of  our  set- 
tlement, to  bring  the  public  attention  to  the 
mode  of  laying  out  roads.  Following  the 
straight  line  is  a  very  good  rule  of  our  moral 
code,  but  it  does  not  apply  to  the  making  of 
roads;  as  it  is  not  always  true  in  finance  that 
two  and  two  make  four,  so  the  straight  line 
is  not  always  in  fact  the  shortest  distance 
between  two  points.  We  see  every  where  in 
this  country  the  roads  going  up  and  down 
the  steepest  hills,  when  they  might  have  been 
avoided  with  the  greatest  facility.  One  sin- 
gle hill  in  a  road  to  be  travelled  will  gener- 
ally determine  the  load  we  can  take,  and  the 
time  spent  in  going  up  a  steep  hill  of  twenty 
rods,  the  expense  which  may  result  from  ac- 
cidents, besides  other  serious  consequences, 

"  I  take  the  liberty  of  requesting,  for  the  benefit 
of  our  next  cattle  show,  all  those  who  have  any  line 
fruit,  and  particularly  that  which  is  rare,  to  send  n 
sample  of  it  to  our  society  for  exhibition  on  that 
day. 


Theie  is  one  way  in  which  one  single  man. 
in  every  road  district,  who  would  be  deter- 
mined not  to  give  up  till  he  had  conquered, 
might  do  much  to  effect  the  desired  object. 
By  the  statute  on  highways,  it  is  enacted 
that  "  it  shall  be  the  duty  o{  the  overseers 
to  cause  the  noxious  weeds  on  each  side  of 
the  highway  within  their  respective  districts, 
to  be  cut  down  or  destroyed  twice  in  each 
year,  once  before  the  first  day  of  July,  and 
again  before  the  first  day  of  September,  and 
the  requisite  laliotn  shall  be  considered  high- 
way work."  A  neglect  of  such  a  duty  can 
arise  generally  but  from  ignorance  of  the  ob- 
ligation, or  from  carelessness.  The  first  is 
easily  removed  by  any  inhabitant  who  cho- 
ses  to  be  free  from  weeds ;  and  the  second 
might  be  cured  by  being  reminded  that  a 
penalty  of  ten  dollars  is  attached  to  a  neg- 
lect of  the  duty.  The  example  thus  set 
would  be  followed  by  fanners  along  the  road, 
and  by  perseverance,  the  happy  result  may 
be  expected. 

The  use  of  plaster  in  quickening  the  growth 
of  grasses  will  be  very  useful,  and  you  will 
therefore  find  it  important  to  choose  the 
Pennsylvania  clover,  and  the  lucerne,  which 
are  cut  twice,  or  oftener.  This  season  has 
been  favorable  to  weeds.  It  therefore  be- 
hoves us  to  be  prepared  with  all  our  mean? 
to  meet  them  the  next  year. 


Vol  1— No.  21. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


165 


I  will  say  a  few  words  upon  a  topic  which 
has  heretofore  been  mentioned  in  this  place, 
and  those  only  because  my  particular  busi- 
ness makes  the  remark  more  than  disinter- 
ested on  my  part.  The  best  of  our  farmers 
are  united  in  saying,  that  we  cultivate,  or 
rather  attempt  to  cultivate,  too  much  land. 
I  believe  the  principle  will  not  be  contested 
by  any  who  would  be  likely  to  be  affected  by 
it,  and  I  insert  it  here  only  with  a  wish  to  im- 
press it  again  upon  your  mind. 

Travelling  a  few  years  ago  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, I  saw  in  a  grist  mill  a  machine  to  break 
corn  before  shelling  ;  in  that  state  it  was 
ground  coarse,  and  fed  to  hogs  and  other 
animals.  I  heard  much  of  the  advantage 
of  this  plan,  but  being  unfortunately  preven 
ted  from  devoting  as  much  of  my  time  and 
of  my  thoughts  to  the  subject  of  farming  as 
I  wish,  I  might  never  have  endeavored  to 
introduce  this  mode  in  our  county,  if  the  too 
great  partiality  of  my  associates  had  not 
chosen  me  for  the  honor  of  addressing  you 
on  this  occasion.  In  the  limited  opportuni- 
ty I  have  had  of  enquiring  about  it  since,  I 
find  that  the  same  process  is  followed  in 
several  parts,  at  least,  of  the  country,  and 
very  well  spoken  of.  It  is  thought  by  some 
that  it  saves  a  quarter  of  the  corn  in  fatten- 
ing swine.  A  paper  of  a  recent  date  from 
Columbia,  (Pennsylvania)  says,  that  it  has 
been  pretty  accurately  ascertained,  that  thir- 
teen bushels  of  Indian  corn  ground  up,  corn 
and  cobs  together,  afford,  at  least,  as  much 
nutriment  in  feeding  cattle,  as  nine  bushels 
of  corn  without  the  cobs.  Here  is  a  saving 
of  nearly  one  third.  This  food  is  used  by 
the  carters  in  New-York  for  their  horses. — 
A  machine  to  break  the  corn  costs  about  fifty 
dollars.  I  have  no  doubt  if  some  of  our  en- 
terprising millers  should  establish  such  a 
machine,  he  would  have  the  double  reward 
of  bringing  grist  to  his  mill,  and  doing  good 
to  his  country. 

The  introduction  of  lucerne  into  this  coun- 
try has  heretofore  been  recommended  to  you, 
but  the  difficulty  of  procuring  the  seed,  and 
the  want  of  a  sample,  have  probably  been 
impediments  to  its  extension.  I  am  going 
to  procure  some  seed  for  my  use,  and  will 
cheerfully  get  some  for  those  who  will  leave 
their  names  to-day  with  Mr.  Ilnngerford. — 
This  grass  is  strongly  recommended  by  some 
of  our  most  able  agriculturists,  as  Mr.  Low- 
ell, President  of  the  Essex  Agricultural  So- 
ciety in  Massachusetts,  and  Mr.  Buel  of  Al- 
bany. I  have  the  more  confidence  in  the 
opinion  of  its  advocates,  as  I  find  that  many 
of  them,  and  the  latter  in  particular,  failed 
in  the  beginning  of  its  cultivation.  Its  great 
advantages  are  :  its  durability  ;  it  will  last 
ten  years  or  more  in  good  ground  ;  it  is  ear- 
lier than  clover;  is  mowed  three  or  four  times 
in  the  season ;  stands  droughts  and  hard  win- 
ters better;  and  its  root  going  six  feet  and 
more  into  the  ground,  draws  sustenance  from 
a  part  of  your  land  which  otherwise  is  be- 
yond your  reach.  Mr.  Buel,  and  others,  say, 
that  being  cut  and  fed  green,  it  will  keep 
five  or  six  cows  per  acre  during  the  season. 
Less  oats  is  necessary  with  it  than  with  clo- 
ver. In  short,  it  is  so  highly  spoken  of  both 
in  Europe  and  in  this  country,  that  no  good 
farmer  who  has  soil  adapted  to  it,  which  is 
a  deep  sandy  loam,  should  be  without  a  field 
of  it,  even  if  it  is  but  one  acre.  You  will 
perceive,  that  once  well  put  in,  it  will  cost 
nothing  more  for  several  years,  and  produce 
yearly  a  greater  profit  than  any  other  grass.' 
Those  who  wish  to  keep  their  lands  in  grass 


us  long  as  possible,  can  have  nothing  to  com- 
pare with  it.  I  have  good  authority  for  say- 
ing so,  and  only  wish  that  the  limits  of  this 
address  would  admit  of  my  quoting  some  of 
them. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  county  have  had 
lately  an  occasion  of  displaying  their  taste 
for  scientific  and  useful  pursuits.  Mr.  Finch, 
a  distinguished  mineralogist,  was  attracted 
by  a  subsciiption  to  deliver  a  course  of  lec- 
tures at  Watertown,  in  the  intervals  between 
which  he  visited  several  parts  of  this  county, 
and  on  his  last  evening  gave  a  summary  ac- 
count of  what  he  had  seen,  the  substance  of 
which  will  be  published.  Besides  the  objects 
of  curiosity  for  the  intelligent  and  inquiring 
traveller  which  he  mentioned,  and  which  are 
not  immediately  connected  with  our  present 
purpose,  it  was  gratifying  to  hear  this  gen- 
tleman who  has  travelled  over  a  great  part 
of  the  United  States,  and  whose  business 
makes  him  a  close  observer  of  the  soils  of 
a  country,  express  himself  in  so  favorable 
terms  upon  our  part  of  the  state.  A  very 
important  conclusion  may  be  drawn  from 
his  observations  upon  the  part  of  our  coun- 
try which  rests  upon  limestone.  It  is  object- 
ed by  some  of  the  people  residing  in  that 
part,  when  they  are  advised  to  burn  some 
of  the  stones  which  they  find  upon  their 
farms,  and  spread  the  dust  upon  their  land, 
that  as  the  country  lies  upon  a  lime  rock, 
the  soil  must  contain  lime.  Mr.  Finch  has 
said  to  you,  that  the  conclusion  is  by  no 
means  certain  upon  general  principles.  It 
is  undoubtedly  false  as  it  regards  a  pretty 
large  tract  of  land  ;  viz.  the  far  greater  pro- 
portion of  the  pine  forest.  As  to  the  rest, 
Mr.  Finch  had  not  the  means  of  making  the 
nice  experiments  which  are  necessary  to  de- 
termine the  exact  quantity  of  lime  contain- 
ed in  a  soil ;  but  he  tried  some  earth  picked 
up  on  the  side  of  the  street  leading  to  the 
arsenal,  and  found  it  to  contain  very  little 
lime.  Some  clay  taken  near  the  Universal- 
is! Church,  and  chosen  as  one  of  the  grounds 
most  likely  to  contain  a  great  deal  of  lime, 
showed  the  indication  of  very  little  ;  in  the 
opinion  of  Mr.  Finch,  not  over  five  per  cent. 
The  quantity  which  our  soils  contain  is  pro- 
bably so  small,  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  of 
its  being  greatly  improved  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  lime.  I  find  in  Chaptal's  Chemistry 
applied  to  Agriculture,  that  Mr.  Tillet  made 
at  Paris  a  great  number  of  experiments  up- 
on the  best  proportions  in  which  sand,  clay, 
and  lime  could  be  mixed  to  produce  the 
most  fertile  soil,these  three  ingredients  form- 
ing generally  the  best  soils,  with  the  addi- 
tion sometimes  of  vegetable  matter,  which  is 
very  desirable,  and  also  of  other  substan- 
ces, which  are  not  generally  in  such  propor- 
tions as  to  affect  sensibly  its  bearing  qual- 
ities. He  found  that  the  best  mixture  was 
twenty-five  per  cent,  of  sand,  thirty-seven 
and  a  half  of  clay,  and  thirty-seven  and  a 
half  of  lime.  This  agrees  in  a  striking  man- 
ner with  the  analysis  as  made  by  Bergmann 
of  one  of  the  best  soils  of  Sweden,  contain- 
ing thirty  sand,  forty  clay,  and  thirty  lime, 
and  with  that  of  an  excellent  alluvial  soil  on 
the  borders  of  the  Loire,  made  by  Chaptal, 
but  which  he  gives  in  a  way  which  cannot  be 
exactly  compared  with  the  foregoing  with- 
out entering  into  too  much  detail.  A  piece 
of  land  in  Touraine,  which  had  just  produ- 
ced a  fine  crop  of  hemp,  gave  half  sand  and 
one  quarter  of  each  of  the  other  ingredients. 
It  may  therefore  be  concluded  that  the 
most   advantageous   proportions   in    which 


sand,  clay,  and  lime  may  enter  into  the  com- 
position of  earths,   are  from  one  quarter  to 
one  half,  although  an  excellent  wheat  land 
in  Middlesex,  England,  was  found  by  Davy 
to  contain  only  one  tenth  of  lime.     Any  far- 
mer may  find  pretty  nearly  what  proportion 
of  lime  his  land  contains  by   mixing  lime- 
stone, finely  powdered,  in  different  propor- 
tions with  dry  sand  and  clay,  (weighing  each 
material) — by  pouring  a  few  drops  of  muri- 
atic acid,    which  may  be   had  at  the  drug- 
gists,  on  this  mixture  diluted  in  water,  an 
effervescence  will  take  place  more  or  less 
strong  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  lime  ; 
and   by  comparing  it  with  that  which  takes 
place  in  pouring  the  same  acid  upon  his  soil, 
he  will  have  a  tolerable  idea  of  the  quantity 
jof  lime  which  it  contains,  bearing  in  mind 
I  that  our  limestone  has   about  four   tenths 
jlime.      But  where  a  very  great  deficiency 
'exists,  if  it  could  be  corrected  only  by  mix- 
ing a  due  proportion  of  lime,  the  evil  would 
I  be  practically  irremediable.      To  make  a 
jsoil   containing  thirty  per  cent,  lime  to  the 
| depth  of  six  inches,   five   thousand   bushels 
per  acre  would  be  required.     But  it  has  been 
found,  that  lime  obtained  by  burning  lime- 
stone, operates  upon  soils  in  the  double  ca- 
pacity of  a  stimulant  and   of  a  component 
part  of  the  soil.     On  this  account   forty  or 
fifty   bushels  per  acre  are  sufficient  to  pro- 
duce a  good  effect,   although   several  hund- 
red bushels,  and  in  one  instance  one  thous- 
and, have  been  used  to  advantage  in  Great 
Britain.     Mr.  Finch  recommends,  with  rea- 
tson,   its  use  in  this  county,  and  quotes  as 
jexamples  the  great  benefits  derived  from  it 
I  in  Pennsylvania  and  in  Jersey,  and   in  one 
instance  at  Brownville.     There  is  no  doubt 

that  in  some  soils  the  effect  is  astonishing 

Lime  may  also  be  added  to  land  by  usin" 
plaster.  This  is  much  cheaper,  but  will  not 
have  so  lasting  an  effect.  Which  of  the  two 
will  be  preferable  here  will  be  determined 
by  experience,  and  trials  should  be  made  on 
both,  so  as  to  enable  us  to  choose  between 
them. 

And  here  I  would  beg  leave  to  suggest  a 
plan  which  I  think  would  do  more  good  than 
can  be  done  in  any  other  way  with  any  thing 
like  the  same  trouble.  Pattern  farms  have 
been  established  in  other  places,  but  they 
are  extremely  difficult  to  be  well  managed 
any  where,  and  would  be  almost  impracti- 
cable here  at  present.  I  would  therefore 
spread  the  pattern  farm  all  over  the  coun- 
ty. Let  every  man  who  tries  an  improve- 
ment on  his  farm,  when  it  shall  be  on  the 
road,  (which  he  should  try  to  do)  put  up  a 
notice  written  with  chalk  on  a  piece  of  board, 
stating  in  a  few  words  the  nature  of  the  ex- 
periment. In  the  case  before  us,  for  in- 
stance, let  a  few  narrow  strips  running  back 
from  the  road  be  left  without  liming,  on  av- 
erage quality  and  situation.  Write  on  a 
piece  of  board  or  shingle  posted  up,  "thirty 
bushels  stone  lime  per  acre;"  the  strips  left 
without  liming  will  speak  for  themselves, 
and  you  will  persuade  more  to  follow  your 
example  than  the  recommendation  of  the 
greatest  orators  could  do. 

The  roller,  which  is  considered  in  France 
and  in  England,  as  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant implements  of  modern  husbandry,  is  not 
yet  adopted  in  this  county  ;  but  ought  cer- 
tainly to  be,  after  the  high  encomiums  which 
are  bestowed  upon  it  by  some  of  the  best 
farmers  in  the  eastern  states,  who  have  ex- 
perienced the  greatest  benefits  from  its  us#. 
Repeated  experiments  made  on  the  farm  at 


166 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


May  28,  1S3L 


Le  Raysville,  prompt  me  to  recommend  it 
ivilh  an  entire  confidence.  It  can  all  be 
made  by  the  hand  of  the  farmer,  and  comes 
to  him  so  cheap,  that  the  benefit  he  may 
reap  from  its  use  will  repay  him  the  very 
first  year.  It  is  not  only  advantageous  to 
grain  crops,  but  very  much  also  for  grass. 
One  hour's  work  with  the  roller  after  plow- 
ing and  harrowing,  says  a  farmer  after  eight 
years  experience,  will  do  more  in  pulveri- 
sing the  soil,  and  in  producing  a  finer  tilth, 
than  ten  times  the  amount  of  labor  with  plow 
or  harrow.  A  smooth  round  log,  eighteen 
inches  or  two  feet  in  diameter,  but  the  1  ir- 
ger  the  better,  and  five  or  six  feet  long,  will 
answer  a  very  good  purpose  for  a  roller. — 
Add  if  you  please,  a  box  to  carry  the  stones 
out  of  the  field,  or  to  augment  the  weight  at 
pleasure,  and  a  scraper  to  prevent  the  earth 
clogging  your  machine. 

It  is  a  gratifying  task  for  me  to  have  to 
felicitate  you  upon  the  means  we  have  of 
improving  our  already  good   stock  of  neat 


!  while  the  refined  and  endeariDg  attributes 
! of  woman,  furnish  the  names,  or  give  dis- 1 
tinction,  to  those  interesting  favorites  who! 
throng  the  brilliant  court  of  Flora. 

"  We  may  ask  in  the   eloquent  language 
of  the  enthusiastic  Boursault — 'Who  does 
not  love  flowers  ? — They  embellish  our  gar- 
■  dens ;  they   give  a  more   brilliant   lustre  to 
i our  festivals;  they   are  the   interpreters  of 
■our  affections  for  our  relatives  and  friends; 
| they  are   the  testimonials  of  our  gratitude; 
we  present  them   to  those  to   whom  we  are 
[under  obligations;  they  are  often  necessary  I 
l to  the   pomp  of  our    religions  ceremonies, 
and  they  serve  to  associate  and  mingle  their 
perfumes  with  the  purity  of  our  prayers,  and 
the  homage  which  we  address  to  the  Almigh- 
ty.— Happy  are  those   who   love  them  and 
cultivate  them.' 

"  The  ancients  paid  particular  attention 
to  the  culture  of  flowers.  They  were  in  great 
request  at  the  entertainments  of  the  wealthy, 
for  adorning  the  apartments,  as  well  as  the 
cattle.  We  have  in  this  county  two  bulls  of  |'  participants  of  the  feast ;  they  were  scatter- 
Devonshire  and  Hertfordshire  ;  and  through  jjed  before  the  triumphal  chariots  of  victori- 
the  enterprise  of  Mr.  Budd  of  Carthage,  we,  ous  generals;  they  were  placed  upon  the 
now  own  a  very  fine  full-blooded  bull,  of  !  tombs  of  the  illustrious  and  beloved,  to  per 
that  most  valuable  breed,  the  Durham  short 
horn.  It  was  bred  by  the  celebrated  Mr. 
Powell  of  Philadelphia. 

The  growth  of  wool  is  not  a  favored  one 
with  our  farmers, but  the  prospects  are  bright- 
ening, and  a  better  market  will  reward  our 
exertions.  The  subject,  however,  to  which 
I  would  direct  your  most  serious  attention, 
is  the  employment  of  that  material  in  the 
family  manufactures.  It  is  said  by  some, 
that  they  can   buy    imported  cloth   cheaper 


petuate  the  pleasing,  yet  mournful  reminis- 
cences of  their  virtues  ;  they  formed  the  dis- 
tinguishing insignia  of  many  of  the  divini- 
ties of  mythology  ;  they  glitter  as  genius  in 
the  diadems  of  the  seasons,  and  constitute 
the  mystical  language  of  poetry. 

'•  We  are  informed  that  Descartes  prose- 
cuted, with  equal  ardor,  astronomy  and  the 
culture  of  flowers,  and  often  retired  from  his 
celestial  observations  to  study  the  sleep  and 
floration  of  his  plants,  before  the  rising  of 
than  they  can  make  it.  I  believe  the  report  jlthe  sun.  The  great  Conde,  returning  from 
of  your  viewing  committee  will  bear  out  thejthe  dangers  and  glories  of  the  battle-field, 
contrai y  opinion ;  but  even  if  there  was  a  [devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the  cultivation 
little  difference,  is  there  not  a  great  advan-  of  his  flower  garden  ;  and  so  enamored  was 
tage  in  answering  yourself  your  own  wants,  Lord  Bacon  with  these  silent,  yet  eloquent 
rather  than  pay  money  or  the  equivalent  of:! and  soothing  companions,  that  the  vase  of 


The  practice  also  saves  labor  and  cold  fin- 
gers. We  have  in  this  way  had  no  butter 
that  was  not  as  high  colored  as  what  I  send 
you.  But  perhaps  the  high  color  may  be 
owing  considerably  to  the  extra  richness  of 
the  milk,  and  this  quality  of  the  milk  is 
wholly  attributable  to  the  cows.  My  stock 
consists  of  the  Short  Horn  breed  in  the  blood 
of  Calebs,  Denton,  and  Holderness,  the  Here- 
fordshire in  the  blood  of  Sir  Isaac,  the 
Bakeivell,  and  that  excellent,  though  unde- 
fined breed  introduced  here  from  England 
by  Charles  Vaughan,  Esq.  and  the  best 
selected  native. 

I  am  aware  that  much  contrariety  of  opin- 
ion exists  as  to  the  properties  and  relative 
value  of  the  different  breeds  of  cattle,  and 
my  intentions  have  been,  and  still  are,  to  go 
through  with  a  series  of  fair  experiments  on 
the  subject. 

So  far  as  several  years'  observation  and 
one  year's  experience  will  enable  me  to  judge, 
I  am  inclined  to  think  the  improved  import- 
ed races  (the  short  horns,  particularly,)  the 
most  prof  table, — that  is,  taking  them  for  all 
purposes.  I  do  not  know  that  they  will  give 
any  more  milk  than  the  '  natives,'  but  it  is, 
I  believe,  generally  of  a  better  quality,  and 
they  certainly  keep  in  much  belter  order  on 
the  same  food.  They  are  also  put  togethei 
more  on  mechanical  principles,  are  stronger, 
and  have  better  constitutions.  I  would  re- 
commend to  every  farmer  to  give  them  a  fail 
trial.  Sanford  Howard. 

Hallowcll,  April  18,  1831. 


it  ?  Do  you  not  feel  a  pride  and  a  satisfac 
tion  in  wearing  homespun  ?  But  above  all, 
will  not  your  good  housewives  enter  into 
those  feelings,  and  seize  an  opportunity  of 
rendering  useful  the  industry  of  their  daugh- 
ters ?  The  mention  of  this  better  as  well  as 
fairer  portion  of  the  human  race,  reminds 
me  that  our  assembly  is  graced  as  usual  by 
their  presence,  in  a  number  which  is  a  re- 
ward and  an  encouragement  for  our  labors, 
and  that  their  flattering  attention  should  not 
be  fatigued.  Their  usual  influence  will  al- 
so move  us  to  raise  our  eyes  from  earth  to 
heaven,  and  to  ask  a  continuance  of  those 
great  privileges  and  blessings  with  which  it 
iias  pleased  the  Almighty  to  favor  us. 


From  ihe  Lanuiopburgh  Gazette. 

FLOWERS. 

Mr.  Editor — You  will  much  please  me 
by  giving  the  following  extract  of  a  commu- 
nication from  II.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  New-England  Farmer,  Feb. 
1830,  a  place  in  your  paper. 

A  Subscriber. 

"In  all  ages  and  countries,  flowers  have 
been  universally  cherished  and  admired  as 
the  ornaments  and  the  delight  of  the  vege- 
table, as  are  their  prototypes,  of  all  the  ani- 
mal kingdom.  The  fondest  titles,  the  most 
ardent  expressions  of  attachment,  and  the 
lovely  qualities  of  each,  have  been  recipro- 
cally bestowed  upon  the  pre-eminent  of  both 
realms.  The  Rose  of  Sharon,  the  Violet, 
and  the  Lily  of  the  Valley,  have  become  the 
vonsecrated  emblems  of  female  excellence  ; 


flowers   was  daily  renewed  upon   his  table, 
while  composing  the  volume  of  his  sublime 

philosophy."  

Frotp  the  New-England  Farmer. 

WINTER  BUTTER,  SHORT  HORN  CATTLE,  SiC. 

Mr.  Editor — Much  has  been  said  in  the 
New-England  Farmer  about  freezing  the 
milk  to  obtain  cream  for  butter.  My  objec- 
tions to  this  practice  are,  the  butter  so  made 
is  inclining  to  be  ivhite,  ivill  not  sell  well,  and 
is  crumbly  and  will  not  cut  handsomely. — 
[Besides,  I  think  the  flavor  hardly  equal  to! 
that  made  in  the  method  we  have  pursued. 

Our  object  has  been  to  keep  the  milk  in 
a  temperature  always  above  the  freezing 
point — say  not  lower  than  40  or  45  degrees. 

The  method  which  we  have  practised,  and 
which  I  think  best  for  winter,  was  recom- 
mended to  me  by  that  great  ftiend  to  agri- 
cultural improvement,  Charles  Vaughan, 
Esq.  as  followed  in  the  counties  of  Somer- 
set and  Devon,  England.  The  milk,  im- 
mediately after  it  is  taken  from  the  cow,  is 
put  in  a  copper  or  brass  vessel,  of  a  size  ac- 
cording to  the  quantity  of  the  milk,  care  be- 
ing taken  that  it  is  not  more  than  eight  or 
ten  inches  in  depth,  and  gradually  brought 
to  within  two  or  three  degrees  of  boiling  heat, 
when  it  is  permitted  slowly  to  cool.  In  the 
course  of  five  or  six  hours,  the  most  of  the 
cream  rises  in  a  beautiful  thick  sheet,  and  is 
so  solid  that  it  may  be  cut  with  a  knife  in 
almost  any  form.  It  comes  to  butter  almost 
immediately,  never  requiring  more  than  five 
minutes  churning.  The  butter  is  of  line 
quality,   being  of  good  color  and  flavor.— 


TULIPS. 

Now  that  we  are  beginning  to  feel  a  little 
of  the  '  etherial  mildness'  of  spring,  we  may 
perhaps  turn  our  thoughts  for  a  moment  to 
the  subject  of  flowers.  The  weather  has 
been  so  cold  for  five  weeks  past,  with  the 
exception  of  two  or  three  days  of  the  pres- 
ent, as  greatly  to  retard  vegetation  of  every 
description.  The  trees  have  not  yet  entire- 
ly assumed  the  appropriate  livery  of  the  sea- 
son, and  flowers  have  hitherto  refused  to 
distil  their  odours.  A  refreshing  change, 
however,  is  now  discoverable  in  the  fragrance 
of  the  suburban  atmosphere,  and  our  "fair 
friends  can  at  length  venture  forth  to  enjoy 
the  sylvan  scenery  of  the  neighborhood,  with 
the  assurance  of  regaling  themselves  upon 
sweets  of  other  leaves  and  flowers  than  ice- 
plants  and  snow-drops. 

Of  the  early  history  of  the  Tulip,  from 
its  discovery  among  the  Turks,  to  the  e»- 
travagant  speculations  in  the  roots,  as  arti- 
cles of  merchandise,  in  various  countries, 
but  particularly  in  Holland  and  England, 
about  a  century  and  a  half  ago,  our  readers 
are  probably  as  well  acquainted  as  ourselves. 
Mr.  Neale,  however,  has  put  into  our  hands 
a  leaf  from  a  very  old  Magazine,  from  Which 
we  quote  the  following  paragraphs  "  on  the 
fondness  of  the  Turks  for  the  Tulip,"  from 
the  Opuscoli  of  the  Abbe  Sestini,  which  will 
probably  amuse,  if  it  does  uot  instruct,  the 
readei . 

The  Tulip,  called  in  the  Turkish  language 
Lale,  is  a  flower  which  these  people  were  so 
passionately  fond  of,  that  they  employed  the 
utmost  care  to  bring  the  cultivation  of  it  to 
perfection.  Tbey  did  not  set  much  value  on 
those,  the  bulbs  of  which  were  brought  from 
Holland,  because  it  is  an  established  rule 
among  them,  to  esteem  more  whatever  grows 
in  their  own  country,  than  the  productions 
of  foreign  nations. 

Tulips,  however,   have  been  in  so  great 


Vol.  I.— No.  21. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


i<n 


request,  and  so  much  sought  after  at  Con- 
stantinople, that  several  Sultans  have  order- 
ed roots  to  be  brought  them  from  all  coun- 
tries, in  order  that  they  might  have  every 
possible  variety  of  these  flowers.  To  these 
varieties  they  even  gave  Turkish  names, 
which  had  some  relation  to  those  of  the  first 
offices  in  the  Ottoman  empire ;  and  they 
commanded  that  a  catalogue  should  be  made 
out  in  the  Turkish  language,  of  all  the  di- 
fferent species. 

Under  the  Sultan  Achmet  HI.  who  was 
passionately  fond  of  this  flower,  all  the  no- 
bility of  his  court  applied  themselves  to  the 
cultivation  of  it,  with  the  greatest  care,  and 
to  procure  uncommon  kinds,  with  the  new- 
est and  most  beautiful  varieties. 

These  nobles  presented  their  tulips  to  the 
Sultan,  on  a  certain  day  of  the  year;  and 
this  ceremony,  which  was  extremely  splen- 
did and  magnificent,  was  called  viafit-lalesi, 
that  is  to  say,  the  festival  of  tulips. 

The  Grand  Vizier,  Ibrahim  Baschia,  was 
also  remarkably  fond  of  tulips.  As  he  had 
never  seen  any  blue  ones,  he  took  it  into  his 
head  that  he  could,  by  the  assistance  of  art, 
procure  flowers  of  that  color.  He  therefore 
consulted  on  this  subject  different  Turkish 
chemists,  who  all  agreed,  that  to  have  blue 
tulips,  nothing  more  could  be  necessary,  but 
to  put  into  the  bulbs  the  flowers  of  the  sy- 
ringa  sarulea.  The  experiment  was  tried, 
but,  as  may  well  lie  supposed,  was  not  at- 
tended with  success. 

The  Turkish  nobility  derived  afterwards 
another  pleasure  from  these  tulips.  They 
waited  for  the  moment  when  they  were  in 
full  bloom  in  their  gardens,  and  intermixed 
them  with  small  lighted  lamps  and  cages,  in 
which  they  enclosed  nightingales  taught  to 
sing  ;  thus  endeavoring  to  gratify  both  the 
senses  of  seing  and  hearing.  This  festival 
was  called  cieragan,  that  is  to  say,  the  illu- 
mination. 

This  reigning  passion  for  tulips  continued 
in  Turkey  under  the  Sultan  Mahmud,  and 
the  Sultan  Musiapha  ;  but  after  the  death  of 
these  emperors,  it  gradually  decreased.  The 
Turks  at  present  do  not  entertain  an  exclu- 
sive passion  for  tulips,  and  they  set  almost 
the  same  value  on  them  as  we  do. — N.  Y. 
Com.  Adv.  

Agricultural  Education. — We  have  fre- 
quently spoken  in  terms  of  approbation  of 
the  Fellenburg  system  of  Education,  and 
wished  that  our  country  might  be  so  for- 
tunate as  to  have  it  introduced  here ;  but 
we  had  no  expectation  of  our  hopes  being 
so  soon  realized.  It  is  with  the  most  heart- 
felt pleasure  therefore,  that  we  lay  before 
our  readers  the  following  proposals  for 
such  a  school.  We  have  had  a  short  per- 
sonal acquaintance  with  Mr.  Ismar,  and 
he  has  communicated  to  us  his  views  in 
detail ;  we  have  besides  made  ourselves  ac- 
quainted with  the  system  of  education  he 
proposes  to  establish,  as  set  forth  in  his 
lectures  published  in  the  two  last  num- 
bers of  the  Farmer,  and  the  "outlines," 
published  in  the  present  number  ;  from  all 
which  we  have  derived  impressions  highly 
favorable  to  Mr.  Ismar  and  the  school. 
We  believe  such  a  school  to  be  exactly  the 
thing  wanted  in  this  country,  to  lay  the 
foundation  of  a  system  of  improved  agri- 
Culture.  We  believe  further,  that,  if  gen- 
erally adopted,  it  would  contribute  more  to 


the  happiness  of  mankind,  and  especially 
to  the  well  being  of  the  people  of  this 
country,  than  any  other  system  or  combi- 
nation of  systems  yet  known.  It  is  be- 
sides a  cheap  school — little  more  than  is 
required  in  large  towns  for  mere  tuition. 
We  therefore  recommend  it  to  the  se- 
rious attention  of  readers  of  the  Farmer. 
As  Mr.  Ismar  has  made  us  the  the  reposi- 
tory of  the  details  of  his  views,  we  shall 
take  pleasure  in  communicating  any  infor- 
mation we  may  possess  to  those  who  may 
require  it. 

Mr.  Smith  ;  Bolton  Farm,Jlprtl2b,  1831. 
Dear  Sir. — You  will  be  informed  by 
Mr.  Ismar's  private  letter  of  this  date,  what 
are  his  views  relative  to  the  Union  of  Ag- 
ricultural and  Intellectual  Education  at 
Bolton,  and  also  of  his  intention  to  commu- 
nicate for  the  Farmer,  the  results  of  his 
observations,  which  I  am  sure  you  will 
find  interesting.  You  will  now  have  the 
goodness  to  insert  in  it  the  following.  I 
am,  most  respectfully,  your  ob't  servant. 

ANTHONY  MORRIS. 
Association  of  the  FeUenberg  System  of  Edu 
cation,  under  the  superintendence  of  F.  Ji  Is- 
mar, late  of  Hofwyl.  with,  the  classical  and 
English  institution  of  the  Rev  VVm.  Chad 
erton, on  Bolton  Farm,  near  Bristol,  Bucks 
county,  Pennsyl tania. 

The  object  of  this  association  is  to  es- 
tablish a  school  in  which  classical  lesrning 
will  be  omitted,  for  boys  between  the  ages 
of  ten  and  twenty  years,  to  be  instructed  in 
theoretical  and  practical  agriculture,  the 
sciences  connected  with  it,  and  the  ma- 
chine arts  ;  and  also  a  school  for  the  prep- 
aration of  teachers  who  may  extend  the 
system  throughout  the  country.  This  de- 
partment, which  is  now  open,  is  under  the 
exclusive  superintendence  of  Mr.  Ismar  ; 
and  to  adapt  it  to  the  agricultural  and  me- 
chanical classes  of  society,  the  charge  for 
tuition,  board,  and  washing,  will  be  $100 
per  annum,  payable  half  yearly  in  advance, 
half  in  cash,  and  half  in  produce,  at  the 
market  price.  F.  A.  ISMAR. 


SILK    WORMS — CHLORIDE    OF    LIME. 

The  season  for  raising  silk  worms  having 
arrived,  it  is  suggested  that  persons  engaged 
in  it  provide  themselves  with  the  chloride  of 
lime  as  a  preventive  of  disease  among  the 
worms.  The  Editor  of  the  American  Far- 
mer has  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that,  when 
properly  and  timely  applied,  and  attention 
to  cleanliness  is  observed,  it  affords  perfect 
security  against  the  only  disease  to  which 
silk  worms  are  extensively  liable  in  this 
country,  to  wit,  the  Tripes.  From  the  time 
he  first  made  the  discovery,  two  years  ago, 
he  has  never  known  an  instance  of  its  fail- 
ure as  a  preventive,  and  he  has  known  it  to 
arrest  the  disease  after  it  had  become  epi- 
demic, and  when  the  destruction  of  the  whole 
establishment  seemed  inevitable.  The  dis 
covery  of  such  a  remedy  has  been  consider 
ed  an  object  of  the  highest  importance  in 
the  silk  countries  of  Europe,  and  occupied 
the  a  jxious  attention  of  their  scientific  men 
for  ages;*  and  it  has  been  reserved  for  A- 
merica,  in  the  very  infancy  of  her  silk  cul- 
ture, to  make  it.  The  chloride  of  lime  is  a 
very  cheap  article,— a  dollar's  worth  being 


sufficient  for  a  pretty  large  establishment — 
and  it  is  easily  applied.  An  ounce  or  two 
of  the  powder  may  be  put  in  a  plate  with  a 
little  water,  several  ol  which  may  be  set  a- 
bout  the  room,  and  replenished  every  four  or 
five  days  ;  or  it  may  be  put  in  a  jug  or  dem- 
ijohn, and  a  gallon  of  water  added  for  every 
pound,  and  a  little  of  the  solution  sprinkled 
over  the  floor  two  or  three  times  a  day,  when- 
ever there  is  any  offensive  smell  in  the  room. 
In  hot  weather,  when  it  would  be  unsafe  to 
cool  the  room  by  sprinkling  water  on  the 
floor,  (in  consequence  of  the  vapour  evolved) 
it  will  be  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  have 
this  solution  of  chloride  of  lime,  as  that  may 
be  used  not  only  with  impunity  but  very 
beneficially,  both  for  cooling  the  room  and 
sweetening  the  air,  as  well  as  for  the  pre 
vention  of  disease.  The  time  "ill  come 
when  chloride  of  lime  will  be  considered  an 
essential  material  in  every  silk  labratory. — 
Am-  Farmer. 

*  This  discovery  was  considered  so  important  in 
F ranee,  that  it  was  made  the  subject  of  ai.  elabor- 
ate paper  read  before  a  scientific  society  in  Paris, 
though  its  American  origin  was  forgotten. 

Frost. — We  had  a  very  severe  frost  on 
the  nights  of  the  9th  and  10th  inst.,  which  ii 
is  feared  has  destroyed  much  fruit  and  early 
vegetables.  In  the  editor's  garden,  the  mel- 
on and  cucumber  vines  were  partially  inju- 
red, notwithstanding  they  were  in  a  very  fa- 
vorable situation,  having  the  advantage  of  a 
high  hill  on  the  north.  The  sweet  potato 
vines,  in  the  same  situation,  were  also  inju- 
red. The  egg-plants  and  tomatoes,  the  for- 
mer in  an  exposed  situation,  were  untouch 
ed.  The  nursery  of  young  morns  multicail- 
lis  received  partial  injury,  by  the  destruction 
of  a  few  of  their  leaves,  some  of  which  were 
five  inches  in  diameter.  The  white  Italian 
mulberry  escaped  without  any  apparent  hurt. 
The  peas,  beans,  corn,  and  other  vegetables, 
do  not  appear  to  have  suffered.  But  the 
most  important  fact  established  by  the  oc- 
currence of  this  frost,  is  that  of  the  hardi- 
ness of  the  Aracacha.  Seventy-five  plants 
of  this  vegetable  were  on  the  north  side  of  a 
board  fence,  with  a  full  northern  exposwre, 
and  have  not  suffered  in  the  least  by  the 
frost,  while  some  cucumber  vines  near  them 
were  cut  off.  We  hear  that  in  the  country 
extensive  injury  has  been  done  to  the  fruit 
and  vegetables.      — — — 

The  Wheat  Crop. — A  gentleman  in  Jef- 
ferson county,  Va.  in  a  leiter  to  the  editor, 
dated  May  10,  says,  "The  wheat  is,  I  fear, 
snft'ering  excessively  from  the  ravages  of  the 
'Fly,'  and  the  unpropitious  season." — ib. 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the 

week  ending  May  21 ,  1831 . 

» 

£    o  *> 

■a 
a 

Face  of  the 

a 

E> 

* 

Sky. 

Observations 

15 

V 

74129,77 

8  e 

fair 

K 

t>3  39,68 

s  e 

do 

16 

V 

fl>!29,65 

3 

fair 

K 

,  1  -J' i. i'ii 

3  iC 

do 

showers 

1. 

M 

74I-29.65    w 

fair 

E 

56|29,62  s  m 

do 

IS 

M 

62129,60]    e 

fair 

K 

55  29.65  SK 

do 

4-10 

1!) 

V 

74  29,49 

s  e 

rain 

small  showers 

K 

64  20,27 

s 

glo 

an 

M 

61  29,30 

u 

rain 

3-10 

IF 

56  29,40 

w 

do 

2.10 

biIm 

6529,35 

ID 

cloudy 

K 

5lv.i9.45 

to 

fair 

1-10  rain  showers 

^3"  The  Barometrical  and  Thermometriral  observu 
tions  arc  registered  at  10  o'clock  A.M.  and  P.  M-,  vhich 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  htat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


HiS 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


May  28,  1831. 


NOTES  ON   MICHIGAN. 

(Concluded  from  page  159.) 
In  ornithology,  the  species,  whether  of  the 
air,  or  on  the  wafer,  are  rich  and  varied.  The 
winter  in  the  region  about  Lake  Snperior,  is 
stern  indeed  ;  the  thermometer  being  often  ai 
the  freezing  point  of  mercury  (38) — and  near 
iy  all  the  winter  below  zero.  During  winter, 
the  white  Parlrige,  the  great  WLite  Owl,  and 
the  Canada  Jay.  are  driven  from  the  region 
rdund  Hudson's  Buy  to  the  Lakes.  All  these 
birds  bave  feathers  on  their  legs.  The  Wild 
Turkey  inhabits  the  southern  part  of  Michi- 
gan. There  are  several  kinds  of  duck;  one 
.species  fly  into  the  rapids  near  the  upper  end. 
and  sail  down  the  waves  to  the  lower  end  of 
the  rapids.and  from  thence  return  to  theplaoe 
from  whence  they  started,  and  sail  down  as 
before.  In  1814,  a  small  bird  of  peculiarly 
beautiful  plumage,  appeared,  singing  at  eve 
nttjg,  which  was  named  the  Grossbeak.  When 
it  is  recollected,  that  Lake  Huron  contains 
more  than  a  thousand  islands,  and  Lake  Supe 
fior  one  as  large  as  the  state  of  Connecticut, 
— and  1500  miles  ol  uninhabited  borders;  these 
island  forests  and  forests  on  the  shore,  musl 
contain  species  of  hardy  birds  and  otherfowl 
not  yet  known  or  attempted  by  any  ornitholo 
gist. 

''  Ichthyology  has  scarcely  extended  its 
researches  into  this  quarter.  Yet  it  must 
be  evident,  upon  a  slight  examination,  that 
the  northern  waters  present  an  interesting 
theatre  of"  observation.  The  great  chain 
of  lakes,  stretching  across  sixteen  degrees 
of  longitude,  and  embracing  fourteen  de- 
grees of  latitude,  present  in  themselves,an 
area,  compared  to  which,  the  lakes  of  the 
old  world  are  diminutive.  But  it  is  an  a- 
rett  which  nearly  excludes  those  fishes  who 
thrive  best  in  warm  and  turbid  waters,  or 
attain  their  least  perfection  in  those  that 
are  cold  and  transparent.  And  we  attach 
more  importance,  in  the  distribution  of 
species  by  nature,  to  these  principles,  than 
to  any  physical  impossibility  of  communi- 
cation between  the  lakes  and  south-west- 
ern rivers.  Some  inquirers,  more  curi- 
ous, perhaps,  than  wise,  have  attempted, 
partially,  a  new  distribution,  but  without 
die  sligthest  evidences  of  success.  The 
eel  has,  for  instance,  been  taken  from  the 
foot  of  Niagara  Falls  to  the  river  above, 
and  in  a  manner,  apparently,  to  ensure 
success  to  the  experiment ;  yet  nobody 
has  observed  that  eels  havo  become  pro- 
ducts of  the  lake  waters  ;  although  such 
streams  as  the  Tonawanta  and  Maumee, 
would  seem  to  be  favorable  to  their  re- 
production. And  were  there  not  some- 
thing ungenial  in  the  waters  themselves,  it 
appears  difficult  to  conclude  that  such  ex- 
periments would  not  meet  with  success. — 
IVe  have  it  on  good  authority,  that  eels 
have  been  occasionally  taken  in  Chicago 
reek,  an  inlet  of  Lake  Michigan,  but 
ihey  have  not  been  found  in  Lake  Michi- 
gan itself.  Lamprey  eels  exist  in  the 
lakes.  And  we  have  oliserved  the  gar,  a 
species  of  the  Amia,  (Shig-wum-aig)  here- 
tofore found  only  in  the  rivers  of  Georgia. 
Both  these  varieties  have  been  noticed  in 
those  expansions  of  the  channel  denomi- 
nated lakes,  in  the  straits  of  St.  Mary. 
":  But  the  most  important  of  our  lake 


fishes,  considered  in  reference  to  its  value 
in  commerce,  is  the  white  fish.  This  is 
found  to  inhabit  the  lake  waters,  in  the 
whole  extent  of  the  series,  at  least  above 
Niagara  Falls.  It  is  more  particularly 
taken  in  the  straits  of  St.  Clair,  and  in 
those  of  St.  Mary's  and  Michilimackinac. 
And  the  quantity  put  up,  during  the  last 
season, (ly.!0)  has  been  estimated  at  8,000 
barrels,  valued  at  $40,000.  It  is  not  only 
found  in  our  Mediterranean  lakes,  but  al- 
so, in  the  small  lakes  situated  at  the  sour' 
ces  of  the  Mississippi,  which  have  their 
outlets  into  that  stream.  It  is  thus  difiu 
sed  over  the  northern  hemisphere,  at  least 
from  the  latitude  of  Peca-ga-mah,  the  up- 
permost falls  of  the  Mississippi,  to  the 
head  waters  of  the  St.  Croix  and  Chippe- 
wa rivers.  But  it  has  not  been  known  to 
descend  those  rivers  into  the  Mississippi ; 
nor  has  an  individual  of  the  species  been 
!  observed  in  the  Mississippi,  even  where 
its  waters  are  the  clearest.  No  physical 
obstruction  exists  for  their  passage  out  of 
these  tributary  streams  ;  and  it  is  difficult 
ty  conceive  any  reason  for  this  exclusive 
occupation  of  these  upper  waters,  without 
referring  to  a  law  of  nature,  which  has 
dapted  their  habits,  both  of  migration  and 
subsistence,  particularly  to  these  small 
lake  waters.  And  it  appears  manifest 
that  with  respect  to  these  Missisippian 
lakes,  the  range  of  their  migration  must  be 
very  limited,  and  their  winter  abode  confi- 
ned." 

We  feel  a  strong  interest  in  the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  Michigan  ;  inasmuch  as  it  will 
be  virtually  only  an  extension  of  our  own 
stale.  Michigan  is  settled  principally  will: 
New  Englauders  and  New  Yorkers.  The 
spirit  of  her  laws  will  be  like  ours  ;  and  every 
surplus  article  of  produce  from  her  fertile 
fields,  will  pay  a  slight  tax  to  our  canals. 

There  are  large  tracts  of  Michigan  lands, 
now  about  to  be  sold  by  the  Government  ; 
aud  from  their  excellent  quality  and  cheap 
rates,  they  are  certainly  lempling  to  tbe  Yan 
kees,  even  to  those  who  are  only  possessed  of 
a  small  sum  of  money.  With  a  daily  line  of 
steam  boats  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  the  two 
places  are  brought  wilhin  a  little  mure  than  a 
day's  journey  of  each  other.  It  is  true,  the 
population  of  Michigan  is  not  as  great  as  ve 
anlicipated  ;  this,  however,  admits  of  expla 
nation.  In  all  new  couDtrios,  tbe  population 
is  unsettled — constantly  moving.  The  census 
was  began  in  June  last:  then,  perhaps,  five 
thousand  individuals  were  actually  locating 
their  lands;  in  the  fall  they  moved  on, — and 
their  families  will  generally  average  from  Gv. 
to  ten.  We  have  no  doubl,  but  that  Micbi 
gan  contains  at  this  moment  population  suffi- 
cient for  a  state,  were  a  census  faithfully  ta- 
ken 

The  atlaction  to  Michigan  is  on  account 
of  the  goodness  and  cheapness  of  (he  soil; 
and,  although  they  may  not  have  a  ready  for 
ign  market,  yet  while  the  territory  is  filling 
up,  a  home  market  is  produced  in  every  set- 
ilcmcnt 

In  expressing  our  friendship  for  this  Dew 
and  promising  country,  we  bespeak  emigrants 
to  give  a  paising  notice  to  western  New  fork 
Tbe  unsold  lands  in  the  state  west  of  Seneca 
Lake,  belonging  to  various  companies  and  to 
individual  land  holders,  has  been  estimated  at 
one  million  acres;  now,  supposing  one  third 


oi  it  to  be  at  present  unsaleable,  there  will 
remain  between  siz  and  seven  hundred  thous- 
and acres, which  will  support  a  great  emigrant 
population.  These  lands  can  be  obtained  at 
from  3  to  $5  per  acre;  and  where  is  a  more 
desirable  location  for  a  market  ?  In  the  dis- 
trict of  which  we  are  now  sptaking,  there  are 
more  than  50  villages,  which  create  a  market 
for  fruit  and  horticultural  products  equal  to 
that  of  any  other  country.  This  is  a  consid- 
erable item  in  a  thrifty  farmer's  surplus.  Here 
also,  can  be  obtained  the  luxuries  which  in  a 
great  many  instances  have  become  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  on  very  reasonable  terms.  We 
have  no  doubt,  bnl  that  a  farmer  can  obtain 
such  family  stores  as  he  may  desire,  at  our 
own  village,  upon  as  good  terms,  if  net  better, 
than  be  could  procure  the  same  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  The  millers  loo,  at  this  place, 
pay  nearly  as  high  for  wheat  as  the  great  pro- 
duce brokers  do  at  New  Yoi k. 

Where  then  can  be  a  more  favorable  loca- 
tion for  farmers  of  tbe  better  class,  than  iD 
Western  New  York 

RENSSELAER  CO.    HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETT 

A  meeting  of  the  committee  of  this  soci- 
ety was  held  at  the  Rensselaer  House  in 
Troy,  on  the  10th  of  May  instant.  Several 
early  productions  of  the  kitchen  garden  were 
exhibited.  We  gather  the  following  partic- 
ulars from  the  Troy  Sentinel. 

Mr.  Alexander  Walsh,  of  Lansingburgh, 
brought  six  very  fine  stalks  of  celery  and 
lettuce,  which  had  been  preserved  in  the  o- 
pen  ground  through  the  winter,  and  are  now 
flourishing  vigorously. 

Mr.  David  C.  Norton,  of  the  same  town, 
presented  six  full  grown  cucumbers,  of  two 
varieties.  Some  of  the  long  kind  were  nine 
inches  in  length.  Mr.  Norton  also  present- 
ed two  bunches  of  good  sized  radishes,  rais- 
ed in  the  open  ground. 

Mi.  Gerritt  Peebles,  of  the  same  place,  un 
common  fine  lettuce,  from  the  open  ground. 

A  great  variety  of  beautiful  and  splendid 
flowers  were  exhibited. 

Mr.  G.  B.  Warren,  of  Troy,  exhibited 
several  varieties  of  tulips,  large  double  hy- 
acinths, moss  pinks  and  violets. 

Mr.  Gerritt  Peebles,  of  Lansingburgh,  el- 
egant narcissuses,  snow-flawe  and  grape  hy- 
acinths, and  several  beautiful  varieties  of  po- 
lyanthus. 

Mr.  Alexander  Walsh,  of  Lansingburgh, 
a  thumb  aloe,  in  fall  bloom,  two  varieties  of 
periwinkle,  a  variety  of  fine  hyacinths  and 
tulips,  ragged  robin,  and  other  flowers  in  full 
bloom. 

Mr.  John  T.  McCoun,  of  Troy,  exhibited 
fine  hyacinths,  tulips,  and  narcissuses. 

Mr.  Albert  P.  Hart,  of  Troy,  a  superb 
collection  of  tulips  and  other  flowers  in  full 
bloom.  — — 

We  understand,  says  a  Philadelphia  pa- 
per, that  the  late  race  of  the  "  Bonnets  of 
Blue"  and  "  Goliah,"  at  New  York,  caus- 
ed a  large  sum  of  money  to  change  pock- 
ets— twenty  thousand  dollars  comes  to  a 
single  individual  in  Philadelphia, 

The  Greenfield  Gazette  states,  that  Mr. 
Amos  Russell,  of  Deerfield,  killed,  March, 
1st,  five  pigs,  a  few  days  less  then  a  year 
old,  which  weighed  when  dressed,  285, 
310,  331 .  358  and  352  lbs ;  making  in  the 
whole]  1931,  and  including  rough  (at,  1703, 
He  has  since  killed  another  pig  13-1-2 
months  old,  which  weighed,  496  lbs.  and 
inclnding  rough  fat,  518  lbs.  'm 


&&Mmmm, 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JUNE  4,   1831. 


MlMBEIS   22 


PUBLISHED  BV  I..  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— S'2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2.00  if  paid  io  advance- 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


CURCULIO. 

This  destructive  little  insect  lias  already 
commenced  its  depredations  upon  the  Apri- 
cots, Nectarines,  Plums,  Cherries,  Sac. — 
There  is  no  time  to  be  lost  by  those  who 
would  protect  their  fruit  from  its  ravages. — 
The  Curculio  is  a  small  dark  brown  bug, 
ibout  the  size  of  a  pea-bug,  with  a  long 
crooked  beak,  from  which  proceed  two  small 
fine  feelers.  When  approached,  he  collects 
himself  and  remains  motionless,  very  much 
resembling  a  dry  bud.  Its  body  is  covered 
with  a  hard  crust,  and  when  examined  mi- 
nutely, several  bunches  arj  discovered  along 
•he  back,  and  also  some  spots  of  a  light  shin- 
•.ng  grey.  Those  who  are  not  acquainted 
*ith  them,  may  find  them  very  readily  by 
placing  a  white  cloth  under  the  tree  which 
'-hey  infest,  and  giving  the  tree  n  smart  blow 
with  the  hand,  when  the  Curculio  will  drop 
ipon  the  cloth  and  are  readily  discovered. — 
They  commence  their  depredations  by  ma- 
king an  incision  in  the  fruit,  in  the  form  of 
a  small  c  or  section  of  a  circle,  in  which 
"hey  deposit  an  egg  which  hatches  into  a 
imall  maggot,  which  immediately  commen- 
ces eating  its  way  to  the  centre  of  the  fruit — 
after  which  the  fruit  has  a  gummy  and  shriv- 
elled appearance,  and  drops  from  the  tree. 
After  this,  the  maggot  leaves  the  fruit  and 
buries  itself  in  the  ground,  to  pass  through 
the  different  changes  of  shape  to  which  he 
is  subject,  and  await  .the  return  of  another 
ieason  to  commence  the  work  of  destruction. 
Although  small  and  insignificant  in  his  ap- 
pearance, perhaps  we  have  no  one  insect 
that  does  as  much  mischief;  as  by  him  more 
than  seven-eighths  of  our  Apricots,  Necta- 
rines, and  Plums,  are  destroyed.  They  are 
provided  with  wings,  but  are  seldom  known 
to  use  them  ;  from  which  circumstance  it  is 
hoped  that  some  efficient  mode  may  be  adop- 
ted of  keeping  them  from  ascending  the  bo- 
dies of  fruit  trees.  As  the  fruit  of  the  Ap- 
ricot, Nectarine,  and  Plum  trees  add  much 
to  the  comforts  of  life,  we  hope  every  effort 
will  be  made  which  human  ingenuity  can 
invent,  to  prevent  the  ravages  of  this  little 
"troublesome  insect. 

There  is  another  variety  of  the  same  fam- 
ily, which  perforates  the  limbs  of  Cherries 
md  Plums,  causing  an  excrescence  or  an 
enlargement  of  the  limb  at  the  place  where 
the  eggs  are  deposited  :  all  such  limbs  should 
be  cut  off  and  burned  before  the  season  of 
hatching  arrives. 

As  preventives,  we  have  recommended  a 
solution  of  India-rubber  in  animal  oils(which 
is  very  adhesive)  to  be  put  upon  the  bodies 


and  limbs  of  trees,  in  order  to  prevent  their 
ascent.  We  have  tried  tar,  as  used  to  pre- 
vent the  ascent  of  the  canker  worm.  This 
seems  a  preventive  for  a  short  time  when 
first  applied,  but  soon  hardens  sufficiently 
upon  the  outside  to  allow  them  to  pass  over 
it.  Others  have  recommended  lists  or  loose 
cords  fastened  round  the  body  of  the  trees, 
saturated  with  common  ttnguentum  of  the 
shops,  or  with  spirits  of  turpentine.  But 
whatever  course  is  resorted  to,  we  recom- 
mend their  destruction  by  spreading  sheets 
under  the  trees  and  jarring  them  off  and  de- 
stroying them.  To  prevent  their  return,  let 
all  the  fallen  fruit  be  collected  as  soon  as  it 
falls,  before  the  maggot  has  time  to  make 
his  escape  into  the  ground,  and  burned;  by 
which  means  the  germ  for  the  future  prog- 
eny will  be  cut  off.  This  will  have  the  same 
effect  as  allowing  hogs  to  feed  under  the 
trees  during  the  time  the  fruit  is  falling,which 
is  not  always  convenient.  We  hope  many 
of  our  readers  will  commence  the  war  of  ex- 
termination against  these  pests,  not  only  as 
a  matter  of  profit,  but  a  duty  they  owe  so- 
ciety ;  and  every  one  who  shall  be  fortunate 
enough  to  prevent  their  ravages  by  any  meth- 
od will  confer  a  favor  on  society  by  publish- 
ing it  as  soon  as  discovered,  as  they  continue 
their  havoc  until  July. 

We  have  taken  a  number  of  the  Curculio, 
and  left  them  at  the  room  of  the  Horticultu- 
ral Society,  with  Mr.  Mathies,  for  the  in- 
spection of  those  gentlemen  who  are  not  fa 
miliar  with  their  appearance. 


GARDENS. 

After  the  long  continuation  of  wet,  cool 
weather,  we  are  cheered  by  the  influence  of 
the  sun  upon  vegetation.  The  garden  now 
invites  the  attention  of  the  husbandman. — 
Many  seeds  may  have  failed  from  the  long 
continued  wet,  but  weeds  generally  thrive, 
whether  the  weather  is  wet  or  dry.  After 
such  weather,  it  is  important  that  the  ground 
in  gardens  should  be  well  stirred,  to  prevent 
its  becoming  hard  and  dry.  Stirring  the 
ground  often,  has  a  tendency  to  prevent  or 
to  counteract  the  drought.  Corn  that  is  oft- 
en hoed  in  dry  weather,  will  not  sutler  as 
much  from  the  drought  as  that  which  is  not 
hoed.  After  a  long  rainy  time  at  this  sea 
son,  Cabbage  plants  require  particular  at- 
tention. It  is  during  wet  weather  that  the 
maggot  at  the  root  does  the  most  damage. 
By  examining  young  plants  at  mid-day,  ma- 
ny will  be  found  -drooping,  both  in  the  bed 
and  those  that  have  been  transplanted. — ' 
This  is  a  pretty  sure  indication  that  the  roots 
have  been  injured  by  the  maggot.  When 
such  i3  the  case,  they  should  be  taken  up  at 
once  and  the  roots  washed  to  free  them  from 
any  of  the  small  maggots  which  may  be'part- 
ly  imbedded  in  the  roots,  after  which  tber 


should  be  planted  out  into  a  bed  made  of 
fresh  earth  from  rich  sward  land,  which  is 
generally  free  from  insects.  If  on  setting 
the  plants  in  hills  a  shovelful  of  such  dirt  is 
put  in  the  hill,  they  are  rarely  troubled. — ■ 
We  have  tried  many  nostrums  put  about  the 
roots  to  destroy  these  pests,  but  have  not 
found  any  that  appears  exactly  calculated 
for  common  use.  A  solution  of  corrosive 
sublimate  (sublimed  muriate  of  mercury)  will 
destroy  them,  but  it  is  too  costly  ;  besides, 
we  are  opposed  to  trusting  such  deadly  poi- 
son in  unskilful  hands.  Next  to  that,  wc 
would  recommend  a  strong  decoction  of  to- 
bacco to  be  poured  about  the  roots.  Cauli- 
flowers, Brocoli,  and  Kale,  are  subject  to 
be  infested  the  same  way  as  Cabbage,  and 
should  be  treated  in  the  same  manner.— 
Plants  should  be  kept  in  a  nursery  until  they 
are  of  a  large  size,  as  they  are  attended  tc 
with  less  trouble  than  when  planted  in  hijk 


HORSES. 

As  we  have  commenced  giving  our  read 
ers  the  history  of  some  of  the  most  noted 
horses  for  speed  and  bottom  which  have 
been  known  to  the  sporting  public,  we  will 
now  give  them  some  extracts  from  the  A- 
merican  Turf  Register,  respecting  the  im- 
ported horse  Diomed — as  from  him  have 
sprung  some  of  the  swiftest  race  horses  of 
our  day.  Wo  consider  it  of  some  import- 
ance to  farmers  to  have  a  correct  list  of  the 
descendants  of  such  horses,  in  order  to  de- 
tect those  many  impositions  which  are  daily 
practised  upon  the  public  by  advertisements 
posted  up  in  every  bar-room,  recommending 
horses  to  the  notice  of  farmers,  and  giving 
what  they  denominate  their  pedigree ;  most 
of  which  are  mere  fabrications  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deceiving  those  who  are  ignorant  of 
the  facts  there  pretended  to  be  set  forth. 

The  Diomed  had  become  a  very  celebra 
ted  horse  in  England,  both  for  speed  an£ 
stock,  before  he  was  imported  into  America, 
and    was  considered  of  the   best  Arabian  ■ 
blood.    Mr.  Skinner  gives  the  following  no- 
tice of  him  : — 

"At  twenty-two  years  old,  Diosied  was 
imported  into  Virginia  by  Col.  Jmo.  Hoojiee 
of  the  Bowling  Green.      The  most  distin 
gttished  of  his  get  in  Virginia,  were 
Sir  Archy,   dam  by  Rockingham,   bred  by 

Col.  Tayloe,  foaled   18<X 

Florizel,  dam  by  Shark,  bredbyMaj. 

Ball,  foaled  180£ 

Potomac,  ran  2  miles  in  3  m.  43  sec. ; 

the  quickest  race  in  America,  foaled  180! 
Peace  Maker,  bred  by  Col.  Hoomes — 

afterwards  owned  by  Col.  Tayloe, 

foaled  Ifco: 
Top  Gallant,  dam"  by  Shark,  bred  by 

Mr.  Clayton,  foaled  180; 

Hamlintonian,  dam  by  Shark,  bred  by 

Mr.  Hamlin,  foaled  lGOi 

Vingtun,  dam  by  Clockfast, — sold  in 

1 803  for  £2750,  foaJed  JCO: 


170 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  4,  1S32 


Stump  the  Dealer,  dam  by  Clockfast, 

foaled  1601 
Duroc,  dam  by  Grey  Diomed,  bred  by 

Wade  Mosby,  foaled  1G0G 

Hampton,  dam  by  Grey  Diomed,  bred 

by  Gen.  Hampton,  foaled  1806 

Commodore  Truxton,  breiJ  by  Gen'l 

Andrew  Jackson,  foaled  1C06 

The  dam  of  Henry,  "      1800 

The  dam  of  Eliza  White,  "      1806 

"  Grey  Diomed,  sire  of  Amanda,  was  by 
the  imported  Medley;  his  dam  by  Sloe; 
grandam  by  Vampire,  &c. — was  foaled  May, 
1786.  Of  his  races  previous  to  1793,  when 
purchased  of  Mr.  Brooke  by  Col.  Tayloe 
for  #800,  I  am  not  informed.  In  August, 
1793,  he  won  a  match  four  miles,  beating 
Mr.  Page's  famous  Isabella,  at  the  Bowling 
Green.  In  October,  he  won  the  Jockey 
Club  purse.  In  November,  he  won  a  Jock- 
ey Club  purse  at  Petersburgh.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1794,  he  won  the  Jockey  Club  purse, 
four  mile  heats,  at  Chestertown,  Md.  beat- 
-ng  Gen.  Ridgeley's  famous  Cincinnatus, 
then  4  years  old.  During  the  same  month, 
lie  won  the  Jockey  Club  purse  at  Annapo- 
lis, beating  Cincinnatus,  the  equally  famed 
Virginia  Nell,  Nantoake,  and  others — on 
which  occasion  there  were  two  striking  evi- 
dences of  bottom  ;  through  mistake,  after 
winning  the  heat,  another  mile  was  run,  ter- 
minating in  a  dead  heat  between  hiin  and 
Cincinnatus.  In  the  next  heat,  soon  after 
starting,  in  endeavoring  to  pass  on  the  inner 
side  he  cut  within  the  pole,  had  to  return, 
and  barely  saved  his  distance — running  the 
whole  heat  at  his  utmost  speed  ;  yet  was 
the  winner  of  the  race.  In  December,  when 
winning  at  Alexandria,  he  fell  over  a  dog, 
by  which  accident  lie  lost  the  race.  He 
started  but  once  more  for  a  sweepstakes,  at 
Leeds,  against  Mr.  Washington's  horse,  and 
Mr.  Butler's  mare,  but  being  lame  he  lost, 
beating  the  latter.  Sold  by  Col.  Tayloe,  in 
J798,  to  Mr.  J.  Blick,  for  gi-JOO." 

[To  be  coutiuued.J 
WATERING   GARDENS. 

Many  people  are  opposed  to  watering  gar 
dens  in  dry  seasons.  The  best  reason  that 
is  advanced  against  the  practice  is,  that  it 
causes  the  roots  to  run  too  near  the  top  of 
the  ground.  Was  the  weather  uniform,  this 
veason  would  be  sufficient ;  but  variable  as 
it  is,  we  think  that  watering  young  plants  at 
evening  is  beneficial  to  their  growth.  We 
Unow  that  when  the  ground  is  kept  moist, 
the  roots  of  most  plants  run  nearer  the  top 
of  the  ground  than  when  it  is  dry  ;  there- 
fore, after  a  long  continuation  of  wet  weath 
or,  when  it  changes  suddenly  to  hot  and  dry 
as  is  the  case  with  us  at  present, young  plants 
whose  roots  are  spread  near  the  top  of  the 
groynd  suffer  much, and  are  often  seen  droop- 
ing at  mid-day  for  want  of  moisture.  Many 
of  the  soft  succulent  plants  of  the  garden, 
when  used,  consist  almost  entirely  of  water, 
with  very  little  carbonaceous  matter  ;  and 
vegetables  of  this  description  are  found  high- 
ly conducive  to  health  in  warm  weather,  as 
they  yield  their  water  by  degrees,  as  tlie  sys- 
tem requires  it,  nod  are  not  as  apt  to  pro- 
duce flatulence  as  when  the  same  quantity 
of  water  is  drank.  Most  sallad  plants  will 
be  found  to  hi  more  tender  when  growing 


id  damp  weather  than  in  dry,  unless  they 
are  watered :  for  such  plants,  watering  is 
very  useful  in  dry  weather.  When  well  or 
other  cold  water  is  designed  for  this  purpose, 
it  should  be  allowed  to  stand  in  a  vessel  ex- 
posed to  the  snn  at  least  one  day  ;  or  in  oth- 
er words,  never  apply  very  cold  water  to 
plants,  and  that  only  at  evening,  or  in  the 
morning  before  the  sun  is  up.  If  water  is 
applied  to  plants  while  the  sun  is  shining 
hot  upon  them,  each  drop  of  water  standing 
upon  the  leaves  is  capable  of  concentrating 
the  rays  of  the  sun  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
destroy  vegetable  vitality  ;  and  such  water- 
ings should  be  carefully  avoided. 

In  all  situations  where  circumstances  will 
allow  of  it,  the  ground  should  be  stirred  be- 
fore the  top  becomes  dry  and  hard,  or  baked. 
The  quantity  of  water  applied  should  be  reg- 
ulated according  to  the  nature  of  the  soil, 
and  in  no  case  should  the  quantity  be  such 
as  to  drench  it ;  as  in  that  case  the  soluble 
parts  would  be  carried  oft",  which  it  is  desira- 
ble should  be  retained. 

When  it  can  be  done  without  more  ex- 
pense than  the  gains  attending  it,  it  Is  well 
to  shelter  young  plants  from  the  mid-day 
sun,  when  the  atmosphere  is  clear  and  the 
rays  are  too  intense.  To  shade  cucumbers 
and  melons,  pieces  cf  board  stuck  in  the 
ground  on  the  south  side  of  the  hills,  has  a 
very  good  effect ;  but  the  better  way  for  gar- 
dens is  to  have  boxes  with  glass  in  the  tops, 
over  which  pieces  of  boards  can  be  laid  du- 
ing  the  heat  of  the  day. 


YELLOW  BUGS, 

At  this  season,  gardeners  and  far  triers  are 
very  much  annoyed  by  the  small  yellow  bug 
which  destroys  their  cucumbers  and  melons. 
To  prevent  them  in  the  gardens,  the  most 
effectual  method  is  to  cover  the  hills  with 
boxes  in  which  glass  are  set,  or  over  which 
millinet  is  fastened.  If  the  latter  is  used,  it 
should  be  sufficiently  fine  to  prevent  the 
bugs  crawling  through  it.  We  have  seen 
many  recommendations  in  the  New-England 
Farmer  for  using  charcoal  dust  upon  cucum 
bers  and  melons,  to  prevent  the  depredations 
of  tho  bugs ;  and  although  we  have  not  tried 
it  ourselves  we  have  much  faith  in  it,  com 
ing  fiom  such  authority.  We  suppose  the 
best  time  for  applying  it  would  be  the  morn- 
ing, while  the  dew  is  upon  the  plants;  and 
the  most  convenient  way  would  be  to  put 
the  coal  into  an  old  woollen  stocking,  where 
it  might  be  pounded,  and  applied  by  shaking 
it  over  the  hill,  when  none  but  the  fine  dust 
would  fall  upon  the  plants.  We  have  tried 
the  expressed  juice  of  most  plants  which  ure 
disagreeable  to  us  on  account  of  their  smell 
or  taste,  and  have  not  found  any  advantage 
in  their  application. 


The  Cotton  plant,  the  Crape  vine,  the 
Sweet  Potato,  the  Tomato,  and  the  Kgg 
plant,  were  successfully  cultivated  in  Mich- 
igan! last  season. 


WORK  FOR  JUNE. 

During  this  month  the  farmer  will  find  hi- 
cares  increasing,  and  if  he  is  dependant  up- 
on the  produce  of  his  farm  for  money  ma- 
king, he  should  be  busy.  He  should  recol- 
lect that  the  oid  primeval  curse  is  not  repeal 
ed,  and  that  he  must  eat  his  bread  in  the 
sweat  of  his  brow.  If  he  does  not  sow,  he 
need  not  expect  to  reap — and  then,  unless 
he  dresses  his  crops  properly,  and  protect- 
them  by  good  fences,  his  labor  will  be  lost. 
The  season  for  planting  most  of  the  summer 
crops  is  past,  and  the  season  for  hoeing  early 
planted  Corn  has  arrived.  This  should  no; 
be  neglicted.  Early  hoeing  not  only  pre- 
vents the  weeds  from  injuring  the  Corn,  but 
forwards  the  rotting  of  the  sods,  60  that  the} 
will  afford  nourishment  to  the  roots  at  the 
time  the  ears  are  filling  out— therefore  hoe 
early. 

Potatoes  for  a  late  crop  may  be  planted 
Until  the  middle  of  this  month  :  they  are  as 
profitable  as  Corn,  and  should  be  considered 
one  of  the  most  important  crops  upon  the 
farm.  We  hope  our  readers  will  abandon 
the  old  method  of  planting  the  refuse  of  the 
cellar,  as  it  is  a  practice  that  cannot  be  too 
severely  censured.  Let  your  seed  Potatoes, 
like  your  seed  corn,  be  selected  with  care — 
the  best  specimens  of  the  best  varieties. — 
Potatoes  for  late  planting  should  be  put  ir. 
a  dry  place,  and  not  be  allowed  to  lie  in  the 
cellar,  nor  in  heaps ;  as  in  such  situations 
the  sprouts  will  grow  to  that  length  that  it 
will  be  difficult  to  plant  them  without  break- 
ing them  off.  If  your  potatoes  are  cut  up 
ready  for  planting  and  spread  upon  a  floor, 
they  will  keep  better  than  when  left  whole. 
Many  plant  their  Potatoes  whole,  which  we 
consider  unprofitable  for  several  reasons : — 
First,  it  requires  more  to  seed  an  acre  than 
when  cut.  Secondly,  where  a  large  Pota 
to  is  planted,  it  sends  up  more  shoots  than 
should  be  allowed  so  near  together;  as  the 
new  crop  will  be  smaller  than  when  planted 
more  evenly.  For  the  same  reason,  we  pre- 
jfer  planting  in  drills  rather  than  hills.  The 
same  quantity  of  seed,  when  cut  and  plant- 
ed in  drills,  will  produce  more  bushels  ol 
Potatoes,  which  will  be  of  better  size,  than 
when  planted  in  hills  without  cutting.  Wf 
think  they  are  quite  is  easily  tended.  Those 
who  have  large  quantities  of  straw  about 
their  barns,  will  find  it  much  to  their  ad- 
vantage to  spread  it  over  their  Potato  ground 
after  the  Potatoes  are  hoed  :  it  keeps  the 
ground  cool  and  moist — two  things  benefi- 
cial  to  the  growth  of  Potatoes,  as  well  as  to 
their  quality. 

Fallow  ground  should  be  bioken  up  he- 
fore  it  becomes  dry  and  hard,  as  the  work 
can  be  easier  and  better  done  ;  besides,  un- 
less the  summer  should  be  very  dry,  the 
grass  roots  will  vegetate  in  the  fall  after  the 
Wheat  is  sown. 

Every  good  farmer  should  see  that  his 
Wheat  fields  are  looked  over,  arid  all  (he 


Vol.  1.— No.  22. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


Ill 


jockle  and  chess  pulled  up.  There  is  no 
way  of  extirpating  these  noxious  weeds  so 
;verfectly,  as  by  pulling  them  beforotbe  seed 
is  ripe.  If  allowed  to  ripen,  the  seeds  will 
he  scattered  somewhere.  Many  farmers  have 
:  hese  weeds  separated  at  the  time  of  harvest, 
when  they  are  commonly  pot  upon  a  stump 
or  stone  for  the  present,  where  they  are  fre- 
mently  allowed  to  remain — and  the  seeds 
become  scattered  over  the  field,  to  grow  in 
i  succeeding  crop  ;  but  if  pulled  before  ripe, 
the  roots  and  seeds  are  both  destroyed. — 
Perhaps  the  labor  which  is  devoted  to  this 
business  is  attended  with  as  mucb  profit  as 
my  part  of  the  labor  in  raising  the  crop.  If 
the  seeds  of  these  weeds  are  allowed  to  min- 
gle with  the  Wheat,  it  is  very  difficult  to 
-cparate  them  after  threshing;  and  when 
such  Wheat  is  brought  to  market,  the  farm- 
er has  the  mortification  of  finding  himself 
it  the  mercy  of  the  miller,  who  demands  a 
reduction  of  from  one  to  three  or  four  pounds 
from  every  bushel,  which  perhaps  is  equal 
:o  five  cents.  Now  it  would  not  cost  half  of 
•his  to  have  the  weeds  pulled  out.  Besides, 
•.he  farmers  of  Old  Genesee  ought  to  have 
some  sectional  pride,  or  rather  ambition,  a- 
bout  this  thing.  Their  Wheat  and  Flour 
has  now  gained  a  preference  in  the  New- 
York  and  other  markets,  and  a  very  little 
attention  to  the  subject  will  perhaps  ensure 
•  h at  reputation  for  years  to  come.  Surely 
it  is  not  a  small  matter  to  any  section  of 
eountry  to  hnve  the  credit  of  sending  to 
market  the  best  Flour  in  the  world ;  and  even 
this  praise  has  been  forced  from  the  London 
merchants  (who  ate  not  over  fond  of  prais- 
.ng  anything  foreign)  for  the  district  of  Old 
Genesee — and  we  sincerely  hope  that  our 
farmers  will  long  continue  to  deserve  it. 

During  this  month  the  pleasing  task  of 
hay-making  will  commence.  We  ir.'ite  our 
readers  to  make  close  observations  upon  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  produce  of  their 
different  grounds.  This  subject  we  fear,  is 
'oo  much  neglected,  and  grounds  continued 
as  meadows  that  will  be  found  to  give  only 
one  half  the  profit,  all  things  taken  into  the 
account,  that  other  grounds  do.  Such 
grounds  require  a  rotation  of  culture,  which 
should  never  be  lost  sight  of. 


MAT. 

The  mean  daily  temperature  for  this 
month,  has  been  59  deg.  69  sec.  There  has 
been  seventeen  rainy  days,  and  2  8-10  indi- 
es of  rain  has  fallen.  In  April,  ten  days 
were  rainy,  and  rain  fell  to  the  depth  of  S 
3-10  inches.  For  April  and  May,  twenty- 
<even  rainy  days,  and  6  6-10  inches  of  rain. 
The  direction  of  the  wind  for  the  rainy  days 
has  been  near'y  as  diverse  as  the  points  of 
■  he  compass;  but  in  the  greater  number  of 
instances  it  has  been  westerly,  as — W.  nine 
days,  N.W.  four  days,  S.W.  four  days,  E. 
three  days  N.E.  one  flay,  S.E.  three  days. 

As  might  have  been  anticipated  a  priori, 
'.be  mercury  of  the  barometer  lias  been  cor- 


respondingly low.  The  mean  daily  pres- 
sure for  the  month  has  been  39,41,  indica- 
ting a  light  air;  and  although,  as  has  been 
before  observed,  the  lightest  air  is  wet  and 
warm,  and  the  opposite  a  cold  and  dry  one, 
we  confidently  believe  that  extended  obser- 
vations will  prove  that  the  pressure  or  weight 
of  the  air  for  May  has  been  uncommonly 
light,  even  for  that  month. 

It  is  a  blessed  featnre  in  the  character  and 
locality  of  our  country  and  climate,  that  the 
fall  of  rain  depends  upon  no  particular  di- 
rection of  the  wind,  but  contrarywise,  we 
are  visited  with  refreshing  showers  as  often 
as  vegetation  and  the  comfort  and  happiness 
of  man  require  it,  whatsoever  may  chance 
to  be  the  direction  from  which  the  wind 
blows.  This  is  a  blessing  that  can  only  be 
appreciated  duly  by  such  as  have  been  parch- 
ed beneath  the  burning  sun  of  Africa  and 
other  tropical  climates  that  depend  for  rain 
upon  one  direction  of  the  wind,  which  in 
in  those  countries  is  periodical,  and  often 
more  to  be  dreaded  than  the  heated  sirocco 
and  monsoon — as  whole  territories  are  some- 
times inundated  and  not  unfrequently  hu- 
man life  jeopardised  by  the  floods  they  oc- 
casion. 

Our  latest  frost  wa9  on  the  night  of  the 
9th,  which  we  observed  was  very  extensive, 
and  did  serious  injury  to  fruit  and  vegetables 
in  the  vicinities  of  New -York  and  Albany, 
and  many  other  places,  while  peaches  and 
the  delicious  summer  fruits  of  the  Genesee 
country  withstood  its  violence,  and  are  now 
sure  to  gladden  the  heart  by  gratifying  the 
appetite  of  the  husbandman  and  horticultu- 
rist. 

On  the  9th  ultimo,  snow  fell  from  an  ear- 
ly hour  till  the  close  of  the  day,  and  measur- 
ed about  six  inches.  A  novel  spectacle  was 
presented,  as  many  fruit  trees  were  in  full 
bloom — but  their  beauty  and  attractions 
were,  for  one  day  at  least,  entirely  eclipsed 
by  the  mantle  of  snow  that  not  only  cover- 
ed the  earth,  but  concealed  foliage  and  flow- 
ers ;  and  many  succulent  vegetables  that  had 
responded  to  the  vivifying  warmth  of  spring 
by  a  growth  of  twelve  inches  and  even  more, 
were  not  only  ohilled,  but  unceremoniously 
and  not  very  regularly  sent  back  to  the  earth. 
Their  bod  and  envelope,  however,  saved 
many  of  them  from  the  blighting  effects  of 
the  frost  that  succeeded,  and  which  was 
the  last  we  have  experienced  ;  for  on  the 
morning  of  the  10th  all  nature  smiled  under 
the  influence  of  a  genial  sun,  which  before 
ten  o'clock  had  left  not  a  relic  of  the  work  of 
yesterday.  *** 

'     TEA. 

The  present  yearly  consumption  of  this 
plant  in  Great  Britian  is  20,000,000  lbs, ;  in 
1716  it  was  only  300,000  lbs.  The  reason 
why  the  gout  or  stone  are  unknown  in  Chi- 
na, is  ascribed  to  the  universal  use  of  this 
beverage.  From  analytical  experiments, 
made  some  time  since  on  green  and  Mack 


Tea,  there  were  no  deleterious  qualities  dis- 
coverable, and  not  the  slightest  particle  of 
copper  in  green  Tea,  as  vulgar  prejudice 
will  have  it.  The  injurious  effects  of  Tea 
if  any,  may  be  ascribed  to  the  heated  state 
in  which  it  is  drank. 


COFFEE. 

Coffee  was  first  introduced  into  England 
by  Pasqua,  a  Greek,  in  1652.  It  was  orig- 
inally brought  from  Arabia  Felix;  and  its 
effect  was  discovered  by  a  goatherd  on  his 
flock,  which  after  browsing  on  the  berry  of 
this  tree,  would  "  wake  and  caper  all  night." 
Its  first  use  was  tried  on  the  monks,  to  pre 
vent  their  sleeping  at  matins. 


ERRATA. 

Id  No.  15,  p.  11 3, col. 3.  Leather  wood— rend  "throw 
intr  off  Ihe  dead  wood"  ;  for  Jfybiscvs  read  Hibiuvs. 
Hypericum— (or  herlcum  road  hircinum.  F,  114,  col.  '.■ 
— for  Cophalanthus  read  Cephalantlus;  in  the  line  be. 
low,  (or  perfect  read  fragrant ;  for  Prinns  rtudPrinos- 
Col.  3 — tor  spitatvm  rflad  tpicatum;  for  Comtonia  as 
plerifolia  read  Camptonia  cspUrifolia. 

No.  16,  p.  121,  «ol. 3—  Bulbocodmm—  for  vartiiimrtsc 
vtrnum. 

No.  16,  p.  137,  col.  2— Prinos  glabcr  read  '*  was  nv' 
laid  down.'' 


June. 
1st, 


FLORAL  CALENDAR. 

The  common  Locu*t  tree,  ( Robina  pseudaca  - 
c\a)  Guilder  Rosa  or  Snowball,  (Vtbemum  ap 
ulna)  Mock  Orange  or  Fragrant  Syringe,  (Phli  ■ 
adelphus  cvronarivs)  Black  Walnut  and  But 
ternut,  (Juglaiis  nigra  and  cinerca)  vvilb  inn  ■ 
n_v  kinds  of  K oa.&,  are  Dow  in  bloom. 


KLDER. 

The  expressed  juice  of  elder  leaves  will 
kill  skippers  in  cheese,  bacon,  &c.  ;  and 
strong  decoctions  of  the  leaves  or  roots  are 
fatal  to  insects,  which  depredate  on  plantr 
in  gardens  &c.  Dr.  Willich  observes,  that 
"the  leaves  of  elder  are  eaten  by  sheep,  to 
which  they  are  of  great  service  when  diseas- 
ed with  the  rot;  for  if  placed  in  a  situation 
where  they  can  easily  reach  the  bark  and 
young  shoots,  they  will  speedily  cure  them 
selves."  Dr.  Eliiot  observed  in  his  Essays 
on  Field  Husbandry,  that  "  elder  bushes  are 
stubborn  and  hard  to  subdue,  yet  I  know  by 
experience,  that  mowing  them  five  times  a 
year  will  kill  them. — N.  E.  Farmer. 

Preventive  against  Birds  taking  Seeds  out 
of  the  Ground. — If  some  thin,  light-colored 
twine  or  white  worsted  be  stretched  tight 
across  the  beds  in  which  seeds  are  sown,  at 
the  distance  of  about  two  inches  from  the 
sm  face  of  the  beds,  and  about  two  or  three 
feet  from  string  to  string,  small  birds  will 
not  touch  either  seeds  or  young  plants  oi 
onions,  against  which  sparrows  seem  to  have 
a  particular  spite,  as  they  pull  them  up  by 
the  hundreds,  and  leave  them  lying  upon  the 
surface  of  the  beds,  but  do  not  appear  to  eat 
them.  This  is  the  most  effectual  method, 
and  it  is  a  very  old  one. 

To  preserve  Currants. — Gather  currants 
when  green,  separate  them  from  stems,  and 
put  them  in  junk  bottles ;  cork  the  bottles 
closely,  and  place  them  in  a  cool  part  of  the 
cellar.  Currants  may  be  kept  fresh  and 
green  in  this  manner  twelve  months  or  more, 
and  will  make  excellent  pies  in  the  winter 
and  spring  :  so  say  some  of  our  friends  whe 
have  tried  the  experiment  several  times. 

To  preserve  Vines  from  Bugs,  &,-c. — Sul 
phate  of  Soda,   (Glauber  Salts)   an  ounce 
dissolved  in  about  one  quart   of  water  and 
sprinkled  upon  the  plants  or  vines,  is  reccm 
mended  as  a  preventive  against  destructive 
insect?. 


172 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  4,  183 1 


co.ii.nrNicATioxsi. 


FOP.   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

No  scientific  work  is  so  much  wanted  at 
this  time  as  a  full  account  of  the  insects 
which  materially  interfere  with  the  labors  of 
the  American  farmer  or  gardener ;  and  also 
of  such  insects  as  assist  him  by  feeding  on 
the  former  class, — so  that  he  may  know  his 
enemies  at  first  sight,  and  properly  appre- 
ciate the  merits  of  his  insect  coadjutors. — 
Probably  some  thousands  of  species  might 
be  omitted,  as  doing  but  little  good  or  harm. 

In  the  mean  time,  I  am  pleased  with  eve- 
ry hint  on  this  subject,  however  slight  and 
imperfect  it  may  be  ;  for  1  consider  such  as 
notices  of  our  wants,  which  may  eventually 
stimulate  and  encourage  some  Entomolo- 
gist in  an  undertaking  of  such  great  conse- 
quence to  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  this 
country. 

Of  course,  with  the  discovery  of  my  old 
friend,  H.  G.  Spafford,  (Gen.  Farmer,  No. 
17),  I  was  much  interested,  although  I  am 
not  acquainted  with  the  insect  whose  opera- 
tions he  has  circumvented.  The  name  that 
lie  has  given  however,  may  induce  some  to 
mistake  it  for  the  worm  (JEgeria  exitiosa*) 
which  feeds  just  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground  on  the  pulpy  bark  of  the  peach  tree, 
but  which  I  have  never  observed  to  perfor- 
ate the  solid  wood. 

Much  has  been  said  of  an  insect  called 
(he  Borer,  which,  in  some  places,  is  destruc- 
tive to  the  locust  tree.  Some  years  ago,  I 
was  told  near  the  Ohio  River,  below  Cin- 
cinnati, that  such  an  insect  had  destroyed 
some  apple  trees  in  that  neighborhood,  and 
much  damage  from  it  was  apprehended.  I 
have  heard  nothing  of  it  since.  In  the  first 
volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  New-York,  I  also  find  the 
following  account  of  "  a  disease"  in  the  ap- 
ple tree,  "by  William  Denning,  Esquire, 
dated  December  22,  1793." 

"I  first  observed  it  in  my  orchards  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Hudson  river,  north  of  the 
Highlands,  in  the  year  1780.  I  have  since 
observed  its  baneful  progress  further  south. 
And  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  it  is  spreading 
rapidly.  I  have  observed  it  also  attacking 
pear  trees  and  quince  trees,  to  the  total  de- 
struction of  them  in  a  few  years. 

"  I  observed  the  young,  remote,  and  ten- 
der shoots  first  affected — but  could  discover 
no  external  cause.  On  the  second  year  I 
found  the  boughs  wounded  deeper ;  ant!  pro- 
gressing yearly,  the  trees  continued  to  sick- 
en, and  in  six  or  seven  years  died.     It  is  to 

*  JEgeria  exitiosa.  The  following  is  an  extract 
from  Say's  account  of  this  insect.  "It  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  ascertain  the  early  movements  of  the  lar- 
va, in  consequence  of  its  small  size  ;  but  its  destruc- 
tive career  certainly  commences  about  the  last  of 
September  or  early  In  October,  by  its  entering  the 
tree  probably  through  the  tender  bark  under  the 
(surface  of  the  soil;  after  having  passed  through  the 
bark,  it  proceeds  downward.;  into  the  root,  and  fi- 
nally turns  its  course  towards  the  surface,  where  it 
arrives  about  the  commencement  of  the  succeeding 
ulv 

While  I  frankly  avow  my  respect  for  the  attain- 
ments of  this  eminent  entomologist,  I  must  remark 
that  the  expressions  in  italicks,  are  equivocal  and 
unsatisfactory.  That  the  worm  gnaws  downward 
uito  the  root  is  literally  true,  but  it  confines  itself  to 
the  bark,  and  limits  Us  descent  to  a  very  few  inches. 
Thatit  finally  turns  its  course  towards  the  surface 
ii  also  literally  true  ;  but  instead  of  one  visit  to  the 
flarfaee,  (as  the  expression  might  imply,)  it  ?nust 
frequently  visit  the  surface,  to  eject  from  its  abode 
(which  it  keeps  comparatively  clean)  the  filth  which 
mixing  with  the  gum,  indicates  to  the  practised  eye, 
tioth  in  spring  and  in  auttrinn,  the  presence  of  e  ie- 
ipredator. 


be  observed  that  every  spring,  the  trees  ap- 
pear in  full  vigor  (except  the  limbs  already 
perished — )  and  continue  so  till  the  latter 
end  of  June — when  suddenly  the  leaves  wi- 
ther, turn  red,  and  soon  fall  off,  the  whole 
tree  appears  sick,  and  the  fruit  full  of  spots. 

"  Still  pursuing  my  inquiries,  I  have  had 
some  apple  trees  cut  down  that  were  far  de- 
cayed. In  the  first  I  discovered  two  worm 
holes  running  perpendicular  from  the  tap 
root  up  through  the  heart;  these  holes  were 
large  enough  to  admit  a  common  pipe  stem, 
and  reached  about  14  inches  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  and  from  each  hole,  I 
screwed  out  a  worm.  All  the  other  trees  I 
found  perforated  with  worm  holes,  such  as 
I  have  described,  and  in  some  to  the  number 
of  eight  or  ten."  He  then  adds,  "  I  am  of 
opinion  that  they  are  of  the  same  kind  [as] 
those  so  common  and  so  well  known  to  be 
the  constant  attendants  on  peach  trees." 

The  opinion,  however,  appears  to  be  er- 
roneous from  two  considerations.  1st.  The 
peach  worm  in  the  larva  state,  solely  derives 
its  food  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  peach 
tree.  2d.  As  soon  as  the  larva  is  full  grown, 
it  enters  the  pupa  state.  At  either  period, 
it  would  consequently  be  much  out  of  place 
in  the  wood  of  an  apple  tree. 

In  this  account,  the  apple  trees  were  said 
to  be  far  decayed.  If  the  wood  and  not  the 
vegetabtt  life,  was  meant,  these  were  most 
probably  that  kind  of  grub  which  is  so  par- 
tial to  wood  in  a  decomposing  state  ;  and 
which  would  therefore  not  settle  the  question 
whether  the  tree  died  in  consequence  of  the 
worm,  or  whether  the  worm  only  took  pos- 
session of  the  tree  because  it  was  dead. 

Part  of  ths  foregoing  account  agrees  with 
the  fire  blight ;  and  his  observing  it  on  the 
pear  tree  and  quince  tree  as  well  as  the  apple 
tree,  strengthens  the  suspicion. 

H.  G.  Spafford  would  greatly  oblige  us  by 
describing  "  the  Borer" — whether  that  in- 
sect is  in  the  perfect  state  ?  or  in  the  larva 
state  ? — the  different  kinds  of  trees  that  it  is 
known  to  attack  ? — and  the  season  when  its 
operations  are  begun,  and  when  the  damage 
becomes  visible. 

Tuo  years  ago,  soon  after  the  leaves  ap- 
peared in  spring,  I  observed  that  several 
small  branches  on  different  apricot  trees 
were  dying.  As  this  was  not  the  usual  time 
for  the  appearance  of  fire  blight,  it  claimed 
but  little  attention,  and  last  year  there  was 
no  recurrence  of  the  malady.  This  spring, 
however,  soon  after  the  blossoms  had  fallen, 
and  the  leaves  had  partially  protruded,  I  ob- 
served that  a  limb  two  inches  in  diameter  at 
its  base,  on  the  north  side  of  the  tree,  was 
entirely  dead.  It  was  immediately  taken  oil' 
with  the  sau;  and  closely  examined  for 
worm  holes.  In  a  branch  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  diameter,  and  where  the  bark  was 
roughened  by  old  buds,  we  found  three  dif- 
ferent holes  one-fifteenth  of  an  inch  niani- 
eter,  in  two  of  which  two  insects  were  detect- 
ed, and  in  one  we  discovered  two  eggs.  The 
holes  are  very  irregular — some  are  curved, 
rather  conforming,  though  not  with  exact- 
ness, to  the  concentric  layers  of  the  wood — 
others  are  nearly  straight,  perforating  the 
branch  longitudinally, but  not  exactly  follow- 
ing the  pith. 

The  works  of  this  depredator  were  discov- 
ered and  well  described  to  me  by  my  friend 
Dr.  S.  Mosher,  of  Union  Springs,  nearly 
two  years  ago  ;  but  this  is  the  first  time  that 
it  has  come  under  my  notice. 

This  insect  was  in  its  perfect  state,  very 


dark  brown,  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  anc 
is  probably  a  species  of  Uiaptris.    So  singu 
lar  is  the  appearance  of  its  corselet,   that  a 
bystander  remarked,  "  it  seems  like  a  bras* 
kettle  over   its  head."      In   the   few  bookf 
which  we  have  on  Entomology,  we  find  no 
specific  description  ;  but  the   following  gen- 
eric character  is  taken   from   Professor   Ea- 
ton's Zoological  Text  Book  : 
Diaperis.  (Shield  bug)  head  concealed  un- 
der the  corselet,  or  received  in  a  deep  ex- 
cavation in  its  forward  end ;  the  sides  of 
the  corselet  and  of  the  chest  project  over 
the  body.     It  is  often  very  flat,  oval,  and 
in  the  form  of  a  shield. 
From  the  foregoing  account,  it  will  ap- 
pear that  this  insect  is  much   smaller  than 
the  Borer  noticed  by  H.  G.  Spafford.     He 
says,  "  His  chips  and  excrement  [were]   ly- 
ing in  heaps  like  saw  dust  around  the  stem 
I  ran  in  a  sharp-pointed  pocket-knife  blade 
of  two  inches  in  length,   and  could  turn  i- 
horizontally  quite  round." 

Should  any  other  reader  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer  have  made  similar  discoveries,  1 
respectfully  solicit  for  publication  in  this 
journal,  a  notice  of  such  observations  ;  and 
we  will  offer  our  thanks  even  if  it  should  be 
very  brief.  D.  T. 

P.  S.  Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  ex- 
amined some  young  peach  trees  to  ascertain 
whether  my  recollections  were  entirely  cor 
rect ;  and  the  longest  hole  of  Jive  worm' 
which  1  have  taken  out  this  day,  (5  mo.  26 
did  not  exceed  two  inches,\he  average  length, 
an  inch  and  a  half.  The  wood  in  no  place 
appeared  to  be  eaten.  D.  T. 


CULTURE  OF  THE  VINE. 

The  following  observations  on  the  culture 
of  the  Vine,  are  extracted  from  a  little  work 
lately  published  in  New- York,  entiled  "  Out 
Neighborhood,"  containing  many  excellen' 
practical  directions,  and  ingenious  specula 
tions  respecting  the  art  of  horticulture.     In 
speaking  of  this  work,  the  New- York  Eve 
ning  Post  says,  "  It  contains  nothing  of  com 
pilation  ;  the  knowledge  it  communicates  i- 
gathered  fresh  from  the  observation   of  na  ■ 
ture — the  precepts  it  conveys  are  transferred 
directly  from  practice  in  the  garden  to  the 
pages  of  the  book.      It  is  a  good  omen  foi 
any  art  when  such  minds  occupy  themselves 
in  its  improvement.     Horticulture  has  comt 
to  be.  regarded  as  a  liberal  pursuit — as  a  sub 
ject  worthy  of  the  attention  of  cultivated  tin 
demanding?  and   benevolent  hearts.     It  i- 
no  wonder  that  under  such  auspices  it  should 
improve  as  it  has  done  for  a  few  years  pas' 
to  such  a  degree,  that  a  person  on  going  m 
to  our  markets  now,   and   comparing  them 
with  those  of  ten  years  since,  might  almost 
think  that  the  climate  had  changed." 

Monday,  November  \sti  18  . — I  begji 
this  morning  to  open  the  earth  around  my 
grape  vines;  young  Hay  ward  remaining 
with  me  to  show  me  the  way  that  succeeds 
best  with  him.  He  spent  Sunday  with  me, 
and  I  find  him  quite  a  sensible  man.  He 
says  that  he  has  tried  every  method  suggest 
ed  by  the  experience  of  others,  and  yet  he 
does  not  consider  himself  as  successful  ii 
the  culture  of  grapes.  Dr.  Bently  has  a  grea:. 
many  grape  vines,  and  takes  uncommon 
pains  with  them  ;  yet,  unwilling  as  he  is  tr. 
own  it,  he  had  but  a  few  bunches  tlrat  ripen 


Vol  1.— No.  22. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


1T3 


cd  well  this  autumn.  He  insists  on  it  that 
grapes  should  be  trained  up  high,  like  his 
over  a  trellis  that  has  an  open  roof;  and  cer- 
tainly the  only  fine  bunches  he  had  were 
there:  but  really  the  expense  of  all  this  post, 
rail  and  roof  work,  is  rather  out  of  propor- 
tion to  the  quantity  of  grapes  thus  raised. — 
I  found  a  short  grape  walk,  well  stocked 
with  grapes,  on  my  farm.  They  bore  this 
year,  for  the  first  time ;  and  although  the 
mildew  was  very  destructive,  and  the  vine- 
fretter  and  curculio  destroyed  the  leaves,  yet 
I  had  here  and  there  a  good  bunch,  which 
enabled  me  to  judge  of  the  value  of  the  dif- 
ferent kinds. 

After  opening  the  earth  around  the  vine,! 
\  scraped  off  all  the  loose  bark,  and  little! 
knotty  roughnesses,  which  one  usually  sees- 
on  a  vine  near  the  ground.  I  cut  off  what) 
are  termed  day-roots, — those  small  roots' 
which  proceed  from  the  stem  near  the  sur-| 
face  of  the  ground.  After  this  operation,  II 
whitewashed  the  whole  stem,  even  covering 
the  eyes  of  the  buds;  I  then  bent  the  stem 
down  and  fastened  it  strongly,  a  k\v  inches 
underground,  by  means  of  a  forked  stick; 
vastly,  I  drew  the  earth  up  to  the  stem  again, 
and  tied  a  wisp  of  straw,  or  rather  laid  a 
bunch  of  straw,  on  each  plant,  throwing  dirt 
on  the  edges  to  prevent  the  wind  from  blow- 
ing the  straw  away.  Haywood  says  that  I 
shall  have  finer  grapes  next  summer,  than 
my  neighbors;  but  the  doctor  shakes  his 
head.  Every  man  has  a  pet  method  of  rais- 
ing grapes  -.  but  I  fear  that  I  shall  have  to 
give  the  matter  up.  The  truth  is,  that  the 
vine  does  not  bear  well  more  than  once  or 
twice,  excepting  in  cities :  there  the  frost 
and  dew,  both  so  hurtful,  are  kept  off,  by  the! 
constant  agitation  which  the  smoke  and  dustj 
causes  among  atmospheric  gases,  and  by 
warm  enclosures.  It  must  be  that  the  diffi- 
culty lies  with  the  bark  of  the  old  wood,  as 
well  as  with  the  roots,  which  run  deep  in  the 
ground.  Young  Haywood  thinks  this  may 
be  the  case ;  for  when  he  binds  the  old  stump 
entirely  down  under  ground,  and  only  allows 
Che  new  wood  that  shoots  out  from  the  buds 
to  appear  above  ground  in  the  spring;  gSd 
;it  the  end  of  two  years,  if  he  separates  the| 
layer  from  the  old  root,  the  crop  of  grapes  is 
free  from  mildew.  I  did  not  see  his  grapes 
last  year,  when  he  made  the  experiment,  but 
I  hear  that  he  had  the  finest  grapes  in  the 
country.  This  summer  he  gave  up  the  grape 
vines  to  his  youngest  brother,  who  chose  to! 
let  them  run  up  over  a  trellis,  after  the  man-; 
net  of  Dr.  Bentley,  having  refused  to  cut' 
them  off,  as  his  brother  Andrew  advised.  I 
find  that  great  care  is  necessary  during  the 
season  of  blossoming,  a's  the  frost  is  very  apt 
to  injure  the  flowers  and  young  leaves. — 
Straw  mats,  set  up  before  the  vines  every 
evening,  when  frost  is  apprehended,  will  ef- 
fectually prevent  it. 

What  volumes  have  been  written  on  the 
snbject  of  the  vine  .' — and  yet  we  are  no  near- 
er the  true  mode  of  raiding  grapes  than  we 
were  before  a  line  was  written.  There  are 
certain  things,  about  which  there  can  be  no 
mistake.  Give  a  cabbage  a  good  deep  soil,! 
and  it  will  never  disippoint  us ;  do  what  we 
will  with  a  grape  vine,  it  is  subject  to  so 
many  casualties,  that  we  can  only  expect  a 
crop  once  in  six  years.  I  find  that  in  the 
middle  states,  the  grapeswluch  succeed  best 
are  the  yellow,  amber-coloured,  or  golden 
ehasselas.  It  may  be  known  as  soon  as  the 
tender  leaves  put  out  at  the  extremities,  they 
being  of  a  copper  or  deep  fawn  color.    The 


next  best  is  the  black  cluster — a  small,  tight- 
bunched  grape.  The  extremities  of  the 
leaves  are  a  grey,  or  sage-colored  white,  the 
under  side  of  which  is  woolly.  Neither  of 
these  grapes  is  subject  to  mildew  ;  but  ex- 
cess of  heat  or  cold,  moisture  or  dryness, 
very  materially  injures  the  berries. 

Whatever  the  cause  may  be,  it  certainly 
is  a  fact,  that  vines  do  not  fruit  well  after 
they  are  four  or  five  years  old,  excepting  in 
cities,  or  in  warm,  small  enclosures.  When 
this  important  truth  is  known  by  persons  who 
are  accustomed  to  solve  difficulties,  we  shall 
learn  whether  it  be  within  the  compass  of 
ordinary  skill  to  remedy  the  evil.  What 
causes  this  mildew  1  This  is  a  secret  which 
s  yet  undiscovered.  As  far  as  my  limited 
observation  extends,  I  ascribe  it  to  obstruct- 
ed perspiration,  and  to  the  ascent  of  too 
much  of  the  watery  particles  of  the  sap. — 
The  malady  makes  its  appearance  when  a 
few  hot  days  have  been  succeeded  by  cold 
nights,  or  when  a  moist  atmosphere  has  been 
followed  by  excessive  droughts.  Exotic 
plants  suffer  very  much  from  the  changea- 
bleness  of  our  climate ;  nay,  the  grapes  even 
of  our  southern  states  are  materially  injured 
when  transplanted  to  a  colder  region.  The 
Isabella  grape,  for  instance,  during  the  long 
drought  of  this  last  summer  in  the  middle 
and  northern  states,  was  both  mildewed,  and 
exceedingly  sour  and  worthless.  There  is  a 
very  remarkable  circumstance  about  grapes, 
which  is,  that  a  certain  degree  of  humidity 
in  the  atmosphere  is  necessary  to  developei 
the  saccharine  principle.  Whereas  in  other! 
fruits,  such  as  apples,  pears,  and  peaches,' 
although  a  drought  materially  injures  the 
size  and  aromatic  flavor,  yet  there  seems  to 
be  a  concentration  of  the  sugary  juices.  It 
would  appear  therefrom,  that  the  ductile  ves- 
sels of  the  vine  require  a  certain  quantity  of 
external  lubrication  to  correspond  with  the 
rapidity  of  the  circulation  of  sap  within. 

I  know  that  you  are  very  anxious  to  get 
all  the  information  you  can  on  this  subject.! 
I  shall  give  you  from  time  to  time,  as  you] 
have  desired,  whatever  new  matter  may  oc- 
cur. I  have  intelligent  neighbors,  all  culti- 
vating the  grape,  and  striving  to  outdo  each 
other.  We  have  an  excellent  market  for 
fruit,  and  this,  you  know,  is  a  great  stimulus. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  all  per- 
sons who  raise  grapes  have  a  strong  desire 
to  succeed  in  the  culture  of  them,  and  yet 
how  few  are  successful !  Two  years  of  good  j 
bearing,  and  the  beauty  and  value  of  the 
plant  are  gone.  It  is  either  seen  trailing  on 
the  ground  in  mutilated  branches,  or  it  hangs 
slovenly  over  a  trellis,  or  a  confined  arbor, 
with  branches,  tendrils  and  twigs  interlacing 
each  other — a  dense  mass,  impervious  to 
light  and  heat.  The  few  bunches  which 
hang  underneath  are  sour  and  watery,  and 
in  two  or  three  years  the  vine  is  a  mere  nur- 
sery for  caterpillars  and  other  vermin. 

But  the  most  provoking  part  of  the  whole 
history  is,  that  no  one  tells  the  truth  about 
grapes.  I  allude  as  well  to  those  persons 
who  raise  plants  for  sale,  as  to  those  who 
pride  themselves  on  great  horticultural  know- 
ledge, and  cultivate  them  for  pleasure.  I 
am  perfectly  amazed  at  the  reluctance,  which 
is  felt  by  almost  every  man  to  acknowledge 
that  his  grapes  are  mildewed.  I  have  seen 
men  of  the  strictest  integrity  in  ordinary 
matters,  so  mortified  at  the  failure  of  a  crop, 
that  they  have  resorted  to  every  species  of 
prevarication  to  deceive.  I  went  with  Dr. 
Berrtly  one  day  in  September,  to  see  a  neigh' 


bor  of  Mr.  Grant,  who  had  a  fine  grapery, 
and  who  prides  himself  upon  his  knowledge 
of  the  art  of  culture.  We  went  in  unex- 
pectedly, and  at  the  back  gate  too,  and  there 
we  caught  our  worthy  friend  with  a  basket 
on  his  arm  filled  with  mildewed  grapes! 

We  were  well  aware  of  his  sensibilities, 
so  we  did  not  cast  an  eye  on  the  basket, 
which  he  quickly  deposited  in  a  root  house, 
muttering  something  indistincty  about  gath- 
ering grapes  for  a  sick  friend.  Notwith- 
standing that  nearly  half  a  bushel  had  been 
cut  off,  enough  still  remained  to  show  that 
mildew  had  been  very  busy  there.  When- 
ever he  came  to  one  of  these  blighted  bunch- 
es, if  he  could  not  nip  it  off  and  throw  it  o- 
ver  the  fence  unobserved,  he  would  say,  "  a 
bunch  or  two  slightly  affected,  as  this  is,  doe; 
not  injure  the  vine — I  think  myself  very  for- 
tunate in  having  escaped  so  well.''  And 
when  I  observed  that  the  leaves  of  the  grape 
vine  were  seriously  injured  this  summer  by 
the  insect  called  the  vine-fretter,  he  shifted 
the  conversation  by  taking  us  to  a  favorite 
vine  near  his  house,  which  being  in  its  fourth 
year  was  in  full  bearing  and  was  really  beau- 
tiful. Here  his  pleasure  was  extreme,  for 
he  could  breathe  freely  while  we  regaled  on 
the  delicious  fruit,  which  was  a  white  Lis- 
bon. There  was  no  mildew,  no  vine-fret- 
ter, no  curculio,  no  rot  of  any  kind,  and  we 
could  admire  both  the  beauty  of  the  grape 
and  the  liberality  of  our  host,  who  cut  oft 
bunch  after  bunch  with  greater  pleasure  than 
he  abstracted  those  which  were  mildewed. 

Mr.  Thorn  trims  his  grapes  according  to 
the  French  mode — two  buds  this  year,  four 
the  next,  and  so  on.  I  shall  follow  young 
Haywood's  mode,  for  this  year  at  least,  and 
if  I  do  not  succeed,  then  I  must  give  up  the 
culture  of  grapes.  The  approved  mode  herc- 
is  to  plant  the  vines  six  feet  apart  each  way. 
if  for  a  vineyard,  or  if  for  a  walk,  five  feet 
is  not  thought  to  be  too  near  together.  One- 
thing  I  was  instructed  in,  and  that  is  quite 
essential.  This  is,  never  to  put  a  grape  vine 
or  any  plant  by  a  post.  In  a  (ew  years  the 
post  rots,  and  then  the  vine  or  plant  will  be 
injured  by  the  process  of  putting  in  a  new- 
one. 

Dr.  Bendy  has  a  grape  walk  of  about  two 
hundred  feet  in  length  ;  the  posts  of  the  trel- 
lis are  made  of  white  oak,  five  inches  square 
at  bottom  and  four  by  two  at  the  top  ;  the 
length  is  about  eight  feet,  two  of  which  are 
under  ground.  My  trellis,  which  was  made 
in  a  similar  manner,  has  been  cut  down, 
leaving  only  four  feet  above  and  eighteen 
inches  under  ground.  The  laths  or  slats 
are  divided  on  the  posts  equally,  being  three 
in  number.  The  proper  time  for  felling 
trees  for  posts  or  timber,  is  in  August.  What 
ever  is  thus  cut  should  be  left  to  season  foi 

a  year,  and   then  taken  to  the  saw-will. 

When  sawed  in  suitable  pieces,  each  piece- 
should  be  charred  at  the  bottom  just  so  fir: 
as  it  is  to  be  sunk  in  the  ground.  Posts  cut 
and  charred  in  this  way,  will  last  for  twenty 
years  ;  but  unless  the  wood  is  cut  in  August. 
and  seasoned  for  a  year  in  some  dry  place, 
it  is  worse  than  useless  to  char  them.  It 
has  been  ascertained  that  when  unseasoned 
timber  is  charred,  the  rot  takes  place  much 
sooner  than  if  left  without  charring.  The 
timber  from  full  grown  trees  lasts  longer 
than  that  from  young  saplings  ;  even  the 
limb  of  an  old  white  oak  will  be  of  longer 
duration  as  a  post,  than  one  of  the  same-  size 
of  a  young  tree. 

[ConduilcJ  next  wcels.j 


174 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  4,  183!. 


From  the  American  Farmer- 

GRAPES— ASPARAGUS. 

J.  S.  Skinner:  4th  mo.  1th,  1830. 

The  individual  who  takes  the  liberty  to 
address  thee  at  this  time,  is  not  a  practical 
farmer,  or  a  finished  horticulturist.  In  re- 
gard to  either,  his  pretensions  are  humble, 
vet  humble  as  they  are,  he  ventures  to  say, 
no  individual  takes  more  pleasure  in  viewing 
the  advancement  of  that  great  source  of  na- 
tional wealth — agriculture  ;  and  that  most 
nleasing  of  employments,  gardening  or  hor- 
ticulture. I  have  paid  some  attention  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  grape.and  have  found  from 
experience,  that  the  coal  dust,  cinders,  and 
scales  of  iron,  or  black  oxide  of  iron,  from 
•he  blacksmith's  forge,  when  properly  mix- 
ed with /at-  garden  mould,  to  be  incompara- 
bly the  best  manure  for  the  grape  that  can 
be  nsed.  It  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  grapes 
thrive  best  in  volcanic  districts;  that  led  me 
ta  use  the  above  as  a  dressing  for  the  grape, 
and  found  it  to  exceed  my  most  sanguine 
expectation.  I  am  not  aware  that  the  ma- 
terial in  question  has  been  used  by  any  ex- 
cept myself  and  a  few  of  my  friends  in  this 
county.  I  mentioned  it  to  a  most  indefati- 
gable and  correct  botanist  and  horticulturist, 
David  Thomas,  of  Cayuga  county,  last  win- 
ter— he  spoke  of  it  in  high  terms  of  com- 
mendation, although  he  had  not  used  it.  It 
had  not  occurred  to  him.  Before  this  will 
reach  him,  he  probably  will  have  made  use 
of  it.  For  asparagus,  I  have  also  made  use 
of  finely  pulverized  oyster  shells-,  well  in- 
corporated with  the  earth,  ia  which  it  is 
planted,  or  well  dug  in  about  the  roots  of 
ild  beds.  Its  effects  are  astonishing,  espe- 
cially in  old  beds — it  in  fact  regenerates 
them.  The  asparagus  is,  as  is  well  known,! 
i  mariue  plant.  Fresh  oyster  shells  par- 
take largely  of  marine  qualities.  What 
ould  be  more  simple,  or  more  natural,  or 
•letter  suited  to  the  growth  of  marine  plants  ? 
ft  is  also  well  known,  that  disintegrated 
.arbonate  of  lime,  when  mixed  with  a  suita- 
ble proportion  of  vegetable  mould,  forms  a 
soil,  almost  perpetually  fertile,  and  that  few 
or  no  plants,  or  vegetables  with  which  we 
are  acquainted,  but  are  benefitted  by  its  ad- 
mixture with  the  soil  in  which  they  are  pla- 
ced. As  there  are  many  persons  turning 
their  attention  to  the  cultivation  of  the  grape, 
■especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Baltimore, 
and  as  I  wish  them  all  success,  and  abund- 
ant crops,  I  take  the  liberty  to  address  an  in- 
dividual with  whom  I  have  not  the  personal 
jood  fortune  to  claim  an  acquaintance. — 
May  blesings  attend  thee,  my  friend,  in  thy 
laudable  exertions  to  render  agriculture  both 
honorable  and  profitable. 

Thy  friend.         J.  W.  Smith,  M.  D. 
Lockport,  Niagara  co.  N.  Y. 

From  the  New-F.ngland  Farmer. 

BEES. 

Mr.  Fessinden — If  the  inexhaustible  sub- 
iect  of  Bees  is  not  worn  out  in  your  columns, 
yoa  may  state  as  follows. 

In  January  last,  with  two  friends,  I  called i 
it  a  gentleman's  house,  in  Worcester,  Otse- 
go county,  N.  Y.  to  see  his  bee-hives. — He 
showed  us  a  house  four  by  six  feet,  and  six 
feet   to   the   eaves,    boarded,    clapboarded. 


hole  or  two  on  the  east  side  under  the  hive, 
which  was  elevated  aboot  three  feet  from  the 
floor,  for  the  bees  to  pass  out  and  in.  The 
bees  bad  been  put  in,  a  young  swarm,  eight- 
een months  before.  The  original  hive  was 
not  only  filled,  bat  large  masses  of  comb 
were  attached  to  the  exterior,  and  along  the 
contiguous  scaffolding.  The  quantity  of 
honey  was  probably  from  100  to  1 50  pounds 
On  my  return,  I  called  to  see  another  bee- 
housc  belonging  to  the  same  gentleman,  on 
another  farm,  built  the  preceding  summer. 
This  was  six  feet  square,  better  finished,  and 
painted.  The  bees  had  filled  the  ordinary 
hive,  and  constructed  eight  or  ten  pieces  of 
comb  on  the  exterior,  and  these  last  were 
mostly  filled  with  honey,  and  of  the  finest 
appearance,  I  think,  that  I  ever  saw.  The 
gentleman  told  mo  he  could  help  himself  to 
honey  whenever  he  pleased,  without  disturb- 
ing the  bees.  I  asked  him  if  the  bee-moth 
did  not  plague  him  ;  he  answered  no.  lit 
adopted  the  simple  precaution  of  sprinkling 
spirits  of  turpentine  occasionally,  say  every 
two  weeks,  about  his  ordinary  hives,  and  a- 
roimd  the  holes  of  entrance  into  his  large  ones, 
ivhich  wholly  repelled  the  motk.  I  was  so 
much  pleased  with  this  plan  of  managing 
bees,  that  immediately  on  my  return  I  had 
a  house  constructed  for  them,  and  design  to 
put  into  it  the  first  swarm  which  I  can  save. 
Respectfully,  J.  Buel. 


HAMS. 

A  writer  in  the  American  Farmer  says, 
he  has  frequently  tried  every  way  which 
has  been  recommended  by  its  correspond- 
ents, to  preserve  hams,  fee.  free  from  bugs, 
worms,  and  rancidity.  With  him,  not  one 
of  them  succeeded  well.  The  greatest  diffi- 
culty in  a  warm  climate,  is  to  preserve  them 
free  from  rancidity.  After  being  so  unsuc- 
cessful in  experiments,  which  might,  per- 
haps, succeed  well  in  colder  climates,  he 
resolved  to  pack  his  hams  in  charcoal,  know- 
ing its  antiseptic  qualities.  This  has  suc- 
ceeded to  his  perfect  satisfaction,  and  be 
shall  not  hereafter  try  any  further  experi- 
ments in  this  matter. 

It  is  of  great  importance  to  have  the  haras, 
&.c.  dried  as  early  as  possible,  that  they  may 
I  be  packed  away  before  the  season  arrives 
j  for  the  bug  or  fly  to  attack  them.  If  this  is 
i  effected  in  due  time,  and  they  are  well  pack- 
led  in  dry  charcoal,  made  moderately  fine, 
he  feels  assured  that  the  lover  of  good  hams 
will  have  no  reason  to  regret  having  made 
the  experiment.  The  difficulty  of  getting 
the  charcoal  off,  may  be  made  an  objection 
by  the  neat  housewife,  but  this  is  not  much 
greater  than  to  get  ashes  off  when  bacon  is 
packed  in  ashes,  as  is  the  practice  with  ma- 
ny. As  the  season  will  soon  arrive,  when 
every  prudent  housekeeper  may  wish  to  save 
his  bacon,  he  has  thought  proper  to  state 
his  experience  upon  the  subject,  wishing  it 
to  pass  for  no  more  than  its  real  value. 


From  tbe  New-York  Farmer. 
WEEVIL   AND   SMUT,    IN    WHEAT. 

Mr.  Fleet— Among  the  directions  which  I 

have  found  in  looking  over  the  volumes  of 

the  New-York  Farmer,  for  destroying  Wee- 

shinglcd,  and  well  floored,  with  a  ciose  door ;[  vil  in  Wheat,  is  the  laying  wet  cloths  in  the 


an  unlocking  and  opening  which,  we  beheld 
in  ordinary  bee-hive   attached   to  the  east 


bins.     From  the  experiments  I  have  made, 
I  find  dry  bags  in  which  has  been  flour,  an- 


val!  and  well  braced,  with  slight  scaffold- 1  swer  the  purpose  much  better.  Do  these 
ngs  extending  upon  the  east,  south,  and  j  destructive  insects  seek  the  flour  left  in  the 
->nr'h*ides.     Tbe  only  aperture  was  a  small!!  bags?    If  so,  could  any  means  be,  or  have 


any  been  devised  from  this  circumstance,  t< 
destroy  them  more  effectually  ? 

Two  persons  bought  seed  wheat  of  me,  in 
which  there  had  been  some  smut.  In  the 
crop  of  one,  there  was  a  great  deal  of  smut. 
— that  of  the  other  was  free  from  it.  Was 
the  difference  owing  to  the  soil?  An  an 
swer  to  these  inquiries  would  be  acceptable 

Newark,  N.  J.  April,  1831.     N.  W.  T. 

IlEAbTII    PRESERVING    PRECAUTIONS. 

Decayed  and  rotting  vegetables,  partial 
Iarly  cabbages,  beef  brine,  poik  brii-.e,  sui 
fered  to  stand  too  long,  and  other  similar 
substances  in  cellars,  ike.  are  often  the  un 
suspected  causes  of  diseases.  Every  house- 
keeper,particularly  at  this  season  of  the  yea.-, 
should  carefully  inspect  his  premises,  and 
see  that  nothing  noisome  or  offensive  is  left 
to  pollute  the  atmosphere  in  and  near  his 
residence.  The  carcases  of  dead  lambs, 
cats,  Sec.  instead  of  being  suffered  to  poisor. 
the  atmosphere,  and  introduce  disease  anil 
death  into  the  family  of  the  farmer,  shoulit 
be  covered  with  five  or  six  times  their  bulk 
of  soil,  and  suffered  to  remain  for  a  few- 
months.  In  this  way  their  decomposition 
'will  impregnate  the  soil  with  matter,  which, 
though  nauseous  and  pestilential  to  animals. 
is  food  for  vegetables. 

MAKE    THE    MOST    OF    TOUR    MANURE. 

It  will  be  well  to  mix  the  soil  with  which 
such  carcases  are  covered  with  abont  one 
part  of  lime  to  five  or  six  of  earth;  and  at 
the  time  of  its  removal  also  to  mix  a  little 
more  quicklime  with  it  to  prevent  the  disa- 
greeable effluvia  which  may  arise  without 
such  precaution. 

Not  only  the  carcasses  of  animals,  bjt 
stable  and  barn-yard  manure  is  rendered  of 
j]  little  value  by  long  exposure  to  the  air,  sun, 
and  wet  weather.  Every  moment  of  such 
exposure  robs  it  of  some  part  of  its  fertiliz- 
ing principles,  as  well  as  contaminates  the 
atmosphere.  "  He  who  is  within  tbe  seem 
of'  a  dunghill,"  says  the  celebrnted  Arthnt 
Young,  "smells  that  which  his  crop  would 
have  eaten  if  he  would  have  permitted  of  it. 
Instead  of  manuring  the  land  he  manures 
the  atmosphere;  and  before  his  dunghill  is 
finished  he  has  manured  another  parish,  per- 
haps another  country."  Fresh  manure 
should  be  kept  as  carefully  from  sun  and 
rain  as  grass  which  is  cut  for  hay.  When 
cattle  have  been  yarded  over  night,  it  will 
be  well  to  throw  their  manure  into  heaps, 
,and  cover  them  with  soil  previously  prepar 
ed  for  that  purpose. 

The  author  of  "  Letters  of  Agricola"  says, 
Earth  is  a  powerful  absorber  of  all  the  gas- 
jes  which  arise  from  putrifaction.  Put  : 
[layer  of  common  soil  along  the  top  of  a  fcr- 
[menting  dunghill,  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
inches  thick,  and  allow  it  to  remain  there 
while  the  process  is  carrying  on  with  aclivi 
ty,  aud  afterwards  separate  it  carefully  from 
the  heap,  and  it  will  have  been  impregnated 
with  the  most  fertilizing  virtues.  The  com- 
posts, which  of  late  have  attracted  so  uni- 
versal attention,  and  occupied  so  large  a 
space  in  all  agricultural  publications,  origi- 
nated in  the  discovery  of  this  absorbing  pow- 
er of  the  earth,  and  in  the  application  o(  it 
to  the  most  beneficial  purposes.  A  skilfui 
agriculturist  would  no  more  think  of  allow- 
ing n  violent  fermentation  to  be  going  on  in 
his  dunghill,  unmixed  with  earth  or  other 
matter,  to  fix  and  secure  the  gaseous  au- 
gments, thai;  the  distiller  would  suffer  his  ap- 
paratus to  be  fet  tit  work'withou!  surmount 


Vol  L- 

-i 


-No,  22. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


ui"  his  still  with  the  worm  to  cool  and  con- 
dense the  rarefied  spirits,  which  ascend  in 
evaporation.  In  both,  the  most  precious 
mater  is  that  which  assumes  the  ;criform 
state ;  and  to  behold  it  escaping  with  un- 
concerned indifference,  is  a  demonstration 
if  tlio  most  profound  ignorance — lb. 


SOAP-SUPS    FOR    DESTROYING    INSECTS. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Falconer,  one  of  the  cor- 
respondents of  the  Bath  Agricultural  Socie- 
ty, strongly  recommends  soap-suds,  both  as 

i  manure  and  an  antidote  against  insects. — 
He  observes,  "This  mixture  of  an  oil  and 
an  alkali,  has  been  more  generally  known 
<han  adopted  as  a  remedy  against  the  insects 
which  infest  wall  fruit  trees.    It  will  dislodge 

ind  destroy  the  insects  which  have  already 
formed  their  nests,  and  bred  among  the 
leaves.  When  used  in  the  early  part  of  the 
year,  it  seems  to  prevent  the  insects  from 
settling  upon  them."  He  prefers  soap-suds 
ro  lime-water,  because  lime  soon  "  loses  its 
causticity,  and  with  that  its  efficacy,  by  ex- 
posure to  air,  arjd  must  consequently  be  fre- 
quently applied  ;  and  to  the  dredging  of  the 
leaves  with  the  fine  dust  of  wood  ashes  and 
iime,  because  the  same  effect  is  produced 
by  the  mixture  without  the  same  labor,  and 

s  obtained  without  any  expense."  He  di- 
rects to  make  use  of  a  common  garden  pump 
•or  sprinkling  trees  with  soap-snds,  and  says 
if  the  water  of  a  washing  cannot  be  had,  a 
quantity  of  potash,  dissolved  in  water,  may 
be  substituted,  and  that  the  washing  of  the 
trees  with  soap-suds  twice  a  week,  for  three 

ir  four  weeks  in  the  spring,  will  be  sufficient 
'o  secur-e  them  from  aphides,  &c. — lb. 


PLANTING    CORN. 

If  you  plant  in  hills  on  good  highly  ma- 
nured ground,  be  careful  not  to  spread  your 
-eed,  but  let  it  be  entirely  close  together.  If 
it  be  scattered  to  six  or  eight  inches  on  such 
ground,  from  five  kernels  you  will  probably 
have  fifteen  stalks  at  least,  and  to  pluck 
them  off  is  much  trouble,  and  is  likely  to  be 
;n]urious  to  the  corn.     Five  kernels  in  a  hill 

'lose  together,  never  will  have  a  shoot  from 
«hc  ground,  and  with  good  attendance  will 
thrive  and  produce  double  the  quantity  of 

orn  of  the  other,  and  is  much  cheaper  man- 

:ged.  This  ground  can  be  over  seeded  with 
•wo  kernels  only  to  a  hill  of  the  same  size  ; 
that  is,  plant  on  abed  of  manure  eight  inches 

■part  in  the  hill,  hoe  it  well,  and  yon  will 
iiave  as  much  as  ten  stalks  to  a  hill.  Now 
.('five  is  enough,  ten  is  too  inach. — Ports- 
mouth Journal.      — — — 

GOOSEBERRY    BUSHES. 

A  gentleman  who  h^s  for  several  years  pro- 
tected his  gooseberry  bushes  from  the  disease 

■r  insect,  which  is  so  destructive  to  this  fine 
fruit,  informs  us,  that  the  disease  (which  he 
Miinks  is  an  insect)  originates  in  a  kind  of 
moss,  which  is  observable   in   spots  on  the 

tock  and  branches  of  the  bush,  and  that 
whenever  he  finds  it  on  them,  he  immedi- 
ately cuts  off  the  limb.  He  has  left  with  us 
-everal  pieces  of  the  bush  with  the  moss  ont 
them,  in  which  he  entertains  no  doubt  the 
egg  of  the  insect  is  deposited.  Since  be 
began  cutting  off  ti.ese  infected  limbs,  he  has 
iiad  abundance  of  fine  gooseberries,  which  he 

•otild  seldom  obtain  before.  It  would  be 
•veil  to  try  the  experiment  at  least. — 4mer. 
Farmer.  — — 


Let  every  farmer  divide  bis  pasture  ground 
rs  he  pleases.  Let  the  fence  between  his 
vraWe  and  pasture  land  1*  as  strong  as  an 


external  fence.  But,  if  possible,  let  all  his 
arable  ground,  though  it  be  a  hundred  acre*, 
be  in  one  lot.  Then  his  plow  runs  clear,  in 
a  long  fnrrow.  His  tillage  is  divided  only 
by  the  different  species  of  grain  and  vegeta- 
bles he  cultivates.  There  are  no  fences  of 
consequence,  no  inconvenient  and  worth- 
less headlands  ;  no  apology  for  thistles  and 
nettles.  The  scene  is  beautiful  to  the  eye. 
The  whole  has  the  appearance  of  a  garden, 
and  begets  in  the  farmer  a  sort  of  horticul- 
tural neatness. — Gardeners'  Journal. 


CULTIVATING    FRUIT    TREKS. 

Instruction  in  the  culture  of  fruit  trees, 
forms  part  of  the  education  of  the  ordinary 
seminaries  in  the  states  ef  Mecklenburgh 
Schwerin.  No  schoolmaster  is  admitted  to 
exercise  that  function  without  a  certificate 
of  his  capacity  to  teach  the  management  of 
fruit  trees.  The  same  masters  are  obliged 
to  take  caro  of  fruit  gardens ;  and  those  who 
previously  to  the  promulgation  of  the  law  on 
the  snbject,  were  ignorant  of  the  art,  receive 
the  due  instruction  at  the  expense  of  the 
school  fund.— Bull.  Univ. 


CUT    WORMS. 

Dr.  Deaue  directed  as  follows:  "If  you 
perceive  any  melon,  cabbage,  cauliflower 
plants,  &c.  injured  by  the  cut  worm,  open 
the  earth  at  the  foot  of  the  plant,  and  you 
will  never  fail  to  find  the  worm  at  the  root, 
within  four  inches.  Kill  him,  and  you  will 
save  not  only  the  other  plants  of  your  gar- 
den, but  many  thousands  in  future  years." 


TAR   FOR   SHEEP. 

A  gentleman  who  keeps  a  large  flock  of 
sheep,  assures  us,  that  during  the  season  of 
grazing,  he  gives  his  sheep  tar,  at  the  rate 
of  a  gill  a  day  to  every  twenty  sheep.  He 
puts  the  tar  in  troughs,  sprinkles  a  little  fine 
salt  over  it,  and  the  sheep  consume  it  eager- 
ly. This  preserves  them  from  worms  in  the 
head,  promotes  their  general  health,  and  is 
thought  to  be  a  specific  against  the  rot. 


Patent  Cast  Iron  Vice. — The  patent 
cast  iron  vice,  invented  and  manufactured 
by  Mr.  E.  D.  McCord,  of  Washington 
county,  has  been  heretofore  noticed  and 
commended  in  this  paper. — Could  nothing 
more  be  said  of  it  than  that,  it  is  an  elegant 
specimen  of  American  ingenuity  and  work- 
manship, it  would  deserve  to  supersede  the 
use  of  imported  vices.  But  this  is  far 
from  being  its  principal  recommendation. 
It  unites  in  an  eminent  degree  lightness, 
durability  and  power.  Its  strength  results 
from  the  screw  always  acting  horiznotly, 
and  both  parts,  the  entering  and  receiving 
screw  being  perfectly  parallel,  whatever 
be  the  distance  of  the  jaws  of  the  vice. — 
This  enables  the  whole  length  of  the  thread 
of  the  screw  to  act  uniformly  and  equally. 
The  manner  of  its  construction  also  gives 
the  advantage  of  fixing  it  into  its  block 
much  more  firmly  and  solidly.  Experi- 
ments of  its  strengthand  power  have  been 
made  in  this  city,  which  would  have  sliat- 
tered  an  ordinary  vice  to  atoms.  It  is  al- 
so much  cheaper  than  the  imported  vices, 
as  is  every  other  article  of  hardware. — The 
agent  passed  through  this  city  this  morn- 
ing, with  several  tons  of  his  vices  for  the 
New  York  market-.     Wherever  thev  are 


known,  they  cannot  fail  to  obtain  the  pre- 
ference over  any  other. — Troy  Sentinel. 

Cure  of  Lock-Jaw. — The  following 
case  is  given  in  a  periodical  work  on  meet 
icine  : — For  the  following  interesting  case 
of  the  locked-jaw  wo  are  indebted  to  Mr. 
Joy,an  experienced  and  scientific  surgeon, 
of  Great  Massingham,  in  the  county  of 
Norfolk.  A  chaff-cutter,  about  twelve 
years  of  age,  apparently  in  good  health,  at 
the  time  when  he  was  exercising  his  occu- 
pation, so  injured  one  of  his  fingers,  as  to 
render  immediate  umputation  of  it  at  the 
first  phalanx,  necessary.  Although  the 
wound  went  on  very  favorably,  locked-jaw 
came  on  when  it  was  nearly  healed.  Not- 
withstanding the  usual  remedies,  as  opium, 
in  large  doses,  mercury,  musk,  and  other 
antispasmodics,  wero  actively  employed 
on  the  first  appearance  of  the  disease,  the 
spasms  increased  in  violence,  and  extend- 
ed to  the  muscles  of  the  back,  producing 
the  convulsive  contractions  of  the  muscles, 
termed  opisthotonas.  The  antispasmo- 
dics and  warm  bath  having  totally  failed  to 
afford  the  slightest  relief,  after  pushing 
them  to  the  fullest  extent  for  ten  days,  Mr. 
Joy  determined  to  give  the  muriated  tinc- 
trre  of  iron  a  trial.  He  accordingly  order- 
ed ten  drops  to  be  administered  every  hour, 
in  a  little  water,  which  the  loss  of  a  few 
teeth  allowed  of  being  done  withoot  much 
difficulty.  After  continuing  this  medicine 
24  hours,  tlie  spasmodic  affection  of  the 
muscles  was  evidently  much  diminished. 
The  following  day  he  was  nearly  free  from 
pain.  The  medicine  was  continued  in  the 
same  quantity  and  at  the  same  intervals, 
and  the  disease  so  rapidly  decreased  in  vi- 
olence, evidently  under  its  influence,  that 
he  was  perfectly  well  in  the  course  of  a  few 
days.  

Wooden  Lamps. — This  is  a  new  arti- 
cle.lately  brought  into  the  New- York  mar- 
ket. It  is  made  of  curled  maple,  highly 
polished  ;  and  a  yankee  sold  1200  of  them 
at  $2  a  dozen,  in  a  very  short  time.  We 
believe  the  yankees  have  given  up  the  nut- 
meg business  ;  but  they  are  such  an  ever- 
lasting "whittling"  nation,  that  we  should 
not  be  much  surprised  to  see  them  ped- 
dling one  of  these  days  wooden  lightning- 
rods. — Far.  Adv. 


METEOROLOGICAL,   TABLE, 

firr  Ike  tcctk  ending  Maij  28,  1831. 

•  ]£ 

sleSll 

Face  of  the 

D  S 

G\Zik 

Shy. 

Observations 

a 

51 

V. 

5JI29.40,  5  a 
47  89.50]   if 

rain          11-10 
fair           J 

23 

M 

54139,49     s 

cloudy     j 

R 

44129,50   s  c 

fair 

24 

N 

56129,50    Kt 

do           | 

K!50  29,45!  s  e 

do 

25 

,M  64  SS),3*J|    w 

ram          [1-10 

E  55  23.25     s 

fair           > 

2fi 

M  62  29,95     <c 

rain          jsiieht  showers 

K  56  29,20]  l< 

do            1     do        do 

J7 

M 

62  29,25|  nw 

fair            I 

IE 

54129.28    ic 

rain 

1-10 

S  M 

66  29,32     c 

fafr 

E 

7!  29  45    a> 

do 

XTXhe  Barometrical  and  Tftermometriecl  observe 
tiaivs  are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  end  P.  itf.,  irklcK 
by  a  lo.ng  scries  of  experiments  made  for  t?te  pvrjtasc 
skaio  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  v'f  Xh<: 
rcTlfh;?  kevt  cf  a  aa$  '..'ten  any  otftcr  time. 


176 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 


June  4,  183i 


THE  ROSE  OF  MAY- 

I  said  the  flower  would  bloom  do  more, 

That  withered  yesterday ; 
That  moroing  dews  would  ne'er  restore 

My  lovely  rose  of  May. 
The  future  was  too  cold  a  thing 

Id  my  sweet  dream  to  be— 
The  present  rose,  the  present  spring, 

Are  all  of  life  to  me. 

1  do  remember  well  my  grief, 
When  died  my  floA-cr— nud  then 

My  joy,  when  tiraa  brought,  leaf  by  leaf, 

As  sweet  a  flower  again. 
And  then  t  eaid,  "  Farewell,  despair, 

Thou  art  no  guest  for  me  ; 
Whate'er  I  lose  of  bright  or  fail', 

I  hope  again  to  see. 

Alas!  I've  often  wept  since  then, 

And  death  ha«  robbed  my  bowers  ; 
Uut  even  amidst  the  grief  of  men, 

I've  comfort  found  in  flowers. 
For,  if  the  bloom  of  love  be  brief, 

And  if  Fai'ie's  crown  be  riven, 
I  would  not  mourn  life's  fading  leaf, 

Cut  look  for  spring  iu  Heaven. 


From  tho  New-Euglai»d  Farmer, 

A  FAINT  TIME 

It  is  now  for  horses ;  when  the  warmth  of 
;lie  season  is  gradually  increasing,  their  la- 
bor comes  harder  upon  them,  and  if  the  con- 
stitution is  not  perfectly  sound,  it  will  show 
itself,  and  may  require  occasionally  some 
assistance.  A  careful  master  should  know 
how  to  treat,  and  how  to  doctor  his  -own 
Horse,  and  avoid  administering  strong  medi- 
cines with  the  effects  of  which  he  is  not  ac- 
quainted. I  have  owned  but  few  horses  and 
'nave  kept  them  until  nearly  worn  out  by  age. 
I  have  found  the  use  of  salt  to  be  very  val- 
uable ;  it  gives  more  firmness  to  a  horse, 
aid  if  he  is  troubled  with  worms,  the  steady 
~is£  of  it  will  by  degrees  clear  them  away  ; 
:his  daily  pickling  they  will  net  bear  long. — 
I  generally  give  my  horse  soaked  corn  ;  that 
js,  throw  water  over  it  about  twenty-four 
hours  before  it  is  used;  this  method  saves 
time  and  toil,  and  the  corn  being  softened, 
it  saves  the  horse's  teeth,  and  getting  more 
perfectly  masticated  goes  further  for  food. 
A  good  handful  of  salt  is  thrown  over  it  at 
feeding  time ;  however,  if  a  horse  is  per- 
fectly firm  and  sound,  the  use  of  salt  may 
be  omitted  now  and  then  for  a  short  while, 
and  then  begun  again.  It  is  a  safe  guardi- 
an and  ought  not  to  be  discontinued  long. 

As  an  alterative  medicine,  I  have  found 
aloes  to  be  invaluable ;  they  strengthen  the 
organs  of  digestion  and  respiration,  and 
when  a  horse  is  troubled  in  any  manner  in 
his  wind,  and  whenji.is  stomach  is  out  of  or- 
der, either  by  flatulency,  costiveness,  or  want 
of  appetite,  the  use  of  aloes  will  be  of  great 
service  to  him.  It  should  be  given  reduced 
;o  a  fine  powder,  in  small  doses,  not  exceed- 
ing four  drachms  at  a  time,  and  mixed  with 
the  horse's  grain  ;  after  a  few  days  it  should 
be  discontinued  for  a  while,  when  the  use  of 
it  may  be  resumed,  as  there  appears  to  be  a 
necessity  for  it.  Said  dose  mixed  with  a 
small  quantity  of  rasped  rhubard,  and  con- 
tinued for  a  few  days,  will  purge,  and  is  the 
safest  medicine  for  a  horse.  Calomel  and 
other  powerful  articles  generally  called  horse 
medicines,  had  belter  be  avoided  unless  in 
extreme  cases.  Aloes  are  the  dessicated 
iuice  of  a  plant,  look  somewhat  like  rosin, 
if  of  a  good  quality  is  very  friable,  and  has  a 
strong  and  pleasant  bitter  smell ;  the  best 
comes  from  the  Island  of  Succotrina. — 
There  is  a  coarser  and  impure  kind  from 
Barbadocs ;  it  is  found  in  general  in  the 
druggists's  shops  for  its  real  worth.  I  will 
conclude  this  communication  with  the  re- 
ipc  of  a  simple  and  cheap  embrocation, 
-null  as  found   in,  and  which  I  copy  verba- 


tim from  a  valuable  small  volume  published 
some  years  ago  in  London,  by  Philip  Astley, 
a  man  of  great  experience  in  all  matters  re- 
lating to  horses. 

For  strains,  wrenches  and  windgalls  from  the 
knee  to  the  hoof. 

"  The  following  simple  and  cheap  embro- 
cation will  be  found  serviceable  in  curing 
all  those  casualties. 

"Take  of  oil  of  turpentine,  double  distil- 
led vinegar,  and  spirit  of  wine,  each  a  gill ; 
but  observe  to  mix  first  with  the  turpentine 
alone,  the  whites  of  two  eggs  in  order  the 
better  to  dissolve  them ;  blend  the  whole 
together,  and  rub  the  part  affected  with  it 
night  and  morning,  using  a  flannel  wrapper 
to  keep  it  warm  :  so  efficacious  is  this  med- 
icine, that  there  is  scarcely  a  strain  or  bruise 
but  it  will  cure,  if  the  bone  is  not  injured  ; 
but  should  the  bone  be  hurt,  it  is  necessary 
then  to  foment  the  part  with  such  common 
herbs  as  are  used  on  such  occasions ;  this 
must  be  done  before  you  embrocate  the  part ; 
the  best  manner  is  to  take  a  piece  of  double 
canvass,  using  a  stick  to  each  end,  then 
steep  a  piece  of  flannel  in  the  fomentation, 
and  having  wrung  it  rather  dry,  by  the  aid 
of  the  canvas  and  sticks,  apply  it  as  hot  to 
the  strain,  &c.  as  the  horse  can  possibly  bear 
it,  covering  it  with  a  horse  cloth.  Having 
repeated  this  application  several  times,  let 
the  part  be  rubbed  entirely  dry,  and  then 
bathed  with  the  embrocation  twice  every 
day,  for  three  days  together,  then  once  a 
day  :  and  thus  discontinue  it,  in  proportion 
as  the  disease  disappears.  The  fomenta- 
tion may  be  used  as  often  as  you  think  pro- 
per, in  all  cases  where  the  bone  has  received 
any  injury ;  but  when  the  sinews,  muscles, 
and  nerves  are  only  strained,  the  embroca- 
tion may  be  found  sufficient ;  care  must  be 
taken  that  you  do  not  use  it  more  than  six 
times  successively,  lest  it  should  bring  off 
some  of  the  hair." 

This  embrocation  I  have  generally  kept 
ready  for  use  many  years,  and  for  want  of 
double  distilled  vinegar  have  found  strong 
cider  vinegar,  old  and  clear,  to  answer  the 
purpose ;  it  has  been  used  by  myself,  and 
occasionally  by  neighbors,  with  much  satis- 
faction. The  results  of  experience  in  mat- 
ters relating  to  agriculture,  however  trifling 
individually  they  may  appear,  collectively 
will  forma  valuable  volume  for  the  Farmer; 
this  volume,  Mr.  Editor,  under  your  foster 
ing  care,  is  fast  thriving  in  the  pages  of  the 
New-England  Farmer,  a^id  it  is  an  encour 
agement  for  your  friends  to  offer  their  mite 
occasionally. 

With  much  esteem,  yours,  he. 
Weston,  June  1,  18S0.  J.  M.  G. 


J^rora  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 

STATISTICAL  MEMORANDA. 
Id   the  year   1830,   the  14  Bauks  in  the 
city  of  New-York   paid  iDto  the  Treasury  ol 


Ibis  Slate,  (or  Taxes,  £53,599  21 

29  Insurance  ct mpanieB,  paid       39,765  5G 
5  miscellaneous  companies,  4,463  85 

£97,810  63 
In   11227,  there  were  paid  into  tbe  county 
treasuries,  by  the  AlbaDy  Banks,    "6,204  0' 
Troy  Banks  1,106  7? 

Otiier  Banks,  in  the  other  counties,  8,165  50 
All  other  inc  companies,  sama,  10,919  5-! 
TbeN  Y.  city  Banks  paid  in  1827,  54,700  18 
Insurance  and  other  companies  in 

New-York,  the  same  year.  50,642  33 

Revenue  from  those  sources  in '27  131,798  4; 
There  are  in  this  stale   262   incorporated 
Turnpike  Companies,  and  87  Bridge  Conipa 
nics. 

SAVINGS  BANKS. 

New-  York  Savings  Bank.  This  inslitutioi; 
ffcm  mlo  operation  in  July,  1819,  and  up  to 
January,  1830,  there  bad  been  deposited 

£5,332,354  85 
Deduct  amount  p'd  depositors      3,795  303  20 


loterest  due  depositors 


A  composition  for  coloring  and  preserving 
Gates,  Poles,  Barns,  Roofs,  and  Timber  gen- 
erally, from  the  weather. — Melt  12  ozs.  rosin 
in  an  iron  pot  or  kettle,  add  3  gallons  of 
train  oil  and  three  or  four  rolls  of  brimstone  ; 

when  they  are  melted  and  become  thin,  add  [J  tho  Regents  of  the  University 
as  much  Spanish  brown,  or  red  or  yellow 
ochre,  or  any  other  color  you  like,  ground  as 
fine  as  usual  with  oil,  as  will  give  the  whole 
the  shade  wanted.  Then  lay  it  on  with  a 
brush  as  hot  and  thin  as  you  can.  Some 
days  after  the  first  coat  is  dried,  lay  on  a 
second. 

It  is  well  attested  that  this  will  preserve 
plank  for  years,  and  prevent  the  weather 
from  driving  through  brick  WAlh.—Domestk 
Encyclopedia. 


1,537,051  65 
524,038  9;' 

2.061,080  57 
This  considc 


This  is  a  noble  institution. 
rable  sum  has  doubtless  been  diverted  from  be 
ing    wasted   or  spent  in   luxury  or  oxtrava 
gance,  aud  is  now  in  the  bank,  subject  to  the 
order   of  its   owners.     Of  the  depositors,  i,. 
1830,  157  were  minors;  307  widows;  GOO  sin- 
gle women;  388  trustees  of  children. 

Albany  Savings  Bank — incorporated  ii 
1820 — Amount  deposited  since  jgloS.i'SS  li 
Withdrawn  99,955  00 


Interest  due  depositors  Jan.  1, 1030 


38,898  16 
7,760  62 


£66,658  0- 
Tbe  depositors  principally  minors  and  la- 
bourers. 

Troy  Savings  Bank — incorporated  in  1825 
balance  due  depositors  1st  Jan.  1830. 

£3I,4GG  00 
Brooklyn  Sivings   Bank — incorporated  io 
1827;  balance  due  depositor?,  1st  JaD.  1831, 

£60,985  9: 
Withdrawn  :.'5,263  51! 

Due  depositors,  35,722    1 

Last  dividend,  5  per  cent  per  annum. 

Seamen's  Savings  Bank,  for  the  Citynf  .V 
York. — incorporated  1829.  Deposited  since 
incorporation,  about  £t>  1.000  01 

There  are  Savings  Banks  at  Clica.  auci 
other  places,  not  yet  in  operation. 

The   Literary  Fund  of  the  Stale  of  New 
Y,'rk,mnounted  Jan.  1,  lS30,to  S25<U)0J  86, 
the  proceeds  of  which  is  under  the  control  of 


Tatlersalls. — The  Arabian  horses,  brought 
over  by  Mr.llhind  from  Smyrna  in  Novem 
ber  last  were  sold  by  auction  in  New-York 


on  Saturday    at   Tattersal 
the  following  prices  : 

Stainboul,chesnut 

Kechlani,  bay 

Zelcaadi,  ehe:nV. 

Yemen,  gray 


and 


:>rou^ 

$575 
130 
ISO 


1,; 


wmm  aaagrsaasaaa  Mjai 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  JUNE  11,  1831. 


NUMBER  23. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  <fc  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Term»-$2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GO0D3F.LL,  EDITOR. 


HORSES--DUROC. 

The  following  memoir  of  the  celebrated 
horse  Duroc,  from  the  American  Turf  Re- 
gister, we  trust  will  be  read  with  satisfaction 
by  every  farmer,  as  his  stock  has  been  allow- 
ed to  be  equal  to  that  of  any  other  one  of 
our  country.  One  of  his  colts,  the  Ameri- 
can Eclipse,  perhaps  was  equal,  both  for 
speed  and  bottom,  to  any  horse  in  the  world. 
This  distinguished  thorough-bred  stallion, 
was  bred  by  Wade  Mosby,  Esq.  of  Powhat- 
tan  county,  Virginia,  and  foaled  on  the  4th 
day  of  June,  1806;  a  chesnut  in  color,  with- 
out white  ;  15  hands  3  inches  high  ;  of  large 
bone,  but  very  muscular,  and  of  noble  pres- 
ence. His  sire  was  the  imported  horse  Di- 
omed  (the  sire  also  of  Sir  Archy,  of  Hamp- 
ton, and  other  celebrated  racers)  out  of  A- 
manda,  by  Grey  Diomed,  a  son  of  Old  Med- 
ley ;  her  dam,  by  Old  Cade,  grandam  by 
Col.  Hickman's  Independence,  by  Old  Fear- 
naught,  out  of  Dolly  fine  ;  Dolly  fine  by  Old 
Silver  Eye  ;  great  grandam  by  the  imported 
horse  Badger. 

At  Washington  in  1810,  then  four  years 
old,  Duroc  was  sold  by  the  breeder  to  Bela 
Badger,  Esq.  of  Bristol,  Pennsylvania,  for 
the  sum  of  #2500,  who  disposed  of  him  in 
1813,  to  Townsend  Cock,  Esq.  of  Oyster 
Bay,  Long-Island,  where  he  stood  many 
years,  and  was  finally  sold  to  Mr.  Kelscy, 
tor  the  sum  of  #£000,  in  whose  hands  he  di- 
ed at  Hyde  Park,  of  a  sudden  illness,  in  the 
year  18"25,  aged  19  years. 

We  are  thus  particular  in  the  history  of 
this  horse,  and  in  the  detailed  notices  that 
follow  of  him,  by  reason  of  his  great  success 
as  a  stallion,  and  from  an  erroneous  opinion 
which  has  gone  abroad,  of  his  not  having 
been  thorough  bred. 

To  do  ample  justice,  it  is  necessary  to  give 
extracts  from  documents  from  under  the 
hand  of  the  breeder  of  Duroc,  showing  the 
performances  of  Amanda,  his  dam,  as  well  as 
to  give  a  copy  of  her  pedigree  furnished  by 
John  Hoomes,  Esq.  of  Virginia,  at  the  time 
of  selling  her  to  Mr.  Mosby,  at  Richmond, 
having  been  brought  there  for  sale,  on  ac- 
count of  her  breeder. 

Wade  Mosby,  Esq.  states  in  his  certifi- 
cate as  follows,  viz  :  Amanda  was  the  finest 
mare  I  ever  saw,  and  was  so  thought  of  by 
most  of  my  acquaintances,  and  I  will  state 
where,  and  how  I  gul  her.  About  the  year 
1804  Iwas  at  Richmond  races,  and  on  one 
of  the  days,  Col.  Hoomes  offered  her  for 
sale  as  a  full  bred  four  year  old  mare,  and 
said  she  was  bred  by  a  neighbor  of  his,  and 
sent  by  him  for  sale.    I  purchased   her  for 


8300,  and  took  her  home  in  the  month  of| 
May  ;  and  subsequently  trained  her  with  a 
number  of  my  horses,  and  among  them  there 
were  some  good  ones.  The  first  time  of  hav- 
ing a  brush,  I  was  surprised  to  find  her  come 
in,  hard  in  hand,  a  long  distance  ahead  of 
litem.  I  therefore  paid  great  attention  to 
her,  and  in  September  following,  took  her 
to  Powhattan  Court-house,  and  there  ran 
her  first  race  of  a  mile,  against  a  remarkably 
fast  horse  for  that  distance,  in  which  she  won 
#400  ;  having  come  out  more  than  one  nun 
dred  yards  ahead.  From  thence  I  took  her 
to  Broadrock,  where  I  met  the  full  strength 
of  Virginia:  Col.  Tayloe,  Col.  Hoomes, 
fVilkes,  Selden,  Ball  and  some  others. 

The  field,  the  four  mile  day,  was  seven  ; 
considered  the  best  racers  in  the  state  at  that 
time.  This  she  won  in  two  heats  ;  throwing 
all  behind  the  distance  pole,  saving  Colonel 
Hoomes's  fine  horse,  Whiskey.  After  the 
race,  Col.  Tayloe  offered  me  for  her,  his 
full  bred  mare  Desdemona  and  #1500  in  mon- 
ey, which  I  refused.  In  this  race,  Amanda 
injured  her  feet ;  notwithstanding,  I  ran  her 
the  same  season  at  Fredericksburg  on  a  hard 
course,  when  finding  her  failing  from  lame- 
ness, although  running  ahead  for  two  miles, 
I  drew  her  from  the  contest. 

Her  next  race  was  at  Richmond,  where  she 
contended  against  Col.  Tayloe's  horse  Top 
Gallant,  and  Col.  Selden's  Lavina.  The 
conditions  were,  that  I  should  pay  double 
entrance,  and  bet  #500  dollars  that  Lavina 
ould  not  beat  her.  On  these  terms  I  en- 
tered her,  although  thought  by  me  to  be  out 
of  order.  She  was  beaten  by  Top  Gallant, 
but  beat  Lavina  and  won  the  bet. 

A  stakes  was  then  made  up  of  five  sub. 
scribers  :  Col.  Hoomes'  Peace  Maker,  Col. 
Tayloe's  Top  Gallant,  Col.  Selden's  Lavi- 
na, Maj.  Ball's  Florizel,  and  my  mare  Aman- 
da ;  #600  entrance — half  forfeit:  Colonel 
Hoomes  paid  forfeit,  the  others  started.  A- 
manda  was  pronounced  lame  before  starting 
The  race  was  won  by  Florizel ;  Amanda 
second,  the  other  horses  distanced.  In  this 
race,  in  the  last  half  mile,  Amanda  started  a 
sinew  ;  was  taken  out  of  training,  and  the 
next  spring  put  to  Diomed,  and  on  the  4th 
of  June  1806,  brought  Duroc,  one  of  the 
biggest  boned  colts,  and  finest  of  the  get,  of 
that  horse. 

I  then  put  the  mare  to  the  imported  horse 
Knowsley,  and  when  within  a  few  days  of 
foaling,  she  was  kicked  by  a  horse,  which 
caused  her  death.  Thus  I  lost  the  finest 
mare  I  ever  owned. 

The  foregoing  extract,  from  the  hand  of 
Mr.  Mosby  shows  Amanda  to  have  been  a 
first  rate  racer ;  and  it  now  only  remains  to 
give  a  copy  of  the  certificate  of  the  blood  of 
Amanda,  to  do  away  the  wrong  impression 
before  alluded  lo. 


Pedigree.  I  hereby  certify  that  Aman- 
da was  got  by  Grey  Diomed  ;  Grey  Diomed 
by  Old  Medley  ;  her  dam  by  Old  Cade  ; — 
grandam  by  Col.  Hickman's  Independence  • 
Independence  by  Old  Feamavght,  out  of 
Dolly  Fine  ;  Dolly  Fine  by  Old  Silver  Eye  ; 
great  grandam  by  the  imported  horse  Badg- 
er. A  copy  from  the  breeder's  certificate. 
(Signed,)  John  Hoomes. 

From  the  known  respectability  of  the  a- 
bove  named  gentleman,  all  doubts  must  van- 
ish touching  the  blood  of  Duroc  ;  and  it  on- 
ly remains  to  show  his  performances,  and 
how  much  he  has  contributed  to  the  improve- 
ment of  our  stock  of  horses. 

Duroc  ran  several  races  in  Virginia,  of 
which  we  have  but  an  imperfect  account, 
except  one  of  four  mile  heats,  against  Sir 
Alfred  and  two  other  horses — one  of  them 
Col.  W.  R.  Johnson's  mare  Maria,  by  Bay- 
Yankee.  The  two  first  were  dead  heats  be- 
tween Duroc  and  Sir  Alfred.  Sir  Alfred 
won  the  third  heat,  when  Duroc  was  drawn 
and  the  race  was  won  by  Maria  ;  she  win- 
ning the  fourth  and  fifth  heats — making  a 
race  of  twenty  miles. 

The  fall  of  his  being  four  years  old,  Mr. 
Badger  trained  Duroc,  and  run  him  the  foui 
mile  heat  over  the  Fairview  course,  against 
Mr.  Bond's  far  famed  horse  Hampton,  whom 
he  beat.  This  race  was  allowed  to  have 
been  the  greatest  ever  run  in  Pennsylvania 
up  to  the  date  of  it :  having  been  run  in  sev- 
en minutes  and  fifty-three  seconds. 

In  a  subsequent  race  with  Hampton,  Du 
roc  bolted  and  lost  the  purse. 

In  the  spring  of  1813  he  covered  fifty 
mares,  and  in  the  following  autumn  was 
trained  and  run  the  four  mile  heats  over  the 
New  Market  course,  beating  easily  Mr- 
Bush's  horse  Pegassus,  and  Mr.  Cot's  horse 
Volunteer. 

The  next  season  he  ran  against  Mr.  Van 
Ranst's  horse  Defiance,  and  lost  the  race  by 
bolting.  The  running  was  very  severe,  and 
it  was  though  that  Duroc  would  have  won, 
but  for  the  vicious  habit  he  had  got  intoi 
having  been  ridden  by  a  boy  that  could  not 
manage  him,  which  caused  him  to  bolt  at  his 
will,  without  apparent  cause.  He  nevsr 
started  afterwards. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  Duroc  was  a  first  rate 
runner ;  and  we  have  only  to  name  some  of 
his  descendants,  to  prove  him  to  have  been 
one  of  the  most  valuable  foal  getters  of  his 
day. 

The  fust  on  the  list  is  the  American E- 
clipse  ;  who  i»  no  doubt,  of  all  the  horses  our 
country  has  to  boast,  one  of  the  best,  as  uni- 
ting more  valuable  properties  than  any  ether 
horse  as  regards  symmetry  of  form,  speedy 
bottom  and  all  the  essentials  required  in  this* 
animal.  At  the  same  time,  his  stock  is  only 
rivalled  by  the  famous  Sir  Archy,  and  Vir« 


178 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


JuneU,  1831. 


ginian ;  nevertheless,   Eclipse  has   covered 
but  few  really  good  blood  mares. 

Duroe  was  the  sire  also  of  Romp,  a  very 
fleet  runner ;  of  Cock  of  the  Rock,  a  good. 
four  mile  horse  ;  of  Wildair,  Mountaineer, 
(sire  of  Hotspur,)  and  Prospect,  who  is  also 
3  good  four  mile  horse  ;  of  Splendid  ;  Mar- 
;rhal  Duroc,  a  very  fleet  horse,  and  of  good 
bottom ;  Trouble,  a  first  rate  raeer  at  any 
distance  ;  Sir  Lovell,  Bleecher,  and  Welling- 
ton ;  and  a  vast  many  other  noted  Stallions 
ind  blood  mares. 


ON  THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  BEES 

Most  people  are  fond  of  honey,  and  many 
j<e  also  fond  of  bestowing  opon  Bees  those 
aares  which  seem  necessary  to  render  them 
the  most  profitable.  One  of  the  most  trouble- 
some parts  of  the  management  of   these  re- 
publicans, is  the  time  when,  from    an   over- 
population, like   the  New-England  States, 
they  see  fit  to   emigrate  or  swarm,    as   the 
time  which  they  select  for  this,  is  Dot  always 
the  most  convenient  for  the  farmer  to  attend 
to  them.     Now  it  is  with  this,  as  with  other 
business  of  agriculture  ;  it  should  be  done  in 
oroper  season,  and  when  it  will  best  suit  the 
convenience  of  the  superintendant.     As  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  bees,  it  is  altogether  in- 
different whether  they  fix  upon  the  time  of 
emigration  or  whether  the  husbandman  does 
so  that  he  uses  judgment  in  the  matter.     If 
he  finds  in  the  month  of  May  or  June  that 
any  of  his  hives  are  over-stocked  with  bees, 
lie  should  remove  them  into  another,  which, 
if  repeated  as  often  as  the  old  hive  becomes 
over-stocked  will  prevent  their  swarming  at 
ajl.      Swarms   separated   from  the   parent 
hive  in  this  way,  do  equally  as  well  as  when 
left  to  fly  out  and   separate  themselves,  be- 
side much  time  and  loss  of  honey  is  saved  ; 
for  when  a  hive  becomes  over-stocked,  the 
major  part  of  the  bees  which  constitute  af- 
terwards the  new  swarm,  do  not  work  at  all, 
but  live  upon  the    honey    produced  by   the 
old  and  more  industrious  part  of  communi- 
ty, and  the  quicker  they  are  taken  off  after 
their  number  is  sufficient  to  form  a  well  reg- 
ulated republic,  the  better. 

For  doing  this  let  the  old  hive  be  turned 
bottom  upwards,  and  the  new  hive  set  upon 
*t;  strike  lightly  upon  the  lower  hive,  and 
many  of  the  bees  will  ascend  into  the  upper 
hive;  when  a  sufficient  number  has  collect 
ijri  in  the  new  hive  for  a  swarm,  take  it  off 
:ind  set  It  npon  the  bench,  and  return  the  old 
Jne  to  its  former  position.  In  doing  this  to 
lOsute  success,  it  is  necessary  that  one  of  the 
queens  should  accompany  the  new  swarm, 
which  may  be  known  in  the  course  of  a  day 
or  two  ;  for  if  they  have  no  queen,  they  will 
not  stay  in  the  new  hive,  but  will  return  to 
the  old  one  ;  but  if  they  have  a  queen,  some 
rrf  the  bees  may  be  sctu  in  the  course  of 
twenty-four  hours, standing  near  the  entrnnce 
irjtti  the  hive,  amusing  themselves  by  raising 


and  giving  their  wings  a  rapid   motion,  ma- 
king a  steady  buzzing  noise.     This  may  be 
considered  as  an  indication  of  their  satisfac- 
tion and  the  success  of  the  operation.  Some 
consider  mid-day,  the  most  favorable  time 
for  doing  this ;  others  again,  prefer  the  eve- 
ning— but  either  will  answer,  and  the  troub- 
le attending  is  not  greater  than  that  of  hiving 
them  when  the  swarms  are  allowed  to  come 
out  in  the  common  manner,  and  the  danger 
of  having  them  go  off,  is  avoided.     Another 
very  great  advantage  of  this  method  is,  the 
young    swarms  commence   working   early, 
by  which  they  are  more  certain  of  laying  up 
sufficient  food  for  winter.     Where  the  com- 
mon shaped  hives  are  to  be   continued,  we 
would  recommend  to  those  who  are  keeping 
j  bees,  to  try  one    or   two   swarms  as   above, 
which  will  give  them  more  satisfactory  ev- 
idence,   either    for  or  against  the  practice, 
than  all  that  can  be  written  on  the   subject- 
The  present  price  of  bees  in  this  section  of 
country,  we  believe  to  be  about  five  dollars 
for  a  good  hive  in  the  spring  ;    such   as    will 
give  on  an  average,  two  swarms  during  the 
summer.     This,    after   deducting    for    the 
trouble  of  the  taking  care  of  them,  is  a  great 
profit.     Each  hive  of  bees  that  are  in   good 
condition  in  the  spring,   will    make  enough 
honey  over  their  own  wants,  to  pay   well  for 
taking  care  of  them,  and  leaving  a  profit  of 
two  hundred  per  cent.     Now  if  this  can  be 
realized,  what  better  business  can  a  farmer 
ask  for?     Surely  we  have  a  land  "flowing 
with  milk  and  honey." 


STRAWBERRIES. 

This  fruit  is   fast   approaching  maturity, 
and  is  highly  valued  by  most  people.  In  order 
to  insure  a  good  crop,  the  gronnd  about  them 
should  be  kept  free  from   weeds,    loose   and 
rich  ;  and  should  the  season  prove  dry,  they 
should  be  frequently  and  plentifully  watered. 
As  the  roots  of  the  plant  run   near   the   top 
of    the    ground,  tbey  are    soon    affected  by 
drought,  which  should  be  carefully  guarded 
against.     At  the  time   of   ripening,  if   tbe 
ground  is  not  covered,  the  dirt  is  dashed  up 
on  the  fruit  which  materially    injures        for 
the  table  ;  as  by  washing  them  to  free  them 
from  it,  the  flavor  is  injured.     The  practice 
formerly,  was  to  spread  straw  amongst  them 
which  had  the    effect  of   keeping  down  the 
weeds,  tbs  earth  cool  and    moist,  and  pre- 
senting the  dirt  being  spattered  upon  them 
by  rain  or  moisture.     It  was  from  the  com- 
mon practice  of  using  straw  amongst   them, 
that  tiiey  derived  the   name  of   strawberry. 
If  the  cultivation  of   this  fruit  was  more  at- 
tended to  and  understood,  we  think  it  would 
be  held  in  higher  estimation-.     It  thrives  well 
in  gardens  in  this  section,  although  it  Is  not 
found  very  abundantly  in  the    fields'.      We 
earnestly  recommend  to  our  readers,   fo  try 
the  experiment  of  raising  new  varieties  from 
seeds;    also    of  marking  those    wild    vines 


their  bwltesto  the  full  length  rtf  ahciv   re^s,    which  produce. large  am)  well  flavored  rhiit, 


and  after  the  season  for  fruit  is  past,  of  re- 
moving them  to  their  gardens,  and  trying  the 
effeet  of  cultivation.  The  English  and 
Scotch  gardeners,  are  constantly  coming  on1 
with  new  varieties,  and  we  like  silly  Jona- 
than's are  paying  them  round  sums  for  their 
pains ;  living  at  the  same  time  in  the  natur- 
al region  of  this  fruit ;  where  nature  produ- 
ces it  without  the  assistance  of  art,  and  where 
thousands  of  varieties  are  plucked  in  the 
fields;  which,  when  taken  into  the  gardens 
and  cultivated,  would  perhaps  be  equal  to 
those  for  which  we  pay  foreigners  one  dollar 
each.  Wre  ought  to  begin  to  think  that  A. 
mericais  capable  of  producing  one  thing  in 
perfection,  even  if  it  is  as  humble  as  a  straw 
berry.  — — 

ON  WEEDING  YOUNG  CROPS* 
"  To  keep  off  the  sun  and  bugs  from  our 
cucumbers,"  was  our  reply   to  our  neighboi 
L.  who  on  seeing  a  parcel  of  weeds  standing 
in  our   garden,    interrogated   us    why  they 
were  left.     We  noticed  the  muscles  of   his 
face  were  a  little  disturbed,  but  nothing  more 
passed  on  the  subject.     Yesterday  as  we  set 
chatting  on   various    subjects,   lie   took  up 
Cobbet's  Gardener,  and  began  very  accident- 
ally reading  his   observations   on  Stocks.-* 
Now  there  has  always  appeared  to  us,  to  be 
such  a  love  of  quackery  in  everything,  with 
this  man,  that  many  of  his  observations  have 
been  underrated  by  us.      Notwithstanding, 
he  has  written  many  very  excellent   things 
both  in  politics  and  horticulture.  Our  neigh 
bor  L.  read  as  follows  : 

I  cannot  help  observing  here,  upon  art 
observation  of  Mr.  Marshall:  as  to  weed- 
ing," say6  he,  "though  seedling  trees  must 
not  be  smothered,  yet  some  small  weeds  may 
be  suffered  to  grow  in  summer,  as  they  hejp 
to  shade  the  plants,  and  to  keep  the  grounf! 
cool." 

"Mercy  on  this  gentleman's  readers  !  Mf» 
Marshall  had  not  read  Tull ;  if  he  had,  he 
never  would  have  written  this  very  erroneous 
sentence.  It  is  the  root  of  the  weed  that' 
does  the  mischief.  Let  there  be  a  rod  of 
ground,  set  even  with  small  weeds,  and  nnoth 
er  rod  kept  weeded.  Let  them  adjoin  each 
other.  Go  after  fifteen  or  twenty  days  of 
dry  weather,  and  examine  the  two  ;  when 
)ou  will  find  the  weedless  ground  moist  and 
fresh  ;  while  the  other  is  dry  as  dust,  to  a 
foot  in  depth  :  the  root  of  the  weed  sucks  \u 
every  particle  of  moisture.  What  pretty 
things  they  are  then,  to  keep  seedling  tree* 
cool." 

After  he  was  gone,  we  went  to  ourcucum* 
bers  and  found  that  the  weeds  had  not  shel- 
tered them  from  the  bugs;  but  that  thev 
were  actually  eaten  more  than  thos.e.  thaf 
were  weeded,  besides  they  were  not  as  farce, - 
We  have  frequently  asked  farmers  when  ra 
have  seen  their  cornfields  full  of  weeds,  ivhj 
they  did  not  hoe  their  corn  ?  and  they  haw 
answered,  "because  the  ground  is  too  div.'; 
It  will  be  found  that  fc'obbet's  theory  in  this 
respect  is  correct.     The  dryei   the   ground, 


Vol  1.— No.  23. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


179 


the  oftener  it  should  be  stirred,  even  where  it 
is  clear  from  weeds.  If  your  corn  is  wilting 
with  the  drought,  hoe  it ;  if  your  cabbages 
droop,  hoe  them  ;  if  the  bugs  eat  your  mel- 
fons  or  cucumbers,  hoe  and  manure  them  ; 
the  more  rapid  their  growth,  the  less  will 
they  be  attacked  with  the  bugs.  A  rusty  boe 
in  June,  is  the  sign  of  a  bad  farmer. 


DROOPING  FLOWERS. 

Mrs.  M.  of  the  Arcade,  informed  us  a 
few  days  since  that  she  had  tried  the  experi- 
ment of  putting  hot  water  into  her  flower 
pots  to  resuscitate  the  drooping  flowers — 
which  succeeded  beyond  her  most  sanguine 
expectations ;  and  that  flowers  which  had 
become  wilted,  revived  and  were  quite  fresh 
for  twenty-four  hours  after.  This  is  well 
worth  the  attention  of  the  ladies,  as  to  ar- 
range a  flower  pot  with  taste,  requires  some 
little  time;  and  if  by  the  application  of  hot 
water,  their  beauty  can  be  continued  for  one 
or  two  days  in  addition  to  their  usual  time 
of  duration,  it  is  quite  desirable.  Few  peo- 
ple but  what  are  fond  of  the  exhibition  of 
flowers,  either  for  the  decoration  of  a  room 
or  table,  and  the  luxury  is  a  cheap  and  harm 
less  one  ;  one  which  Is  calculated  to  call  forth 
reflections  the  most  exalted,  pleasing  and 
iustructive,  when  we  meditate  upon  the  pow 
er  and  goodness  of   Him   who   made  them 

such.  — — — 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY, 

It  is  high  time  the  farmers  of  old  Genesee 
were  up  and  doing,  or  else  those  of  Jefferson 
County  will  carry  off  the  prize.  Although 
we  have  a  climate  more  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  wheat  and  fruit,  yet  they  have  soil 
and  climate  calculated  for  the  grovth  of 
grass,  and  they  are  making  a  good  use  of  the 
blessings  which  they  enjoy.  In  consequence 
of  the  spirit  and  enterprise  of  her  citizens, 
this  county  has  kept  up  her  agricultural  soci- 
ety, and  continued  to  improve  their  stock  of 
horses  and  cattle  to  that  degree,  that  they 
an  becoming  justly  celebrated  for  their 
breeds  of  fine  animals.  We  find  by  the  fol- 
lowing notice,  that  they  are  determined  to 
keep  pace  with  the  improvements  of  the  day, 
and  have  purchased  one  of  the  first  blooded 
h,orses,  which  has  been  imported  into  our 
country  : 

Rated  Horse. — We  understand  that  a 
number  of  gentlemen  of  Watertown,  Jeffer- 
son county,  have  purchased  the  noted  horse 
Roman,  which  was  sent  to  this  country  by 
the  famous  banker  in  London,  Samuel  Will- 
iams, Esq.  who  purchased  him  from  the 
Earl  of  Warwick  at  an  enormous  expense. 
This  horse  is  the  sire  of  the  young  horse  Ro- 
man which  took  the  purse  at  Poughkeepsie, 
onthe  21th  ult.,  beating  6  other  horses. 

In  the  New-England  Farmer  of  Juue 
18th,  1830,  we  find  the  following  notice  of 
the  above  named  horse  : 

Roman  was  purchased  in  England  of  the 
Earl  of  Warwick,  and  his  pedigree  has  been 
traced  in  the  New-Market  Stud-boek  from 
Childers,  the  swiftest  horse  that  ever  ran  o- 
verthe  New-Market  course,  throughout  gen- 
erations of  flie  highest  bred  horses  mares  and 


in  England,  without  a  single  cross  of  inferi- 
or blood.  At  four  years  old  he  won  five, 
and  at  five  years  old  be  won  four  prizes,  and 
has  since  beat  some  of  the  fleetest  horses  in 
England,  over  the  most  celebrated  courses. 

His  color  is  bright  bay;  black  legs,  mane 
and  tail ;  walks  and  trots  well ;  is  very  good 
tempered;  high-spirited  and  active;  15 -| 
hands  high,  and  is  considered  by  judges,  as 
handsome  and  well  formed  a  horse,  as  can 
be  found  in  the  country. 

Such  a  horse  is  an  acquisition  to  the  farm- 
ing interest  of  any  section  of  country,  and 
will  undoubtedly  prove  so  in  this  instancet 
to  the  agriculturists  of  Jefferson  county. 


MANUFACTURES. 

The  number  of  Paper  Mills  in  the  State  of 

New-  Fork,  including  several  new  ones  going 
into  operation  this  summer,   h  60 

Cotton  Manufactoires,  88 

Woollen      do.  208 

lion  do.  202 

Olrrer  incorporated  Manufacturing 
Companies  209 

Estimated  value  of  Manufactured 
Cotton  Goods,  g3,W0,O0O 

Woollen  Goods,  (not  including 
woolens  made  in  families,  or  custom 
work  at  Fulling  Mills,)  3,000,000 

The  value  of  Iron,  drawn  into 
bare,  rolled,  or  in  sheets,estirrrated  at  4,000,000 

The  Value  of  Paper  made  in  the 
State,  is  500,000 

Wool  and  Fur  Hats,  finished  in 
this  State,  3,000,000 

Boots  and  Shoes,  exceeds  5,000,000 

Manufactured  Leather,  3,000,000 

The  Eastern  StateB  and  N-  Jersey,  furnish 
a  large  quantity  of  paper,  of  the  finest  kinds, 
for  the  market  in  New-Yoik.  In  the  article 
of  Boots  and  Shoes,  the  Yankees  and  Jersey, 
men  compete  very  successfully  with  the  man- 
ufactories of  this  state;  but  their  split  leather 
efforts  are  not  very  highly  esteemed.  In  mak- 
ing leather,  this  6tate  goes  far  ahead  of  any 
other  state  in  the  uoion.  In  the  county  oi 
Greene,  alone,  are  above  30  tanneries,  and 
their  operations  require  a  Bank,  which  is  just 
about  to  be  opened. 

Of  the  Woollen  Ntaaufoc{oiie?,lhe  Gtenhaml 
Company,  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  this 
state ;  it  '■  is  situated  on  the  Matteawan 
stream,  two  miles  below  the  village  of  Fish- 
kill,  and  three  miles  from  the  landing,  on  the 
main  road  leading  from  the  village  to  the 
landing.  They  employ  a  capital  of  jj$ 1 50,000 
atid  manufacture  exclusively  broadcloths  from 
$3  to  $10  per  yard.  This  manufactory  is  un- 
rivalled in  the  United  States  for  the  excel 
lence  of  its  cloths — their  exhibition  at  the 
last  October  far  in  the  city  of  New- York,  was 
ot  the  most  superior  description  ;  they  took 
the  first  premium  for  black  and  blue  cloths, 
which  were  pronounced  by  the  judges  to  be 
equal  to  the  best  ever  imported  from  Europe ; 
they  were  sold  at  gl2  per  yard  The  factor} 
is  of  stone  and  brick,  three  stoiies,  150  feet 
by  4*?.    Thej  are  manufacturing  about  22D0 


pounds  of  fleece  wool  into  900  yards  of  broad- 
cloth per  week.  Their  village  contains  20 
tenements.  They  employ  180  men,  women 
and  children,  aud  have  a  sehool  and  church 
in  the  neighborhood.  No  spirituous  liquors 
are  allowed  to  be  sold  at  the  store  or  on  tht 
premises.  The  factory  is  managed  by  Mr>  A 
L.  Ulrich,  under  the  general  direction  of  Mr. 
P.  H.  Schenck  in  New-York,  the  largest  pro* 
prietor.  Such  establishments  are  of  immetvs^ 
impqrtance  to  the  country,  and  creditable  tc 
the  enterprising  owners.  P.  H.  Schenck  &• 
Co.  No.  123  Maiden  lane,  N.  York,  agents'1 

The  "Matteawan  Company"  is  situated  near 
the  ahove.  Capital  employed  $150  000,  vest- 
ed in  buildings  and  the  prosecution  of  their 
business,  which  consists  principally  of  rrranu- 
facfuring  various  kinds  of  cotton  goods,  rrO" 
chinery  for  various  factories,  mill-gearing 
iron  castings  generally,  including  sad  and  hat- 
ters' irons  on  an  extensive  scale;  about  two 
hundred  hands  are  employed  in  all  parts  o 
this  extensive  establishment.  There  are  abouj 
30  dwelling  houses  in  the  village — no  ardent 
spirits  are  drank  there.  Peter  H.  Schenct, 
is  also  agent  for  this  oompany . 

In  Jefferson  county  is  one  of  the  pros! 
splendid  cotton  factories  in  the  Union.  It  Is 
situated  in  the  rivei  at  Watertown,  250  feej 
long,  50  feet  wide,  four  stories  high,  and  buih 
of  stone  ;  it  is  calculated  for  10,000  spindles 
The  water  power  driving  the  machinery  oj 
this  factory,  is  carried  under  the  building;, 
lengthwise  through  the  centre,  and  the  wheels 
and  gearing  completely  protected  from  frost 
There  is  another  factory  in  Watertown,  fdr 
cotton  and  woollen,  1440  spindles,  and  ofte 
for  cotton  at  Brownville,  1500  6pindles. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  OF  NEWSPAPERS,. 

It  is  well  known  that  it  can  be  of  but  little 
profit  to  us,  to  exchange  indiscriminately 
with  the  country  newspaper  publishers  ;  aj 
those  papers  have  hardly  an  original  article 
calculated  for  our  use,  year  in  and  year  out? 
We  however  have  exchanged  liberally,  look- 
ing occasionally  for  a  favorable  notice  of  our 
humble  exertions  in  raising  the  character  oi' 
husbandry  and  domestic  economy.  We. 
have  here  to  acknowledge  that  many  have 
noticed  us,  and  doubtless  beyond  our  deserts.- 
But  there  are  some  publishers  which  copy 
weekly  from  our  sheet,  and  who  do  not  give 
us  the  proper  credit ;  and  in  some  instajicesr 
they  copy  several  articles  and  only  credi 
for  one.  We  only  ask  justice  to  be  done  irs.< 
If  it  should  be  hereafter  withheld  we  stratf 
withhold  the  Farmer. 


June. 
7tli, 


FLOBAL  CALENDAR. 

Roses,  Lillies,  Pinks  and  Grapes,  are  now  in 
flower,  in  the  gardens  ;  and  in  the  woods,  the 
Chesnut  ( Oaslanca,  vcsca-iunerictvla)  is  nott 
coming  into  flower,  the  catkins  being  out  their 
full  length. 

Early  Strawberries  begin  to  ripej?  their  fruV 
This  day  Green  Teas,  Potatoes  of  full  size,  aire 
Cabbage  beads  were  offered  for  sale  in  onr  mar- 
ket. 
Some  very  fine  Strawberries,  raised  by  Mr 

Lancassel,  Brighton,  were  yesterday  to  be  6EeT 

at  the  Arcade  Hdiise,  kept  by  Mr.  Maflltfs- 


I8rt 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


CULTURE  OF  THE  VINE. 

Concluded  from  page  III- 

You  and  I  used  to  discuss  the  subject  of 
the  rise  of  sap  in  plants.  I  should  like  to 
refer  to  it  minutely,  as  it  is  so  connected  with 
the  above  remarks.  I  have  of  late  gathered 
some  new  hints  from  one  of  our  intelligent 
savans,  and  in  the  course  of  a  year  I  may 
have  occasion  to  speak  more  fully  on  this 
topic:  meantime  I  must  continue  my  re- 
marks on  grapes. 

I  think  it  far  better  to  manure  vines  in  the 
autumn,  as  the  rains  wash  the  fertilizing 
principle  to  a  depth  on  a  line  with  the  roots, 

where  it  lies  inactive  until  the  return  of 

spring.     As  soon  as  there  is  sufficient  warmth 
:o  enable  the  sap  to  rise,  the  spongelets  at 
;he  roots  are  excited  to  action,   and  can  re- 
ceive the  decomposed  particles  which  the 
"ases  now  forward  to  them.     If  manure  is 
applied  in  the  spring — and  I  am  speaking  of 
partially  rotted  manure — the  gases,  which  at 
this  stage  of  the  decomposition  are  very  ac-j 
live,  carry  off  the   volatile  particles  before 
:hey  can   reach  the  roots.      All  perennial 
plants  should  be  manured  in  the  fall.     The 
ground    intended   for   all   plants   with  roots 
running  deep  in  the  ground,  should  likewise 
be  manured  in  the   autumn,   and  those  with 
roots  near  the  top,  should  be  manured  in  the 
spring.    But  let  me  go  on  to  speak  of  grapes. 
However  perfect  our  system  of  cultivating 
the  vine  may  be,  it  is  of  no  avail,  unless  we 
can  conquer  the  two  great  evils  to  which  it 
is  subject,  namely,  the  mildew  and  the  vine- 
fretter.     I  do  not   know  which  is  most  des- 
tructive to  the  crop.      The  former  has  an" 
"immediate  effect  on  the   bunches  of  grapes, 
and  the  latter  on  the  leaves,  which,  of  course, 
ultimately  affects  the  grapes;  for,   as  it  is 
well  known,  that  the  leaves  are  the  respira- 
tory organs  of  a  plant,  it  must  be  presumed 
that  whatever  injures  them,  will  have  an  ef-j 
feet  on  the  plant  itself.      As  to  the  mildew,  j 
which  is  a  fungus  arising  from  the  union  of  j 
the  rejected  secretions  of  berry  and  atmos- 
oheric  depositions,  it  is   undoubtedly  owing 
to  the  sudden  changes  in  the  weather,  that 
it  is  so  destructive ;  there  is  no  way  of  pre- 
venting the  disease,  but  by  guarding  against 
these  changes ;  such  as  shading   the   plants 
during  the  hottest  part  of  the  day,  and  cov- 
ering them  at  night,  if  it  be  unusually  cold. 
The  circulation  of  sap  in  the  vine,  owing  to 
:ts  organic  strnclure.and  to  the  great  increase 
and  deep  sinking  of  its  roots,  is  very  rapid  ; 
and  in  the  spring  of  the  year  particularly  so 
— of  course,  the  perspiration  must  be  in  great 
abundance.     If  this  be  suddenly  checked,  as 
is  the  case  in  cold  nights,  after  very  hot  days,  J 
or,  in   fact,   after  a  succession  of  cold  days, 
at  the  period  when  the  berries  are  formed, 
the  pores  are  closed,  and  never  after  recover 
■sufficient  tone  to  be  enabled  to  eject  the  se- 
cretions, or  to  slough  off  the  unwholesome 
Impositions  of  the  atmosphere.      What  this 
.nildew  is  I  cannot  say.      I  have  not  beeni 
able  to  dissolve  it,  either  in  acids  or  alkalies.] 
When  it  first  appears,  it  lies  like  white  frost 
>n  the  berries  ;  but  after  a  day  or  two,  it  be- 
: omes  a  toughly  connected  film,  inclining  to 
"howii  as  the  season  advances.     It  is  not  the 
berries   alone  which  are  alfected  by  the  ob- 
struction; the  branches  and   stems  likewise 
dwindle,  and  look  diseased  ;  they  are  freck- 
led in  irregular  spots,  and  become  stinted  in 
length  and  size. 
The  vine-frettor  is  a  very  small  insect,  not 

•ar'z  r  than  the  soed  of  Madeira  lettuce 

vhich  it  somewhat  resembles  in  color  ami 


June  11,  1831 


shape.     It  multiplies  very  fast,  and  is  not| 
affected  by  heat,  cold,  drought,  or  rain.     I 
have  not  yet  been  able  to  find  out  where  it 
deposits  its  eggs  :  as  soon  as  I  do,I  will  make 
some  attempts  to  destroy  them.     One  would 
think  that  it   could  not  be  in   the  power  of 
such  insignificant  insects  to  injure  the  health 
of  a  large  plant;  but  that  this  is  the  case,  we 
have  only  to  look  at  the  shrivelled  appear- 
ance of  the  leaves.     These  insects  are  nev- 
er seen  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves, 
nor  do  they  rest  for  more  than  a  second  on 
the  under  part.     The  very  moment  we  touch 
the  leaf,  they  jump  off  either  to  another  leaf 
or  on  the  ground.     The  male  is  larger  than 
the  female,  and  is  different  in  colour  and 
marks,  having  horizontal  stripes  on  its  back, 
and  being  of  a  pale  green  colour.     In  two 
weeks  from  the  time  they   commence  their 
operations  on  the  leaves,  the  healthy,  lively, 
appearance  of  the  plant  is  gone  ;  thebunch- 
es  of  grapes  hang  flaccid  and    lifeless  from 
the  stem,  and  the  berries  have  no  flavour. — 
I  have  not  yet  ascertained  whether  the  curcu- 
lio,  another  insect,  of  the  beetle  tribe,  punc- 
tures the  berrien  of  the   grape ;  but  I  know 
that  they  injure  the  leaves  quite  as  much  as 
the  vine  fretters  do.     These  curculios,  (or 
curculiones)  commence  their  work  of  des- 
truction about  a  month  earlier  than  the  vine- 
fretter ;  and  this  year,  but  for  my  vigilance, 
they  would  not  have  left  any  part  of  the  leaf 
untouched.     I   found  that  each  leaf  had  a 
number  of  round  holes  in  it,   about  the  size 
of  a  very  small  pea,  and  I  concluded  for  sev- 
eral days,  that  the  leaf-bee  had  made  the  per- 
forations ;    but  independently   of  the    fact, 
that  the  leaf-bee  cuts  a  semi-circular  piece 
from  the  edge  of  the  leaf.on  closer  inspection 
I  saw  that  a  much  smaller  insect  was  at  work. 
The  curculio  which  I  detected  on  this  grape- 
leaf,   is   different  both  from  the  one   which 
stings  the  pea,  and  the  one  that  stings  fruit. 
It  is  however  more  nearly  resembling  the 
pea-bug,  or  rather  pea-curculio,  having   no 
proboscis.     The    curculio    which   commits 
such  ravages  on   fruit,  has  a  long  proboscis 
rising   immediately  from  the  thorax,  with  2 
feelers  originating  at  the  extremity  of  the 
proboscis,  and   which,  in  a  state  of  rest,  lie 
close  to  it.     These  insects  are  scarcely  the 
third  of  an  inch  long ;  they  are  of  an  oval 
shape,  having  wings   which  enable  them  to 
fly  from  vine  to  vine,  while   those  that  des- 
troy the  fruit  are  capable  of  flying  from  tree 
to  tree. 

I  said  that  I  did  not  know  whether  they  in- 
jured the  berries  of  the  grape  ;  this  doubt  a- 
rises  from  the  circumstance  of  my  having 
but  very  few  grapes  this  summer,  the  cold 
was  so  intense  the  last  winter  that  nearly  all 
the  grape-vines  in  my  neighborhood  were 
frozen  at  the  roots.  Of  course,  not  many 
grapes  could  be  expected  this  season,  as  the 
whole  growth  of  the  vine  has  proceeded  im- 
mediately from  the  roots.  The  cold,  which 
was  so  severe  upon  the  vine  itself,  did  not 
injure  or  decrease  the  number  of  inserts,  for 
never  have  they  been  seen  in  such  numbers. 
Roth  Dr.  Bently  und  young  Haywood  say 
that  they  have  never  seen  a  curculio  on  a 
grape-leaf  before,  and  they  both  agree  like- 


back.  The  one  which  stings  the  fruit  is  of 
a  uniform  dusky  gray  black,  having,  as  I  be- 
fore observed,  a  long  proboscis  with  feelers 
at  the  extremity  ;  whereas  the  feelers  of  the 
curculio  which  perforates  the  grape-leaf,  fc 
that  which  inhabits  the  pea,  proceed  from  the 
thorax. 

Although  these  insects  are  known  in  Eu- 
rope, yet  no  regular  notice  has  been  taken 
of  them.  De  la  Quintinye,  one  of  the  ablest 
of  our  horticulturists,  and  head  gardener  to 
Louis  14th,  speaks  of  preferring  some  kinds 
of  plums  to  others,  "  because  they  were  less 
liable  to  be  stung  by  the  inject,"  but  he  nev- 
er describes  the  insect  itself.  I  suspect  that 
they  are  not  so  destructive  either  in  France 
or  England  as  they  are  in  this  country.  The 
very  instant  that  we  approach  the  vine  oi 
tree,  these  little  creatures  drop  oft'asif  tbev 
were  dead,  and  as  they  make  their  legs  (six 
in  number)  lie  close  to  their  body,  it  is  very 
difficult  to  find  them  on  the  ground,  iii 
fact,  if  we  do  not  see  them  fall,  we  may  look 
for  them  in  vain. 

I  observed  that  vines  of  two  and  three 
years  of  age,  bore  the  last  hard  winter  bene. 
than  either  older  or  younger  ones.  In  fact, 
those  that  were  set  out  the  vear  before,  al! 
perished,  and  the  older  one's  died  down  to 
the  roots.  Even  those  vines  which  were  bu- 
ried deep  and  were  well  protected  from  frosr 
by  means  of  salt  hay  and  manure,  fared  no 
better  than  the  rest,  for  although  the  vines 
did  not  die  down  to  the  ground,  yet  the 
young  wood  shot  out  very  feebly  from  the 
eyes,  and  bore  no  grapes.  On  the  three  vear 
old  vines,  however,  I  h,,d  several  fine  bunch- 
es, and  what  was  very  remarkable,  some  o: 
them  were  the  white  Frontignac,  a  very  de- 
licate grape— and  without  doubt  the  finest 
grape  in  the  world. 

Mr.  Thorn  had  the  charge  of  my  farm  fur 
the  last  year,  being  connected  with  the  for 
mer   owner.     He  took  great  pains  with  my 
grape  vines,   and   having   furnished  all   the 
plants,  he  was  able  to  tell  me  their  names,  of 
which  he  kept  a  list.     He  has  a  hearty  eon 
tempt  for  the  native  grapes,  and  thinks  thai 
no  culture  will  improve  their  goodness,  altho' 
it  may  increase  their  size.     He  pointed  on 
to  me  the  common  fox-grape,  in   a   hedge, 
loaded  with  fine  purple  grapes ;  from  which, 
several  years   ago,  he  took  a   cutting.     H> 
planted  this  cutting  against  a  south  wall,  in 
a  very  rich,  sandy  loam,  where  it  grew  luxu- 
riantly ;  the  third  year    it  bore  immense]) 
large  berries — twice  the  size  of  those  of  tin 
parent  vine.     From  this  cultivated  vine  he 
took  three  slips — one  he  grafted  on   a   red 
Hamburgh— one  on  a  white  Chasselas,  anfl 
one  on   an   Isabella.     The  grafts,   he  says, 
took  finely,   and  he  expected  great  results, 
for  he  was  at  that  time  ignorant  of  the  fact, 
that  the  stem  of  the  vine  did  not  impart  anv 
of  its  own  peculiar  nature  and  character  ffi 
the  graft. 

The  fox-grape  grafted  on  the  red  Ham- 
burgh, grew  ten  feet  the  first  summer  ;  the 
one  on  the  Chasselas  dwindled  and  died  be- 
fore the  summer  was  over  ;  the  one  on  thi 
Isabella  grew  twenty-one  feet  !  The  second 
year  they  both  bore  grapes.  The  one  graft 
d   a    " 


wise  in  asserting  that  the  pea-bog,  and  the  Red  on  the  red   Hamburgh  had  a  hw  small 
curculio  which  perforates  the  grape-leaf,  are  ('bunches,  with  large  berries  ;  the  one  grafted 

on  the  Isabella  had  a  dozen  fine  full  bunch* 


tlii  -.line  insect.  They  certainly  resembl 
each  other  very  much  ;  the  greatest  differ- 
ence is  in  colour  and  marks — The  pea-bug 
is  generally  one  shade  of  colour — a  dusky 
gray  black,  whereas  the  other  is  of  a  dusky 
bro'wn  Muck,  with   '.Town  snots  across  the 


es,  with  berries  the  size  of  the  original  uild 
grape,  but   neither  of  them  had   lost   any  of 
the  fox  taste,  or  the  tough  astringent  pulp. 
It  has  been  several  times  proposed  to  gtal 
(fins  Imported  grapes  on  native  stocks'.     Ms  ■ 


Vol.  1— No.  23. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


181 


ny  persons  have  tried  the  plan,  but  have  rea- 
ped no  benefit.  The  common  fox-grape, 
hardy  as  it  is,  imparts  none  of  its  hardiness 
to  the  foreign  grape  which  is  grafted  on  it. 
If  it  be  a  black  Hamburgh,  or  a  Malaga 
grape,  the  mildew  and  red  rot  will  attack  it 
fjuite  as  soon,  and  as  unresistingly,  as  if  it 
»rew  on  its  own  stock  This  proves,  be- 
yond a  doubt,  that  the  sap-vessels  transmit 
the  sap  to  the  different  parts  of  a  plant,  in 
proportion  as  the  parts  are  adapted  to  receive 
it.  If  a  white  Frontignac  be  engrafted  on 
:i  common  fox-grape,  the  roots  do  not  sepa- 
rate the  aliment  which  is  presented  to  them, 
so  as  to  suit  the  nature  and  wants  of  the  two 
kinds  of  grapes.  The  nutriment  rises  with 
the  sap,  and  each  part  of  the  different 
grapes  abstracts  from  the  rising  fluid  such 
portion  of  it  as  is  adapted  to  its  use.  It  is 
therefore  in  the  organic  structure  of  the 
plant  that  we  must  look  for  the  cause  of  the 
phenomenon. 

We  are  told  that  after  submitting  any  sec- 
tion of  a  plant  to  the  different  chymical  anal- 
yses, every  part  of  it  can  be  reduced  or  al- 
tered, or  made  to  disappear,  excepting  that 
portion  which  is  called  fibrine,  which,  when 
all  the  other  parts  have  been  abstracted,  is 
the  residum.  It  is  perhaps  owing  to  the  pe- 
culiarity of  this  fibrine  that  the  difference 
in  plants  is  so  perceptible  ;  and  that  although 
a  very  intimate  connection  may  take  place 
between  two  plants  by  means  of  budding  or 
grafting.yet  no  further  union  can  occur  than 
what  is  seen  in  the  regular  continuity  of  sap 
vessels.  The  bud  which  we  insert,  howev- 
er, only  adheres  by  a  glutinous  ligament, 
which  unites  the  under  part  of  the  bark  of 
the  bud,  to  the  wood  of  the  limb  in  which  it 
is  inserted. 

But  a  crowd  of  matter  rushes  upon  me  at 
once,  and  you  are  in  danger  of  having  a 
long  treatise  on  the  physiology  of  plants  be- 
fore you  are  ready  to  hear  it.  I  must  there- 
fore, for  the  present,  turn  to  the  practical 
part  of  my  subject,  and  tell  you  that  if  you 
set  a  good  cutting  of  two  feet  length  in  the 
place  where  yow  intend  that  a  grape  shall 
grow,  it  will  take  root  and  thrive  better,  and 
bear  sooner,  than  if  you  plant  a  single  eye, 
or  even  if  you  put  a  rooted  yearliug  there. 
A  good  cutting  is  that  which  is  taken  from 
the  vine  nearest  to  the  stem.  It  should  in 
all  cases  be  two  feet  long,  as  the  droughts 
of  summer  and  the  frosts  of  winter  are  very 
bard  on  rootless  plants.  The  branch  of  a 
very  thrifty  vine, which  is  three  or  four  years 
old,  will  often  grow  to  the  length  of  fifteen 
feet.  I  have  at  this  moment  the  branch  of 
a  red  Muscadel,  which  is  twenty  feet  long, 
the  growth  of  one  year ;  and  yet,  healthy  as 
the  vine  is  from  which  I  intend  to  cut  this 
branch,  I  shall  not  take  more  than  two  cut- 
tings from  it,  and  those  I  shall  get  from  the 
part  which  was  attached  to  the  vine.  All 
above  these  are  good  for  nothing,  as  the 
wood  does  not  come  to  sufficient  maturity. 
■Mr.  Thorn  says  that  nursery  men  are  not  a- 
ware  of  this  circumstance,  and  therefore  of- 
ten lose  a  great  many  yearling  grape  vines 
in  consequence  of  laying  down  cuttings  of 
unripe  wood — Oir  Neighborhood. 

Frqra  tho  New-Eugland  Farmer. 

FORM  OF  A  ROLLER. 

Mb.  Fessenden — Having  lately  seen  two 
or  more  descriptions  of  Rollers  in  the  Far- 
mer, I  will  try  to  give  you  the  description 
of  one  I  lately  saw  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pa.  at  the  farm   of  a   friend  of  mine,  and 


which  he  says  is  the  kind  most  approved  of 
in  parts  of  Chester  County,  Pa.  A  stick  6 
feet  long  and  from  £0  to  S6  inches  in  diame- 
ter is  to  be  bored  through  with  a  five  inch 
hole ;  then  by  placing  blocks  in  each  end, 
find  the  centre  of  each  hole,  and  describe  a 
circle  on  each  end  of  the  stick,  as  large  as 
it  will  admit,  from  which  dress  it  round  and 
smooth,  and  then  with  across  cut  saw  it  in 
two,  which  gives  you  two  pieces  of  3  feet 
each  in  length  ;  next  prepare  a  good  piece 
of  wood  ior  an  axis,  dressed  rouno,  and  one 
fourth  of  an  inch  less  than  the  hole  bored, 
and  long  enough  to  run  through  both  pieces 
and  secure  in  the  frame  with  a  tenon  of  two 
by  four  and  three  fourth  inches  on  each  end  ; 
on  one  end  is  to  be  left  a  shoulder,  inside  of 
the  tenon,  and  on  the  other  a  piece  of  board 
as  a  washer  to  keep  the  roller  clear  of  the 
frame  in  working.  The  frame  consists  of 
two  pieces  before  and  two  behind,  and  one 
on  each  side  ;  into  the  latter  of  which  is  put 
the  axis  after  having  the  two  parts  of  the 
roller  and  the  washer  put  on.  A  tongue  is 
secured  to  the  two  front  pieces  of  the  frame 
with  stay  chains  to  prevent  strain  in  turning, 
and  a  sheath  and  rings  for  breast  chains  on 
the  end,  and  a  pin  hole  at  the  proper  place 
for  a  double  tree,  but  where  oxen  are  used, 
nothing  but  two  pins  near  the  end  of  the 
tongue  is  necessary  ;  and  no  iron  is  used  in 
the  construction,  except  the  stay  chains  and 
sheath.  A  box  for  giving  it  additional 
neigh'.,  or  for  gathering  stones,  may  be  pla 
ceo  either  over  the  top,  or,  as  is  often  done, 
to  k  0uien  the  tongue,  on  the  hind  part  of 
the  tiaine.  The  advantage  of  having  the 
roller  in  two  pieces  is,  that  it  turns  easier, 
and  without  dragging  the  ground,  as  in  a 
short  turn  the  pieces  move  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. 

It  is  said  to  work  admirably. — My  friend 
told  me  that  in  cash  laid  out,  his  roller  costs 
$3 :  the  stuff  he  had  of  his  own  and  took 
no  account  of  hauling  it.  He  had  a  car- 
penter one  and  a  half  days,  whom  he  assis- 
ted, and  paid  for  also  boring.  If  the  fore- 
going description  has  not  been  already  giv- 
en, and  you  think  it  will  be  of  any  use,  you 
may  publish  it. 

A  Pennsylvania  Subscriber. 

May  2,  1831. 

From  the  New-Eugland  Farmer. 

FARMER'S  WORK  FOR  JUNE. 

LUCERNE. 

We  believe  that  the  frequent  complaints 
of  the  failure  of  lucerne  in  this  country 
might  be  traced  to  the  tenderness  of  the 
young  plants,  and  the  soil  becoming  monop- 
olized by  want  of  thorough  culture  the  first 
season.  Yonng's  Calendar  for  June,  says, 
"The  lucerne  drilled  in  the  spring,  will 
now  want  attendance.  It  will  not  be  advi- 
sable to  horse  hoe  it  the  first  year,  because 
its  great  tenderness  will  not  bear  any  acci- 
dental evils  that  may  arise  in  the  operation, 
but  the  hand  hoe  should  be  kept  diligently 
at  work  ;  the  land  kept  throughout  this 
month  perfectly  free  from  weeds,  and  the 
surface  well  broken  by  hoes,  to  prevent  any 
degree  of  binding.  While  the  men  are  hoeing 
they  should  never  omit  to  stoop  and  pluck  out 
such  weeds  with  their  lingers  as  grow  among 
the  plants  in  the  rows  :  this  is  highly  neces- 
sary ;  for  if  they  are  left  they  will  injure 
the  young  lucerne  much.  Whoever  culti- 
vates the  grass,  must  absolutely  determine 
to  spare  no  expense  in  the  eradication  of 
weeds.     There,   is  no    plant   will  bear   the 


neighborhood  of  weeds  so  badly,  and  espe 
cialiy  while  it  is  youn?.  If  the  hand  hoe- 
are  applied  in  time  and  often  enou-gb.the  ex- 
pense will  not  be  great ;  but  if,  through  sa- 
ving, you  defer  it  till  they  are  gotten  mucl. 
ahead,  the  crop  will  either  be  lost,  or  the  ex 
pense  of  clearing  enormous. 

KILL   CATERPILLARS. 

It  is  strange  that  the  owners  of  orchard? 
should  permit  caterpillars  to  overrun  their 
fruit  trees,  when  a  little  time  and  attention 
might  rid  them  of  tho  nuisance.  A  rag 
fastened  to  the  end  of  a  long  light  pole, 
well  wet  with  strong  soap  suds,  and  applied 
to  the  nest  is  an  approved,  cheap  and  effi- 
cient remedy.  Care  should  be  taken  to  at- 
tack the  insects  when  they  are  in  their  nests, 
either  morning,  evening,  or  in  cloudy  wea- 
ther. 

TOTJNG    FRUIT    TREF.3. 

Sir  John  Sinclair  observes  in  the  Code  of 
Agriculture,  "  It  cannot  be  too  strongly  in- 
culcated that  to  permit  young  fruit  trees  to 
bear  fruit  too  early,  is  to  do  essential  injury 
to  their  future  fruitfulness  and  duration." — 
The  fruit  should,  at  least  on  young  trees,  be 
thinned  by  plucking  it  carefully  by  hand,  till 
there  is  no  more  left  than  will  be  sufficient 
to  serve  as  a  sample  of  the  product  of  the 
tree,  and  show  whether  it  would  be  desira- 
ble to  engraft  it. 

PESTRUCTION    OF  INSECTS. 

In  the  progress  of  preparing  tobacco  foi 
use,  a  liquid  is  finally  expressed  from  it, 
which  is  very  cheap,  and  highly  destructive 
to  animal  life.  This  mixed  with  from  three 
to  five  parts  of  water,  is  found  to  be  an  ef- 
fectual remedy  for  the  aphis,  caterpillars, 
and  other  insects  of  every  description. 

TAR   FOR   SHEEP. 

We  have  been  assured  by  a  gentleman, who 
kept  a  large  flock  of  sheep,  that,  during  the 
season  of  grazing  he  gives  his  sheep  tar  at 
the  rate  of  a  gill  a  day  for  every  twenty 
sheep.  He  puts  the  tar  in  troughs,  sprin- 
kles a  little  fine  salt  over  it,  and  the  sheep 
consume  it  with  eagerness. 

SALT  FOR  CATTLE  ASD  SHEEP. 

All  domestic  animals,  which  subsist  on 
green  and  fresh  food  require  salt.  It  is  rec- 
ommended to  keep  it  under  cover,  in  such  a 
situation  that  cattle  and  sheep  may  have  re- 
course to  it  at  pleasure.  Those  cattle,  how- 
ever, which  have  not  been  accustomed  to  so 
free  an  use  of  salt  should  be  brought  to 
it  by  degrees.  We  have  been  informed  by  a 
practical  farmer  that  in  giving  salt  to  his 
cattle  and  sheep,  he  mixes  it  with  unleached 
wood  ashes.  To  this  composition  his  cattle 
and  sheep  always  have  access.  He  thinks 
it  increases  the  appetite  and  improves  the 
health  of  the  animals. 

COPPERAS    WATER   FOR   SEED    CORN. 

We  have  several  times  adverted  to  contra- 
dictory testimonies  relative  to  the  benefits  o;" 
a  solution  of  copperas  for  soaking  seed  corn. 
We  recently  conversed  with  an  intelligent 
farmer,  who  assures  us  that  he  has  used  the 
solution  for  several  years  and  found  it  a  per- 
fect antidote  against  the  wire-worm,  or  red- 
worm,  an  insect  which  attacks  the  seed  eorn 
under  ground  before  it  vegetates, — Thatlasi 
season,  he  planted  a  part  of  a  field  with 
orn  prepared  with  copperas  water,  but  not 
having  enough  prepared  to  finish  the  piece, 
a  few  rows  were  planted  with  corn,  without 
any  preparation.  Most  of  the  latter  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  wire-worm,  but  the  prepared 
corn  wholly  escaped.  He  says,  however, 
that  the  splution  of  copperas  is  not  a  prefe-- 


iH2 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


June  11,  1831, 


vative  against  the  cut-worm.  This  last  na- 
med insect  is  an  ash  colored  worm,  with  a 
stripe  almost  black  on  its  back,  which  eats 
off  the  stem  of  the  young  plants  of  cabba- 
ges, cauliflowers,  fkc.  as  well  as  of  corn, near 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  This  gentleman 
is  of  opinion  that  the  solution  of  copperas 
is  a  perfect  antidote  against  the  wirt-worm, 
but  of  no  use  against  the  cut-worm ;  and 
thus  reconciles  the  apparent  contradiction 
relative  to  the  solution  of  copperas  preserv- 
ing corn  against  insects. 

DESTRUCTION    OF    INSECTS. 

Forsyth  says  the,  leaves  of  walnut,  steeped 
rn  boiling  water,  and  that  infusion  mixed 
with  lime  water,  soap  suds,  and  urine,  are 
found  very  efficacious  for  destroying  slugs 
and  worms  in  the  ground  and  insects  on 
trees. 

TO    PRESERVE    INDIAN  CORN  AND  POTATOES 
AGAINST    THE    GRUB   WORM. 

The  farmers  of  Rensselaer  county,  N.  Y. 
jay  that  ashes  or  quick  liine  ought  always 
to  be  applied  to  the  top  of  corn  hills  soon 
after  planting,  if  it  follow  sward,  to  prevent 
grub  larvx  from  destroying  it.  The  same 
amplications  will  have  a  similar  effect,  if  ap- 
plied to  the  top  of  potatoe  hills  ;  but  neither 
un'eached  ashes  nor  lime  in  its  quick  or 
caustic  state  should  in  any  case  be  allow- 
ed to  come  in  contact  either  with  the-  seed 
corn  or  with  the  young  plants. 

SOILING 

Is  a  term  applied  to  the  practice  of  cuf- 
fing herbage  crops  green  for  feeding  or  fat- 
tening live  stock.  On  all  farms,  under  cor 
rect  management,  a  part  of  this  crop  is  cut 
green,  for  the  working  horses,  often  for  milk 
cows,  and,  in  some  instances,  both  for  grow- 
ing and  fattening  cattle.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  of  the  advantages  of  this  practice,  in 
regard  to  horses  and  cows ;  but  for  young 
and  for  fattening  beasts,  a  sufficient  number 
of  experiments  are  not  known  to  have  been 
yet  made  with  any  great  degree  of  accura- 
cy. Young  animals  require  exercise  in  the 
open  air,  and  probably  will  not  be  found  to 
thrive  so  well  in  houses  or  fold-yards  during 
summer,  as  in  pastures  j  and  though  in  ev- 
ery case  there  is  a  great  saving  of  food,  the 
long  woody  and  comparatively  naked  stems 
of  the  plants,  with  leaves  more  or  less  with- 
ered, are  perhaps  not  so  valuable  in  the  pro- 
duction of  beef  or  fattening  stock  as  a  much 
smaller  weight  of  herbage  taken  in  by  pas- 
turage. Milch  cows,  however,  are  so  impa- 
tient of  heat  and  insects,  that  this  way  off 
feeding  them  at  least  for  part  of  the  day,  in 
warm  weather,  ought  to  be  more  generally 
adopted ;  and  the  convenience  of  having 
working  horses  always  at  hand,  besides  that 
they  fill  their  stomachs  speedily,  is  of  not 
less  importance  than  economy.  See  Com- 
munications to  the  Board  of  Agriculture, 
vol.  vii.  Brown's  Treatise  on  Rural  Affairs, 
vol.  ii.  General  Report  of  Scotland,  vol.  ii. 
and  iii.  ■■ 

CULTURE    OF  SILK. 

We  are  happy  to  learn  that  several  public 
spirited  individuals  in  this  vicinity  are  ma- 
king exertions  to  introduce  the  culture  of 
silit  into  Massachusetts,  One  gentleman 
1:1  Middlesex  County  intends  to  have  under 
culture  next  year  one  million  of  white 
mulberry  trees,  which  will  be  sold  at  the 
Jyare  nominal  cost.  He  has  now  growing 
a  large  number  of  trees,  and  is  making 
preparations  to  raise  three  hundred  thousand 
Mr.  D'FIomergueof  Philadel 


and  invited  to  establish  a  silk  Filature  at 
Lowell,  which  he  is  willing  to  do  as  soon  as 
cocoons  are  raised  in  this  quarter  in  a  suffi- 
cient degree  to  justify  it.  The  general  in- 
troduction of  the  culture  of  silk  into  New 
England  would  justly  be  considered  an  aus- 
picious era  in  the  agricultural  prosperity  of 
the  country.— lb. 


es.     We  should   be  glad  to  obtain  the  flies' 
for  preservation  ;  and  if  they  shall  have  pro- 
duced eggs  a  few  would  be  very  acceptable 
— American  Farmer. 


ON  REAPING  WHEAT. 

To  the  Ediior  of  the  Virginia  Herald  : 

Sip. — As  the  time  of  harvest  is  approach- 
ing, I  address,  through  your  paper,  my  bro- 
ther farmers,  on  the  importance  of  allowing 
wheat  intended  for  sowing,  to  be  entirely 
ripe  before  reaping.  Accident  last  year, 
and  eye-sight  this  year,  have  convinced  me 
of  the  propriety  of  this  course. 

In  the  year  1829,  having  selected  by  hand 
some  ears  of  Mexican  wheat,  and  sowed  it 
in  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  it  was  forgotten 
last  year,  until  my  little  son  reminded  me 
that  it  ought  to  be  gathered.  It  was  then 
from  seven  to  ten  days  after  my  other  wheat 
of  the  same  kind  had  been  cut. — This  wheat 
was  then  gathered  and  deposited  in  a  bag. 
Last  Octobor,  this  wheat  was  seeded  on  the 
same  day,  in  the  same  manner,  aud  adjoin- 
ing to  other  Mexican  wheat.  No  selection 
of  land  was  made  for  it,  as  no  experiment 
was  intended.  It  has  survived  the  fly,  and 
the  last  severe  winter,  with  little  injury,  but 
not  more  than  one  third  of  the  adjoining 
wheat  has  been  left  alive.  From  its  present 
appearance,  it  will  produce,  I  believe,  two 
thirds  more  than  its  adjacent  neighbor. 

Can  the  keeping  in  the  bag  be  the  cause 
of  this  superiority  ?  I  believe  not,  because 
in  several  previous  years,  seed  wheat  has 
been  kept  by  me  in  bags,  and  no  similar  re- 
sult has  taken  place  ;  my  inference  thence, 
is,  that  this  difference  must  be  owing  to  the 
entire  ripeness  of  the  seed.  Should  any 
reader  of  this  communication  have  donbts 
on  this  subject,  it  would  give  me  great  plea- 
sure to  show  them  the  growing  wheat,  which 
will  convince,  I  should  think,  the  most  scep- 
tical. 

From  my  twenty -four  years  experience  as 
a  farmer,  I  am  also  satisfied,  that  the  smut 
is  mainly  attributable  to  unripe  seed  wheal. 
My  seed  wheat  has  been  always  riper  than 
that  of  my  neighbours,  and  during  that  pe- 
riod,! have  never  seen  but  six  smutted  heads 
in  my  own  crops.  In  a  conversation  with 
the  late  Mr.  Isaac  Williams,  he  confirmed 
my  opinion,  by  stating  to  me  the  same  prac- 
tice of  one  of  his  nearest  neighbors,  attend- 
ed by  the  most  entire  success. 

In  making  this  communication,  'he  inter 
est  of  wheat-growers  is  my  sole  object,  and 
if,  by  it,  their  crops  should  be  incieased,  it 
will  contribute  to  the  happiness  of  vour  o- 
bedient  servant,  JOHN  TAYLOR. 

Liberty  Hill,  Caroline. 


this  season. 

phis  has  been  consulted  with  on  (he  subject  Itween  the  extremctiesof  its  wings  six  inch 


NATIVE  SILKWORMS. 

We.  are  informed  that  a  lady  near  George- 
town, D.  C.  has  a  couple  of  cocoons  of  the 
native  silkworm,  of  so  extraordinary  n  size 
that  a  description  of  them  and  the  fly  that 
has  come  out  of  them  is  deemed  worthy  of 
publication.  The  cocoon  is  fully  as  large 
as  a  turkey's  egg,  and  resembles  that  of  the 
common  silkwerm  >u  other  respects,  except 
in  the  fibre,  which  looks  like  flax.  The  fly 
isveiy  beautiful,  and  very  large,  the  size  of 
it  wren.  Its  antenna:  are  black,  legs  and 
jback   red,   body   striped.     It  measures  be- 


THE  POTATO. 

We  are  aware,  that  we  have  given  our 
readers  hitherto,  several  notices  res_pectinp 
the  potato ;  but,  this  being  a  root  that  ad- 
ministers so  extensively  to  the  wants  of  the- 
poor,  and  to  the  comforts  of  the  rich,  we  a 
vail  ourselves  of  an  extract  from  the  Ad- 
dress of  Ben.i.  Franklin  Butler,  Esq. 
to  the  Albany  Institute,  April  23d,  1830,  foi 
a  more  particular  history  of  this  esculent, 
than  we  have  before  seen  : 

"  As  agriculture  furnishes  to  all  classes- of 
society,  the  chief  support  of  animal  life, and 
is  the  principal  basis  of  national  wealth,  its 
improvement  has  ever  been  considered,  by1 
reflecting  miiids,  an  object  of  primary  im* 
portance.  Having  no  practical  knowledge 
of  the  art,  I  shall  not  enter  into  details;  but 
I  will  venture  to  say,  that  there  is,  in  many 
parts  of  the  state,  great  room  for  improve' 
ment,  if  not  in  the  mode  of  cultivation,  at 
least  in  the  quality  of  the  articles  produced. 
On  this  latter  point,  these  who  have  no 
knowledge  of  husbandry,  may  yet  be  per 
mitted  to  express  an  opinion.  To  illustrate 
what  is  intended  by  these  remarks,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  avoid  prolixity,  a  single  ar- 
ticle has  been  selected — it  shall  be  an  hum- 
ble one- — THE  POTATO. 

The  value  of  this  vegetable  as  an  afticle 
of  food,  not  only  for  man,  but  for  various 
domestic  animals,  is  well  understood.  It 
must  also  be  well  known,  that  there  are  ma-' 
ny  varieties,  differing  greatly  in  flavor,  in 
nutrition,  and  in  healthfulness.  Indeed, 
there  is  no  article  of  food  in  which  diverse 
ties  of  this  sort  exist  to  so  great  a  degree  ; 
as  will  readily  be  admitted  by  those  wbc 
have  compared  the  kidney  or  pink-eye,  (Va 
rieties  recently  introduced)  with  the  strong, 
clammy,  and  indigestible  roots,  formerly 
grown  in  such  abundance  in  this  vicinity. — 
I  do  not  know  how  it  may  be  in  other  parts 
of  the  state,  but  I  am  persuaded  that  in  this 
city,  four-fifths  of  the  potatoes  that  are 
brought  to  market  are  of  the  old  varieties 
Here  then  is  a  subject  for  improvement- 
one  too  of  great  importance.  Probably 
three-fourths  of  our  population  use  the  po- 
tato as  a  part  of  their  daily  food  ;  and  sure- 
ly the  supplying  so  many  persons  with  the 
article,  in  a  form  the  most  healthful,  pala 
table  and  nutritious,  cannot  be  a  small  ques- 
tion. 

This  however  is  but  a  narrow  view  of  the 
subject.  We  are  not  to  limit  our  reflections 
to  our  present  population.  We  are  to  look 
forward  to  the  time  when  even  the  sterile 
mountainous  regions  which  are  now  rarely- 
trodden  by  the  foot  of  man,  will  have  their 
thousands  of  human  beings,  whose  suste- 
nance is  to  spring  almost  exclusively  from 
the  soil.  On  what  are  they  to  be  subsisted  ? 
Doubtless  a  great  proportion  of  them  on  the_ 
potato  ;  for  among  the  valuable  qualities  of" 
this  vegetable,  may  be  enumerated  the  facts,, 
that  it  may  be  grown  where  wheat  and  other 
bread  corns  will  not  succeed  ;  that  it  may 
be  cultivated  with  success  in  almost  cverjf 
variety  of  soil  ;  and  that  it  yields  an  abund- 
ant return  to  the  labors  of  the  cultivator.and 
i*  almost  alwa> ;  a  sure  crop.     Next  there- 


Vol.  1.— No.  23. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


183 


fbre  to  the  cultivation  and  improvement  of 
wheat,  the  great  staple  production  of  this 
state,  there  is  nothing  more  justly  entitled 
to  the  attention  of  agriculturists  than  the 
potato ',  and  he  who  shall  persuade  our  far- 
mers to  abandon  the  inferior  qualities,  and 
to  select  and  perpetuate  the  best,  will  not 
only  deserve,  but  I  doubt  not  receive  the  ho- 
nors of  a  public  benefactor.  I  am  happy  to 
add,  tbat  one  of  our  most  scientific  and  en- 
lightened agriculturists — (one  too,  who  has 
already  laid  the  horticulture  and  husband- 
ry of  New  York  under  great  obligations,)  is 
now  devoting  much  of  his  attention  to  the 
•cultivation  of  the  potato.  To  wish  him  the 
highest  success  in  his  endeavors — is  not  less 
the  dictate  of  patriotism  and  philanthropy, 
than  of  kind  feeling  and  personal  respect.* 

But  my  reference  to  this  vegetable  must 
not  terminate  with  the-  observations  just 
made.  It  furnishes  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting and  beautiful  illustrations  of  the  ben- 
efits which  science  has  conferred  on  man- 
kind. 

The  potato  is  a  native  of  America ;  and 
though  'in  nonor  of  its  introduction  into 
Europe  has  been  divided  between  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  and  others,  yet  it  admits  of  no 
doubt  that  the  old  world  is  indebted  for  this 
addition  to  its  prodacts,to  the  science  of  na- 
vigation and  the  labors  of  the  naturalist. — 
Throughout  all  Europe,  it  is  now  a  most 
important  article  of  food,  and  its  introduc- 
tion into  that  continent  has  more  than  in- 
demnified it  for  all  it  has  lost  by  emigration 
to  the  new  world.  The  Irish  were  the  first 
who  turned  it  to  account,  and  it  now  forms, 
as  is  well  known,  the  principal  food  of  their 
laboring  population.  The  French  pro- 
Scribed  it,  because  it  was  imagined  that  va- 
rious disorders  were  occasioned  by  its  use. 
It  was  more  than  two  centuries  before  the 
popular  prejudices  existing  against  itin  tbat 
country,  were  entirely  overcome,  and  then 
only  by  the  instrumentality  of  a  scientific 
chemist — the  distinguished  Parmentier. — 
The  zealous  and  successful  exertions  of  this 
benevolent  man,  were  so  honorable  to  his 
Character  and  so  useful  to  his  species,  that  I 
cannot  resist  the  opportunity  of  noticing 
those  to  which  I  have  referred,  a  little  more 
particularly.  He  was  employed,  during  the 
war  of  1706,  in  the  hospital  department  of 
the  army  ef  Hanover,  and  in  consequence 
of  his  zeal  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge, 
which  often  led  hiin  to  imprudent  exposures, 
he  was  five  times  taken  prisoner,  and  more 
■than  once  subjected  to  the  horrors  of  famine. 
Whilst  in  prison  he  frequently  had  no  other 
food  than  the  potatoe,  then  beginning  to  be 
Cultivated,  though  neither  valued  nor  under- 
stood, in  the  German  States.  His  scientific 
knowledge  enabled  hiin  to  analyze  the  qual- 
ities of  the  root,  and  to  discover  the  uses  to 
which  it  could  be  applied.  After  the  peace 
of  1768,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  pursued 
with  ardor  every  branch  of  science  connec- 
ted with  the  support  of  animal  life  ;  and  it 
was  not  long  before  he  had  an  opportunity 
of  rendering  his  knowledge  most  useful  to 
the  public,  The  dearth  in  1769  called  the 
attention  of  the  French  ministers  and  sa- 
tans  to  the  vegetaoles  which  were  calculated 
to  supply  the  place  of  bread  corn ;  and  the 

"Jesse  Buel,  Esq.  The  lafe  Chief  Justice 
Spencer,  whoae  time  is  now  chiefly  devoted 
to  the  honorable  pursuits  of  practical  agricul- 
ture, has  also  beslmvcid  much  care  on  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  potato,  and  has  3~uccce<Tud  in 
producHri*  trrp  ncrst  Cjiiakliest 


potato  was  introduced  into  several  districts. 
The  old  clamor  was  revived  ;  and  the  veget- 
able was  again  proscribed,  and  would  have 
been  rejected  as  poisonous,  if  Parmentier,  in 
a  prize  discourse  submitted  to  the  academy  I 
of  Besancon  in  1773,  on  the  "  vegetables 
which  in  limes  of  scarcity,  may  supply  the 
place  of  those  that  are  usually  employed  for 
the  nourishment  of  man,"  and  in  a  "  che- 
mical examination  of  the  potato"  submitted 
to  the  comptroller  general  in  the  same  year, 
had  not  vindicated  its  character  and  demon- 
strated its  usefulness.  Nor  did  his  exer- 
tions stop  here.  He  cultivated  it  himself  ; 
he  persuaded  the  nobility  to  place  it  on  their 
'tables;  he  induced  the  king  to  wear  a  bou- 
Iquetof  potato-blossoms  in  full  court,  on  the 
jday  of  a  solemn  fete  ;  he  studied  the  most 
palatable  modes  of  culinary  preparation;  and 
on  one  occasion,  he  gave  a  dinner  consisting 
only  of  potatoes,  but  of  potatoes  served  up 
j in  twenty  different  forms.  The  opposition 
ihe  was  obliged  to  encounter  may  be  judged 
'of  from  the  fact,  that  when  it  was  proposed 
[during  the  revolution,  to  elect  him  to  a  mu- 
nicipal office,  he  was  opposed  on  the  ground 
that  "  Ae  mould  make  the  common  people  eat 
nothing  but  potatoes,"  for,  (said  one  of  the 
voters)  "  it  is  hexvho  invented  them."  These 
efforts  were  continued,  in  connection  with 
many  others  of  the  like  nature,  during  a 
long  life  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  mankind. 
His  favorite  vegetable  came  into  general 
use ;  and  with  complete  success.  Whole 
districts  formerly  barren  were  fertilized  and 
rendered  habitable ;  and  his  old  age  was 
crowned  with  the  delightful  reflection,  that 
on  two  several  occasions,  great  numbers  of 
his  countrymen  had  been  saved  from  the 
horrors  of  famine,  through  his  instrumen- 
tality. 

The  principle  of  these  remarks  might  be 
extended  to  every  other  department  of  hus- 
bandry, and  to  every  other  of  its  products. 
The  thinness  of  our  population,  and  the  fa- 
cilities for  obtaining  land,  have  heretofore 
contributed  to  keep  down  the  character  of 
our  agriculture  ;  but  the  time  has  arrived 
when  it  begins  to  demand  the  closest  at- 
tention. Not  only  is  our  population  con- 
stantly augmenting,  but  our  best  soils  having 
been  first  brought  into  cultivation,  we  must 
rely  on  the  improvements  of  the  future,  to 
make  not  only  our  inferior  soils  productive, 
but  those  of  the  first  quality  also,  more  pro- 
ductive than  heretofore.  To  effect  this,  re- 
sort must  be  had  to  the  physical,  mechani- 
cal and  experimental  sciences,  all  of  whieh 
have  a  direct  connection  with  the  art  of  ag- 
riculture, and  for  that  reason  alone,  inde- 
pendently of  other  considerations,  are  enti- 
tled to  our  special  regard." 


TO  SAVE  SEEDS. 

All  seeds  keep  better  in  their  seed  vessels 
but  this  can  rarely  be  done,  on  account  of 
the  great  space  occupied.  As  soon,  there- 
fore, as  the  pods  of  cabbages,  turnips,  rad- 
ishes, &c.  turn  brown,  and  a  part  become 
dry,  the  stems  should  be  cut  and  laid  on  a 
cloth  or  floor  to  dry,  and  afterwards  thrash- 
ed out,  and  hung  up  in  bags  in  some  open 
airy  place.  Lettuces  should  be  pulled  up 
with  the  roots,  as  soon  as  there  is  the  least 
appearance  of  maturity,  and  hung  up,  and 
the  plants  will  ripen  all  of  their  seeds,  near- 
ly at  the  same  time.  If  left  in  the  garden 
to  ripen,  the  earliest  and  best  will  be  lost ; 
in  fact,  except  under  very  favorable  circum- 
stmiccX  very  few  will  be  obtained,  as- every 


shower  and  every  strong  breeze  will  lessen 
the  quantity,  and  scatter  those  which  arp 
mature  over  the  whole  garden.  The  same 
course  should  be  pursued  with  leaks  and  on 
ions.  It  is  a  prevalent  opinion  that  the  bush 
squash  cannot  be  perpetuated  among  us,  as 
such  have  a  strong  tendency  to  run,  and  will 
in  one  or  two  seasons  become  a  vine.  Thb 
is  a  mistake,  and  has  originated,  no  doubt, 
in  the  manner  of  saving  the  seed.  If  the 
first  squashes  which  appear  be  retained  for 
seed,  there  is  no  danger  of  the  plant  run- 
ning the  next  season  ;  but  if  these  be  used 
and  those  which  are  borne  at  the  extreme- 
ties  are  preserved  for  this  purpose,  they  will 
run,  and  moreover  will  be  later  in  bearing. 
To  have  early  fruit  of  either  the  squash,  cu 
cumber  or  melon,  the  very  first  should  b? 
reserved.— Southern  Agriculturist. 

TREE  PCEONY. 
The  Hon.  Jonathan  Huneivell  has  sent  to 
the  office  of  the  New  England  Farmer  a 
beautiful  specimen  of  this  magnificent  plant. 
It  is  three  feet  high,  covered  with  30  blos- 
soms, some  of  which  are  18  inches  in  cir- 
cumference, of  a  light  purple  colour,  inter- 
mingled with  some  paler  shades,  and  of  a 
mild  agreeable  fragrance.  This  plant  is  ex- 
tensively cultivated  in  China,  of  which  they 
have  several  varieties,  some  of  which  it  i< 
said,  were  formerly  sold  for  one  hundred 
ounces  of  gold.  It  is  there  held  in  such 
high  esteem,  as  to  be  called  the  "  King  of 
Flowers."  Mr.  Prince  of  Flushing  has  spe- 
cimens in  his  garden  that  have  produced  5<i 
flowers  each,  annually. — N.  E-  Farmer. 


Splended  Mechanical  Exhibition. — We 
called  a  few  evenings  ago  and  spent  an 
hour  in  examining  the  Mechanical  Exhi- 
bition of  Mr.  Morgan,  at  Mr.  South's  Ci- 
ty Tavern.  The  machines  are  a  Picker, 
Carding  Machine,  Drawing  Machine, 
Speeder  for  Roping,Throstle  frame,  with 
12  spindles  for  spinning,  Spool  Winder, 
Power  Loom,  Card  and  Condenser,  Jack 
for  Spinning,  Gig  for  raising  the  Nap, 
Shearing  Machine,  and  a  Card  Sticker, 
all  arranged  upon  an  elevated  platform  oV 
33  feet  in  length  by  8  in  breadth,  and  the 
whole  in  rapid  operation  by  the  power 
of  dogs  placed  on  an  inclined  plane  at 
the  end.  The  machinery  is  the  most 
splended  we  ever  saw,  and  perfect  in  all 
its  parts. — Tnte.  Am. 


METEOROLOGICAL,   TABLE, 

for  the  vcek  ending 

Jxuie  4,  1831 . 

« 

Sis  2  |"S 

FBre  of  Ure 

1 

a 

it 

86139,62 

S 

Sky. 

Observations 

u> 

fair 

E 

70  49,55 

e 

do 

limp.  2  o'clock  92  dej 

in 

H 

86 129,62 

8  W 

fair 

E 

72 129,58 

U> 

do 

31 

H 

90I29.63     w 

fair 

E 

70  29,60|  w 

do 

1 

M 

PR 

29,70|  u> 

da 

t: 

76 

29,03    a 

do 

tanp.  2  oVlock  M  d^ 

o 

H 

89 

29.05 

to 

do 

E 

74  29,54 

w 

i° 

temp.  2  o'clock  92  teg. 

1 

U 

92  29  45 

9 

do 

K 

70 

29,26 

to 

do 

tt,mp~  2  o'clock  95  doj 

4 

,11 

76 

29,30 

u 

rain 

1-10 

E 

65 

29.30 

8  t 

do 

,3-10 

XTTfu  BaromfctTital  and  Thermcm ethical  observa 
tio.n»are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A.M.  and  P.  M.,uhic!t 
by  along  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  lhat  tuitx  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  tXt 
relative  heat  df  a  day  (Jean  anjf  ether  time. . 

Hon.  Thomas  Chilton.— Tbe  U.  S.  Tele- 
graph contradicts  on  late  information  He  ru- 
mor tf  the  disease  of  tbls  gentleman. 


184 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  11,  1831 


From  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 

THE  HURON  COUNTRY. 

This  is  situated  south  and  south-west  of 
lake  Superior,  west  of  lake  Michigan,  north 
of  Illinois  and  east  of  the  Mississippi.  By  late 
treaties  with  certain  Indian  tribes,  the  In- 
lian  title  to  6,000,000  acres  of  land,  situate 
within  this  Territory  has  been  extinguished. 
The  great  lead  mines  are  on  the  south  part. 
These  mines  have  been  worked  only  about 
three  years,  by  comparatively  few  persons, 
under  everypossible  disadvantage  and  almost 
thirty  millions  of  pounds  of  lead  have  been 
made  there  !  The  mineral  used  by  the  mi- 
ners is  a  sulphuret  of  lead  yielding  from  5C 
to  87  per  cent,  of  pure  lead.  It  is  found  in 
veins  invariably  tunning  from  north  to 
south,  or  from  east  to  west.  There  is  one 
vein,  twenty  rods  long  and  sixty  feel  wide, 
and  extending  downwards  to  an  unknown 
depth,  which  is  filled  with  ore  that  is  nearly 
pure  lead. 

The  lead  ore  occupies  about  one  hundred 
miles  square  of  surface,  except  about  twenty 
miles  by  four  or  five  of  copper  ore,  included 
within  the  aforesaid  one  hundred  miles 
square.  Thirty  millions  of  pounds  of  lead 
have  been  made  in  the  mineral  region,  and 
not  more  than  one  mile  square  of  surface 
has  been  opened  for  ore!  Without  opening 
one  new  mine,  30,000,000  pounds  more  of 
lead  might  be  made  there. 

The  country  now  ours  by  the  late  trea- 
ties, will  forever  affoid  lead  enough  for  this 
nation,  at  as  low  a  rate  as  can  be  desired. 

A  strip  of  land,  20  miles  by  4  or  5  miles, 
in  which  Mineral  Point  is  situated,  is  filled 
with  a  sulphuret  of  copper,  170  tons  of  which 
had  been  dug,  on  the  first  of  September 
last.  Not  having  been  smelted,  its  value  is 
siot  yet  tested,  though  its  appearance  indi- 
ates  a  rich  copper  ore. 
Besides  these  mines,  the  only  broken  and 
sterile  part  of  this  Territory  adjoining  lake 
Superior,  is  known  to  possess  copper  mines. 
The  great  mass  of  pure  native  copper,  it  is 
said,  lies  in  the  bed  of  the  river  Ontona- 
gon, which  empties  into  lake  Superior  on 
the  south. 

The  climate  of  Huron  is  beyond  the  influ- 
ence of  the  lakes,  and  is  remarkably  fine 
and  pure,  (remarks  Mr.  Caleb  Atwater,  who 
accompanied  the  negotiators  in  making  the 
Indian  treaty  before  alluded  to.)  The  table 
ami,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  is  about  2000 
feel  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  streams 
of  this  region,  copiously  and  briskly  gliding 
over  pebbles  of  cornelian,  topaz,  jasper,  ag 
ates,  opal  and  quartz,  are  as  pure  as  crystal 
Originating  in  springs,  they  are  cool  enough 
fir  drinking  in  the  hottest  day  in  August. 
The  Mississippi,  from  Rock  Island  to  the 
month  of  the  Ouisconsin,  a  distance  of  two 
hundred  miles  and  upwards,  and  which 
forms  the  western  boundary  oft  he  ceded  ter- 
ritory, is  on  an  average,  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  in  width.  The  fish  are  abundant, 
of  fine  flavor,  and  furnish  food  for  the  In- 
dians on  the  western  shore  of  that  beautiful 
river. 

The  Ouisconsin  is  about  half  a  mile  in 
width,  and  at  a  low  stage  of  water,  is  shal- 
I  w  and  full  of  islands  and  sand-bars:  as- 
cending 90  miles  from  its  mouth,  the  whole 
surface  appears  covered  with  wild  rice, 
;  (when  in  its  season.)  Rock  river  is  a  beau- 
tiful stream.  It  has  various  branches  which 
from  their  swift  currents,  must  furnish  sites 
.for  mills  in  abundance.  Sun-flowers  and 
osin-weed  (from  the  position  of  its   leaves 


theN.  and  S.  points  of  compass  can  be  as- 
certained,) abound,  as  also  numerous  flow- 
ers, shrubs,  &c. 

The  soil  of  the  immense  prairies  is  fine  for 
growing  grain,  iitc.  The  prairie-wolf,  be- 
tween the  black  wolf  and  the  grey  fox,  in- 
fests all  parts  of  the  prairies,  and  is  a  very 
mischievous  animal.  The  musk-rat  occu- 
pies the  lakes  and  streams. 

The  trees  of  this  region  are  confined  to 
the  banks  of  the  water  courses,  and  to  rough 
places,  and  oaks,  red,  white  and  black,  are 
the  most  common  growth  in  high  grounds, 
while  in  wet  ones,  the  botany  is  richer. 

The  mounds  are  lofty  piles  or  rocks,  in 
their  natural  position,  except  such  as  have 
fallen  downwards  from  their  summits. — 
These  piles  lying  in  horizontal  strata,  are 
very  elevated,  and  may  be  seen  in  any  di- 
rection. 

Upon  the  organizing  of  the  territory  of 
Hurou,  the  seat  of  government  will  doubt- 
less be  at  Green  Bay  :  but  the  spot  designa- 
ted as  the  future  seat  of  government  in  that 
territory,  is  somewhere  near  the  Portage, 
between  the  Ouisconsin  and  Fox  rivers. 

Some  have  entertained  fears  that  our  ter- 
ritory was  too  extensive  and  that  we  should 
be  in  danger  of  dismemberment ;  but  all  ex- 
perience shows  this  argument  to  be  weak 
and  fallacious.  So  long  as  the  old  states 
can  swarm  so  easily  into  the  new  territories  ; 
having  such  facilities  too,  as  the  New-Eng- 
landers  have,  there  will  be  no  fe  tr  of  dis- 
memberment. 

Feelings  of  consanguinity  would  forbid 
the  entertainment  of  such  opinions.  The 
people  of  a  new  state  have  generally  enough 
to  do,  in  clearing  up  their  lands,  without  in- 
dulging treasonable  designs  against  the  gov- 
ernment.   

poison  bt  ivr. 
The  poison  of  ivy  is  said  to  be  of  an  acid 
nature,  and  alkalies  are  recommended  as  an- 
tidotes against  it.  Lime  water,  lye  obtained 
from  wood  ashes,  or  weak  solutions  of  pot- 
ash or  pearlash  will  therefore  be  good  appli- 
cations for  poisons  by  ivy.  It  has  also  been 
recommended  to  hold  the  part  affected  as 
near  the  fire  as  can  be  well  endured  for 
twenty  or  thirty  minutes.  This  remedy, 
however,  should  be  applied  during  the  first 
twenty-four  hours  after  the  poison  has  begun 
to  operate.  Soft  soap  and  cold  water  is 
likewise  said  to  be  a  good  application. 


SPAVINS    IN    HORSES. 

There  are  three  sorts  of  spavins.  First 
the  bone  spavin  :  this  is  a  bony  excrescence 
formed  in  the  joint,  which  impedes  the  mo- 
tion of  the    joint,  and  is  seldom  curable 

Secondly,  the  wind  spavin  :  it  commonly 
comes  in  the  horse's  ham.  Prick  the  swel- 
ling with  a  phlegm  knife,  but  take  especial 
care  not  to  injure  the  nervous  cords,  for  this 
will  often  bring  on  the  lock  jaw.  Upon  open- 
ing the  swelling  you  will  often  find  a  gela- 
tinous humor  to  issue  from  the  opening  ;  ap- 
ply a  turnip  poultice  for  a  few  days  to  draw- 
out  the  humor ;  then  strengthen  the  part  by 
bathing  it  with  brandy. 

Thirdly,  the  blood  spavin.  The  coats  of 
the  vein  being  ruptured,  the  blood  extrava- 
sates,  and  forms  a  protuberance  in  the 
vein. 

Cure. — Take  up  the  vein  with  a  crooked 
needle  and  tic  it  above  the  swelling  ;  then 
let  blood  below  it,  and  apply  cow  dung  fried 
in  goose  grease  and  vinegar  by  way  of  poul- 
tice. 


REMEDIES    FOR    THE    STINGS    OT   BEES. 

The  application  of  laudanum  gives  imme- 
diate relief,  and  a  strong  solution  of  salt  ic 
water  is  also  recommended.  It  has  been  ob- 
served that  bathing  the  part  in  brandy  has  a 
good  effect.  Sweet  oil  is  a  good  applica- 
tion. Care  should  be  taken,  however,  in 
the  first  place  to  extract  the  sting  of  the  bee, 
with  a  steady  hand,  for  if  any  part  of  it 
breaks  in,  remedies  will  be  much  less  effect- 
ual than  they  would  otherwise  prove. 

POISON    BY    DOGWOOD. 

The  poison  of  dogwood,  (piscidia)  is  said 
to  be  of  an  alkaline  nature,  and  of  course  its 
best  remedy  would  seem  to  be  something  a- 
cid.  A  strong  solution  of  copperas  and  wa- 
ter has  been  recommended  as  a  wash  for  the 

parts  affected  by  the  poison  of   dogwood. 

A  medical  gentleman  of  our  acquaintance 
stated  that  a  decoction  of  hemlock  bark  will 
cure  the  poison  of  dogwood.  Likewise  he- 
affirms  that  bathing  the  part  with  new  rum, 
is  an  efficacious  remedy  against  this  poison. 

THUNDER   FATAL    TO    GOSLIN3. 

A  writer  in  the  American  Farmer  says.in 
a  late  thunder  storm  the  ligtning  descended 
in  a  field,  within  less  than  half  a  mile  of  my 
dwelling,  and  killed  two  laborers,  and  laid 
prostrate  and  injured  three  more.  But  the 
effect  in  my  fowl  yard  was  truly  remarkable. 
I  had  two  broods  of  goslins,  one  nearly  a 
week  old,  on  the  ground,  and  another,  two 
days,  in  a  basket  in  a  house.  At  the  instant 
when  the  thunder  fell,  which  it  did  with  the 
most  astounding  force,  the  woman  who  had 
the  care  of  the  fowls,  happened  to  be  look- 
ing upon  those  in  the  basket,  and  saw  them, 
at  once,  all  fall  over  upon  their  backs  and 
expire.  Those  in  the  yard,  halt"  an  hour 
after,  were  found  dead  also  ;  a  nest  of  eggs, 
under  a  goose,  then  in  progress  of  hatching, 
were  all  killed.  You  may  rely  on  the  cor- 
rectness of  this  statement.  Though  goslins 
are  easily  raised  and  live  more  than  a  cen- 
tury, they  seem  to  be  endued  with  nerves  of 
uncommon  sensibility,  or  to  have  systems 
peculiarly  liable  to  electric  impresssions. 

GREAT  NATURAL  CURIOSITY. 

The  brig  Hardy,  Capt.  Shirley,  which 
arrived  here  yesterday  from  Batavia,  has 
on  board  a  living  female  Ourang-Ou* 
tang.  She  has  suffered  much  on  the 
voyage,  and  is  very  sick.  She  is  greatly 
affected  by  cold,  and  keeps  a  blanket 
constantly  wrapped  about  her.  She  has 
been  visited  by  Dr.  Smith,  the  Quaran- 
tine Physician,  who  examined  her,  felt 
her  pulse,  and  ordered  milk  to  be  given 
her,  which  occasioned  a  temporary  revi- 
val of  her  spirits.  She  is  still  able  to 
walk,  although  she  totters  from  weakness. 
When  she  slands  erect  her  hands  nearly 
touch  the  ground.  She  eats,  drinks,  and 
spits  like  a  human  being. 

This  is  the  only  successful  attempt  ev- 
er made,  to  introduce  oue  of  these  re- 
markable animals  alive  into  this  country. 
Some  years  since,  an  Ourang-Outang  was 
brought  into  port,  hut  died  in  the  harbor. 
The  skeleton  lias  been  frequently  e.xhibi 
ted  by  Dr.  Smith,  at  his  annual  Anatomi- 
cal Lectures. — Bost.  Transcript. 

The  Wheat  in  Lycoming  county  is  satt  . 
to  promise  a  very  abundant  barvcsN 


m  &&mwam, 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  JUNE   18,   1831. 


NUMBER   24. 


PUBLISHED  BY  I"  TUCKER  &,  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $3.50  per  annum,  or 

$v!  00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSKl.L,  EDITOR. 


WEEDING. 

June  may  with  much  propriety  be  called 
a  month  for  weeding.this  being  an  important 
business  with  the  farmer  and  gardener.  All 
crops  thrive  best  when  kept  clear  of  weeds,  o- 
ther  circumstances  the  same.  Weeds  are  the 
natural  proprietors  and  inhabitants  of  the 
soil.  Cultivated  crops  are  such  as  require 
care  for  their  perfection.  This  is  the  object 
of  the  farmer  and  gardener,  by  the  skilful 
application  of  their  labor  to  bring  to  maturi- 
ty those  plants,  calculated  for  the  support  of 
men  and  animals  which  are  not  indigenous 
to  our  soil  and  climate.  Self  preservation 
is  one  of  the  first  great  laws  of  nature,  and 
to  escape  from  famine  and  starvation,  is  as 
much  a  part  of  that  law.  as  to  avoid  the  fire 
or  sword  :  hence  the  originality  of  the  pur- 
suit of  agriculture  which  claims  priority  over 
every  other  occupation  in  life — being  the 
first  taught  and  first  followed  ;  but  by  the 
fall  of  man  and  the  corruption  of  his  na- 
ture, many  of  her  laws  seem  reversed,  and 
those  occupations  which  were  resorted  to  in 
consequence  of  this  corruption,  are  placed 
before  that  taught  by  the  great  Creator  him- 
self. Even  those  after  occupations,  seem 
numbered  from  last  to  first,  "  in  the  corrup- 
ted current  of  this  world  ;"  for  it  is  evident 
that  the  first  business  after  the  fall,  that  our 
first  parents  followed,  was  the  manufactur- 
ing of  garments  ;  and  now  that  very  occu- 
pation is  spoken  of  with  contempt.  Then 
garments  were  made  only  to  cover  naked- 
ness; but  now  to  make  the  man.  But  this 
digression  brings  misery  :  and  so  will  any 
digression  from  the  first  great  command, 
as,  to  occupation.  Man  was  comman- 
ded to  "  dress  the  garden  and  to  keep 
it;"  by  which  we  are  to  understand  that  he 
was  to  cultivate  such  plants  as  were  neces. 
sary  for  his  support.  Since  which  time  nox- 
ious weeds  have  been  ordered  to  grow,  that 
man  for  his  transgressions  should  "  eat  his 
bread  in  the  sweat  of  his  brow,"  which  was 
probably  ordered  in  mercy  to  him,  knowing 
that  an  idle  man  would  always  bring  trouble 
upon  himself  and  family.  An  idle  or  sloth 
ful  man  is  placed  in  direct  opposition  to  a 
good  husbandman  ;  his  fields  are  represent- 
ed as  full  of  weeds.  There  is  something  so 
directly  connected  with  reputation,  in  a  far- 
mer's keeping  his  'ields  clear  from  weeds 
that  it  ought  never  to  be  neglected,  and  to 
destroy  them  to  the  greatest  advantage,  they 
should  be  destroyed  early.  They  impover- 
ish the  land  if  left,  and  deprive  those  plants 
intended  for  cultivation,  of  nourishment. — 
Such  as  have  strong  roots  or  are  perennial. 


should  be  subdued  early,  that  the  roots  may 
undergo  decomposition  in  time  to  afford 
food  for  the  roots  of  the  crop.  There  are 
other  kinds  of  weeding  beside  that  of  annual 
crops,  that  should  not  be  neglected.  Grass 
lands  often  become  filled  with  weeds  which 
are  either  injurious  to  animals,  or  which 
prevent  the  growth  of  more  valuable  grasses. 
These  should  be  destroyed,  and  as  they  are 
mostly  perennial  or  such  as  continue  to  grow 
year  after  year  from  the  same  roots,  such  as, 
common  daisy,  john's-wort,  crowfoot  or  yel- 
low dai-y,  dock,  burr-dock,  thistles,  8tc. — 
These  should  be  cut  or  dug  this  month,  be- 
fore the  seed  is  formed,  for  it  is  an  old  a- 
dage  that 

"  One  year  of  good  weeding, 

Will  prevent  (he  weeds  seeding  ; 

But  one  year  of  their  seeding, 

Will  make  aoven  year's  weeding:" 

which  is  very  correct ;  for  if  seeds  are  al- 
lowed to  ripen,  many  of  them  may  lie  in  the 
ground  for  years  before  they  come  up,  and 
it  will  be  difficult  even  by  a  course  of  crop- 
ping to  clear  the  land  of  them. 


JlAPLE  SUGAR. 

Loaf  sugar  of  first  quality  can  be  manufac- 
tured from  the  common  sugar  made  from 
the  maple.  Maple  sap  contains  beside  su- 
gar, considerable  vegetable  extract,  which 
does  not  chrystalize,  but  will  continue  fluid 
at  that  point  of  concentration  at  which  the 
sugar  chrystalizes.  When  the  evaporation 
is  carried  beyond  this  point,  the  vegetable 
extract  is  confined  amongst  the  chrystals  of 
sugar,  giving  the  whole  a  dark  color  in  pro- 
portion to  the  quantity  of  extract  contained. 
To  separate  this  from  the  sugar,  is  the  busi- 
ness of  the  sugar  refiners.  Whatever  sugar 
is  manufactured  from  it  in  its  crude  state,  is 
mixed  more  or  less  with  extractive  matter. 
There  are  different  methods  of  purifying 
sugars,  or  freeing  them  from  the  extractive 
matter  with  which  they  are  mixed.  The 
most  common  is  to  apply  water  to  the  top  of 
cakes  in  such  quantities  only,  as  will  render 
the  extract  sufficiently  fluid  to  filter  through 
the  chrystals  without  dissolving  them.  For 
this  purpose  maple  syrup  as  soon  as  it  is  suf- 
ficiently concentrated  to  chrystalize,  should 
be  put  into  a  bucket  having  a  hole  bored 
ihro'  the  bottom  and  a  cork  put  into  it  from 
the  outside;  when  the  sugar  has  become  cold 
and  chrystalized,  the  cork  should  be  with- 
drawn and  water  sprinkled  upon  the  top  by 
small  quantities,  which  will  serve  to  render 
the  extract  fluid,  when  it  will  pass  off  through 
the  hole  in  the  bottom  where  it  may  be  re- 
ceived in  a  vessel  placed  beneath.  The 
drainings  from  sugar  in  large  establishments, 
is  called  sugar-house  molasses.  When  the 
cake  of  sugar  has  become  loose  from  the  dis- 
solving of  the  extract,  and  some  of  the 
chrystals,  it  is  dissolved  by  heating  and  again 
cooled  or  chrystalized,  when  the  washing  is 


repeated  as  before,  until  it  has  attained  the 
degree  of  purity  required.  In  this  manner 
maple  or  any  other  dark  sugar  may  be  ren- 
dered white,  as  all  chrystals  of  sugar  when 
separated  from  foreign  matter  are  white.— 
The  cleansing  of  maple  sugar  if  properly 
conducted,  is  not  accompanied  with  any  ma- 
terial loss  ;  as  the  syrup  will  be  found  useful 
for  eating  with  buckwheat  cakes,  and  vari 
ous  other  purposes. 

DIFFERENT    FLOWERS   ON  THIS 
SAME  STOCK. 

The  new  Monthly  Magazine  gives  the  fol  • 
lowing  method  of  obtaining  flowers  of  dif- 
ferent colors  on  the  same  stem  :  Split  a 
small  twig  of  elder  lengthways,  and  having 
scraped  out  the  pith,  fill  each  of  the  apart- 
ments with  seeds  of  flowers  of  different  sorts, 
but  which  blossom  about  the  same  time  ;— 
surround  them  with  mould,  and  then  tying 
together  the  two  bits  of  wood,  plant  the  whole 
in  a  pot  filled  with  earth  properly  prepared. 
The  stems  of  the  different  flowers  will  thus 
be  so  incorporated  as  to  exhibit  to  the  eye, 
only  one  stem,  throwing  out  branches  cover- 
ed with  flowers  analagous  to  the  seed  which 
produced  them. 


HORTICULTURAL. 

Those  who  grafted  their  fruit  trees  in  the 
spring,  should  look  them  over  and  seewhetb 
er  the  bandages  do  not  require  taking  off ;~ 
and  whether  young  shoots  from  the  stocks 
are  not  depriving  the  grafts  or  innoculation. 
of  their  portion  of  the  sap.  If  so,  they  should 
be  cut  off;  but  care  should  be  taken  at  first, 
not  to  trim  off  all  the  shoots  so  as  to  leave  the 
stock  without  leaves,  for  fear  of  stagnating 
the  sap  and  causing  the  death  of  both  graft 
and  stock. 


THE  WEATHER. 

The  season  for  the  last  two  weeks  has  been 
unusually  warm,  with  a  suitable  quantity  of 
rain,  and  is  now  such  as  may  be  justly  denonr 
inated  a  growing  season.  Most  crops  look 
well;  wheat  on  strong  land  is  getting  rather 
an  over-growth  ;  grass  looks  uncommonly 
fine,  and  the  prospect  for  apples,  pears  and 
peaches  fair. 


INSECTS. 

The  Curculio  continues  his  ravages  upon 
the  plums,  apricots  and  nectarines;  most  o) 
which  are  already  destroyed  in  this  neigh 
borhood.  The  yellow  bugs  which  destroy 
melons  and  cucumbers,  have  been  foiled  by 
the  application  of  coal  dust,  and  appear  to 
have  deserted  our  gardens. 

MEMOIR  OF  AMERICAN  ECLIPSE. 

From  the  American  Turf  Register  we  ex 
tract  the  following  particulars  respecting  this 
celebrated  horse,  which   has  been  supposed 
by  many  competent  judges,  as  being  equal 
for  speed  and  bottom,  to  any  othei  horse  in 


18« 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  18,  1831- 


the  world.  In  color  he  resembled  his  sire 
Duroc— being  of  a  chesnut.  He  had  one 
white  foot,  and  a  star  in  his  forehead  ;  was 
fifteen  hands  and  one  inch  high  ;  generally 
well  proportioned  ;  of  large  bone  and  mus- 
cle : 

Eclipse  was   foaled    at  Dosoris,  Queens 
County,  L.  Island,    on  the  20th  May,  1814, 
and    was  reared  by  the  late  Gen.  Nathaniel , 
Coles,  the  breeder,  in   whose    possession  he  ] 
remained  till  the  15th  March  1819,  when  he 
became  the  property  of    Mr.  Van  Ranst.— 
His  sire  was  Dnroc  ;  his  dam,  Miller's  Dam- 
sel, by  Messenger;  his  grandam,  the  Eng- 
lish Pot-8-o's  mare,  imported  at  three  years 
old,  in  1795,  by  William  Constable,  Esq.  of 
New-York.     Pot-8-o's  was  sired  by  the  cel- 
ebrated English  Eclipse  ;  his  great  grandam 
by  GimcracU;  Gimcrack  by   Cripple;  and 
Cripple  by  the  Godolphin  Arabian. 

From  a  memorandum  in  the  hand  wri- 
ting of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Coles,  the  breeder, 
it  appears  that  he  was  reared  in  he  follow- 
ing manner  :  The  colt  was  weaned  on  the 
10th  of  November.  At  the  commencement 
of  winter,  fed  with  four  quarts  of  shorts, 
which  was  increased  during  the  winter  to 
eight  quarts  per  day  ;  hay,  clover  dampen- 
ed3. 

Second  year,  in  the  spring  turned  to  grass 
with  no  grain.  November  10th,  put  up — fed 
with  eight  quarts  shorts  per  day  ;  during 
winter  shorts  increased  to  ten  quarts ;  hay 
the  same  as  first  winter. 

Third  year  turned  to  grass  with  four 
quarts  of  shorts  pet  day.  September  lst,eom- 
menced  breaking  ;  feed,  eight  quarts  oats  ; 
through  the  winter,  hay  as  formerly;  grain, 
ground  corn  and  oats,  equal  to  eleven  quarts 
of  oats.  March  1st,  commenced  and  trained 
for  nine  weeks,  then  gave  a  trial  of  two 
miles  and  found  the  colt  very  superior. 

Fourth  year,  in  summer  turned  to  grass; 
fed  with  ground  oats  and  corn,  equal  to  nine 
quarts  oats  ;  in  winter,  hay  as  formerly, 
with  nine  quarts  of  oats  per  day,  till  the  1st 
of  March,  1818,  when  commenced  training  ; 
feed,  oats  and  cracked  corn,  equal  to  twelve 
quarts  oats. 

Fifth  year  late  in  May,  1818,  ran  the  three 
mile  heats  at  New  Market  on  Long  Island, 
and  won  the  first  days  with  ease;  beating 
Black-eyed  Susan  and  Sea  Gull,  then  cal- 
red  the  best  three  mile  horses  of  the  day. — 
Turned  out  to  grass  the  first  of  June,  with  a- 
bout  six  quarts  of  oats  a  day  ;  in  winter  fed 
with  hay  as  before,  with  ground  coin  and 
oats.  March  15th,  1819,  sold  Eclipse  to 
Mr.  Van  Ranst.  At  five  months  old,  while 
a  suckling,  he  gave  his  owner  such  a  sample 
of  stride,  strength  and  speed,  that  he  was  at 
that  time  named  "American  Eclipse," 

While  a  colt  he  was  not  confined,  but  du- 
ring the  winter  season,  turned  out  every  fair 
day.  He  was  first  shod  in  the  spring  when 
three  years'  old. 

In  June  1814,  he  won  the  Jockey  Club's 
purse  of  #500,  running  the  four  mile  heats 
over  the  Bath  course  ;  beating  Mr.  Purdy's 
horse  Little  John,  by  the  Virginian  Poto- 
mac  ;  Mr.  Bond's  horse  Eclipse,  by  First 
•  ,'ons'il  ;  and  Mr.  Potter's  horse  James  Fit/. 
James,  by  Sir  Archy.  In  October  1819,  he 
again  run  the  lour  mile  at  Bath,  winning  the 

pnvse  of  $500,    beating    Mr.  Purdy's  horse 
Little  John;    Mr.  Schenck's    horse    Fear- 

naUght,  and  Mr.  Bond's  colt;  the  two     lat- 
ter be'rng  withdrawn  the  second  licit.     The 


Bath  course  measured  fifteen  links  over  a 
mile;  the  first  heal  of  this  race  was  run  in 
eight  minutes  and  thirteen  seconds  ;  the  sec- 
ond in  eight  minutes  and  eight  seconds.  In 
the  spring  of  1820,  Eclipse  stood  to  mares 
on  Long-Island,  at  gl2  00  the  season.  In 
the  spring  of  1821,  he  again  covered  as  a 
common  stallion  at  #12  50  the  season,  and 
covered  eighty-seven  mares ;  nor  was  it 
contemplated  to  bring  him  again  upon  the 
turf,  but  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  New- 
York  having  new  modled  the  law  respecting 
racing,  and  a  society  being  re-organized, 
specially  for  the  improvement  of  our  breed 
of  horses,  Mr.  Van  Ranst  was  induced  again 
to  put  Eclipse  in  training  for  the  four  mile 
heats,  to  be  run  over  the  New-Union  course, 
eight  miles  from  Brooklyn,  and  near  the 
Jamaica  turnpike,  in  October  of  that  year. 

From  an  opinion  long  entertained  by 
sportsmen,  that  covering  renders  a  horse  un-l 
fit  for  the  race,  the  friends  of  Eclipse  ques- 
tioned the  policy  of  again  running  him  ; — 
but  the  event  proved  that  so  far  as  he  was 
concerned,  the  opinion  was  unfounded. 

The  races  commenced  on  the  1 5th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1821,  when  four  horses  started  for  the 
purse  of  #500,  to  run  the  four  mile  heats  : 
viz.  American  Eclipse  ;  Mr.  Sleeper's  brown 
mare  "  Lady  Lightfoot,"  by  "  Sir  Archy  ;" 
Mr.  Schenck's  horse  "  Flag  of  Truce,"  b' 
"  Sir  Solomon,"  and  Mr.  Schamp's  horse 
"  Heart  of  Oak."  The  two  last  named  hor- 
ses were  drawn  after  the  first  heat  and  "  La- 
dy Lightfoot"  was  distanced  in  the  second, 
being  nine  years  old  ;  she  had  run  upwards 
of  twenty  races — some  very  severe  ones,  and 
was  out  of  order. 

The  bets  at  starting  were  two  to  one  on 
the  mare.  The  mare  led  until  the  last  quar- 
ter of  the  first  heat,  when  Eclipse  passed 
her,  coining  in  two  lengths  ahead.  In  the 
second  heat  Eclipse  passed  her  in  running 
the  third  of  a  mile  and  from  that  time  left 
her  alone.  The  time  was  first  heat  eight 
minutes  and  four  seconds  ;  the  second  heat 
eight  minutes  and  two  seconds,  and  the 
course  measured  thirty  feet  over  a  mile. 

In  the  following  week.  Eclipse  was  exhi- 
bited at  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  New- 
York  County  Agricultural  Society,  and  re- 
ceived the  society's  first  premium  of  #50 
for  the  best  stallion. 

In  May  1822,  Eclipse  won  the  purse  of 
#700  for  the  four  mile  heats  at  Union 
Course,  beating  Mr.  Badger's  five  year-old 
horse  Sir  Walter,  by  Hickory.  A  bet  of 
considerable  amount  was  made  by  the  own- 
ers of  the  two  horses  on  the  first  heat,  which 
with  the  second  heat,  was  won  by  Eclipse. 
Time,  first  heat  seven  minutes  and  fifty-four 
seconds:  second  heat  eight  minutes. 

In  May  182-2,  he  again  run  the  four  mile 
heats  at  the  Union  Course  for  the  #1000 
purse,  which  he  won  ;  beating  a  second  time 
Mr.  Badger's  horse  Sir  Walter;  Mr.  Sleep- 
er's bay  mare  the  Dutchess  of  Marlborough, 
by  Sir  Archy  ;  and  Mr.  Jackson's  mare 
Slow-and-Easy,  by  Duroc.  The  first  heat 
was  run  in  seven  minutes  and  fifty-eight  sec- 
onds, when  the  two  mares  were  withdrawn, 
and  Sir  Walter  stopping  short  in  the  s<  cond 
heat,  Eclipse  came  in  at  his  leistnc 

A  day  or  two  previous  to  this  race,  a  chal- 
lenge appeared  in  the  New-York  papers  h\ 
Mr.  James  .1.  Harrison,  of  Brunswick,  (Va.) 
in  which  he  offered  to  "  run  Sir  Charles  a- 
gainstthe  American  Eclipse  over  the  Wash- 
ington course,  four  mile  heats,  agreeable  to 
Che  rules  of  the  Cour.se,  for  5  or  #10,00X1." 


This  challenge  was  promptly  accepted  b^ 
Mr.  Van  Ranst,  «  ho  as  two  sums  w ere  na- 
med by  Mr.  Harrison,  chose  the  greatest  ;— 
that  the  object  of  the  contest  might  corres- 
pond with  the  fame  of  the  horses. 

The  forfeit  money  was  #5,000,  each  hav- 
ing been  deposited,  the  time  for  running  was 
fixed    for    the  20th  of  November.     At  the 
hour  of   starting  both  horses  were  brought 
out  and  the  riders  mounted  ;    but  instead  of 
running  agreeably  to    the    challenge,    Mr 
Harrison  gave  notice  that  as  his   horse    had 
met  with  an  accident,    he    would    pay    the 
forfeit.     He    at    the    same  time    proposed 
to    run  a    single  four    mile   heat  for  #1500 
each,  which  being  instantly    agreed  to,  the 
horses    started — Eclipse  takim:  the  lead. — 
On  the  last  round   Sir  Charles  broke  down 
The  two  first  rounds  were  run  in  one  minute 
and  fifty-five  seconds  each  ;  and  the  heal  in 
eight  minutes  and    four    seconds.     In    this 
race    Sir  Charles  carried  120  lbs. — Eclipse 
126  lbs. 

In  the  evening  of  the  same  day,    William 
JR.  Johnson,  Esq.  of Petersburgh,  Va.  offer- 
ed to  produce  a  horse  on  the    last    Tuesday 
in  May.  1823,  to  run  the  four  mile  heats  a 
gainst  Eclipse,  over   the    Union  Course  on 
Long-Island,  agreeable  to  the  rules  of  that 
Course,  for  #20,000  a  side — #3,000  forfeit. 
This  challenge  was  immediately  accepted 
by     Mr,  John  C.  Stevens  ;  in  consequence 
of  which,  Col.  Johnson  on  the  d  y  mention- 
ed appeared  on  the  race  with  with  a  4  year- 
old  chesnut  colt,  called  Henry  ;  (John  Rich 
aids,  intended  for  the  race  having  been    la- 
med) about  fifteen  hands  and  one  inch  high, 
which  had  been  bred  by  Mr.  Lemuel  Long 
near  Halifax,  N.  C.     Henry    was  sired  by 
Sir  Archy  ;  his  dam  by  Diomed,   her    dam 
by  Bellair  ;  hers  by  Valiant;  hers    by    Ja 
nus,  hers  by  Jolly  Roger — imported  horses. 
About   half    past    12   o'clock,    both   horses 
started.     Eclipse  was  rode  by  Wm.  Crafts, 
Henry  by  a  young    lad.      Henry    took   the 
lead  and    maintained  it  through  the  heat. — 
They  came  in  together.  Henry    beating    E- 
clipse  by  half  a  length,  but  apparently  "hard 
in  hand."     Bets  on  the  second   heat,   three 
to  one  on  Henry.     Dur  rig  the  second  heat. 
Eclipse  was  rode  by   Purdy.     Henry  again 
took  the  lead  and  kept  it  until  the  last  quar- 
ter of  the  third  mile,  when    Purdy    made  a 
push,  and  Eclipse  passed  his    rival    at    the 
commencement  of  the  fourth  mile.     An  at- 
tempt was  made  by  Henry's  rider  to    recov- 
er his  ground,  but  in  vain.     lie  was  beat  by 
about  thirty  feet.     Henry  reined  in  on  par- 
sing the  distance  pole,  the  loss  of   the    heat 
being  evident. 

When  the  horses  were  brought  out  for  the 
third  heat,  the  great  trainer,  Arthur  Taylor, 
mounted  Henry,  instead  of  the  boy  who  rode 
him  in  the  two  first  heats.  On  starting  E- 
clij  m  took  the  lend,  which  he  kept  to  the 
end  of  the  race  ;  coming  in  about  three 
lengths  ahead  of  Henry,  both  at  their  utmost 
speed.  Henry  in  this  heat  having  been  re- 
served for  the  last  quarter. 

The  time  of  running  the  three  heats  as 
given  by  the  judges,  Gen.  Ridgely  of  Balti' 
more,  Capt.  Cox  of  Washington,  and  John 
Allen,  Esq.  of  Philadelphia,  was  as  follows  : 
First  heat,  7  minutes  37  seconds.  Second 
heat,  7  minutes  49  seconds.  Third  heat, 
8  minutes  24  sccorids. 

Twelve  miles  in  tuznty-threc  minutes  and 
fifty  seconds. 

The  weights  carried  were — Ecjipse  12t 
lbs.;  HeTrry  108  IK     Weight?  accofding  tc 


Vol.  1.— No.  24. 


AND  GARDKNRIt*S  JOURNAL. 


187 


racing  calculations,  are  so  nicely  regulated 
to  correspond  with  age,  that  no  advantage 
could  be  given  to  Henry,  as  has  been  said  : 
on  the  contrary,  according  to  the  long  estab- 
lished usage  of  weights  on  the  southern  cour- 
ses, no*  introduced  at  New-York,  Eclipse 
had  an  advantage  of  8  lbs. — mote  than  a 
distance — 7  lbs.=240  yards. 

On  the  day  previous  to  the  race,  a  num- 
ber of  gentlemen  visited  the  Course  with  a 
surveyor,  and  finding  it  thirty  feet  over  a 
mile,  reduced  it  as  nearly  to  a  mile  as  could 
conveniently  be  done,  leaving  it  still  eight- 
een inches  over.  It  is  said,  however,  from 
the  nature  of  the  ground,  to  he  four  or  five 
seconds  quicker  than  the  Tree-Hill  Course. 

Immediately  after  the  race,  Col.  R.  W. 
Johnson  challenged  J.  C.  Stevens,  Esq. 
and  the  friends  of  the  Eclipse,  to  run  Henry 
against  the  Eclipse  the  ensuing  fall  over  the 
Washington  Course,  for  any  sum  from  20 
tc  $50,000.  The  challenge  was  declined, 
and  the  resolution  then  announced  has  been 
adhered  to,  "  never  on  any  consideration  to 
risk  the  life  or  reputation  of  the  noble  ani- 
mal whose  generous  and  almost  incredible 
exertions,  have  gained  for  the  North  so  sig- 
nal a  victory,  and  for  himself  such  we'll  earn- 
ed and  never-fading  renown." 

Eclipse  was  accordingly  withdrawn  from 
the  turf  and  put  to  covering.  He  stood  one 
season  at  Boydton  in  Virginia,  at  $75,  and 
$100  to  insure;  and  one  or  two  short  sea- 
sons at  Baltimore,  at  $50,  and  since  then  we 
believe  in  New-York. 


LOCUSTS. 

These  devouring  insects  have  made  their 
appearance  in  various  places  in  this  neigh- 
borhood in  vast  numbers,  and  much  dam- 
age is  anticipated.  We  are  not  informed 
yet  as  to  their  extent,  but  shall  endeavor  to 
procure  as  many  facts  as  possible  respecting 
them.  As  the  history  of  the  periodical  ap- 
pearance of  these  insects  is  somewhat  invol- 
ved in  darkness,  we  shall  not  attempt  at 
present  to  lay  down  any  thing  like  theory 
respecting  it.  We  find  that  different  per- 
sons have  different  views  upon  the  subject, 
some  limiting  the  time  to  seven,  others  to  e- 
leven  years.  A  gentleman  living  in  one  of 
the  infested  districts,  says  they  made  a  simi- 
tar appearance  in  1820  ;  since  which  time 
he  has  not  discovered  them.  Any  detail  of 
facts  respecting  them  would  be  gladly  re- 
ceived at  our  office. 

Mr.  Editor — While  I  was  preparing  a 
short  article  for  publication  on  the  subject 
Of  the  Locust,  I  received  a  letter  from  my 
brother  in  Victor,  Ontario  County,  giving 
the  following  short  account  of  the  time  of 
their  first  appearance,  and  some  circumstan- 
ces of  their  history,  which  you  are  at  liberty 
to  publish  if  you  think  them  deserving  your 
notice.     Yours,  &c.  E.  S.  M. 

"  It  has  been  two  weeks  (June  10th)  since 
the  Locust  first  made  its  appearance  ;  from 
that  time  till  the  present,  they  have  been 
rapidly  increasing,  and  now  our  woods  and 
orchards  are  thronged  with  them,  presenting 
scenes  both  of  curiosity  and  astonishment. 
As  yet,  they  are  only  found  on  upland  where 
the  oak  and  chesnot  is  the  principal  timber 
growing,  and  in  orchards  of  the  same  or  a 
light  soil,  bat  will  spread  probably,  and  soon 


be  seen  in  all  places.  They  are  just  begin- 
ning to  fly,  though  only  from  tree  to  tree, 
but  it  is  expected  soon  to  see  them  sailing 
throi  gh  the  air  like  swarms  of  bees,  com- 
mitting depredations  on  such  trees  and  ve- 
getables as  happen  in  their  way.  They  eat 
the  bark,  leaves  and  juices  of  young  twigs, 
but  how  extensive  their  ravages  will  be,  is 
not  known.  They  come  out  of  the  ground 
generally  in  the  night,  a  large  oval  bug  (the 
chrysalis)  of  a  yellow  brown  color,  and  crawl 
up  whatever  comes  in  their  way,  a  few  feet 
from  the  ground  and  then  remain  till  a 
transformation  takes  place,  which  is  general- 
ly in  a  few  hours.  If  placed  in  the  sun  they 
soon  begin  to  swell  and  become  nearly 
transparent,  but  remain  so  only  a  short  time 
when  a  change  takes  place,  and  soon  the 
shell  that  encloses  the  bug  begins  to  burst, 
commencing  at  the  head  and  running  down 
the  back,  disclosing  as  it  opens,  a  well  for- 
med locust,  which  crawls  out  leaving  the 
bug-like  shell  adhering  fast  to  the  stump  or 
tree.  They  presently  become  vigorous  and 
commence  singing  and  flying,  and  seem 
full  of  merriment  the  whole  day. 

Their  music  though  different  in  kind,  e- 
quals  in  confusion  the  notes  of  myriads  of 
black  birds. 

Seventeen  years  have  elapsed  since  their 
last  appearance  in  such  numbers  ;  though 
every  year  very  few  have  been  seen. 

The  song  of  the  feathered  tribe  is  nearly 
ost  or  suspended  amid  their  constant  roar. 
They  did  some  damage  to  orchards  and  tim- 
ber when  they  last  visited  us,  but  nothing 
very  serious.  Poor  creatures  !  let  them  sing 
and  flutter  on — they  will  soon  die.  It  is  the 
ast,  (imago)  or  perfect  state  of  the  insect 
that  has  probably  undergone  the  four  trans- 
formations of  insect  'ife,  and  now  about  to 
deposit  their  eggs  and  disappear. 

It  is  an  interesting  inquiry,  which  can 
doubtless  be  answered  by  some  of  your  read- 
ers, whether  these  locusts  are  from  the  eggs 
deposited  seventeen  years  ago  ?  does  the 
farre  or  little  worm  winter  in  the  twig  where 
deposited,  and  wait  for  the  death  and  falling 
of  the  limb  before  entering  the  ground,  or 
crawl  out  of  its  nest  and  enter  the  earth  the 
first  season  ?  J.  M. 


scried  a  nest  of  caterpillars  busily  at  work  on 
one  of  my  young  fruit  trees.  I  immediately 
placed  a  fresh  sod,  grass  down,  in  the  first 
crotch  of  a  limb  below  the  nest.  The  ensu- 
ing day,  I  was  rejoiced  to  find  my  experi 
ment,  if  I  can  so  call  it,  had  succeeded  foi 
the  nest  was  in  a  manner  shivered  intc- 
shreds,  and  not  a  living  inhabitant  appear- 
ed ;  but  the  whole  was  clustered  in  a  solid 
mass,  as  I  supposed — dead ;  but  a  strong 
gale  had  during  the  night  cast  oft"  the  sod, 
and  the  caterpillars  re-appeared,  repairing 
their  shattered  web.  I  again  applied  a  fresh 
sod,  and  this  morning  I  find  the  work  com- 
pleted— their  habitation  literally  annihila- 
ted, and  nothing  but  a  mass  of  dead  remain- 
ing. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  late  Chancellor  Liv- 
ingston for  the  first  suggestion.  Walking 
with  me  in  my  garden  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.  a- 
bout  20  years  ago,  observing  a  man  busily 
engaged  in  the  odious  task  of  destroying 
these  vermin  by  hand,  he  informed  me  he 
had  noticed  the  experiment  I  have  alluded 
to,  practiced  in  Italy  with  complete  success. 
I  hope  many  of  your  readers  and  the  public 
generally,  may  through  the  medium  of  your 
press,  profit  by  the  hint." 


ELKAKAH  WATSON,  ESQ,. 

The  readers  of  the  Farmer  will  be  gratifi- 
ed to  find  this  veteran  agriculturist  still  living 
and  enjoying  the  decline  of  life.  Though 
now  74  years  of  age,  he  has  lost  none  of  his 
desire  to  benefit  his  country.  He  has  been 
among  the  most  active  and  zealous  in  his 
exertions,  to  awaken  the  people  of  Vermont 
and  the  northern  part  of  this  State,  to  the 
importance  of  a  Rail  Road  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  Port  Kent,  on  lake  Champlain, 
and  from  Burlington,  opposite  Port  Kent, 
to  Boston.  We  hope  he  may  live  to  see  the 
accomplishment  of  this  great  work — a  work 
of  vast  importance  to  that  section  of  our 
country.  The  following  is  an  extract  of  a 
letter  from  him,  dated  Port  Kent,  May  £2, 
1831,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  he 
still  seems  anxious  for  the  interest  of  the 
Farmer.  'Tis  the  voice  of  experience,  gui- 
ded by  talent  and  science  : 

"  1  will  state  an  interesting  fact  on  a  small 
scale,  and  yet  a  very  important  discovery  as 
to  its  results.    Three  or  four  days  ago,  I  de- 


TO  DESTROY  INSECTS. 

Extract  of  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  of 
Auburn,  to  the  Editor  of  the  Genesee  Far- 
mer: — "I  have  heard  much  of  the  destruc- 
tion of  melons  and  cucumbers,  by  the  stri- 
ped bug  and  black  insect.  I  have  found  a 
perfect  and  never-failing  remedy  in  the  ap- 
plication of  a  strong  solution  of  red  pepper. 
Break  and  boil  the  pods  and  apply  the  liquor 
with  a  small  handful  of  grass.  One  single 
application  has  always  succeeded  with  me." 


A  gentleman  of  this  village  informs  us, 
that  he  dined  with  a  friend  at  Lyons  on  the 
15th  inst.  who  had  on  his  table  new  potatoes 
of  this  year's  planting:  green  peas  of  thi 
first  crop,  which  were  too  old  ;  young  beets 
of  this  year's  growth,  and  strawberries  in 
great  profusion  :  all  from  the  garden  of  My. 
ron  Holley,  Esq.  This  shows  how  far  a  lit- 
tle attention  to  horticulture  will  promote 
good  living  and  add  to  the  comforts  of  life. 


INQUIRY. 

Mr.  Editor — Will  any  of  your  Hortioul 
tural  correspondents  give  information  as  to 
which  is  the  best  stock  for  dwarfing  apple 
trees  upon  ?  Also  whether  the  Rhamnus 
catharticus  or  Buck-thorn  is  to  be  found  in 
this  section  of  the  country  :  It  is  mentioned 
in  the  New-England   Gardener  as  superior 

for  hedges.  W. 

Errata — No.  18.— p.  137.  col.  1. 

For  Bemperoirens,  read  semperuireDS — for  oculcatus, 
read  oculeatus-  for  Legustrum,  read  Ligustrum— for  A 
cuba,  read  Aucuba. 

Proof  Spirit — If  oil,  which  rises  to  the 
surface  of  water,  be  mixed  with  alcohol 
or  some  other  spirit,  it  will  settle  at  the 
bottom.  A  weaker  spirit  is  heavier, 
bulk  for  bulk,  than  a  stronger  one,  and 
its  strength  is  so  far  reduced  that  it  will 
no  longer  float  on  the  surface  of  oil,  but 
will  sink  below  it ;  this  is  the  test  which 
fixes  the  strength  of  proof  spirit.  All 
spirit  which  floats  upon  oil  is  said  to  be 
above  proof. — Lardnefs  Cycio. 


7oi  1.— No.  24. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


189 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


JPOP.   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 
CURRANT  WINE. 

Never  expecting  to  arrive  at  a  competen- 
cy that  would  enable  me  to  enjoy  the  luxu- 
ry of  foreign  Wines,  I  was  led  to  seek  for 
substitutes  in  our  home  productions.  Ha- 
ving never  met  with  any  currant  wine  that 
would  answer,  I  turned  my  attention  to  ci- 
der, obtained  sundry  receipts  for  making  ci- 
der'wines,  and  made  experiments  on  them 
for  several  years,  in  order  to  make  cider  an- 
swer as  the  substitute  for  wine  ;  but  all  my 
undertakings  failed,  leaving  it  to  remain  ci- 
der. Although  considerable  improvement 
can  be  made  on  the  common  mode  of  man- 
ufacturing cider,  so  as  to  make  it  worth  three 
or  four  times  the  value  of  ordinary  cider, 
yet  the  malic  acid  of  the  apple,  will  not  af- 
ford the  vinous  flavor,  like  the  tartaric  acid 
•f  the  grape. 

I  then  began  the  culture  of  grapes,hoping 
that  out  of  American  grown  grapes  to  be  able 
to  make  a  home-made  wine  that  would 
serve  as  an  apology  for  the  luxurious  flavor 
of  foreign  wines. 

It  is  only  two  years  ago  that  I  first  met 
with  a  currant  wine,  at  Oliver  Phelps',  in 
Canandaigua,  that  possessed  a  sufficiency  of 
the  vinous  flavor  to  characterize  it  with  tne 
name  of  wine ;  all  the  others  that  I  had 
drank  of  before,were  deficient  in  the  vinous 
davor ;  they  were  too  heavy  and  of  a  syrup 
taste,  probably  owing  to  the  want  of  a  just 
proportion  in  their  ingredients. 

But  finding  Mr.  Phelps'  so  good  an  imi- 
tation  of  foreign  wine  I  was  induced  to  imi- 
tate it.  Accordingly,  I  took  his,  and  also 
Mai.  John  Adlum's,  receipt  for  making  cur- 
rant wine,  (which  I  have  annexed)  and  va- 
rving  their  process  in  obtaining  the  juice  of 
the  currant,  to  conform  with  Maj.  Adlum's 
process  for  making  wine  of  the  grape,  and 
last  year  made  the  following  experiments  : 
I  picked  the  currants  about  the  middle  of 
July.  I  had  seven  pecks,  (instead  of  nine. 
as  given  in  the  receipt  for  a  barrel  of  wine) 
washed  and  pounded  them  in  an  open  bar- 
rel, and  instead  of  pressing  out  the  juice 
immediately,  I  covered  the  barrel  with  a 
board  and  left  it  to  stand  and  ferment ;  but 
{instead  of  12,24,  36,  or  48  horns,  as  Major 
Vdlnm  prescribes  for  grape  juice)  by  neg- 
lect I  let  them  remain  four  or  live  days, when 
they  had  gathered  some  mould  on  the  top  ; 
then  pressed  out  the  juice  by  hand  ;  (a  press 
if  some  kind  would  have  lessened  the  labor, 
ind  to  have  added  a  few  gallons  of  water 
would  hare  obtained  more  extract  from  the 
currants,  and  also  facilitated  the  straining  of 
it)  then,  divided  the  juice  into  equal  parts  in 
order  to  make  two  half  barrels  ;  one  with 
maple  sugar,  and  the  other  with  honey. 

To  the  one  I  added  thirty-seven  pounds 
maple  sugar  that  had  not  been  drained  of 
its  molasses,  and  sufficient  water  to  make 
fifteen  gallons  of  the  whole;  then  tested  its 
strength  by  putting  in  a  lien's  egg,  (Major 
Adlum's  handy  and  convenient  substitute 
for  the  Sacchrometer)  and  found  that  it  floa- 
ted the  egg, showing  about  the  size  of  a  shil- 
ling piece  above  the  surface  ;  then  put  up 
the  must  into  the  cask. 

To  the  other  I   put  forty-two   pounds  of 
strained  honey,  and  water  to  make  the  quan 
tity  (fifteen  gallons).     After  the  honey  was 
dissolved,  I  also  tested    this   with   the    egg 
and  found  it  to  show  a  part  of  the  sheila- 
bore  the  surface  about  the  size  of  a   pista- 


reen ; — which  clearly  showed  that  honey 
contains  as  much  saccharine,  for  its  weight, 
as  sugar. 

The  casks  were  put  into  the  cellar  to  fer- 
ment and  make,  leaving  the  bungs  open  for 
a  few  days,  then  put  them  in  loosely,  and  in 
ten  or  twelve  days,  bunged  tight. 

In  December  it  was  racked  off,  when  each 
cask  afforded  two  gallons  of  lees  in  currant 
pulp  ;  after  racking,  it  was  put  back  into  the 
casks  again,  and  fined  with  a  pint  of  skim- 
milk,  and  left  to  stand. 

In  September  I  took  about  two  bushels  of 
peaches,  (of  the  Columbia  peach)  pounded 
them  up,  and  left  them  to  stand  a  few  days 
and  ferment,  as  I  had  done  with  the  cur- 
rants, from  which,  with  some  labor,  I  ob- 
tained about  three  gallons  of  juice,  and  to 
which  I  added  two  pounds  of  honey  to  the 
gallon,  tested  it  with  the  egg,  and  put  it  up 
in  a  small  keg,  for  making. 

In  October  I  picked  about  half  a  bushel 
of  the  Isabella  Grapes,  and  spread  them  in 
the  chamber  for  three  or  four  weeks  to  dry  ; 
then  mashed  and  put  them  into  a  stone  jar,to 
ferment  ;  by  neglect,  these  were  also  left  to 
stand  nearly  a  week, when  a  blue  mould  had 
formed  on  the  top,  and  the  acetous  fermen- 
tation had  evidently  commenced;  from  them 
I  obtained  about  two  gallons  of  juice,  to 
which  added  two  pounds  of  honey  to  the 
gallon,  which  bore  the  egg  to  the  size  of  a 
two  shilling  piece  above  the  surface;  then 
put  the  must  into  a  stone  jug  to  make. 

Both  of  these  were  racked  off  and  fined 
in  December. 

Owing  to  the  Prussic  acid  of  the  Peach, 
when  assimilated  with  saccharine,  not  deve- 
loping the  vinous  flavor,  the  like  as  the  tar 
taric  acid  of  the  grape,  the  peach  juice  has 
produced  a  very  inferior  liquor  in  its  flavor, 
although  possessing  a  good  body.  It  is  of 
a  pale  white  cider  color,  and  a  strong  acid 
cider  taste ;  so  that  I  consider  the  experi- 
ment of  making  wine  from  peaches  an  en- 
tire failure. 

That  of  the  grape  juice  is  evidently  inju- 
red by  the  acetous  fermentation,  when  suf- 
fered to  stand  too  long  as  before  mentioned. 
It  has  a  dark  red  Teneriffe  color,  apptoach- 
ing  to  the  Burgundy, with  a  cooling  taste.ow- 
ing  to  the  redundancy  of  the  tartaric  acid  and 
fixed  air.  It  has  been  rather  an  indifferent 
liquor,  but  is  improving  considerably  by  age, 
and  gives  indications  that  it  would  have  been 
a  successful  experiment,  had  the  quantity 
been  larger,  and  the  process  been  duly  at- 
tended to. 

The  currant  wine  made  of  maple  sugar 
has  its  color  darkened  to  TennerifTe  by  the 
coloring  matter,  and  its  flavor  rendered 
slightly  bitter  from  the  impurities  of  the  su- 
gar,  clearly  showing  that  the  liquor  will  be 
improved  in  proportion  to  the  purity  of  the 
saccharine  used  in  making  it.  It  has  a  slight 
tinge  of  the  Malaga  flavor,  and  nearly  equal 
in  its  quality;  it  is  a  drinkable  currant 
wine. 

Rut  that  made  of  honey  promises  to  be- 
come a  supetior  article:  it  was  a  sugges- 
tion of  my  own,  proposed  to  Mr.  N.  Good- 
sell,  who  at  first  objected  to  the  experiment, 
— but  having  the  ingredient,  the  produce  of 
my  faun,  I  preferred  to  venture  it,  and  pro- 
posed to  add  a  gallon  of  brandy,  according 
to  Mr.  Phelps'  receipt,  should  he  consider 
the  honey  as  wanting  in  giving  a  sufficient 
body  to  sustain  the  liquor  ;  but  he  objected 
to  that  on  Maj.  Adlum's  principle  of  devel- 
oping the  alcohol  of  wine,  by  fermentation, 


rather  than  by  distillation,  as  making  a  more 
pure  and  wholesome  liquor,  and  should  we 
find  it  in  danger  of  pricking,  we  could  then 
add  the  spirit. 

During  the  first  two  or  three  months  the 
sugar  promised  to  be  the  better  liquor  ;  but 
afterwards,  the  honey  gained  on  the  sugar 
until  it  was  racked,  when  it  fell  back  for  a 
(ew  weeks,  but  afterwards  it  retained,  and 
continues  to  increase  in  its  superiority  over 
the  sugar.  It  has  nearly  the  color  of  Ma- 
deira, perfectly  fine  and  limpid,  with  a  good 
body,  and  the  spirit  of  the  honey  gives  to  it 
the  exhilarating  properties  of  still  cham- 
paigne  :  its  flavor  denotes  the  unadulterated 
purity  of  its  ingredients  ;  and  physicians  have 
admitted  it  good  for  medicinal  uses,  next  to 
Madeira,  and  by  several  persons  it  has  been 
considered  equal  to  the  Sicily  Madeira, which 
retails  at  two  dollars.  While  computing  the 
ingredients  at  their  market  price,  and  allow- 
ing something  for  the  labor,  it  may  be  esti- 
mated to  cost  about  fifty  cents. 

Those  who  do  not  produce  honey,  can 
procure  the  Havana  honey  in  Rochester  at 
one  dollar  the  gallon,  which  is  estimated  to 
weigh  thirteen  pounds, — that  would  need  to 
be  clarified  ; — it  can  be  put  into  a  stone  jar. 
and  that,  into  a  kettle  of  water,  and  boiled, 
which  will  boil  the  honey  and  allow  it  to  be 
skimmed  :  or  add  some  of  the  water  to  fill 
the  cask,  and  boil  it  in  the  kettle. 

The  manner  in  which  I  obtained  the  sup- 
ply of  honey  in  July,  was  by  driving  tin 
bees,  after  they  had  done  swarming,  out  of 
the  old  hive,  into  a  new  one. 

As  the  honey  was  considered  as  a  secon- 
dary experiment,  I  put  it  into  an  old  hall 
barrel  I  had  on  hand,  which  sprung  aleak  in 
the  winter.and  by  the  spring  1  had  lost  more 
than  half  of  its  contents.  I  propose  to  get 
an  iron  bound  cask,  and  have  it  painted  f  i 
preservation.  They  can  often  be  had  of 
the  merchants,  after  having  retailed  out 
their  imported  wines  ;  and  to  retain  theii 
lees,  and  put  the  currant  wine  on  those  lees, 
will  improve  its  vinous  flavor. 

J.  HAWLEY. 
Oliver  Phelps'  Receipt   for  making    Currant 
Wine. 

Pick  your  currants  in  a  fair  day, when  ful- 
ly ripe,  say  between  the  fifteenth  and  twen- 
tieth July.  Wash  ihrm  in  a  tin  cullender 
clean  from  dust,  then  put  them  into  a  clean 
flannel  bag,  and  press  out  their  juice.  Meas- 
ure it,  and  to  every  gallon  of  pure  currant 
juice  add  two  gallons  of  cold  well  water.and 
to  every  gallon  of  this  mixture  add  three 
pounds  of  good  clear  brown  sugar,  the  pu- 
rer and  lighter,  the  better,  (excepting  the 
Havana)  and  to  every  eighteen  gallons  of 
liquor  add  one  gallon  of  the  best  French 
brandy. 

When  the  whole  is  well  united  put  it  into 
a  good  clean  cask  ;  fill  it  nearly  full, and  put 
a  piece  of  leather  over  the  bung  hole  with 
a  small  weight  on  it.  Take  care  that  the 
cask  is  not  so  full  as  to  work  over,  as  this 
would  injure  the  liquor,  and  aftei  the  fer- 
mentation has  ceased,  bung  the  cask  as 
tight  as  possible.  In  the  month  of  May  fol- 
lowing, it  will  be  fit  for  use.  or  for  bottling, 
as  you  choose.  All  this  process  must  be 
done  with  neatness,  and  you  cannot  fail  in 
having  the  first  rale  of  currant  wine. 

John  Adlum's  Receipt  for  making  Currant 
Wine. 
Take  two  bushels  of  currants,  sixteen  gal- 
lons  of  water,  and  from  seventy-two  to  «igh- 


188 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  18,  1831. 


ty-four  pounds  of  sugar,  (according  as  you 
would  have  it  more  or  less  strong.)  Bruise 
the  currants,  add  the  water,  then  press  or 
squeeze  out  all  the  liquid  ;  then  add  the  su- 
gar, dissolve  it,  and  put  it  into  your  cask  in 
the  cellar  to  ferment;  keep  some  of  the  liquor 
to  fill  up  the  cask  as  it  wastes  by  fermenta- 
tion, and  in  about  ten  days  bung  it  up  tight, 
and  bore  a  giniblet  hole  near  the  bung,  and 
put  a  peg  in  it  lightly,  and  in  about  a 
month  drive  it  in  tight ;  examine  it  in  No- 
vember or  the  beginning  of  December,  and 
it  will  generally  be  found  fine  and  blight, 
when  it  ought  to  be  racked  into  a  clean  cask 
well  fumigated  with  sulphur,  and  if  it  is  not 
perfectly  fine  and  bright,  flne  it ;  after  which 
it  may  be  bottled,  or  again  racked  into  an- 
other cask,  as  above  directed  ;  when  it  will 
keep  for  years  in  the  wood,  and  be  impro- 
ving. 

By  taking  nine  pecks  of  currants  and 
eighty-four  pounds  of  sugar,  a  whiskey  bar- 
rel full  may  be  made,  holding  from  thirty- 
two  to  thirty-four  gallons — if  the  cask  is 
not  quite  full,  fill  it  with  water. 

This  mode  of  making  currant  wine,  will 
make  it  more  like  a  foreign  wine,  than  any 
other  I  am  acquainted  with  ;  and  as  almost 
every  person  who  has  a  garden,  has  a  num- 
ber of  currant  trees,  I  give  this  receipt  to 
enable  them  to  convert  such  as  are  not  wan- 
ted  for  jelly,  into  a  very  fine  wine. 

Note — Thirteen  and  a  half  pounds  of  su 
»ar  produce  one  gallon  of  liquid.  The  cur- 
rants ought  to  be  picked  on  a  dry  day,  and 
(he  wine  made  the  same  day,  otherwise  it 
will  take  more  sugar,  and  will  not  be  so 
neat  a  wine  as  if  the  whole  operations  were 
completed  in  a  day. 


FOR    THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

The  comparative  view*  of  the  climates  of 
Albany  and  Rochester,  as  exemplified  by 
plants  of  the  same  kind  exposed  to  the  ri- 
gors of  winter,  I  have  read  with  much  in- 
terest ;  and  am  willing  to  add  a  few  re- 
marks. 

My  garden  may  be  estimated  at  300  feet 
•above,  and  one  and  a  half  miles  east  of  the 
Oayuga  lake.  I  have  no  record  of  the  great- 
est degree  of  cold  at  this  place. 

With  us,  the  peach  tree,  I  believe  is  never 
injured  in  winter.  The  blossoms  were  in 
plenty,  but  the  young  fruit  is  rather  thinly 
scattered  on  the  branches, — perhaps  not  one- 
fifth  of  what  often  occurs, — still  there  is  e- 
noMgh,  as  the  fruit  will  be  of  better  size  and 
finer  flavor.  Among  a  great  number  of  ex- 
otics, I  have  observed  nothing  damaged  by 
late  vernal  frosts,  except  the  leaves  of  the 
peach  tree,  many  of  which  are  sadly  crum- 
pled. 

Apricots  have  set  in  great  plenty, — pears 
not  in  such  plenty  as  last  season, — and  plums 
will  be  scarce.  This  must  be  ascribed  to 
the  overloading  crops  of  last  year,  as  the 
trees  are  always  hardy. 

Ailawfusf  glandulom,  Catalpa  cordifolia, 
and  Haltsia  tetraplera  are  hardy.  Bignonia 
radkans  and  grandiflora,  but  slightly  inju- 
red,— far  less  so  than  in  the  two  preceding 
winters.  Rasagrevilli.was  covered — Champ- 
ney  rose  on  the  east  side  of  a  building  was 
killed  nearly  to  the  ground.  Doubtless  if 
the  stems  were  laid  down  through  two  or 
three  winters,  they  would  better  "resist  the 
frost. 

*  Gen   Farmer  No.  21. 
tTbis  orthography  is  preferred  in  Loudon's 
Encyclopedia  of  Plants. 


Paonia  moutan  in  a  corvered  border, — and 
P.  whitleii,  hiimei,  fragrans  with  many  oth- 
er kinds,  under  sods  or  a  dressing  of  com- 
post,— have  kept  well.  I  think  that  all  the 
herbaceous  sorts  however,  would  live  without 
any  protection  from  the  frost. 

The  white  mulberry  and  Madeira  nut  are 
perfectly  hardy.  The  iveeping  ivillow  scarce- 
ly damaged,  except  some  buds,  as  the  mid- 
dle parts  of  some  pendant  branches  remain 
without  foliage. 

There  is  great  difference  in  the  hardiness 
of  Altheas.  With  us,  single  and  semi-dou- 
ble kinds  proved  hardy — very  double  kinds 
a  little  damaged. 

All  my  vines  were  covered,  except  the  Al- 
exander, Isabella,  Black  Madeira,  Mulvoisie, 
and  white  American,  and  all  are  in  good 
condition. 

Many  shrubs  survive  the  winter,  but  ivith 
the  loss  of  most  of  their  flower-buds.  Of 
this  kind  are  Jasminum  humile,  Coronilla  e 
merits,  Kerria  japonica,  k.c.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  last  winter  these  shrubs  were  pros- 
trated and  covered, and  this  spring  they  have 
bloomed  more  profusely  and  beautifully 
than  I  ever  witnessed  before. 

To  Judge  Btjel  for  his  politeness,  I  offer 
my  thanks.  He  appears  to  have  misunder 
stood  me  however,  and  I  give  a  trans- 
cript of  the  passage  in  the  Genesee  Farmer 
No.  15,  to  which  he  refers  :  "  I  know  of  no 
nurseryman  who  can  furnish  the  double  scar- 
let hawthorn."  I  cultivate  the  double  whit* 
hawthorn,  "  which  some  days  after  expan- 
sion, changes  to  purple,"*  but  the  scarlet 
flowering  is  considered  a  different  plant,  and 
Prince  in  his  Short  Treatise,  even  consid- 
ers it  a  different  species  (cratagus  monogy- 
na).  In  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Plants 
however,  it  is  stated  that  cratagus  oxycan- 
tlia  "  furnishes  some  highly  ornamental  va- 
rieties, especially  the  double  blossomed,  and 
scarlet  blossomed." 

It  is  remarkable  that  neither  of  those  au- 
thors mention  a  double  scarlet  thorn. 

D.  T. 


"Prince. 


SEIiECTiOXJJ. 


ROLLING  LANDS. 

The  following  is  taken  from  the  Rev.  A 
dam  Dickson's  Treatise  of  Agriculture,  the 
third  edition  of  which  was  published  in  Scot- 
land in  1766.  Although  the  practice  of 
rolling  has  been  pursued  for  ages  past,  and 
is  still,  by  the  greater  part  of  the  most  en- 
lightened farmers  of  the  present  day  ;  yet  it 
is  altogether  neglected  by  many  whose  lands 
for  the  want  of  it  are  suffering. — ISew  York 
Farmer. 

Rolling  is  practised  with  success  both  on 
land  lying  in  grass  and  on  land  in  tillage. — 
It  is  of  advantage  to  land  in  grass,  by  press- 
ing down  mole-hills  and  mole-runs.  Some 
say,  that  it  also  destroys  fog.  [Moss  and 
coarse  grass  produced  by  a  soft  and  spongy 
surface.] 

When  land  is  laid  down  in  grass  for  hay, 
rolling  is  of  use  in  smoothing  the  surface  ; 
and,  when  laid  down  in  grass  for  pasture,  it 
makes  the  grass  stool,  (tiller,)  and  grow 
thicker. 

There  is  a  kind  of  land,  which,  when  clo- 
ver is  sown  upon  it,  throws  out  the  young 
plants  after  frost.  Rolling, in  the  beginning 
of  winter,  and  immediately  after  the  frost  is 
gone,  it  is  said,  will,  in  some  measure,  pre- 
vent  thi«.     The  first  rolling   prevents   the 


frost  from  penetrating  so  deep  as  it  other- 
wise would  do;  and  from  the  second  makes 
the  land  firm,  after  having  been  loosed  by 
the  change  from  frost  to  open  weather. 

Rolling  may  also  be  used  with  advantage 
upon  land  in  tillage.  When  the  land  is  na- 
turally stiff,  and  may  be  reduced  by  the  har- 
row, rolling  is  very  improper  ;  for  it  makes 
this  kind  of  land  still  firmer  than  the  harrow 
does.  But  if  the  land  rise  in  clods,  which 
the  harrow  does  not  reduce,  rolling  is  very 
proper  ;  for  it  smooths  the  surface,  and 
breaks  lhe  clods,  more  effectually  than  har- 
rowing. 

When  the  land  is  light  and  spongy,  the 
roller  should  always  be  applied  after  seed  is 
sown  ;  for  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  make  this 
land  too  firm. 

It  was  observed,  that,  to  destroy  root- 
i  weeds,  land  should  be  made  rough,  and  rai- 
sed in  as  large  pieces  as  possible;  and  that 
it  should  be  allowed  to  lie  for  some  time  in 
that  situation.  Rolling  after  this  is  of  great 
use  ;  for,  without  it,  if  the  weather  contin- 
ues dry,  it  will  not  be  possible  to  make  the 
land  fit  for  receiving  another  plowing. 

If  the  land  be  soft  below,  and  some  hard 
clods  upon  the  surface,  which  the  harrow 
does  not  break,  rolling  may  be  used  with 
some  advantage  ;  for,  besides  smoothing  the 
surface,  it  will  bruise  some  of  the  clods  ;  and 
such  of  them' as  are  pressed  down,  will  be 
dissolved  by  the  natural  fermentation  of  the 
soil,  if  in  good  heart. 

Sometimes  in  stiff  land,  plowed  drv,  af- 
ter a  former  wet  plowing,  or  when,  by  anv 
accident,  it  has  been  much  trod  upon,  the 
whole  rises  in  large  clods.which  the  harrows 
j  cannot  break,  so  as  to  cover  the  seed.  In 
j  this  case,  rolling  is  of  great  use.  It  bruises 
some  of  the  clods ;  and  when  followed  by 
the  break-harrow,  these  clods  are  raised  up 
and  broken.  Though  rolling  should  do  no 
service  but  smooth  the  surface,  yet,  on  thai 
account,  it  should  be  practised.  For  when 
the  surface  is  smooth,  the  corn  may  be  cut 
down  more  expeditiously  than  when  it  is 
rough  ami  ■neven.  When  grass-seeds 
are  sown  for  hay,  it  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  smooth  the  surface  :  the  roller  is  most 
proper  for  this.  Some  use  it  before,  and 
some  after  sowing.  When  it  is  used  before 
sowing,  the  seed  is  more  equally  scattered. 
Grass-seeds  must  be  sown  in  such  a  man 
ner,  as  to  lie  near  the  surface ;  otherwise 
they  will  not  vegetate.  The  making  the 
land  firm  by  rolling  is  therefore  an  advan- 
tage, as,  by  it,  the  sap  is  better  preserved  ; 
and  this  does  not  so  much  damage  to  grass 
as  to  corn,  for  several  kinds  of  it  are  com 
monly  better  forragers. 


Fioia  Iho  New-England  Farmer. 

WORK  FOR  JUNE. 

Melons  and  cucumbers,  which  have  hith- 
erto been  protected  by  glass,  or  by  papei 
frames,  may  now  be  exposed  to  the  open  air. 

If  the  season  be  at  all  dry,  your  vegeta- 
bles will  stand  in  need  of  water.  Loudon 
remarks  that  many  kitchen  crops  are  lost, 
or  produce  a  very  inferior  quality  for  wan! 
of  watering  ;  lettuces  and  cabbages  are  of- 
ten hard  and  stringy  ;  turnips  and  radishes 
do  not  swell  ;  onions  decay,  &,c.  copious 
waterings  in  the  evenings,  during  the  dry 
seasons,  would  produce  that  fullness  and 
succulency  which  we  find  in  the  vegetables 
produced  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  in  the 
Marsh  Gardens  at  Paris,  and  in  England,  at 
the  beginning  and  the  latter  end  of  the  sea 


190 


THE  GE\ESEE  FAR31ER 


June  18,  183, 


son.  The  vegetables  brought  to  the  Lon- 
don market,  from  the  Neat's  Houses  and  o- 
ther  adjoining  gardens,  where  the  important 
.irticle  of  watering  is  much  more  attended  I 
to  than  in  private  country  gardens,  may  be 
adduced  as  affording  proofs  of  the  advan- 
tage of  the  practice. 

Vegetables  that  are  newly  transplanted, 
as  they  have  their  roots  more  or  less  dimin- 
ished, or  otherwise  injured,  often  need  wa- 
tering, until  they  have  taken  new  roots. — 
But  this  should  be  done  with  caution.  If  a 
dry  season  follow  the  transplanting,  let  them 
be  watered,  if  they  appear  to  droop,  only  at 
evenings  and  in  cloudy  weather,  and  with 
water  which  has  been  exposed,  one  day  at 
least,  to  the  shining  of  the  sun  ;  not  with 
water  directly  from  a  well  or  cold  spring,  as 
it  will  give  a  chill  to  the  plants.  Only  a 
small  quantity  should  be  applied  at  once  ; 
that  it  may  have  an  effect  similar  to  that  of 
a  refreshing  rain;  for  water  applied,  plenti- 
fully or  forcibly,  or  falling  from  a  considera- 
be  height,  is  apt  to  wash  away  the  finest  of 
the  mould  from  the  roots,  or  make  little  cav- 
ities about  them,  which  admit  too  much  air. 

In  a  dry  season,  whole  gardens  sometimes 
need  watering;  and  in  doing  it  the  above 
precautions  should  be  regarded.  It  is  of 
great  convenience  to  have  a  piece  of  stand- 
ing water  or  a  brook  or  rivulet  near  at  hand 
by  which  water  may  be  furnished  in  suffi- 
cient abundance  without  a  great  degree  of 
labor. 

Weeding.  Sir  John  Sinclair  observed 
that  "  the  importance  of  weeding  is  such, 
both  to  the  individual  and  the  public,  that  it 
ought  to  he  enforced  by  law.  At  any  rate 
a  regulation  of  police  for  fining  those  who 
harbor  weeds,  the  seeds  of  which  may  be 
blown  into  their  neighbor's  ground  can  have 
no  injustice  in  principle. 

Hoeing.  The  ends  to  be  answered  by 
hoeing  are  chiefly  these  :  To  destroy  weeds, 
which  are  always  ready  to  spring  up  in  eve- 
ry soil,  to  exhaust  the  land,  and  starve  the 
plants.  For  this  purpose  when  the  weeds 
have  attained  any  size,  deep  hoeing  becomes 
necessary.  To  prevent  the  soil's  becoming 
too  hard  and  close,  so  that  the  roots  cannot 
extend  themselves  freely  in  search  of  ve- 
getable food,  nor  feed  on  the  fixed  air  and 
other  fertilizing  gases  generated  in  loose  and 
rich  soils.  In  this  case  deep  hoeing  is  ne- ! 
cessary.  But  hoeing  should  cease  entirely  ; 
or  be  »ery  shallow  when  the  roots  are  so 
much  extended  as  to  be  injured  by  hoeing. 
The  deeper  land  is  hoed,  provided  tlie  roots 
are  not  disturbed,  and  too  much  cut  in  pie- 
ces, the  greater  advantage  it  will  be  to  the 
pi  ints.  The  oftener  land  is  hoed  the  more 
moisture  it  retains,  the  more  crops  aie  nour- 
ished, and  the  better  it  withstands  drought. 
The  earth  about  the  stems  of  young  plains 
of  corn,  Sic.  should  be  removed  either  with 
a  hoe  or  the  fingers,  and  fresh  soil  substitu- 
ted, but  not  accumulated  about  the  stems, 
lest  the  lower  roots  should  be  deprived  of 
the  benefit  of  flic  sun  and  air. 

The  land  is  in  a  good  degree  prepared  for 
succeeding  crops  by  hoeing  ;  and  there  is 
great  and  obvious  advantages  in  stirring  the 
ground  while  the  dew  is  mi  in  the  morning, or 
Mtii  a  light  rain.  Where  land  is  tol- 
erably free  from  obstacles,  the  frequent  use 
of  the  horse  plough  to  a  considerable  depth 
renders  the  labor  much  less  severe  and  ex- 
pensive, and  more  advantageous  to  tin-  crop, 
than  ti>  depend  on  the  hoc  alone.  The  lirst 
time  the  plough  is  used, tarn  the  farrow  from  I 


the  rows.  At  the  next  plowing,  and  all  af- 
ter plow  ings,  the  furrows  are  to  be  turned 
towards  the  rows ;  this  prevents    the  plough 

j  from  injuring  the  roots.  The  depth  should 
be  about  the  same  as  for  any  other  plowing, 
or  the  intention  will  be  in  some  measure  de- 
feated. This  may  render  it  necessary  some- 
times to  go  twice  in  the  same  furrow.  A 
plow  called  a  cultivator  has  been  construc- 
ted, with  two  mouldboards  which  turns  the 
mould  both  ways  at  once. 

The  opinion  entertained  by  some,  that  no 
hoeing  at  all  should  be  done  in  a  dry  time,  is 
irrational  and  ridiculous.  They  deprive 
their  land  of  the  benefit  of  the  dew,  suffer  it 
to  be  overrun  by  weeds,  and  allow  the 
ground  to  be  so  hard  that  the  rain  when  it 
comes  will  not  penetrate  it.'  There  is  no  soil 
perhaps  except  a  thin  sandy  one  that  will 
not  be  benefitted  in  hot  dry  weather  by  fre- 
quent hoeing." 

Salad  herbs  may  be  grown  at  sea  by  sow- 
ing the  seeds  on  thick  flannel  well  cleaned 
and  moistened.  Put  the  flannel  on  a  board 
which  can  be  hung  up.  Place  on  the  flan- 
nel on  which  the  seeds  are  sown  another 
piece  of  flannel  fastened  to  a  thick  board. — 
Take  off  the  upper  board  as  soon  as  the 
seeds  have  vegetated,  say  -4  hours.  In  six 
or  seven  days,  if  good  weather,  the  crop 
will  be  two  inches  high.  It  is  then  fit  for 
use.  Be  careful  to  keep  the  flannel  always 
wet. 

Radishes.  To  have  a  constant  success- 
ion of  radishes  for  the  table  the  seeds  should 
be  sowed  once  a  fortnight  from  April  to  Au- 

jgust.  As  they  are  uncertain  in  their  growth, 
the  best  method   is  to  put    the  seed  between 

irows  of  other  plants  ;  and  they  are  so  easi- 
ly pulled  that  they  nee^  not  incommode  the 
plants  among  which  they  grow. 

Turnips.     Sow   strong    bouse  or    wood 

'ashes  over  the  ground  about  the  time  the 
turnips  are  springing  up.  ibis  will  cause 
the  young  plants  to  grow  sooner  out  of  the 
way  of  insects,  produce  a  large  crop,  and 
make  the  turnips  sweet  and  palatable. 


the  zinc  vessels  is  thought  to  be  sweeter. 

We  do  not  know  on  what  principle  to  ac 
count  for  this  effect,  except  it  may  be  that 
of  galvanic  agency.  The  importance  of 
the  improvement  will  at  once  be  perceived 
by  every  one.  The  pans  aie  very  durable, 
not  likely  to  rust  or  exidize,  and  at  a  price 
very  little  higher  than  those  of  tin. 

Pans  and  kettles  of  every  description  are 
manufactured  by  the  proprietors  of  the  pat- 
ent, Messrs.  John  Westfield  &.  Co.  No.  163 
Mott  street,  New  York.  We  hope  farmer- 
will  lose  no  time  in  furnishing  themselves 
with  one  or  more  pans  to  try  the  experi 
inents. — X.  Y.  Far. 


IMPORTANT  IMPROVEMENT  IN  THE  PRO- 
DUCTION OP  CREAM. 

For  about  twelve  months  past  Mr.  Sam- 
uel Davis  of  this  city  has  been  trying  expe- 
riments on  the  use  of  milk  pans  made  of 
zinc  as  a  substitute  for  those  of  tin  or  other 
materials.  His  experiments,  last  summer, 
on  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  were  high- 
ly satisfactory.  He  and  other  gentlemen  in- 
terested, have  repeated  them  this  spring, 
with  results  equally  favorable.  They  have 
ascertained  that  milk  in  zinc  pans  will  keep 
sweet  four  or  live  hours  longer  than  in  those 
of  other  materials,  and  consequently  afford 
a  longer  time  for  the  cream  to  rise. 

On  Wednesday  the  CJth  inst.  we  saw  3 
tin  and  three  zinc  pans  having  in  each  nine 
quarts  of  milk.  The  milk,  which  was  just 
from  the  cows,  had  been  put  in  on  the  Mon- 
day previous  at  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon. On  Wednesday  at  nine  in  the  mor- 
ning, when  we  were  present  at  the  skim- 
ming, the  milk  in  the  tin  pans  had  become 
mostly  coagulated  or  loppard  ;  that  in  the 
zinc  pans  but  slightly  sour.  At  two  o'clock 
this  latter  afforded  a  second  skimming.  The 
result  of  the  churning  was,  that  the  cream 
from  the  zinc  produced  three  lbs.  Cue  oz. 
and  that  from  the  tin  only  two  pounds  five 
and  a  half  ounces.  Care  was  taken  to  have 
the  experiments  correct  and  fair.  In  addi- 
tion to  the   extra  quantity,   the  butter   from  I' 


From  the  American  Farmpr. 

ORANGE  FARM% 

The  following  letter  from  the  proprietot 
of  the  Orange  Farm,  will  be  read  with  in- 
terest. The  only  remark  we  have  to  make 
on  laying  it  before  our  readers,  is — •'  go  and 
do  likewise." 

May  4,  1331. 
Mr.  Smith. — Under  an  impression   that 
the  agriculturists  of  our  country,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  did   not  employ  capital   enough 
in  their  business,  I  about  twelve  years  since, 
determined  to  carry  my  ideas  into  effect  up- 
on my  Orange  Farm  consisting  of  400  acres. 
After  the  desired   fertility   had   been   given 
to  the  soil,  30  acres  of  it  were  converted  in- 
to a  garden, and  370  acres  into  a  dairy  tun, 
Of  these  370  acres,  about  70  are  in 
iand  about  300  under  cultivation. 

The  cows  are  in  number  100 — somelimi  - 
I  more,   aiid  sometimes  less.     They  are  kept 
in  warm, but  well  ventilated  stables  through 
out  the  winter,   and  part   of  the  sprin 
autumn.       They  are    not   exposed   to  cold 
rains  even   in  summer.     They    run  during 
i  the  summer  on  luxuriant   pastures,  each   of 
which  afford  a  comfortable  shade.   So  much 
[  importance  is  attached  to  shade,  that  shed? 
have  been  erected  over    the  troughs   when 
they  get  their  drink.    As  there  is  no  running 
',  water  on    the  farm,    we  have  to  depend  on 
pumps.     Audit   may    not    be  out  of  place 
here  to  state,  that  two  dogs,  one   at   a  time, 
!  pump  all   the   water,  and   cut   all   the  com 
stalks,  straw  and  hay   used  for  all  the  cows 
I  and  other  animals  of  this  farm.     These  cm 
articles,  mixed  with  corn  meal,  bran,  shorts, 
and  roots,   are  cooked  by   means  of  a  very 
simple  steam  apparatus,  for  their    food   du 
ring  the  winter,  with  occasional  variations. 
The  cows  are   at  all   times   in  the  stabli  - 
clean,  by  being  kept  clear  of  their  own  dirt, 
by  means  of  a  well  constructed  drain  so  fix 
ed  as  to  receive  all  their  dung  and  urine. 

Of  the  sales  of  the  products  of  this  farm, 
there  has  been  for  a  series  of  years  a  pro- 
gressive increase.  The  account  of  the  sales 
of  last  year,  as  rendered  to  me  by  my  man- 
ager on  the  1st  January  last,  you  have  be- 
low ;  and  I  am  given  to  understand  that  it 
will  be  more  this  year.  In  this  statement 
the  proceeds  of  the  garden  of  SO  aero  ar< 
not  included. 

As  the  expense  of  repairs,  of  buildings, 
and  of  every  other  kind,  are  paid  by  my 
manag-er,  I  have  not  allowed  tin  self  to  prj 
into  them  very  closely.  I  have  contented 
mysef  with  knowing,  that  he  has  to  deliver 
to  me,  and  that  he  does  deliver  to  me,  w  ith- 
oul  limitation  every  day.  whatever  quantity 
my  family  may  want  of  fresh  butter,  cream 
and  milk,  and  that  he  has  to  pay  to  me, am; 
does  pay  to  me,  in  cash  every  Saturday,  r> 
satisfactory  net  amount  of  rent. 


Vol  1— No.  24. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAJL. 


191 


Amount  of  Sales  on  Orange  Farm  for 
1830.— Milk,#  1,822  20  ;  Butter  #1,779  36  ; 
Beef,  #1,201  84;  Veal,  #184  79;  Pigs,  #7,- 
i50;  Vegetables,  #455  98;  Hay,  #1,143 
08  :— Total,  #9,659  73. 

Facility  of  Swimming. — The  larger  the 
body  >s  in  relation  to  its  magnitude,  the 
more  easily  will  it  float,  and  a  greater  por- 
tion of  the  head  will  remain  above  the 
surface.  As  the  weight  of  the  human 
body  does  not  always  bear  the  same  pro- 
portion to  its  bulk,  the  skill  of  the  swim- 
mer is  not  always  to  be  estimated  by  his 
success;  some  of  the  constituent  parts  of 
the  human  body  are  heavier,  while  oth- 
ers are  lighter,  bulk  for  bulk,  than  water. 
Those  persons  in  whom  the  quantity  of 
the  latter  bear  a  greater  proportion  to 
the  former,  will  swim  with  a  proportion- 
ate facility. — Larch  ter's  Cab.  Cyclo. 

Submarine  Laborers. — If  a  rope  be  at- 
tached to  a  heavy  block  of  stone  at  the 
bottom  of  a  reservoir  of  water,  it  may  be 
raised  to  the  surface  by  the  strength  of  a 
man;  but  as  soon  as  any  quantity  of  it 
emerges  from  the  surface,  the  same 
strength  will  be  insufficient  to  it  ;  it  loses 
the  support  of  the  water,  and  requires  as 
much  more  force  as  is  equal  to  the  weight 
of  the  water  which  it  has  displaced.  In 
building  piers  and  other  subaqueous 
works,  this  effect  is  rendered  peculiarly 
manifest;  the  laborer  feels  himself  endu- 
ed with  prodigiously  increased  strength, 
rising  with  ease,  and  adjusting  in  their 
places,  blocks  of  stone,  which  he  would 
attempt  in  vain  to  move  above  the  water. 
After  a  man  has  worked  for  a  considera- 
ble time  in  this  way  under  water,  he  finds, 
upon  removing  to  the  air,  that  he  is  ap- 
parently weak  and  leeble ;  every  thing 
which  he  attempts  to  lift  seems  to  have 
unusual  weight  ;  and  to  move  even  his 
own  limbs  is  attended  with  some  incon 
venience. — lb. 

Difficulty  of  Walking  in  Water. 
— Every  one  who,  while  bathing,  has 
walked  in  the  water,  is  sensible  how 
small  a  weight  rests  upon  the  feel.  If 
the  depth  be  so  great  that  the  body  is  im- 
mersed to  the  shoulders,  the  feet  are 
scarcely  sensible  on  the  bottom.  The 
want  of  sufficient  pressure  in  this  case 
renders  the  body  easily  upset.  In  at- 
tempting to  ford  a  river  in  which  there  is 
a  current,  considerable  danger  is  produc- 
ed by  this  cause  ;  even  though  the  river 
should  be  sufficiently  shallow  to  leave  a 
large  portion  of  the  body  above  the  sur- 
face. The  pressure  on  the  bottom  be- 
ing diminished  by  the  buoyancy  of  the 
liquid,  the  feet  have  a  less  secure  hold  on 
the  ground,  and  the  f  rce  of  the  current 
acting  on  that  part  of  the  body  which  is 
immersed,  without  affecting  that  part 
which  is  above  the  surface,  has  a  tenden- 
cy to  carry  away  the  support  of  the  f.  et. 
Lardnei's  Cab.  Cyclo. 
Easier  to  swim  in  the  sea  than  in 
a  river. — Sea  water  has  a  greater  buoy- 
ancy than  fresh  water,  being  relatively 
heavier  ;  and  hence  it  is  commonly  said 


to  be  much  easier  to  swim  in  the  sea 
than  in  a  river;  this  effect,  however, 
appears  to  be  greatly  exaggerated.  A 
cubic  foot  of  fresh  water  weighs  about 
1000  ounces  ;  and  the  same  bulk  of  sea 
water  weighs  1028  ounces  ;  the  weight, 
therefore,  of  the  latter,  exceeds  the  for- 
mer by  only  28  parts  in  1000.  The 
force  exerted  by  sea  water  to  support  the 
body,  exceeds  that  exerted  by  fresh  wa- 
ter by  about  one  thirty-sixth  part  of  the 
whole  force  of  the  latter. — lb. 


Savings  Bank. 

We  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the 
act  of  the  Legislature  establishing  a  Savings 
Bank  at  this  place.  Some  have  entertained 
an  idea  that  so  unpretending  an  institution  as 
a  Bank  for  Savings,  was  only  calculated  for 
the  business  of  people  in  straitened  circum- 
stances. This  is  a  mistake.  It  is  a  safe  and 
convenient  place  for  laying  up  small  sums,  to 
people  of  limited  means  of  support,  and  also 
to  laborers  and  persons  engaged  on  the  lake 
and  on  the  canal,  and  who  ought  to  lay  up  in 
summer  something  to  support  them  during 
the  rigors  of  winter,  when  employment  fails  : 
trustees  of  estates,  guardians,  widows,  single 
women  and  minors,  can  deposit  their  funds, 
and  have  them  safely  invested,  without  any 
care,  cost  or  trouble  to  the  owners.  It  is  a 
good  institution,  and  well  deserves  the  confi- 
dence of  the  community. 

So  far  from  occupying  the  attention  of  the 
poorer  class  only,  deposits  of  #1000  have  of- 
ten been  made  at  the  Savings  Bank  in  New- 
York. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Trusteesof  the  Roch- 
ester Savings  Bank  at  the  Mansion  House, 
May  10,  1831,  Doct.  Levi  Ward  was  cal- 
led to  the  chair,  and  Elihu  F.  Marshall  ap- 
pointed secretary. 

Resolved,  That  a  committee,  consisting  of 
Dr.  L.  Ward,  D.  Scovill  and  E.  F.  Mar- 
shall, be  appointed  to  obtain  information 
relative  to  the  manner  of  transacting  the  bu- 
siness of  Savings  Banks,  and  report  at  a 
subsequent  meeting,  to  be  called  by  them. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees,  held  at  the 
Mansion  House  June  13, — Present,  chair 
man,  secretary,  J.  Child,  E.  Peck,  D.  Sco- 
vill, J.  Medbury,  A.  W.  Riley,  H.  Frink, 
E.  R.  Everest,  and  J.  Graves  : 

Levi  Ward,  Jr.  was  elected  President, 
Jacob  Graves  Vice  President,  Harvey  Frink 
Treasurer,  and  David  Scovill,  Secretary  and 
Accountant. 

E.  Peck,  J.  Child  and  E.  R.  Everett, 
were  duly  elected  the  funding  committee. 

David  Scovill  resigned  his  station  as  trus- 
tee . 

Resolved,  That  all  deposits  which  may  be 
made  in  the  banks  in  this  village,  be  equal- 
ly divided  between  the  two  banks. 


New  York  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution. 
The  situation  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  porlion 
of  the  human  family  naturally  excites  the  most 
sowerful  emotions  nf  sympathy.  The  atten 
tion  of  the  philantfropist  has  long  been  direc 
ted  to  the  melioration  of  the  condition  of  these 
•nutes,  and  which  is  now  accomplishing  with 
much  success  :  they  have  been  instructed  li. 
-eadand  write, — to  converse  bysigDS, — learn 
useful  trades,  and  above  all,  have  had  theii 
minds  emhued  with  the  valuable  precepts  o( 
religion  and  virtue.  Of  the  progress  of  these 
attainments  in  the  New-York  institution,  we 
have  the  most  gratifying  evidences,  by  perns  ' 


ing  the  "Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  its  Di- 
rectors, for  1830,"  from  which  it  appears  that 
the  directors  have  in  sorr.e  instances  received 
scholars  beyond  the  vacancies  [see  advertise- 
ment] which  yearly  occur,  on  Ihe  charity  list  : 
and  some  on  (lie  part  pay  list.  The  whole  num- 
ber o/  pupils  on  the  1st  ol  January  last  was  85, 
average  ex  pence  of  full-pay  scholars,  $135  pr 
year.  The  males  labor  in  the  garden,  at  tail- 
oring, and  shocmabing,  and  Ihe  females  assist 
in  needle  work  and  house-work,  when  not  en- 
gaged in  studies. 

From  the  munificent  hands  of  the  legisla- 
ture, and  the  receipts  of  small  sums  fi  om  oth- 
er sources,  an  assylum  has  been  erected,  near 
the  city  of  New-York,  and  which  has  cost  in- 
cluding out-houses,  improvement  of  grounds. 
&c.  about  g30,000.  The  principal,  Mr.  H.  P. 
Peet,  and  Ins  Lady,  reside  at  the  assylum,  and 
have  in  charge  the  intellectual  and  moral  im- 
provement of  the  pupil*.  The  President,  Dr. 
Milnor,  has  visited  Europe,  and  obiained  val- 
uable information  in  regard  to  these  semina- 
ries, and  an  accomplished  professor  from  Par- 
is. 

There  is  another  institution  at  Canajobarie, 
in  this  state,  devuted  lo  a  similar  purpose.  Ol 
its  success  or  prospects  we  are  not  informed. 
The  New-York  institution  is  well  located  ;  and 
it  having  been  suggested  that  a  union  ot  the 
Central  assylum  with  that  of  New-York.  Would 
be  desirable,  the  directors  of  Ihe  latter  state 
that  they  are  re?dy  to  receive  the  teach 
ers  and  pupils  of  the  institution  at  Canajoharie" 
upon  such  terms  as  the  Legisbtnrc  may  deem, 
equitable.  Wishing  the  most  complete  suc- 
c(ss  to  the  high  purpose  of  those  engaged  in 
ihis  exalted  charity  ,  may  the  consolidation  eti- 
iue. 

Emigrants  to  the  United  States — 
The  London  "World"  of  February  31st, 
has  the  following  article.  "We  find  by 
letters  from  the  country,  that  numbers  of 
excellent  persons,  in  various  parts,  are 
arranging  to  leave  their  native  land  for 
America.  From  one  town,  a  minister. 
Sunday  school  teachers,  and  many  fanr- 
ilies,  are  about  to  embark  and  form  a 
colony  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
and,  indeed,  there  seems  to  be  a  general 
impression  prevailing  through  the  coun* 
try,  that  Europe  is  about  to  undergo  a 
terrible  convulsion,  and  that  Providence 
has  provided  an  asylum  for  the  peaceable 
and  the  pious  in  the  New  World.  Now 
ardently  as  we  desire  the  prosperity  of 
America,  we  confess  that  we  arc  unwill- 
ing that  good  men  should  quit  their  na- 
tive land,  a  land  blessed  by  heaven  a- 
bove  all  lands,  and  requiring  only  a  real 
union  of  Christian  souls  to  render  it  the 
praise  of  the  whole  earth." 

METEOROLOGICAL  table, 

for  the  week  ending  June  11,  1831. 


IH 

72 

K 

54 

H 

i: 

liO 

M 

BO 

E  66 

M  S6 

E  T2 

M  88 

K.  74 

m  Be 

E 

73 

H 

tie 

E 

70 

p       Faco  of  Ihe] 

S     I       Sky.       I 

I . I- 


ObservatiorTs 


u 


ram 

fair 
do 

fair 
do 

fair 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
d» 


6-10 
rain  4-10 


rtoRcri      T-fO 


Vol,  1.— No.  23. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


192 


SMUT  IN  WHEAT. 

To  lhe  Editor  of  ihe  New  Vork  Firmer  : 

Sir — In  reply  10  your  Correspondent,  N. 
W.  T.  of  Newark,  New-Jersey,  in  your  last 
month's  Fanner,  1  beg  leave  to  state  a  fe» 
particulars  on  the  subject  of  his  inquiries, 
relative  to  "i7te  JVeavel  and  Smut  in  JVhtat." 
Your  correspondent  states  that  "  two  per- 
sons bought  seed  wheat  of  me, in  which  there 
had  been  some  smut.  In  the  crnp  of  one, 
there  was  a  great  deal  of  smut,  that  of  the 
other  was  free  from  it.  Was  this  difference 
owing  to  the  soil  ?  An  answer  to  these  in- 
quiries would  be  acceptable." 

To  the  latter  inquiry,  "  was  this  difference 
owing  to  the  soil?"  I  beg  leave  to  inform 
him,  and  your  readers,  that  I  have  never 
known  it  the  case  in  a  single  instance,  and 
from  many  years  of  practical  experience,  I 
am  enabled  to  assert  that  when  seed  wheat 
is  perfectly  free  from  disease,  and  prepared 
in  a  proper  manner,  previously  to  its  being 
sown  or  drilled  ;  that  the  soil,  of  whatever 
nature,  or  however  great  the  distance,  wi 
not  produce  smutty  wheat.  The  following 
narrative,  may  serve  to  illustrate  the  fact. 

A  neighbor  of  mine,  having  purchased 
some  very  excellent  seed  wheat,  the  same 
was  delivered  in  the  farmer's  bags  of  whom 
he  had  bought  the  wheal,  with  a  promise 
that  he,  the  purchaser, would  return  the  bags 
immediately  after  the  grain  was  sown  or  de- 
posited by  the  drill.  My  neighbor  complied 
with  this  request,  and  having  drilled  about 
half  the  quantity,  from  those  bags  in  which 
be  had  received  the  wheat,  he  took  opportu- 
nity on  the  following  day,  which  day  had 
been  very  wet  and  unfavorable  tor  drilling' 
the  remainder,  to  empty  those  hags,  in  order 
that  they  might  be  returned,  agreeably  to 
the  proposed  bargain.  Thus,  was  this  tx- 
cellent  clean,  and  till  then,  unadulterated 
seed  wheat,  put  into  his  (the  purchar's)  own 
bags,  which  before  had  contained  some  very 


Choice  of   Agricultural   Implements. 
The  variety  and  excellence  of  agricultural 
implements  is  so  great  that  the   prudent  far- 
mer in  regard  to  that,  as  well  as  in  every  o- 
ther  branch  of  his  art,  must  study  economy. 
He  should  not  incur  an  unnecessary  expense 
in  buying  them,  nor  in  purchasing  more  than 
are  essentially  requisite,  and  can  be  profita- 
bly used.     This  maxim  ought   to    more  es- 
pecially attended    to   by    young   improvers, 
who   are  often  tempted  under  the  specious 
idea  of  diminishing    labor,    and   saving  ex 
pense,  to  buy  a   superfluous  quantity  of  im 
plements,  which  they  afterwards  find   are  of 
little  use.     It  is  remarked  by  an  intelligent 
author  on  matters  of  husbandry,  that  a  great 
diversity  of  implements,  causes  disappoint- 
ment, rather  than  latisfaction  to  the  farmer. - 
In  purchasing   implements  the    following 
rules  are  to  be  observed:   they  should  be  sim- 
ple in  their  construction,  both  that  their  uses 
may  be  more  easily  understood, and  that  any 
common   workman   may   be  able  to  repair 
them,  when  they  get  out  of  order;  the  ma- 
terials should  be  of  a  durable  nature,  that 
the  labor  may  be  less  liable  to  interruption 
from    their  accidental    failure ;    their  iorm 
should  be  firm  and  compact,  that  they  may 
not  be  injured  by  jolts   and  shaking  ;  and 
that  they  may  be  the   more  safely  worked 
by  country  laborers,  who  are  but  little  ac- 
customed to  the  use  of  delicate  tools.     In 
larger  machines,  symmetry,  and  lightness  of 
shape,  ought  to  be  particularly  attended  to  : 
for  a  heavy   carriage,  like  a  great  horse,  is 
worn  out  by  its  own  weight,  nearly  as  much 
as  by  what  he  carries.     The  wood  should  be 
cut  up  and  placed  in  a  position  the  best  ca 
culated   to  resist  pressure;  and  mortices,  so 
likely  to  weaken  the  wood,  should,  as  much 
as  possible,  be  avoided  ;  at  the  same  time, 
implements  should  be  made   as  light    as  is 
consistent  with  the  strength  that   is  necessa- 
ry.    Their  price  should  be   such,  that  farm- 


foul  and  diseased  smutty  wheat,  as  he.togeth-    ers  in  moderate  circumstances  can  afford  to 


er  with  his  farm  servants  acknowledged  the 
fact.  On  the  third  day  the  remainder  of 
the  wheat  was  drilled  on  the  same  soil,  and 
in  the  same  field,  but  not  from  the  clean 
bags  of  the  seller  of  the  seed  wheat. 

Now  sir,  mark  the  result  at  harvest  :  The 
clean  seed  wheat  which  had  been  emptied 
into  the  farmer's  own  filthy  smutty  bags,pro- 
duced  about  one  twentieth  part  of  smutty 
ears  ;  whereas,  from  the  former  day's  dril- 
ling, not  a  single  ear  of  smutty  wheat  could 
be  found  ! 

Hence  the  infectious  disease,  not  only  in 
the  Animal,  but,  also  in  the  Vegetable 
world. 

Should  you  consider  the  foregoing,  deser- 
ving a  corner  in  your  interesting  and  truly 
il  publication,  I  maybe  induced  to  con- 
tinue my  correspondence  on  the  subject  of 
destroying  the  insect  called  the  Weavel. 
Yours,  respectfully, 

An  Old  Farmer. 
Stateof  N.  Y.  May,   1831. 


buy  them  ;  yet  for  the  sake  of  a  low  price 
the  judicious  farmer  will  not  purchase  arti- 
cles, cither  of  a  flimsy  fabric,  or  a  faulty 
form  ;  and  implements  ought  to  be  suited 
to  the  nature  of  the  country,  whether  hilly 
or  level,  and  more  especially  to  the  quality 
of  the  soil  ;  for  those  which  are  calculated 
for  light  land,  will  not  answer  equally  well 
in  soils  that  are  heavy  and  adhesive. — En. 
of  Agriculture. 


PENDULUM  CHURNS. 

We  should  suppose  one  of  the  casii  st 
hand  churns  in  use,  is  that  operating  by  a 
pendulum.  A  child  of  eight  or  ten  years 
old  can  sit  down  and  move  a  double  churn 
without  difficulty,  during  the  time  requisite 
to  produce  butter.     A  patent  has  been  re- 


MISCELLANIES 

Why  Cream  collects  on  the  surface  of 
Milk. — When  a  vessel  of  milk  is  allowed 
to  remain  a  certain  time  at  rest,  it  is  obser- 
ved that  a  sttatum  of  fluid  will  collect  at! 
the  surface,  differing  in  many  qualities 
from  that  upon  which  it  rests.  This  is 
called  cream ;  and  the  property  by  which 
it  ascends  to  the  surface  is  its  relative  lev- 
ity ,  it  is  composed  of  the  lightest  parti- 
cles of  the  milk,  which  are  in  the  first  in- 
stance mixed  generally  in  the  fluid ;  but 
which,  when  the  liquid  is  allowed  to  rest, 
gradually  arise  through  it,  and  settle  at  the 
surface. — Dr.  Larduer's  Cabinet  Cyclo- 
pce.da. — Hydrostatics  and  Pneumatic  s. 

Missis.  De  Beaumont  and  De  Jo~que- 
ville,  who  were  appointed  by  the  King  of  the 
French  to  visit  this  country  with  the  view  of 


of  Sing-Sing.      The    Westchester  Herald 
mentions  that  after  a    most    laborious   and 
careful  inspection  of    the  prison    there,    its 
construction,  its    order,    cleanliness,    disci 
pline,  and  regularity,  together  with  a   strict 
investigation  into  all  the  minutx  of  its  gov- 
ernment   and    operation,    they    are   highly 
pleased  with  the  institution,  and  do  not  hes 
itate  to  pronounce  it  superior,  in  many  of  its 
branches,  to  any  which  they  have  ever  visit 
ed  in  Europe.     They  are  gentlemen  of  en- 
gaging manners,  of  first  rate  talents  and  ac- 
quirements, and  have  been  repeatedly   hon- 
ored with  distinguished  offices  by  their  couh 
try.— N.  Y.  Gaz. 

RAIL    ROAD    TRAVELLING. 

During  the  month  of  May,  twelve  thous- 
and four  hundred  and  eighty-nine  passage 
tickets  were  paid  for  by  persons  who  travel- 
led on  the  Baltimoie  and  Ohio  Rail  Road, 
between  Baltimore  and  Ellicott's  Mill — a- 
bout  1400  of  those  passages  were  only  halt 
the  distance — the  average  value  of  each 
ticket  was  31  i  cents — the  average  number 
400  per  day. 

Locusts. — This  destructive  insect  has 
made  its  appearance  in  our  neighbour- 
hood ;  and  it  is  feared  that  its  ravages  will 
prove  greatly  injurous  to  the  farmers. — 
The  depredations  at  present,  seem  to  be 
confined  to  the  orchards. — Lit:  Reg. 

A  gentleman  residing  in  Whitemarsh 
township,  Montgomery  county,  says  the 
Germautown  Telegraph, exhibited  to  us  on 
Saturday  last,  a  stalk  of  rye, which  grew  on 
his  farm,  that  measured  nine  feet.  This  is 
the  longest  which  has  come  to  our  notice 
this  season. — Phil.  Dai.Chron. 

An  English  Lawyer,  Mr.  Joseph 
Parkes,  has  published  at  London,  an  edi- 
tion of  the  New  York  statutes  relating  to 
Real  Estate  and  the  Court  of  Chancers. 
He  says  in  his  preface  :  "  Fas  et  ab  hostt 
docer:  is  a  maxim  universally  admitted  ; 
hut  happily  in  a  period  of  profound  peace 
the  opportunity  exists  of  gathering  the 
experience  of  friends.  The  United 
States  of  North  America  are  chiefly  in- 
debted to  England  for  their  colonization, 
language,  literature,  arts  and  sciences,and 
for  the  spirit  of  liberty  which  now  con- 
stitutes them  a  great  and  independent  na- 
tion. To  profit  by  their  experience  is 
incurring  no  debt,  and  the  parent  country 
derives  reflected  honor  from  every  ap- 
proach they  make  towards  good  govern- 
ment and  national  improvement." — Phil. 
Dai.  Chron. 


cently  taken  out  by  persons  in  this  city,  and 

iXtensive  sales  made.  It  is,  if  we  are  notllmaking  themselves  intimately  acquainted 
;reatly  mistaken,  an  old  invention. — .V.  F.|| with  the  Prison  Discipline  of  this  country, 
Farmei 


'have  been  passing  two  weeks  in  the  village  pie 


NOVEL  APPLICATION  OP  STEAM. 

Steam  has  lately  been  applied  with 
great  success  in  some  of  the  French 
ports,  in  the  destruction  of  vermin  on 
board  of  merchant  vessels.  After  hav- 
iii":  carefully  closed  the  hatches  and  every 
aperture,  the  steam  is  suddenly  introdu- 
ced, and  in  twenty  four  hours,  every  liv- 
ing thing  which  may  have  been  brought 
in  with  the  c  rgoes  is  destroyed. 

Leisure  and  solitude  are  the  best  effects 
of  riches, because  mother  of  thought.  Both 
are  avoided  by  most  rich  men,  who  seek 
company  and  business,  which  are  signs  of 
being  weary  of  themselves.     Sir  W.  Tern- 


*$mm  ■mmxmmwm  w&i&m&m. 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JUNE  26,  1831. 


> UMBER  25. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  &,  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $'3.50  per  annum,  or 

$'3  00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSF.I.L,  EDITOR. 


CURRANT  WINE. 

As  the  season  is  approaching  for  the  ri 
pening  of  Currants,  we  would  invite  the  at- 
tention of  our  readers  to  the  communication 
from  J.  Hawley,  Esq.  in  our  last  number, 
on  the  subject  of  making  currant  wine. — 
Having  had  proof  positive  of  the  fine  qual- 
ity of  the  wine  made  from  currants  and  hon- 
ey, described  by  Mr.  Hawley,  we  most  cheer- 
fully recommend  it  to  our  readers  as  worthy 
of  their  imitation.  The  flavor  is  such  as 
will  please  most  people  who  have  not  be 
come  confirmed  wine  bibbers,  in  which  case 
they  prefer  those  wines  which  contain  the 
fargest  portion  of  alcohol.  The  most  heal- 
thy wines  for  temperate  use,  are  those  which 
promote  perspiration  without  producing  fe- 
brile symptoms ;  and  such  was  the  efl'ect  of 
the  currant  wine  described,  and  although 
new,  it  was  very  fine  and  pleasant,  and  such 
as  might  at  all  times  "  be  drank  with  satis- 
faction." As  a  matter  of  economy,  farmers 
who  allow  themselves  to  drink  wine  at  all, 
(and  who  does  not  like  a  glass  now  and 
then  ?)  should  prefer  a  pleasant  wine  which 
they  could  produce  from  their  farms  at  fifty 
cents  per  gallon,  over  foreign  wines  for 
which  they  would  be  compelled  to  pay  two 
dollars  and  fifty  cents.  To  turn  every  thing 
"rowing  upon  the  farm  to  the  greatest 
profit,  should  be  the  constant  aim  of  every 
true  agriculturist  •,  and  to  what  better  use 
could  those  who  have  more  currants  than  is 
wanted  for  family  use,  put  them,  than  to 
manufacture  them  into  wine,  for  sale?  We 
think  such  wine  as  Mr.  Hawley's  would  sell 
readily  at  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  gal- 
lon. This  being  his  first  experiment,  per- 
haps great  improvements  may  be  made  in 
the  making  of  it.  It  is  now  an  acknowledg- 
ed point,  that  three  things  beside  water 
should  be  present  to  produce  a  good  and 
pleasant  fermented  liquor;  and  according  to 
the  proportion  these  three  bear  to  each  oth- 
er, so  will  be  the  product  after  fermenta- 
tion. 

These  three  materials  are  tartaric  acid, 
sugar  and  some  pulpy  or  mucilaginous  mat- 
ter; and  these  should  again  be  proportioned 
to  the  water  in  which  they  are  dissolved,  as 
you  would  have  the  strength  of  the  liquor 
after  the  fermentation  is  completed.  Ta- 
king these  premises  as  correct,  what  a  field 
for  improvement  by  varying  these  propor- 
tions. But  in  experiments  of  this  kind,  one 
thing  should  be  borne  in  mind — that  if  there 
is  sufficient  tartaric  acid,  all  the  sugar  in  the 
must,  will  be  decomposed  in  the  fermenta- 
tion, which  is  not  always  the  case  where 
fhere  is  a  lack  of  acid,  which  gives    the  li- 


quor a  disposition  to  run  into  the  acetous  fer- 
mentation, or  to  become  vinegar.     Should 
there  be  an  excess  of  acid,    it  will   separate 
from  the  wine  in  chrystals  by  giving  it  age, 
and  no  harm  arises  from  it.     The  pulpy  or 
mucilaginous   matter  should    be    carefully 
proportioned,  as  it  seems  to  act  mechanical 
ly  by  preventing  the  too  sudden   escape   of 
the  gaseous  matter  discharged    by   the  fer 
mentation,  which   probably  undergoes  some 
further  decomposition,  after  it  is  in  the  gas 
eous  state.     As  soon  as  the  fermentation  has 
ceased,  it  becomes  an  object  to  free  the   li 
quor  of  all  this  matter,  which  if  left  in  solu 
tion,  would  cause  it  to  sour,  as  this  seems  to 
be  the  part  which  first    imbibes    oxygen  in 
the  acetous  fermentation,  and  the  more  per 
fectly  liquors  can  be  freed  from  this,  the  less 
disposed  they  are  to    become    sour. 

With  this  view  of  the  principles  of  vinous 
fermentation,  the  chance  for  improving  our 
domestic  liquors  is  very  much  increased, 
and  we  only  need  to  rid  ourselves  of  that 
prejudice,  in  favor  of  what  we  do  not  under 
stand  or  of  those  imported  wines,  with  the 
making  and  compounding  of  which,  we  are 
totally  unacquainted,  to  place  at  no  distant 
period  our  own  domestic  liquors  on  a  res- 
pectable footing,  and  if  we  look  forward  to 
the  time  when  we  shall  cultivate  our  own 
native  grape  to  an  extent  sufficient  to  supply 
our  wants,  we  may  anticipate  the  quality  of 
American  »ine,  being  equal  to  any  in  the 
world.  — — 

VULGAR  ERRORS 

It  is  truly  amusing  to  hear  the  observa 
tions  of  some  of  that  class  of  people  who  are 
scattered  over  most  of  our  country,  who  re- 
tain all  the  superstitious  notions  of  the  dark 
ages,  and  who  since  the  appearance  of  the 
swarms  of  locusts  the  present  season,  have 
become  extremely  familiar  with  coming  e- 
vents.  The  dark  crooked  line  upon  the 
wings  of  these  insects,  they  say  is  a  W,  and 
stands  for  war  which  they  are  sure  is  pend- 
ing over  us,  and  in  which  we  are  shortly  to 
be  involved.  The  noise  of  the  male  insect, 
is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  a  tree-toad, 
but  which  they  say  is  a  prolongation  of  the 
word  Pharaoh — and  indicates  Pestilence  and 
Famine.  Whether  politicians  will  take  any 
advantage  of  these  circumstances  to  increase 
the  cry  of  War,  Pestilence  and  Famine  we 
are  not  prepared  to  say,  but  as  the  presence 
of  these  insects  is  rather  a  novelty,  and  of 
course  creates  some  little  excitement  in  the 
infested  districts  it  would  be  very  strange  if 
one  party  or  the  other  should  not  attempt  to 
make  use  of  it  for  political  purposes. 


FRUIT. 

Our  market  already  beigns  to  exhibit  the 
fruits  of  the  season.  Strawberries  and  cher- 
ries are  in  perfection.  Now  is  the  time  for 
those    who   would  be  select  in  their  assort- 


ments, to  visit  those  gardens  and  orchards 
which  produce  the  best  specimens,  and  see 
and  judge  for  themselves,  and  lake  such 
notes  as  will  enable  them  to  procure  the  va- 
rieties desired  withoutmistake  :  a  little  time 
spent  in  this  manner  may  be  of  service,  in 
making  up  a  collection. 


SHEEP. 

We  hope  that  our  farmers  have  already 
begun  to  appreciate  the  value  of  good  sheep, 
but  at  this  time  we  cannot  help  cautioning 
them  against  the  bad  consequences  of  selling 
off  their  early  lambs.  During  the  month  ot 
June,  the  slaughtering  of  lambs  is  attended 
with  a  great  profit  to  the  butcher,  and  of 
course  they  are  anxious  to  obtain  those  of 
best  size  and  finest  wool.  Now  these  are 
precisely  the  ones  that  ought  to  be  kept,  to 
increase  the  flock.  Here  the  interest  of  tire 
farmer  and  butcher  are  diametrically  oppo- 
sed to  each  other.  The  butcher  repeats  his 
story  of  the  decline  of  the  price  of  wool  and 
consequently  of  mutton,  and  finally  offers  as 
much  for  the  lamb  as  he  would  give  for  an 
old  sheep,  and  in  this  way,  too  often,  pro- 
cures his  choice  from  the  flock.  If  you  wish 
to  sell  any  of  your  lambs,  let  them  be  se 
lected  and  marked  before  the  butcher  ar- 
rives, and  recollect  if  you  are  out  of  debt, 
your  flock  is  at  your  own  control,  and  you 
are  not  compelled  to  sell  to  suit  the  pur- 
chaser's interest,  more  than  your  own. — 
There  are  many  instances  in  flocks  wherr 
ewes  which  have  lambs,  have  some  bad 
points,  and  it  may  be  well  to  dispose  of  them, 
and  by  selling  the  lambs  early,  the  ewes  will 
become  fit  for  killing  in  the  fall ;  and  when 
they  cannot  be  sold  together  at  a  fair  price, 

may  be  well  to  dispose  of  the  lamb  first ; 
but  such  selections  are  better  made  by  the 
farmer  alone,  than  when  the  purchaser  is 
present.  Recollect  sheep  are  clean  stock 
for  a  farm,  and  so  long  as  we  have  protect- 
ing duties,  there  is  reason  to  believe  thai 
wool  will  continue  to  command  a  fair  price-. 
Keep  your  flocks  well, 
That  your  flocks  may  keep  you. 

ROSES. 

As  this  is  the  time  of  the  year  to  select 
desirable  roses,  so  also  it  is  the  proper  sea- 
son to  commence  propagating  them  by  lay- 
ers. Most  kinds  of  roses  may  be  increased 
by  cuttings,  all  by  budding  and  grafting  ;— 
yet  a  very  ready  way  to  increase  them,  is  by 
layers.  Where  they  have  been  budded  on 
common  stocks,  it  is  well  to  lay  them  down, 
and  allow  them  to  take  root,  as  it  is  found 
that  most  kinds  continue  longer  when  treat, 
ed  in  this  manner,  than  when  growing  upon 
slocks  of  other  varieties.  Commence  the 
operation  of  laying  down  roses,  by  cutting 
off  all  the  spurs  and  short  branches,  and  thin*- 
ingthe  longer  branches  to  a  convenient  di= 


104 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  25,  1831- 


tance  ;  then  make  the  ground  where  the 
shoots  are  to  be  covered,  mellow  and  rich, 
remove  about  three  inches  of  the  top  of  the 
earth  and  bend  down  the  bush  intended  for 
layers,  and  with  small  hooks  secure  it  fast, 
and  elevate  the  young  shoots  so  that  their 
^nds  may  be  several  inches  above  the  ground 
when  that  shall  be  replaced  which  has  been 
removed.  It  is  very  well  to  make  a  trans- 
verse cut  in  the  limbs  at  the  place  where  they 
are  wished  to  bend  up,  cutting  the  limb  one 
half  oft",  as  the  roots  will  be  more  apt  to 
strike  at  that  place.  When  all  the  limbs 
are  cut  and  secured,  with  their  points  as 
near  perpendicular  as  possible,  let  the  earth 
be  replaced  and  pressed  moderately  about 
the  shoots,  and  if  the  weather  should  prove 
dry,  let  them  be  watered  at  evening,  so  that 
the  ground  may  be  kept  quite  moist,  which 
will  facilitate  their  striking  roots.  In  au- 
tumn they  should  be  examined  and  such  as 
have  formed  good  roots  should  be  taken  off 
from  the  old  stock  and  transplanted,  and 
many  will  flower  the  following  summer. 


send  them  to    Mr.  Mathies  at  the    Arcade, 
who  will  take  charge  of  the  same. 


MONROE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

There  was  a  fine  exhibition   of    Roses  on 
The  18th,  at  the  Arcade,  many  of  which  were 
beautiful.     The  variety  was  much  more  ex- 
tensive than  was  anticipated.     Choice  vari- 
eties from  the  gardens  of  the  following  gen- 
tlemen were  exhibited  :  Hon.E.  B.  Strong, 
Dr.   F.  F.  Bachus,    H.  B.  Williams,  Gen. 
O.  Strong,  Mr.  Dundas,  Mr.  Lancassel,  and 
others.     Also,  a  fine    assortment    from   the 
Proprietors  of   the   Horticultural  Garden  at 
Lyons,  Wayne  county  ;  consisting    of   the 
following  varieties,  viz. — Blush  Moss,  York 
and  Lancaster,  Giand  Tuscan,    Black    Ni 
ger,  White  bordered,   Cabbage,   Thornless, 
Velvet,  German,  Black  Belgic,  Singleton's 
100-leaved,  Crimson  Velvet,    Great  Royal, 
Double    Yellow,    Double    White,      Hardy 
monthly,    Sanguinac,    and   Tea  scented. — 
Owing  to  the  distance    which    these    were 
transported,  and  the  heat  of  the    day,    they 
did  not  appear  as  well  as  the  same  varieties 
which    were  taken  from  tiie  gardens   in  the 
village  ;  but  they  were  allowed  to  be  a  fine 
collection.     There  was  also  presented  some 
line  May-duke  Cherries  from  the  garden  of 
IT.  N.  Langworthy,  and  a  dish  of  the  Mcth- 
veh  Strawberries,  from  the  garden  of  11.  B. 
Williams,  measuring  from  three  to  four  and 
a  quarter  inches  in   circumference.      Some 
line  seedling  carnations  and    other    flowers, 
and  four    kinds  of  domestic   wine   from  J. 
Haivley,  Esq.  a  description   of    which    was 
given  by  him    in  <>ur  last  number;    all  be- 
peakiug  an  increased  taste  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  fruits  and  flowers  which  we  consider 
highly  creditable  to  this  section  of  country. 
J.  L.  D.  Mathies, 
t'huirman  of  the  Committee. 
>«.  B.     Those  persons  in  this  vicinity  who 
have    choice    varieties  of   fruit   or  flowers, 
which  '.hey  wish  toexhibit,  are  requested  to 


CHEESE  MAKING. 

One  of  the  greatest  defects  with  Ameri- 
can Cheese  at  present,  is  the  want  of  uni- 
formity in  quality,  which  is  owing  to  the 
want  of  system  in  manufacturing.  There 
is  no  good  reason  why  we  cannot  make  as 
good  cheese  in  America,  as  they  do  in  Eng- 
land ;  in  short,  we  frequently  find  those 
that  will  compare  with  the  best  double 
Gloucester  or  Cheshire  cheese,  but  there  is 
a  want  of  uniformity  in  the  quality  of  most 
of  our  common  dairies. 

This  is  owing,  first,  to  the  quality  and 
quantity  of  rennet  not  always  being  the 
same,  and  should  be  avoided  by  having  all 
the  rennet  for  the  season  prepared  at  one 
time,  after  which  the  quantity  could  be  reg- 
ulated by  measuring  the  milk  and  rennet. — 
The  quality  of  the  cheese  will  be  varied  by- 
varying  the  temperature  of  the  milk  at  the 
time  the  rennet  is  mixed. 

Respecting  the  precise  degree  of  temper- 
ature of  the  milk  at  the  time  of  adding  the 
rennet,  there  are  different  opinions  amongst 
our  best  dairy-men — some  preferring  85° 
of  Farenheit — others  vaiying  up  to  95 
but  whatever  point  is  preferred,  it  should  be 
uniform  in  order  to  produce  cheese  of  uni 
form  quality. 

There  is  also  some  difference  in  regard 
to  the  time  of  coagulation, some  prefer  using 
such  a  quantity  ol  rennet  as  will  coagulate 
the  milk  in  one  hour  and  an  half,  others  pre- 
fer two  hours.  If  there  is  too  much  rennet 
used,  the  cheese  is  apt  to  be  of  a  spongy 
texture  and  of  an  unpleasant  flavor,  liable 
to  heave  and  become  unsightly  in  shape. — 
The  quantity  of  salt  used  is  also  of  import- 
ance ;  if  too  much  is  added,  the  cheese  will 
become  hard  and  the  outside  will  have  a 
warty  appearance;  this  should  be  regulated 
by  measure.  Another  important  part  of 
the  process  of  cheese  making,  is  the  scalding 
of  the  curd;  this  should  always  be  regulated 
by  the  thermometer. 

As  most  of  the  dairies  in  this  neighbor, 
hood  are  of  that  size,  that  the  cheese  are 
made  by  adding  the  evening  and  morning's 
milk  together,  it  is  a  question  of  some  mo- 
ment, whether  it  is  most  advantageous  to 
skim  the  evening's  milk,  or  add  it  to  that 
of  the  morning,  with  the  cream.  Unless  the 
cream  which  has  separated  from  the  eve- 
ning's milk  is  wanned  and  thoroughly  in- 
corporated, it  is  undoubtedly  more  advan- 
tageous to  take  it  off,  as  otherwise  it  would 
be  apt  to  pass  off  with  the  whey.  The  sin- 
gle Gloucester  is  made  of  one  half  skimmed 
milk,  and  surely  it  is  a  very  fine  kind,  su- 
perior to  much  of  the  rheese  made  in  Amer- 
ica from  new  milk. 

Amongst  the  foreign  cheese  which  stands 
in  the  highest  repute  in  this  country,  arc 
the  Cheshire,  Gloucester  and  Stilton  cheese 


of  England,  and  the  Schabzieger  cheese  o! 
Switzerland. 

The  Cheshire  cheese  is  made  from  milk 
with  all  its  cream,  that  of  the  preceding  eve- 
ning being  warmed. 

Gloucester -of  this  there  is  two  kinds, 
double  and  single.  The  first  is  made  from 
milk  with  all  its  cream,  the  latter  with  half 
skimmed  milk. 

Siilton  cheese.     Loudon  gives    the    fol 
lowing  description  of  this  cheese,  which  he 
says,  - 

"  From  its    peculiar  richness   and  flavor 
has  been  called  the  parmesan  of  England, 
is  made  in  the  following  manner :  the  night's 
cream  is  put  to  the  morning's  milk  with  the 
rennet ;  when  the  curd  is  come  it  is  not  bro 
ken  as  is  usual  with  other  cheese,  but  is    la 
ken  out  whole  and  put  into  a  sieve  to  drain 
gradually;  while  draining  it  is  gently  pres- 
sed till    it  becomes  firm  and  dry,  when  it  is 
placed  in  a  vat,  a  box  made  exactly  to  fit  it, 
as  it  is  so  extremely  rich,  that  without   this 
precaution,  it  is  apt  to  bulge  out  and  break 
asunder.     It  is  afterwards  kept  on  dry  board? 
and  turned  daily,  with  cloth   binders   round 
it,  which  are  tightened  as  occasion  requires. 
After  being  taken  out  of  the  vat,   the  cheese 
is    closely  bound   with  cloth  till  it  acquires 
sufficient    firmness   to  support  itself;  when 
these    cloths   are    removed,  each  cheese  is 
brushed  once  a  day,  for  two  or  three  months, 
and  if  the  weather  is  moist,  twice  every  day  ; 
the  tops'  and    bottoms    treated  in  a  simiiai 
manner  daily,  before    the    cloths  are  taken 
off.     Stilton  cheese  derives  its    name    from 
the  town  where  it  is  almost  exclusively  sold  ; 
it  is  made  principally  in  Leicestershire,  tho' 
there  are  also  many  who    manufacture  it  in 
the  counties  of  Huntingdon,    Rutland   and 
Northampton.       Sometimes    these    cheeses 
are  made  in  a  net  resembling  a  cabbage  net, 
which  gives  them  the  form  of    an  acorn  ;— 
but  these  are  neither   so  good  nor  so    richly- 
flavored    as    those    made   in  vats,  having  a 
thicker  coat,  and  being    defficient    in    that 
mellowness  which  causes  them  to  be  in  such 
general  request.     Stilton  cheese  is  not  reck- 
oned to  be  sufficiently   mellow    for    cutting, 
until  it  is  two  years  old,  and  is  not  saleable 
unless  it  is  decayed,  blue  and  moist." 

Schabzieger    cheese   is    that    species    or 
Swiss  cheese  made  by  the  mountaineers   o» 
the  Canton  of  Claris, and  readily  distinguish 
ed  by   that   peculiar    marbled    appearance, 
and  aromatic  flavor,  communicated  by    the 
pressed    flowers  or  bruised  seeds  of  the  Me 
lilotus  officinalis.     The  practice   of  mixing 
the  flowers  or  seeds  of   plants    with  cheese, 
was  common  among    the    Romans;    thyrn* 
was  generally  used  by  them.     That  a  simi 
lar  method  was  pursued  in  the    middle  age? 
is  apparent  from  an  anecdote  told  of  Charle 
magnc  :  — 

""When  travelling  without  attendants  he 
arrived  at  a  bishop's  palace  ;  it  was  a  fast 
day  and  the  bishop  having  no  fish,  was  oblig 
ed  to  set  cheese  before  the  monarch.  Ob 
serving  sonic  small  specks  (parsley  seed)  in 
it,  and  mistaking  them  for  rotten  parts,  he 
took  the  trouble  of  picking  them  out  with 
Ins  knife.  The  bishop  told  him  he  was 
throwing  away  the  best  parts  of  the  cheese  ; 
on  this  the  monarch  eat  it  as  it  was,  and  li- 
ked it  so  much,  that  he  ordered  the  bisho;- 


Vol.  l._No.  25. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


19.r> 


*o  send  him  every  year,  two  cases  of  such 
cheese  to  Aix-la  Chapelle  ;  and  in  order 
that  the  cheese  merchant  might  not  send 
cheeses  without  seeds,  he  directed  the  bish- 
op  to  cut  each  in  two,  and  afterwards  to  fas- 
ten the  parts  by  means  of  wooden  skewers." 
— Foreign  Review. 


DOMESTIC  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIE- 
TY OF  THE  WESTERN  PART  OF  NEW-YORK. 

This  society  will  hold  their  Summer  Ex- 
hibition at  Canandaigua,  on  Thursday  the 
30th  inst.  At  8  o'clock  A.  M.,  Mr.  Blos- 
som's long  room  will  be  prepared  for  the  re- 
ception of  such  specimens  of  Fruits,  Flow- 
ers and  Vegetables,  as  may  be  offered  for 
exhibition  or  premiums,  and  will  be  open 
for  public  exhibition  at  1 1  o'clock  and  during 
the  remainder  of  the  day.  At  12  o'clock  an 
address  will  be  delivered  at  the  Episcopal 
Church,  by  Doct.  Cutbiish.  At  2  o'clock 
a  dinner  will  be  prepared  at  Mr.  Blossom's, 
for  the  members  of  the  Society,  and  such 
other  citizens  and  strangers  as  may  choose 
to  partake  of  the  same.  For  a  list  of  premi- 
ums to  be  awarded  at  this  meeting,  see  Gen- 
esse  Farmer,  No.  11,  page  86. 


FLORAL.  CALENDAR. 

Juno  24. 

The  white-wood  tree  (Liriodendron  tuli- 
pifera,)  is  now  in  full  flower,  and  should  be 
examined  by  those  who  are  expecting  to 
plant  ornamental  trees. 

The  common  sumac  (Rhus  copallinum) 
and  purple  fringe  tree,  or  Venetian  sumac, 
(Rhus  cotinus)  called  also  Jupiter's  beard, 
are  now  in  flower — the  latter  is  very  curious 
and  worth  the  notice  of  those  unacquainted 
with  it. 

The  common  milk-weeds  of  different  va- 
rieties, are  now  mostly  in  flower.  The  or- 
ange colored,  (Asclepias  tuberosa)  is  quite 
fragrant  and  ornamental. 

The  pond  lily,  (Nymphaa  odorata)  is  now 
in  perfection,  and  is  certainly  one  of  the 
handsomest  flowers  of  our  country. 

About  two  weeks  since  a  large  number  of 
those  birds,  commonly  called  chimney  swal- 
lows, were  observed  to  convene  on  a  farm 
near  Painsville.  They  formed  themselves 
into  regular  lines,  took  a  circuitous  flight 
round  a  large  sycamore,  and  entered  its 
trunk  by  a  hole  atth'e  top.  Several  persons 
resolved  to  ascertain  the  number  of  swal- 
lows thus  concealed,  and  for  that  purpose 
closed  up  their  place  of  entrance,  and  cut  an 
opening  at  the  bottom  of  the  tree.  On  view- 
ing the  cavity  inside,  it  was  found  that  the 
swallows  had  fixed  themselves  in  layers  of 
six  or  seven  deep,  packed  regularly  on  each 
other  round  the  whole  extent  of  the  hollow. 
Marshals  were  appointed  to  take  a  census 
of  this  feathered  community,  who  counted 
to  the  amount  of  three  thousand  six  hundred 
and  ninety,  when  owing  to  the  interference 
of  some  volunteer  assistants  an  irregularity 
in  the  counting  took  place,  and  the  remain- 
der of  the  swallows,  which  were  supposed  to 
have  been  more  than  equal  in  number  to 
those  taken  down,  were  suffered  to  escape 
without  enumeration.— Tuscaraica3  Chron- 
icle. 


Note  by  the  Editor — For  eight  or  ten  years 
those  birds  collected  in  numbers  similar  to 
those  described  above,  in  a  button-wood  or 
plane-tree,  growing  upon  the  flats  of  the  O- 
riskany  creek,  a  little  south-west  of  Hamil- 
ton college,  Oneida  county,  and  were  to  be 
seen  at  evening  sporting  in  a  large  circle, 
one  part  of  which  passed  over  the  top  of  the 
tree  which  had  been  broken  off,  leaving  a 
large  opening  for  their  entrance,  and  from 
the  numbers  which  we  have  seen  enter,  they 
must  have  lined  the  tree  a  number  of  thick- 
nesses.   

MOWING. 
They  who  have  not  been  in  their  youth 
accustomed  to  do  this  work,  are  seldom 
found  to  be  able  to  do  it  with  ease  or  expedi- 
tion. But  when  the  art  is  once  learnt,  it 
will  not  be  lost. 

As  this  is  one  of  the  most  laborious  parts 
of  the  husbandman's  calling,  and  the  more 
fatiguing  as  it  must  be  performed  in  the  hot- 
test season  of  the  year,  every  precaution 
ought  to  be  used  which  tends  to  lighten  the 
labor.  To  this  it  will  conduce  not  a  little, 
for  the  mower  to  rise  very  early,  and  be  at 
his  work  before  the  rising  of  the  sun.  He 
may  easily  perform  half  the  usual  day's 
work  before  nine  in  the  morning.  His  wor 
will  not  only  be  made  easier  by  the  cool 
ness  of  the  morning  air,  but  also  by  ihe  dew 
on  the  grass,  which  is  cut  the  more  easily  for 
being  wet.  By  this  means  he  may  lie  stil 
and  rest  himself  during  all  the  hottest  of  the 
day,  while  others  who  begun  late  are  sweat- 
ing themselves  excessively ;  and  hurting 
their  health,  probably  by  taking  down  large 
draughts  of  cold  drink  to  slake  their  raging 
thirst.  The  other  half  of  his  work  may  be 
performed  after  three  or  four  o'clock  ;  and 
at  night  he  will  find  himself  free  from  fa- 
tigue. 

If  the  mower  would  husband  his  strength 
to  advantage,  he  should  take  care  to  have 
his  scythe,  and  all  the  apparatus  for  mowing 
in  the  best  order.  His  scythe  ought  to  be  a- 
dapted  to  the  surface  on  which  he  mows. — 
If  the  surface  be  level  and  free  from  obsta- 
cles, the  scythe  may  be  long  and  almost 
straight ;  and  he  will  perform  his  work  with 
ess  labor,  and  greater  expedition.  But  if 
the  surface  be  uneven,  cradley,  or  chequered 
with  stones,  or  stumps  of  trees,  his  scythe 
must  be  short  and  crooked.  Otherwise  he 
will  be  obliged  to  leave  much  of  the  grass 
uncut,  or  use  more  labor  in  cutting  it.  A 
long  and  straight  scythe  will  only  cut  oft'  the 
tops  of  the  grass  in  hollows. 

A  mower  should  not  have  a  snead  that  is 
too  slender  ;  for  this  will  keep  the  scythe  in 
a  continual  tremor,  and  do  much  to  hinder 
its  cutting.  He  must  see  that  it  keeps  per- 
fectly fast  on  the  snead  ;  for  the  least  de- 
gree of  looseness  will  oblige  him  to  use  the 
more  violence  at  every  stroke.  Many  wor- 
ry themselves  needlessly  by  not  attending  to 
this  circumstance. 

Mowing  with  a  company  ought  to  be  a 
voided  by  those  who  are  not  very  strong,  or 
who  are  little  used  to  the  business,  or  who 
have  not  their  tools  in  the  best  order. — 
Young  lads,  who  are  ambitious  to  be  tho't 
good  mowers,  often  find  themselves  hurt  by 
mowing  in  company. 

Mowers  should  not  follow  too  closely  ater 
each  other :  For  this  has  been  the  occasion 
of  fatal  wounds.  And  when  the  dangerous 
tool  is  carried  from  place  to  place,  it  should 


be  bound  up  with  a  rope  of  grass,  or  other 
wise  carefully  secured. 

"ftlr.de  Lisle  introduced  in  England, 
the  mowing  of  wheat.  The  method  is  this  : 
The  scythe  he  uses  is  at  least  six  inches 
shorter  in  the  blade  than  the  common 
scythe;  and  instead  of  a  cradle,  has  two 
twigs  of  osier  put  semi-circular  wise  im> 
holes  made  in  the  handle  of  the  scythe,  near 
the  blade,  in  such  a  manner  that  one  semi- 
circle intersects  the  other. 

"By  this  method  of  mowing  wheat,  the 
standing  corn  is  always  at  the  left  hand. — 
The  mower  mows  it  inward,  bearing  the 
corn  he  cuts  on  his  scythe,  till  it  comes  to 
that  which  is  standing,  against  which  it  gen- 
tly leans.  After  every  mower,  follows  a 
gatherer,  who  being  provided  with  a  hook  or 
stick,  about  two  feet  long,  gathers  up  the 
corn,  makes  it  into  a  gavel,  and  lays  it  gen- 
tly on  the  ground.  This  must  be  done  with 
spirit,  as  another  mower  immediately  fol- 
lows."— Com.  Farmer. 

As  reaping  is  slow  and  laborious  work,  it 
would  be  right  for  our  countrymen  to  learn 
this  method  of  mowing  their  wheat ;  which 
will  undoubtedly  answer  also  for  other  sorts 
of  grain. — Deane. 

HOW  TO  PICKLE  WALNUTS. 

Scald  slightly,  and  rub  off  the  first  skin 
of  a  hundred  large  walnuts,  before  they 
have  a  hard  shell :  this  may  easi'y  be  ascer- 
tained by  trying  them  with  a  pin.  Put  them 
in  a  strong  cold  brine,  put  new  brine  the 
third  and  sixth  days,  and  take  them  out  and 
dry  them  on  the  ninth.  Take  an  ounce 
each  of  long  pepper,  black  pepper,  ginger, 
and  allspice  ;  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of 
cloves,  some  blades  of  mace,  and  a  table- 
spoonful  of  mustard  seeds  :  bruise  the  whole 
together,  put  into  a  jar  a  layer  of  walnuts, 
strew  them  well  over  with  the  mixture,  and 
proceed  in  the  same  manner  till  all  are  cov- 
ered. Then  boil  three  quarts  of  white  wine 
vinegar,  with  sliced  horse-radish  and  ginger, 
pour  it  hot  over  the  walnuts,  and  cover  close. 
Repeat  the  boiling  of  the  vinegar  and  poui 
it.  hot  over,  three  or  four  clays,  always  keep- 
ing the  pickle  closely  covered  ;  add  at  the 
last  boiling  a  few  cloves  of  garlic,  or  shal- 
lots.    In  five  months  they  will  be  fit  for  use. 


LARGE  STRAWBERRIES. 

There  were  exhibited  by  Judge  Buel,  at 
the  horticultural  show  on  Tuesday,  fifty 
strawberries  of  uncommon  size  and  beauty. 
On  weighing  them,  the  committee  found 
that  forty-seven  berries,  divested  of  theii 
stems,  weighed  a  pound.— three  averaging 
a  little  more  than  an  ounce  ;  and  it  is  said 
every  berry  exceeded  four  inches  in  circum- 
ference. These  strawberries  were  of  the 
kind  called  ftlethven,  or  Methven  Castle, 
from  the  place  where  the  variety  originated, 
and  are  of  the  color  and  flavor  of  the  com- 
mon field  variety.  They  were  gathered 
from  plants  put  out  in  August  last,  the  ruD- 
ners  of  which  had  not  been  clipped. 

There  were  also  exhibited  at  the  same 
time,  from  the  Albany  nursery,  more  than 
100  varieties  of  hardy  roses,  7  varieties  of 
honeysuckle  ( Lonicera,)  6  of  the  pink  (Di- 
anthus,)  Chinese  peonies,  dahlias,  and  more 
than  40  varieties  of  choice  border  flowers. 

We  were  presented,  by  Judge  B.  with 
two  bowls  of  the  Methven  strawberry,  most 
of  which  measured  four  inches  in  circum- 
ference, and  of  a  rich  flavor. — Alb.  Arg. 


i9G 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  25,  1831 


COMMUNICATION  -. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

THE  CURCULIO. 

Frost  so  frequently  occurred  in  the  5th 
month,  1830,  that  the  operations  of  the  Cur- 
eulio  were  nearly  suspended,  even  on  trees 
which  were  not  protected,  and  which  in  oth- 
er years  had  lost  the  whole  crop  of  fruit. — 
Although  on  the  commencement  of  wanner 
weather,  some  of  these  insects  appeared,  yet 
1  believed  that  few  of  the  torn*  had  escaped 
the  vigilance  of  the  geese  and  pigs;  and  Celt 
a  confidence  that  we  had  little  to  apprehend 
from  their  depredations  this  season.  It  ap- 
pears however,  that  the  number  of  guards 
which  I  had  appointed  was  too  small  for  the 
size  of  my  fruit  garden.  We  have  lately 
discovered  that  much  of  the  fruit  has  hi  en 
punctured  by  the  Curculio,  and  we  hi  ve 
found  it  necessary  to  resort  to  the  method 
which  I  proposed  in  the  N.  York  Farmer, 
Vol.  3,  No.  3.  By  spreading  sheets  and 
jarring  the  trees,  we  have  destroyed  more 
than  S00  of  these  insects  within  the  last  24 
hours,  and  have  only  to  regret  that  this  work 
has  been  so  long  delayed. 

I  now  find  that  the  trees  in  my  fruit  gar- 
den might  have  been  much  better  arrang- 
ed. Had  the  apricots,  plums,  and  nectarines 
been  planted  on  one  side,  a  temporary  fence 
would  have  confined  the  geese  and  pigs  a- 
mongst  those  trees,  and  their  services  would 
have  been  rendered  much  more  effectual. 
fUt  has  been  said  by  the  late  Dr.  Tilton, 
(to  whom  we  have  been  indebted  for  much 
information  on  this  subject)  that  the  Curcu- 
lio  seldom  uses  its  wings,  and  that  it  climbs 
up  the  tree.  Probably  this  may  be  its  usual 
practice,  but  we  have  seen  it  fly  from  one 
tree  to  another,  and  we  have  observed  in  a 
great  many  cases,  that  in  falling  on  the 
sheets  the  wings  were  at  least  partially  ex- 
panded. One  observer  has  even  seen  it  fly 
from  the  sheet  into  the  tree. 

Before  closing  this  note,  I  wish  to  express 
my  entire  confidence  in  the  method  which 
we  now  employ  for  destroying  this  insect ; 
and  again  recommend  it  to  those  whose  fruit 
trees  stand  in  enclosures  from  which  geese 
and  pigs  must  necessarily  be  excluded.  Dili- 
gent attention  to  this  business  night  and  mor- 
ning, for  a  short  period,  though  it  may  not 
destroy  the  whole  colony,  will  secure  a  suffi- 
ciency of  fruit :  and  we  ought  to  remember 
that  the  labors  of  next  year  may  be  greatly 
lessened  by  gathering  and  destroying  in  the 
present  season,  the  damaged  fruit  as  it  falls. 
Cth  mo.  2.  D.  T. 


suds  wilh  an  old  broom  to  the  bodies  and 
Innbs  of  the  choicest  trees;  likewise  sprink-J 
led  it.  into  the  tops  of  the  trees,  as  faithfully 
as  practicable.  A  few  days  after  I  examined 
them,  and  indeed  found  no  insects:  but  the 
buds  had  the  appearance  of  having  been 
ringed  by  fire.  They  however  shortly  came 
forward,  and  assumed  an  uncommonly 
healthy  appearance,  and  have  ever  since 
been  entirely  free  from  any  insect  what- 
ever. 

1  think  it  more  necessary  to  notice  the 
elfect  of  soap  on  insects,  as  its  being  made, 
more  generally  known,  and  within  immedi 
ate  reach  of  every  farmer  and  horticulturist,, 
it  would  not  likely  be  neglected  at  the  prop-| 
er  season.  -I  would  suggest  that  it  be  appli- 
ed to  the  bodies  and  branches  of  trtes,  early  \ 
in  the  spring,  before  the  eggs  fastened  toj 
the  bai  k  are  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 
I  have  no  doubt  but  it  would,  if  used  several 
times  during  the  warm  season  on  the  bodies 
and  about  the  roots  of  peach,  cherry  and 
plum  trees,  protect  ihem  from  the  effect  of 
the  boier  and  other  worms  which  injure 
them. 

I  have  applied  soap  suds  this  summer  to 
my  hills  of  cucumbers  and  melons,  and  have 
not  been  at  all  troubled  with  worms,  and  ve- 
ry little  by  the  striped  bug,  whilst  my  neigh- 
bors complain  bitterly  of  their  ravages. 
I  am  respectfully,  yours. 

Almon  Stevens. 

Warsaw,  Gen.  Co.  June  13,  1831. 


S«;LECTiO;V«. 


TOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

CATERPILLARS. 

Mr.  Editor — Among  the  ui.iiiv  remedii 
applied  to  fruit  trees  for  protecting  <'u> 
from  the  ravages  of  the  caterpillar-and  oth- 
er insects,  1  have  never  tried  any  with  jn'on 
success  than  strong  soap  suds,  which  has 
been  frequently  recommended,  particularly 
in.  your  paper.  Early  last  spring  I  observed 
an  uncommon  indication  of  insects,  more 
particularly  on  apple  trees :  the  first  which 
made  their  appearance  were  small  green 
lice,  accompanied  by  the  black  ant,  which 
completely  covered  the  budsof  appletrees  as 
they  were  putting  out — buds  for  blossom 
and  leaves.  'They  were  soon  followed  by 
the  caterpillar,  whose  combined  efforts  I  had 
great  reason  to  expect  would  at  least  destroy 
all  the  fruit,  if  not  the  trees.  I  immediately 
urr  discovery    applie!  a  very    strong    son'p 


From  the  New-EDi  "and  Farmer. 
ON    BREEDING    FOR    A    DAIRY    STOCK. 

Mr.  Fessenden — The  subject  of  breeding 
for  a  dairy  stock,  is  one  of  a  good  deal  of 
nterest  at  this  time.  Inquiries  are  frequent- 
ly made  in  conversation  which  show  tnis  to 
be  the  case.  In  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  such  questions  as  the  following 
appear  to  the  writer  not  at  all  too  elementa- 
ry. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  a  particular  breed 
of  cattle  ? 

2.  Are  there  one  or  more  breeds  of  cows 
known,  by  long  trial,  to  be  deep  milkers  ? 

I  propose  to  make  a  few  suggestions  by 
way  of  answer  to  these  questions. 

There  is  another  which  I  shall  say  some- 
thing upon  in  another  paper  with  your  per- 
mission, viz. 

On  what  else,  besides  breed,  depends  deep 
milking  ? 

It  is  nothing  new  to  say  that  the  object 
of  breeding  (in  a  techical  sense,)  is  to  per- 
petuate in  the  piogeny,  the  form,  constitu- 
tion, and  particular  qualities  of  one  or  both 
the  parents.  But  what  I  wish  to  ask  atten- 
tion to,  and  to  enforce  in  this  communica- 
tion, is  the  very  important  fact — that  the 
longer  any  distinguishing  quality,  mark,  or 
peculiarity,  can  be  traced  back  in  the  an- 
cestry, the  more  deeply  will  it  be  fixed  in 
the  descendants;  predominating,  or  taking 
(he  place  of  other  qualities  of  more  recent 
standing  in  either  of  the  parents. 

A  particular  cow  may  chance  to  be  a  fine 
milker,  but  if  the.  parents,  for  some  genera- 
tions, were  not  remarkable  in  the  same  way, 
her  heifer  calves  will  not  probably  be  good 
milkers — at  least  no  dependence  can  be 
placed  upon  them.  If  the  sire  is  of  a  pure 
milk  stock  the  chances  are  very  much  in- 
creased of  course. 

Jtisuottoq  much  to  say  from  experience. 


here  and  in  England,  that  of  all  the  varie- 
ties of  cows,  designated  by  the  terms,  Short 
Horns,  Long  Horns,  and  Hornless — or  by 
(he  names,  more  limited  in  their  applica- 
tion, as  Devon,  Hereford,  Holderness,  Suf- 
folk, Denton,  Bakewell,  Alderney,  &c. — no 
one  of  them  has  ever  been  found  to 
give  uniformly  or  generally,  more  or  better 
milk  than  any  other.  The  evidence  before 
the  public,  abroad  and  at  home,  is  contra- 
dictory. 

There  have  been   individual  instances  of 
extraordinary  milkers  among  all — and  I  may 
go  so  far  as  to  say  families,  of  extraordina 
ry  milkers,  among  all. 

It  has  been  too  often  taken  for  granted, 
that  a  good  cow  will  produce  good  calves 
without  inquiry  into  her  parentage  or  that 
of  the  bull  to  w  Inch  she  is  sent — and  prejudi- 
ces have  been  raised  in  favor  of  marks  and 
certain  appearances,  in  such  an  animal, 
which  have  no  necessary  connexion,  or  none 
at  all,  with  her  faculty  as  a  milker ;  and 
such  marks  have  been  allowed  to  determine 
the  choice  of  another  cow  as  infallible  signs 
of  a  good  one.  The  most  prevalent  popu- 
lar token  now  is  the  small  head  and  short 
horns.  This  is  so  far  a  good  sign,  as  that 
the  smaller  the  refuse  parts,  the  nearer  will 
be  ^[approximation  to  perfection  in  the 
more  valuable  parts,  whether  for  beef  or 
milk — and  this  is  all.  So  much  has  been 
most  satisfactorily  proved  by  the  conclusive 
reasonings  of  Mr.  Cline,  the  eminent  anato- 
mist, in  an  essay  published  by  him  a  long 
time  since.* 

The  Holderness  Breed  have  the  small 
head  and  short  horns,  but  they  are  esteemed 
in  England  much  better  fitted,  in  general, 
for  the  shambles  than  for  the  dairy.  An  es- 
tablished dairy  stock  might,  no  doubt,  be 
raised  from  them  by  a  careful  selection  ol 
individuals,  male  and  female,  from  a  milk 
family.  But  it  would  be  too  much  to  say  oJ 
so  large  a  class  as  the  Durham,  Denton  or 
Hereford,  though  all  short  horns,  that  bear- 
ing either  of  those  names,  they  may  be  reli 
ed  upon  as  good  milkers,  and  to  produce  u 
niformly  good  milkers. 

If  the  experience  of  the  country  will   not 
bear  the  writer  out  in  this  remark,  he  will  be 
glad  to  find  the  dairy  stock  so  much  in  ad 
vance  of  his  opinion. 

The  Devon  cows  are  not  considered  in 
England  to  be  so  good  for  milk  as  some 
other  kinds.  And  yet  Mr.  Cole,  the  great 
Norfolk  Farmer,  sent  to  a  friend  in  Maryland 
several  years  ago,  a  number  of  Devonshire 
cons,  bred  by  himself,  which  were  remarka 
ble  for  quantity  and  qualify  of  milk.  Thev 
were  bred  on  the  side  of  both  male  and  fe 
male,  we  presume,  from  animals  whose  pro 
genitors  were  distinguished  for  this  same 
quality  :  had  he  frequently  crossed  the  blood 
of  the  Devons  with  any  of  the  several  kinds 
of  Short  Horns,  whose  descent,  from  an  e- 
qually  good  stock  for  milk,  had  not  been  so 
well  guarded,  this  same  family  would  in  a 
few  generations  have  given  evidences  of  ma- 
terial depreciation. 

The  truth  really  is,  that  we  have  not  ye\ 
the  work  to  do  to  establish  a  pare  milk 
breed. 

To  accomplish  this,  we  must  have  a  class 
of  farmers  who  shall  be  professed  brcrders.  of 
a  dairy  stock — they  will  employ  no  bulls 
hut  such  as  come  of  good  cows,  they  w'ill 
raise  no  calves  but  from  first  rate  cotrs,— 
They  will  keep  the  heifers  for  some  genera- 
*  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository. 


\ol  1—  No.  25. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


197 


ations,  sending  off  to  the  butchers  such  as 
turn  out  indifferent  milkers  ;  as  some  there 
will  be,  in  whom  the  faults  of  remote  pa- 
rentage will  be  found  to  linger.  A  herd  thus 
carefully  purged,  and  finally,  after  a  few 
years,  exhibiting  a  uniform  character,  fo> 
milk  in  the  young,  as  they  come  in,  will 
prove  a  lasting  and  sure  source  of  increasing 
profit  to  the  skilful,  intelligent  breeder,  and 
an  immense  gain  to  the  country 

The  writer  would  ask,  suppose  a  young 
farmer,  at  the  present  moment  is  about  to 
stock  a  milk- farm  and  is  willing  to  pay  the 
lull  value  of  good  cows — good,  we  mean  as 
breeders — where  shall  he  go  for  them,  in 
New-England  ?  Where  shall  he  be  sure  to 
find  an  established  milk  breed  that  will  not 
disappoint  him  ?  He  will  find  improved 
breeds  enough — but  who  will  venture  to  in- 
sure him  that  the  improvement  will  not  be 
found  to  consist  as  often  in  adaptation  to  the 
shambles  as  to  the  dairy  ? 

The  idea  suggested,  whether  well  or  ill 
founded,  let  others  judge,  is  that  we  have 
not  yet  a  pure  milk-stock,  that  is,  a  stock 
descended  for  many  generations  from  none 
but  fine  milkers.  Some  may  think  that  the 
art  of  breeding  cannot  be  carried  so  far  as 
to  secure  a  uniformity  of  excellence  in  this 
particular  quality  in  the  progeny.  The  an- 
swer can  only  be  that  they  have  attained  to 
that  degree  of  perfection  in  England — that 
for  half  a  century  thorough  breeders,  have 
been  successful  in  this  particular  as  in  oth- 
ers. It  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  state  any 
one  thing  on  this  most  important  subject,  en- 
titled to  rank  as  an  axiom  and  of  a  truly  sci- 
entific character. 

We  say  that  thorough  breeders  have  been 
entirely  successful  in  England.  Not  that 
the  farmers,  generally  in  England  have 
reached  that  degree  of  excellence.  This 
would  be  far  from  the  truth.  All  that  is  true 
even  there,  is  the  invaluable  fact  that  par- 
ticular families  of  milch  cows  are  there 
known  to  transmit  their  peculiarity,  as  great 
milkers,  with  uniform  certainty,  to  their 
progeny.  This  fact  is  as  valuable,  for  our 
instruction  and  example,  as  if  the  same 
thing  were  true  of  all  the  milch  cows  in  Eng- 
fand.  On  the  other  hand,  let  the  following 
statement  have  it  due  weight,  going  to  show, 
as  it  does,  that  it  is  of  some  consequence  for 
breeding  from  what  family  an  animal  de- 
liv'es  its  descent.  "Mr.  Woodward  of  Bir- 
lingham,  Worcestershire,  England  purchas- 
ed twelve  deep  milking  Yorkshire  cows  with- 
out pretensions  to  breed,  or  disposition  to  fat- 
ten— with  these  cows  he  used  a  high-bred 
Hereford  Bull — and  in  the  progeny  lost  the 
disposition  to  milk  whiah  the  mothers  had  ; 
acquiring  that  of  laying  on  fat,  which  was 
the  distinguishing  merit  of  the  family  to 
which  the  bull  belonged."* 

Here  is  a  striking  case,  where  high  blood 
enabled  one  of  the  parents  to  propagate  his 
own  peculiar  excellence,  and  to  prevent  the 
transmission  of  the  peculiar  excellence,  of 
the  mothers — viz.  their  tendency  to  be  great 
milkers;  because  this  quality  was  accident- 
al in  them  and  not  derived  from  a  select  an- 
cestry, and  therefore  not  firmly  established 
;n  the  constitution. 


Fomtho  New-En»laml  Farmer. 

FARMER'S  WORK  FOR  JUNE. 

Among  the  multiplicity  of  your  avocations 
■at  this  busy  season  of  the  year  yon  will  not 
forget  the  subject  of  summer  made  manure. 


"Priie  Essay  of  the  Rev.  Hemy  Berry. 


Manure  is  the  spirit  of  agriculture,  the  es- 
sence of  all  good  farming,  and  no  good  op- 
portunity to  increase  its  quantity  and  im- 
prove its  quality  should  be  suffered  to  pass 
without  improvement.  Cattle,  or  at  least 
cows  which  give  milk,  should  be  yarded  in  a 
small  space.  Their  manure,  once  or  twice 
a  week,  at  least,  should  either  be  ploughed 
in  or  mixed  with  soil  for  compost — placed 
under  cover — shovelled  into  heaps  and  cov- 
ered with  earth,  oi  in  some  way  secured  a- 
gainst  being  wasted  away  by  the  elements. 
\  large  quantity  of  manure  may  be  manufac- 
tured by  swine,  provided  you  furnish  them 
with  raw  materials,  such  as    weeds,    brakes, 

cayed  leaves  from  forests,  &c.;  or  you  may 
manaue  this  department  of  rural  economy 
as  follows,  viz. 

Let  your  hogs  be  inclosed  in  an  open  pen, 
near  to,  or  in  one  part  of  your  barn-yard  ; — 
throw  into  this  the  scrapings  of  your  barns, 
together  with  every  vegetable  substance  that 
will  putrefy  and  rot  through  the  summer; — 
plough  up  and  cart  in  occasionally,  such 
earth  as  can  be  collected  from  your  ditches, 
or  old  sward  balks;  your  hogs  will  root  and 
mix  them  together,  and  this  with  a  little  at- 
tention, you  may  obtain  20  or  30  loads  of 
the  best  manure,  or  much  more  if  your  hogs 
are  numerous  and  receive  your  attention. — 
You  will  find  an  advantege,  both  in  the 
growth  of  your  hogs,  and  in  the  quantity  of 
manure,  if  you  sow  half  an  acre,  or  an  acre 
of  clover  on  a  rich  soil  near  the  barnyard, 
and  begin  to  cut  early  for  feed  for  your  hogs 
it  will  be  found  both  cheap  and  profitable. 
According  to  the  best  practical  calculations, 
it  will  give  a  profit  of  #30  per  acre,  when 
cut  green  and  fed  in  the  barn  yard,  either  by 
horses,  cows,  cattle,  or  hogs,  besides  the 
profits  upon  the  manure.  If  you  are  in  earn- 
est about  your  farm,  you  may  carry  this 
mode  of  making  manure  to  any  extent,  by 
mowing  and  carting  in  your  stout  stubble  ; 
collecting  and  carting  in  your  coarsest  hay, 
pumpkin  and  potatoe  vines,  corn  bottoms, 
husks,  k.c.  The  same  materials  will  yield 
yon  a  stronger  and  richer  manure  from  your 
hog  pens,  than  from  the  stercorary,  (as  prac- 
ticed in  England,)  and  without  the  expense 
of  shifting  or  changing  it  by  hand,  as  in  the 
stercorary  practice.  Your  hogs  will  do  bet- 
ter than  in  a  close  pen,  and  the  same  land, 
in  clover,  will  yield  them  more  and  better 
feed,  than  in  pasture  ;  and  the  manure  thus 
obtained  from  the  clover-field,  will  give  you 
a  handsome  profit.  A  little  experience  will 
soon  lead  every  farmer  to  make  the  most 
advantage  in  this  way,  which  may  be  ren- 
dered very  extensive. 


From  the  American  Farmer. 

Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Exhibition. 
This  splendid  exhibition  took  place  in 
Philadelphia  on  Wednesday  and  Thursday 
1st  and  2nd  of  June,  at  the  masonic  hall  in 
Chesnut  street,  and  was  one  of  the  most  rich 
and  beautiful  collections  of  rare  plants  and 
and  flowers  ever  seen  in  the  United  States. 
For  five  or  six  weeks  previous  there  had 
been  no  rain  in  the  vicinity,  and  in  other 
respects  the  weather  had  been  most  unfavor- 
able for  the  growth  of  vegetables,  it  having 
been  very  dry  and  occasionally  cold  till  with- 
in the  last  week,  when  it  became  excessively 
hot,  the  thermometer  ranging  in  the  after- 
noon of  the  last  day  of  the  exhibition  at 
98£°  in  the  shade.  Under  these  circum- 
stances, it  will  surprise  no  one  to  be  inform- 
ed that  the  display  of   culinary  vegetables 


was  very  limited.  Yet  there  were  a  few  ex- 
cellent things,  such  as  cauliflower  thirty  in- 
ches in  circumference,  fine  strawberries, 
globe  artichokes,  cherries,  seakale,  rheQ- 
barb,  cabbages,  cucumbers  of  full  size  and 
fine,  beets,  onions,  turnips,  a  very  large  head 
of  Malta  lettuce,  gooseberries,  and  potatoes. 
There  was  also  a  bunch  of  rye  not  yet  in 
flower,  eight  feet  in  height.  Another  thin" 
operated  unfavorably  on  the  exhibition  of 
vegetables.  There  appears  to  be  little  dis- 
position on  the  part  of  vegetable  gardeners 
:  to  exhibit  their  producers  was  easily  discov- 
ered from  the  small  number  and  quality  of 
contributions  of  that  class,  compared  with 
the  supplies  in  the  common  market.  This 
is  an  evil  which  will  be  gradually  overcome 
(or  the  beneficial  effects  of  such  exhibitions 
on  the  interests  of  gardeners  as  well  as  the 
citizens  at  large  will  soon  be  made  apparent 
to  the  most  incredulous. 

The  display  of  exotic  and  indigenous  or- 
namental plants  and  flowers  was  rich  and 
splendid.  Besides  the  more  common  trees, 
such  as  orange,  lemon,  lime,  oleander,  and 
pomegranate,  of  which  there  were  numerous 
vatieties  and  splendid  specimens,  there  were 
hundreds  of  the  more  rare.curiousand  beau- 
tiful. If  we  name  but  few  it  is  because  of 
the  impossibility  of  taking  note  in  detail  of 
such  an  immense  collection,  and  therefore 
memoranda  of  the  most  prominent  objects 
only  were  taken;  but  if  we  were  to  give  the 
names  of  even  these,  we  fear  the  catalogue 
would  tire  many  of  our  readers,  and  we 
shal  only  select  the  following;— Eryabotrya 
Japonica,  Aucuba  Japonica,  Andromeda 
corlacea,  Acacia  floribunda,  Daily  Rose, 
Dodoncc  viscosa,  Datura  arborea,  Daphne! 
Eucalyptus  Salisafolia,  Magnolia  fuscata, 
Eugenia  myrtifolia,  Olea  Europea  (the  ol- 
jivetree,)  Olea  buxifolia,  Ficus  Elastica, 
:(guin  elastic  tree,)  several  from  8  to  15  feet 
[high,  Meloleuca  diosmifolia,  Cactus  octan- 
gularis,  (about  10  feet  high,  four  stems  5  to 
1 8  inches  diameter,  a  most  magnificent 
plant,).  Laurus  camphora  (camphor  tree) 
Petargonum  trista, Rhododendron  ponticum, 
Tistacia  terebinthus,  Mangofera  indica 
:  (mango  tree,)  Cupressus  australis,  Caffca  a- 
|rabica  (coft'ee  tree,  several  5  to  8  feet  high, 
and  full  of  berries,)  Hibbertia  volubillis,  Ar- 
butus uneda,  (strawberry  tree,)  Magnolia 
grandiflora,  Ilex  variegata,  (several  beauti- 
ful specimens,)  Metrosideros  saligna,  Caro 
lina  princeps,  (cream  nut  tree)  Maranta  Ze- 
brina,  (a  beautiful  parlor  plant.)  Pitcairnia, 
numerous  Cactus,  sent  home  by  Mr.  Poin- 
sett from  Mexico  and  unnamed,  Cactus 
Spiciosus,  Calathea  Zibiina,  Zamia  horri- 
da.  Cactus  melocactus,  (numerous  and  curi^ 
ous)  Cycus  revoluta,  (Sago  Palm,  several, 
and  probably  the  largest  in  this  country,) 
Phormium  tenax,  (New  Zealand  flax)  Cres- 
sula  tuberculosa,  Sarracenia  purpurea,  Po- 
thos  lanceolata,  Cactus  philanthoides,  Bro- 
melia  ananas,  (Pine  Apple  plant)  Laurus 
Persea  (alligator  pear,)  Euphorbia  quadran- 
gularis,  Clematis  florida,  Azalia  coccinea, 
petesporum  undulata,  Saccharum  oificina- 
rum  (sugar  cane,)  Yucca  aloifolia,  Garde- 
nia florida  (Cape  Jasmine,)  Green  tea  plant, 
Droccena  ierrea,  (dragon  tree)  Eugenia 
Jambosa,  (rose  apple)  Yucca  gloriosa,  Fu- 
shia  coccinea,  geranium  grandiflora  (8  feet 
high  and  spreading  several  feet  in  width,) 
Agapanthus  umbellatus,  Melastoma  trinex- 
va,  (curious)  Kennidia  bimaculata,  Aster 
moschatus,  Piper  nigrum  (Black  pepper 
|tree(  Aster  argophyllus,    Taxtts  Sinensis^- 


19S 


THE  GENESEE  FAttMEK 


June  25,  1831 


(Chinese  yew)  Quercus  suber,  (cork  tree) 
Melianthus  major  (10  feet)  Begonia  argy- 
rostigma,  Salvia  tricolor  (three  colored 
sage,)  Ficus  vastita,  Chamerops  Palmeto, 
(cabbage  tree  of  South  Carolina)  Strelitzia 
pumela.  Begonia,  macrophylla,  VVestringea 
rosmarinifolia,  Ardesia  solanacea,  Laurus 
Cassia,  (cinnamon  tree)  Mainmea  Ameri- 
cana, West  India  Apricot  tree,  nandina  do- 
mestica,  Mvrtus  tomenlosa,  Calicoma  ser- 
ratifolia,  Pandanus  Utilis  (screw  pine,)  Fan 
palm,  Cymbidium  sinensis,  Ardesia  cienul- 
ata,  ;four  feet  high,  Aspedum  exaltatnm, 
Ficus  nitida,  Thea  Bohea,  Bohea  tea  tree] 
Phenix  dactyliferea,  date  tree,)  Zamia  ful- 
gens,  maranta  arundinacea,  I  arrow  root 
plant)  Myrtus  pimenia,  ('Allspice  Itee)  Pas- 
saflora  alata,  (a.  splendid  Passion  flower,) 
.Tapan  evergreen  honeysuckle,  Metrosidorus 
semperflorens,  Cactus  pereskia,  f  Barbadoes 
gooseberry  J  Musa  coccinia,  f Bannana  planlj 
sempervivum  arboreum,  tree  house  leek, 
Crassula  falcata,  seedling  Cactus,  Cactus 
Braziliensis,  notched  Cymetar  leaved  fig 
marigold,  Cactus  mamilaris  with  forty 
shoots,  musa  sapientum,  f  Bannana,  another 
variety^  Lychnis  grandiflora,  carnations, 
Sarracenia,  Phlox,  splendid  Chinese  Paso- 
nies  Whilleji,  humei,  an  fragrans,  purple 
and  white  Foxglove,  Amaryllis,  Johnsonia, 


the  tropics.  All  this  reconciles  us  to  our 
dews,  fogs  vapor  and  drizzle — to  our  apoth- 
ecaries rushing  about  with  gargles  and  tinc- 
tures— to  our  British  constitutional  coughs, 
sore  throats,  and  swelled  faces.—-Edinburgh 
Rtvieiv. 


TOP  PRESSING  GRASS-GROUNDS. 

By  top  dressing,  much  of  the  best  proper- 
ties of  the  putrescent  manures  are  exhaled 
or  wasted  in  the  way  that  has  been  descri- 
bed ;  if  to  this  be  added  the  too  general  loss 
sustained  by  decomposition  before  the  ma- 
nure is  applied,  it  will  be  found  that  but  lit- 
tle good  can  be  done  by  a  great  deal  of  it, 
when  used  in  this  way. 

If  dung  be  used  for  lop  dressing,  it  should 
be  applied  soon  after  the  fiist  crop  of  grass 
has  been  mown,  and  before  the  manure  has 
suffered  any  material  loss  by  fermentation. 
The  grasses  should  be  suffered  to  grow  until 
they  form  a  close  shade  ;  after  this,  they 
may  be  pastured,  provided  a  good  covering 
of  them  be  preserved.  This  will  prevent 
much  exhalation  ;  it  will  also  keep  the  soil 
much  more  open  to  receive  the  juices  of  the 
manure. 

As  water  does  not  pass  on  so  freely  thro' 
ja  close  pile  of    grass,  much  of   the   coarser 


agement    and  a    proper 
Tain's  Husbandry. 


cultivation. — Lo- 


particles  of  the  washings  from  the  manure 
and  a  seedling  from  the  purpurea  and  a  Bra-  [  will  be  arrested  in  their  progress  through  it, 
zilian  amaryllis.  iant'  '"uch  more  of  the  juices  from  the  dung 

Of  cut  flowers  the  display    was    brilliant   will  sink  into  the   soil.     The  close  covering 
beyond  conception,    but  it    is  impossible  to  ; also  greatly  favors  the  decomposition  of  the 


give  any  thing  like  a  list  of  them.  The  ro 
ses,  pinks,  canterbury  bells,  phloxes,  azalea 
(one  splendid  new  native  variety)  stocks  anil 
a  thousand  and  one  others,  comprising  the 
beauty  and  fragrance  of  Flora's  dominions, 
were  dispersed  among  the  plants  and  shrub- 
bery in  tasteful  order,  and  contributed  large- 
ly to  the  splendor  of  the  scene.  Beside  all 
these,  numerous  singing  birds  were  perched 
among  the  shrubbery  in  cages,  and  enliven- 
ed by  their  joyous  notes  the  imposing  spec- 
tacle. There  were  also  a  beautiful  cabinet 
of  shells  and  minerals,  a  cage  containing  the 
great  American  eagle,  a  couple  of  large  hor- 
ned owls,  numerous  preparations  of  other 
birds  very  naturally  perched  upon  the  shrub- 
bery, and  a  beehive  with  a  glass  top  and 
sides  with  the  bees  at  their  work  in  full 
view.  — — — 

A  TROPICAL  CLIMATE. 
Insects  are  the  curse  of  tropical  climates. 
The  vete  rouge  lays  a  foundation  for  a  tre- 
mendous ulcer.  In  a  moment  you  are  cov- 
ered with  ticks.  Chigoes  bury  themselves 
in  your  flesh,  and  hatch  a  large  colony  of 
young  chigoes  in  a  few  hours.  They  will 
not  live  together,  but  every  chigoe  sets  up  a 
separate  ulcer,  and  has  his  own  private  pus. 
Flies  get  entry  into  your  mouth,  into  your 
eyes,  into  your  nose.  You  eat  flies,  drink 
flies,  and  breathe  flies.  Lizards,  cockatri- 
ces, and  snakes,  get  into  the  be  3 — ants  eat 
the  books — scorpions  sting  you  on  the  foot 
— every  thing,  bites,  or  bruises — every  sec- 
ond of  your  existence  you  are  wounded  by 
some  piece  of  animal  life,  that  nobody  has 
ever  seen  before,  except  Swammerdam  and 
Mariam.  An  insect  with  eleven  legs  is  seen 
swimming  in  your  tea  cup — a  non-descript 
with  nine  wings  is  struggling  in  the  small 
beer,  or  a  caterpillar  with  several  dozen 
eyes  in  his  belly  is  hastening  over  the  bread 
and  butter!  All  nature  is  alive,  and  seems 
to  be  gathering  her  entomological  hosts  to 
eat  you  up  as  you  are  standing,  out  of  your 
caat,    waist-coat  and  breeches.    Such   are 


litter,  and  by  keeping  it  flexible,  causes  it  to 
sink  further  into  the  soil,  and  lie  much  clos- 
er to  it;  therefore  but  little  if  any  of  it  will 
be  found  in  the  way  of  mowing  the  ensuing 
crop  of  grass,  or  of  making  it  into  hay,  pro- 
vided the  manure  be  very  evenly  spread  o- 
ver  the  giound.  But  as  the  want  of  the  sec- 
ond crop  for  hay  and  other  circumstances, 
may  readily  prevent  the  cultivator  from 
hauling  the  dung  at  the  proper  time,  he  may 
haul  and  spread  it  any  time  before  frost  sets 
I  in  ;  but  not  with  the  same  advantage.  Still, 
if  care  be  taken  in  racking  up  the  hay  of 
the  ensuing  crop,  but  little  of  the  litter  will 
appear  among  it. 

Top  dressing,  however,  with  putrescent 
.manures,  is,  under  the  most  favorable  cir- 
cumstances, a  very  wasteful  practice,  and 
should  be  avoided  where  population  is  suffi- 
cient to  admit  the  practice  of  convertible 
husbandry  ;  except  by  those  who  prefer  the 
ease  obtained  by  grazing  exclusively,  to  a 
more  active  and  much  more  profitable  mode 
of  management. 

When  ashes,  gypsum,  lime,  (fc.  are  appli- 
ed to  the  grass  grounds,  it  must  be  by  top 
dressing.  But  either  of  these  substances  is 
more  extensively  useful  to  cultivated  crops, 
when  they  are  properly  incorporated  with 
tin-  soil. 

It  is  difficult  to  calculate  the  losses  arising 
from  the  prevailing  practices  of  gathering, 
preparing,  and  using  the  manure  that  might 
be  obtained  from  the  general  resources  of  a 
farm.  Some  manage  better,  and  others 
worse.  Neither  weight  nor  measure  to  as- 
certain these  losses,  can  be  referred  to. — 
We  may,  however,  form  a  tolerable  estimate 
of  their  amount,  by  summing  up  the  suppo- 
sed losses  arising  from  each  improper  prac- 
tice, and,  as  well  as  it  may  be  done,  avera- 
ging the  losses.  This  must  centre  between 
the  best  and  worst  practices  in  general  use. 
I  have  done  this,  and  believe  the  loss  cannot 
be  less  than  seven-eights  of  the  whole,  whicli 
might  be  very  readily  saved  by  good    man-| 


From  the  North  C.irolina  Spectator. 

SILK  IN  MACON,  N.  C. 
We  have  been  presented  with  a  skein  of 
sewing  silk,  together  with  a  hank  of  tht 
raw  material  of  a  very  fine  and  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, by  Vr.  Samuel  Smith,  a  very  en- 
terprising  and    imelligent   gentleman,  who 

resides  near   Franklin  in  Macon  county 

The  specimen  before  us  was  produced  from 
silkworms,  reared  by  Mr.  Smith's  daughter : 
about  13  years  of  age,  and  reeled  from  the 
cocoons  and  wrought  into  its  present  condi- 
tion by  the  same  fair  hand.  The  account 
which  we  have  of  Mr.  S's  progress  in  the 
culture  of  silk,  is,  that  he  procured  a  few 
eggs  from  the  north  three  years  since  ;  that 
last  year  he  reared  8,000  worms,  and  thn 
year  has  made  preparations  to  rear  100,000  ; 
that  the  cocoons  produced  last  year  bavi 
been  reeled  and  mostly  wrought  into  sewing 
silk,  which  has  found  a  ready  home  markel, 
at  a  rate  equal  to  the  price  of  the  imported 
article,  indeed  in  point  of  even  texture  and 
quality  of  material  it  is  scarcely  surpassed 
by  the  finest  foreign  silk  ;  that  no  difficulty 
was  experienced  from  the  weather  and  cli- 
mate to  the  health  and  operations  of  the 
worm;  that  the  specimen  before  us  was  pro- 
duced by  silkworms  fed  on  leaves  of  the 
I  common,  indigenous  black-mulberry. 

The  specimen  before  us  has  served  to  re- 
call our  reflections  to  the  subject  of  the  pro- 
duction of  silk  by  the  people  of  this  region 
Blessed  as  we  are  with  a  climate  congenial 
to  ihe  health  of  the  silkworm — with  a   soil 
natural  to  the  production   of   every  species 
of  the  mulberry,  and  even  such   portions  of 
it  as  now  lie  waste  and  useless,  might,  by  the 
culture  of  silk,  be  made  profitable.     Indeed 
we  think,    every  inducement   is  held  out  to 
all  who  have  lands  to  turn  their  attention  to 
this  new,  interesting  and  profitable  occupa- 
tion. There  are  a  sufficient  number  of  black 
mulberry  trees  now  growing  on  the  lands  of 
almost  every  farmer  in  this  region,    to  rear 
several  thousand  worms,  and  commence  an 
experiment,  which  if  it  does  not  afford  much 
profit  at  first,  and  though  the  silk  so  produ- 
ced may  not  be    as  white  and    fine  as   that 
produced  from  other  kinds  of  mulberry,  vet 
it  will  afford  an  opportunity  to  test  the  value 
of  the  business    and    sufficient   experience 
that  when    they    shall    have   obtained   (by 
planting  the  seed  or  by  cuttings)  other  spe- 
cies of  the  mulberry,  they  may  be  prepared 
to  reap  a  munificent  profit  for  their   cnler- 
prize.     Sufficient  experiment!   have   been 
made  in  the  states  of  Connecticut,  Pennsyl- 
vania, South  Carolina,  and    this    state,    to 
convince  all  who  have  paid  any  attention  to 
the  subject,  that  the  United  States  can    pro- 
duce silk  of  as  good  and  even  a  better  quali- 
ty than  can  be  produced  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world.     It  has   also   been'  satisfactorily 
proven,  that  the  production  of  silk  is  a  very 
profitable    and  simple  business — a  business 
which  may  be  prosecuted  by  almost  any  and 
every  individual.     The  silk-growers  in  the 
northern  states  labor  under  one  disadvantage 
which  is  not  felt  here.     Thev  are  obli^ed'to 
keep  the  worms  in  close    rooms   which  are 
warmed  by  means  of  stoves.     In   this  state, 
on  the  contrary,  no  fire  is  necessary  ;  and 
small  children  and  young  negroes,  who  ate 
of  no  other  service,  can  be    profitably    em- 
ployed in  supplying  the  silkworms  with  food 
and  taking  all  the  care  necessary    to   these 


Vol  1.— No.  25. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


190 


,-uring  of  the  cocoons.  With  circumstances 
of  this  nature  in  our  hands,  we  would  direct 
public  attention  to  this  important  enter- 
prize.  We  have  from  time  to  time  copied 
such  essays  on  the  cultivation  of  silk,  as  we 
thought  useful  in  conveying  an  idea  of  the 
proper  mode  of  treating  the  worms,  and  the 
reeling  of  the  silk,  &tc.  In  our  paper  of  the 
21st  tilt,  statements  will  be  found  of  the  val 
ue  of  the  silk  produced,  and  the  kind  of  la 
bor  necessary  to  piepare  it  for  market,  the 
quantity  produced  by  a  given  number  of 
worms,  the  price  of  the  cocoons,  and  the 
nett  profit  which  would  accrue  to  those  en- 
gaged in  its  cultivation.  It  might  be  remar- 
ked, with  much  reason,  than  lands  which 
have  been  already  reduced  and  impoverish- 
ed by  the  culture  of  tobacco,  corn,  and  cot- 
ton— lands  which  the  owners  will  erelong  be 
forced  to  forsake  for  new  oiies  in  the  west, 
unless  their  attention  be  turned  to  the  pro- 
duction of  some  new  article,  or  until  they 
shall  set  about  some  plan  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  same, — are  yet  capable  of  pro- 
ducing the  mulberry  ;  and  that  energetic 
and  enterprising  citizens  may  yet  reap  a  rich, 
continued,  and  abundant  harvest  by  the  cul- 
ture of  silk.  — — — 

The  annual  Fair  of  the  Hamilton  county 
Agricultural  Society,  was  held  on  Wednes- 
day and  Thursday  last,  at  Carthage,  and 
was  very  well  attended.  The  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  on  Wednesday,  gave  proof 
of  increased  attention  on  the  part  of  our 
farmers,  to  one  of  the  most  important  of 
their  duties.  The  exhibition  of  domestic 
manufactures  yesterday,  was  by  no  means 
extensive.  Two  threshing  machinces,  one 
new  churn,  an  improved  horse  rake,  and  a 
number  of  other  agricultural  articles  were 
exhibited,  and  most  of  them  were  highly 
approved.  General  Harrison's  address  was 
delivered  at  about  12  o'clock,  to  a  large  and 
attentive  audience,  and  was  heard  with  great 
ipprobation. — Western  (Ohio)  Tiller. 


AGRICULTURE  OF  ITALY. 

Florence,  February  18th,  1S31- 

My  dear  H ,     The  ride  from  Pisa  to 

ibis  place  has  presented  a  scene  entirely  no- 
"ver.and  so  much  in  contrast  with  every  thing 
that  preceded  it,  that  I  can  hardly  believe 
that  it  is  a  part  of  the  same  country.  We 
have  rich  and  beautiful  valleys  in  America, 
and  some  which  even  the  vale  of  the  Arno 
could  not  exceed,  if  under  equal  improve- 
ment. But  with  us,  where  fields  are  open- 
ed and  forests  cleared,  even  faster  than  pop- 
ulation multiplies,  the  same  necessity  for 
perfection  in  the  art  of  husbandry  does  not 
exist  as  in  Italy  .where  the  wants  of  a  popu- 
lation, even  more  dense  than  in  England 
press  every  faculty  and  every  device  into 
the  service  of  subsistence.  We  have  no 
such  agriculture  in  any  part  of  our  coun- 
iry,  as  is  seen  in  Italy,  and  especially  in  the 
vale  of  Arno;  and  we  never  shall  have,  till 
the  time  shall  come  when  twenty  mouths 
must  be  fed  from  the  fruits  of  the  same 
quantity  of  soil,  which  now  supplies  but  one. 
The  Arno  is  a  broad,  and  sometimes  rapid 
river,  resembling,  so  far  as  I  have  now  be- 
come acquainted  with  it,  the  Connecticut 
between  Hartford  and  the  Sound  ;  and  the 
valley,  nearh  all  the  way  from  Pisa  to  Flor- 
ence, is  not  unlike  the  Windsor,  Hartford, 
and  Wethersfield  meadows,  in  po  nt  of  lo- 
cation, extent  and  surface.  This  distance  is 
"bout  fifty  miles,  and  it  is,  without  exagger- 
ation, and  literally,  a  garden— not  a  field- 


in  all  its  length  and  breadth.  It  is  never 
touched  with  a  ploughshare ;  but  the  soil  is 
turned  up  and  broken  by  the  spade,  precise- 
ly in  the  manner  of  horticulture  with  us,  ex- 
cept that  the  insttume"ts  with  which  the 
operation  is  here  performed  are  much  long- 
er and  heavier,  both  in  the  iron  and  the  han- 
dle. Indeed,  the  use  of  the  plough  here 
would  be  impossible.  The  whole  soil  is 
devoted  to  three  different  and  distinct  bran- 
dies of  agriculture,  at  the  same  time.  For 
the  raising  of  silk  worms,  mulberry  trees 
are  planted  so  as  to  border  sma  1  squares  or 
patches  of  land,  and  so  near  toget  er,  that 
as  you  ride  through  the  valley  it  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  vast  forest  of  second-growth 
or  sapling  trees.  These  trees  are  also  made 
to  answer  another  purpose.  V  nes  are  plan 
ted  around  them,  and  tiained  up  their  trunks 
nd  along  iheir  branches,  which  are  thus 
made  to  serve  for  the  support  of  the  vineyard. 
But  the  production  of  silk  and  grapes,  e'Ch 
of  which  is  a  st  pie  of  rich  and  extensive 
growth,  is  but  the  beginning  of  that  burthen 
of  service  tu  which  the  land  is  devoted. — 
The  entire  su  ace,  throughout  all  the 
squares,  laid  off  int  beds,  bee  mes  the  field 
of  another  and  even  richer  st  pie  than  ei- 
ther of  the  othe  s  generally  of  wheat, 
though  sometimes,  but  rarely,  of  the  coa  ser 
grains. 

The  ap  earanc  o  every  thing  one  sees  here 
indicates  the  prosperity  and  independence 
of  the  cultivators  of  the  soil  ;  and  there  is 
one  secret  of  this  prosperity  which  I  must  not 
omit  to  mention,  because  i  is  due  to  the  in- 
du  try  and  vitueof  the  females.  This  val- 
ley is  the  place  of  manufacture  for  what  i 
known  with  us  under  the  name  of  I  eghorn 
hats;  o  called,  do  btl  s,  because  they  are 
generally  shipped  to  America  irom  that  port 
— and  this  br  nch  of  industry  ha  ing  been 
made  by  custom  a  direct  and  independent 
profit  to  the  hands  employed  in  it,  has  had 
the  very  natural  effect  to  give  to  this  com- 
munity a  he  lthy  tone  of  moral  character, 
wholly  unkno  n  to  the  rest  of  I  aly.  The 
material  of  which  this  manufac  ure  is  made, 
i  raised  on  lands  bordering  the  v  lie  ,  the 
soil  of  ■  hich  is  hard  and  chalky,  and  so 
sterile  that  the  grain  (for  it  is  a  kind  o 
wheat)  is  never  rit  ened.  'he  straw  is  cut 
before  it  arrives  at  maturity,  and  is  neatly 
bound  in  small  sheaves  for  m  rket.  E  ery 
peasant  girl  of  the  valley,  who  chooses  this 
occupa  ion,  purchases  o  much,  and  such 
quali  y  of  this  material  as  she  is  able  to 
braid,  and  her  whole  time  is  occupied  with 
this  employment.  So  necessary  h  s  it  been 
deemed  that  the  hands  should  be  preserved 
in  suppleness  and  delicacy,  hat  even  die 
parents  of  the  girl  have  not  the  power  or  the 
right  to  exact  from  her  ny  personal  service 
whatever,  and  especiall  not,  in  any  rustic 
occupation,  such  as  the  female  peas  ntry  of 
the  country  are  more  or  less  accustomed  to. 
The  parent  however  has  the  right,  and  it  is 
always  exercised, to  compel  rom  their  daugh- 
ters a  commutation  for  personal  service,  by 
a  cash  contubution  towards  the  culture  of 
the  fields  and  the  support  of  the  household. 
This  duty  is  paid  in  a  very  easy  way,  out  of 
the  profits  of  their  peculiar  occupation, 
which  are  re  lly  very  considerable.  The 
mountaineers  are  mploved  as  labourers  in 
the  field,  and  their  wages,  to  a  fixed  amount 
are  discharged  by  the  females,  out  of  their 
private  purses.  In  this  way,  the  men  have 
become  indolent,  and  comparatively  «orth- 
less,  while  almost  the  whole  respectability 


of  this  truly  virtuous  community  of  Tuscan 
peasantry,  is  sustained  by  the  other  sex.— 
So  true  is  it,  that  even  indolence  can  hardly 
degenerate  into  vice,  when  the  females  of 
the  community  are  industrious  and  virtuous. 
The  costume  of  these  peasant  girls  is  pecu- 
liarly neat  and  beautiful — the  drapery  is  of 
white  linen  or  cambric,  with  a  corsage  of 
modest  colored  silk,  and  they  w.  ar  small 
hats  of  straw,  ornamented  with  flowers, 
or  a  black  ostrich  plume.  The  beauty 
of  which  Italy  has  always  boasted  is  found 
no  where,  as  far  as  I  have  et  seen,  except 
among  this  class  of  persons — and  theirs  is 
the  co  eliness  of  pastoral  simplicity.  It  is 
refreshing,  in  a  country  so  universally  lax 
in  morals,  to  light  on  such  a  community  as 
this  I  have  spoken  of.  It  is  a  green  spot  in 
the  midst  of  a  barren  waste,  where  the  car- 
dinal virtues  spring  up  spontaneously.  How 
strangely  do  the  manners  and  customs  of 
this  arcadian  peo  le  contrast  with  those  of 
the  cities  of  Italy.—  Roch.  Daily. 

The  Brockport  Free  Iress,  gives  an  ac- 
count of  a  hail  storm,  on  Saturday  last, 
which  has  much  injured  such  crops  as  are 
advanced,  in  that  place. 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  tlte  week  ending  June  11,  1831. 

£ 

f 

«   £S    .5 

Face  or  the 

CO 

11 

-=      CO    ®       £ 

Slty. 

Observations 

12 

90 

29,50    to 

fair 

1. 

68 

29,45 

w 

do 

thunder  showers— soutt 

18 

.11 

i> 

29.53 

ne 

cloudy 

t: 

67 

29.50 

e 

rain 

6-10 

14 

M 

80 

29,55 

71 

cloudy 

K 

65  -29,60 

n  e 

fair 

IS 

1! 

80  39,68  a  e 

do 

E 

76 1 29,65   ji  c 

do 

in 

11 

7529,63 

n  e 

do 

|<J 

72  29,53 

e 

do 

17 

Jl 

83  29,50 

s  e 

do 

t 

84  29,47 

e 

do 

18 

11 

76|29,54 

w 

cloudy 

h 

70 

29,45 

s  e 

rain 

1-10  thunder  •howen 

XTThe  Barometrical  and  Thcrmometrical  pbscrva 
tions  are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A  M.  and  P.  M.,  which 
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20O 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


June  25,  1*31 


MISCELLANIES. 

Rail  RoAD.-Among  modern  improve- 
ments, none  promise  to  have  a  wider- 
spreading  or  more  powerful  influence, 
physical  and  moral,  on  our  country,  than 
the  invention  ofrail  roads. — On  these,  lo- 
comotive engines  can  be  propelled  at 
the  amazing  speed  of  from  thirty  to  fifty 
miles  an  hour  ;  a  speed  exceeding  that  of 
the  fleetest  race  horse,  and  approach- 
ing nearer  to  that  of  birds  than  any  thing 
which  a  century  ago,  we  should  have 
ventured  to  dream  of. 

The  introduction  of  steamboats  on  the 
magnificent  rivers  that  water  our  conti- 
nent has  changed  the  whole  face  of  tiiis  re- 
public. It  has  been,  in  familiar  phrase, 
the  making  of  the  Western  Country.  It 
has  conveyed  thousands  to  people  the  wild 
forests,  and  extended  easy  commercial 
intercourse  to  the  very  farthest  limits  of 
civilization.  It  requires  not  a  prophet's 
sagacity  to  predict,  that  the  change  on 
land  by  rail-roads  will  not  be  less  than 
lias  been  that  on  water  by  steamboats. — 
Towns  and  villages  now  far  removed 
from  each  other  will  be  brought,  as  it 
were,  close  together ;  for  how  can  we 
think  a  neighbor  thirty  miles  off  at.  a 
distance,  when  we  know  that  three  quar- 
ters of  an  hour  can  bring  him  to  our  side? 

The  influence  of  these  facilities  for 
communication  among  our  fellow-citi- 
zens is  not  merely  one  of  commercial 
convenience  or  physical  improvment ;  it 
has  a  moral  effect  also,  and  a  very  bene- 
ficial one.  Travelling,every  one  admits, 
is  eminently  conducive  to  human  im- 
provement. That  which  affords  facili- 
ties for  travelling,  therefore, — that  which 
brings  man  into  frequent  contact  with 
man,  thus  dispelling  local  prejudices,  and 
narrow  predilections — is  surely  of  impor- 
tant moral  influence  on  our  race. 

We  are  glad  to  see  the  stir,  therefore, 
which  is  now  making  to  checker  our 
country  with  lines  of  rail-roads.  Next 
to  the  spread  of  knowledge,  (and  indeed 
most  conducive  to  that  spread)  is  the  fa- 
cility of  intercourse  between  nations  and 
states.  It  furnishes  to  the  traveller  ma- 
terials for  comparison ;  it  supples  him 
with  subjects  for  thought ;  it  affords  him 
the  raw  material  out  of  which  to  form  ra- 
tional opinions  and  correct  views  of  man 
and  of  society 

This  may  seem,  to  some,  a  farfetched 
anticipation  ;  but  a  little  reflection,  we 
think,  will  suffice  to  bring  conviction, 
that  it  is  fully  warranted  by  experience 
and  analogy. — There  is  nothing  roman- 
tic, though  at  first  sight  it  may  so  appear, 
in  believing  that  not  only  steam  carriages, 
but  knowledge  and  moral  improvement 
will  have  their  speed  increased  by  the 
introduction  of  rail  roads JV.  F.  Sent. 

THE   EYE. 

The  nature  of  the  eye  as  a  camera  ob- 
scura,  is  beautifully  exhibited  by  taking 
the  eye  of  a  recently  killed  bullock,  and 
after  carefully  cutting  away  or  thinning 
the  outer  coat  of  it  behind,  by  going  with 
it  to  a  dark  place,  and   directing  the  pu- 


pil towards  any  brightly  illuminated  ob- 
jects ;  then  through  the  semi-transparent 
retina  left  at  the  back  of  the  eye,  may 
be  seen  a  minute  but  perfect  picture  of  all 
such  objects,  a  picture  thereof,  formed 
on  the  back  of  the  little  apartment  or  ca- 
mera obscura,  by  the  agency  of  the  con- 
vex cornea  and  lens  in  front.  Under- 
standing from  all  this,  that  when  a  man 
is  engaged  in  what  is  called  looking  at  an 
object,  his  mind  is,  in  truth,  only  taking 
cognisance  of  the  picture  or  impression 
made  on  his  retina,  it  excites  admiration 
in  us  to  think  of  the  exquisite  delicacy  of 
texture  and  sensibility  which  the  retina 
must  possess,  that  there  may  be  the  per- 
fect perception  which  really  occurs  of 
even  the  separate  parts  of  the  minute  im- 
ages there  formed.  A  whole  printed 
sheet  of  newspaper,  for  instance,  may  be 
represented  on  the  retina,  on  less  surface 
than  that  of  a  finger-nail ;  and  yet  not 
only  every  word  and  letter  be  separately 
perceivable,  but  even  any  imperfection  of 
a  single  letter.  Or,  more  wonderfully 
still,  when  at  night  an  eye  is  turned  up 
to  the  vault  of  heaven,  there  is  portray- 
ed on  the  little  concave  of  the  retina,  the 
boundless  concave  of  the  sky,  with  every 
object  in  its  just  proportions  There  a 
moon  in  beautiful  miniature  may  be  sail- 
ing among  her  white-edged  clouds,  and 
surrounded  by  a  thousand  twinkling  stars; 
so  that  to  an  animalcule  supposed  to  be 
within  or  near  the  pupil,  the  retina  might 
appear  another  starry  firmament  with  all 
its  glory.  If  the  images  in  the  human 
eye  be  thus  minute,  what  must  they  be 
in  the  little  eye  of  the  canary  bird,  or  of 
another  animal  smaller  still  !  How  won- 
derful are  the  works  of  nature  ! 

Colour  op  the  Sea. — If  we  look  in- 
to the  sea  where  the  water  has  consider- 
able depth,  we  find  that  its  colour  is  a 
peculiar  shade  of  green;  but  if  we  take  up 
a  glass  of  the  water  which  thus  appears 
green,  we  shall  find  it  perfectly  limpid 
and  colourless.  The  reason  is,  that  the 
quantity  contained  in  the  glass  reflects  to 
the  eye  too  small  a  quantity  of  the  col- 
our to  be  perceivable  ;  while  the  great 
mass  of  water  viewed  when  we  look  into 
the  deep  sea,  throws  up  the  colour  in 
such  abundance  as  to  produce  a  strong 
and  decided  perception  of  it. — Lard,  Ca- 
binet Cijclo. 

Colour  of  the  Air. — The  atmos- 
phere is  in  the  same  circumstances  ;  the 
colour,  from  even  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  it,  is  too  faint  to  be  percepti- 
ble. Hence  the  air  which  fills  an  ap- 
partment,  or  which  immediately  sur- 
rounds us  when  abroad,appears  colourless 
and  perfectly  transparent.  But  when  we 
behold  the  immense  mass  of  atmosphere 
through  which  we  view  the  firmament, 
the  colour  is  reflected  with  sufficient 
force  to  produce  distinct  perception. — 
But  it  is  not  necessary  for  this  that  so 
great  an  extent  of  air  should  be  exhib- 
ited to  us  as  that  which  forms  the  whole 
depth  or  thickness  of  the  atmosphere. — 
Distant  mountains  appear  blue,  not  be- 


cause it  is  their  colour,  but  because  it 
is  the  colour  of  the  medium  through 
which  they  are  seen. — lb. 

Remarkable  tenacity  of  Life  in  an  Otter 
"  As  the  spring  was  approaching,  we  re- 
turned to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  Ice 
was  still  in  the  lake  when  we  arrived  on 
the  shore  of  it ;  and  as  I  with  my  com- 
panions, was  standing  on  the  shore,  I  saw 
an  otter,  coming  on  the  ice,  at  a  distance. 
!I  had  often  heard  the  Indians  say,  thai 
|  the  strongest  man,  without  arms  of  some 
:  kind,  cannot  kill  an  otter.  Pe-shauba,- 
and  other  strong  men  and  good  hunters, 
had  told  me  this,  but  I  still  doubted  it. — ■ 
I  now,  therefore,  proceeded  to  test  the 
truth  of  this  common  opinion.  I  caught 
the  otter,  and.  for  the  space  of  an  hour 
or  more,  exerted  myself,  to  the  extent  ol 
my  power,  to  kill  him.  I  beat  him,  and 
kicked  him,  and  jumped  upon  him,  but 
all  to  no  purpose.  I  tried  to  strangle 
him  with  my  hands  ;  but  lying  still  for  a 
time,  he  would  shorten  his  neck,and  draw 
his  head  down  between  my  hands,  so 
the  breath  would  pass  through  ;  and  I 
was  at  last  compelled  to  acknowledge 
that  I  was  not  able  to  kill  him  without 
arms.  There  are  other  small,  and  ap- 
parently not  very  strong  animals,  which 
an  unarmed  man  cannot  kill.  Once,while 
on  a  war  party,  in  a  sort  of  bravado,  I 
had  tried  to  kill  a  pole-cat  with  my  na- 
ked hands,  but  I  had  nearly  lost  my  eves 
by  the  means.  The  liquid  which  he 
threw  upon  my  face,  caused  a  painful  in- 
flammation, and  the  skin  came  off".  The 
white  crane,  also,  is  dangerous,  if  ap- 
proached to  near  ;  they  can,  and  some- 
times do  inflict  mortal  wounds  with  then 
sharp  beaks." — Tanner's  J\'arrative. 

HANGING  OF    WINDOW    BLINDS. 

A  correspondent  of  the  National  Intelli 
gencer  says: — "  It  is  surprising  to  me  that 
the  mode  of  hanging  window  blinds  univer- 
sally practised  in  Fiance,  should  not  havt 
been  introduced  in  our  hot  and  sunny  cli- 
mate. There,  the  blind  is  hung  by  hinges 
at  the  top,  and  opens  by  being  pushed  out 
from  below  to  any  distance  agreeable,  in- 
stead of  being  bung  on  the  side  and  open- 
ing perpendicularly.  By  our  present  modi 
the  blinds  cannot  be  opened  without  admit- 
ting the  sun;  but  by  (tie  French  mode,  the 
blind  may  be  opened,  the  air  admitted,  rind 
the  sun  at  the  same  time  excluded — the  win- 
dow being  still  shaded,  though  the  blind  be 
open.  Let  any  one  try  this  plan  on  a  south 
ern  exposure,  and  be  will  find  its  superiori- 
ty. Another  advantage  is  that  the  blind  is 
more  easily  and  quickly  opened  and  shut ; — 
and  a  further  superiority  is,  you  can  have 
your  blinds  open  without  losing  the  pleas- 
ure of  privacy  in  your  apartment.  We  taki 
unfortunately,  all  our  fashions  from  Eng. 
land,  and  if  England  had  adopted  the 
French  mode  ol  hanging  window  blinds,  we 
should  long  ago  have  copied  it.  But  the 
English  climate,  requiring  the  admission  of 
all  the  little  sunshine  nature  gives  it,  forbids 
the  adoption  of  the  French  mode,  and  we 
therefore,  have  rejected  it,  although  our  cli 
mate  renders  it  more  desirable  than  even 
Fiance  itself.  I  pray  our  builders  to  eon 
;ider  the  snhject. 


m  mmmmm&t 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JULY   2,   1831. 


NUMBKk    26. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  &  COt 

At  the  OfficH  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Ttrms— 92. 50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSEt.L.  EDITOR. 


MELONS. 

There  are  but  few  people  but  what  are 
t'ond  of  good  Vielons,  and  yet  many  neglect 
to  raise  them.     The  finer  sorts   of  Musk- 
melons,  such  as  the  Minorca,  Citron,  Pine 
Apple,  and  Green  Nutmeg,  are  wholly  un- 
known  to  most  of  our   farmers,   and  even 
many  of  our  gardeners  say  that  they  cannot 
be  raised  in  this  latitude  in  perfection,  with- 
out the  aid  of  artificial  heat.     Now  this  is 
altogether  a  mistake.     We  have  seen  them 
as  fine  in  size  and  flavor,  raised  in  this  neigh- 
borhood, as  in  any  part  of  the  world.  There 
are  many  reasons  why  people  have  the  im- 
pression, that  good  melons  cannot  be  raised 
in  this  section.     First — very  few  have  taken 
the  trouble  to  obtain  good  seed,  and  when 
they  have,  a  smaller  number  are  acquainted 
with  the  best  method  of  training  them,  and 
the  consequence  has  been,  that  the   melons 
did  not  ripen  until  late  in  the  season,  when 
the  weather  had  become  cool,  and  there  was 
not  that  relish    for  them,   that  would  have 
been,  had   they  ripened  during  the  warmer 
part  of  the  season  ;  for  we  can  readily  con- 
ceive that  a   Warter-melon   at  Christmas, 
would  be  very  much   out  of  place.     To  r 
pen  melons,  early  in  the  season  as  possible, 
is  desirable.     For   this   purpose,  those  who 
have  it  in  their  power,  can  hasten  their  ma- 
turation one  month,  by  planting  them  in 
hot  bed ;  but  as  this  is  not  always  conven- 
ient for  farmers,  we  will  speak  of  their  treat- 
ment in  open  ground.     In  the  first  place-  be 
careful  in  the  selection  of  seed.     Those  with 
green  flesh,  are  of  the  finest  flavor,  but  do 
not  ripen  as  soon  by  a  couple  of  weeks,  as 
some  of  the  coarser  kinds,  with  yellow  flesh. 
The  Green  Nutmeg   and   Citron,  perhaps, 
are  in  as  great  repute  for  flavor  as  any,  tho' 
they  are  very  small,  but  their  exquisite  fla- 
vor compensates  for  their  want  ol  size. — 
Most  of  our  vines,  as  the  Pumpkin,  Cucum- 
ber  and   Melon,  thrive  best  in  new  strong 
soils,  but  the  Water-melon,  on  coarse  sand, 
made  rich,  as  heat  is  indispensably  necessary 
to  their  perfection,  and   such   soils   become 
much  hotter  than  those  that  contain  large 
portions  of  vegetable  matter.     By  the  term 
new,  we  mean   grounds  that   have  lain   in 
grass,  and  not  that  from  which  the  timber 
has  been  lately  removed.     All  have  noticed 
how  much  better  Pumpkins  thrive  in  corn- 
fields, the  first  year  after  breaking  up  the 
sward  ;  therefore,  in  planting  melons  in  gar- 
dens, if  a  wheel-barrow  load  of  such  soil  is 
placed  for  each  hill,  mixed  with  a  suitable 
quantity  of  manure   from  the   hog  pen,  it 
well  repays  the  expense,  as  in  that  case,  they 


are  not  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  insects  in 
the  roots.  The  ripening  of  the  fruit  may 
be  advanced  nearly  two  weeks,  by  nipping 
in  the  leading  vines.  Musk-melons  produce 
their  fruit,  at  the  axiles  of  the  first  leaf  of 
the  lateral  branches.  These  branches,  if 
the  leading  branches  are  allowed  to  grow,  do 
not  shoot  out,  until  the  leaders  have  made 
growths  of  considerable  length.  The  lead- 
ers are  the  center  shoots,  and  one  or  two  of 
the  first  branches  above  the  seed  leaves ; 
these  it  will  be  found  upon  examination,  do 
not  show  fruit  at  the  first  leaf.  All  these 
eaders,  should  be  pinched  off  at  the  points, 
as  soon  as  they  have  produced  about  three 
leaves,  which  will  cause  the  lateral  or  bear- 
ing branches,  to  put  forth  at  least  one  week 
sooner  than  they  otherwise  would.  When 
the  bearing  branches  have  put  out  two 
leaves  beyond  the  fruit,  they  should  also  be 
nipped  off.  When  the  fruit  is  in  flower, 
they  should  be  examined,  as  by  this  method, 
there  will  sometimes  be  a  scarcity  of  male 
blossoms,  and  the  fruit  will  drop  for  want  of 
pollen. 

As  it  is  an  object  to  ensure  the  first  set 
ting  of  the  fruit,  both  on  account  of  ripen 
ng  early,  and  its  being  near  the  roots  of  the 
vine,  it  is  well  to  go  over  them,  and  dust  the 
fruit  blossoms  artificially.  In  doing  this, 
always  prefer  a  male  blossom  from  the  same 
vine,  if  you  wish  to  keep  your  varieties  dis- 
tinct. Having  selected  a  male  flower  that 
is  in  perfection,  touch  the  Anther  carefully 
to  the  Stigma  of  the  female  flower,  which  is 
on  the  end  of  the  fruit,  by  which  means  the 
Stigma  will  be  covered  with  the  pollen  from 
the  male  plant  ;  or  it  may  be  applied  by 
jarring  the  male  flower  directly  over  the  ft- 
male  flower.by  which  a  quantity  of  the  pollen 
will  be  detached  and  fall  opon  the  Stigma, 
by  which  the  fecundation  will  be  accomplish- 
ed. Although  these  little  manoeuvres  may 
seem  tedious  to  those  who  have  not  made  the 
experiment,  they  are  easier  performed  than 
described,  and  are  well  worth  the  attention 
of  every  lover  of  good  melons.  A  vine  should 
not  be  allowed  to  ripen  more  than  two  or 
three  melons,  as  by  increasing  the  number 
the  size  and  flavor  of  the  fruit  is  materially 
injured.  Water-melons,  and  Cucumbers, 
are  not  so  regular  in  the  setting  of  their 
fruit,  and  of  course  trimming  is  not  so  im- 
portant, but  it  is  well  in  gardens  where  the 
vines  are  exposed  to  the  winds,  to  give  a 
proper  direction  to  leading  Cucumber  vines, 
and  fasten  them  by  sticking  small  hooks 
over  the  branches,  to  confine  them  to  their 
places,  and  when  the  branches  become  too 
thick,  they  should  be  cut  off  as  for  fruit 
trees.  — — — 


HOW  TO  PRESERVE!   V.V  LUKTIES  OF 
FKUIT. 


Mammoth  Dandelion. — A  dandelion, 
weighing  4  3-4  lbs.  was  lately  taken  from  a 
Garden  in  Providence,  R.  Enough  to  make 
greens  for  a  mammoth  dinner. 


It   often  happens,   that  gentlemen    who 
have  a  taste  for  choice  fruits,  are  disappoint- 
ed, after  having  sent  their  orders  to  a  dis- 
tance for  trees,  paid  their  bills,  and  planted 
out  their  young  trees  with  all  the  care  pos- 
sible, when  after  watching  them  from  day  to 
day,  and  from  week  to  week,  they  find  thai 
some  favorite  tree  will  not  even  show  a  leaf, 
and  they  have  the  mortification  to  watch  it, 
until  it  becomes  a  dry  sapless  faggot,  fit  onb 
for  the  fire.     Now  all  this  is  extremely  try 
ing  to  the  feelings  of  the  lover  of  good  fiuit, 
not  taking  into  consideration    the    expense 
attending  it.     The  kinds  ordered  from  a  dis 
tance,   are  of  course  such  as  cannot  be  ob- 
tained in  the  neighborhood,  and  the  loss  of 
a  variety  consequently  puts  the  horticultur- 
ist back  one  year,  if  it  does  not  wholly  dis 
courage  him  from  repeating  his  order.     Now 
such  losses  and  disappointments,  are  easily 
prevented.     When   your   tree    arrives,     let 
some  of  the  best  shoots  be  taken  off  and  set 
in  the  ground  for  cions,  and  at  a  proper  sea 
son,  let  them  be  grafted  into   some  thrifty 
stocks,  and  you  render  your  effort  to  obtain 
the  variety  a  certainty,  for  we  hold  there  is 
not  a  greater  chance  of  failure  in  setting  ci- 
ons of  apples,  pears  and  plumbs,  on  good 
stocks,  than  there  is  in  transplanting  trees 
within  the  same  garden  when  they  are  ta- 
ken up,  but  as  peaches  and  nectarines  are 
more  difficult  to  graft,  we  will  describe  a 
method,  which  we  have  practised  this  sea- 
son, which  seems  well  calculated  to  ensure 
the  object  of  the  introduction  of  varieties 
from  a  distance.     My  friend  L.  having  pro- 
cured some  choice  varieties  of  Peaches  from 
Long  Island  this  spring,  was  lamenting  the 
loss  of  some  valuable  kinds,  which  did  not 
give  any  indications  of  life.     He  suggested 
that  we  should  make  an  experiment  by  ta- 
king  some    of  the  buds  from   the  drying 
limbs,  and  putting  them  into  growing  trees, 
by  the  process  of   scallop  budding.     I  took 
one  or  too  buds  and  fitted  them  in,  and  cov- 
ed them  with  a  piece  of  muslin,  which  had 
been  dipped  in  grafting-wax,  and  have  now 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  a  fine  shoot  grow- 
ing from  one  of  them  six  inches  in  length. — 
I  have  within  the  past   week,   put   in  buds 
from  one  or  two  other  trees,  which  are  likely 
to  fail,  not  having  leaved,  which  now  have 
the  appearance  of  doing  well. 

We  therefore  recommend  it  to  our  read- 
ers, as  well  worth  the  experiment,  that  when 
any  choice  variety  is  procured  from  a  dis- 
tance, to  graft  or  bud  from  it,  as  it  increases 
the  chances  of  preserving  it,  according  to 
the  number  of  buds  or  cions  set. 

Hitherto,  the  sending  abroad  for  fruit,  has 
been  attended  with  circumstances,  calcula- 
ted to  discourage  the  farmers  and  gardeners 


202 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  2,  ieai. 


of  Old  Genesee  :  that  is— a  very  great  pro- 
portion of  trees  so  obtained  have  failed,  al- 
though packed  with  the  greatest  care.  The 
very  idea  oMosing  has  prevented  many  from 
sending,  who  would  gladly  have  done  it, 
were  they  certain  of  being  able  to  secure,  by 
that  expense,  the  variety  they  wished.  It 
has  formerly  been  a  practice  with  nursery- 
men not  to  sell  scions  from  their  choice  va- 
rieties ;  but  we  believe  that  custom  is  now 
considered  too  transatlantic  to  be  adhered 
fo  by  our  best  horticulturists,  and  scions  of 
any  kind  may  now  be  obtained  from  them 
at  fair  prices,  so  that  there  is  nothing  now 
to  prevent  a  rapid  distribution  of  fine  fruits  ; 
and  any  one  that  will,  now  may  procure  it. 
The  connection  of  our  Horticultural  Socie- 
ties with  those  of  Europe,  has  brought  every 
kind  of  valuable  fruit,  known  either  in  Eu- 
rope or  America,  within  the  reach  of  our 
farmers  ;  and  the  direction  for  cultivating  it 
is  daily  almost  forced  upon  them. 

HESSIAN  FLY. 

This  insect  has  made  its  appearance  this 
reason,  in  this  section,  but  to  what  extent 
<hey  have  damaged  the  wheat  we  have  not 
,-et  learned.  As  the  habits  of  ihis  insect  are 
■veil  known,  farmers  should  guard  against 
•.heir  ravages.  They  may  be  found,  at  the 
time  the  wheat  is  in  blossom,  between  the 
stalks  and  lower  leaves,in  the  chrysalis  state, 
somewhat  resembling  a  flax-feed.  During 
?he  time  the  kernel  is  in  the  milk,  they 
hatch  out  and  become  moths,  and  deposit 
fJieir  egt;s  upon  the  kernel, which  is  too  small 
to  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  When  such 
wheat  is  sown,  should  the  autumn  be  warm, 
they  hatch,  and  the  larvae  ascends  the  young 
stalks,  and  locate  themselves  among  the 
•eaves,  as  far  down  as  possible.  In  this 
situation  they  may  be  found  before  and  af- 
ter they  are  transformed  to  the  chrysalis 
state,  having  fed  upon  the  juices  of  the 
young  stalk,  which  they  materially  injure. 
As  the  insect  itself  is  not  a  great  traveller, 
it  is  easy  to  destroy  the  egg  before  sowing 
the  wheat.  For  this  purpose,  place  the 
wheat,  intended  to  be  sown,  in  a  basket  over 
a  tub,  and  pour  over  it  strong  caustic  ley, 
scalding  hot,  after  which  the  wheat  may  be 
sown,  and  the  increased  vigour  with  which 
wheat  so  managed  will  shoot,  will  compen- 
sate for  the  trouble,  separate  from  the  de- 
struction of  the  egg  of  thehessian  fly.  We 
recommend  it  to  farmers  to  examine  their 
fields,  and  if  any  signs  of  the  fly  are  to  be 
found,  to  scald  their  wheat  the  coming  sea- 
son, before  sowing,  which  will  prevent  them 
in  the  next  crop. 


HAMPTON  COURT  VINE, 

There  is  at  present  growing  in  the  Gar- 
den at  Hampton  Court,  a  grape  vine  of  very 
♦arge  size,  supposed  to  be  nearly  two  hun- 
dred years  old,  and  produces  nearly  one  ton 
of  grapes  yearly.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  in 
England,  and  is  of  that  variety   called  the 


Black  Hamburgh,  and  the  branches  extend 
about  75  feet.  It  is  is  enclosed  in  a  grape 
house,  as  these  grapes  seldom  ripen  well  in 
that  climate  ;  but  in  this  country  have  pro- 
duced two  crops  in  one  season. 

TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

The  present  number  completes  half  a  year 
since  the  commencement  of  the  Farmer. — 
We  know  it  is  a  busy  time  with  the  readers 
of  this  paper,  so  what  we  shall  say  relating 
to  our  own  affairs,  will  be  brief.  Determin- 
ed to  succeed,  in  the  out-set,  we  began  with 
an  edition  of  2000  copies — this  number,  we 
were  then  aware,  was  large  for  the  novelty 
of  the  undertaking,  but  we  had  confidence, 
that  in  Western  New  York,  Northern  Penn- 
sylvania, and  in  Ohio,  and  elsewhere,  we 
should  certainly  find,  when  the  merits  of  our 
publication  was  known,  and  approved  by 
scientific  and  practical  farmers,  gardeners, 
nurserymen,  &c,  sufficient  support  to  meet 
the  expenses  of  publication.  As  yet,  how- 
ever, we  have  but  about  half  the  number  of 
subscribers  necessary  to  meet  the  expense 
of  publication,  and  these  widely  scattered 
over  the  country.  We,  therefore,  desire  the 
friends  of  the  Farmer,  to  exert  themselves 
to  procure  for  us  additional  subscribers  ; 
and  our  esteemed  correspondents  are  most 
respectfully  requested  to  continue  their  val- 
uable contributions.  We  do  not  despair  of 
ultimately  receiving  ample  remuneration  for 
our  heavy  disbursements  ;  but  feeling  that 
the  successful  progress  of  our  paper,  will  be 
but  another  evidence  of  the  advancement  of 
the  agricultural  interests  of  the  "  Garden  of 
America,"  we  hope  this  appeal  to  Farmers 
and  Horticulturists,  particularly  of  the  Gen- 
esee Country,  will  not  be  in  vain. 

The  embarrassments  under  which  the  ed- 
itor labors  in  conducting  the  paper  will  be 
appreciated,  when  it  is  known,  that  there  are 
but  four  or  five  similar  periodicals  from 
which  to  select;  and  that  the  works  to  which 
he  can  refer,  or  which  he  can  consult  in  the 
progress  of  his  duties,  are  also  few, and  some 
of  them  of  foreign  authorship,  and  not  ex- 
actly fitted  to  the  exigencies  of  our  soil  or 
climate.  How  he  has  acquitted  himself  may 
be  learned  by  consulting  almost  every  jour- 
nal, as  well  from  their  kind  editorial  appro- 
vals, as  from  the  constant,  regular,  weekly 
transfer  of  columns  of  the  Genesee  Farmer, 
for  the  benefit  of  their  readers. 
July  2,  1881.  The  Publishers. 

DRIED    CHERRIES. 

Few  people  know  how  to  prize  dried  cher- 
ries, and  fewer  still  ever  take  the  trouble  to 
dry  them.  As  this  is  the  proper  season  for 
drying  them,  let  those  who  have  them  at- 
tend to  it.  It  is  customary  to  dry  them 
without  taking  out  the  stone.  This  is  an 
expeditious  way  of  securing  them,  but  is  not 
the  most  profitable  one.  Let  the  cherries 
be  picked  as  soon  as  ripe,  and  the  stone  ta- 
ken out,  and  the  fleshy  parts  spread  upon 


plates,  and  put  in  a  moderately  warm  oven, 
and  in  ten  or  twelve  hours  they  will  be  suftV 
ciently  dry  for  packing  away.  It  will  be 
said  this  is  a  tedious  process,  but  we  go  up- 
on the  principle  that  it  is  best  to  save  every- 
thing from  the  farm  that  will  turn  to  cash  ; 
therefore,  instead  of  throwing  away  the 
stones  as  useless,  dry  them  also,  and  they 
will  always  command  about  half  as  much 
as  the  cherries  were  worth  before  they  were 
taken  out,  which  will  abundantly  compen- 
sate for  the  trouble,  besides  having  the  dried 
fruit  altogether  more  valuable.  Those  who 
save  the  stones  for  planting,  should  select 
the  mazards,  where  they  can  be  had.as  they 
make  the  most  healthy  and  vigorous  stocks 
for  grafting  or  budding  upon,  but  any  of 
those  kinds  usually  called  English  cherries, 
will  answer,  but  the  common  red  or  Kentist 
will  not  do  well,  as  they  are  of  very  slow- 
growth  from  the  seed,  but  are  equally  a* 
good  as  the  others  for  making  Noyeaus, 


SWAMP  MUD. 

Were  farmers  to  pay  more  attention  to 
draining  their  low  lands,  they  would  find  i! 
much  to  their  interest.  Separate  from  the 
advantage  of  rendering  their  low  lands  dry 
and  productive,  much  manure  of  the  first, 
quality  might  be  taken  from  the  ditches,  and 
when  spread  upon  fallows  and  other  upland? 
under  tillage,  would  well  repay  all  the  ex- 
pense of  ditching.  Many  seem  to  entertain 
the  idea,  that  nothing  is  worth  carting  or 
spreading  as  manure,  unless  it  has  been  col  \ 
Iected  in  the  barn  yard,  or  is  the  excremen'-. 
of  animals. 

All  vegetable  matter  undergoing  decom 
position  furnishes  food  for  growing  plants,' 
and  may  be  applied  as  manures.  In  short, 
any  thing,  whether  vegetable  or  animal  sub 
stance,  which  on  being  mixed  with  a  soil  un- 
der cultivation,  and  which  increases  the 
growth  of  plants  cultivated  in  such  soil,  is 
termed  manure.  Different  soils  require  dif- 
ferent substanoes  to  be  applied,  in  order  to 
facilitate  the  growth  of  plants;  thus  light  san- 
dy soils  which  are  too  loose  to  retain  mois- 
ture are  greatly  benefitted  by  the  applica- 
tion of  clay  ;  and  such  earths  as  are  compa- 
ratively too  retentive  of  moisture,  are  great 
ly  altered  for  the  better,  by  mixing  with, 
them  a  portion  of  sand,  so  that  whatever 
be  the  soil  which  requires  ditching,  the  earth 
removed  may  be  carted  to  a  different  soilv 
and  be  applied  as  a  manure.  There  is  on 
some  farms  small  swamps  or  depressions,  in 
which  vegetable  matter  collects,  and  which 
cannot  without  considerable  expense  br. 
drained  ;  these  frequently  become  dry  du- 
ring summer,  when  large  quantities  of  ma- 
nure might  be  taken  out  of  them.  Good 
farmers  will  look  carefully  to  those  things, 
but  some  that  are  new  in  the  possession, ma;' 
not  be  aware  of  the  importance  of  such  de» 
posits,  and  a  hint  from  us  may  not  be  con- 
sidered amiss. 


Vol.  1— No.  26 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


x>o:i 


CANADA  THISTLE. 

We  caation  our  good  farmers  against  trea 
ting  this  noxious  weed  with  neglect.  Atten- 
tion to  it  during  the  months  of  July  and  Au- 
gust, will  prevent  their  spreading  at  least, 
and  will  do  much  towards  eradicating  them 
where  the  ground  is  not  under  tillage.  We 
Jiave  noticed  several  instances  where  they 
nave  sprung  up  in  the  highway,  which  have 
proved  of  serious  consequence  to  the  neigh- 
borhood in  a  few  years  after.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  highway's  being  considered 
every  body's  property,  and  not  under  the  im- 
mediate superintendance  of  any  one,  only 
as  regards  the  road,  they  have  in  such  cases 
been  allowed  to  spread  themselves  into  the 
.neighboring  fields,  to  the  great  annoyance 
of  the  occupant,  when  a  little  time  spent  in 
cutting  them  each  season  would  have  pre- 
vented their  increase ;  therefore,  let  every 
ftrmer  make  it  his  rule  to  see  all  the  Cana- 
da thistles  in  his  neighborhood  cut  at  least 
three  times  in  each  season,  whether  they 
are  in  his  fields  or  in  the  highway.  You 
would  not  hesitate  to  shoot  a  wolf  on  your 
neighbor's  premises ;  then  do  not  to  cut  a 
thistle,  for  be  assured  that  thistles  do  more 
injury  to  agriculture  in  this  state  than  pan- 
thers, wolves  and  wild-cats  together. 


We  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  an 
able  production  from  the  committee  of  the 
Massachusetts  Horticulrural  Society,  com- 
menced in  this  number.  The  subject  may 
be  novel  to  most  of  our  citizens,  but  we  be- 
lieve, when  understood,  it  will  be  thought 
favorably  of.     We  ask  all  to  read  it. 


ALBANY    HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. — SIXTH 
EXHIBITION JUNE  28,   1831. 

1  pint  fine  Strawberries. 

1  pint  Cherries. 

1  quart  Potatoes. 

A  splendied  collection  of  Flowers,  consis- 
ting of  Dianthus  Carryophillus,  Hortensis, 
Chinensis  and  Barbatus. 

Delphinium  elatura  and  Azurcum. 

Sephara  cerulia  and  Alba. 

Spina  ulmaria. 

Pyretbrum  parthenium. 

Monarda  didyma. 

Lonicera  caprifolium  and  Stalaca. 

Rosa,  three  varieties, — From  the  garden 
of  D.  B.  Slingerland^ 

Half  peck  fine  string  beans, — From  the 
garden  of  R.  M.  Meigs. 

Two  winter  Squashes  of  last  years  growth, 
very  large  and  in  fine  preservation,  one  of 
them  measured  37  inches  in  length,  and 
weighed  nineteen  pounds ;  the  other  29 
inches,  and  seventeen  pounds,  presented  by 
L.  Cruttenden,  of  the  Eagle  Tavern. 

Stated  premiums  were  awarded  to  D.  B 
Slingerland. 

Discretionary  premiums  to  L.  Crutten- 
den. 

The  examining  committee  deem  it  prop- 
er to  add  the  following  extract  from  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  exhibition,  held  on  the  15th 
instant,  which  was  omitted  in  their  public 
report  of  that  exhibition. 

"Fifty  Strawberries  of  uncommon  size 
and  beau'y,  47  were  weighed  by  the  exam- 
ining committee,  and  found  to  weigh  one 


pound,  none  of  them  were  less  than  four 
inches  in  circumference,  they  are  of  the 
Methven  kind,  in  shape,  color  and  richness 
of  flavor ;  they  are  similar  to  the  best  field 
Strawberries."  From  the  garden  of  Jesse 
Buel.  

RENSSELAER     HORTICULTURAL     SOCIETY — 
FOURTn  MEETING — JUNE    14. 

In  consequence  of  a  fair  weather  notice, 
and  of  the  rain,  some  misunderstanding 
arose,  and  the  articles  exhibited,  were  sent 
in  on  three  successive  days.  Professor  Ea- 
ton, appointed  to  lecture  on  that  occasion, 
attended  on  the  first  day,  and  delivered  an 
Address  worthy  of  the  reputation  of  this 
veteran  lecturer.  The  articles  presented 
may  be  indicated  by  the  following  notices, 
though  imperfect,  as  well  as  the  new  im- 
pulse given  to  productions  of  the  garden  of 
the  farmer,  by  this  young  effort  of  the  so- 
ciety. 

Mr.  Gorham,  of  Lansinburgh,  presented 
early  dwarf  and  Windsor  beans,  very  fine 
potatoes,  rhubarb,  and  ripe  cherries  of  pe- 
culiar size  and  flavor. 

Fine  large  beets  were  produced  from  Mrs. 
Gardener's  place,  Troy. 

Mr.  Norton,  of  Lansingburgh,  presented 
a  quantity  of  fine,  full  grown  potatoes,  and 
beets — nine  different  varieties  of  cherry,  de- 
liciously  ripe — nine  varieties  of  rose,  and 
several  other  species  of  flowers. 

Mayduke  and  American  cherries  were 
produced  from  the  garden  of  Philip  Heartt, 
Mount  Ide,  Troy. 

E.  R.  Parmalee,  Lansingburgh,  a  basket 
of  red,  and  a  basket  of  fine  English  Straw- 
berries, and  early  cherries. 

Mrs.  Cone,  Lansingburgh,  a  pretty  thorn- 
less  double  and  single  French  Rose  and  ele- 
gant Hiderangea. 

Mr.  Briggs  of  Schaghticoke,  presented 
nearly  two  quarts  of  strawberries.  These 
delicious  berries  were  on  an  average,  nearly 
three  and  an  half  inches  in  circumference. 
Some  measured  four  and  an  half  inches. — 
Their  flavor  was  as  rich  as  their  size  was 
extraordinary. 

From  the  garden  of  Mr. Alexander  Walsh, 
Lansingburgh,  Salsify,  or  vegetable  oyster ; 
Broad  Bean ;  Bush  Bean ;  Green  Globe 
Artichoke  ;  Early  York  Cabbage  ;  Green 
Curled  Endine;  preserved  (bottled)  Goose- 
berries ;  Green  Gooseberries  from  two  varie- 
ties of  bushes  received  this  last  spring  from 
England  ;  (white  Tartarian)  Yellow,  Span- 
ish, Apple,  and  seven  other  varieties  of 
cherries  ;  a  specimen  of  very  superior  Keens' 
Seedling,  and  Chili  Strawberries,  some  of 
which  measured  4  1-2  inches;  Ripe  Ras- 
berries ;  a  specimen  of  last  seasons'  reeled 
silk  and  cocoons ;  Cotyledon  Orbiculata ; 
double  white  cape  jessamine;  Neguo  Em- 
peror Rose  ;  double  sweet  Briar  in  flower  ; 
Bizrad  Triumphant,  dark  purple  Augusti»e, 
and  Moss  Rose ;  Hop  tree,  a  branch  with 
hops  and  foilage ;  Sensitive  tree,  mimoso 
pigra. 

Mr.  Kilbey,  of  Van  Schaick's  Island, 
brought  fine  potatoes  and  beets. 

Mr.  Roller  presented  half  grown  grapes 
from  the  vineyard.  And  wine  made  from 
his  grapes  of  last  season. 


Mr.  Abijah  Alley  of  Cincinnati  has  inven- 
ted a  beehouse,  which  is  highly  approved. — 
It  has  been  patented  by  himself  and  Mr.  J. 
C.  Parsons.  It  contains  slides,  by  which 
the  bees  are  shut  off  and  the  honey  taken 
without  disturbing  them. 


From  the  Western  Plouguboy. 
CREAM   CHEESE. 

To  those  who  are  fond  of  fine  new  cheese, 
we  would  recommend  the  following  receipt. 
Large  quantities  of  cream  cheeses  are  daily 
sold  in  the  Philadelphia  market.     Ed.  P. 

To  make  good  cheese. — For  two  cheeses 
take  six  quarts  of  new  milk  and  one  quart 
of  sweet  cream,  to  which  add  two  or  three 
spoonfulls  of  rennet,  let  it  stand  until  suffi- 
ciently firm.  Spread  a  linen  cloth  in  a 
large  bowl  of  cold  water :  lay  the  curd  gent- 
ly on  it,  tie  the  cloth  and  hang  it  up  to  drain 
for  four  or  five  hours  in  a  cool  place,  then 
change  the  cloth  and  put  the  curd  into  a 
hoop  of  the  size  of  a  breakfast  plate,  and 
press  it  moderately  seven  or  eight  hours, 
when  it  must  be  taken  out  and  split  in  two 
with  a  thread  ;  lay  the  cloth  between  them 
and  again  put  them  in  press  for  twelve  or 
fifteen  hours,  if  then  pressed  enough,  which 
will  be  known  by  the  firmness.  Keep  them 
in  fresh  grass  a  few  days,  turning  them 
morning  and  evening,  and  they  will  be  fit 
for  use. 

N.  B. — They  can  be  very  well  pressed 
between  two  plates. 


From  the  American  Farmer. 

WIILLIS'  GRAPE  VINE. 

Oxford,  Md.  May  20,  1831. 

Mr.  Smith — As  my  vine  has  excited  so 
much  curiosity  among  strangers  and  oth- 
ers, I  yesterday  called  in  two  of  my  neigh- 
bors to  try  and  count  the  bunches  on  it. — 
One  limb  was  up  a  fruit  tree  so  high,  that  it 
could  not  be  counted .  It  covers  a  large  par) 
of  the  yard  in  an  espalier  form,  and  has  run 
up  four  fruit  trees.  You  have  the  certifi- 
cate of  my  neighbors  enclosed,  and  may 
publish  it  if  you  please.  I  have  the  honour 
to  be,  your  most  obedient,  humble  servant, 
JOHN  WILLIS. 

We  hereby  certify,  that  we  were  this  da} 
called  on  to  count  the  bunches  of  grapes 
that  were  on  the  vine  in  John  Willis'  yard, 
and  we  counted  them  as  well  as  we  could, 
but  have  made  allowances,  and  have  thrown 
in  many  for  good  count,  and  have  counted 
twenty-five  thousand  one  hundred  and  ten 
bunches,  one-third  or  nearly  oee  half  of 
them  are  double  bunches,  and  only  counted 
as  single  bunches.  The  vine  is  commen- 
cing in  its  seventh  year's  growth,  as  he  says, 
and  the  stem  is  only  from  nine  to  ten  inche? 
in  circumference.  RicHARd  Gossage. 
Charlrs  B.  Bromwell. 

Oxford,  May  10,  1831. 


SWISS   CHARD — MODE   of  cooking. 

The  following  directions  for  dressing  this 
vegetable,  have  been  politely  furnished  us 
by  Mr.  G.  B.  Smith,  to  whom  we  are  in- 
debted for  all  the  seeds  we  have  distributed 
among  our  friends.  Editor  So.  Agr. 

'We  cook  the  Swiss  Chard  as  follows — 
trim  the  leaf  from  the  stem  with  a  knife, 
and  boil  the  stem  in  water  with  a  little  salt 
till  tender,  then  take  them  out  and  drain  all 
the  water  off,  put  them  in  a  stew-pan,  pour 
on  some  drawn  butter,  (sauce  blanche,  as  the 
French  call  it)  cover  them  close  and  stew 
them  for  15  minutes.  This  dish  is  then 
equal  (to  my  palate)  to  asparagus. 

'The  leaf  part  is  cooked  in  the  same  way, 
and  some  cook  the  leaf  and  stem  together, 
,but  I  prefer  them  separately.  Cooked  thus 
the  leaf  is  fully  equal  to  spinach — to  my  pal- 
ate of  course.  The  French  have  various 
modes  of  dressing  Swiss  Chard,  but  I  arr. 
unacquainted  with  any  but  the  above.* 


204 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  2,  1831 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

SMALL  ANIMALS. 


RABBITS. 
[Continued  from  No.  IS,  Page  133  1 

In  my  last  communication  I  treated  of  the 
different  varieties  of  Rabbits.  I  will  now 
say  a  few  words  on  Hutches,  Feeding, 
Bleeding,  and  Diseases. 

RABBITUV    OR    HUTCHES. 

The  Rabbit  House  should  be  dry  and  well 
ventilated  ;  too  much  humidity,  whether  ex- 
ternally or  internally  will  cause  the  Rabbits 
to  rot.  When  considerable  numbers  are 
Uept,  fresh  air  is  absolutely  necessary  to  pre- 
serve them  in  a  state  of  health  ;  still  they 
should  not  be  exposed  to  drought,  which  fre- 
quently brings  on  a  disease  called  the  snuf- 
iles;— If  economy  is  an  object,  the  young 
fancier,  can  himself  construct  hutches  suffi- 
ciently good  for  common  purposes.  Com- 
mon dry-goods  boxes  with  one  side  slatted, 
will  make  very  good  hutches.  Young  per- 
sons should  begin  by  keeping  common  rab- 
bits, for  which  hutches  will  answer  very 
well;  when  they  have  acquired  experience 
in  the  management  of  the  rabbitry,  they  may 
by  degrees  introduce  superior  animals  and 
dispose  of  their  common  ones.  They  should 
then  procure  superior  hutches,  for  a  fine  lop- 
fared  rabbt  loses  half  its  beauty  in  a  clum- 
py, ill  made  hutch. 

The  hutch  for  does,  should  have  a  par- 
tition with  a  hole  in  it,  to  let  them  pass  from 
one  part  to  the  other  and  a  slide  to  close 
this  hole  when  necessary.  For  weaned  rab- 
bits, a  hutch  without  this  partition  is  prefer- 
able, and  it  is  unnecessary  to  have  any  par- 
tition in  the  bucks'  hutches.  The  breeding 
lunches  ought  to  be  three  feet  Ions,  eighteenl]  nest. 


and  refuse  it,  so  that  a  rabbit  may  be  nearly 
starved  by  affording  it  too  great  a  quantity  of 
food.  Some  persons  feed  their  rabbits  only 
twice  a  day,  but  it  is  better  to  feed  them 
three,  four,  or  five  times  a  day.  To  a  full 
grown  doe,  without  a  litter,  in  the  morning, 
give  a  little  hay  with  any  vegetables  which 
are  in  season ;  in  the  forenoon,  grass,  clo- 
ver, or  vegetables ;  in  the  afternoon,  dry 
food,  such  as  corn,  bread,  or  peas  ;  at  night, 
vegetables  or  clover.  If  you  give  them 
more  hay  or  other  stuff  than  they  can  eat, 
they  will  waste  it  or  become  disgusted  with 
]it.  Generally  speaking  rabbits  prefer  green 
or  moist  food  to  corn,  but  it  is  necessary  to 
make  them  eat  a  sufficient  portion  of  solid 
food  to  keep  them  healthy.  They  are  very 
fond  of  tea  leaves,  bread  and  milk,  celery, 
parsley,  and  the  root  and  top  of  carrots. — 
Tea  leaves,  however,  should  be  given  spar- 
ingly. Lettuces,  cabbage,  and  cauliflower, 
they  eat  with  avidity,  but  they  should  be 
restricted  to  small  quantities. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  a  doe  will 
eat  nearly  twice  as  much  when  suckling  as 
at  other  times  :  and  when  her  litter  begin  to 
eat,  the  allowance  of  food  must  be  increas- 
ed. If  we  can  obtain  neither  greens,  roots, 
nor  grains,  at  feeding  time,  we  moisten  the! 
corn  with  water  or  milk  ;  but  generally  they 
need  no  water,  as  it  is  rather  a  dangerous 
experiment  to  try  the  effect  of  liquid  upon 
their  stomach. 

BREEDING. 

The  doe  will  breed  at  the  age  of  six 
months:  her  period  of  gestation  is  thiity  days. 
The  rabbits  are  not  to  be  left  together  over 
ten  minutes.  Some  days  before  kindling, 
hay  is  to  be  given  to  the  doe,  with  which 
and  the  fur  which  nature  has  instructed  her 
to  tear  from  her  body,  she  will  make  her 
Biting  the  hay  into  short  pieces,  and 


will  be  necessary  for  this  purpose.  Do  not 
handle  your  rabbits,  particularly  the  young 
ones,  too  much ;  when  you  lift  them,  take 
them  with  one  hand,  by  the  ears,  and  place 
the  other  under  the  lower  part  of  their 
back.  Never  slacken  in  attention ;  a  ne- 
glect of  a  day  will  do  much  injury  ;  while  by 
by  constant  care  you  may  breed  to  great 
perfection. 

Those  who  are  fanciful  in  colours,  should 
not  only  look  at  those  of  the  rabbits  they 
buy,  but  also  ascertain,  if  possible,  the  col- 
ours of  the  does  they  come  from;  for  rab- 
bits frequently  throw  litters  in  which  not  a 
single  young  one  of  their  own  colour  can  be 
found.  If  there  happen  for  instance,  to 
have  been  a  single  cross  of  grey  in  your 
stock  for  three  or  four  generations  back,  it 
will  frequently  appear  in  stock,  although 
every  breeding  rabbit  you  have,  is  of  a  dif- 
ferent colour.  Grey,  is  the  most  difficult  of 
all  colours  to  eradicate;  but  even  grey  rab- 
bits do  not  always  have  young  ones  of  their 
own  colour. 

The  more  you  vary  the  food,  the  fatter 
your  rabbits  will  be  ;  but  observe,  that  when 
once  full  fat.  (as  the  breeders  say)  they  fre- 
quently fall  off  and  pine  away  to  a  bad  con- 
dition. It  is  impossible  to  give  rules  for  the 
precise  quantity  of  food  to  be  allowed ;  a 
little  experience  alone  can  teach  the  young 
fancier  this  secret. 

By  proper  care  and  attention,  rabbits  may 
not  only  be  kept  for  the  sake  of  their  beau- 
ty of  appearance,  and  the  interesting  and 
harmless  amusement  which  they  afford,  but 
the  surplus  stock  may  be  made  to  pay  for 
their  keeping,  either  by  using  them  for  the 
table  or  disposing  of  their  skins.      *  *  *  * 


inches  high,  and  two  feet  wide.  The  doe's  carrying  it  about  in  her  mouth,  are  almost 
private  apartment,  should  occupy  about  one  [certain  signsof  her  being  with  young.  The 
third  of  the  hutch,  and  should  be  tight  cx-ii  number  produced  varies  from  three  to  elev- 
cept  the  hole  in  the  part. lion  as  mentioned  il en.  Destroy  the  weak  and  sickly  ones,  as 
above.  The  other  pari  of  the  hutch  should  soon  as  their  defects  can  be  perceived,  until 
be  closed  on  all  sides  except  the  front,  and  the  litter  is  reduced  to  five  or  six.  If  you 
that  slatted  or  wired  like  a  cage.  A  smalll  leave  more  to  be  suckled,  some  will  die  and 
door  should  be  arranged  to  the  smaller  apart-   others  be  sickly  and  all  inferior  rabbits.  The 


ment,  for  inspecting  the  young  ones.  If 
your  rabbits  incline  to  gnaw  the  slats  or 
or  other  parts  of  the  hutch,  as  they  frequent- 
ly do,  it  will  be  necessary  to  line  the  inside 
with  tin.  The  bottom  of  the  hutch  should 
incline  a  little  back  and  a  slip  be  taken  off 
of  the  lower  part  of  the  back  side,  to  allow 
the  urine  and  excrement  to  pass  out.  The 
hutches  may  be  stacked  one  above  another, 
or  set  in  a  row,  as  choice  or  circumstance 
may  direct.  They  should  however,  never 
he  placed  upon  the  ground,  but  elevated  on 
wooden  stools  a  foot  or  two  above  it. 

Another  mode  of  keeping  rabbits,  which 
is  preferred  by  some  is  to  have  a  small  pen, 
or  enclosure,  from  10  to  20  feet  square  with 
breeding  and  other  hutches,  around  its  sev- 
eral sides,  leading  into  it.  It  is  better  to  have 
the  pen  covered  with  a  slight  roof  to  keep 
off  the  sun  and  rain.  The  rabbits  are  then 
called  into  the  enclosure  to  feed,  and  make 
a  very  pretty  display.  In  this  mode,  care 
should  be  taken  to  keep  the  bucks  in  proper 
subjection  or  otherwise  they  will  get  into  the 
does'  hutches  and  destroy  the  young  ones. 

FEEDING. 

This  is  a  more  important  subject.  On 
his  skill  as  a  feeder,  mainly  depends  the  fan- 
cier's success.  If  too  much  food  is  given  at 
'ncr,  the  animals  will  get  disgusted  with 


old  rabbits  are  not  to  be  put  together  till  the 
expiration  of  six  weeks;  the  young  may  be 
weaned  and  separated  from  the  doc,  in  a 
fortnight  after.  If  more  than  five  or  six 
litters  are  obtained  in  a  year,  the  doe  will 
soon  be  worn  out,  and  the  young  ones  not 
worth  much.  The  doe  should  not  be  dis- 
turbed by  any  other  rabbit,  while  with 
young. 

If  well  fed  and  kept  warm,  does  will  breed 
all  the  year,  but  it  is  better  to  let  them  rest 
during  the  winter. 

DISEASES. 

Diseases  may,  in  a  great  measure  be  pre- 
vented by  regularity  in  feeding,  good  food, 
uid  cleanliness.  The  refuse  of  vegetables 
should  always  be  rejected.  For  the  liver 
complaint,  to  which  rabbits  are  subject,  there 
is  no  cure.  The  snuffles  are  occasioned  by 
damp  or  cold.  If  there  is  any  cure  for  this, 
it  must  be  dryness  in  their  hutches  and  food. 
When  old  rabbits  are  attacked  by  a  looseness 
dry  food  will  in  general  restore  them;  but 
do  what  you  will,  it  is  difficult  to  save  young 
ones  from  sinking  under  it ;  dry  food  for 
them,  as  well  as  the  old  ones,  is  the  only 
remedy. 

GENERAL   OBSERVATIONS. 

Be  careful  to  keep  your  hutches  particu- 
larly clean;  a  short  hoe  or  trowel  and  brush 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

Plants  sometimes  spring  diseased  from 
the  seed  without  any  apparent  cause;  and 
in  a  majority  of  cases,  such  may  be  known 
by  a  sickly  whiteness.  W  hen  the  plant  is  a 
tree  or  a  shrub,  the  malady  is  often  impar- 
ted to  others  by  budding  or  grafting  ;  or  the 
virulence  may  be  so  great  as  to  poison  a 
neighbouring  tree  by  the  pollen,  as  in  the 
yellows  of  the  peach  tree.  In  herbaceous 
vegetables  however,  the  disease  appears  to 
be  confined  to  the  individual  plant,  or  to  its 
offsets,  as  in  the  silver  striped  Crown  Imperi- 
al ;  and  although  all  these  patients  indicate 
that  feebleness  which  attends  an  impaired 
constitution,  many  arc  kept  and  propagated 
for  their  beauty. 

The  object  of  this  note  however,  is  not 
to  denounce  this  practice. — for  tastes  air. 
not  to  be  disputed, — but  to  point  out  to  the 
readers  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  the  advan- 
tage of  bearing  this  subject  in  mind,  when 
they  select  plants  from  a  nursery.  That  1 
may  be  better  understood,  I  will  state  a  few- 
cases  which  have  come  under  my  notice  in 
my  own  garden. 

In  1825,  I  raised  from  seeds  three  plants 
of  the  Broom  (Spartium  Scoparium)  of 
which  two  were  diseased,  white,  and  very 
feeble.  These  have  long  since  perished.  In 
the  Autumn  of  1826,  I  procured  a  Lilium 
Superbum.  Next  Spring  as  it  advanced  in 
height,  it  grew  whiter  and  feebler,  and  when 
little  more  than  one  foot  high,  it  quit  grow- 
ing. I  removed  it  to  a  wet  border  without 
any  improvement,  and  though  it  still  sur- 
vives, it  has  never  produced  a  flower.  Last 
fall,  having  lost  all  hopes  of  its  recovery,  I 
requested  a  nurseryman  to  send  me  nonf 
but  healthy  plants,  and  I  have  now  three  of 


Vol.  1.— No.  26. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


lO: 


these  lilies  with  fine  green  leaves  rapidly 
advancing  to  a  flowering  state. 

Two  years  ago,  I  planted  Spiraea  toimrn- 
tosa.  Like  the  lily,  it  grew  feeble,  assuming 
a  pale  yellow  cast,  and  produced  no  flowers. 
1  have  since  procured  another,  which  stands 
in  the  same  border  with  heathly  green  leaves, 
and  with  every  prospect  of  coming  soon  into 
bloom. 

I  have  also  observed  plants  of  Liatris 
vpheroidea,  Ultx  mropaus  and  Isupirrus  noo- 
'Iiatensis  with  the  same  sickly  aspect. 

I  have  seen  nothing  to  induce  a  hope  that 
those  plants  will  ever  recover  from  this  mal- 
ady. D.   S. 


SELECTIONS. 


From  the  Keesvilte  Herald. 

To  the  Editors, — In  conformity  to  your 
request,  the  following  is  the  result  of  my 
experiment  on  15  acres  plane  land,  situate 
on  the  high  road,  half  a  mile  west  of  Port 
Kent.  E.  WATSON. 

Port  Kent,  June  17,  1851. 

This  experimental  lot  lies  within  the  race 
course,  on  the  north  side,  in  the  mids  of  pine 
woods.  The  land  is  of  a  good  quality  for 
that  species  of  soil,  and  so  pronounced  by 
Capt.  Lindsey,  of  Saratoga  county,  who 
constructed  the  road  from  Port  Kent  to 
Keeseville,  in  1824.  He  stated  to  me  it  was 
much  superior  to  the  same  species  of  land 
in  that  county ;  and  that  he,  with  others, 
had  for  several  years  cultivated  it  with  great 
success  and  profit.  From  his  information,  I 
was  induced  to  commence  the  experiment 
mi  1826.  In  May  of  that  year,  I  paid  for 
clearing  the  15  acres  for  the  plough,  #29 
September  following,  for  plough- 
ins,  at  #3  per  acre,  with  two 
yoke  of  oxen,  45 


#74 

In  1827,  it  lay  in  that  hopeless  state,  and 
vet  I  pronounced  it  an  "  experimental  lot ;" 
which  excited  the  general  sneer  of  ridicule. 

In  1828,  it  was  again  ploughed,  cro«s 
ploughed  and  har  owed,  and  the  greatest 
!>  oportion  of  bushes  and  roots  taken  off,  at 
an  expense  of  #35 

<  )n  3  acres,  I  put  on  3  bbls, 

damaged  salt,  at  #1,50,  4,50 

Vlso,  30  bush,  damaged  lime,  2,00 

In  September,  sowed  the  15  acres,  plas- 
tered, with  rye,  after  soaking  it  12  hours  in 
iieef  pickle,  containing  salt  petre. 

1329.  In  March,  sowed  3  acres  with  red 
clover,  on  the  last  end,  and  plastered  the 
whole  at  the  rate  of  one°  bushel  to  the  acre  in 
May;  received  a  good  crop  of  rye;  plough- 
ed, cross  ploughed  and  harrowed  for  a  fresh 
top  and  cleared  off  most  of  the  toots. 

1831.  In  March,  seeded  down  the  12 
acres  with  red  clover,  at  the  rate  of  G  bush- 
els of  seed  to  the  acre  ;  early  in  July,  plough- 
ed in  the  3  acres  of  clover  on  the  east  end 
of  the  lot ;  and  in  September,  sowed  2  acres 
of  it  with  rye  and  one  acre  of  it  with  wheat, 
prepared  as  before;  seeded  it  down  to  clover 
in  March,  and  plastered  the  whole  15  acres 
111  May. 

1831,  June  15th.  The  rye  5  1-2  feet 
high,  and  wheat  in  vigorous  growth,  al- 
though considerably  injured  by  the  past  win- 
ter ;  the  clover  of  uncommon  growth  for  the 
season.  Sent  samples  of  both  to  Keeseville 
and  Plattsburgh  for  the  inspection  of  the 
public,  who  appeared  to  be  much  astonished 


at  my  successful  experiment.  But  they  say 
I  have  incurred  an  expense  which  common 
farmers  cannot  sustain  to  arrive  at  a  result 
so  unexpected,  so  favorable  and  new  in  this 
country ;  although  it  is  well  known  that 
farmers  in  Dutchess,  Columbia  and  Sarato- 
ga counties  have  greatly  enriched  them- 
selves for  thirty  years  past  by  the  culture  of 
these  pine  planes;  more  productive  by  a  ju- 
dicious management  of  clover  and  plaster 
than  the  Genesee  Flats,  taking  into  view 
the  comparative  facility  of  cultivation. 

In  answer  as  to  the  expense  I  have  incur- 
red, I  can  safely  appeal  to  the  above  state- 
ment, with  an  assurance  that  no  manure  has 
been  put  on  the  land,  nor  no  other  course 
adopted  but  as  above  stated.  The  experi- 
ment of  lime  and  salt,  it  will  be  observed, 
was  on  3  acres  only  ;  its  effects  will  be  as- 
certained by  the  clover  of  this  year. 

All  the  expenses  I  have  incurred  since 
1826  are  fully  met  by  the  profits  of  the  crops. 
It  therefore  results,  that  with  exception  of 
the  fences  and  #6,50  for  salt  and  lime ;  the 
extra,  chargeable  on  the  soil  for  the  first 
year  is  #74.  It  is  useless  to  add,  the  public 
will  judge  for  themselves.  I  have  brought 
the  subject  fairly  before  them,  and  earnestly 
invite  experiments,  and  less  attention  to 
lumber,  the  bane  of  agriculture. 


Massachusetts  horticultural  societt. 

At  a  meeting  of  this  Society,  held  June 
18th,  the  following  report  was  made  by  the 
Committee  on  a  garden  of  Experiment  and 
Rural  Cemetery. 

Rrport. 
When  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  was  organised,  it  was  confidently 
anticipated,  that,  at  no  very  distant  period 
a  Garden  of  Experiment  would  be  establish- 
ed in  the  vicinity  of  Boston;  but  to  arrive  at 
such  a  pleasing  result,  it  was  deemed  expe- 
dient that  our  efforts  should  first  be  direct- 
ed, co  the  accomplishment  f  objects,  which 
would  not  require  very  extensive  pecuniary 
resources  ;  that  we  should  proceed  with  great 
caution,  and  by  a  prudential  management 
of  our  means,  gradually  develope  a  more 
complete  and  efficient  system  for  rendering 
the  institution,  as  extensively  useful  as  it 
was  necessary  and  important.  Public  favor 
was  to  be  propitiated,  by  the  adaption  of 
such  incipient  measures,  as  were  best  cal- 
culated to  encourage  patronage  and  insure 
ultimate  success. 

With  these  views,  the  labors  of  the  Soci- 
ety have  been  confined  to  the  collection  and 
dissemination  of  intelligence,  plants,  scions, 
and  seeds,  in  the  various  departments  of 
Horticulture.  An  extensive  correspondence 
was  therefore  opened  with  similar  associa- 
tions in  this  country,  and  Europe,  as  well  as 
with  many  gentlemen  who  were  distinguish- 
ed for  their  theoretical  attainments,  practi- 
cal information  and  experimental  research- 
es, in  all  the  branches  of  rural  economy,  on 
this  continent,  and  other  portions  of  the 
globe. 

The  kind  disposition,  which  has  been  gen- 
erally evinced,  to  advance  the  interests  of 
the  Society,  has  had  a  salutary  and  cheering' 
influence.  Many  interesting  and  instruct-; 
ive  communications  have  been  received, and 
valuable  donations  of  books,  seeds,  and 
plants  have  been  made  by  generous  foreign- 
ers, and  citizens  of  the  United  States.  Al 
liberal  offer  of  co-operation  has  been  prompt- 
ly tendered,  in  both  hemispheres,  and  great1 


advantages  are   anticipated,  from  a  mutual 
interchange  of  good  offices. 

A  library  of  considerable  extent  has  been 
formed,  containing  many  of  the  most  cele- 
brated English  and  French  works  on  horti- 
culture, several  of  which  are  magnificent. 

he  apartments  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  Society,  have  been  partially  embellished 
with  beautiful  paintings,  of  some  of  our 
choice  native  varieties  of  fruits ;  and  by- 
weekly  exhibitions,  dining  eight  months  of 
the  year,  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  esculent  ve- 
getables ; — by  awarding  premiums  for  pro- 
ficiency in  the  art  of  gardening,  and  the 
the  rearing  of  new,  valuable,  or  superior 
products  ;  by  disseminating  intelligence, 
and  accounts  of  the  proceedings  of  the  So- 
ciety at  its  regular  and  special  meetings, 
through  the  medium  of  the  New  England 
Farmer  ;  and  by  an  annual  festival, and  pub- 
lic exhibition  of  the  various  products  of 
horticulture,  an  interest  has  been  excited, 
and  a  spirit  of  inquiry  awakened, auspicious 
to  the  Institution,  while  a  powerful  impulse 
has  been  given  to  all  the  branches  of  rural 
industry,  far  beyond  our  most  sanguine 
hopes. 

To  foster  and  extend  a  taste  for  the  pleas- 
ant, useful  and  refined  art  of  Gardening, 
the  time  appears  to  have  arrived,  for  enlar- 
ging the  sphere  of  action,  and  giving  the 
most  ample  development  to  the  original  de- 
sign of  the  Society. 

The  London,  Paris,  Edinburgh  and  Liv- 
erpool Horticultural  associations,  have  each 
established  Experimental  Gardens,  and  the 
beneficial  effects  have  been  conspicuously 
experienced,  not  only  throughout  England, 
Scotland  and  France,  but  the  whole  civili- 
zed world  is  deriving  advantages  from  those 
magnificent  depositories,  of  the  rarest  pro- 
ducts, which  have  been  collected,  from  the 
vast  domains  of  Pomona  and  Flora.  These 
noble  precedents  have  been  followed,  in  Rus- 
sia, Germany,  Holland  and  Italy.  We  must 
also  emulate  the  meritorious  examples  of 
those  renowned  institutions,  and  be  thus  en- 
abled to  reciprocate  their  favors,  from  like 
collections  of  useful  and  ornamental  plants. 
An  equally  enlightened  taste  will  be  hus 
superinduced  for  those  comforts  and  embel- 
lishments, and  that  intellectual  enjoyment 
which  the  science  and  practice  of  horticul- 
ture afford. 

With  the  Experimental  Garden,  it  is  re- 
commended to  unite  a  Rural  Cemetery  ; 
for  the  period  is  not  distant,  when  all  the 
burial  grounds  within  the  city  will  be  closed, 
and  others  must  be  foraed  in  the  country, 
— the  primitive  and  only  proper  location.— 
There  the  dead  may  repose  undisturbed, 
through  countless  ages.  There  can  be  form 
ed  a  public  place  of  sepulchre,  where  mon- 
uments can  be  erected  to  our  illustrious  men, 
whose  remains,  thus  far,  have,  unfortunate- 
ly, been  consigned  to  obscure  and  isolated 
tombs,  instead  of  being  collected  within  one 
common  depository,  where  their  great  deeds 
might  be  perpetuated  and  their  memories 
cherished  by  succeeding  generations,  Tho' 
dead,  they  would  be  eternal  admonitors  to 
the  living, — teaching  them  the  way,  which 
leads  to  national  glory  and  individual  re- 
nown. 

When  it  is  perceived  what  laudable  effort? 
have  been  made  in  Europe,  and  how  honor- 
able the  results,  it  is  impossible  that  the  cit 
izens  of  the  United  States  should  long  lin- 
ger in  the  rear   of  the   general    march  of 


^06 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  2,    1831. 


improvement.  They  will  hasten  to  present 
establishments,  and  to  evince  a  zeal  for  the 
encouragement  of  rural  enconomy,  com- 
mensurate with  the  extent  and  natural  re- 
sources of  the  country,  and  the  variety  of 
its  soil  and  climate. 

Your  Committee  have  not  a  doubt  that 
an  attempt  should  be  made  in  this  state  to 
rival  the  undertakings  of  other  countries,  in 
all  that  relates  to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil. 
The  intelligent,  patriotic  and  wealthy  will 
cheerfully  lend  their  aid,  in  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Garden  of  Experiment,  and  a 
Cemetery.  Massachusetts  has  ever  been 
distinguished  for  her  public  and  private 
munificence,  in  the  endowment  of  colleges, 
academies,  and  numerous  associations  for 
inculcating  knowledge,  and  the  advance- 
ment of  all  branches  of  industry.  A  confi- 
dent reliance  is  therefore  reposed  on  the 
same  sources  of  beneficence.  The  Legis- 
lature will  not  refuse  its  patronage,  but 
readily  unite  with  the  People  in  generous 
contributions,  for  the  accomplishment  of 
objects,  so  well  calculated  to  elevate  the 
character  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  that 
of  its  citizens. 

The  Experimental  Garden  is  intended, 
for  the  improvement  of  horticulture  in  all 
its  departments,  ornamental,  as  well  as 
useful. 

The  objects  which  will  chiefly  claim  at- 
tention, are,  the  collection  and  cultivation 
of  common,  improved,  and  new  varieties  of 
the  different  kinds  of  Fruits,  Esculent  Vege- 
tables, Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees  and 
Shrubs,  Flowering,  Economical  and  other 
interesting  Plants,  which  do  not  exclusively 
belong  to  the  predial  department  of  tillage; 
— paying  particular  attention  to  the  quali- 
ties and  habits  of  each; — instituting  com- 
parative experiments,  on  the  modes  of  cul- 
ture, to  which  they  are  usually  subjected,  so 
as  to  attain  a  knowledge  of  the  most  useful, 
rare  and  beautiful  species ; — the  best  pro- 
cess of  rearing  and  propagating  them,  by 
seeds,  scions,  buds,  suckers,  layers,  and  cut- 
tings ; — the  most  successful  methods  of  in- 
suring perfect  and  abundant  crops,  as  well 
as  satisfactory  results,  in  all  the  branches  of 
useful  and  ornamental  planting,  appertain- 
ing to  Horticulture. 

Compartments  to  be  assigned  for  the  par- 
ticular cultivation  of  Fruit  Trees,  Timber 
Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  and  Shrubs,  Es- 
culent Vegetables,  Flowers,  and  for  the  lo- 
cation of  Green  Houses,  Stoves,  Vineries, 
Orangeries,  and  Hot  Beds. 

For  the  accommodation  of  the  Garden  of 
Experiment  and  Cemetery,  at  least  seventy 
acres  of  land  are  deemed  necessary  ;  and 
in  making  the  selection  of  a  site,  it  was  very 
important  that  from  forty  to  fifty  acres 
should  be  well  or  partially  covered  with  for- 
est trees  and  shrubs,  which  could  be  appro- 
priated for  the  latter  establishment ;  and 
that  it  should  present  all  possible  varieties 
of  soil,  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  ; 
be  diversified  by  hills,  valleys,  plants,  brooks 
and  low  meadows,  and  bogs,  so  as  to  afford 
proper  locations  for  every  kind  of  tree  and 
plant,  that  will  flourish  in  this  climate; — be 
near  to  some  large  stream  or  river ;  and  easy 
of  access  by  land  and  water  ;  but  still  suffi- 
ciently retired. 

To  realize  these  advantages  it  is  propos- 
ed, that  a  tract  of  land  called  Sweet  Au- 
burn, situated  in  Cambridge,  should  be  pur- 
chased. As  a  large  portion  of  the  ground 
is  now  covered  with  trees,  shrubs  and  wild 


flowering  plants,  avenues  and  walks  may  be 
made  through  them,  in  such  a  manner,  as  to 
render  the  whole  establishment  interesting 
and  beautiful,  at  a  small  expense,  and  with- 
in a  few  years ;  and  ultimately  offer  an  ex- 
ample of  landscape  or  picturesque  garden- 
ing, in  conformity  to  the  modern  style  of 
laying  out  grounds,  which  will  be  highly 
creditable  to  the  Society. 

The  streams,  and  parcels  of  bog  and 
meadow  land  may  be  easily  converted  into 
ponds,  and  variously  formed  sheets  of  wa- 
ter, which  will  furnish  appropriate  positions 
for  aquatic  plants,  while  their  borders  may 
be  planted  with  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas, 
several  species  of  the  superb  Magnolia,  and 
other  plants,  which  require  a  constanly  hu-, 
mid  soil,  and  decayed  vegetable  matter,  fori 
their  nourishment. 

On  the  southeastern  and  northeastern 
borders  of  the  tract  can  be  arranged  the 
nurseries,  and  portions  selected  for  the  cul- 
ture of  fruit  trees  and  esculent  vegetables, 
on  an  extensive  scale  ;  there  may  arranged 
the  Aboritum,  the  Orchard,  the  Culinarum, 
Floral  departments,  Melon  grounds  and 
Strawberry  beds,  and  Green  Houses. 

The  remainder  of  the  land  may  be  devo- 
ted to  the  Cemetery. 

By  means  of  more  extensive  correspond- 
dence,  with  eminent  horticulturists  it  is 
certain,  that  many  valuable,  rare  and  beau- 
tiful plants  may  be  obtained,  not  only  from 
all  parts  of  our  own  co'untry,  but  other  re- 
gions of  the  globe,  which  could  be  naturali- 
zed to  the  soil  and  climate  of  New  Eng- 
land. This  can  be  efficiently  undertaken, 
so  soon  as  a  Garden  of  Experiment  is  form- 
ed, but  it  would  be  almost  useless  to  procure 
large  collections  of  seeds  or  plants,  until  we 
are  enabled  to  cultivate  them  under  the  im- 
mediate direction  of  the  Society. 

Accounts  of  the  experiments,  which  may 
be  made  should  be  periodically  reported  and 
published  ;  and  seeds,  buds,  cuttings  and  un- 
common varieties  of  rooted  plants  may  be 
distributed  among  the  members  of  the  So- 
ciety, and  be  sold  for  its  benefit,  in  such 
mariner  as  may  be  found  most  expedient,  to 
render  the  garden  the  most  extensively  use- 
ful in  all  its  relations  with  the  wants,  coin- 
forts  and  pleasures  of  life. 

Such  an  establishment  is  required  for 
'collecting  the  scattered  rays  of  intelli- 
gence, and  blending  them  with  the  science 
and  accumulating  experience  of  the  times,' 
and  the  diffusing  them  far  and  wide,  to  cheer 
and  enlighten  the  practical  horticultures  in 
his  career  of  agreeable  and  profitable  indus- 
try. It  will  powerfully  contribute  to  in- 
crease the  taste  for  rural  pursuits, — stimu- 
late a  generous  spirit  of  research  and  emu- 
lation,— suggest  numerous  objects  worthy 
of  inquiry  and  experiment, — multiply  the 
facilties  of  information  and  the  interchange 
of  indigenous  and  exotic  plants, — develope 
the  vast  vegetable  resources  of  the  Union, 
— give  activity  to  enterprise, — increase  the 
enjoyment  of  all  classes  of  citizens,— ad- 
vance the  prosperity,  and  improve  the  gen- 
eral aspect  of  the  whole  country. 
(To  be  concluded  next  week.) 


TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 

Extract  from  Sir  Henry  Steuart's  Trea- 
tise on  transplanting  trees : 

"  At  the  place,  from  which  these  pages 
are  dated,  may  be  seen  a  park  of  limited 
extent,  and  possessing  no  particular  claim 
to  beauty, but  visited  from  curiosity  by  many 


persons,  within  the  last  ten  years.  It  con- 
sists of  about  a  hundred  and  twenty  Eng- 
lish acres  abundantly  clothed  with  trees  and 
underwood  of  every  common  species,  by 
means  of  the  transplanting  machine  ;  and 
exhibiting  within  itself  a  practical  illustra- 
tion of  every  principle  laid  down,  and  every 
theory  held  forth  in  this  essay.  The  single 
trees  and  bushes,  in  groups  and  open  dispo- 
sitions, amount  to  about  seven  hundred  ii: 
number,  exclusively  of  close  plantations 
andcopsewood.  Their  size,  when  removed, 
is  not  great,  the  largest  not  exceeding  from 
thirty  to  fony  feet  in  height,  and  from  three, 
or  three  and  a  half,  to  five  feet  in  girth,  at  a 
foot  from  the  ground ;  but  many  of  them 
are  of  much  smaller  dimensions.  The 
height  of  the  bushes  or  underwood  removed, 
has  been  from  four  to  ten  feet, and  consisting 
of  every  sort,  usually  found  on  the  banks  of 
lakes  and  rivers.  But  size  in  art  founded 
on  fixed  principles, is  a  mere  matter  of  choice 
and  expenditure  ;  for  trees  of  the  greater 
size  must  be  almost  as  certain  and  success- 
ful in  removal,  as  those  of  the  least.  It  was 
desirable,  however,  as  almost  every  thing 
was  to  be  done  here,  in  the  way  of  park 
wood,  to  limit  the  operations  to  the  smalles' 
possible  expenditure,  corfsistently  with  pro- 
ducing some  effect  on  the  foreground,  and 
middle  distance  of  the  landscape  ;  and  with 
careful  execution. 

"  Whoever  will  take  the  trouble  to  visit 
the  place,  will  perhaps  find  his  labor  repaid, 
in  examining  the  progress  of  an  art,  calcu 
lated  pr,obably  to  become  as  popular  as  any 
that  has  been  cultivated  within  a  century  ; 
as  there  is  scarcely  any  one  in  which  so  ma- 
ny persons  in  the  higher  and  middle  ranks 
are  interested. 

"  Considering  the  prejudice  which  exists 
against  the  art,  and  that  the  great  power,  of 
which  it  is  susceptable,  will  with  difficult) 
gain  belief,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  state  a 
few  facts  as  to  its  general  application  which 
are  as  incontrovertable  as  they  may  seem 
surprising  to  the  reader.  It  is  torn  no  vain 
desire  to  exaggerate  what  has  been  done  a' 
this  place,  but  merely  to  show  the  degree  of 
progress,  which  the  art  has  made,  under  the 
greatest  disadvantages  of  soil  and  climate. 
It  is  also  for  the  purpose  of  proving  to  those 
who  may  engage  in  similar  undertakings, 
that  whatever  has  been  done  well  tare  may, 
with  equal  industry,  ba  done  a  great  deal 
better,  in  most  other  situations. 

"There  was  in  this  park  originally  no 
water,  and  scarcely  a  tree  or  bush,  on  the 
banks  and  promontories  of  the  present  lane 
and  river ;  for  the  water  partakes  of  both 
those  characters.  During  the  summer  of 
1820,  the  water  was  excluded  ;  and  in  that 
and  the  following  year,  the  grounds  imme- 
diately adjoining,  were  abundantly  covered 
with  wood,  by  means  of  tjje  transplanting 
machine.  Groups  and  single  lice  grove 
and  underwood  weie  introduced  in  every 
style  of  disposition,  which  the  subject  seem 
ed  to  admit.  Where  the  turf  recedes  from, 
or  approaches  the  water,  the  ground  is  some- 
what bold  and  irregular,  although  without 
striking  features  of  any  sort  :  yet  the  pro- 
fusion of  wood  scattered  over  a  surface  of 
moderate  limits,  in  every  form  and  variety, 
give  it  an  intricacy  and  an  expression," hicli 
it  never  possessed  before. 

"  By  the  autumn  of  the  third  year  only, 
after  the  execution,  namely  1823,  when  the 
committee  of  the  society  honored  the  place 
with  their  inspection,  the  different  parts  see 


Vol  1.— No.  26. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


207 


med  to  harmonize  with  one  another,  and  the 
intenedd  effects  were  nearly  produced.  What 
it  was  wished  to  bring  forward  appeared  al- 
ready prominent.  What  was  to  be  conceal- 
ed, or  thrown  into  the  back  ground, assumed 
that  station.  The  foreground  trees,  (the 
best  that  could  be  procured,)  placed  on  the 
pastern  bank  above  the  water,  broke  it  into 
parts  with  their  spreading  branches,  and  for- 
med combinations  which  were  extremely 
pleasing.  The  copse  or  underwood,  which 
covers  an  island  in  the  lake,  and  two  prom- 
ontories, as  also  an  adjoining  bank  that  ter- 
minates the  distance, was  seen  coming  down 
nearly  to  the  water's  edge.  What  was  the 
most  important  of  all,  both  trees  and  under- 
wood has  obtained  a  full  and  deep-coloured 
leafj  and  health  and  vigour  were  restored  to 
tehm.  In  a  word,  the  whole  appeared  like  a 
spot  at  least  forty  years  planted." 

[     From  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository. 
RAW  POTATOES    BAD    FOB   MILCH    COWS. 

The  following  article   taken   from  a  for- 

ign  magazine,  has  been  copied  lately  into 
the  American  Farmer  and  New  England 
Farmer : 

"Many  farmers  are  in  the  habit  of  giving 
raw  potatoes  to  all  kinds  of  stock  ;  but  they 
ne  of  a  watery  and  griping  nature,  and  ac- 
cidents have  frequently  happened  from  their 
use,  before  the  cattle  have  been  accustomed 
to  them.  For  milch  cows,  they  are  very 
bad,  purging  them,  and  rendering  their  milk 
too  thin  and  poor,  even  for  suckling.  If 
given  raw  to  fatten  oxen,  good  hay  and  bean 
meal  should  be  allowed,  to  counteract  the 
watery  quality  of  the  roots.  There  is,  how- 
ever, much  difference  in  the  nature  of  pota- 
toes, and  the  mealy  approach  nearest  to  the 
nature  of  corn,  the  yellow,  afford  the  strong- 
est nutriment." — Scotch  Magazine. 
Remarks. 

Nothing  can  be  of  greater  importance  to 
jvery  farmer,  than  a  correct  knowledge  of 
the  comparative  merits  of  tb,e  different  vari- 
eties of  food  for  his  cattle.  Of  course  no- 
thing can  be  more  pernicious,  than  throwing 
out  loose  and  general  censures  of  any  par- 
ticular species  of  food,  particularly  of  those 
most  easily  raised,  and  therefore  the  cheap- 
est. I  certainly  am  not  disposed  to  set  up 
my  authority  against  opinions  advanced  in 
sstablished  works.  But  there  is  no  treason 
in  stating  facts,  in  relating  careful  and  long 
•ontinued  experiments.  For  nearly  twenty 
years,  I  have  been  in  the  practice  of  allow- 
ing my  milk  cows,  from  November  till  they 
go  to  grass,  about  three  pecks  of  roots  a  day, 
with  good  English,  or  upland  hay,  to  their 
full  content.  I  first  %  commence  with  the 
beet,  because  it  is  most  perishable  ;  carrots 
'hen  follow,  and  from  February  till  May, 
'hey  have  raw  potatoes.  In  commencing 
with  the  potatoes,  they  will  be  for  a|few  days 
relaxed;  so  they  will,  (often)  to  as  great  a 
degree,  with  Indian  meal ;  after  a  little  use, 
they  return  to  their  natural  state  of  body, 
and  are  always  in  high  condition  when  they 
ere  turned  out  to  grass — perhaps  they  are 
too  fat. 

Potatoes,  then,  cannot  be  a  watery,  gri- 
ping food ;  my  miiV  is  as  rich  as  the  milk 
of  cows  not  thus  managed.  My  cows  have 
have  been  almost  always  raised  by  myself, 
■(Tom  my  own  stock,and  I  usually  keep  them 
till  they  are  aged.  If  the  proposition  stated 
j)  the  extraot  at  the  head  of  these  remarks 
had  been  true,  or  nearly  true,  or  had  any 
•Tegree  of  soundness  in  it,  it  seems  to  me 


impossible,  that  I  should  never  have  remar- 
ked the  ill  effects  stated. 

Some  farmers  may  consider  these  remarks 
as  of  less  weight,  as  coming  from  a  man  not 
bred  a  farmer.  Some  may  say  that  I  trust 
the  eyes  of  others,  and  am  deceived.  To 
these  possible  objections,  I  reply,  that  my 
own  cows  are  objects  of  special  regard,  as 
furnishing  me  with  one  of  the  most  valua- 
ble luxuries  ;  that  I  attend  to  them  person- 
ally and  carefully,  and  I  can  see  uo  good 
reason  why  an  ^attention  of  twenty  years 
should  not  enable  me  to  form  as  correct  an 
opinion  as  a  thorough  bred  farmer.  I  am 
not,  however,  without  support  from  persons 
of  that  description.  An  intelligent  practi- 
cal farmer,  whose  dairy  is  in  such  repute 
that  he  obtains  from  thirty-one  to  thirty-se- 
ven cents  a  pound  for  his  butter,  assured 
me,  that  he  always  gave  his  cows  in  winter 
the  long  red  potatoe  in  a  raw  state,  and  that 
he  estimated  two  bushels  of  that  potato  for 
his  cows  as  equal  to  one  bushel  of  corn. 
JOHN  LOWELL. 


A  MEETING  OF  EUTLER  [Ohio,]  COUNTY  AG 
R1CULTURAL   SOCIETY, 

Was  yesterday  held  in  the  Court  House 
in  Hamilton.  A  respectable  number  of  far- 
[mers  and  citizens  attended  the  meeting. 
A.  I.  Chittenden  Esq.  president  of  the  So- 
ciety, took  the  chair  and  called  the  meeting 
to  order,  and  the  constitution  read  by  Dr 
Corey,  one  of  the  Secretaries,  and  several 
amendments  thereto  proposed  and  adopted. 
A  few  remarks,  were  made  by  several  mem- 
bers, and  an  essay  on  the  weevil  was  read 
by  Taylor  Webster,  Esq.  After  which  the 
following  Resolution  was  offered  by  Mr.  J. 
Millikin,  Esqr.  and  passed. 

Resolved,  That  the  President  shall  appoint 
a  committee  to  report  to  this  society  at  its 
next  regular  meeting  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  annual  exhibitions  of  the  society, 
and  also  to  propose  the  severral  animals,  im- 
plements of  husbandly  and  other  articles 
for  which  premiums  shall  be  offered  with  the 
amount  of  the  premiums  to  be  given. 

We  were  pleased  to  see  many  of  the  sub- 
stancial  farmers  from  different  parts  of  the 
country  in  attendance.  The  next  meeting 
of  the  society  will  be  held  on  the  first  Wed- 
nesday of  July  at  the  Court  House  in  Ham- 
ilton.    Hamilton  Intelligencer. 


Drunkenness  Presented. 

The  Grand  Jury  of  New  York  ci  y,  in 
a  late  presentment,  thus  speak  of  drun- 
kenness : 

The  grand  Inquest  for  the  body  of  the 
city  and  county  of  New-York,  being  a- 
bout  to  separate,cannot  in  justice  to  their 
own  sense  of  propriety  forego  the  oppor- 
tunity which  thus  presents  itself,  of  say- 
ing, that  most  of  the  buisiness  that  has 
come,  before  them, has  arisen  out  of  quar- 
rels and  outrages  caused  by  drunkenness : 
— That  this  drunkenness  is  occasioned, 
in  most  instances,  by  the  facility  with 
which  liquor  is  obtained  at  tippling  shops, 
in  whose  neighborhood  those  quarrels 
and  breaches  of  the  peace  commence. 

Some  of  these  shops  are  well  known 
to  be  the  receptacle  of  stolen  goods,  and 
the  persons  who  keep  them  appear  to  be, 
in  many  cases,  of  the  most  abandoned 
character.    They  hold  out  inducements 


to  young  men  to  commit  depredations  u» 
pon  the  public,  that  they  may  reap  the 
benefit  of  them  :  and  indeed,  were  it  not 
for  these  monsters  of  iniquity,those  keep- 
ers of  tippling  shops  and  receivers  of 
stolen  goods,  their  victims,  instead  of  be* 
ing  arraigned  at  the  bar  of  their  country 
for  crimes  at  which  they  once  shuddered, 
might  be  raised  to  become  respectable 
citizens,  and  to  deserve  and  receive  the 
commendation  of  all  good  men. 

Ought  licences  to  be  granted  for  the 
sale  of  liquor  to  men  who  keep  nothing  but 
dram  shops,  and  who  thereby  corrupt,  de- 
moralize and  destroy  the  youth  of  our  coun- 
try? The  original  and  proper  object  of. 
a  license  to  sell  liquor,  was  to  accommo- 
date  houses  of  entertainment — that  trav- 
ellers and  strangers  might  be  accommo- 
dated and  refreshed.  They  were  never 
intended  to  be  granted  to  men  of  bad 
character,  who  keep  mere  stews  and 
sinks  of  iniquity.  This  is  not,  and  can- 
not be,  their  legitimate  use.  To  such 
men,  then,  they  ought  never  to  be  given. 
To  the  Temperance  Societies  of  out 
city  and  country  much  credit  is  due  for 
the  good  they  have  done,  and  are  doings 
and  if  the  authorities  of  our  city,  whose 
business  it  is  to  grant  licences,  would  but 
give  their  aid  to  the  same  good  cause,  by 
withholding  licenses  from  the  unprinci- 
pled and  the  profligate,  we  might,  at  no 
distant  day,  congratulate  our  fellow-citi- 
zens on  the  wholesome  improvement  in 
the  habits  and  morals  of  our  people  which 
would  naturally  flow  from  such  causes. 

Let  the  above  be  read  and  re-read  :  let 
neighbor  go  with  it  to  his  neighbor,  and 
let  them  talk  over  the  cause  together. 


The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety have  determined,  says  the  Patriot,  to 
establish  a  Garden  of  Experiments  and 
a  Cemetery,  to  be  united  together,  after 
the  plan  of  Pere  la  Chaise,  near  Paris.-— 
An  act  of  the  Legislature  has  been  obtain* 
ed,  and  a  company  of  gentlemen  have 
associated  for  the  purchase  of  the  beauti- 
ful location  called  Sweet  Auburn,in  Cam- 
bridge, of  about  seventy' acres. — Travel' 
ler.  

Simple  Means  of  purifying  Water If 

is  not  so  generally  known  as  it  ought  to 
be,  that  pounded  alum  possesses  the  pro- 
perty of  purifying  water.  A  large  spoon 
full  of  pulverized  alum,  sprinkled  into  a 
hogshead  of  water,  (the  water  stirred 
round  at  the  time,)  will,  after  the  lapse 
of  a  few  hours,  by  precipitating  to  the 
bottom  the  impure  particles,  so  purify  ir. 
that  it  will  be  found  to  possess  nearly  all 
the  freshness  and  clearness  of  the  fines! 
spring  water.  A  pailful,  containing  font 
gallons,  may  be  purified  with  a  single 
tea  spoonful. 


The  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  have 
appropriated  $7000  for  the  erection  of  a 
small  pox  hospital  at  the  Lazaretto,  id 
Boston  harbor, 


•208 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


July  2,  183i. 


MISCELLANIES. 


The  Mississippi. — The  length  of  pas- 
sage from  New-Orleans  to  Louisville  has 
been  shortened  about  42  miles,  by  cut- 
ting off  two  bends  in  the  Mississippi  river. 
The  first  at  the  bend  into  which  Red  riv- 
er empties  itself.  The  distance  round 
that  bend  was  18  miles.  On  the  14th  of 
January  last,Captain  Shreves,  the  super 
intendant  for  improving  the  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  com- 
menced making  an  excavation  across  the 
neck  of  land,  at  the  narrowest  point. — 
The  object  was  effected  by  cutting  a  ca- 
nal 17  feet  wide  by  22  feet  deep,  after 
felling  all  the  timber  in  the  vicinity. — 
The  water  was  let  through  the  canal  a- 
bout  the  23th  of  Jan.,  fourteen  days  after 
the  commencement  of  the  work.  In 
two  days  the  water  had  excavated  a 
channel  to  such  an  extent,  that  the  steam- 
er Belvidere  passed  up  through  it.  On 
the  same  day  the  U.  S.  steamer  Heliop- 
olis  passed  up  the  channel.  Since  that 
time  the  steam  boats  have  all  passed 
through  the  same  cut  off  up  and  do>>n. 
In  five  days  it  was  the  main  channel  of 
the  river,  being  about  half  a  mile  in 
width,  and  of  equal  depth  with  the  other 
parts  of  the  river.  The  excavation  was 
made  by  the  steam  snag  boat  Heliopolis, 
in  an  unexampled  and  expeditious  man- 
ner. By  laying  the  boat-head  on  the 
shore,  two  scrapers  of  large  size  were 
worked  by  lines  from  four  windlasses  on 
the  main  shaft  of  the  boat.  Two  lines 
to  each  scraper,  one  a  six  inch  line,  to 
haul  the  scraper  into  the  bow  of  the  boat, 
the  other,  a  three  and  half  inch  line, 
passed  through  the  leading  block  on  the 
shore,  as  far  as  was  necessary,  and  fasten- 
ed to  the  back  end  of  the  scraper  to  draw 
it  out.  In  this  manner,  the  scrapers 
were  kept  in  continual  operation ;  load- 
ed and  unloaded  by  their  own  motion, 
attended  by  two  men  each,  moving  the 
earth  out  and  throwing  it  into  the  river, 
where  it  was  washed  away  at  the  rate  of 
at  least  a  ton  weight  per  minute. 

The  other  bend,  200  miles  above 
Natches,  which  has  been  cut  off,  is  not 
so  perfect  a  navigation.  The  distance 
round  it  is  24  miles.  That  channel  has 
been  formed  by  cutting  a  small  ditch 
through  two  years  ago.  Last  fall  the  tim- 
ber was  cut  off  the  banks.  Six  or  eight 
steamboats  have  passed  up  through  it. 
Tt  is  believed  that  it  will  wash  this  year 
to  such  an  extent  that  it  will  be  the  main 
channel  of  the  river  next  year.  The  sa- 
ving to  the  navingation  will  be  equally  as 
that  at  Red  River. — Con-,  (turf  Mnq. 

Coir  Cabbage. — This  is  the  name  of  a 
vegetable  recently  introduced  into  this 
country.  It  grows  from  six  to  twelve 
feet  high,  and  affords  an  abundant  sup- 
ply of  green  fodder  for  cattle.  The  stalks 
live  four  years.  In  Fiance  thev  are  per- 
mitted to  stand  out  all  winter,  but  in  this 
country  they  should  be  defended  from 
rlie  frost  by  a  sheaf  of  straw  well  secured 
at  the  top.     The  N.  E.  Farmer  states  that 


"  sixty  plants  are  said  to  afford  sufficient 
provender  for  a  cow  a  year  ;  and  as  the 
side  shoots  only  are  to  be  used,  it  lasts 
four  years  without  fresh  planting.  A 
square  of  60  feet  will  contain  256  plants, 
four  feet  apart,  or  16  more  than  4  cows 
require  for  a  year's  provender  without 
the  aid  of  any  other  food." — Mass.  Yeo- 
man. 

Aurora  Boreahs. — It  is  very  curious, 
that  the  gentlemen  attached  to  the  north- 
ern expedition  of  Capt.  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin and  Captain  B  echy,  never  observed 
that  the  aurora  was  accompanied  by  any 
noise.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Dunbar  inserts  a 
paper  in  the  last  number  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Journal  of  Geographical  Science, 
in  which  he  asserts,  that  during  a  six 
years'  residence  in  one  of  the  islands  of 
the  Hebrides,  he  heard  a  crackling  noise 
almost  every  winter  evening  when  the 
phenomenon  was  visible. 

Literary  and  Scientific  Societies  of 
the  city  of  New-York. 

As  matter  of  remembrance  and  reference, 
we  consider  short  statistical  articles,  both 
valuable  and  profitable.  Every  newspaper 
reader  has  not  a  library,  neither  is  he  able 
to  procure  and  study  our  statute  books  ;  there- 
fore, we  must  be  permitted  to  believe,  that 
these  articles  are  well  received  by  the  gen- 
erality of  our  readers:  we  feel  a  becoming 
I  pride,  too,  for  our  chief  city,  which  is  equal- 
ly the  boast  of  the  state  and  the  nation. 

New  York  Historical  Society,Jawes  Kent, 
President,  F.  Depeyster.  jr.  Secretary.  In- 
corporate I  in  the  year  1809,  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering,  procuring,  and  preserving 
whatever  may  relate  to  the  natural,  civil, 
literary,  medical,  and  ecclesiastical  history 
of  the  United  States,  and  particularly  of  the 
state  of  New  York.  The  Society  now  pos- 
sesses a  library  of  about  ten  thousand  vol- 
umes of  great  value.  The  state  and  gener- 
al government  regularly  contribute  every 
printed  document  issued  by  them  respective- 
ly. The  Society  has  also  files  of  newspa- 
pers nearly  complete  from  the  year  1704  to 
the  present  date.  [The  Boston  News  Let- 
ter was  the  first  newspaper  printed  in  Ame- 
rica. A  file  commencing  with  its  first  num- 
ber is  in  the  library  of  the  Historical  Socie- 
ty.] Its  historical  manuscripts  are  very  val- 
uable ;  among  them  are  to  be  found  the  pa- 
pers of  General  Gates,  Baron  Steuben,  Ge- 
neral Gage,  Governor  Colden,  and  several 
original  le  ters  of  General  Washington. — 
They  possess  also  a  valuable  collection  of 
ancient  and  modern  gold,  silver,  and  copper 
coins  and  medals. 
New  York  Society  Library  ;  founded  1754 ; 
number  of  volumes,  22.ouo. 

Neiv-York  Athenmim,  founded  in  1824, 
for  the  promotion  of  science  and  literature. 
Lectures  are  delivered  under  its  patronage 
upon  a  number  of  the  most  interesting  bran- 
ches of  knowledge.  It  has  a  fund  of  #27, 
000.  Peter  A.  Jay,  President,  F.  Depeys- 
ter, jun.  Cor.  Sec. 

The  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  was 
chartered  in  1818,  has  a  Library,  and  an  ex- 
tensive and  rapidly  increasing  Museum  of 
Natural  History.  Joseph  Delafield,  Presi- 
dent. 

New  York  Literary  and  Scientific  Society. 
David  Hosack,  President,  F.  Depeyster,  jr. 
Recor.  Sec'y. 


The  American  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  in- 
corporated 1808.  Edward  I  ivingston  (Sec. 
of  State)  was  its  first  President ;  then  De- 
Witt  Clinton  ;  to  whom  John  Trumbull 
succeeded.  F.  Depeyster,  jr.  Secretary.— 
This  Academy  was  opened  in  the  Instution 
in  1816. 

National  Academy  of  Design  ;  instituted 
in  1820  ;  and  devoted  to  paintina.sculpture, 
fee.     J.  B.  F.  Morse,  President." 

Clinton  Hall  Assaciation  ;  incorporated 
in  1830;  for  the  cultivation  and  promotion 
of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts.  Clinton 
Hall  was  built  by  this  association  ;  and  cos, 
about  #50.000— Clinton  Hotel  is  under  the 
same  roof,  and  was  built  by  Philip  Hone; 
Esq.  and  cost  about  the  same. 

A'etu  York  Law  Institute  ;  incorporated  in 
1830,  for  "  literary  purposes,  the  cultivation 
of  legal  science,  the  amendment  of  juris- 
prudence, the  providing  of  a  seminary  oi 
learning  in  the  law,  and  the  formation  "of  a 
law  library." 

Neto  York  Sacred  Music  Society  ;  insti- 
tuted in  1823. 


DISSOLUTION. 

THE  co-partnership  heretofore  existing  between 
the  subscribers,  under  the  firm  of  E   Peck  and 
Co.  is  this  day  dissolved  b\  mutual  consent 

EVCRARD  PECK, 
DAVID  HOYT, 
may  6,  1831.  SAM'L  D   PORTER. 

[D=The  subscribers  having  purchased  the  Stock 
in  Trade  of  the  late  firm  of  E.  Peck  and  Co.,  will 
continue  the  business  of  Book  Selling,  Printing, 
and  Book  Binding,  at  the  old  stand,  under  the  firm 
of  Hoyt,  Porter  and  Co. 

DAVID  HOYT, 
SA.VI'L  D   PORTER, 
may  6.  LUTHER  TUCKER. 

[TT'The  subscriber,  having  connected  himscli 
in  business  vvitli  David  Hoyt  and  Samuel  D 
Porter,  has  removed  his  Printing  Establishment 
to  the  old  stand  of  E.  Pece  and  Co.,  where  he 
will  continue  the  publication  of  the  Daily  AdverCi' 
ser,  Rochester  Republican,  and  Geneste  Farmer,  un- 
der the  firm  of  Luther  TucKt  R  and  Co. 
may  6.  LUTHKR  TUCKER. 

BOOKS,  STATIONARY,  &C. 

THE  subBciibers;  successors  to  E.  Peck  &  Co. 
at  the  old  stand.  No  83  Carroll-street,  Roches- 
ter, have  now  on  hand   the  most  complete  stock  ot 
Books,  in  the  various  departments  of  Science,  Lit- 
erature and  Art,  ever  offered  to  the  citizens  of  the 
"Genesee  Country."     Among  them  are  comprised 
most  of  the  works  ever  required  by  the  Attorney, 
Physician  or  Divine,  to  make  up  their  Library,  and 
all  the   Sch"ol    Bonks    used    in   the  Common    and 
Classical  Schools  of  the  State.     Town  and  Social 
Libraries  furnished  on  the  most  liberal  terms,    and 
at  very  low    prices.     Any  work    not   on  hand,  fur 
Dished  if  to  be  found  in  the  eastern  cities,  on  shorl 
notice.     They  have  also  gone  very  extensively  into 
the  Paper  Hanging  trade,  and  have  now  on  hand 
a  great  assortment  of  Paper  Hangings  and  Bo 
of  every  description,  from  30  cents  to  $1,25  cents 
pet-  piece.     In   the   variety,   beauty  and  quality  ot 
this  article,  thev  stand  unrivalled.    Having  a  Boot 
Bindery  and  Printing  Office  attached  t"  their  est  ■  I > 
lishment,  thev  are  prepared  la  i!"  Job  Work  in  ei- 
ther  of  those  branches  of  business  in  Biiperior  style, 
their  stock  of  stationary  is  very  complete,  compris- 
ing almost  all    things   ever   called   for  in  that  line. 
They  have  now  on   hand  500  rent  (royal, 

medium,  demy  and  royal  Printing  Paper,  from 
of  the    best  manufactories  in  the  state.     Printers 
supplied  with  News  Paper  tad  News  and  Book  I 
of  superior  qualities,  at  low  pri.<'s     In  somi  futun 
number  of  the  farmer,  they  propose  giving  a  cata» 
logue  of  some  of  the   principal    Books.     Countrj 
Merchants  supplied  on  the  most  liberal  terms.    Tin- 
customers  of  the   late   firm  of  E.  Peck  £  Co.  art 
particularly  requested  to  call.    Orders  from  abroad 
thankfully  received  and  prompt!)  attended  to. 

HOYT,  PORTERS  CO. 
H.,  P.  &  Co.,  are  agents  for  the  North  American 
Id  view.  American  Quarterly  do..  London  Quarter- 
ly do.,  Edinburgh  do.  Westminster  do.,  Christian 
Spectator,  Biblical  Repository,  American  Journal 
ot  Medicine,  delivered  in  Rochester  at  subscriptioi 
price. 


*j?mm  mam mmmm  m^mmmm 


a 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JULY  9,  1831. 


NUMBIOP  27 


PUBLISHED  BY  L..  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $-.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


IRRIGATION. 

This  is  a  subject  less  understood  and  more 
neglected  by  the  farmers  of  Old  Genesee,  than  it 
ought  to  be.  Blessed  with  a  soil  naturally  pro 
ductive,  and  a  climate  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  wheat,  corn,  and  many  other  crops,  our  farm- 
ers have  not  been  compelled  by  necessity  to  resort 
to  as  many  artificial  methods  of  increasing  their 
crops,  as  those  of  some  of  the  eastern  states.  Thus 
far  we  have  sailed  before  the  wind.  Wheat  has 
been  the  staple  article  of  this  country,  and  surely 
so  far  has  been  attended  with  a  fair  profit.  But 
let  us  reverse  the  prospects — let  us  suppose  our 
wheat  to  fail  as  it  has  in  some  of  the  Eastern 
States,  where  formerly  they  raised  fine  crops. — 
This  would  alter  the  prospects  of  this  section  of 
;ountry  very  much.  What  would  be  the  resort  ? 
Indian  corn,  we  will  admit,  is  a  fair  crop  with  us, 
but  will  not  bear  long  transport  to  market.  Of 
coarse  it  must  be  fed  to  animals,  and  the  beef  and 
pork  sent  in  its  stead.  But  in  order  to  feed  beef, 
much  attention  must  be  paid  to  grazing.  During 
the  winter  months,  or  from  November  to  May, 
six  months,  it  requires  very  good  nursing  to  keep 
cattle  from  losing  flesh.  Through  the  months  of 
May  and  June,  grass  is  generally  fresh  and  plen- 
ty ;  but  in  most  seasons,  in  the  months  of  July  and 
August,  the  ground  becomes  very  dry,  and  cattle 
are  often  pinched  for  want  of  a  sufficient  supply 
of  food.  By  this  calculation  it  would  appear  that 
stock  under  ordinary  circumstances  gain  but  little, 
leaving  but  four  months  or  one  third  of  the  year, 
for  them  to  take  on  flesh ;  whereas,  if  proper  at- 
tention was  paid  to  irrigation,  most  of  our  farms 
might  produce  abundance  of  fresh  grass  through 
the  months  of  July  and  Angust,  which  v-nukl 
make  one  third  difference  in  the  advantage  to  be 
derived  from  grazing.  It  may  be  said  that  west- 
ern New  York  is  too  level  to  attend  much  to  irri- 
gation ;  but  as  an  offsett  against  this  it  may  be 
observed  that  from  this  very  circumstance  there 
is  the  more  need  of  it,  as  in  level  countries 
there  are  not  so  many  durable  springs,  as  where 
the  surface  is  more  uneven.  Water  is  indispensa- 
bly necessary  to  the  growth  of  vegetables,  as  it 
appears  to  be  the  menstruum  through  which  most 
of  the  food  of  plants,  which  is  taken  by  the  roots, 
js  conveyed,  and  it  appears  indispensably  neces- 
sary for  the  distribution  of  such  food,  after  it  is 
taken  up  by  the  roots  through  the  plant.  Many 
countries  which  are  now  considered  fruitful,  un- 
der the  course  of  irrigation  practised,  would  be- 
come barren  and  uninhabitable,  was  it  neglected. 
Such  is  Egypt,  which  owes  its  productiveness  to 
the  artificial  supply  of  water.  Artificial  lakes 
and  rivers  are  dug  at  immense  expense,  for  the 
purpose  of  receiving  :he  superabundant  waters  of 
the  Nile,  during  its  flood,  to  be  distributed  over 
what  would  otherwise  be  a  sterile  country,  during 
the  dry  seasons. 

Of  a  similar  description,  are  the  countries  of 
Persia,  Peru,  Chili  and  Mexico.  It  does  not  seem 
exactly  necessary  that  our  farmers  should  com- 


mence digging  artificial  lakes ;  but  were  they  to 
make  observations  during  the  dry  season,  as  to 
points  from  which  water  might  be  obtained,  and 
those  parts  of  their  farms  which  would  be  most 
benefitted  by  watering  during  the  months  of  July 
and  August,  they  might  greatly  promote  their  in- 
terests, by  thus  providing  a  full  supply  of  grass 
for  their  stock  during  the  drought,  and  greatly  in- 
creasing their  crop  of  hay  for  the  approaching 
winter. 

We  believe  it  is  a  fact  generally  admitted  that 
grazing  districts  become  more  wealthy  than  those 
which  are  kept  under  the  plough ;  and  where  the 
farmers  depend  almost  entirely  upon  raising  grains 
of  different  kinds.  The  prices  of  these  depend 
with  us  on  a  foreign  market,  and  are  more  fluctu- 
ating than  the  price  of  beef,  which  is  mostly  con- 
sumed at  home.  We  hope  our  farmers  will  bear 
this  subject  in  mind,  during  the  coming  season, 
and  make  their  deductions. 


PARASITIC  PLANT. 

There  is  found  growing  upon,  and  firmly  uni- 
ted to  the  roots  of  the  black  oak,  in  this  vicinity,  a 
plant,  which  wc  are  not  aware  of  having  seen 
particularly  described  by  any  American  botanist. 
This  plant  attains  the  height  of  about  six  inches, 
and  the  thickness  of  from  half  to  three  quarters 
of  an  inch,  without  leaves,  the  stalk  thickly  set 
with  seed  vessels,  which  are  two  valved,  and  ma- 
ny seeded,  much  resembling  in  the  growth  the 
beech  drops,  (Monotropa  lanuginosa)  but  larger, 
and  without  branches,  the  colour  a  pearly  white, 
inclining  to  yellow.  It  corresponds  in  many  of 
its  characteristics,  with  the  Orobanche  of  Eng- 
land, but  is  different  in  many  respects ;  but  we 
are  disposed  to  consider  it  one  of  the  same  family 
of  plants.  It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  all 
the  parasitic  plants.  When  examined  it  will  be 
found  to  have  united  to  the  root  by  a  granular 
process,  causing  an  enlargement  not  unlike  the 
place  where  a  cion  has  united  to  the  stock,  and 
may  fairly  be  considered  a  piece  of  natural  graft- 
ing. 

The  root  of  the  oak  will  be  found  on  examina- 
tion to  be  sound  and  healthy,  even  to  the  very 
point  of  union.  This  parasitic  plant  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  furnished  with  any  roots  of  its  own. 
and  evidently  receives  its  nourishment  from  the 
root  of  the  oak,  which  ending  with  the  plant  gives 
it  a  very  singular  appearance.  This  would  seem 
an  exception  to  the  general  rule  "  that  plants  do 
not  take  upon  each  other  by  grafting,  unless  they 
belong  to  the  same  class  and  order."  Should  this 
come  under  the  observation  of  any  Professor  of 
Botany,  who  is  acquainted  with  this  plant,  we 
should  be  happy  to  receive  and  publish  his  obser- 
vations upon  it.         

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

We  have  received  from  Jefferson  County,  the 
pedigree  of  the  imported  horse  Roman,which  has 
lately  been  purchased  by  a  number  of  gentlemen 
of  that  county,  with  a  request  that  we  would  take 
such  notice  of  it  as  we  should  think  proper.  As 
he  has  descended  from  foreign  stock,  a  particular 
description  perhaps  might  not  be  interesting  to 
our  readers,  as  most  of  the  horses  mentioned  are 
only  known  to  foreigner£,or  may  be  to  some  of  our 


sportsmen.  Wc  therefore  refer  our  readers  topag.: 
179,  where  sufficient  mention  is  made  of  thehorsf 
to  satisfy  breeders  that  he  is  in  point  of  blood  one 
of  the  first  horses  in  America,  and  one  of  which 
the  fanners  of  Jefferson  county  may  justly  be 

proud.  

LOCUST. 

We  have  watched  the  progress  of  these  insects 
in  this  neighborhood  with  some  anxiety,  never 
having  witnessed  their  appearance  before.  We 
acknowledge  there  is  something  so  much  out  of 
the  common  course  of  nature  in  their  periodical 
returns,  that  even  Entomologists  themselves,  are 
puzzled  to  give  a  reason  for  the  number  of  years 
required  for  their  passing  tlirough  their  different 
stages. 

There  appears  to  be  some  little  difference  with 
Entomologists  with  regard  to  the  precise  number 
of  years  required  for  their  return,which  may  have 
arisen  from  there  having  been  two  setts  of  insects 
in  the  same  ground, making  each  their  appearance 
according  to  the  time  of  their  descent  into  the  eartli 
Linnaeus  had  satisfied  himself  with  regard  to 
their  time  of  appearance,  from  which  circum- 
stance he  gave  them  the  name  of  Cicada  Septem- 
decern,  being  expressive  of  their  return  once  in 
seventeen  years.  We  have  examined  different 
authors  respecting  their  history,  but  have  found 
none  so  particular  and  concise  as  a  notice  of  them 
by  Doct.  S.  P.  Hildreth  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  pub- 
lished in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol 
18,  No.  1,  page  47. 

As  many  of  our  readers  may  wish  their  his 
tory,  who  have  not  that  work  by  them,  we  have 
selected  it  for  publication  in  the  Farmer,  but  will 
remark  that  they  made  their  appearance  in  this 
neighborhood  one  month  later  than  at  Marietta, 
as  mentioned  by  the  Doctor,  or  about  the  first  of 
June,  and  on  the  first  of  July  most  of  them  were 
dead. 

From  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arte. 

Notices  and  Observations  on  the  American 
Cicada,  or  Locust ;  by  Dr.  S.  P.  Hil- 
dreth. 

Cicada,  Septemdecem  of  Lin.  Tettigo- 
nia,  Septemdecem  of  Fabr.  Head  black, 
eyes  brick  red, thorax  and  back  black  orve- 
y  dark  brown,  the  latter  edged  with  or- 
ange ;  wings  transparent,  immaculate,  loner 
margins  of  a  rich  orange  ;  abdomen  dark 
brown,  the  lings  of  a  datk  yellow  or  of  dun 
colour ;  opercula,  oval ;  legs  and  breast, 
same  color  as  that  of  the  rings. 

No  part  of  natural  history  more  abounds 
in  wonderful  and  extraordinary  productions 
than  that  portion  of  it  embraced  in  the  stu- 
dy of  Entomology.  Whether  we  consider 
the  number  and  variety  of  insects,  or  the 
curious  changes  they  undergo  in  the  progress 
of  their  existence,  we  are  led  to  admire  not 
only  their  elegant  forms  and  beautiful  col- 
ors, but  also  the  harmony  and  order  which 
attends  all  the  operations  of  nature.  Among 
this  numerous  class,  none  excites  the  won- 
der and  admiration  of  man,  more  than  the 
cicada  septemdecem.  The  regularity  with 
which  they  return  at  the  expiration  of  sev- 
enteen years,  their  simultaneous  appearance 
over  a  vast  extent  of  country, and  the  count- 
less myriads  of  their  numbers,  equally  ar- 
rest our  attention.  They  have  made  their 
appearance  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  at  three  dif- 


210 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  9,  1S31 


feren't  periods,  since  its  first  settlement,  viz  : 
in  the  year  1790;  again  in  1812;  and  now 
in  1829.  With  us  they  have  commenced 
their  ascent  from  the  earth  the  last  of  May 
ind  first  of  June;  and  disappear  the  begin- 
ning of  July,  two  or  three  days  earlier  or 
later  according  to  the  temperature  of  the 
season 

Tile,  month  of  May  this  season  was  very 
warm,  ■»««  the  cicada;  made  their  appear- 
ance rather  earlier  than  heretofore.  By  the 
ijth  of  this  month  they  had  risen  so  near 
'o  the  surface  of  the  earth,  that  the  depth  of 
a  common  furrow  in  ploughing,turned  them 
out  in  their  chrysaloid  state.  By  the  24th 
I  hey  had  begun  to  arise  from  the  earth,  burst 
their  transparent  covering  and  expand  their 
wings.  From  this  time  to  the  10th  of  June. 
their  numbers  daily  increased,  until  wood- 
lands and  orchards  were  filled  with  countless 
multitudes.  A  continual  singing  or  scream 
was  kept  up  by  the  males,  from  sunrise  till 
evening,  and  so  loud  that  in  a  calm  morning 
nie  sound  was  heard  a  full  mile.  For  this 
mirpose  the  male  is  furnished  with  an  air 
bladder  under  the  axillae,  of  a  pale  blue  co- 
lor ;  the  females  make  no  noise.  They  ap- 
peared only  in  situations  which  were  cover- 
ed with  trees,  as  was  the  fact  when  they  were 
here  in  1812  ;  thereby  proving  that  they  had 
not  wandered  far  in  their  journey  of  seven- 
teen years.  The  earth  was  perforated  like 
i  riddle,  with  holes  about  a  third  of  an  inch 
i!  diameter.  In  an  orchard  in  this  town,  I 
counted  twenty-five  holes  on  a  foot  square, 
and  an  intelligent  acquaintance  told  me  that 
mi  his  neighborhood,  he  had  seen  more  than 
louble  that  number  in  the  same  space. — 
Where  trees  were  not  near  each  other,  the 
ground  underneath  them  was  covered  with 
their  skins  or  cast  oft'  robes,  to  the  depth  of 
two  or  three  inches.  These  shells  retain  the 
exact  figure  of  the  insect  when  it  leaves  the 
earth,  with  a  rent  on  the  back,  through  which 
the  cicada  creeps  as  from  a  coat  of  mail — 
and  are  firmly  fastened  by  the  feet  to  the 
bark  and  twigs  of  trees  and  bushes,  until 
they  are  thrown  down  by  the  Windsor  rain. 
Instinct  leading  them  to  seek  the  nearest 
•  ree,  bush  or  post,  as  soon  as  they  leave 
the  earth;  here  they  remain  until  they 
nave  left  their  shells  for  some  hours,  or  until 
their  wings  are  dry  and  sufficiently  strong 
for  (lying.  There  appeared  to  be  two  varie- 
ties of  the  cicada,  one  much  smaller  than 
the  other  :  there  was  also  a  striking  differ- 
ence in  their  notes.  The  smaller  variety 
were  more  common  in  the  bottom  lands,  and 
the  larger  in  the  hills.  A  continual  scream 
<vas  kept  up  by  the  males  during  the  day, but 
hey  were  silent  through  the  night.  Their 
flight  was  short,  seldom  exceeding  eight  or 
■en  rods,  and  their  whole  lives  appeared  to 
be  spent  near  the  place  of  their  nativity.  I 
could  not  discover  that  they  made  use  of  any 
food;  they  certainly  eat  no  leaves  of  trees 
ir  plants,  as  they  are  not  furnished  with 
jaws  or  teeth.  They  have  a  hard  and  sharp 
proboscis,about  two  lines  in  length,  which  is 
generally  compressed  close  to  the  thorax: 
this  I  have  seen  inserted  in  the  smooth  bark 
of  young  trees,  and  when  driven  from  the 
spot,  a  drop  of  juice  issued  from  the  punc- 
ture :  they  would  also,  when  disturbed, throw- 
out  a  small  jet  of  thin  watery  liquid,  as  if 
in  self  defence.  From  their  being  unprovi 
ded  with  organs  for  eating,  it  would  seem 
.hat  their  whole  business  during  their  short 
visit  to  the  surface  of  the  earth,  was  to  pro 
oagate  their  species  and  to  die.     While  hero 


they  served  for  food  for  all  the  carnivorous 
and  insect-eating  animals.  Hogs  eat  them 
in  preference  to  any  other  food  ;  squirrels, 
birds,  domestic  fowls,  Sic.  fattened  on  them. 
So  much  were  they  attracted  by  the  cicadae, 
that  very  few  birds  were  seen  around  our 
gardens  during  their  continuance,  and  our 
cherries,  Sic.  remained  unmolested.  By 
the  fourth  or  fifth  day  after  their  leaving  the 
earth,  the  female  began  to  depost  her  eggs  in 
the  tender  branches  of  most  kinds  of  orchard 
and  forest  trees.  She  generally  selected  the 
wood  of  last  year's  growth,  and  commenced 
her  task  on  the  under  side  of  the  twig,  by 
slitting  the  bark  with  her  puncturing  instru- 
ment, which  embraced  the  properties  both 
of  a  saw  and  a  punch;  the  point  being  lan- 
cet-shaped and  serrated,  and  then  making 
a  hole  in  an  oblique  direction  to  the  pith  of 
the  branch,  she  withdrew  the  instrument  a 
little  way,  and  deposited  an  egg  through  a 
tube  in  the  punch.  This  was  repeated  until 
from  ten  to  twenty  eggs  were  deposited  on 
each  side  of  the  centre  of  the  pith,  the  cen- 
tre wood  having  been  previously  comminu- 
ted and  cut  up  so  as  to  make  a  soft  bed  for 
the  eggs,  and  to  afford  food  for  the  embryo 
until  it  hatched.  There  was  daily  an  evi- 
dent increase  in  the  size  of  the  eggs  until 
they  were  hatched,  and  an  evident  dimi- 
nution of  the  comminuted  woody  fibres  and 
enlargement  of  the  cells  containing  the  eggs, 
so  that  they  must  have  derived  some  suste- 
nance from  the  juices  of  the  twig.  Anoth- 
er proof  that  they  did  so  was,  that  the  eggs 
invariably  perished  in  those  branches  which 
withered  and  dried  up  soon  after  the  punc- 
tures were  made.  This  work  continued 
from  day  to  day,  until  the  female  had  ex- 
pended her  stock  of  eggs,  which,  so  far  as  I 
could  ascertain. amounted  to  about  one  thou- 
sand. When  this  operation  was  completed, 
the  object  of  her  existence  seemed  to  be  ful- 
filled, and  in  a  few  days  she  dwindled  away 
and  died.  The  whole  period  of  the  life  of  a 
single  individual,  from  her  leaving  the  earth 
to  her  death, averaged  from  twenty  to  twenty- 
five  days.  The  life  of  the  male  continued 
for  nearly  the  same  time.  When  the  cicadas 
first  leave  the  earth  they  are  plump  and  full 
of  oily  juices,  so  much  so  that  they  were 
made  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  ; 
but  before  their  death  they  were  dried  up  to 
mere  shells;  and  I  have  seen  them  still  able 
to  fly  a  few  feet,  after  one  half  of  the  body 
was  wasted  away,  and  nothing  remained  but 
the  head,  wings  and  thorax.  From  the  time 
the  eggs  were  doposited  to  the  period  of 
hatching,  was,  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascer- 
tained, sixty  days,  and  almost  daily  atten- 
tion was  given  to  the  subject.  When  first 
placed  in  the  twigs,  the  eggs  are  about  the 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  the  thick- 
ness of  a  coarse  hair,  appearing  through  a 
small  magnifying  glass  of  the  shape  and 
size  of  a  grain  of  rye  ;  at  the  period  of  hatch- 
ing, they  had  increased  about  one-third  in 
size.  They  are  white  and  transparent, with 
a  black  spot  on  the  larger  end,  just  before 
hatching.  They  are  placed  very  closely  by 
the  side  of  each  other,  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion to  the  line  of  the  twig;  several  portions 
of  the  branch  of  an  apple  tree,  full  of  the 
eggs  ready  to  hatch,  were  placed  on  a  bowl 
of  earth,  with  a  glass  tumbler  inverted  over 
them,  in  the  afternoon  ;  by  morning  nearly 
a  hundred  young  cicada  were  found  in  the 
earth,  and  a  few  on  the  surface,  which  had 
just  left  their  woody  cells.  They  were  about 
a  twelfth  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  the  ex- 


act shape,  color  and  appearance  of  the  pa- 
rent when  she  first  comes  to  the  air,  and  be- 
fore bursting  the  transparent  shell  which  co- 
vered her  while  in  her  terrene  abode.  From 
the  fact,  that  the  young  ones  immediately 
seek  a  retreat  in  the  earth,  I  am  led  to  be- 
lieve that  these  insects  are  tenants  of  the 
ground  for  seventeen  years,  and  until  He 
who  created  them  again  calls  them  forth  tc 
propagate  their  kind,  to  fulfil  their  destiny, 
and  die.  As  to  their  extent,  so  far  as  I  can 
ascertain,  they  covered  the  woody  regions 
from  beyond  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  to 
the  heads  of  the  Ohio  river  ;  embracing  the 
States  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  Indiana,? Ohio, 
and  the  western  parts  of  Pennsylvania. — 
Whether  they  appeared  in  Kentucky  anci 
Tennessee,  I  have  not  yet  learned. 
Marklla,(Ohio)  Wth  Dtc.  1829. 


HAY-MAKING. 

As  the  season  has  arrived  for  the  commence- 
ment of  this  operation  which  has  associated  with 
it  an  idea  of  rural  pleasure  and  merriment,  which 
probably   has  descended  to  us  from  the  land  of 
our  fathers,  where  the  custom  still  prevails  of  em- 
ploying die  young  of  both  sexes  in  the  same  field ; 
and  as  youth  is  the  time  for  merriment,  it  is  but 
natural  to  suppose  that  their  labor  is  rather  pleas- 
ant than  otherwise.    As  this  is  an  important  bu- 
siness, a  few  directions  to  young  farmers  may  be 
well, although  many  may  think  that  business  with 
which  they  have  been  so  familiar  from  their  child- 
hood, cannot  be  much  improved.     We  are  not 
aware  that  any  very  important  improvements 
have  beeri  made  of  late  years  hi  this  part  of  hus- 
bandry.    Perhaps  the  greatest   improvement  that' 
has  recently  been  introduced,  as  appertaining  to 
II  hay  making.is  the  horse-rake, which  certainly  is  a 
I ;  labor-saving  machine,  worthy  the  notice  of  every 
J !  farmer.     Its  greatest  advantages  are   in  smooth 
I  meadows,  where  the  surface  has  been  freed  from 
!  stumps  and  stones,  and  where  due  regard  has  been 
paid  to  prevent   any  little  inequalities  of  surface. 
In  such  meadows  one  man  and  boy  and  horse  will 
rake  as  much  hay  in  a  given  time,  as  six  men 
would  in  die  common  manner.     Thus  to  expedite 
|  business  at  times  is  of  importance,  as  in  this  part 
j  of  the  country  the  tune  for  hay-making  and  har- 
!  vesting,  are  much  the  same,  and  not  unfrequently 
the  one  or  the  other  suffer  for  want  of  a  .-sufficient 
number  of  labourers  to  perform  each  in  due  sea- 
son.    A  description  of  the  horse-rake,  we  believe, 
will  not  be  necessary,  as  they  are  more  or  less 
known  in  every  district,  and  have  been  frequent- 
ly  given  in  plates,  in  agricultural  works,  so  that 
almost  every  mechanic  who   makes  odier  farm- 
ing instruments,  is  capable  of  furnishing  these 
also. 

They  are  cheap,  simple  and  usefid.  There 
are  different  opinions  in  regard  to  the  proper  time 
for  cutting  the  different  grasses  intended  for  hay. 
Timothy  or  Herd's  grass  we  consider  one  of 
the  most  profitable  grasses  for  this  latitude,  and 
the  time  of  cutting  it  is  of  more  importance  than 
is  generally  acknowledged  by  farmers.  It  is  a 
very  common  practice  to  cut  this  grass  when  it 
is  in  ftill  blossom,  but  this  we  consider  bad  policy 
We  believe  a  few  experiments  will  convince  ev- 
ery former  that  it  is  better  in  every  respect  to  al- 
low it  to  stand  before  cutting,  until  the  seeds  art 
nearly  or  quite  their  full  size,  when  to  cut  it  does 
not  require  so  much  sun  to  make  the  hay,  nor  a? 
rrrttch  labor  bestowed  upon  it ;  and  it  will  be  found 


Voll.— No.  27- 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


21J 


although  it  is   not  quite  so  green 


as  when  cut  in 


the  blossom ;  that  all  kinds  of  stock  will  eat  it  c- 
qually  as  well,  and  that  it  not  only  affords  more 
weight  from  the  same  quantity  of  ground,  but 
that  a  given  weight  affords  more  nourishment  to 
the  stock.  Another  advantage  is,  that  in  making 
the  hay  there  will  more  or  less  of  the  seeds  shell 
out,  which  will  furnish  young  plants  to  supply 
the  places  of  those  roots  which  have  died  from  the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  or  any  other  cause. — 
It  has  been  found  that  those  meadows  which  are 
cut  while  the  Timothy  or  Herd's  grass  is  in  blos- 
som, sooner  become  overrun  with  spear  grass.than 
those  which  are  allowed  to  nearly  ripen  the  seed. 
ft  is  true  that  the  bright  green  appearance  of  ear- 
ly cut  hay  is  rather  inviting  to  the  eye  of  many 
who  purchase  their  hay  in  towns,  but  the  practi- 
sed grazier  will  look  well  to  the  size  of  the  seed 
in  the  heads.  If  Herd's  grass  is  allowed  to  stand 
as  recommended,  in  good  weather,  such  as  is  cut 
at  evening,  and  allowed  to  lie  over  night  in  the 
swathe,  and  that  which  can  be  cut  before  nine 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  may  be  carried  into  the 
barn  at  evening  in  good  order,  if  from  ground  giv- 
ing a  heavy  crop.  A  little  salt  sprinkled  over 
the  mow  may  be  advantageous. 

OKRA. 

This  plant,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  es 
sentials  at  the  South,  we  believe  has  never  been 
cultivated  in  this  vicinity,  and  we  are  not  inform- 
ed whether  any  attempts  have  ever  been  made  to 
introduce  it  into  gardens  in  Old  Genesee.    We 
have  procured  some  seed  from  Virginia  this  sea- 
son, and  are  making  the  experiment ;  but  wheth- 
er the  season  will  prove  warm  enough  for  it  to 
come  to  perfection,  we  are  yet  to  learn.    If  any 
of  our  readers  have  given  this  plant  a  fair  trial,  in 
this  section  of  country,  we  should  be  glad  to  hear 
the  result.     It  will  be  seen  by  the  notice  of  the 
plant,  in  the  Southern  Agriculturist,  that  it  is  re- 
commended to  plant  a  crop  in  June,  from  which 
we  should  infer  that  our  summers  are  long  enough 
for  its  coming  to  maturity.    A  very  ce'ebrated 
dish  is  prepared  from  the  pods  called  Gombo,  but 
with  which  but  few  of  our  Northern  people  are 
acquainted,  and  we  hope  the  Editor  of  the  above 
mentioned  paper  will  give  us  directions  for  cook- 
ing Okra,  as  practiced  by  the  people  at  the  south  : 
"This  fine  vegetable  appears  no  where  to 
be  so  justly  appreciated  as  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Charleston — here  it  furnishes  a  por- 
tion of  the  daily  food  of,  be  believe,  at  least 
three-fourths  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  city 
during  its  season*    In  fact,  we  know  of  no 
vegetable  which  is  so  generally  used  by  both 
rich  and  poor,  or  which  so  justly  merits  the 
encomiums  bestowed  upon  it.     When  serv- 
ed up,  simply   boiled,  we  admit  it  is  not  the 
most  palatable  vegetable  we  ever  eat,  but  in 
the  form  of  soup,  well  boiled,  with  a  proper 
supply  of  tomatoes,  fcc.   we   doubt  whether 
it  is  excelled  by  any  other  in  the  world,  ei- 
ther in  flavor,  wholesomeness  or  nutriment. 
Surely  our  poor  have  cause  of  thankfulness, 
that  our  climate   admits  of  its  being  grown 
in  such  quantities  as  it  is.     Although  in  such 
high  estimation  among  us,  yet  .ve  have  rare- 
ly met  with  it  any  where  else,  and  where  we 
have,  it   has  not  been   appreciated,   chiefly 
owing  to  their  ignorance  of  the  proper  mode 
of  cooking,  for,  except  in  the  form  of  soup, 
(and  that   properly   cooked,)  most  persons 
would  pronounce  it  a   sorry  vegetable,  and 
unfit  for  frequent  use. 


The  okra  prefers  a  moist  soil,  well  drain- 
ed,and  on  such,  if  it  be  but  moderately  rich, 
the  yield  is  very  great.     If  such  a  spot  can 
be  had  let  it  be  ploughed,   or  formed  into 
ridges,  (or  beds)  if  very  low,  and  subject  to 
much  wetness,  but  if  rather  high  and  dry, 
let  the  surface  remain  level.     In  the  former 
the  rows  must  be  from  four  to  five  feet  apart, 
or  the  latter  they  need  not  be  more  than  from 
three  and  a  half  to  four  feet ;  some  plant 
the  seeds  in   holes,   at  the  distance  of  from 
two  to  three  feet,  others  plant  much  nigher, 
and  others  again  drill  it.     Whatever  way  it 
be  planted,   we  recommend  that  it  be  thin- 
ned out  so  as  to  leave  each  plant   separate, 
and  at  a  distance  of  two   feet    apart.     This 
is  near   enough,  and   if  planted   wider,  too 
much  ground  will  belost  in  the  first  instance, 
although,  in  very  rich  ground,  a  greater  pro- 
duce is  obtained  at  the  close  of  the  season, 
which,  however,  is  at  a  time,  when  all  have 
been  in  some  measure  satiated  ;  if  planted 
nearer   they    soon   run  up  and  suffer  from 
their  contiguity  to  each   other.     The  after 
culture  is  simply  to  keep  them  clear  of  weeds 
and  the  ground  mellow.     In  gathering  the 
pods  for  use,  care  should  be  taken  to  take 
oft"  every  one  of  a  proper  size,  whether  wan- 
ted or  not.     It  is  a  very  common  practice  to 
take  as  many  as  are  wanted  for  immediate 
use,and  the  rest  are  left.  These  soon  become 
woody,  and  unfit  for  the  table  ;  they  are  then 
left  by  some  designedly  for  seed  ;  by  others 
through  mere  inattention  or  carelessness 
But   it   must   be   recollected    that  a   large 
portion  of  the  nourishment  of  the  plant  will 
be  immediately  diverted  from  producing  new 
pods  to  the  perfecting  the  seed  contained  in 
these;  consequently,  if  many  of  these  pods 
be  left  on  a  plant,  it  will  soon  cease  to  bear 
altogether.       Let,  therefore,   every   pod  be 
carefully  taken  off  as  soon  as  it  arrives  at  a 
certain  size,  and  the  plant  will  continue  to 
produce  a  succession,   which  would  not  be 
the  case,  if  not  so  managed.     Those  plant- 
ed in  the  spring,  generally  exhaust  them- 
selves by  the  middle  of  August,and  although 
they  may  bear  a  few,  yet  if  they  be  wanted 
later,  it  is  best  to  plant  a  successive  crop  in 
June,  which  will  continue  in  bearing  until 
destroyed  by  a  frost." 


WHEAT  CROP. 
The  weather  for  the  week  past  has  been  un- 
commonly wet  and  warm  in  this  district,and  fears 
are  entertained  that  the  wheat  crop  will  not  prove 
as  abundant  as  was  anticipated.  The  fly  has  in- 
jured many  fields,  and  owing  to  the  warm  damp 
weather  previous  to  the  hardening  of  the  straw, 
the  growth  was  so  rapid  that  many  fields  are  bad- 
ly lodged,  and  others  are  affected  by  the  rust. 


ON  REAPING  WHEAT. 

To  llio  Editor  of  the  Vil trims  Herald— 

Sib— As  the  time  of  harvest  is  approach- 
ing, I  address,  through  your  paper,  mv  bro 
ther  farmers,  on  the  importance  of  allowing 
wheat  intended  for  sowing,  to  be  entirely 
ripe  before  reaping.  Accident  last  year, and 
eye-sight  this  year,  have  convinced  me  of 
the  propriety  of  this  course. 

In  the  year  1829,  having  selected  by  hand 
some  ears  of  Mexican  wheat,  and  sowed  it 
in  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  it  was  forgotten 
last  year,  until  my  little  son  reminded  me 
that  tt  ought  to  be  gathered.  It  was  then 
from  seven  to  ten  days  after  my  other  wheat 
of  the  same  kind  had  been  cut.  This  wheat 
was  then  gathered  and  deposited  in  a  bag. 
Last  October,  this  wheat  was  seeded  on  the 
same  day,  in  the  same  manner,  and  adjoin 
ing  to  other  Mexican  wheal.  No  selection 
of  land  was  made  for  it,  as  no  experiment 
was  intended.  It  has  survived  the  fly,  and 
the  last  severe  winter,  with  little  injury,  but 
not  more  than  one  third  of  the  adjoining 
wheat  has  been  left  alive.  From  its  present 
appearance,  it  will  produce,  I  believe,  two 
thirds  more  than  its  adjacent  neighbor. 

Can  the  keeping  in  the  bag  be  the  cause 
of  this  superiority  ?  I  believe  not,  because 
in  several  previous  years,  seed  wheat  has 
been  kept  by  me  in  bags,  and  no  similar  re- 
sult has  taken  place  ;  my  inference  thence, 
is,  that  tbis  difference  must  be  owing  to  the 
entire  ripeness  of  the  seed.  Should  any 
reader  of  this  communication,  have  doubt; 
on  this  subject,  it  will  give  me  great  pleas- 
ure to  show  them  the  growing  wheat,  which 
will  convince,  I  should  think,  the  most  scep- 
tical. 

From  my  twenty-four  years  experience  as 
a  farmer,  I  am  also  satisfied,  that  the  smut 
is  mainly  attributable  to  unripe  seed  wheat. 
My  seed  wheat  has  been  always  riper  than 
that  of  my  neighbours,  and  during  that  pe- 
riod,! have  never  seen  but  six  smutted  heads 
in  my  own  crops.  In  a  conversation  with 
the  late  Mr.  Isaac  Williams,  he  confirmed 
my  opinion,  by  stating  to  me  the  same  prac- 
tice of  one  of  his  nearest  neighbors  attend- 
ed by  the  most  entire  success. 

In  making  this  communication,  the  inter 
est  of  wheat-growers  is  my  sole  object,   and 
if,  by  it,  their  crops  should  be  increased,  it 
will  contribute  to  the  happiness  of  yourobe 
dient  servant.  JOHN  TAYLOR. 

Liberty  Hill,  Carolina. 


FLORAL.  CALENDAR. 

July  9th. 

At  this  date  our  floral  calendar  cannot  be  so  de- 
finite as  at  other  seasons,  as  most  of  the  perenni- 
als have  past  their  blossoms,  and  annuals  depend 
much  upon  the  time  of  planting.The  chesnut,one  of 
our  best  flowering  forest  trees,  has  past  its  flower 
with  a  promise  of  much  fruit.  Pinks  and  carna- 
tions arc  in  full  flower,  and  the  balsams  and  ma- 
rygolds  are  opening  their  first  flowers.  Mazard 
cherries  ripe.  Rye  ready  for  harvesting,  and 
some  wheat  beginning  to  change  to  a  light  colour. 
Cucumbers  from  open  ground  are  in  eating,  and 
early  com  and  potatoes  fit  for  use.  This  is  the 
proper  season  for  planting  cabbage  for  winter, 
and  celery, — also  cucumbers  for  pickling. 


LINN-rEAN  GARDENS  AT  FLUSHING 
Prince  Paul,  of  Wirtemburg,  whose  ex- 
tensive travels,  and  scientific  attainments 
are  so  well  known,  attended  by  his  suite, 
paid  a  visit  the  last  week,  to  the  Messrs. 
Prince's,  proprietors  of  the  Linnasan  Botan- 
ic Garden  and  Nurseries  at  Flushing,  Long 
Island,  and  expressed  himself  highly  grati- 
fied at  the  great  extent  and  high  culture  of 
the  grounds,  and  at  the  immense  collection 
of  trees  and  plants  concentrated  therein, 
from  every  clime.  This  distinguished  stran- 
ger is  a  great  proficient  in  Botany,  as  well 
as  other  natural  sciences. — N.  Y.  Commer- 
cial Advertiser. 


Silk.  The  manufacture  of  silk  is  very 
ancient.  In  the  year  555,two  monks  brought 
from  India  to  Canstantinople,  great  quanti- 
ties of  silk-worms,  with  instructions  for 
hatching  their  eggs,  rearing  and  feeding  the 
worms,  drawing  out  the  silk,  spinning  and 
working  it. 


212 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


July  9,  1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR   THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 
IIORTICtIl.TIJR.AL  EXHIBITION. 

The  Domestic  Horticultural  Society  of  the 
Western  Part  of  New  York,  held  its  stated  meet- 
ing at  Canandaigua,  on  Thursday,  the  30th  June. 
The  day  proved  favorable  for  the  exhibition, 
and  the  meeting  was  attended  by  a  large  number 
of  the  resident  and  distant  members,  and  by  many 
ladies  and  respectable  strangers  ;  all  of  whom  e- 
v-inced  the  highest  satisfaction  with  the  fine  dis- 
play of  vegetables,  fruits,  plants  and  flowers. 

Without  particularising,  where  the  whole  ex- 
hibition was  excellent,  we  will  merely  observe, 
'hat  some  specimens  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope  let- 
tuce, from  the  garden  of  Mr.  Fellows  ;  cauliflow- 
ers from  the  same  garden,  and  from  that  of  Mr. 
Butler  of  Geneva];  early  turnips,  beets,  onions, 
&c.  &c.  from  the  gardens  of  Mr.  William  H.  Ad- 
ams and  Mr.  Howard  of  Lyons  ;  early  potatoes 
from  the  garden  of  Mr.  Guernsey  of  Pittsford ; 
cucumbers  from  that  of  Mr.  Pomeroy  ;  various 
/egetabtes,  fruits,  and  green  house  plants  from  the 
garden  of  Mr.  Greig  of  Canandaigua ;  a  profu- 
sion of  flowers  from  different  sources — were  all 
of  superior  quality  and  beauty,  and  excited  in  the 
spectators  the  warmest  admiration. 
The  following  were  the  premiums  awarded 
FOR  FRUITS. 
To  W.  H.  Adams,  for  the  best  quart  of 

Ripe  Strawberries,  $2,00 

Ditto  next  best  do  1 

W.  S.  DeZeng,  best  qt.  Raspberries  2 

W.  W.  Gorham,  next  best  do  1 

L.  Jenkins,  best  qt.  ripe  cherries.  2 

Moses  Atwater,  next  best  do.  1 

Oliver  Phelps,  best  qt  gooseberries  2 

Joseph  Fellows,  next  best  do  1 

CULINARY  VEGETABLES. 
Vo  E.  C.  Howard,  best  half  peck  green  peas 
in  the  pod,  $3 

R.  Pomeroy,  next  best  do.  1 

W.  H.  Adams,  best  half  peck  string  beans 

in  the  pod  2 

Ditto  best  dozen  young  turnips  1 

R.  Pomeroy,  next  best  do.  50 

W.  H.  Adams,  best  doz.  young  Onions      1 
James  K.  Guernsey,  next  best  do  50 

Joseph  Fellows,  young  potatoes  1 

Charles  Butler,  next  best  do  1 

E.  C.  Howard,         do  50 

Joseph  Fellows,  best  32  cabbage  heads        2 
Charles  Butler,  next  best  do  50 

Joseph  Fellows,  best  6  lettuce  plants  1 

E.  C.  Howard,  best  25  radishes  50 

VV.  H.  Adams,  next  best  do  25 

Do         best  G  blood  beets  1 

E.  C.  Howard,  next  best  do  50 

W.  H.  Adams,  best  6  cucumbers  1 

'oseph  Fellows,  next  best  do  50 

E.  C.  Howard,  best  doz.  Carrots  1 

W.  H.  Adams,  next  best  do  50 

Joseph  Fellows,  Cauliflower  1 

Charles  Butler,  do  1 

R.  Pomeroy,  best  squash  1 

FLOWERS,  PLANTS,  & 
To  E.  C.  Howard,  most  beautiful  and  dei 

rable  double  Tulip — dried  specimen    1 
Do  do  do  single  do  ] 

Do    do    Monthly  Rose  1 

Do  next  best  do  50 


Joseph  Fellows,  most  beautiful  and  desira- 
ble hardy  rose  1 

John  Greig,  next  best  do  do  50 

Mrs.  T.  Chapin  most  beautiful  specimen 
of  Flowers  of  six  sorts,  1 

Mrs.  Joy,  most  beautiful  specimen  of  pinks 
of  six  sorts  1 

Mrs.  Ward,  do  do  of  a  Passion  Flower     1 

James  D.  Bemis,  do  do  of  a  Fig  Tree      1 

John  Greig,  do  do  of  Orange  and  Lemon 
Trees,  Aloes,  Myrtle,  &c.  1 

At  12  o'clock,  the  Society  repaired  to  the  Epis- 
copal Church,  where  a  learned  and  appropriate 
address  was  delivered  by  Doct.  Cutbusii  of  Ge- 
neva College.  The  thanks  of  the  Society  were 
presented  to  the  orator,  and  a  copy  of  the  address  j 
requested  for  publication,  by  a  unananimous  vote. 

At  half  past  two  o'clock,  the  Society  sat  down 
to  a  dinner,  prepared  in  Col.  Blossom's  best  style 
— where,  in  addition  to  his  wonted  supply  of  ex- 
cellent viands,  the  vegetables  and  fruits  furnished 
by  the  Society,  afforded  the  most  palatable  and 
convincing  proof  of  the  utility  and  success  of 
Horticultural  Associations. 

The  President  of  the  Society,  John  Greig.Esq. 
presided  at  the  table,  assisted  by  the  first  Vice 
President,  James  K.  Guernsey,  Esq. 

Besides  Col.  Blossom's  choice  store  of  foreign 
wines,  the  company  were  regaled  with  very  good 
domestic  wine  from  the  vineyard  of  Major  Ad- 
lum,  and  a  superior  article  of  currant  wine,  pre- 
sented by  O.  Phelps,  Esq.  of  Canandaigua.  Sev- 
eral respectable  foreign  gentlemen  honoured  the 
Society  with  their  presence  at  dinner.  Many 
piquant  and  appropriate  toasts  were  drunk — the 
afternoon  passed  oft*  with  the  utmost  good  feeling 
— and  the  company  separated  with  increased 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  Horticultural  improvement. 

The  autumnal  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  ap- 
pointed to  be  held  at  Lyons,  on  Wednesday  the 
21st  of  September  next ;  and  the  following  gen 
tlemen  named  as  the  committee  of  arrangements 
for  the  occasion : — Myron  Hclley,  Wm,  H.  Ad- 
ams, E.  C.  Howard,  Samuel  Hecox,  Graham  H. 
Chapin.  It  was  made  the  duty  of  the  Committee 
to  appoint  an  orator,  and  to  publish  and  transmit, 
seasonably,  to  each  member  of  the  Society,  a  list 
of  the  premiums  to  be  awarded. 

The  following  resolution  introduced  by  the  Re- 
cording Secretary,  and  seconded  by  Jared  Wilson, 
Esq.  was  unanimously  adopted.  The  mover  and 
seconder  of  the  resolution  bore  testimony  to  the 
able  and  useful  manner  in  which  the  Genc«ee 
Farmer  had  been  conducted  ;  and  their  commen- 
dations were  heartily  and  eloquently  concurred  in 
by  Vice  President  Guernsey  and  Mark  H.  Sib- 
ley, Esqs. 

Resolved,  That  we  earnestly  recommend  the 
Genesee  FARMEB|pubIished  by  Messrs.  L.  Tuck- 
er &  Co.,  Rochester,  to  the  patronage  of  all  the 
members  of  this  Horticultural  Society,  and  to  the 
Farmers  and  Horticulturists  of  our  country — and 
that  we  hope  that  the  members  of  this  Society, 
and  Agriculturists  generally,  will  deem  it  a  duty, 
as  a  means  of  mutual  public  instruction,  to  com- 
municate their  opinions,  and  the  results  of  their 
experiments,  to  the  columns  of  this  valuable  jour- 
nal. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Domestic  Horticultural 
Society,  at  its  meeting  in  Geneva,  on  the  28lh  of" 
September  last,  not  having  been  fully  published, 


it  is  deemed  proper  now  to  state,  that  at  that  meet 
ing  a  resolution  was  adopted — admitting  the 
wives  and  daughters  of  the  members,  and  other 
ladies  proposed  by  them,  as  honorary  members  of 
the  Society,  entitled  to  receive  its  premiums,  and 
respectfully  invited  to  honor  its  meetings  with 
their  presence. 

On  the  same  occasion,  Judge  Buel,  of  Alba 
ny,  and  Doctor  James  Mease,  of  Philadelphia, 
were  elected  honorary  members  of  the  Society. 
Z.  BARTON  STOUT,  Ree.  Sec'y. 


FOR    HIE  GENESEE   FARMER. 

THE  LOCUST. 

The  insect  which  appears  at  long  stated  pen 
ods,  called  the  locust,  is  the  Cicada  Seplemdccem 
of  Linnaeus,  taking  its  specific  name  from  the 
years  (17)  of  each  period.*  It  has  been  said,  how- 
ever, that  there  is  some  variation  in  these  periods, 
and  15  and  16  years  have  also  been  mentioned ; 
but  of  this  I  have  no  satisfactory  evidence,  and 
consider  such  variations  very  improbable. 

In  the  1st  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  is  a  paper  on  the 
manners  of  this  insect  by  Moses  Bartram.,  who 
appears  to  have  examined  it  with  great  attention. 
At  present  I  have  not  access  to  that  book,  and  a 
lapse  of  almost  40  years  since  I  saw  it,  has  im- 
paired the  distinctness  of  my  memory,  but  I  will 
endeavor  to  give  a  few  particulars. 

The  locust,  during  its  short  existence  in  theper~ 
feet  state  is- not  known  to  feed  on  any  vegetable, 
unless  it  is  some  exudation  from  the  leaves.  The 
damage  sustained  in  our  orchards,  &c.  is  caused 
by  the  perforations  of  the  female  at  the  time  that 
she  deposits  her  eggs.  Of  the  branch  of  a  nec- 
tarine now  lying  before  me,  (6  mo.  27,)  and  which 
broke  down  in  consequence  of  these  perforations, 
I  observe  that  the  diameter  is  about }  of  an  inch — 
that  the  solid  wood  is  cut  and  splintered,  so  that 
the  eggs  are  not  pressed  as  they  would  bo  if  the 
wood  was  only  split — that  the  direction  of  these 
incisions  is  slanting  downward,  forming  an  an- 
gle of  20°  or  25°  with  the  branch,  but  not  passing 
beyond  the  pith — and  that  the  eggs  are  2,  3,  or  4 
in  each  place. 

M.  Bartram  ascertained  that  in  a  month  or  two 
the  eggs  hatched,  and  the  young  locusts  passed 
down  the  tree,  and  entered  the  ground.  Some  ob- 
servers have  spoken  of  4  feet  as  a  depth  at  which 
the  insect  has  been  found  in  after  years  j  and  if 
is  nearly  certain  that  in  this  state  they  never  wan 
der  much  in  a  lateral  direction.  Where  the  holes 
in  only  one  spot  of  a  clear  field,  were  very  nume- 
rous and  contiguous,  caused  by  the  ascent  of  lo- 
custs, it  was  recollected  that  17  years  before,  a 
tree  had  stood  there,  although  every  trace  of  it  had 
long  before  disappeared. 

There  is  one  remarkable  fact  in  the  history  of 
the  locust,  of  which  I  havo  seen  no  notice  in  the 
course  of  my  reading : — though  it  observes  the 
stated  period  of  17  years,  yet  in  different  parts 
of  the  some  region  it  comes  forth  in  different 
years.  My  attention  was  first  directed  to  this  an- 
omaly by  an  old  man  who  remarked  that  "  the  lo- 
cust year  in  Virginia  was  not  the  same  as  in  Penn- 
sylvania." In  the  summer  of  1800  on  my  return 
from  this  place  towards  Philadelphia,  I  first  en- 
countered the  locusts  on  the  north  side  of  a  small 

"A  few  locuats  are  sometimes  heard  in  the  inter- 
mediate summers,  but  I  suspect  thes«  ate  a  difftnn' 
species. 


Vol.  1.— No.  27 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


21a 


hill  some  miles  above  Wyalusing,  near  the  Sus- 
quehanna river  ;  and  from  that  little  boundary, 
southward  throughout  the  lower  parts  of  that  state, 
wherever  the  soil  and  timber  were  suitable,  these 
insects  were  sufficiently  numerous. 

Along  the  Cayuga  lake,  however,  that  was  not 
■'  the  locust  year,"  nor  did  these  insects  appear  a- 
mong  us  till  the  summer  of  1814,  showing  a  dif- 
ference of  3  years  between  this  neighborhood  and 
the  south-eastern  parts  of  Pennsylvania.  I  am 
also  told  by  persons  who  lived  about  8  years  ago 
in  different  places  in  the  northern  parts  of  Tomp- 
kins county  that  the  locusts  were  then  there  in 
great  numbers. 

A  complete  history  of  this  insect  ought  to  have 
a,  map  of  the  different  districts  in  which  it  comes 
forth  in  different  years. 

As  far  as  my  observations  have  extended,  the 
locust  is  not  partial  to  beech  and  maple  lands,  but 
confines  itself  chiefly  among  the  oak  and  hickory. 
It  is  evident  however,  that  since  our  forests  have 
been  partially  removed,  it  has  extended  its  limits 
eastward  from  the  Cayuga  lake.  In  1814  a  lo- 
cust was  a  rare  thing  on  my  farm,  but  this  sum- 
mer their  singular  notes  were  no  novelty.  This 
we  ascribe  to  the  great  increase  of  the  few  that 
wandered  hither  17  years  ago.  In  digging  pit- 
sand  this  spring  near  an  apple  tree  which  had 
stood  25  years,  we  took  up  many  that  were  down 
in  the  subsoil. 

1.  What  is  the  food  of  this  insect  in  its  larva 
state  ? 

2.  What  has  caused  the  locusts  of  one  district 
to  differ  in  regard  to  time  from  the  locusts  of  ano- 
ther district  1 

3.  If  the  locusts  extend  the  boundaries  of  their 
districts,  do  not  these  districts  overlap  ? 

4.  May  not  the  same  tract  of  country  be  inha- 
bited by  locusts  that  observe  different  seasons  ? 

6.  May  not  the  opinions  held  by  some  persons 
hat  the  locusts  appear  once  in  seven  years  or 
once  in  eleven  years,  be  founded  in  fact  in  conse- 
quence of  this  overlapping  ? 

[Dr.  Hildreth's  article,  from  which  D.  T.  fur- 
nished us  extracts,  was  in  type  before  the  receipt 
if  his  communication — for  which  see  first  page.] 


TOR  THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 
I  am  partial  to  long  received  English  names 
of  plants,  such  as  apples,  pears,  cherries,  straw- 
berries, roses,  lilies,  pinks,  tulips,  &c. ;  and  in 
common  parlance  such  ought  to  be  used  wherever 
these  answer  the  purpose,,  because  there  will  al- 
ways be  people  who  are  not  botanists,  and  it  is 
polite  to  adapt  our  language  to  the  comprehension 
•if  our  audience ;  but  there  is  an  affectation  in  fa- 
vor of  English  names,  which  I  feel  no  disposition 
to  countenance,  and  which  aiming  at  greater  sim- 
plicity often  descends  to  coarseness  and  vulgarity. 
The  efforts  of  Wintering,  Gray,  and  others,  to 
anglicise  the  names  of  plants  have  produced  no 
valuable  result.  It  appears  that  these  attempts 
have  been  founded  on  the  preposterous  notion  that 
in  English  name  conveys  more  knowledge  of  a 
newly  discovered  plant,  titan  a  Latin  name ;  yet 
it  is  plain  that  we  want  a  new  name  for  a  new 
thing.  In  the  absence  therefore,  of  old  and  long 
established  names.let  us  use  those  which  arecom- 
mon  to  the  scientific  world ;  and  it  will  be  found 
jn  trial  that  no  Greek  nor  Latin  words  are  worse 
on  tho  tongue,  or  more  destitute  of  meaning  than 


"false  choak  dog,"  or  "  mermaid  beggar  tick, 

I  have  been  led  into  these  reflections  by  the  lists 
of  fine  plants  offered  at  the  Horticultural  Exhibi- 
tions ;  and  it  will  appear  by  the  following  quota- 
tions and  remarks,  that  a  little  more  care  is  neces- 
sary to  enable  some  readers  in  distant  places  to 
understand  what  is  meant. 
From  the  proceedings  of  the  New  York  Horticul- 
tural Society. 
"  April  26 — Dr.  Ireland  presented  a  specimen 
of  Urticu."  If  noticed  at  all  it  ought  to  be  noti- 
ced intelligibly.  There  are  not  less  than  32  spe- 
cies of  this  genus,  and  which  of  these  was  exhi- 
bited "i  and  why  1  for  its  beauty  1  or  rarity  ? 

"  Mr.  Neale  presented  18  varieties  of  early  tu- 
lips— Phlox  stolonifera  and  Alyssum  saxatile.'' 
This  is  the  language  which  I  like.  To  one  (or 
more)  species  of  Phlox  however,  the  name  Lych- 
nidea  is  applied  by  some  who  dislike  hard  words, 
and  sometimes  it  is  softened,  into  Litch-lydia  ! — 
These  provincialisms  ought  to  be  rejected. 

"  Several  bottles  of  cider — manufactured  from 
the  crab-apple — colourless  as  water,  and  of  a  ve- 
ry pleasant  taste."  What  kind  of  crab-apple 
was  used  ?  The  English  crab  or  wilding,  a^very 
permanent  variety  of  Pyrus  malus  (if  it  be  not 
a  different  species)  perhaps  has  not  been  brought 
into  this  country.  The  American  crab  (Pyrus 
coronaria)  is  e  distinct  species,  but  I  apprehend 
it  has  never  produced  cider  "  colorless  as  water, 
nor  of  a  very  pleasant"  flavor.  Hughes'  Virginia 
Crab  is  a  famous  cider  apple,  and  only  a  variety 
of  the  Pyrus  malus  or  common  apple.  It  is  so 
tough  that  on  being  pressed,  it  gives  out  the  juice 
like  a  sponge,  very  little  (if  any)  of  the  pulp  pas- 
sing into  the  liquor.  This  is  one  of  its  excellent 
qualities,  and  another  is  the  great  specific  gravity, 
and  consequent  richness  of  its  juice.  This  kind 
therefore,  probably  produced  the  cider,  but  it  ought 
to  have  been  distinctly  mentioned,  as  many  per- 
sons may  understand  by  "  crab  apple"  the  Amer- 
ican crab. 

"  May  3.  Mr.  Neale  presented  Rosa  sangui 
nea."  This  is  only  considered  a  variety  of  Rosa 
indica  by  good  botanists,  but  here  it  is  wrongly 
marked  as  a  distinct  species. 

"  A  perennial  Candituft,  Iberis."  This  account 
will  be  very  obscure  to  such  as  know  not  that 
Candituft  is  the  English,  and  Iberis  the  scientific, 
name  of  the  genus.  The  latter  ought  to  have 
been  in  italics,  and  in  parenthesis. 

"  Mr.  A.  Smith — a  double  flowering  apple." 
Of  what  species  ?  Pyrus  spectabilis  from  China 
is  semidoublc,  and  I  have  a  semidouble  variety  of 
Pyrus  malus,  but  there  may  be  other  kinds.  The 
account  is  therefore  of  little  value. 

"  May  10.  Mr.  Neale  presented  a  handsome 
Ranunculus" — of  what  species  ?  Many  species 
of  Ranunculus,  are  cultivated  and  considered 
"  handsome,"  as  R.  hortensis,  R.  asiaticus,  R.  a- 
conitifolius,  R.  illyricus,  &c.  It  would  be  grati- 
fying to  florists  who  cannot  attend  these  exhibi- 
tions (and  for  such  I  presume  these  accounts  are 
written)  to  be  able  to  discover  the  sorts  of  flow- 
ers which  have  been  presented. 
From  the  Exhibitions  of  the  Albany  Horticultu- 
ral Society. 
"May  17.  Snow  flake  jonquils."  Snow  flake 
as  an  English  generic  name  is  applied  to  the  spe- 
cies of  Lcucojum ;  but  it  ought  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  jonquil  (Narcissus  jonquilla.) 
*  See  Eaton's  Manual  of  Botany. 


"  Spina  futrix."  If  Europeans  judge  of  our 
botanical  attainments  from  the  mutilated  nameF 
which  occur  in  our  periodical  works,  they  musf 
assign  us  low  scats  in  the  temple  of  science.  If 
every  letter  of  such  names,  is  not  written  too 
plain  for  mistake,  for  want  of  a  competent  inspec- 
tor of  the  press,  a  jumble  generally  comes  forth 
Sometimes  an  unskilful  attempt  at  correction  is 
made,  and  then  we  have  "  confusion  worse  con- 
founded." A  few  years  ago,  a  list  of  plants  was 
given  in  Silliman's  Journal,  and  it  appears  that 
the  compositor  mistook  the  u  in  Acorus  (the  gen- 
eric name  of  the  common  calamus)  and  gave  us 
Acorns! 

Prcfcobly  in  our  quotation  Spiraa  frutex  was 
meant,  but  I  have  not  discovered  the  name  after 
searching  for  this  purpose  in  thirteen  botanical 
authors.  I  hope  the  Secretary  of  the  institution 
will  save  us  hereafter  from  the  risk  of  guessing. 

"  A  fine  collection  of  flowers, — from  the  gar- 
den of  Jesse  Buel, — consisting  of —  jacobin."  Is 
this  Senecio  jacobea  of  Linnaeus  1  or  Jacobea(n) 
lily  1  as  it  is  sometimes  called. 

"  Silician  Lilac."  This  is  probably  a  misprint 
for  Siberian,  as  we  know  of  none  hy  the  former 
name. 

I  shall  close  my  criticisms  with  one  more  re 
mark.  The  dogwood  (Piscidia  erythrina)  Gen. 
Parmer  number  23,  is  a  native  of  Jamaica, — a 
hot  house  plant, — and  consequently  is  not  referri- 
ble  to  our  rural  economy.  None  of  the  dogwoods 
(corn  us)  of  this  region  are  considered  poisonous. 

a. 

gj=  Our  correspondent  is  requested  to  continue 
his  remarks  as  occasion  may  require. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer — 

I  perceive  by  various  papers  that  the  important 
question  of  saving  seed  corn  from  the  ravages  of 
the  destructive  crows  is  yet  a  problem. 

I  hope  the  following  experiment  will  carry 
conviction  home  to  the  minds  of  practical  farm- 
ers. E.  WATSON. 
Port  Kent,  (Lake  Champlain,)  June  29, 1831 
Experiment. 
I  planted  two  acres  of  corn  this  spring,  near 
the  haunts  of  crows,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain 
Three-fourths  of  the  seed  corn  was  thus  prepa- 
red : — The  corn  soaked  in  beef  pickle,  containing 
salt  petre,  8  hours  ;  then  added  in  two  ounces  of 
verdigrise  to  each  bushel  of  seed,  and  soaked  part 
of  it  3  hours  longer.    The  residue  was  soaked 
in  beef  pickle  containing  salt  petre  12  hours ;  then 
rolled  in  plaster — the  remains  covered  with  soft 
tar,  then  rolled  in  the  plaster. 

The  result  was,  that  the  crows  made  frequent 
attempts  to  depredate  upon  the  three-fourths  soak  - 
ed  in  copperas  water  as  above.  They  partially 
destroyed  3  or  4  hills,  and  then  abandoned  the  en- 
terprise in  utter  despair.  It  is  now  in  vigorous 
growth.  The  part  soaked  in  brine  and  covered 
with  plaster  was  destroyed  in  toto,  and  replanted 
with  potatoes.  The  part  rolled  in  tar  was  about 
one  half  destroyed.  Comment  will  be  superflu- 
ous, such  being  the  marked  facts  stated  with  cau 
tion. 


By  the  Gentlemen's  Magazine  for  173 1 . 
it  appears  that  the  number  of  newspapers 
then  in  England  was  40 — in  America  2. 
The  number  has  now  increased  in  Eng- 
lang  to  more  than  100.  In  the  U.  States 
the  number  is  probably  more  than  1500 .' 


214 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  9,  1831.. 


SELECTIONS. 


MASS.  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 
At  a  meeting   of  this  Society,  held  June 
18th,  the  following  report    was  made  by  the 
Committee  on  a  garden  of  Experiment  and 
Rural  Cemetery. 

Concluded  from  page  206. 

The  establishment  of  a  Cemetery  in 
connexion  with  the  Gardfn  of  Experi- 
ment, cannot  fail  of  meeting  public  appro- 
bation. Such  rural  burial  places  were  com- 
mon, among  the  ancients,  who  allowed  no 
irave  yards  within  their  cities.  The  Pot- 
ter's Field  without  the  walls  of  Jerusalem, 
and  in  the  Twelve  Tables,  it  was  prescribed 
'that  the  dead  should  neither  be  buried  or 
burned  in  the  city'  of  Rome.  Evelyn 
states,  '  that  the  custom  of  burying  in  chur- 
ches and  near  about  them,  especially  in 
great  cities,  is  a  novel  presumption,  inde- 
cent, sordid  and  very  prejudicial  to  health  ; 
it  was  not  done  among  the  Christians  in  the 
primitive  ages;'  was  forbidden  hy  the  Em- j 
perors,  Gratian,  Valentian  and  Thendosius, 
and  never  sanctioned  until  the  time  of  Greg- 
ory the  Great.  The  Eastern  Christians  do 
not  now  inter  the  dead  within  the  churches. 
During  the  age  of  the  patriarchs  groves  were 
selected  as  places  of  sepulchre.  When  Sa- 
rah died,  Abraham  purchased  '  the  fields  of 
Ephron,  in  Machpelah,  with  all  the  trees 
that  were  therein  and  the  borders  rounda- 
bout, as  a  burying  place,'  and  there  he  buri- 
ed his  wife;  'and  there  they  buried  Abra- 
ham, Isaac,  Rebekah  and  Leah;'  and  when 
Jacob  had  blessed  his  sons,  'he  said  unto 
them,  I  am  to  be  gathered  unto  my  people: 
bury  me  with  my  fathers  in  the  cave  that  is 
in  the  field  of  Ephron.'  Deborah  '  was  bu- 
ried beneath  Beth-el  under  an  oak,'  and  the 
valiant  men  of  Jabesh-gilead  removed  the 
bodies  of  Saul  and  his  sons  from  the  wall 
of  Bethshon  and  'buried  them  under  a  tree.' 
Moses  was  buried  in  'a  valley  in  the  land  of 
Moab;'  Joseph  in  'a  parcel  of  ground  in 
Shechem  :'  Eleazer,  the  son  of  Aaron  'in  a 
hill  that  pertained  to  Phinehas,'  and  Man- 
assah  with  Annon  '  in  the  garden  of  Uz- 
za.' 

The  planting  of  rose-trees  upon  graves  is 
an  ancient  custom  :  Anacreon  says  that 'it 
protects  the  dead  ;'  and  Propertius  indi- 
cates the  usage  of  burying  among  roses. 

Plato  sanctioned  the  planting  of  trees  over 
sepulchres,  and  the  tomb  of  Ariadne  was  in 
the  Arethttsian  Grove  of  Crete.  The  Cat- 
acombs of  Thebes  were  excavated  in  the 
gorges  of  the  forest  clad  hills,  on  the  oppo- 
site bank  of  the  Nile,  and  those  of  Memphis 
were  beyond  the  lake  Acherusia,  from 
whence  the  Grecian  mycologists  derived 
their  fabulous  accounts  of  the  Elysian  fields. 
There  it  was  supposed  the  souls  of  the  vir- 
tuous and  illustrious  retired  after  death,  and 
roamed  through  bowers,  forever  green,  and 
over  meadows  spangled  with  flowers,  and 
refreshed  by  perennial  streams.  In  the 
mountains  near  Jerusalem  were  located  the 
tombs  of  the  opulent  Israelites;  and  in  a 
Garden,  near  the  base  of  Calvary  had  Jo- 
seph, the  Aramathean,  prepared  that  mem- 
orable sepulchre  in  u  hich  was  laid  the  cru- 
cified Mesiah.  The  Greeks  ami  Romans 
often  selected  the  secluded  recesses  of  wood- 
ed heights  and  vales,  as  favorite  places  ol 
interment,  or  the  borders  of  the  great  public 
highways,  where  elegant  monuments  were 
erected,  and  surrounded  with  Cypress  and 
.other  ever  verdant  trees.     Many  <>t  the  rich- 


ly sculptured  sarcophagi  and  magnificent 
tombs,  reared  by  the  once  polished  nations 
of  Asia  Minor  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  numerous  ruined  cities,  on  the 
deserted  coast  of  Karamania. 

The  Athenians  allow  no  burials  within 
the  city.  The  il  ustrious  men,  who  had  ei- 
ther died  in  the  service  of  their  country,  or 
were  thought  deserving  of  the  most  distin- 
guished honors,  were  buried  in  the  Cerami- 
cus, — an  extensive  public  ceinetry  on  the 
road  to  Thria.  Tombs  and  statutes  were 
erected  to  their  memory,  on  which  were  re- 
counted their  praises  and  exploits ;  and  to 
lender  them  familiar  to  all,  to  animate  eve- 
ry citizen  to  a  love  of  virtue  and  of  glory, 
and  to  excite  in  youthful  minds,  an  ardent 
desire  of  imitating  those  celebrated  worthies, 
the  spacious  grounds  were  embellished  with 
trees  and  made  a  public  promenade.  With- 
in the  Ceramicus  was  the  Academy  where 
Plato  and  the  great  men  who  followed  him 
met  their  disciples  and  held  assemblies  for 
philosophical  conference  and  instruction. — 
Connected  with  the  Academy  was  a  Gym- 
nasium and  a  garden,  which  was  adorned 
with  delightful  covered  walks,  and  refresh- 
ed by  the  waters  of  the  Cephisus,  which 
flowed,  under  the  shade  of  the  plain  and  va- 
rious other  trees,  through  its  western  bor- 
ders. At  the  entrance  and  within  the  area 
of  the  garden  were  temples,  altars  and  stat- 
utes of  the  gods. 

The  bodies  of  the  Athenians,  who  had 
fallen  in  battle,  were  collected  by  their 
countrymen,  and  after  they  were  consumed 
on  the  funeral  pile,  their  bones  were  carried 
to  Athens  ;  there  they  were  exposed,  in  cy- 
press coffins,  under  a  large  tent,  for  three 
days,  that  the  relations  might  perform  those 
libations,  which  affection  and  religion  en- 
joined ;  then  they  were  placed  on  as  many 
j  cars,  as  there  were  tribes,  and  the  process- 
ion proceeded  slowly  through  the  city,  to 
the  Ceramicus,  where  funeral  games  were 
exhibited,  and  an  orator  publicly  appoin- 
ted for  the  occasion,  pronounced  an  eulogi- 
nm. 

Even  the  Turks,  who  are  so  opposed  to 
the  cultivation  of  the  fine  alts,  embellish 
their  graveyards  with  evergreens.  With 
them  it  is  a  religious  duty,  to  plant  trees  a 
round  the  graves  of  their  kindred,  and  the 
burying  ground  of  Scutari,  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  objects  in  the  environs  of 
Constantinople.  Situated  in  the  rear  of  the 
town  and  extending  along  the  declivity  of 
the  Asiatic  shore,  towards  the  sea  of  Marmo- 
ra, it  present  a  vast  forest  of  majestic  trees  ; 
and  thither  the  inhabitants  of  the  imperial 
city  generally  resort,  during  the  sultry 
months  of  summer,  to  enjoy  the  cool  breez- 
es, of  the  Euxine,  or  are  wafted  over  the 
waves  of  the  Propontis.  Throughout  Italy, 
France  and  England,  there  are  many  ceme- 
teries which  ate  ornamented  with  forest  trees 
and  flowering  shrubs.  Pere  La  Chaise,  in 
the  environs  of  Paiis,  has  been  admired,  and 
celebrated,  by  every  traveller,  who  has  visit- 
ed that  beautiful  garden  of  the  dead. 

In  Liverpool  a  similar  burying  ground 
was  completed  three  years  since,  and  a  meet- 
ing has  recently  been  held  in  London  for 
forming  one,  in  the  vicinity  of  that  city,  of 
a  size,  and  on  a  scale  of  magnificence, 
!  which  shall  quadrate  with  the  wealth  and 
vast  extent  of  the  mighty  capital  of  a  gi  eat 
nation.  Within  the  central  arena  arc  to  be 
exact  models  of  the  superb  temples,  trium- 
phal arches,  columns  and  public  monuments 


of  Greece  and  Rome,  as  receptacles,  or 
memorials  of  the  departed  worthies  of  the 
empire. 

The  establishment  of  rural  cemeteries  sim 
ilar  to  that  of  Pere  La  Chaise,  has  often 
been  the  subject  of  conversation  in  this 
country,  and  frequently  adverted  to  by  the 
writers  in  our  scientific  and  literary  publica- 
tions. But  few  years  since,  a  meeting 
was  held  in  Boston,  by  many  of  its  most 
respectable  citizens,  for  the  purpose  of  ma- 
turing a  plan  and  forming  such  an  establish- 
ment, in  the  environs  of  the  city.  No  oik 
can  be  indifferent  to  a  subject  of  such  deep 
and  universal  interest.  In  whatever  point 
of  view  it  is  considered,  who  is  there,  that 
does  not  perceive  numerous  and  powerful 
inducements,  for  aiding  in  its  accomplish 
ment  ?  How  consoling  and  pleading  is  the 
thought  that  our  memories  shall  be  cherish- 
ed after  death  :  that  the  spot,  where  our  ash 
es  repose,  shall  be  often  visited,  by  dear  am 
constant  friends;  that  they  will  there  linger,  to 
call  up  the  soothing,  yet  melancholy  remin- 
iscences of  by  gone  times ;  that  the  sod 
which  covers  us,  will  be  kept  ever  verdant; 
that  a  magnificent  forest  will  be  reared  to 
overshadow  our  graves,  by  those  truly  kind 
hands,  which  performed  the  last  sad  offic< 
of  affection;  that  flowers  will  fringe  the  path- 
ways, leading  to  our  lowly  resting  place, 
and  their  fragrance,  mingled  with  the  holi- 
est aspirations  ascend  towards  the  throne  of 
the  Eternal. 

To  those  who  mourn,  what  a  consolation 
to  visit  the  bower-sequestered  monument  of 
a  much  loved  friend,  under  circumstances 
and  with  associations,  so  favorably  calcula 
ted  to  revive  agreeable  recollections  of  the 
past ;  and  when  these  revolting  ideas  are 
excluded,  which  obtrude  upon  the  mind, 
while  standing  in  the  usual  dreary,  desolate 
and  ruinous  repositories  of  the  dead. 

In  a  Rural  Cemetry  the  names  and  vir- 
tues of  the  departed  would  live  in  perpetual 
freshness,  and  their  souls  seem  to  commune 
with  those  who  come  to  do  honor  to  their 
manes.  Thus  would  all  like  to  repose  in 
death  ;  and  who  would  not  deem  it  a  bless- 
ing, to  be  able  to  confer  that  favor  on  a  pa- 
rent, child,  wife,  husband,  or  friend? — 
How  can  this  object  be  so  successfully  ac 
complished  as  in  connexion  with  an  Experi- 
mental Garden?  That  part  of  the  lam! 
which  has  been  recommended  for  a  Ceme- 
tery, may  be  cireuinvallated  by  a  spacious 
avenue,  bordered  by  trees,  shrubbery  and 
perennial  flowers;  rather  as  a  line  of  de- 
marcation, than  of  disconnexion  ;  for  the 
ornamental  grounds  of  the  Garden  should 
be  apparently  blended  with  those  of  the 
Cemetery,  and  the  walks  of  each  so  inter- 
communicate, as  to  alYord  an  uninterrupted 
range  over  both,  as  one  common  domain. 

Among  the  hills,  glades  and  dales,  which 
are  now  covered  with  evergreen,  and  deci- 
duous trees  and  shrubs,  may  be  selected 
sites  for  isolated  graves,  and  tombs,  and 
these  being  surmounted  with  columns,  ohe 
lisks,  and  other  appropriate  monuments  of 
granite  and  marble,  may  be  rendered  inter- 
esting specimens  of  art;  they  will  also  vary 
and  embellish  the  scenery,  embraced  within 
the  scope  of  the  numerous  sinuous  avenues, 
which  may  be  felicitously  opened,  in  all  di- 
rections, and  to  a  vast  extent  from  the  di- 
versified and  picturesque  features,  which 
the  topograph y  of  the  tract  of  land  present! 
Besides  the  great  public  advantages, 
which    will  result,     from  the    Horticultural 


Vol.  1 No.  27 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


215 


departments,  that  portion  of  the  land  which 
may  be  consecrated  to  the  dead,  and  render- 
ed like  the  Elysian  fields  of  the  Egyptians 
a  holy  and  pleasant  resort  for  the  living, — 
the  whole  will  present  one  of  the  most  in 
structive,  magnificent,  and  pleasant  prome 
nades  in  our  country.  From  its  immediate 
nroximity  to  the  Capital  of  the  State,  it  will 
attract  universal  interest,  and  become  a 
place  of  healthful,  refreshing  and  agreeable 
resort,  from  early  spring,  until  the  close  of 
autumn. 

To  accomplish  these  two  great  objects,  it 
is  necessary  that  a  fund  should  be  created, 
immediately,  sufficient  for  the  purchase  of 
the  land,  surrounding  it  with  a  substantial 
fence,  the  erection  of  a  gardener's  lodge, 
laying  out  the  grounds,  and  preparing  them 
for  the  purposes  of  an  Experimental  Garden 
and  a  Cemetery.  That  this  can  be  done, 
your  committee  does  not  entertain  a  doubt, 
and  respectfully  recommend  the  adoption  of 
the  following  measures,  as  best  calculated 
o  insure  success. 

H.  A.  S.  Dearborn, 

For  the  Committee. 

Resolved,  That  the  Report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  an  Experimental  Garden  and 
Rural  Cemetery,  be  accepted  and  that  said 
Committee  be  authorized  to  proceed  in  the 
establishment  of  a  Garden  and  Cemetery  in 
lonformity  to  the  Report  which  has  this  day 
been  made  and  accepted. 

Boston,  June  11,  1831. 


ALBANY    HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY 
Seventh  Exhibition,  July  5,  1831. 

4  large  cucumbers,  1  basket  fine  red  cur- 
rants, 6  baskets  fine  cherries,  of  different 
kinds, — from  the  garden  of  Spencer  Staf- 
ford. 

10  ears  corn,  4  peck  kidney  potatoes,— 
from  the  garden  of  V.  P.  Douw. 

C  roots  blood  beets,  6  roots  carrots,  half 
ueck  string  beans,  3  varieties  of  fine  holly- 
hocks— presented  by  Daniel  Gilbert,  garden- 
er. 

5  baskets  of  fine  cherries,  different  kinds; 
i  baskets  of  fine  raspberries,  different  kinds, 
i— from  the  garden  of  Isaac  Denniston. 

2  heads  early  York  and  one  head  sugar 
ioaf  cabbage,  5  roots  of  Orange  and  2  roots 
Swisschard  beets,  1  bunch  radishes,  second 
growth;  half  a  peck  of  white  and  black  po- 
tatoes, 1  basket  fine  red  currants,  30  large 
rich  flavored  red  gooseberries,  2  cucumbers,  7 
pods  Chinese  peppers,  4  baskets  of  fine 
cherries,  of  different  kinds ;  2  Chaludonian 
lilies,  S  varieties  of  splendid  double  holly- 
hocks, one  of  them  a  beautiful  snow  white  ; 
•t  varieties  of  fine  carnation  pinks, — from 
lit  garden  of  D.  B.  S'iingerland. 

2  varieties  of  fine  double  sweet  Williams, 
■J  varieties  of  single, — from  the  garden  of 
John  Meads. 

16  varieties  of  splendid  double  hollyhocks, 
one  of  them  a  fine  white  with  pink  margin 
and  palmated  foilage  ;  double  white  fever 
few :  double  red  and  white  green  of  the 
meadow ;  double  scarlet  lychnis ;  double 
orange ;  yellowed,  quilled  and  ranunculus 
mangolds,  and  a  fine  single  dahlia, — from 
'he  garden  of  Jesse  Buel. 

5  varieties  of  superb  double  dahlias,  6  va- 
rieties of  double  poppies,  one  of  them  pure 
white  with  pink  margin ;  4  seedling  carna- 
tions, different  colors;  11  varieties  of  splen- 
did hollyhocks,  5  varieties  of  perennial  lark 
spur;  double,  white  and  red  queen  of  the 
meadow  ;  lady's  ear  drop  ;  rose  willow  wort :! 


double  scarlet  lychnis ;  Japanese  three  day 
lily;  double  white  and  blue  bell  flo»er; 
rose  potentilla  ;  blutr  spiked  veronica;  large 
red  mallow,  coriopsis  tinetoria,  and  an  ele- 
gant dark  purple  maurrndia, — from  the  Al- 
bany Nurseri . 

Premiums  were  awarded  to  Spencer  Staf- 
ford on  cucumbers  :  V.  P.  Douw  on  corn 
and  potatoes  :  D.  B.  Slingerland  on  cab- 
bhge,  Albany  Nursery  on  flowers. 


Gooseberries. — Our  annual  present  of 
fine  gooseberries  from  Isaac  McKim,  Esq. 
of  this  city  has  been  received.  As  usual, 
the  fruit  is  excellent,  measuring  from  three 
to  four  inches  in  circumference,  and  of  ex- 
ceedingly rich  flavor.  We  have  also  had 
the  pleasure  of  seeing  some  very  fine  goose- 
berries in  several  of  our  public  gardens,  as  a 
stimulant  to  the  productions  of  which  we 
have  no  doubt  the  successful  example  of  Mr. 
McKim  has  largely  contributed.  At  Sam- 
uel Feast's  garden,  Frederick  road,  we  saw 
several  bushes,  the  fruit  of  which  would 
measure  full  four  inches.  In  its  present  im- 
proved state,  the  gooseberry  is  scarcely  infe- 
rior to  any  fruit  of  the  garden,  and  is  only 
secondary  to  that  of  the  orchard  in  conse- 
quence of  its  brief  season. — Am.  Far. 


Niagara,  (U.  C.)  District  Agricultural 
Society. — Pursuant  to  Notice,  a  general 
meeting  took  place  at  the  Inn  of  Walter  Dit- 
trick,  in  St.  Catharines,on  Saturday  the  11th 
of  June,  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  Officers 
to  serve  the  ensuing  year. 

After  some  desultory  conversation,  it  was 
ascertained  to  be  the  unanimous  desire  of  the 
members  present,  that  George  Adams,  Esq. 
President,  should  be  re-elected,  together 
with  S.  Wood,  Esq.  as  Secretary,  and  Mr. 
John  Gibson,  Treasurer,  to  which  they  at 
length  reluctantly  consented — whereupon  a 
resolution  proposing  the  following  named 
gentleman  as  office  bearers  of  the  Society, 
was  unanimously  adopted,  viz  : 

George  Adams,  President. 

J.  Cummings,  ) 

Adam  Stull,  | 

Doctor  Lefferty,      J.    V.  Presidents. 

Cyrus  Sumner, 

George  Connolly,  ) 

DIRECTORS. 

5  John  Macfarlane, 
\  Joseph  Clement. 

Grantham,  John  Lampman. 

Louth,  John  Clark. 

Clinton,  HTbKeam,' 

(  Adam  Koncle. 

Stamford,  Adam  Lynch. 

Thorold,  George  Marlatt. 

Pelham,  Samuel  Beckett. 

Gainsborotigh,  William  Taylor. 

Bertie,  William  Smith. 


Niagara, 


County  of} 


Haldimdnd;  $        JosePh  YounS' 

Grimsby,  John  Camp. 

Willoughby,  Jacob  Gander. 

Wainfleet,  David  Thompson. 

Resolved,  That  the  meeting  do   now  ad- 
journ, to  meet  again  on  the  second  Wednes- 
day in  July  next,  at  11  o'clock  A.  M.  in  the 
town  of  Niagara,  at  Mrs.  Fish's  Tavern. 
GEORGE  ADAMS,  President. 

Samuel  Wood,  Secretary. 

Prevention  of  the  Mildeio  on  Peach  and 
Nectarine  Trees. — The  following  preventa- 
tive of  the  mildew  on  Peach  and  Nectarine 
Trees  has  simplicity  a»  well  as  the  experi- 

/ 


ence  of  rurany  years,  to  recommend  He- 
Take  of  sulphur  and  rain  or  river  water, 
proportions  of  two  ounces  of  sulphur  to  eve- 
ry four  gallons  of  water.  Put  the  quantity 
which  may  be  required  into  a  copper  or  boi- 
ler, and  let  it  (after  it  commences  boiling) 
boil  for  half  an  hour  :  after  which  it  may  be, 
taken  out,  or  suffered  to  remain  until  it  be- 
comes of  a  tepid  state  when  it  ought  to  be 
applied  to  the  trees  by  means  of  the  garden 
engine  or  syringe,  as  in  a  common  washing 
with  water.  The  timefor  applying  it  is  an- 
nually, as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  set  and  consid- 
ered out  of  danger. — Loudon. 

Description  of  the  Night  Blooming  Cereus 
lately  blooming  in  the  green-house  of  Mr. 
Pepper,  in  Philadelphia.  There  was,  on 
one  evening,  a  magnificent  display  of  eight 
flowers  of  Night  Blooming  Cereus,  viz : 
five  on  one  plant,  two  on  another,  and  one 
on  a  third. 

The  corolla  was  full  six  inches  in  diame- 
ter, with  twenty  stamina,  surrounding  one 
pistillum.  The  inside  of  the  calyx  is  a 
splendid  yellow,  or  bright  sulphur  color ; 
the  petals  of  the  purest  white,  numerous, 
lancet-shaped,  disposed  in  several  rows,  in 
a  beautiful  rocaceous  form,  The  flower 
diffuses  a  slight  pleasant  odour. 

Early  Harvest. — We  understand,  says 
the  Delaware  Press,  that  a  gentleman  in 
New  Castle  Hundred,  commenced  his  har- 
vest on  Saturday  the  18th  inst.  The  wheat 
cut,  had  a  fine  appearance,  of  a  good  height 
and  was  well  filled.  It  was  of  the  kind 
called  rare  ripe. 

Novel  patriotic  contribution. — The  peo- 
ple of  Hayti  have  sent  10,600  pounds  of 
coffee  for  the  benefit  of  the  widows  and 
orphans  of  the  French  patriots  who  fell 
in  the  memorable  3  days  of  July. 

The  editor  of  the  Sentinel,  published 
at  Stamford,  Connecticut,  has  lately 
made  a  hearty  dinner  on  a  black jishxhat 
weighed  Ka  pounds.  When  a  printer  is 
so  fortunate  as  to  get  a  good  dinner,  he 
does  right  to  let  the  world  know  it. 


if  i 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 

far  two  weeks  ending  July  2,  1831. 


a  a 

"  8-2129,4(1 
69  29,55 
8*129,60 
74 I 29,45 
76 1 29,3 
62  29,4 
68J29.60 
58 1 29,60 
60 '29,63 
52l29,73 


S9 


s 

E 
H 

E 

II 
E 
M 

E 
M 

B 
« 
E 

M 
E 
M 

E 
M 
E 
M 

E 

Mi62 
E  58 
M  68 
E|60 
Ml  74 
E  76 
M  82 
E|66 


29,85 
29,75 

29,70 
29,65 
29,75 
39,70 
29,55 
29,45 
19,45 
29,40 
29,37 
29  55 
29,65 
29,68 
29,70 
29,74 
!9,85 
29,85 


a 

[Face  of  the 

te 

Sky. 

Observations 

j  m 

fair 

w 

do 

w 

do 

i  n  e 

do 

1    w 

cloudy 

high  wind  showers 

1  n  e 

ram 

1-10 

1   a 

fair 

id 

cloudy 

e 

do 

rainy 

w 

fair 

n  e 

do 

ne 

do 

n 

do 

ne 

do 

|  n  e 

fair 

e 

cloudy 

s  e 

raio 

1  3-10  inches 

s 

rainy 

1-10 

w 

do 

1-10 

e 

cloudy 

n 

rainy 

1-10 

n  e 

do 

1-10 

n 

fair 

n  e 

do 

s  e 

do 

n  e 

do 

s  w 

do 

c 

do 

tiZTTke  Barometrical  and  Thermometries  observe 
tion3  are  registered  at  10  o'clock  A.M.  and  P.  ]tf.,whic'< 
by  along  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time. 


206 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


July  Q^isn. 


from  Paulson's  American  Daily  Advertiser. 
The  Fellenberg  School,  at  Bolton, 
Bucks  Co.  Pa. 
It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  her*, 
where  the  education  of  youth,  and  the  gen- 
eral diffusion  of  knowledge  are  in  theory, 
and  ought  to  be  in  fact  the  very  basis  of  our 
free  institutions,  so  little  has  been  done  to- 
wards even  an  experiment  of  this  admirable 
mode  of  instruction. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  on  the 
subject.  It  has  been  shown  to  be  fitted  for 
all  classes  and  every  pursuit,  for  giving 
health  and  vigor  to  the  body  no  less  than  to 
the  mind,  and  that  it  is  peculiarly  adapted 
to  the  wants  and  actual  condition  of  Amer-i 
ican  society.  There  has  prevailed  long( 
since  a  universal  concurrence  of  opinion  in 
all  these  particulars,  and  yet  it  has  remained 
little  more  than  an  untried  object  of  admi-; 
ration  and  speculation. 

At  length,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  a  fair  experi- 
ment is  about  to  be  made,  and  in  our  own 
state.  The  school  at  Bolton,  the  healthful 
and  delightful  residence  of  Anthony  Morris,' 
Esq.  is  admirably  situated  for  the  purpose, 
and  under  the  general  superintendence  of 
this  amiable  and  accomplished  gentleman, 
aided  by  the  known  skill  and  experience  of 
a  man  and  scholar  such  as  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Chaderton  and  B.  M.  Ismar,  who  is  practi- 
cally familiar  with  the  Fellenberg  plan, 
with  other  competent  teachers,  we  have  ev- 
ery reasonable  assurance  of  its  success,  so 
far  as  the  ability  of  the  instructors  is  con- 
cerned. 

The  comparative  advantages  and  disad- 
vantages of  public  and  private  education  in 
a  city  and  in  the  country,  have  ever  found 
their  respective  advocates  alike  zealous  and 
confident.  It  is  yet  and  perhaps  will  con- 
tinue to  be  a  debateable  subject.  It  cannot 
be  denied,  however,  that  in  a  city, the  tempt- 
ations to  pleasure  and  to  vicious  pursuits  are 
more  numerous  and  powerful,  and  that  the 
simple  and  healthful  aliments  and  the  pure 
and  wholesome  air  of  the  country  deserve  a 
decided  preference.  For  exercises  in  the 
open  fields  and  rural  employments,  we  are 
beginning  to  substitute  gymnastics,  for  the 
body  confessedly  requires  care  as  well  as  the 
mind.  But  are  these  suited  to  the  strength, 
the  bones  and  muscles  of  boyhood?  It  is 
believed  they  are  not,  and  so  thought  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  It  is  known  that  they 
have  in  some  instances  produced  disease  and 
deformity. 

On  the  Fellenberg  plan,  bodily  exercise 
is  obtained  by  simple.safe  and  natural  means, 
agricultural,  horticultural  and  mechanical 
employment,  at  once  healthful  and  useful 
too.  The  time  expended  in  gymnastics  on 
the  other  hand,  is  just  so  much  abstracted 
from  useful  pursuits — they  teach  nothing 
which  is  to  be  of  future  advantage  or  profit, 
and  it  will  not  be  pretended  that  they  can 
claim  superiority  in  regard  to  the  health  and 
vigor  of  the  human  body. 

Whatever  may  be  the  opinion  of  a  Parent 
on  these  matters,  much  is  gained  by  giving 
him  an  opportunity  of  choice.  He  who,  up- 
on the  whole,  prefers  to  educate  his  son  un- 
der his  own  eye,  or  in  the  city,  and  upon  the 
old  plan,  will  indulge  his  preference  accor- 
dingly— while  the  Parent  who  discovers 
greater  advantages,  as  to  body  and  mind,  in 
an  education  in  the  country,  and  according 
to  the  recent  system,  may  be  gratified. 

As  a  ground  of  encouragement,  we  must 
refer  to  the  success  which  has  attended  the 


Fellenberg  School,  at  Whitesborougb,  O- 
neida  County,  New  York.  It  appears  that 
it  was  begun  some  few  years  since,  it  is  sup- 
posed, with  very  limited  means.  Whether 
it  has  ever  had  the  advantage  of  an  instruc- 
tor, actually  conversant  with  the  system,  we 
know  not,  for  indeed  until  very  lately,  it  has 
scarcely  been  heard  of  beyond  its  immedi- 
ate sphere.  It  commenced  with  six  schol- 
ars only,  and  soon  increased,  to  sixty,  more 
'ban  which  number  cannot  be  accommoda- 
ted. By  the  practice  of  early  rising,  more 
than  the  usual  hours  are  devoted  to  study, 
while  three  hours  of  every  day  are  employ- 
ed between  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  and 
the  Mechanic  Arts.  Unpretending  as  was 
its  origin,  and  circumscribed  as  its  capacity, 
and  although  pains  had  been  taken  to  make 
known  that  the  Institution  was  filled,  five 
hundred  applicants,  it  is  said,  were  necessa- 
rily rejected  last  year,  and  more  than  fifty 
during  the  three  first  months  of  the  present 
year  !  This  speaks  loudly  in  favor  of  the 
system,  even  upon  an  imperfect  and  inade- 
quate trial. 

The  Bolton  Fellenberg  School,  so  advan- 
tageously situated,  upon  a  plan  at  once 
large  and  liberal,  and  under  auspices  which 
leave  nothing  better  to  be  desired,  cannot, 
we  think,  fail  to  receive  countenance  and 
patronage,  sufficient  for  a  full  and  lair  ex- 
periment. We  desire  it,  because  we  believe 
it  tends  more  than  any  other  to  the  advan- 
tage of  the  rising  generation,  and  because 
its  accomplishment  will  afford  a  suitable  re- 
turn to  a  fellow  citizen,  who  has  devoted 
most  of  his  life  to  the  offices  more  gratify- 
ing to  mere  ambition  ;  and  many  years  to 
an  examination  of  this  mode  of  instruction, 
in  which  he  is  thoroughly  initiated,  from  the 
prosperous  establishment  of  which  he  will 
derive,  we  trust,  not  less  honour,  and  we 
will  add,  which  he  least  considers,  more  in- 
dividual advantage.  A  FATHER. 

HARVESTING   OATS. 

It  is  much  the  best  way  to  mow  (not  to 
reap)  oats  when  beginning  to  turn  yellow, 
whether  they  are  wanted  for  fodder,  or  for 
the  oats  with  the  fodder.  I  a  farmer  wants 
to  make  the  most  of  his  oats,  if  they  are 
ever  so  stout,  let  him  mow  them  when  be- 
ginning to  turn  yellow.  Dry  them  well 
thresh  them  as  much  as  he  pleases,  and  his 
cattle  will  eat  the  straw  in  preference  to  the 
best  meadow  hay  ;  and  besides  the  grain 
must  be  brighter  and  heavier  than  if  they 
stand  in  the  field  till  quite  ripe,  and  the 
straw  is  spoiled. — Detroit  Courier. 

The  annual  Fair  of  the  Hamilton  county 
Agricultural  Society,  was  held  on  Wednes- 
day and  Thursday   last,   at  Cartha  e,   and 
[was  very  well  attended.     The  exhibition  of 
'domestic animals  on  Wednesday,  gave  proof 
|  of  increased   attention  on  the  part  of  our 
farmers,   to  one  of  the  most   important  of 
their   duties.     The  exhibition    of  domestic 
manufactures  yesterday,  was  by  no  means 
extensive.     Two  threshing  machines,  one 
new  churn,  an  improved  horse  rake,  and  a 
number  of  other  agricultural  articles  were 
exhibited,   and  most   of  them   were  highly 


as  oil,  gives  a  most  beautiful  light.  It  is 
said  to  be  cheaper  than  gas,and  our  own 
observation  enables  us  to  say  that  it  gives 
a  more  brilliant  light  than  either  oil  or 
gas.  and  is  at  the  same  time  free  from 
their  impurities. — Com-  <§■  Enq. 

Trade  a?id  Commerce  of  New-Orleans. 
— Notwithstanding  the  very  unusual  and 
unprecedented  number  of  vessels,  which 
have  loaded  at  New  Orleans  the  present 
year,  at  the  last  dates  there  was  not  a 
vessel  in  port  unengaged,  although  the 
number  exceeded  200  sail,  making  about 
40,000  tons.  The  stock  of  cotton  on 
hand  for  export,  was  80,000  hhds.  and 
every  other  kind  in  proportion.  If  the 
produce  of  Louisiana  continues  to  in- 
crease for  five  years  to  come,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  last  five  years,  New  Orleans 
will  require  all  the  shipping  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  to  carry  it  to  market. — Cour 
<$•  Enq. 


DISSOLUTION. 

THE  co-partnership  heretofore  existingbetween 
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approved.  General  Harrisons's  address  was 
delivered  at  about  12  o'clock,  to  a  large  and 
attentive  audience,  and  was  heard  with  great 
approbation. 

Valuable.  Improvement. — A  Mr.  Jen- 
nings of  this  city  has  invented  a  prepara- 
tion of  Spirits  of  Turpentine  and  Alco- 
hol,  which  burned  in  the  same   manner 


BOOKS,  STATIONARY,  &C. 

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VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  JULY    16,  1831. 


NUMBER  28. 


PUBLISHED  BY  Ii.  TUCKER.  &.  CO. 

At  tl\e  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
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N.  GOOD3ELL,  EDITOR. 


HARVESTING  GRAIN. 
We  find  that  more  people  are  disposed  to  read 
articles  which  relate  to  the  present  time,  than  to 
(he  past  or  future.     Our  wheat  fields  already  be- 
gin to  remind  us  that  the  time  for  harvesting  is  at 
hand.    The  time  is  an  interesting  one  to  farmers 
who  are  watching  their  fields  with  anxiety.    It 
sometimes  happens  that  in  the  course  of  a  few 
days  their  hopes  are  cut  off,   and  that  instead  of 
tilling  their  barns  with  valuable  grain,they  scarce- 
ly realize  enough  to  pay  the  expense  of  harvest- 
ing.    Although  the  prospects  are  not  as  favorable 
this  season  as  usual,  with  regard  to  wheat  in  our 
neighborhood,  they  are  far  from  discouraging. — 
The  Hessian  fly  has  done  considerable  damage, 
and  from  the  continuation  of  warm  damp  weath- 
er, many  pieces  of  wheat  are  injured  by  the  rust. 
With  regard  to  the  proper  time  for  cutting  Rye 
and  Wheat,  much  has  been  published  in  works 
on  Agriculture,  and  we  believe  it  is  now  general- 
ly admitted  that  grains  designed  for  bread   stuffs 
are  better  when  cut  early  than  when  allowed  to 
stand  until  over  ripe  or  until  the  stock  becomes 
quite  dry.     It  is  held  that  the  skin  of  wheat  that 
is  cut  early  is  not  as  thick  as  that  which  is  allow- 
ed to  stand  and  dry  upon  the  stalk,  and  that  it  will 
o-ive  a  greater  proportion  of  flour.    Many  people 
suppose  that  wheat  which  is  cut  before  the  ker- 
nel getsshard,will  shrink  on  drying.  This  is  not,to 
a  certain  extent,  the  case.    We  have  seen  wheat 
out  when  the  kernels  were  so  soft  as  to  be  easily 
mashed  between  the  fingers,  which  after  drying 
was  as  plump  as  that  from  the  same  field,  which 
was  allowed  to  stand  until  it  became  dry.     This 
subject  should  be  fairly  understood  by  every  farm- 
er, as  on  commencing  his  harvesting  a  few  d?ys 
in  advance,  he  will  be  able  to  do  his  work  with  a 
!ess  number  of  hands,  which  at  this  season  are  in 
^reat  demand.      It  has  been  a  received  opinion 
hat  all  kinds  of  seeds  for  planting   or  sowing 
should  be  fully  ripe ;  but  some  experiments  made 
by  a  friend  of  ours,  goes  much  toward  confuting 
this  theory.      His  experiments  were  made  with 
Indian  com,  and  he  gave  the  preference  to  that 
which  was  picked  as  soon  as  the  kernels  had  be- 
come glazed,  or  too  hard  for  boiling.    He  assured 
rts  that  after  several  experiments  he  found  that 
corn  which  was  picked  early,  when  planted,  not 
only  came  up  one  day  earlier,  but  that  the  plants 
Had  a  more  thrifty  appearance.    We  do  not  know 
why  the  same  rule  will  not  apply  to  wheat.   This 
ieason  may  particularly  invite  to  early  cutting  of 
the  wheat  harvest,  as  many  pieces  are  more  or 
'.ess  attacked  with  the  rust,  and  we  believe  that 
such  wheat  would  often  be  as  plump  if  cut  as 
soon  as  attacked,  as  when  allowed  to  stand  until 
fully  ripe ;  and  if  so,  i.  is  evident  that  the  quality 
Would  be  much  better  in  the  former  case.      But 
his  should  be  determined  by  the  extent  of  the 
rust,  the  state  of  the  weather,  and  the  age  and 
growth  of  the  wheat. 

As  Ihe  rust  appears  to  be  a  parasitic  plant,  which 
•nftrs  mot  in,  and  draws  its  nourishment  from  the 


stalks  of  wheat,  the  humidity  of  the  atmos- 
phere seems  essential  to  its  growth ;  therefore, 
wheat  of  a  rank  growth,  where  the  pores  of  the 
stalks  are  more  open  and  shaded,  the  rust  increa- 
ses with  more  rapidity,  than  where  the  growth  is 
slower,  and  the  stalks  not  so  thickly  set.  When 
the  weather  is  comparatively  cool,  the  rust  docs 
not  increase  with  the  same  rapidity  as  when  war- 
mer, and  grounds  in  an  open  and  airy  situation 
are  not  as  subject  to  it  as  those  in  low  pent  up 
situations. 

The  objections  which  were  formerly  made  a- 
gainst  cutting  grain  early,  viz :  "  that  it  was  more 
difficult  to  thresh,"  is  now  done  away  by  the  in- 
troduction of  threshing  machines  j  and  the  straw 
for  feeding  to  cattle,  particularly  oat  straw,  is 
much  better  for  being  cut  early.  Therefore  we 
invite  the  attention  of  farmers  to  the  subject. 


tabaga,  said  to  be  a  fine  late  keeping  turnip,  but 
we  have  not  seen  it  growing.  To  those  who  only 
cultivate  small  pieces,  we  would  recommend  to 
sow  them  in  drills,  and  to  hoe  them,  as  they  may 
then  be  sown  thick,  and  pulled  out  when  hoed, 
after  the  small  insects  have  done  eating  them. — 
By  this  method  there  is  more  certainty  of  a  crop., 
than  when  sown  at  broad  cast. 


DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  WHEAT. 
We  again  invite  the  Farmers  of  Old  Gene 
see  to  make  observations  upon  the  different 
kinds  of  wheat  cultivated  by  them,  particularly 
where  they  have  more  than  one  kind  growing  in 
the  same  field,  where  the  cultivation  has  been  the 
same,  and  a  similarity  in  soil.  Should  they  com- 
mence those  observations  during  harvest,  it  is  ho- 
ped that  the  subject  of  profit  from  sowing  various 
kinds  of  wheat,  may  be  fairly  made  known  be- 
fore the  next  seeding  time.  We  shall  be  glad  to 
receive  communications  from  practical  men  as  to 
the  time  of  ripening,  quantity  of  straw  and  wheat, 
whether  and  how  it  was  affected  by  the  rust  or 
Hessian  fly ;  in  short,  all  the  particulars  that 
would  be  desirable  to  communicate  to  those  who 
are  wishing  to  cultivate  the  most  profitable  varie- 
ty, and  thus  to  give  each  reader  the  benefit  of  the 
experiments  of  others. 

TURNIPS. 
Turnips  are  rather  an  uncertain  crop ,  but  when 
the  sowing  of  them  is  attended  with  success,  they 
are  profitable  to  a  certain  extent,  and  add  much  to 
the  variety  of  the  table.  Farmers  should  not  for- 
get the  old  adage — 

'The  twenty-fifth  of  July 
Sow  Turnips— wet  or  dry." 

As  this  time,  which  has  been  found  to  corres- 
pond with  this  climate.is  at  hand,  those  who  have 
land  calculated  for  this  crop,  might  devote  some 
wet  day  during  haying  or  harvest  to  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  small  piece  of  ground,  to  advantage 

We  find  the  crop  to  succeed  best  upon  new  land 
which  is  of  a  deep  black  soil,  rather  damp  than 
otherwise.  Next  to  this,  sward  land  which  has 
lain  several  years  in  grass  of  good  strength  of  soil 
is  to  be  preferred.  If  such  soil  is  free  from  stone 
and  roots,  and  can  be  turned  over  flat  with  the 
plow,  it  is  desirable.  After  which  it  may  be  made 
fine  upon  the  top,  with  the  drag,  which  often 
proves  as  well  for  the  crop  as  when  the  ground  is 
made  fine  by  cross  plowing.  The  kinds  of 
turnips  we  would  recommend  for  sowing  are,  The 
White  Globe,  Tankard,  Norfolk  and  flat  Malta. 
The  latter  is  a  yellow  turnip,  with  a  firm  flesh, 
and  keeps  late,  and  is  one  of  the  handsomest  va- 
rieties we  have  seen,  and  seems  well  adapted  to 
this  climate.  There  is  also  a  new  hibrid  turnip, 
which  is  a  cross  between  the.  Globe  and  the  Ru- 


HORSES  SLOBBERING. 
At  litis  season  of  the  year,  when  the  weather  is 
warm,  and  the  earth  moist,  horses  feeding  in  pas- 
tures are  often  salivated  to  that  extent  that  it  ren- 
ders it  very  disagreeable  being  near  them,  and 
instead  of  gaining  flesh  they  lose  it  very  fast. — 
The  cause  of  this  salivation  has  been  ascribed  to 
their  eating  a  plant  which  grows  in  moist  ground, 
called  Labclia.  We  conclude  this  is  not  the  caust 
of  this  complaint,  as  we  do  not  know  of  any  an- 
imals but  Quacks  who  are  fond  of  it.  If  this  was 
the  true  cause  of  it,  why  do  not  horses  slobber  in 
dry  cool  weather,  when  the  grasses  are  not  grow- 
ing as  rapidly,  or  even  in  damp  weather,  when 
feeding  in  pastures  newly  stocked  down  with  tim- 
othy grass.  If  a  horse,  which  is  troubled  with 
this  complaint,  is  turned  into  such  pasturage,  the 
complaint  is  soon  stopped.  The  salivation  is  un- 
doubtedly produced  by  eating  white  clover  when 
it  is  very  full  of  juice  j  and  changing  the  food  is 
the  proper  preventive.  A  baiting  of  hay  or  oats 
in  common  cases  will  answer,  or  in  extreme  ones 
change  the  pasture  as  mentioned  before,  and  it 
will  soon  cease. 


INOCULATING. 
During  this  month  Horticulturists  should  at- 
tend to  inoculating  their  cherries.  As  this  fruit 
ripens  early,  the  wood  also  makes  a  correspond- 
ing growth,  and  those  who  wish  to  succeed  well 
in  cultivating  them  by  inoculation,  should  do  it 
early  in  July,  and  be  careful  to  select  wood  buds, 
which  may  be  known  by  their  shape,  as  they  are 
not  as  round  as  flower  buds,  which  if  set  would 
only  produce  short  spurs. 


RAIN  AT  THE  SOUTH. 

From  the  swollen  and  muddy  appearance  of  our 
River,  there  must  have  been  heavy  showers  in  the 
counties  at  the  south  lying  on  the  Genesee.  The 
Dansville  paper  states,  that  the  weather  has  been 
wet  for  three  weeks  past,  and  fears  are  entertain- 
ed that  the  wheat  will  rust.  The  Geneseo  Regis- 
ter states,  "  there  is  a  great  want  of  laborers  to  se- 
cure the  abundant  crops  of  hay  and  wheat ;  and, 
that  there  are  fears  that  without  help  is  speedily 
obtained,  some  of  the  grain  will  return  again  to 
the  ground."  We  are  also  fearful,  that  the  very 
hot  weather  now  prevailing,  will  make  bad  work 
among  lodged  grain.  We  are  also  not  without, 
our  fears,  that  the  lots  of  funds  put  into  the  pock- 
ets of  the  fanners  for  the  last  year's  crop,  by  the 
Millers,  will  make  too  many  gentlemen  farmers, 
for  the  successful  prosecution  of  agricultural  oper- 
ations.    Does  not  Poor  Richard  say, — 

"  He  that  by  the  Plough  would  thrive, 
Himself  must  either  hold  or  drive." 

100  steam  engines  are  now  in  operation  in  Phi 
ladelphia  city  and  Liberties,  60  of  which  are  driv- 
en by  anthracite  cogl. 


218 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  16,  1831 


TOADS. 

There   are  few  parts  of  the  animal  creation 
that  are  looked  upon  with  more  contempt  than 
toads ;  and  yet  they  are  capable  of  ministering  to 
the  comfort  and  convenience  of  man.     One  rea- 
son why  we  look  upon  them  with  so  much  con- 
tempt is,  that  we  form  our  opinions  of  them,  as 
we  are  too  apt  to  do  with  our  own  species,  alto- 
gether by  outward   appearances,   without  inqui- 
ring into  their  good  or  bad  qualities.     We  con- 
fess that  there  is  nothing  very  inviting  in  the  out-  j 
ward  appearance  of  one  of  these  animals ;  but 
when  we  make  ourselves  more  acquainted  with 
their  habits,  our  dislike  of  them  ceases,  for  in  this 
it  is  as  in  politics — we  laud  that  man  who  is  wor- 
king for  us,  whom  wewould  treat  with  contempt 
in  another  situation.     Toads,  during  the  summer 
months  feed  almost  entirely  upon  insects,  and  in 
the  ordinary  course  of  their  feeding  the  number  de- 
stroyed is  quite  considerable.     Mr.  Bradley,  in 
his  Treatise  on  Husbandry  and  Gardening.states 
that,  a  pair  of  sparrows,   during   the   time  they 
have  their  young,  destroy  3,300  caterpillars  each 
vei  k,  or  '240  for  eacli  bird  daily.       Now  if  we 
make  comparison  between  the  size  of  a  toad  and 
a  sparrow,  and  allow  that  a  given  weight,  of   ei- 
ther requires  a  given  quantity  of  food  for  a  certain 
period,  we  must  suppose  that  the   number  of  in- 
sects devoured  by  toads  is  very  great.     We  have 
frequently  seen  it  recommended  to  put  toads  in 
gardens  to  preserve  young  cucumber  plants  from 
the  striped  bug.     They  are  not  effectual  for  that 
purpose,  as  the  bug  does  most  damage  during  the 
heat  of  the  day ;  at  which  time  the  toad  either 
burrows  himself  in  the  ground,  or  seeks  some  o- 
ther  retreat  from  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

They  are,  however,  very  useful  at  the  same 
time  for  other  purposes.  The  brown  worms 
which  destroy  the  cabbage  plants,  do  their  mis- 
chief in  the  night,  at  which  time  the  toads  are  on 
the  alert ;  and  if  a  sufficient  number  of  them  are 
put  in  a  garden,  they  will  protect  the  cabbage. — 
But  it  is  during  the  months  of  July  and  August 
that  these  animals  will  be  found  of  the  greatest 
use  to  trie  gardener.  Although  the  melon,  cu- 
cumber and  squash  vines  during  these  months, 
are  of  that  size  that  the  yellow  bugs  cannot  en- 
tirely destroy  them,  yet  they  continue  to  feed  and 
Siultiply  upon  them  in  a  compound  ratio,  and  in 
this  neighborhood  the  large  black  brown  bugs 
often  become  so  numerous  upon  squashes  as  en- 
tirely to  check  the  growth  of  the  vines.  Where 
gardens  are  fenced  with  boards  and  tight,  a  few 
toads  put  in  will  entirely  destroy  those  bugs, 
which  if  left  would  be  sure  to  appear  in  an  abun- 
dance the  following  spring. 

It  lias  been  recommended  to  place  small  pieces 
of  boards  about  one  inch  from  the  ground,  suppor- 
ts ii  upon  small  stones,  in  that  quarter  of  the  gar- 
den where  the  labors  of  these  animals  are  want 
ed,  as  they  will  take  shelter  from  the  sun,  under 
them  ;  but  after  cabbage  leaves  have  attained  their 
size,  they  afford  them  sufficient  covering. 

It  is  of  as  much  importance  and  benefit  to  the 
succeeding  crop  that  insects  should  be  destroyed 
as  weeds,  for  although  insects  arc  furnished  with 
wings,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  they  deposit 
their  eggs  near  tin;  place  where  they  feed,  as  we 
frequently  observe  that  fields  which  have  beer!  a 
few  years  in  grass,  when  ploughed  and  planted 
hvim  ,  that  they  are  not  eaten  with  bugs  al- 


though contiguous  to  gardens  or  old  fields  where 
they  are  very  injurious. 


DOMESTIC  ECONOMY. 
There  is  not  one  point  of  Domestic  Economy 
that  requires  a  more  rigid  inspection  and  superin- 
tendance  among  our  farmers  than  the  dress  of 
his  family.  A  suitable  attention  to  dress  is  at  all 
times  commendable,  but  in  order  that  this  atten- 
tion may  be  properly  applied,  a  suitable  educa- 
tion should  be  given  to  children  in  regard  to  it. — 
Although  the  particular  fashion,  so  far  as  regards 
the  cut  of  a  garment,  may  be  constantly  chang- 1 
ing,  yet  there  are  some  general  rules  with  regard 
to  dress,  which  abide  for  ages.  As  our  Tailors 
are  constantly  puffing  off  their  goods,  as  London 
fashions,  the  following  extract  from  the  London 
Weekly  Times,may  give  us  some  idea  of  the  taste 
of  that  metropolis  : — 

"  It  is  somewhat  singular  that  the  passion 
for  dress  among  males,  is  almost  exclusively 
confined  to  tradesmen  and  persons  in  the  low- 
er ranks  of  lift.  There  are  no  people  in  the 
world  who  dress  so  plainly  as  the  House  of 
Peers  and  House  of  Commons.  Indeed, 
there  are  but  few  members  of  these  august 
bodies,  whom  a  Fleet-street  shopman  would 
not  turn  up  his  nose  at  in  the  street.  There 
are  many  people  who  are  not  yet  aware  thai 
in  good  society  it  is  considered  a  mark  of 
vulgarity  to  be  dressed  particularly  well." 


has  been  the  same  in  Baltimore,  and  as  far 
as  we  have  heard  from  in  all  directions, 
| there  is  little  hope  that  the  other  Eastec 
Shore  counties  have  fared  better  than  Dor- 
chester. The  wheat  harvest  in  Baltimore 
and  the  upper  counties,  has  not  generally 
commenced,  and  we  have  a  hope  that  the 
weather  will  clear  up  in  time  for  it.  After 
all  that  has  been  said  of  the  depredations  of 
the  fly,  frost,  t*k.c.  we  believe  that,  favoured 
with  a  good  harvest  time,  the  wheat  crop  of 
1831,  in  the  upper  counties  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  will  be  at  least  equal  to  that 
of  any  former  year. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  we  have  seer, 
a  gentleman  who  was  in  Kent  county  on 
Monday  last.  He  represents  the  state  of 
the  weather  and  the  crops  as  being  most  dis- 
tressing. He  saw  the  wheat  standing  in 
shocks,  and  having  the  appearance  of  green 
grass — so  completely  had  it  become  '  crown.' 
We  have  no  hope  for  the  safety  of  any  of 
the  Eastern  Shore  wheat — how  much  further 
the  disaster  has  extended,  remains  yet  to  be 
seen.  At  present  there  appears  no  more 
prospect  of  fair  weather  than  there  was  a 
week  ago,  and  if  it  continues  thus  much  lon- 
ger, even  the  wheat  that  remains  standing 
will  hardly  be  worth  harvesting. — ,4m.  Far, 


SPESUTIA    FARM. 

The  farm,  which  is  the  subject  of  the  pres- 
ent   article,  belongs    to    Mr.  W.  Smith,  of 
Baltimore,  Maryland.     The  account,  which 
In  the  streets  of  London  the  style  of  dress  j!  we    take  from  the    American  Farmer,    can 
is  an  indication  of  the  character  of  females,  j  not  fail  of  being  read  with  interest  by  farm 
—those   of  character  and    fortune  may  be    e.rs-  /One  of  the  leading  principles  on  which 
seen  in  rich   and  ehaste  attire  ;  while  those 


who  have  renounced  every  claim  to  decency 
are  fluttering  in  all  the  glare  of  frippery.and 


this  farm  i=  conducted,  is  not  employing  an 
overseer,  by  which  an  expense  of  £500  is 
saved.  Mr.  Smith  has  found  the  conse- 
quence of  not  trusting  his  farm    to  the  man  - 


of  their  finery  for  the  remainder  of  their 
days.  We  believe  that  there  .ire  but  few 
exceptions  to  the  rule,  "  that  those  who  are 
passionately  fond  of  dress,  are  people  of 
small  minds  and  low  breeding.*' 


iof  what  in  some  parts  of  America  would  be  iagement    of  an  overseer,    to  be  an  increase 
called   fashion.     If  our   young  ladies  could \\oi  i,s    productions.     The    experiment    is  a 
but  once   anticipate  the  opinion   of  a  well  st"*'nS    Stance  of    what  may    be  acenru 
,  ,  ,        !' pushed    by    systematic    regulations.       We 

bred  foreigner,  who  may  chance  to  see  them   consider  a  description  of  farms  to  be  among 
in  their  prettiest,  we  should  think  it  would:  the  most  useful  topics  for  agri  ulturists:  and 
be  sufficient  to  disrobe  them  of  three-fourths  |j  we   should  be  happy  to    have    communica- 
tions on  the  subject. — Nexe-York  Farmer. 

1st.  The  farm  is  situated  at  the  distance 
of  about  thirtyfive  miles  from  the  residence  of 
the  owner.  This  circumstance  alone  would 
seem  to  render  an  overseer  indispensably 
necessary.  To  dimish  the  evils  of  so  great 
a  distance,  he  has  established  an  invariable 
rotation  of  crops,  and  a  systematic  arrange- 
ment of  all  the  various  operations  of  the 
farm.  With  such  uniform  regularity,  as  to 
time,  altered  only  by  casualties,  are  the 
several  pieces  of  work  begun  and  ended  eve- 
ry year,  that  in  visiting  his  farm,  he  knows 
to  a  moral  certainty,  in  what  particular 
work  he  will  find  his  people  employed,  what 
progress  they  have,  or  ought  to  have  made 
in  the  general  business,  and  of  course  what 
are  the  indications,  if  any,  of  negligence  or 
idleness.  All  this,  it  is  obvious,  evinces,  on 
the  part  of  the  negroes,  vigilance  and  indus- 
try. 

2d.  The  farm  consists  of  150  acres  of 
rich  upland,  and  of  about  550  acres  re- 
claimed marsh,  which  >s  >n  progress  of  be' 
ing  drained.  That  portion  of  the  upland 
which  is  under  cultivation,  is  divided  into 
live  equal  fields  of  70  acres  each.  The 
course  of  rotation  is  corn,  oats,  wheat,  clover, 
wheat ;  a  system  too  severe,  were  it  not  for 
the  abundant  supply  of  manure  every  spring 
and  autumn.  The  field  in  corn  is  manured 
throughout   every  spring,    and    the  field  in 


FLORAL  CALENDAR. 
July  I5t!i. 
There  are  but  few  flowers  at  this  season  that 
would  serve  to  denote  the  advance  of  vegetation, 
if  mentioned. 

Wheat  is  nearly  fit  for  harvesting — Cum  is 
coming  into  blossom  in  the  fields, — some  of  the 
early  kinds  raised  in  gardens  fit  for  boiling. 


Baltimore,  July  8. 
The  Weather  and  the  Harvest — For 
eight  or  ten  days  past,  we  have  had  most 
unfavorable  weather  for  the  harvest,  it  hav- 
ing been  rainy  or  cloudy  during  the  whole 
of  that  time.  In  all  the  southern  and  east- 
ern shore  counties  of  Maryland  and  Virgin- 
ia, the  harvest  had  just  commenced  as  the 
rain  set  in  ;  and,  so  far  as  we  have  heard, 
the  result  has  been,  or  will  be,  most  disas 

lions. 

The  following  letter  from  one  of  the  most 
extensive  farmers  in  Dorchester  county, Md. 
will  give  an  idea  of  the  state  of  the  harvest 
in  thai  county.     As  the  state  of  the  weather 


Vol.  1.— No.  28. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


2J9 


■wheat  which  is  on  he  oat  stubble,  is  manur- 
ed partially  every  fall.  The  accumulating, 
the  hauling  and  the  spread  of  such  a  large 
quantity  of  manure  require  unceasing  zeal 
and  industry. 

3d.  To  get  out  the  wheat,  oats,  and  clo- 
ver seed,  there  is  a  cstly  threshing  machine, 
which  necessarily  requires  the  utmost  vigi- 
lance. 

4th.  The  whole  cro;i  of  wheat,  and  part 
of  the  crops  of  corn,  and  oats,  are  sent  every 
year  by  water  to  the  owner  in  Baltimore; 
io  are  also  sent,  from  lime  to  time,  beef, 
hams,  butter,  and  various  other  articles  for 
the  table. 

5th.  The  operations  of  ploughing,  har- 
rowing, and  hauling  are  performed  by  breed- 
ing mares,  whish  have  been  selected  with  a 
view,  not  only  to  their  work,  but  to  the  val- 
ue of  their  progeny.  From  them  there  are 
now  on  the  farm  many  colts  of  various  ages, 
the  sales  of  which  constitute  a  clear  annual 
gain  over  and  above  the  profit  accruing  from 
the  labor  of  their  dams.  These  colts  are 
served  by  a  full  blooded  horse,  owned  by 
Mr.  S.  In  the  place  of  this  horse  has  been 
purchased  this  spring  a  beautiful  stallion  of 
the  trotting  breed,  a  colt  of  the  celebrated 
Fagdown. 

Cth.  Besides  these  working  mares,  there 
are  two  full  blooded  valuable  Virginia 
mares,  and  three  colts  from  them — one  a 
much  admired  two  years  old  filly,  from  a  fa- 
vorite son  of  the  New  York  Eclipse,  and  the 
other  two  are  foals  of  this  spring  from  the 
Virginia  horse  Monsieur  Tonson.  These 
eolts  are  also  intended  for  sale  as  part  of 
the  profits  of  the  farm. 

7th.  To  this  stock  of  neat  cattle,  a  cross 
of  the  Holstein  and  Bakewell,  there  has 
6een  recently  added  a  bull  and  two  cows  of 
the  improved  Durham  short  liorn  breed. 

8th.  On  the  north  side  of  a  long  line  of 
stables,  sheds  and  barracks,  are  three  con- 
venient grass  lots,  and  on  ihe  south  side 
there  are,  besides  the  stack  yard,  three  spa- 
cious yards  with  a  few  subdivisions  for  the 
accommodation  of  every  variety  of  stock. — 
The  full  blooded  mares,  the  working  maTas, 
the  neat  cattle,  the  colts  and  calves  are, 
during  the  winter,  kept  in  these  stables  and 
sheds,  and  in  the  yards  and  lots  thereto  at- 
tached; and  they  are  duly  supplied  with 
water  from  a  pump  with  troughs  so  arran- 
ged as  to  suit  the  several  yards  and  lots. — 
The  neat  cattle  are  occasionally  fed  on  long 
necked  winter  squashes,  turnips,  and  pota- 
toes. In  addition  to  these  articles  of  green 
food  they  will  the  ensuing  winter,  have  cow 
cabbages  and  carrots  both  raised  in  the 
field.  In  the  cultivation  of  carrots,  Mr.  S. 
has  adopted,  by  way  of  trial,  the  plan  rec- 
ommended in  a  number  of  the  American 
Farmer  of  March  last.*  And  accordingly 
on  an  acre  of  ground,  sowed  with  the  usual 
quantity  of  flaxseed,  he  has  sowed,  this 
spring,  a  quart  of  carrot-seed.  Should  this 
experiment  answer,  his  cultivation  of  car- 
rots will  hereafter  be  every  year  co-exten- 
sive with  his  flax  ground. 

9th.  The  great  extent  of  his  rich  outside 
pasturage  and  the  great  abundance  of  his 
winter  provender,  enable  him  to  maintain, 
Cesides  other  live  stock,  a  vast  number  ofi 
mares,  colts,  cows  and  calves,  which  of 
course  require  untiring  assiduity  at  all  sea 
sons  and  especially  in  winter. 

10th.  Such  is  the   attention  of   this  farm 


*  In  an  article  copied  from  Ibis  paper,  far  which  see 
jaee  4a-, 


to  domestic  manufactures  that  no  part  of 
the  bedding  or  of  the  clothing  o  the  peo 
pie,  except  their  shoes  and  hats,  is  purcha- 
sed. 

11th.  The  ice-house,  built  by  the  negroes 
themselves,  is  every  year  so  carefully  filled 
as  to  keep  the  ice  in  a  state  of  high  prcerv- 
ation  throughout  the  whole  season. 

12th.  The  apricot  and  plumb  trees  are 
along  the  fence  on  one  side  of  the  lane  lea- 
ding to  the  dwelling.  They  are  protected 
by  a  parallel  temporary  fence,  made  so  as  to 
admit,  the  hogs  and  exclude  the  cattle. — 
And  as  the  apricots  and  plums  of  these 
trees  do  not  fall  but  ripen  every  year  unless 
destroyed  by  frost,  their  preservation  is  at- 
tributed to  the  good  offices  of  the  hogs. 

13th.  The  peach  and  pear  trees  are  pre- 
served by  a  very  simple  process.  As  soon 
as  the  leaves  of  a  tree  begin  to  curl  or 
change  their  color,  the  dirt  is  removed  from 
the  roots  to  the  distance  of  about  12  or  18 
inches  from  the  stem  of  the  tree.  The  roots 
are  carefully  scraped  and  every  part  wound- 
ed by  the  insects,  or  at  all  discolored  is  cut 
out  and  the  incision  made  smooth  by  a 
sharp  knife.  All  the  roots  are  then  plaster- 
ed with  a  thick  coat  of  fresh  cow  dung,  upon 
this  coat  of  dung  are  put  fresh  hickory  ash- 
es enough  to  fill  the  hole.  The  dirt  dug 
out  ii  thrown  aside,  so  that  the  surface  a- 
round  the  tree  is  altogether  of  ashes. 

This  enumeration  of  particulars  has  been 
here  set  forth  for  the  purpose  of  showing 
the  multifarious  matters,  requiring  circum- 
spection and  forethought,  which,  for  a  se- 
ries of  years,  have  been  advantageously 
committed  to  the  care  of  negroes,  and  for 
the  further  purpose  of  calling  attention  to 
the  practical  details  in  the  management  of 
a  farm,  which,  for  sometime,  has  been  grad- 
ually improving,  as  is  indicated  by  its  gen- 
eral appearance  and  by  the  progressive  aug- 
mentation and  amelioration  of  its  produc- 
tions of  every  nature  and  kind. 


From  the  New-YorU  Farmer. 

SHALLOW  SOWING— DEFECT  IN 
HARROWS. 

In  nature  there  is  scarcely  any  other  pro- 
vision made  for  sowing  seed,  than  by  scat- 
tering them  on  the  surface  of  the  ground 
principally  by  the  aid  of  winds.  One  lead- 
ing fact  may  be  inferred  from  this  circum- 
stance— that  although  many  seeds  sown  do 
not  germinate,  yet  the  depth  to  which  those 
become  covered  that  do  grow,  must  be  very 
inconsiderable.  This  fact  is  in  accordance 
with  the  observation  and  experiments  of  ag 
riculturists.  They  have  found  that  plants 
which  are  planted  deep  come  up  more  slow- 
ly and  sickly,  and  produce  less  abundantly 
than  those  that  are  planted  at  a  proper  depth. 
For  most  kinds  of  seeds  one  inch  is  a  suffi- 
cient depth  ;  and  in  moist  favorable  weath- 
er half  an  inch.  But  the  greater  part  of 
grain  sown  in  this  country  varies  from  the 
smallest  part  of  an  inch  to  three  or  four  inch- 
es in  the  same  field.  The  consequence 
must  be  a  very  great  difference  in  the  time 
of  coming  up,  and  in  the  vigor  of  the  plant. 
On  this  subject,  F.  Von  Veght,  a  German 
writer,  thus  speaks. 

"  I  remarked  also,  that  not  only  in  the 
peasants'  fields,  but  also  in  mine,  the  corn 
always  sprang  up  unequally,  and  this  not 
only  as  regarded  the  length  or  shortness  of 
the  time  in  which  it  became  visible,  but  al- 
so with  respect  to  the  strength  and  fullness 
of  (he  plant.    Hitherto  I  had    ascribed  this 


to  inequality  in  the  germinating  power  of 
the  seeds,  since  seeds  sown  close  together, 
and  under  precisely  the  same  circumstan- 
ces, had  brought  forth  very  weak  and  power- 
ful plants.  I  thought  also  that  some  dis- 
ease had  hindered  the  corn  in  its  unfolding, 
or  that  it  might  have  suffered  from  worms. 
Turning  my  attention  to  the  point  in  conse- 
quence of  what  Burger  said  about  it,  I  took 
up  out  of  many  fields  plants  of  the  rye  and 
barley  which  showed  this  difference,  and 
found,  almost  without  exception,  that  all 
the  strongly  growing  plants  were  covered 
with  very  little  earth,  and  that  the  seeds  of 
all  the  weak  plants  were  from  one  and  a 
half  to  three  inches  from  the  surface.  Each 
had  shot  out  many  little  roots,  and  at  the 
same  time  with  the  opening  of  the  seed- 
leaves  the  coronal  leant  had  formed  itself 
immediately  above  the  soil ;  roots  and  small 
shoots  richly  and  strongly,  and  quite  con- 
temporaneously, and  in  nearly  like  propor- 
tion, sprouted  out ;  even  on  the  same  side 
where  a  crown  (main  ?)  root  penetrated  into 
the  earth  arose  a  new  shoot.  The  broad 
fresh  leaves  promised  to  afford  mu,ch  nour- 
ishment to  the  plants  from  the  atmosphere, 
and  thereby  to  occasion  a  vigorous  growth. 
How  was  it  with  regard  to  the  more  deeply 
sown  seed?  The  little  roots  were  few  in 
number,  and  weakly  ;  from  the  seed  a  small 
whitish  pipe,  from  one  to  two  inches  in 
length,  had  sprung  to  the  surface  :  the  cor- 
onal knot  formed  itself  on  the  surface,  but 
with  only  a  few  meagre  leaves,  and  one  sol- 
itary ear  alone  expanded  thereon." 

From  the  above,  it  can  be  readily  seen, 
that  harrows  in  common  use  do  not  cover 
the  seed  to  a  uniform  depth,  but  on  the  con- 
trary vary  it  from  the  slightest  possible  cov- 
ering to  that  of  three  or  four  inches.  If  the 
health,  vigor,  and  productiveness  of  the 
plant  depend  so  much  on  the  proper  depth, 
we  should  suppose  it  of  primary  consequence 
that  no  expense  be  spared  in  constructing 
suitable  harrows,  and  bringing  the  soil  to  a 
proper  degree  of  pulverization  and  even- 
ness. — — — 

Agave  Americana. — At  a  late  meeting  of 
the  New-York  Horticultural  Society,  Mr. 
Saltus  presented  an  Agave  Americana  and 
a  specimen  of  the  Hemp  manufactured 
from  it,  accompanied  by  the  following  let- 
ter. 

Port  au  Prince,  May  3d,  1831. 

Sir — Referring  to  my  respects  of  the  20th 
tilt.  I  have  the  pleasure  now  to  forward  you 
per  brig  Onslow,  the  plants  you  requested. 
Kegs  could  not  be  procured,  but  I  hope  they 
will  arrive  equally  safe  as  they  are. 

The  mode  used  for  preparing  this  grass 
or  hemp  for  market  is  very  simple — a  piece 
of  timber  similar  to  that  used  by  curriers  in 
cleaning  skins  at  a  certain  period  of  the 
process  of  tanning,  is  arranged ;  the  green 
leaves  or  shoots  are  placed  on  it,  and  with  a 
piece  of  hard  wood,  formed  something  like 
a  drawing  knife,  an  end  in  each  hand,  the 
green  and  juicy  substance  is  rubbed  off; 
the  white  fibres  remain  and  only  require 
drying  to  be  fit  for  sale. 

Should  these  roots  get  to   hand  in  good 
order,  I  beg  your   acceptance  of  them,  and 
am,  very  respectfully,  your  obliged  servant, 
H.  PHELPS. 
N.  Saltus,  Esq.  New  York. 


If  we  did  penance  for  our  own  sins,  instead  of 
castigating  those  of  our  neighbors,  the  world 
would  improve  faster. 


220 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  16,  183  i 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

"  If  brush'd  from  Russian  wilds,  a  cutting  gale 

Rise  not,  and  scatter  from  his  humid  wings 

The   clammy  mildew  ;  or,  dry  blowing,  breathe 

Untimely/ros/, before  whose  baleful  blast  [shrinks 

The  full-blown  Spring  through  all  her  foliage 

Joyless  and  dead,  a  wide  dejected  waste. 

For  oft,  engendered  by  the  hazy  North, 

Myriads  on  myriads,  insect  armies  warp 

Keen  in  the  poisoned  breeze  ;  and  wasteful  cut 

Through  buds  and  bark,  into  the  blackened  core 

Their  eager  way.     A  feeble  race,  yet  oft 

The  sacred  sons  of  Vengeance ;  on  whose  course 

Corrosive  famine  waits  and  kills  the  year. 

To  check  this  plague,  the  skilful  farmer,  chaff 

And  blazing  straw  before  his  orchard,  burns  ; 

Till  all  involved  in  smoke,  the  latent  foe 

From  every  cranny  suffocated  falls  : 

■Or  scatters  o'er  the  blooms,  the  pungent  dust 

Of  pepper,  fatal  to  the  frosty  tribe  : 

Or,  when  the  envenom'd  leaf  begins  to  curl 

With  sprinkled  water  drowns  them  in  their  nest : 

Nor  while  they  pick  them  up  with  busy  bill 

The  little  trooping  birds  unwisely  scares." 

The  foregoing  extract  from  Thompson  gives  a 
■rery  curious  view  of  the  notions  prevalent  in  Brit- 
ain one  century  ago,  in  regard  to  insects.  As  the 
editor  of  the  Genesee  Fanner  has  visited  that 
land  and  scrutinized  its  rural  economy,  perhaps  he 
would  be  willing  to  say  whether  pepper !  or 
smoke!  or  water!  is  still  employed  for  their  ex- 
pulsion ? 

Many  observers, 

"  "When  the  envenom'd  leaf  begins  to  curl," 
ascribe  it  to  the  irritation  of  insects ;  and  indeed, 
they  are  often  supported  in  this  opinion  by  the 
presence  of  such  depredators,  who  take  shelter  in 
its  cavities ;  yet  it  appears  in  most  if  not  in  all 
rases  that  the  wrinkling  of  the  leaf  is  caused  by 
frost,  which  ruptures  the  sap  vessels.  After  the 
snow  which  occurred  on  the  ninth  of  last  month, 
the  leaves  of  the  peach  trees  assumed  a  singular, 
fungus-like  appearance,  and  many  are  now  drop- 
ping from  the  trees  ;*  but  I  observe  that  such  as 
have  since  grown  on  the  same  branches,  are  quite 
smooth  and  healthy. 

That  this  damage  has  not  been  caused  by  in- 
sects, I  infer 

1st.  From  the  change  being  so  sudden  and  gen- 
eral, and  so  unlike  the  progressive  works  of  the 
insects  of  our  country. 

2d.  From  the  comparatively  small  number  of 
insects  that  can  be  found  among  the  leaves  even 
by  microscopic  inspection. 

3d.  From  the  smooth  and  healthy  leaves  which 
have  since  protruded  from  the  branches.  We 
Could  not  expect  this  immediate  recovery  from 
trees  over-run  with  insects,  for  where  these  obtain 
all  possession,  things  generally  go  on  from  bad 
(p  worse. 

We  may  remark  that  the  ymmg  peach  when 
encased  in  the  culi/.r,  is  hardier  than  the  leaves. — 
Sometimes  the  wild  plum  however,assumts  a  fun- 
jus  form,  not  very  dissimilar  to  the  leaves  of  the 
peach. 

To  our  horticulturists  I  would  recommend  the. 
example  of  the  British  farmer  in  treating  with 
kindness  "  the  little  troooping  birds."  On  the 
scund  policy  of  this  course  of  proceeding,  much 
might  be  said.  There  arc  but  comparatively  few 
species  of  birds  that  damage  us  as  much  as  they 

*  All  those  have  liace  dropped,  and  onr  treat  h.1110  an 

*:"rv  new  and  sTnvajh  foliage.    C  iuo.  25,  IKJl. 


benefit  us ;  and  every  principle  of  equity  and  emo- 
tion of  benevolence  ought  to  interfere  in  favour  of 
many  kinds  which  our  sportsmen  slaughter  with- 
out mercy,  and  for  no  worthier  a  purpose  than 
that  of  Esop's  boys  who  pelted  the  frogs  in  the 
pond. 

We  are  greatly  in  want  of  a  Book  for  Chil- 
dren, in  which  shall  be  figured  and  described  all 
our  common  Birds,  with  an  account  of  their  man- 
ners, migrations,  food  and  usefulness ;  to  be  enli 
vened  by  particular  anecdotes  of  their  affection 
for  their  mates  and  for  their  young.     From  such 
a  work  not  even  the  owls  should  be  excluded,  for 
though  some  species  occasionally  invade  the  hen 
roost,  others  are  free  from  the  charge,   and  all 
greatly  assist  in  diminishing  the  number  of  mice 
The  impressions  that  such  a  Book  would  make 
on  the  tender  mind  would  be  durable,  and  by  im- 
planting germs  of  mercy  and  kindness,  would  el 
evate  and  ennoble  the  character.  D.  T. 

6  mo.  8, 1S31. 


FOR   THE  GENESEE   FARMER. 

The  following  remarks  on  the  subject  of  lightning 
rods,  taken  from  an  old  paper,  are  well  worth  the 
attention  of  the  farmers  of  Old  Genesee.  They 
are  at  your  service.  NATH.  SMITH. 

GorAam,  June  207A,  1831. 

Lightning  rods  are  generally  made  and 
put  up  by  persons  wholly  unacquainted  with 
the  principles  of  electricity,  and  what  is  ne- 
cessary to  constitute  a  safe  conductor.  I 
shall  therefore,  endeavor  to  give  some  di- 
rections for  the  information  of  those  who 
are  unacquainted  with  the  subject,  and  have 
not  the  means  of  information.  The  rod 
should  be  made  of  round  iron,  at  least  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  when 
it  can  be  done,  instead  of  linking,  it  should 
be  smoothly  welded  together ;  but  when  by 
reason  of  its  length  or  otherwise,it  is  inconve- 
nient to  weld  the  whole  rod, let  it  be  smooth- 
ly connected  by  screwing  the  end  of  one 
part  into  the  end  of  another.  There  should 
be  five  or  more  points,  one  in  the  centre, 
perpendicular,  and  the  others  oblique.  They 
should  be  filed  to  a  sharp  slender  point,  and 
lipped  with  silver.  The  points  should  be  el- 
evated at  least  six  feet  above  the  highest 
part  of  the  building.  The  bottom  of  the 
rod  should  go  into  the  earth  six  or  seven  feet, 
ind  terminate  in  a  bed  of  two  or  three  bush- 
els of  wet  charcoal  The  wet  coal  covered 
with  earth  will  probably  retain  dampness 
longer  than  any  other  substance.  A  con 
ductor  constructed  and  put  up  agreeably  to 
the  above  directions,  will  perfectly  secure 
a  building  for  twenty  feet  on  every  side. — 
When  a  building  is  more  than  40  feet  long 
for  perfect  security  there  should  be  two  or 
more  rods,  calculating  one  rod  for  every 
forty  feet.  The  whole  expense  of  one  rod 
for  a  two  story  building,  including  the  sil- 
vering the  points,  will  not  exceed  $10. 

SILK  WORMS 
Are  raising  on  Scotland  neel,  N.  C. ;  the  silk 
is  reeled  and  twisted  by  the  inmates  of  a  genteel 
famil  y,  and  appears  equal  to  imported. 


Flies.  The  best  remedy  against  being  plagu- 
ed and  pestered  with  the  common  House  Fly  is, 
to  close  your  rooms  from  June  to  October, — and 
buy  sparingly  at  market ;  better  fir  than,  all  the 
FryttPps  incrcafioir. 


From  tha  New-England  Farmer. 

PRESERVATION    OF    SWEET     POTATOES,     AP* 

PLES,    SQUASHES,  &IC 

Mr.  Fessenden— Many  experiments  ha- 
ving  been  tried  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  to 
preserve  the  sweet  potato  slips  through  the 
winter  without  success,  I  have  thought  the 
following  observations  may  be  acceptable  to 
some  of  your  readers. 

After  digging  my  sweet  potatoes  last  fall, 
I  packed  a  quantity  of  the  slips  down  in  a 
barrel  with  waste  cotton,  as  is  obtained  at 
the  cotton  factories  for  making  into  coarse 
paper  and  batting,  (at  two  cts.  per  lb.)  with 
a  layer  of  cotton  and  a  layer  of  slips  alter- 
nately, and  then  placed  them  away  in  a  warm 
room,  which  we  keep  from  freezing  during 
the  winter.  On  opening  them  in  the  spring 
I  found  a  part  of  them  very  fresh  ;  but  where 
they  were  too  thick,  they  had  created  too 
much  dampness  and  rotted.  I  also  packed 
down  two  barrels  of  apples  in  the  like  man- 
ner, and  found  them  in  the  spring  much  bet- 
ter preserved  than  any  I  ever  before  saw.  I 
am  informed  that  the  New  Jersey  Quakers 
preserve  their  potato  slips  in  leaves.  As  the 
cultivation  of  the  sweet  potato  is  now  beco- 
ming so  general  in  this  quarter,  I  hope  and 
trust  there  will  be  some  mode  discovered  to 
keep  the  seed,  without  having  to  get  them 
from  New  Jersey  every  spring.  And  I  fee) 
confident  the  one  given  above  will  be  suc- 
cessful. I  am  also  inclined  to  think,  that 
ground  plaster,  as  was  mentioned  in  yout 
48th  number,  will  answer  this  purpose. 

I  believe  it  is  not  so  generally  known  as  it 
ought  to  be,  how  to  keep  winter  squashes,  al 
most  any  length  of  time  wanted  ;  you  have 
only  to  hang  them  up  in  a  warm  dry  room. 
I  have  them  now  perfectly  fresh,  and  their 
flavor  as  good,  or  better  than  when  they 
were  taken  from  the  vines.  Any  room  where 
they  will  keep  dry  and  warm  through  the 
winter,  will  preserve  them.  One  may  be 
seen  in  Mr.  Shepherd's  bar  room  at  Con- 
cord, perfectly  sound,  which  grew  in  1829, 
and  many  of  last  year's  growth.  I  will  also 
call  your  attention,  Mr.  Fessenden,  to  the 
mode  of  cultivating  early  potatoes  in  Den- 
bighshire, Eng.  found  in  Loudon's  Garden- 
er's Magazine, vol.  ii.  pp.  171,  and  pp.  317: 
and  I  for  one  should  be  glad  if  you  will  give 
the  substance  of  those  two  articles,  in  the 
New  England  Farmer,  at  your  leisure,  as 
the  Magazine  is  in  the  Hort.  Society's  Li- 
brary, you  can  refer  to  it  at  leisure. 

Yours,  rkc.  ED.  CURTIS. 

Pepperell,  June  21,  1841. 

From  the  New-Kngland  Farmer. 

CHAMPAIGN  CURRANT  WINE 

Mr.  Fessenden— Agreeably  to  request-, 
I  have  the  pleasure  to  hand  you  the  details 
of  my  process  for  making  currant  wine. 
Ingredients  for  30  gallons  of  nine. 
Three  bushels  or  ISO  pounds  ol  currants. 
Seventy-five  pounds  of  white  Ilavanna  or 

dry  Brazil  sugar. 
Three  pints  of  white  French  brandy,  with 

sufficient  pure  soft  water. 

Gather  the  fruit  in  dry  weather,  when  ra- 
ther under  than  otrr  ripe — mash  them  to 
break  every  berry,  but  not  bruise  the  stems 

add  a  portion  of  the  water,  and  after  stir- 
ring well, turn  the  mass  on  to  a  strainer  ovej 
a  grain  riddle  or  cheese  basket,  rubbing  and 
pressing  gently  with  the  bands ; — by  repeat- 
ing the,  operation  a  fcw  trrnes,  afl  the  vinous 


Vol.  1.— "No.  28. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


22 


and  saccharine  matter  will  be  extracted.and, 
much  of  the  pulp  kept  back,  which  occasions 
not  only  too  great  a  degree  of  fermentation, 
but  diminishes  the  quantity  of  wine  by  the 
lees  it  forms— saving  much  trouble  in  com- 
parison to  the  usual  practice  of  squeezing 
and  wringing  through  a  strainer,  by  the  fair 
hands  of  the  willing  females  to  whom  the 
duty  is  commonly  assigned — which  not  only 
forces  through  nearly  all  the  pulp  and  many 
seeds,  but  extracts  a  crude  acid  from  the 
stems,  that  is  any  thing  but  vinous.  The  su- 
gar should  be  put  into  a  tub  or  other  open 
vessel  with  the  brandy  :  and  the  liquor  strai- 
ned on  to  it.  When  the  sugar  is  dissolved, 
strain  the  whole  through  a  fine  hair  cloth  or 
sieve  into  a  strong  sweet  cask  of  thirty-two 
to  thirty-four  gallons,  and  fill  up  to  within 
two  to  four  gallons,  which  leaves  sufficient 
room  for  the  fermentation  to  proceed  ;  and 
drive  in  the  bung  so  that  no  air  can  enter  or 
gas  escape. 

It  is  desirable  that  all  parts  of  the  process 
should  go  on  at  the  same  time,  and  be  fin- 
ished with  all  possible  despatch— observing 
the  same  neatness  as  in  a  well  managed  dai- 
ry. The  sooner  the  wine  is  bottled  after  it 
is  perfectly  fine,  the  more  briskness  it  will 
exhibit.  The  maxim  "  the  better  the  sugar, 
the  better  the  wine,"  I  have  found  by  expe- 
rience to  be  correct,  and  I  am  inclined  to 
believe,  that  double  refined  loaf  sugar,  said 
to  be  an  indispensable  ingredient  for  the 
manufacture  of  Champaign  in  France, 
would  produce  a  wine  as  much  superior  as 
to  compensate  for  the  extra  expense.  I  be- 
lieve three  lbs.  of  sugar  to  a  gallon  is  the 
common  recipe — but  no  doubt  brown  moist 
sugar  is  in  general  use.  I  consider  two  and 
a  half  lbs.  of  dry  white  amply  sufficient  (e- 
ven  dispensing  with  the  brandy)  for  such 
fruit  as  I  have  cultivated.  That  for  white 
wine  or  Champaign,  not  being  very  com- 
mon, a  description  may  not  be  amiss.  It  is 
called  the  Champaign  currant,  and  is  a  good 
bearer,  the  fruit  rather  inclines  to  an  oval, 
of  an  amber  tint,  and  much  sweeter,but  not 
so  large  as  the  white  Dutch.  To  its  posses- 
sing a  more  vinous  substance,  particular  at- 
tention to  observe  the  process  as  above,  and 
management  of  the  plants,  I  attribute  the 
superior  qu  allty  of  the  liquor  to  any  facti- 
tious wine  I  ever  tasted.  When  preparing 
my  vineyard  at  Brighton  some  twenty  years 
since,  I  was  careful  to  rub  oil"  all  the  buds  of 
the  cuttings  that  were  put  under  ground, and 
six  or  eght  inches  above,  which  effectually 
prevents  suckers,  and  affords  a  free  circula- 
tion of  air  around  the  bottom.  Three  buds 
only  were  permitted  to  shoot,  which  the  next 
season  were  shortened  to  four,  and  after- 
wards pruned  so  as  to  resemble  a  tree  shaped 
like  a  wine  glass.  They  were  planted  in 
rows  four  feet  apart,  and  five  feet  from  plant 
to  plant,  in  quincunx  order,that  is,  they  stand 
opposite  only  in  every  other  row,  which  give 
to  each  tree  an  atmosphere  of  about  six  feet, 
—when  the  fruit  was  filling  the  young  shoots 
were  topped  four  or  six  buds.  By  such  ma- 
nagement nearly  all  the  force  of  vegetation 
is  directed  to  the  fruit — enriching  and  in- 
creasing the  size  ro  much,  that  I  was  often 
applied  to  by  Market  Gardeners  for  cuttings 
of  my  red  currants,  as  a  new  and  superior 
variety ;  and  it  was  with  difficulty  I  could 
convince  them  they  were  the  same  kind  they 
cultivated.  It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that 
plants  treated  in  this  manner  will  not  last 
more  than  30  years  generally— though  if 
jRrnfttied  to  sand  up  suckers  every  year  (hey 


may  continue  a  century,  but  the  superiority 
of  the  fruit  will  amply  pay  for  the  renewal. 

The  white  currant  wine,  for  which  ihe 
Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
Society  awarded  me  the  first  premium  a  few 
years  ago,  had  remained  in  the  cask  I  be- 
lieve two  years ;  showed  no  briskness,  but 
was  highly  vinous  and  full  sweet.  The 
white  wine  I  have  made  to  imitate  Cham- 
paign, has  been  drunk  by  competent  judges 
for  very  goodimported  from  France.  I  have 
made  a  very  palatable  dinner  w  ine  from  the 
Champaign  currant,  that  has  been  taken  for 
Saulerne,  a  favorite  French  wine, — and 
from  the  red  currant,  wine,  equal  to  that  of 
late  years  introduced  as  French  Mederia 
such  as  we  often  find  in  Hotels  and  Steam- 
boats with  the  term  French  sunk,  and  the 
Maderia  price  raised.  In  producing  such 
wine,  it  is  necessary  to  give  air  for  a  short 
time  to  increase  the  fermentation  and  de- 
prive it  of  a  great  portion  of  the  sweetness. 
When  closing  a  communication  much  longer 
than  you  may  perhaps  wish,  I  must  remark 
that  it  will  be  in  vain  to  attempt  the  manu- 
facture of  wine  upon  a  large  scale  either 
from  the  grape  or  any  other  fruit,  unless  the 
operation  is  promoted  with  a  deep  cellar  oi 
vault  where  an  equal  and  cool  temperature 
can  be  preserved.  With  particular  esteem 
I  remain  very  cordially  yours, 

SAMUEL  W.  POMEROY. 

Boston,  4th  July,  1R30. 


From  the  New-England  Farmer. 

HAY  MAKING. 

If  a  mowing  lot  is  to  be  cut  twice  in  a  sea- 
son, the  first  crop  ought  to  be  mowed  earli- 
er than  where  it  is  cut  but  once,  in  order  that 
the  roots  may  recover  immediately,  and  be 
ready  for  vegetation  afresh.  Where  the 
grass  is  cut  later,  the  vegetation  of  the  roots 
stops  for  some  time.  The  grass,  however, 
which  is  thus  cut  early  will  not  be  so  heavy 
as  that  which  is  cut  later,  as  it  will  shrink 
after  cutting;  but  the  roots  will  not  be  »o 
much  exhausted,  and  will  afford  a  larger 
crop  the  next  time  of  cutting,  or  the  next 
summer  if  mowed  but  once  in  a  season.— 
Loudon  says  in  the  cutting  of  grass  crops, 
for  the  purpose  of  being  made  into  hay,  it  is 
necessary  that  they  be  in  the  most  suitable 
states  of  growth  and  maturity,  for  affording 
the  best  and  most  nutritious  fodder.  With 
this  view  they  should  neither  be  cut  at  too 
early  a  period,  nor  suffered  to  stand  too  long  ; 
as  in  the  former  case  there  will  be  conside 
rable  loss  in  the  drying  from  the  produce 
being  in  so  soft  and  green  a  condition,  and 
in  the  latter  from  a  large  proportion  of  the 
nourishing  properties  being  expended.— 
Grass  when  mown  before  it  comes  in  full 
flower,  while  the  rich  saccharine  juice  is  in 
part  retained  at  the  joints  of  the  flower 
stems,  is  in  the  most  proper  condition  for  be- 
ing cut  down,  as  at  that  period  it  must  con- 
tain the  the  largest  proportion  of  nutritious 
materials  but  which  then  begin  to  be  absor- 
bed, and  taken  up  in  proportion  as  the  flow- 
ers expand  and  the  seed  ripens,  so  as  to  con- 
stitute the  meal  or  starch  of  the  seed  lobes, 
and  is  either  dispersed  upon  the  land  or  fed 
upon  by  birds ;  the  grass  stems  with  then- 
leaves  being  left  in  a  similar  situation  to 
that  of  the  straw  of  ripened  grain.  But 
there  are  other  circumstances,  besides  those 
of  ripeness,  to  be  attended  to  in  determining 
the  period  of  cutting  crops  of  grass,  as  in 
some  cases,  when  they  are  thick  upon  the 


low  color  before  the  flowering  fully  take? 
place  ;  under  such  circumstances,  it  will  of- 
ten be  the  most  advisable  practice  to  mow  as 
soon  as  the  weather  will  possibly  admit ;  for 
if  this  be  neglected  there  is  great  danger  of 
its  rotting,  or  at  any  rate  of  its  acquiring  a 
disagreeable  flavor,  and  becoming  of  littlo 
value.  Where  grass  is  very  tall,  as  is  often 
the  case  in  moist  meadows,  it  is  liable  to 
fall  down  and  lodge,  by  which  the  same  ef- 
fects are  produced. 

The  same  writer  under  the  head  Clovert 
observes  that  '  The  making  of  herbage 
crops  from  hay  is  a  process  somewhat  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  making  hay  from  natu- 
ral grasses.  All  the  herbage  tribe  ought  to 
be  mown  before  the  seed  is  formed  and  in- 
deed before  the  plants  have  fully  blossomed, 
that  the  full  juice  and  nourishment  of  the- 
plant  may  be  retained  in  the  hay.  By  the 
adoption  of  this  system,  the  hay  is  cut  in  bet- 
ter season,  it  can  be  more  easily  secured, 
and  is  much  more  valuable.  Nor  is  the 
strength  of  the  plant  lodged  in  the  seed, 
which  is  often  lost.  The  great  advantage  of 
converting  under  ripe  herbage  and  grass  in* 
to  hay  is  now  beginning  to  be  known.-— > 
There  is  much  more  saccharine  matter  in  it 
and  it  is  consequently  more  nutritious.  A 
crop  of  clover  or  sainfoin,  when  cut  in  the 
early  part  of  the  season,  may  be  ten  per 
cent  lighter  than  when  it  is  fully  ripe;  but 
the  loss  is  amply  counterbalanced,  by  obtai« 
ning  an  earlier,  a  more  valuable,  and  moro 
nutritious  article  ;  while  the  next  crop  wil! 
proportionably  be  more  heavy.  The  hay  from 
old  herbage  will  carry  on  stock,  but  it  is  on» 
ly  hay  from  young  herbage  that  will  fatten 
them.  When  the  stems  of  clover  become 
hard  and  sapless,  by  being  allowed  to  brin£ 
their  seeds  towards  maturity  they  are  of  lit- 
tle more  value  as  provender,  than  an  equaE 
quantity  of  the  finer  sort  of  straw  of  corn.' 

The  mode  of  making  clover  hay,  and  that 
of  all  herbage  plants,  as  practised  by  the  best 
farmers,  is  as  follows.  The  herbage  is  cut 
as  close  to  the  ground  and  in  as  uniform  anfi 
perfect  a  manner  as  it  is  possible  to  accom- 
plish, by  the  scythe  kept  constantly  sharp. 
The  surface  having  been  in  the  preceding 
spring  freed  from  stones  and  well  rolled, 
the  stubble  after  the  mower  ought  to  be  ^ 
short  and  smooth  as  a  well  shaven  grass  lawri. 
That  part  of  the  stems  left  by  the  scythe  is 
not  only  lost,  but  the  after  growth  is  neither 
so  vigorous  nor  so  weighty,  as  when  the  firs; 
cutting  is  taken  as  low  as  possible. 

'As  soon  as  the  swath  or  row  i3  thorough- 
ly dry  above,  it  is  gently  turned  over  (not 
tedded  or  scattered)  without  breaking  it, 
sometimes  this  is  done  by  the  hand  or  by  e 
small  fork ;  and  some  farmers  are  so  anx- 
ious to  prevent  the  swath  from  being  broken, 
that  they  will  not  permit  the  use  of  the  rake 
shaft.  The  grass,  when  turned  over  in  the 
morning  of  a  dry  day  is  put  into  cocks  in  the 
afternoon.  It  impossible  to  lay  down  any 
rule3  for  the  management  of  hay  after  it  Is 
put  into  cocks -,  one  thing  is  always  atten- 
ded to,  not  to  shake  out,  or  scatter  or  ex- 
pose the  hay  oftener  than  is  necessary  fof 
its  preservation.' 


BaHTa!?-— The  branches  of  this  tre£.p8i> 
ding  to  the  ground, take  root  and  put  forte 
new  trees.  One  has  been  described,  the 
largest  trunk?  of  which  amounted  to  350  is 
number,  and  the  shade  of  which  cavereC 


7000  persons.      Its  fruit  (the  Indian  fig' 
ground,  the  bottom  parts  berime  of  a  f*>M  would  •Bpj^th««jrni6  nittber  *ifh  footf. 


222 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  16,  1831 


Fiom  tho  New-Enslani  Farmer, 

AMERICAN   TURNIP   BUTTERFLY. 

In  Europe  there  are  several  species  of 
butterfly,  appropriated  to  the  cruciferous  or 
oleraceous  plants,  such  as  the  cabbage,  cau- 
liflower, rape,  turnip,  mustard,  fee,  whence 
they  are  called  brasskaires*  by  the  French. 
Their  caterpillars  feed  upon  the  leaves  of 
these  vegetables,  and  sometimes  do  consider- 
able injury  to  them.  The  prevailing  colour 
of  the  butterflies  is  white,  and  that  of  the  j 
caterpillars  green. 

Several  years  since  I  obtained,  in  North- 
ampton, a  white  butterfly,  which  appeared 
to  be  allied  to  the  European  insects  above 
mentioned.  Poet.  Charles  Pickering  dis- 
covered one,  prreviously,  near  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  and  a  chrysa- 
lis was  brought  to  me,  by  a  friend,  from 
Keene,  in  the  same  state,  in  the  winter  of 
1827.  I  have  since  received,  through  the! 
attentions  of  the  Rev.  L.  W.  Leonard,  sev- 
eral of  the  chrysalids  and  eggs,  and  some 
interesting  observations  on  the  economy  of 
the  caterpillars,  which  are  found  abundant- 
ly on  the  turnip,  cabbage,  and  radish,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Monadnoc  mountains,  N.  II. 
and  in  the  northern  part  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.  Having  been  so  fortu- 
nate as  to  raise  the  perfect  insect  from  the 
egg,  I  am  now  enabled  to  furnish  a  history 
of  this  species,  which  threatens  to  become 
injurious  to  the  cultivator. 

There  are  two  broods  in  a  season.  About 
the  last  of  May  and  the  beginning  of  June 
the  white  butterfly  is  seen  fluttering  over  the 
plantations  of  cabbages,  and  the  turnip,  and 
radish  beds,  but  "  seems  to  prefer  the  tur- 
nip leaf  for  the  place  of  depositing  her  eggs. 
She  alights  upon  the  upper  side  of  the  edge 
of  the  leaf,  bends  her  abdomen,  and  fastens 
the  egg,  on  its  end,  under  it.  The  eggs  are 
not  laid  near  each  other,  and  but  seldom 
more  than  three  or  four  under  the  same 
leaf."f  The  egg  is  nearly  pear-shaped,  lon- 
gitudinally ribbed,  and  about  bne-lifteenth 
of  an  inch  in  length.  "  Eggs  kept  in  the 
house  were  hatched  in  seven  days,  a  some- 
what longer  time  was  necessary  for  those 
hatched  in  the  open  air."  The  caterpillars1 
or  larva;,  which  I  reared  from  eggs  hatched1 
on  the  27th  of  May,  arrived  at  their  full  size 
in  21  days,  when  they  were  one  inch  and  a 
quarter  in  length.  Being  of  a  pale  green 
color  they  were  not  readily  distinguished; 
from  tho  ribs  of  the  leaves,  beneath  which 
they  reside.  They  do  not  devour  the  leaf; 
at  its  edge, but  commence,  indiscriminately, 
upon  any  part  of  its  inferior  surface,through 
which  they  eat  irregular  holes.  On  the  17th 
of  June,  one  of  my  caterpillars  ceased  eat- 
ing, and  spun,  from  its  mouth,  a  little  web 
of  silk  on  the  glass  under  which  it  was  con- 
fined ;  in  this  web  it  attached  the  minute 
claws  which  arm  the  pair  of  feet  at  its  hin- 
der extremity  ;  then  bent  the  head  on  one 
.side,  and  fixed,  on  the  glass  nearly  under 
the  middle  of  the  body,  a  silken  filament, 
which  it  carried  across  the  back  and  secured 
on  the  other  side  :  this  operation  was  repea- 
ted till  a  thread  of  sufficient  thickness  was 
produced  to  form  a  loop  in  which  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  body  was  suspended.  On 
the  next  day  the  skin,  near  the  head,  was 
rent,  by  the  exertions  of  the  caterpillar,  and 
was  gradually  cast  off,  leaving  (he  chrysalis 


or  pupa  sustained  by  its  tail  and  the  trans- 
verse loop.  In  eleven  days,  on  the  29th  of 
June,  the  butterfly  burst  its  pupa  case,  and 
extricated  itself.  The  wings  are  white,  a 
little  dusky  at  base,  and  the  posterior  ones 
have  dusky  veins  beneath.  The  butterflies 
disclosed  in  summer  "  deposit  their  eggs 
from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  August." — 
The  pupa;  of  this  second  brood  survive  the 
winter,  and  do  not  produce  butterflies  till  the 
ensuing  spring.  Mr.  Leonard  informed  me 
that  the  pupae  are  found  under  rails,  the  ed- 
ges of  stones,  and  in  other  sheltered  situa- 
tions in  gardens  and  fields  ;  and  suggests 
that  it  would  be  well  to  leave,  in  the  places 
infested  by  the  caterpillars,  hoards  a  little 
elevated  from  the  ground,  which  offer  a 
tempting  shelter  for  the  pupae,  and  tender  it 
easy  for  the  farmer  to  obtain  and  destroy 
them. 

Mr.  Leonard  noticed  the  white  butterfly 
in  all  the  towns  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Mo- 
nadnoc Mountains, and  also  in  Ashby, Fitch- 
burg,  Athol,  Winchendon,  Templeton,  and 
Petersham,  Mass.  That  it  may,  eventually, 
extend  itself  still  further  is  to  be  apprehen- 
ded, unless  means  are  used  to  check  its  in- 
crease. It  was  in  May,  182C,  that  I  found 
a  solitary  one  in  Northampton,  but  I  have 
not  heard  whether  it  lias  become  common  in 
Hampshire  county.        T.  W.  HARRIS. 

Milton,  Mass.  June  SO,   1829. 


•  From  BrastUa,  the  gcuoric  name  of  tho  cabbage 
'uruip.  rape,  Sic. 

t  Tho  observations, within  inverted  rairaii,  wort  com- 
municated by  Mr.  Leonard. 


ESSAY  ON  MANURES, 

Presented  to  the  Cheshire,  N.  H.  Agricultu- 
ral Society,  in  182M,  by  Luke  Howei 
Esq.,  for  which  a  premium  was  aicarded  by 
said  Society. 

The  increasing  attention  to  agriculture, 
aided  by  late  chemical  discoveries  has  exci- 
ted that  interest  in  the  subject,  which  its  im- 
portance merits.  It  is  indeed  singular,  that 
it  should  have  been  left  to  the  present  age 
to  make  some  of  the  greatest  improvements 
in  the  first  occupation  of  man,  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil.  This  fact  is  an  evidence, 
of  the  favorable  influence  of  science  on 
practical  husbandry. 

Had  Virgil  united  with  his  powers  of  po- 
etry a  knowledge  of  chemistry,  his  Georgics 
would  not  only  have  kindled  in  his  country- 
men a  love  of  agriculture,  but  have  intro- 
duced that  train  of  correct  information  on 
the  subject,  which  would  have  continued  to 
progress,  while  science  itself  slumbered.  It 
would  not  then  perhaps,  have  been  said, that 
at  the  expiration  of  the  18th  century,  agri- 
culture was  in  no  higher  Mate  of  improve- 
ment, than  during  the  days  of  Virgil  and 
Cincinnatus. 

Every  farmer  should  have,  at  least  some 
genera] principles,  to  govern  him  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  his  farm.  Mere  matter  of  fact 
knowledge,  though  very  useful,  is  too  limited 
for  the  various  circumstances  and  changes 
of  husbandry.  He  need  not  have  a  minute 
knowledge  of  chemistry,  but  should  possess 
that  general  information  of  those  principles 
which  have  a  near  relation  to  all  his  opera- 
tions. 

The  main  points  of  inquiry  in  the  art  of 
agriculture,  are  how  to  give  fertility  to  weak 
and  sterile  soils,  and  to  renovate  such  as  are 
worn  out  by  frequent  cropping, with  the  least 
expense.  These  objects  are,  principally, 
effected  by  the  due  application  of  animal 
and  vegetable  substances,  in  the  state  of  de- 
composition ;  and  of  those  articles,  which 
promote  this  state  in  these  materials  in  the 
soil,  and  are  themselves  Convertible  into  ve- 


getable nutriment.  Whatever  is  productive 
of  these  effects,  may  correctly  be  called  ma- 
nure ;  and  in  proportion,  as  these  material* 
abound,  to  a  certain  degree,  is  the  fertility 
of  the  soil. 

It  has  been  discovered,  that,  such  being 
the  vegetable  economy,  plants  are  incapable 
of  absorbing  solid  substances,  however  mi- 
nutely divided.  This  fact  alone  would  con- 
fute the  theory  of  Tull  and  others  of  his 
day,  that  earthy  matter  is  the  true  vegetable 
nutriment ;  and  that  manure  is  only  useful 
in  mechanically  pulverizing  the  soil.  To 
produce  this  necessary  state  of  solution  ol 
animal  and  vegetable  substances,  is  the 
principal  use  of  fermentation. 

As  the  earth  unmixed  with  these  ingredi- 
ents is  perfectly  sterile,  it  is  a  wise  provision 
of  the  Author  of  Nature,  that  the  vegetable 
growth  of  one  year  may  become  vegetable 
food  for  the  succeeding.  But  the  products 
of  cultivated  land,  are  removed  for  the  sus- 
tenance of  man  and  animals.  It,  therefore, 
depends  on  the  good  management  of  the  far 
mer,  whether  he  restores  a  sufficient  substi 
tute  for  what  he  has  taken  from  his  farm,  to 
continue  its  fertility. 

Every  farmer  docs  not  correctly  appreci 
ate  the  influence,  which  a  proper  manage 
ment  and  application  of  manure  have  on 
his  crops.  Hence  arise  inconsistencies,  and 
a  want  of  system  in  his  husbandry.  He  fen- 
ces in  his  fiehls,*and  carefully  secures  his 
crops;  but  while  his  cattle  are  consuming 
them  in  the  winter,  they  are  permitted  to 
drop  their  dung  in  the  road,  and  by  the  side 
of  streams,  to  be  washed  from  his  farm. — 
Like  a  severe  task  master  he  makes  the  sarin 
exactions  of  his  fields,  without  supplying 
them  with  the  means  of  performing  their  an- 
nual task. 

The  farm  yard  is  the  greatest  source  ol 
manure.  On  its  situation  and  constiuction 
will  depend  considerably  the  quantity, which 
will  hemadt  and  preserved.  These  objects 
require,  that  the  yard  should  not  be  too  ex- 
tensive, be  raised  at  the  borders,  and  have  ;> 
good  and  firm  bottom.  A  learned  and  ven 
erable  writer,  in  the  N.  II.  Patriot,  over  tin 
signature  of  "  Cincinnatus,"  and  the  first 
number  of  the  N.  H.  Agricultural  Reposito- 
ry have  both  given  very  particular  and  jndi 
cious  directions,  for  the  construction  of  barn 
yards  ;  which  ought  to  be  observed  by  even 
farmer.*  After  these  precautions.there  will 
be  at  times  overllo»ings  which  will  carry 
from  the  yard  a  portion  of  the  most  nutri 
tious  manure.  This  would  require,  that 
these  overflowings  be  received  by  land, which 
may  be  benefitted  thereby.  But  if  circum- 
stances will  not  permit  this,  an  excavation  or 
a  cistern,  might  be  made,  at  the  lowest  part, 
either  just  without  or  within  the  yard. 

Sir  John  Sinclair  says  "  the  more  opulent 
Flemish  )  farmers  pave, or  line  with  bricks.the 
receptacles  of  their  dung,  which  is  kept  con- 
stantly plunged  in  liquid  matter.  The  li 
brous  parts  of  vegetables  are,  in  this  man- 
ner, completely  decomposed,  and  four  tons 
of  such  manure  will  go  as  far  as  five  collec- 
ted and  kept  with  less  precaution.  As  most 
farmers  will  not  be  at  the  expense  of  lining 
these  receptacles,  they  should  furnish  them 
abundantly  with  absorbing  putrescent  ma- 
terials ;  or  carry  out  the  liquid  matter  in 
casks,  or  hogsheads  soon   after  it  is  collect- 


*  Wo  have  iiotsc.eij  (hose  directions.  We  do  not  dotib' 
however,  of  their  utility.  The  directions  given  by  J. 
Buel,  Esq.  of  Albany,  published  iti  the  New  England 
Parmer,  vol.  iv-page-IOU  nppear  to  ns  to  be  tho  bc.^f  lol 
American  farmers,  which  wo  havo  seen.— Kit. 


Vol.  1.— No.  28. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


223 


ed  ;  and  scatter  it  oil  grass  land  as  a  top  dres- 
sing, or  on  fields  before  sowing.  No  ma- 
nure exceeds  this  in  richness,  consisting  of 
urine  and  the  soluble  parts  of  vegetables, 
more  or  less  diluted  ;  which  from  their  sa- 
line impregnation,  greatly  promote  the  ab- 
sorption of  moisture  in  the  soil. 

In  the  winter,  straw,  buls  of  corn,  litter, 
S;c.  will  collect  in  the  yard,  somewhat  in 
proportion  as  the  farmer  has  been  diligent 
in  making  manure  for  preceding  crops  of 
grain  and  hay.  No  industrious  farmer  will 
neglect  to  cart  into  his  yard,  in  the  fall  and 
spring,  mould,  mud,  sods,  kc.  taUen  from 
the  sides  of  the  road,  cavities,  and  low 
grounds,  on  his  farm.  A  quantity  of  these 
will  be  required  after  the  yard  is  cleared  in 
the  fall,  as  a  sort  of  ground  work  of  accu- 
mulating materials ;  and,  in  the  spring,  a 
similar  quantity  shall  be  wanted  for  the  same 
purpose,  if  it  be  thought  expedient  to  use 
the  manure  collected  in  the  preceding  fall 
and  winter  ;  otherwise  for  a  covering  to  de- 
fend the  manure  from  evaporation,  and  the 
scorching  of  the  sun.  Late  in  the  summer 
these  materials  should  be  well  mixed  by  the 
plough,  which  would  equalize  the  fermenta- 
tion, and  much  improve  the  whole.  But 
this  should  not  be  done  unless  another  cov- 
ering can  soon  be  afforded,  as  the  loss  from 
the  escape  of  elastic  fluids,  would  be  great- 
er<than  the  benefits  resulting  from  the  oper- 
ation. When  the  manure  is  thinly  spread 
at  the  outer  edges  of  the  yard,  it  may  be 
well,  during  summer  months,  to  scrape  it 
towards  the  center  or  thicker  parts. 

As  the  quantity  and  richness  of  the  ma- 
nure, depend  much  on  its  mixture  with  the 
excrements  of  the  cattle  ;  no  farmer,  atten- 
tive to  his  interest,  will  suffer  them  while  fed 
from  the  barn  to  go  at  large,  or  out  of  the 
vard  for  water.  By  confining  the  cattle  to 
the  yard  at  such  seasons,  he  would  save  e- 
nough  in  two  years,  in  ordinary  circumstan- 
-es.to  procure  water  for  them  by  acqueducts, 
or  well  and  pump. 

Few  farmers  correctly  estimate  the  value 
of  urine  as  a  manure.  To  preserve  the  cat- 
tle dry,  they  make  holes  through  the  floor  of 
the  leantos,  to  drain  off  the  liquid  excre- 
ments. No  one  will  question  the  impor- 
tance of  keeping  cattle  dry  ; — but  this  may 
be  effected  without  so  great  a  sacrifice.  Per- 
haps the  best  constructed  leantos  are  those 
v  hich  have  cellars  under  them,  into  which 
are  thrown  dung,  litte- ,  kc.  He  e  nothing 
is  lost,  but  with  a  moderate  degree  of  heat, 
indue  fermentation  is  prevented  ;  and  the 
manure  is  not  bleached  by  rains,  nor  carried 
away  by  evaporation.  Where  the  situation 
will  not  admit  of  this  plan,  some  provident 
farmers  raise  the  floors,  and  throw  beneath 
them  loam  and  some  absorbent  materials, 
which  will  receive  and  retain  the  liquid  mat- 
ter, that  may  escape  through  the  cracks  and 
fissures.  But.  as  the  situation  in  one  case, 
Hid  negligence  or  waut  of  time  in  the  other, 
may  prevent  either  from  being  adopted,  it 
would  be  a  good  improvement  to  construct 
the  floors  impervious  to  the  urine,  and  suffi- 
ciently descending  to  carry  it  from  the  cat- 
'le.  By  these  means  they  would  be  kept 
dry  and  warm,  and  the  dung  thrown  from 
the  leantos  would  be  of  a  superior  quality. 
Hut  such  manure  contains  so  much  soluble 
matter  that  it  is  peculiarly  exposed  to  loss,  if 
suffered  to  remain  uncovered  at  the  barn 
windows.  This  might  be  prevented  by  buil- 
ling  cheap  sheds  over  the  heap.  Owing  to 
•he  great  care,  that  horses  be  kept  clean  and 


warm,  less  error  prevails  in  constructing 
their  stables.  More  litter  is  incorporated 
with  their  dung,  which  gives  to  it  an  addi- 
tional absorbing  quality. 

But  a  great  error  prevails  in  the  manage- 
ment of  this  dung,  in  permitting  it  to  remain 
too  long  in  heaps  beside  the  stalls.  In  this 
situation.excessive  fermentation  takes  place, 
and  it  becomes  scorched,  or  what  is  called 
in  the  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia,/ire/<wtg-erf, 
the  greatest  obstacle  to  the  rotting  of  dung, 
that  can  be  experienced.  But  the  greatest 
loss  is  not  from  this  charred  state,  but  from 
the  gaseous  escape  of  the  fertilizing  parti- 
cles. 

It  thus  loses  perhaps  one  half  its  value. — 
The  farmer  has  it  in  his  power,  to  prevent 
this  loss,  but  with  little  trouble  ;  by  spread- 
ing it  on  the  yard  with  the  more  moist  and  j 
less  fermentable  dung  of  the  cattle.  He  will 
thus  improve  the  quality  of  both.  At  large 
stables,  where  horses  only  are  kept,  the  dung 
should  be  often  removed,  or  the  heaps  en- 
closed in  a  yard  for  swine.  The  hog-styc 
with  a  yard,  is  a  prolific  source  of  manure. 
It  is  the  observing  and  industrious  farmer's 
manure  factory,  in  which  his  busy  lobourers 
will  earn  their  bread,  if  supplied  with  the 
raic  materials.  In  estimating  his  profits  from 
the  swine,  he  will  add  to  their  amount  of 
pork  the  labour  they  perform  in  furnishing 
manure  from  the  farm.  Much  that  is  put 
into  the  yard,  will  require  more  moisture 
than  the  natural  soil,  in  some  situations  will 
afford.  The  sink  by  proper  duct,  when 
situations  permit,  would  supply  the  requisite 
quantity  of  water,  and  much  richness  to  the 
manure.  If  the  sink  water  is  not  wanted, 
or  cannot  be  used  for  this  purpose,  it  should 
be  conveyed  to  the  kitchen  garden.  It 
would  sufficiently  enrich  ground  enough,  to 
produce  the  garden  vegetables  for  the  fami- 
ly. When  the  subsoil  of  the  hog  yard  is 
not  hard  clay  or  gravel,  some  provident  far- 
mers lay  a  flooring  of  timber  or  stone.  Into 
this  yard  he  will  first  haul  a  quantity  of  loam, 
sods,  &.c.  After  these  straw,  cobs,  brakes, 
briars,  garden  weeds,  Canada  thistles,  and 
field  vines,  particularly  those  of  the  po- 
tato, will  be  thrown  in,  at  their  proper  sea- 
son. The  potato  vines  should  be  thrown  in- 
to heaps,  when  they  are  pulled,  to  be  carted 
to  the  manure  yard,  when  they  are  prepared 
for  them.  Thistles  and  other  weeds  should 
be  gathered  before  they  become  seeded,  as 
their  seeds  are  not  destroyed  by  slight  fer- 
mentation. As  green  succulent  seeds  read- 
ily ferment,  occasional  additions  of  absorb 
ing  materials  should  be  added  to  retain  their 
volatile  and  soluble  parts. 

These  may  in  part  be  furnished  from  scra- 
pings around  the  house  and  yards,  of  dirt, 
old  shoes,  "  hair,  rags  and  feathers."  Thus 
two  objects  will  be  gained,  cleanliness  and 
substantial  profit.  It  is  an  almost  universal 
practice  with  our  farmers,  to  cart  their  pom- 
ace to  some  spot  by  the  side  of  the  road, 
there  to  remain  for  years  where  its  supposed 
deleterious  qualities  may  do  no  harm  to  the 
soil.  The  pomace  contains  a  considerable 
quantity  of  saccharine  matter,  notwithstand- 
ing the  operations  of  the  mill  on  it.  This 
is  a  rich  food  of  plants,  and  a  constituent  of 
most  vegetables.  By  fermentation,  it  pro- 
duces acetous  acid  ;  so  do  other  vegetable 
substances  in  greater  or  less  proportion. 

The  straw  necessarily  mixed  with  it 
increases  its  value.  It  is  said  as  an  evidence 
against  its  use,  that  it  destroys  vegetation 
where  it  lies.     So  do  less  quantities  of  ash- 


es, dung,  urine.  &c.  But  the  apple  seeds 
germinate  on  the  heap,  and  would  grow 
thrifty  if  earthy  matter  were  mixed  with  the 
pomace.  It  might  be  made  into  valuable 
manure  by  incorporating  it  with  compost 
materials,  or,  which  perhaps  would  be  bet- 
ter, it  might  be  thrown  into  the  hog-yard. — 
As  putrefactive  fermentation  takes  place 
slowly  in  pomace,  lime  or  ashes  should  al- 
ways be  added  to  it,  when  put  into  a  com 
post  heap. 

The  dung  of  fowls  is  a  rich  manure.  For 
its  fermentable  qualities,  it  is  used  by  tan- 
ners in  the  preparation  of  hides  in  the  pro- 
cess of  tanning.  It  is  therefore  a  valuable 
addition  to  coarse  and  unfermentable  ma- 
nure. While  the  farmer  pays  proper  re- 
gard to  cleanliness  in  his  barns,  he  should 
not  be  unmindful  of  economy. 

This  principle  would  apply  to  the  neces- 
sary. Night-soil,  both  for  convenience  and 
preparation  for  manure,  should  be  mixed 
with  other  substances.  The  Chinese,  whose 
economy  is  said  to  extend  to  the  saving  of 
the  hair  shorn  from  the  head,  and  the  pa- 
ring of  their  nails,  mix  marl  with  it,  and 
when  properly  dried,  it  is  a  merchantable 
article  with  them.  Frequent  applications 
of  a  small  quantity  of  lime,  will  prevent  the 
unpleasant  effluvia. 

It  should  be  carried  out  at  least  in  the 
spring  and  fall,  and  mixed  with  other  ma- 
nure or  earth. 

[Concluded  next  week.] 


Fine  Apricots — A  friend  of  ours  has  a 
fine  apricot  tree  now  in  full  fruit,  which  de- 
serves a  special  notice.  It  is  called  For- 
syth's orange  apricot,  and  is  a  most  beauti- 
ful, as  well  as  excellent  variety.  The  fruit 
is  as  large  as  a  moderate  sized  peach,  meas- 
uring from  six  to  seven  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  of  a  rich  orange  color.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  tree  at  this  time  is  rich  be- 
yond description.  The  proprietor  has  po- 
litely tendered  to  us  buds  or  grafts  at  the 
proper  seasons  for  any  of  our  friends.  The 
tree  was  obtained  from  the  nursery  of  Mr. 
James  Wilkes  of  this  city,  who  always  keeps 
a  good  supply  of  these  and  other  fruit  trees. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  we  have  been 
presented  with  an  apricot  from  another  tree, 
growing  in  this  city,  of  the  same  kind  and 
fully  equal  to  the  above.  The  tree  was  ob- 
tained from  the  nursery  of  Mr.  John  Willis, 
of  Oxford,  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland. — 
While  such  fine  fruit  can  be  so  easily  raised, 
it  is  astonishing  that  the  contemptible  things 
called  apricots  and  hawked  about  the  city  at 
this  time.are  not  made  to  give  place  to  them. 
— American  Farmer. 


METEOROLOGICAL,    TABLE, 

for  the  iceck  ending  July  9,  1831. 

>>  5 

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<ETTke  Barometrical  and  Thermometrical  obtura- 
tions are  reg^steredat  10  o'clock  AH!,  and  P.  M.,ibhi(tl 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  I  hat  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  t>f  tht 
relaXivt  heat  of  a  day  than  any  oth%r  time* 


£21 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  16,  1831. 


Hints  to  People  of  Moderate  Fortune.— 
The  prevailing  evil  of  the  present  day  is  ex- 
travagance. I  know  very  well  that  the  old 
are  too  prone  to  preach  about  modern  de- 
generacy, whether  they  have  cause  or  not; 
Cut  laugh  as  we  may  at  the  sage  advice  of 
our  fathers,  it  is  too  plain  that  our  present 
sxpensive  habits  are  productive  of  much 
domestic  unhappiness,  and  injurious  to  pub- 
lic prosperity.  Our  wealthy  people  copy  all 
•he  toolish  and  extravagant  caprices  of  Eu- 
ropean fashion,  without  considering  that  we 
have  not  their  laws  of  inheritance  among 
US, — and  that  our  frequent  changes  of  poli- 
cy render  property  far  more  precarious  here 
than  in  the  old  world.  However  it  is  not 
to  the  rich  I  would  speak.  They  have  an 
undoubted  right  to  spend  their  thousands  as 
they  please;  and  if  they  spend  them  ridicu- 
lously it  is  consoling  to  reflect  that  they 
must,  in  some  way  or  other,  benefit  the 
poorer  classes.  People  of  moderate  for- 
tunes have  likewise  an  unquestioned  right 
to  dispose  of  their  hundreds  as  they  please  ; 
jut  I  would  ask  is  it  wise  to  risk  your  happi- 
ness in  a  foolish  attempt  to  keep  up  with  the 
opulent  ?  Of  what  use  is  the  effort  which 
takes  so  much  of  your  time,  and  all  of  your 
income?  Nay,  if  any  unexpected  change 
in  affairs  should  deprive  you  of  a  few  yearly 
'aundreds,  you  will  find  your  expenses  have 
exceeded  your  income — thus  the  foundation 
of  an  accumulating  debt  will  he  laid,  and 
your  family  will  have  formed  habits  but 
poorly  calculated  to  save  you  from  the 
threatened  ruin.  Not  one  valuable  friend 
will  be  gained  by  living  beyond  your  means, 
and  old  age  will  be  left  to  comparative,  if 
Uot  to  utter  poverty. 

There  is  nothing  in  which  the  extrava- 
gance of  the  present  day  strikes  me  so  for- 
cibly as  the  manner  in  which  our  young 
yeople  of  moderate  fortune  furnish  their 
bouses. 

A  few  weeks  since  I  called  upon  a  far- 
mer's daughter  who  had  lately  married  a 
young  physician  of  moderate  talents,  and 
destitute  of  fortune.  Her  father  had  given 
her  at  her  marriage,  all  he  ever  expected  to 
give  her ;  viz.  two  thousand  dollars.  Yet  the 
Tower  part  of  the  house  was  furnished  with 
as  much  splendor  as  we  usually  find  among 
the  wealthiest.  The  whole  two  thousand  had 

Seen  expended  upon  Brussels  Carpets,  Ala- 
aster  Vases,  Mahogany  Chairs,  and  Mar- 
ble Tables.  I  afterwards  learned  that  the 
snore  useful  household  utensils  had  been  for- 
gotten ;  and  that  a  few  weeks  after  her 
wedding,  she  was  actually  obliged  to  apply 
'.o  her  husband  for  money  to  purchase  bas- 
kets, iron  spoons,  clothes  lines,  &c. — and 
"y.er  husband,  made  irritable  by  the  want  of 
yioney,  pettishly  demanded  why  she  had 
.  •  bought  so  many  things  they  did  not  want. — 
•■J)id  the  Doctor  gain  any  patients,  or  she  a 
Single  friend,  by  offering  their  visitors  wa- 
ter in  richly  cut  glass  tumblers,  or  serving 
them  with  costly  damask  napkins,  instead  of 
Alain  soft  towels  ?  No, — Their  foolish  van- 
yy  made  them  less  happy,  and  no  more  re- 
spectable. 

Had  the  young  lady  been  content  with 
Kiddcrminister  carpets,  and  vases  of  her 
own  making,  she  might  have  put  one  thou 
«and  dollars  at  interest ;  and  had  she  obtai- 
ned six  per  cent.,  it  would  have  clothed  her 
as  well  as  the  wife  of  any  man,  who  de- 
pends merely  upon  his  own  industry,  ought 
to  be  clothed.  This  would  have  saved  much 
domestic  disquiet ;  for,  after  all,  human  na 


ture  is  human  nature,  and  a  wife  is  never 
better  beloved,  because  she  teazes  for  mo- 
ney. 

THE  INDIANS. 
A  writer  in  the  Connecticut  Mirror,   gives  the 
following  estimate  of  the  numbers  of  the  Indians, 
within  the  following  States : — 

Maine,  Massachusetts,  Rhode-Island  and 
Virginia,  2,500 

New- York  and  Pensylvania,  7,500 

North  and  South  Carolina.  3,100 

Georgia,  .  7,800 

Tennessee  and  Ohio,  3,000 

Alabama,  20,000 

Mississippi,  24,000 

Louisiana,   Indiana,   Illinois,  and  Mis- 
souri, 17,000 


85,000 
Some  of  the  number  estimated  for  New-York 
have  removed  to  Green  Bay :  and  great  numbers 
located  in  the  state  of  Mississippi  have  already,  or 
are  now  about  pulling  up  stakes  and  removing  to 
the  west  side  of  the  river  Mississippi. 

There  are  within  the  United  States  and  Terri 
tories,  east  of  the  Rocky   Mountains,  57 
tribes,  containing  230,000 

West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  80,000 


Rochester  Daily  Adv.) 


316,000 


WELL  DONE,  BAY  STATE. 
Massachusetts  is  determined  not  to  be  behind 
the  "  intelligence  of  the  age."    In  30  days  ses- 
sion, they  passed  laws  establishing 

6  Insurance  Companies, 

3  Banking  Companies, 

1  Steam  Boat  Company, 

1  Canal  Company,  (Springfield,) 

5  Manufacturing  Companies, 

C  Rail  Road  Companies, 

1  State  Horticultural  Society. 
The  Rail  Companies,  are  from  Boston  to  Wor- 
cester,— to  Providence, — to  Taunton, — to  Onta- 
rio,— the  Granite  Rail  Way,  and  the  West 
Stockbridge  Rail  Road  Company.  They  also 
passed  a  law,  incorporating  "  the  American  So- 
ciety for  encouraging  the  settlement  of  the  Oregon 
Territory."  The  legislature  showed  a  good  de- 
gree of  industry,  worthy  imitation. — lb. 

COPY  RIGHT. 

It  appears  from  an  article  in  the  Commercial 
Advertiser  of  two  or  three  columns,  that  Dr. 
Noah  Webster,  was  the  first  applicant  for  a  copy 
right,  in  the  United  States.  In  1782,  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  Dr.  W.  composed  two  small 
books,  intended  as  elementary  works  for  the  in- 
struction of  children  in  the  English  language;- 
living  then  in  Goshen,  Orange  County;  he  went 
about,  from  state  legislature  to  state  legislature 
and  finally  to  congress;  but  he  could  get  no  law 
enacted  securing  him  a  copy  right  for  his  works 
In  1790,  the  constitution  vesting  the  authority  of 
copy  rights  in  congress,  a  general  law  was  pas- 
sed. In  1825,  while  the  Doctor  was  in  London, 
he  observed  that  the  British  laws  were  more  lib- 
eral than  our  own,  which  induced  him  to  suggest 
the  passage  of  a  new  law  in  the  United  States, 
extending  the  time  of  copy  rights ;  which,  after 
the  vicissitudes  of  several  years,  was  finally  pas- 
sed last  winter  in  congress.    It  is  supposed  that 


Dr.  W.  expended  in  time  and  money,  more  than 
81000,  in  order  to  get  the  first  law  passed. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  Dr.  Noah  Webster  is 
the  father  of  American  spelling  book  makers — o! 
copy  rights,  and  their  extension. — lb. 

IMPROVED  STORES. 

Anew  plan  is  introduced  in  New-York;  that 
is,  a  floor  upon  an  inclined  plan,  rising  gradually 
from  front  to  rear.  This  makes  a  most  gorgeous-- 
display,  to  the  passer-by.  An  improvement  might 
easily  be  made  upon  this  plane ;  the  whole  front, 
of  the  store  should  rest  on  two  door  posts ;  let  the 
windows  compose  all  the  remaining  part  of  the 
front — then  have  the  shelves,  drawers,  and  side 
cases,  all  fixed  to  a  moveable  floor,  in  convenient 
sections  of  12  or  15  each;  then costruct rollers  un- 
der the  floor;  when  the  whole  sides  could  be  re- 
moved into  the  street  in  a  few  minutes  in  case  oi 
fire. — lb. 

EUROPEAN  CITIES. 

London-,  is  10  miles  long  on  the  Thames,  from 
east  to  west,  and  Gj  broad  from  nordi  to  south,  and 
50  miles  in  circumference.  Population  1,500.000 
It  contains 

70  Squares, 
800  Streets, 
174000  Houses, 
146  Churches, 
82  Chapels  of  Ease, 
16  Roman  Catholic  Chapels. 

6  Jewish  Synagogues, 

7  Quaker's  Chapels, 
163  Dissenter's  Chapels. 

14  Theatres, 
4  Medical  Colleges. 
33  Hospitals, 
72  Banks. 
Paris,  is  4$  miles  long  and  3i  broad;  and   17 
miles  in  circumference.    Population  750,000.     It 
is  under  the  municipal  government  of   12  mayor- 
alties, and  contains 
12  Palaces, 
16  Bridges, 
28  Hospitals, 
67  Banks, 
142  Churches, 
80  Fountains, 
22  Markets, 
4  Museums, 
9  Prisons, 
14  Theatres. 
Constantinople,  is  built  on  seven  hills ;  on  the 
land  side  it  is  very  strong,  having  a  strong  wall 
and  triple  fortifications,  18  feet  apart.      In  these 
are  6  gates  and  5  bridges.     On  the  river  side  arP 
,16  gates.    Population  550,000.    Contains 
45000  Houses, 
300  Mosques, 
25  Greek  Churches, 
130  Baths, 

200  Palaces  and  Seraglios. 
The  Sultan's  Palace  is  said  to  be  three  miles  in 
circumference. — lb. 


The  Ontario  Messenger  states,  that  the  formers 
of  Old  Ontario  have  sold  mostly  for  cash,  130,000 
lbs.  wool,  amounting  to  about  S&O.OOO. 

Ccrtious  Calculation.    A  student  of  the  Vrf. 
University,  states,  that  the-  chances  that  Jcflefsmi 
and  Adams  would  die  on  the  snap  dav,  WcTe  tip 
ward's  of  1,721,000  against  it, 


&aa&r; 


^w^mmm 


u 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JULY  23,   1831. 


MMBI  H   29 


PUBLISHED  BY  I..  TUCKEH  &,  CO. 

At  tlie  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms—  $-.50  per  annum,  or 

$-2.00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSEI.L,  EDITOR. 


FLAX  AND  HEMP. 

As  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  Flax  and 
!  Iemp  are  of  great  national  importance,  we  re- 
gret that  any  political  bickerings  should  prevent 
our  Legislators  from  giving  to  this  branch  of  ag- 
i  i. -allure  and  domestic  manufacture  that  encour- 
agement which  their  importance  demand.  Was 
our  Government  to  form  a  Linen  and  Hempen 
Hoard,  and  place  funds  at  their  disposal,  for  the 
encouragement  of  the  growth  and  manufacture  of 
i  hese  articles,  we  think  it  would  accelerate  our 
national  prosperity. 

Of  so  much  importance  has  England  consider- 
.  i  liie  growth  and  manufacture  of  flax  and  hemp, 
i  hat  she  has  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Linen 
Board  of  Ireland  about  one  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars annually,  to  be  distributed  in  the  form  of  pre- 
miums, for  encouraging  improvements  in  the 
growth  and  manufacture  of  these  articles. 

Notwithstanding  the  attention  paid  to  this  sub- 
ject, in  Ireland,  previous  to  1823  there  was  an  ac- 
knowledged superiority  in  favor  of  the  Dutch,  in 
producing  not  only  a  finer  manufactured  article, 
but  the  flax  in  its  merchantable  shape.  Under  a 
proper  conviction  of  this  difference,  the  Linen 
Hoard  of  Ireland  commissioned  Peter  Besnard, 
Esq.  Inspector-General  of  Leinster,  Minister  and 
Connaught,  to  proceed  to  the  Netherlands  and 
make  such  examinations  of  the  manner  of  treat- 
ing "  Flax  and  Hemp,  as  well  in  the  tillage  and 
preparation  of  the  soil,  as  in  the  after  manage- 
ment and  regulations  of  the  market  until  bought 
for  exportation.'' 

This  gentleman,  from  his  long  acquaintance 
with  the  subject,  was  well  prepared  for  the  ap- 
pointment conferred  upon  him  by  the  Board,  and 
H  hich  he  executed  to  their  entire  satisfaction. 

During  the  subsequent  year  the  Editor  of  this 
paper  was  in  Ireland,  and  had  an  introduction  to 
.lames  Corry,  Esq.  Secretary  to  the  Board,  and 
also  to  Mr.  Besnard ;  both  of  these  gentlemen 
were  extremely  polite  to  us,  and  gave  us  the  lib- 
city  of  perusing  such  papers  respecting  the  linen 
and  hempen  business,  belonging  to  the  society,  as 
we  deemed  of  importance,  and  also  in  answering 
such  inquiries  as  we  thought  proper  to  make  of 
[hem  personally.  They  also  presented  us  with 
several  printed  pamphlets  and  circulars  relative  to 
the  .:ljove  business,  which  we  forwarded  to  the 
United  States, — the  substance  of  which  was  em- 
bodied in  the  Message  of  the  President,  of  the 
rith  of  January,  1825,  transmitting  a  report  from 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  in  relation  to  Ameri- 
•  :m  canvass,  cables  and  cordage,  and  which  has 
since  been  reprinted  in  compliance  with  a  resolu- 
t  ion  introduced  into  the  House  by  Mr.  Spencer  of 
New  York,  April  22d,  1830. 

As  many  of  our  readers  may  not  have  had  the 
opportunity  of  perusing  the  publications  alluded 
to,  we  will  select  such  parts  of  them  as  we  think 
will  be  most  beneficial  to  them  and  the  public  gen- 
erally, for  this  and  subsequent  numbers  of  the 
Hcnesee  Farmer. 


It  will  be  perceived  by  these  documents,  when 
they  shall  appear,  that  two  points  are  clearly  es 
tablished,  viz  :  1st — That  flax  which  is  allowed 
to  ripen  the  seed,  is  capable  of  being  manufactured 
into  the  finest  fabrics  without  any  diminution  of 
quality  in  comparison  with  that  pulled  when 
in  blossom,  but  an  increase  in  quantity.  2d — 
That  water  rotting  of  flax  not  only  increases  the 
quality  but  the  quantity,  in  a  sufficient  ratio  to 
meet  any  extra  expenses  which  may  accrue  in 
this  over  the  common  method  of  dew  rotting. — 
And  3d — That  the  present  differences  in  the  pri- 
ces of  the  two  articles,  (dew  rotted  and  water  rot- 
ted) bear  no  proportion  to  their  real  value  for  the 
purposes  of  manufacturing. 

With  regard  to  the  growth  of  flax  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  we  have  to  observe  that  we  have  seen 
what  we  considered  a  finer  growth  than  we  ever 
saw  in  Ireland,  but  would  not  be  understood  that 
we  think  the  average  produce  better.  We  know 
that  there  is  a  great  difference  in  different  parts  of 
the  United  States,  as  regards  this  crop, — those 
parts  which  are  most  subject  to  droughts  do  not 
produce  as  fine  as  those  in  which  the  atmosphere 
is  more  damp.  On  this  principle  Ireland  is  better 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  flax  than  the  U.  States 
generally,  and  yet  the  average  price  of  flax  in  A- 
merica,  will  be  found  to  be  less  than  in  Ireland. 
The  difference  would  be  sufficient  to  warrant  the 
exportation  from  this  country  to  that,  if  the  qual- 
ity would  answer, — but  it  will  not. 

During  our  stay  in  England,  a  friend  of  ours 
tried  the  experiment  by  importing  into  England 
from  the  United  States,  several  tons  of  our  dew 
rotted  flax,  which  would  have  allowed  him  a 
handsome  profit  as  the  prices  were,  but  it  was 
found  unfit  for  the  manufacturer,  and  the  trade 
abandoned. 

To  the  Senate  of  the  United  States : 

In  compliance  with  a  resolution  of  the 
Senate,  of  the  17th  May  last,  I  transmit  a 
report  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, which 
contains  the  information  requested. 

JAMES  MONIIOE. 
Washington,  5th  Jan.  1831. 

Navy  Department,  Jan.  5,  1325. 

Sir — In  answer  to  the  resolution  ot  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  of  the  17th 
May  last,  "  That  the  President  of  the  United 
States  be  requested  to- cause  a  report  from 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  to  be  laid  before 
the  Senate,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
next  session  of  Congress,  showing  the  rea- 
son, if  any,  why  canvass,  cables,  and  cord- 
age, made  of  hemp,  the  growth  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  may  not  be  used  in  the  equip- 
ment of  national  vessels,  with  equal  advan- 
tage as  if  of  foreign  fabric  and  materials,"  I 
have  the  honor  to  present  to  you  the  follow- 
ing report : 

The  resolution  was  communicated  to  the 
Board  of  Navy  Commissioners,  who  have 
fumished  the  answer,  marked  A. 

A  variety  of  questions  were  proposed  to 
growers  and  manufacturers  of  hemp,  and 
answers  received,  from  which  the  extracts, 
marked  No.  1  to  5,  are  taken. 

From  these  and  other  sources  of  informa- 
tion, the  following  conclusions  are  drawn. 


1st.  That  hemp  may  be  cultivated  in  the 
United  States  to  any  extent  which  our  ne- 
cessities may  require. 

2d.  That,  in  the  present  mode  of  cultiva- 
tion, there  are  some  errors  which  may  read- 
ily be  corrected  when  more  attention  is  paid 
lo  it. 

3d.  That,  in  its  natural  state,  it  is,  in  all 
important  qualities,  equal  to  that  which  we 
are  in  the  habit  of  importing. 

4th.  That  it  is  injured  in  the  mode  of  rot- 
ting and  preparing  it  for  manufacture. 

5th.  That  if  sown  thicker  on  the  ground, 
water-rotted,  and  prepared  with  care,  it  will 
be,  for  all  purposes,  equal  to  any  other. 

6th.  That  canvass,  cables,  and  cordage, 
manufactured  out  of  it,  as  now  cultivated, 
are  inferior  in  color,strength  and  durability, 
to  those  manufactured  from  imported  hemp, 
and  consequently  are  not  as  safe  or  proper 
for  use  in  the  navy.  And  that  this  is  the 
reason,  and  the  only  reason,  "  why  canvass, 
cables,  and  cordage,  made  of  hemp,  the 
growth  of  the  United  States,  may  not  be 
used  in  the  equipment  of  national  vessels, 
with  equal  advantage  as  if  of  foreign  fabric 
or  materials." 

1  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  sentiments  of 
high  respect,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 
SAM'L.L.  SOUTHARD. 

President  U.  States. 

Navt  Commissioner's  Office, 

17th  November,  1824. 

Sir — The  Commissioners  of  the  Navy 
have  received  a  copy  of  a  resolution  of  the 
honorable  the  Senate  of  the  United  States, 
of  17th  May  last,  calling  for  a  report  "at  the 
commencement  of  the  next  session  of  Con- 
gress, showing  the  reason,  if  any,  why  can- 
vass, cables,  and  cordage,  made  of  hemp, 
the  growth  of  the  United  States,  may  not  be 
used  in  the  equipment  of  national  vessels 
with  equal  advantage  as  if  of  foreign  fabric 
or  materials." 

Early  after  the  passage  of  this  resolution, 
the  Commissioners  opened  an  extensive  cor- 
respondence with  persons  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  canvass  and  cordage,  and 
they  have  consulted  all  the  authorities  with- 
in their  reach,  with  a  view  to  gain  such  in- 
formation upon  the  interesting  question  em- 
braced by  the  resolution,  as  would  assist  in 
forming  satisfactory  conclusions ;  and  they 
now  respectfullv  submit  the  following  re- 
port : 

The  Commissioners  beg  leave  to  premise, 
that  the  canvass  manufactured  in  the  United 
States,  is  made  generally  of  flax.  They 
believe  that  hemp  has  not  been  used  for  thai 
purpose  in  any  of  the  large  factories  :  though 
it  has  been  suggested,  that,  if  hemp  were 
sowed  unusually  thick,  and  pulled  at  a  peri- 
od lo  produce  a  fibre  or  hurl,  on  a  medium 
between  the  ordinary  hemp  and  flax,  that  is 
stouter  and  stronger  than  the  latter,  yet  not 
so  coarse  and  rough  as  the  former,  it  might 
be  found  to  be  an  advantageous  substitute 
in  the  manufacture  of  canvass. 

With  regard  to  flax  in  the  manufacture  of 
canvass,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  A- 
merican  plant,  if  water  rotted  and  proper- 
ly dressed,  will  make  a  cloth  which  may  be 
used  in  the  equipment  of  our  national  ves- 
sels, with  equal  advantage  as  if  of  foreign 
materials.      We  have  purchased  a  consul- 


226 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  23,  183L 


erable  quantity  of  canvass  made  in'the  United 
States,  of  flax  grown  at  Fairfield,  Connecti- 
cut, where  they  are  "in  the  habit  of  water- 
rotting  it ;"  and  its  quality  is  not  only  con- 
sidered sufficiently  good  for  the  service,  but 
equal  to  that  of  the  best  imported  canvass. 
We  have  also  purchased  canvass  made  from 
foreign  and  dew-rotted,  American  flax  mix- 
ed, and  it  has  passed  inspection,  though  not 
equal  to  that  made  from  the  Fairfield  flax. 
The  manufacturers  of  canvass  object  to 
dew  rotted  flax  on  various  grounds.  They 
prefer  Dutch  at  15  or  Irish  at  14  cents  per 
lb.  to  this  kind  of  flax  at  9  cents  per  pound  : 
because,  while  one  hundred  pounds  of  Dutch 
will  yield  72  lbs.,  and  100  lbs.  of  Irish  will 
yield  65  lbs.  the  like  quantity  of  American 
dew  rotted,  will  yield  only  40  pounds  of 
clean  flax.  No  reason  can  be  discerned 
why  the  American  flax  should  yield  so 
much  less  than  the  Dutch,  unless  it  is  to  be 
found  in  the  defective  process  of  rotting, 
dressing,  and  preparing  it  for  market. — 
The  American  planl,  in  its  natural  state, 
contains,  it  is  believed,  as  great  a  portion  of 
fibre  or  lint  as  either  of  the  others.  A  res- 
pectable manufacturer  has  stated,  that  he 
has  long  used  the  Fairfield  flax,  and  that  he 
considers  it  "more  flexible,  less  woody,  and 
stronger  than  that  grown  at  the  South,  and 
preferable  to  Russia  flax." 

Others,  and  apparently  well  founded  ob 
jections,  are  urged  by  the  manufacturers  of 
canvass  against  common  American  flax. — 
They  say  "that  in  bleaching,  the  Irish  flax 
has  an  advantage  over  every  other  descrip- 
tion ;  that  the  coloring  matter  is  extracted 
from  it  with  less  trouble  and  expense  than 
the  Dutch  ;  that  the  American  flax  requires 
at  least  two-thirds  more  expense  and  twice 
the  trouble  of  any  other  flax.  The  reason 
assigned  for  this  by  the  American  manufac- 
turers is.  that  the  American  flax  is  not  pul- 
led until  the  seed  are  ripe  ;  whereas,  in  Ire- 
land, it  is  pulled  green  ;  but,  in  opposition 
to  this  conclusion,  it  is  said  that,  "  in  the 
Netherlands,  where  flat  is  supposed  to  be  the 
best  prepared,  generally  speaking,  of  any  in 
Europe,  and  in  France,  flax  is  always  allow- 
ed to  arrive  at  maturity,  and  is  never  pul- 
led, particularly  in  Holland  and  Zealand, 
until  the  seed  are  perfectly  formed,  and  the 
capsule  brown  and  hard,  so  as  t"  be  easily 
disengaged  from  the  stock  ;"  and  if,  as  it  is 
alleged,  Irsih  fla  t  is  found  to  be  more  easi- 
ly bleached  than  the  Dutch,  this  advantage 
appears  to  be  more  than  counterbalanced  by 
the  fact,  that  100  lbs  of  the  latter  will  yield 
7  lbs.  more  of  clean  flax  than  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  the  former. 

The  practice  of  pulling  the  plant  in  a 
green  state,  is  defended  on  the  grounds  that, 
the  younger  the  plant,  the  finer  the  tissue ; 
yet,  it  is  stated  as  an  unquestionable  fact, 
that  the  flax  intended  for  the  finest  purposes, 
is  not  pulled  in  the  Netherlands,  until  the 
seed  are  ripe.  An  intelligent  French  gen- 
tleman, in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Besnard,  (an  ex- 
tract of  which  will  be  found  among  the  pa- 
pers accompanying  this  report}  assigns  rea- 
sons, which  appear  conclusive  in  favor  of 
the  practice  which  prevails  in  Holland,  both; 
as  to  the  period  when  flax  is  pulled,  and 
heir  peculiar  method  of  steeping  it. 

The  "high  price  of  American  flax,  its; 
unequal  quality,  and  the  uncertainty  of  sup-! 
ply,"  are  urged  as  among  the  reasons  which 
have  induced  some  of  the  manufacturers  of 
canvass,  after  repeated  trials,  to  re-com- 
mence  the  importation  of  Irish  flax;  while 


others  observe,  that  they  have  imported 
none  since  the  Fall  of  1821,  being  able  to 
obtain  a  sufficient  supply  of  American  fla  . 
It  appears  to  be  the  universal  opinion  of 
experienced  men,  that  the  process  of  dew- 
rotting  flax  diminishes  its  value  and  its 
weight,  injures  its  color,  and  impairs  its 
quality  and  strength.  Thee  periments  sta- 
ted in  the  paper  C.  annexed,  tend  to  con- 
firm this  o  inion. 

With  regard  to  "  cables  and  cordage, 
made  of  hemp,  the  growth  of  the  United  ti." 
many  of  the  observations  previously  made, 
with  respect  to  flax,  are,  in  a  great  degree, 
applicable  to  hemp.  In  its  natural  state  A- 
merican  is  believed  to  be  equal  to  the  best 
Russia;  but  the  almost  universal  custom  of 
dew-rotting  it,  is  so  deleterious  in  its  effects 
upon  the  fibre,  as  to  present  insuperable  ob- 
jections to  its  use  in  the  Navy.  This  pro- 
cess not  only  weakens  the  fibre,  but  prevents 
the  tar  from  incorporating  with  the  yarns, 
thus  rendering  it  seriously  objectionable, 
particularly  for  cables.  The  manufacturers 
of  cordage  further  object  to  it,  because  "  its 
staple  is  rough,  and  occupies  more  time  in 
the  manufacture;"  and  "generally  comes 
to  market  in  a  slovenly  manner,  with  vari- 
ous qualities  mixed  together,  and  badly 
cleaned.'  They  say  that  cordage  made  of 
Russia  hemp  is  preferred  by  the  consumer, 
at  an  advance  of  50  to  100  per  cent  ;  that 
dew-rotted  cordage,  "by  exposure  to  the  at- 
mosphere, becomes  rotten,  and  after  being 
used  a  short  time,  cannot  be  depended  on.' 
A  gentleman  of  experience  says,  "  before  the 
late  war  we  used  some  cordage  made  from 
Kentucky  yarns — many  persons  did  it  for 
the  purpose  of  encouraging  American  pro- 
ductions ;  some  of  them  had  strong  prejudi- 
ces in  its  favor  ;  but,  after  a  fair  trial,  those 
persons  confessed  to  me  that  they  must 
give  up  the  use  of  it ;  that  it  would  noi 
wear  well,  and  they  could  not  depend  on  it." 
The  same  gentleman  further  observes,  "  I 
would  not  use  cordage  made  of  Kentucky 
yarns  or  hemp,  even  If  I  could  procure  it  at 
half  the  price  o!  cordage  made  from  Rus- 
sia." 

Manufacturers  and  consumers  of  cordage 
appear  universally    to  concur  in  these  opin-( 


er  of  this  machine,  to  disengage  effectually 
the  woody  part  of  the  plant  from  the  lint,  is 
spoken  of  confidently  by  those  who  have 
seen  it  in  operation  :  but,  whether  the  hemp 
thus  prepared,  will  be  as  serviceable  as  th-3 
water-rotted  ;  whether  it  will  not  be  more 
liable,  in  bulk,  to  injury,  from  the  gum  and 
mucilage  which  are  wholly  left  in  it ;  or 
whether  other  objections  may  not  exist,  arc 
points  upon  which  the  Commissioners  ate 
uninformed.  They  have,  owever,  engaged 
a  small  supply  nf  yarns  from  hemp  thus  pre 
pared,  and  intend  making  expeiiments  tc 
test  their  strength  and  durability. 

About  twelve  months  since,  a  gentleman 
produced  a  sample  of  cordage,  made,  it  is 
believed,  of  American  dew-rotted  hemp 
with  the  yams  dipped  in  pyroligneous  acid, 
and  tarred  about  one-eighth  as  much  a* 
yarns  usually  are,  prior  to  being  laid  ;  ca'- 
culating,  that  the  antiseptic  properties  of 
this  acid  would  obviate  the  injuries  sustain- 
ed in  the  process  of  dew-rotting,  and  impart 
to  the  cordage  a  durability  equal  to  that 
made  of  water-rotted  hemp.  With  a  view 
to  an  experiment,  the  Commissioners  have 
engaged  enough  of  these  yarns  to  mike  :i 
nine-inch  cable.  Although  the  gentleman 
speaks  very  confidently  as  to  ihe  durabilitv 
of  cordage  made  from  these  yarns,  yet  we 
are  unable  to  discern  how  the  pyroligneous 
acid  can  remedy  the  defects  occasioned  bv 
dew-rotting,  and  impart  to  the  cordage  the 
property  of  retaining  a  sufficient  portion  of 
tar  for  its  preservation,  particularly  when 
used  as  cables. 

The.  proceedings  of  Congress,  during  the 
last  session,  and  the  opinions  then  expressed, 
that  American  hemp,  in  its  natural  state,  is 
equal  to  Russia,  and  that  the  preference 
given  to  the  latter  has  arisen  essentially 
from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  rotted,  have 
induced  some  of  our  most  respectable  far 
mers  to  engage  in  the  cultivation  and  prep- 
aration of  hemp,  upon  the  Russian  system. 
The  Commissioners  have  contracted  for 
three  tons  of  American  hemp  of  this  descrip- 
tion, and  directed  it  to  be  made  into  cor- 
dage of  various  kinds,  in  order  to  test. its 
comparative   strength    and   durability    with 


ions.     Equally  decided   is  their  opinion  asljtIie  best  Rtftsia,  onboard  the  ship  the  North 


to  the  quality  of  the  American  plant  in  its 
natural  state.  They  all  say,  that  American 
hemp,  pulled  in  the  right  season,  water-rot- 
ted, and  properly  handled,  would  make  as 
good  cordage  as  the  best  Russia.  Indeed, 
it  has  been  forcibly  contended  that  it  would 
be  preferable,  because  Russia  hemp  is  in- 
jured from  being  heated  on  ship  board — an 
injury  to  which  American  hemp,  used  in  the 
United  States,  would  not  be  liable. 

While  these  opinions  appear  well  founded, 
there  is  another  consideration,  which  addres- 
ses itself  immediately  and  forcibly  to  the 
growers  of  hemp  in  the  United  States.  The 
difference  between  the  product  of  given  or- 
tions  of  plant,  water-rotted,  and  dew-rotted, 
is  confidendly  believed  to  be  greatly  in  favor 
of  the  former  mode. 

Experiments  have  been  made  by  boiling 
and  steaming,  to  avoid  either  proceess  of 
rotting;  but  the  result  proved  unsatisfac- 
tory. 

Pushing  their  experiments  with  a  perse- 
verance which  deserves,  and  must  ultimate- 
ly secure  success,  our  countrymen  have  late- 
ly introduced  a  machine,  called  "  the  flax 
and  hemp  dresser,"  with  a  view  to  avoid  al- 
together the  process  of  rotting.     The  pow- 


Carolina.  The  result  of  this  experiment,  if 
the  American  hemp  shall  have  been  careful- 
ly gathered,  at  the  right  season,  and  prop- 
erly prepared,  will  enable  the  Commission-- 
ers  to  express  a  satisfactory  opinion  upon 
the  subject;  and  they  cannot  entertain  a 
doubt,  that,  in  such  case,  it  will  be  in  their 
power  to  say,  that  the  American  water-rot 
ted  hemp  is,  in  all  respects,  full  equal  to  the 
best  Russia. 

With  regard  to  "the  places  where,  and 
the  extent  to  which  hemp  may  be  eultiva 
ted,"  in  the  United  States,  it  may  be  unre- 
servedly said,  that  the  climate,  throughout 
the  whole  country,  is  no  where  unfriendly, 
and  that  hemp  may  be  cultivated  advantage- 
ously wherever  the  soil  is  adapted  to  it. — 
It  is  grown  in  great  perfection  in  the  Eas- 
tern, Western,  and  Southern  States,  as  far 
South  as,  and  including  Virginia.  Wc 
have  not  heard  of  any  grown  South  of  Vir- 
ginia; though,  as  it  is  known  to  succeed  well 
in  warm  latitudes,  there  is  no  doubt  it  can 
be   cultivated  in  our  most  Southern   Stales. 

The  papers  herewith,  A,  B,  C,  and  D, 
will,  it  is  hoped,  afford  satisfactory  informa- 
tion upon  the  "  manner  of  raising  hemp,  and 
preparing  it  for  market,"  and  upon  the  oth- 


Vdl.  1.— No.  29. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


227 


(*r  points  to  which  you  have  been  pleased  to 
call  the  attention  of  the  Board. 

Having  given  to  this  important  subject 
that  attention  to  which  its  intrinsic  merits 
entitle  it,  and  which  a  strong  solicitude  to 
contribute  to  the  improvement  of  every 
source  of  national  independence  could  not 
fail  to  excite,  the  Commissioners,  with  great 
Reference  submit  the  result. 
I  have  the  honor  lo  be,  with  great  respect, 
Sir,  your  most  ob't  servant, 

JOHN  RODGERS. 
lion.  S.  L.  Southard,  Sec'y'ofthc  Navg. 
[Documents  to  be  continued.] 


INSECTS  ON  HOUSE  PLANTS. 

It  often  happens  at  this  season  of  the  year,  that 
plants  which  have  been  kept  in  pots  in  the  house, 
become  infested  with  small  insects  of  different 
Rinds,  some  of  which  are  very  troublesome  and 
often  destroy  the  plants,  unless  pains  are  taken  to 
destroy  them.  For  this  purpose  different  process 
*es  are  resorted  to,  such  as  washing  the  plants  with 
s*ap  suds,  decoctions  of  different  kinds,  &c.  One 
of  the  most  effectual  remedies  is  to  fumigate  them 
with  tobacco  smoke.  When  green  houses  become 
-jifested  with  them,  nurserymen  often  put  a  quan- 
tity of  refuse  tobacco  into  the  green  house  and  set 
ft  on  fire  and  close  the  room  tight,  which  soon  be- 
comes filled  with  smoke.  The  room  is  kept  clos- 
ed until  the  smoke  has  disappeared ;  when  if  the 
■operation  has  been  well  conducted  it  is  found  that 
ill  the  small  insects  upon  the  plants,  and  elsewhere 
n  the  room,  are  dead. 

Thoseladies  or  gentlemen  who  have  only  a  few 
plants,  and  who  find  them  infested,  can  place  them 
ijnder  an  inverted  barrel  which  has  but  one  head, 
or  if  the  plants  are  short,  a  common  wash  tub  will 
answer,  when  a  small  quantity  of  tobacco  may  be 
riurned  under  the  vessel,  which  will  destroy  any 
insect  upon  the  plants  Fine  apples  are  some- 
times attacked  by  small  insects  which  are  destroy- 
ed by  raising  the  temperature  of  the  room  where 
ttiey  are  kept,  by  the  introduction  of  steam  to  that 
degree  which  will  destroy  the  insects,  and  which 
may  be  done  without  injuring  the  plants.  Where 
decoctions  are  used,  that  from  tobacco  will  be  found 
most  effectual. 


CUTTING  HAY. 
There  is  a  very  mistaken  idea  which  prevails 
among  farmers  with  regard  to  the  time  at  which 
different  grasses  should  be  cut  in  order  to  afford 
the  greatest  quantity  of  vegetable  nutritive  mat- 
ter; and  perhaps  in  regard  to  Red  top  (Ag>  ost/s 
vulgaris)  the  mistake  is'as  great  as  any.  This 
is  one  of  our  most  profitable  grasses  for  low  land 
meadows,  but  should  never  be  sown  upon  upland 
is  the,  roots  are  very  troublesome  in  cultivated 
lields,  being  very  tenacious  of  life,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  florin  grass  (Agrostis  stuloni fera)  the 
roots  of  which  will  sprout  after  having  been  dried. 
The  properties  of  the  red  top  very  much  resem- 
yte  those  of  the  rough  meadow  grass  of  England, 
which  were  shown  by  a  set  of  experiments,  con- 
ducted by  some  of  the  most  scientific  men  of  that 
country,  to  be  much  increased  by  allowing  the 
grass  to  ripen  its  seed  instead  of  cutting  it  when 
in  blossom.  They  found  that  the  nutritive  prop- 
erties contained  in  a  given  quantity  of  grass  that 
•Jlati  ripened  its  seed,  was,  to  that  which  was  cut 
when  in  blossom,  ss  11  to  8,  or  a  gain  of  nearly 
irre  third. 


Now  this  is  a  matter  of  some  consequence  to  a 
farmer,  notwithstanding  the  general  opinion  that 
a  load  of  hay  is  a  load  of  hay,  cut  it  when  you 
will.  There  is  a  very  great  convenience  to  the 
farmer  in  having  some  part  of  his  mowing  ground 
stocked  with  red  top,  as  this  should  not  be  cut  until 
after  harvest  which  will  enable  him  to  do  his  work 
with  a  less  number  of  hands.  Not  only  is  the 
nutritive  matter  increased  in  a  given  quantity  of 
this  grass,  when  allowed  to  stand  to  ripen  its  seed, 
bul  the  quantity  is  also  very  much  increased  on  a 
given  quantity  of  land,  and  we  think  it  would  be 
a  fair  deduction  to  make  that  the  real  value  of  one 
acre  of  this  grass,  cut  when  the  seed  is  ripe,  is 
equal  to  that  from  two  acres  cut  when  in  flower. 


HORTICULTURAL. 

There  was  exhibited  yesterday  at  the  Arcade  a 
basket  of  fine  pears  fully  ripe.  They  were  of  the 
kind  called  Sugar  top,  were  of  good  size,  and  de- 
licious flavor. 

They  were  from  the  garden  of  the  Hon.  E.  B. 
Strong,  than  whom  few  gentlemen  have  done 
more  towards  introducing  foreign  varieties  of 
choice  fruits.  As  this  ripens  nearly  the  same  time 
with  the  Primitive,  Little  Musk  and  Supreme 
pears,  and  is  much  larger,  and  equally  as  fine  in 
flavor,  we  should  recommend  it  for  cultivation  in 
preference  to  either  of  those  varieties. 

There  was  also  exhibited  at  the  same  time  a 
fine  collection  of  Carnations  from  the  garden  of 
Mr.  Lancassell. 

FLORAL  CALENDAR. 

July  22. — Balsam  weed  or  touch-me-not  (Jm 
patiens  balsamina)  in   the  gardens,  and  water 
plantain,  about  our  ponds  and  marshes,  in  flower. 

The  farmers  are  very  busy  about  their  wheat 
harvest  and  the  crop  is  about  half  cut  in  this  neigh- 
borhood. The  weather  thus  far  has  been  unfa- 
vorable for  gathering  hay  and  grain,  having  been 
a  continuation  of  shine  and  showers. 


S5r  We  have  received  a  communication  from  a 
gentleman  in  Washington  county,  respecting  an 
insect  which  has  lately  made  its  appearance  in 
that  and  the  adjoining  counties,  which  is  doin 
much  damage  to  the  wheat  crops.  We  shall  be 
happy  to  receive  further  information  from  that  sec- 
tion respecting  this  new  enemy  to  our  industry, 
and  due  attention  will  be  given  to  the  subject  as 
soon  as  the  necessary  facts  can  be  obtained,  for 
which  we  must  be  indebted  to  those  who  have 
witnessed  their  operation  in  the  infested  disirict. 

THE  SEASON. 

Since  the  26th  of  June,  or  in  24  days, 
(now  July  20)  rain  has  fallen  to  the  depth  of 
six  inches,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  Meteoro- 
logical tables  up  to  this  date.  On  the  27th 
there  fell  1  3-10  inches.  July  5th,  1  S-10 
do.  and  to  day  20th,  1  5«I0  inches  rain. — 
Out  of  the  24  days  10  have  been  rainy,  and 
but  14  fair.  The  Genesee  is  uncommonly 
swollen,  and  the  falls,  instead  of  waning  till 
they  become  fordable  above  the  sheet  by  ev- 
ery foot  pad,  have  this  season,  thus  far,  pre- 
served all  their  grandeur. 

Forebodings  with  regard  to  the  wheat  crop 
have  scarcely  diminished  up  to  this  hour 
though   many  are  harvesting;  some  talk  of 


ravages  by  the  hessian  fly,  others  of  rust, 
and  at  present  all  arc  anxiously  waiting  for 
a  clear  sky  to  secure  the  crop  and  know  the 
worst. 

The  growth  has  been  uncommonly  luxu- 
riant, and  abating  contingences,  promised 
the  fairest  and  most  abundant  the  country 
ever  produced.  Some  fields  in  consequencr 
of  the  great  rains  have  fallen  down,  and  are 
already  much  injured  by  sprouting  and  will 
be  entirely  ruined  unless  the  season  becomes 
immediately  more  propitious  for  harvesting. 
As  is  usual  at  this  season  there  is  a  great 
demand  in  the  country  for  laborers,  wage"1 
are  high,  and  mechanics  and  builders  would 
do  well  to  abate  a  little  of  their  fervor  inthif 
village  for  about  two  weeks,  and  allow  some 
of  the  great  class  of  working  men  to  lend 
their  aid  to  the  neighboring  farmers  in  se- 
curing what  a  kind  Providence  has  bestow- 
ed in  plenteousness. 

SALT  ON  HAY. 
Farmers  should  not  forget  that  a  little  salt 
sprinkled  upon  their  hay,  as  they  pack  it  away 
in  the  stock  or  mow,  not  only  enables  them  topul 
up  their  hay  sooner  with  safety,  but  contributes 
to  keep  their  stock  in  better  health  when  fed  with 
it.  It  also  does  away  the  necessity  of  salting 
stock  during  winter,  which  is  not  always  conve- 
nient. 


NEW  VARIETY  OF  OATS. 

The  avenacea  farina,  or  true  skinless  oats, 
is  the  most  valuable  crop  perhaps  ever  pro- 
duced in  this  empire.  It  was  grown  in  the 
season  of  1830,  for  the  first  time  it  was  ever 
produced  in  Great  Britain,  by  T.  Derenzy, 
Esq.  of  Cobleman  Hall,  who  obtained  a. 
seed  through  a  friend  of  his  at  Rotterdam, 
whether  it  was  imported  from  Siniang,  a  re- 
mote district  in  China;  and  was  quite  un- 
known to  the  Europeans  till  within  these 
three  years.  The  advantages  which  this  ex- 
traordinary and  valuable  grain  possesses  o- 
ver  all  other  kinds  of  oats  are  numerous,  viz. 
When  thrashed  from  the  sheaf  it  is  exactly 
like  oatmeal,  and  is  fit  for  immediate  use  for 
culinary  purposes,  and  every  other  for  w  hich 
oatmeal  is  consumed,  the  grain  being  quite 
free  from  any  particle  of  rind  or  husk.  The 
flavor  is  delicious,  and  it  contains  much 
more  farinaceous  matter.  There  is,  of 
course,  a  considerable  saving  of  oats,  and 
expense  of  kiln-drying,  grinding,  sifting. 
Etc.  and  one  peck  of  it  contains  more  nu- 
tricious  food  for  a  horse  than  three  pecks  of 
the  common  oats.  The  produce  is  most  as- 
tonishing, the  average  being  twenty-six  bar- 
rels of  fourteen  stone  to  the  Irish  acre — the 
exact  quantity  grown  by  Mr.  Derenzy  on 
one  acre.  It  was  not  sown  till  the  4th  of 
May,  1830,  and  was  reaped  early  in  August 
the  same  year.  It  is  remarkably  hardy,  and 
well  adapted  for  this  climate. 

Flies  upon  Pictures. — The  following  sim- 
ple way  of  preventing  flies  from  sitting  on 
pictures,  or  any  other  furniture,  is  well  ex- 
perienced, and  if  generally  used,  prevent 
trouble  and  damage ;  let  a  large  bunch  of 
leaks  soak  four  or  five  days  in  a  pail  full  of 
water,  and  wash  the  picture,  or  any  other 
piece  of  furniture  with  it — the  flies  will  nev- 
er  come  near  any  thing  so  washed. 


228 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


July  23,  1S3L 


t  OMMl'NICATIONH. 


FOR    THE   GENESEE   FARMER. 

DURATION  OP  VEC4ETABLE  LIFE. 

From  \ultali  a  Introduction  to  Systematic  and  Physio 
logic. I  Botany,     1827. 

Selected  by  D  T. 
"  Tlie  display  of  vegetable  vitality,  is  in  many 
instances,  periodical.  In  those  plants,  which  we 
indefinitely  term  annuals,  the  whole  period  of  ex- 
istence terminates  in  a  few  months,  and  from  the 
seed  alone,  is  then  to  be  obtained  a  new  genera- 
tion of  the  species.  But  in  our  perennial  plants, 
trees,  and  shrubs,  which  often  die  to  the  ground, 
or  cast  oft"  their  leaves  at  the  approach  of  winter, 
though  the  motion  of  the  sap  is  arrested  by  the 
influence  of  the  cold,  and  the  generation  of  the 
year  perishes ;  yet  besides  the  seed,  nature  has 
here  provided  an  ample  source  of  regeneration  in 
The  innumerable  buds,  formed  and  ingrafted  in  the 
alburnum  or  sap-wood  of  the  root  or  stem ;  by 
this  means,  at  an  early  season  of  the  year,  an  in- 
variable supply  of  vegetable  beings  are  as  plen- 
tifully produced  as  required  by  nature.  The  buds 
of  each  tree  or  plant  containing  within  themselves 
individually,  all  the  rudiments  of  so  many  dis- 
tinct vegetables,  may  be  transferred  by  ingraft- 
ment  or  growth  in  the  earth,  and  thus  form  as 
many  distinct  individuals,  each  again  subject  ad 
Infinitum  to  produce  an  additional  ingrafted  pro- 
geny of  buds  and  branches.  The  numerous  buds 
of  each  tree,  nourished  through  the  common  me- 
dium of  the  trunk  and  branches,  perish  after  de- 
velopement  and  maturity,  and  are  succeeded  a- 
new  by  another  generation  of  ingrafting  or  pro- 
truding buds,  for  which  they  have  provided  by 
the  deposition  of  the  alburnum.  The  growth  of 
every  tree  as  well  as  herb,  is  then  strictly  annual 
and  the  trunk  is  produced  by  a  curious  junction  of 
dead  and  living  matter.  The  rings  of  wood  which 
may  be  counted  in  the  transverse  section  of  a  tree 
not  merely  indicates  its  age,  but  the  number  of 
distinct  generations  of  spontaneously  ingrafted 
individuals,  which  it  has  sustained.  In  the  ani- 
mal kingdoms,  among  the  order  Mnluscis  exam- 
ples of  this  kind  of  aggregation  are  not  uncom- 
mon, where  many  animals  are  inseparably  con- 
nected and  nourished  through  a  common  medium. 
This  agamous  race  of  plants  are  always  similar 
to  the  parent  from  whence  they  have  originated 
as  we  all  know  by  the  process  of  budding  and  in- 
grafting; TO  SAY  THAT  THESE  BUDS  OR  GRAFTS 
PARTAKE  OF  THE  AGE  AND  ACCIDENTS  OF  THE 
TRUNK  ON  WHICH  THEY  WERE  EVOLVED,  IS  IM- 
PROBABLE, IF  NOT  IMPOSSIBLE,  AS  THEY  CAN,  IN 
FACT,   BE    INFLUENCED    ONLY  BY    THE    STOCK     TO 

which  tiiey  are  last    transferred."       Intro- 
duction p.  219 — 221. 


vegetables  throughout  Western  New- York.  In 
addition  to  these,wc  have  hones  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  a  lake,  in  Scotland,  which  has  the 
property  of  turning  wood  to  stone,  or  of  petrify- 
ing it.  From  the  stratified  appearance  of  these 
hones,  and  a  conceived  resemblance  to  the  heart 
and  sap  of  the  walnut  tree,  it  is  aifirmed  that 
walnut  is  the  only  wood  made  use  of  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  that  by  using  such  pieces  as  are  part 
sap  and  part  heart-wood,  the  different  sides  of 
the  stone  possess  different  qualities, — one  being 
finer  than  the  other. 

As  the  localities  where  these  petrifactions  are 
found,  are  visited  often  by  scientific  men,  I  should 
like  to  be  informed  what  are  the  peculiar  proper- 
ties of  the  waters  that  have  this  wonderful  effect 
upon  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  and  what 
length  of  time  is  requisite  for  the  completion  of 
the  change.  As  this  word  is  to  be  met  with  in 
so  many  scientific  works,  I  think  the  definition 
ought  to  be  better  understood,  for  the  benefit  of 
common  readers. 

Professor  Eaton,  in  describing  birdseye  mar- 
ble, says,  "  the  natural  layers  are  pierced  trans- 
versely with  cyhndric  petrifactions,  so  as  to  give 
the  birdseye  appearance  when  polished."  Per- 
haps Professor  Eaton,  or  some  of  your  correspon- 
dents will  give  me  the  proper  definition  of  the 
word  petrifaction.  C.  D. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

I  would  inquire,  through  the  medium  of  you 
paper,  whether  the  word  petrifaction,  as  it  is  used 
at  the  present  time,  has  the  same  definition  or  is 
intended  to  convey  the  same  idea  which  it  former 
ly  did,  viz — The  conversion  of  any  substance  to 
stone.  It  appears  to  me  that  many  of  our  scien- 
tific writers  have  cither  given  the  word  a  new  sig- 
nification, or  are  much  mistaken  in  the  subjects 
examined,  to  which  they  apply  it.  We  often  see 
accounts  from  some  tourists  oftheir  having  exam- 
inee! many  curious  petrifactions,  stich  as  fish  and 
frogs  at  Trenton  Falls;  petrified  wood  at  Chitte- 
nanjo;  trilorjites  i  ncrinites,  and  other  animals  and 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Mr.  Editor — I  wish  to  know  which  is  the 
proper  time  for  budding  fruit  trees,  shrubs,  &c. 
and  the  surest  and  most  economical  way  of  hav- 
ing it  done. 

By  giving  me  some  directions  through  your 
paper,  you  will  much  oblige  a         Subscriber. 

In  answer  to  the  above  inquiry,  we  would  ob- 
serve, that  the  proper  time  for  budding  any  kind 
of  fruit 'tree,  is  when  the  buds  are  perfectly  for- 
med upon  the  scion  or  kind  you  wish  to  cultivate, 
when  the  bark  separates  freely  from  the  wood  of 
the  stock  in  which  you  wish  to  insert  them, — to 
be  done  in  the  morning  before  breakfast,  or  at 
evening  after  you  have  returned  from  your  work, 
(unless  you  have  nurseries  to  inoculate)  and 
when  your  knife  is  sharp ; — and  the  proper  per- 
son to  perform  that  operation  is — yourself. 


SELECTION.-*. 


ESSAY  ON  MANURES, 

Presented  to  tht  C  eshire,  N.  H.  Agricultu- 
ral Society,  in  18s£3,  by  Luke  Howe, 
F.SQ.,  for  which  a  premium  was  awarded  by 
said  Society.  ' 

CoocIuuVd  from  page  223. 

In  what  slate  of  fermentation,  it  is  most 
profitable  to  put  manure  into  the  soil,  or 
whether  any  be  necessary  in  farm  nurd  dung, 
has  of  late  been  much  discussed  by  scien- 
tific writers  on  agriculture.  Sir  Humphrey 
Davy  has  treated  the  subject  with  much  ob- 
servation and  science,  lie  confirms  his  the- 
ory by  experiments  of  his  own,  and  of  the 
most  enlightened  agriculturists.  He  thinks, 
the  pure  dung  of  cattle,  fcc.  needs  no  fer- 
mentation previously  to  its  application. 

But  as  the  dung  of  horses  and  cattle  arc 
united  in  the  yard,  with  "straw,  offal,  chaff 
and  various  kinds  of  litter,  a  slight  incipient 
fermentation,  is  undoubtedly  of  use."  But 
he  says,  "  it  is  better  that  there  should  be  no 
fermentation  at  all,  before  the  manure  is  u- 


sed,  than  that  it  should  be  carried  too  far." 
"During  the  violent  fermentation  necessarv 
for  reducing  farm  yard  manure  to  the  stati 
in  which  it  is  called  short  mtick,  not  only  a 
large  quantity  of  fluid,  but  also  a  gaseous 
matter  is  lost,  so  much  so  that  the  dung  i- 
reduced  two  thirds  in  weight ;  and  the  prin- 
cipal elastic  matter  disengaged  is  carbonic 
acid  with  some  ammonia  ;  and  both  these, 
if  retained  by  the  moisture  in  the  soil  as  ha^ 
been  stated, are  capable  of  becoming  an  use- 
ful food  to  plants."  By  experiments  he  dis- 
covered that  "soluble  vegetable  substances 
passed  in  an  unchanged  state  into  the  roots 
of  plants,"  and  that  fermentation  was 
only  necessary  in  the  preparation  of  vege- 
table food  to  render  fibrous  substance- 
soluble.  The  practice  of  our  farmers  is  op- 
posed to  this  theory.  Their  observations 
have  been  too  limited  in  the  use  of  green  01 
unfermented  dung.  In  making  similar  use 
of  it  as  of  the  thoroughly  fermented  or  short 
muck,  the  effects  for  the  first  year  are  in  fa- 
vor of  the  latter.  For,  if  recent  dung  ot 
cattle  be  put  into  the  hill  for  Indian  corn, its 
soluble  and  nutritious  parts  are  too  concen- 
trated, and  the  mass  too  nearly  impervious 
to  nourish  and  extend  the  radical  fibres  of 
I  the  plants.  If  this  dung  be  mixed  with 
straw,  litter,  etc.  or  horse  Jung,  which  is  al- 
ways imperfectly  digested,  the  process  ol 
fermentation  will  generate  too  much  heat 
for  the  tender  fibres  in  some  soils.  But  let 
the  former  or  green  dung  be  mixed  with 
earthy  matter  and  be  put  into  the  hill  foi 
Indian  com,  and  the  latter  or  coarse  ma- 
nure be  spread,  and  ploughed  into  the  soil 
for  the  same  crop,  and  also  in  the  hill  foi 
potatoes,  it  will  then  be  discovered  that  the 
produce  will  be  equally  good  the  first  year 
and  better  prepared  for  future  crops.  In 
N.  H.  Ag.  Repository  it  is  stated  that  "when 
green  dung  is  laid  upon  the  field  and 
ploughed  in,  it  is  so  dispersed,  that  it  can 
ferment  but  little,  if  any.  It  is  said  of  un- 
fermented dung,  that  its  good  effects  will  be 
felt  longer  than  those  of  fermented.  This  is 
probably  true,  for  during  the  first  year  aftei 
green  dung  is  laid  upon  the  field  it  docs  bui 
little  more  than  to  be  prepared  for  actual 
use."  The  superior  effects  of  green  dung 
in  the  subsequent  years,  being  conceded  ; 
the  question  between  us,  rests  upon  its  ef 
fects  the  first  year.  But  green  dung  is  "  pre- 
pared for  actual  use"  the  first  year.  How  is 
this  cli'ected  ?  By  what  other  process  than 
fermentation  ? — It  is  well  understood,  that 
all  that  is  necessary  in  this  process  is  a  due 
degree  of  heat,  moisture,  and  oxygen,  (01 
atmospheric  air.)  Neither  of  these  is  want- 
ing when  the  manure  is  plowed  into  the  soil, 
For  wherever  these  obtain  in  sufficient  quan 
tity,  to  promote  vegetation,  decomposition 
will  take  place.  The  greater  degree  of  heat 
in  the  manure  heap,  than  in  the  manure  in 
the  soil,  is  generated  by  the  process  of  fej' 
mentation,  but  this  must  begin  without  the 
agency  of  this  generated  heat,  and  when 
once  commenced,  the  same  cause  will  con- 
tinue it,  as  well  in  the  latter,  however  small 
the  quantity,  as  in  the  former.  The  gradu- 
al manner  in  which  this  process  will  be  car- 
ried on. will  generate  a  slight  degree  of  heat 
favorable  to  the  gei  mm. iiion  of  seeds,  and 
will  cause  more  of  the  elastic  matter  disen- 
gaged to  be  absorbed  by  the  soil,  affording  a 
constant  supply  of  food  to  plants. 

But  let  us  resort  to  facts,  for  the  effects  of 
green  dung  during  the  first  year.  Farmers 
universally  prefer  such  for  potatoes.  Where 


Vol.  L— No.  29. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


229 


ver  there  is  an  unusual  large  crop  of  corn, 
we  are  generally  told  that  a  quantity  of  green 
manure  was  plowed  into  the  field  before  plan- 
ting, and  old  manure  was  put  into  the  hill. 
I  observed,  in  afield  of  Indian  corn  last  year, 
a  part  of  which  was  manured  in  the  hill 
with  green  dung,  and  the  other  with  old,  a 
greater  burthen  in  the  latter  than  in  the  for- 
mer. This  difference  was  undoubtedly  ow- 
ing to  the  causes  before  assigned.  I  have 
this  year  made  a  similar  experiment.  One 
half  the  quantity  of  green  dung  was  used  as 
of  old.  Every  other  circumstance  was  e- 
qual.  The  former  was  with  the  hoe  coarsely 
pulverised,  and  mixed  with  earth.  The 
corn,  planted  on  the  green  dung,  has  appea- 
red as  well  through  the  season  as  any  other 
part  of  the  field,  the  ears  quite  as  well  set 
and  filled. 

I  have  been  informed  by  a  farmer  that  he 
is  in  the  practice  of  planting  Indian  corn  on 
green  dung,  and  that  his  crops  are  as  good 
as  his  neighbours.  He  sleds  his  dung  from 
his  barn  window  late  in  the  winter.  The 
operation  of  the  frost  breaks  up  its  texture, 
and  by  a  little  shovelling  in  the  spring,  it  is 
pretty  well  prepared  for  the  hill.  Besides 
the  loss  in  quantity  and  quality  of  manure 
in  keeping  it  a  year  longer  than  is  necessary, 
the  economical  farmer  will  calculate  his  loss 
of  interest  on  the  capital  for  that  time. 
If  the  farm  yard  is  cleared  of  manure  twice 
in  a  year,  equal  quantities  cf  other  materi- 
als may  be  carted  into  it  as  when  cleared  in 
the  fall  only.  The  manure,  which  the  in- 
dustrious farmer  has  collected  in  his  yards 
■during  the  summer  months,  will,  in  the  fall, 
be  carted  to  his  fields  and  mixed,  by  alter- 
nately carting  a  few  loads  from  each  source 
to  the  same  heap.  This  manure  will  be  in 
the  best  order  to  put  into  the  hill  for  Indian 
corn.  In  the  spring  a  large  quantity  of  un- 
fermented  manure  may  be  taken  from  the 
same  sources  to  be  spread  on  the  same  field, 
and  for  potatoes  in  the  hill.  In  this  econo- 
mical plan,  more  ground  may  be  kept  under 
tillage,with  greater  returns  of  English  grain 
and  hay,  succeeding  Indian  corn,  without 
additional  manure. 

The  importance  of  the  subject,  I  trust, 
will  in  some  measure  apologise  for  having 
said  so  much  on  the  degree  of  fermentation 
required  in  the  preparation  of  manure. 

Compost,  made  by  plowing  the  sides  of 
the  roads,  by  decayed  chips,  fcc.  to  which 
is  sometimes  added  barn  yard  dung,  lime  or 
ashes,  is  most  beneficially  applied  to  top- 
dressing  grass  land.  In  this  preparation,  a 
material  error  is  olten  observable.  Green 
dung  is  spread  on  the  .surface  of  the  bed  or 
heap,  and  thus  is  lost  the  object  of  this  ap- 
plication. Fermentation  takes  place  slowly 
in  the  dung,  but  the  heat  and  gases  escape 
in  the  air,  while  the  other  materials  remain, 
nearly  unaffected  by  the  process.  The  dung 
should  be  incorporated  with  the  other  mate- 
rials by  plowing,  or  laid  up  in  alternate  lay- 
ers into  heaps,  the  last  layer  being  earth. — 
In  this  way  the  process  of  decomposition, 
commencing  in  the  dung,  communicates  it- 
self to  the  other  matters,  and  the  products 
disengaged,  are  absorbed  or  retained.  Lime 
or  ashes  may  be  added,  and  perhaps,  as  eco- 
nomically without  dung.  They  are  power- 
ful agents  in  promoting  putrefaction.  Com- 
post of  this  kind  cannot  be  profitably  made, 
except  for  top-dressing  land,  which  cannot 
be  plowed,  without  an  injury  to  the  soil ;  for 
most  of  these  materials  would  be  more  ser- 
viceable in  the  barn  and  hog  yards  as  before 


stated.  Top-dressing  is  undoubtedly  a 
wasteful  way  of  applying  manure.  If  the 
land  be  descending  it  is  washed  off;  if  not, 
much  of  it  escapes  by  evaporation. 

Wood  ashes  have  been  used  to  fertilize  the 
earth  so  long  as  we  have  any  account  of  the 
art  of  husbandry.  They  contain  charcoal 
and  the  vegetable  alkali  united  to  carbonic 
acid.  These  may  again  be  reorganized  in- 
to vegetable  life.  The  alkali  acts  power- 
fully, in  decomposing  the  woody  fibres  ;  and 
the  gradual  solution  of  charcoal  increases 
their  value  as  a  permanent  manure.  They 
attract  moisture  from  the  atmosphere, which 
renders  them  particularly  serviceable  to  dry 
soils.  They  are  very  beneficial  to  Indian 
corn,  when  applied  to  the  hill,  early  in  the 
season.  But  no  grain  receives  so  much  ben- 
efit, from  a  dressing  of  ashes  as  wheat.  In 
top  dressing  of  grass  land,  they  are  also  use- 
ful. Seven  years  since  I  applied  a  few  cart 
loads  of  leached  ashes  to  that  part  of  a  mead- 
ow, which  bore  little  else  than  stinted  hard- 
hacks,  cranberry  and  moss.  The  first  year, 
clover  and  herds  grass  made  their  appear- 
ance. Since  which  time,  it  has  produced  a 
very  good  crop  of  these,  red  top,  and  mead- 
ow grasses.  I  have  annually  applied  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  same  meadow, either  road 
manure,  barn  yard  dung,  or  plaster.  They 
have  all  been  evidently  useful ;  but  the  ash- 
es the  most  so.  Leached  ashes  are  undoubt- 
edly more  beneficial  than  the  unleached, ac- 
cording to  their  merchantable  prices.  Prob- 
ably owing  to  their  containing  more  char- 
coal, and  possessing  more  body,  their  capa- 
city for  the  absorption  of  moisture  is  great- 
er. The  opinion,  that  ashes  exhaust  the 
soil  by  their  forcing  properties,  inithe  sense 
as  generally  received,  is  incorrect.  It  is 
true,  they  call  into  use  some  of  its  dormant 
qualities,  which  must  in  time  be  expended, 
and  the  soil  less  productive,  unless  some  pro- 
portion of  its  produce  is  restored,  in  the 
state  of  manure.  But  if  they  force  the  soil 
to  do  its  office, they  furnish  from  themselves, 
and  the  atmosphere,  a  considerable  share  of 
vegetable  food.  Instances  could  be  men 
tioned  of  the  perceptible  good  effects  of 
ashes,  on  plowing  eighteen  or  twenty  years 
after  their  application.  The  paring  and 
burning  of  loose  vegetable  mould,  produce 
their  favorable  effects  principally  by  the 
combustion  of  parts  of  its  inert  materials; 
and  thus  affording  ashes  and  charcoal, which 
have  a  tendency  to  decompose  the  remain- 
der. 

Lime  is  a  useful  manure.  When  applied 
to  soils,  like  ashes,  it  promotes  the  decom- 
position and  putrefaction  of  vegetable  mat- 
ter. "  By  this  kind  of  operation,"  says  Sir 
H.  Davy,  "  lime  renders  matter,  which  was 
before  comparatively  inert,  nutritious ;  and 
as  charcoal  and  oxygen  abound  in  all  veget- 
able natters,  it  becomes  at  the  same  time, 
converted  into  carbonate  of  lime." 

Lime  should  not  be  applied  with  animal 
manures,  unless  they  are  too  rich,  and  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  noxious  effluvia. 
It  is  injurious,  when  mixed  with  any  com- 
mon dung,  and  tends  to  render  the  extract- 
ive matter  insoluble.  It  is  evident  from  its 
operation  that  lime  should  be  applied  spa- 
ringly to  light  and  naturally  weak  soils  ;  but 
strong  heavy  loams  containing  much  inert 
matter,  will  bear  larger  quantities,with  more 
durable  effects.  It  is  a  pretty  well  establish- 
ed fact,  that  worn  out  lands  cannot  be  res- 
tored by  the  use  of  lime.  It  is  obvious  then, 
that  it  should  not  be  repeated  till  the  soil  be 


furnished  with  vegetable  matter  requiring  its 
soluble  powers.  This  should  seem  to  favor 
the  opinion,  that  lime  is  incapable  of  be- 
ing converted  into  vegetable  food.  But,  b\ 
its  action  on  vegetable  matter  in  extracting 
its  carbon  and  oxygen,  it  may  in  part  form 
a  soluble  compound,  capable  of  being  ab- 
sorbed by,  and  forming  a  constituent  ol 
plants.  It  is  said  in  the  Edinburgh  Ency- 
clopedia, that,  "  it  is  the  farmer,  only,  who 
can  judge  of  the  quantity  (of  lime)  to  be 
given,  but  as  a  general  principle,  it  is  safer 
to  exceed  the  proper  quantity,  than  to  be 
below  it.  In  the  latter  case,  the  application 
may  prove  useless,  and  the  whole  expense 
lost;  whereas,  it  rarely  happens  that  injury 
is  sustained  from  an  excess,  especially  if 
more  or  less  dung  is  soon  added." 

If  a  compost  bed  is  to  be  made  of  mater 
rials  difficult  to  dissolve  or  putrify,  as  tan- 
ner's spent  bark,  saw  dust,  shavings,  Sic.  no 
other  article  could  be  so  usefully  added  as 
quick  lime. 

Gypsum  is  much  used,  and  is  annually 
growing  into  higher  estimation  in  this  coun- 
try. Its  modus  operandi  on  vegetation  re- 
mains yet  an  unsettled  question.  By  one 
writer,  Kirwan,  it  is  said  that  "  the  rationale 
of  its  effects  may  be  deduced  from  its  extra- 
ordinary septic  powers ;  for  it  is  found  to 
accelerate  putrefaction  in  a  high  er  degree 
than  any  other  substance,  and  that  it  is  no 
inconsiderable  part  of  the  food  of  many 
plants.  Sir  H.  Davy  from  experiments 
made  by  himself,  has  formed  an  opinion  that 
it  possesses  no  putrefactive  powers,  but  that, 
its  effects  result  solely  from  its  entering  into 
the  composition  of  plants,  and  "  the  reason 
why  gypsum  is  not  generally  efficacious  is 
probably  because  most  cultivated  soils  con- 
tain it,  in  sufficitnt  quantities  for  the  use  of 
grasses."  This  he  thinks  may  be  furnished 
the  soil  in  the  manure  ;  and  is  not  taken  up 
in  the  crops  of  corn,  peas,  and  beans,  bur 
is  consumed  by  the  growth  of  grass  and 
hay. 

I  have  in  the  course  of  this  month  tried 
several  experiments,  with  the  impression 
their  results  would  correspond  with  those  of 
the  valuable  author  last  mentioned  ;  bnt  I 
have  been  disappointed.  I  united  10  grains 
of  each  of  the  following  articles, — plaster, 
ashes,  slacked  lime,  and  salt  separately  with 
as  many  pieces  of  mutton,  of  200  grains 
each,  and  placed  another  piece  of  meat  in 
the  same  situation.  Decomposition  was  first 
discoverable  in  that  with  plaster,  and  ashes, 
and  during  the  several  days  they  were  ob- 
served, they  retained  equal  moisture  and 
weight,  whereas  that  with  lime  and  the  one 
to  which  nothing  was  added  lost  weight  by 
the  more  rapid  evaporation  of  their  moisture. 
I  have  made  similar  experiments  by  mixing  1 
drachm  of  beef  intimately  with  one  grain, 
also  with  half  a  grain  of  each  of  the  above 
articles,  lime  excepted,  and  the  results  were 
similar  to  the  above.  These  experiments 
were  witnessed  by  gentlemen,  who  agreed 
with  me  in  the  results  stated  ;  and  were  they 
not  contradictory  to  so  good  authority,  I 
should  deem  them  satisfactory.  At  present 
I  do  not  consider  them  decisive,  but  should 
future  experiments  confirm  these  results,the 
operations  of  plaster  might  first  be  deduced, 
from  the  power  of  absorption  of  moisture, 
which  it  imparts  to  the  soil ;  secondly,  from 
its  septic  powers  on  animal  and  vegetable 
substances  ;  thirdly,  itself  affording  a  valu- 
able nutriment  to  plants. 
It  is  perhaps,  only  from,  such  a  combina- 


230 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  23,  I83T 


tion  of  causes,  that  we  can  infer  its  remark 
oble  effects  on  vegetation.     It  is  said  it  ope 
rates  equally   well  on  exhausted  soils.      Is 
this  the  fact,  where  there  is  no  latent  princi- 
ple to  be    excited    into  action?     This  per 
haps  may  admit  of  a  doubt.     But  if  correct 
could  it  not  be  accounted  for,  by  the  radi- 
cles of  the  plants  being  supplied    with  more 
moisture,   and   their  own   absorbent  powers 
increased  by  the  operation  of  the  plaster? 

As  experiments,  of  a  frequent  application 
of  small  quantities  of  plaster,  are  not  attend 
ed  with  much  expense,  they  will  best  direct 
the  farmer  in  its  use.  It  may  be  important, 
however,  to  observe  that  the  nature  of  its 
supposed  operation,  requires  that  it  should 
be  placed  near  the  surface  of  the  soil ;  and 
that  it  should  be  applied  before  tbe  spring 
rains  are  over  ;  or  no  benefit  will  be  receiv- 
ed from  it,  the  first  year,  as  a  solution  of 
the  plaster  is  necessary,  and  500  times  its 
weight  of  water  are  required  to  effect  it.  It 
is  used  in  the  quantities  of  3  to  8  bushels  an 
acre.  Small  quantities  repeated  arc  said 
ro  be  better  than  the  same  amount  applied  at 
once. 

Salt  is  an  article  which  has  not  been  much 
used  as  a  manure  in  this  state,  and  probably 
will  not  be.  If  it  be  a  useful  food  to  plants, 
it  is  too  expensive  to  be  extensively  applied. 
Sir  John  Pringle  has  said  that  in  small 
quantities  it  possesses  sceptic  powers.  If 
so,  the  quantity  must  be  extreinely  small, 
as  in  my  experiments  above  mentioned 
one  half  of  a  grain  of  salt  was  sufiicent  to 
retard  decomposition  in  one  hundred  grains 
of  meat.  It  is  an  absorbent  of  moisture  and 
all  vegetable  manures  are  improved  by  be- 
ing impregnated  with  it.  The  farmer  may 
therefore  take  this  into  account,  in  the  use 
of  it,  to  preserve  his  hay,  and  benefit  his  cat- 
tle. 

In  the  application  of  manure,  the  farmer 
will  first  determine  the  specific  qualities, 
which  his  different  fields  require.  If  the 
soil  of  cither  be  cold  and  heavy,  he  will  car- 
ry to  this  his  coarse  and  warm  manure, 
such  as  horse  dung,  and  that  which  con- 
tains the  most  straw,  or  unfermented  mat- 
ter: on  the  contrary  if  sandy  or  gravelly 
and  dry,  he  will  reserve  for  this  his  hog  ma- 
nure, and  such  as  is  most  fermented  ;  but  if 
Jus  land  is  uniformly  moist  and  warm,  he 
will  mix  the  several  kinds  of  manure  before 
the  application,  as  has  been  before  directed. 
It  is  of  no  small  consequence,  that  when 
manure  is  put  into  the  hill  or  spread  on  the 
field,  to  be  covered  without  delay,  that  the 
soil  may  retain  its  moisture  and  nutritious 
passes. 

HAY  MAKING. 

The  first  thing  to  be  considered  about  hay- 
making, is  the  time  of  cutting  the  grass.  It 
ihould  not  be  cut  too  early,  or  before  it  has 
<;ot  its  growth,  for  this  will  cause  it  to  shrink 
, too  much  in  drying.      On   the   contrary,  it 
.  should  not  stand  too  late,  or  till  the  seed  be 
quite  ripe.     It  is  not  only  harder  to  cut,  but 
•  the  ripeness  of  the  seed  will  cause  it  to  shat- 
ter out  while  drying,  which  will    be  a  con- 
siderable loss,  as  the  seed  is  the  most  rich 
nud  nourishing  part;  and   the   soil   will   be 
the  more  exhausted  by  nourishing  the  seed 
til!  it  come  to  maturity,  and  the  next  succee- 
ding crop  will  be  poorer.     There  never  can 
tie  any  advantage  in  mowing  late,  unless  in 
thickening    the  grass    roots,    by    scattering 
some  of  the  seed,  where  they  were  before  too 
thin.     He  that  mows  early  has   the  advan- 


tage of  longer  days  for  drying  his  hay  ;  and 
of  shorter  nights,  when  the  dews  are  less 
detrimental  to  hay-making. 

But  the  farmer  who  has  many  acres  of 
the  same  kind  of  grass  cannot  always  ex- 
pect to  cut  the  whole  of  it  in  exactly  the 
right  season.  That  he  may  approach  as 
near  to  right  as  possible,  he  should  cut  the 
thickest  grass  first  ol  all;  especially  if  it  be 
in  danger  of  lodging,  or  so  thick  that  the 
lowest  leaves  perish,  or  the  bottoms  of  the 
stalks  turn  yellow.  The  thinnest  of  his 
grass  should  be  cut  next,  which  is  apt  to  be 
ripe  soonest:  and  last  of  all  the  middling 
sized  grass,  or  that  which  is  on  a  medium 
between  thick  and  thin. 

Where  a  second  crop  is  expected  the  same 
year,  thick  grass  should  be  cut  a  little  the 
earlier,  that  the  roots  may  not  be  injured 
so  much  as  to  prevent  their  speedy  recove- 
ry, by  being  closely  covered  too  long  by  the 
first  crop. 

Some  regard  should  be  had  to  the  weath- 
er, when  the  time  of  cutting  is  in  contem- 
plation. Those,  especially,  should  regard 
it,  who  are  able  to  call  in  as  much  assist- 
ance as  they  please  in  hay-making. 

Grass,  which  has  not  been  washed  by  rain 
for  several  days,  has  a  kind  of  gum  on  it, 
which  is  known  by  its  adhering  to  thescythe. 
This  gum  is  thought  to  be  a  benefit  to  the 
hay;  and  the  farmers  are  fond  of  mowing 
their  grass  when  this  gum  appears,  rather 
than  just  after  the  grass  has  been  washed  by 
rain. 

As  to  the  drying  of  hay,  or  the  manner  of 
making  it,  I  know  there  are  a  variety  of  o- 
pinions.  The  right  way  is  to  do  it  in  such 
a  manner  that  as  much  of  the  sap  as  possi- 
ble may  be  retained,  and  in  the  best  state 
that  is  possible.  In  this  I  should  think  all 
would  agree.  All  persons  will  allow  that 
too  much  drying  is  hurtful.  It  is  certainly 
a  loss  to  rake  it,  or  stir  it  all,  when  it  is  so 
dry  that  the  leaves  will  crumble.  And  doubt- 
less as  much  of  the  sap  should  be  retained 
as  is  consistent  with  its  being  kept  in  good 
order  for  fodder,  and  for  long  keeping. 

Some  grasses  will  do  well  with  less  dry- 
ing than  is  needful  for  others.  The  Rhode- 
Isiand  bent,  as  it  is  called,  or  red-top  grass, 
will  do  with  less  drying  than  some  other  gras- 
ses. It  has  been  much  practised  to  put  up 
with  so  little  dryness  that  it  heats  in  the  mow 
to  so  great  a  degree,  as tomakeit  turn  brow  n 
like  tobacco;  audit  is  known  that  cattle 
will  eat  it  well,  and  thrive  on  it.  But  the 
mow  will  certainly  send  out  part  of  the  vir- 
tue of  the  hay  in  steams.  I  cannot  but 
think  that  all  grasses  should  be  so  much  dri- 
ed, that  the  mows  and  stacks  though  they 
have  a  degree  of  heat,  should  not  emit  any 
sensible  steam  ;  and  I  would  not  wish  to 
have  hay  made  brown  by  mow-burning.  It 
surely  does  not  appear  to  so  good  advantage 
at  market. 

Were  it  not  for  the  labor  and  cost,  a  good 
way  of  hay-making  would  be,  for  the  hay- 
makers to  follow  at  the  heels  of  the  mowers, 
at  least,  as  soon  as  the  dew  is  off,  and  spread 
the  swarths  evenly  ;  turn  the  grass  about  the 
middle  of  the  same  day;  make  it  up  into 
cocks  before  night ;  open  the  hay  and  turn 
it  the  next  day  ;  and  so  on  till  it  be  sufficient- 
ly dried,  doubling  the  cocks  if  signs  of  rain 
appear.  It  will  not  commonly  take  more 
than  two  or  three  days  to  dry  it,  unless  it  be 
very  green,  or  uncommonly  thick  and  rank. 
A  person  who  has  but  little  hay  to  make, 
need  not  be  much  blamed,  if  he  do  it  in  this 


way  ;  especially  if  the  weather  do  not  appear 
to  be  settled. 

The  practice  of  the  best  English,  Flem- 
ish, and  French  farmers,  is  to  expose  the 
hay  as  little  as  possible  to  the  snn.  It  is  car- 
ried in  dry,  but  it  preserves  its  green  color  ; 
and  you  see  hay  two  or  three  years  old  in 
their  market,  of  so  bright  a  green  color,  that 
we  would  scarcely  conceive  it  to  be  cured.— 
Yet  they  are  in  the  practice  of  preserving  it 
for  years,  and  value  it  more  for  its  age.  If 
such  a  course  be  best  in  climates  so  cool  an<! 
cloudy  how  much  more  important  would  it 
be  under  our  scorching  summer  suns? 

But  if  the  weather  be  unsettled,  or  if 
showers  be  frequent,  it  may  be  better  to 
spread  grass  well,  as  soon  as  it  is  mowed,  stir 
it  often,  cock  it  the  same  day  it  is  mowed, 
open  it  in  the  next  fair  day  when  the  dew  rs 
off,  let  it  sweat  a  little  in  cock,  and  house  it 
as  soon  as  it  is  dry  enough.  It  will  bear  to 
be  laid  greener  on  a  scaffold,  than  in  aground 
mow;  and  in  a  narrow  mow  greener  than  in 
a  broad  one.  And  that  which  is  at  least  of 
all  made,  should  be  put  upon  a  scaffold.— 
Deane. 

From  the  New-England  Farmer. 

WEANING  LAMBS,  fcc. 

The  weaning  of  lambs  should  be  effectec' 
about  this  time,  or  when  the  lambs  are  from 
six  weeks  to  two  months  old.  At  this  age 
they  should  be  taken  from  the  ewes,  and  have 
the  best  of  pasture  during  the  first  fortnight ; 
by  the  end  of  which  time  they  will  be  so 
accustomed  to  living  on  grass  that  they  may 
be  turned  into  poorer  pasture.  It  is  impor- 
tant that  the  Iambs  when  weaning  should 
have  a  good  bite  of  fresh  grass,  otherwise 
their  growth  will  receive  a  check  which  no 
subsequent  management  can  overcome- 
Where  they  have  grazed  with  their  dams  so 
long  as  five  or  six  weeks  little  hindrance  to 
their  growth  will  be  sustained  by  the  separa- 
tion. The  ewes  should  be  removed  to  such  dis 
tant  pastures  or  other  places  as  that  their  blea- 
ting may  not  be  heard  by  the  lambs.  There 
is  however,  one  caution  to  be  attended  to  in 
turning  lambs  into  a  rich  pasture,  which  is  to 
let  them  be  in  some  degree  satisfied  with  food 
previously,  that  they  may  not  be  surfeited  or 
hoven  or  swollen.  Should  this  disorder  oc- 
cur the  distempered  animals  should  be  trea- 
ted as  directed,  page  934  of  our  current  vol- 
ume. On  weaning  the  lambs,  it  may  be  ne- 
cessary to  milk  their  dams  several  times,  in 
order  to  relieve  their  udders,  which  other- 
wise sometimes  become  swollen  and  painful. 

The  worst  wooled  lambs,  bad  colored  ones 
and  those  that  are  very  small,  should  be 
made  over  to  the  butcher,  and  need  not  be 
weaned.  It  is  recommended,  however,  not  to 
kill  or  sell,  for  killing  any  lambs  till  they 
are  about  six  months  old,  at  which  time  their 
fleece  becomes  valuable. 

"Those  ewe  lambs,  which  are  intended  for 
stock,"  according  to  Deane,  "should  not 
come  at  the  rams.  For  if  they  have  lambs 
at  a  year  old,  it  stints  them  in  their  growth  ; 
and  they  have  so  little  milk  that  their  lambs 
commonly  die  for  want  of  nourishment.  Or 
if  they  chance  to  live,  they  will  be  apt  to  be 
always  small.  This  practice  is  one  reason 
why  our  breed  of  sheep  in  this  country  is  so 
poor. 

"  The  largest  lambs  should  be  sheared  at 
the  time  of  the  new  moon  in  July.  Their 
fleeces  will  yield  as  much  the  next  year,  and 
the  wool  will  be  better ;  and  as  cold  storms 
rarely  happen  at  that  time  of  the  year,  the 


Vol.  1.— No.  28. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


231 


lambs  will  do  better  without  their  fleeces  than 
with  them.  

Mn.  Printer. — I  am  an  old  man  and 
one  of  the  first  settlers  ot"  Washington  coun- 
ty. I  began  my  farm  and  live  on  it  now  ;  and 
as  it  is  common  for  people  to  tell  their  ex- 
perience, I  will  tell  you  some  of  mine  in  far- 
ming. I  cleared  my  land,  had  my  first  crop 
of  grain,  and  laid  it  down  to  mowing  or  pas- 
turing as  my  neighbors  did  until  a  due  pro- 
portion of  my  land  was  cleared.  I  then 
ploughed  large  fields  when  the  stumps  were 
mostly  rotten  and  decayed,  and  planted  and 
■lowed  it  without  manuring,  except  some 
small  part,  and  that  very  sparingly.  My 
•irops  were  light  and  when  I  laid  my  fields 
down  to  mowing  again,  my  grass  was  small, 
and  I  found  that  that  mode  of  farming 
would  soon  spoil  my  farm.  I  then  adopted 
a  different  course.  I  calculated  that  thirty 
or  thirty-five  loads  of  good  manure  would 
dress  an  acre  of  ground,  so  that  it  would 
produce  a  good  crop  of  corn  or  potatoes,  and 
the  next  year  a  good  crop  of  wheat,  with 
which  it  should  be  laid  down  to  grass,  and 
that  it  would  not  require  to  be  ploughed  up 
again  from  six  to  ten  yean.  I  have  found 
this  mode  to  answer  the  purpose  ;  my  crops 
have  been  good — I  have  hoed  less  than  for- 
merly afid  had  more  potatoes — I  have  sowed 
less  and  had  more  wheat — I  have  mowed 
less  and  had  more  hay.  I  have  followed 
this  course  of  farming  for  fifteen  years.  I 
plough  grass  ground  every  year.  After  my 
oats  are  taken  from  the  ground,  I  plough  it 
and  cart  on  my  fall  manure,  that  I  mean 
for  planting  ground,  and  my  spring  manure 
in  the  spring,  spread  it  very  even  and  plough 
it  in.  It  is  better  to  plough  the  ground  the 
second  time,  and  mix  the  manure  well  with 
it.  In  the  fall  after  the  corn  and  potatoes 
are  taken  off  1  plough  the  ground  well,  and 
fit  it  for  wheat  the  next  season  at  which 
time  I  lay  it  down  to  grass. — Poughkeepsie 
Telegraph. 

KEEPING  FARM  ACCOUNTS. 

Let  any  farmer  make  the  experiment,  and 
he  will  find  it  as  interesting  as  it  is  useful, 
and  both  interesting  and  useful  to  know 
from  year  to  year  the  actual  produce  of  his 
farm.  Let  every  thing,  therefore,  which 
can  be  measured  and  weighed,  be  measured 
and  weighed  :  and  let  that,  which  cannot 
be  brought  to  an  exact  standard,  be  estima- 
ted as  if  he  himself  were  about  to  sell  or 
purchase  it.  Let  him,  likewise,  as  near  as 
possible,  measure  the  ground  which  he 
plants,  the  quantity  of  seed  which  he  uses, 
and  the  manure  which  he  applies.  The  la- 
bor of  doing  this  is  nothing  compared  with 
the  satisfaction  of  having  done  it,  and  the 
benefits  which  must  arise  from  it.  Conjec- 
ture in  these  cases,  is  perfectly  wild  and  un- 
certain, varying  often  with  different  individ- 
uals almost  a  hundred  per  cent.  Exact- 
ness enables  a  man  to  form  conclusions, 
which  may  most  essentially,  and  in  innumer- 
able ways  avail  to  his  advantage.  It  is  that 
alone  which  can  give  any  value  to  his  expe- 
rience ;  it  is  that  which  will  make  his  expe 
rience  the  sure  basis  of  improvement.  It 
will  put  it  in  his  power  to  give  safe  counsels 
'o  his  friends,  and  it  i:  the  only  ground  on 
which  he  can  securely  place  confidence  to 
himself. — New-England  Fanner. 


external  fence.  But,  if  possible,  let  all  his 
arable  ground,  though  it  be  an  hundred  a- 
cres,  be  in  one  lot.  Then  his  plough  runs 
clear,  in  a  long  furrow.  His  tillage  is  divi- 
ded only  by  the  different  species  of  grain 
and  vegetables  he  cultivates.  There  are  no 
fences  of  consequence,  no  inconvenient 
and  worthless  head  lands  ;  no  apology  for 
thistles  and  nettles.  The  scene  is  beautiful 
to  the  eye.  The  whole  has  the  appearance 
of  a  garden,  and  begets  to  the  farmer  a  sort 
of  horticultural  neatness. — Gardners'  Jour. 


Let  every  farmer  divide  his  pasture  ground 
as  he  pleases.  Let  the  fence  between  his 
urable  and  pasture  land  Ire  as  slrong  a5  an 


York,  (Penn.)  July  12. 

Silk. — That  this  article  which  is  so 
much  used  in  this  country,  could  be  pro- 
duced in  quantities  much  beyond  the  de- 
mand for  home  consumption,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  upon  the  minds  of  any  who 
have  made  experiments.  A  specimen  of 
silk  produced  this  season, under  the  man- 
agement of  Mrs.  C.  A. Morris,  has  been 
shown  to  us  which  is  of  an  excellent 
quality.  When  it  can  be  produced  in 
so  perfect  a  manner  by  the  first  essay, 
when  the  art  is  in  its  noviciate,  we  may 
safely  presage  the  success  which  would 
attend  its  cultivation,  after  enjoying  the 
beneficial  lessons  of  experience. 

We  perceive  that  John  Varniim,  Esq. 
ate  member  of  Congress  from  North  Es- 
sex District,  in  Massachusetts,  is  about 
making  preparations  for  raising  silk 
worms  at  his  farm  in  Dracut,upon  a  very 
extensive  scale.  He  calculates  to  have  a 
million  of  mulberry  trees  in  three  years. 

The  article  of  silk  is  no  doubt  calcu- 
lated to  become  a  branch  of  extensive 
employment  to  a  great  part  of  the  Ameri- 
can people.  One  great  desideratum  in 
the  cisatlantic  community  is,  that  employ- 
ments should  be  more  diversified,  as  the 
consequences  of  too  many  engaging  in 
one  branch  are  over  production  and  pros- 
tration. Besides  there  are  many  spots 
of  land,  which  are  not  calculated  for  the 
production  of  the  present  s'aple  com- 
modities of  our  country,  which  would 
produce  the  mulberry  most  luxuriantly. 
The  county  of  York  is  interspersed  wilh 
such  spots,  whose  proprietors  might  im- 
part to  it  a  value  equal  to  the  best,  by 
cultivating  the  mulberry  and  raising  crops 
which  would  be  exempt  from  the  liabil- 
ity to  failure  from  the  seasons  as  crops 
of  grain  and  grass  have  frequently  been 
found. 

The  Garden  of  Fromont,  six  leagues  from 
Paris,  according  to  Silliman's  Journal,  con- 
tains 130  acres,  and  more  than  six  thousand 
species  and  varieties  of  vegetables;  many 
of  them  still  new  in  France.  Some  of  the 
green-houses  are  2000  feet  in  length,  with 
glazed  roofs,  possessing  all  varieties  of  ex- 
posure. Many  of  the  noble  forest  trees  of 
the  United  States  have  furnished  contribu- 
tions to  the  nursery  of  this  garden. 

As  in  agriculture,  he  that  can  produce  the 
greatest  crop  is  not  the  best  farmer,  but  he 
that  can  effect  it  with  the  least  expense,  so 
in  society,  he  is  not  the  most  valuable  mem- 
ber, who  can  bring  about  the  most  good,  but 
he  that  can  accomplish  it  with  the  least  ad- 
mixture of  concomitant  ill. 


Machine  for  washing  Grain. — Mr.  Gil- 
bert Arnold,  of  Angelica,  New  York,  has 
just  patented  a  machine  for  washing  and 
drying  Grain.  The  description  states  that 
the  grain  is  placed  in  a  bason  or  hopper  ot 
water  to  the  surface  of  which  the  smut  and 
other  impurities  rise  and  float  off.  The 
kernel  sinks,  passes  through  a  tub  construct- 
ed to  cleanse  it  thoroughly,  and  is  carried 
into  a  heated  sheet  iron  revolving  cylinder, 
which,  its  position  being  inclined,  dischar- 
ges the  grain  dry  and  fit  for  grinding.  It  is 
said  that  wheat  may  be  effectualy  freed  from 
garlic  by  this  method. 

Preserved  Fruit. — Collect  your  Gooseber 
ries  about  the  middle  of  June  and  July,  pick 
them  as  you  would  for  present  use,  and  put 
them  quite  dry  into  bottles,  the  neck  large 
enough  to  receive  them  without  bruising; 
then  place  them  in  a  kettle  of  cold  water, 
which  boils,  let  them  remain  in  the  water,  10 
or  15  minutes,  then  take  the*  out,  and  af- 
ter they  have  remained  long  enough  to  get 
perfectly  cool,  cork  the  bottles  closely,  then 
put  them  away  in  a  cool  place  for  use. — 
Currants  may  be  preserved  green  in  the 
same  easy  manner. 

Fallen  Fruit. — Be  very  careful  to  gather 
all  punctured  or  decayed  fruit,  whether  on 
your  trees  or  on  the  ground,  and  give  them 
to  your  hogs.  If  you  do  not,  the  worms 
which  they  contain,  and  which  have  been 
the  cause  of  their  premature  decay  will 
make  their  escape  into  the  ground,  and  you 
will  find  the  evils  which  await  their  visita- 
tions will  increase  upon  you  another  sea- 
son. 


a 
I   - 


METEOROLOGICAL   TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  July  16,  1831. 

I  Face  ol  'thel 
Sky-  Observations 


5    £2 

-CSV 

E-  as  a 


Hi.- 


IL  c 


64129,70 

53  29,75 

70l29,h6 

58 1 29,80 

72l29.80 
EJ60;29,65  n  e 
M  76,29,60] 
E  64l29,50 
H  8629,45 
I.' 63  29,45 


74:29,48 
58  29,48 
64|29,47 
60:29,47 


w 


fair 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
raiD 
cly 
cly 
rain 
do 


3-10 
12-10 


XT  The  Barometrical  and  Thermomctrical  olstrva* 
ions  are  registered  at  10  o'clock  J  M.  and  P.  M.  .which 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose^ 
eiajic  i  hat  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  iho 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  any  other  time 


ESSAYS  ON  AMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH  Directions  to  farmers  for  raising  Silk 
Worms — by  J.  D.  Homergue  and  Peter  S 
Duponceau.     Also, 

The  American  Gardener, 

Deane's  New-England  Farmer,  and 

Butler's  Farmer's  Manual,  for  sale  by 

HOYT,  PORTER  &  CO. 
Prince  OB  the    Vine,  a  few  copies  for  sale  ae 
above.  July  23 


POTATOE  ONIONS. 

THIS  Onion  was  first  brought  t»  Europe,  by 
some  soldiers  in  the  British  army,  after  they 
had  compelled  Bonaparte  to  leave  Egypt.  For 
some  years  after  their  introduction,  so  highly  were 
they  esteemed  for  flavor  and  product,  that  they 
sold  for  one  shilling  sterling  per  onion  in  London, 
For  a  full  description  of  the  onion  and  mode  of 
cultivation,  see  Thorburn's  Seed  Catalogue,  page 
35 — they  should  be  planted  in  September  and  Oc- 
tober. They  frequently  grow  to  12  or  13  inchete 
in.  circumference.  A  quantity  of  these  onions, 
the  growth  of  the  present  season  (1831)  may  be 
had  at  WM.  THORBURN'S  Seed  Store,  347 
North  Market  street,  one  door  north  of  Rock- 
well's Mansion  House,  Albany,  July  10. 


232 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  23,  1831- 


MISCELLANIES. 


History  of  Hals. — At  a  recent  meeting 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  J.  A.  Rep- 
tone,   communicated  a  very  curious  and 
interesting   paper  on  the  history  of  hats, 
accompanied  by  8  siieets  of  drawings  of 
hats   and   caps,  in   an    infinity  of  shapes 
and    fashions,  from   the  time  of  Richard 
II.  up  to  1784.     He  observed,  the  name 
hat  was  derived  from  a  Saxon  word,  mea- 
ning a  covering    for  the    head,  in    which 
general  sense  it  had  been  used  |by  early 
authors,  and   applied    to  the   helmets  of 
steel.     Hats   and     caps    were   anciently 
made  of  felt,  woollen  silk,  straw,  and  va- 
rious other  materials,  and  were  as  diver- 
sified in  their  colors.     In  the  time  of  E- 
lizabetii  the   common   people   generally 
wore  wollen  caps;  and   s  me  acts  weie 
passed    in  her    reign   to  encourage    the 
manufacture  of  them.     The  broad  brims 
were  introduced  by  the  cardi     N  to  their 
scarlet  caps,   and  followed  by  the  clergy 
The  inconveni'  nee  of  the  bro  d  brim  all 
round  caused  the  turning  of  one  side  up  ; 
then  two   sides   were  turned  up;  and  at 
last    turning  up    three  sides,    introduced 
the  cocked  hat.     The   high  crowned  hat 
was  first  worn  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth, 
and  declined  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
Mr.  Rpptono  then  h  tic    dthe  ornaments 
of  bats,   such  a-  fettliers    broaches  and 
band-       Henry  VIII.  is  described, mi  his 
cnt'y   into    calai-,  as   wearing   feathers 
from  India4  ft  long;  &  men  woref  at  ers 
in  their  hats  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Queen 
Anne       Vew  is   mentioned  a-    placed  in 
the  hat  to  denote  mourning  for  a  deceas- 
ed  relative  or  friend.     The    paper  con. 
tained  many  amusing  and  curi  us  quota 
lions  on  ill    subject  from  a  variety  of  au- 
thors 

Pelican.  —  A    vcrj'  large   bird   of  this 
species  which  h  s  strayed  probably  from 
La  e    Huron   or    Lake    Superior    where 
they  are     nown  to  abound,  was  shot  on 
Wednesday   last  at  St.   Marie,  Nouvelle 
Bcauce,  thirty    miles  south  of  the  town, 
by  a  inhabitant.     Mr.  Chasseur  has  pur- 
c+iaseed  it  and  he  is  now  stuffing  it  for  his 
museum.      It    measures  8  feet  3   inches 
between  the  tips  of  the  wings  and  !>  feet 
!>  inches  from  the  toes  to  the   bill.     The 
bill    is    about  a   foot   long  and   the  large 
bag  in   which  it  carries  fish  or  food   dis- 
tends  to   nine    inches.     No  bird  of  this 
kind  has,  so  far  as  we   have  heard,  ever 
been  seen  in  this  Province,  and  it  is  par- 
ticularly strange  to  have  met  with   it   in 
the  middle  of  summer. — Quebec  Gazette. 
Remedy  for    Weak  JVerocs. — Take   a 
morning  walk,  daily,  at  an  easy  saunter 
ing  pace,  in  a  botanical  garden,  (if  access 
can  be   had   to  it,)  or  in  any  garden  rich 
in  the  beauties  of  Flora,  so  that  the  ear- 
ly part   of  your  day  may  be  breathed    in 
the   midst  of  herbs  and  plants  will  give 
forth  with  a  sweet  bounty,  their  soft,  yet 
invigorating  exhalations  for  your  rcltef 
and  benefit.     Let  your  personal  regimen 
be   simple,  and    endeavor,  likewise,  that 
•  he  tenor  of  your  thoughts  may  he  tran- 


quil, gentle,  and  agreeable  ;  for  the  mind 
itself  has  sometimes  need  of  being  put 
upon  a  regimen.  This  simple  prescrip- 
tion is  recommended  by  a  French. lady 
in  a  work  just  published.  Exactly  fol- 
lowed, it  has  been  known  to  produce  the 
happiest  results;  and  if  it  were  common- 
ly resorted  to  by  delicate  female  invalids, 
we  should  hear  far  less  frequently  of  the 
chronic  complaints  of  languor  and  lassi 
tude,  or  of  the  acute  disorders  of  head 
ache  and  tortured  nerves. 

Aerial  Voyage  of  a  Dog. — The  subjects 
of  the   first   experiments  with  the    para- 
chute, were  naturally  inferior  animals. — 
On   the  26th  of  August,   M.   Blanchard 
droppfd  a   dog   suspended  from  a  para- 
chute,  altitude    of  6CK.0  feet  above    the 
surface  of  the  earth.     A  whirlwind  inter- 
rupted  its  descent,   and  carried  it  above 
the  clouds.     The  sseronautsoon  after  met 
the  parachute  again  ;  the  dog  recognized 
his  master,  and  expressed  his  uneasiness 
and  solicitude   by  barking  ;  another  cur- 
rent o   air,  however,  carried  him  off,  and 
he   was   lost  sight  of.      The  parachute 
with  the  dog  descended  soon  after  the  se- 
ronant,  in  safety. — Dr.  Lardner's  Cyclo- 
Ktcping  fruit. — At  a  recent   meeting  of 
the   Horticultural  Society  in    London  a  pa- 
per was  read,  entitled,  "  An   account  of  the 
different  modes  of  keeping  fruit  which  have 
been    tried  at   the  Society's  garden    for  the 
season  1881."     The  statement  was  drawn  up 
it  the  garden,  and   enumerated  eight  differ- 
ent modes ;   the  three   best  and  most  practi- 
cable of   which    were,  the   covering  of  the 
fruit  in    pure    and    perfectly    dry  sand,  dry 
fern,  or  in  a  deal  box  buried  in  the  eaith. — 
By  any  of  these  modes  it  was  preserved,  free 
from    shrivelling  and  any  disagreeable  fla- 
vor ;  in  all  it    must  be    deposited  in    a  cold 
situation.     By  the  other  five  modes,  although 
the    fruit  was    preserved    in  a  pretty    sound 
state,  a  musty  flavor  was  found  to  be    com- 
municated ;  this    was   especially    the    case 
where  oat-chaff  was  the  medium. — Herald. 

John  Adams The  following  is  extracted 

from  the  speech  of  John  Adams,  delivered 
in  the  Hall  of  Independence,  before  the 
Congress  of  1776,  on  the  adoption  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence: 

Addressing  John  Hancock,  the  then 
President,  said — 

"Read  this  declaration  at  the  bead  of  the 
army,  every  sword  will  be  drawn  from  its 
scabbard  and  the  solemn  vow  uttered  to 
maintain  it  or  perish  on  the  bed  of  honor. — 
Publish  it  from  the  pulpit,  religion  will  ap- 
prove it,  resolved  to  Stan  i  with  it  or  fall 
with  it.  Send  it  to  the  public  halls,  pro- 
claim it  there,  let  them  bear  it  who  heard 
the  first  roar  of  the  enemy's  cannon  let 
them  see  it  who  saw  their  sons  and  brothers 
tall  on  the  field  of  Bunker  Hill  and  in  th 
streets  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  and  the 
very  walls  will  cry  out  in  its  support. 

"  Sir  I  know  the  uncertainty  of  human  af- 
fairs, but  I  see,  I  see  clearly  through  this 
day's  business.  You  shall  be  made  good  ; 
we  in  iy  die  ;  die  colonists — die  slaves — die, 
it  may  be.  ignominiously  and  on  the  scaf- 
fold :  Be  it  so — be  it  so  ;  if  it  be  the  pleas- 
ure of  Heaven  that  my  country  shall  require 
the  poor  offering  ofm>  life,  the  victim  shall 
be  ready  at  the  appointed  hour  for  sacrifice, 
come  when  that  hour  may  ;  but  while  I  do 


live  let  me  have  a  country,  at  least  the  hope 
of  a  country,  and  that  a  free  country.  But 
whatever  may  be  our  fate,  be  assured  thai 
this  declaration  will  stand.  It  may  cost 
treasure,  and  it  may  cost  blood,  but  it  will 
stand,  and  it  will  richl  compensate  for  both. 
Through  the  thick  gloom  of  the  present,  I 
see  the  brightness  of  the  future  as  the  sun 
in  heaven.  We  shall  make  this  a  glorious, 
an  immortal  day  :  when  we  are  in  our 
graves  our  children  will  honor  it :  they  will 
celebrate  it  with  thanksgiving,  with  bonfires 
and  illuminations.  On  its  annual  return 
they  will  shed  tears — copious,  gushing  tears 
— not  of  agony  and  distress,  but  of  consola- 
tion, of  gratitude  and  joy. 
|  "  Sir,  before  God,  I  believe  the  hour  has 
|  come;  my  judgement  approves  this  meas- 
ure, and  my  whole  heart  is  in  it.  All  that 
1  have,  all  that  I  am.  and  all  that  I  hope  in 
this  life,  I  am  here  ready  to  stake  upon  it; 
and  I  leave  off  as  I  began,  that  live  or  die, 
survive  or  perish,  I  am  for  the  declaration, 
it  is  my  living  sentiment,  and,  by  the  bless- 
ing of  God,  it  shall  be  my  dying  sentiment, 
independence  now,  and  independence  for- 
ever." 

From  ihfl  New-Yorh  Standard. 
Our  first  visit  to  the  site  of  Rochester  was 
in  1814,  at  which  time  there  was  one  house 
on  the  east  side  of  the  bridge,  one  on  the 
west — and  one  Lawyer's  office  and  no  other 
domicil  for  man  or  beast,  between  that  site 
and  Lake  Ontario,  a  distance  of  seven 
miles — now,  on  a  few  acres  fourteen  thou- 
sand souls  are  collected  from  the  ends  of 
the  earth  !  but  chielly  from  the  industrious 
hive  of  the  universal  Yankee  nation.  The 
immense  and  inexhaustible  hydraulic  ad- 
!  vantages  of  the  Genesee  River — the  almost 
miraculous  fecundity  of  the  adjacent  coun- 
ties, pouring  their  increasing  treasures  into 
this  now  unrivalled  and  still  growing  mart, 
to  be  distributed  east  and  west  by  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  north  and  east  by  lake  Ontario 
I — are  the  causes  of  the  rapid  and  unpausing 
strides  of  Rochester  to  wealth — beauty — 
and  duration.  Monroe  county  alone  is  es- 
timated to  have  yielded  at  the  harvest  of 
lii.SO  the  enormous  quantity  of  1,004,0^0 
bushels  of  wheat. 

"The  desert"  of  1814  literally  "buds  and 
blossoms  as  the  rose" — while  other,  and 
still  other  acres  yet  unvexed  by  the  plow, 
remain  to  crown  the  labors  of  the  husband- 
man for  ages  to  come.  This  picture  is 
touched  with  strong  colors,  but  they  are  too 
faint  for  the  subject ;  and  to  him  whose  cu- 
riosity led  him  in  1814  to  view  the  falls  of 
the  Genesee  and  the  expanse  of  Lake  On- 
tario, as  the  chief  objects  of  vision,  and  for 
that  vision  only — whose  trembling  gig  dan- 
ced from  lock  to  rock,  or  was  racked  by  the 
alternate  abysses  and  mounds  of  a  road  to 
which  the  light  of  heaven  scarcely  reached 
through  the  dense  foilage  of  the  forest — or 
bounded  with  wearying  and  chafing  tor- 
ments over  the  " corduroy"  log  ways — we 
say,  to  such  an  individual,  the  presence  of 
massy  and  lofty  edifices  in  tin-  very  torrent 
of  the  stream — of  spires — and  domes — and 
turrets — in  all  the  variety  and  beauty  of  fan 
ciful  architecture — of  private  dwellings, 
comparing  within  and  without,  with  any  in 
the  oldest  cities  of  the  state — in  short,  for 
such  an  individual  to  feel  and  see  a  Venice 
of  the  Lakes — a  city  in  yesterday's  desert — 
may  be  ranked  amongst  the  most  astonish- 
ing sights  that  can  arrest  the  attention,  and 
till  him  with  sensations  alike  indescribable 
and  rare. 


wmm  &m®?mmmm  &t&mmmm. 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  JULY  30,  1831. 


NUMBER  30. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $S,50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 

N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


OKRA,  TOMATO,  AND  EGG  PLANT. 

Mr.  Editor — As  you  invite  information  in 
regard  to  the  culture  of  okra  in  our  latitude,  I 
take  occasion  to  say,  that  I  have  cultivated  it  six 
or  eight  years,  with  general  success,  and  that  I 
subscribe  to  your  high  commendation  of  it.  It  is 
the  Hibiscus  cscukntus  of  botany,  of  the  natu- 
ral order  malvacea,  a  family  of  plants  abounding 
in  mucilage,  and  showy  in  the  flower  border.  I 
have  the  okra  now  in  blossom,  and  may  expect 
pods  fit  for  use  in  ten  to  fourteen  days.  I  use  it 
principally  in  soups ;  though  it  affords  a  nutri- 
cious  and  healthy  dish  for  weak  and  debilitated 
stomachs  when  boiled  plain  and  seasoned  to  the 
taste.  As  the  plant  requires  warm  weather  to 
bring  it  forward,  it  should  not  be  sown  in  the  o- 
pen  ground  till  late  in  May.  The  rule  for  plan- 
ting melons,  viz :  when  early  planted  Indian  corn 
has  come  up,  applies  to  this  and  most  other  tender 
plants  introduced  from  warmer  climates.  I  plant 
in  a  rich  loam,  rathcrdry,  and  open  to  the  sun ;  and 
as  the  plants  are  liable  to  be  eaten  by  grubs, 
I  am  not  sparing  of  seed.  I  have  this  year  star- 
ted the  okra,  as  well  as  other  tender  plants,  under 
glass,  with  little  or  no  bottom  heat,  and  transplan- 
ted in  June. 

While  on  the  subject  of  rare  garden  produc- 
tions, I  will  mention,  that  I  also  cultivate,  with 
success  the  tomato  (Solatium.  l/ycopersicum)  the 
Egg-plant  (S.  mclongcna)  and  the  Benne  (Sesa- 
mum  orientile).  These  were  started  this  year 
under  glass  with  the  okra.  I  have  the  first  with 
full  grown  fruit,  the  second  in  bloom,  and  the 
third  in  an  advanced  state.  The  tomato,  from 
its  anti-bilious  properties,  is  highly  conducive  to 
health,  and  becomes,  by  a  little  use,  one  of  the 
most  desirable  dishes  upon  the  table.  The  egg- 
plant, properly  prepared,  has  a  greater  affinity, 
in  taste,  to  the  oyster,  than  any  other  vegetable  I 
am  acquainted  with.  The  purple  variety  is  prin- 
cipally used  for  culinary  purposes.  I  have  a 
new  variety  growing,  the  seeds  of  which  were 
brought  from  Constantinople,  by  Mr.  Rhind. — 
The  Benne  is  cultivated,  by  me,  for  medicinal 
uses  alone ;  though  at  the  south  its  seeds  afford 
an  abundance  of  oil,  not  .inferior  to  the  finest  made 
from  the  olive.  It  is  called  the  oil  grain.  A  leaf 
of  this  plant,  immersed  in  a  tumbler  of  water, 
converts  it,  in  a  few  moments,  into  a  thin  mucil- 
age, without  taste,  color  or  smell,  and  is  readily 
taken  by  children  and  infants.  It  is  found  high- 
ly useful  in  infantile  relax  and  diarrhea,  and  in 
allaying  inflamations,  of  the  eye,  car,  &c. 

Albany,  July  16.  J.  BUEL. 

Note  by  the  Editor. 

We  consider  the  -above  communication  from 
Judge  Buel,  a  favor  io  ourselves  and  the  public. 
Observations  coming  from  men,  who  unite  theory 
with  practice,  are  more  to  be  depended  upon  than 
the  opinions  of  men,  who  are  acquainted  with 
theory  only.  From  the  above,  it  appears  that 
okra  may  be  cultivated  to  advantage  in  this  lati- 
tude,, and  from  its  known  reputation  in  the  West 


Indies,  and  our  southern  states,  as  an  article  of 
food  during  warm  weather,  we  hope  our  garde- 
ners will  be  induced  to  give  it  a  fair  trial,  A  ve- 
ry celebrated  dish,  called  Gombo,  is  prepared  in 
those  countries  where  okra  is  grown,  by  mixing 
with  the  green  pods,  ripe  tomatos,  and  onions ; 
all  chopped  fine,  to  which  are  added  pepper  and 
salt,  and  the  whole  stewed. 

Tomatoes  are  already  cultivated,  to  considera- 
ble extent  in  this  section,  and  seem  almost  indi- 
genous to  the  soil,  growing  with  little  trouble 
but  in  order  to  have  the  benefit  of  them  during  the 
heat  of  summer,  they  should  be  started  under 
glass,  and  transplanted,  when  they  will  ripen 
their  fruit  early  in  August.  We  have  two  vari- 
eties of  them,  the  yellow  and  red,  growing  at  this 
time,  with  fruit  full  size,  and  the  quantity  pro- 
duced by  a  single  stalk  is  surprising.  We  con- 
sider the  yellow  as  best  for  pickles,  but  the  red, 
for  eating  without  cooking,  and  for  making  catsup. 
The  taste  for  tomatoes  is  rather  an  acquired  one, 
arising  from  the  beneficial  effects  of  eating,  and 
most  people  become  fond  of,  after  eating  them  a 
few  times. 

No  less  than  three  varieties  of  the  egg-plant 
are  cultivated  in  the  gardens  in  this  vicinity,  viz 
the  large  round  purple,  the  long  purple,  and  the 
round  white ;  the  latter  variety  is  considered  the 
most  showy,  and  is  more  generally  cultivated  than 
the  other  varieties.  When  started  in  a  hot  bed, 
they  produce  well.  Although  they  are  to  be 
found  in  many  of  our  gardens  yet  they  are  sel- 
dom met  with  at  any  of  our  public,  and  very  few 
private  tables.  This  is  probably  owing  to  our 
northern  cooks  not  being  acquainted  with  the  best 
method  of  preparing  this  fruit,  and  Judge  Buel 
would  confer  a  favor  on  ourselves,  as  well  as  our 
readers,  by  giving  directions  for  cooking,  as  they 
will  undoubtedly  continue  to  be  raised  if  only  for 
ornament. 

Buskirk's  Bridge,  July  6th,  1831. 

To  the  Editor  : — In  thie  section  of  country, 
(the  counties  of  Washington  and  Rensselaer)  an 
enemy,  novel  in  its  character  and  appearance,  threa- 
tens almost  tolal  destruction  to  the  wheat  crops. 
Its  first  appearance  in  this  section  to  our  oldest  in- 
habitants was  last  season.  As  near  as  I  can  ar- 
rive at  facts  relating  to  it,  is  that  eggs  are  deposi- 
ted in  the  blossom  by  a  black  fly  about  double  the 
size  of  a  common  house  fly  ;  they  hatch  with  the 
formation  of  the  berry,  and  prey  upon  its  milk ; 
leaving  it  as  soon  as  it  becomes  hard.  The  in- 
sects are  found  in  great  abundance  in  almost  eve- 
ry head  and  kernel ;  sometimes  as  many  as  ten 
are  found  in  the  husk  or  cap  of  one  kernel.  They 
destroy  some  kernels  entirely  and  others  partial 
ly.  The  crop  last  year  although  promising  large 
ly  from  the  growth  of  straw,  was  reduced  about 
one  half;  this  year  the  ravages  seem  to  be  grea- 
ter. 

As  I  have  seen  nothing  givingany  light  on  this 
subject,  any  information  through  the  medium  of 
your  useful  paper  will  be  very  gratifying. 
Respectfully  yours, 

JNO.  JAY  VIELE. 

Note — This  is  the  communication  we  alluded 
to  in  our  last  No.,  and  as  the  insect  has  not  to  our 
knowledge,  made  its  appearance  in  this  section, 


we  hope  some  entomologist,  or  other  person,  will 
give  us  a  particular  description  of  it,  for  the  bene 
fit  of  our  readers. 


GRAPES. 

As  there  is  already  some  little  excitement  a 
mongst  our  Agriculturists  and  Horticulturists, 
with  regard  to  the  cultivation  of  grapes  for  wine, 
and  as  many  of  them  in  this  section  have  never 
had  an  opportunity  of  examining  vines  of  appro 
ved  qualities,  when  in  bearing,  we  would  inform 
them  that  there  are  now  a  number  of  vines  in  thi: 
village  which  are  loaded  with  fruit,  and  which 
are  well  worth  the  trouble  of  examining  by  those 
who  may  be  at  this  place.  In  the  garden  of  C 
M.  Lee,  Esq.  there  is  a  young  Isabella  vine,  hea 
vily  laden.  In  the  adjoining  garden  belonging  tc 
J.  Graves,  Esq.  one  of  the  same  kind,  very  full  of 
grapes,  also  some  young  vines  of  European  vari 
eties.  In  the  garden  of  H.  B.  Williams,  an  Is- 
abella vine  very  full  of  fruit,  also  some  other 
vines  of  different  kinds.  In  the  garden  of  S.  P 
Allcott,  Esq.  a  vine  of  the  Munier,  or  Miller's 
Burgundy,  an  European  grape,  which  endure, 
our  winters  perfectly,  without  covering,  very  fuli 
As  the  Isabella  grape  has  been  highly  recom- 
mended for  wine,  we  think  those  who  will  ca!' 
upon  the  above  named  gentlemen,  can  satisfv 
themselves  that  they  are  very  great  bearers  a' 
least.  To  see  to  the  quality  of  fruit  you  are  u 
bout  to  cultivate  yourself,  is  better  than  to  trus' 
to  others. 

PEARS. 

As  this  delicious  fruit  is  beginning  to  ripen,  am', 
as  some  varieties  are  of  short  duration  on  accoun' 
of  their  rotting  at  the  core,  we  would  recommend 
to  those  who  have  pears,  which  are  subject  to  thir 
sudden  decay,  to  pick  them  from  the  tree  before 
they  become  mellow,  and  place  them  in  a  cool, 
dry  place,  as  in  a  chamber,  where  by  spreading 
them,  they  can  be  examined  more  particularly 
than  when  on  the  tree,  and  those  properly  matu 
red,  selected  for  use  before  they  become  rotten  a', 
the  core,  which  they  will  not  do,  as  soon  as  wher. 
ripened  on  the  tree. 

STRAWBERRIES. 

We  would  remind  those  who  wish  to  cultivat* 
this  fine  fruit  in  their  gardens,  that  the  beds  ir. 
which  they  intend  to  set  them,  should  be  well  ma 
nured,  and  dug  at  least  one  month  before  planting 
out  the  vines,  which  should  be  done  early  in  Sep 
tember,  in  order  that  they  may  take  sufficient 
root  to  prevent  their  being  thrown  out  by  the  frost 
during  the  winter  or  spring.  A  situation  that  is 
rather  moist  than  otherwise,  is  preferable,  and 
one  that  is  half  shaded  is  better  than  one  expo- 
sed to  the  full  blaze  of  a  meridian  sun.  Give  the 
ground  deep  and  repeated  spadings,  previous  tc 
setting  the  young  plants,  which  should  beat  a^dis- 
tance  of  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  apart 

RABBITS. 

It  has  been  said  that  rabbits  may  be  fed  tlu'oug!. 
the  summer,  with  weeds  from  the  garden,  and  one 
would  judge  from  the  appearance  of  many  of  the 
gardens  in  this  village,  that  the  owners  were  ma 
king  calculations  for  raising  these  animals 


234 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  30,  1831. 


BOTTS  IN  HORSES. 

Horses  in  this,  as  veil  as  many  other  countries, 
are  subject  to  botts  in  the  stomach,  which  often 
proves  fatal  to  them,  by  feeding  upon,  and  inflam- 
ing the  coats  of  the  stomach,  which  produces 
pain  and  death.  It  is  said,  that  there  arc  more  or 
less  of  these  larva  or  botts,  in  the  stomach  of  the 
hbrse  at  all  times ;  but  this  must  be  a  mistake,  as 
they  are  produced  by  winged  insects,  and  pass 
regularly  through  the  different  stages,  as  other 
insects,  and  as  the  fly  has  a  particular  season  for 
depositing  its  eggs,  so  there  is  a  proper  season  for 
the  transformation  of  the  larva,  to  a  perfect  insect ; 
at  which  season,  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude,  that 
the  intestines  of  horses  are  clear  of  them. 

The  following  description  pf  the  fly,  publish- 
ed in  the  New- York  Farmer,  from  Professor  Ea- 
ton, of  Troy,  may  be  interesting  at  this  season. 

"Bott  fly  or  Nitter. — While  preparing  a 
Zoological  textbook  for  the  students,  I  had 
occasion  to  examine  the  Nitter  with  consid- 
erable attention,  in  the  summer  of  182G. — 
The  genus  to  which  this  fly  belongs,  con- 
Cains  more  than  a  dozen  species.  Two  spe- 
cies are  common  about  Troy,  New-York, 
and  probably  in  all  the  Northern  States, 
which  I  will  here  describe. 

Class — Insteta.  Order — Diplera.  Ge- 
mjs — Oestrus. 

Centric  Character. — Antinnae  (horns)  dis- 
jointed, very  short,  sunken,  face  broad,  de- 
pressed, vesicular,  mouth  a  simple  orifice  ; 
feelers  two,  two  jointed,  sunken,  tail  index- 
ed beneath. 

Equi,  (leg  nitter)  wings  whitish,  with  a 
black  band  in  the  middle,  and  two  dots  at 
the  tip.  Deposits  eggs  on  the  hairs  of  hors- 
es' legs  in  the  month  of  August.  From  ob- 
servations made  during  the  three  last  sum- 
mers, I  believe  these  spfecies  to  be  harmless. 
si  do  not  believe  the  bott  is  ever  caused  by  it. 

Veterinus,  (throat  nitter  botfly)  wings  with- 
out spots  ;  body  iron  rust  color  ;  sides  of  the 
cliorax,  and  base  of  the  abdomen  furnished 
with  white  hairs.  A  little  smaller,  and  much 
more  agile  than  the  leg  nitter.  Deposits 
eggs  in  the  skin  under  the  throats  of  horses, 
in  the  month  of  September,  and  with  them 
an  acrid  liquor  which  gives  the  horse  the 
pain  of  a  bee's  sting,  at  the  instant  of  contact; 
hence,  this  swift-winged  species  is  the  dread 
of  horses." 

Professor  Eaton  recommends  to  farmers 
to  make  experiments  with  the  botts  in  order 
to  ascertain  the  correctness  of  his  statement 
and  observes  : 

"Should  it  prove  to  be  the  species  veteriniis, 
we  could  safely  adopt  the  following  conclu- 
sions : 

1st.  That  the  nits  deposited  in  the  skin, 
under  the  throats  of  horses  become  minute 
Jarva,  (maggots)  and  make  their  way  to  the 
passage  of  the  stomach  folds,  until  they  are 
passed  off  by  some  fortunate  cause. 

2d.  Should  it  be  thus  demonstrated  thai 
the  Bott  is  the  larva  of  the  throat-nitter,  com- 
mon sense  would  suggest  an  effectual  pre- 
ventive. A  piece  of  oilcloth  fastened  un- 
der the  throat  for  three  or  four  weeks,  com- 
mencing the  last  week  in  August,  must  be  a 
perfect  defence." 

We  think,  however,  that  it  is  well  to  make  use 
of  all  preventives,  such  as  keeping  the  nils  off 
(he  horses'  legs,  either  by  scraping  them  off  with 
a  knife  or  by  the  application  of  cloths  dipped  ill 


hot  water,  which,  it  is  said,  will  destroy  them. — 
But  all  Veterinary  Surgeons  agree  that  the  best 
course  to  pursue,  when  horses  are  troubled  with 
botts,  is  to  give  them  sweetened  milk,  and  after  a 
short  time,  to  drench  them  with  common  salt  dis- 
solved. As  a  preventive  it  is  recommended  to 
salt  horses  often  through  the  winter,  by  which, 
most  of  the  botts  are  made  to  pass  off.  Prevent- 
ives should  be  attended  to,  as  this  noble  animal 
may  not  show  any  signs  of  being  troubled  with 
botts  until  they  have  made  such  progress  in  de- 
stroy ing  the  coats  of  die  stomach,  that  till  reme- 
dies are  in  vain;  therefore  it  is  well  at  ali  times, 
to  have  horses  supplied  with  salt,  to  keep  them 
in  a  healthy  and  thriving  condition, 


THE  WEATHER. 

The  weather  continues  unfavorable  for  securing 
hay  and  grain.  Much  rain  has  fallen  within  the 
last  week,  and  the  streams  in  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try, are  unusually  high  for  the  season.  As  the 
work  at  hay  and  grain  is  interrupted,  We  hope 
that  the  farmers  will  recollect  that  this  is  the  sea- 
son for  sowing  turnips,  planting  out  cabbage,  cau- 
liflowers, and  celery  for  winter,  innoculating  fruit 
trees,  and  removing  weeds  from  the  garden.  All 
these  may  be  done  when  the  ground  is  too  wet  to 
work  in  the  fallow.  We  know  many  farmers 
who  frequent  public  houses  when  the  day  proves 
too  wet  for  haying  or  harvesting.  To  them  we 
would  say  that  Temperance  is  the  order  of  the 
day,  and  that  to  be  seen  at  a  public  house,  drink 
ing,  is  no  longer  counted  respectable,  and  it  was 
never  a  money  making  business,  therefore  stay  at 
home  and  add  to  your  comfort  and  property  by  do- 
in''  Uiose  things  abovementioned. 


FIGS. 

We  arc  requested  to  state  that  one  of  the  figs, 
lately  produced  and  gathered  in  the  garden  of 
Gen.  Van  Ness,  in  diis  city,  measured  eight  inch- 
es and  a  quarter  in  circumference.  It  was  care- 
fully measured  in  the  presence  of  several  ladies 
and  gentlemen. —  Washington  Telegraph. 

Note  Ed. — We  have  seen  the  fig  trees  in  Gen. 
Van  Ness'  garden,  at  Washington,  and  think 
them  as  fine-as  any  we  have  seen  in  the  United 
States.  They  stand  on  the 'south  side  of  a  wall, 
where  they  endure  die  winters  of  that  latitude, 
without  protection.  We  have  a  small  shoot  pro- 
cured from  one  of  his  trees  in  1830,  which  has  one 
fig  upon  it  at  diis  time,  which  bids  fair  to  ripen 
early.  We  have  hopes  that  with  a  slight  protec- 
tion this  will  withstand  the  winters  of  Old  Gene- 
see. 


FLORAL  CALENDAR 

Julij  g9. — Four  o'clocks  (Mirabilis  jalapa,) 
and  Balm  (Melissa  officinalis,')  in  flower. 

Our  market  well  supplied  with  potatoes,  green 
corn,  Cabbage,  Broccoli,  and  most  garden  vegeta- 
bles. 

Fruit. — Apples,  Pears,  and  Apricofs  of  early 
varieties  ripe. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

I '  'iversations  on  Horticulture, No.  I" — "Ex- 
perimenter"— "D.  T." — and  "Wayne" — will  be 
given  in  our  next  number. 


Erratum  in  No.  27,  Page  212,  col.  3. 
For  StyiteTCdecom  real!  Bept'-ndecinr. 


fX/°We  are  requested  by  Mr.  Watson  to 
make  the  following  material  corrections  in 
his  statement  of  the  cultivation  of  15  acres 
rye,  published  in  last  week's  Herald,  viz  : 
that  the  trees  and  bushes  were  cut  off  previ- 
ous to  the  commencement  of  the  experi- 
mens  in  1826.  In  1830,  instead  of  six 
pounds  clover  seed  to  the  acre,  read  sii 
quarts,  equal  to  12  pounds.— Keestville  Her- 
ald. 

The  communication  in  which  the  above  error 
occurred  was  republished  in  the  Farmer,  page  105, 

MEXICAN  DOMESTIC  BEES. 

(Mtlipona  Becchii,)— Captain  Beechey, 
when  at  Xalisco,  obtained  two  hives  con- 
structed by  these  bees,  which  he  brought  to 
England  in  II.  M.  S.  Blossom.  One  of 
them  has  been  presented  toM.  Hurnber,  and 
the  other  to  the  Linnrean  Society.  They 
are  formed  of  hollow  trees,  a  portion  of 
which,  of  between  two  and  three  feet  in 
length,  has  been  cut  off,  and  a  hole  is  bored 
through  the  sides  into  the  hollows  at  about 
the  middle,  and  the  ends  of  the  hives  stop- 
ped up  with  clay.  These  hives  are  usually 
suspended  on  a  tree  in  a  horizontal  position, 
with  the  opening  into  the  cavity  directed  al 
so  horizontally,  and  are  speedily  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  bees.  Their  interior  ar- 
rangemeut  differs  materially  from  that  of 
the  European  bee,  some  of  the  layers  of  the 
comb  assuming  a  vertical  and  some  a  hori- 
zontal position,  the  cells  of  the  latter  being 
most  numerous.  All  the  combs,  both  verti- 
cal and  horizontal,  are  composed  of  a  single 
series  oT  cells  applied  laterally  to  each  other, 
and  not,  as  in  the  European  bee-hive,  ot 
two  series,  the  one  applied  against  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  other.  The  cells  appear  de- 
stined solely  for  the  habitation  of  the  young 
bees.  The  combs  are  placed  together,  at 
some  distance  from  the  opening  of  the  hives  ; 
and  surrounding  them  are  several  layers  of 
»'»;,  as  thin  as  paper,  irregular  in  their  form, 
and  laced  at  some  little  distance  from  each 
other ;  externally  to  these  are  placed  the 
sacks  for  containing  the  honey,  which  are 
generally  large  and  rounded  in  form.  They 
vary  in  size,  some  of  them  exceeding  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter.  They  are  sup- 
ported by  processes  of  w«  from  the  wood  to 
the  cavity,  or  from  each  other,  and  are  fre- 
quently placed  side  by  side,  ;  but  their  indis- 
position is  altogether  irregular,  aud  bear? 
some  resemblance  to  that  of  a  bunch  of 
grapes.  Some  of  the  honey  sacks  are  pla- 
ced apart  from  the  others,  and  form  a  dis- 
tinct cluster. 

From  this  irregular  position  of  the  honey 
sacks,  a  most  important  advantage  is  gained 
by  the  cultivators  of  the  Mexican  hive  bee, 
as,  in  order  to  possess  themselves  of  the  ho- 
ney, all  that  is  necessary  is,  to  remove  the 
plug  from  the  end  of  the  cavity  employed  as 
a  hive,  and  to  introduce  the  hand  and  with- 
draw the  honey.  The  store  of  the  labori- 
ous bee  is  thus  transferred  to  the  proprietor 
of  the  hive  without  injury,  and  almost  with- 
out disturbing  its  inhabitants.  The  end  of 
the  hive  is  then  again  stopped  up,  and  the 
bees  hasten  to  lay  in  a  fresh  store  of  honey. 
A  hive  treated  in  this  way  affords,  during 
the  summer,  at  least  two  harvests; 

The  bee  itself,  by  which  this  nest  is  con- 
structed, is  smaller  than  the  European  hive 
bee;  its  abdomen  especially  being  much 
shorter.  It  is  distinguished  also  from  the 
European  race  of  hive  bees  by  the  form  of 
the  first  joint  of  its  Mndej  tcTsi,  which  rt  that 


Vol.  1 — No.  30. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


235 


of  a  triangle,  with  its  apex  applied  to  the  ti- 
bia. Its  technical  characters  ure  intermedi- 
ate between  the  two  general  melipona  and 
trigona,  of  M.  Latreille,  one  of  the  mandi- 
bles being  toothed,  and  the  other  nearly  en- 
tire. It  has  a  leaning  towards  the  trigona, 
but  its  general  appearance  is  entirely  that  of 
a  melipona,  approaching  very  closely  to  that 
of  melipona  favosa,  Latr."  apis  favosa,  Fab. 
Some  curious  anecdotes  are  related  by  the 
possessors  as  to  the  manners  of  these  bees, 
one  of  which  deserves  to  be  recorded.  They 
assert  that  at  the  entrance  of  each  hive  a 
sentinel  is  placed,  to  watch  the  outgoings 
.and  incomings  of  his  fellows,  and  that  this 
sentinel  is  relieved  at  the  expiration  of  twen- 
ty-four hours,  when  another  assumes  his  post, 
and  duties  for  the  same  period.  Of  the  du- 
ration of  this  guard  some  doubts  may  be  rea- 
sonably entertained  ;  but  of  its  existence  am- 
ple evidence  has  been  obtained  by  repeated 
observations.  At  all  times  a  single  bee  was 
seen  occupying  the  hole  leading  to  the  nest, 
who,  on  the  approach  of  another,  withdrew 
himse'f  within  a  small  cavity  apparently 
made  for  this  purpose  on  the  left  hand  side 
of  the  aperture  ;  and  thus  allowed  the  pas- 
sage of  the  individual  entering  or  quitting 
the  hive,  the  sentinel  constantly  resuming 
the  station  immediately  after  the  passage  had 
been  effected.  During  how  long  a  period 
the  same  individual  remained  on  duty  could 
not  be  ascertained  ;  for  although  many  at- 
tempts were  made  to  mark  him  by  introdu- 
cing a  pencil  tipped  with  paint,  he  constant- 
ly eluded  the  aim  taken.  With  the  paint 
thus  attempted  to  be  applied  to  the  bee  the 
margin  of  the  opening  was  soiled,  and  the 
sentinel,  as  soon  as  he  was  free  from  the  an- 
noyance he  suffered  from  the  thrusts  repeat- 
edly made  at  his  body,  approached  the  for- 
eign substance  to  taste  it,  and  evidently  dis- 
liking the  material,  he  withdrew  into  his 
hive.  A  troop  of  bees  was  soon  observed  ad- 
vancing towards  the  place,  each  individual 
bearing  a  small  piece  of  wax,  or  of  propolic, 
in  his  mandibles,  which  he  deposited  in  his 
turn  upon  the  soiled  part  of  the  wood.  The 
little  laborers  then  returned  to  the  hive,  and 
repeated  the  operation,  until  a  small  pile 
rose  above  the  blemished  part,  and  eonse- 
-uiently  relieved  the  inhabitants  from  the  an- 
noyance. 

DESCRIPTION   AND    MORBID   EF- 
FECTS  OF  SPURRED  RYE. 

Causes  of  the  Spur  in  Rye — One  of  the 
most  poisonous  substances  which  has  ever 
been  undesignedly  mixed  up  with  aliment, 
and  eaten,  is  spurred  rye,  or  ergot,  (secale 
coniutum,)  the  mutterkorii  or  rogenmutter  of 
the  Germans.  It  is  the  grain  of  rye  altered 
by  disease,  which  occurs  most  frequeutly  in 
damp  seasons,  and  in  moist  clay  soils,  par- 
ticularly those  recently  redeemed  from  waste 
lands  in  the  neighborhood  of  forest-.  Ofall 
the  places  where  the  spur  has  been  hitherto 
observed,  none  combines  these  candition  so 
perfectly,  and  none  has  been  so  much  infect- 
ed with  the  disease  as  the  district  of  Solog- 
ne,  situated  between  the  rivers  Loire  and 
Cher  in  France.  It  has  been  ascertained 
that  the  rye  of  this  distrtct,  after  being  thresh- 
ed, contained  on  an  average,  about  a  forty- 
eighth  part  of  ergot,  even  in  good  seasons; 
but  in  bad  seasons,  and  taking  into  account 
a  considerable  portion  which  is  shaken  out  of 
the  rars  and  sheaves  before  they  reach  the 
bam,  the  proportion  of  ergot  in  the  whole 
c*op  has  been  estimated  so  high  as  a  fourth, 
or  wen  a  third.    According  to  WiUerinow, 


it  may  be  produced  at  any  time,  by  sowing 
the  rye  in  a  rich  damp  soil,  and  watering 
the  plants  exuberantly  in  warm  weather. — 
The  spur  does  not  extend  itself  by  conta- 
gion. The  immediate  causes  of  the  disease 
are  not  clearly  known.  Some  believe  that 
the  spur  is  formed  by  a  diseased  process  from 
the  juices  of  the  plant:  others,  that  it  is  a 
fungus  vegetating  at  the  expense  of  the  ger- 
men ;  and  others,  and  the  most  numerous, 
assert,  that  it  is  the  work  of  an  insect,  a  spe- 
cies of  butterfly  ;  and,  in  support  of  that  doc- 
trine, Fontana,  Read,  Tillet,  and  others,  a- 
ver,  that  they  have  found  the  ova  and  larva; 
of  the  insect  on  the  spur.  Confirmatory  of 
this  statement  are  the  observations  of  Gen- 
eral Martin  Field  in  our  own  country. 

Description  of  the  Spur. — The  spur  varies 
in  length  from  a  few  lines  to  two  inches,  and 
is  from  two  to  four  lines  in  thickness.  The 
substance  of  the  spur  is  of  a  dull  whitish  or 
grayish  tint :  and  is  covered  with  a  bluish, 
black,  or  violet  husk,  having  two,  sometimes 
three  streaks  of  dotted  gray.  It  swims  in 
water,  while  the  rye  sinks  in  it,  so  that  they 
are  easily  separated  from  each  other.  The 
powdered  spur  is  disposed  to  attract  moist- 
ure, and  has  a  disagreeable  heavy  smell,  and 
a  nauseous,  slightly  acid  taste.  It  imparts  its 
taste  and  smell  both  to  water  and  alcohol. — 
Bread  which  contains  it  is  defective  in  firm- 
ness, liable  to  become  moist,  and  cracks  and 
crumbles  soon  after  being  taken  from  the 
oven. 

Effects  of  Spurred  Rye  on  Man  and  Ani- 
mals.— The  use  of  ergot  mixed  up  with  rye 
flour  in  bread,  has  been  at  different  times, 
productive  of  fatal  and  wide-spreading  dis- 
eases in  Silesia,  Bohemia,  parts  of  Russia, 
Hesse,  Lusatia,  Saxony,  Sweden,  &  France. 
The  effects  vary  with  the  time,  during 
which  it  has  been  used,  and  with  the  quanti- 
ty taken.  In  those  who  have  eaten  it  for  a 
short  time,  it  produces  a  variety  of  nervous 
symptoms,  indicating  a  disease  called  convul- 
sive ergotism ;  while  that  caused  by  eating 
larger  quantities,  and  for  a  longer  period 
has  obtained  the  name  of  gangrenous  ergo- 
tism. 

The  first  or  convulsive  variety  of  the  dis- 
ease is  ushered  in  by  an  uneasy  sensation  in 
the  feet ;  a  kind  of  tickling  or  creeping, 
soon  followed  by  heartburn,  disorder  in  the 
head,  and  trembling  of  the  hands.  To  this 
succeed  convulsions,  foaming  at  the  mouth 
burning  thurst,  vertigo,  and  the  symptoms  of 
intoxication,  ending  at  times  in  madness  or 
stupor.  Almost  all  those  affected,  as  if  with 
epilepsy,  die.  In  many,  the  face  was  cover- 
ed with  an  eruption  resembling  flea  bites. — 
In  the  milder  cases,  in  the  intervals  between 
the  fits,  the  appetite  was  voracious,  pulse  nat- 
ural, as  were  all  the  excretions. 

The  gangrenous  form  of  ergotism,  com- 
mences with  a  tingling  sensation  of  the  part, 
which  assumes  a  roseate  hue — the  pulse  is 
generally  weaker,  and  finally  ceases  to  beat; 
then  follows  a  coldness,  swelling,  violet  col- 
or, and  death  of  the  limb,  with  its  separation 
in  part,  or  entire,  from  the  body.  'In  anoth- 
er variety,  which  has  been  witnessed  in  va- 
rious parts  of  Germany,  the  chief  symptoms 
were  spasmodic,  contraction  of  the  limbs  at 
first,  and  afterwards  weaknesof  mind,  vora- 
city, and  dyspepsy,  which,  if  not  followed  by 
recovery,  as  generally  happened,  terminated 
in  fatuity  or  gangrene.' 

Ergotic  bread  used  by  nurses  for  four  or 
five  days,  dries  up  the  secretion  of  milk.  Of 
the  irralicirrai  powev-s  of  ergot  we  have  noth- 


ing to  say  in  this  place.  It  is  sufficient  to 
remark,  that  they  cannot  be  inferred  from 
what  has  been  said  above  of  its  detrimental 
effects  when  mixed  up  with  aliment. 

Animals  into  whose  food  spurred  rye  has 
largely  entered,  have,  after  a  time,  been  af- 
fected with  a  gangrene  of  the  limbs,  ears, 
and  tail,  and  inflamation  of  parts  of  the  di- 
gestive canal. 


NEW  ENEMY  TO  WHEAT. 

We  have  just  returned  from  examining  e 
field  of  Spring  Wheat,  belonging  to  the  Hon. 
J.  II.  Hubbard  of  this  place.  On  approach- 
ing the  field,  the  appearance  promised  a 
good  crop.  On  examining  the  heads,  mi- 
nute black  spots  were  found,  generally  near 
the  centre  of  the  chaffy  covering  of  the  ker- 
nels, which  appear  to  have  been  made  by 
some  insect,  piercing  the  chaff  to  deposit  its 
eggs.  On  removing  the  chaff,  the  kernels 
were  found  to  be  infested  with  small  yellow 
worms,  subsisting  upon  its  juices.  They 
commence  their  operations  on  the  surface- 
of  the  kernel,  where  the  egg  was  at  first  de- 
posited. In  some  cases,  only  a  slight  injury- 
is  inflicted,  the  growth  of  the  kernel  on  that 
side  is  checked,  and  the  kernel  grows  'out  of 
shape.'  In  others,  where  the  mischief  seems 
to  have  commenced  earlier,  the  juices  of  the 
kernel  have  been  wholly  consumed,  and  a 
mere  speck  remains.  Several  worms  were 
commonly  found  feeding  on  the  same  kernel. 
On  one  we  counted  eleven.  Some  heads 
are  nearly  destroyed,  others  less,  and  others 
little  if  at  all.  There  will  be  from  one  fourth 
to  half  a  crop.  They  were  first  observed  a- 
bout  the  middle  of  the  last  week,  when  they 
were  much  larger  and  more  active  than  at 
present.  We  hear  that  several  other  fields 
of  Spring  Wheat  have  sustained  similar  in- 
jury. Some  fields  of  Winter  Wheat  have 
escaped  ;  others  have  not. 

Here  is  work  for  our  entomologists,  scien- 
tific farmers,  and  Lyceums.  Let  us  learii 
the  whole  history  of  this  insect,  and  we  shall 
doubtless  find  some  way  to  attack  him  suc- 
cessfully. In  order  to  this,  many  persons 
must  busy  themselves  in  collecting  facts, 
and  these  facts  must  be  brought  together, 
compared  and  arranged.  We  invite  atten- 
tion, therefore,  to  the  following  points  : 

1.  A  description  of  the  perfect  inset;  the 
time  when,  and  the  circumstances  under 
which,  it  first  appears  and  deposits  its  eggs. 

2.  How  long  before  the  egg  becomes  a 
worm  ;  and  are  there  any  circumstances, 
which  hasten  or  retard  the  change? 

3.  What  other  changes  does  it  undergo, 
before  it  becomes  a  perfect,  and,  as  it  prob- 
ably does,  a  winged  insect ;  and  how  long 
is  the  time;  arid  what  effect  has  any  kind  o: 
weather,  or  other  circumstances,  on  its  pro- 
gress ? 

4-  Where,  and  in  what  condition,  does  it 
spend  the  winter  ? 

5.  Does  it,  in  any  of  its  states,  feed  on  a- 
ny  plant  except  wheat ;  and  if  so,  on  what? 

6.  Are  there  any  kinds  of  wheat,  which  it 
does  not  attack, — and  if  so,  what  appears  to 
be  the  reason  ? 

Any  one  can  collect  information  on  these 
and  similar  points,  and  all,  put  together,  will 
teach  us  how  we  may  best  guard  against  this 
new  enemy  of  our  agricultural  interests.™ 
Windsor  Vt.  Chronicle. 

Soak  red  flannel  in  strong  beef  orpork  brine.aruj 
bind  it  round  sprained  Emtis,  and  you  hive  a  rea- 
dy remedy. 


236 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  30,  1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE    FARMER. 

IRRIGATION. 

Although  I  am  not  opposed  to  irrigation,  when 
it  can  be  incidentally  introduced  without  great  ex- 
pense, I  do  not  think  it  at  all  essential  to  good 
husbandry  in  our  northern  latitude,  nor  that  its 
benefits  would  in  any  measure  compensate  for 
the  heavy  expenses  attending  it  in  other  countries. 
One  would  suppose  that  during  the  present  sea- 
son, and  those  which  have  preceded  it,  we  had 
more  occasion  for  ditches  to  carry  off,  than  to  let 
in  water,  upon  our  fields.    The  globe  may  be  di- 
vided into  agricultural  zones,  each  of  which  re- 
quires a  different  system  of  husbandry.     Ours  is 
not  the  zone  of  rrigation,  but  of  draining  and  ma- 
nuring ;  where  a  judicous  rotation  of  crops,  and 
clean  husbandry,  with  the  auxiliaries  I  have  na- 
med will  generally  countervail  the  evils  of  drought. 
Grounds  suffer  from  drought  in  proportion  to  their 
poverty  and  bad  tillage.      In  central  Asia,  the 
northern  part  of  Africa,  and  tropical  America, 
irrigation  is  the  great  source  of  fertility,  and  the 
use  of  manure  is  almost  wholly  dispensed  with. 
In  countries  lying  between  these  two  zones,  those 
of  irrigation  and  of  draining  and  manuring,  as  in 
the  south  of  France,  Italy,  Spain  and  the  southern 
states,  the  two  systems  may  be  blended  with  the 
best  effect.    The  expense  of  irrigation,  in  En, 
land,  is  stated  by  Loudon,  to  vary  from  10s.  to 
401  sterling  per  acre.     We  are  apt  to  forget  the 
difference  in  climate,  when  we  recommend  to  our 
farmers  the  practices  of  Egypt,  of  Persia,  Peru, 
Chili  and  Mexico.    Some  of  these  countries  have 
no  rain  during  the  year,  while  others  are  without 
tiny  from  three  to  six  months  at  a  time. 
Albany,  July  16- ^^  J-  B- 


FOR   THE  GENESEE    FARMER. 

HINTS  TO  FLORISTS. 
Florists  who  live  remote  from  the  great  nurseries 
of  ornamental  plants  near  our  sea-ports,  are  indu 
ced  by  report  or  by  a  very  slight  knowledge  to 
order  a  plant;  and although  it  is  ob- 
tained and  successfully  transplanted,  yet  some- 
times they  are  disappointed ;  for  some  plants  are 
beautiful,  but  unsuited  to  our  climate,  like  the  fair 
maids  of  France  (Ranunculus  aconiiifolius.*) 
Others  are  beautiful,  but  so  vigorous  and  produc- 
•  ive  as  soon  to  infest  the  gardens.  Their  beau- 
ties are  nearly  forgotten  in  the  troubles  that  they 
.-ause  •  and  if  we  could  not  get  rid  of  the  nuisance 
on  easier  terms,  we  would  freely  pay  the  pur- 
chase money  anew  for  deliverance. 

The  following  hints  may  possibly  save  some 
cash  and  some  labor. 

A  pretty  plant  called  Butter  and  Eggs,  from  the 
color  of  the  flower,  (Antirrhinum  linai  la,)  has 
been  introduced  intoseveral  gardens  in  this  western 
jountry.  It  is  one  of  the  most  troublesome  weeds 
in  the  lower  parts  of  New- York  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, increasing  by  the  root  and  by  the  seed,  and 
ought  to  be  carefully  extirpated. 

(Eiiolhera  rosea  is  a  native  of  Peru.  Although 
a  tropical  plant,  it  endures  our  winters  in  shelter- 
ed situations,  and  spreads  abundantly  through  the 
garden  by  seeds.  It  is  pretty,  but  not  worth  the 
(rouble  that  it  causes. 

Tussilago   farfara  is  less    interesting    than 
Tussilago  fragrans.    The  roots  of  these  plants 


spread  deep  and  wide,  and  ought  not  to  be  trusted 
in  a  garden. 

Potentilla  anserina  is  one  of  the  finest  native 
species  of  this  genus,  and  grows  on  the  wet  gra- 
velly shores  of  our  lakes.  In  1825  I  introduced  it 
in  my  garden ;  and  soon  after,  finding  it  become 
troublesome,  I  endeavored  to  eradicate  it.  Yet 
only  three  days  ago,  I  found  a  small  remnant,  so 
freely  has  every  fragment  of  its  roots,  vegetated. 

Coronilla  is  an  ornamental  genus.  The  flow- 
er of  C.  varia  is  in  heads  resembling  white  clover, 
but  very  pretty  from  a  difference  of  colors.  The 
oots  spread  all  through  the  ground  without  any 
regard  to  other  plants,  and  I  have  dug  them  out 
to  a  considerable  depth  with  great  care. 

Cerastivm  (tenuifoliuni)  has  a  white  flower  of 
some  beauty,  and  forms  a  carpet  on  ledges  of  the 
slate  at  the  head  of  the  Seneca  lake.  In  a  garden 
it  is  difficult  to  keep  in  its  proper  place,  as  it 
spreads  by  seeds  and  roots. 

Centaurea  nigra  has  a  dark  red  flower,  rather 
ornamental.  It  is  naturalized  in  some  parts  of 
the  United  States.  It  produces  many  seeds  which 
vegetate  freely,  and  which  will  require  attention  in 
a  garden. 

Ononis  Spinosa  I  have  endeavored  to  eradicate. 
Its  beauty  is  very  limited,  and  its  odor  unpleas- 
ant. It  has  strong  cord-like  roots  which  deeply 
and  laterally  penetrate  the  soil,  and  young  plants 
spring  from  the  seeds  in  great  abundance. 
-  Malva  moschata  has  white  musky  flowers,  and 
scatters  its  seeds  in  profusion.  It  causes  more 
trouble  than  it  is  worth. 

Diervilla  lulea  is  an  ornamental  shrub,  but 
very  troublesome  by  its  deep  roots  and  numerous 
suckers.     Mine  has  been  extirpated. 

We  want  such  plants  as  will  modestly  keep 
their  places  without  much  encroachment  on  the 
rights  of  their  neighbors. 
7  mo.  15,  1831.  T>.  T. 


(  Valeriana)  with  blue  flower,  we  must  infer  that 
the  kind  or  kinds  named,  (were  there  tvwT)  are  of 
the  genus  Polemonium,*  which  by  Some  unac- 
countable perversion  of  language  is  called  valeri- 
an,— Greek  valerian, — although  one  species  is  a 
native  of  Britain  and  the  other  of  the  United 
States.  I  interfere  not  with  gardener's  names  in 
their  own  catalogues,  but  these  are  now  published 
to  the  world  under  the  sanction  of  men  eminent 
among  their  countrymen,  who  ought  to  be  more 
particular. 

New-York  Horticultural  Society. 
"May.  31. — Mr.  Smith — presented  Podaly- 
ria."  To  discover  this  plant  no  clue  is  given. — 
We  only  know  that  the  old  genus  Sophora  has 
been  divided  and  subdivided,  and  that  Podalyria 
and  Baptisia  have  sprung  from  its  branches. 

A  bunch  of  fringe  tree."    Two  species  of 


Chionanthvs  are  called  white  fringe  tree,  and 
Rhus  cotinus  is  called  purple  fringe  tree. 

■"  A  yellow  Iris."    There  are  many  species 


of  Iris  with  yellow  flowers. 

"June  7. — Mr.  Morrow — an  Antirrhinum.' 
The  old  genus  of  this  name  comprised  more  than 
forty  species,  amongst  which  we  are  left  to  guess 

"June  21. — Mr.  Neal — a  beautiful  Scabiosa." 
More  than  thirty  species  of  this  genus  have  been 
enumerated. 
"  Double  Lychnis."    Not  less  than  three  or 


four  species  of  Lychnis  have  double  flowers. 

'  Fox  glove."    Three  species  are  decidedly 


ornamental,  besides  2  or  3  varieties. 

"  Two  kinds  of  Coreopsis"  out  of  twenty 


*S(;o  M.  Floy's  statement  in  Uio 
Vol.  4,  No.  2,  p  41. 


w-York  Farmer 


FOR  TUE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

The  sole  object  of  these  criticisms,  is  to  induce 
Recording  Secretaries  to  write  so  as  to  be  under- 
stood, and  to  regard  propriety  of  language.  I 
have  no  ambition  to  be  troublesome,  but  I  have 
some  curiosity  to  know  what  fine  flowers  or  rare 
plants  are  exhibited  before  our  Horticultural  So- 
cieties. I  confess  I  have  been  greatly  puzzled 
sometimes  even  to  guess  at  what  was  intended  by 
the  names  given  in,  although  I  have  referred  to 
Horticultural  Compends,  Floras,  and  Catalogues, 
for  assistance.  If  nurserymen  hope  by  showing 
their  plants  and  then  having  them  advertised,  to 
obtain  distant  customers,  they  ought  to  givo  us 
name  enough  to  make  out  an  order.  To  do  this 
however,  we  must  first  be  satisfied  that  we  have 
not  already  got  the  plants  under  other  names ; 
and  in  most  cases  after  all,  we  shall  have  to  use 
the  language  of  Botany. 

Albany  Horticultural  Soci 
,;  May  17. — Japan  apple — from  the  garden  of! 
D.  B.  Slingerland."    Pyrusjaponica  is  common- 
ly called  the  Japan  Gluince,  and  doubtless  with 
more  propriety. 

"May  31. — Blue  and  white  valerian — from 
J.  Buel."  Unfortunately,  the  name  valerian  is 
applied  to  plants  not  of  the  same  genus, — nor  e- 
ven  of  the  same  Natural  order, — nor  even  of  the 
same  Natural  Class, — nor  even  of  the  same  Ar- 
tificial Class.     As  there  is  no  proper  valerian 


species. 

&c.  &c.  &c.     But  I  am  fatigued  with  sucl' 

■indefinite  art  iclcs  which  cannot  possibly  be  use 
lul  to  the  public. 

Rensselaer  co.  Horticultural  Society. 
"June  1.— Mr.  G.B.Warren — a  beautiful  r„ 
rietm  of  flowers."  In  Botany,  the  word  variety 
has  a  technical  meaning  of  different  import  from 
the  word  in  this  notice,  and  every  florist  ought  to 
know  enough  not  to  confound  them.  That  socie- 
ty has  members  who  do  know  better,  and  who 
would  do  well  to  render  their  services  before  such 
accounts  be  published.  Unquestionably,  the  wri- 
ter meant "  a  beautiful"  collection  "  of  flowers." 

"Mr.   Ballard — presented   a   root  of   the 

"  double  pheasant  eye  pink  1'.  inches  in  circum- 
ference, actual  measurement,  upon  which  wen 
"  1500  perfect  full  blown  flowers."  This  plant 
was  doubtless,  a  curiosity, — and  so  is  the  descrip- 
tion. I  guess  (and  to  do  so  is  nil  that  remains 
for  me)  that  the  root  of  this  pink  at  the  surface 
was  nearly  2J  inches  in  diameter;  and  that  th( 
stalk  (3  feet  high1?)  supported  on  its  numerous 
branches.  1500  flowers. 

"Mr-.    Alexander    Walsh — a   star-fished 

flowered  staphyle."    I  copy  to  the  letter,  and  pre- 


sume this  was  not  staphylea  one  species  of  which 
(S.  trifoliata)  is  common  in  many  parts  of  the 
country, — but  Stdpelia  Asterias,  a  native  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

"A  perennial  Coreopsis,"  as  if  there  were 

only  one  perennial  species,  when  there  are  not 
less  than  fifteen. 

"  Fragrant  double  pink  Pseonias."     Were 

there  more  than  one  kind  ?  If  not,  was  it  one  of 
the  double  v  arietics  of  Piconia  uioutan?  Or  one 
of  the  double  varieties  of  Ptconia  albiflora? — 


•Taero  is  only  another  species.  P.  itfcTfrnru/w. 


Vol.  1.— No.  30. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


23T 


Possibly  one  of  several  double  varieties  of  Pceo- 
nia  officinalis,  or  of  Paonia  paradoxa. 

"Silver  Abeal."    I  presume  this  is  the  Abe- 

)e  tree,  (Populus  alba.) 

"Service  tree."  Aronia  botryapiwm.  is  cal- 
led the  "  service  tree,"  and  sorbus  domeslica,  is 
■ailed  the  "  service  tree." 

Albany  Horticultural  Society. 

"  June  28.  A  splendid  collection  of  flowers  con- 
sisting of  Dianthus  Carryophillus  [caryophiUns] 
Hbrtensis,  Chinensis  and  ZJarbatus — Delphini- 
um elatum  and  Azurcum  [azureum] — Sephara 
[Sophora]  cerulia  [cerulea]  and  Alba — Spina 
[Spircea]  ulmaria — Lonicera  caprifolium  and  sta- 
laca"  [Italica  ?]  The  above  is  a  true  copy  from 
\\\eprintcd  account  with  the  corrections  in  brack- 
ets. Whether  such  mutilations  can  be  useful,  let 
the  reader  judge.  Bad  spelling  may  be  avoided 
by  a  reference  to  botanical  authors,  and  so  may 
an  improper  use  of  capitals  in  the  specific  names. 
With  but  few  exceptions,  specific  names  are  lit- 
erally adjectives,  and  no  more  require  a  capital 
letter  ia  Latin  than  they  do  in  English,  the  New- 
Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing. I  have  marked  such  improprieties  in 
dalics.  To  save  the  compositor  from  mistakes, 
gjf^Ae  Recording  Secretary  ought  to  write  all 
suck  names  as  plain  as  print.  I  know  by  expe 
rience  that  it  is  worth  the  pains. 

"July  5. — From  the  garden  of  J.  Buel — dou- 
ble red  and  white  green  [queen]  of  the  "  mead 
ows."  Spircea  ulmaria  <f-  S.filipendula  are  the 
only  species  of  Meadow  Sweet  known  to  botanical 
authors  with  double  flowers,  and  both  have  white 
flowers.  I  regret  that  the  account  is  so  imperfect. 
"  From  the  Albany  Nursery — Five  varie- 
ties of  perennial  larkspurs."  This  notice  is  very 
exceptionable.  Perennial  larkspurs,  of  which  there 
are  many  species,  are  not  much  disposed  to  run  in- 
to distinct  or  remarkable  varieties,  and  I  therefore 
infer  that  the  writer  meant  5  sorts  or  species  of  pe- 
rennial larkspurs.  But  even  with  this  emenda- 
tion what  was  presented  must  remain  a  secret. 

"  Rose  willow  wort."     I  guess  Willow  Herb 

(Epilobium)  was  meant,  but  I  guess  no  further, 
as  Professor  Eaton  gives  6  species  with  red  or 
purplish  flowers,  and  we  know  there  are  several 
rxotics  of  this  color. 

"  Japenese  three  day  lilly."    The  species  of 

Hemerocallis  are  called  day  lillies ;  and  as  H.  ja- 
ponica  flowers  in  Autumn,  we  are  left  to  infer  that 
//.  c  cerulea  was  exhibited,  as  this  and  the  former 
are  the  only  species  indigenous  to  Japan.  The 
word  ,:  three"  was  probably  a  misprint. 

"  Rose  Potentilla."    Was  this  Potentilla  a- 

'rosanguinea?  or  P.  ncpaulensis?  or  some  oth- 
er kind? 

"  Blue  spiked  Veronica."  At  this,  even  con- 
jecture is  bewildered  ;  for  there  are  more  than  six- 
ty species  of  Veronica  with  "blue spiked"  flowers. 
'  Do  you  give  it  up  1"  Yes. 

Rensselaer  co.  Horticultural  Society. 

li  June  14. — Mrs.  Cone — a  very  pretty  thorn- 
less  double  and  single  French  rose  [I  cannot  com- 
prehend whether  there  was  o  ne  or  two  roses]  and 
elegant  Hiderangea."  I  regret  that  Prof.  E.  has 
introduced,  unaccompanied  by  any  mark  of  dis- 
approbation, some  such  corrupt  pronunciation  in- 
to his  Manual  of  Botany. 

"  From  A.  Walsh — Hop  tree."    I  suppose 

this  name  is  of  recent  manufacture. 

-  —-"(white  Tartarian) yellow, Spanish, Apple, 


and  sevenother  varieties  of  cherries."     I  shall  not. 
venture  any  opinion  on  the  meaning  of  this  mess. 
Q. 

FOR  THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

I  bespeak  for  our  horticultural  shows,  and  for 
our  printers,  the  charity  of  your  correspondent 
"CI."  It  will  take  sometime  to  arrive  at  any 
thing  like  correctness  in  botanical  names.  For 
there  is  probably  not  one  man  in  a  hundred  who 
attends  our  shows  that  is  able  to  determine  the 
generic,  much  less  the  specific  names,  of  the  flow- 
ers which  are  shown.  And  our  type-setters  are 
often  in  fault ;  for  many  of  the  errors  complained 
of  arise  from  their  not  knowing  how  to  spell  bo- 
tanical names.  The  criticism  is  however  well  e- 
nough,  and  will  make  gardeners,  and  I  hopeprin- 
ters,  more  cautious  about  using  their  p's  and  q's. 
A  NOVICE. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE   FARMER. 

In  some  of  the  Middle  States,  it  is  customary 
to  begin  hay-making  when  the  grass  has  scarcely 
dropped  its  blossoms.  This  lias  been  the  prac- 
tice of  several  generations ;  and  though  unaided 
by  philosophy,  the  farmers  of  those  districts  had 
adopted  the  very  plan  which  seems  warranted  by 
the  experiments  instituted  by  the  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford, and  which  seem  to  prove  that  the  greatest 
quantity  of  nutritive  matter  is  obtained  from  the 
grasses  when  in  flower.*  Hay  made  from  early 
cut  grass,  moreover,  has  a  brightness  and  fresh- 
ness of  appearance  altogether  superior  to  hay 
made  late  in  the  season. 

Yet  notwithstanding  both  theory  and  appear- 
ance are  in  favor  of  early  hay,  my  experience  is 
in  direct  opposition.  My  horses  have  always 
turned  from  it,  whenever  an  opportunity  for  such 
choice  was  offered,  to  old  rusty  hay,  cut  after  har- 
vest when  the  grass  appeared  half  dry  as  it  stood 
and  this  they  have  eaten  with  avidity.  A  circum- 
stance of  this  kind  is  strongly  imprinted  on  my 
memory.  An  old  kinsman  who  was  a  strenuous 
advocate  for  making  early  hay,  said  to  me  when 
I  once  called  on  him  in  sleighing  time,  "  Go  to  the 
barn,  there  is  plenty  of  hay,  and  there  is  none  finer 
or  better  in  the  country."  This  was  said  with  a 
slight  reference  to  our  former  debates  on  the  sub- 
ject I  went  and  found  hay,  cut  when  the  grass 
was  in  flower,  and  which  seemed  to  have  preser- 
ved all  its  greenness ;  yet  my  horses,  though  hun- 
gry, would  not  eat  it,  but  the  remnants  of  some 
from  my  own  barn  which  had  been  trodden  un- 
der foot  in  the  sleigh,  was  eaten  with  an  evident 
relish. 

It  would  be  gratifying  to  have  some  remarks  or 
explanations  on  this  subject.  It  is  certainly  a 
great  saving  of  labor  to  cut  our  grass  late  in  the 
season.  Many  a  ton  of  hay  have  we  taken  in,  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  in  which  the  grass 
was  cut;  while  in  England,  according  to  Sir 
John  Sinclair,  the  shortest  time  in  which  hay  can 
be  made  is  4  days,  and  5  hay  makers  are  requi- 
red to  take  care  of  the  grass  cut  by  one  mower. 
A  FARMER. 

FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

Mr.  Editor: — I  am  a  plain  farmer  and  cannot 
always  tell  when  things  are  called  by  their  right 
names.  I  have  often  tried  to  bud  and  graft  some 
of  our  cultivated  cherries  upon  the  wild  black 
cherry,  so  called,  but  I  have  never  succeeded.    I 

I 


*Is  Timothy  (Phleum    pratensej)   an   exception? 
have  not  the  account  of  those  experiments  at  hand. 


have  began  to  think  there  might  be  some  mistake 
in  the  name,  and  that  it  did  not  belong  to  the 
same  class  with  other  cherries.  Now  if  you  or 
your  correspondent  D.  T.,  or  some  body  else 
would  tell  me  whether  the  tree  I  allude  to,  is  in  fact 
a  cherry,  and  whether  other  cherries,  as  May 
dukes,  black  hearts  and  morellas,  can  be  propa- 
gated upon  it ;  you  would  save  me  the  trouble  oi 
puzzling  my  head  about  that  which  I  do  not  un- 
derstand.    With  respect  I  am  &c. 

A  YOUNG  FARMER. 


SELECTIONS. 


FLAX  AND  HEMP. 
(Documents  continued  from  page  227.) 
A. 
On  the  culture  and  preparing   the  hemp  in 
Russia,  transmitted  by  the  Hon.  J.  Q.  Ad- 
ams, Minister  at  St.  Petersbitrgh,  March, 
1810. 

In  Russia,  when  the  season  is  mild,  the 
hemp  seed  is  sown  about  the  1st  Juue,  old 
style.  The  richer  the  soil  of  the  land  em- 
ployed for  it,  the  better.  Achetwirtofseed 
(100  chetwirts  are  equal  to  73  quarters, 
Winchester  measure,)  is  sown  on  a  piece  of 
land  of  80  fathoms  (English  feet)  long  and 
GO  fathoms  broad. 

The  land  is  first  ploughed  and  harrowed, 
and,  about  200  single  horse  loads  of  dung 
being  spread  upon  it,  it  is  left  for  six  days, 
when  it  is  again  ploughed,  and  the  seed  sown 
and  harrowed  the  same  day.  In  about  four 
months  the  seed  becomes  ripe,  and  the  hemp 
is  then  pulled  up  with  the  roots;  if  it  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  too  long  in  the  ground,  it 
is  apt  to  become  harsh.  It  is  bound  into 
heads  or  bunches  of  four  handfulls  each ; 
these  are  hung  upon  sticks  placed  horizon- 
tally, thus  :>:-0-0-0-0-0-0-X  and  allowed  to 
remain  so  for  two  days.  It  is  then  made  in- 
to cut  or  thrashed  hemp  as  may  be  agreea- 
ble. The  cut  hemp  is  made  by  chopping  off 
the  heads  containing  the  seed.  These  are 
put  into  the  kiln,  and,  after  remaining  there 
for  eighteen  hours,  the  seed  is  beaten  out. 

If  thrashed  hemp  is  to  be  made,  the  heads 
or  tops  must  not  be  cut  off,  but  the  bunches 
of  hemp  placed  entire  in  the  kiln;  and,  if 
the  weather  be  warm,  it  will  be  sufficiently 
dry  in  three  days,  when  the  seed  must  be 
thrashed  out  of  the  heads.  In  either  case, 
three  days  after  the  seed  is  separated  from  it. 
the  hemp  must  be  put  to  steep  or  rot,  either 
in  a  stream  or  pond,  and  that  the  hemp  may 
be  entirely  immersed,  it  is  put  under  wood- 
en frames 
placed, 


upon  which  stones  are 
they  are  not  to   be  had. 


or,  where 
earth  is  substituted,  after  the  frames  are  co- 
vered with  planks. 

The  clearer  and  purer  the  water,  the  bet 
tcr  will  be  the  color  of  the  hemp.  Where 
the  water  is  warm,  three  weeks  steeping  will 
be  sufficient ;  but  if  cold,  as  in  rivers,  springs, 
&.C.  five  weeks  or  longer  may  be  necessary. 
At  the  expiration  of  this  period,  a  head  of 
hemp  is  taken  out  and  dried  ;  if,  on  beating 
and  cleaning  it,  the  husk  comes  off,  the 
hemp  may  then  taken  out  of  the  water  ;  but, 
if  the  husk  still  adheres  to  it,  it  must  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  some  time  longer.  This 
trial  must  be  repeated  from  time  to  time,  till 
the  husk  separates,  when  the  hemp  must  be 
taken  out  of  the  water,  and  suspended  to 
dry,  as  directed  before,  on  its  being  taken 
off  the  ground. 

The  hemp  is  now  made  into  the  two  sorts, 
distinguished  by  the  names  of  Spring  and 


i;ls 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  30,  183J 


Winter  hemp,  the  former  being  dry,  and  ra- 
ther of  a  withered  appearance,  the  latter 
more  moist,  and  of  a  fine  brownish  green 
color,  containing  more  of  the  vegetable  oil, 
and,  therefore,  the  most  apt  to  heat,  though 
if  not  shipped  at  St.  Petersburg  or  Riga  be- 
fore September,  there  is  not  much  risk  of 
its  heating  any  more  on  board  the  ships,  es- 
pecially on  short  voyages,  as  to  England, 
and  are  the  best  fit  for  cables.  If  it  be  inten- 
ded that  the  hemp  should  be  early  ready  for 
the  market,  it  is  made  into  Winter  hemp  by 
the  following  process:  On  being  taken  out 
of  the  water,  it  is  left  suspended  in  the  open 
air  for  a  fortnight,  when  it  is  put  into  the 
kiln  for  twenty-four  hours,  after  which  it  is 
broken  by  means  of  a  hand-mill,  and  the 
husk  is  then  beaten  oft'  by  striking  the  heads 
obliquely  with  iron  and  wooden  instruments 
of  the  shape  of  a  large  two-edged  knife  ; 
lastly,  to  unravel  it,  it  is  drawn  through  a 
wooden  comb,  or  card,  with  one  row  of  wide 
wooden  teeth,  fixed  perpendicularly. 

The  hemp  is  then  laid  up  or  suspended  in 
sheds,  and  is  fit  to  be  sorted,  bound  into 
bundles,  and  loaded  into  the  barks. 

The  hemp  to  be  prepared  as  Spring  hemp 
is  allowed  to  remain  suspended  and  expo- 
sed to  the  weather  the  whole  Winter,  until 
it  be  dried  by  the  sun  in  the  Spring,  when  it 
is  broken  and  cleaned  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  Winter  hemp. 

As  the  greatest  part  of  the  summer  elap- 
ses before  it  can  be  made  fit  for  the  market, 
none  of  this  hemp  reaches  St.  Petersburg 
until  the  following  spring,  that  is  two  years 
after  it  was  sown. 

The  hemp  is  sown  in  the  same  manner  as 
linseed,  rye,  or  wheat.  Land  of  a  sandy 
soil  may  also  be  employed  for  it,  but  it  must 
be  strongly  manured  ;  otherwise  it  will  be 
too  short,  and  a  fiat  country  should  always 
be  preferred. 


THE  SEED  WHEN  SOWN. 

The  seed  (to  the  amount  of  two  bushels 
per  acre,  on  middling  soil,  and  three  on  rich 
ground,)  should  be  sown  as  early  as  possible 
in  the  Spring,  after  the  ground  becomes  dry 
and  well  prepared.  Early  sowing  renders 
the  coat  heavier  and  stronger,  enables  the 
hemp  to  cover  the  ground  early,  so  as  to 
smother  weeds,  and,  before  the  sun  becomes 
powerful,  to  shade  the  soil  and  preserve  its 
moisture.  The  seed,  after  being  cast  as  even 
as  possible,  should  be  harrowed  in,  to  as  e- 
qual  a  depth  as  may  be,  that  it  may  all  stait 
together;  and  a  heavy  roller  should  then  be 
passed  over,  or  a  bush  drawn  acro=s,  to 
smooth  the  surface,  in  order  that  the  hemp 
may  be  cut  close  to  the  roots. 

RIPENING   AND    HARVESTING. 

When  the  hemp  becomes  fit  to  be  cut,  the 
stalks  of  the  blossom,  or  male  hemp,  turn 
yellow,  become  a  good  deal  speckled,  and 
drop  most  of  their  leaves,  and,  if  the  air  is 
still,  a  cloud  of  dust  arises  from  the  blossom 
stalks,  and  hangs  over  the  field.  When 
sown  early,  it  will  be  fit  to  cut  about  the  1st 
of  August.  The  above  appearance  will  be- 
come indicative  of  the  proper  time,  and  then 
it  should  be  cut  without  delay;  for,  if  suf- 
fered to  stand  longer,  (as  about  one  half  of 
the  stalks  blossom  and  the  other  half  bear 
seed)  the  stalks  of  the  male  will  wither  and 
blacken,  and  the  coat  be  of  but  little  value  ; 
and  the  female  hemp,  which  has  stood  to  ri- 
pen the  seeds,  require  a  longer  time  to  rot 
than  the  male,  and,  consequently,  both  would 
be  thereby  injured.  Tin  best  way  to  get  seed 
ivould  be  to  sow  some  thinly  in  a  separate 
patch.  The  mode  of  cutting  is  preferable 
to  that  of  pulling  ;  a  man  will  cut  half  an 
acre  per  day,  and  a  quarter,  pulled,  is  said 
to  be  a  day's  work.  By  the  former  practice, 
lithe  inconvenience  of  dust  and  the  dirt,  at- 
tached to  the  roots,  will  be  avoided.  Cut 
One  chetwirt  of  seed  commonly  yields!  hemp  will  be  worth  ten  dollars  a  ton  more 
25  loads  (upwards  36    pounds   English)    of  ithan  the  pulled.     Knives  and  hooks,  for  that 


hemp,  -and  twelve  chetwirts  of  hemp  seed. 

B. 

The  following  observations,  relative  tn 
hemp,  are  taken  from  the  American  Far- 
mer, vol.  5.  p.  90,  and  are  said  to  be  approved 
by  the  experience  of  practical  men  in  our 
own  country,  particularly  Mr.  Henry  Kip,  of 
Buffalo. 
Taken  from  the  American  Farmir,  Vol.  5. 

Hemp  is  a  very  hardy  plant,  resists  drought 
and  severe  frosts,  is  easier  cultivated,  less 
exhausting,  ami  more  profitable  than  many 
other  crops,  with  which  this  does  not  inter- 
fere in  its  cultivation,  (except  the  tobacco 
crop.)  It  is  sown  before,  and  gathered  af- 
ter, corn,  and  requires  no  attention  when 
wheat  is  sown,  harvested  or  thrashed.  It 
will  grow,  year  after  year,  on  the  same 
ground,  on  which,  if  sufficiently  rich,  it  is 
the  surest  crop.  It  is  liable  to  no  disease, 
and  injured  by  no  insects. 

THE  SOIL. 

The  soil  should  be  deep, clean,  dry,  rich  and 
mellow.  The  plant  has  a  tap  root,  which 
descends  to  a  considerable  depth,  and  there- 
fore the  soil  should  be  deep,  and  be  thor- 
oughly mellowed  by  deep  and  frequent 
ploughings.  Fall  ploughing,  and  two  or 
three  ploughings  in  the  spring,  together  with 
harrowing,  so  as  to  smooth  the  surface,  (and 
thereby  enable  the  seed  to  be  sown  even,  and 
die  hemp  to  spring  up  equally,  and  be  cut 
close  to  the  roots,)  are  preparatory  steps  to 
the  putting  in  of  the  seEri. 


purpose,  may  be  obtained  for  about  #1  25 
each.  When  cut,  spread  the  hemp  a  day  or 
two,  to  dry  it,  then  bind  it,  and  put  it  up  in 
shocks. 

WRETTING,  (OR   ROTTING.) 

As  soon  as  harvested,  in  Older  to  prevent 
the  rains  from  discoloring  it,  proceed,  as  ear- 
ly as  convenient,  to  wret  it,  by  placing  it  in 
clean,  pun  ira.ter,  formed  by  a  stream,  spring, 
or  clear  pond.  If  rotted  shortly  after  cut- 
ting, about  five  days  are  generally  required 
fur  the  purpose.  You  will  be  abe  to  judge, 
!  by  taking  out  a  handful  and  drying  it;  and 
if  the  stalk  of  sheaves  will  shake  out,  and 
separate  easily  from  the  bark,  leaving  it 
clean  and  entire,  the  process  of  wretting  is 
completed.  The  bark,  or  lint  of  hemp,  is 
connected  with  the  stalk  by  a  substance 
which  must  be  either  wretted  or  dissolved, 
before  they  will  separate — produce  the  sepa- 
ration, and  the  work  is  accomplished.  Ex- 
perience will  be  the  best  criterion.  The  wa- 
ter in  which  it  is  rotted  should  not  run  ra- 
pidly, as  it  would,  in  that  case,  wash  awayj 
I  the  coat.  You  may  have  three  or  four  wa- 
gon loads  of  hemp,  to  the  depth  of  three  or 
four  feet,  sunk  at  a  time,  but  it  should  be 
completely  submerged,  though  not  suffered 
to  touch  the  bottom.  If  separate  quantities 
art  put  in  on  several  successive  days,  the 
days  and  quantities  should  be  noted,  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  which  becomes  fust 
wretted,  and  which  should,  therefore,  be  first 
taken  up:  for,  if  left  in  the  water  a  day  or 


two  too  long,  the  hemp  will  be  materially  in- 
jured. 

DRESSING    AND   SECURING. 

When  rotted,  open  and  spread  it,  that  i' 
may  dry  soon.  The  process  for  breaking 
and  swingling,  is  the  same  as  that  for  flax 
When  it  grows  too  long  for  dressing  (say 
from  8  to  10  feet)  it  may  be  cut  into  two  e- 
qual  parts  without  any  injury.  Be  very  par- 
ticular in  keeping  the  long  and  short  hemr. 
separate,  and  not  have  the  seed  and  but  ends 
put  together;  be  also  careful  to  dress  it  clean 
When  dressing  it,  put  twelve  handfuls  in 
one  head,  laying  them  straight,  the  length 
of  the  hemp.  The  handfuls  must  not  be 
tied,  but  bind  the  heads  tight  with  a  small 
band,  about  one  foot  from  the  butt  end  ;  it 
will  then  be  ready  to  be  put  into  such  sized 
bales  as  maybe  suitable.  Some  bale  it  into 
a  box,  across  the  bottom  of  which  four  ropes 
are  laid  to  tie  the  hemp  when  pressed  into 
it.  When  packed,  it  should  be  perfectly  dry, 
otherwise  it  will  rot 

The  following  remarks  from  the  "  Plough 
Boy,"  on  the  subject  of  water-rotting  in  pre- 
ference to  dew-rotting,  coincide  with  the  o- 
pinion  of  experienced  cultivators.  "If  the 
crop  is  to  be  dew-rotted  and  got  outby  hand, 
its  profits  must  be  comparatively  small,  be- 
cause it  cannot  be  thus  prepared  to  com- 
mand the  highest  price  :n  market,  compete 
in  quality  with  the  Russia  hemp,  much  less 
drive  it  from  our  markets.  But,  if  the  A 
merican  hemp  planter  be  prepared  with  pro- 
per machinery  to  dress  and  prepare  it,  we 
ought  not  to  doubt,  much  less  to  despair,  of 
his  ultimately  arriving  at  a  perfeotion  in  the 
production  and  dress  of  the  article,  to  equal, 
if  not  excel,  the  best  samples  of  Russia 
hemp." 

C. 
Extract  of  a  letter  from  Mr.  JY.  Goodsell  l*. 
Mr.  Samuel  Steartwout,  April,  1823.  ta- 
in n  from  the  American  Farmer,  vol.  0. 
"I  am  prepared  to  show  that  water-rot 
ting,  in  all  eases  where  it  can  be  done,  is, 
most  unquestionably,  to  be  preferred.  1st. 
It  is  more  durable  for  all  the  purposes  to 
which  it  is  applied — a  fact  perfectly  well 
known  to  those  who  manufacture  sack  and 
cordage.  2dly.  It  is  more  easily  bleached  ; 
and,  Sdly,  it  will  yield  a  greater  quantity  ol 
fibre  from  a  given  quantity  of  the  plant. — 
My  own  experiments  with  respect  to  the  su- 
perior durability  of  water-prepared  flax, 
were  very  satisfactory.  I  placed  on  the 
ground  a  quantity  of  (lax  that  had  been  suf 
iiciently  water-rotted  for  dressing,  by  the 
side  of  an  equal  quantity  of  unrotted  flax, 
and  turned  them  once  in  three  days,  until 
the  new  (lax  was  sufficiently  rotted  for  dress- 
ing also,  and,  upon  examination,  I  found 
that  that  which  had  been  previously  water- 
rotted,  had  lost  none  of  its  strength,  and 
that  it  had  not  altered  in  any  respect,  ex- 
cept in  color,  which  was  a  little  brighter 
than  when  laid  out;  both  parcel-,  wen  now 
suffered  to  remain  upon  the  ground,  until 
the  dew-rotted  became  worthless  when  the 
water-rotted  was  found  to  be  still  strong  and 
good. 

I  repealed  these  experiments  withdressefl 
flax,  ami  with  the  plant,  and  found  the  re- 
sult the  same.  This,  in  my  mind,  fully  es- 
tablished the  very  important  fact,  that  wa- 
ter-rotted fiat  or  hemp  is  infinitely  superiof 
to  that  which  is  dew-rotted. 

I  made  an  attempt,  next  to  ascertain  the 
proportionate  loss  in  weight,  in  each  pro« 
cess  of  ruttingr  ami  found  fhetn  both  nearl* 


Vol.  1.— No.  30. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL,. 


2ae 


equal,  viz  :  about  twenty-five  per  cent. ;  but 
I  found,  at  the  same  time,  that  the  produce 
of  this  equal  quantity  of  plant  differed  ma- 
terially iu  weight.  When  it  came  to  be 
dressed,  the  dew  or  land-rotted  averaged 
from  13  to  16  per  cent,  of  fibre  only,  whilst 
the  water-prepared  gave  from  ICto  25  per 
cent.  This  difference  in  weight  I  consider 
'o  be  quite  sufficient  to  defray  the  extra  ex- 
pense of  water-rotting,  whilst  the  value  of 
the  article  would  be  enhanced  one-third 
more.  My  strong  desire  to  investigate  this 
subject  fully  induced  me  to  make  other  trials, 
by  boiling  and  steaming,  in  order  to  avoid 
the  rotting  process  altogether  ;  but  I  did  not 
succeed  in  any  of  them  sufficiently  to  war- 
rant their  recommendation  to  the  public. — 
On  the  contrary,  I  became  convinced  that 
neither  would  answer. 

My  next  investigation  was  an  attempt  to 
ascertain  the  nature  of  the  subject  in  which 
the  fibre  lies  imbedded,  and  found  it  to  con- 
MSt  of  gum,  mucilaginous  matter,  and  a  pe- 
culiar kind  of  vegetable  extract,  containing 
a  small  quantity  of  tan.  These  substances 
were  precipitated  from  their  solutions  by 
means  of  re-agents,  when,  after  drying,  the 
gum  bore  a  greater  resemblance  to  gum  lac 
than  to  any  other  substance,  and  was  per- 
fectly soluble  in  solutions  of  pot  ash,  wheth- 
er caustic  or  carbonated,  and  also  capable 
of  being  dissolved  in  alcohol.  The  other 
parts,  as  mucilage  and  extractive  matter, 
were  soluble  in  water ;  hence,  I  conclude 
that  pot  ash  is  the  cheapest  solvent  for  cleans- 
ing flax,  and  that  this  can  be  best  applied 
when  it  has  been  cleansed  from  the  woody 
part  and  manufactured  into  cloth. 

In  the  management  of  hemp  and  flax,  I 
would  recommend  the  following  method  be- 
cause it  saves  labor,  and  is  more  convenient 
to  dress.  When  the  plants  are  pulled,  care 
should  be  taken  to  sort  them,  by  putting  the 
longest  lengths  by  themselves  ;  and,  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  handling  of  it  at 
the  machine,  it  is  well  to  put  about  one 
pound  of  the  plant  into  a  bundle  as  soon  as 
the  seed  is  thrashed,  which  is  done  with  ex- 
ceeding expedition  by  the  machine.  Let  it 
tie  put  to  rot  in  water — the  surface,  after  the 
plant  is  immersed,  to  be  covered  with  boards, 
or  straw,  or  any  thing  else,  to  exclude  the 
sun's  rays,  which  will  cause  the  whole  to  have 
the  same  color.  If  troughs  or  vats  are  made 
use  of,  (I  would  certainly  recommend  them 
where  the  farmer  can  possibly  procure  them) 
after  the  plant  has  been  forty-eight  hours 
in  water,  it  should  be  drawn  off,  when  the 
water  will  be  found  to  be  exceedingly  dis- 
colored ;  and  this  should  be  repeated  ;  after 
which,  let  the  plant  remain  immersed  until 
it  be  sufficiently  rotted,  which  must,  of 
course,  be  determined  by  experience  and 
judgment. 

The  disagreeable  smell,  so  much  dreaded 
and  deprecated,  will,  by  this  process,  be 
greatly  diminished.  When  the  wealhei  and 
'he  water  were  both  warm  in  summer,  I  have 
known  flax  rot  in  seven  days;  in  other  in- 
stances, in  cold  weather,  I  have  known  it  to 
lie  buried  for  ninety  davs,  without  injury." 
N.  GOODSELL. 

Note — The  above  tatter  was  written  before  I 
had  visited  Europe,  and  at  that  time  I  had  not  lear- 
ned the  process  described  by  Mr.  Besnard  as 
practised  in  the  Netherlands,  which  is  undoubted- 
y  the  best  of  any  known  at  the  present  time.  I 
have  examined  flax  from  different  countries  and 
■*o  Batl  the  opinion  of  manufacturers  who  were 


competent  judges,  who  universally  acknowl- 
edge that  the  Dutch  flax  is  superior  to  any  other 
for  manufacturing  purposes.  We  shall  continue 
this  subject  by  giving  some  extracts  from  Mr. 
Bernard's  report,  also  his  "observations  on  the 
treatment  of  flax  in  the  Netherlands,"  including 
the  choice  and  preparation  of  soil,  sowing,  pull- 
ing, rippling,  steeping,  breaking  and  scutching, 
and  such  other  general  observations  as  we  think 
will  be  sufficient  to  direct  farmers  to  manage  their 
flax  in  a  manner  that  shall  render  it  equal  to  the 
best  Dutch  flax. 


SMALL  FARMS  MOST  BENEFICIAL. 

Those  who  have  strictly  investigated  the 
subject,  consider  large  farm9  comparatively 
less  productive  than  small  ones ;  while  they 
at  the  same  time  impose  upon  their  owners 
a  degree  of  labor  much  greater  in  propor- 
tion than  would  seem  to  be  required  by  the 
mere  difference  of  size.  A  farmer  in  mode- 
rate circumstances,  with  fifty  or  sixty  acres 
of  land,  for  instance,  will  bring  every  inch 
of  it  into  a  high  state  of  cultivation — the  la- 
bor employed  in  preparing  his  grounds  will 
be  more  than  douhly  compensated  in  his 
subsequent  exemption  from  toil ;  while  the 
owner  of  a  wide  spread  territory  of  three  or 
four  hundred  acres,  which  he  has  but  spar- 
ingly supplied  with  nourishment,  must  work 
more  sedulously  upon  every  acre  during  the 
progress  of  vegetation  ;  and,  after  all,  read 
but  a  meagre  and  inadequate  harvest.  As  a 
single  acre  of  land  highly  cultivated,  can  be 
made  to  yield  a  crop  equal  to  three  or  four 
scantily  prepared,  it  must  be  obvious,  that 
the  extra  labor  in  dressi7ig  the  former,  is  a- 
bundantly  more  than  saved  by  the  diminish- 
ed labor  in  attending  it.  A  striking  exem- 
plification of  this  fact  may  be  viewed  by  any 
of  our  farmers,  who  will  take  the  trouble  to 
visit  the  grounds  attached  to  the  House  of 
Industry  at  South  Boston — there,  they  may 
have  the  theory  and  illustration  directly  be- 
fore their  eyes.  Those  grounds,  it  is  said, 
have  produced  this  season,  from  three  to 
four  tons  of  hay  per  acre — which  is  two  or 
three  times  the  quantity  of  ordinary  crops. 
So  exuberant  was  the  grass  that  there  actu- 
ally was  not  room,  upon  the  surface  where  it 
grew,  sufficient  for  the  purpose  of  making 
the  hay.  And  this  was  entirely  owing,  as  we 
are  told,  to  the  previous  pains  taken  to  en 
rich  the  soil  by  plentiful  additions  of  suitable 
compost. 

Were  the  same  policy  pursued  by  the  ow- 
ners of  large  farms,  there  would  be  little 
need  of  emigrating  from  the  New  England 
to  the  Western  States  ;  for  the  very  tracts, 
which  now,  under  a  careless  system  of  cul- 
ture, barely  afford  sustenance  for  a  single 
family,  might  be  made  to  support  three  or 
four — and  that,  too,  with  much  less  toil  and 
trouble,  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  culti- 
vated. Many  of  our  farmers  grasp  at  the 
management  of  too  spacious  a  territory — 
the  consequence  is,  they  impose  upon  them 
selves  a  state  of  slavery;  they  accumulate 
nothing,  except  now  and  then  an  additional 
patch  of  land,  which  serves  only  to  increase 
their  burdens  without  augmenting  their  in 
come.  Were  they  on  the  contrary  to  con- 
fine their  exertions  to  smaller  spots,  while 
their  crops  could  be  rendered  equally  if  not 
more  abundant,  they  would  themselves,  en 
joy  life  better — become  more  independent, 
and,  with  better  share  of  frugality,  more 
wealthy  ;  they  would  acquire  time  to  insti- 
tute experiments,  and  to  examine  Improve- 


ments; they  would  attain  what  they  scarce- 
ly now  ever  possess — h  isurc — whereby  we 
mean,  not  the  privilege  of  being  lazy — but 
that  sort  of  leisure  which  poor  Richard  de- 
scribes as  a  time  of  doing  something  useful 
— time  for  study,  for  reflection,  for  familiar 
converse,  for  looking  after  the  education  of 
their  young — in  short,  for  realizing  the  bles- 
sings after  which  they  are  constantly  toiling. 

From  Lorain's  Husbandry. 
SMUT,  OR  TUNOUS  ON  EARS  OF  INDIAN  CORN, 

If  this  plant  be  wounded  by  injudicious 
cultivation,  or  in  any  other  way,  the  sap 
commonly  exudes  from  the  wound,  and  it 
very  often  happens  that  a  fungus  is  formed 
in  and  grows  out  of  the  part  affected,  and 
becomes  very  large. 

The  size  of  the  wound  increases  with  the 
growth  of  the  fungus,  and  the  stalk  is  cor- 
roded as  far  as  the  fungus  becomes  attached 
to  it.  I  have  often  removed  them,  both  be- 
fore and  after  they  had  become  very  large 
In  some  instances  this  has  prevented  the  in- 
jury that  is  too  commonly  done  by  them. — 
But,  in  general  they  quickly  grow  out  a- 
gain,  and  eventually  injure  or  destroy  the 
fruitfulness  of  the  plant.  However,  I  have 
never  known  extensive  injury  done  by  the 
fungus  to  a  crop  of  maize;  and  but  little  of 
it  would  appear,  if  the  plants  were  not  wound- 
ed by  an  inconsiderate  cultivation. 

Cucumbers. — We  have  authority  to  state 
that  the  sale  of  cucumbers,  at  stall  No.  84, 
Faneuil  Hall  Market,  Boston,  raised  on  one 
acre  of  ground  this  season,  privious  to  the 
16th  July,  amounted  to  upwards  of  #500. 
A".  E.  Farmer. 


METEOROLOGICAL    TABLE, 

for  the  week  ending  July,  23,  1831. 


-I1-  ' 
I  1-1- 
~  51  " 

E 

M 

E 

M 


Face  of  tlie 
Sky. 


Observations 


■:.: 


8129,50 
68  29,42 
61)129.25 
70 1 29 .26 
S4I29.36 
72j29,3B 
72  29,26 
66  29,35 
77 '29,37 
70129,35 
76  29,38 
74  29,30 
75]  29,20 
76129,24 


I- 


fa.ir 
rainy 

do 

cly 

fair 

do 

rain 

fair 

do 

do 

do 

cly 

do 
fair 


2-10 
!  high  wind 


1  510 
1-10  rain 


lliar.  4  cl'k 
|3-10  rain 


29,10 


T^TThe  Barometrical  and  Thermometrieal  coscrna. 
lions  are  registercdatlO  o'clock  &  M.ond  P.  3I.,tcIlicJi 
by  afrong  scries  of  experiments  mode  fur  the  purpose- 
shorn  that  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  overage  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  ihtin  any  other  time. 


ROSES,  DAHLIAS,  STRAWBERRIES, 

and   Quicks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  have 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  a  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  flower  and 
habit,  and  the  prices  annexed.  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

They  have  imported  and  propagated  many  var- 
ieties of  the  finest  double  Dahlias,  which  may  be 
selected  by  the  flowers,  at  the  Nursery,  until  the 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants  of  the  Methvcn  Strawberry,  at  $2  50  pel 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  haveweigh 
ed  a  pound.  They  are  good  bearers  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  varieties. 
See  catalogue. 

They  have  likewise  for  sale,  50,000  plants  of 
the  three  thorned  Locust,  (Gleditschia  triacanth- 
us)  two  years  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 
for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

Orders  for  any  articles  from  the  Nurrery,  may 
be  sent  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  care  of  L 
Tucker,  Rochester.         BUEL&  WILSON. 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16.  fit 


i40 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


July  SO,  1831 


MISCELLANIES. 


THE  SEPULCHRES  OF  THEBES. 

The  whole  side  of  the  Lybeian  motln- 
tain,  near  Thebes,  is  pierced  even  from 
its  base  to  three  quarters  of  its  elevation 
with  sepulchral  grottos.     Those  nearest 
the  base  are  the  most  elevated  and   spa- 
cious; those  which  are  found  in  the  most 
elevated  part  of  the   mountain  are  the 
poorest  and  most  badly  executed,      ine 
lottos   between   these   two  extremities 
hold  a  middle  rank,  in  execution  as  well 
as  position,   which  last   iudicates   order 
and  richness;    and   in  examining  them, 
the  poor  ofTer  the  most  interest,  because 
here  can  be  seen  the  advancement   of; 
the  arts  and  trades  at  this  period.    A  door 
opening  to  the  east  conducts  to  a  gallery 
about  twenty  paces  long ;  this  is  sustain- 
ed by   columns  or   pilasters,  winch  vary 
in  number  from  four  to  ten.     At  the  ex- 
tremity of  this  gallery  in  a  pit  which  cat- 
acombs, where  the  mummies  are  depos- 
ited.    The  depth  of  these  pits  is  from 
forty  to  sixty  feet.     They  meet  long  sub- 
terrnean  alleys,  roughly  hollowed  irornj 
the  rock,  and  which  terminate  in  a  hallj 
about  thirty  feet  square.     This   hall   is 
supported  by   pillars   and   still    contains 
many  remains  of  mummies.     There  are 
also   found  a  great  number  of  subterra- 
nean  passages,  which  probably  lead  to 
other  halls  more  concealed  from  view. 

In  the  upper  gallery  are  carved  in  bas 
relief,  or  impressed  upon  the  plastering 
of  the  walls,  while  fresh   and  moist,  a, 
crowd  of  subjects,  relative  to  the  female 
ceremonies.     The  most    interesting  pic-j 
tures  there  found   are  those  which  oner 
the  details  which  appertain  to  the  arts  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  country.— 
There  may  be  discovered  their  first  oc- 
cupation, such  as  hunting  and  fishing; 
there  the  progress  of  civilization  may  be 
traced  ;  there  may  be  seen  the  arts  of  the 
saddler,  of  the  wheelwright,  and  of  the 
potter  ;  pictures  of  their  exchange  and  of 
commerce,   rustic    scenes,    marches   of 
troops,  and  a  cause  of  the   punishments 
in  usage  among  them.     Each   grotto  is 
ornamented   with  ceilings,  upon   which 
;Jre  painted  subjects  of  fancy,  the  design 
of  which   is  exactly  the  same  as   that  of 
the  papers  which  fashion  has  caused  to 
be  adopted  in  France  for  the  last  thirty 

years.  , 

The  tombs  of  the  kings  are  more  than 
a  mile  from  the  river.  They  have  been 
dug  in  the  side,  straight  to  the  centre  of 
the  Lybinian  mountain,  the  path  which , 
conducts  to  them  is  frequently  unknown, 
and  they  can  be  entered  by  a  forced  pas- 
sage. The  plan  of  one  of  the  tombs  is 
sufficient  to  indicate  the  general  disposi- 
tions of  the  others.  Each  grotto  com- 
municates with  the  side  of  the  mountain 
by  a  large  gate,  this  conducts  to  a  gallery 
hollowed  in  the  rock.  The  breadth  and 
height  of  this  is  generally  twelve  feet,  its 
length  to  the  second  gate  twenty  paces. 
The  second  gate  conducts  to  a  second 
oallerv  of  the  same  breadth,  and  twenty- 


four   paces  long.     To  the  right  and  left 
of  this  are  chambers,  five  feet  broad  by 
six    deep.     Here  are  found  designs  of 
arms,  such  as  hatchets,  poignards,  carved 
sabres,   short  swords,  lancets,  javelins, 
bows,  arrrows,  quivers,  coats  of  mail, 
bucklers,    instruments  of  labor,  vases, 
trinkets  of  all  kinds,  and  the  details  of 
preparing  food  are  also  there  represent- 
ed.     A  third  gallery    follows  this — its 
height  and  breadth  are  the  same.    It  con- 
ducts to  a  hall  on  the  level  of  the  other 
apartments,    which    are    eighteen    feet 
square.  This  has  a  fifth  gallery, the  length 
of  which  is  twenty-eight  paces.     At  the 
extremity,  there  is  a  corridor  of  sixteen 
feet,  it  conducts  to  a  saloon  eleven  feet 
square.     From  this  there  is  a  passage  in- 
to a  second  hall  of  the  same  size,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  gallery  of  six 
feet.     This  ends  in  a  saloon  sustained  by 
eight  pillars,  length  twenty-five,  breadth 
twenty  paces.     This  hall  contains  the 
sarcophagus,  which  encloses  the  mummy 
of  the  king.    The  Romans  made  attempts 
to  bear  away  the  sarcophagus  from  the 
grotlo    where  it  was  deposited.     They 
had  begun  to  level  the  earth  to  facilitate 
the  attempt,  but  they  soon  gave  up  the 
enterprize.     Near  the  hall  of  the  sarco- 
phagus,   there   is  a  second,  twenty-five 
paces  in  breadth,  by  forty  in  length  — 
The  height  of  the  tomb  is  seven  feet,  its 
length  eight,  and  its  breadth  six.     The 
total   of  the  gallery  is  two  hundred  and 
twenty-five  paces."    The  tombs  of  the 
kings  are  covered,  in  their  whole  extent, 
by  pictures  &  hieroglyphics.     The  great- 
est   part   are   represented   in   the  fresh 
plastering.      Th.-se    pictures    represent 
subjects  and  objects  of  the  greatest  odd- 
ness  and   fantasticalness,  of  which  no  1- 
dea  could  be  obtained,  except  by  observ- 
ing the  drawings  of  them. 

It  appears  here  the  Romans  derived 
the  idea  of  the  grotesque,  which  their  art- 
ists and  painters  endeavored  to  imitate 
during  the  second  and  third  centuries  of; 
the  empire.  The  researches  of  Hercu- 
lanaeum  have  discovered  a  great  num- 
ber of  pictures  executed  in  this  style. — 
The  most  interesting  grotto  is  that  which 
contains  the  sarcophagus,  still  entire  and 
in  its  place  ;  its  length  is  sixteen  feet,  its 
height  twelve,  its  breadth  six;  it  pre- 
serves the  covering  upon  which  is  the  ef- 
figy of  the  king ;  it  is  of  a  single  block  of 
granite. 

The  surprise  occasioned  by  beholding 
this  enormous  mass  at  the  extremity  of  a 
lane  two  hundred  paces  in  length,  can  no 
longer  be  limited,  when  it  is  considered 
that  this  could  not  have  beenwrought  upon 
the  spot.  What  difficulties  must  have 
opposed  the  transportation  of  a  mass 
weighing  many  hundreds  of  thousands, 
through  the  almost  inpecctrable  passages 
of  the  mountain.  Many  human  sacrifi- 
ces are  here  observed.  Two  pictures 
were  discovered  representing  a  man  sow- 
ing seed,  and  children  instantly  springing 
up  from  this  seed. 

There  is  a  tomb  near  Mcmnon,  excav- 


ated at  the  base  of  a  mountain,  in  the 
enclosure  of  which  a  number  are  found 
The  entrance  to  many  is  concealed;  al- 
most all  have  been.    The  Egyptians,who 
were  faithful  to  worship,  endeavored  tc 
conceal  the  knowledge    of  their  tombs 
from   conquerors,  and   from  those  who 
professed  a  different  religion  from  their 
own.     Two  grottos  had  never  been  fin- 
ished.    A  third  has  been  utterly  depri- 
ved of  its  sepulchres,  and  some   others 
still   offer  imperfect  things,      Here  the 
magnifience  of  the  Egyptian  is  displayed 
with  the  greatest  grandeur.     It  must  re- 
quire not  less  than  the  duration  of  the  re- 
gion  of  one  man,  to  undertake  and  ac- 
complish a  work  of  this  kind,  where  on 
ly  a  very   limited   number  of  workmen 
could  be  employed  at  a  time. 

All  the  Egyptians  from  the  Monarch 
to  the  subject,  took  the  greatest  care  ol 
the  sepulchre,   in   the   belief  that  their 
souls  would,  after  many  thousand  yc«rs: 
come  to  re-inhabit  the  body,  in  case  i: 
should  be  preserved  untroubled  and  en- 
tire; hence  embalmments,  and  the  posi- 
tion of  sepulchres  in  places  inaccessible 
to  the  inundations  of  the  river.     When 
the  Arabs,  who  regard  the  grottos  as  the 
property  of  each  family,  discover  thai 
they  can  be  visited  by  strangers,  they  put 
fire  to  the  mummies  which  they  contain, 
to  save  them  from  the  gaze  of  the  curi- 
ous.    A  few  caverns  remain  untouched, 
but  they  are  generally  unknown  to  trav- 
ellers ; 

"  Their  doors  sealed  and  silent  as  night 
"The  dwellings  of  the  illustrious  dead." 


How  to  be  loved.— The  eldest  daughter  of 
Dr.  Doddridge  was  a  most  lively  and  enga 
ging  girl.  She  was  a  great  darling  with 
her  family  and  friends.  Her  father  once 
asked  her  what  made  every  body  love  her  so 
well.  She  answered,  "  Indeed,  papa,  I  can  ■ 
not  think,  unless  it  be  because  I  love  every 
body.'''  .  , 

Insects  m  Sugar. — Wrap  a  piece  ot 
gum  camphor  in  a  clean  linen  rag  and 
place  it  in  the  sugar  tub.  Not  an  insect 
can  be  found  in  the  sugar  an  hour  after. 
Try  it ! _————■ 


ESSAYS  ON  AMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH  Directions  to  farmers  for  raising  bill. 
Worms— by  J.  D.  Homergue  and  Peter  P 
Duponceau.     Also, 

The  American  Gardener, 
Deanc's  Xew-England  Farmer,  and 
Ttutler's  Farmer's  Manual,  for  sale  by 
uuuersra      HoyT    pQRTER,  &  CO. 

Prince  on  the   Vine,  a  few  copies  for  site  ae 

above. I i-1 

POTATOE  ONIONS. 

THIS  Onion  was  first  brought  i.  Europe,  b) 
some  soldiers  in  the  British  army,  after  the) 
had  compelled  Bonaparte  to  leave  Egypt,  lor 
some  years  after  theirintroduction  so  highly  were 
they  esteemed  for  flavor  and  product,  that  they 
sold  for  one  shilling  sterling  per  onion  in  London 
For  a  full  description  of  the  onion  and  mode  ot 
cultivation,  see  fhorlmrn's  Seed  Catalogue  page 
35_thev  should  be  planted  in  September  and  Oc 
tober  They  frequently  grow  to  12  or  U  inches 
in  circumference.  A  quantity  of  these  onion, 
the  growth  of  the  present  season  (1831)  maybe 
SdS  WM.  THORBURN'S  »«*»■*&»« 
North  Market  street,  one  door  north  ot  Kocfc 
welPs  Mansion  House.  Albany,  July  lb 


wwsi  roaagrarai  iaim 


a 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  AUGUST  6,  1831. 


NUMBER  31- 


FCBLISHBO  BY  I<.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  iu  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


USEFUL  AND  ORNAMENTAL. 
It  appears  that  the  Bostonians  have  it  in  con- 
templation to  ornament  their  city,  by  forming  an 
experimental  garden  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  in 
which  are  to  be  made  such  experiments  in  Agri- 
culture and  Horticulture,  as  shall  be  thought  use- 
ful to  the  community  at  large.  When  we  consid- 
er what  the  people  of  that  place  have  already  done 
towards  advancing  the  character  and  interest  of 
the  United  States,  it  ought  to  excite  more  emula- 
tion than  we  see  manifested  at  present  by  the  in 
habitants  of  other  states.  With  a  climate  and 
soil  less  favorable  to  agricultural  pursuits  than 
many  of  the  more  southern  or  middle  states;  more 
curtailed  in  the  facilities  for  manufacturing,  when 
we  take  into  consideration  the  natural  productive 
ness  of  the  soil,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  her 
water  privileges,  and  the  amount  of  water-power 
which  is  at  her  command ;  we  are  struck  with 
astonishment  at  her  performances,  and  the  inqui- 
ry naturally  presents  itself,  "  what  sort  of  people 
are  these  Bostonians  V  History  with  her  records 
will  answer  to  the  present,  as  well  as  to  future 
ages, "  they  are  the  people  who  dared  to  risk" 
their  "lives,  their  fortunes,  and  their  sacred  hon- 
ors," in  the  cause  of  liberty, — they  are  the  peo- 
ple who  formed  the  front-rank,  when  the  despotic 
and  combined  powers  of  Europe  threatened  us 
with  annihilation,  and  they  are  the  people,  who 
with  a  parent's  care,  have  unceasingly  nursed  and 
cherished  the  tree  of  liberty  by  introducing  man- 
ufactures, and  facilitating  agriculture  and  the  arts. 
And  they  are  the  people,  who,  (notwithstanding 
the  cry  of  nullifiers  against  the  yankees  and 
their  nations)  remain  caterers  and  bankers  of  these 
United  States. 

The  success  attending  their  honest  industry  has 
at  times  raised  a  hue  and  cry  of  envy  against 
them  from  some  of  her  sister  states,  which  she 
with  true  philosophy,  has  passed  unheeded,  know 
ing  it  to  be  the  weakest  passion  which  degrades 
our  natures.  They  have  been  the  constant  en- 
vouragers  of  commerce,  and  their  ships  are  to  be 
found  from  "  India  to  the  Poles."  But  it  is  in  re- 
gard to  their  improvements  in  Agriculture  and 
Horticulture,  that  we  would  more  particularly  no- 
tice them  at  this  time.  There  can  be  named  a 
certain  number  of  gentlemen,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Boston,  who  have  done,  and  are  still 
continuing  to  do,  more  for  the  advancement  of 
these  sister  arts,  than  the  same  number  from  any 
ether  or  all  our  sea  port  towns  together.  As  their 
vessels  traverse  every  sea,  their  opportunities  are 
great  for  making  collections  from  the  animal  and 
■vegetable  kingdoms ;  nor  are  those  opportunities 
neglected.  Nor  are  they  collected  with  a  miser- 
like intention  of  being  hoa  ded  up,  for  the  special 
enjoyment  of  the  individual,  but  distributed  with 
a  liberality  bespeaking  the  nobleness  of  the  in- 
tent. 

The  cities  of  Europe  had  long  been  visited  by 
plagues;  and  sweeping  desolations,  when  the  in- 


dependent genius  of  Bonaparte,  determined  on  re- 
moving the  causes,  (which  were  acknowledged 
to  be  accumulated  quantities  of  putrifying  animal 
matter,  collected  in  the  burying  grounds  in  large 
cities)  so  far  as  was  within  his  power.  Accord- 
ingly those  in  the  city  of  Paris  were  removed ; 
the  bones  were  deposited  in  the  catacombs,  and 
the  earth  replaced  with  soil,  free  from  contagion. 
A  new  burial  ground  was  laid  out  on  the  east  side 
of  the  city,  and  without  the  walls,  which,  from 
the  diversified  and  elevated  surface,  as  well  as  for 
the  taste  in  arranging,  has  become  one  of  the 
most  entertaining  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris, 
if  we  except  the  garden  of  plants. 
The  Bostonians  have  now  conceived  the  idea  of 
combining  all  that  is  interesting  in  these  two  pla- 
ces of  notoriety,  and  also  of  adding  a  third,  which 
shall  render  their  contemplated  improvements, 
equal  to  anything  that  Europe  can  boast  of,  of  the 
kind,  viz :  that  of  having  combined  a  Rural  Cem- 
etery, a  Botanic  garden,  and  an  Experimental 
farm.  Should  they  succeed  in  this,  Boston  will  be 
rendered  altogether  the  most  interesting  city  in 
the  United  States.  Now  we  hope  that  other  towns 
will  consider  the  importance  of  making  public  im- 
provements, and  be  up  and  doing.  There  is 
scarcely  a  large  town  in  the  United  States,  but 
what  has  neglected  two  things,  which  are  indis- 
pensable for  the  health  of  the  population,  viz 
1st,  to  secure,  and  keep  open  as  public  property, 
a  sufficient  number  of  squares  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  families  where  they  may  send  their  nur- 
ses with  their  small  children,  and  have  them  safe 
from  the  common  harm  of  crowded  streets.  2dly 
To  locate  proper  places  for  the  burial  of  the  dead, 
at  such  a  distance  from  the  populous  part  of  the 
town  as  shall  render  them  free  from  the  effects 
of  the  pestilential  effluvia,  arising  from  putrefac- 
tive animal  matter.  We  should  naturally  sup 
pose  that  after  such  a  sweeping  sickness  as  New 
York  was  visited  with,  a  few  years  since,  which 
undoubtedly  originated  at  one  of  their  cemeteries, 
that  not  one  of  these  depositories  would  be  left 
within  the  precincts  of  a  city.  But  such  is  the 
fact,  and  should  the  worthy  citizens  of  Boston 
persevere  in  their  calculations,  in  regard  to  then- 
intended  cemetery,  they  will  give  us  another  ex- 
ample of  their  steady  perseverance  in  the  march 
of  improvement. 

METHEGLIN. 

This  is  a  fermented  liquor  frequently  made  by 
those  who  keep  bees,  and  is  rather  a  pleasant 
drink  than  otherwise.  To  make  a  barrel  of  this 
liquor  of  prime  quality,  about  one  hundred  pounds 
of  honey  are  necessary.  If  this  is  examined,  it 
will  be  found  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
honey  has  not  been  decomposed  during  the  fer- 
mentation, which  gives  the  metheglin  a  sweet 
heavy  taste.  Now  one  hundred  pounds  of  honey 
are  more  than  is  required  to  make  a  barrel  of  good 
wine,  and  the  additional  cost  over  metheglin,  by 
adding  fruit  of  some  kind  is  very  trifling,  and  the 
liquor  will  be  more  generally  liked.  Two  ob- 
jects are  gained  by  adding  fruit:  1st.  To  commu- 
nicate some  agreeable  flavor  to  the  liquor,  and 
2dly.  By  adding  a  fruit  which  abounds  in  tar- 
taric arid,  the  whole  of  the  hqney  (if  the  quawity 


of  acid  is  sufficient,)  will  be  decomposed  and  the 
liquor  will  be  freed  from  the  syrupy  taste  which 
characterizes  all  fermented  liquors  which  havfc 
not  sufficient  acid  in  them  to  decompose  the  sac- 
charine matter  contained  in  them.  Hence  good 
wine  is  considered  a  more  healthy  drink  than  our 
strong  beer,  which  contains  a  large  quantity  of 
saccharine  matter  in  solution,  which  if  decompo- 
sed would  render  it  too  intoxicating.  We  have 
seen  it  recommended,  that  where  grapes  cannot 
be  obtained  for  making  wine,  to  take  a  quantity 
of  the  young  vines  and  steep  them  in  water,  and 
by  adding  a  due  proportion  of  sugar,  a  very  good 
wine  may  be  made.  These  young  shoots  con- 
tain a  large  proportion  of  tartaric  acid,  and  some 
astringency,  and  very  possibly  a  decent  wine  may 
be  made  by  this  process. 


TAKING  HONEY. 


August  is  the  proper  month  for  taking  honey 
from  the  bees,  and  it  should  be  done  previous  to 
the  flowering  of  buckwheat,  in  order  that  the  bees 
may  replenish  their  stock  to  meet  the  demands  of 
winter,  and  because  the  honey  collected  during  the 
flowering  of  this  plant,  is  not  generally  liked  as 
well  as  that  which  is  collected  from  clover,  and 
other  flowers  of  the  earlier  part  of  summer. — 
Most  people  are  in  the  habit  of  taking  the  hon- 
ey from  the  bees  at  evening,  thinking  that  in  the 
coolness  of  the  atmosphere,  the  bees  become  tor- 
pid and  are  less  likely  to  sting  the  operator,  where- 
as, he  will  find  less  resistance  at  mid-day,  when 
most  of  the  bees  are  absent  from  the  hive,  and 
such  as  return  during  the  operation  are  loaded 
with  honey  or  pollen,  and  are  not  disposed  to 
wage  war,  until  they  have  discharged  their  loads, 
previous  to  which  time,  the  skillful  manager  will 
have  completed  his  task.  We  are  informed  that 
a  neighboring  farmer  brought  to  this  market  some- 
time last  week,  the  honey  taken  from  two  hives 
of  bees,  which  he  sold  for  a  little  over  seventeen 
dollars.  What  a  comment  on  the  profit  of  keep- 
ing bees ;  this  pocketing  the  arguments  is  wha' 
convinces  the  farmer. 


COW  CABBAGE. 
It  appears  from  communications  received  from 
two  of  our  most  scientific  men  that  the  cow  cab- 
bage is  not  likely  to  succeed  in  this  latitude.  Wc 
insert  their  communications,  hoping  that  our  Far- 
mers will  not  be  humbugged  too  much  by  those 
pompous  recommendations  of  new  plants,  which 
our  transatlantic  brethren  are  so  fruitful  in;  at 
one  time  we  have  the  succory  or  endive  recom- 
mended for  field  culture,  which  proves  a  noxious 
weed  in  this  section ;  at  another  the  prickly  com- 
frey  (Symphytum  asperimum)  is  brought  from 
Caucasus,  or  the  lord  knows  where,  a  few  plants 
of  which  will  be  sufficient  to  keep  a  whole  stock 
of  cattle,  and  "last  not  least,"  we  have  the  cow 
cabbage  by  the  cultivation  of  which  the  farmer  is 
to  be  enabled  to  keep  thirty  cows  from  one  acre. 
Vast  sums  have  been  paid  for  these  seeds,  and 
and  yet  brother  Jonathan  is  waiting  very  anx- 
iously for  a  new  edition  of  the  "  wonderful."  The 
people  of  England  it  appears  are  well  acmtalntefi 
with  our g-uUabitity. 


242 


THE  GENESEE  FAR31ER 


August  5,  1S31. 


CUCUMBERS. 

My  very  genteel  readers,  have  you  ever  had  the 
dispepsia  1  If  you  have  not  you  can  hardly  re- 
alize what  an  awful  calamity  you  have  escaped  ! 
But  I  would  caution  you  as  to  answering  this 
question  without  deliberation.  It  is  a  very  im- 
portant one  at  this  time,  and  may  fix  your  char- 
acter forever,  with  a  certain  portion  of  society. 
If  you  answer  in  the  negative,  you  will  be  set 
down  as  having  sprung  from  some  old  fashioned, 
honest  kind  of  family,  which  at  this  time  would 
appear  as  ridiculous  as  to  see  a  woman  riding  to 
church  upon  a  pillion.  But  on  the  contrary,  if 
you  declare  in  the  affirmative,  and  that  you  have 
not  only  had  it,  but  had  it  severely  too,  and  have 
been  to  New- York  to  undergo  the  operation  of 
being  kneaded,  you  may  take  it  for  granted  that 
you  have  a  sure  passport  to  the  most  refined  so- 
ciety, Abernethy's  opinion  to  the  contrary  not- 
withstanding. There  is  a  certain  class  of  socie- 
ty at  this  season  of  the  year  for  which  I  cannot 
but  sympathize,  and  who  like  a  prisoner  in  his 
cell,  call  look  abroad  upon  the  fruits  sent  by  the 
bounty  of  a  kind  Providence,  with  an  appetite 
keen  and  unsatiated,  but  which  he  is  not  allowed 
to  enjoy.  Such  is  the  case  with  children  in  our 
large  towns,  whose  untiring  curiosity  will  discov- 
er every  basket  of  fruit  or  esculents  which  may 
be  brought  to  market,  but  who  are  forbidden  to 
taste  them  on  pain  of  having  the  dispepsia  and  all 
l  he  family  of  fashionable  complaints  of  the  day. 
Now  this  is  enough  to  try  the  honesty  of  any  lit- 
tle hungry  urchin,  and  many  a  lie  has  been  told 
about  an  apple  or  cucumber,  which  has  been  swal- 
lowed half  masticated  behind  the  door  to  prevent 
detection.  No  wonder  that  substances  so  swal- 
lowed should  now  and  then  prove  rather  indi- 
gestible, but  it  would  be  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
nature,  if  children  were  allowed  to  select  then- 
food,  if  they  did  not  choose  that  which  was  con 
ducive  to  health,  and  reject  that  which  was  found 
to  be  detrimental. 

"Learn  from  the  beast  the  physic  of  the  field,' 
raid  a  poet  of  nice  observation,  as  indicating  that 
the  appetite  when  unrestrained  was  a  sure  guide 
to  health,  and  so  we  consider  it.  Who  ever  heard 
of  a  farmer's  children  with  their  pockets  full  of  I 
green  apples,  and  their  hands  full  of  cucumbers, 
ever  having  the  dispepsia  ?  But  we  are  crea- 
tures of  habit  after  all,  and  there  are  certain  old 
women  in  large  towns  who  have  made  it  their  bu- 
siness for  years,  at  this  particular  season  to  call 
Upon  their  neighbors  for  the  sole  purpose  of  cau- 
t  ioning  them  against  allowing  their  children  to 
eat  cucumbers,  "for  they  are  desput  bad  things," 
for  which  advice  they  expect  a  cup  of  tea ;  then 
follows  on  a  set  of  doctors,  half  old  women  and 
half  quack,  who  will  tell  that  "  cucumbers  are  of 
a  clogging  nature,  that  they  stop  up  the  dilatory 
ducts,  and  produce  cholera  morbus ;"  and  last  of 
nil,  the  printers  to  fill  up  a  corner,  take  up  the  old 
witicism  of  slicing  the  cucumbers,  adding  salt, 
pepper  and  vinegar,  and  then — throw  them  away. 
Now  we  believe  if  parents  would  furnish  their 
children  with  more  fruit  during  warm  weather,  it 
would  be  much  more  for  their  health,  but  where 
they  have  not  had  opportunities  of  becoming  good 
judges  of  fruit  by  constant  acquaintance  with  it, 
it  should  be  the  care  of  the  parents  to  select  such 
as  is  of  the  best  quality  both  as  a  matter  of  com- 
fort and  economy,  and  then  allow  them,  unless 
ivhen  economy  forbids,  a  full  supply 


HORTICULTURAL. 

There  has  been  exhibited  at  the  Arcade,  the 
past  week  several  kinds  of  fruits,  flowers  and  ve- 
getables, very  fine  for  the  season,  amongst  which 
were 

Wilson's  long  green  cucumbers,  very  fine,  from 
the  garden  of  B.  Hill,  Esq. 

Long  green  cucumbers  from  the  gardens  of  J. 
Johnson  and  Mr.  Caldwell. 

Fruit  from  the  egg  plant,  from  the  garden  of 
C.  M.  Lee,  Esq. 

Apricots  from  the  gardens  of  H.  N.  Langwor 
thy  and  Mr.  Gifford. 

Juneating  or  jenetin  apple  from  the  garden  of 
S.  Saxton,  Esq. 

Stubbard,  an  apple  imported  by  Mr.  Floy,  from 
the  Bristol  nursery,  from  the  garden' of  J.  Lan- 
cassell. 

A  collection  of  flowers  from  the  garden  of  S. 
Cornell,  consisting  of  Hydrangea  hortensis,  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  Helianthus,  both  annual  and 
perennial,  all  double  and  some  of  them  very  fine. 


METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS 

Made  at  Silver  hale,  Susquchannah  county, 
Pennsylvania,  by  Michael  Laugiiuan,  gar- 
dener, July  1831. 


DAY  UGHt|1o'cLOCk|          DUSK           jfiEMARKS. 

* 

i 

| 

t.' 

a. 

t3 

= 

g 

.S 

•5 

.pi 

i 

■- 

s 

- 

is 

-■ 

t* 

cloudy 

.1 

E 

70 

NW 

7(1 

N  E 

,17 

3 

64 

SW 

SI 

S 

70 

SW 

3 

66 

SW 

32 

SW 

72 

W 

,10 

showery 

4 

66 

SW 

-ii 

SW 

7li 

w 

1,30 

constant  rain 

5 

61- 

SW 

78 

SW 

74 

w 

,07 

light  showers 

6 

66 

SW 

74 

w 

-.' 

w 

,20 

cloudy 

7 

62 

w 

36 

SW 

76 

SW 

H 

68 

SW 

32 

SW 

71 

SW 

9 

68 

SW 

7  J 

w 

VI 

NW 

,25 

cloudy 

10 

18 

NW 

It, 

NW 

".1 

N 

11 

16 

N 

76 

N  E 

so 

E 

1.' 

It. 

N  E 

-ii 

W 

66 

SW 

13 

VJ 

SW 

JO 

SW 

68 

SW 

11 

56 

SW 

s| 

SW 

7d 

NW 

15 

61 

NW 

;- 

N  E 

64 

N  E 

,27 

cloudy 

11. 

52 

NW 

61 

W 

60 

NW 

,03 

it 

56 

w 

,i 

w 

70 

W 

In 

64 

SW 

71 

w 

7-. 

SW 

,30 

cloudy 

1! 

6'. 

w 

35 

SW 

71 

w 

■Jl 

6E 

SW 

71 

SW 

72 

NW 

,76 

cloudy 

21 

64 

NW 

si 

w 

72 

NW 

■_> 

6- 

NW 

.St 

SW 

7( 

w 

23 

i,- 

SW 

71 

SW 

7-. 

SW 

56 

steady  rain 

■Jl 

66 

NW 

si 

w 

ill 

w 

,10 

showery 

•J.-> 

58 

W 

-1 

w 

71 

w 

■J' 

62 

SW 

35 

SW 

68 

w 

•j: 

58 

N 

71 

SWT 

7( 

SW 

28 

71 

s 

si 

SW 

75 

SW 

,20 

showery 

■J" 

74 

s  w 

31 

SW 

7-. 

SW 

30 

6\ 

S  W 

78 

SW 

74 

SW 

31 

78 

SW 

32 

SW 

77 

SW 

Mean  temperature  at  day  light           G'J 

do                   one  o'clock             78 

do                   dusk                       69 

Inches  of  rain                                     4.33 

As  it  is  useful  to  compare  meteorological   ob- 

servations made  in  different  places  with  each  oth- 

er, in  order  to  determine  the  difference  of  tempe- 

rature,  quantity  of  rain,  &c,  we  publish  the  a- 

bove  table,  kept  at  Silver  Lake,  within  about  four 

miles  of  the  line  of  the  State  of  New- York,  and 

which  may  be  considered  as  making  ths  tempe- 

rature of  all  that  range    of  high  lands  which 

extend  from  the  Hudson  to  the  vicinity  of  Lake 

Erie,  and  include  the  head   springs  of  the  Dela- 

ware, Susqueharmah,  Genesee,  Tioga  and  Alle- 

g; 

nj 

Riv 

rs 

From  the  Argue. 

ALBANY  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY 

Eighth  and  ninth  Exhibitions,  July  26. 

6  large  blood  beets,  6  large  red  top  tur- 
nips, A  peck  shell  beans,  two  specimens  of 
top  onions— presented  by  Daniel  Gilbert, 
gardener. 

6  bow  apples,  12 July  pears;  a  fine  col- 
lection of  flowers,  consisting  of  lilium,  bul- 
liforum  and  tygrinum  ;  althea,  several  vari- 
eties ;  morgiana,  rubra  and  alba,  and  seven 
varieties  of  annuals — from  the  garden  of  D. 
B.  Slingerland. 

1  ripe  watermelon  15^  pounds,  1  bell 
squash  8  pounds,  2  citron  melons,  12  tema- 
tos,  12  sugar  pears,  2  ears  72  days  corn — 
from  the  garden  of  Spencer  Stafford. 

A  splendid  collection  of  flowers  consist- 
ing of  twenty  varieties  of  perennials  and  an- 
nuals— from  the  garden  of  C.  N.  Benient. 

Premiums  were  awarded  to  Daniel  Gilbert, 
D.  B.  Slingerland,  Spencer  Stafford  and  C. 
N.  Bement. 

CROPS. 

Virginia. In    Nottoway,    Dinweddie, 

Brunswick,  Luenburg,  and  Amelia  counties, 
wheat  has  suffered  much, — and  corn  and  to- 
bacco on  flats, — from  2  weeks  rain. 

Kentucky. The    Lexington    Reporter, 

says,  that  wheat,  Rye,  and  oats,  have  each 
crop  been  a  good  deal  injured  by  unfavorable 
weather  to  harvest  them. 

Delaware. — Deplorable  accounts  are  received; 
quantity  and  quality  of  wheat  greatly  effected. — 
The  summer  freshets  higher  than  they  have  been 
for  forty  years. 

Maryla  id. — Melancholy  accounts  from  Row- 
landsville.  The  rains  have  caused  all  the  creeks 
to  overflow  their  banks — tore  up  the  roads  terri- 
bly. At  Hagarstown,  the  wheat  is  indifferent, 
rye  and  oats  good,  though  injured  in  getting  them 
secured;  corn  flourishing.  But  for  a  happy  change 
of  weather  at  Frederick  the  crops  would  nearly 
all  have  been  destroyed ;  corn  looks  well.  From 
the  upper  country  and  from  the  eastern  shore, 
things  appear  more  favorable. 

Pennsylvania. — WTheat  sprouted  so  much  in 
the  shock  and  that  which  was  lodged,  that  there 
will  not  be  enough  good  wheat  saved  throughout 
the  state  for  seed. 

Lower  Canada. — At  Quebec,  the  harvests 
promise  well.  The  Canadiuns  calculate  to  grind 
at  least  500,000  bushels  American  wheat  for  ex- 
port, and  2,500,000  bushels  of  their  own  raising. 
The  only  complaint  made  in  the  account  of  wheat 
is,  that  the  grain  is  small. 

Wheat. — We  learn  from  a  good  source,  that  in 
consequence  of  the  unusual  quantity  of  bad  weath- 
er, the  wheat  crop  in  the  western  section  of  this 
state,  will  fall  short  of  an  average,  crop.  The  rust 
has  injured  many  fields  in  a  serious  manner;  but 
corn  promises  fair. 

The  unfavorable  wheather,  says  the  Pal- 
myra Sentinel,  continues  to  be  a  source  of 
alarm  to  the  Farmer.  The  frequency  of  the 
showers  of  rain,  has  been  remarkable,  and 
has  already  done  much  injury  to  the  Wheat 
crops,  and  threatens  their  almost  entire  ruin. 
We  have  heard  of  many  fields  entirely  de- 
stroyed. Some  have  been  mowed  for  feed 
for  cattle.      

Frederick  Delano,  aged  3  years,  son  of  Mr.  J 
Delano,  was  drowned  las!  week  ill  Butavia.  in  the 
doom  of  Mr.  Evan's  mill. 


Vol.  1.— No.  31. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


243 


HIGH  CULTIVATION. 

It  is  not  an  uncommon  complaint  among 
farmers  'tbat  the  times  are  hard.*  It  is  won- 
derful that  with  some  they  are  so  ?       I  hey 
are  'hard'  because  their  crops  are  small,  be- 
cause they  fail  to  bestow  the  proper  cultiva- 
tion upon  them.     Concentrated  action  is  ef- 
ficient action  ;  and  it  is  this  only  which  gives 
large  agricultural  results.     But  to  this  an 
obstacle  presents  itself  nearly  insurmounta- 
ble.    Our  farms  are  in   general  too  exten- 
sive, and  the  labor  of  the  farmer  is  spread 
over  too  extended  a  surface.     And   yet  in- 
stead of  selling  a  single  acre,   most  of  our 
farmers  covet  many  more.     If  farmers  how- 
ever, would  thrive,  they  must  change  their 
policy  ;  they    must  concentrate  their  labor  ; 
they  must  give  to  few  acres  the  care,   now 
usually  bestowed  on  many;  and  if  necessary 
lo  this  they  must  diminish  their  farms.    Ma- 
ny an  acre  of  coin,  and  many   of  rye  now 
vield  only  10  or  12   bushels  and  even  less. 
M  any  an  acre  is  mowed,  whose  burden — if 
it  may  be  called  a  burden— amounts  to  scare- 
ly  half  a  ton.     How  much  wiser — how  much 
more  grateful    to  give  these  acres  a  proper 
cultivation  and   gather    bushels    for  pecks, 
and  nearer  tons  for  hundreds !     This,  I  con- 
ceive, is,  at  present,   the  great  error  of  our 
farmers  generally.     They  adopt  a  diffusive, 
desultory  mode  of  operation,   which   keeps 
their  lands  poor,  and  themselves  poor  also. 
The  only  method  by  which  the  benefits  of  a 
thriftv,  productive  husbandry  can  be  enjoy- 
ed, is  to  change  the  present  system  for  one 
more    compressed   and   more  vigorous.     It 
should  be  written  on  every  farm  house,  and 
in  the  centre  of  every  lot,  as  a  memento  to 
its  occupier — '■Till  but  little,   aid  till  thor- 
oughly.'1— Rev.  Mr.  Goodrich. 


It  has  been  justly  said  of  the  Farmers  oc- 
cupation, that  it  involves  as  much   skill,   as 
much  interest,  and  as  much   honor,  as  any 
object  within  the  range  of  the  attention,  or 
the  action  of  man.     it  was  certainly   man's 
first  employment,   and    without  doubt,   the 
happiest  in  which  it  can  be  engaged.     True 
he  labors  hard,  and  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow 
earns  his  bread  ;  and  this  is  common  to  most 
avocations  into  which  manual  labor  enters 
But  then  he  has  his  season  of  enjoyment,  and 
is  at  all  times  relieved  from  the  responsibili- 
ty, anxiety,  and  the  risk  of  the  merchant,  or 
the  intense  application  and  fearful  solicitude 
of  the  professional  man.     The    occupation 
of  agriculture  being  more  steady  and  less  li- 
able to  the   fluctuations  experienced  in  al- 
most every  other  vocation,  more   especially 
to  those  immediately  dependent  on   com- 
merce, tends  to  a  more  regular,  simple,  and 
consequently,  to  a  more  moral    life.      It  is 
this  favorable  tendency   of  their  habits  and 
mode  of  living,  which  has  entitled  the  yeo- 
manry to  that  political    importance,    which 
attaches  to  them  in  almost  every    other,  but 
more  particularly  in  this  country — our   gov- 
ernment being  founded  on  equality  of  right, 
and  our  institutions  recognizing  equity  as  the 
rule  of  conduct.     The  yeomanry  were   the 
instruments  by  which  our  Independence  was 
achieved — from  their  bosoms  the  republican 
spirit  was  transfused  into  our  political  insti- 
tutions— and  with  them  by  whomever  assail- 
ed will  rest  the  defence  of  those  privileges 
civil  and  religious,  which  we  now  so  emin- 
ently enjoy — on  their  honesty,   intelligence 
and  firmness  we  may  always  rely  to  perpet- 
uate  the  enjoyment  of  these  privileges. — 
Bost.  Pat. 


VEGETABLE  LIFE. 

The  first  point  that  should  engage  the  at- 
tention of  the  enlightened  agriculturist,  is  to 
ascertain  the  nature  and   situation  of  those 
minute  vessels  by  which  plants  absorb  water 
from  the  soil  and  the  atmosphere,    and  by 
which  these  principles  are  modified  and  cir- 
culated to  every  part  of  the   vegetable,   and 
are  converted  into  the  plant  itself.       So  mi- 
nute are  these  vessels,  that  even  microscop- 
ic observation  has  not  been  able  to  detect  all 
their  intricacies.     But  their  general  struc- 
ture and  arrangement  have  been  ascertain- 
ed.— And  it  is  found   that  they  bear  a  most 
striking  analogy  to  those  vessels  of  animals 
by  which   nutriment  is  conveyed,   in  cease- 
less circulation  to  every  part  of  the  system 
In  every  plant  we  find  one  set  of  small  ves 
sels  running  from  the  root  to  the  extremi 
ties,  tlnought  which  the  sap  ascends,    while 
in  its  progress  it  is  undergoing  those  chang- 
es that  will  fit  it  for  becoming  a  part  of  the 
vegetable.     These  vessels  resemble  the   ar- 
teries in  the  animal  system.     When  the  sap 
is  thus  conveyed  to  the  leaves  and  other  ex- 
tremities of  the  plant,  it  there  comes  in  con- 
tact with  the   atmosphere,    gives   of  the  re- 
dundancies, and  absorbs  water,  and  perhaps 
other  principles  essential  to  the  plant.     The 
leaves  of  plants,   therefore,  perform    nearly 
the  same  functions  as  the  lungs  of  animals. 
A  second  set  of  vessels,  exterior  to  the  first 
and  mostly  confined  to  the  bark,   now  con- 
veys the  food  of  the  plant,  thus  prepared,   to 
every  part  that  needs  nourishment;  even  to 
the  very  roots    from    which  it  proceeded. — 
These  vessels  correspond  to  the  veins.  Oth- 
er vessels  are  found  in  plants,  corresponding, 
probably,  to  those  similarly  situated   in  the 
animal  system  ;  yet  too  complicated  for  ex- 
planation, that  in   vegetable,  as  well  as  in 
animal  economy  we  find    the    principle  of 
life — itself  inscrutable — modifying  and  con- 
troling   every    operation    and  keeping    the 
wonderful  machinery    in    ceaseless  play, — 
Hitchcock's  Address. 


SILK  FILATURE. 

We  have  been  gratified  with  seeing  the 
progress  of  the  silk  culture  in  this  neighbor- 
hood. Mr  Cobb  has  the  silk  reeled  with 
great  evenness  in  his  own  family  ;  and  sev- 
eral families  in  the  neighborhood  have  been 
engaged  in  rearing  silk  worms  for  him  this 
season,  and  as  he  reels  all  that  comes,  to 
advantage,  it  is  probable  this  useful  branch 
of  industry  will  be  rapidly  extended.  We 
understand  that  when  Mr.  C.  buys  the  co- 
coons he  pays  from  25  to  50  cts.  per  pound 
— and  that  the  silk  as  it  comes  from  the  reel 
fetches  from  4  to  6s.  per  pound.  Mr.  C. 
has  in  press  a  manual  on  the  culture  of  silk 
which  is  to  be  distributed  to  each  of  the 
towns  in  the  commonwealth,  at  the  public 
expense.  This  manual  is  calculated  to  give 
plain  practical  directions  on  the  subject  SO 
that  a  person  who  never  saw  a  silk  worm 
may  take  it  up  and  with  proper  attention 
may  proceed  in  the  business  with  advantage. 
He  has  lately  introduced  to  his  garden  from 
New-York  the  morus  multicaulis — a  kind  of 
mulberry  tree  bearing  leaves  one  foot  in 
length,  and  which  is  said  to  be  superior  to 
all  others  for  the  nursing  of  the  silk-worm, 
and  which  he  recommends  to  general  culti- 
vation in  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  We 
saw  at  Mr.  C.'s  house  five  varieties  of  the 
cocoon.  It  is  said  that  the  large  white  co- 
coon, of  the  French  insect  is  the  most  rich 
and  ought  to  be  preferred  by  the  cultivator,  i 


on  account  of  its  being  best  for  white  silk  ; 
of  the   small  Chinese  worm,    from    four  to 
five  crops  can  be  raised  in  a  season.     Mr.  C. 
has  these   worms   now  which   three  weeks 
since  were  in  the  chrysales  of  the  cocoon — 
the  moth  having  eaten  out,  deposited   her 
eggs   and    the   eggs   having   hatched,    the 
worms  are  now  eating  the  leaves,  and  the 
whole  has  been  done  in  the  short  space   of 
three  weeks.     Mr.  C.  obtained   this  vaiiety 
of  the  insect  from  Baltimore. —  Oedham  Pol- 
itician. —— 
MAXIMS  FOR  MARRIED  LADIES. 
The  following  maxims,  if  pursued,    will 
not  only  make  the   men  in  love  with  mar- 
riage, but  cause  them  to  be  good  husbands  j 
— the  first  is,  to  be  good  yourself.     To  a- 
void  all  thoughts  of  managing  a  husband. 
Never  try  to  deceive  or  impose  on  his  un- 
derstanding, nor  give  him  uneasiness;    but 
treat  him  with  affection,  sincerity  and  res- 
pect.     Remember  that  husbands,   at    best, 
are  only  men,  subject  like  yourselves  to  er- 
ror and  frailty.     Be  not  too  sanguine,  then, 
before  marriage,  or  promise  yourselves  hap- 
piness without  alloy.      Should  you  discovet 
any  thing  in  his  humor  or  behaviour  not  al- 
together what  you  expected  or  wish,  pass  it 
over,  smooth  your  own  temper,  and  try  to 
mend  his,  by  attention,  cheerfulness,  and 
good  nature.      Never   reproach    him    with 
misfortunes,  which  are  the  accidents  and  in- 
firmities of  life — a  burden  which  each   has 
engaged  to  assist  the  other  in  supporting,  and 
to  which  both  parties  are  equally  exposed — 
but  instead  of  murmuring  and  reflections,  di- 
vide  the  sorrows  between  you;    make  the 
best  of  it,  and  it  will  be  easier  to  both.-  It 
is  the  innate  office  of  the  softer  sex  to  soothe 
the  troubles  of  the  other.      Resolve  every 
morning  to  be  cheerful  all  day,   and  should 
any  thing  occur  to  break  your   resolution, 
suiter  it  not  to  put  you  out  of  temper   with 
your  husband.      Dispute  not  with  him,  be 
the  occasion  what  it  may  ;  but  much  sooner 
deny  yourself  the  trifle  of  having  your  own 
will,  or  gaining  the  better  of  an  argument, 
than  risk  a  quarrel  or  create   a  heart-burn- 
ing, which  it  is  impossible  to  foresee  the  end 
of.      Implicit  submission  in  a  man   to  his 
wife,   is  even  disgraceful  to  both  ;    but  im- 
plicit submission  in  the  wife,    is  what  she 
promised  at  the  altar,  what  the  good  will  re- 
vere her  for,  and  what  is,  in  fact,  the  grea- 
test honor  she  can  receivr.      Be  assured  a 
woman's  power,    as  well  as  her  happiness, 
has  no  other  foundation    than  in  her    hus- 
band's   esteem   and  love,    which  it   is  her 
interest,  by  all  possible  means,   to  preserve 
and  increase.     Study,  therefore,  his  temper, 
and  command  your  own. — Enjoy  with   Dim 
satisfaction,  share  and  soothe  his  cares,  and 
with  the  utmost  assiduity  conceal  his  infir- 
mities.— Amer.  Farmer. 


Dress. — After  the  success  of  Edward  I. 
most  of  the  English  ladies  were  provided 
with  foreign  dresses,  and  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, we  are  informed  by  Stow,  that  "the 
matrons  being  proud  in  their  French  appar- 
elle,  did  brag."  In  Henry  IV's  time,  says 
the  same  authority,  "was  excessive  pride  in 
dress;  gowns  with  deep  and  broad  sleeves 
commonly  called  poke  sleeves,  which  might 
be  called  recepticles  of  the  divel,  for  they 
did  hide  what  they  stole  in  their  sleeves 
whereof  some  hung  down  to  their  knees  full 
of  cuttes  and  jagges." 

From  this  it  appears  that  the  quartcr-of- 
mutton  sleeves  of  oar  day  are  not  without 
reason  and  example* 


244 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  5,   1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE   FARMER. 

EXPERIMENTS. 

I  have  tried  to  raise  apples  from  cuttings.  I 
took  a  baker's  dozen,  and  inserted  the  but  of  each 
in  half  a  potatoe,  and  buried  the  whole  under  the 
earth  except  the  two  upper  buds.  They  all  grew 
— i.  e.  the  potatoes,  but  not  one  of  the  scions  ! 
Loudon  says  the  Codlins  and  Bucknots  will  grow 
from  cuttings.  I  have  no  doubt  they  will,  occa- 
sionally, under  favorable  circumstances ;  yet  I 
doubt  the  economy  of  the  method,  though  success- 
ful, when  we  can  raise  plants  so  readily  from 
seed,  and  bud  or  engraft  them  to  suit  our  liking. 

Cam  Cabbage. — I  obtained  seeds  in  1829,  with 
a  view  of  keeping  my  caws  upon  the  herbage.  It 
did  not  arrive  at  the  desired  maturity  the  first  sea- 
eon.  I  left  it  standing  in  the  garden,  and  the  win- 
ter destroyed  it.  My  friend  Dr.  Mease  sent  me 
some  seed  in  1830,  and  I  determined  to  obtain  at 
least  early  sprouts  for  greens.  The  plants  grew 
from  4  to  6  feet.  In  the  autumn  I  carefully  buried 
a  dozen  or  more,  and  this  spring  planted  them  out 
early  in  the  ground.  Instead  of  being  perennial, 
or  abiding  four  years,  as  has  been  said,  they  shot 
up  directly  to  seed,  having  ripened  which,  they 
are  now  falling  into  decay.  I  have  found  that  I 
paid  too  much  for  the  whistle,  and  that  a  good  sa- 
voy or  broccoli  is  worth  a  dozen  cow-cabbage. 

I  tried  pulverized  charcoal  to  keep  the  bugs  from 
my  melons,  and  found  that  it  did 'not  a  particle  of 
good. 

I  tried  Prince's  sulphur  water  to  destroy  the 
vine  fretter,  without  effect. 

I  use  boxes  to  protect  my  melons  from  bugs 
and  from  the  cold.  A  part  are  so  large  as  to  re- 
ceive a  sash  of  four  panes  of  glass.  They  are  G 
or  7  inches  high  in  rear  with  a  tlare  of  two  inches 
to  the  front.  The  sash  is  kept  closed  except 
there  is  danger  of  the  sun  scalding  the  plants, 
when  they  are  partially  or  wholly  drawn.  The 
other  kind  is  of  the  same  height  and  flare,  and  is 
covered  with  millinet.  They  answer  the  pur- 
pose intended.  I  have  used  them  several  years, 
and  house  them,  when  the  melons  are  out  of  dan- 
ger, or  the  season  sufficiently  warm  to  dispense 
with  them.  EXPERIMENTER. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

In  the  spring  of  1829,  a  kind  friend  in  the  city 
of  New- York,  sent  me  some  seeds  of  Caw  or  tree 
Cabbage  for  experiment.  These  were  sowed  in  a 
hot-bed  after  its  heat  was  exhausted;  and  at  the 
commencement  of  severe  weather  in  autumn,  the 
young  plants  were  about  a  foot  high.  Under  the 
glass  they  continued  in  good  condition  till  the  next 
spring,  when  they  were  transplanted  in  the  open 

td.     In  the  summer  of  1830,  they  attained  the 

height  of  six  feet,  with  many  branches  ;  but  ev- 
ery trace  of  vitality  was  destroyed  by  the  frost  of 
last  whiter. 

There  may  be  particular  soils  and  climates 
where  it  would  be  profitable  to  cultivate  this  cab- 
bage; but  I  think  it  not  suited  to  our  middle  or 
eastern  states.  The  ground  on  which  it  grows 
should  be  cultivated,  and  stakes  to  keep  its  large 
bushy  top.;  erect,  are  required,  as  well  as  a  great 
quantity  of  straw  to  protrct  it  from  the  frost,  and 
much  labor  to  apply  it.  Mine  were  infested  by 
the  aphis  or  cabbage  lice.  L>-  T. 

Greatneld,  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  7  mo.  12, 1831. 


FOR   THE  GENESEE    FARMER. 
CONVERSATIONS  ON  HORTICULTURE— No.  I. 

A.  What  a  magnificent  prospect!  How  do 
you  dispose  of  so  much  fine  fruit  at  such  a  dis- 
tance from  a  market  t 

B.  The  family  has  free  access  to  it;  a  part  we 
dry  or  preserve ;  a  part  we  give  to  the  sick  when 
opportunities  occur ;  sometimes  we  send  presents 
of  fruit  to  our  friends ;  and  the  hogs  take  the  rest. 

A.  The  hogs !  would  you  give  fruit  fit  for  the 
table  of  a  prince  to  your  hogs  ? 

B.  Why  not  1  it  saves  us  many  a  bushel  of 
corn. 

A.  But  your  neighbours  who  are  destitute  of 
fruit,  do  you  never  call  them  in  when  you  have 
such  abundance  ? 

B.  Never,  but  I  would  call  them  out  if  they  ap- 
peared in  my  fruit  garden.  If  I  give  them  as  much 
fruit  as  they  give  me,  they  have  no  reason  to  com- 
plain. If  they  apply  their  labor  to  growing  corn 
and  potatoes  for  their  hogs,  and  neglect  to  pro- 
vide fruit  for  themselves,  it  is  their  own  choice. — 
They  have  no  more  right  to  my  fruit,  the  product 
of  my  labor,  than  I  have  to  their  corn  and  pota- 
toes. 

A.  Well  that  is  true ;  but  you  know  the  preju- 
dices of  our  countrymen  who  think  that  fruit  is 
free  for  all. 

B.  I  know  that  many  who  have  none  themselves, 
have  chosen  to  consider  it  free.  When  there  was 
no  fruit  to  be  had  but  wild  strawberries  in  the  fields 
and  raspberries  along  the  fenees^ur  farmers  were 
disposed  to  be  indulgent,  because  these  sprung  up 
spontaneously.  But  here  is  a  total  change  of  cir- 
cumstancs.  Many  of  these  trees  cost  a  dollar  a 
piece  at  a  nursery  300  miles  off.  We  have  bro't 
them  hither,  cultivated  and  manured  the  ground  ; 
we  have  pruned,  we  have  destroyed  the  insects 
from  their  branches ;  and  wc  now  claim  the  sole 
and  exclusive  privilege  of  enjoying  the  fruit  in 
any  manner  that  will  please  us  best. 

A.  Your  right  cannot  be  disputed,  but  would  it 
not  please  you  best  to  give  a  part  of  the  surplus  to 
your  near  neighbors  f 

B.  That  must  depend  on  circumstances.  It  is 
a  great  pleasure  to  give  to  a  zealous  cultivator  of 
good  fruit,  some  of  whose  trees  have  failed,  or 
are  too  young  to  bear;  and  that  I  could  do  with- 
out being  made  to  suffer  hereafter  for  my  liberali- 
ty, because  he  would  respect  his  own  exertions 
and  his  own  property,  and  could  not  disregard 
mine.  But.  that  is  not  the  case  with  the  man  who 
plants  not,  or  grafts  not.  He  cannot  respect  the 
fellings  of  an  amateur,  and  ought  not  to  enter  a 
garden.  He  who  is  satisfied  with  what  fruit  he 
has,  cannot  need  mine.  He  who  is  not  satisfied 
but  makes  no  exertions  to  procure  better,  cannot 
deserve  mine. 

A.  Your  reasoning  applies  in  full  force  against 
landed  proprietors,  but  would  you  exclude  those 
who  have  not  tin;  means  to  procure  good  fruit ! 

B.  No  more  thin  I  would  exclude  them  from 
turtle  soup  or  madeira  wine.  If  they  are  worthy 
people,  they  could  bear  kind  treatment  without 
becoming  troublesome,  and  might  receive  presents 
of  fruit.  Those  whose  characters  are  unsetded, 
it  would  be  very  injudicious  to  admit.  What  they 
at  first  received  as  a  gift,  they  would  soon  consid- 
er as  a  right.  My  trees  would  be  watclied  us 
property  in  which  they  had  a  share;  and  if  the 
fruit  were  not  offered,  or  yielded  when  asked  for, 
they  might  rctltc  it  by  stealth.    1  therefore  claim 


the  whole  as  much  and  as  rigidly  as  I  claim  the 
com  in  my  crib  or  the  wheat  in  my  granary, 

A.  But  few  people  have  taken  the  trouble  to 
consider  this  subject,  and  will  not  some  of  your 
neighbors  therefore,  think  you  stingy  ? 

B.  Every  man  is  allowed  the  indulgence  of 
some  singularities.  I  wish  therespectof  my  neigh- 
bours but  I  could  not  consent  to  buy  it  by  a  sac- 
rifice of  my  own  legal  and  equitable  rights.  In 
regard  to  fruit,  great  laxity  in  the  morals  of  our 
countrymen,  has  long  prevailed.  An  excursion 
to  steal  peaches  or  melons  has  been  considered  al 
most  as  honorable  as  deer-stealing  was  formerly 
in  England  ;  and  I  am  not  sure  but  some  parents 
even  yet  who  would  hate  to  be  called  thieves,  con- 
nive at  the  plunder  of  their  neighbor's  gardens. — 
But  it  is  time  that  this  stain  on  the  character  of  a 
moral  and  civilized  people  should  be  wiped  off. — 
This  current  of  popular  prejudice  must  be  check- 
ed, or  the  fond  hopes  of  our  horticlturists  will  be 
blighted.  They  who  first  withstand  it,  will 
sometimes  find  their  situations  unpleasant,  but  it 
is  the  duty  of  every  patriot  to  make  the  attempt. 

A.  I  cannot  conceive  how  any  young  man  who 
ever  hopes  to  be  respectable  could  engage  in  such 
disgraceful  practices ;  but  there  are  always  enough 
amongst  us  who  have  no  such  hopes,  do  they 
never  plunder  your  fruit  or  injure  your  trees  t 

B.  If  they  do,  they  do  it  at  the  risk  of  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  dollars  fine  and  six  months  impris- 
onment. Our  legislature  had  become  satisfied 
that  the  advancing  improvements  of  the  country- 
required' more  ample  protection  than  such  had  for 
merly  receivd;  and  he  who  now  feloniously 
scales  a  garden  fence,  is  no  longer  viewed  with  the 
same  lenity  as  the  owner  of  an  unruly  ox  whe- 
lms the  damage  assessed ;  but  he  stands  before 
our  courts  as  a  criminal  (a  thief  if  you  please)  in 
full  anticipation  of  fine,  punishment,  and  dis- 
grace. X. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

BARLEY. 

Never,  perhaps,  was  there  a  more  pitiful  di5 
play  of  ignorance,  than  in  the  harvesting  of  this 
article  last  season.  Thousands  of  bushels  were 
ruined  for  the  lack  of  a  little  knowledge,  easily  and 
cheaply  obtained.  No  wonder  our  farmers  are 
discouraged  in  their  attempts  to  raise  barley. — 
Generally  they  do  not  grow  more  than  half  a  crop, 
and  nine  chances  in  ten  but  they  will  suffer  this 
to  take  serious  injury  in  harvesting.  I  do  not 
mention  this  as  a  reproach,  but  as  a  misfortune 
To  many  of  our  farmers,  barley  is  a  new  article, 
and  its  culture  not  at  all  understood.  I  have  given 
to  the  readers  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  a  few  prac 
tical  directions  upon  the  preparation  of  seed  bar- 
ley, time  of  sowing,  &c.  I  stand  pledged  to  give 
them  good  and  sufficient  reasons  for  the  treatment 
recommended,  But  my  object  in  this  treatise  is 
not  to  redeem  that  pledge,  but  as  it  is  the  season 
for  harvesting  barley,  to  make  a  few  briefremarks 
upon  that  head. 

It  is  true,  that  last  year  was  an  uncommonly 
critical  season  for  producing  barley,  and  with  u 
few  exceptions  the  whole  crop  of  the  country  was 
more  or  less  injured.  To  this  the  lengthened  vis 
ages  of  our  brewers  will  sufficiently  testify.  The 
damage  consisted  chiefly  in  blighted  barley  or 
what  is  commoidy  called  "black  ends;"  thesr. 
arc  produced  either  by  the  grain  being  badly  lodg 
ed,  so  mitfh  so,  as  not  to  allow  flic  wet  to  estapf. 


V  ol.  1 — No.  SI. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


245 


from  it,  or  from  suffering  it  to  remain  too  long  up- 
on the  ground,  when  the  least  dampness  will  not 
only  discolor  the  whole,  but  will  blight  at  least  a 
part  of  it.  The  latter  is  a  very  common  way  in 
which  barley  receives  injury ;  and  it  does  seem 
truly  a  pity,  that  when  the  bountiful  hand  of 
Providence  has  spread  over  our  fields  a  luxurious 
abundance,  we  should  suffer  that  bounty  to  be 
tost.  Now  the  great  secret  of  harvesting  this  crop 
properly,  is  to  cut  it,  not  when  too  green,  but  be- 
fore it  is  fully  ripe,  and  your  barley  will  come 
out  a  bright  yellow  color  when  it  is  thrashed.  It 
should  be  well  dried  before  it  goes  into  the  barn, 
else  the  fermentation  will  be  so  great  in  the  mow 
as  to  injure  the  life  of  the  grain.  If  there  be  any 
patches  in  your  field  which  are  lodged,  the  grain 
which  comes  from  them  will  do  well  for  your  pigs ; 
but  as  you  hope  to  obtain  the  first  price  in  mar- 
ket, do  not  mix  it  with  your  standing  barley ;  cut 
and  keep  it  separately.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
barley  allowed  to  stand  in  the  field  until  it  gets 
fully  ripe  (if  it  can  be  harvested,)  without  receiv- 
ing any  dampnes,  malts  more  freely  than  when 
cut  earlier ;  but  in  our  climate,  this  is  extremely 
difficult,  and  if  it  does  get  wet  the  damage  is  so 
fatal  that  as  a  general  rule,  it  is  best  to  harvest  it 
before  it  be  fully  ripe,  when  a  little  wet  weather 
will  not  effect  it,  and  the  only  precaution  necessa- 
ry to  be  taken,  is  to  have  it  perfectly  dried  before 
it  goes  into  the  barn.  "  WAYNE." 


FOR  THE    UENESEE    FARMER. 

For  a  particular  purpose,  soon  after  the  young 
grapes  were  set,  I  loosened  some  of  my  vines  from 
(he  trellis,  and  let  parts  of  them  lie  on  the  ground, 
so  that  many  of  the  bunches  had  the  soil  dashed 
over  them  in  heavy  rains.  Not  one  of  these 
bunches,  has  any  appearance  of  mildew,  while  on 
Ihe  same  vines  at  the  height  of  one  foot  or  more, 
many  are  damaged  by  that  blight.  Several  kinds 
of  grapes  are  included  in  these  remarks,  such  as 
.the  Sweetwater,  Miller's  Burgundy,  Black  Or- 
-ans,  Red  Color,  &c. 

I  state  the  fact  for  the  purpose  of  calling  the  at- 
tention of  horticulturists  to  the  subject,  before 
the  season  for  extending  such  observations  shall 
be  past.  I  have  not  much  to  say  in  regard  to 
the  cause.  There  are  some  bunches  near  the 
ground  so  protected  by  the  leaves  as  to  have  been 
scarcely  soiled  at  any  time,  and  yet  are  free  from 
mildew  ;  and  so  are  some  higher  on  the  vines.  It 
may  be  therefore  difficult  to  come  to  any  positive 
Conclusion,  although  the  first  idea  that  presents 
is,  that  our  calcareous  loam  is  destructive  to  the 
mildew  when  it  comes  in  contact.  We  may  next 
inquire  whether  grapes  that  lie  on  the  ground,  are 
free  from  mildew  in  other  soils  ?  and  wheth- 
er the  same  result  may  be  expected  in  other  sea- 
sons? D.  T. 


The  Small  Pox  "  outgeneraled." — Dr. 
Fansher  has  published  a  method  of  hasten- 
ing the  constitutional  operation  of  the  kine- 
pox,  by  means  of  which  persons,  after  full 
mx  days  exposure  to  the  small-pox,  may  be 
rescued  from  the  -courge  of  that  dreadful 
disease.  His  method  of  practice  is,  to  make 
several  "  broad  punctures  on  the  body  and 
shoulders,  charging  them  many  times  over 
in  succession"  with  the  vaccine  matter. — 
The  method  seems  to  be  strongly  recom 
mended  by  some  of  the  first  physicians  in 
"he  (Jountry. — West.  Rec. 


From  the  Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge. 
SELECTED  BV  D.  T. 

"  Many  of  the  better  sorts  of  English  apples 
were  probably  at  first  introduced  into  this 
country  [Eng.] from  the  continent.  The  grea- 
ter part  of  our  names  of  apples  are  French, 
either  pure  or  corrupted.  Those  varieties 
which  had  been  celebrated  abroad  were 
spread  through  the  kingdom  by  their  culti- 
vation in  the  gardens  of  the  religious  houses, 

and  many  of  these  fine  old  sorts  still  exist 

Thus  the  Nonpareil  according  to  the  oldHer- 
balists,  was  brought  from  France  by  a  Jesu- 
it in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary,  and  first  plant- 
ed in  the  gardens  of  Oxfordshire." 

"It  has  been  asserted  that  many  of  the 
fine  old  varieties  of  the  apple,  are  now  going 
into  decay.  This  may  be  owing  partly  to 
their  being  more  generally  cultivated,  and 
consequently  grown  in  a  great  variety  of 
soils  and  situations,  some  of  which  would 
suit  them  and  others  not ;  and  that  this  is  the 
case  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  in 
some  places  these  sorts  are  to  be  found  healthy 
enough." 

"The  Barberry — grew  formerly  wild  in 
great  quantities  in  the  hedge  rows  of  Eng- 
land, but  has  been  universally  banished, 
from  a  general  belief  that  its  presence  is  in- 
jurious to  the  growth  of  corn.  Duhamel, 
Broussonet,  and  other  scientific  writers,  treat 
this  belief  as  a  vulgar  prejudice." 

"In  the  south  of  Europe,  the  Gooseberry 
is  small,  tasteless,  and  neglected  ;  and  though 
it  grows  to  a  large  size  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  England,  its  flavor  there  is  very  inferior  to 
that  which  it  has  in  Scotland.  Even  in  that 
country,  the  flavor  seems  to  increase  ivith  the 
cold ;  for  if  there  be  warmth  enough  for 
bringing  gooseberries  to  maturity  and  ripen- 
ing them,  the  farther  north  they  are  grown 
the  better.  The  market  gardens  about  Ed- 
inburgh pay  much  attention  to  the  culture 
and  kinds  of  their  gooseberries;  but  they  are 
never  equal  in  flavor  to  those  which  are 
grown  at  Dundee,  Aberdeen  or  Inverness. 

"In  England,  the  Lancashire  gooseber- 
ries are  the  finest  in  appearance.  They  are 
very  large  ;  but  their  flavor  is  far  inferior  to 
that  of  the  Scotch.  Perhaps  the  inferiority 
of  theEnglish  berriesmay  be  in  great  [some] 
part  owing  to  the  large  sorts  that  ate  culti- 
vated,— the  finest  even  in  Scotland,  being 
those  that  are  of  a  middle  size." 

"  The    cultivation    of    gooseberries 

forms  a  pleasing  occupation  amongst  the 
manufacturers  of  that  part  of  the  kingdom  ; 
and  the  custom  has  doubtless  a  tendency  to  im- 
prove both  the  health  and  the  morals  of  the  peo- 
ple. Any  pursuit  which  makes  men  acquain- 
ted with  the  peculiarities  of  vegetable  econ- 
omy, in  however  small  a  degree,  has  a  ben- 
eficial elfect  upon  the  heart  and  undestan- 
ding ;  and  it  is  certainly  better  for  weavers 
and  nailers  to  vie  with  each  other  in  rais- 
ing the  largest  gooseberries,  than  in  those 
games  of  chance  or  cruel  sports,  to  which 
the  few  leisure  hours  of  the  working  classes  j 
are  too  often  devoted.  The  one  is  a  ration- 1 
al  and  innocent  emulation  ;  the  other  a  de- 
grading excitement  or  a  brutal  indulgence. 
The  names  of  the  Lancashire  gooseberries1 
are  indicative  of  their  humble  origin, — "Jol- 1 
ly  Miner,"  "Jolly  Painter,"  "Lancashire 
lad,"  "Pastime,"  "Top  Sawyer,"  Sic,  mayj 
appear  odd  to  a  foreigner;  but  they  are 
characteristic  of  the  manners  of  the  country  I 
in  which  they  are  produced." 


FLAX  AND  HEMP. 

(Continued  from  page  239.) 

The  following  observations  respecting  the  man- 
agement of  flax  in  the  Netherlands,  by  Mr.  Bes 
nard,  may  be  considered  as  detailing  the  best  me- 
thod known  at  present,  and  is  equally  as  well  cal 
culated  for  the  United  States  as  Europe.  Altho 
this  part  of  the  report  is  not  in  order,  as  made  by 
Mr.  Besnard,  yet  as  it  contains  the  plain  direc- 
tions for  the  management  of  flax,  we  have  select- 
ed it  as  the  first  article  for  publication,  in  order 
that  it  may  be  in  season  to  direct  the  farmers  in  the 
management  of  their  present  crops.  We  shall 
make  such  further  extracts  from  the  above  report 
as  we  think  will  be  interesting  to  our  readers. 
Observations  on  the  treatment  of  flax  in  th 
Netherlands. 

Soil. — The  soil  preferred  by  the  Cultiva- 
tors of  Flax  in  the  Netherlands,  is  a  loamy 
clay,  or  what  they  term  (fat  land)  free  from 
weeds,  and  capable  of  giving  wheat,  which 
is  in  almost  every  case  the  previous  crop  ; 
except  when  land  after  producing  Madder 
is  to  be  had,  which  is  esteemed  the  best  of 
all;  but  the  cultivation  of  that  plant,  being 
rather  limited,  it  is  rarely  to  be  met  in  quan- 
tity, compared  with  wheat-stubble ;  it  is, 
however  a  general  practice  in  that  Country, 
never  to  sow  flax  but  in  rich,  good  ground. 

Preparation  of  the  soil. — The  mode  usual- 
ly followed  in  the  Netherlands  of  preparing 
ground  for  fl  ax,  if  from  wheat-stubble,  (the 
general  previous  crop)  is,  after  reaping,  to 
have  it  immediately  lightly  ploughed,  and  left 
to  lie  in  fallow  until  the  ensuing  spring, 
when  it  is  again  lightly  ploughed,  prepara- 
tively  to  the  sowing  of  the  seed;  but  if  grown 
after  a  madder  crop,  the  custom  is  to  give 
a  light  ploughing  in  spring,  a  little  before 
sowing. 

Sowing. — With  respect  to  the  seed  sown  in 
Holland  and  Zealand,  it  is  invariably  either 
Riga,  or  home-saved,  none  other  being  used ; 
the  latter  is  sown  for  two,  sometimes  three 
seasons  in  succession,  never  longer,  and,  at 
the  end  of  that  time,  Riga  seed  is  again  sown; 
but  some  of  the  rich  and  judicious  flax  Bo- 
ers, every  year,  sow  a  small  parcel  of  Riga 
seed,  so  as  to  keep  up  a  constant  succession 
of  fresh.  When  selecting  seed  for  sowing, 
either  of  Riga  or  home-saved,  the  most  scruy 
pulous  attention  is  paid  to  procure  it  of  the 
best  and  cleanest  kind.  As  to  the  quantity 
sown  in  any  given  portion  of  ground,  much 
depends  on  the  quality  of  the  soil,  and  the 
age  of  the  seed,  which  experience  alone  can 
determine  ;  but  as  well  as  I  could  collect  in- 
formation from  the  Boers  on  this  subject, 
comparing  their  measurement  with  the  Eng- 
lish and  Irish  acre,  the  quantity  sown  bears 
a  due  proportion  to  that  of  Riga  seed  usu- 
ally sown  in  England  and  Ireland.*  The 
time  of  sowing  is  generally  between  the  end 
of  March  and  middle  of  April. 

Pulling. — In  the  Netherlands,  and  France, 
flax  is  always  allowed  to  arrive  at  maturity, 
and  is  never  pulled,  particularly  in  Holland 
and  Zealand,  until  the  seed  is  perfectly  for- 
med, and  the  capsule  brown  and  hard,  so 
as  to  be  easily  disengaged  from  the  stalk; 
when  in  that  state  it  is  pulled,  and  at  oncf 
made  into  small  sheaves,  which  are  placed 
in  stooks  of  eight  to  the  stock  ;  the  root  ends 
on  the  ground,  projecting,  and  the  heads 
meeting  at  the  top  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
present  the  entire  of  them  to  the  influence  ol 
the  air  ;  in  this  way    it   remains  eight,  ten. 


In  America, about  from  five  to  six  pecks  per  acre  is 
found  to  be  the  most  favorable  quantity 


246 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  5,  1831 


and  sometimes  fourteen  days,  according  to 
the  state  of  the  weather  ;  should  occasional 
rain  fall  during  this  time, it  is  considered  of 
great  service  to  wash  off  the  impurities  and 
withered  leaves  that  attach  to  the  plant  when 
ripening. 

Rippling. — When  the  flax   is  sufficiently 
dried,  it  is  carried  to  the  barn,  and   the  pro- 
cess of  taking  off  the  seed  immediately  com- 
mences ;  this  operation  in  the   Netherlands 
is  chiefly  done  by  ripples,  or  iron  pins,  about 
sixteen  inches  long,  and  one  inch  square  at 
the  bottom,  gradually  narrowing  to  the  top, 
and  formed  into  squares:  the  pins  are  fas- 
tened in  a  block  of  limber,  above  four  indi- 
es thick,  eighteen  inches  wide,  and  made  ill 
the  form  of  an  octagon,  the  upper  part   slo- 
ped off,  so  as  to  let  the  boles  run  down  to  the 
floor  ;  those  pins  are  set  at  about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch    asunder,  thirty  of  them  in  each 
block,  wich  is  fastened  by  means  of  two  sta- 
ples and  wedges,  to  a  two-inch   plank,    that 
rests  on  trestles   of  a  sufficient   height   for 
grown  persons  to  sit  on  whilst  rippling  ;  two 
usually  work  at  the  same  ripple,   sitting  op-  j 
posite  each  other,  and  drawing  the   flax  al- 
ternately through   the  teeth.      During   this 
process,  great  care  is  taken  not  to  let  it  slip 
through  the  hands,  so  as  to  entangle  the  rout1, 
ends,  which  in  every  process  are  kept  as  even 
as  possible.     When  the  seed   is  discharged,  ] 
the  flax  is  again  made    into  small   sheaves, 
and,   in  every  instance,   bound   together  by 
platted    cords   three-and-a-half  feet    long, 
made  of  strong  rushes,  that  usually  last    fori 
years,  and  are  carefully  put  up  from  one  sea-! 
son  to  another  ;  when  the  entire  quantity  of' 
ll.ix    prepared   for   rippling    has  undergone; 
that  operation,  the  boles  are  immediately  run 
through  a  very    coarse   screen,    sufficiently 
open  to  admit  every  particle  of  waste  or  dirt 
to  pass  through,  so  that  they  remain  free  from 
all  impurities.      The  waste    discharged    in 
this  manner  is  used  by  bakers  in  healing  ov- 
ens, and  the  bole,  by  being  thus  cleaned,  re- 
mains safe,  and  the  seed  can  be  kept  for  any 
time  required.     The   mode    most    approved 
of  for  taking  the  seed  from    the  bole,   is   to 
thrash  it  which  is  done  by  a  flail,  the  handle 
of  which  is   similar  to  a   common   one,   but 
the  working  part  is  not  more  than  half  the 
usual   length,  about    four  inches  diameter; 
the  hulls,  after  the  seed   is  discharged,    are 
sold  at  the  rate  of  two   pence  the  sack,   for 
feeding  cattle  in  the  winter ;  they  are  chief- 
ly   bought  by    Brabant  farmers,   who   mix 
them  with  various  other  vegetables  and    car- 
rots, which    they  grow  with    their   flax,    in 
ground  suitable;   and  I   have  seen   in  Bra- 
bant particularly,  numerous  fields,  with  flax 
stand  to  dry,  and  the  peasantry  weeding  car- 
rots that  had  grown  with  it,  and  which   ap- 
peared in  a  prosperous  state. 

Steeping. — This  process,  being  the  most 
import  nit  one  which  flax  undergoes,  and  on 
which  its  value,  in  a  great  measure  depends, 
claimed  my  most  serious  attention,  and  oc- 
cupied me  for  a  considerable  time,  in  obser- 
ving it  in  detail,  as  performed  by  various 
sleepers,  and  with  (lax  the  growth  of  differ- 
ent places.  In  general  the  steeping  pools  in 
Holland  are  similar  to  what  are  known  in 
Ireland  as  trenches  of  water  to  drain  and  di- 
vide low  grounds,  such  as  abound  in  various 
parts  of  the  south  and  west  provinces,  par- 
ticularly where  the  soil  is  best  suited  for  the 
growth  of  flax,  and  most  like  that  of  Holland 
and  Zealand.  Those  trenches  in  the  sum- 
mer months,  are  grown  over  with  light  grass 
and  weeds,  which  arc  cut  a  little  before  stee- 


ping time,  from  the  edges  of  the  bank  only, 
leaving  the  middle  of  the  trench  undisturbed. 
Previous  to  steeping,  a  sod  or  mud  bank  is 
thrown  across  each  end  of  that  portion  of  (he 
trench  required,  which  is  seldom  more  than 
sixty  to  eighty  yards.  In  making  those  banks 
the  mud  for  a  distance  of  eleven  or  twelve 
feet  from  each,  is  drawn  with  iron    scrapers 
from  the  bottom  and  middle  of  the  trench, 
and  sloped  against  each  of  them,  leaving  a 
space  of  water  free   from   weeds  and  mud, 
sufficient  to  put  in  a  set  of  sheaves,  and  ad- 
mit of  a  pool  eight  to  ten   feet  between  the 
cross-bank  and  last  layer  of  flax.     The  stee- 
ping pool  being  thus  prepared,  a  bundle   of 
sheaves  is  opened,  and  eight  of  them  laid  in 
with  small  light  forks,  with  which   they  are 
as  regularly  placed,   a-  if  laid   with  a  line, 
each  sheaf  being  put  down  with  the  loot  end 
towards  the  bottom  of  the  pool;  when   the 
first  layer  is  down,  a  second  and  third  set  of 
eight  sheaves  is  put  in,  the  root  end  of  every 
layer  meeting  the  bands  of  the  former  one, 
and  placed  in  an  oblique  direction.     When 
three  layers,  or  twenty-four  sheaves,  (which 
is  always  the  number  put  in  at   a  time,)  are 
laid,  the  steepers  who  are  provided  with  scra- 
pers and  forks,  draw  from  the  bottom  of  the 
trench,  mud,  slime,  tcceds,  fcc.  &c.  just  as  it 
comes  to  hand,  and  which  they  place,  to  the 
thickness  of  six  to  eight  inches,  on   the  flax, 
leaving  only  as  much  of  the  last  layer  uncov- 
ered, as  may  be  sufficient  to  receive  the  first 
layer  of  the  next,  and   for   which   room   is 
made  by  the  removal  of  the  mud,  slime,  he. 
used  as  a  covering  for  the  former  layer.     In 
laying  on  the   mud,  great  care   is  taken   to 
plaister  it  together,  and  so  combine  it   as  to 
exclude  the  air  and  light    completely  from 
the  flax.*     The  entire   quantity  being  thus 
placed   in  the   pool,  nothing  appears  but  a 
surface  of  mud.     The  next  operation  is  to 
throw  from  that  part  of  the  trench  not  want- 
ed, a  sufficient  quantity  of  water  to  cover  the 
enlire  mass  to  the  depth  of  six  to  eight  inch- 
es :  although  the  mode  of  throwing  the   wa- 
ter into  the  steeping  pool  is  done  by  a  simple 
contrivance,  it  is  nevertheless  worthy  of  ob- 
servation, as  it  abridges  labor.and  saves  time, 
points  duly  appreciated  by  the  working  clas- 
ses in  Holland.     This  business  is  performed 
by  means  of  a  triangle  made  of  slight  poles, 
placed  across  the  trench  near  one   of  the 
banks;  from  the  centre  of  the  triangle  is  sus- 
pended by  a  slight  chord,  a  shute  or  oblong 
box  capable  of  containing  about  five  to  six 
gallons,  and  which  lies  a  small   depth  in  the 
water;  to  the  shute  is  attached  a   long  han- 
dle, with  which  the  steeper    works   it,    and 
so  throws  the  water  into  a  cut   made  in  one 
corner  of  the  cross  bank,  by  which  it  is  con- 
veyed over  the  mud;  when  this  is  done,  the 
flax  remains  from  six  to  lb*  teen    days,  ac- 
cording to  its  quality,  the  temperature  of  the 
weather,  and  in  some  cases  the  properties  of 
the  water  and  mud  ;  and  I  witnessed  myself 
the  taking  out  flax    giown    in  Holland   and 
Zealand,  some  of  which  had   been   steeped 
in  seven  days,  whilst    others   required   four- 
teen to  prepare  it.     It  is  here  necessary  to 
observe,  that  that  the  flax    growers  in    the 
Netherlands  carefully  watch  the  flax  during 
the  steeping  process,   particularly   after  the 
fifth  day, when  they  once  in  every  twentyfour 
hours  take  out  a  sheaf  with  a  fork,  and  exam- 
ine it ;  if  not  sufficiently  steeped,  it  is  care- 


*Only  one  set  of  layers  of  sheafs  in  depth  is  put  in 
each  stooping  pool  at  ;,  time,  it  hemp  I'ounil  Injurious  to 
Uio  flax  to  let  tin-  discharge  of  mucilage  from  0710  par- 
cel ul  md  wiih  another,  Ahnut  one  loot  of  water  is  in 
tliv  p^o!  whon  lac  fljxis  latu  in. 


fully  replaced  and  covered.  When  the  flax 
is  found  sufficiently  steeped,  it  is  drawn  out 
with  great  care  by  forks,  beginning  with  the 
sheafs  last  laid  in,  one  sheaf  only  being  taken 
out  at  a  time,  which  is  turned  over  into  the 
water  to  disengage  the  mud  from  it,  when  it 
is  gently  washed  in  the  pool,  and  left  at  the 
end  of  the  cross  bank  for  that  purpose  ;  af- 
ter washing,  it  is  laid  in  rows  by  the  side  of 
the  pool  to  drain,  from  which  it  is  spread  on 
the  grass,  where  it  remains  until  the  cultiva- 
tor finds  it  ready  for  breaking  ;  for  this  pro- 
cess there  is  no  defined  time,  every  farmer 
judging  for  himself  when  his  flax  should  be 
raised  ;  but  it  is  the  uniform  practice  in  those 
parts  of  the  Netherlands  and  France  where 
I  have  been,  to  grass  all  flax  after  steeping; 
no  regaid  whatever  is  paid  to  the  situation  ol 
the  steeping  pools  as  to  aspect;  those  which 
1 1  saw  in  various  places  lay  in  every  direc- 
tion; nor  did  it  appear  to  me  to  be  of  any 
moment,  in  consequence  of  the  total  e.rclu 
sion  of  the  tight  and  air  by  the  covering  ot 
mud,  kc.  When  removing  the  flax  from 
i  the  field  to  the  barn,  or  store,  it  is  again  made 
into  small  sheaves  nearly  of  an  equal  size, 
twelve  of  which  are  bound  together  similar!) 
to  what  they  were  when  going  to  be  stee- 
ped. 

Drying. — Should  the  flax  which  has  been 
raised  from  the  grass  be  found  partially  damp, 
which  often  happens  in  Holland,  it  is  dried, 
or  rather  aired,  on  what  is  called  a  kiln,  but 
which  is  merely  a  brick  building  in  an  open 
space,  about  twelve  feet  long,  with  a  slight 
brick  wall  in  the  centre,  and  projecting 
walls  at  each  end,  about  three  and-an-hali 
feet  deep.  The  fire  pit  which  runs  the  length 
of  the  entire  building,  is  from  two  to  three 
feet  under  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  the  fu- 
el used  is  always  the  shoves  and  other  waste 
that  drop  in  scutching,  which  is  kept  contin- 
ually stirring,  so  as  to  throw  a  regular  and 
gentle  heat  to  every  part  of  the  plant,  which 
lies  across  strong  rods  that  rest  on  each  end 
of  the  projecting  walls  ;  when  the  flax  can 
be  cleaned  without  this  process,  it  is  so  done ; 
but,  when  necessary  it  is  performed  with  the 
greatest  care  :  immediately  after  the  flax  is 
sufficiently  aired,  it  is  put  in  a  small  build- 
ing air-tight,  where  it  remains  until  it  cools  : 
putting  flax  in  this  building  after  airing,  is, 
I  believe,  what  gave  rise  to  the  idea  of  its  be- 
ing stoved  in  Holland  previous  to  cleaning, 
as  I  could  not  learn,  in  the  course  of  my  in- 
quiries on  that  subject,  that  such  a  practice 
had  ever  existed. 

Breaking  and  Scutching. — In  the  Nether- 
lands, flax  is  always  broken  and  scutched  by 
Hand-Machines,  for  the  most  part  with  brea- 
kers and  scutchers,  similar  to  those  known 
in  many  parts  of  England,  where  flax  is 
much  grown,  and  known  also  in  some  parts 
of  Ireland.  In  one  part  of  Flanders,  a  hand 
machine,  similar  to  that  descibed  in  p.  6,  is 
used,  and  it  appears  to  be  very  applicable 
to  those  districts  where  Sax  is  grow  n  in  small 
quantities,  and  does  not  arrive  to  that  length 
and  strength  of  staple,  produced  in  the  rich 
grounds  of  many  parts  <>f  Munster.  In  no 
instance,  however,  could  I  discover  thai  any 
kind  of  machinery  worked  by  moving  power 
was  ever  used  in  Holland ;  but  it  is  worthy 
of  remark,  that  throughout  the  Netherlands, 
the  flax  plant  is  so  carefully  attended  to,  in 
every  operation,  that  it  breaks  and  dresses 
wiih  great  facility,  and  comparative  ease, 
and  presents  a  more  finished  and  better  ar- 
ticle, than  is  to  be  found  in  most  other  coun- 
tries. 


Yol.  1.— "No.  31. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


247 


From  the  New-England  Farmer. 

FARMER'S  WORK  FOR  JULY  AND 
AUGUST. 

Mowing  ground. — There  are  but  few  ob- 
jects connected  with  the  management  of  a 
farm  of  more  importance  than  that  of  obtai- 
ning good  crops  of  rouen,  after  math,  or  sec- 
ond crops  of  grass.  If  your  mowing  land 
is  in  such  good  condition  that  you  can  hope 
to  obtain  a  good  crop,  be  careful  to  keep  it 
from  the  intrusion  of  cattle,  sheep  and  hor- 
ses, for  rouen  in  the  winter  and  spring  is  ve- 
ry valuble  for  ewes,  young  lambs,  cows  and 
■alves,  &c. 

A  witter  in    Hunters'  Georgkal  Essays, 
recommends  manuring  mowing  ground  im- 
mediately after  haying,  and  especially   if  a 
second  crop  is  expected.     In  such  case  some 
part  of  the  fertilizing  qualities  of  the  manure 
will  be  lost  by  its  being  exposed  to  a   burn- 
ing sun,  but  the  manure,  when  first  applied, 
will  protect  the  roots  of  the  grass,  and  as  soon 
as  the  grass  has  grown  a  little  its  tops  will 
protect  the  manure :  so  that  on  the  whole 
rhis  application  may  not  be  unprofitable. — 
Composts  composed  in  part  of  loam  or  rich 
earth,  are  supposed  to  be  better  for   manur- 
ing grass  land  than  unmixed  stable  or  barn 
yard  manure;  because  such   composts  are 
less  liable  to  be  deprived  of  their   fertilizing 
qualities  by  the  sun,  air  and  violent  rains. — 
Whenever  manure  of  any  kind  is  applied  to 
grass  land  it  should  be  spread  as    evenly  as 
possible  and  a  bush  harrow  should  be  drawn 
over  the  surface,  which  will  break  the  small 
lumps  remaining  in  the  manure,  and  bring 
it  closer  to  the  roots   of  the  grass.      Or  as 
Dr.  Deane  directed,  'when  the  land  becomes 
bound  or  mossy,  so  as  to  diminish  the  growth 
of  the  grass,  if  be  not  convenient  for  the  far- 
mer to  break  it  up,  it  should  be  cut  or  scar- 
ified by  a  spiked  roller ;  or  if  the  fanner  does 
not  posses  this,  by  a  heavy   loaded   harrow, 
when  the  ground  is  softened  by  rains,  or  by 
rhc  coming  out  of  the  frost.     Then  dressed 
with  some  short  rotten  manure,  suited  to  the 
soil  ;  bushed  and   a  roller  passed  over  it. — 
There  is  no  danger  of  destroying  the  roots 
of  the  grass  by  this  operation.     Though  they 
are  broken  they  will    be  speedily    renewed, 
new  offsets  will  be  more  plentifully  formed, 
and  the  crops  will  rise  with  renewed  vigor.' 
Hay. — It  is  to  be  apprehended  that  much 
hay,  the  present  season  has  been    placed  in 
.•stacks  or  mows    without    being  thoroughly 
dried.     The  following  extract  from  Young's 
Calendar  may  afford  a  useful   hint  in  such 
cases.     'Mr  Ducket's  method  of  trying  the 
heat  of  his  hay  stacks  well  deserves  noting. 
He  thrusts  a  scaffold  bolt,  or  other  stout  and 
long  iron  bolt  into  a  hay  stack  [or  mow]    to 
give  an  easy  admission  to  a  gun  rod,  with  a 
strong  wormer  at  the  end  of  it,   with  which 
he  screws  out  a  sample,   and  discovers  not 
only  the  heat,  but  state  of  the  hay;  if  the 
stack  [or  mow]  wants  air  he  makes  many  of 
these  holes,  which  give  vent  to  the  heat,  and 
answer  the  purpose  of  a  chimney.' 

Weeds. — Be  careful  not  to  permit  any 
weeds  to  ripen  their  seeds  on  your  lands.  If 
you  have  not  leisure  to  dig  them  up  by  the 
roots  you  may  cut  them  off  with  a  scythe  or 
a  sickle  before  their  seeds  are  sufficiently 
grown  to  vegetate.  If  the  seeds  of  perni- 
cious plants  are  never  suffered  to  become 
ripe  you  will  be  sure  eventually  to  destroy 
'hem.  Even  the  Canada  thistle,  which  is  ve- 
ry hard  to  subdue,  will  eventually  disappear 
■  f  you  cut  it  down  often  enough   to  prevent 


its  seeds  from  coming  to  maturity  for  sever- 
al years  in  succession. 

Seeds. — Select  the  ripests  and  best  seeds 
from  such  plants  as  are  most  forward  and 
vigorous,  and  you  will  improve  your  breed  of 
vegetables,  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  by 
which  the  breeds  of  animals  are  improved 
by  the  celebrated  European  breeds  of  cattle. 
New  and  improved  kinds  of  wheat,  peas, 
beans,  &c.  kc.  have  been  introduced  by  ob- 
serving among  growing  crops  some  individ- 
ual stalks,  pods,  ears,  &c.  which  were  dis- 
tinguishable from  the  rest  by  a  greater  de- 
gree of  health,  luxuriance,  productiveness, 
earliness,  or  some  other  peculiarity  ;  gather- 
ing and  preserving  them  exclusively  for  seed 
till  sufficiently  multiplied  for  propagation  on 
a  large  scale. 

Soiling. — This  is  a  term  applied  to  the 
practice  of  feeding  'domestic  animals  on  new 
mown  grass,  or  other  green  crops,  in  racks, 
yards,  stables  fcc.  Lorain  says  of  this  mode 
of  farm  management  that  'The  farm  yard 
manure  acquired  by  soiling,  and  that  intro- 
duced by  the  roots  of  the  grasses,  create  in 
the  course  of  a  single  round  of  crops,  such  an 
immense  improvement  in  the  soil,  that  after 
the  hay  harvest  commences,  (which  is  great 
in  consequence  of  the  grass  saved  by  this 
practice,)  an  almost  perpetual  harvest  ensues 
until  the  corn  is  cribbed. 

'Each  crop  is  heavy  in  proportion  to  the 
ground  occupied  by  it.  The  labor  greatly 
exceeds  what  would  readily  be  imagined  by 
those  who  have  not  observed  the  practice  ; 
still  it  may  or  ought  to  be  partially  introdu 
ced ;  especially  by  wealthy  farmers,  who 
have  many  workers  in  their  own  families. — 
Also  by  those  who  have  but  little  land  in  pro- 
portion to  their  labor  they  can  readily  obtain 
from  their  children,  fcc. 

'It  should,  however,  be  remembered,  that 
success  is  not  to  be  expected,  unless  a  full 
supply-  of  green  grasses,  proper  for  this  pur- 
pose, have  been  provided.  Also,  the  very 
great  trouble  or  perplexity  occasioned  by  red 
clover,  in  consequence  of  the  cattle  and  hor- 
ses being  salivated  by  the  second  and  third 
crops  of  this  grass. 

'Every  farmer  should  soil  his  working 
cattle  and  horses,  whether  he  may  or  may 
not  enter  into  general  practice  of  soiling. — 
A  very  small  extent  of  ground  will  be  suffi- 
cient for  this  purpose.  This  may  lie  so 
near  to  his  barn,  that  the  trouble  will  belit- 
tle more,  if  as  much,  asgoing  to  the  pastures 
after  them.  The  grass  and  rich  dung  saved 
by  this  practice  will  be  very  valuable  to  him. 
'Notwithstanding  the  great  advantages 
that  may  be  derived  from  soiling,  it  would 
seem  that  it  cannot  be  generally  practised 
even  in  the  populous  parts  of  this  country. — 
The  quantity  of  cleared  ground  is  more  than 
double  as  much  as  the  population  is  capa- 
ble of  cultivating  properly,  without  introdu- 
cing the  additional  labor  which  would  be  re- 
quired if  soiling  were  generally  practiced 


longs  to  the  lemon  tree  in  its  usual  state.— 
Different  seeds  presented  various  stages  of 
progress.  In  some,  the  "sprouts"  were  just 
breaking  from  the  shell,  in  others  the  leaf 
was  out,  and  all  the  color  was  perfect.  We 
are  not  sufficiently  conversant  with  the  his- 
tory of  vegetation  to  know,  whether  such  a 
propensity  to  germinate  has  been  frequently 
observed  in  the  lemon— we  believe  an  in- 
stance occurred  some  years  since,  in  profes- 
sor Coxe's  garden,  and  perhaps  the  present 
notice  will  elicit  proofs  of  the  frequent  oc- 
currence of  what  now  appears  a  vegetable 
phenomenon.  It  may  be  proper  to  state, 
the  lemons  are  from  last  year's  blossoms. — 
U.  S.  Gaz.     

Natural  History. — The  Editors  of  this  pa- 
per received  from  a  friend  in  Missouri,  pre- 
served in  spirits,  a  specimen  of  the  reptile 
called  the  Horned  Lizard,  or  Horned  Frog, 
as  it  has  been  usual  to  call  it,  the  existence 
of  which  has  until  recently  been  by  many 
considered  fabulous.  This  specimen  was, 
with  some  others,  picked  up  in  the  prairies 
of  the  Upper  Arkansas,  and  lived  from  April 
to  December,  18S0,  without  either  food  or 
drink.  How  long  these  animals  could  thus 
live  on  the  decomposition  of  the  atmos- 
phere has  not  beenyet  determined,  but  it  is 
presumed  by  our  Western  friend,  that  in  a 
proper  temperature  they  might  be  made  to 
live  for  years.  It  is  said  that  the  sprinkle  of 
a  few  drops  of  rain  would  kill  them;  and 
the  Indians  say  that  on  the  approach  of  rain 
the  lizards  may  be  seen  seeking  protection 
and  shelter  under  stones,  logs  cf  wood,  &.C. 
— Nat.  Intelligencer. 


Vegetable  Phenomenon. — Yesterday, Dr. 
Edward  J.  Coxe  presented  us  with  a  lemon, 
which  grew  at  the  country  residence  of  Lew 
is  Clapier,  Esq.  On  opening  the  lemon 
longitudinally,  it  was  discovered,  that  al- 
most every  seed  had  germinated,  and  from 
two  or  three,  roots  had  shot  down,  and  bran- 
ches risen  upwards,  with  perfect  leaves,  ma- 
king miniature  lemon  trees  within  the  lem- 
on. Not  only  was  the  shape  of  these  entire- 
ly developed,  but  the  trunk,  branches  and 
leaves,  were  of  the  rich  green  color  that  be- 


MANURE. 

Farmers  might  make  a  valuable  addition 
to  their  farm  yard  manure,  by  digging  a  hole 
at  a  convenient  distance  from  their  kitchen, 
about  three  or  four  feet  deep,  and  sufficient- 
ly wide  to  form  a  common  receptacle  for  the 
various  matters  originating  in,  and  about  the 
house  extending  a  paved  gutter  from  the 
kitchen  to  it,  to  conduct  soap  suds  and  oth- 
er slops  into  it.  When  it  becomes  offen- 
sive, the  offending  matter  should  be  cover- 
ed with  earth.  That  which  was  thrown  up 
in  digging  the  hole  may  be  applied  so  long 
as  it  lasts.  Care  should  be  taken  to  prevent 
the  water  from  withoutfrom  running  into  it. 
The  receptacle  may  be  hid  from  sight,  by 
planting  an  evergreen  hedge  around  it,  leav- 
ing an  opening  at  the  back  for  putting  in 
and  taking  out  the  contents. 

STATISTICS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Men,  from  15  to  60  years  of  age         2,344,847 

Marriages,  (3  out  of  63  without  off- 
spring,) 90,000 

Deaths,  every  year,  (every  hour  49)      332,700 

Married  women  live  longer  than  single. 

Average  children  to  each  marriage,  in  the 
country  4,  in  the  cities  3. 

More  widowers  re-marry  than  widows. 

Half  of  all  children  born  die  before  they  are  17 

Number  of  twins  to  single  births  1  to  65. 

A  greater  number  of  old  people  die  in  cold  than 
in  warm  weather. 

The  greatest  number  of  births  is  in  February 
and  March. 

The  yankees  of   Bristol,  Conn,  made  30,000 

clocks,  the  last  season,  averaging  $8  each ;  a- 

mounting  in  the  whole  to  $240,000.  8000  hands 
are  daily  employed. 


248 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  5,  1S31 


SOLID  STEM  WHEAT. 

This  article,  mentioned  below,  must  be  a  valu- 
able acquisition  to  the  various  kinds  of  wheat,  rai- 
sed in  the  United  States.  From  the  description, 
it  will  undoubtedly  stand  up  better,  in  a  windy 
country  than  the  hollow  stalk.  We  hope  our  far- 
mers will  introduce  it. 

We  had  an  opportunity  a  few  days  since, 
says  the  Annapolis,  Maryland,  Republican, 
of' July  9,  of  seeing  a  lot  of  wheat  upon  the 
farm  of  Dr.  Wilson  Waters,  of  Rhode  Riv- 
er, from  which,  we  presume,  something  up- 
wards of  a  bushel  will  be  reaped — that  if  we 
mistake  not,  will  be  a  valuable  acquisition  : 
it  is  the  third  product  of  a  few  grainsof  seed 
brought  home  by  our  fellow  citizen  Lt.  Mayo, 
of  the  United  States  Navy,  and  obtained  by 
him  upon  the  Plains  of  Troy,  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor, which  he  spent  some  time  in  visiting  a 
few  years  ago,  when  the  ship  on  board  which 
lie  then  served,  was  in  the  Archipelago. — 
The  grainsof  this  wheat  are  somewhat  lar- 
ger than  those  of  wheat  common  to  this 
country,  though  perhaps  not  quite  as  large 
ns  the  wheat  from  the  mountains  of  Chili. 
The  stalk  is  peculiar  for  being  nearly  solid, 
instead  of  hollow,  and  more  tapering  than 
other  wheat,  the  first  joints  being  larger,  and 
forming  a  more  substantial  base. — The  head 
has  a  thick  stiff  beard,  not  less  than  six  in- 
ches in  length.  It  averages  about  forty 
grains  to  each  head,  which  we  ascertained  to 
weigh  one  third  more  than  the  same  number 
of  grains  of  the  blue  stem  wheat  growing  a- 
long  side  of  it,  and  which  also  averaged  for- 
ty grains  to  the  head.  Forty  grains  of  the 
former  weighed  thirty-one  grains — the  same 
number  of  the  latter  weighed  but  nineteen 
grains.  This  being  the  third  year  that  this 
wheat  has  vegetated  in  our  climate  and  up- 
on our  soil,  although  but  in  specimen,  we 
may  fairly  assure  that  it  has  been  tested  and 
found  to  answer  well.  It  is  said  to  be  valu- 
ble  more  especially  from  the  protection  which 
the  solidity  of  its  stalk  affords  from  the  de- 
predations of  the  fly,  so  destructive  to  other 
descriptions  of  wheat.  It  will  also  be  much 
less  liable  to  fall,  we  presume,  from  the  same 
reason.  

Zanesville,  July  20. 

FLOUR. — It  should  be  generally  known 
by  the  agriculturists  of  our  region,  that  flour 
manufactured  from  our  wheat  is  deemed  in 
the  market  to  be  much  inferior  to  that  made 
from  wheat  in  the  western  part  of  the  state 
of  New-York.  And  also,  that  it  has  been 
found,  on  experiment  at  Rochester  mills, 
lhatN.  York  wheat  makes  5  pounds  of  flour 
in  the  bushel  more  than  Ohio  wheat;  and 
that  ihe  flour  sells  for  50  cents  and  a  dollar 
more  per  barrel.  This  difference  alone  is 
an  enriching  profit,  which  our  farmers  should 
endeavor  to  save  by  more  thorough  cultiva- 
tion— more  working  of  the  lands  intended 
for  a  wheat  crop,  and  more  attention  to  the 
quality  of  seed  wheal. 

From  the  above  remarks  it  would  seem  that  the 
Ohio  Farmers  are  opening  theireycs  to  their  true, 
interests ;  it  requiring  a  change  of  seed,  and  a 
knowledge  of  the.  kind  of  wheat  which  will  suc- 
ceed best  in  that  climate. 

To  Farmers. — A  writer  in  the  Norwich 
Courier  says — '  If  grass  when  mown,  is  care- 
Cully  turned  every  day  it  will  injure  very  lit- 
tle. The  great  cause  of  injury  is  its  lying 
on  the  ground  through  a  long  spell  of  rainy 
weather.  If  it  lay  more  than  one  day,  it  be- 
comes mouldy,  and  turns  black.      If  care- 


fully turned  daily,  "rain  or  shine,"  it  will 
not  color.  This  is  the  result  of  many  years1 
experience.' 

From  the  Ravenoa  (Ohio)  Courier. 

VALUABLE  DISCOVERY. 

By  a  communication  received  from  a  res- 
pectable and  scientific  physician  in  Medina 
co.,  we  learn  that  a  remedy  has  at  length 
been  found  for  restoring  animation  suspend- 
ed by  the  effects  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  or 
damps,  as  it  is  usually  termed,  in  wells. — 
The  frequent  occurrence  of  death,  caused  by 
persons  descending  into  wells  in  which  this 
gas,  or  damps  exist,  has  long  made  it  a  desi- 
deratum with  the  humane  to  discover  a  res- 
torative to  animation  when  it  is  suspended 
by  inhaling  the  gas.  Accident  has  at  last 
done  what  science  and  study  had  failed  to 
effect ;  and  if  we  cannot  at  all  times  avoid 
the  gas,  we  can,  by  timely  aid,  prevent  the 
fatal  consequences  of  its  effects. 

On  the  17th  of  June  last,  three  individu- 
als, a  Mr.  Jlal,  his  son,  and  another  person, 
were  engaged  in  digging  a  well  in  the  town- 
ship of  Copley,  Medina  county,  and  having 
been  absent  about  one  hour,  on  returning 
the  young  man  went  into  the  well,  and  af- 
ter descending  a  short  distance,  fell  appar- 
ently lifeless  to  the  bottom.  His  father  im- 
mediately descended  to  his  relief,  and  hav- 
ing arrived  at  the  region  of  the  damps,  also 
fell  to  the  bottom  in  a  similar  condition. — 
On  seeing  them  both  apparently  lifeless, 
the  third  person  started  in  great  haste  for 
the  physician,  (our  informant)  who  resided 
at  some  distance  from  the  place.  During 
his  absence,  several  ladies  who  were  assem- 
bled at  the  place,  determined  to  make  an  ef- 
fort to  raise  the  bodies  from  the  well.  One 
of  them  threw  a  pailful  of  water  down, 
most  of  which  fell  on  the  face  of  Mr.  Vial, 
who  immediately  caught  breath,  and  rising 
on  his  feet,  seized  the  breathless  and  appar- 
ently lifeless  body  of  his  son,  and  with  it 
in  his  arms,  succeeded  in  getting  into  the 
bucket  or  tub,  in  which  situation  they  were 
raised  to  the  top  of  the  well  by  the  women. 
Water  was  immediately  applied  to  the  oung 
man,  which  in  a  short  time  produced  symp- 
toms of  returning  life.  Mr.  Vial  in  a  few 
hours  attained  his  usual  health  and  strength, 
and  the  young  man,  by  medical  aid,  had  so 
far  recovered  as  to  be  able  to  walk  about  on 
the  succeeding  day. 

The  experiment  of  letting  down  a  candle 
was  then  tried,  which  went  out  at  the  depth 
of  six  feet  from  the  top  of  the  well — alive 
chicken  was  also  let  down,  and  at  the  depth 
of  six  feet  animation  became  suspended,  but 
by  pouring  down  water  on  it,  animation  was 
immediately  restored.  From  these  experi- 
ments it  appears  that  on  inhaling  this  gas, 
life  is  not  immediately  extinguished  but 
suspended  only,  and  that  the  application  of 
water  will  restore  it — whether  by  conveying 
atmospheric  air,  contained  in  the  water,  to 
the  sufferer,  or  from  some  other  cause,  we 
are  not  sufficiently  scientific  to  determine. 

Numerous  valuable  lives  have  been  lost 
within  the  circle  of  our  acquaintance  by  ex- 
posure to  these  damps,  and  we  hope  the  pre- 
ventive now  suggested  will  be  fairly  tested, 
and  if  found  to  be  a  general  restorer  of  sus- 
pended animation  in  cases  of  this  kind,  that 
a  knowledge  of  its  efficacy  will  be  widely 
diffused.  

Temperance. — Mr.  Jesse  Bowman,  a  res- 
pectable farmer  of  Lycoming  county,  Pa. 
not  a  member  of  the  Temperance  Society, 
encouraged  by   the  statements  of  farmers 


who  had  discontinued  the  use  of  ardent  spir» 
its  in  their  Hay  and  Harvest  fields,  recently 
made  the  trial,  and  publicly  announces  in 
the  newspapers  of  that  county,  that  it  suc- 
ceeded beyond  his  expectations,  his  work 
having  been  well  and  expeditiously  done, 
and  that  his  hands  never  stood  the  labor  of 
harvest  better.  He  is  of  opinion,  that  if  far- 
mers generally  would  adopt  the  plan,  and 
add  a  trifle  to  the  laborer's  wages,  it  would 
be  of  service  to  both  parties. — Am.  Sentinel 

STATISTICS  OF  FRANCE. 
Population,  estimated  30,000,000 

Men  and  women,  of  20  and  21  years 
old,  590,726 

The  number  of  boys  in  France  is  lar- 
ger than  that  of  girls,  (let  them  exchange 
with  some  of  John  Bull's  people,  they 
have  more  girls  than  boys.) 

Average  duration  of  life,  previous  to 
the  revolution,  28  years  9  months ; — 
now.  31  years  C  months — which  is  at- 
tributable to  vaccination,  and  the  exten- 
ding of  the  comforts  of  life  to  the  low- 
er classes. 

Births  in  Paris  in  1829,  88,721 

Of  whom  were  boys,  14,8G0 

girls.  13,691 

Of  this  number,  born  in  wedlock,  18,563 
illegitimate,  10,153 
Of  these  only  2,103  had  known  pa- 
rents. 

Marriages,  of  bachelors  and  spin- 
sters, 5,873 
Of  bachelors  and  widows,  349 
Of  widows  and  spinsters,  710 

Of  widowers  and  widows,  151 7,083 

Deaths  in  private  houses  15,268 

Civil  and  military  hospitals,  and 

prisons,  10,047 

Bodies  found  in  the  Morgue,  276—25.591 

In  the  year  1828,  there  were  128  persons   who 
had  attained  their  100th  year. 


ROSES,  DAHLIAS,  STRAWBERRIES. 
and  Quicks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  have 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  a  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  flower  and 
habit,  and  the  price.;  annexed.  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

They  have  imported  and  propagated  many  var- 
ieties of  the  finest  double  Dahlias,  which  may  be 
selected  by  the  flowers,  at  the  Nursery,  until  the 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants  of  the.  Mcthven  Strawberry,  at  82  50  per 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  have  weigh1 
ed  a  pound.  They  are  good  bearers  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  varieties. 
See  catalogue. 

They  have  likewise  for  sale,  50,000  plants  of 
the  three  thorned  Locust, (Gleditschia  triacanth- 
us)  two  years  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 
for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

Orders  for  any  articles  from  the  Nurrery,  may 
he  sent  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  care  of  L- 
Tucker,  Rochester.         BUEL&  WILSON. 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16    . f4» 

ESSAYSONAMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH  Directions  to  farmers  for  raising  Silk 
Worms— by  J.  D.  Homergue  and  Pete*  §! 
Duponceau.     Also, 

The  American  Gardiner, 

Deane's  Xew-England  Farmer,  and 

Butler's  Farmer's  Ufanuat.  for  sale  by 

HOYT,  PORTER  &  CO. 
Prince  on,  flee   Vine,  a  few  copies  for  sale  o9 
above.  yeiy  23 


%£wm  aaaagMgiji  M^%rasaa 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  AUGUST  12,  1831. 


NUMBER  32. 


|PVBIiISHKO  BY  Jj.  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 

Terms— $8.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  io  advance. 


N.  GOODSEI.L,  EDITOR. 


AUGUST. 

Farmers  you  have  now  secured  your  wheat,  rye, 
and  barley ;  and  although  the  weather  during  these 
operations  was  rather  unfavorable,  yet  you  have 
abundant  reason  to  be  thankful  that  you  have  suc- 
txeded  so  well.    You  have  gathered  in  a  great 
proportion  of  the  amount  of  your  produce  of  the 
present  season.     Your  oats  in  some  instances, 
and  your  corn  and  potatoes,  demand  a  continua- 
tion of  your  care  at  ingathering,  and  your  fallows 
demand  all  your  skill  in  preparing  for  the  next 
year's  crop.    Although  this  is  a  season  of  die  year 
when  you  feel  to  relax  a  little  from  those  exer- 
tions which  have  been  required  during  haying  and 
harvest,  yet  be  careful  not  to  relax  into  negligence. 
Now  is  the  time  when  you  should  be  on  your 
guard.    Be  cool  and  deliberate.      According  as 
vourbarn  is  filled  with  grain  or   your  fields  are 
filled  with  herds  of  sheep  and  cattle,  so  will  be 
the  calls  upon  you  by  sharpers.     You  will  be  told 
that  the  wars  in  Europe  are  at  an  end  or  nearly 
3o,  and  that  the  prospects  of  a  foreign  market  for 
wheat  are  very  bad — that  owing  to  the  low  price 
of  cloths,  the  manufacturers  are  ruined  and  wool 
will  be  low,  and  sheep  will  hardly  pay  for  keep- 
ing, but  be  careful — "  'tis  nought,  'tis  nought,  saith 
the  buyer,  but  when  he  goeth  away  he  boasteth." 
This  year  you  will  be  called  upon  by  a  great  num- 
b£r  of  men  ;'  from  down  east,"  riding  in  sulkeys, 
who  call  "for  the  express  purpose  of  having  you 
put  up  a  thrashing  machine,  first  in  your  neigh- 
borhood, as  you  can  make  a  great  deal  of  money 
by  it;"  but  they  also  wish  yoij,to  take  the  patent 
right,  for  the  town,  that  you  may  make  more.     Be 
careful ;  those  men  from  "  down  east  dont  ride  so 
lb st  for  nothing."    We  like  thrashing  machines 
they  are  good  things,  but  we  would  not  give  one 
farthing  for  every  patent  right  that  could  be  given 
("or  any  machine  now  in  operation.      They  will 
show  you  the  letters  patent,  they  have  them,  and 
?n  yon  may  have  a  patent  for  a  cart  with   two 
wheels  if  you  will  pay  into  the  patent  office  thirty 
dollars,  and  present  the  papers  specified,  wheth- 
er your  neighbor's  cart  had  two  wheels  or  not. — 
but  when  you  have  got  your  patent  "  then  comes 
the  tug  of  war."     You  haxe  got  to  substantiate  it 
if  disputed,  and  show  that  the  principle  is  new ; 
if  it  is  not  your  letters  patent  are  good  for  no- 
thing, which  is  probably  the  case  with  nine  tenths 
that  are  given  out  by  the  United  States.    It  is  a 
source  of  revenue  to  the  United  States,  but  as  to 
(he  propriety  of  it,we  have  some  doubts.  It  is  also 
a  great  field  for  speculation  for  those  people  "  down 
■^ast."    Buy  your  machine — pay   the  mechanic 
well  for  making  it,  and  have  it  well  made;  but 
pay  nothing  for  patent  rights.    There  has  not 
been  any  new  principle  introduced  for   many 
years  that  we  are  aware  of,  and  if  the  principle 
js  a  long  known  one,  letters  patent  are  of  no  use. 


The  barn  of  Jacob  Shook,  at  Milan,  N.  Y.  was 
burnt  on  the  23d  ult.  containing  7,000  bushels  of 
wheat  ami  rye.    It  was  struck  by  lightning. 


WHEAT  CROP. 
We  have  taken  some  pains  to  ascertain  the  sit- 
uation and  prospects  of  the  wheat  crop,  as  to 
quality,  quantity,  &c.  Farmers  that  we  have  in- 
quired of,  since  the  harvesting  was  finished,  vary 
in  their  opinions  as  to  the  quantity  of  the  last, 
compared  with  former  crops,  some  estimating  it 
at  half,  while  others  think  the  last  may  be  two- 
thirds  of  an  ordinary  crop  in  quantity,  but  there 
will  also  be  a  deficiency  in  quality,  as  most  of  the 
wheat  from  strong  lands  is  shrunk  and  some  of 
it  is  a  little  grown  in  consequence  of  the  continu- 
ed wet  weather  during  harvest.  We  have  also 
made  inquiries  respecting  the  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages, of  different  kinds  of  wheat,  and  the 
propar  soil  for  each.  These  inquiries  have  not 
as  yet,  been  answered,  as  satisfactorily  as  we 
could  wish,  but  appear  to  be  in  favor  of  sowing 
the  large  flint  wheat,  upon  strong  lands,  and  the 
farmers  mostly  agree  that  it  is  not  as  liable  to  be 
injured  by  the  fly,  neither  as  apt  to  fall  down  as 
the  red  bald  wheat,  and  that  it  will  not  sprout  as 
soon  in  wet  weather.  On  light,  sandy  soils,  it 
seems  to  be  the  prevailing  opinion  that  the  red 
bald  wheat  is  most  profitable. 

We  again  invite  our  practical  farmers  to  make 
communications  to  us,  of  facts  respecting  their 
last  crops,  on  all  such  points  as  will  be  useful  to 
their  brethren,  as  to  manner  and  time  of  sowing, 
quality  of  land,  variety  sowed,  and  quantity  and 
quality  harvested,  &c.  &c,  in  order  that  we  may 
give  them  place  in  season  to  benefit  the  public. — 
We  are  aware  that  many  an  honest  farmer  whose 
experience  would  be  of  the  utmost  consequence  to 
community  will  excuse  himself  by  saying,  "  I  can- 
not write  for  a  public  paper,  because  I  have  never 
been  used  to  it."  To  such  men  we  would  say 
that  is  not  the  part  expected  from  you."  You 
are  the  professors  of  Agriculture;  you  perform 
the  experiments  to  demonstrate  the  theory  to  the 
world;  and  every  editor  of  an  agricultural  paper  in 
the  country  stands  in  the  capacity  of  a  clerk  to  you 
ready  to  record  the  result  of  any,  and  every  ex- 
periment at  your  bidding.  Only  give  them  the 
facts,  in  the  plainest  possible  manner,  and  they 
will  do  any  thing  that  is  found  necessary,  to  in- 
duce their  patrons  to  read  it. 


became  partially  covered-with  oil  1  or  because  tht 
smoke  of  the  lamps  ascended  into  the  tops  and 
affected  the  foliage,  communicating  to  it  some  dis- 
agreeable property,  which  drove  the  insects  from 
the  trees  1  or  was  it  on  account  of  the  disposition 
of  insects  to  fly  towards  the  light,  during  the  night, 
by  which  they  have  approached  so  near  the  blaze 
of  the  lamps  as  to  be  destroyed  by  them  1  The 
latter  supposition  appears  to  us  the  most  reason- 
able. Knowing  that  most  insects  during  the 
routine  of  transformations  assume  the  forms  of 
moths  or  millers,  many  of  which  are  very  troub- 
lesome about  candles  during  warm  evenings ;  it 
maybe  well  to  inquire  whether  the  curculios  do 
not,  at  some  particular  season,  appear  in  that 
shape  attended  with  the  disposition  to  approach 
fire  light  1  If  so,  may  not  these  destructive  little 
creatures  be  destroyed  by  placing  a  few  lamps  in 
a  plum  orchard,  during  that  particular  season 
when  they  appear  1 

I  am  aware  that  the  idea  of  lighting  up  our 
fruit  orchards  with  lamps,  may  disturb  the  gravi- 
ty of  some  of  our  sober  readers,  but  should  it  be 
found  useful,  and  thereby  become  common,  it 
would  be  thought  no  more  of,  than  it  now  is  to  see 
the  pC?°7  figure  of  a  judge  posted  up  in  our  corn 
fields  with  presented  arms. 

We  think  this  accidental  discovery  of  a  few 
plum  trees,  with  their  fruit  entire  in  the  midst  of  a 
district  where  the  crop  of  plums  has  been  entirely 
destroyed  the  present  season  by  the  curculio, 
promises  much  towards  discovering  an  antidote ; 
and  any  observations  on  the  subject  will  be  thank- 
fully received,  and  laid  before  the  public. 


HORTICULTURAL. 
There  are  to  be  seen  in  the  public  garden  kept 
by  Mr.  Smith,  in  this  village,  several  plum  treesof 
differentkinds,heavily  laden  with  fruit,upon  which 
there  does  not  appear  any  marks  of  the  curculio, 
although  the  plums  in  the  neighboring  gardens 
have  all  been  destroyed  by  them.  This  garden 
has  been  kept  open  during  the  warm  season,  for 
several  years  past,  as  a  place  of  public  resort,  for 
eating  ice  cream,  &c,  and  has  been  lighted  up 
with  open  mouthed  glass  lamps  during  the  fore 
part  of  each  evening.  The  ground,  as  usual  in 
such  places  is  laid  out  into  walks  and  plats.  Th 
plats  are  planted  with  ornamental  shrubbery  and 
flowering  plants,  amongst  which  stand  the  plum 
trees  referred  to,  and  visitors  are  not  allowed  to 
tread  upon  the  plat. 

Query.  Why  these  plums  escaped  the  rava- 
ges of  these  insects  ?   ' 

Was  it  because  the  lamps  were  many  of  them 
suspended  in  the  p'.ivm  trees,  by  which  the  trees 


BULBOUS  ROOTS. 
This  is  the  seasonal  which  many  bulbous  roots, 
such  as  tulips,  hyacinths,  and  some  others  are  gen- 
erally taken  out  of  the  ground,  in  conformity  to 
ancient  usages.  We  cannot  give  any  reason  why 
this  is  so  absolutely  necessary,  as  many  florists 
would  have  us  believe ;  but  that  it  is  a  good  prac- 
tice, we  readily  consent,  for  several  reasons.— v 
First,  unless  the  ground  is  well  dug  and  manur- 
ed, we  cannot  suppose  it  will  be  in  the  best  con- 
dition for  producing  a  fine  growth  of  vegetables  of 
any  kind.  Secondly,  were  those  bulbous  roots, 
which  increase  by  offsets,  allowed  to  remain  ma- 
ny years  in  the  same  place,  they  would  increase 
to  that  extent,  that  they  would  be  injured  for  want 
of  room.  As  it  would  be  very  difficult  to  prepare 
the  ground,  or  place  the  bulbs  at  proper  distances 
without,  taking  them  up,  we  recommend  it.  Pre- 
vious to  this  season  of  the  year,  the  flowers  men- 
tioned have  completed  their  growth,  and  both  leaf, 
andfiberous  roots  are  dead,  and  they  can  be  moved 
without  injury.  Directions  have  been  given  by 
many  for  the  taking  up  and  planting  of  bulbous 
roots,  witli  all  the  mathematical  nicety  of  demon- 
strating a  problem  in  Euclid;  but  such  directions, 
we  are  not  prepared  to  subscribe  to,  neitheir  can 
we  see  the  necessity  of  keeping  them  out  of  the 
ground  any  longer  than  is  necesssry  for  prepar- 
ing the  ground  for  their  reception.  Surely  to  dig 
up  roots,  and  dry  them,  in  order  to  make  them 
grow  well  is  rather  an  unnatural  course.  We 
should  recommend  the  taking  up  of  such  bulbs  as 
require  it,  before  the  leaves  were  entirely  decayed, 
(as  they  will  direct  where  the  bulbs  axe  to  be  found) 


JaO 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


August  13,  183U 


and  pi  anting  them  when  the  ground  is  ready.  As 
lor  particular  days  or  hours,  when  those  things 
should  be  done  we  have  not  yet  learned  them ; 
b"t  suppose  time  and  circumstances  are  to  be  con- 
sulted, and  would  say,  that  to  be  "  well  done"  it 
should  be  "  done  well,  and  that  quickly." 


CARRYING  COALS  TO  NEW-CASTLE 
During  the  week  past  there  has  been  brough' 
to  this  village,  from  New- York,   and  sold,   large 
quantities  of  watermelons,  pears,  and  some  oth- 
er kinds  of  fruit.      What  a  comment  upon  the 
progress  of  gardening  and    horticulture  in  old 
Genesee,    "  We  must  blame  the  culture!  not  the 
Soil."    Pears  and  melons  brought  from  New- York 
to  Rochester! — Nearly  four  hundred  miles  in- 
land !     The   price  of   transportation  alone  for 
that  distance  ought  to  be  sufficient  inducement 
for  raising  those   articles    in    this    district. — 
Those   who  have    pear    trees   in  this    neigh- 
borhood have  the   satisfaction   of  seeing   them 
loaded  with  fruit,  almost  to  breaking  this  sea- 
son,   and    several   kinds    have   ripened  previ- 
ous to  the  arrivals  from  New- York.     As  to  wa- 
termelons, some  of  the  finest  crops  we  have  ever 
seen  have  been  raised  upon  the  sandy   oak  lands 
on  the  south  side  of  lake  Ontario,  where  we  have 
seen  at  least  one  thousand  upon  an  acre.     A  good 
sized  melon  will  weigh  about  twelve  and  a  half 
pounds,  and  the  transportation  from  New-York  at 
one  dollar  per  hundred  pounds,  would  be  twelve 
and  a  half  cents  each.     Lands  suitable  for  raising 
melons  in  the  vicinity  of  Ruiicster  can  be  bought 
for  five  dollars  per  acre  ;   being  lightly  limbered, 
they  can  be  cleared  and  fenced  for  five  dollars  per 
acre,  making  the  cost,  when  ready  for  a  crop,  ten 
dollars  an  acre.     Allowing  an   acre  to  produce 
one  thousand,  and  those  sold  at  the  cost  of  trans- 
porting the   same  number  from  New- York,  the 
produce  would  be  one  hundred  and   twenty-five 
dollars.     All  will  agree  that  this  sum  is  too  much, 
and  is  only  a  paper  calculation;  but  stop,  we 
have  only  been  calculating  the  :ost  of  transpor- 
tation— the  melons  brought  frojn  New-York  ac- 
■    tuaily  sold  for  from  thirty-seven  and  a  half  to  fifty 
cents  each.     By  altering  the  calculation   on  the 
.produce  of  an  acre  from  twelve  and  a  half  to  thir- 
ty-seven and  a  half  cents  each,  we  have  the  sum 
of  S'375  as  the  produce  of  one  acre  of  land  cost- 
ing ten  dollars  for  one  year.    Now  we  think  we 
shall  not  be  accused  of  exceedingprobabihty  when 
we  say  that  an  acre  of  melons  might  be  cultiva- 
ted for  seventy-five  dollars,  in  that  manner  that 
they  may  be  brought  to  this  market  as  early  as  we 
"•et  them  from  New- York,  and  every  one  knows 
the  difference  in  favor  of  a  fresh  melon  from  the 
vines,  over  one  which  has  been  ten  days  picked 
and  which  has  been  lying  in  a  shaded  situation, 
so   that   unless  those  brougnt  from  New-Yorii 
could  be  recommended  as  a  later  fashion  they 
would  not  compete  with  home  raised  ones,  in  our 
market.    It  is  well  knownthat  pears  are  a  kind  ofj 
fruit,  which  during  the  warm  season  do  not  re- 
main long  in  perfection,  and  of  Bourse  not  well; 
calculated  for  long  voyages.     If  the  farmers  and! 
horticulturists  in  the  neighborhood  of  New- York, 
can  afford  to  raise  pears  for  this  market  on  their 
lands   which  cost  them  one  hundred  dollars  an 
acre,  we  should  think  that  those  of  old   Genesee, 
who  have  lands  which  are  equally  good  for  rais- 
ing fruit  as  those  about  New- York,  which  can 
be  bought  for  one  quarter  of  the  money,  might 


do  well  to  raise  them  at  least  for  Kingston  and 
Montreal  markets,  where  those  articles  are  gen- 
erally double  in  price  to  what  they  are  here. — 
In  Europe  they  have  an  old  adage,  "  the  more 
productive  the  country  the  more  indolent  the  peo- 
ple." Let  our  good  farmers  be  careful,  lest  during 
the  rage  for  importing  every  thing,  this  old  adage 
should  be  imported  also. 


SILK. 

We  had  anticipated  commencing  upon  this  sub- 
ject which  we  consider  of  national  importance, 
as  soon  as  we  had  given  our  readers  what  infor- 
mation we  deemed  necessary  respecting  flax 
but  we  perceive  by  our  last  New-England  Far- 
mer, that  Massachusetts  is  on  the  alert,  and  that 
a  forth  coming  work  on  this  subject  is  announ- 
ced in  compliance  with  a  resolution  of  their  le- 
gislature, and  we  may  defer  the  subject  until  we 
are  favored  with  a  perusal  of  the  work.  So  we 
go — Massachusetts  stands  god  father  for  the  Uni- 
ted States ;  or  rather  she  seems  doing  what  the 
United  States  should  have  done — encouraging 
the  produce  of  silk. 

We  are  happy  that  the   inquiry  of  D.  C.  has 
drawn  forth  from  a  correspondent  who  signs  him- 
self B.  such  a  valuable  article  on   the   subject  of 
petrifactions.     We  think  we  recognize  the  dicta- 
tion, though  not  the  hand   writing,  but  are   wil- 
ling to  subscribe  to  his  explanation   of  the  defi- 
nition.    From  the  article,  it  is   plain   the   WTiter 
was  master  of  his  subject ;  and  although  the  style 
is  easy  and  concise,  it  is   a  very  scientific   ex- 
planation   of   the  term  which   we   are    aware 
has  not  been  so  generally  understood  as  was  de- 
sirable.    We  tender  our  thanks  to  B.  hoping  that 
we  may,  as  time  serves  him,  be  favored  with  oth- 
er like  valuable  productions  from  his  pen. 
BUDDING  PEACH  TREES. 
As  the  season  has  arrived  for  budding  peach 
trees,  we  would  caution  those  who  are  wishing  to 
improve  their  fruit,  against  using  or  having  used 
for  them  any  buds,  unless  they  know  that  they 
were  taken  from  healthy  trees.     The  disease  cal- 
led the  yellows  has  been  introduced  amongst  us 
from  some  of  the  eastern   nurseries,  and  has  al- 
ready destroyed  many  of  our  peach  trees,  and  will, 
unless  care  is  taken,  destroy  many  more.     A  sin- 
gle bud  taken  from  an  infected  tree  and  set  in  a 
healthy  one  of  any  size,  is  sufficient  to  kill  the 
tree  within  a  few  years,  whether  the  bud  lives  or 
not ;  and  we  are  persuaded  that  the  disease  may 
be  communicated  by  trimming  a  tree  with  a  knife 
that  has  been  used  to  trim  a  diseased  one,  upon 
winch  the  least  possible  quantity  of  the  juice  re- 
mains.    It  therefore  not  only  requires  the  great- 
est care  as  respects  buds,  but  in  pruning  one  tree 
after  another,  with  the  same  instrument     As 
there  are  a  number  of  men  travelling  the  country 
offering  their  services  for  budding  and  graftin 
fruit  trees,  who,  although  they  are  capable  of  set- 
ting buds  or  cions,  are  at  the  same  time  so  igno- 
rant of  this  disease  among  peach  trees,  as  to  b 
unable  to  detect  it,  they  may  do  an  injury  to  in- 
dividuals who  employ  them,   which   is  beyond 
their  power  to  repair.     One  of  the  surest   indica- 
tions of  this  disease  is  the  premature  ripening  of 
the  fruit.    We  have  examined  a  tree  the  week 
pa  i  of  the  lemon  peach,  the  fruit  of  which  hud 
the  appearance  of  maturity,  and  some  of  them 
were  quite  mellow,   although  the  proper  season 
for  this  fruit  to  perfect  itself  is  the  last  of  August 


or  the  fore  part  of  September.  Having  knowi. 
the  tree  mentioned  for  several  years,  and  having 
ate  the  fruit  from  it  in  fine  perfection,  in  years 
past,  we  are  of  opinion  that  the  disease  has  been 
communicated  to  it  by  a  saw  or  other  instrument 
which  had  previously  been  used  in  pruning  a  dis 
eased  tree.  As  the  peach  is  a  fruit  liked  by  most 
people  and  has  been  of  easy  cultivation  in  thi? 
country  we  entreat  horticulturists  to  make  exer- 
tions to  prevent  the  spread  of  this  fatal  disease 
which  otherwise  would  soon  destroy  all  the  trees 
in  our  vicinity. 

HORTICULTURAL. 

There  has  been  exhibited  at  the  Arcade  the. 
week  past,  several  varieties  of  fruits  of  the  sea 
son,  such  as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  apricots, 
gooseberries,  fruit  from  egg  plants,  &c.  Ma 
ny  specimens  of  fruit  were  very  fine ;  but  as  then 
were  a  great  number  of  samples,  we  omit  to  men 
lion  names. 

Apples,  white  and  red  Juneatings,  and  an  ap 
pie  said  to  be  the  river  apple,  from  the  neighbor 
hood  of  Boston,  fine  size,  rather  flat  in  shape, 
color  green,  with  red  stripes.  We  would  thank 
the  New-England  Farmer  to  inform  us  if  there  is 
such  an  apple  cultivated  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos 
ton,  and  whether  the  description  given  will  ap- 
ply to  it. 

Fears — green  chissel  or  citron  de  Carmes,  jar 
gonelle,  early  and  red  Bergamot,  summer  Bon 
chretien  and  some  other  kinds,  names  unknown. 

A  fine  ripe  fig  raised  in  this  village. 

A  few  watermelons  in  our  market  notimpo-r 
ted.  

Niagara  District  Agricultur  al  Society, 

Agreeably  to  notice,  a  meeting  was   held 
at  Mrs.  Fish's  Tavern,  in   Niagara,   on  the 
13th  July,  1831.  at  which  were  present — 
George-  Adams,  Esq.  President. 

Mr".  A.!™1'  \  Vkt  l'rtsident'- 
Mi.  J.  Lampman,      )  n;rect0T^ 
J.Clark,  K-q  P.  M.S        e         • 
i\lr  John  Gibson,  Treasurer. 
Samuel  Wood,  Esq.  Secietary. 
And  a  number  of  members  of  the  Soc;  • 

After  due  deliberation,  it  was 

Resolved.  As  a  number  of  persons  have 
been  anxious  to  become  members  of  this  so- 
ciety, particularly  in  the  town  of  Clinton, 
and  a  subsctiplion  beina  entered  into,  it  i 
necessary  that  the  amount  of  such  subscrip- 
tion should  be  paid  tome  Treasurer,  within 
one  month  to  enable  them  to  receive  the 
benefit  of  the  society. 

Resolved,  Thai  the  first  Quarterly  Meet 
ing  shall  be  held  on  Monday  of  the  second 
week  in  August  next,  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
Htnry  J.  Kilborne,  in  the  township  of  Clin- 
ton ;  the  second  meeting  on  Monday  of  the 
second  week  in  October  next,  at  Mrs  Palm- 
er's, in  YVilloughbv  ;  the  third  on  the  sec- 
ond Tuesday  in  January,  in  1S32,  at  Mr. 
W.  Dittrck's,  St.  Catharines;  and  the 
fourth  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1832,  at 
Mr.  Hopkin's  tavern,  at  the  Bcaverdaras,  in 
Thorold. 

Resolved,  That  the  first  Semi-annual 
FAIR,  Sic.  shall  be  held  at  Killborne's  ta- 
vern, in  Clinton,  on  the  first  Monday  in  No- 
vember next ;  and  the  second  at  W.  Dit- 
trick's  Hotel,  St.  Catharines,-«n  the  second 
Monday  in  May,  1832. 

Resolved,  That  an  extra  meeting  shall  bf 


VoK  1.— No.  32. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


2r»l 


held  at  \V.  Dittrick's,  in  St.  Catharines,  on 
the  first  Saturday  in  October  next,  for  the 
purpose  of  deciding  upon  the  amount  of 
Premiums  to  be  offered  at  the  said  Fairs, 
&c. 

Resolved,  That  the  Treasurer  be  directed 
to  pay  to  the  Proprietor  of  the  "Genesee 
Farmer,"  published  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.  the 
sum  of  £2,  for  four  copies,  weekly,  of  that 
publication,  to  be  addressed  and  forwarded 
as  follows,  viz  : — one  to  James  Cummings, 
Esq.  Chippawa;  one  to  Mr.  John  M'Far- 
land,  Niagara  ;  one  to  Dr.  Cyrus  Sumner, 
Clinton;  (Grimsby  P-  O.)  and  one  to 
George  Adams,  Esq.  St.  Catharines.  Said 
papers  to  remain  in  the  care  of  the  officers 
to  whom  they  are  addressed,  for  the  sole 
benefit  of  the  society  ;  and  no  member  to 
be  allowed  the  perusal  of  each  paper  more 
than  two  days  at  a  lime. 

Resolved,  That  subscription  papers  be  for- 
warded to  the  Vice  Presidents  and  Direct- 
ors uf  the  Society,  throughout  the  District, 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  £50  required 
by  the  Statute. 

GEO.  ADAMS,  President. 

Sam'l.  Wood,  Secretary. 

MR.  COKE  OF  NORFOLK — THE  GREAT  ENG- 
LISH farmer. 
The  New-York  Enquirer,  after  complain- 
ing that  this  distinguished  member  of  the 
English  commonalty  should,  as  report  says 
of  him,  accept  a  peerage,  adds  some  memo- 
randa of  his  enterprise  and  success  as  an  ag- 
riculturist. The  statements,  we  presume, 
are  substantially,  if  not  perfectly  correct,  as 
they  correspond  to  what  we  have  learned 
from  other  sources. 

A  good  deal  has  been  said  lately  in  our 
papers,  about  the  cost  of  elections  in  Eng- 
land; perhaps  the  case  of  Mr.  Coke  may 
not  be  generally  known  ;  as  we  never  see  it 
mentioned,  we  suppose  this  to  be  the  case. — 
His  last  contest  for  Norfolk  cost  him  £75,- 
000,  or  about  g35').0u0.  and  once  it  cost  him 
£90,000,  or  about  §375,000.  including  ex- 
change. 

Cut  how  can  he  endure  such  enormous 
expenditures  and  what  is  the  object  reaily 
worth  ?  As  we  are  apt  to  measure  worth  in 
this  country,  the  object  is  worth  just  nothing 
at  all,  being  productive  only  of  further  and 
considerable  expense,  without  emolument 
or  profit.  Wealthy  men,  however,  in  that 
country  as  in  this,  love  power,  and  are  wil- 
ling to  pay  for  it;  love  to  lay  out  their  mon- 
ey on  something — no  matter  what — which 
other  people  cannot  afford.  Hence  the  ge- 
ometrical ratio  in  which  diamonds  are  esti- 
mated ;  hence  the  value  of  a  white  elephant 
in  the  East,  even  to  a  monarch;  hence  the 
extravagant  price  we  pay  for  cashmere 
shawls,  blohd  laces,  &c.  k.c. — no  one  of 
which  would  be  thought  half  as  beautiful,  if 
they  cost  but  half  as  much.  But  how  can 
Mr.  Coke  afford  to  throw  away  so  much  mo- 
ney ?  Simply  because  he  is  a  great  farmer, 
who  has  lived  long  enough  to  enjoy  the  re- 
sults of  experiments  made  in  his  youth, — to 
eat  of  the  tree  that  his  hands  planted  half  a 
century  ago.  When  he  came  into  possess- 
ion of  the  estate  he  ^as  poor,  and  the  estate 
poorer.  The  whole  was  not  worth  £2,000 
a  year ;  what  it  is  now,  he  himself  has  made 
it.  There  were  11,000  acres  of  land  lying 
waste,  which  had  been  let  for  three  shillings 
an  acre.  When  the  lease  expired,  the  man 
who  had  it  would  not  offer  more  than  two 
shillings  an  acre  for  arenewal.    "  No,"  said 


Mr.  C,  "I  will  keep  it  to  breed  pheasants 
and  game  in — it  will  be  worth  more  than 
two  shillings  an  acre  to  my  friends,  if  not  to 
me."  The  man  would  give  no  more,  and 
Mr.  Coke  went  forthwith  to  planting  oak, 
larch,  and  sweet  chesnut,  as  they  call  it  there, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  horse  chesnut — o- 
ver  the  whole  of  his  magnificent  reserve. — 
He  persisted,  year  after  year,  until  he  had 
covered  the  whole  ;  and  when  he  came  to 
to  be  married,  it  was  valued  by  competent 
appraisers,  with  a  view  to  the  marriage  set- 
tlement, at  £220,000.  In  the  county  of 
Norfolk,  he  owns  over  60,000  acres  of  land, 
either  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation  or 
well  worked;  5000  acres  of  which  he  actu- 
ally farms  out  on  his  own  account, — it  is  e- 
leven  miles  round  his  park.  When  he  be- 
gan to  revolutionize  Holkham,  fifty  years  a- 
go,  it  cost  him  ten  thousand  dollars  a  year 
for  timber  to  keep  his  fences  and  buildings 
in  repair,  (apart  from  his  own  house,  that 
being  a  palace,  and  fitted  for  the  wear  and 
tear  of  centuries  ;)  but  within  the  last  eigh- 
teen years,  he  is  not  only  able  to  supply  him- 
self with  timber,  but  to  sell  about  twenty 
thousand  dollars  worth  of  poles  every  year, 
from  clearings  which  are  continually  made, 
where  the  smaller  growths  get  crowded,  or 
the  larger  trees  interfere  with  one  another. 
For  the  last  twenty  years,  he  has  regularly 
planted  one  hundred  acres,  every  yeai,  with 
timber  trees.  He  has  five  regular  auctions 
a  year,  and  puts  up  these  poles  in  lots  of  260. 
The  timber  is  in  high  credit,  and  the  sales 
average  about  §4000  each,  of  820.000  a 
year.  The  monthly  expenses  of  his  estab- 
lishment at  Holkham,  is  about  §5000  ;  keeps 
70  servants,  45  being  men  servants.  In  a 
word,  he  is  thebttilder  of  his  own  private  for- 
tunes— a  .strong-minded,  straight-forward, 
useful  man,  a  self-made  philosopher,  and 
what  is  more,  a  practical  farmer;  living  un- 
der that  extraordinary  system  of  poor  laws, 
where  men  are  bribed  to  pauperism  and  pre- 
cipitate marriage,  he  has  contrived  to  keep 
the  while  counttv,  fir  and  wide,  in  a  healthy 
state,  by  the  mere  in  uence  of  a  quiet  and 
sober  example.  What  had  such  a  man  to  do 
with  a  peerage? 

From  thn  Western  ''louyh  Boy. 
Mr.  Editor: — In  your  last  Ploughboy, 
I  observed  ,ui  interrogatory  ;  *'  has  no  gen- 
tleman in  St.  Louis,  the  Buffalo  Berry  ?" — 
There  is  one  in  my  garden,  about  four  years 
old,  which  has  not  yet  produced  a  single 
berry.  Dr.  Farrar  has  several  of  these 
shrubs  older,  and  perhaps,  ijaay  bear  this 
year.  If  you  know  of  any  persons  "ho  wish 
to  cultivate  the  grape,  such  as  the  "  Cape," 
"  Red  Madeira,"  Arkansas,  and  a  grape  of 
good  character,  from  El  Passo,  a  village  be- 
tween Santa  Fe  and  Durango,  they  may  have 
them  from  me  gratis,  next  November.  I 
should  have  timely  notice,  through  you.  I 
have  been  obliged  to  distribute  most  of  my 
collection.  The  balance  on  hand  I  wish  to 
give  those  who  will  make  good  use  of  them, 
and  divide  with  their  neighbors.  Would  to 
God  our  agriculturists  would  attend  more 
to  many  articles  you  have  named  in  your  val- 
uable paper.  The  gooseberry  and  currant 
make  valuable  and  cheap  wines.  The  Eng- 
lish make  more  champaigne  wine  from  their 
gooseberries,  than  the  French  from  their 
grapes,  and  a  most  elegant  imitation.  I 
would  engage  100  slips  of  the  large  English 
gooseberry  next  November,  on  the  same 
terms  as  the  grape  slips,  to  any  person  who 
will  engage  earnestly  in  the  business.  They 
i 


are  the  genuine  kind  for  making  cham- 
paigne wine,  green  and  delicious  when  ripe, 
and  as  large  as  hickory  nuts.  Some  of  the 
bushes  have  now  upwards  of  half  a  bushel 
on  each.  They  do  not  grow  as  large  as  the 
wild,  or  native  bush,  nor  are  they  as  hardy 
as  in  England.  A. 

St.  Louis,  June  24,  1831. 

From  the  Western  Ploughboy. 

Mr.  Sawyer  : — In  the  fore  part  of  May 
last,  I  had  a  valuable  horse  seized  with  the 
botts,  and  in  a  few  moments  was  evidently 
in  the  greatest  agony  imaginable.  My  wife 
immediately  referred  me  to  the  cure  publish- 
ed in  the  second  number,  page  sixteen  of 
the  Ploughboy.  I  immediately  tried  it,  but 
was  compelled  to  sweeten  the  milk  with  su- 
gar. In  a  few  moments  after  I  drenched 
my  horse  with  about  three  pints  of  it,  he  ev- 
idently was  better  and  relieved  of  his  dis- 
tress ,  got  up,  shook  himself,  and  whicker- 
ed after  ether  horses. 

At  this  time  a  horse  doctor  arrived,  whom 
I  had  previously  sent  for,  and  like  a  bold 
Jacksonian,  said  he  went  the  'whole  hog' 
for  the  spirits  of  turpentine.  I  told  him  I 
thought  the  horse  better,  but  leit  it  for  him 
to  say,  as  I  was  no  horse  doctor.  He  insis- 
ted on  giving  :he  spirits  of  turpentine  by 
drenching.  My  horse's  head. was  then  rein- 
ed up,  and  a  half  pint  of  the  spirits  turpen- 
tine poured  into  his  right  nostril,  (as  he  re- 
fused to  swallow  it  when  turned  into  his 
month)  and  the  effect  was  distressing.  I  ob- 
served to  the  doctor,  the  turpentine  would  be 
most  likely  to  go  into  his  lungs  while  his 
head  was  in  that  position;  but  the  reply  was 
no;  with  a  nod  of  wisdom,  as  if  the  gods  di- 
rected him.  But,  alas  !  for  my  poor  horse ! 
The  application  was  a  fatal  one.  He  was 
seized  while  in  the  hand  of  the  know-eve- 
ry- thing,  and  yet  know-nothing  doctor, 
with  a  distressing  cough  ;  it  continued,  and 
on  the  fourth  or  fifth  day,  his  lungs  were  in 
a  high  state  of  inflammation,  his  breathing 
was  laborious,  his  eyes  were  glassy,  his  thirst 
insupportable,  his  hoofs  dry  and  crumbling, 
his  mine  began  to  fall  off.thin  stranguary  en- 
sued, dimness  of  sight  stiffnpssof  the  joints, 
serous  blisters  were  on  various  parts  of  his 
body,  deafness,  suffusion  of  mucus  in  the 
bronchia  or  windpipe,  total  blindness  and 
death.  Thus  ended  the  services  of  a  most 
valuable  horse,  th?t  fell  a  victim  to  the  ca- 
price of  a  braggadocio  mountebank.  Let 
the  owners  of  property  be  careful,  who  they 
employ  to  doctor  their  horses,  as  well  as 
themselves  and  families. 

Since  the  death  of  my  horse,  1  have  con- 
versed with  a  very  intelligent  man,  who  tells 
me  he  lost  a  very  valuable  horse  by  drench- 
ing with  spirits  of  turpentine,  in  the  same 
manner,  and  that  he  died  with  precisely  the 
same  symptoms.  He  is  a  man  of  undoubted 
veracity,  by  the  name  of  Johnson,  and  lives 
in  this  county. 

N.  B.  I  have  tried  the  milk  and  honey  of 
late  in  a  case  of  botts.  and  it  produced  im- 
mediate relief.  I  believe  it  to  be  an  infalli- 
ble remedy  when  followed  with  physic,  it  is 
a  remedy  that  carries  reason  with  t :  and 
no  other  should  be  made  use  of. 

Dear  Sir: — I  have  written  the  above  in 
a  great  hurry  ;  but,  if  you  think  it  worthy  the 
columns  of  your  useful  Ploughboy,  give  it  a 
place.  I  shall  be  in  Edwardsville  shortly, 
and  will  pay  you  then  for  my  paper  and  shall 
not  think  it  lost  money.  Yours, 

DANIEL  ROBERTS 

Sandy  Bluffs,  Morgan,  co.  111. 


252 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  12,  1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOB  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Troy,  July  25th,  1831. 
Mr.  Editor — Having  noticed  the  queries  of 
D.  C.  in  your  paper  of  the  23d  inst.,  respecting 
petrifactions,  hones,&c.  I  forward  thefollowing  as 
answers.  The  word  petrifaction  is  now  used,  as 
far  as  I  have  seen  it  applied,  as  it  always  has 
been,  to  indicate  a  mineral  that  presents  the  ap- 
pearance of  an  organized  body.  The  word  is 
however  sometimes  improperly  applied  to  relics 
that  have  unergone  little  or  no  change — as  we 
hear  of  petrified  bones  and  shells  from  tertiary, 
many  of  which  are  not  petrifactions. 

Organic  relics  are  the  forms  or  remains  of  an- 
imals or  vegetables,  found  in  the  earth.  They 
are  divided  by  Writers  on  this  subject  into  petri- 
factions and  preservations,  and  some  add  impres- 
sions. 

Petrifactions  comprehend  all  earthly  metalic  or 
saline  substances,  that  have  evidently  taken  the 
form  of  an  organized  body.  The  process  by 
which  the  mineral  matter  takes  the  place  and 
form  of  the  vegetable  or  animal,  is  readily  under- 
stood, when  we  are  acquainted  with  the  generally 
acknowledged  fact  that  the  constituents  of  the 
earth  have  been  in  a  state  of  solution  and  that  ma- 
ny of  them  are  now  in  that  state.  Suppose  the 
impress  of  a  vegetable  to  be  made  in  a  soft  clay 
that  was  becoming  indurated.  The  vegetable  is 
so  exposed  that  it  is  decomposed — i.  e.  its  con- 
stituent parts  assume  the  gaseous  form,  and  min- 
gle with  the  atmosphere — an  exact  mould  of  the 
body  remains.  A  liquid  holding  mineral  matter 
in  solution  flows  into  this  cavity — the  solvent  is 
evaporatcdand  a  solidcasting  occupies  it,  exhibit- 
ing the  exact  exterior  of  the  organized  body  which 
was  there  before.  If  it  was  the  trunk  and  branch- 
es of  a  tree,  the  appearance  of  knots  and  bark 
would  be  seen  on  the  exterior  of  the  stone.  But 
if  this  be  broken  it  will  exhibit  none  of  the  inter- 
nal organization  of  a  vegetable  but  all  the  char- 
acteristics of  a  real  stone.  But  we  often  find  pet- 
rified trees  exhibiting  all  the  internal  structure  of 
the  vegetable,  so  completely,  that  if  cut  trans- 
versely we  readily  distinguish  the  concentric 
rings  which  in  the  living  vegetable,  indicated  its 
annual  growth. 

To  account  for  this,  suppose  a  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal substance  to  be  immersed  in  a  liquid  contain- 
ing mineral  matter,  while  the  process  of  decom- 
position is  going  on, — then  as  each  particle  of  or- 
ganic matter  is  resolved  into  air  and  disap- 
pears, a  stony  particle  replaces  it.  "Thus  parti- 
cle after  particle  the  stony  substance  gradually 
occupies  the  spaces  left  vacant  by  the  progressive 
decay  of  the  vegetable  or  animal,  and  by  being 
moulded  in  these  cavities  it  copies  feature  for  fea- 
ture the  contexture  of  the  organic  body." 

Preservations  or  remains  are  those  organic  rel- 
ics, that  have  undergone  little  or  no  change.  They 
consist  principally  of  bones  which  having  been 
deprived  of  the  skin  and  flesh  that  covered  them, 
remain  buried  in  the  earth,  or  concealed  in  deep 
caverns.  Such  as  will  bear  the  action  of  the  at- 
mosphere without  crumbling,  it  has  been  observ- 
ed, are  impregnated  with  iron  cither  in  the  state 
of  a  hydrate,  carbonate,  or  sulphurct.  These  re- 
tain most  of  their  original  constituents  except  the 
gellatin  the  place  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  im- 
pregnation. These  are  partly  preservations  and 
;n  part  substitutions. 


Impressions  are  found  betweeen  the  layers  of 
ertain  slaty  rocks;  they  are  the  relevos  or  moulds 
representing  some  animal  skeletons,  particularly 
fishes,  leaves,  reeds,  and  ferns.      Impressions  of 
ferns  have  this  peculiarity.      If  on  opening  a 
seam,  one  of  the  layers  presents  a  depressed  print 
of  the  back  of  a  frond,  the  other  will  not  have  the 
impression  of  the  opposite,  but  the  relevo  of  the 
same  side.    Brungnieres  explains  this  by  sup- 
posing the  fern  to  have  been  laid  on  the  surface 
of  the  lower  laminae  when  it  was  in  the  state  of 
soft  clay.     The  clay  become  hard, — the  fern  is 
decomposed,  another  deposit  of  soft  or  semifluid 
kind  was  made  above  this,  which  filled  the  lriould. 
To  this  upper  deposit  is  attached  the  relevo  im- 
pression which  seems  to  be  incorporated  with  it. 
The  petrifying  process  is  going  on  in   various 
parts  of  the  world,  at  the  present  day,   but  the 
substitutions  arc  principally  calcareous,  that  we  are 
acquainted  with.      Water  passing  through  the 
earth  becomes  charged  in  some  unknown  manner 
with  carbonic  acid,  and  when  so  charged  has   the 
property  of  dissolving  the.  carbonate  of  lime.      If 
water  so  charged  passes  through  or  comes  in  con 
tact  with  lime  rock,  a  portion  of  the  rock  is  dis- 
j  solved,  but  when  exposed  to  air,  or  if  its  tempera' 
ture    be   reduced,   the   water  loses   its  carbonic 
acid,  and  then   it  can  no  longer  hold  the  lime  in 
solution,  but  deposites  it  in  the  solid  state.      Of 
this  kind  are  all  those  deposites  called  calcareous 
tufa,  stalactites  stalagmites,  &c.     The  high  rock 
at  Saratoga  is  a  formation  of  this  kind.     If  this 
carbonate  of  lime  be  deposited  on  decaying  veget- 
ables, it  will  take  their  forms  as  they  disappear. 
The  trees,  moss,  &c.,  at  Chittenango  are  exam- 
ples. 

Respecting  hones :  The  vulgar  error  that  they 
are  made  of  petrified  wood  is  very  generally  enter- 
tained. Lough  Neagh  hones  are  thrown  in  wood, 
and  come  out  stones,  the  Irishmen  say ;  and  the 
Scotch  have  water  possessing  similar  properties. 
This  seems  to  have  originated  in  Ireland,  from 
the  circmstance  of  finding  near  Lough  Neagh  pet- 
rified trees.  The  idea  of  the  waters  possessing  a 
petrifying  quality  has  been  ridiculed  by  some 
men  of  science  and  advocated  by  others.  Noth- 
ing is  known  that  can  substantiate  it.  The  find- 
ing of  petrified  trees  at  Drogheda  proves  nothing 
They  may  have  lain  there  thousands  of  years. 

One  point  is  certain,  that  hones  are  not  usually 
made  of  petrified  wood,  but  of  a  mineral  called 
Novaculite,  which  owes  its  power  of  whetting  or 
sharpening  instruments  to  the  fine  silicious  partic- 
les it  contains.  Various  other  mineralsarcused  for 
the  same  purpose. 

Respecting  fish  and  frogs  at  Trenton  falls  in  a 
petrified  state,  there  are  none.  But  the  forms  of 
encrinites,  tribolites,  &c,  in  abundance.  The 
cylindrical  petrifactions  in  birdseye  marble  are 
encrinites.  B. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE   FARMER. 

My  knowledge  of  cherries  is  not  very  exten- 
sive, as  then:  arc  several  kinds  in  great  repute 
which  I  have  not  seen. 

Om  earliest  is  tile  early  May,  small,  red,  and 
acid.  The  early  Richmond  scarcely  differs,  ex- 
cept in  being  later,  larger,  and  growing  on  a  finer 
tree.  Both  these  kinds  should  be  in  evciy  fruit 
garden  ;  and  near  them  ought  to  stand  the  (Kent- 
ish Vy.ommon  redpyc  cherry,  which  again  is  a  still 
larger  and  later  variety  of  the  same  species-.    An 


intermediate  kind  in  regard  to  lime,  is  wanted  to 
come  in  between  this  sort  and  the  early  Richmond 
But  of  sweet  cherries  we  have  such  intermedi- 
ate kinds.  The  white  Tartarian  is  a  great  bear- 
er, and  only  part  of  the  fruit  becomes  perfect,  but 
this  part  is  very  delicious.  The  Hack  caroon  is 
also  a  good  cherry. 

Our  largest  is  the  black  Tartarian — fine — but 
to  my  taste  inferior  to  the  May  Duke.  I  refer  to 
the  latter  however,  only  when  full  ripe,  and  theii 
— which  rarely  happens,- — it  is  higher  flavored 
than  any  cherry  which  I  know.  This  may  al- 
ways be  known  by  the  fruit  ripening  in  patches, 
or  by  some  branches  presenting  ripe  fruit  long  be- 
fore others. 

The  white-heart  is  particularly  sweet.  The 
carnation,  like  the  Morettn,  is  late,  acid,  and 
scarcely  fit  for  the  table  without  some  prepara- 
tion, except  to  peculiar  tastes.  Both  these  cher- 
jries  however,  are  very  rich  and  high  flavored  in 
]  the  form  of  preserves. 

Who  will  tell  us  about  the  other  kinds  1 

D.  T. 

Jjp  The  "  P.  S."  to  the  communication  of"  D 
T.",  published  in  No.  31,  page  245,  was  aceiden 
tally  left  out: 

P.  S.  In  No.  28 of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  I  have- 
said  "  it  appears  in  most  if  not  all  cases  that 
the  wrinkling  of  the  leaf  is  caused  by  frost."  Al- 
luding to  events  that  only  happen  in  spring,  this 
expression  inadvertently  escaped  me,  and  ought 
to  have  been  limited  to  the  period  of  late  vernal 
frosts.  '  In  summer  we  have  too  much  evidence 
that  "  when  the  envenomed  leaf  begins  to  curl"  it 
is  infested  by  insects;  and  the  skilful  gardener 
will  be  at  once  on  the  alert. 

Let  me  correct  a  typographical  error  in  the 
same  No.  of  your  Journal.  P  is  never,  properly 
employed  in  the  name  of  Thomson  the  poet.  Our 
library  once  contained  a  copy  of  The  Seasons 
printed  in  the  year  1*30,  eighteen  years  before 
his  death;  it  was  spelled  Thomson  then ;  and  in 
every  cor  red  edition  since,  the  same  spelling  ha? 
been  continued.  D.  T. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

CX.  presents  his  acknowledgments  to  "  A  Nov 
ice,"  and  assures  him  that  he  lives  in  perfect 
"  charily''  both  with  those  who  attend  horticultu- 
ral shows  and  with  our  printers.  His  motives 
are  friendly;  and  he  wishes  them  not  to  lose  the 
respect  due  to  them  by  carelessness  and  inatten 
tion. 

If  the  name  of  a  plant  is  not  known  by  the  ex- 
hibitcr,  and  no  botanist  happens  to  be  present, 
who  can  tell,  let  it  be  mentioned  in  some  genera! 
terms  without  giving  a  name,  so  indefinite,  or  so 
erroneously  spelled,  as  to  mean  nothing. 

When  a  plant,  like  the  pheasant  eye  pink  of 
the  Rensselaer  Exhibition,  bears  an  extraordinary 
number  of  flowers,  it  would  be  well  to  write  tho 
number  in  words  at  length  to  prevent  mistakes,  as 
the  addition  of  one  little  cypher  (as  perhaps  in 
that  case)  may  excite  undue  astonishment. 


There  were  two  misprints  in  my  last  articlo 
p.  237,  col.  1. 
For  caryophtUus  read  earyoph«llus. 

lilly  and  lillies  reaii  Idy  and  lilies. 
And   I   will  now  supply  two  omissions  of  my 
own  in  the  same  article. 

Albany  Horticultural  Society. 
"  July  5. — 2  Caledonian  lilies."    Neithcf  Scot. 


Vol.  1 No.  32. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


25f» 


Rind  nor  even  the  island  of  Great  Britain  has  any 
species,  of  Lilium  indigenous  to  its  soil.  It  will 
thereforcbe  very  safcto  read  2  Chakcdanian  lilies, 
which  in  the  open  ground  might  be  in  flower  a- 
bout  that  time. 

New-  York  Horticultural  Soci-  Iij. 
"July  19."  Under  this  date,  the  lists  of  flowers 
are  very  intelligibly  reported  with  few  exceptions ; 
and  I  highly  approve  of  the  distinction  between 
Green  luiase  and  hardy  plants.  I  must  be  allow- 
ed to  ask  however,  if  the  plant  from  South  Amer- 
ica called  Datura  stramonium  is  not  Datura,  ar- 
borea  ?  The  latter  with  a  white  fragrant  flower  of 
nearly  one  foot  in  length  is  very  ornamental; 
while  the  former  though  it  is  widely  scattered  over 
the  globe,  has  not  undergone  much  change  for 
the  better;  and  but  few  who  have  seen  it  on  our 
road  sides  or  waste  places,  would  think  of  remov- 
ing it  with  all  its  rankness,  to  a  Green  house.  Q. 


SELECTIONS. 


FLAX  AND  HEMP. 

(Continued  from  page  246.) 

We  give  our  readers  this  week  an  extract  from 
Mr.  Besnard's  Journal,  as  presented  to  the  trus- 
tees of  the  linen  and  hemp  board  of  Ireland.  We 
have  selected  the  last  part  of  his  journal,  as  touch- 
ing more  particularly  upon  the  subjects  of  manu- 
facturing the  finest  yarns  from  flax,  which  had 
ripened  its  seed,  and  the  importance  attached  by 
Mr.  Besnard,  to  the  mode  of  management  adopt- 
ed by  the  Dutch ;  also  the  value  of  some  of  their 
fine  yarns  as  known  in  the  market. 

From  Alast  proceeded  on  Saturday  to  Ant- 
werp, where  I  remained  Sunday,  and  on 
Monday  visited  La  Blancherie  Royale  near 
that  city,  which  was  erected  by  Philip, 
King  of  Spain,  when  in  possession  of  Ant- 
werp ;  at  this  concern  I  was  shown  by  the 
proprietor  every  process  of  bleaching  the 
finest  yarn  used  in  the  makingof  thread  lace 
in  France  and  Flanders,  as  at  the  bleach- 
ground  in  Cainbray;  every  operation  is  per- 
formed without  the  aid  of  machinery,  and 
the  yarn  washed  by  women,  who  sit  in  small 
boxes  by  the  side  of  the  river,  and  while 
washing,  are  perfectly  secure  from  wet.  All 
yam  bleached  for  lace  is  previously  twisted 
from  the  spools  on  which  it  is  spun,  and 
made  into  very  short  skeins,  carefully  lay 
and  water-banded.  In  every  operation  of 
whitening  this  yarn  the  greatest  care  is  ta- 
ken, and  the  bleach-ground,  which  is  laid 
down  in  planets,  is  kept  close  cut  at  all  times, 
and  the  yarn  watered  morning  and  evening 
with  scoops.  The  boilers  in  this  establish- 
ment are  all  small,  and  not  capable  of  hold- 
ing more  than  one  cwt.  of  yarn  each,  yet  the 
proprietor  told  me  he  has  had  in  one  of  them 
10,000  florins  value  of  yarn  at  a  time.  The 
boilers  are  of  hammered  brass,  kept  perfect- 
ly clean,  with  close  covers  that  have  vent 
holes  to  let  off  the  steam,  and  in  the  process 
of  boiling  the  yarn  is  placed  in  a  thin  sheet; 
exclusive  of  boiling,  this  yarn  receives  the 
buck  and  gentle  steeping  in  weak  warm  lye ; 
it  is  in  all  cases  finished  by  a  steep  in  new 
milk,  which  is  here  considered  actually  ne- 
cessary to  give  it  the  clear  white,  for  which 
all  yarn  for  lace  made  in  France  and  Flan- 
ders is  distinguished.  The  extreme  delica- 
cy of  this  yarn  rendering  it  impossible  to 
wring  it  in  the  usual  way  of  other  yarn,  it  is 
placed  in  a  coarse  cloth  resembling  a  sai- 
lor's hammock,  both  ends  of  which  are  fas- 
"tenedtotwo  very  large  irons  fixed   in  pots, 


one  of  them  standing,  and  tbe  other  movea- 
ble, like  a  common  ring;  at  the  moveable 
end  is  a  kind  of  fly-wheel  attached  to  the 
moveable  hook  ;  from  which  wheel  there  are 
projecting  pins  or'sticks,  like  cogs  of  a  wheel : 
when  the  yarn  is  carefully  placed  in  rows  in 
the  bag  or  cloth,  the  fly-wheel  is  turned,  and 
as  the  pressure  becomes  greater  at  every 
turn,  two  men  tread,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
wheel,  on  the  projecting  pins  or  cogs,  and  so 
give  their  whole  weight  to  the  fly,  until  by 
degrees  they  squeeze  the  yarn  perfectly  dry, 
and  likewise  give  it  a  degree  of  softness, 
without  in  the  least  injuring  it.  The  pot- 
ashes used  in  boiling  and  bucking  this  yarn 
is  at  all  times  best  sweet  Alicant  Barilla, 
which  is  pounded  and  sifted  through  a  cop- 
per sieve.  The  proprietor  having  told  me 
that  he  only  bleached  the  yarn,  and  that  it 
was  finished  and  made  up  for  sale  by  a 
person  in  the  city  of  Antwerp,  I  called  at 
the  manufactory  and  purchased  a  small 
quantity  of  the  yarn  for  the  inspection  of  the 
Honorable  Board,  and  which  is  sold  at  the 
rate  of  £47,786  13s  8d.  per  ton.  The  yarn 
which  I  purchased  is  not  of  the  finest  kind, 
but  I  have  every  reason  to  suppose,  from 
the  inquiries  I  made,  that  it  was  spun  from 
flax  that  had  given  seed,  a  strong  proof  that 
allowing  flax  to  seed  is  no  injury  to  its  qual- 
ity, if  all  the  after-operations  be  duly  atten- 
ded to. 

From  Antwrrp  proceeded  to  Dordrecht, 
where  I  inspected  several  oil  mills,  in  which 
large  quantities  of  the  linseed  saved  iu  that 
neighborhood  is  consumed. 

From  Dordrecht  visited  the  villages  of 
Swyndrecht  and  S'Gravendaol,  and  exam- 
ined several  cargoes  of  flax,  of  this  year's 
growth,  from  Zealand,  particularly  some 
grown  in  the  vicinity  of  Zirczee  and  Tar- 
goes  ;  this  flax  was  of  an  excellent  quality, 
was  brought  in  large  sailing  vessels  direct 
from  the  field,  and  had  on  it  the  seed,  which 
is  never  rippled  until  it  reaches  the  Boer's 
barn  ;  in  transporting  this  article  from  Zea- 
land, the  greatest  care  is  taken  by  every 
person  employed,  and  every  sheaf  is  count- 
ed into  the  Boer's  wagon.  Numerous  crafts 
are  employed  in  this  business,  which  is  con- 
sidered one  of  great  importance  to  the  coun- 
try, and  fast  extending,  and  it  is  to  be  pre- 
sumed must  be  a  profitable  one,  as  a  great- 
er number  of  wealthy  Boers,  who  reside  be- 
tween Dordrecht  and  Rotterdam,  are  at  pre- 
sent extensively  engaged  in  that  branch  o{ 
cultivation,  many  of  them  having  this  sea- 
son grown  in  Zealand  from  30  to  40  mark- 
ens  of  flax,  which  measure  as  nearly  equal 
to  an  acre  and  a  half  English,  and  for  which 
they  pay  at  the  rate  of  £10  English  per 
marken.  For  one  season  one  of  the  most 
intelligent  of  the  flax  Boers  informed  me, 
that,  without  rent,  the  charges  for  sowing, 
weeding,  pulling,  drying,  freight,  rippling, 
and  clean,  on  anaverage,were  about  16rf,  per 
stone  of  6$  lbs,  the  entire  of  which  goes  a- 
mongst  the  peasantry,  embracing  every  age 
of  both  sexes,  and  is,  in  the  flax  district,  their 
principal  dependence. 

On  Thursday,  the  8th  of  August,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  village  of  Rysoort,  situated 
between  Dordrecht  and  Rotterdam,  and 
which  may  be  justly  styled,  the  centre  of  the 
flax  country  of  Holland,  not  only  from  the 
quantities  of  that  article  grown  in  its  imme- 
diate neighborhood.but  because  three-fourths 
of  the  flax  grown  in  Zealand  is  conveyed 
there  from  the  field,  when  sufiicently  dry, 
to  undergo  the  various  processes  of  rippling, 


steeping,  &c.  Having  remained  in  this  part 
of  the  country  for  four  days,  the  entire  of 
which  time  I  devoted  to  visits  among  the  flax 
Boers  and  peasantry,  who  were  engaged  in 
every  process  of  flax  preparation  (from  rip- 
pling to  bringing  it  to  the  break  and  swin- 
gle,) I  had  ample  leisure  to  obtain  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  detail  of  every  process, 
which  I  humbly  hope  I  shall  be  able  to  com- 
municate in  such  a  manner  as  may  be  satis- 
factory to  your  Honorable  Board.  The  time 
chosen  for  staying  among  the  flax  farmers 
in  and  about  Rysoort  was  the  most  favorable 
that  could  possibly  be  selected,  for  all  were 
performing  every  different  process;  and 
having  in  Flanders  and  France  (where  the 
crops  are  from  ten  to  twelve  days  earlier) 
seen  similar  operations  I  had  an  opportunity 
of  judging  of  the  merits  of  the  different  sys- 
tems. Here  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  state,  that 
for  regularity  and  method,  in  every  opera- 
tion, the  plan  pursued  by  the  Dutch  Boers 
is  to  be  preferred  to  any  other.  In  all  cases 
kheir  mode  of  saving  seed  has  decidedly  the 
preference  in  my  estimation ;  and  it  may  be 
necessary  to  add,  and  to  impress  on  the 
minds  of  the  flax  cultivators  in  Ireland,  who 
sow  that  plant  as  an  article  of  general  com- 
merce, that,  without  the  seed,  the  Dutch 
Boers  would  consider  their  business  a  very 
unprofitable  one.  It  is  generally  computed, 
that  after  all  expenses  of  rippling,  &tc.  the 
seed  leaves  at  least  from  £3  to  £9  the  Eng- 
lish acre  ;  and  one  of  the  most  convincing 
proofs  that  can  be  adduced  in  favor  of  the 
Dutch  mode  of  flax  cultivation  is,  that  all 
the  growers  are  independent,  and  many  of 
them  have,  within  a  few  years,  risen  from 
very  humble  beginnings  to  considerable 
wealth.  In  the  progress  of  my  several  tours 
through  the  countries  which  I  have  visited, 
I  made  it  a  particular  point  to  examine  with 
care  and  attention,  the  soil  in  which  flax  is 
grown,  and  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  whether 
these  places  possessed  any  local  advantages 
for  the  cultivation  of  that  plant,  which  were 
not  also  possessed  by  the  growers  in  Ireland  ; 
as  far  as  my  humble  judgment  serves,  I 
could  not  observe  on  this  mission,  nor  call  to 
mind  from  the  experience  of  many  years, 
that  the  south  of  Ireland  does  not  possess 
every  requisite  to  admit  of  her  growing  flaK 
of  the  same  quality,  and  to  the  same  profit, 
as  is  experienced  in  Holland,  which,  howev« 
er,  cannot  be  done  without  obtaining  the 
seed,  and  presenting  the  article  to  market  in 
that  merchantable  shape,  which  must  al- 
ways insure  a  demand,  and  a  remunerating 
price. 

Why  so  general  an  opinion,  as  has  pre- 
vailed in  Ireland  for  a  series  of  years,  that 
flax  which  gives  seed  i»  not  adapted  for  her 
fine  linens,  should  have  taken  place,  I  can- 
not conjecture,  nor  is  it  here  necessary  for 
me  to  dwell  on  ;  but  I  can  undertake  to  as- 
sert, without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  I 
have  seen  on  this  tour,  flax,  the  growth  of 
Holland,  Zealand,  Brabant,  Flanders,  and 
France,  which  has  given  seed,  fully  equa! 
in  quality  to  what  is  grown  in  other  countries, 
and  applied  to  the  manufacture  of  articles  of 
as  fine  a  texture  as  any  made  in  Ireland.— 
In  a  word,  the  growers  of  flax,  in  any  of  tbe 
countries  I  have  named,  would  be  consider- 
ed as  persons  void  of  common  understand  - 
ing,  did  they  not  partake  of  every  advant- 
age and  benefit  which  nature  gives  to  the 
flax  crop,  or,  in  other  terms,  if  they  did  not 
save  the  seed  with  the  same  care,  as  is  usual= 
ly  bestowed  on  every  description  of  grain. 


254 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August    12,   1833 


In  thus  submitting  my  opinions,  which  I 
feel  myself  called  on  to  do  in  obedience  to 
the  instructions  of  your  Honorable  Board,  I 
wish  to  be  understood  as  by  no  means  rec- 
ommending, that  the  cultivators  of  flax  gra- 
e rally,  particularly  those  in  the  North  of  Ire- 
land, where  the  linen  trade  is  of  vital  impor- 
tance, should  vary  from  the  plan  they  have 
hitherto  pursued,  until  they  have  had /kM  and 
ampleproofs  by  practical  experience,  that  flax 
may  be  rendered  suitable  for  the  finest  Lin 
ens,  and  at  the  same  time  yield  seed.  To 
accomplish  this  object  I  would  again  respect 
fully  suggest,  that  some  arrangement  be 
made  by  your  Honorable  Board  to  introduce 
in  different  districts  the  plan  of  cultivating 
flax  as  practised  universally  throughout  the 
Netherlands — a  system  that  affords  the  in- 
dustrious farmer  a  full  remuneration  for  his 
labor  and  capital,  and  gives  employment  to 
thousands  of  the  laboring  poor,  which,  if  at- 
tainable, in  the  present  state  of  the  peasant- 
ry in  the  west  and  south  of  Ireland,  would 
be  of  the  greatest  moment.  Annexed  to  the 
report,  which  1  have  now  the  honor  to  pie- 
sent  to  vour  Honorable  Board.  1  have  given. 
under  the  head  of  observations,  a  detail  of 
the  mode  practised  throughout  the  entire  of 
Holland,  ike.  in  every  process  of  cultivation, 
and  treatment  of  the  flax  plant,  from  the  sow- 
ing of  the  seed  until  it  was  prepaied  for  mar- 
ket. In  thus  following  the  instructions  of 
your  Honorable  Board,  i  learned  that  per 
niitting  the  flax  plant  to  seed  is  not  only 
found  to  be  of  the  highest  importance  by  the 
cultivators,  as  a  matter  of  profit  in  that  re- 
spect, but  is  likewise  considered  as  adding 
much  to  its  tension  and  produce  of  material, 
if  properly  steeped  and  treated  in  the  after- 
processes  :  under  this  impression,  whilst  on 
my  tour,  I  took  the  liberty  of  addressing 
your  Honorable  Board,  ann  of  suggesting  to 
you  such  matters  as  then  seemed  to  ine  like- 
ly to  further  the  objects  your  Honorable 
Board,  has  always  had  in  view,  that  of  pro- 
moting the  general  interest  of  the  linen  trade 
of  Ireland,  by  improving  the  cultivation  of 
flax  ;  and  I  have  now  only  to  hope,  that  my 
humble  efforts  in  your  service  in  theNetherr 
lands,  may  meet  your  approbation. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be, 
My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, 
Your  most  ob't  humble  serv't, 

PETER  BESNARD. 
To  the  Right  Hun.  the  Trustees  of  the  linen 
and  hempen  manufactures. 
•      '       '•       I 

From  llie  DJ.'.v  l     l'I   lid  farmer. 

THE  SHAKERS,  OR  UNITED  SOCIETY 
There  are  sixteen  Societies  of  this  pecul- 
iar denomination  in  the  United  States;  in 
Alaine.New-Hampshi  re.  Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, New  York,  Kentucky  and  Ohio. — 
There  are  in  all  of  these  societies  the  popu- 
lation of  about  5000.  Each  society  consists 
of  3  and  some  4  families  (so  called  :)  the  lar- 
gest and  most  central  Family  is  called  the 
church.  These  church  families  contain  60 
and  so  on  to  100  members.  Two  societies 
generally  constitute  what  is  called  a  bisho- 
pric; each  Bishopric  is  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  4  Elders  (2  males  and  2  females) 
whom  they  greet  with  the  title  of  Ministry. 
The  Ministry  reside  alternately  at  each 
society.  They  have  the  appointment  and 
dictation  of  all  the  other  elders  and  officers 
of  the  societies  in  their  bishopric.  Each  of 
the  churches  and  families  have  4  elders  (2 
males  and  2  females)  who  have  the  immedi- 


ate care  of  the  spiritual  concerns  of  their  re- 
spective families.  Each  church  has  2  trus- 
tees who  are  the  keepers  of  the  money,  &.c. 
belonging  to  the  church.  They  have  an  of- 
fice for  the  transaction  of  business  with  those 
who  are  not  of  the  society;  in  their  name 
are  written  all  the  deeds,  notes,  &ic,  they  al- 
so do  all  the  tradings  and  make  all  stipula- 
tions with  (what  they  call)  the  world's  peo- 
ple. Distinct  from  them  are  also  two  dea- 
cons who  have  the  management  of  the  do- 
mestic concerns  and  to  whom  the  members 
make  application  for  whatever  they  are  in 
want  of,  and  their  resources  are  supplied  by 
the  trustees.  No  individual  keeps  any  mo- 
ney— or  can  call  any  property  his  own,  but 
all  is  ceded  to  the  general  common  stock,  so 
that,  according  to  the  answer  a  young  lady 
among  them  made  to  an  inquiry,  if  she  pos- 
sessed any  property  there,  'Nothing is  mine, 
but  all  ours.' 

They  have  a  covenant  which  is  signed  by 
all  the  members  of  twenty-one  years  of  age 
and  upwards  the  purport  of  which  is — they 
resign  all  claim  as  individuals  to  any  prop- 
eitv  which  is  there  or  that  they  may  bring 
into  the  society — all  claim  to  any  remunera- 
tion for  their  services — and  they  will  devote 
and  employ  themselves  to  their  best  abili- 
ties for  the  support  and  promotion  of  the  so- 
ciety, having  secured  to  them  a  good  living 
ind  equality  so  long  as  they  remain  mem- 
bers and  no  longer.  Parents  in  general  give 
heir  children  a  small  portion  of  their  prop- 
erty, but  the  main  part  to  the  society. 

As  to  their  requirements  of  duty,  each  one 
is  left  to  judge  and  act  for  himself,  though 
in  idle,  indolent  person,  with  this  industri- 
uis  community  soon  finds  no  comfort  or  en- 
joyment and  therefore  such  ones  gener  illy 
expel  themselves.  Each  one  has  his  or  her 
allotted  employment  so  that  every  bianch 
has  its  necessary  attention  paid  to  it. 

They  have  a  numerous  list  of  order'  or 
gifts,  as  they  are  called,  with  them,  which 
they  are  very  strict  and  attentive  in  observ 
i:ig  ;  besides  the  many  relating  to  their  reli- 
gious life,  thev  have  those  of  a  temporal  na- 
ture, which  are  of  equal  importance  to  them. 

It  is  against  order  for  any  one  man  and 
woman  to  converse  or  be  together  without 
a  third.  For  any  one  to  blame  or  censure 
another  on  any  account  before  any  one  ex- 
cept their  elders,  or  expose  their  own  trials 
except  to  them  ;  it  also  against  order  to  leave 
anv  gates  open,  bars  down  or  to  permit  any 
broken  windows  to  remain  so,  which  thev 
are  very  strict  in  observing.  They  are  also 
very  strict  in  having  cleanliness  and  decen- 
cy observed  in  their  houses  and  door-yards  ; 
or  to  spit  upon  the  floor,  or  to  be  anywise 
boisterous  in  their  dwelling  houses.  They 
always  have  a  place  for  every  tool,  and  keep 
every  tool  in  its  place,  consequently  have  no- 
thinglost;  many  of  these  rules  trifling  asthey 
may  appear,  it  would  be  well  to  have  adopt 
edby  every  household  or  community.  They 
generally  have  two  dwelling  houses  in  each 
church  and  one  in  each  family  ;  those  in  each 
church  or  family  all  sit  down  at  one  table 
and  meet  three  evenings  in  a  week  together 
for  their  evening  devotions,  which  are  gen- 
erally singing,  dancing  and  a  reminding  of 
their  orders  and  gifts;  they  always  before 
these  meetings  retire  to  their  respective 
rooms  in  their  dwelling  houses  and  observe 
the  strictest  silence  for  the  space  of  half  an 
hour.  They  retire  at  9  o'clock  (all  atone 
time)  and  arise  about  4  or  5  in  the  morning. 
They  arc  very  regular  and  temperate  in  their 


diet,  having  no  extravagancies,  and  moder- 
ate in  their  habits  having  no  superfluities. 

Their  farms  and  orchards  are  in  the  high- 
est state  of  cultivation,  they  have  been  long 
noted  as  manufacturing  the  best  of  articles, 
such  as  brooms,  tubs,  seives,  Sic.  and  also 
for  raising  garden  seeds,  but  it  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at  that  the  recent  great  advance- 
ment in  horticulture  has  left  them  behind  in 
this  respect. 

They  are  very  attentive  to  company  of 
which  they  have  much  in  the  summer  sea- 
son ;  and  truly  it  is  time  pleasantly  spent  to 
visit  their  beautiful  neat  villages.  There  is 
one  in  Shirley,  Massachusetts,  which  the 
traveller  would  pronounce  he  most  pleas- 
antly situated  and  neat  village  this  state  af- 
fords ;  it  has  i  beautiful  white  church  about 
6  or  8  dwelling  houses,  and  20  or  25  other 
buildings  in  which  are  carried  on  the  van 
ous   branches  of  mechanism,  kc, 

G.  C.B. 

From  the  Plough  Boy  of  1819— Vol.  I. 
THE  MORAL  PLOUGH  BOY. 

"Go  to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard;  consider 
her  ways  and  be  wise.'— This  advice 
given  by  a  man  hose  experience  and  wis- 
dom has  commanded  the  admiration  of  the 
world  for  centuries,  cannot  be  too  rigidly  in- 
culcated. When  the  sloinlul  man  reflects  on 
the  unwearied  exertions  of  the  ants,  and 
compares  their  activity  with  his  indolence, 
the  blush  of  shame  ought  to  crimson  hi* 
cheek  :  for  the  ants  pursue  with  unabated 
zeal  their  daily  employment  merely  for  sus- 
tenance ;  the  prospect  ot  g  lin  does  not  stim 
nlate  ;  ambition  does  not  actuate,  and  none 
of  those  pom  'ul  inducement*  which  ope- 
rate upon  the  human  species,  can  have  any 
influence  upon  the  actions  of  these  insects. 
The  regularity  and  method  which  distin- 
guish the  operations  of  the  ants  are  convin- 
cing proofs  that  industry  and  perseverance 
ate  the  basis  of  civil  order  :  for  they  pursue 
without  the  smallest  inconvenience,  altho' 
living  together  in  swarms,  their  daily  occu- 
pations. A  desire  of  assisting  one  another 
appeals  to  animate  all;  for  we  have  fre- 
quently observed  one  of  them  struggling  be- 
neath a  heavy  burden,  and  after  repeated  at- 
tempts to  reach  the  place  of  destination  fail  - 
ing,  one  of  his  companions  would  run  to  his 
support,  and  assist  in  carrying  the  burden. 
From  this  let  man,  the  proud  monarch  of 
all  creation,  learn  a  useful  lesson,  and  follow 
the  t  Lample  of  this  litile  insect,  and  when 
'he  beholds  his  neighbor  oppressed  with  a 
;  heavy  burden  and  sinking  under  accumula- 
ted misery,  let  him  proffer  the  hand  of  friend- 
ship and  alleviate  his  misfortunes  by  reliev- 
ing him  from  despondency  and  raising  him 
:to  prosperity.  Providence  has  placed  the 
whole  animal  creation  under  the  control  of 
jman,  and  appears  to  have  expressly  d( 
i  ed  a  poition  of  it  for  his  instruction,  and  as 
j  none  have  so  good  an  opportunity  of  con- 
templating the  works  of  nature  as  the  Plough 
Boys,  let  them  employ  their  faculties,  and 
whilst  invigorating  their  bodies  by  whole- 
some exercise,  let  them  not  forget,  in  their 
noon-day  and  evening  repose,  to  expand 
their  minds  by  reflecting  on  the  vast  field 
which  nature  has  placed  imediately  within 
their  observation. 

From  considering  the  dwelling  place  of 
the  ants  we  are  naturally  led  to  reflect  upon 
the  habitation  of  the  industrious  farmer; 
and  here  a  scene  presents  itself  which  must 
command  our  admiration.     Content  encir- 


Vol.  1.— No.  32. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


cles  the  brow  of  the  husbandman  ;  affection 
and  simplicity  adorn  his  partner  with  a  beau- 
ty which  nothing  but  an  innocent  mind  and 
domestic  industry  can  impart ;  innocence 
and  health  beam  on  the  countenance  of  his 
offspring  ;  pure  religion  and  morality  influ- 
ence all  their  actions,  and  although  no  monu- 
ment shall  transmit  their  names  to  posterity, 
and  they  shall  pass  unnoticed  in  the  page  of 
history,  still  in  the  opinions  of  the  virtuous 
and  the  wise,  they  hold  a  higher  rank  and 
•are  more  esteemed,  than  all  the  conquerors 
which  the  old  world  has  ever  produced. 

We  wish  to  enforce  the  absolute  necessity 
of  industry  and  rigid  economy.  We  speak 
to  the  Plough  Boys,  and  address  them  in 
the  language  of  friendship;  we  are  aware 
that  the  industrious  feel  a  consciousness  of 
having  done  their  duty,  and  are  rewarded  by 
the  pleasing  recollections  which  it  affords 
them  ;  but  there  are  some  who  have  degen- 
erated and  walk  not  in  the  way  of  their  fa- 
thers. To  them  we  say — '•  go  to  the  ant, 
thou  sluggard ,  consider  her  ways  and  be 
wise."  We  call  upon  you  who  pass  your 
days  in  indolence  to  exercise  reflection; 
look  around  you,  and  consider  who  in  your 


man  for  many  ages  to  bring  them  to  their 
full  extent,  what  shall  we  say  to  the  White 
Ants,  which  require  only  a  few  months  to 
build  a  metropolis  capable  of  containing  an 
infinitely  greater  number  of  inhabitants  than 
even  imperial  Nineveh,  Babylon,  Rome  or 
Pekin  in  all  their  glory  !"  Y. 


Wool — Has  fallen  and  is  falling.  The 
Manufacturers  have  nearly  their  stock 
for  the  year.  The  farmers  have  been 
killing  their  calves  &  raising  their  lambs; 
so  that  next  year  the  quantity  of  Wool 
in  the  market  will  be  great  and  price  less; 
and  soon;  till  the  farmers  call  raising 
wool  a  losing  business  and  give  their 
sheep  to  the  hogs.  Then  wool  will  be- 
come •-carce  and  the  price  will  rise  and 
more  sheep  will  be  raised  and  the  price 
come  down  again  and  so  on  indefinitely. 
It  will  however  be  a  good  business  on 
the  whole  for  those  who  follow  it  steadily 
and  judiciously  ;  as  all  that  it  brings  at 
the  shearing  floor,  over  twenty-five  cents 


per  pound,  where  sheep  are  well  man- 
neighborhood  commands  the  most  respect!  ag  d,  is  clear  profit.  Keep  as  many 
and  esteem :  is  it  the  man  who  rides  about ;  sheep  as  your  farm  will  most  convenient- 
the  country  visiting  his  neighbors?  or  thejjly  maintain,  and  vou  will  have  a  steady 
one  who  by  prudence  and  industry  has  ac-j;thou?.h  unequai  profit.  Go  to  sp.  cula- 
cumulated  a  competency?  You  are  capa-  [i  tj  — disarrange  your  other  business  for 
ble  of  determining   this   question;  and  we  '  ,  ,        r,         ■  , 

earnestly  entreat  you  to  submit  no  longer  to  !lle  sauke  of  keeP'"g  a  gref  many  sheep 
the  degrading  epiihet  of  the  drone,  which;  Just  because  wool  now  brings  a  good 
you  must  receive  if  you  continue  in  idleness,  j|  price  and  you  will  probably   bring  your 


255 


but  rouse  from  your  lethargy  and  exert  your 
faculties,  lest  the  industrious  bees  combine 
and  drive  you  an  outcast  from  their  hive. 

In  every  civilized  country  the  industrious 
farmer  has  been  respected ;  but  in  none 
have  they  enjoyed  so  many  advantages  as  in 
our  own.  Here  the  man  who  cultivates  the 
soil,  and  adheres  attentively  to  his  employ- 
ment, acquires  a  fortune,  and  the  confidence 
of  his  fellow-citizens,  in  addition  to  all  his 
other  advantages ;  and  if  he  possesses  that 
strong  and  vigorous  mind,  that  plain  com- 
mon sense  for  which  our  countrymen  are  re- 
markable, honors  await  him  in  our  legis- 
lative halls  and  national  councils.  All  these 
advantages  the  slothful  man  must  renounce  ; 
for  who  will  repose  confidence  in,  or  entrust 
the  management  of  their  affairs  to  the  man 
who  is  totally  incapable  of  regulating  his  own 
private  concerns  ?  No  one.  Then  let  the 
slothful  man,  as  he  values  reputation,  as  he 
dreads  the  scorn  and  contempt  of  his  fellow- 
citizens,  as  he  fears  the  wrath  of  an  offend- 
ing Deity,  abjure  the  paths  of  indolence 
which  lead  to  infamy,  and  follow  those  of  in 
dustry  which  insure  re'spectability. 

But  sloth  is  not  the  companion  of  the 
Plough  Boys  alone  ;  it  pervades  all  classes 
of  community,  and  particularly  our  large 
populous  cities.  But  in  them  we  fear  it  is 
so  deep  rooted,  that  it  will  never  be  entirely 
eradicated.  It  was  not  our  intention  when 
we  first  commenced  this  essay  to  give  a  mi- 
nute detail  of  the  societies  of  ants,  but  to 
draw  a  moral  lesson  from  them,  by  making 
use  of  such  facts  only  as  would  answer  our 
purpose.  We  request  the  citizen,  when  con- 
templating the  magnificent  buildings  in  his 
vicinity, the  spacious  and  commodious  streets, 
the  vast  multitude  of  rational  beings  that 
subsist  in  social  intercourse,  to  consider  at 
the  same  time  the  following  extract: — "If 
we  think  with  wonder  of  the  populous  cities 
which  have  employed  the  united  labors  of 


crop  of  wool  to  market  just  in  season  to 
catch  a  loss. — Hudson  Columbia  Repub. 


Mortgaging  the   Body. — The    April 
number  of  the   North  American  Review 


onrnent  for  debt  is  of  little  other  use  than 
exhibiting  a  relic  of  a  barbarous  acre. — 
JV  Y.  Gaz. h 

An  occasional  correspondent  of  ours,  says 
the  Bedford,  Pa.  Gaz.  whose  veracity  is 
unquestionable,  wishes  to  state  by  way  of  ex- 
position that  oxalic  acid  is  not  unfrequently 

used  in  the  cleaning  of  tripe,  entrails,  &.c. 

He  learnt  by  this  mere  accident :  Happen- 
ing to  be  in  a  druggist's  shop,  not  a  hundred 
miles  from  this  town,  a  little  girlcame  in  to 
purchase  some  oxalio  acid ;  and,  as  it  is 
well  known  it  is  a  strong  and  deadly  poison, 
the  natural  and  very  prudent  inquiry  was 
made  by  the  tradesman,  'What  do  you 
want  it  for  ?'  The  answer  was, '  My  moth- 
er wants  it  to  scour  tripe.'  It  is  used  to 
make  tripe  white.  The  druggist  took  care 
to  give  the  girl  a  small  quantity  after  such  an 
explanation.  Several  persons  were  taken 
ill,  and  one  died  at  Bedford  last  year,  in 
consequence  of  eating  the  inside  of  ani- 
mals. 

Blushing  Blue. — A  French  paper  states 
that  there  is  a  young  girl  of  17,  residing  in 
the  environs  of  Angers,  whose  body  to  the 
waist  is  quite  blue,  and  when  any  thing  is 
said  to  induce  a  blush,  her  face,  instead  of 
becoming  red,  assumes  a  still  darker  blue 
color. 

Protection  of  Lambs  and  Geese. It 

is  but  little  known,  but  is  nevertheless  a  fact, 
says  the  Portland  Mirror,  that  a  little  tat 
rubbed  on  the  necks  of  your  lambs  or  geese, 
will  prevent  the  depredations  of  foxes  among 
them,  these  animals  having  an  unconquera- 
ble aversion  to  the  smell  of  tar. 


According,  to  a  computation  published  in 
the  Courier,  the  average  increase  of  the  pop- 
contains   a   notice  ot    the  tilth    Annual    ulation  of  New- York  city  is  equal   to  one 


Report  of  the  Boston  Prison  Discipline 
Society,  and  a  great  number  of  facts  in 
regard  to  imprisonment  for  debt. 

The  Society  have  returns  from  one 
hundred  prisons  for  the  year  1829.  In 
32  of  these  2841  persons  were  imprison 
led  for  sums  less  than  20  dollars,  and  902 
for  sums  more  tiian  20  dollars  and  less 
than  100  dollars. 

In  53  prisons,  the  whole  number  im- 
prisoned for  sums  more  th  n  100  dollars 
was  but  416,  as  1  to  7,  compared  with 
the  number  imprisoned  for  less  than  20 
dollars 

In  17  prisons,  in  which  2057  persons 
were  imprisoned,  only  294  paid  the  debt. 

In  17  prisons  in  the  Northern  States, 
in  the  year  1829,  there  were  imprisoned 
2742.  In  the  same  number  of  prisons  in 
the  Southern  States,  for  the  same  period, 
but  35  were  imprisoned.  This  is  a  stri- 
ding fact  exhibiting  in  strong  contrast  the 
liberalized  character  of  the  laws  of  the 
South  in  contrast  with  those  of  the  north. 

It  is  computed  that  in  the  Northern 
and  Middle  States,  during  the  year  1829, 
more  than  50,000  persons  were  impris- 
oned for  debt. 

From  the  returns,  it  appears  that  the 
average  number  of  persons  discharged, 
by  taking  the  poor  debtors  oath,  is  twice 
as  great  as  the  numbers  who  pay  the  debt. 

Facts  of  this  kind  may  be  cited  to  any 
extent,  all  tending  to  show  that  impris-j 


person  in  every  hour  and  twelve  minutes. 

The  editor  of  the  Pottswvn  Star  men- 
tions that  a  Gold  mine  has  been  discovered 
on  the  premises  of  Mr.  Bredlinger,  in  Neu- 
Hanover  township,  Montgomery  county. 

It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  Pope  is,  at 
this  moment, the  only  monarch  in  Europe 
who,  without  a  national  debt  to  liquidate, 
has  a  surplus  revenue. 

There  are,  at  this  time,  two  red-breasts,  with 
indefatigable  industry,  feeding  and  bringing  up  a 
nest  of  young  black-birds  in  an  ivy  tree,  in  tin- 
garden  of  Mr.  Bell,  of  Thirsk,  near  the  city  of 
London. 


METEOROLOGICAL, 

TABLE, 

for  the 

week  ending  July 

31,  1831. 

" 

p 

slesll 

iFace  oftbej 

OS 

a 

_ 

c 

— 

g|ai|fe 

Sky.      J        Observations 

^1 


9,40: 
64129.45 
Ml  29.45 
67  29.36| 
78129,31 
64  29,41 
74129.54! 
72  29,431 
-9  29,351 
67:29,551 
76  29,65 
62  29,60 
an  29,53 
7o|29,45 
3l|M|68  29.60 
|E|«B|29,64 


It 
M 
30 1 M 


fair 
do 
do 
cly 
fair 
rain 
fair 


rain 

do 

fair 

do 

do 

sto        cly  bigli  winds  iher  e8"  i  ci. 

nw  I      rain 

nw  I  cloudy 
XTTfte  Barometrical  and  Thcrmometrical  obserza 
tions  are  registeredat  10  o'clock  A  M.and  P.  itf.,  ithieh 
by  a  long  series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose, 
show  (hat  time  to  give  a  nearer  mean  average  of  the 
relative  heat  of  a  day  than  nnj  other 


temp,  spring  water  7  ft 
high  winds,  [deep,  58" 
3-10  tbunder  sbowers 


t-10 


bigh  winds  IherfiS" 
2-11) 


2S6 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  12,  1831, 


HUSBANDMAN'S  SONG. 
'Midst  yellow  crops  of  waving  grain, 
My  God,  I  raise  the  humble  strain — 
These  spicy  gales,  how  soft  they  blow, 
How  sweet  the  murm'ring  waters  flow,— 
Yonder  blue  skies,  how  bright  they  shine 
How  rich  their  tints — and  now  divine! 
Earth  groans  beneath  her  ponderous  load, 
The  bounty  of  a  gracious  God ! 
What  unbelief  my  heart  betray'd, 
When  I  beheld  the  tender  blade ! 
My  throbbing  bosom  heav'd  with  fear, 
Lest  aught  sbould  taint  the  golden  air — 
But  mercy  kept  the  precious  grain, 
Nor  suffered  man  to  toil  in  vain — 
Bade  the  soft  gales  breathe  gently  forth, 
And  curb'd  the  fury  of  the  North. 
Wake  every  soul — with  rapture  sing 
The  praises  of  a  bounteous  King — 
For  lo !  the  God  of  Nature  pours 
In  Earth's  soft  lay  his  golden  showers. 
See  where  the  loaded  boughs  appear, 
See  Eshcol's  vine  transplanted  here — 
And  Canaan's  fruits  luxuriant  grow, 
While  streams  of  milk  and  honey  flow. 
Jesus !  the  smiling  scene  around. 
Owns  not  a  spot  of  barren  ground 
So  shall  my  soul,  if  thou  be  there, 
Fruits  of  the  finest  flavor  bear. 
Sow  the  blest  seeds  of  grace  divine, 
And  thou,  dear  Sun,  arise  and  shine, 
Ripen  the  crop,  new  strength  impart, 
And  reap  a  harvest  in  my  heart. 

Recipes. — Artificial  Port  wine. — The 
Russians  make  their  port  wine  thus: — 
Cider  three  quarts,  French  brandy  one 
quart,  gum  kino  one  drachm.  And  the 
French  restaurateurs  imitate  successfully 
old  hoc,  by  the  following  mixture  ;  Ci- 
der three  quarts,  French  brandy  one 
quart.alcoholized  nitre  either  one  drachm. 

POTATOE  PUDDING. 

Take  half  a  pound  of  butter,  and  half 
a  pound  of  powdered  sugar,  and  stir  them 
together  till  very  light.  Have  ready  a 
pound  of  boiled  potatoes,  which  must  be 
quite  cold.  Grate  the  potatoes,  and 
beat  four  eggs  till  very  thick.  Stir  the 
fteaten  eggs  and  the  grated  potatoes  al- 
ternately, into  the  butter  and  sugar,  with 
a  gill  of  cream  or  rich  milk.  Add  a  ten- 
spoonful  of  mixed  spice,  and  a  glass  of 
wine,  brandy  and  rose-water,  mixed. — 
Having  stirred  the  whole  very  hard,  put 
it  into  shells  of  puff  paste  and  bake  it 
half  an  hour.  This  quantity  of  the  mix- 
ture is  sufficient  for  two  shells  the  size  of 
soup  plates. 

Sweet  potatoe  pudding  may  be  made 
in  the  same  manner. 

RHUBARB     P'E. 

For  one  pie,  take  four  of  the  small 
bunches  of  green  rhubarb  stalks  that  are 
brought  to  market  in  the  spring,  or  six  if 
they  are  very  small.  Peel  the  stalks, 
cut  them  into  little  pieces^  and  stew  them 
till  quite  soft  in  a  very  little  water. — 
When  done,  mash  the  rhubarb  with  the 
hack  of  a  spoon,  and  make  it  very  sweet 
with  sugar.  Set  it  away  to  cool.  Make 
a  pun"  paste,  and  when  the  rhubarb  is 
quite  cold  put  it  into  the  pie,  which  may 
either  be  a  shell  or  with  a  lid.  Bake  it 
about  half  an  hour. 

French  Cake. — Take  five  common- 
aized  tumblers  full  of  sifted  flour,  three 
rumblers  of  powdered  white  sugar,  half  a 


tumbler  of  butter,  one  tumbler  of  rich 
milk  or  cream,and  a  teaspoonful  of  pearl- 
ash  dissolved  in  as  much  lukewarm  wat- 
er as  will  cover  it.  Mix  all  well  together 
in  a  pan.  Beat  three  eggs  till  very  light, 
and  then  add  them  to  the  mixture. — 
Throw  in  a  teaspoonful  of  powdered  cin- 
amon  or  nutmeg,  and  beat  the  whole  ve- 
ry hard  about  ten  minutes,  butter  a  deep 
pan  put  in  the  mixture,  and  bake  it  in  a 
moderate  oven. 

Intelligence  of  Birds. — A  gentleman  a 
few  doors  from  us,  relates  the  following : 
— A  son  of  his,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
season,put  up  a  cage  in  his  garden, inten- 
ded for  the  blue-bird.  Soon  after  it  was 
completed,  a  pair  of  wrens  paid  it  avis- 
it,  and  being  pleased  with  the  tenement, 
took  posses -ion,  and  commenced  build- 
ing a  nest.  Before,  however,  the  nest 
was  completed,  a  pair  of  blue-birds  arri- 
ved— laid  claim  to  the  cage,  and  after  a 
hard  battle,  succeeded  in  ousting  the 
wrens,  and  forthwith  completed  a  nest 
on  a  plan  of  their  own.  But  the  male 
wren  was  a  bird  of  spirit,  and  not  dispo- 
sed to  submit  tamely  to  the  injury  ;  some- 
days  after,  watching  his  opportunity 
when  his  atagonist  was  away,  he  entered 
the  cage,  and  commenced  rolling  the 
eggs  out  of  the  nest.  He  had  thrown 
out  but  one,  when  the  blue-bird  discov- 
ered him  and  with  loud  cries  made  an 
immediate  attack.  The  wren  sought 
safety  in  a  neighboring  currant  bush,  and 
by  his  activity  in  dodging  about  among 
the  branches  and  on  the  ground,  succee- 
ded in  eluding  his  enraged  adversary. — 
The  blue-bird  gave  up  the  chasn,  and  re- 
turned to  examine  the  condition  of  his 
nest.  The  egg  had  luckily  fallen  on  a 
soft  bed,  and  was  not  broken.  After  a 
careful  examination,  he  took  it  in  his 
claws  and  returned  it  safely  to  the  nest. 
— [Catskill  Rec. 

Steam  Engines. — One  of  our  late  Lon- 
don papers  says,  ''that  it  has  been  ascer- 
tained that  there  are  in  England  not  less 
than  15,000  steam  engines  at  work,  some 
of  them  of  almost  incredible  power.' 
There  is  one  in  Cornwall  of  a  thousand 
horse  power !  Taking  it  for  granted 
that,  on  an  average,  these  engines  are 
only  of  twenty-five  horse  power  each,  it 
would   be    equal   to   375,000    horses. — 

New  Metal. — A  block  of  plat'ma  weighing 
20  lbs.  has  lately  been  dug  up  in  one  of  the 
mines  of  Russia  :  the  largest  specimen  before 
existing  weighs  only  10  lbs.  This  metal  is 
now  appropriated  to  the  circulating  medi- 
um of  Russia,  as  nearly  the  whole  quantity 
which  the  mines  produce  is  converted  into 
money.  It  is  heavier  and  more  durable 
than  silver,  though  hardly  distinguishable 
from  it  in  color. 

Pliny  says  that  bleaching  by  means  of  sulphur, 
was  employed  as  early  as  the  first  century.  A- 
puleius,  also  tells  a  story  of  a  gallant,  who,  by 
tluurig  refuge  Under  a  wicket  coop  where,  cloth  was 
bong  to  whiten  by  this  process,  came  near  being 
suffocated 


CITIES. 

A  late  German  production  gives  the  following 
census  of  15  largest  cities  in  the  world ;  it  is  re- 
markable that  there  axe  only  three  of  these  in  Eu- 
rope:— 


Jeddo,  in  Japarv, 

Pekin, 

London, 

Hang-tcheou, 

Calcutta, 

Madras, 

Nankin, 

Canton, 

Paris, 

Vou-tchang, 

Constantinople, 

Benares, 

Kio, 

Sou-teheou, 

HoanjMcheou. 


1,680,000 

1,500,000 

1,300,000 

1,100,000 

900,000 

817,000 

800,000 

800,000 

•717,500 

600,000 

597,000 

530,000 

5-20.000 

500,000 

500,000 


Of  the  hundred  of  the  largest  cities,  53  are  in 
Asia,  32  in  Europe,  and  10  in  America  and  Af- 
rica.— Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 

STEAM  BOAT  EXPLOSIONS. 

Silliman's  Journal  contains  some  interesting 
data  respecting  steam  boat  explosions,  from  which 
we  collect  the  following : 

On  No.  Explosions.  Killed.  Wounded- 

Hudson  River,  4  28  16 

N.  Y.  Harbor,  &c.      II  41  5 

L.  I.  Sound,  2  4  0 

Waters  Mid.  States,    5  7  10 

"    Southern  do.         5  21  6 

Ohio  River,  6  66  55 

Mississippi  River,     14  78  36 

Buffalo,  on  L.  Erie      I  15  0 

48  260  130 

There  does  not  appear,  that  there  has  been  any 
blowing  up  of  steam  boats  on  the  Great  Lakes,  ex- 
cept that  at  Buffalo,  last  year. — lb. 

ROSES,  DAHLIAS,  STRAWBERRIES, 
and  Quicks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  have 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  p,  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  flower  and 
habit,  and  the  prices  annexed.  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

They  have  imported  and  propagated  many  var- 
ieties of  the  finest  double  Dahlias,  which  may  hi 
selected  by  the  flowers,  at  the  Nursery,  until  lire 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants  of  the  Methven  Strawberry,  at  S-  50  per 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  haveweigh 
ed  a  pound.  They  are  good  bearers  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  varieties. 
Sec  catalogue. 

They  have  likewise  for  sale,  50,000   plants  of 
the  three  thorned  Locust, (GUditschia  triacanih 
us)  two  years  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 
for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

Orders  for  any  articles  from  the  Nurrery,  on 
be  sent  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  care  of  L- 
Tucker,  Rochester.  BUEL&  WILSON. 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16' ftt 

ESSAYS  ON  AMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH  Directions  to  farmers  for  raising  Silk 
Worms— by  J.  D.  Homerguc  and  Peter  j9 
Duponceau.     Also, 

Phc  American  Gardener, 
Dcanc's  Sen-England  former,  and 
I:  tier's  Farmer's  Manual,  for  sale  by 

IIOYT,  PORTER  &  CO 
Prince  on  thf  Vine,  a  few  copies  for  sale  as 
above  July  23 


^r 


a 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  AUGUST  20,  1831. 


DUMBER  33. 


PUBLISHED  BY  i.  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  (be  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $'2.50  per  annum  or 

$2  00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  G0003ELL.  EDITOR. 


SMALL  WORKS  FOR  AUGUST. 
During  this  month  the  prudent  and  economi- 
cal farmer  will  find  his  cares  to  multiply.     There 
are  a  great  many  things  to  be  attended   to  this 
month,  which   taken  separately   appear  trifling, 
but  when  taken  in  the  aggregate  amount  to  a  con- 
sideration equal  to  the  ruin  or  thrift  of  a  comfort- 
able farming  interest.      Weeds  are  springing  up 
in  improved  lands  or  those  under  tillage ;  these, 
as  far  as  can  be  done  without  injury  to  the  crops, 
should  be  destroyed,and  there  are  but  few  crops  but 
what  will  be  benefitted  by  the  operation.    Weeds 
are  not  only  injurious  to  the  present  crops,  but  if 
allowed  to  ripen  then-  seeds  they  lay  the  founda- 
tion for  an  increase  of  the  evil  the  succeeding 
year.    Grounds  about  barns  and  sheds  should  be 
looked  to,  as  in  such  places  noxious  weeds  are 
apt  to  increase  if  not  cut  often.    Many  of  the 
seeds  of  garden  vegetables  ripen  this  month,  and 
require  to  be  gathered  in  season,  in  order  that  the 
best  in  quality  which   generally  ripen  first,  may 
not  be  lost.     It  will  be  found  that  with  carrots  and 
parsnips,  the  best  seeds  are  those  upon  the  cen- 
tre umbels,  and  as  those  ripen  some  time  in  ad- 
vance of  the  others,  they  should  be  cut  out  as 
soon  as  they  begin  to   change  color,  and  when 
people  have  small  gardens,  keep  them  separate 
for  their  own  sowing.     In  order,  to  have   large 
seeds    upon    beets    the    points    of    the  shoots 
shoutd  be  pinched  off  when  they  are  about  one 
foot  long.      Peas  should  be  gathered  and   their 
stalks  put  with  the  compost  in  the  yard  or  where 
there  are  large  crops  they  may  be  thrashed  and 
the  stalks  stacked  or  put  upon  the  sheds  to  be 
scattered  in  the  yard  during  winter,  when  sheep 
will  feed  well  upon  them.     Do  the  most  part  of 
your  budding  this  month,  and  be  careful  to  save  the 
seeds  of  such  fruits  as  are  ate  in  the  family  ;  let 
each  parcel  be  labeled  that  the  quality  at  the  time 
of  planting  may  be  known.      Gather  herbs  for 
medicinal  and  culinary  use,  let  them  be  dried  in 
the  shade  as  they  preserve  their  color  better. — 
Prepare  grounds  for  sowing  onions  the  last  of  this 
;nonth  to  stand  over  winter,  as  by  so  doing  you 
will  have  them  early.      Lettuce  should  also  be 
sown  the  last  of  this  months  on  beds  of  a  southern 
aspect,  that  the  plants  may  have  an  early  start  in 
the  spring     Early  York  cabbage,  and  cauliflow- 
ers should  be  sown  about  the  same  time,  and  spin- 
age.  Seed  wheat  should  be  prepared,during  which 
operation,  do  not  lull  yourselves  to  sleep,  by   the 
vulgar  error  that  wheat  changes  to  chess,  but  see 
thatit  is  all  separated;  and  when  your  lambs  change 
into  pigs,  say  it  is  as  easy  for  wheat  to  change  to 
chess :  but  until  that  time  continue  to  destroy  all 
noxious  weeds  upon  ycir  farms.     As  every  good 
farmer  in  our  section  of  the  country  will  be  able 
during  this  month  to  treat  his  friends  with  ripe 
fruit,  it  i9  well  that  they  should  be  rather  socia- 
ble and  make  friendly  visits ;  those  if  well  con- 
ducted, are  not  only  pleasant,  but  profitable ;  they 
should  be  family  visits  in  every  sense  of  the  word 
for  the  good  man  should  be  accompanied  by  his  I 


wife,  sons  and  daughters ;  but  his  small  children 
should  be  instructed  before  leaving  home  that  they 
must  not  touch  any  thing  about  the  garden  or  or- 
chard where  they  are  going  without  special  con- 
sent otherwise  many  sample  articles  will  be  des- 
troyed. One  great  advantage  to  be  gained  by 
our  farmers  when  on  these  visits,  is  the  compar- 
ing of  crops,  fruits,  stock,  &c.  We  are  all  natu- 
rally selfish,  and  until  we  have  seen  better,  we 
are  apt  to  think  our  own  is  best ;  seek  a  compari- 
son and  wnen  you  find  a  better  than  your  own 
procure  it.  But  above  all  when  on  such  visits 
avoid  any  thing  like  mystery :  let  your  communi- 
cations be  open  and  free  from  the  "  hocus  pocus' 
of  the  dark  ages ;  neither  be  suspicious  of  such  in 
others,  like  the  man  who  upon  discovering  that 
his  neighbor  had  better  melons  than  himself,  and 
although  his  neighbor  had  given  him  all  direc- 
tions according  to  his  own  practices ;  still  he  ac 
cused  him  of  retaining  some  important  part  of  the 
operation.  The  neighbor  being  willing  that  he 
should  enjoy  his  jealously,  discovered  him  ap- 
proaching one  day,  when  he  took  a  red  hot  poker 
from  the  fire  ran  to  his  melons,  and  seemed  to  be 
very  busy  with  it  about  the  roots,  when  his  neigh 
bor  approached  him  with  "  now  I  have  caught 
you ;  now  I  can  have  as  good  melons  as  you." — 
He  immediately  returned  home,  heated  his  po- 
ker and  commenced  stirring  the  ground  about  the 
roots  of  his  melons  when  the  fruits  of  jealousy 
soon  appeared  by  the  death  of  his  vines,  and  it 
frequenUy  happens  that  this  vice  (for  we  can  not 
call  it  by  a  better  name)  brings  its  own  punish- 
ment. 


according  to  a  fashionable  mode  of  reasoning 
'^sand  mixed  with  vegetable  matter  is  the 
same  as  vegetable  matter  mixed  with  sand,' 
and  when  the  proportions  are  duly  attended  to,  the 
most  productive  soils  may  be  found.  There- 
fore in  all  cases,  where  lands  contain  mort 
vegetable  matter  than  is  necessary  for  the  pro- 
duction of  crops,  instead  of  destroying  the  sur 
plus  by  fire,  we  would  recommend  an  exchangt 
with  lighter  soils  as  the  most  profitable. 


PARING  AND  BURNING  SOILS. 
As  under  this  head  we  often  meet  with  articles 
from  our  transatlantic  brethren,  we  might  induce 
some  of  our  young  farmers  to  try  an  experiment 
which  might  occasion  much  damage,  we  there 
fore  enter  our  solemn  protest  against  it.  We  have 
never  seen  an  instance  in  the  United  States  where 
we  thought  this  operation  could  be  resorted  to 
without  serious  injury.  Even  the  propriety  of 
selecting  the  dryest  time  for  burning  off  fallows 
in  new  countries  may  be  doubted.  We  know 
that  the  decomposition  of  vegetables,  furnish  food 
for  a  new  set  of  plants,  and  that  with  a  few  ex 
ceptions  what  we  term  manures  are  composed  of 
such  decomposing  vegetable  matter,  then  how  ab- 
surd the  practice  to  destroy  so  great  a  proportion 
of  the  vegetable  matter  contained  in  soils  as  would 
be  done  by  paring  and  burning.  We  grant  that 
there  may  be  soils  which  contain  so  much  veget- 
able or  carbonacious  matter  as  to  render  them  in- 
capable of  conducting  heat  to  that  extent  necessa- 
ry for  the  growth  and  perfection  of  certain  crops. 
But  then  such  lands  should  be  considered  inex 
haustible  beds  of  manure  than  otherwise.  There 
are  but  few  places  in  our  country  but  what  such 
lands  are  now,  or  soon  will  be  immensely  valua- 
ble. There  are  some  tracts  of  reclaimed  lands 
where  the  deposits  of  vegetable  matter  are  so  great 
that  many  crops  will  not  for  the  reasons  before 
mentioned,  succeed  well  upon  them,  but  for  the 
most  places  whe  were  have  observed  these  depos 
its,  they  are  surrounded  as  if  by  design,  with 
light  sandy  soils,  either  of  which  will  prove  ad- 
vantageous to  the  other  when  mixed  with  it;  as 


CARD. 

We  have  been  much  gratified  by  the  comrmi 
nication  from  the  agricultural  society  of  the  dis 
trict  of  Niagara,  U.  C,  ordering  four  copies  of  out 
paper  for  the  use  of  the  society.  We  consider 
this  as  a  friendly  invitstion  to  be  with  them  in 
the  cause  for  which  they  have  associated,  and  also 
as  approving  the  course  we  have  thus  far  pursu 
ed  in  the  publication  of  the  Farmer 
With  regard  to  these  positions  we  should  be  ill 

eserving  of  their  patronage,  were  we  not  to  ten- 
der to  them  as  co-workers  in  the  advancement  ol 
agriculture  and  horticulture,  every  possible  facii 
ity  in  our  power ;  at  the  same  time  we  shall  en 
deavor  to  keep  from  the  columns  of  the   Fanner 
any  political  remarks  which  might  injure  the  feel 
ings  of  those  living  under  a  different  form  of  gov 
eminent.     Living  as  we  do  in  the  vicinity  of  each 
other  with  a  sameness  of  climate  hardly  equal 
led  in  any  port  of  North  America,  for  producing 
the  necessaries  of  life,  and  at  the  same  time  free 
from  the  plagues  of  tropical  climates,  we  have  ev 
ery    encouragement  to    advance    tthose    sister 
arts.    We  therefore  invite  the  members  of  the 
Niagara  district  Agricultural  society,  as  well  as 
all  other  gentlemen  in  their  vicinity  to  make  such 
use  of  the  columns  of  the  Farmer  for  communica 
ting  any  useful  matter  to  the  public  as  they  shall 
deem  proper  and  shall  at  all  times  consider  it  a 
favor  to  receive  from   them  any    observations- 
touching  the  Agriculture,  Horticulture  or  the  arts, 
at  present  practised  amongst  them ;  and  assure 
them  that  inquiries  made  of  the  public  through  ur 
will  be  promptly  attended  to. 


OUR  MARKET. 

Our  market  has  been  well  supplied  with  fruit, 
and  esculents  the  week  past.  We  are  not  under 
the  necessity  of  importing  melons  or  pears  from 
New- York  at  this  tims,  as  pears  appear  to  be 
plenty  at  one  dollarper  bushel.  We  invite  our  hor 
ticulturrists  to  pay  more  attention  to  the  cultivation 
of  early  varieties,  such  as  ripen  in  July,  by  which 
means  our  market  might  be  supplied  without  the 
trouble  of  sending  to  New- York  for  them.  The 
first  pear  that  now  comes  into  our  market  in  quan- 
tities, is  the  green  chissel,  which  from  its  rapid 
growth  and  abundant  bearing  has  been  much  cul 
tivated  in  this  neighborhood,  although  it  is  not  as 
fine  in  flavor  as  some  of  the  earlier  varieties. — 
We  have  also  noticed  thelargeGolden  pippins  of 
New  England,  in  our  market  in  fine  perfection, 
generally  called  pumpkins,  we  shall  therefore  ex 
pect  a  thanksgiving  as  soon  as  the  weather  wii! 
allow  of  it. 


Hartford,  Con.  has  become  quite  a  resort  fiv 
Southern  travellers. 


258 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  ?0,  2831- 


Hints  on   the  most  Economical   Manner  of 
Feeding  Horses. 

FROM  THE  QUARTERLY  JOURNAL  OF  AGRI- 
CULTURE. 

To  economise  the  food  of  working  ani- 
mals, must  be  admitted  to  be  an  object  of 
great  public  and  private  importance.  The 
practices  of  different  parts  of  the  country 
are  not  all  alike  perfect  in  this  respect.  In 
Scotland  which  is  behind  no  country  in  gen- 
eral agricultural  improvement,  there  is  yet 
much  to  be  learned  in  this  branch  of  rural 
economy.  In  the  general  management  and 
economical  methods  of  feeding  horses,  Scot- 
land, generally  speaking,  is  greatly  behind 
England;  but  in  England  itself,  the  most 
approved  practices  are  not  always  generally 
known,  or  universally  adopted. 

A  great  variety  of  articles,  as  every  one 
knows,  are  employed  in  the  feeding  of  hor- 
ses; of  grains,  there  are  oats,  oatmeal  bar- 
ley, bran ;  of  leguminous  plants,  there  are 
beans,  and  peas;  of  roots,  there  are  the  po- 
tatoe,  the  turnip,  the  carrot,  and  the  pars- 
nip ;  of  dried  grasses  and  other  plants,  there 
are  hay,  saintfoin,  clover,  ryegrass,  and 
straw  ;  and,  occasionally,  oilier  substances, 
as  oil-cake. 

In  North  Wales  where  a  scarcity  of  hay  is 
often  much  felt  during  winter  and  the  early 
part  of  spring,  the  gorse,  or  furze,  is  fre- 
quently employed  to  feed  both  noises  and 
cattle.  It  is  prepared  for  that  purpose  by 
being  bruised  by  small  watermills,  and  when; 
mixed  with  a  proportion  of  oats,  or  chop-i 
ped  or  cut  hay,  it  is  fuund  to  be  a  strong  and] 
nourishing  food  for  the  horse.  This  plant 
is  also  similarly  used  in  several  districts  of 
the  county  of  Devon.  And,  in  Scoiland, 
where  the  furze  or  gorse  abounds  in  many 
places,  such  a  practice  might  be  adopted 
with  great  advantage. 

Of  the  different  kinds  of  grain  given  to 
horses,  the  oat  is  found  to  be  the  best  adapt- 
ed to  support  the  strength  and  spirit  of  the 
animal.  Amongst  roots,  the  carrot  and  the 
parsnip  are  much  valued  ;  but  these  altho' 
they  contain  more  saccharine  matter  than 
the  potatoe,  and  although  probably  equally 
nutritious,  yet,  as  they  require  greater  nice- 
ty in  their  cultivation,  and  a  richer  and  dee- 
per soil  they  cannot  be  so  universally  and 
cheaply  raised,  and  in  such  large  quantities,  [ 
as  the  poTatoe.  The  latter  growing  in  al-i 
most  every  soil  of  this  island,  may  be  said  to 
be  the  most  useful  of  all  this  class  of  plants, 
for  the  feeding  of  the  horses. 

In  feeding  with  potatoes,  however,  one 
precaution  should  never  be  neglected,  which 
is  to  steam  or  boil  them  before  using  them. 
The  giving  the  potatoe  in  its  raw  state  to  the 
horse,  has  been  fatal  to  numbers  of  these 
valuable  animals,  especially  when  on  hard 
work,  and  overheated  by  violent  exertion. — 
In  its  crude  state,  the  potatoe  is  exceedingly 
apt  to  ferment  in  the  stomach  of  the  horse. 

In  the  feeding  of  the  horse  with  grain, 
whatever  be  the  kind  given,  it  should  al- 
ways be  bruised  ;  or,  what  is  better  still, 
coarsely  ground.  The  hay,  too,  ought  to 
be  cut  into  small  lengths,  not  exceeding  half 
aK  inch,  nor  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  ; 
and  a  quantity  of  straw,  cut  in  like  manner, 
should  be  mixed  with  it.  For  the  purpose 
of  bruising  the  grain,  and  cutting  the  hay 
and  straw  simple  machines  have  been  inven- 
ted, which  can  be  obtained  at  no  very  con- 
siderable cost.  In  Scotland,  where  thrash- 
ing machines  are  universally  employed,  it  is 
-recommended  that  the  machinery,   for  the 


purposes  referred  to,  should  be  attached  and 
moved  by  the  same  power. 

When  the  grain  has  been  bruised,  and  the 
hay  and  straw  cut,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
proportion  the  quantity  of  each  to  be  mixed 
together,  and  to  make  up  a  sufficiency  of 
food  on  which  a  working  horse  may  subsist 
for  twenty-four  hours.  And,  in  order  to  il- 
lustrate this,  we  cannot  do  better  than  men- 
tion a  few  examples  taken  from  the  prac- 
tice of  stables,  where  this  mode  has  been 
long  and  successfully  followed. 

In  the  stables  of  Messrs.  Hanbury  and 
Trueinan,  in  Spittalfields,  where  82  horses 
are  kept,  the  animals  receive  all  their  food 
in  the  manger,  no  hay  being  ever  put  into 
the  rack.  The  stable,  which  is  spacious  e- 
nough  to  contain  this  number  of  horses,  is 
one  of  the  most  perfect  in  all  its  arrange- 
ments in  London,  and  being  admirably  well 
ventilated,  disease  rarely  occurs. 

The  excellent  health,  condition,  and  gen- 
eral appearance  of  these  horses,  evince  the 
goodness  of  the  treatment  adopted.  Thev 
are  fed  in  following  manner.  Each  horse 
receives  in  twenty-four  hours  18  lbs.  cut  hay 
and  straw,  the  proportion  of  the  hitter  being 
one-eighth;  1  f  lbs.  of  bruised  oats. and  lib.  of 
bruised  beans  ;  making  in  all  83  fbs.  of  food. 
In  summer  no  beans  are  given,  as  they  are 
then  found  to  be  too  heating  ;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  the  beans  being  withdrawn,  a 
small  addition  is  made  to  the  quantity  of 
oats.  Half  a  pound' of  salt  is  given  weekly 
to  each  horse.  This  being  divided  into  two 
portions,  one  of  them  is  given  on  Saturday 
night,  and  the  other  on  Sunday,  and  being 
so  administered,  the  salt  generally  purges 
the  animal.  And  on  account  of  this  effect, 
and  as  the  animals  received  no  boiled  or 
steamed  food,  it  is  thought  better  by  Mr. 
Hanbury,  to  supply  the  salt  in  this  manner, 
than  to  deal  it  out  nightly  in  small  quanti- 
ties. 

In  another  stable  in  Long  Lane  in  Lon- 
don, belonging  to  Mr.  Higgins,  where  above 
300  heavy  cart  horses  are  kept  doing  much 
daily  hard  labor,  no  hay  is  ever  put  into  the 
rack.  It  is  always  mixed  with  straw,  and 
cut  down  into  lengths  not  less  than  £th  of 
an  inch.  The  hay  used  is  generally  clover 
hay,  with  one  half  of  barley  straw.  The 
oats,  barley,  and  beans,  are  always  coarselv 
ground  before  being  added  to  the  cut  hay. — 
Although  the  quantity  of  hay  being  19  lbs. 
for  a  very  large  horse,  and  14  lbs.  for  a  very 
small  one,  given  in  the  24  hours,  remains 
unaltered  throughout  the  year,  it  is  found 
advisable  during  the  same  period  to  alter  the 
kinds  and  quantities  of  grain.  In  winter  a 
larger  proportion  of  beans  is  given  than  of 
oats,  the  quantity  being  two-thirds  of  the 
former  and  one-third  of  the  latter.  As  the 
spring  sets  in,  the  allowance  of  beans  is  gra- 
dually diminished  to  one-third,  the  other 
two  thirds  being  made  up  of  barley, 
which  grain  is  held  to  be  more  cooling  lor 
spring  food.  But  in  summer  oats  are 
substituted  for  barley.  Of  the  mixture  of 
these,  bruised  or  ground  grains,  the  elephant 
size  cart-horse  receives  20  lbs.,  the  smallei 
animals  16  lbs. ;  and  with  the  addition  of  3 
lbs.  of  bran  during  winter,  and  4  lbs,  during 
the  rest  of  the  year,  every  large  horse  thus 
receives  in  24  hours  about  40  lbs.  of  mixed 
provender,  and  smaller  horses  about  33  lbs. 
Salt  is  inn  given  during  winter,  but  always 
in  other  quarters  of  the  year;  an  ounce  be- 
ing then  daily  mixed  up  kith  the  other  in- 
gredients of  the  food. 


In  this  last  stable  as  well  as  in  all  others, 
where  the  same  system  of  feeding  is  practi- 
sed, the  following  method  of  mixing  up  the 
materials  of  the  food  is  observed.  The  cut 
hay  is  first  laid  on  the  floor  of  the  barn  or  loft, 
over  it  the  bran,  next  the  bruised  or  ground 
beans,  and  lastly  the  other  ground  grain,  All 
the  substances  are  then  tossed  together,  and 
thus  prepared,  the  provender  is  ready  for  use. 

Although  we  have  thus  detailed  the  meth- 
od of  feeding  cart  horses  in  some  of  the 
best  managed  stables  of  London,  yve  are 
more  inclined  to  direct  attention  to  the  plan 
followed  by  Dr  Sully  of  Wiveliscombe,  in 
Somersetshire.*  This  genileman  has  for 
more  than  20  years  successfully  pursued  the 
plan  of  feeding  which  are   about   to   detail. 

Its  utility  and  economy  are  apparent,  and 
we  feel  confident  that  it  may  be  generally 
practiced  with  advantage. 

Dr.  Sully  says,  that  his  horses  employed 
in  his  professional  practice,  and  accustomed 
to  travel  at  the  rate  of  eight  miles  an  hour, 
"  from  the  great  labor  they  undergo,  have 
no  sinecure  place,  and  yet  few  people  can 
boast  of  cattle  being  in  better  condition."— 
In  his  stable  there  are  no  racks  to  hold  the 
hay.  He  objects,  and  we  think  with  fhe 
greatest  reason,  to  the  employing  them.  In 
the  first  place,  the  groom,  if  the  stables  are 
fitted  up  with  racks,  will  alwavs  fill  them, 
and  by  so  doing  tempt  the  horse  to  eat  too 
niiich,  thus  overloading  his  stomach ;  so 
that  when,  in  this  full  distended  state,  he  is 
taken  i.utof  the  stable  and  put  to  his  work, 
his  wind  will  be  endangered.  And  not  only 
does  the  full  hay  rack  often  occasion  this  in- 
jury to  the  horse,  but  it  is  the  cause  of  great 
unnecessary  waste  of  provender.  It  must 
have  frequently  been  remarked  by  those  who 
have  entered  a  stable,  that  all  horses,  when 
they  have  the  command  of  their  head,  pull 
the  hay  out  of  the  rack  and  throw  it  under 
their  feet.  This  is  purposely  done,  that  the 
more  tasty  portions  of  the  hay  may  be  se 
lected  for  food,  and  the  rest  rejected.  Few, 
if  any,  grooms  will  replace  in  the  rack  the 
hay  that  has  been  thus  refused,  and  a  great 
waste  of  it  necessarily  ensues.  It  is  Dr.  Sul 
ly's  opinion  that  a  horse  with  a  well  filled 
rack  will  consume  and  spoil  upwards  of  30 
lbs  of  bay  in  21  hours.  But  »  hen  it  is  cut 
down  and  mixed  with  a  due  proportion  ol 
cut  straw  and  bruised  or  coarsely  ground 
oats,  or  other  grain,  I Olbs  are  sufficient. 

The  details  of  Dr.  Sully's  manner  of  fee 
ding  his  horses  are  worthy  of  imitation,  com- 
bining, we  conceive,  convenience  and  econ- 
omy of  time  and  labor.  In  the  loft  above 
the  stables,  are  prepared  the  portionable 
quantities  of  the  food  with  which  his  horses 
are  daily  supplied,  and  a  very  simple  meth- 
od has  been  devised  to  convey  it  when  mix- 
ed into  the  manger  of  each  horse.  A  wooden 
pipe  is  made  to  pass  from  the  loft  into  each 
of  the  mangers,  and  close  by  the  mouth  of  the 
pipe  in  the  loft  is  placed  a  tub  of  size  c- 
nough  to  contain  what  is  sufficient  food  for  a 
horse  for  2  I  hours.  To  prevent  the  horse, 
in  searching  fir  the  grain,  from  tossing  out 
of  the  manger  the  mixed  food  «  hich  is  dropt 
into  it,  oaken  cross-bars  12  inches  distant, 
aie  nailed  over  it.  Between  these  bars  am- 
ple space  remains  for  the  horse  to  feed. 

As  there  can  be  no  dependence  on  the 
measured  quantities  of  grain  or  other  food 
given  to  the  horse,  from  the  variation  at 
times  in  the  respective  weights  of  equal  quan 

•See  in  Inlet  ■  Letter  of  hi>  in  the  Sporting  Nog 

ozine  ferNov.  18S6, 


Vol.  1.— No.  33. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


259 


lities,  in.  Sully  fee  mmends,  mid  indeed  Having  thus  very  imperfectly  endeavored 
regards  it  as  necessary,  that, grain  of  all  to  point  out  what  is  conceived  to  be  the  best 
kinds,  and  also  the  cut  hay  and  straw,  should  !  method  of  feeding  horses,  it  is  unnecessary 
be  carefully  weighed.  When  all  the  ingre-  to  dwell  on  the  various  advantages  which 
dients  are  so  prepared,  the  proportions   tor  i! such  asystein  offers. 

each  horse  are  allotted.  From  the  table  I  As  tne  horse  advances  in  age,  his  teeth 
which  follows  will  be  seen  the  different  arti-  .'gradually  lose  their  perpendicular  position, 
es  of  food,   and  the  quantities  and  weight;  amj  become  less  fitted  for  grinding  the  hard 


which  ihe  horse  should  receive. 


u 

a 

u 

- 

S 

~> 

X 

lb 

lb 

lb 

lb 

B 

5 

10 

5 

0 

II 

00 

7 

S 

III 

0 

(i 

0 

00 

0 

7 

8 

10 

a 

7 

Ml 

10 

8 

I 

i 

■'II 

- 

30 

30 

;0 

30 

!.  F.irinjt  ions  substances,  consisting  of 
bruised  or  ground  BeaDS,  Peas.  VVheal, 
Barley,  or  Gals         .... 

2.  Biau,  fine  or  coarse, 

3.  Boiled  or  stiamoil  potatoes,  mashed  in 
a  tub  witli  a  wooden  bruiser, 

•4.  Fr.sh  grains  (boiled  hurley,)  - 

5.  Hay  cut  down  into  chaff 

€.  Straw  cut  ilown  into  chaff 

7.  Mult  dust,  or  ground  oil  cake,    - 


With  2  ounces  of  sail  for  each  class. 

By  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  each  horse 
Teceives  30lbs.  of  food  in  the  24  hours  a 
quantity  which  will,  in  all  cases,  be  found 
to  be  amply  sufficient.  The  addition  of  "I 
ounces  of  salt  is  necessary  to  assist  the  di- 
gestion of  the  food.  All  herbiverous  ani- 
mals, as  is  well  known,  in  their  wild 
state,  indicate  the  necessity  or  utility 
of  this  condiment,    by    resorting     wherev- 


food  which  the  nature  of  his  work,  and  his 
artificial  situation  in  stables,  renders  it  ne- 
cessary for  him  to  receive.  His  mastication 
|is  rendered  imperfect,  and  the  grain  when 
given  him  unbi  uised  or  ungroiind,  is  often 
swallowed  entire.  And  as  he  saliva  and 
the  gastric  juice  of  the  stomach  are  held  to 
be  the  solvents  of  the  food,  and  as  more 
perfect  mastication  must  allow  these  to  act 
with  more  effect  upon  it,  a  more  perfect  di- 
gestion, we  may  believe,  is  induced  by  giv- 
ing the  grain  in  the  bruised  or  ground  state, 
and  by  the  cutting  down  of  the  hay  and 
straw.  Thus,  not  only  must  the  practice 
be  conducive  to  t  e  health  of  the  horse,  but 
it  must  produce  a  great  saving  of  the  food. 
To  persons  requiring  constant  and  steady 
work  from  their  horses,  the  advantages  of 
the  practice  are  very  obvious. 

The  carrier,  with  his  horse-provender 
weighed,  mixed,  put  into  a  bag,  and  carried 
with  him,  can  feed  and  refresh  his  horse  at 
all  times  and  places.  The  same  observation 
applies  to    the   farmer,    and    more  strongly 


er    it    is  to    be   met   with   in   those   places 

where  native  salt  exits.     In  the  vast   forests  |  st,1.',to  the  pos'-inaster,    whose    horses    have 


of  America,  where  rock-salt  abounds,  those 
spots  are  called  by  the  natives  salt-licks,  from 
the  wild  cattle  resorting  to  them  to  lick  the 
salt.     In  Cheshire,  and  the  salt   district  of 


sudden  calls  upon  them  for  great  exertion. 
By  meansof  provender  so  prepared,  his  hor- 
ses soon  fill  themselves,  and  thus  have  time 
to  lie  down,  sleep,  and   rest.     To  the  gen- 


that  county,  there  is  a  farm  which  is  noted  j|Mem,an  and  sPortsraa>'  such  apian  of  feed 
for  the  excellence  of  its  cheese.  On  this  !l  "IS"3'  als0  I*13"?  advantages.  The  health 
farm  is  a  natural  salt  spring  to  which  the  jofjhe  horse  is  promoted  and  the  economy 
cows  daily  resort,  and  by  many  it  is  believed  jof  "s  Provender  assured.  The  following 
that  the  tasting  of  this  brine  by  the  cows  adds 


to  the  flavor  of  their  milk.* 

Of  the  four  classes  into  which  Dr.  Sully 
divides  his  ingredients  for  feeding,  those  two 
which  contain  the  steamed  or  boiled  pota- 
toe  are  the  most  recommended.  No  food 
conduces  more  to  the  healthy  working  con- 
dition of  horses  than  the  steamed  or  boil»d 
potatoe  ;  and  we  may  observe,  with  relation 
to  this,  as  well  as  to  other  kinds  of  food,  that 
when  the  horse  comes  in  weary  and  hungry, 
after  a  long  day's  work,  it  is  necessary  to  fill 
his  manger  more  copiously  with  the  ingredi- 
ents prepared  for  him. 

In  determining  what  kind  of  food  shall 
be  given  to  the  horse,  and  in  what  quantity 
it  shall  be  supplied,  particular  circumstan- 
ces must  often  be  allowed  to  operate.  Vio- 
lent and  long  continued  exertion,  for  exam- 
ple, will  require  the  strongest  food,  and  the 
largest  allowance  of  it.  It  will  be  apparent 
however,  in  the  several  instances  before  ad- 
duced of  the^inost  approved  methods  of  fee- 
ding horses,  that  although  these  methods  may 
differ  in  the  kinds  of  articles  selected  for 
food,  and  in  the  quantities  of  the  mixture 
given,  they  all  agree  in  certain  essential 
points;  and  it  is  to  these  that  we  wish  in  an 
especial  manner,  to  direct  the  public  atten- 
tion. The  methods  it  will  be  seen,  all  a- 
gree  in  the  practice  of  invariably  bruising  or 
coarsely  grinding  the  grain  and  beans,  in 
cutting  down  the  hay  and  straw,  in  giving 
no  hay  in  the  rack,  in  allowing  salt,  and  in 
weighing  each  article  separately,  before  mix- 
ture, in  place  of  adopting  the  fallaciuos  guide 
of  measurement. 


"in  the  last  number  of  the  Journal,  the  va'ue  and  us* 
-.ces  ot  thi9  important  condiment  are  fully  treated  of. 


are  the  words  of  the  intelligent.  humane,and 
experienced  gentleman  whom  we  have  al- 
ready quoted.  "  My  business,"  says  Dr. 
|  Sully,  "extends  through  Somerset.  Devon, 
Cornwall.  Dorset,  and  Wilts.  I  travel 
with  single  horses  on  one  pair  of  wheels.and 
by  relaying,  I  am  enabled  then  to  cover 
more  ground  with  four  horses  than  any  man 
I  know  in  England,  besides  my  pace  is  sev- 
en and  eight  miles  an  hour,  and  my  servant, 
who  always  accompanies  me,  generally  puts 
in  a  bag  of  provender,  of  coarsely  ground 
grain,  and  cut  hay  and  straw.  I  am  cer- 
tain the  same  plan  will  equally  succeed  with 
horses,  coach  or  saddle." 

Although  we  pride  ourselves  in  Great 
Britain,  and  very  justly,  on  the  beauty  and 
excellence  of  our  horses,  yet  how  superior 
soever  we  may  be  in  this  respect  to  our  con- 
tinental neighbors,  we  do  not  surpass  them 
in  knowledge  of  stable-management. — 
Those  who  have  visited  that  portion  of  Swit- 
zerland which  borders  on  Germany,  must 
have  witnessed  the  skillful  manner  of  feed- 
ing horses.  No  grain  is  given  to  these  ani- 
mals without  its  due  proportion  of  cut  hay  and 
straw  The  hay-cutting  machine  is  in  very 
general  use  in  this  quarter  of  that  delightful, 
romantic,  and  industrious  country  ;  and  it  is 
not  only  employed  for  the  horse,  but  also  for 
the  cow.  During  winter  along  with  differ- 
ent kinds  of  roots,  as  the  carrot,  the  turnip, 
the  parsnip,  chopped  up,  a  quantity  of  cut 
hay  is  mixed  for  the  cow.  If  we  pass  from 
Switzerland  into  Germay,  we  observe  the 
same,  and  perhaps  greater  attention  to  the 
food  of  the  horse.  To  all  the  grain  he  re- 
ceives, a  portion  of  cut  hay  and  straw  is  al- 
ways added,  and,  it  may  be  remarked,  that 


it  is  not  uncommon,  while  on  a  journey,  for 
the  Swiss  and  German  horseman  to  feed  his 
steed,  with  coarse  brown  bread,  half-a-pound 
or  more  at  a  feed.* 

But  it  is  unnecessary  to  go  out  of  our  own 
island  for  examples  of  good  and  economic- 
al modes  of  feeding  horses;  to  the  instances 
we  have  quoted,  of  the  manner  of  treating 
them  in  certain  stables  in  London,  many 
more  might  be  added;  and  if  we  travel  the 
roads  leading  to  the  south  from  that  great 
city,  we  shall  find  innumerable  examples  of 
the  same  good  management.  S  M. 


(From  the  Middletown  Sentinel.) 
SHAKER  BARN. 
Mr.  Starr, — I  hand  you  for  the  amuse- 
ment and  information  of  the  practical  far- 
mer, a  description  which  I  have  verbally  re- 
ceived from  a  friend  of  mine,  living  in  that 
vicinity,  of  a  large  barn  built  the  last  season 
in  the  town  of  Hancock,  Berkshire  county, 
Mss.  by  the  family  of  Shakers,  located  in 
that  town.  It  is  possible,  that  in  some  points, 
the  dimensions  may  be  inaccurate  ;  but  you 
may  rely  that  they  are  materially  correct. 
Both  the  size  and  form  are  probably  unfit  for 
common  purposes — very  few  farmers  would 
wish  to  collect  so  much  forage  and  manure, 
or  have  so  much  stock  in  one  place ;  but 
all  who  have  any  experience  in  the  business 
will  agree  that  there  is  much  ingenuity  and 
convenience  in  the  design,  for  a  large  es- 
tablishment. 

The  barn  isbui  ton  ground  inclining  south- 
wardly, in  a  perfect  circle,  and  is  ninety 
feet  in  diameter,  across  it  from  side  to  side. 
The  walls  are  stone,  22  feet  in  height,  of 
suitable  thickness,  and  laid  in  lime  or  well 
pointed  on  each  side.  Round  the  barn,  on 
the  inner  side,  are  stables  forming  a  circle; 
the  manger  within  and  suitable  places  over 
it  to  throw  or  feed  down  the  hay  ;  the  sta- 
ble and  manger  occupy  about  twelve  feet, 
and  are  eight  feet  high  ;  the  stables  open  to 
and  from  several  different  barn  yards,  in  or- 
der to  make  as  many  and  such  divisions   of 

their  stock  as  they  have  thought   proper. 

The  covering  of  the  stables   form   the  barn 

floor,  which  also  extends  round  the  barn. 

There  is  but  one  large  door  way  for  entrance 
with  teams  and  loads  ;  this  is  from  the  north- 
ern side,  from  an  offset  or  causeway,  8  feet 
above  the  base,  and  of  course  fourteen  feet 
below  the  eaves.  The  cart  or  wagon  that 
enters  with  a  load,  makes  the  whole  circuit 
of  the  floor  and  aftei  unloading,  comes  out 
at  the  same  door;  thus  eight  or  ten  teams 
with  their  loads  can  occupy  the  floor  at  one 
time,  in  unloading,  and  not  hinder  each  oth- 
er. Within  this  circle  of  stables  and  barn 
floor,  is  an  area  or  bay,  as  it  is  usually  cal- 
led, which  is  filled  with  hay,  &c.  which 
must  be  over  sixty  feet  diameter.  This  is 
pitched  in  and  on  from  any  side  or  place 
most  convenient,  oi  where  wanted. 

The  roof  comes  to  a  point  at  the  centre, 
and  sheds  off  the  rain  all  round,  something 
similar  to  an  umbrella.  It  is  supported  from 
the  inner  circle  of  the  barn  floor.  The  roof 
boards  are  laid  up  and  down,  which  by  a 
transverse  sawing  of  the  log  all  were  brought 
to  a  point,  and  then  shingled  round  in  the 
usual  mode.  M. 


By  some  recent  experiments  made  in  France,  it 
appears  tbat  silk- worms  may  be  entirely  fed  upon 
the  leaf  of  the  scorzonera,  or  viper's  grass. 

It  may  he  observed,  that  this  latter  practice  iB  a!9« 
commou  with  millers  in  some  parts  of  this  country. 


260 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  20,   1831 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


Charleston,  (S.  C.)  July  25th,  1831. 

Dear  Sir: — Yesterday  I  received  the  27th 
So.  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  which  is  the  only 
one  I  have  seen  since  the  25th  No.,  the  others  not 
•laving  reached  this  plare.  In  tins  number  you 
republish  some  remarks  of  mine  on  the  culture  of 
the  okra,  and  requested  that  I  wonld  give  "  di- 
rections for  cooking  okra,  as  practiced  by  the 
people  at  the  south."  With  this  I  mostcneerfully 
comply  and  as  it  would  be  too  late  to  do  so  thro' 
the  southern  agriculturist,  I  address  this  to  you,  to 
be  used  as  ynu  may  Junk  proper. 

All  that  is  necessary  to  be  known,  is  contain- 
ed in  the  article  which  you  have  extracted.  I 
would  only  suggest  that  perhaps  a  lighter  soil 
and  a  warmer  situation  would  answer  better  in 
your  state  than  those  recorded  in  that  article. — 
You  may  also  plant  it  much  nearer,  say  3  feet 
from  row  to  row,  and  18  in.  in  the  row,  leaving  but 
one  stalk.  We  plant  it  about  the  middle  of  March, 
and  generally  commence  picking  the  pods  early 
in  June,  which  are  borne  in  succession  as  the 
plant  progresses  in  its  growth.  They  are  of  a 
proper  size  when  two  or  three  inches  long ;  but 
may  be  used  as  long  as  they  remain  tender,  which 
is  judged  of  by  their  bitterness:  if  good,  (that  is 
fit  for  use)  they  will  snap  asunder  at  the  ends,  but 
if  they  merely  bend,  they  are  too  old,  have  be- 
come woody,  and  must  be  rejected,  for  a  few  of 
such  pods  will  spoil  a  dish  of  soup.  I  will  now 
proceed  to  give  you  the  directions  for  making  the 
soup.  I  have  taken  definite  quantities,  so  that 
the  proper  portion  of  each  may  be  clearly  under- 
derstood  by  you.  Smaller  quantities  may  be  used, 
but  the  proportions  ought  to  be  observed,  as  well 
as  the  length  of  time  of  boiling.  I  take  one  peck ' 
of  okra  pods,  which  must  be  very  tender,  and  of  j 
which  you  will  judge  by  the  rule  already  given ; 
cut  them  across  into  very  thin  slices,  not  exceed- 
ing s  in.  in  thickness,  but  as  much  thinner  as  pos- 
sible, as  the  operation  is  accelerated  by  their  thin- 
ness. To  this  quantity  of  okra  add  about  one 
third  of  a  peck  of  tomatoes,  which  are  first  pealed 
and  cut  into  pieces.  This  quantity  can  be  either 
increased  or  diminished  as  may  suit  the  taste  of 
those  for  whom  it  is  intended.  A  coarse  piece  of 
beef,  (a  shin  is  gpnerally  made  use  of)  is  placed 
into  a  digester  with  about  two  and  a  half  gallons 
of  water  and  a  very  small  quantity  of  salt.  It  is 
permitted  to  boil  for  a  few  moments,  when  the 
scum  is  taken  oft"  and  the  okra  and  tomatoes 
thrown  in.  These  are  all  the  ingredients  that  are 
absolutely  necessary,  and  the  soup  made  is  re- 
markably fine.     We  however  usually  add  some 

oru  cut  oft' from  the  tender  roasting  ears,  (the 
grain  from  three  ears  will  be  enough  for  the  a- 
hove  quantity.)  We  also  add  sometimes  about  a 
half  pint  of  Lima  or  civic  beans,  both  of  these  im- 
prove the  soup,  but  not  so  much  as  to  make  them 
mdispensablcs — so  far  from  it  that  I  believe  few 
add  them.  The  most  material  thing  to  be  atten- 
ded to  is  the  boiling ;  and  the  excellence  of  the 
soup  depends  almost  entirely  on  this  being  fai'h- 
fully  done ;  for  if  it  be  not  enough,  however  well 
the  ingredients  may  have  been  selected,  the  soup 
will  be  very  inferior,  and  give  but  little  idea  of 
the  delightful  flavor  it  possesses  when  properly 
done.  I  have  already  directed  that  the  ingredi- 
ents must  be  placed  in  a  digester.  This  is  deci- 
diyily  the  best  vessel  for  doing  this  or  any  other 


soup  in :  but  should  there  be  no  digester,  then  an 
earthen  ware  pot  should  be  prepared,  but  on  no 
account  make  use  of  an  iron  one  as  it  would  turn 
the  wholesome  soup  perfectly  black.  The  proper 
color  being  green,  co.ored  with  the  rich  yellow  of 
the  tomatoes.  The  time  which  is  usually  occupi- 
ed in  boiling  okra  soup  is  five  hours.  We  put  it 
on  at  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  take  it  off  a- 
bout2  P.  M.,  during  the  whole  of  which  time  it 
is  kept  briskly  boiling;  the  cook  at  the  same 
time  stirring  it  and  mashing  the  different  ingredi- 
ents. By  the  time  it  is  taken  off,  it  will  be  redu- 
ced to  about  one  half,  but  as  on  the  operation  of 
the  boiling  being  well  and  faithfully  executed,  dis- 
pands  its  goodness  (as  I  have  already  remarked.) 
1  will  state  the  criterion  by  which  this  is  judged  of 
— the  meat  separates  entirely  from  the  bone,  be- 
ing "  done  to  rags."  The  whole  appears  as  one 
homogeneous  mass,  in  which  none  of  the  ingre- 
dients are  seen  distinct;  the  object  of  this  long 
boiling  being  thus  to  incorporate  them.  Its 
consistency  should  be  about  that  of  milk  and 
porridge.  I  have  I  believe  given  you  full  direc- 
tions for  making  this  most  excellent  dish,  and  sure 
am  I  that  if  you  can  only  succeed  in  raising  the 
okra  and  follow  the  directions  here  given,  you 
will  rarely  be  without  it  when  it  can  be  obtain 
ed.  The  okra  is  raised  in  immense  quantities 
here,  and  is  used  by  both  rich  and  poor  and  con- 
sidered by  each  as  one  of  the  best  of  our  summer 
dishes.  In  fact  after  eating  a  plate  of  okra  soup, 
with  its  accompaniment,  rice,  few  care  to  partake 
of  any  thing  more  in  the  shape  of  solid  food. — 
Some  even  cut  the  pods  and  dry  them  for  winter 
use.  It  will  be  gratifying  to  me  to  learn  what  suc- 
cess attendsyour  attempts  to  cultivate  this  plant  and 
make  it  into  soups.  We  have  several(3)  varieties 
of  okra,  one  of  which  is  very  inferior,  being  short 
and  soon  growing  woody.  Should  you  feel  dis- 
posed to  continue  its  culture  I  will  with  pleasure 
:  forward  you  some  of  our  best  seeds,  if  you  will 
only  direct  me  how  and  to  where  I  shall  send  them. 
It  will  also  give  me  pleas  ire  to  communicate  any 
other  parts  you  may  wish  to  be  acquainted  with, 
either  respecting  this  or  any  other  plant  or  shrub 
cultivated  among  us. 

Yours  respectfully, 

JOHN  D.  LEGARE. 
N.  Goodsel,  Esq. 

In  our  27  No.  we  expressed  a  wish  that  the 
editor  of  the  Southern.  Agricu It/wrist  would  send 
us  directions  for  cooking  okra  or  preparing  the 
dish  called  Gombo  from  it.  No  sooner  had  our 
communication  reached  Charleston,  than  tile  edi- 
tor encloses  at  once  all  necessary  directions  which 
we  now  give  to  our  readers,  having  previously  re- 
ceived froin  the  Hon.  J.  Buel  of  Abany,  directions 
for  raising  the  plant  in  this  latitude.  When  we 
consider  the  promptness  with  which  these  men 
embrace  every  opportunity  to  do  good  to  the  pub- 
lic, we  cannot  but  feel  our  hearts  overflowing  with 
gratitude  to  them.  That  we  have  our  lots  cast  a- 
mongst  such  philanthropists  is  a  pleasant  reflec- 
tion The  facilities  for  agricultural  improve- 
ments are  increasing,  and  sentinels  are  now  pla- 
ced at  proper  distances  on  our  sea  coast  from 
Georgia  to  Maine,  to  spread  from  post  to  post, 
without  delay,  any  news  of  improvements  in  for- 
eign countries,  and  those  correspond  with  senti- 
nels placed  inland,  whose  duty  it  is  to  watch  our 
internal  improvements  and  answer  any  inquiries 


which  may  be  made  from  any  part  of  the  union 
Surely  our  fathers  had  not  such  advantages !  A 
farmer  has  but  to  ask  information  upon  any  point 
touching  his  occupation,  from  one  of  our  Agricul- 
tural editors,  and  he  receives  free  as  air,  not  only 
the  results  of  experiments  of  the  present,  but  of 
past  ages.  No  sooner  is  his  inquiry  made  to  one, 
than  it  is  sounded  from  post  to  post,  and  every  ed- 
itor feels  himself  called  upon  to  exert  himself  in 
the  general  cause 

Libraries  are  ransacked  for  records  of  the  past 
— learned  and  practical  men  are  consulted  for  the 
improvement  of  the  present  age,  and  all  this  is 
transmitted  back  to  the  inquirer  with  telegraphic 
dispatch.  Who  then  will  remain  ignorant  of  bu- 
siness in  which  he  is  engaged  1  Who  will  con- 
tinue slumbering  in  ignorance  when  his  neighbors 
are  pressing  forward  in  improvements  to  pros- 
perity and  fame  1  What  man  will  not  retire  from 
tile  disgusting,  virtue-destroying  course  of  poli- 
tics of  the  present  day,  to  enjoy  the  biisses  of  an 
honest,  industrious,  agricultural  life,  where  every 
blessing  is  received  immediately  from  the  foun- 
tain of  all  good,  with  thankful  hearts.  Not  so 
with  the  political  sycophant,  he  receives  his  com- 
pensation as  the  reward  of  guile,  and  while  pock- 
eting, abhors  it.  Then  what  farmer  will  not  ex 
change  his  political  for  an  agricultural  paper  1 — 
Let  the  subscription  lists  of  those  papers  till. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

The  experience  of  "A  young  Farmer"  in  bud- 
ding Or  grafting  cultivated  cherries  on  the  wild 
black  cherry  (Prunus  virginiana)  exactly  ac- 
cords with  my  own,  for  all  my  attempts  have 
been  complete  failures.  There  is  another  wild 
cherry  (Primus  pennsylvanica)  however,  that 
forms  a  good  stock.  Its  leaves  resemble  those  of 
the  peach  tree,  and  is  often  very  abun  int  among 
hemlocks  and  windfalls.  One  of  my  friends  had 
many  fine  cherries  growing  on  the  latter  stocks ; 
but  he  assured  me  (what  I  was  well  prepared  to 
believe)  that  he  could  never  get  one  to  grow  on  the 
common  wild  cherry. 

The  genus  prunus  includes  many  species 
(Plums  and  Cherries)  which  agree  will  in  their 
botanical  character,  but  seem  to  differ  very  wide- 
ly in  their  natures.  The  plum  grows  freely  on 
the  peach  tree  although  of  a  different  genus,  and 
vice  versa,  though  perhaps  more  sparingly ;  but  I 
have  never  seen  the  plum  grow  on  a  cherry  stock, 
nor  a  cherry  on  a  plum  stock.  D.  T. 

8  mo.  5,  1831. 


SEI.UCTIOSliS. 


FLAX  AND  HEMP. 

Contiuued'from  pagfl  251. 
GENERAL   OBSERVATIONS. 

Whilst  viewing  the  treatment  of  flax  in 
the  Netherlands,  I  was  not  a  little  surprised 
at  seeing  cattle  of  every  kind  grazing  in  the 
field  where  it  was  steeping,  and  with  free  ac- 
cess to  the  steeping  pools,  the  water  of  which 
is  considered  in  Ireland  to  be  hig  ly  injuri- 
ous to  every  animal;  having  questioned  a 
Boer  on  this  matter,  he  told  me,  he  never 
knew  an  instance  of  cattle  being  injured  by 
flax  water,  nor  is  any  precaution  whatever 
used  to  keep  them  from  it ;  on  examining 
the  water  in  which  the  flax  is  steeped,  I  found 
the  color  of  it  to  differ  much  from  that  of 
the  flax  pools  in  Ireland  :  and  I  am  led  to 
think,  on  further  consideration  of  the  subject, 
that  the  vegetable  matters  which  are  blended 


Vol.  1 No.  33. 


AND  GARDINER'S  JOURNAL. 


261 


with  the  mud,  when  spread  over  the  flax,  be- 
ing decomposed  in  the  fermentive  process 
that  takes  place,  mingle  with  the  mu.  ilage 
of  the  plant,  and  act  as  agents  to  neutralize 
it  injurious  qualities  ;  how  far  this  may  be 
the  case,  or  whether  the  plant,  being  ripe  be- 
fore watering,  and  totally  excluded  from 
light  and  air  in  this  process,  may  produce 
effects  different  from  those  in  Ireland,  I 
shall  not  pretend  to  say  ;  but  the  fact  is  as  I 
have  described  it. 

That  the  mode  practiced  in  Holland,  Zea- 
land, Flanders  and  France,  of  excluding 
light  and  air  in  the  steeping  of  flax,  has  a 
powerful  effect  on  the  color  of  the  plant, 
cannot  be  doubted  ;  and  that  the  properties 
of  the  water  and  mud  employed  have  consid- 
erable influence  in  that  point,  as  well  as  the 
texture  of  it,  is  equally  certain,  and  is  fully 
exemplified  in  eacii  of  those  countries,  as  will 
be  seen  by  the  follo«'i,i!»  statement : 

In  that  part  of  Holland  where  flax,  the 
growth  of  that  country  and  of  Zealand,  is 
steeped,  and  where  the  soil  is  dark  and  of  a 
slimy  nature,  the  water  soft  and  clear,  and 
perfectly  suited  for  culinary  and  oilier  do- 
mestic uses,  it  is  found  thm  it  comes  from  the 
steeping  pool  of  a  dark  blay  color,  varying 
only  in  shades,  according  to  the  quality  of 
the  soil  or  mud  with  which  it  is  covered; 
but  every  parcel  is  uniformly  of  one  color 
from  each  pool ;  it  is  likewise  of  a  soft  and 
silky  nature. 

In  Zealand  when  flax  is  steeped  as  in  Hol- 
land, with  respect  to  the  exclusion  of  the  air 
and  light,  it  is  always  of  an  uniform  color, 
but  from  the  quality  of  the  water    and   soil, 
comes  from  the  pool  of  a  light   straw  color, 
and  is  harder  in  its  nature  than  that  steeped 
in  Holland  ;  this  is  attributed  to  the   brack- 
ishness  of  the  water  and  soil,    which  purges 
the  plant  in  the  steeping  pools,  and  deprives 
it  of  its  extractive  matter,  so   much   so,  that 
it  is  calculated  to  lose   in  steeping  in  Zeal- 
and, from    twenty   to  twenty-five  per  cent, 
more  than  when    steeped  in    Holland ;  for 
this  reason  the  Dutch  fltx   Boers  bring  the 
flax  that  they  grow  in  Zealand  from  the  field, 
dried  with  the  boles  on  it,  to  be  steeped,  Sic. 
at  home,  often  fifty  and  sixty  miles   distant. 
When  flax  in  Zealand'is  not  steeped  with  the 
same  care   as   in  Holland,   bv  excluding  it 
from  the  air  and  light  with  mud  and    slime, 
it  comes  from  the  pool  precisely  as  it  does  in 
many  parts  of  the  south  and  west  of  Ireland, of 
various  colors  and  gi/a/tfies.even  in  one  strick 
or  bunch,  in  consequence  of  which  it  sells  at 
all  times  in  the  Rotterdam  market  at  an  un- 
der price,  for  inferior  work.  This  is  a  strong 
proof  of  the   effects  produced  by  the  exclu- 
sion of  light  and  air  in  the  steeping  process. 
In  Flanders  where  the  soil    is  lighter  in 
quality  and  color,  and  the  water  clearer  and 
fresher  than  in  Holland,  the  flax   is   some 
shades  brighter  than  that  steeped  in  Holland, 
but  not  of  the  straw  color  or  harsh  descrip- 
tion of that  steeped  in  Zealand;  it  is,   how- 
ever, uniformly    of  one  shade    from   every 
sleeping  pool,  doubtless  in  consequence  of 
rhe  exclusion  of  light  and  air. 

In  France,  where  the  soil  is  lighter  than 
inFlanders,  the  flax  is  of  a  lighter'color  than 
in  that  country  or  Holland,  "and  is  between 
a  straw  and  a  blay  color,  neither  so  hail  as 
the  Zealand  flax,  nor  so  soft  as  that  steeped 
in  Holland ;  it  is,  however,  like  all  the  oth 
ers,  when  excluded  from  the  light  and  air. 
of  one  color  from  every  pool ;  nor  did  I  see 
in  the  course  of  my  examination  of  flax  in 


the  several  countries*  1  visited,  any  of  that 
article  striped  in  color,  or  of  different  qual- 
ities in  one  head  or  trick,  but  that  grown  in 
a  part  of  Zealand,  where  the  cultivation  may 
be  said  to  be  in  its  infancy,  as  compared  to 
other  places. 

On  the  whole,  it  appears  to  me,  from  ev- 
ery information  I  have  received,  and  from 
the  best  consideration  I  have  given  the  sub- 
ject, according  to  my  humble  judgment,  that 
the  exclusion  of  light  and  air  from  the  flax 
in  the  steeping  process,  as  practiced  in  the 
Netherlandsand  France,  forms  ihe  most  im- 
portant points  in  the  treatment  of  that  plant ; 
and  1  am  of  opinion,  that  a  due  attention  to 
the  mode  practiced  in  these  countries,  would 
eventually  lead  to  the  cultivation  of  flax  in 
Ireland,  on  a  scale  that  would  be  of  the  great- 
est importance  to  the  landlords,  tenantry, 
and  peasantry  of  the  country. 

With  respect  to  the  regulations  in  those 
countries  for  dividing  the  flax  into  two  dif- 
ferent sorts  or  numbers,  according  to  its  fine- 
ness or  coarseness,  there  is  no  law  or  pub- 
lic examination,  as  in  Petersburg!]  and  Ri-l 
ga,  nor  does  there  seem  to  be  the  smallest 
necessity  for  such  a  measure;  the  flax  growers 
themselves,  being  sensible  of  the  advanta- 
ges derived  from  a  regular  sysiem,  careful- 
ly assort  each  quality  before  they  offer  it  for 
sale,  and  set  a  price  on  it  accordingly  ;  on 
this  point  the  merchants  are  equally  partic- 
ular, as  they  separate  with  great  care  every 
quality  they  purchase.  In  making  up  for 
a  foreign  market  there  is  no  rule  as  to  the 
size  of  the  bundle  or  pack;  the  merchant 
being  governed  by  the  orders  of  his  corres- 
pondents, who,  for  the  most  part,  differ  in 
the  size  of  them  ;  som-  directing  them  to  be 
made  up  in  bales  of  one  cwt.  while  others 
order  them  in  bales  of  four  and  six  cwt. 

Average  quantity  of  flax  and  linseed  sold 
in  Ho'Iand  from  the  best  information  I 
could  obtain,  may  be  about  12,000  tons  an- 
nually, and  10,000  hogshead  of  seed. 


Mr 


of 


Extract  of  a  letter  from 

France,  to  Pets  r,  Besnard,  Esq.  da- 
ted London,  August  23d,  18£2. 
"De  ir  Sir, — In  answer  to  your  question 
respecting  the  causes  of  the  different  appear- 
ances of  Irish  and  Dutch  flax,  I  have  ennea- 
vored  to  give  you,  as  follows  the  best  solu- 
tion in  my  power. 

"  The  Irish  mode  of  steeping  flax,  com- 
pared with  that  of  Holland,  is  defective  in 
principle,  and  injurious  in  the  result,  to  those 
qualities  essential  to  constitute  a  good  arti- 
cle. 

"  When  flax  is  steeped  in  a  green  state, 
whilst  the  plant  has  not  yet  attained  maturi- 
ty, it  is  plain,  that  all  the  fibre  of  which  it 
was  susceptible  is  not  formed,  and  its  con- 
stituent principles  being  but  imperfectly 
combined  are  the  easier  separated  ;  this  oc- 
casions substantial  loss;  the  carbon,  which 
should  go  to  form  the  fibre,  is,  by  the  pro- 
cess of  fermentation,  sent  off  in  the  shape  of 
carbonic  acid  gas,  which,  rising  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  escapes,  and  forms  that 
deleterious  atmosphere,  so  fatal  to  animal 
existence ;  again,  the  flax  being  partially 
exposed  to  the  influence  of  the  light  be- 
comes variegated,  and  the  decomposition  is 
so  rapid  and  tumultuous,  that  not  only  much 
of  the  tender  part  is  destroyed,  but  the  vola- 
tile products  fly  off,  and  meeting  no  resist- 
ance mix  with  the  air,  forming  a  mixture  of 

*  Id  speaking  of  the  qualities  of  the  Boil  in  Holland, 
Flanders,  and  France,  I  ullude  io  those  places  only 
where  I  have  seen  flax  cultivated. 


sulphurated  and  ammoniated  hydrogen, 
which  is  hut  too  evident  to  the  olfactory 
senses  of  those  who  come  within  the  sphere  of 
the  nauceous  and  noxious  effluvia  The  de- 
fence setup  in  favor  of  this  mode,  namely, 
that  the  younger  the  plant  the  finer  the  tis- 
sue, even  if  true.  I  doubt  would  not  compen- 
sate for  the  actual  waste  occasioned. 

"  In  Holland  the  (!ax  is  not  put  to  steep 
until  at  perfect  maturity,  ami  even  then  it  is 
covered  over  in  the  steep  with  a  thick  layer 
of  earth  or  mud,  which,  while  it  defends  the 
flax  from  the  action  of  the  light,  furnishes 
certain  affinities,  which  do  not  fail  to  take, 
up,  and  form  with  the  substance  thrown  off 
by  the  fermentation,  insoluble  compounds, 
such  as  eaithy  carbonates,  sulphates.  Stc. 
and  thus  it  is.  that  the  tissue  suffers  less,  and 
maintains  its  uniform  quality  and  color. 

We  have  now  given  our  readers  the  best  direc 
tions  concerning  the  management  of  flax   within 
our  power;  and  although  we  have  done  it  in  oth- 
er language  than  our  own,  nevertheless,  we  are 
convinced  of  its    correctness.      The   gendeman 
|  Mr.  Besnard,  whose  language  we  have  quoted, 
has  long  been  engaged  in  the  flax  business,   and 
|  was  selected  for  the  tour  upon  the  continent  for 
his  superior  qualifications.  The  linen  and  hempen 
board  of  Ireland  is  composed  of  men  of  first  rate 
talents,  both  natural    and   acquired,  and  who  in 
',  discharge  of  the  duties  entrusted   to  them,   seem 
resolved  to  collect  all  the  information  possible  up- 
on the  subjects  of  raising  or  manufacturing   flax, 
i  as  being  intimately  connected  with  their  national 
prosperity.     And  let  me  ask  why  is  not  our  na- 
j  tional  prosperity  as  dear  to  us  as  theirs  is  to  them  ? 
I  It  is  for  our  national  legislature  to  reply.     When 
there  is  the  same  ^encouragement  held  out  to  the 
:  citizens  of  the  United  States,  by  our  government, 
that  there  is  to  the  linen   and  hempen   board  of 
Ireland  by  the   English   government,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  Yankees  are  not  slow  to  learn.     But 
we  have  been  treating  the  subject   in   a  different 
light;  we  have  given  it  with  a  view  to  benefit  in- 
dividuals, who  have  to  work   their  way   in  this 
country  without  the  aid  of  legislation ;   and  we 
sincerely  hope  that  our  readers  will   make  such 
experiments  as  will  satisfy  them  of  the  correct- 
ness of  our  observations.     We  therefore  dismiss 
the  subject  for  the  present,  but  shall  as  time  serves 
give  a  description  of  their  manner  of  preparing 
the  flax  upon  the  hatchel,  &c,  with  some  account 
of  their  process  of  bleaching,  in  which  we  will  en- 
deavor to  show  the  advantage  which  this  country 
has  over  England  in  that  part  of  the  manufacture 
of  linen  goods ;  and  that  the  introduction  of  lin- 
en manufactories  into  this  country  would  be  of 
the  greatest  national  advantage  by  encouraging 
home   industry  and   particularly  giving  employ- 
ment to  the  female  part  of  community,  a  want  of 
which,  at  this  time  in  our  large  towns  is  attended 
with  immoral  consequences. 


Pouch  in  the  Lion's  Tongue. — In  dir- 
ecting a  Lion,  sent  to  the  Edinburgh 
College  Museum,  Messrs.  Cheek  and 
Jones  have  discovered  on  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  tongue,  near  the  tip,  a  struc- 
ture, which  may  be  considered  as  a  ru- 
diment of  the  worm  in  the  dog.  It  is 
marked  by  three  longitudinal  dilations, 
separated  by  contractions ;  and  in  the 
specimen  dissected,  was  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long. 


262 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  20,  1S3I 


STRAWBERRY. 
As  the  season  has  nearly  arrived  for  planting 
out  beds  of  strawberries,  and  as  this  fruit  is  now 
cultivated  to  considerable  extent  in  gardens  we 
propose  to  copy  from  Loudon's  Encyclopaedia  of 
Gardening,  such  obeervations  as  may  be  useful 
to  those  who  are  unacquainted  with,  and  wish  to 
cultivate  this  fruit.  In  some  parts  of  our  coun- 
try, the  cultivation  of  strawberries  in  gardens  is 
unneceseary,  as  they  are  natives  of  the  soil,  and 
grow  in  such  abundance  in  the  fields  that  nothing 
more  than  picking  them  is  necessary :  but  in  oth- 
er parts  the  supply  from  the  fields  is  altogether 
uncertain,  and  what  is  furnished  are  small.  As 
the  fruit  is  generally  liked,  those  who  would  have 
it  in  perfection  must  expect  to  bestow  upon  its  cul- 
tivation some  little  time  or  expense.  The  kinds 
cultivated  in  gardens,  are  those  which  have  been 
selected  for  extra  qualities,  either  for  size  or  fla- 
vor, or  as  being  abundant  bearers,  and  any  of 
them  are  capable  of  being  increased  very  rapidly. 

Strawberry. — Fragaria,  L.  Icos.  Polyg.  L. 
and  Rosacea,  J.  Frasier,  Fr.  ;  Erdbeerp- 
flanze,  Gei. ;  and  Pianta  di  fragola,  Ital.  | 
The  strawberry  is  a  small  creeping  plant, 
with  a  perennial  root,  and  in  general  ter- 
nate  leaves.  There  are  numerous  sorts 
by  some  botanists  distinguished  as  species, 
by  others  considered  as  only  varieties. —  j 
Knight  (Hort  Trans,  vol.  iii.  207.)  consid- 
ers the  grandiflora  or  pine,  the  Chiloensis  or 
Chili,  and  the  Virginiana  or  common  scar- 
let, (the  first  supposed  to  be  a  native  o!  Sur- 
inam, the  second  of  Chili,  and  the  third  of 
Virginia,)  to  be  varieties  only  of  one  species  ; 
as  all  may  be  made  to  breed  together  indis- 
criminately. The  fruit  has  received  its 
name  from  the  ancient  practice  of  laying 
straw  between  the  rows,  which  keeps  the 
ground  moist  and  the  fruit  clean.  They  are 
natives  of  temperate  or  cold  climates,  as  of 
Europe  and  America.  The  fruit,  though 
termed  a  berry,  is  in  correct  and  botanical 
language,  a  fleshy  receptacle,  studded  with 
seeds. 

Use.  The  fruit  is  fragrant  (whence  fra- 
garia,) delicious,  and  universally  esteemed. 
It  consists  amost  entirely  of  matter  soluble 
in  the  stomach,  and  neither  there  nor  when 
laid  in  heaps  and  left  to  rot,  does  it  undergo 
the  acetous  fermentation.  Hence  it  is  very 
nourishing,  and  may  be  safely  eaten  by  gou- 
ty and  rheumatic  persons.  "  In  addition  to 
its  grateful  flavor,  the  subacid  juice  has  a 
cooling  quality,  particularly  acceptable  in 
summer.  Eaten  either  alone,  or  with  sugar 
and  cream,  there  are  few  constitutions  with 
which  strawberries,  even  when  taken  in  large 
quantities,  are  found  to  disagree.  Further, 
they  have  properties  which  render  them,  in 
most  conditions  of  the  animal  frame,  posi- 
tively salutary  ;  and  physicians  concur  in 
placing  them  in  their  small  catalogue  of 
pleasant  remedies.  They  dissolve  the 
tartareous  incrustations  of  the  teeth. — 
They  promote  perspiration.  Persons  afflict- 
ed with  the  gout  have  found  relief  from  us- 
ing them  very  largely  :  so  have  patients  in 
cases  of  the  stone  ;  and  Hoffman  states,  that 
he  has  known  consumptive  people  cured  by 
them.  The  bark  of  the  root  is  astringent.-' 
(/l&ercromiie.) 

The  species  and  varieties  are — 
The  wood-strawberry    (F.  vesca)   {Eng. 
Bot.  1524. ;)  with  oval  seriated   leaves;  the 
fruit  round  and  small,  red,  white,  and  green. 
A  native  of  Britain. 


The  scarlet  (F,  virginiana)  (Duh.arb.  1. 
t.  5.)  with  leaves  like  the  preceding;  the 
fruit  roundish  and  scarlet-colored.  A  na- 
tive of  Virginia.  Varieties.  Early  scarlet, 
Wilinot's  late,  common  late,  VVilmot's  cox- 
comb scarlet.  (Hort.  Trans',  v.  262.) 

The  roseberry  (F.  virg.  var.)  (Hort. 
Trans,  ii.  pi.  27. ;)  an  Aberdeen  seedling, 
introduced  in  1G10.  The  plants  have  few 
roundish  leaves  ;  larger  fruit  than  the  scar- 
let, and  are  very  prolific.  Continues  bear- 
ing till  August. 

The  Downton  (F.  vir.  var.  Hort.  Trans. 
ii.  pi.  15.)  The  fruit  is  large,  irregular,  and 
coxcomb-like;  leaves  large;  plant  hardy 
and  prolific. 

The  Carolina  ( F.  caroliniensis  ;)  red,  from 
North  America.     Bostock. 

The  musky  or  hautbov  (F.  elatior.  Eng. 
Bot  2177.;,)  with  oval  rough  javelin  edged 
leaves  ;  the  fruit  large,  of  a  pale  red  color.  A 
enativ  of  Britain. 

The  Chili  (F,  Chiloensis  Duh  arb.  l.t. 
3. ;)  with  large,  oval,  thick  haiiy  leaves  and 
large  flowers  ;  the  fruit  large  and  very  firm. 
A  native  of  South  America.  Keen's  im- 
perial, or  new  Chili  (F.  Chil.  var.  Hort. 
Trans.ri.pl.  7.;)  a  large  showy  fruit. — 
Keen's  seedling.     (Hort.  Trans,  v.  pi.   12.^ 

The  pine  (F.  grandiflora.  Miller,  icon.%. 
t.  288  ;)  the  lea  es  small  and  delicate  ;  there 
are  two  sorts  the  red  and  the  white,  or 
greenish-tinted,  of  the  most  rich  flavored 
fruit.  South  America.  Mathven  castle. 
Pincess  Charlotte. 
The  Alpine  or  prolific  (F.  Collina;)  which 
commonly  la«ts  from  June  till  November, 
and  in  a  mild  season,  till  near  Christmas; 
two  sorts  of  the  fruit,  the  red  and  the  white. 
Alps  of  Europe. 

The  one-leaved  (F.  monophylla.  Bot. 
Mag.  t>3. :)  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  pink-col- 
ored.    South  America. 


PEACHES. 

From  Prince's  Pumological  Manual. 

EARLY  CHEVREUSE.  Pr.  cat- 
The  flower  of  this  tree  is  small;  the  fruit 
of  fine  size,  rather  oblong,  divided  on  one 
of  its  sides  by  a  very  distinct^groove.  one 
bolder  of  which  is  more  elevated  than  the 
other  ;  it  is  terminated  at  the  summit  by  a 
small  pointed  nipple,  and  the  surface  is  of- 
ten scattered  over  with  little  protuberances, 
especially  towards  its  base  ;  the  skin  is  tin- 
ged with  blight  red  on  the  sunny  side;  the 
flesh  is  melting,  replete  with  juice,  which  is 
sweet  and  of  very  agreeable  flavor,  and  it  is 
white  except  around  the  stone,  where  it  be- 
comes red  ;  the  color  of  the  stone  is  a  brow- 
nish red,  and  it  is  of  a  moderate  size,  some- 
what elongated.  This  peach  ripens  towards 
the  middle  or  end  of  August,  and  the  tree 
generally  yields  abundant  crops. 

LATE  CHEVREUSE.  Pr.  cat. 
The  leaves  of  this  tree  are  furnished  at 
their  base  with  reniform  glands  ;  the  flow- 
ers are  rose-colored,  and  about  ten  lines  in 
breadih;  the  fruit  is  not  exactly  round,  but 
is  sometimes  a  little  compressed,  and  fre- 
quently presents  small  elevations  forming  a 
kind  of  protuberances;  it  is  twenty-six  lines 
in  diameter,  and  twenty-four  in  height;  the 
longitudinal  groove,  which  divides  it  into 
two  sections,  is  always  very  distinct,  and  it 
frequently  happens  that  one  side  of  it  is 
more  swollen  than  the  other ;  the  summit  is 
terminated  by  a  very  distinct  nipple;  the 
skin  is  pale  where  shaded,  and  a  line  dirk 
red  where  exposed  to  the"  sun ;  the  flesh  is 


somewhat  red  around  the  stone,  but  the  res 
idue  is  white — it  is  melting,  and  pretty  a- 
bundantin  juice,  which  is  bland,  sweet,  and 
of  a  pleasant  taste  ;  the  stone  is  very  elon- 
gated, sixteen  lines  in  length,  and  ten  to 
eleven  broad — the  point  which  terminates 
it  is  often  a  line  in  length.  This  peach  at- 
tains to  maturity  at  the  end  of  Septem- 
ber. 

EARLY  YELLOW  ALBERGE.  Pr.  cat 

This  peach  is  distinguished  from  the  pre- 
ceding, by  its  being  much  smaller  in  size, 
and  ripening  at  a  much  earlier  period,  but 
its  flowers  and  leaves  do  not  differ;  it  is 
sixteen  lines  in  diameter,  and  seventeen  in 
height,  divided  by  a  shallow  longitudinal 
groove,  and  terminated  by  a  large  pointed 
and  curved  mamelon ;  the  skin  is  covered 
with  thick  down,  is  yelljw  on  the  side  that 
is  shaded,  and  colored  with  dark  red  on  the 
side  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  is  melt- 
ing, of  a  fine  golden  yellow  color,  tinged 
with  red  around  the  stone,  and  of  a  sweet 
I  flavor;  the  stone  is  brownish  red,  termina- 
ting in  an  obtuse  point,  and  about  seven 
I  lines  long  and  six  broad.  In  early  seasons 
this  fruit  is  in  eating  at  the  end  of  July,  and 
in  ordinary  years  towards  the  middle  of  Au- 
gust. I  have  no  doubt  the  title  adopt- 
ed and  the  synonymes  apply  to  the  same 
fruit,  and  I  have  been  guided  by  own  judg- 
ment in  their  arrangement. 

MADELEINE    DE    COURSON.     Pom. 
mag.     Pr.  cat. 

L--  l.  Pom.  Fr.  p.  292.     G.  Lind.  in  Hort. 

TRANS.  VOL.  V.  P.  539.  HoRT.  SoC  FRUIT. 

Cat.  no.  84. 

An  excellent  freestone  variety,  ripening 
in  the  end  of  August  or  beginning  of  Sep- 
tember, about  the  time  of  the  Grosse  Mig- 
noiine.  It  is  very  different  from  the  Red 
Magdalen  peach  of  the  [English]  nurseries, 
which  is  a  larger  fruit,  with  more  color,  and 
small  flowers.  The  tree  is  rather  subject 
to  mildew.  According  to  Mr  Lindlev,  this 
is  the  true  Red  Magdalen  peach  of  Miller. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  fine,  rich,  vinous  fla- 
vor. 

Leaves  dark  green,  coarsely  and  doubly 
serrated,  glandless;  flowers  large,  pale 
blush  ;  fruit  small,  globular,  flattened,  deep- 
ly cleft  on  one  side;  color  pale  yellow,  with 
a  blush  of  clear  pink  where  exposed ;  flesh 
quite  white,  not  stained  at  the  stone,  from 
which  it  parts  fieelv,  very  melting,  juicy, vin- 
ous.and  rich;  stone  blunt, rathei large  for  so 
small  a  fruit. — Pom.  Mag. 

The  worst  of  all. — A  zealous,  and  in  his 
way  a  very  eminent  preacher,  happened  to 
miss  a  constant  auditor  from  his  congrega- 
tion. Schism  had  already  made  some  dep- 
redations on  the  fold,  which  was  not  so  large, 
but  to  a  practised  eye  the  reduction  of  even 
one  was  perceptible.  '  What  keeps  0111 
friend,  farmer  B.  away  from  us?'  was  the 
anxious  question  proposed  by  our  vigilant 
minister  to  his  clerk  ;  'I  have  not  seen  him 
among  us  these  three  weeks;  I  hope  it  is 
not  Socinianism  that  keeps  him  away.' — 
'  No,  your  honor,' replied  the  clerk,  *  it  is 
something  worse  than  Socinianism!'  'God 
forbid  it  shoul.l  be  Deism.'  *No,  your  hon- 
or,   it  is    something    worse  than  that.' 

'  Worse  than  Deism !  Good  heavens !  1 
trust  it  is  not  Atht  ism.'  '  No,  your  honor.it 
is  something  worse  than  that.'  '  Worse, 
than  Atheism  !  impossible  :  nothing  can  be 
worse  than  Atheism.1  '  Yes  it  is,  your  hon- 
or— it  is  Rheumatism.' 


Xo.  .1— No.  S3. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


263 


From  the  Turf  Register. 
BEAR  AND  ALLIGATOR. 

St.  Martinsville,  May  4,  1831. 
On  a  scorching  day  in  the  middle  of  June, 
1330,  whilst  I  was  seated  under  a  venerable 
live  oak,  on  the  ever  green  banks  of  the 
Teche,  waiting  for  the  fish  to  bite  I  was 
startled  by  the  roarings  of  some  animal,  in 
the  cane  brake,  a  short  distance  below  me, 
apparently  getting  ready  for  action.  These 
notes  of  preparation  were  quickly  succeeded 
iiy  the  sound  of  feet,  tramping  down  the 
cane,  and  scattering  the  shells.  As  soon  as 
I  recovered  from  my  surprise,  I  resolved  to 
take  a  view,  of  what  I  supposed  to  be  two 
prairie  bulls  mixing  impetuously  in  battle, 
an  occurrence  so  common  in  this  country 
and  season,  when,  as  Thompson  says, 

" Through  all  his  lusty  veins 

The  bull,  deep-scorched,  the  raging  passion  feels." 

When  I  reached  the  scene  of  action,  how 
great  was  my  astonishment,  instead  of  bulls 
to  behold  a  large  black  bear  reared  upon  his 
hind  legs,  with  his  fore  paws  raised  aloft,  as 
if  to  make  a  plunge.  His  face  was  besmear- 
ed with  white  foam  sprinkled  with  red, 
which  dropping  from  his  mouth  rolled  down 
his  shaggy  breast.  Frantic  from  the  suiart- 
of  his  wounds,  he  stood  gnashing  his  teeth 
and  growling  at  his  enemy.  A  few  paces 
in  his  rear  was  the  cane  brake  from  which 
he  had  issued.  On  a  bank  of  snow  white 
shells,  spotted  with  blood,  in  battle  array, 
stood  bruin's  foe,  in  shape  an  alligator,  fif- 
teen feet  long!  He  looked  as  if  he  had  just 
been  dipped  in  the  Teche,  and  had  emerged 
like  Achilles,  from  the  Styx,  with  an  invul- 
nerable coat  of  mail.  He  was  standing  on 
tip-toe.  his  back  turned  upwards,  and  his 
tongueless  mouth  thrown  open,  displayed  in 
his  wide  jaws,  two  large  tusks,  and  rows  of 
teeth.  His  tail  six  feet  long  raised  from  the 
ground  was  constantly  waving,  like  a  boxer's 
arm,  to  gather  force.  His  big  eyes  starting 
from  his  head,  glared  upon  bruin,  whilst 
sometimes  uttering  hissing-  cries,  then  roar- 
ing like  a  bull. 

The  combatants  were  a  few  paces  apart 
when  I  stole  upon  them,  the  "  first  round" 
being  over.  They  remained  in  the  ntti- 
udes  described  for  about  a  minute  swelling 
themselves  as  large  as  possible,  but  marking 
the  slightest  motions  with  attention,  and 
great  caution,  as  f  each  felt  confident  he 
had  met  his  match.  During  this  pause  I 
was  concealed  behind  a  tree,  watching  their 
manaeuvre  in  silence.  I  could  scarcely  be- 
lieve my  eye  sight.  What,  thought  I,  can 
these  two  beasts  have  to  fight  about?  Some 
readers  may  doubt  the  tale  on  this  account, 
but  if  it  had  been  a  bulf  fight,  no  one  would 
have  doubted  it,  because  every  one  knows 
what  they  are  fighting  for. 

The  same  reasoning  will  not  always  ap- 
ply to  a  man  fight.  Men  frequently  fight 
when  they  are  sober,  for  no  purpose,  except 
to  ascertain  which  is  the  better  man.  We 
must  then  believe  ihat  beasts  will  do  the 
same,  unless  we  admit  that  the  instinct  of 
beasts  is  snperior  to  the  boasted  reason  of 
man.  Whether  they  did  fight  on  the  pres- 
ent occasion  without  cause  I  cannot  say,  as 
I  was  not  present  when  the  affray  began.  A 
bear  and  a  ram  have  been  known  to  fight, 
and  so  did  the  bear  and  alligator,  whilst  I 
prudently  kept  in  the  back  ground,  preserv- 
ing the  strictest  neutrality  hetwixt  the  belli- 
gerents. And  now,  if  the  reader  is  satisfied 
that  such  a  battle  as  this  might  have  taken 


placs,in  the  absence  of  any  known  cause, 
I  will  goon  to  tell  what  I  saw  of  it  as  a  wit- 
ness. 

Bruin,  though  evidently  baffled,  had  a 
firm  look,  which  showed  he  had  not  lost  con- 
fidence in  himself.  If  the  difficulty  of  the 
undertaking  had  once  deceived  him,  he  was 
preparing  to  go  it  again.  Accoidingly  let- 
ting himself  down  upon  all  fours,  he  ran  fu- 
riously at  the  alligator.  The  alligator  was 
ready  for  him,  and  throwing  his  head  and 
body  partly  around  to  avoid  the  onset,  met 
bruin  halfway,  with  a  blow  of  his  tail,  thai 
rolled  him  on  the  shells.  Old  bruin  was  not 
to  be  put  off  by  one  hint,  three  times  in  rap- 
id succession  he  rushed  at  the  alligator,  and 
was  as  often  repulsed  in  the  same  manner, 
being  knocked  back  by  each  blow  just  far 
enough  to  give  the  alligator  time  to  recover 
the  swing  of  his  tail  before  he  returned. — 
The  tail  of  the  alligator  sounded  like  a  flail 
against  the  coat  of  hair  on  bruin's  head  and 
shoulders,  but  he  bore  it  without  flinching, 
still  pushing  on  to  come  to  close  hold  with 
his  scaly  foe.  Pie  made  his  fourth  charge 
with  a  degree  of  dexterity,  which  those  who 
have  never  seen  this  clumsy  animal  exercis- 
ing, would  suppose  him  incapable  of.  This 
time  he  got  so  close  to  the  alligator  before 
his  tail  struck  him,  that  the  blow  came  with 
half  its  usual  effect.  The.  alligator  was  up- 
set by  the  charge,  and  before  he  could  re- 
cover his  feet,  bruin  grasped  him  round  the 
body  before  the  fore  legs,  and  holding  him 
down  on  his  back,  seized  one  of  his  legs  in 
his  mouth. 

The  alligator  was  now  in  a  desperate  situ- 
ation, notwithstanding  his  coat  of  mail, 
which  is  softer  on  his  belly  than  his  back 
from  which 

•'  The  darted  steel  with  idle  shivers  flies." 
As  a  Kentuck  would  say,  "  he  was  getting 
used  up  fast."  Here  if  I  had  dared  to  speak 
and  had  supposed  he  could  understand 
English,  I  should  have  uttered  the  encoura- 
ging exportation  of  the  poet : 

"  Now  gallant  knight,  now  hold  thy  own, 

No  maiden's  arms  are  round  thee  thrown." 

The  alligator,  attempted  in  vain  to  bite, 
pressed  down  as  he  was,  he  could  not  open 
his  mouth,  the  upper  jaw  of  which  only 
moves,  and  his  neck  was  so  stiff  he  could  not 
turn  his  head  short  round.  The  amphibi- 
ous beast  fetched  a  scream  in  despair,  but 
being  a  warrior  "  by  flood  and  by  field,"  he 
was  not  yet  entirely  overcome.  Wreathing 
his  tail  with  agony,  he  happened  to  strike  it 
against  a  small  tree  that  stood  next  to  the 
bayou;  aided  by  this  purchase,  he  made  a 
convuls  ve  flounder,  which  precipitated  him- 
self and  bruin,  locked  together,  into  the  riv- 
er. 

The  bank  from  which  they  fell  was  four 
f'cei:  high,  and  the  water  below  seven  feet 
deep.  The  tranquil  stream  received  the 
combatants  wjth  a  loud  splash,  then  closed 
over  them  in  silence — A  volley  of  ascend 
ing  bubbles  announced  their  arrival  at  the 
bottom,  where  the  battle  ended. — Presently 
bruin  rose  again,  scrambled  up  the  bank, 
cast  a  hasty  glance  bark  at  the  river,  and 
madeolf,  dripping  to  the  cane  brake.  I  nev- 
saw  the  alligator  afterwards,  to  know  him, 
no  doubt  he  escaped  in  the  water,  which  he 
certainly  would  not  have  done,  if  he  had  re- 
mained a  few  minutes  longer  on  land.  Bru- 
in was  forced  by  nature  to  let  go  his  grip  un- 
der water  to  save  his  own  life,  I  therefore 
think  he  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  the  vic- 
tory, besides,  by  implied  consent,  the  parties 


were  bound  to  finish  the  fight  on  land,  where 
it  began,  and  so  bruin  understood  it.  If  this 
record  should  be  carried  up  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  I  think  the  judg- 
es would  decide  in  bruin's  favor,  by  this 
modern  principle  of  the  law,  one  thing  is 
certain,  viz.  they  would  decide  that  they 
had  jurisdiction  by  implication,  per  force 
of  which,  what  is  it   that  cannot  be  nullified. 

S.  H. 

Concentrated  Liquor  of  Milk. — We 
are  informed  through  the  Journal  of 
ealth,  that  M.  Braconnot,  a  French 
Chemist,  has  concentrated  milk  into  a  li- 
quor which  promises  to  be  of  use  to  the 
world,  or  partictlarly  that  part  of  it 
"  whose  home  is  on  the  deep,"  where 
that  delightful  aid  to  the  aromatic  bever- 
age, tea,  is  often  wanted,  and  "wished 
for  in  vain."  M.  Aracannot  took  two 
pints  and  a  half  of  milk,  and  exposed  it 
to  a  heat  of  about  113  Fahr. ;  to  this  he 
added,  from  time  to  time,  small  portions 
of  diluted  hydrochloric  or  muriatic 'acid, 
or  spirit  of  sea  salt,  which  produced  a 
separation  of  the  butyraceous  and  gas- 
eous parts  from  the  serous  portion  or 
whey.  With  the  curd  thus  obtained,  he 
mixe  75  grains  of  the  crystalized  sub 
carbonate  of  soda,  which  by  the  applica- 
tion of  a  mild  heat  soon  dissolved.  This 
furnishes  about  a  pint  of  cream,  to  which 
add  a  small  quantity  of  water  and  sugar, 
and  heat  it,  when  an  excellent  syrup,  su- 
perior.in  every  respect  to  ordinary  cream, 
is  obtained.  When  in  the  cream  a  cheese 
cai-.e  form,  it  may  be  kept  any  length  of 
time,  and  is  always  fresh  when  diluted 
and  sweetened  as  above. 


Federal  Cake. — Mix  together  one  pound 
of  sifted  flour,  half  a  pound  of  butter, 
half  a  pound  of  powdered  sugar, two  eggs 
well  beaten,  half  a  glass  rose  water,  and 
a  teaspoonful  of  mixed  spice.  Make 
these  ingredients  into  a  dough,  with  a  lit- 
tle cold  water.  When  thoroughly  mix- 
ed, spread  it  out  on  your  pasteboard,and 
cut  it  into  cakes,  with  diamond  or  heart 
shaped  tins.  Lay  them  in  buttered  pans, 
and  bake  them  a  few  minutes  in  a  mode- 
rate oven. 

A  Gourmand  at  an  ordinary  had  eaten 
so  enormously,  that  the  company  were  as- 
tonished and  disgusted  at  his  gluttony. — 
The  gentleman  at  the  head  of  the  table  iron- 
ically pressed  him  to -take  another  plateful, 
observing  he  had  actnally  eaten  nothing. — 
The  gourmand  declined  taking  any  more, 
observing  that  his  stomach  was  quite  gone. 
Upon  which  an  Irish  gentleman  opposite  ex- 
claimed, 'Is  it  your  stomach  that's  gone,  my 
honey  ?  you  mean  the  bottom  part  of  it. 

Sailor's  Veracity. — A  son  of  Neptune  said 
the  other  day  to  a  brother  tar,  Jack,  you 
never  caught  me  in  a  lie  in  your  life.  Very 
true,  replied  Jack,  but,  blast  you,  I  have 
chased  you  from  one  lie  to  another  all 
day.  

Why  is  the  life  of  an  Editor  like  the  Book 
of  Revelations?     Because  it  is  full  of'types, 
and  shadows,'  and  '  a  mighty  voice,  like  the 
sound  of  many  waters,  ever  saying  unto  biro 
—mite." 


>G4 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  20,  1835 


From  Feale's  iNoieson  Italy. 
CURIOSITIES  OF  POMPEli. 

Another  rainy  day  was  well  employed  in 
the  Museum,  examining  the  antiquities  of 
Herculaneuin  and  Pompeii.  We  commen- 
ced witn  a  collection  of  gold  bracelets, 
chains,  ear  and  linger  rings,  &c.  most  of 
them  rudely  missive,  particularly  the  brace- 
lets, some  ol  which  consisted  of  a  double 
row  of  rounded  masses  of  gold  like  sections" 
of  bullets.  In  one  case  by  themselves,  were 
the  elegant  bracelets,  ear  and  finger  rings, 
and  neck  chain  of  a  lady  whose  skull  and 
bones  are  shown  in  another  room,  together 
with  impressions  of  various  parts  of  her  fig- 
ure in  the  matter  by  which  she  was  smoth- 
ered, in  the  villa  of  Dioinedes,  at  Pompeii. 
She  had  taken  refuge  in  a  cellar  from  the 
falling  ashes  or  line  pumice  of  the  burning 
mountain,  but  by  a  retiux  ot  the  sea,  which 
a  torrent  of  lava  had  driven  back,  the  pum- 
ice became  a  wave  of  mud,  and  pouring 
down  the  windows  of  the  cellar,  uvei whel- 
med her  and  some  others  of  tlie  family. 

Another  case  contains  a  curious  collection 
of  eatables,  which,  having  been  suddenly 
surrounded  with  melted  red  hot  lava,  that 
flowed  into  the  store,  chambers  and  kitchens 
at  Hercul aneuin,  were  converted  into  char- 
coal. The  atmospheric  air  being  excluded 
till  the  lava  cooled,  prevented  the  articles 
being  reduced  to  ashes.  In  no  other  man- 
ner could  such  delicate  substances  have 
been  preserved  so  long  a  time.  Here  is  seen 
the  charcoal  form  of  a  loaf  ol  bread,  neatly 
fashioned  into  radiating  lobes,  on  one  of 
which  is  impressed  the  baker's  name.  A 
plate  of  eggs,  or  rather  egtz  shells,  some  of 
which  are  not  broken,  retain  their  natural 
whiteness  ;  preserved  in  glass  cases  aresam 
pies  of  a  great  variety  of  carbonized  articles, 
found  in  stores  and  private  houses  :  a  thread 
net  for  boiling  c  ibbages  ;  figs,  prunes,  ol- 
ives, dates,  nuts  of  various  kinds;  retaining' 
the  most  minute  characteristics  of  their  ex- 
ternal forms,  though  all  reduced  to  one 
quality  of  imperishable  charcoal.  A  buck- 
et, mortar,  basins,  skillets,  mugs,  cups,  &c. 
nil  of  silver,  richly  ornamented  with  bassi 
relievi,  fill  another  case.  Among  the  orna- 
ments of  gold  is  a  beautiful  little  model  of 
a  lady's  reticule,  like  those  of  the  present 
day.  Here  are,  also,  a  variety  of  colors, 
such  as  wee  used  in  fresco  painting,  which 
were  found  in  pots  in  a  painter's  shop  at 
Pompeii. 

One  chamber  is  filled  with  a  vast  variety 
of  articles  made  of  glass,  of  which  substance 
it  was  supposed  the  ancient  was  ignorant 
consisting  of  plates  for  window  lights,  bot- 
tles, jars,  mugs,  phials,  dishes,  cups,  lamps, 
Sic.  Some  only  blown  into  their  shapes, 
other  moulded,  and  some  afterwards  ground. 
These  glasses  are  of  every  possible  form, 
and  have  a  beautiful  mother  of  pearl  appear- 
ance, occasioned  by  the  heat  to  which  they 
have  been  subjected.  One  of  them  has  been 
carefully  cleaned,  and  is  found  to  be  pre- 
cisely like  our  common  green  glass  ;  yet 
there  are  some  articles  of  perfectly  white,  or 
rather  colorless  glass,  and  others  of  a  fine 
deep  blue.  There  is  a  great  assortment  of 
little  phials,  or  the  kind  which  is  customary 
to  call  lacrymutaries  which  are  found  in  a 
shop  in  Pompeii.  An  attempt  to  catch  the 
tears  of  grief  in  these  slender  vessels,  would 
effectually  disturb  the  sentiment  and  re- 
strain the  flood.  It  is  much  more  reasona- 
ble to  believe  that  these  little  vessels  wheth- 
er of  glass  earthen  ware,  which  are  found  in 


sepulchural  vases,  were  used  for  odoriferous 
liquids.  Here,  also,  are  several  large  glass 
vases  of  a  globular  form  found  in  tombs, 
containing  bones  and  ashes  of  the  dead — a 
rude  kind  of  castor,  made  of  lava,  contain- 
ing two  bottles — several  glass  vases  of  mix- 
ed colors,  black  and  white, the  white  being  in 
blotches — tumblers  of  a  long  shaoe,  with  rai- 
sed knobs  and  depressed  grooves  or  else 
identified  at  four  opposite  sides  into  great 
cavities  and  a  hexagon  plate  with  flatedg 
es,  the  bowl  resembling  our  soup  plate,  moul- 
ded and  perfectly  well  ground.  Altogether 
there  are  two  thousand  six  hundred  speci- 
mens of  glasses.  In  the  same  room  a  case 
contains  a  variety  of  objects  of  wrought 
rock  crystal,  a  spoon,  necklace,  &.C.  A  se- 
ries of  rooms  is  appropriated  to  articles  of 
kitchen  furniture,  there  are  various  portable 
fire-places,  most  of  which  have  hollow  bor- 
ders to  contain  water  which  was  kept  hot  by 
the  fire,  (probably  charcoal,)  used  in  cook- 
ing, and  at  the  same  time  prevented  the 
fire  place  from  becoming  red  hot,  while  tlie 
water  was  drawn  off  by  a  stop  cock,  at  one 
s.de,  cylindrical  furnaces,  also  double,  to 
hold  water,  with  a  kettle,  fitting  into  the  top 
for  boiling  and  stewing;  brass  stew  pans, 
lined  with  silver,  and  pots  of  every  size  and 
shape,  many  of  which  are  solid  silvei,  but 
generally  of  brass  lined  with  silver,  as  if 
the  unwholesomeness  of  brass  or  copper  was 
known;  one  hundred  and  forty  bronze  can- 
delabra about  four  feet  high  ;  confectionary 
moulds  of  various  and  beautiful  forms, 
strainers  with  silver  bottoms,  finely  and 
beautifully  pierced  ;  an  elegant  hand  lant- 
en ;  a  variety  of  bronze  seals  and  weights 
rf  stone,  and  steelyards,  the  weights  of 
which  represent  busts  of  men  and  women; 
and  lamps  of  every  size  and  pattern,  sus- 
pended on  tripons,  in  groups  of  various 
forms,  and  larger  massive  lamps  that  were 
hung    in  calls  and  passages. 

The  next  room  contains  about  two  thou- 
sand articles  of  bronze,  with  many  of  which 
was  found  in  temples,  and  used  in  the  cere- 
monies of  sacrifice,  consisting  in  large  and 
elegant  vases  and  dishes,  inlaid  with  silver; 
a  multitude  of  little  domestic  goods;  a  tea 
urn,  exactly  like  those  of  our  times,  with  a 
tube  in  the  centre  to  hold  a  hot  iron,  sur- 
rounded by  water;  a  handsome  consular 
chair,  couches  and  seats  of  honor,  which  has 
served  as  patterns  'or  the  modern  fashions  of 
Paris,  a  water  bucket,  the  handles  of  which 
in  two  sogments,  hinged  at  the  centre,  con- 
stitute an  ornamental  rim,  studded  with  sil- 
ver ;  a  great  variety  of  mugs,  Stc. 

A  dark  room  contains  many  curious  and 
some  elegant  specimens  of  armor — helmets, 
breast  plates,  shields,  axes,  spears,  locks, 
nails,  hinges,  Sac  of  iron  and  bronze;  and 
iron  stocks,  in  which  were  found  the  legs, 
with  skeletons  of  three  men,  who  must  ha  e 
been  suffering  this  punishment  when  the  city 
of  Pompeii  was  destroyed.  A  splendidly 
wrought  helmet,  as  found  in  Herculaneum 
and  weighing  thirty-three  pounds,  too  heav- 
y  for  use,  is  supposed  to  have  been  made 
for  some  ornamental  purpose  ;  the  high  rai- 
sed figures  on  it  represent  the  Trojan  war. 

Beyond  these  are  various  musical  instru- 
ments, of  bronze,  ivory  and  bone;  tables  of 
laws  deeply  cut  in  brass;  ivory  tickets  of 
admission  to  the  theatre,  dice,  brass  fish- 
hooks, reticul<  s  and  bronze,  belonging  to  a 
lady's  toilet  table  ;  bronze  mirrors,  &c. 

Finally,  other  apartments  are  filled  with 
an  immense,  elegant,  and  varied  collection 


of  vases,  made  of  baked  clay  of  all  sizes,  and 
of  every  imaginable  form,  ornamented  with 
figures,  many  of  which  are  beautiiully  out- 
lined, and  descriptive  of  histories,  fables,  and 
festivals.  These  vases  served  as  articles  of 
decoration  in  dwelling  houses,  and  were  af- 
terwards entombed  with  their  owners,  as 
representing  models  of  tombs,  in  the  same 
apartment.  Two  of  these  vases  are  very- 
large,  and  the  figures  on  them  drawn  with 
great  beauty  and  accuracy  ;  they  were  pur- 
chased by  this  cabinet  for  eleven  hundred 
dollars,  and  others  for  no  less  than  four 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars.  Here  are 
various  drinking  cups,  shaped  like  the  heads 
ol  sheep,  horses  and  birds. 

The  walls  of  two  large  apartments,  on 
the  ground  floor,  are  covered  with  fresco 
paintings  taken  from  Pompeii.  One  of  the 
rooms  contain  such  pieces  as  were  procured 
on  thefiist  discovery  of  the  mysterious  city, 
which,  happening  to  be  in  part  inhabited  by 
tradesmen,  did  not  furnish  the  most  elegant 
specimens  of  the  arts.  The  judgements 
winch  were  consequently  propagated  fiom 
one  antiquarian  critic  to  anothei  were  unfa- 
vorable to  the  ancient  painters,  who  were 
pioiiounced  inferior  to  contemporary  sculpt- 
ors, and  1  norant  of  grouping,  foreshoiten- 
ing  and  perspective.  Later,  and  especially 
recent  excavations,  or  rather  disinterments, 
have  fortunately  been  in  a  direction  across 
the  vineyard  to  a  inoie  sumptuous  portion  of 
the  city,  where  splendid  temples,  halls  of 
j.istice,  theatres  and  spacious  dwellings  gave 
occasion  lor  the  best  employments  of  the 
arts.'  Here  not  only  the  finest  statutes  have 
been  found,  but  fresco  paintings  of  great  el- 
egance and  beauty  ;  p  .riicularly  lour  ot  a 
square  form,  on  a  circular  giound,  (former- 
ly puit  of  a  circular  room)  which  are  of  un- 
common merit,  and  most  decidedly  indicate 
the  high  state  of  painting,  as  it  was  practi- 
ced in  Greece  and  Italy  at  the  same  period 
when  these  statutes  were  executed,  which 
evinced  such  perfect  knowledge  of  the  hu- 
man form  and  the  principles  of  grouping.— 
The  best  of  these  paintings  have  been  only 
recently  discovered,  and  prove  that  the  an- 
cient painters  were  perfectly  acquainted 
with  the  rules  of  perspective  end  foreshort- 
ening 1  have  no  doubt  fiom  these  beauti- 
ful works  done  on  walls,  mostly  by  inferior 
erlists,  that,  on  other  occasions,  as  in  move- 
able pictures,  their  best  painters  must  have 
painted  in  a  manner  to  correspond  with  the 
high  rank  of  their  sculpture,  and  the  extra- 
ordinary accounts  given  them  by  cotenipora- 
ry  writers. 

These  specimens  of  ancient  fresco  paint 
ing  have  been  cut  out  of  the  walls,  where 
they  were  executed,  with  great  care,  and 
transported  here  in  strong  cases,  which 
serve  as  frames.  When  first  found  they  are 
pale  and  dull  ;  but  on  being  varnished  their 
colors  are  brightened  up  to  their  pristine 
hues,  and  exhibit  to  the  astonished  eye,  eve- 
ry stroke  of  the  brush,  slightly  indenting  the 
fresh  mortar,  which  wi  s  given  by  hands 
that  perished,  with  the  genius  that  directed 
them,  nearly  eighteen  hundred  hears  ago, 
yet  appearing  as  the  rich  and  mellow  pen- 
ciling of  yesterday.  Most  of  them  are  taken 
from  shops  and  ordinary  houses,  and  repre- 
sent all  kinds  of  objects,  drawn  with  remar- 
kable spirit  and  truth.  Many  of  the  better 
kind  served  to  decorate  apartments  in  which 
there  were  no  windows,  where  they  must 
have  been  executed,  and  afterwards  seen  on- 
ly by  lamp  light. 


mmm< 


VOLUME   I. 


ROCHESTER,  Al  GUST  27,   1831. 


MMBU'    34. 


FCBLISHED  BY  L,.  Tl'CKEK  &  CO. 
At  ine  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 

Terms— §0.50  per  annum,  pr 

$0,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSEI.L.  EDITOR. 


WHITE  OAK  TIMBER. 

If  we  were  to  judge  from  Uie  waste  of  this  arti- 
cle at  this  time,  in  the  district  of  Old  Genesee,  we 
should  conclude  that  the  worth  of  it  was  not  well 
understood.  Amongst  all  our  timber  trees  none 
ire  more  extensively  useful  than  the  white  oak. 
From  the  vast  forests  of  it,  which  once  covered 
much  of  the  country  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  On- 
tario, the  early  settlers,  previous  to  completion  of 
roads  and  canals,  learned  to  consider  a  large  oak 
tree  rather  as  a  drawback  upon  the  worth  of  their 
land  than  otherwise.  After  the  close  of  the  war, 
.some  speculations  were  entered  into  by  the  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  for  sending  oak  timber 
to  Montreal  and  Quebec  markets.  But  the  fluctu- 
ations attending  foreign  markets  were  felt  in  this 
case,  and  in  many  instances  serious  losses  were 
sustained.  The  merchants  from  Montreal  and 
Quebec,  as  they  became  more  acquainted 
with  the  business,  learned  the  costs  of  getting  the 
timber  from  the  states  to  these  markets  anu°  regu- 
lated the  prices  accordingly.  As  the  business  be- 
came better  understood  on  both  sides,  the  prices 
liar  e  continued  such  as  to  keep  up  a  trade  without 
creating  a  great  competition  and  of  course  we 
hear  little  said  about  it.  At  the  first  opening  of 
•die  canal,  a  rush  was  also  made  for  the  New- 
York  market ;  the  consequence  was,  more  oak 
timber  was  sent  than  the  market  required ;  litis 
had  the  effect  to  reduce  the  prices  below  their  pro- 
per level.  The  same  thing  took  place  in  regard 
to  staves  and  many  of  the  fierce  speculators  had 
their  zeal  abated  by  the  loss  of  a  few  thousands 
of  dollars. 

The  first  excitement  in  these  speculations  hav- 
ing passed,  the  subject  has  been  almost  forgotten  ■ 
prices  have  been  gaining  moderately  until  they 
have  reached  that  height  that  warrants  a  fair  com- 
pensation for  labor,  after  paying  something  hand- 
some for  the  timber  standing.  The  probability 
is  that  there  will  be  sent  to  the  New-York  mar- 
ket, from  this  village,  the  present  season,  oak 
plank  to  the  amount  of  $50,000  and  the  average 
price  may  be  calculated  at  about  $35  per  thou- 
sand board  measure.  The  cost  of  transporting  it 
to  that  market  may  be  put  down  at  $12  per  thou- 
sand ;  the  cost  of  getting  the  logs  to  the  mdl  and 
sawing  $8  leaving  $15  per  M.  for  the  timber 
standing.  Now  every  farmer  knows  that  it  does  not 
require  a  very  large  tree  to  make  a  thousand  feet 
of  boards,  consequently  such  an  oak  tree  is  worth 
$15.  This  we  consider  a  fair  calculation,  and 
that  every  oak  tree  is  worth  that  either  in  ready 
cash,  or  the  prospects  are  such  for  the  increase  in 
value  that  they  may  be  considered  epual  to  so 
much  atinterest.  Now  we  think  this  is  sufficient  to 
induce  our  good  farmers  is  be  more  carefid  of  their 
oak  trees  and  they  should  bear  in  mind  that  sev- 
eral hundred  years  would  be  required  to  raise 
trees  from  acorns  as  large  as  some  now  to  be 
found  in  our  forests. 

England  wants  and  must  have  oak  timber  for 
'.lie  support  of  her  navy,  and  at  tins  time  there  is 


not  perhaps  any^section  of  country  from  which 
timber  of  the  same  quality  can  be  sent  to  the  Eng- 
lish market  so  cheap  as  from  the  south  side  of 
lake  Ontario.  They  have  a  limited  quantity  up- 
on the  Ottowa,  and  more  at  the  head  of  the  lake 
on  the  north  side  of  lake  Erie,  but  these  countries 
will  soon  be  drained,  and  they  are  the  only  ones 
to  compete  with  Old  Genesee,  for  the  northern 
market. 

Our  own  ship  yards  at  New- York,  and  along 
the  sea  board  must  also  be  supplied  with  oak 
plank,  and  at  present  we  believe  they  are  furnish- 
ed principally  from  the  Erie  canal.  Our  flouring 
mills,  many  of  which  are  located  along  the  ca- 
nal and  the  contiguous  waters,  require  a  constant 
supply  of  staves  for  flour  barrels,  and  oak  is  pref- 
erable to  any  other  timber  for  them.  The  slaugh 
tering  houses  in  the  western  part  of  the  state, 
which  are  located  similar  to  the  flouring  mills, 
will  require  yearly  an  amount  of  staves  corres- 
ponding with  the  surplus  produce  of  the  country 
which  appears  to  be  increasing ;  these  several  re- 
quisitions, when  added  to  the  quantity  necessary  for 
domestic  use,  will  readily  be  acknowledged  to  be 
far  beyond  the  yearly  growth  of  the  same  timber 
in  our  country.  Allowing  this  position  to  be 
correct  then  it  follows  that  the  worth  of  oak  tim 
ber  will  be  constantly  increasing  until  it  shall 
reach  a  level  with  the  same  article  in  other  coun- 
tries. 

But  a  few  years  since,  100  oak  trees  were  sold 
from  one  estate  in  England  at  2100  each  or  $444 
44.  We  are  aware  that  many  of  our  readers  will 
think  this  a  great  price,  but  if  they  will  be  at  a 
little  trouble  to  ascertain  the  worth  of  oak  timber 
in  that  country,  they  will  readdy  perceive  that 
trees  of  far  less  size  than  ours  would  command 
that  price.  If  such  is  the  price  of  oak  timber  a- 
broad,  common  frugality  would  recommend  that 
we  should  be  more  careful  of  our  trees,  and  not  al- 
low them  to  be  wasted  because  we  have  more 
than  is  wanted  for  the  present  use. 

INCISIONS  IN  FRUIT  TREES. 
It  is  a  very  common  thing  to  see  upon  the 
trunks  of  fruit  trees  long  scars  of  incisions  which 
have  been  made  in  the  bark  by  the  owner  with  a 
knife.  We  have  often  inquired  the  reason  for  do- 
ing it,  and  have  been  informed  that  trees  have  be- 
come bark-bound,  which  was  very  similar  to  what 
sometimes  happened  to  cattle  when  they  become 
hide-bound,  and  by  cutting  through  the  bark  in 
the  manner  mentioned,  the  trees  had  room  to  ex- 
pand, and  the  effect  was  they  grew  much  faster, 
Now  we  acknowledge  in  many  things  there  is  a 
striking  similarity  between  plants  and  animals, 
and  it  is  now  as  common  to  speak  of  the  food  of 
plants  as  of  animals  although  the  former  is  sup 
posed  to  be  taken  in  by  the  roots  while  the  latter 
is  received  by  the  mouth,  yet  the  increase  or  dim- 
inution of  either  is  supposed  to  affect  the  growth 
of  the  subject.  We  would  inquire  of  those  peo- 
ple who  practise  making  incisions  in  the  bark  of 
young  trees  whether  they  have  ever  tried  the  ex- 
periment of  making  longitudinal  incisions  through 
the  skin  of  their  animals,  in  order  to  make  them 
grow  faster?  If  so,  and  they  have  found  it  a  more 
ready  way  of  increasing  their  size  than  feeding 
them,  then  we  vtotfld  reconrmTOd  them  to  contin 


ue  cutting  their  trees,  but  if  on  the  contrary  they 
have  found  that  increasing  the  quantity  of  food 
given  them  was  the  proper  way  to  increase  their 
size  we  would  recommend  the  same  for  trees,  be 
lieving  as  we  do  that  the  cutting  of  either  would 
be  detrimental. 

FLORAL  CALENDAR. 

In  Silliman's  Journal  vol.  17th,  page  369,  wc 
find  observations  on  the  floweringof  plants,  ri- 
pening of  fruits,  &c.  made  by  Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth, 
of  Marietta,  (Ohio)  in  1829. 

As  we  commenced  similar  observations  in  the 
Genesee  Fanner,  during  the  month  of  March,  un- 
der the  head  of  Floral  Calendar,  in  which  there 
has  been  several  omissions,  yet  from  what  has 
appeared,  we  are  able  to  make  comparisons  of 
the  climate  at  the  two  places  with  more  accuracy 
than  we  otherwise  could.  We  select  the  most  im- 
portant parts  from  eitherobservations  and  give  them 
in  forms  most  convenient  for  comparisons. 

Editor's    observations    at 


Dr.  Hild  rein's  observations 

ai  Marietta. 

MARCH. 

25th,  Blue  birds  seen. 

2Sth    Honey  bees  at  work 
loaded  with  farina. 
APUtfL. 

7th  Hiruudo  or  Martin 
Swallow 

11th,  Daffodil  in  bloom 

I™,  Peach  tree  nearly  in 
blow;  some  eurly  ones  open 

19,  Crown  imperial  tiud 
Hyacinth  in  bloom 

■JO,  Acer  Sacchariuus  pnt 
tin*  forth:  flowering  AI 
inond  and  sanguiuaria can 
tdeusis. 

'22,  Viola  dens  Canis  and 
wood  Animone.Hirundo  rus 
tica  seen 

23,  Peach  in  full  bloom. 

24  Spice  bush  and  Lau 
■■us  sassafras. 

28  Birthwort,  Harebell 
aud  cherry 

MAY. 

1st,  Pear  trees  in   bloon 
Oxhart   cherry    and   Greer 
gage  plum 

2,  Indian  corn  planting 
generally  commenced. 

3,  White  narcissus 
■1,    Apple    tree   in    full 

bloom. 

6,  garden  tulip  opening 

7,  Cornus  florida. 
21,  Peony  and  Snow  ball. 
30,  White  Rose. 

JUNE. 
1st.  Liriodendron  in  bloom 
3  Dyosporus  virg.  or  Per- 
siinoo. 

Pear  tit  for  the  table. 
5,  Wheat  in  head  or  bloom. 

6,  Service  berrv  ripe. 

7,  Yellow  Celsi'a. 

8,  Mulberry  ripe 

9,  Digitalis  purpuria- 
11,  White  and  orange  lily 
IS,  Catalpa  tree. 
19,  Red  cherry  ripe. 
21,  Raspberry  ripe 
22  Earlv  cucumbers  lit  for 

table- 

30.  Asclcpias  tubcrosa  in 
bloom. 


Rochester. 
MARCH. 
24th,  Blue  birds,  robins 
and    wild     pigeons    made 
their  appearance.     Crocus 
and  red  maple  in  flower. 
APItlL. 
9,  The  liver    leaf  and 
spring    beauty  are  in  full 
bloom. 

The  filbert  and  poplar  in 
flower. 

19,  Dogtooth  violet  fvio* 
la  oens  cams  Leatherwood, 
Blood  root.  (Sancuinariu. 
canadensis  Daffodils  ond 
Hyacinths  in  full  flower. 

24  Martin  birds  made 
their  appearance.  Apricots 
begin  to  bloom,  spice  busk 
in  full  flower-  The  obser- 
vations under  24lh  weto 
not  published  but  are  ta- 
kon  from  tho  editor's  meni- 
orandas. 

MAY. 

By  neglect  the  calendar 

wasoraitted  from  tho   I9lh 

of  April  to  the  I  Jlh  of  May. 

15,  Tulips,  Shad  flower 

and  crowfoot  in  flower. 

25,  Dogwood  (cornus  flo- 
r'uls)  Lilacs,  both  while  and 
purple,  mountain  ash  and 
Quince  iu  flower. 
JUNE. 
1st,  The  common  Locust 
tree,  Snow  ball,   Mock  or- 
ange or  syringe, Black  Wal- 
nut nnd  I'm  term. t,  with  ina- 
u;-  kinds  of  It  oses  in  bloom 
7,  Roses,    Lilies,    pinlts 
aud  Grapes  are  now  in  full 
bloom    in     the    Gardens, 
and  in  the  woods  theChes- 
uutisnow  coming  into  flow- 
Early  strawberries  be- 
gin to   ripen  their  fruit 

This  day  green  peas,  po. 
tatoes  of  full  si^e  and  cab- 
bage heads  were  offered  in 
our  market. 

24,  The  White  woodfLi- 
riodendron  lulipifera)  is 
now  in  full  flower  The 
common  milkweeds  ofdif- 
'fereut  varieties  are  uow 
mostly  iu  flower  ;  the  or- 
angeeolored  fAsctepias  tu- 
bcrosa) isipjilcfragant  aud 
ornanieutul. 


By  the  foregoing,  it  appears  that  there  is.  ;> 
greater  similarity  in  the  time  of  flowering  of  ma 
ny  plants  at  the  different  places  mentioned  than 
was  even  anticipated  by  us,  with  all  our  prejudi 
ces  in  favor  of  our  section  of  country.  There  i: 
a  little  variation  in  the  time  of  some  plants  which 
may  have  arisen  on  either  side  from  the  flower;? 
mentioned  not  having  been  seen  as  soon  as  out. 


26<J 


THE  GENESEE  FARittER 


August  2f,  1831 


.N'ot  having  seen  the  statement  made  by  Dr.  Hil- 
dreth  until  the  present  month,  many  things  ob- 
served by  him  were  not  noted  by  us,  but  from 
those  which  were  put  down,  it  would  appear 
that  the  valley  of  Old  Genesee  at  Rochester,  is 
nearly  as  early  as  that  of  the  Ohio  at  Marietta, 
is  in  the  first  and  last  memorandum,  our  observ- 
ations are  ahead  of  those  of  Dr.  Hildreth.  We 
have  no  memorandums  by  us  of  the  year  1829  by 
which  to  compare  that  with  the  present  season, 
neither  do  we  recollect  whether  that  was  more 
forward  or  backward  than  the  flowering  times  have 
been  the  present  year.  If  the  Doctor  has  contin- 
ued his  observations  down  to  the  present  year, 
and  we  should  find  them  corresponding  in  time 
with  ours,  as  much  as  those  of  1829  do,  it  will 
certainly  do  much  towards  increasing  public  o- 
Dinion  in  favor  of  that  section  of  country  within 
the  boundaries  of  New-York,  and  south  of  lake 
Ontario,  and  perhaps  there  cannot  be  found  a  bet- 
ter model  of  comparison  than  that  of  keeping  the 
limes  of  flowering  and  ripening  of  plants. 


them  a  fair  trial,  they  will  find  them  a  pltaaan1 
article  of  food,  and  one  that  will  contribute  much 
to  health.  To  such  as  are  unacquinted  with  th?m 
we  recommend  them,  to  those  who  are  acquainted 
with  their  uses  they  need  no  recommendation. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


,  TOMATOES. 

Although  tomatoes  have  long  been  raised  in 
gardens  in  this  section  of  country  ns  a  curiosity, 
yet  as  an  article  of  food  they  are  scarcely  known 
.amongst  our  farmers.    As  a  curiosity  they  are 
veil  deserving  cultivation,  as  we  do  not  know  of 
an  annual  plant  of  their  size,  that  will  produce 
so  much  fruit  which,  whenripened,from  its  beau- 
tiful red  color,  makes  so  pretty  »  show  in  the  back 
•round.     They  are  easily   raised  and   a  certain 
crop.     There  are  but  few  people  who  are  fond  of 
them  the  first  time  they  taste  them,  and  we  be- 
lieve fewer  still  but  what  like  them  after  tasting 
them  a  few  times ;  therefore  it  has  been  observed 
that  the  taste  for  them  was  an  artificial  one,   ari- 
sing from  the  pleasant  and  beneficial  effects  pro- 
duced by  eating  them.    Our  best  physicians  al- 
low that  they  possess   anti-bilious  properties  and 
recommend  them  to  people  who  are  troubled  with 
those  complaints.     Then  green  tomatoes  make 
excellent  pickles,  and  as  they  approach  maturity, 
well  flavored  pies.  When  ripe,  as  a  common  con- 
diment for  the  table  we  do  not  know  of  a  sub- 
stitute for  them.    Those  who  are  opposed  to  the 
use  of  cucumbers  would  do  well  to  introduce   to 
matoes  into  their  gardens,  as  the  fruit  when  ripe 
will  be  sure  to  drive  cucumbers  from  the  table. — 
Some  directions  for  preparing  them  may  be  use- 
ful to  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  them. — 
They  are  sent  to  the  table  either  raw  or  cooked, 
and  appear  to  be  equally  acceptable  to  those  who 
have  become  accustomed  to  them.      When  de- 
signed for  the  table  in  a  raw  state,  select  those 
;hat  have  changed  color,  but  before  they  have  be- 
come over  ripe  and  soft ;  let  them  be  pulled  and 
sliced  into  a  convenient  vessel  and  seasoned  with 
salt,  vinegar,  and  pepper.      Most  people  prefer 
West  Indiu  pepper  sauce  or  Cayenne  pepper  to 
black,  but  either  will  do.     Others  prefer  them 
stewed     For  tins  purpose  take  off  the  skin  and 
slice  them,  put  them  in  a  stew  pan  with  a  little 
butter,  pepper,  and  salt,  and  let  them  boil  about 
front  five  to  ten  minutes,  when  they  arc  ready  I 
for  the  table ;  some  mix  bread  crumb,  with  them, 
others  put  them  over  toast.     When  designed  to 
be  served  up  without  either,  after  being  freed  from 
fhe  skins  the  pulpy  part  is  sometimes  squeezed 

>ut  before  stewing  to  render  the  dish  less  juicy. 

(Ts  think  if  those  who  can  procure  them  wiU  give 


DOMESTIC  WINE. 
Mr.  Editor — I  send  you  a  bottle  of  red  wine, 
made  two  years  ago,  and  bottled  off  about  two 
months  since — it  would  be  much  better  if  it  had 
been  longer  in  bottle — Prny  use  a  little  ice  andcool  j 
it  before  you  taste  it.  It  is  made  entirely  of  the 
common  small  black  grape,  which  grows  and 
bears  abundantly  by  the  6ide  of  our  creek,  with 
the  addition  of  water  and  sugar — there  is  a  slight 
smack  of  the  wild  grape  about  it,  otherwise  it 
more  resembles  Port,  than  any  domestic  wine  I 
ever  drank,        Yours,  truly, 

A  GROVELAND  FARMER. 

The  bottle  of  wine  described  above  was  duly 
received  for  which  the  Editor  returns  his  thanks  to 
the  Groveland  Fanner.  Not  willing  that  so  fair 
an  opportunity  of  demonstrating  the  practicability 
of  making  wine  from  the  native  American  grape 
should  pass  unimproved,  we  have  solicited  the  o 
pinions  of  connoisseurs  who  have  pronounced  it 
an  excellent  article,  and  all  agree  that  it  is  prefer- 
able to  the  wine  generally  sold  in  this  market,  un- 
der the  name  of  port.  Almost  every  person  who 
tasted  expressed  their  surprise  that  so  fine  a  wine 
could  be  made  from  the  native  black  grape.  There 
is  no  doubt  but  the  black  chicken  grape  of  our 
country,  when  properly  cultivated,  will  be  found 
equal  to  any  other  grape  in  the  world  for  wine, 
and  even  in  their  wild  state,  when  the  process  is 
perfectly  understood,  a  wine  may  be  manufactur- 
ed from  them,  we  have  no  doubt,  equal  to  the  fi- 
nest Burgundy. 

We  should  feel  under  increased-  obligations  to 
the  Groveland  Farmer  if  he  would  forward  to  us 
for  publication  in  the  Genesee-  Fanner  the  process 
by  which  the  above  wine  was  made,  as  we  consi- 
der it  a  happy  experiment. 


FLORAL  CALENDAR. 

August  27th — Great  American  Centaurea(Cen- 
taura  americona)  now  in  flower.  Great  flower- 
ing Hibiscus  and  Aalthea  frutex,  (Hibiscus  pa- 
lustris  and  H.  syriacus)  in  flower.  Early  red 
rare-ripe  peaches  in  market,  selling  at  two  dol- 
lars and  fifty  cents  per  bushel.  A  pretty  com- 
ment, this,  upon  the  horticulture  of  one  of  the  fin- 
est sections  of  country  for  peaches  in  the  United 
States.  Bough  apples  sold  readily  the  week  past 
atone  dollar  per  bushel.  With  such  encourage- 
ments, we  would  suppose  that  our  formers  would 
begin  to  attend  to  the  selection  and  cultivation  of 
fine  fruits. 


We  have  received  and  published  in  our  last, 
some  articles  from  Prince's  Poinological  Manual; 
as  the  pubiic  are  waiting  anxiously  for  this  prom- 
ised work,  we  should  be  pleased  to  receive  from 
the  authors  information  us  to  the  time  when  it 
will  be  ready  for  delivery. 


Wool. — We  6ce  by  the  Boston  papers,  says 
the  N.  Y.  Commercial  Advertiser,  thut  the  brig 
Tcnedos  arrived  there  lost  week,  from  Smyrna, 
with  478  bales  of  Wool,  about  5)00,000  lbs.  and 
300  Kales  ccontwfcc ;  antlsabrs  limited  and  little, 
demantl. 


FOIt  THE  OEXESEB  FARMER. 

Our  earliest  apple  originated  on  a  farm  twelve 
miles  West  of  Rochester.  It  was  said  by  the  pro- 
prietor to  be  ripe  on  the  4th  of  the  seventh  montl 
in  some  seasons,  and  accordingly  we  named  ittht 
Independent?  apple.  With  us  however,  it  has 
not  proved  quite  so  early. 

It  is  an  apple  of  scarcely  medial  size,  smaller 
at  the  blossom  end,  with  reddish  stripes.  It  is 
sweet,  but  slightly  partakes  of  the  bitter  principle, 
which  however,  is  hardly  discovered  unless  its 
peculiar  flavor  is  rendered  more  sensible  by  tast- 
ing other  fuit.  It  becomes  very  mellow  on  the 
tree.  To  some  tastes-  it  is  pleasant,  but  not  to 
mine,  and  we  tolerate  it  solely  on  account  of  its 
ea  Hint  is. 

When  we  consider  the  languor  or  listlessncss 
that  formerly  pervaded  the  United  States  in  re 
gard  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit,  we  can  readily 
believe  that  many  desirable  varieties  have  perish- 
ed on  the  spot  where  they  originated  without  be- 
ing extended  by  one  solitary  graft.  I  recollect 
one  apple  which  in  the  sweetness  of  its  juice  I 
i  have  never  seen  equalled — but  it  is  gone.  On 
the  sahie  farm  there  was  another  seedling  appk 
|  which  we  once  deemed  without  a  peer,  and  which 
I  have  preserved  by  budding.  It  is  early  and  a 
pleusant  fruit. 

I  wish  to  awaken  the  attention  of  horticultui- 
ists  to  fine  varieties  which  may  originate  amongst 
us;  and  I  am  satisfied  that  many,  well  \foitli 
preserving,  may  be  found.  One  of  my  friends 
who  resides  in  this  neighborhood  has  a  seedling 
plum  which  produces  fruit  of  finer  flavor  than  anj 
of  the  high  priced  trees  which  I  have  seen  from 
the  great  nurseries  on  our  sea  board.  But  1 
hope  hereafter  to  have  it  figured  and  described. 

D.  T. 

P.  S.  The  Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer  hen 
ing  described  Tool's  Indian  rare  ripe  apple  (see 
No.  12)  would  greatly  oblige  some  of  his  sub 
scribers  in  this  quarter  by  mentioning  where  sci 
ons  or  young  trees  may  bo  procured. 

In  reply  to  the  inquiry  of  D.  T.,  "  where  can 
scions  of  Tool's  Indian  rare  ripe  be  obtained,"  we 
answer :  the  original  tree  was  raised  in  the  town 
of  Augusta,  Oneida  county,  from  which  the)' 
have  been  cultivated  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ham- 
ilton College,  where  scions  may  be  obtained.  Dr. 
Lummis,  on  the  west  side  of  HigSodusbay,  ha? 
also  cultivated  them,  from  whom  we  obtained 
scions  last  spring,  from  which  we  can  sparea  feu 
and  wo  believe  judge  Hotehkiss  of  Lewiston  ha« 
them  in  his  garden. 


THE  ROCHESTER  INSTITUTE 
OF  PRACTICAL  EDUCATION 

While  the  citizens  of  this  village  are  neglecting 
the  higher  departments  of  learning,  and  are  sus- 
taining no  institution  for  general  education,  a  Se- 
minary has  sprung  up  of  a  novel  character,  but  of 
elevated  aims.  The  splendid  budding  at  Buffalo 
Bridge,  a  most  convenient  college  edifice,  is  occu- 
pied by  40  young  men,  pursuing  an  extensive 
r  ourse  of  literature  and  science,  who  defray  their 
expences  by  employing  their  hours  of  relaxation 
in  mechanical  labor. 

As  many  of  our  readers  wish  to  learn  m  whs 
respect  the  Institute  differ;  from  other  schools,  sevr 
eral  shfft  numbers  on  its  infernal  frgtihttron'i  will 


Vol.  1—  No.  34. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


207 


: 


appear.    We  solicit  our  readers  to  give  them  spe- 
cial attention. 

ROCHESTER  INSTITUTE— No.  I. 
The  Members  op  the  Ikstitcte  ciovern 
ihemselveb. — The  Directors  have  not  prepared 
a  code  of  regulations,  nor  has  the  Principal  dictat- 
ed any.  As  rules  were  found  necessary,  the  stu- 
dents counselling  for  their  own  good,  either  to- 
gether, or  by  committees,  adopted  rules  concerning 
labor,  board,  devotion,  and  study,  and  all  subjects 
of  common  interest.  Officers  of  their  own  ap- 
yiointmcnt  carry  these  roles  into'opcration.  Thus 
republican  principles  are  practically  applied. — 
.Manual  labor  with  moral  truth  does  in  fact  ele- 
vate the  character,  and  call  forth  the  energies  of 
•he  soul.  Idle,  vicious  and  ignorant  young  men 
surrounded  by  temptations  are  incapable  of  self- 
government,  and  of  course,  of  the  benefits  of  tke 
Institute. 

Tirz  hmtory  of  a  single  day. — The  students 
rise  at  4  o'clock — they  spend  15  minutes  in  pre- 
paring their  persons  and  rooms  for  study.  Near 
30  minutes  are  spent  in  the  Chapel  in  reading  the 
word  of  God,  singing  and  prayer.  Before  5  they 
retire  to  their  rooms  for  study.  Their  meals  are 
at  6,  12  and  6.  Three  minutes  are  allowed  from 
(he  stroke  of  the  bell,  for  assembling  for  any  public 
exercise.  Each  student  studies  10  hours  and  1 
bors  3.  For  want  of  room  in  the  mechanics  shop 
fhey  are  arrayed  into  three  divisions  The  first 
division  labors  from  breakfast  till  10  o'clock,  and 
recites  at  11  and  5.  The  second  from  10  to  3,  and 
recite  at  8  and  5.  The  third  from  3  to  6,  and  re 
cite  at  9  and  1.  Lectures  addressed  to  all  the 
students  are  before  6  A.  M.  or  after  meals.  Sever 
al  evenings  are  occupied  each  week  in  public  ex- 
ercises; otherwise  the  time  till  9,  is  spent  in  study 
The  only  time  at  the  discretion  of  the  student  is 
from  meals  till  the  next  horn,  and  this  is  usually 
occupied  with  special  duties. 

Practical  Education. — This  title  does  not 
mean  that  Professors  are  to  turn  off  their  pupils  to 
the  care  of  Monitors,  nor  to  dismiss  as  remote 
from  practical  use,  the  higher  departments  of  sci 
ence.  It  has  respect  to  the  great  result  and  design 
of  education,  in  the  words  of  the  constitution  of 
the  Institute,  "to  qualify  the  students  for  the  high- 
est possible  degree  of  usefulness  in  the  practical 
duties  of  life,  and  every  thing  which  contributes 
to  this  end,  eitheri  n  the  moral,  intellectual  or  phy- 
sical discipline,  shall  receive  a  share  of  attention, 
and  be  made  a  matter  of  direct  instruction."  The 
word  has  respect  also  to  a  method  of  communica 
ting  instruction  in  which  the  learner  acquires  the 
power  to  direct  his  own  researches,  and  forms  the 
best  habits  of  conducting  the  studies  of  others. — 
Natural  science  is  no  longer  expected  to  be  taught 
in  the  abstract  dead  letter  form.  Why  should 
others  1  The  student  of  chemistry  must  be  in  the 
(abratory.  The  American  citizen  should,  as  a 
branch  of  popular  education,  examine  the  politi- 
cal institutions  of  our  country.  His  liberties  re- 
quire him  to  be  an  able  public  speaker,  and  to  hold 
the  pen  of  a  ready  writer.  Several  regulations  of 
the  Institute,  show  how  constantly  this  subject  is 
kept  in  view.  Tuesday  evening  is  assigned  for 
public  debate — each  member  in  a  speech  not  ex- 
ceeding fifteen  minutes,  gives  his  views  on  some' 
.'mportant  subject,  or  cancels  the  reasonings  of 
others.  A  person  accustomed  to  debating  socie- 
ties can  scarcely  form  ah  estimate  of  the  ord'-r.  po- 


liteness nnd  exemption  from  levity  and  strife  of 
words,  which  mark  the  disiconfusion  of  the  Insti- 
tute. Many  of  the  daily  recitations  are  conducted 
with  special  reference  to  public  speaking.  The 
student  gives,  in  his  best  manner,  a  full  narration, 
description,  explanation,  or  analysis  of  the  subject 
before  the  class.  Mathematics  furnish  a  constant 
exercise  for  deliberate  speaking.  Evidence  well 
arranged  and  clearly  announced,  is  the  foundation 
of  eloquence.  Translations  from  other  languages 
whether  oral  or  written  furnish  a  constant  exer- 
cise in  composition  and  criticism.  On  Thursday 
e*  ening  every  student  reads  before  his  class,  an 
original  essay,  and  on  Saturday  pronounces  a 
committed  address,  either  extracted,  or  original. — 
It  is  expected  that  anniversary  and  quarterly  ex- 
aminations will  furnish  suitable  occasions  for  cul- 
tivating this  important  branch  of  practical  edu- 
cation. 


Erom  the  American  Farmer- 

DITCHING. 

Fairfax  County,  Virg.  August  9,  1831. 
Mr.  Smith — Having  been  a  subscriber  to 
the  "American  Farmer"  from  its  commence- 
ment and  feeling  that  I  owe  much  to  you, 
and  your  correspondents,  I  avail  myself  of 
this  rainy  day,  to  discharge  to  you  and  them 
a  part  of  my  obligations,  by  giving  you  a 
short  account  of  my  practice  and  its  results 
— let  me  premise  that  you  have  called  me 
an  "old  Virginian,"  and  I  assume  as  a  truth 
that  this  in  itself,  will  shield  me  from  the 
taunts  and  sneers  of  being  a  boaster  or  an 
egotist — when  I  look  back  and  number  the 
things  that  have  been  left  undone,  I  shrink 
into  nothing,  and  feel  that  "man  is  but  a 
wild  ass's  colt."  My  farm  consists  of  600 
acres  of  land  under  enclosure,  and  700  out ; 
the  enclosure  begins  at  the  termination  of  a 
hilly,  broken,  and  very  poor  country,  and 
slopes  rapidly  to  a  dead  level,  and  not  having 
a  fall  of  more  than  three  feet  in  a  mile  ;  thro' 
this  flat,  all  the  water  that  falls  upon  ten 
thousand  acres  of  the  hilly  country  is  pas- 
sed; from  the  hills  it  comes  with  overwhel- 
ming violence  until  it  reaches  the  flat,  bring- 
ing with  it  mud,  sand,  and  stone.  I  have 
seen  100  acres  of  the  flat  covered  with  wa- 
ter at  one  view — yes,  sir,  at  one  fell  swoop, 
the  hope  of  toil  of  12  months  would  be  buri- 
ed and  lost.  I  had  succeeded  to  those  who 
had  high  standing  for  judgment  and  good 
farming,  the  presumption  of  youth  did  not 
dare  to  any  thing  like  change.  I  had  nothing 
like  a  choice  before  me — the  very  thought 
of  controlling  such  a  body  of  water  was  to  my 
experience,  and  with  my  means  madness 
and  folly — the  books  of  my  predecessors 
shewed  me  that  their  average  crop  of  corn 
for  nine  years  past  did  not  exceed  120  bar- 
rels, and  the  crop  of  wheat  during  the  same 
time,  did  not  exceed  ISO  bushels.  I  offered 
to  sell,  no  one  would  purchase.  I  resolved 
to  combat  my  adversary  and  overcome  him, 
or  die  in  the  ditch  ;  what  I  could  not  do  in 
one  year  I  should  do  in  many — in  20  years  1 
have  nearly  made  my  land  as  dry  as  the  hills, 
that  and  that  only,  is  my  limit — dry  land 
can  only  be  cultivated  to  advantage — that 
only  can  be  improved.  I  now  have  from  15 
to  20  miles  of  ditching,  and  some  of  them 
20  feet  wide.  1  have  made  as  many  as  3000 
bushels  of  wheat,  and  800  barrels  of  corn, 
and  as  for  grass  when  that  was  worth  ma- 
king, I  have  sold  100  tons  a  year.  I  have 
made  very  free  use  of  plaster  of  Paris  and 
clovei.  aud  made  countless  experiments*— 


with  these,  however,  I  am  done,  having  set- 
tled down  into  a  division  of  four  fields— one 
in  corn,  one  in  wheat,  and  two  in  clover  ana 
timothy.  Every  farmer  should  manure  al! 
he  can,  and  with  the  least  labor  in  the  appli- 
cation. I  have  a  field  now  in  corn  which 
has  given  a  crop  for  five  years,  and  with  ve 
ry  little  manure,  I  have  no  doubt  of  making 
700  barrels  from  it — this  field  improved  by 
ditches  and  good  ploughing  is  one  of  those 
that  my  predecessor  made  120  barrels  from, 
and  is  estimated  to  contain  95  acres.  I  can 
not  conclude  this  without  recommending  to 
all  cultivators  the  use  of  the  coulter  plough, 
nothing  can  equal  it  for  cheapness  and  ef 
feet.  Very  respectfully, 

A  Virginian. 


Rensselaer  County  Horticultural  Society. 
— The  sixth  exhibition  of  this  society  took 
place  at  the  Rensselaer  House  on  the  9th 
August.  The  display  of  vegetables,  fruit, 
plants  and  flowers  was  very  creditable  to  the 
cultivators  Dr.  Spafford  agreeably  to  a  pre- 
vious  request  of  the  society,  delivered  a  val- 
uable and  appropriate  address. 

Mr.  Gorham,  of  Lansingburgh,  presented 
a  superior  Cape  Brocoli.  ( 

Mr.  Briggs,  of  Schagticoke,  presented  sev- 
eral bunches  early  black  cluster  grapes. 

Mr.  Norton,  Lansingburgh,  two  large  wa- 
ter-mellons,  two  fine  citron  Muskmellons, 
two  Barker's  Newton  Pear,  and  a  quantity 
of  Toinatos. 

Dr.  Spafford,  Lansingburgh,  four  bunch- 
es ripe  Native  Grape.     (Dutches  County.) 

Mr.  A.  Walsh,  Lansingburgh,  Celery, 
Globe  Artichoke,  (Cynara  scolymus,)  Car- 
doon,  (Cynara cardunculus,)  Green  Nonpa- 
reil, Broad  winsor,  and  Mazagan  Beans,(Fi- 
cia  faba,)  Original  Lima  beans,  (Phaseolus 
hinatus,)  Tomates,  (Solanum  lycopersicum,) 
Devonshire  Gjuardon  Apple,  perfectly  ripe, 
Hawtherdean  and  golden  Harvey  Apples, 
Okra,  (Hybiscus  esculentus,)  African  Millet, 
(milim  nigrieons,)  very  fine  cabbage,  large 
Spanish  Fibers,  (maxima,)  a  beautiful  bunch 
of  the  Roan  tree  berries,  (sorbus  aucuparca) 
Trifoliate  sunflower,  (coreopsis  triplerio,) 
Perennial  sunflower,  (Helianlhus  pumila,) 
Tall  sunflower,  (Helianthus altisimo,)  Sensi- 
tive Plant,  (Schranlcia  sensitiva,)  Bright 
Scarlet  Dahalia,  (fulgens,)iinowberry,(sym. 
pkoreia  racemosa,)  Monthly  cherry — speci- 
mens exhibited  from  the  same  tree  of  blos- 
soms, fruit  perfectly  ripe,  and  in  various 
states  between  green  and  young  fruit  and 
maturity,  Irish  Ivy,  (hibernica.)  Euiobatrya 
Japonica,  A  branch  of  the  Hop  tree  with 
second  growth  Hops,  (Pkle  atrifulita.)  Jap- 
pan  Lily,  (coerulea)  Wild  Alpice,  (Laurit.s 
benzoin,)  Purple  fringe  tree,  (Rhus cotinus.) 
Burning  Bush,  (mespihis  pyracantha.)  Irish 
Yew,  (hibernica.)  Dwarf  Horese  Chsenut. 
(Aesculus  macrostachyna.)  Pocok's  dark 
yellow  senna,  ( Coluiea  Pococlcii.)  Scorpion 
senna,  (Camptonia  asplenifulia.) 

American  Champagne. — The  great  a- 
bundance  of  pears  this  season  seems  to  soli- 
cit our  farmers  to  manufacture  that  deli- 
cious liquor.  Perry.  When  carefully  made, 
refined  and  bottled,  it  is  equal  if  not  superi- 
or, to  Champagne  in  flavor,  without  its  in- 
toxicating property.  It  will  sell  for  three 
times  the  price  of  cider  and  can  bo  made 
with  equal  ease. — Nat.  Gaz. 

Longevity. — The  Journal  of  Health  advi- 
ses matrimony,  as  one  of  the  means  of  pre 

serving  life-. 


268 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  27,  1831: 


SELtiCTIONe 


From  Lou.  lu. .     ii    >    oporiia  if  Gardening. 

STRAWBERRIES. 

i  'oulioued  Irom  page  26- 

Modes  of  propagation- — "The    plants 
multiply  spontaneously    every   summer,    as 
■well  by  suckers  from  the  parent  stem   as  by 
the  numerous  runners ;  all  of   which,    root- 
ing and  forming  a  planl  at  every  joint,    re- 
quire only  removal  to  a  bed  where   there  is 
room  for  'hem  to  flourish.     Each  of  these 
separatelv  planted  bears  a  fine  fruit  the  fol- 
lowing season,  and  will  bear   in  lull  perfec- 
tion the  second  summer.      A    plantation    of 
the  alpine  yields  fruit  the  same  year  that  it 
is  made.     The  woods  and  the  alpine   come 
regular  from  seed,  and  bring    a    finer    fruit 
than  from  offsets.     The  other    species    are 
uniformly   pi  opagated  by  offsets,  except  the 
intention    be   to   try  for   new    varieties." — 
Knight,  in  making  experiments,  with  a  view 
of  ascertaining  whether  most   of  the    sorts 
■would  not   breed  together   indiscriminately, 
raised  above  four  hundred  varieties,  "some 
very  bad,  but  the  greater  part  tolerably  good. 
and"  a  few  very  excellent."     The  fi  uit  nl  a- 
bove  a  dozen  sorts  was  senl  to  thehorticui 


in  beds  containing  three  or  four  rows,  and 
the  plants,  in  each  row,  at  aceitain  distance 
from  each  other,  leaving  an  alley  between 
each  bed,  the  distance  of  the  rows  and  the 
plants  in  the  rows,  as  well  as  the  width  of 
i  lie  alleys,  depending  on  the  kind  of  straw- 
berry planted.  The  width  of  the  alleys,  as 
it  will  afterwards  he  stated,  may  appear  con- 
siderable; but  lam  satisfied,  that  allowing 
this  spaceforthe  orkmen  to  stand  on,  when 
Ithey  water  the  plants,  or  gather  the  fruit,  is 
beneficial,  because  1  have  observed  in  other 
persons'  grounds,  where  less  space  is  allot- 
ted lor  this  purpose,  that  great  damage  is 
done  to  the  plants  and  fruit  by  the  tramp 
ling  of  the  people." 

General  culture. — "  After  the  beds  are 
planted,  1  always  keep  them  as  clear  of 
weeds  as  possible,  and  on  no  account  allow 
any  crop  to  be  planted  between  the  row  s. — 
Upon  the  growing  of  the  runners,  1  have 
them  cut  when  necessary:  this  is  usually: 
three  times  in  each  season.  In  autumn  1 
always  have  the  rows  dug  between ;  for  1 
find  it  refreshes  the  plants  materially  :  and 
I  recommend  to  those  persons  to  whom  it 
may  be  convenient,  to  scatter  in  the  spring, 
very  lightly,  s.ome  loose  straw  or  long  dung, 


unequalled  perfection  in  agriculture  exhib 
ited  in  various  pots  of  the  kingdom. 

During  an  agi  lcultui  al  excursion  into  Not 
folk  in  foiil.  »  met  with  the  younger  broth- 
er of  the  gteat  commercial  house  of  Rathbone, 
learning  to  be  a  tanner,  at  a  premium  of  two 
hundred  pounds  a  year.  This  young  gen- 
tleman, like  others  whom  we  met  with,  was 
obliged  to  labor  in  the  fields,  at  stated  peri- 
ods that  he  might  learn  his  business  prac 
tica.lv,  as  well  as  theoretically,  two  and  three 
years  are  the  periods  generally  allotted  for 
acquiring  the  necessary  instrn  :tion.  The 
following  paragraph  will  serve  to  show  why 
it  is  that  gardeners  from  Germany  so  gener- 
ally excel  in  the  raising  uf  vegetables  for  our 
mai  kets. 

"  In  Germany  it  is  customary  for  those 
who  devote  themselves  to  gardening,  to 
serve  an  apprenticeship  of  three  yeai- 
royal  garden.  Aftei  that  period  is  comple- 
ted, they  receive  an  indenture  elegantly  writ- 
ten on  parchment,  with  the  head  garden- 
ers name,  or  sign  and  seal  attached." — 
Cincinnati  Adv. 


tural  society  m  August,  1S1B,  ami  lound  ot    between  the  rows.     it   serVes   to    keep   the 
various  degiees  of  excellence.     1  he  seeds,  nd  mois,  enricnes  lhe  strawberry,  and 

if  sown  immediately  alter    being    gathered,    j?ormg  a  c|ean  bec|  for  the  trusses  0f  fruit  to 


will  produce   plants  which    will  come  into 
bearing  the  following  year. 

Soil  and  siie. — Neill  says,  "  Strawberries 


e  upon;  and  tints,  by  a  little  extra  troub 
e  and  cost,  a  more  abundant  crop  may   be 
.   obtained.     A  short  time  before  the  fruit  ri- 


The  alpine  and  wood  species  may  be  placed 
in  situations  rather  cool  and  shady  ;  perhaps 
as  an  edging  in  the  shrubbery.  In  such  pla- 
ces thev  produce  their  fruit  perfectly  well, 
and  late  in  the  seasen  which  is  desirable." 

General  culture. — The  following  origin- 
al and  excellent  instructions  for  cultivating 
the  strawberry,  are  given  by  Keen,  of  Isle- 
worth  ;  a  most  successful  grower  of  this  fruit. 
He  says,  '  I  will  commence  with  a  general 
detail  of  my  practice:  this  may  be  consid- 
ered as  applicable  to  all  the  varieties  of  ihe 
strawberry;  and  afterwards  in  noticing  each 
kind  that  1  cultivate,  I  will  specify  such  pe- 
culiarities of  treatment  as  are  exclusively 
applicable  to  each." 

In  preparing  the  soil  for  strawberries. — "If 
it  be  new,  and,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  ve- 
ry stiff,  it  should  be  trenched  ;  but  if  the  bot- 
tom spit  of  soil,  as   sometimes  happens,   be 
of  an  inferior  quality,  I  then    recommended 
only  a  simple  digging,  placing  dung  at   the 
bottom,  underneath  the  mould  so    dug  ;  on 
the   contrary,  should   the   land   have  been 
kept  in  a    high    state   of  cultivation,  or  be 
good  to  the  full  depth,  it    will    be  advisable 
ifor  the  bottom  spit  to  be   brought  up  to  the 
top,  placing  the  dung  between  the  two  spits. 
The  best  way  to  obtain   new   plants  is,   by 
planting  out  runners  in  a  nursery,    for   the 
express  purpose,  in  the  previous  season  ;  for 
it  is  a  very  bad  plan  to  supply  a  new  plant- 
ation from  old  plants.     With   respect  to  the 
time  of  planting,  I  have    always  found    the 
month  of  March  better  than  any  other.  Some- 
times, when  my    crops  have  failed,    I  have 
had  runners  planted  in  the  autumn,    for  the 
following  year,  but  these  have   always  dis- 
appointed my  expectation;.     1   plant  them 


are  generally  placed  in  a  compartment  "f  '  pens.  I  always  cut  off  the  runners,  to  strength- 
the  garden  by  themselves,  and  it  should  be.  gn  the  |oot;  and  aftef  t))e  frujt  ig  gathered!  V 
one  which  is  freely  exposed  to  sun  and  air.  baye  ivha,  ftesn  runners  |lave  been  madeta- 
They  are sonetimes,  however,  planted  in  sin-  ken  offwith  ;i  reaping-hook,togetherwith  the 
gle  rows,  as  edgings  to  borders,  and  in  this,  outs;de  ,eaves  .uomid  the  main  p]am%  af. 
way  they  often  produce  great  crops.  A"  e,-llter  which  4  rake  the  beds,  then  hoe  them, 
ther  case  care  must  be  taken  to  replant  them  \  and  fake  [j)em  .lgah)  ,n  the  alltlImn  un. 
every  fourth  or  fifth  year  at  the   farthest.—  |  lesg  the  piants  appear   Very  strong,  I    have 

some  dung  dug  in  between  the  rows,  but  T 
thev  are  very  luxuriant  the  dung  is  not  re- 
quired ;  for  in  some  rich  soils  it  would  cause 
!the  plants  to  turn  nearly  all  to  leaf.  1  also 
|  have  to  remark,  that  the  dung  used  for  ma- 
nure should  not  be  too  far  spent ;  fresh 
dung  from  the  stable  door  is  preferable  to 
spit-dung,  which  many  persons  are  so  fond 
of.  The  duration  of  the  bed  must  be  de- 
termined by  the  produce  of  the  plants,  which 
varies  much  according  to  the  different  suits ; 
it  also  varies  with  the  same  sort  in  different 
soils,  so  that  the  precise  time  of  the  renewal 
of  the  beds  must  be  regulated  by  the  observ- 
ation of  the  gardner,  in  each  particular 
case." 

;'n  be  Ontltitnifd. 


Farming  and  Gardening. — This  is  prob- 
ably the  only  country  where  a  man  is  born  a 
fanner  or  a  gardener  ;  in  all  other  countries 
itisfu'md  as  necessary  to  learn  to  farm  or 
garden,  as  it  is  to  make  shoes,  lay  bricks,  or 
follow  any  other  handicraft  trade,  but  in 
this,  not  so:  the  moment  a  merchant  or  me- 
chanic of  any  description  in  our  cities,  finds 
himself  able  to  quit  business,  he  purchasi  s  a 
place  in  the  country  and  commences  farm- 
ing or  gardening,  or  both,  considering  hiin- 
sell  completely  qualified  for  the  business, 
and  frequently  does  not  discover  his  mistake 
until  he  finds  his  experiments  have  ruined 
him,  and  he  is  obliged  to  return  to  the 
counting  room  or  work  bench  to  resuscitate 
his  exhausted  finances.  In  England,  the 
younger  branches  of  the  first  families  in  the 
kingdom  are  frequently  put  to  'prentice, 
with  a  premium  of  from  one  to  three  hund 
red  pounds  sterling  per  annum,  to  be  taught 
lhe  art  of  cultivating  thv  earUi;  hence  the 


From  the  Ne*  -Engl  -nil  farmer. 

STOCKS  FOR  FRUIT  TREES,  &c. 

Mk.Fessenden — Mthough  your  •. 
ble  paper  has  treated  verj   extensively  (and 
in  my  opinion  very  properly   upon  the  sub- 
ject of  raising  Fi  uit  Ti  ees,  \  et  1  have  exam- 
ined us  hies,  and  likewise  several  respet 
writers  on  horticulture  almost    in  vain,  for 
practical  informal  ion  on  the  subject  id'  rais- 
ing the  stocKs  propel  for  the  different   spe- 
cies and  varieties  oi  liuits.     The  reason  of 
tins  scarcity  of  information  probably  arises 
in  a  great  degree  from   lhe  fact,   that   most 
persons  procure  ihi  ir  fruit  trees  already  in- 
grafted or  budded  from    lire    nurseries, 
tnat  the  nursery  men  r/ommonly  acquire  their 
knowledge  from  (  \     ■         ed  living  cultiva- 
tors.  As  however,  there  are  considtrab] 
conveniences    attending    the    procuring   ul 
trees  iiom  distant   nurseries,  and  a  difficult) 
of  getting  vigorous  and  healthy  trees,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  expense  of  purchasing  a  con- 
siderable number,  which  one  must  do  at  tin 
present  lime  to  be   certain  of  obtaining  the 
best  kinds,  1  think  many  persons  would  pre- 
fer, (if  they  could  without  difficulty   ol 
the  requisite  information)  to  raise  a  part  at 
least,  of  tbeir  fruit  trees  from  the  seed  and 
attend  personally  to  the  grafting  or  budding 
them.     1  do  not  suppose  it  is   advisabl 
the  great  hud  >  of  the  community  to  do  this 
for  I  think  thai  the  proprietors  of  the 
nurseries  are  doing    a   very   important  ser- 
vice to  the  country,   and   deserve,   and    will 
continue  to  receive  the  patronage  of  the 
lie.     The   Princes,    Landreths,  Kenricks, 
Winships,  Buel  and  others,  are  entitled  to 
much  credit  for  their  exertions  in   introdu- 
cing and  cultivating  new  species  and  varie 
ties  of  fruits  and  other  vegetables,   and    we 
doubtless  owe  to  those  exertions  in  common 
with  the  Horticultural    Societies   the   iniin 
Mil  many  new  kinds,   some  of  which 
may  be  justlj   I  Miniated  of  national  advant 
age.     The  .Messrs.    Prince   especially  have 
:  no  pains  or  expense  in  the  collection 
of  the  choicest  and  most  unbounded  variety 
of  the  gifts  of  Flora  and  Pomona.     But  to 
return  to  the  subject  of  tins  communication. 
[  should  be  much  gratified,   and   believe  it 
would  be  doing  an  essential  service  to  a  por 
tion  of  the  fruit  loving  community,  ifsonn 
„\iv  well  acquainted    with  the  subject,  would 
communicate  through  the    columns  of  tlu 

Fainter,  information  concerning  the  sorts  ol 


V  ol.  1.— No.  34. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


2GU 


stocks  best  adapted  for  each  kind  of  fruit, 
and  likewise  a  minute  detail  of  the  best  mode 
and  time  of  gathering,  preserving  and  sow- 
ing the  different  kinds  of  seed  for  the  stocks 
especially  of  Cher  lies,  Pears,  Plums,  Apri- 
cots, &c.  Apple  stocks  are  raised  without 
difficulty,  bin  Pears,  Cherries,  Plums,  fee. 
are,  according  to  my  limited  experience, 
somewhat  difficult  of  growth.  Peach  stocks 
are  also  raised  without  difficulty,  but  1  be- 
lieve it  is  thought  by  most  nursery  men,  that 
Peach  stocks  are  of  a  very  limited  value.  I 
will  however  remark,  that  I  think  I  have 
seen  an  observation  of  Mr,  T.  A.  Knight, 
that  fruit  trees  are  generally  the  most  dura- 
ble when  grafted  or  budded  on  stocks  of 
the  same  species,  [fsuch  an  opinion  was 
entertained  by  that  distinguished  horticultu- 
rist it  is  certainly  worth)  of  examination. — 
As  the  time  for  gathering  the  seeds  and 
stones  of  most  fruits  is  approaching  1  hope 
shortly  to  hear  from  some  one  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

I  will  likewise  call  the  attention  of  some 
of  your  correspondents  to  an  insect  of  a  new 
kind  to  me  that  appeared  on  the  grape  vines 
in  this  neighborhood  in  the  spring.  It  ap- 
peared just  as  the  vines  weie  putting  forth 
their  buds,  and  eat  into  the  centre  of  the 
hud.  In  many  cases  it  was  apparently  the 
cause  of  the  entire  failure  of  the  fruit,  and  a 
serious  injury  to  the  vines,  as,  when  the  vines 
grew,  instead  of  a  single  healthy  shoot,  sev- 
eral feeble  ones  started  out.  Com  one  bud. 
The  insect  is  a  small  bug,  abont  the  size 
of  the  small  yellow  bug  that  infests  cucum- 
bers, of  a  palish  blue  color.  If  any  means 
were  suggested  for  preventing  the  depreda- 
tions of  these  insects,  it  would  be  gratifying 
'o  me,  and  perhaps  to  others.  M. 

Berlin,  Ct.  August  8,  18S1. 


simple  process  tomatos  may  be  preserved 
more  than  a  year  without  attention.  Be- 
.01  e  cooking 'them  they  should  be  soaked  in 
fresh  water  for  several  hours.' — lb. 


Mr.  Fessenden — As  Tomatos,  have,  at 
last,  become  common  in  our  market,  1  send 
you  a  receipt  for  preserving  them  during  the 
winter. 

Besides  the  numerous  modes  of  preparing 
this  delicious  vegetable  for  the  table,  it 
may  be  stewed,  alter  being  ]  ealed,  with 
sugar  like  cranberries  and  gooseberries, 
producing  a  tan  equal  to  either  of  those 
fruits.  Try  the  experiment  and  be  satisfied. 
Your  most  obedient  servant, 

H.  A.  S.  Dearborn. 

Briulev  Place,  } 

Aug.  it,  test,  j 

EXTRACT    NO.    XXXIV. 
Trom  l  he  Annales  dp    ..Sueiftte  0  Hor  i  cut  lure  de  Paris. 

METHOD  OF  PRESERVING  TOMA- 
TOS. 

The  boiling  required  for  the  preservation 
of  fruits,  always  changes  their  quality,  and 
sometimes  entirely  alters  their  character ; 
and  it  often  happens,  when  the  fruits  are 
acid,  as  in  the  Tomato,  that  they  imbibe  in 
the  copper  vessels,  in  which  they  are  stew- 
•d  to  a  certain  consistence.inetallic  principles 
which  are  injurious  to  health.  This  double 
consideration  induces  us  to  publish  an  excel- 
lent method  for  preserving  the  tomato,  which 
does  not  alter  the  quality  of  this  fruit,  and 
Joes  not  require  the  action  of  heat. 

'A  sufficient  mantity  of  salt  is  dissolved 
at  spring  or  river  water  to  make  it  strong 
enough  to  bear  an  egg;  select  perfectly  ripe 
tomatos,  and  place  them  well  and  without 
pressing  them  in  a  stone  or  glazed  earthen 
pot,  which  is  to  be  filled  with  the  brine  ;  cov 
er  the  pot  with  a  deep  plate  in  such  a  man- 
3ier  that  it  presses  upon  the  fruit  and  by  this 


BUDDING    QUERY. 

Mr.  Fessenden — This  is  the  season  for 
budding  fruit  trees ;  those  who  practise  the 
art  arc  naturally  led  to  reflect  more  on  the 
subject  generally  at  this  than  at  other  sea- 
sons. 

We  are  told  by  nurserymen,  and  others 
skilled  in  Botany,  that  trees  of  the  same  ge- 
nus may  be  budded  indiscriminately  into 
each  other;  the  buds  producing  leaves  of  its 
kind  will  control  the  future  growth  of  the 
tree. 

The  reason  assigned  is  that  the  leaf  re- 
ceives the  sap,  and  by  its  peculiar  construc- 
tion prepares  and  modifies  it  in  a  suitable 
manner  to  produce  wood,  bark,  and  fruit  of 
its  kind. 

Suppose  I  have  a  seedling  plum  tree  of 
the  size  of  a  goose-quil :  1  insert  a  bud  of 
the  peach — remove  the  top — the  bud  grows 
— and  in  a  few  years,  in  consequence  of  the 
'power  and  influence  of  the  leaf  1  have  a 
large  peach  tree — Now  if  the  above  theory  be 
correct,  the  whole  tree,  root  and  branch  (ex- 
cept the  small  portion  that  existed  at  the 
time  of  budding)  ought  to  be  peach  and  pro- 
duce peach  suckers — and  yet  it  is  confident- 
ly asserted  that  this  will  not  be.  the  case,  and 
that  the  growth  below  the  point  where  the 
bud  was  inserted  will  continue  to  be  plum, 
the  above  theory  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing. 

If  you  think  the  above  worthy  of  notice, 
and  if  you  or  any  of  your  cot  respondents 
will  have  the  goodness  to  explain  the  mat- 
ter you  will  oblige  at  least  one  of  your  con- 
stant readers. — lb. 

ISewton,  Aug.  15. 


NOTES   AND  REFLECTIONS 

Made  during  a  Tour  through  pan  of  France  uid  Ger- 
many, in  Uie  nuluuni  ol  ibe  jear  JSkS  Uy  J.  C.  Lou- 
don. 

The  market  gardens  of  Paris  (les  Jardins 
Marais)  are  numerous,  generally  nf  small 
extent,  and  culivated  by  manual  labor;  but 
a  few  of  them  may  be  designated  Farm  Gar- 
dens, in  which  are  used  the  plough  and  oth- 
er agricultural  implements.  As  vegetables 
enter  more  into  the  cookery  of  France  than 
they  do  into  that  of  England,  an  immense 
quantity  is  consumed  at  the  hospitals  and 
similar  institutions  ;  and  in  consequence  of 
this  the  more  extensive  market  gardeners 
employ  their  produce  chiefly  in  executing 
contracts  entered  into  with  public  bodies. — 
With  this  exception,  the  produce  of  the  Pa- 
ris market-gardens  is  sold  in  the  vegetable 
markets,  as  in  London.  There  are  several 
of  these,  but  none  so  decidedly  superior  to 
all.  the  others  as  to  be  compared  to  Covent 
Garden  Market.  The  Marche  dos  Innocens 
appeared  to  us  one  of  the  largest.  We  vis- 
ited it  twice,  on  September  13th,  and  De- 
cember 20,  and  shall  note  what  we  saw  in  it 
on  those  days,  with  the  conclusions  which 
we  drew. 

La  Marche  des  Innocens. — Sept.  13.  The 
area  exceeds  an  acre,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  quadrangular  range  of  sheds,  open  on 
both  sides,  with  a  walk  in  the  centre.  In 
the  enclosed  area,  potatoes  and  other  roots 
are  sold,  as  in  the  area  of  Covent  Garden 
Market.  We  shall  compare  the  supplies  of 
the  two  markets  about  the  same  season  of 
the  year. 


The  Cabbage  Tribe. — An  abundant  sup- 
ply, bnt  (he  variety  not  great,  and  the  kinds 
coarse  and  not  well  headed  Very  large  Sa- 
voys, some  red  cabbages  and  field  cabbages, 
and  also  some  broccoli  and  cauliflower.  On 
the  whole,  the  markets  of  London,  Edin- 
burgh and  Strasburgh,  which  we  have  seen 
at  the  same  season  [Edinburgh  in  1808,  and 
Strasburgh  in  1819,)  were  rather  better  sup- 
plied than  the  Marche  des  Innocens.  The 
deficiency  appeared  to  be  in  the  quality  of 
the  kinds  of  cabbage  and  broccoli. 

Legumes. — Ripe  pods  of  kidney  beans,  but 
none  green,  and  no  common  peas  in  pods. 
Decidedly  inferior  to  British  markets., 

Tubers  and  Roots. — Abundance  of  pota- 
toes, but  the  sorts  not  such  as  would  be  con- 
sidered good  in  Britain.  Quantities  of  the 
Jerusalem  artichoke,  scorzonera,  black  rad- 
ishes, Teltow  turnip,  solid  celery,  carrots, 
parsnips,  succory  roots,  and  others.  The 
variety  much  greater  than  in  Britain,  and 
the  quality  of  every  article,  except  the  pota- 
toes and  carrots,  equal,  if  not  superior. 

The  Onion  Tribt. — An  abundant  supplv 
of  both  onions  and  leeks,  and  also  a  quanti- 
ty of  shallots  and  garlick.  The  leeks  smal- 
ler than  in  Britain. 

Asparaginous  Plants,  Salads,  Sfc. — A  few 
artichokes,  and  some  half-blanched  celery, 
lettuce,  endive,  lamb's  lettuce,  and  other  sal- 
ads. The  variety  greater  than  in  Britain, 
the  supply  more  abundant,  and  the  quality 
superior. 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. — Abundance  of 
parsley  of  a  coarse  sort,  tarragon  and  all  our 
other  aromatic  herbs,  capsicums  in  quanti- 
ties, tomatos  and  egg-fruit.  The  variety  and 
supply  both  greater  than  in  Britain. 

Fungi. — Abundance  of  mushrooms,  and 
some  truffles. 

Fruits  for  Tarts  and  Piclcling.  -Large 
quantities  of  white  cucumbers  (concombres,) 
of  pickling  cucumbers  (comichons,)  gourds, 
and  pumpkins  in  great  variety,  of  all  sizes, 
but  we  did  not  observe  the  vegetable  mar- 
row.    On  a  par  with  British  markets. 

Fruit. — Abundance  of  apples,  chiefly 
Calvilles;  and  of  pears,  chiefly  bon  Chre- 
tiens and  bergamots;  rock  and  Cantaloup 
melons,  Chasselas  grapes,  peaches,  figs,  and 
plums ;  pear-shaped  sorbs,  sold  at  about  a 
sous  each  ;  and  a  great  quantity  of  very  ex- 
cellent alpine  strawberries.  The  last  arti- 
cle is  the  only  one  in  which  this  market  ex- 
celled that  of  Covent  Garden  ;  in  all  the  oth- 
er fruits  it  was  much  inferior- 
Adjoining  the  market  are  shops,  in  which 
are  sold  pistachios  and  other  dried  fruits,  or- 
anges, mits,  &c.  carrots,  dried  pears,  plums, 
apples  and  apricots.  The  onions  and  car- 
rots are  charred  so  as  to  become  as  black  as 
ink  :  this  effect  is  produced  by  baking  them 
slowly  in  the  oven,  and  taking  them  out  at 
intervals  during  several  days.  They  are 
used  in  cookery  for  coloring  soups. 

Sprigs  of  orange  tree  in  blossom  are,  we 
were  told,  to  be  found  in  this  market  thro'- 
out  the  year.  These  are  considered  essen- 
tial accompaniments  to  the  dress  of  bridal 
parties;  and  although  artificial  flowers,  per- 
fumed with  orange-water  are  semetimes  em- 
ployed by  those  who  cannot  afford  the  living 
article,  yet  the  latter  is  by  far  the  most  gen- 
erally used. 

On  the  whole,  the  supplies  of  the  Paris  ve- 
getable markets  are  inferior  in  point  of  ex- 
cellence to  those  of  London.  The  quality 
and  variety  of  fruits  are  greatly  inferior,  and 
also  the  dryness  and  flavor  of  potatoes,  and 


210 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


August  27,1831 


the  succuleacy  of  turnips,  cabbages,  and  the 
other  common  culinary  vegetables;  but  the 
Paris  markets  approach  to  equality  with  those 
of  London,  in  mushrooms,  salads,  and  aro- 
matic herbs,  during  summer,  and  surpass  us 
in  those  articles  during  winter. 

December  20. — Observed  a  great  quantity 
of  excellent  cauliflowers ;  endive  and  chic- 
cory,  blanched  in  different  degrees;  lamb's 
lettuce,  scorzonera,  Teltow  turnips,  solid 
celery,  common  white  turnips,  very  long 
leeks;  onions,  rather  small;  excellent  field 
cabbage,  in  immense  quantities ;  savoys, 
large  heaps  of  mushrooms,  and  to  the  best  of 
our  judgment  at  the  time,  every  vegetable 
seen  in  the  London  markets  about  the  same 
season,  with  the  exception  of  brocoli,  sea- 
kale,  asparagus,  and  forced  rhubarb.  The 
fruits  were  Chasselas  grapes,  Calville  and 
reinette  grise  apples,  a  few  indifferent  pears, 
different  kinds  of  service,  cornel  berries, 
walnuts  and  filberts,  and  sprigs  of  orange- 
blossoms,  as  in  September.  It  is  but  fair  to 
mention  that  we  failed  in  being  at  the  mar- 
ket sufficiently  early  in  the  morning  to  see 
things  in  their  best  state.  We  shall  now 
glance  at  some  of  the  market  gardens. 

The  Field  Market-Garden  of  M.  Cadet 
de  Mars  at  Aubermlliers. — OctA.  Auber- 
villiers  is  a  small  village  about  a  league  from 
Paris,  and  M.  Cadet  de  Mars' grounds  oc- 
cupy 50  or  60  acres  round  it.  This  garde- 
ner has  been  repeatedly  mayor  of  this  vil- 
lage, and  he  is  unquestionably  at  the  head 
of  the  field  market  gardeners  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Paris.  He  was,  as  he  told  us, 
a  peasant ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  see  his  im- 
posing manly  figure  and  open  generous 
countenance  without  feeling  that  he  is  noble 
by  nature.  He  is  upwards  of  seventy;  and 
he  began  the  world  without  a  penny,  and 
without  education;  but  he  is  now  proprie- 
tor of  the  grounds  which  he  cultivates,  be- 
sides houses  and  other  property.  He  has 
lately  ceded  his,grounds,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  acres  for  his  own  amusement,  to 
his  children  ;  and  lives  quietly  with  his  wife, 
an  excellent  woman,  about  twenty  years 
younger  than  himself.  This  old  man  is  full 
of  gayety  and  spirits,  content  with  his  past 
life,  and  apparently  happy.  He  has  always! 
had  the  greatest  curiosity  respecting  other 
countries,  and  this  still  breaks  out  every  time 
he  sees  a  foreigner.  He  told  us  that  he  would 
travel  through  England,  provided  his  wife 
would  accompany  him.  He  once  went  as 
far  as  Havre  with  a  friend  who  was  going  to 
England,  for  the  sake  of  seeing  the  sea,  and 
lie  speaks  with  raptures  of  the  visit.  He 
takes  an  interest  in  all  that  is  passing  in  the 
world,  and  spoke  much  of  America  ;  the 
government  of  which  he  admire^  beyond 
that  of  all  other  countries,  and  which  he 
hopes  France  will  one  day  adopt  as  a  model. 
He  spoke  much  of  the  first  revolution,  of 
which  he  had  witnessed  many  of  the  most 
interesting  scenes.  In  politics  and  morals, 
indeed,  he  is  far  beyond  his  contemporaries  ; 
and  is,  in  short,  as  far  as  an  unlettered  man 
can  be,  all  that  Jefferson  or  Lafayette  could 
wish  him  to  be.  He  made  his  fortune  chief- 
ly by  taking  large  contracts  to  supply  the 
hospitals.  The  largest  contracts  he  ever 
had  were  made  with  the  Hospice  Salpetri- 
cre  ;  for  which  on  gourd-day,  i.  e.  the  day 
on  which  the  vegetable  used  in  the  soup  ser- 
ved to  the  inmates  is  the  pumpkin  or  the 
gourd,  he  used  to  supply  G000  lbs.  He  has 
had  a  fruit  of  the  mammoth  gourd  which 
weighed  190  lbs.     He  had  also   large  con- 


apply  to  very  hardy  plants,  but,  relatively  tu 
them,  it  appears  to  be  one  well  deserving 
the  consideration  of  British  gardeners. 

In  the  ground  which  M.  Cadet  de  Mar? 
has  retained  for  his  own  amusement,  there  is 
a  wall  covered  with  peach  and  apricot  trees, 
very  well  trained  in  the  fan  manner.  Along 
its  top  there  is  a  projecting  trellis,  support- 
ed, at  an  angle  of  about  60  c  ,  by  struts  a- 
butting  against  the  wall,  about  2  ft.  lower 
than  the  top  ;  and  this  trellis  is  covered  with 
vines.  The  upper  parts  of  the  peach  and 
apricot  trees  were  evidently  injured  a  little 
by  the  shade  of  the  vines  ;  but  we  were  told 
that  the  latter  were  of  some  use  to  the  for- 
mer, in  spring,  by  protecting  their  blossoms 
from  the  perpendicular  cold.  The  trellis 
was  loaded  with  grapes,  which,  from  the  path 
in  front,  had  a  very  rich  appearance.  There 
were  a  great  many  dwarf  apple  trees  in  this 
garden,  trained  en  goblete  ;  the  sort  prefer- 
red was  the  reinette  de  Canada.  Behind  M- 
Cadet  de  Mars'  house  is  a  small  walled  gar- 
den, formerly,  if  we  are  not  mistaken,  the 
burying-ground  of  a  religious  establishment, 
the  church  of  v\hich  is  now  one  of  M.  Cadet 
de  Mars'  barns  and  is  filled  with  apples  and 
onions.  There  are  some  very  large  stand- 
ard apricot  trees  in  this  garden,  and  a  very 
old  vine  which  bear  abundantly  ;  and  we 
saw  a  stack  of  onions  as  large  a  haystack. — 
The  onions  are  stacked  by  alternating  them 
with  thin  layers  of  rye  straw;  the  straw  at 
the  outside  of  the  stack  being  doubled  in 
over  the  onions,  so  that  none  of  them  ap- 
peared to  view.  We  have  seen  carrots  stack- 
ed in  the  same  manner  with  wheat  straw  in 
England. 

~  WEEVIL. 
It  has  become  a  matter  of  much  import- 
ance with  farmers  and  millers  to  prevent,  if 
possible  the  destruction  which  this  little  in- 
sect yearly  makes  in  grain.  Various  meth- 
ods have  been  resorted  to  for  this  purpose, 
but  none  has  yet  been  found  sufiicienly  effi- 
cacious to  be  generally  adopted.  In  the 
hope  however  that  some  means  may  be  dis- 
covered that  will  have  the  desired  effect,  we 
will  gladly  communicate  the  result  of  any 
attempt  at  this  object,  and  with  athis  view 
we  give  the  following  method  as  practised 
by  Col.  Drake  of  this  vicinity,  for  two  or 
three  years  past  with  entire  suceess,  viz  : — 
In  mowing  or  stacking  his  wheat  he  sprinkles 
a  small  quantity  of  salt  over  each  laver  ot 
sheaves.  Four  or  five  quarts  to  the  hund- 
red dozen  he  has  found  quite  sufficient. — 
By  this  means  he  has  preserved  his  wheat  en- 
tirely free  from  weevil  while  his  neighbors 
have  complained  of  great  damage.  Of  the 
security  thus  afforded  he  says  he  is  altogeth- 
er convinced  from  an  experiment  made  last 
year.  Having  omitted  to  salt  a  small  part 
of  his  wheat,  he  found  it  on  examination 
very  much  eaten,  while  the  salted  wheat  re- 
mained entirely  undisturbed,  although  in  tin- 
same  mow.  One  advantage,  it  is  to  be  no- 
ticed, which  this  method  possesses  over  every 
other,  is  that  the  straw  is  most  equal  to  the 
best  timothy  hay,  and  the  cattle  will  eat  it. 
we  are  informed,  in  preference.  Let  it  bt 
tested. — Lebanon  (Ohio)  Srar. 

Consolation. — An  old  lady  once  being  vc 
ry  sorely  afflicted  with  a  disorder  usually 
denominated  hysterics,  imagined  she  could 
not  breathe,  and    appealed    to  her  husband 

heat;  having  remarked  that  after  a    severe  I  on  the  occasion,    with    'Mr ,  1   can't 

winter,  provided  it  were  short,  bulbs  flower-    breathe.'     'Well,  my  dear,'  returned  the  af- 


tracts  with  the  manufacturers  of  sugar  from 
the  beet  root;  especially  during  the  years 
1812  and  1813,  when  the  price  of  sugar  in 
Paris  was  5f.  per  lb.  These  companies  fail- 
ed, for  the  most  part,  in  1814  and  1815, 
when  sugar  fell  to  14  sous  per  lb.  His  sons 
still  cultivate  large  quantities  of  mangold- 
wurtzel  for  feeding  cows  ;  and  it  deserves  to 
be  remarked,  that  these  cultivators,  and  al- 
so others  in  their  neighborhood,  who  former- 
ly used  to  gather  a  part  of  the  leaves  to  sell 
as  fodder  while  the  plants  were  growing, 
have  now  left  off  the  practice,  from  finding 
that  it  lessens  the  size  of  the  roots. 

In  the  field  garden  culture  practised  here, 
and  in  other  field  gardens  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Paris,  the  soil  is  ploughed  for  the 
crop  with  a  two-wheeled  plough  ;  but  all  the 
operations  of  cleaning  and  gathering  the 
crop  are  performed  by  manual  labor.  Irri- 
gation, either  by  manual  labor  or  by  chan- 
nels on  the  surface,  is  seldom  resorted  to. — 
There  is  no  regular  rotation  of  crops ;  but 
in  general,  after  three  or  four  crops  of  veget- 
ables, a  crop  of  wheat  is  taken,  or  the  land  is 
sown  with  lucerne,  under  which  it  remains 
from  two  to  five  years.  Turnips  are  seldom 
sown  in  the  spring  because  the  drought  and 
insect  destroy  them  ;  but  in  August  after  the 
crop  of  peas,  wheat,  or  rye  is  removed,  they 
are  sown  with  success.  Onions  and  leeks 
are  sown  together  in  February  :  neither 
grows  large.  The  onions  are  removed  ear- 
ly in  September,  and  the  leeks  remain  to 
be  taken  up  as  wanted.  Small  leeks  are 
preferred  in  the  Paris  market,  as  having 
more  flavor  ;  and  the  same  as  to  onions  anil 
asparagus.  Where  the  soil  is  deep,  soft,  and 
inclined  to  moisture,  the  marshmallow  is  cul- 
tivated for  the  apothecaries,  and  found  to 
pay  well,  because  suitable  ground  for  this 
plant  is  rare  on  secondary  limestone.  As- 
paragus is  grown  in  single  rows  along  the 
bottom  of  shallow  trenches,  and,  instead  of 
covering  the  plants  during  winter  as  we  do 
in  England,  their  crowns  or  buds  are  laid  al- 
most bare,  so  as  to  receive  the  first  influ- 
ence of  the  sun  in  spring.  As  the  plants 
begin  to  push  they  are  earthed  up.  A  part 
of  the  grounds  is  planted  with  vines,  in  rows 
about  8  ft.  apart,  between  each  row  of  which 
is  a  row  of  asparagus  ;  and  in  the  rows  of 
vines  are  asparagus  plants,  which  alternate 
with  the  vines.  When  the  vines  are  in  fruit 
the  stalks  of  the  asparagus  are  tied  together 
in  bundles,  to  admit  more  air  to  the  vines. 
On  expressing  our  surprise  at  the  practice  of 
laying  bare  the  buds  of  asparagus  during 
the  winter,  M.  Cadet  de  Mars  acknowledg- 
ed that  highly  succulent  varieties  of  aspara- 
gus, grown  in  deep,  richly  manured  soil 
such  as  might  be  seen  in  some  private  gar- 
dens, and  particularly  in  that  of  the  king  at 
Versailles,  would  sutler  from  this  practice ; 
but  that  field  asparagus,  such  as  that  before 
us,  was  neater  a  state  of  nature  and  sufl'er- 
ed  no  injury.  He  observed  that  a  covering 
of  earth  or  litter,  while  it  prevented  the  es- 
cape of  heat,  at  the  same  time  prevented  its 
entrance  ;  and  he  gave  as  an  instance  in  fa- 
vor of  the  practice,  the  well  known  early 
flowering  of  bulbs  planted  on  the  surface, 
as  done  with  crocuses  about  Paris,  in  com- 
parison with  those  which  are  inserted  some 
inches  deep  in  the  soil.  He  is  of  opinion  that 
cold  serves  to  force  forward  plants,  as  well  as 


ed  earlier,  and  asparagus  was  readv  to  cut 


sooner.     Of  csurse  this  doctrine  can   only 


:\ 


fectionate  husband,    'I  would   not   trj 
nobody  wants  you  should.' 


Vol.  1.— No.  34. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


271 


From  the  Winchester  Republican. 

.SHEEP. 

Lucky -Hit  farm,  JulytZ,  1831. 

Mr.  Davis — I  obseived  in  your  last  Re 
publican  a  comparison  between  some  of  the  j 
sheep  of  New-York  and  our  Frederick  sheep. 
I  cannot  say  that  I  regretted  this  little  ad- 
vantage of  the  ancient  dominion  over  your 
native  state,  so  far  in  many  respects  before 
vour  adopted  one ;  but  I  am  sorry  for  the 
character  of  her  agriculture,  she  cannot 
boast  of  greater  productions  in  the  article  of 
*ool,  it  being  one  of  her  great  staples,  and 
especially  as  she  possesses  a  variety  of 
breeds  introduced  from  Europe. 

I  presume  the  seven  New-York  sheep  spo- 
ken of,  shearing  an  average  of  6lbs.  3  oz. 
must  either  have  been  washed  on  the  back 
or  have  produced  wool  of  superior  fineness, 
consequently  less  productive.  The  28  sheep 
you  mention,  of  the  Frederick  breed,  shear- 
ing an  average  of  10£  lbs.,  were  also  picked 
sheep,  as  the  average  of  the  whole  Hock  fa- 
bout  130)  was  under  8  lbs.  You  further 
state  that  some  individuals  of  the  Frederick 
sheep  have  shorn  as  high  as  14  lbs.  Now  I 
may  remark  that  for  several  years  past  I 
jiave  Keen  in  the  habit  of  carefully  reserving 
certificates  from  some  of  my  neighbors  of  the 
weight  of  my  shearings  and  of  remarkable 
individual  sheep,  from  a  reference  to  which 
[  find  that  the  heaviest  fleeces  have  been  16.J 
lbs. — the  greatest  average  8J  lbs. — half  a 
dozen  rams  134  lbs.  average — and  several  j 
individuals  13  to  15.  Our  last  shearing,  in 
consequence  of  the  severity  of  the  winter,  j 
multiplication  of  number,  later  lambs,  and' 
the  increase  of  fineness  of  the  wool,  was  less! 
than  usual  in  its  average — a  fraction  under 
"4lbs.  from  160  sheep,  which  has  been  sold 
tor  45  cents  cash,  with  the  reservation  of  a 
sufficiency  for  domestic  purposes. 

I  have  taken  the  liberty  of  mentioning  my 
last  shearing  to  you  for  several  reasons  : 

1st.  Farmers  will  not  and  should  not  be 
satisfied  with  the  partial  reports  of  the  shear- 
ing of  a  few  remarkable  sheep,  picked  out  of 
a  flock,  because  they  all  know  that  a  few  con- 
spicuous individuals  may  be  selected  and 
made  so  fat  as  to  produce,  in  dirt,  grease  and 
woo),  double  the  quantity  which  has  been 
the  fair  average  of  the  balance  of  the  flock 
kept  in  the  ordinary  way. 

2d.  Because  there  can  be  no  possible  de- 
ception when  sheep  are  shorn  and  the  wool 
weighed  in  the  presence  of  intelligent  neigh- 
bors and  friends. 

3d.  To  excite  a  spirit  for  improvement  in 
the  multiplication  of  such  rural  meetings 
throughout  the  country,  where  farmers  can 
'  ompare  notes,  relate  their  successes,  inquire 
into  the  causes  of  their  failures,  and  spend 
a  few  rational  hours  in  suggesting  improve- 
ments in  the  numberless  branches  of  the  no- 
blest of  professions. 

4th.  For  the  better  effect  in  having  a  num- 
ber of  respectable  witnesses  to  the  real  char- 
acter of  any  breed  of  animals,  thereby  fa- 
cilitating their  dissemination  throughout  the 
>:ountry,united  with  the  superior  social  pleas- 
ure of  seeing  friends  united  in  the  cause  of 
real  utility,  &r.c.  fee. 

At  our  late  meeting,  added  to  the  pleas- 
ure of  seeing  friends  from  adjoining  coun- 
ties, was  a  truly  intelligent  gentleman  who 
Jiad  lately  seen  some  of  the  fine  Southdown 
flocks  of  England,  in  a  visit  to  tie  celebra- 
ted farmer,  Mr.  Coke  of  Norfolk.  Such 
interviews  are  more  than  ordinarily  interes- 
ting, and  n»aj  be  improved  to  great  advant- 


age when  observation  had  been  diligent  and 
curiosity  made  subservient  to  schemes  of 
general  utility. 

I  have  observed,  Mr.  Davis,  many  and 
long  cries  for  wool !  wool !  wool !  in  your 
paper;  and  I  might  say,  from  having  a 
greater  demand  for  sheep,  that  the  excite- 
ment does  not  end  there.  Farmers,  instead 
of  prudently  preparing  for  high  prices,  put 
it  off  until  it  is  too  late,  but  it  is  always  of 
importance  to  them  to  double  the  fleece  and 
improve  the  wool.  Little  more  than  half 
the  present  price  would  yield  a  handsome 
profit  if  sheep  generally  produced  double 
the  quantity  of  wool,  which  may  easily  be 
attained  by  a  uniformity  of  care  and  the  in- 
troduction of  crosses,  accommodated  to  the 
circumstances  by  which  they  may  be  sur- 
rounded. I  am,  &C. 

II.  K.  Meade. 


At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Horticultural 
Society  a  paper  was  read,  entitled,  "  An  ac 
count  of  the  different  modes  of  keeping  fruit, 
which  have  been  tried  at  the  Society's  gar- 
den for  the  season  1831."  The  statement 
wasdrawn  up  at  the  garden,  and  enumerated 
eight  different  modes;  the  three  best,  and 
most  practicable  of  which  were,  the  covering 
ofthe  fruit  in  pure  and  perfectly  dry  sand, 
dry  fern,  or  in  a  deal  box  buried  in  the  earth. 
By  any  of  these  modes  it  was  preserved,  free 
from  shrivelling  and  any  disagreeable  flavor 
— in  all  it  must  be  deposited  in  a  cold  situa- 
tion. By  the  other  five  modes,  although  the 
fruit  was  preserved  in  a  pretty  sound  state,  a 
musty  flavor  was  found  to  be  communica- 
ted;  this  was  especially  the  caee  where  oat- 
chaff  was  the  medium. 


Imprisonment  for  Debt. — It  seems 
strange  that  England  and  America,  the  two 
nations  in  the  world  most  jealous  of  their  po- 
litical liberties,  should  be  at  the  same  time 
those  wherein  the  least  respect  has  been  paid 
to  personal  freedom  in  matters  of  pounds, 
shillings  and  pence.  The  North  American 
Review,  in  an  excellent  article  on  this  sub- 
ject informs  us,  "that  the  number  of  per- 
sons imprisoned  in  the  debtors'  apartment 
in  Philadelphia,  from  June  6,  1829,  to  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1830,  was  817,  of  whom  there 
were — 

30  whose  debts  were  below  $1 
233  above  1  and  below  #5 
174  above  5  and  below  glO 
140  above  10  and  below  #20 
142  above  20  and  below  glOO 
98  above  #100. 
Of252  of  these  unfortunate  people  the  debts 
were  866S  dollars  nnd  the  costs  8448  ;  and 
of  64,  the   debts  were  853,   and   the   costs 
8120  dollars!"     Truly,   the  tyranny  of  the 
law   furnishes  a   fearful  counterbalance   to 
the  despotism  of  an  individual. — Atkena- 
um. 

TheWesterrj  Tiller  says,  that  Peach  Trees 
continue  to  be  in  a  more  healthy  state  and 
yield  much  better  upon  grass  land  than  up- 
on that  which  is  tilled.  The  trees  upon 
grass  land  will  bear  when  those  upon  the 
tillage  land  will  not.  The  article  says,  " 
shall  not  pretend  to  theorize  on  these  phe- 
nomena, but  the  inference  appears  natural 
that  we  may  have  overdoctored  the  trees, as 
is  sometimes  the  case  with  a  learned  pro- 
fession in  curing  diseases  incident  to  human 
nature."  Will  not  some  of  our  farmers  in- 
form us  whether  the  above  case  will  not  ap- 
ply to  apple  or  other  fruit  trees. 


From  the  Boston  Courier. 
THE  MOWER'S  SONG. 

[Unprecedented    Mowing E.    M 

Fox,  at  Suffield,  Ct.  mowed  four  measured 
acres  of  grass  on  the  2Cth  day  of  July,  ult. 
He  began  at  sunrise  and  finished  at  one 
hour  and  twenty  minutes  before  sunset,  fresh 
and  in  good  spirits.  There  were  not  less 
than  sx  tops  of  hay.  Fences  were  on  three 
sides  of  the  lot,  and  a  heavy  fall  of  rain  du- 
ring the  forenoon,  added  much  to  the  labor. 
One  acre  of  it,  a  swale,  in  which  the  grass 
was  very  heavy  and  badly  lodged,  would 
have  been  a  good  day's  work  for  a  vigorous 
mower.  There  are  two  or  three  instances 
in  which  an  equal  surface  has  been  mowed 
over,  but  for  quantity  and  quality  of  labor, 
this  is  acknowledged  to  be  the  greatest  fete 
ever  acomplished  in  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try.] 

I'm  a  father  of  ploughmen,  a  son  ofthe  soil, 

And  my  life  never  tires,  for  my  pleasure  is  toil 

There  are  worse  stains  to  bear  than  the  sweat  on 

the  brow, 
And  worse  things  to  follow,  my  friend,  than  the 

plough. 

What  is  sorrow  1     I  think  such  a  matter  there  is 

But  to  me  it  show'd  never  its  ill-looking  phiz 

What  is  want  1     To  be  idle,  to  steal  and  to  lie 

And  sickness  ?     The  Doctor  can  tell — but  not  I 

I  suppose  I  must  come  to  the  scratch,  though  al 

last. 
For  Time  has  a  sythe  that  would  cut  down  a  mast 
Though  now  on  the  borders  of  threescore  and  ten' 
Your  corners  I  cut,  and  can  do  it  again. 

If  the  best  of  you  willing  to  try  with  me  feels, 
Let  him  strip  to  the  cotton,  and  look  to  his  heels  ■ 
Through  the  clover  and  timothyjlook  al  my  swath' 
Like  the  wake  of  a  frigate, — stand  out  of  my  path'; 

Lowell.— Speculations  in  land  in  this 
flourishing  town,  have  been  carried  within  a 

few  weeks  beyond    all   former  example 

Numbers  who  but  recently  were  in  moder- 
ate pecuniary  circumstances,  have  amassed 
independent  fortunes  by  this  means.  Real 
estate  has  risen  within  the  last  eighteen 
months,  nearly  one  hundred  per  ct.  Some 
lots  of  rand  well  situated  for  business,  which 
were  sold  within  six  months  for  two  shillings 
per  foot,  have  been  sold  within  a  few  weeks 
for  seventy  five  cents  a  foot.  Last  Wed- 
nesday a  lot  of  land  was  purchased  by  two 
gentlemen  for  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  ; 
and  on  the  same  day  they  sold  one  half  of  it 
at  an  advance  of  forty  thousand  dollars.—- 
Buildings,  it  is  said,  rent  for  a  greater  profit 
in  Lowell  than  in  any  other  town  in  New 
England,  averaging  fifteen  or  twenty  per 
cent,  per  annum  on  the  capital  invested. -— 
Sahm  Mass.  Mercury. 

Cachemire  Shawls — This  elegant  article 
of  fenrale  luxury  promises  soon  to  become 
common  enough  :  an  inhabitant  of  Moscow 
has  just  constructed  a  machine  for  the  fab 
rication  of  cachemire  shawls,  by  means  of 
which  a  workman  can  manufacture  this 
article  with  as  much  ease  and  readiness  as 
the  ordinary  cottons.  He  intends  making 
his  invention  public,  not  desiring  even  to 
have  a   patent  monopoly  of  it. 

A  Pennsylvania  paper  contains  a  number  of  se- 
vere strictures  upon  tjie  wanton  practice  of  shoot- 
ing small  birds,  not  usually  eaten,  such  as  swal- 
lows, tomtits,  pewees,  &c.  These  birds  are  useful 
in  destroying  insects,  and  should  notbe  woriturj" 
Hilled 


272 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


Clea\  Cell  vrs 
The  damp  and  foul  air,  arid  the  vegetable 
and  other  substances  in  a  state  of  cor- 
ruption, which  are  not  unfrequently  al- 
lowed to  accumalate  in  the  cellars  and 
vaults  attached  to  dwelling  houses,  may 
become  at  the  present  season  of  the  year 
a  very  fruitful,  tho'  unsuspected,  source 
of  disease.  The  attention  of  every 
housekeeper  should,  therefore,  be  par- 
ticularly directed  to  the  condition  of  his 
cellar,  and  precautions  should  at  once  be 
taken  to  free  it  from  every  species  of  filth 
or  corruptible  matter.  It  is  in  vain  to 
expect  thai  all  the  advantages  resulting 
from  domestic  cleanliness  shall  be  reali- 
zed when  the  dirt,  carefuly  expelled  from 
the  parlors  and  sitting  room,  is  permitted 
to  take  undisturbed  possession  of  the  less 
frequented  parts  of  our  dwell  ngs.  To 
preserve  health,  the  process  of  purifica- 
tion must  visit  every  apartment  from 
the  garret  to  the  cellar.  The  latter  in 
particular,  should  be  swept  daily,  and 
the  dirt  thus  collected  immediately  re- 
moved. The  windows  should  be  so  con- 
structed as  to  allow  of  a  free  draught  of 
air  passing  through  the  whole  extent  of 
the  cellar,  besides  which  to  insure  perfect 
ventilation  and  dryness,  the  door  should 
be  kept  open  several  hours  each  day,  ex- 
cepting in  damp  or  wet  weather.  White- 
washing with  lime  the  walls  of  thp  apart- 
ment, is  an  excellent  means  of  purifica- 
tion, and  should  on  that  account,  be  per- 
formed at  least  once  every  spring  and 
summer.  If  the  cellar  contain  provisions 
or  other  articles  liable  to  decomposition, 
the  use,  during  warm  weather,  of  the 
cloride  of  lime,  or  of  soda, either  in  solu- 
tion or  powder,  sprinkled  ovei  the  floor, 
will  prevent  the  production  of  any  dele- 
terious effluvia. 

Cellars  into  which  water  is  liable  to 
penetrate,  demand  very  particular  care, 
For  if  it  be  allowed  to  remain,  or  cannot 
be  got  rid  of,  in  summer,  it  soon  becomes 
offensive,  precisely  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  bilge  water  of  a  ship,  and  emits  a 
gaseous  poison,  by  which  disease  and 
death  may  be  spread  over  a  whole  neigh- 
borhood. No  trouble  or  expense  should 
therefore  be  spared  to  prevent  the  en- 
trance of  the  water  into  the  cellar,  or  to 
drain  it  off  by  means  of  sinks  penetrating 
to  a  stratum  of  gravel.  Until  this  can 
be  effected,  the  free  use  of  the  chloride 
of  lime,  or  of  soda,  will  completely  obvi- 
ate ;  ly  unpleasant  or  injurous  exhala- 
tions from  being  produced,  even  during 
the  h  itest  weather. — Jour,  of  Health. 

Spontaneous  Combustion. — Two  manu- 
facturing establishments  in  Plainfield  in 
this  county,  have  been  seriously  endan- 
gered, within  a  few  weeks,  from  sponta- 
neous combustion  between  wool  and  oil. 
In  one  instance,  at  Hamlen  and  Bates' 
manufactory,  two  hundred  pounds  of 
wool  were  prepared  with  the  usual  quan- 
tity of  oil,  before  carding,  and  llvrown  in- 
to a  heap  just  at  evening ;  at  an  early 
hour  next  morning,  and  upon  examina- 


August  27,  1831 


tion,  the  wool  was  found  ig  ited  and  the 
floor  to  a  considerable  extent  on  fire. —  I 
The  other  instance  occurred  a  few  d;ysf 
afterwards  at  Warner  &  Whiton's  estab- 
lishment; a-quantity  was  oiled  as  in  the 
above  instance,  and  examination  having 
been  made  a  few  hours  afterwards,  it  was 
found  in  an  inflammable  condition,  and 
would  soon  have  been  ignited,  the  expe- 
riment was  afterwards  made  with  ther 
wool  &  the  same  result  followed.  There  \ 
is  mystery  here,  however,  not  easily  re- 
solved; wool  is  usually  prepared  with 
j  common  lamp  oil,  as  in  this  instance,  and 
combustion  rarely  follows,  while  with 
this  particular  oil:  thrpe  successive  in- 
stances were  known  of  its  igniting — now 
j  to  what  particular  qualities  of  the  oil 
may  this  dangerous  principle  be  attribu- 
jted?  it  is  well  worthy  the  investigation 
I  of  those  who  understand  its  peculiar  pro- 
perties; certainly  important  to  manufac- 
turers.— Northampton  Cour  er. 

Cold  Water. — The  inordinate  and  un- 
controllable thirst,  which  induces  a  person 
to  drink  immoderately  of  water,  is  much  less 
liable  to  be  experienced,  during  summer,  by 
the  habitually  temperate,  than  by  the  drunk 
ard,  or,  indeed,  by  those  who  make  use  of  in 
toxicating  drinks  n  any  quantity.  The 
I  sense  of  thirst  may,  also,  be  greatly  modera 
ted,  first,  by  the  use  of  succulent  fruits,  which 
would  appear  to  be  furnished  by  nature  so 
abundantly  in  warm  climates,  for  this  very 
purpose.  Secondly  by  a  diet  mainly  veget- 
able ;  and  thirdly,  by  the  frequent  use  of 
the  bath.  But  the  chief  means  of  avoiding 
'injury,  from  the  use  of  water  as  a  drink,  in 
Iseasonsof  intense  heat,  are,  complete  and 
habitual  abstinence  from  intoxicating  drinks, 
and  the  moderate  use  of  water,  the  tempera- 
ture of  which  is  not  too  much  reduced.  Wa- 
ter, barely  cool,  slowly  swallowed,  will  very 
effectually  allay  the  thirst,  without  produ- 
cing any  injurious  consequences.  Though, 
at  first,  it  may  be  found  insipid,  or  even  dis^i 
agreeable  to  the  palate,  a  continuance  in  its 
use.  will,  as  we  know  from  experience,  ren- 
der it  more  ngreeable  than  water  of  a  low 
temperature. — Journal  of  Health. 

It  has  been  justly  said  of  the  Farmer's 
occupation,  that  it  involves  as  much 
skill,  as  much  interest,  and  as  much  hon- 
or, as  any  object  within  the  range  of 
the  attention,  or  the  action  of  man.  It 
was  certainly  man's  <  first  employment, 
and  without  doubt,  thehappiest  in  which 
he  can  be  engaged.  True  he  labors  hard, 
and  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow  he  earns 
his  bread  :  and  this  is  common  to  most 
avocations  into  which  manual  labor  en- 
ters. But  then  he  has  his  season  of  en- 
joyment, and  is  at  all  times  relieved  from 
the  responsibility,  anxiety,  and  the  risk  of] 
the  merchant,  or  the  intense  application) 
and  fearful  solicitude  of  the  professional 
men. 

Occupation  of  agriculture  being  more 
steady  and  less  liable  to  the  fluctuations 
experienced  in  almost  every  other  voca- 
tion, more  especially  to  those  immediate- 
ly dependant  ou  commerce,  tends  to  a 
more  regular,  simple,  and  consequently 
of  a  more  moral  life.    It  is  this  favorable 


tendency  of  th  ir  habits  and  mode  of  liv 
ing,  which  has  entitled  the  yeomanry  to 
that  political  importance,  which  attach- 
es to  them  in  almost  every  other,  but  more 
particularly  in  this  country — our  govern- 
ment being  founded  on  equality  of  right, 
and  bur. institutions  recognizing  equity  is 
the  rule  of  conduct. 

The  yeomanry  were  the  instruments 
by  which  our  n  lependence  was  achieved; 
from  their  bosoms  the  republican  spirit 
was  transfused  into  our  political  institu- 
tions— and  with  them,  by  whomever  as- 
sailed, will  rest  the  defence  of  those  priv- 
ileges, civil  and  religious,  w  ich  we  now 
so  eminently  enjoy — o  their  honesty. 
intelligence  and  firmness,  we  may  always 
rely  to  perpel  iat*>  the  enjoyment  of  these 
privileges. — B.  Pat. 

Sew  Cure%r  Cancer.— Mrs.  Alfred  Hull, 
a  poor  woman  of  Saratoga  county,  is  stated 
by  a  writer  in  the  Argus  to  have  the  knowl- 
edge ot  a  new  and  easy  medicine  for  this  af- 
flicting malady;  and  several  inveterate  ca- 
ses are  mentioned,  in  which  she  has  effected 
a  complete  cure. 

Revenue. — We  understand  it  is  ascer- 
tained that  the  revenue  secured  at  the 
Custom  House  in  this  city,  in  the  quar- 
ter which  ended  on  the  30th  of  June,  ex- 
ceeds five  millions  of  dollars.  The  two 
first  quarters  of  the  year  have  therefore 
produced  about  nine  millions. — JV.  York 
Mer.  Jidv. 

A  famous  stone,  which,  it  is  said,  has  often 
cured  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog,  and  is  confidenUy  be 
Iieved,  by  its  owner,  to  possess  that  property  still, 
is  in  possession  of  W.  C.  Oliver,  of  Gloucester 
County,  Virginia,  and  is,  by  him,  offered  for  sale. 
— A  good  stone  may  prevent  the  bite  of  a  mad 
dog. 


R  >SES,  OAHL.I  LS,  S'l  UA WHERRIES, 
and  Quicks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  have 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  a  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  flower  and 
habit,  and  the  prices  annexed.  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

They  have  imported  and  propagated  many  var- 
ieties of  the  finest  double  Dahlias,  which  may  be 
selected  by  the  flowe.s,  at  the  Nursery,  until  flu 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants  of  the  Methven  Strawberry,  at   89  50  per 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  havei 
ed  a"pound.     They  are  good  bearers  and  of  run 
flavor.    Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  v.u 
See  catalogue. 

They  have  likewise    for  salo,«60,000    plants  of 
the  three  thorned  Locust,  (G/t'.' 
u .  |  two  ;  ewp  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 
for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

(  Were  lor  any  articles  from  the  Xurrerv.  maj 
be  suit  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  car.-  of  I, 
Tucker,  Rochester.         BTTEL&  W1LS;  >N 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16     [i\ 

ESSAYS  OS  AMERICAN  SILK 

WITH  Directions  to  farmers  for  raising  Silk 
Worms— by  J.  D.  Homergue  and  Peter  S 
Duponccau.     Also. 

The  American  Gardener, 

Deancs  Xew-England  farmer,  and 

ISutlcrs  Parmer's  Manuni,  for  sale  by 

Hi)',  T.   PI  IRT1  R   &  CO. 
Prince  on  the.  Vine,  a  few  pojjtcs  for  sale  M 
above. 


*gwm  ^n?i! 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  SEPTEMBER  3,   1831. 


NUMBER   35. 


PUBLISHED  BV  I»  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advauce. 


N.  GOOD3ELL,  EDITOR. 


SOWING  RYE. 

It  is  a  common  practice  to  put  off  sowing  rye 
until  after  wheat ;  this  we  hold  to  be  "  getting  (he 
cart  before  the  horse."  Rye  can  be  advantage- 
ously sown  before  the  proper  season  for  sowing 
wheat  arrives.  When  sown  upon  wheat  or  rye 
stubble  a  good  crop  may  be  raised  by  once  plough- 
ing, if  well  done,  by  which  the  weeds  and  stubble 
should  all  be  turned  under,  after  which,  the  ground 
should  be  made  fine  on  the  top  with  a  light  har- 
row. By  sowing  rye  early,  good  pasture  for 
calves  and  young  sheep  is  secured,  iFter  the  com- 
mon grasses  have  failed ;  and  even  in  the  spring 
it  may  be  fed  down  with  small  stock,  without  in- 
juring the  crop.  Another  advantage  of  early  sow- 
ing is,  the  roots  become  much  firmer  fixed  in  the 
ground,  and  are  not  so  apt  to  be  flung  out  of  the 
ground  by  the  frost ;  besides  when  sown  early, 
less  seed  will  answer  for  the  same  ground.  As 
in  the  common  course  of  farming,  there  is  more  or 
less  land  upon  farms  which  is  in  good  condition 
to  produce  rye,  that  would  not  produce  wheat,  and 
from  which  a  crop  of  rye  may  be  raised  with 
little  expense;  we  therefore  recommend  to  our 
farmers  to  put  in  a  little  rye  each  year,  and  be 
careful  about  the  quality  sown,  as  there  are  two  or 
three  varieties  of  this,  which  are  in  common  cul- 
tivation amongst  us ;  one  kind  is  lighter  in  color 
than  the  others ;  this  is  to  be  preferred,  as  it  pro- 
duces equally  as  well  as  the  darker  kinds,  and 
when  well  ground,  makes  a  very  wholesome  and 
palatable  bread,  which  is  preferred  by  many  peo- 
ple to  wheat :  for  mixing  with  corn  meal  for  ma 
king  bread,  it  is  allowed  to  be  superior.  In  Ger 
many  and  some  other  countries,  rye  is  preferred 
for  common  use,  and  the  inhabitants  consider  it 
much  more  healthy  for  food  than  wheat.  Rye 
makes  excellent  malt  for  beer,  and  may  be  raised 
on  grounds  that  are  too  light  to  produce  barley. — 
Mr.  Hunt  the  English  politician  has  prepared  an 
article  from  it  which  he  denominated  domestic 
roffce,  which  has  been  much  used  by  the  lower 
class  of  people,  in  that  country ;  whether  it  pos- 
sessed reforming  qualities  we  are  not  yet  infor- 
med. 

PICKLES. 

This  is  the  season  of  the  year  for  pickling  ; 
we  would  recommend  the  following  as  the  most 
approved  method  of  preserving  cucumbers  for  this 
.  ise.  After  gathering  your  cucumbers,  place  them 
in  a  suitable  vessel,  and  pour  over  them  a  strong 
brine  in  sufficient  quantity  to  cover  them.  Let  them 
remain  in  this  until  wanted,  when  they  should  be 
put  into  water  and  allowed  to  remain  twenty-four 
hours.  Pour  off  this  water  and  cover  them  with 
water  boiling  hot,  and  allow  them  to  stand  a  coup 
leof  hours,  after  which,  the  same  process  should 
be  repeated,  and  if  the  color  should  not  be  as 
green  as  wished,  repeat  it  a  second  time,  when 
they  will  be  found  hard  and  green.  Let  them  be 
put  in  vinegar  with  pepper  according  to  taste. — 
When  cucumbers  are  prepared  as  above,  they 


will  keep  through  the  season.  Some  practice 
putting  cucumbers  into  spirits  and  water  to  un- 
dergo the  acetous  fermentations;  these  never 
make  pleasant  pickles.  Cucumbers  may  be 
kept  in  strong  brine  for  any  length  of  time, 
and  by  so  doing,  a  small  quantity  can  be  fresh- 
ened at  a  time,  and  the  quantity  of  vinegar  re- 
quired will  be  less  than  when  a  barrel  is  prepar- 
ed at  once. 

VULGAR  ERRORS. 
The  story  that  the  early  settlers  of  New-Eng- 
land were  in  the  habit  of  whipping  their  beer  bar- 
rels, because  they  allowed  the  beer  contained   in 
them  to  work  or  foment  on  Sundays  has  long  been 
told  for  the  amusement  of  those  who  have  sup- 
posed themselves  clear  from   such  vulgar  errors 
and  rank  superstitions.    But  we  ought  to  recollect 
that  those  scenes  were  said  to  have  been  acted 
more  than  two  hundred  years  ago.     What  migh 
ty  improvements  have  been  made  within  the  last 
two  hundred  years.     How  different  is  the  state  of 
society,  and  how  multiplied  the  sources  of  infor 
mation  since  the  existence  of  that  code  of  blue 
laws  about  which  we  hear  so  many  anecdotes 
Then  a  peson  might  be  disposed  to  improve  him- 
self in  the  knowledge  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  but 
found  it  very  difficult  to  procure  information  on 
subjects  which  he  wished   to    investigate.     At 
this  time  the  channels  of  infonnation   are  so  nu- 
merous in  our  country  that  every  reasonable  de- 
sire to  become  learned  is1  easily  satisfied  ;  so  that 
if  people  now  remain  in  ignorance  it  is  their  fault, 
and  they  have  not  the  excuse  which  our  forefath- 
ers  had,  that  they   wished  for  information,  but 
could  not  procure  it.    Let  us  examine  ourselves 
in  this  era  of  light  and  knowledge,  and  see  wheth 
er  we  improve  ourselves  according  to  the  advant- 
age we  possess  or  whether  we  are  content  to  boast 
that  we  possess  advantages  without   improving 
them.     We  have  seen  several  cases  the  present 
year  in  this  section  of  country  where  plum  trees, 
poor  insensible  plum  trees,  have  been  most  horri- 
bly beaten  because  they  allowed  those  little  cun- 
ning, sly  insects,  the  curculios,  to  destroy  their 
plums.     Now  this  beats  the  story  of  the  beer  bar- 
rel "  all  hollow.'"    If  these  little  creatures  come 
frothing  and  hissing  on  like  the  fermentation  of  a 
cask  of  beer,  into  the  tops  of  our  trees  without  de- 
tection, it  might  look  a  little  like  neglect  ;but  they 
are  shy,  invidious  little  creatures  that  would  de- 
ceive even  man  himself  if  he  was  not  so  very  sa- 
gacious.    We  have  seen  two  or  three  instances 
where  people  have  bruised  their  trees  with  stones 
from  top  to  bottom,  and  after  that,  as  if  wishing  to 
keep  them  in  fear,  have  put  the  stones  in  the  crotch- 
es as  a  kind  of  memento  mori  in  case  of  another 
neglect.     Others  again,  as  if  impressed  with  the 
idea  that  the  trees  were  bewitched,   have  loaded 
them  down  with  horse  shoes,  and  various  kinds  of 
old  cutting  instruments,  over  which,  if  any  of  the 
little  fairies  should  chance  to  gallop,   they  would 
be  maimed  most  surely.    When  we  consider  these 
great  improvements,  and  that  they  are  to  bear 
date  1831,  we  are  filled   with  astonishment! — 
At  this  ratio  of  improvement,  what  will  not  1832 
bring  forth. 

Destroy  all  Weed' 


INDIAN  CORN.- 
The  summer  past  has  been  a  favorable  one  for 
Indian  corn,  and  we  have  never  seen  the  crops 
look  better  in  Old  Genesee.  Already  the  yellow 
ness  of  the  husks  of  some  crops  on  early  land  in- 
dicate maturity,  and  those  on  later  lands  or  such 
as  was  later  planted,  are  out  'of  danger  of  frost. 
Much  attention  should  be  bestowed  upon  this 
crop  this  month.  The  stalks  should  be  cut  and 
secured,  after  which,  seed  corn  for  the  next  year 
should  be  selected.  For  this  purpose  select  such 
ears  as  grow  two  or  three  upon  a  stalk,  and  are 
first  ripe,  with  good  proportions,  and  well  sha- 
ped grains.  Great  benefits  will  be  derived  from  a 
continuation  of  this  practice  from  year  to  year. — 
We  were  forcibly  struck  with  the  importance  of 
it  a  few  days  since  on  being  shown  a  number  of 
rows  planted  side  by  side,  at  the  same  time,  all  of 
which  had  been  treated  the  same,  but  a  part  of 
the  rows  were  already  ripe ;  the  others  were  yet 
green.  The  owner  informed  me  that  the  differ- 
ence was  occasioned  by  planting  different  kinds  of 
seed,  one  of  which  was  from  a  farmer  who  prac- 
tices picking  his  seed  corn  as  above ;  the  other  al- 
though similar  in  other  respects,  had  not  been 
subject  to  the  same  care. 

PEACH  GRUBS. 

This  is  the  proper  season  to  examine  the  roots 
of  peach  trees  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the 
young  grubs,  as  the  eggs  which  were  deposited 
by  the  fly,  are  all  hatched  out  at  this  time,  and  a 
little  attention  will  destroy  them.  As  they  have 
not  buried  themselves  deep  at  this  season,  boiling 
water  poured  into  the  crown,  after  removing  the 
dirt  will  destroy  most  of  them ;  the  remainder  af- 
ter a  few  days  should  be  dug  out  with  the  point 
of  a  knife.  Their  hiding  places  may  be 
easily  discovered  by  the  gum  which  exudes  being- 
filled  with  red  dust,  like  saw  dust.  A  little  at- 
tention spring  and  fall  will  secure  your  trees  a- 

ainst  this  enemy  to  peach  trees. 

HOMMINY. 
This  is  a  favorite  d'sh  in  most  of  the  southern 
states,  and  one  which  most  northern  people  who 
visit  the  south  are  fond  of.  It  is  made  from  the 
large,  white  corn  grown  at  the  south,  called  by  out- 
farmers  gourd  seed  corn.  We  planted  a  little  of 
this  kind  of  corn  very  early  last  spring  to  try  the 
experiment,  whether  it  would  ripen  in  this  cli- 
mate. On  the  27th  of  August  we  picked  some  ot 
it  perfectly  ripe.  We  see  no  reason  why  the  far- 
mers of  Old  Genesee  cannot  furnish  this  article 
for  their  tables  as  well  as  the  southern  planters. — 
As  it  is  a  cheap  wholesome  dish  and  one  that  is- 
relished  by  most  people,  we  would  recommend 
to  our  good  farmers  to  plant  a  small  patch  of  the 
white  gourd  seed  corn  each  year,  if  only  for  fam- 
ily use.  One  of  the  methods  by  which  this  dish 
is  prepared  at  the  south  is  first  to  wet  the  com  ; 
after  a  short  thne  it  is  put  into  a  large  mortar  ani  I 
pounded  so  as  to  break  the  kernels  into  quarters 
The  advantage  of  wetting  is,  that  in  pounding 
the  skin  separates  from  the  kernel  and  is  easilj 
blown  or  washed  from  the  pounded  grain.  Wheii 
cooked  it  is  put  into  cold  water  and  a  few  white 
beans  are  mixed  with  it  in  proportion  of  two 
quarts  to  the  bushel,  more  or  less ;  it  is  put  over  a 


n\ 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  3,  163J 


slow  fire  and  boiled  for  ten  or  twelve  hours.  It 
is  eaten  with  butter  and  sugar,  or  with  milk,  as 
suits  the  taste,  and  is  altogether  different  from  the 
common  dish  prepared  with  us  from  the  yellow 
'■orn  of  the  country. 

WINE. 
It  will  have  been  noticed  from  an  article  in  the 
last  number  of  the  Farmer,  Lhat  a  very  good  wine 
has  been  made  by  a  person  signing  himself  a 
"Groveland  Farmer,"  from  the  native  chicken 
grape  of  this  section  of  country.  As  these  grapes 
are  produced  in  abundance  in  some  of  our  neigh- 
borhoods, any  person  having  a  quantity  of  them 
upon  their  lands  which  they  do  not  wish  to  man- 
ufacture into  wine  may  find  a  ready  market  for 
them  by  sending  a  note  to  the  editor,  specifying 
the  quantity  they  can  furnish  and  at  what  price, 
delivered  in  this  village. 


allowed  unless  the  full  quantity  above  required  be 
produced :  and  premiums  will  be  awarded  to  mem- 
bers of  the  socif.'y  only,  or  some  person  in  their 
families.     Dated  Lyons,  August  25,  1831. 

W.  H.  ADAMS, 

S.  HECOX, 

G.  H.  CHAPIN, 

E.C.HOWARD, 
A  steam  cotton  factory  of  4300  spindles  is  erec- 
ting at  Providence,  and  a  similar  one  at  Newport; 
both  of  which  it  is  expected,  will  commence  oper- 
ation the  present  year. 


>  Committee. 


$1,00 
1,00 
2,00 
1,00 
2,00 
1,00 
1,00 
1,00 

2,00 

1,00 

2,00 

1,00 

•    3,00 

0,50 
0,50 

1,00 
1.00 
0,50 
1,00 
1,00 
0,50 
1,00 
1,00 


r  V  1,0 


A  Westchester,  Penn.  paper  of  Aug.  10th,  says, 
the  6th  inst.  two  apples  were  presented  to  us  by 
Mr.  William  Bennet,  from  his  orchard,  weighing 
together  26  oz. 

DOMESTIC 

HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

Premiums  offered  by  the  "  Domestic  Horticultu- 
ral Society  of  the  Westernpartof  the  State  of  New- 
York,"  to  be  adjudged  at  their  staled  meeting,  to 
be  held  at  Lyons,  on  the  21st  of  September  next, 
for  specimens  to  be  presented  at  the  meeting,  viz : 

FRUITS. 

For  the  best  doz.  of  Apples  for  table. 

For  the  best  doz.  of  Winter  Apples, 

For  the  best  doz.  of  Pears  for  table, 

For  the  best  doz.  of  Winter  Pears, 

For  the  best  doz.  of  Peaches, 
"    "  2d  do.  doz.  "      do. 

For  the  best  doz.  of  plums, 

For  the  best  doz.  of  duinces, 

For  the  best  specimen  of  table    ) 
Grapes,  not  less  than  2  lbs.       $ 

For  the  2d  best  Table  Grapes, 

For  the  greatest  variety  of  Table 
and  Wine  Grapes, 

For  the  best  specimen  of  native  grapes, 

For  collecting  and  presenting  the  greatest 
variety  of  Native  Grapes,  Uncultivated 
with  a  specimen  of  the  branch  and 
leaves  of  each,  not  less  than  6  varieties, 

For  the'  best  Watermelon, 

For  the  best  Muskmelon, 

CULINARY  VEOETABLES. 

For  the  best  Cauliflower  2  plants, 

For  the  best  Brocoli  do., 

For  the  best  Cabbage, 

For  the  best  half  peck  of  Potatoes, 

For  the  six  oest  Blood  Beets, 

For  the  six  best  Carrots, 

For  the  four  best  plants  of  Celery, 

For  the  best  quart  of  Beans,  shelled, 

FLOWERS. 

For  the  most  beautiful  specimens  of  Flow- 
ers,  whether  of  herbaceous   plants   or  ^  1,00 
shrubs  extending  to  three  sorts,  each.     J 
Discretionary  premiums  to  be  awarded  for  any 
valuable  fruit,  culinary  vegetables  or  flowers,  not 
exceeding  three  in  number. 

Every  specimen  offered  of  fruits,  culinary  veg- 
»t*bles  and  flowers,  must  have  been  cultivated  by 
iho  person  claiming  the  Premium,  or  by  some 
.■neialjeT  of  his  family ;  and  no  premium  cm  be 


Considerations  on  the  process  employed  by 
Nurserymen  for  obtaining  better  sorts  of 
Fruits,  and  on  the  means  by  which  Nature 
appears  to  accomplish  the  result. 

By  M  Pioteau. 
The  author  observes,  it  is  but  rarely  that 
improved  varieties  of  our  cultivated  fruits 
originate  with  nurserymen ;  they  are  gener- 
ally ihe  production  of  chance,  found  in  the 
woods  or  hedges  or  from  distant  corners  of 
provinces,  wheie  the  finer  sorts  are  hardly 
known,  and  where  the  sorts  they  have  are 
mismanaged  or  neglected.  That  "  like  be- 
gets or  produces  like,"  has  long  been  consid 
ered  a  law  of  nature  among  animals  and 
some  vegetables  ;  but  this  law  is  not  always 
uniform,  especially  among  domesticated  ani- 
mals or  highly  cultivated  plants.  Yet  on 
this  principle,  our  nurserymen  have  acted 
in  their  endeavors  to  obtain  better  kinds  of 
fruit,  by  sowing  seeds  of  the  best,  in  the  hope 
that  they  would  raise  something  still  better. 
It  is  well  known  that  in  this  process  they 
have  failed.  The  celebrated  Duhamel  and 
his  contemporaries  failed  in  the  same  nay. 
From  these  and  other  instances,  the  author 
concludes  that  practitioners  are  wrong  in 
their  expectations  of  obtaining  at  once  what 
can  only  be  the  result  of  time.  He  seems 
to  infer  that  seedlings,  apples  or  pears,  for 
example,  require  some  years  and  some 
cultivation,  while  they  are  passing  from  one 
stage  of  infancy  to  another,  before  they  can 
show  their  inherent  qualities. 

As  proof  of  this  conjecture,  he  instances 
the  case  of  the  fruit  trees  of  the  United 
States  of  America  at  this  time.  There,  it 
appears,  they  have  little  trouble  in  procuring 
superior  fruits  from  seed  ;  and,  that  they  have 
many  excellent  new  kinds,  their  lists  suffi- 
ciently testify.  The  cause  of  this  he  con- 
ceives to  be,  that  the  first  imported  fruits, 
which  the  colonists  received  from  Europe 
300  years  ago,  were,  amidst  the  bustle  of  es- 
tablishing and  securing  themselves  in  a  new 
country,  lost,  from  neglect  or  ignorance  of 
the  art  of  grafting;  and  lhat  they  only  bad 
recourse  to  seeds  for  perpetuating  the  kinds. 
These  seedlings  have  passed  through  sev- 
eral generations,  and  are  now  arrived  at  that 
period  of  their  existence  in  which  their  in 
herein  qualities  are  fully  developed. 

The  Americans,  M.  Poiteau  adds,  attrib- 
ute this  to  another  cause,  namely,  thai  in 
proportion  as  their  newly  broken  up  lands 
are  ameliorated  by  cultivation,  &tc.  so,  in  like 
proportion,  are  the  qualities  of  their  fruit.  It 
is  a  common  saying  in  Virginia,  that  the 
fruits  of  such  or  such  an  orchard  "  begin  to 
change  for  the  better."  But  this  can  hardly 
be  admitted  ;  for  though  such  circumstance 
may  improve  the  quality,  it  cannot  change 
the  physical  characters  of  fruit. 

After  noticing  the  fact  proved  by  Mr. 
Knight,  F,  H.  R..  S,  thai  a  crab,  fecundated 


by  the  pollen  of  a  good  fruit,   produces  bet- 
ter   kinds   from  seed  than   can   be  had  from 
seeds  of  improved  fruit,  he  proceeds  to  de- 
describe  the  method  used  by  the  Flemish  or- 
chardists  to  obtain  new  sorts, and  which  is  giv- 
en on  the  authority  of  M.  Van   Mons.     The 
Belgians,  he  says,  do  not  prefer    the  seeds 
of  ameliorated  fruit.      When    the  seedlings 
appear,  they  do  not,  as  others  do  choose  such 
-   are  free  from  spines,   having  large 
leaves,  nnd  remarkable  for  the  thickness  and 
beauty  of  their  wood;  but,  on  the  contrary, 
such  as  are  most  spinous,  provided  the  spines 
are  long,  and   well   furnished  with   buds   or 
eves  placed  near  together.    This  last  circum- 
stance they  consider  as   an    indication  lhat 
they  will  soon  show  fruit.     Individuals  hav- 
ing such  properties   are   grafted,  apples  on 
paradise,  and  pears  on  quince  stocks,  to  has- 
ten fructification.     The  first  fruits   of  these 
grafts  are  generally  bad  ;  but  whatever  they 
are  the  seeds  are  carefully   saved  and  sown. 
The  second*  generation,  treated  in  like  man- 
ner, begins  to  show  improvement.     Through 
a  third  and  fourth  the  process  is  continued, 
till  they  arrive  at  a   point    which  gives  fruit 
worthy  of  being  preserved.     Peaches   and  a- 
pricots,  treated   in  the  same  way,  yield  ex- 
cellent fruit  the  third  .generation  ;  apples  re- 
quire four"  or  five,   and    the  pear   about  six 
transitions.     This  process,  concludes  M.  Po- 
iteau, is  only  an  imitation  of  that  of  nature 
exemplified  in  America. — Annales.  Soc,  de 
Hor.  de  Paris. 

To  the  foregoing  observations  of  M.  Poiteau, 
we  are  not  disposed  to  subscibe.  We  must  es- 
tablish something  like  theory  m  this  matter  or  a- 
bandon  all  to  blind  chance.  It  appears  to  us  that 
M.  Poiteau  has  mixed  both  together,  adding  a 
little  of  the  marvellous.  If  the  present  approved 
theory  of  the  fructification  of  pants  is  correct,  that 
is,  that  the  new  plant  partakes  of  the  nature  of 
both  the  parent  stocks  or  is  a  hybrid  between  lire 
two ;  then  it  follows  that  when  a  flower  of  a  small 
and  bad  kind  of  fruit  is  impregnated  with  the  fa- 
rina from  another  sort  equally  small  and  bad. 
that  the  new  plant  partaking  of  the  nature  of  both, 
will  be  bad  also.  But  M.  Poiteau  would  con- 
vince us  that  this  is  the  sure  way  to  produce  good 
fruit.  He  seems  to  admit  that  "  like  begets  or 
produces  like"  with  few  exceptions,  and  we  be- 
lieve that  most  laws  are  deviated  from,  more  or 
less ;  but  it  would  be  absurd  to  say  that  the  i  le 
viations  from  any  given  law  were  more  frequent 
than  conformity  to  it ;  for  in  that  case  we  would 
say  that  there  was  evidently  a  mistake,  and  thai 
what  were  called  deviations  were  in  fact  the  law, 
and  what  was  admitted  as  the  law  was  only  ex- 
ceptions to  the  general  rule.  We  consider  this  to 
be  exactly  the  case  with  M.  Poiteau  that  he  has 
mistaken  the  exceptions  for  the  law.  If  the  hy- 
brid fruit  or  plant  partakes  of  the  nature  of  both 
the  parent  plants  (as  we  have  reason  to  believe 
it  docs)  how  are  we  to  expect  a  large  fruit  from 
the  mixed  impregnation  of  two  small  ones  or  how 
are  we  to  expect  a  rich  delicious  fruit  where  both 
the  parents  produced  only  those  of  austere  or  in- 
sipid qualities.  We  are  disposed  to  admit  that 
in  many  things  the  scientific  men  of  Europe  have 
such  advantages  over  us,  lhat  their  opinions  are 
to  be  respected,  but  we  ore  not  disposed  to  receive 
every  opinion  coming  from  them  as  correct,  be- 
cause it  is  imported  and  comes  from  high  author 
ity,  without  the  privilege  fcf  investigating  it  for  our- 
selves. 


Vol.  1.— No.  35. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


27-i 


COMMUNICATION. 

ROCHESTER  INSTITUTE — No.  II. 

Formation  op  Character. — This  greatly  de- 
pends on  the  views  entertained,  the  feelings  cher- 
ished, and  habits  formed.  Truth  brought  to  bear 
steadily  on  the  understanding  moulds  the  charac- 
ter. Unkind  and  nervous  feelings  aggravated  by 
She  neglect  of  exercise,  and  the  use  of  Tea  and 
other  narcotic  articles  are  the  bane  of  College,  and 
often  render  life  wretched.  Habits  include  every 
thing — Mental  habits  are  even  more  obstinate 
than  others. 

A  celebrated  Philosopher  required  pupils  from 
other  schools  to  pay  double,  as  it  was  more  diffi- 
cult to  unlearn,  than  learn.  That  correct  views  of 
until,  a  right  state  of  the  feelings,  and  good  habits 
may  rapidly  combine  in  the  formation  of  charac- 
ter, the  students,  resident  in  the  village  as  well  as 
frSm  all  parts  of  the  country,  live  in  the  same  edi- 
fice, all  board  at  the  same  table,  rely  on  their  own 
industry  for  support,  and  enjoy  the  same  privi- 
lege. Two  results  are  visible;  an  unusual  de- 
gree of  kind,  and  paternal  feeling  and  happiness 
prevail — and  students  distinguished  by  virtue, 
exert  great  influence  over  their  fellow  students, 
while  those  whose  defects  are  prominent,  appear 
rather  useless  than  injurious.  The  intercourse  of 
the  students  with  the  town  is  confined  principally 
to  the  house  of  worship,on  the  Sabbath.  The  In- 
stitue  by  every  method  un  ites  Literature  and  Sci- 
ence with  the  formation  of  estimable  character. 

METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE, 

FOR  AUGUST. 


10  A.  M. 


10  P.  M. 


id 
H 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


70 


29>0 
'4  29,50 


20  80 

21  87  29,35 
22 

23 

24  64  29,50 

25  70  29,78 

26  68  29,76 
»3  29,5 

28  70  29,65 

29  60  29,85 

30  64  29,85 
:(1  76  29.80 


1  80  29,65  s  E 

2  78  29,45    w 

3  68  29,51    n 
™  39,60   .. 

5  70  29,50  n  E 
0  70  29,60 

29,65 

29,68 

29,60 

29,85 

29,78 

29,76 

29,70 

29,66 

29,55 

29,50 

29,52 

29,65 

29,51 

29,55 


f 


w 

N    W 

W 

W 
N  W 
N  W 

W 

W 

W 

s  w 


fair  .!),:>  -  w  rain  2-10 

rain  29,45  \  w   do    1-00 

cloudy  '■  i  09.  "it.     n         fair 

fair  54  29,55    w         do 

cloudy  57  29,50    w         do 

fair  51  29,60  -.  f.        do 

do  62  29,65  n  e  rain  1-10 

do  6  129,58  ne    do   1-10 
rain  2-10  6629,65   w     cloudy 

cloudy  63  29,80    w        fair 

fair  65  29,70    w         do 

do  tiS  29,H6  N  w   do  dry 

do  7029,66   w         do 

do  74  29,55  \  w       do 

do  76  29,5(1  *  w    do  dry 

do  75  29,50   w         do 

do  73  29,60    w         do 

do  6-1 29,(35  .  w        do 

do  ."2  29,55   w         do 

dg  7. 29,45  s  w       do 

cloudy  76  29,30   w      cloudy 

rain  2-10  6629,50     e         do 

w        fair  66  29,50   w        fair* 

w         do  56  29,70    w         do 

w         do  56  29,75    w         do 

E         rain  6729,60  s  e  rain  1-10 

rain  2-10  64  29,60    w         do 

cloudy  (6  29,72    w        fair 

fair  (629,85    s         do 

do  (2  29,86   w         do 

u««*.,u'  do  SI  29,72  \  e        do 

Mean  temperature  at  10  A.  M.  75  5-31. 
10  P.M.     64  7-31. 
Inches  of  rain,  i  2-10. 

"Temperature  of  spring  water,  7  feet  deep,  60 
degrees. 

Curious  caution. — John  G.  Miller,  in 
the  Cherry  Valley  Gazette  says,  "  All 
persons  are  hereby  forbid  marrying  my 
.1  mghter  Betsey." 


MANAGEMENT  OF  FRUIT  TREES. 

Mr.  Fessenden — Seeing  in  a  late  num- 
ber of  your  valuable  paper,  an  extract  from 
the  'Genesee  Farmer,'  on  the  efficacy  of  the 
application  of  soap  in  preventing  the  ravages 
of  caterpillars  and  other  insects  on  fruit  trees, 
I  am  induced  to  mention  the  method  which 
for  four  years  past,  I  have  pursued  with  re- 
gard to  my  peach,  and  other  fruit  trees  on 
my  farm. 

The  peaches  I  have  annually  topped  down, 
say  two  thirds  of  the  previous  year's  growth, 
and  have  found  that  this  operation,  invaria- 
bly, has  given  increased  strength  to  the  stock, 
.vigor  to  the  lateral  and  bearing  branches, 
and  protects  the  trees  in  a  great  measure, 
from  the  violence  of  the  wind.  At  every 
time  of  trimming,  I  have  given  them  a  wash 
of  soap  diluted  to  the  consistency  of  common 
paint  (and  this  has  been  repeated  twice  dur- 
ing the  summer  months)  throughout  the  trunk 
and  branches,  the  branches  from  the  manner 
of  penning,  within  reach  of  a  short  brush. 

There  has  been  in  my  neighborhood  this 
season, great  complaints  of  a  blight  on  peach 
trees,  with  a  shedding  of  the  fruit.  On  all 
of  mine  thus  treated,  no  blight  has  appeared. 
and  on  those  of  them  which  blossomed,  there 
is  now  a  fair  quantity  of  fruit.  I  can  acount 
for  this  difference  in  no  other  way,  than  by 
the  manner  of  pruning  and  frequent  applica 
toin  of  soap  wash. 

The  ttnder  shoots  of  some  of  my  old,  hea 
ded  down  peach  trees,  were  soon  after    thei 
appearance,  attacked  by  green  lice,  and  pis 
mires;  I  made  the  same  application    which 
etfectually  removed  them. 

The  same  has  been  done  to  my  apple  or 
chard  [with  the  exception  of  topping]  and  I 
am  fully  convinced,  that  nothing  can  be  ap- 
plied, which  gives  the  bark  so  healthy  an  ap- 
pearance,and  so  smooth  a  surface  as  the  above 
j  treatment;  the  attack  of  the  smallest  insect 
in  summer  is  prevented  by  the  alkili  contain- 
ed in  the  soap,  and  the  smoothness  of  the 
bark  prevents  the  deposit  of  their  eggs. 

I  have  likewise  applied  a  strong  decoction 
of  tobacco  leaves  which  may  be   as  effectual 
against  vermin,  but  not  so  beneficial  to  the 
health  of  the  tree.         Your  ob't.  sei  v't. 
Wm.  P.  Endicott, 

Danvers,  Aug.  S,  1831. 


American  Silk. — We  had  the  pleasure  a 
few  days  since  of  examining  a  fine  speci- 
men of  American  sewing  silk  from  Mans- 
field, Con.  The  gentleman  who  exhibited 
it  has  upwards  of  10,000  skeins,  for  which 
he  finds  a  ready  sale  at  about  $8  50.  He: 
informs  us  that  about  five  tans  have  beeni 
raised  in  Mansfield  this  season,  and  the  J 
culture  is  rapidly  extending  in  Coventry 
and  other  neighboring  towns.  One  gen- 
tleman in  Connecticut  last  year  paid  $  1500 
for  white  mulberry  trees,  with  which  he  has 
set  out  an  orchard  of  one  hundred  acres. 
About  1000  bushels  of  cocoons  were  sent 
to  Philadelphia  last  season,  and  were  sold 
at  $3  per  bushel.  Competent  foreigners 
are  now  setting  up  machinery  in  Mansfield 
for  spinning  and  weaving  the  raw  article, 
which  has  made  a  great  demand  for  co- 
coons, and  giving  a  spur  to  the  business. 
By  means  of  machinery  introduced  a  year 
or  two  since,  the  value  of  the  raw  sdk  has 
been  enhanced  $1  per  lb.  The  business 
is  managed  almost  exclusively  by  females. 


requiring  very  particular  attention  for  only 
two  weeks  each  year.  The  sales  of  sew- 
ing sdk  in  Mansfield  alone  this  year  are 
estimated  at  upwards  of  $85,000. — JV.  E. 
Farmer. 


Horse-power — A  new  mode  of  applying 
horse-power  to  move  machinery  has  lately 
been  discovered  by  E.  Geo.  Page,  a  citi- 
zen of  this  town.  The  horse  is  mounted 
upon  a  band  made  of  leather  and  narrow 
pieces  of  plank,  and  this  band  passes 
round  two  cylinders  or  drums,  about  two 
feet  apart,  the  axles  of  which  are  horizon- 
tal, and  one  of  them  higher  than  the  other. 
The  band  is  supported  by  small  wheels, 
which  run  on  a  railway  placed  under  each 
edge.  The  harness  for  the  horse  is  at- 
tached to  an  immovable  post  placed  near 
the  lower  cylinder.  When  made  to  draw, 
the  band  moves  backward  under  him  ;  the 
moving  of  the  band  causes  the  cylinders  to 
revolve,  and  a  gear  being  attached  to  one 
of  them,  motion  is  thus  communicated  ,to 
the  machinery.  It  can  be  used  to  move 
machinery  constructed  for  almost  any  pur- 
pose, but  will  probably  be  most  used  to 
propel  boats  on  rivers.  It  has  not,  as  yet, 
been  applied  to  any  purpose  but  sawing 
wood,  and  this  it  performs  with  great  expe- 
dition. With  two  men  to  tend  it,  the  pro- 
prietor informs  us,  he  can  saw  thirty  cords 
of  a  mixture  of  soft  and  hard  wood  in  a 
day,  cutting  it  twice  in  two.  The  expense 
of  the  band  and  other  necessary  machine- 
ry is  not  great. — K.  (JV.  H.)  Sent. 


DISCOVERY. 
Mr.  D.  C.  Tiere,  states  in  the  Buffalo  Bulletin 
that  he  discovered  a  substitute  for  hemp  and  flax 
in  a  vegetable  which  grows  at  Syracuse.  It  was 
cut  down  by  a  farmer  mowing  and  fell  into  the 
water.  He  obtained  about  2  oz.  of  it  near  a  yard 
long,  in  the  imperfect  state  and  found  it  equal  to 
flax  for  strength  and  softness.  He  intends  to 
make  a  satisfactory  experiment  and  communicate 
the  result. 


Died,  in  New  Orleans,  at  the  age  of  84 
years,  Antonio  Gonzalos,  upwards  of  50 
years  the  proprietor  of  the  old  wooden  buil- 
ding at  the  corner  of  Custom  house  and 
Levee  streets  in  that  city.  The  deceased 
was  a  man  of  singular  eccentric  habits,  and 
although  very  wealthy,  preferred  to  any 
higher,  the  humble  occupation  of  vender  of* 
apples  and  new  laid  eggs,  for  the  supply  of 
which  he  kept  a  large  number  of  fowls,  but. 
was  never  known  to  attact  his  poultry  yard 
for  the  gratification  of  his  own  appetite — 
his  great  pleasure  was  in  accumolating 
ready  money  ;  he  is  said  to  have  succeeded 
to  admiration  ;  having  left  a  large  sum  in 
gold  and  silver,  and  the  property  in  which 
he  lived  to  an  adopted  or  illegitimate  son. 
The  old  hut  in  which  he  lived  and  died  is  of 
great  value,  and  will,  it  is  supposed,  at  pub- 
lic auction,  fetch  considerably  upwards  cl 
$30,000 — it  is  said  to  have  originally  cost 
him  $600  ;  so  much  for  the  increased  and 
increasing  value  of  property  in  New  Or- 
leans. 


■21 6 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  3,  183i. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR    THE   GENESEE   FARMER. 

A  writer  in  the  New-York  Farmer  of  August 
18,  has  come  out  against  me;  and  as  many  rea- 
ders of  the  Genesee  Farmer  may  not  see  that 
journal,  I  will  give  a  brief  analysis  of  his  paper. 
He  only  refers  to  my  article  in  your  30th  num- 
ber. 

This  he  says,  "  will  (it  is  to  be  hoped)  set  all 
' '  your  horticultural  societies  right ;  a  thing  greatly 
"  to  be  desired.  His  criticisms  on  the  improper 
"spelling  of  botanical  names  are  very  good,  and 
"  should  be  attended  to  very  carefully." 

"  The  Monroe  society  is  spared ;  perhaps  [he] 
"  knows  all  about  that  society,  and  wishes  char- 
"  ity  to  begin  at  home.  I  agree  however  with  the 
"  gentleman  that  every  conductor  of  a  horticultu- 
"  ral  paper  at  least  should  have  a  catalogue  at 
"  hand  to  correct  the  errors  of  the  press.  Toplead 
"  carelessness  in  this  respect  is  to  treat  the  judg- 
"  ment  of  the  public  with  contempt.  Here  we 
"  are  agreed  " 

All  this  may  pass  very  well ;  but  Q.'s  presump- 
tion in  criticising  the  Reports  of  the  N.  Y.  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  &c.,  though  he  has  extorted 
some  praise,  must  be  punished ;  and  the  follow- 
ing extract  will  show  in  what  manner:  "Now  if 
the  recording  secretary  of  said  society,  in  order 
to  show  forth  his  (book)  learning,  should  turn  to 
his  "  Horticultural  compencls,"  "  Floras"  and 
"  Catalogues,"  and  minute  for  the  printer  as  fol 
lows :  A.  B.  presented  before  the  society  some  fine 
Frnctus  of  the  Pragaria  vesca  (var.  Hortensis) 
also  of  Ribes  grossularia,  and  Ribes  rubrum  {var. 
album)  also  fine  Radices  of  Rapkanus  sativus 
{var.  macrorhizus,)  &c.  &c.  This  would  appear 
very  absurd,  if  not  ridiculous" — So  I  think ;  and 
if  my  critic,  who  has  succeeded  in  showing  his 
learning,  would  now  take  the  trouble  to  read  my 
first  article  in  your  27th  number,  he  will  find  that 
his  remarks  might  have  been  spared.  He  has 
been   fighting  his  own  shadow. 

His  chief  intention  appears  to  be,  to  divert  the 
attention  of  his  readers  from  the  prime  object  of 
my  remarks ;  and  under  the  pretence  of  exposing 
my  errors,  to  hide  his  own.  For  this  purpose  a- 
ny  thing  that  can  be  picked  at  will  answer. 

Pyrus  japonica  is  commonly  called  Ike  Japanl 
Quince.  "  If  so,  says  my  critic,  why  did  he  not 
correct  it  by  naming  it  Cydonia  japonica  ?" — 
Because  it  is  more  proper  to  consider  the  Quinces 
a  species  of  Pyrus. 

Blue  and  white  valerian, — "  The  word  Greek 
says  the  critic,  probably  left  out  by  mistake.  Ev- 
ery gardener  knows  thejGreek  Valerian ;" — and 
may  know  the  common  Valerian  which  is  not 
Greek. 

I  admit  that  my  note  on  Polcmonium  was  en- 
tirely irrelevant ;  but  it  has  furnished  a  little  more 
shelter  for  my  critic,  who  says  it  is  a  mistake,  and 
then  gives  the  names  of  what  he  calls  ten 
species.  My  authority  was  professor  Lindlev 
in  1829,  and  there  is  none  higher  in  Europe. 

In  regard  to  the  Antirrhinum  he  says,  "  Any 
common  gardener  would  have  guessed  it  in  a  mi- 
nute." "Double  [scarlet]  Lychnis  no  doubt  was 
meant."  "  Fox  glove — no  doubt  the  common 
white  and  purple  fox  glove."  In  this  way  my 
critic  shows  that  I  had  no  right  to  object  against 
iiuch  indefinite  notices. 
"  The  wonderful  double  pheasant  eye  Pink"  lie 


"  supposes  to  be  a  carnation."  "  The  1500  flow- 
ers he  supposes  had  two  cyphers  put  in  a  wrong 
place ;"  and  he  further  supposes  the  fragrant  dou'o- 
le  pink  Paonia  to  be  a  description  plain  enough. 
In  the  Genesee  Farmer,  the  Rensselaer  pink 
was  stated  to  be  7*  inches  in  ciroumference.  In 
the  New- York  Farmer  it  was  stated  to  be  lifeet 
in  circumference.    Good ! 

He  says,  "Queen  of  the  meadows  or  mead- 
ow sweet  must  have  been  the  Spima  ulmaria." 
But  in  his  haste  to  find  a  fault  in  me  he  blun- 
ders over  his  subject.  He  seems  to  forget  that 
two  shrubby  species  of  Spiraea  are  called  mead- 
ow sweet  in  Eaton's  Manual ;  and  that  in  Tor- 
rey's  Flora  mcadirw  sweet  is  given  as  the  English 
Generic  Name.  He  also  forgets  that  the  report 
mentions  "  double  red  queen  of  the  meadows"  as 
well  as"  white;"  and  that  Spiraea  ulmaria  has 
hot  been  found  with  red  flowers.  This  enigma 
therefore  remains  unsolved  by  our  critic. 

My  critic  further  says  on  this  subject,  which 
he  was  not  qualified  to  elucidate,  "  it  is  what  eve- 
ry cabbage  gardener  could  inform  him  in  a  min- 
ute." But  printed  Reports  travel  further  than 
cabbage  gardeners,  who  also  may  have  more  con- 
fidence than  knowledge. 

In  regard  to  the  "  Japanese  three  day  lily"  he 
says,  "  I  suppose  it  was  written  three  kinds  of  Ja- 
panese day  lilies."  He  is  welcome  to  the  supposi- 
tion. 

He  guesses  that  the  Rose  Potentilla  was  Pc- 

tenlilla  formosa.     I  am  willing  he  shank)  guess. 

Of  the  "  blue  spiked  Veronica"  he  thinks  "  it 

might  have  been  nothing  but  the    Veronica  spi- 

cata."    Perhaps  so. 

I  should  fail  to  give  the  readers  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer  a  full  view  of  my  critic,  were  I  to  omit 
his  signature, — "  /  Gicess."  Without  doubt,  this 
is  in  mockery  of  some  of  my  expressions,  which  I 
believed,  and  still  believe  were  properly  employed. 
Such  language,  and  such  logic  prove  that  an 
impression  has  been  made  somewhere ;  and  in  the 
prospect  that  good  may  be  done,  I  intend  to  con- 
tinue my  remarks  on  our  horticultural  Reports 
as  occasion  may  seem  to  require.  Q. 


FOR    THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

PENNY'S  DOMESTIC  SPINNER. 
The  many  improvements  which  are  continual 
ly  making  in  machinery,  tend  more  and  more  to 
engage  the  attention  and  direct  the  minds  of  our 
mechanics  still  to  persevere   in  new  objects  and 
new  inventions,  having  for   their  view  the  em- 
ployment of  our  population,   as  well  as  the  sav 
ing  of  labor,  both  to  the  human  as  also  the  brute 
creation.    Amongst  the  machines  now  in  use  tin 
one  at  the  head  of  this  article  claims  our  notice — 
particularly  those  farmers  who  raise  and  manu- 
facture their  own  wool;  their  attention  to  this  cheap 
and  useful  domestic  spinner  isparticularly  recom- 
mended. 

Mr.  Edward  Penny  of  this  village,  who  is  the 
inventor  and  patentee,  undertakes  to  warrant  that 
with  the  assistance  of  a  little  girl,  to  splice  the 
rolls,  a  person  can  spin  a  run  of  woollen  yarn  ev- 
ery hour ;  the  rolls  must  be  good.  This  work 
on  the  common  wheel  would  occupy  four  hours. 
This  would  show  a  saving  of  three  hours  labor, 
and  without  the  assistance  of  the  girl,  in  general 
full  two-thirds  of  the  time  would  be  gained.  The 
machine  occupies  very  little  room,  not  much  more 
than  the  common  wheel:  is  easily  kept  in  ordcr.and 


has  the  advantage  of  allowing  the  spinner  the  op 
tion  of  standing  or  sitting,  without  any  detriment 
whatever  to  the  work,  which  in  warm  weather  af- 
fords great  relief.     The  cost  of  the  machine  is  but 
$20,  and  although  it  may  seem  a  high  price  in 
this  western  country  when  compared  to  the  cost  of 
the  common  wheel,  yet  I  feel  confident  in   saying 
that  one  hour's  attention  to  the  process  of  spin- 
ning would  convince  any  one  of  their  great  supe- 
riority over  any  other  method.  I  have  taken  some 
pains  to  ascertain  what  a  saving  can  be  effected 
on  spinning  100  lbs.  of  wool,  by  which  it  appears 
that  more  than  the  cost  of  the  machine  would  be 
gained,  and  that  too  in  the  short  space  of  eight 
weeks.     Of  course  I   expect  the  person  to  have 
some  knowledge  of  the  machine,  and  likewise  the 
rolls  to  be  good.     The  following  statement,  which 
I  have  ascertained  may  be  relied  on   as  pretty 
correct,  will  show  a  gain  of  $4       Spinners  are 
generally  hired  at  the  rate  of  six  shillings  a  week, 
and  their  board  may  be  said  to  be  six  more,  ma- 
king one  dollar  and  a  half  a  week.     They  are  ex- 
pected to  spin  12  runs  of  filling  or  9  runs  of  warp 
which  is  about  equal ;  the  average  would  be  10J 
runs,  allowing  2J  runs  of  yarn   make  a  pound, 
would  be    four    pounds    weekly;   consequently 
would  take  24  weeks,  (without  going  into  frac- 
tional parts)  at  an  expense  of  $1  50  per  week, 
would  come  to  the  sum   of  $36.      The  machine 
will  spin  36  runs  of  filling  or  27  runs  of  warp ;  the 
the  average  is  3H  weekly,  or  about  12  lbs. ;  and 
would  occupy  but  8   weeks  spinning  at  $1  50, 
would  lie  $12;  showing  as  I  have  said  above,  a 
gain  of  $4  over  and  above  the  cost  of  the  ma- 
chine ;  and  an  advantage  is  obtained  by  having 
the  yarn  ready  for  the  weaver  4  weeks  earlier. — 
The  female  branch  of  the  family  likewise  obtain 
credit  for  industry,  and  opportunities  are  afforded 
towards  the  youth,  of  the  great  importance  of  ma- 
chinery, by.  which  their  time  can  be  so  profitably 
employed,  and   their    income  increased.      The 
youth  are  very  susceptible  of  improvement,   and 
their  ideas  enlarged  by  the  observance  of  the  great, 
utility  of  machinery  ;  and   no  doubt  remains  on 
my  mind  but  the  coming  age  will  produce  many 
Arkwrights  and  Fultons.     I  like  to  see  the  chil 
dren  of  our  farmers  manufacture  their  own  wear- 
ing apparel,  and  when  it  is  in   their  power  they 
should  not  suffer  their  wool  to  be  brought  to  a 
factory  to  be  spun  for  them,  when  they  can  do  it 
at  home.     Bring  them  up  to  industry  and  domes 
tic  improvements.     I  wish  it  to  be  understood  thai 
I  have  no  interest  whatever  in   the   machine  in 
question,  but  a  desire  to  call  the  attention  of  far 
mers  to  study  their  own  interests.    As  the  Gen 
esee  Farmer  is  so  generally   circulated  through 
the  western  districts,  and  likely  to  be  introduced 
into  Canada,  I  have  thought  the  following 
ment  of  work  done  by  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Silas 
Reed  of  the  town  of  Richmond,  Ontario  county, 
might  be  acceptable,  is  from  good  authority,   and 
will  show  the  great  value  of  these  machines.  She 
spun  in  the  short  space  of  14  hours,  19  runs  and 
25  knots  yarn,  of  which  <H  runs  was  warp  and 
weighed  5  lbs.  and  our  ounce,  with  the  assistance 
of  a  girl  to  splice  the  rolls.     This  quantity  would 
have  taken  10  days  to  accomplish  by  the  common 
wheel.    I  had  no  intention  of  describing  the  ma 
chme  in  the  communication,  but  shall  leave  all 
who  wish  any  information  to  call  on  any  of  tin 
genttemi  n  whose  names  are  subjoined,  who,  1 
have  no  doubt  will  agree  with  me.  in  the  above  re 


Vol.  1.— No.  35. 


AND  GARDENERS  JOURNAL. 


271 


marks.  I  understand  they  have  had  these  ma- 
chines in  use,  and  can  satisfy  all  those  that  desire 
information.  Farmers  or  others  wishing  to  see 
them  here,  may  apply  to  Silas  Hawley,  at  the 
Plough  Factory  of  Allcott,  Watts  &  Langwor- 
thy  or  to  the  patentee  on  State  street,  near  Lunt's 
Tavern.  A  CONSTANT  READER. 

Isaac  Lacev,  Town  of  Chili,  )  jyionroe  co. 

Col.  Coleby,     "      Ogden,  $ 

Andrew  and 

Daniel  Dibblee,  Byron, 

Judge  Hawkins,  Henderson,     Jefferson 
Rochester,  August  25th,  1831. 


Genesee. 


FOR  THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

Your  correspondent  B.  is  well  entitled  to  our 
thanks ;  but  I  believe  he  was  in  error  when  he 
said, — "  Respecting  fish — at  Trenton  Falls  in 
a  petrified  state,  there  are  none."  A  few  years 
ago  Dr.  Clarke  of  Buffalo  had  a  petrifaction  in 
his  cabinet,  about  one  foot  in  length,  which  no 
common  observer  would  hesitate  to  call  a  petrifi- 
ed fish,  and  I  understood  at  the  time  that  it  came 
from  Trenton  Falls.  It  was  not  connected  with 
any  rock,  and  appeared  to  have  been  detached  by 
the  action  of  the  atmosphere. 

I  presume  it  will  not  be  denied  that  some  wa- 
ters even  in  these  times,  possess  a  petrify- 
ing quality ;  but  it  is  very  questionable  wheth 
er  there  are  any  modern  infiltrations  of  siliceous 
matter  in  quantity  sufficient  to  make  a  good  hone 
I  have  now  lying  before  me,  a  strip  of  what  ap- 
pears to  be  petrified  bark  of  the  white  wood  (tu- 
lip tree)  taken  from  the  bottom  of  a  brook ;  and  al- 
so the  semblance  of  a  piece  of  oak  wood  found 
several  feet  under  ground  in  the  flats  of  a  creek 
which  is  as  heavy  as  stone ;  but  neither  of  these 
petrifactions  have  grit  enough  for  a  hone,  and  ex- 
hibit a  violent  effervescence  with  the  stronger 
acids.  If  we  admit  therefore,  that  wood  may  be 
converted  to  stone  in  Lough  Neagh,  it  may  still  be 
doubted  whether  that  stone  would  be  useful  in 
sharpening  a  razor. 

Some  persons  have  been  easily  led  to  believe 
that  the  "  striped  hone"  is  petrified  wood,  by  its 
difference  of  color,  which  resembles  the  heart 
wood  and  sap  wood  of  some  kinds  of  timber.- 
Three  years  ago,  I  bought  a  hone  of  this  kind 
from  a  foreigner,  who  said  "  the  hone  is  found  in 
aarrow  veins,  and  when  quarried  it  is  sawed  in 
two,  leaving  attached  to  each  piece,  a  part  of  the 
dark  colored  rock  which  enclosed  it,  to  give  it 
strength."  On  closely  examining  the  hone  how 
ever,  it  was  evident  that  the  white  part  was  first 
dressed,  and  afterwards  cemented  to  the  dark  col 
ored  argillite.  In  another  hone  these  minerals 
were  firmly  and  naturally  united,  the  novaculite 
having  been  discolored  near  its  junction  by  a 
mixture  of  the  argillite,  when  in  its  muddy  state ; 
but  this  hone  was  considered  too  slender,  and  an- 
other piece  of  argillite  was  artificially  applied  as 
:n  the  first  case.  F. 


was  interested  often  to  examine  the  young  plants ; 
and  though  I  observed  the  number  daily  to  lessen, 
and  observed  snails  among  them,  some  days  e- 
lapsed  before  I  suspected  and  discovered  that 
these  animals  were  the  cause  of  my  losses.  I 
have  since  seen  them  in  the  act  of  devouring  the 
plants. 

The  grub  worm  or  cut  worm  is  entitled  to  no 
lenity  from  the  hands  of  a  gardener;  but  I  am 
now  satisfied  that  he  has  been  wrongly  charged 
with  many  tilings  that  were  perpetrated  by  the 
snail,  such  as  entirely  devouring  small  plants,  and 
eating  holes  in  the  leaves  of  many  of  a  larger 
growth.  I  found  snails  on  the  Orchis  several 
inches  from  the  ground,  and  the  leaves  of  both 
O.  spectabilis  and  O.  fimbriata  have  been  despoi- 
led of  their  beauty. 

In  our  meadows  and  woods  the  snail  may  feed 
without  sensibly  interfering  with  our  interests, 
but  in  gardens  he  ought  to  be  treated  as  an  un- 
welcome visitor.  Since  the  chickens  have  fre- 
quented the  beds  of  seedlings,  however,  I  have 
not  discovered  a  snail.  D.  T. 


SELECTIONS. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

The  snail  of  the  English  gardens  is  a  trouble 
some  creature,  and  very  destructive  to  wall  fruit;' 
but  until  a  few  weeks  ago,  I  was  not  aware  that 
our  common  black  snail  without  a,  shell  was  a 
depredator,  except  on  strawberries  in  rainy  weath- 
er.   Having  sown  many  rare  seeds  this  spring,  I 


^i':h«!son 


From  Loudun  8  Encyclopedia  of  Gardeuiug. 

STRAWBERRIES. 

CoDtiuucd  from  patre  268 

Sorts  grown  by  Keen. — The  pine  Keen 
grows  in  a  light  loam,  "  though  no  other 
kind  of  strawberry  will  bear  a  strong  loam 
better  than  this.  It  is  likewise  to  be  no- 
ticed, that  this  is  of  all  others  the  most  diffi- 
cult strawberry  from  which  to  procure  a  good 
crop.  Particular  care  must  be  taken  that 
they  are  planted  in  open  ground  ;  for  in  small 
gardens  tiiey  gr  iw  very  strong,  but  seldom 
bear  fruit,  in  consequence  of  being  so  much 
shaded  by  standard  trees  ;  and  I  have  observ- 
ed the  shade  of  the  walnut-tree  to  be  much 
more  injurious  to  these  than  to  others :  foi 
under  it  they  seldom  bear  at  all,  but  run  en- 
tirely to  leaf.  In  planting  the  beds  of  pines, 
1  keep  the  rows  two  feet  apart,  and  put  the 
plants  eighteen  inches  from  each  other  in 
the  row,  leaving  alleys  of  three  feet  wide 
between  each  bed :  these  large  distances  I 
find  necessary,  for  the  trusses  of  fruit  in  my 
garden-ground  are  frequently  a  foot  long. — 
The  duration  of  this  strawberry,  with  rne,  is 
three  years :  the  first  year  it  bears  the  best, 
the  second  year  the  crop  is  very  good,  and 
the  third  year  it  is  less." 

The  imperial  strawberry,  "  which  was  rais- 
ed by  myself  from  seed,  may  be  treated  in  a 
similar  way,  with  respect  to  planting,  dis- 
tance, fee.  as  the  pine;  but  I  have  to  remark, 
that  it  requires  rather  a  lighter  and  richer 
soil,  as  it  is  not  so  liable  to  run  to  leaf,  when 
planted  under  trees." 

The  scarlet  strawberry  must  be  treated  also 
like  the  pine.  "  With  respect  to  distance  for 
planting  the  beds  of  scarlets,  I  put  each  row 
twenty-one  inch  s  apart,  and  each  plant 
eighteen  inches  distant  in  the  row  and  make 
the  alleys  two  feet  six  inches  wide.  The  du 
ration  of  this  strawberry  with  me,  seldom  ex- 
ceeds three  years." 

The  hautboy  "  I  have  always  found  to 
thrive  best  in  a  light  soil  :  and  it  must  be 
well  supplied  with  dung,  for  excess  of  ma- 
nure does  not  drive  it  into  leaf  like  the  pine 
strawberry.  In  planting  the  beds,  each  row 
must  be  two  feet  apart,  and  from  plant  to 
plant,  in  the  rows,  must  be  eighteen  inches, 
leaving  the  alleys  between  the  beds  three 
feet  wide.     There  are  many  different  sorts 


of  hautboys :  one  has  the  male  and  female 
organs  in  the  same  blossom,  and  bears  very 
freely  ;  but  that  which  I  most  approve,  is  the 
one  which  contains  the  male    organs  in  one 
blossom,   and  the   female   in  another:    this 
bears  fruit  of  the  finest  color,  and  of  far  su- 
perior flavor.     In  selecting  these  plants,  care 
must  be  taken  that  there  are  not  too  many  of 
the  male  plants  among  them  ;  for  as  these  bear 
no  fruit,  they  are  apt  to  make  more  runners 
than  the  females.     I  consider  one  male  to  ten 
females  the   proper  proportion  for  an  abun- 
dant crop.     I  learned  the  necessity  of  mix- 
ing the  male  plants  with  the  others,   by  ex- 
perience, in  1809;  1  had,  before  that  period, 
selected  female  plants  only  for  my  beds,  and 
was  entirely  dissappointed  in  my  hopes  of  a 
crop.     In  that  year,  suspecting  my  error,  1 
obtained  some  male  blossoms,  which  I  placed 
on  the  bed  of  female'  hautboys.     In  a  few 
days,  I  perceived  the  fruit  near  the  bottle  to 
swell ;  on  this  observation,   I  procured  more 
male  blossoms,  and  in  like  manner  placed 
them  in  bottles,  in  different  parts  of  the  beds, 
removing  the  bottles  to   fresh   places  every 
morning,  and  by  th  s  means  obtained  a  mod- 
erate crop  where  I  had  gathered  no  fruit  the 
preceding  year.     The  duration  of  the  haut- 
boy, with  me,  seldom  exceeds  three  years." 
The   wood  straivberry  is  best  raised  front 
seed,  "  which  I  obtain  from  fruit  just  gather- 
ed, sowing  it  immediately  in  a  bed  of  rich 
earth.     When  the  plants  are  of  aproper  size, 
I  transplant  them  into  other  beds,   where  I 
let  them  continue  till   the  March  following. 
They  are  then  planted  in  rather  a  moist  soil, 
in  beds,  as  the  others,  each  row  being  two  feet 
apart,  and  the  plants  in   each    row   eighteen 
inches  distant,  the  alley   between   each  bed 
being  three  feet  wide  :  in  this  way  I  produce 
abundant   crops  of  very  fine  fruit.     I  have 
propagated  this  strawberry  from  runners,  but 
never  with  such  good  success  as  from  seeds, 
particularly  if  the  runners  were  taken   from 
old  roots.     The  duration  of  this  strawberry, 
with  me,  seldom  exceeds  two  years." 

The  alpine  strawberry  must  always  be  rais- 
ed from  seed,  which  should  be  sown  in  a  bed 
of  rich  earth,  in  the  spring.  "When  the 
plants  are  of  a  proper  size,  which  will  be  in 
July  or  August,  I  plant  them  in  in  rows  at 
the  back  of  hedges  or  walls,  in  a  rich,  or  in  a 
very  moist  soil :  the  rows  should  be  two  feet 
apart,  and  the  distance,  from  plant  to  plant, 
in  the  rows,  twelve  inches.  My  alpines,  this 
year,  thus  managed,  are  bearing  most  abun- 
dantly, so  much  so,  that  in  gathering  them 
there  is  not  room  for  the  women  to  set  their 
feet  without  destroying  many.  The  alpines 
differ  from  all  other  strawberries  in  quickness 
of  bearing ;  for  no  other  sort,  sown  in  the 
spring  of  the  year,  will  produce  fruit,  under 
two  years,  whereas  this  vields  a  crop  at  the 
end  of  one  year.  Its  duration,  with  me,  sel 
dom  exceeds  two  years,  and  frequently  it 
lasts  only  one  year."  (Hort.  Trans,  ii.) 
Williams  considers  that  the  fruit  of  plants 
raised  from  seed,  comes  in  very  well  as  a  late 
autumn  crop,  but  is  certainly  inferior  in  fla- 
vor to  that  produced  from  transplanted  run 
ners.     (Hort.  Trans,  i.  217.) 

The  Rev.  T.  Gamier,  a  successful  cultiva 
tor  of  strawberries,  never  suffers  any  of  the 
varieties  to  remain  in  the  ground  more  than 
one  year.  "Early  in  August,  or  as  soon  as 
the  gatherings  are  over,  I  destroy  all  my  beds, 
and  proceed  immediately  to  trench,  form,  an<! 
manure  them  in  the  manner  before  direc- 
ted, to  receive  the  plants  for  the  crop  of  the 
!  ensuing  year,  taking  care  to  select  for  that 


278 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  3,  183! 


purpose  the  strongest  and  best-rooted  runners 
from  the  old  rejected  plants.  If  at  this  sea-| 
son  the  weather  should  be  paiticularly  hot, 
and  the  surface  of  the  ground  much  parch- 
ed, I  defer  the  operation  of  preparing  my 
beds  and  planting  them  till  the  ground  is  I 
moistened  by  rain.  Such  is  the  simple  mode 
of  treatment  which  I  have  adopted  for  three 
successive  years,  and  I  have  invariably  ob- 1 
ained  upon  the  same  spot,  a  great  produce  of 
beautiful  fruit,  superior  to  that  of  every  oth- 
er garden  in  the  neighborhood.  Depth  of 
soil  I  have  found  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
growth  and  production  of  fine  strawberries, 
and  when  this  is  not  to  be  obtained,  it  is  use- 
less, in  my  opinion,  to  plant  many  of  the 
best  varieties.  It  is  not  generally  known, 
but  I  have  ascertained  the  fact,  that  most 
strawberries  generate  roots,  and  strike  them 
into  the  ground,  nearly  two  feet  deep  in  the 
course  of  one  season.  The  pine  and  rose- 
berry  succeed  better  than  any  other  in  stiff 
and  shallow  soils,  but  they  should  always  be 
planted  in  an  open  situation,  and  not,  as  is 
too  commonly  the  practice,  in  shady  and 
neglected  parts  of  the  garden."  (Horf. 
Trans,  iv.  430.) 

Young  justly  blames  gardeners  for  cutting 
over  the  leaves  of  strawberries  after  they 
have  borne  a  crop,  thereby  preventing  prop- 
er buds  being  formed  for  next  year,  and  also 
depriving  the  roots  of  the  plants  of  their  nat- 
ural protection  from  the  frost.  He  is  also 
adverse  to  the  practice  of  digging  between 
the  rows  in  winter,  which,  he  says,  cuts  off 
the  fibrous  roots,  and  prevents  the  plants 
from  setting  out  in  spring  with  that  vigor 
which  they  otherwise  would  do.  Instead  of 
supplying  manure  in  this  way,  he  recom- 
mends the  appropriation  of  liquid  manure  ; 
or  what  is  better,  never  letting  a  crop  remain 
above  three  years  on  the  same  piece  of 
ground.     (Caled.  Hort,  Soc.  Mem.  iii.  291) 

(To  hi'  Continued .) 
From  the  Vew-Kugland  Farmer. 

NEW  FRUITS. 

T.  G.  Fessenoen,  Esq. — The  introduc- 
tion of  the  most  valuable  vegetable  produc- 
tions of  other  countries  being  an  object  of 
such  great  interest  to  Horticulture,  it  has 
been  a  primary  object  with  us  to  obtain  every 
species  and  variety  calculated  to  enrich  the 
gardens  of  our  country;  in  doing  which,  we 
have  taken  the  utmost  precaution  to  receive 
only  such  as  were  from  undoubted  sources.  The 
acquisitions  during  Uie  past  spring  alone,  are 
so  very  numerous  that  they  would  form  an 
extensive  catalogue.  The  acquisition  of 
new  fruits  is  of  the  most  particular  interest, 
and  to  it  the  most  pointed  attention  has  been 
paid,  and  the  course  we  have  adopted  of  ob- 
taining the  same  variety  from  three  or  four 
sources,  so  as  to  prove  it  by  comparison,  must 
insure  a  degree  of  accuracy  not  to  be  other- 
wise attained.  The  new  Pears  originated 
in  Belgium  during  the  last  fifteen  years  have 
become  as  famed  in  the  catalogues  of  choice 
fruits,  as  the  name  of  Professor  Van  Bfons 
lias  become  celebrated  among  the  distin- 
guished pomologists  of  our  day.  It  is  with 
great  pleasure  therefore  that  we  have  to  men- 
him  among  the  liberal  contributors  to  our 
establishment.  In  February  last  he  trans- 
mitted to  us  above  70  varieties  of  pear  trees 
which  he  states  in  his  letter  are  'Desplus  nou- 
velles  varittes,  du  premier  rang,'  the  newest 
yarieties  of  the  first  rank.  These  he  accom- 
panied by  engravings  and  descriptions  of  a 
cumber  of  the  kinds,  from  the  latter  of  which 


we  intend  ere  long  to  make  translations,  as 
well  as  from  his  copious  letters  which  abound 
with  interesting  matter.  In  one  of  the  pe- 
riodicals received  from  him,  there  is  a  de- 
tailed statement  of  three  cases  of  hydropho- 
bia where  the  patients  were  successfully  trea- 
ted and  perfectly  cured,  which  we  propose 
also  to  translate  for  publication.  There  is 
another  subject  besides  horticulture  on  which 
the  learned  Professor  dwells  with  particular 
enthusiasm,  and  in  which  he  appears  to  hive 
taken  an  active  part;  that  will  also  be  highly 
pleasing  to  our  American  feelings:  it  is  the 
Revolution  and  Independence  of  his  Coun- 
try. On  this  subject  he  expiates  with  equal- 
ly as  much  warmth  as  on  horticultural  ob- 
jects; and  with  justice  anticipates  by  the  suc- 
cess of  :he  former,  more  extensive  and  wide 
spread  benefits  from  the  latter. 

As  the  list  of  fruits  received  will  be  inter- 
esting to  many,  we  annex  it  hereto.  It  will 
be  perceived  that  some  of  the  varieties  had 
previously  reached  us,  but  the  renewal  of 
them  trom  so  undoubted  a  source  is  a  matter 
of  high  interest. 

Very  respectfully, 

Wat.  PiiNCE  &.  Sons. 

List  of  new  varieties  of  Pears  transmitted 
by  Prof.  Van  Mons  to  the  Messrs.  Prince. 


Arenberg, 
Beurre  bronze, 

Curtedt, 

— — —  d'hyver, 
— — —  rancp, 
Diel, 


Bonnet  beurre. 

Belle  alliance, 

Bakpeer, 

Bosc, 

Bosc  d'ete, 

Brandes, 

Bis  Marie  Louise, 

Bezi  de  Louvain, 

Bonchretien  d'Espag- 

ne  fondante, 
Capucine  Van  Mons, 
Clara, 

Crominen  boom, 
Delbec, 
Des  veterans. 
Doyenne  de  Mons, 

gris, 

Dingier, 

D'Amandes  double, 
Dillen, 
Diimortier, 
Delice  d'Ardempont, 
De  briivn, 
Du  parrain, 
Fleur  de  neige, 
Fondante  des  buis, 
Gros  bruyn. 


Henri  IV. 

Henri  Van  Mons, 

Henkel, 

Innomine, 

Jubin, 

Leon  Le  Clerc, 

Louis  ed  Prusse, 

Marie  Lousa, 

Marie  Louise  nova, 

Maree, 

Mabille, 

Napoleon, 

Navez, 

Niel. 

Nouvelle  cire, ' 

O'Ken  d'hyver, 

Pastorale, 

Paileau, 

Poir  Duval, 

Passe  Colmar, 

Rameau, 

Rousselette  Sutin, 

de  Mi 

Van  Muns, 


Spoelberg, 

Spence, 

Sabine, 

Sentelet, 

Semitic!. 

Spreeun, 

i  i  kmiste, 

Willium, 

Wurtemberg. 


Also— No.  511,  COS,  C09,  757,  837,  890, 
1001,    1125,    1175,    1152,    of  bis    catalogue 
being  choice,  unnamed  varieties. 
From  tin-  American  Farmer. 

NEW  CHINESE  MULBERRY. 
(Morus  Multicaulis.) 
This  newly  introducted  variety  of  Mul- 
berry for  feeding  silk  worms  is  undoubtedly 
an  important  acquisition,  and  more  particu- 
larly so  to  this  country  where  silk  is  on  the 
eve  oi  becoming  a  staple  article  of  produc- 
tion. The  Editor  of  the  American  Farmer 
has  had  this  variety  under  cultivation  for  two 
years,  and  has  made  himself  acquainted  with 
its  peculiarities  both  as  to  quality  and  the 
manner  of  cultivating  it.     Not  having  a  suf- 


ficient quantity  for  a  full  trial  of  feeding  silk 
worms  with  it.  he  has  been  obliged  to  confine 
his  experiments  to  occasional    feedings,. at 
whi  h   times  the   worms   promptly    left  the 
Italian  white  mulberry  leaf  and  devoured  the 
new  Chinese  with  avidity.      The  leaves  of 
the  new  mulberry  frequently  measure  a    foot 
in  length  and  ten  inches  in    width.     Indeed 
Mr3.  Parmentier  of  the  Brooklyn  nursery  and 
garden,  who  has  1600  of  the   trees   for   sale, 
in  a  letter  to  the  Editor    says,  that   some   of 
the  leaves  on  the  trees  in   that  establishment 
measure  13  inches  in  length,   and   that   the 
wornjs  left  six  differenl  kinds  of  mulberry  to 
feed    on   them.      Although  the  number    of 
leaves  on  the  tree  is  not  so  gieat  as  that  of 
those  of  the  white,  we  should  judge  that  the 
weight  of  the  leaf  was  much  greater — it  is  so 
great  in  fact  during  a  rain  or  after  a  heavy 
dew,  the  young  trees  are  bent  almost  to  the 
ground  by  the  weight  of  their  foliage.     This 
mulberry  bears  no  Iriut,  or  rather  it  is  so  mi- 
nute and  so  small  in  quantity  that  the  prop- 
agation of  it  from  seed    is    never  practised. 
But  like  all  other  vegetables  of  difficult  prop- 
agation by  seed,  it  is  remarkably  easy  of  re- 
production   by    other    means.      By    laying 
down  the  young    trees,   covering  them  with 
earth,  and  leaving  the  ends  of  the  branches 
out,  every    branch  will  take   root   and    In- 
come a  young  tree  in  two  or  three  weeks — 
so  that  every  tree  one  year  old  will  by  pro- 
per management  pioduce  from  ten  to  twen- 
ty in  one  summer.     We  laid  down  a  tree  on 
Friday  29th  July,  and  a  part  of  the  stock 
near   the  root  containing    no  branches,  was 
left  out  of  ground.     On  the  Friday  follow- 
ing two  buds  were   seen  shooting  irom    the 
naked   stock,    and  eanh  was    then  covered 
over  the  stock  and  around  the  buds.     The 
young  trees  from  these  buds  now  measures 
feet  (i  inches  high.     This    fact  will  serve  to 
illustrate  the    great  facility  of  propagating 
the  morus   multicaulis    by  layers.     As    this 
mulberry  does  not  grow  high,  the  leaves  can 
always  be  gathered  by  hand  from  the  ground 
without  the  aid  of  ladders  or  the  danger  at- 
tending the  climbing  of  large  trees.     They 
can  be  planted  pretty  close  together,  and  we 
should  judge  that  an  acre  of  ground  would 
produce  more  foliage  with  this  than  with  the 
white  mulberry.     The  morus  multicaulis  be- 
ing as  yet  quite  scarce  in  this  country,  they 
sell  high;  but  every  one  who  contemplates 
cultivating  silk  should  obtain  a  few,    and   by 
laying  them  down  in  July,  multiply  them. — 
By  this  means  ten  trees  obtained   this  fall, 
would,  in  five  years,  produce  one  million  of 
trees,  allowing  each  one  to  pronuce  ten  eve- 
ry year,  which  we  are  convinced    they  will 
certainly  do  ;  that  is  in  the  fall  of  1832  then- 
would  be  100;   in  1833,  1000:   in   1831,  In. 
000;   in  1835,  100,000;   in  1836,    1,000,000 
— and  these  we  have  no  hesitation  in  su  in 
would  produce  ten  times  as  much    folia 
could   be  produced   with  the  same  expense 
and    labor   in  the    same  time,  of  the  white 
mulberry  or  any  other  kind.     We  hope  ed- 
itors in  the  country   will  give   free   circula- 
tion to  these  facts,  that  the  cultivators  of  silk, 
and  those  who   contemplate   entering   upon 
that  business,  may  avail  of  the  advantages  of 
this  mulberrry  in  commencing  their  orchard? 
The  morus  multicaulis  can  be  obtained   ol 
Wm.  Prince  ^  Sons,  at  the    Linntsan   Bo 
tanic  garden  at  Flusing,  New-York,  of  Mrs. 
Parmentier,   at   the    Horticultural    Botanic 
garden  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  and  of  the  Edit- 
or of  the  American  Farmer.    They  are  gen- 
erally sold  at  one  dollar  each- 


Vol.  1.— No.  S5. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


NATIVE  AMERICAN  SILK  WORMS1 

Translated  for  the  Chronicle  of  the  Times, 
from  the  Registro  Official :  Official  Regis- 
ter of  the  United  Mexican  States,  of  the  thir- 
teenth of  February,  1831. 

The  following  letter  has  been  addressed 
from  Jalap,  to  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
National  industry : — 

The  quantity  of  wild  si IU  produced  by  the 
immense  forests  of  this  State  is  truly  aston- 
ishing. The  worms  which  produce  it,  feed 
on  the  leaves  of  the  guayboa,  an  evergreen 
with  small  leaves,  or  on  those  of  the  oak; 
but  the  finest  silk  is  that  of  the  norms  which 
feed  on  the  former. 

These  worms,  in  my  opinion,  are  those 
which  a  Chinese  author  describes  by  the 
name  of  Txtsen  Kyeu  or  Tyau-Kyen,  which 
are  raised  in  that  country,  and  with  this  Silk 
they  make  the  stuffs  which  they  call  Kytn 
Cheu,  which  is  a  handsome  diugget,  and  so 
much  esteemed  that  sometimes  it  sells  as 
high  as  the  first  tissues  of  China. 

The  natives  of  this  state  gather  that  silk  in 
the  month  of  March  ;  they  take  off  large 
bags  with  which  the  cocoons  are  covered, 
leaving  them  exposed  to  the  air  during  four 
days,  after  separating  from  the  tree  the 
branches  which  contain  them,  in  order  to 
free  them  from  imperceptible  thorns,  left 
there  by  the  skin  of  the  silk  worms,  and  af- 
ter cleaning  them  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
samples  sent  herewith,  they  spin  the  silk  and 
make  girdles  therewith  of  which  a  sample 
is  sent,  which  lasts  fifteen  or  twenty  years  in 
daily  use;  the  strength  of  these  girdles  is 
such,  that  one  having  been  tied  to  the  horns 
of  a  wild  bull,  resisted  his  efforts  for  more 
than  34  hours,  which  was  thought  a  sufficient 
trial. 

They  make  here  no  other  use  of  this  beau- 
tiful silk,  and  no  pains  have  been  yet  taken 
to  bleach  it  before  or  after  it  is  manufactur- 
ed. The  silk  is  gathered  in  this  state  by  the 
Mixteca  indians,  who  come  down  in  the 
month  above  mentioned,  and  also  cut  off  the 
honey  combs  from  the  wild  bee  hives,  and 
collect  in  abundance  the  honey  and  wax 
which  they  produce. 

In  the  vicinity  of  ihis  city,  the  trees  begin 
to  be  covered,  with  that  valuable  silk,  and  in 
the  districts  of  Cosamalsapan,  Alvarado  and 
Acoacyn,  and  in  short  in  all  the  finest  forests 
in  this  state,  in  which  are  found  the  trees  a- 
bove  mentioned,  it  is  produced  in  great  abun- 
dance. 

The  worms  have  for  their  enemies  certain 
birds  of  the  size  of  a  tame  pigeon,  of  a  grey 
color  and  is  known  by  the  name  of  Pepe,  be- 
cause its  whistling  imitates  the  sound  of  that 
word  ;  they  seat  themselves  on  the  branches 
where  the  bags  are  hanging,  peck  and  pierce 
them,  and  devour  the  useful  little  animals. 

These  worms  begin  their  work  at  nine  o'- 
clock at  night ;  then  they  come  out  of  their 
bags*and  begin  to  feed;  in  their  passage 
they  draw  long  silk  threads,  which  serve  them 
as  guides  to  return  to  their  cocoons;  thus 
they  make  to  themselves  silken  roads  or 
bridges,  the  threads  of  which  are  of  an  ex- 
traordinary strength. 

By  Mr.  Icaza,  now  in  this  city,  I  shall  send 
you  a  cocoon  bag  of  the  material  above  men- 
tioned, and  if  the  beard  desire  it,  I  shall  send 
them  as  many  as  they  may  think  proper. 
Thomas.  Ilx.anez. 
God  and  Liberty,  Jalapa,  Jan.  6th,  1831. 

Spontaneous  Combustion. — Mr.  George 
-<5ulliver,tho  managing  agent  of  the  Wool- 


279 


len  Cloth  Factory  of  John  B.  Yates  Esq. 
in  this  place,  has  within  a  few  days,  par- 
ticularly noticed  an  instance  of  spontane- 
ous combustion,  which  we  think  it  useful 
to  publish. 

It  is  desirable  that  attention  should  be 
paid  to  such  subjects,  and  in  the  beliel 
that  a  mere  publication  of  the  facts,  with- 
out comment,  will  be  more  serviceable 
than  uny  tedious  speculation,  we  give  the 
following  statement  in  his  own  words. 

"A  few  days  since  application  was 
made  tome  for  the  waste  wool  or  sweep- 
ings of  the  Factory,  which,  for  the  sake 
of  safety,  I  have  commonly  thrown  away, 
as  they  have  been  daily  swept  from  the 
building.  I  agreed,  however,  to  collec 
them,  and  had  them  placed  in  boxes  at  a 
sufficient  distance  from  the  building  for 
safetv.  Two  or  three  days  afterwards 
one  of  the  boxes  that  had  been  filled  was 
observed  to  smoke.  It  was  opened  and 
examined,  and  the  mass  was  beginning  to 
be  ignited  in  different  places.  On  a  close 
examination  it  was  found  that  in  every 
place  where  fire  was  discovered,  there 
was  some  iron  scrap,  and  in  no  place 
where  there  was  not  any  iron  did  we  see 
fire.  The  fire  was  extinguished,  as  we 
supposed,  and  the  ma  erials  replaced. — 
In  the  morning  we  again  visited  the  place 
and  the  whole  was  consumed,  together 
with  the  cask  in  which  it  was  placed." 

The  oil  used  in  the  lot  thus  consumed 
was  mostly  neat's-foot  and  sperm.,  aris- 
ing from  there  being  a  small  quantity  on 
hand  when  the  wool  was  prepared.  Ol- 
ive oil  is  now  used  whnly,  which  is  con- 
sidered more  safe,  and  better. — Chit. 
Her. 


Magnificent  Tobacco  Box. — By  one 
of  our  late  English  papers,  we  find  that  in 
the  city  of  Westminster,  the  overseers  of 
the  united  parishes  of  St.  Margaret  and  St. 
John  the  Evangelist,  possess  a  tobacco  box 
which  is  upwards  of  one  hundred  and  eight- 
een years  old;  it  weighs  no  less  than  fifty- 
six  pounds,  and  it  cost  more  than  £2000 
sterling.  This  is  certainly  a  valuable  and 
unwieldy  tobacco  box.  The  history  is  rath- 
er curious,  and  to  all  lovers  of  the  "aromatic 
vegetable,"  whether  snuffers,  smokers,  or 
chewers,  it  may  be  interesting.  It  appears 
that  the  box  was  originally  a  common  horn 
box,  bought,  as  tradition  reports,  at  Horn 
Fair,  by  Mr.  Henry  Monck,  the  then  over- 
seer, for  the  small  sum  of  four  pence.  This 
gentlemen  usually  brought  the  four-penny 
box  with  him  to  the  tavern  where  the  parish 
meetings  were  held,  where  the  party  smoked 
their  pipes  in  friendly  intercourse  after  the 
business  of  the  day  was  over.  The  orna- 
ments upon  the  tobacco  box  are  all  of  silver, 
and  have  annually  increased,  so  as  to  make 
it  of  the  value  above  stated,  all  succeeding  o- 
verseers  making  some  addition  thereto,  des- 
cribing the  most  remarkable  events  of  their 
year  of  office.  The  box  is  delivered  to  each 
succeeding  overseer,  with  the  following 
charge  by  one  of  the  church-wardens  :  "This 
box  and  the  several  cases  are  the  property 
of  the  past  Overseer's  Society,  and  deliver- 
ed into  your  custody  and  care  upon  condition 
that  they  are  produced  at  all  parochial  meet- J 
ings  which  you  shall  be  invited  to;  or  have  a  I 


right  to  attend,  and  shall  contain  three  pipes 
of  tobacco  at  the  least  under  the  penalty  of 
six  bottles  of  claret.  And  also  upon  further 
condition,  that  you  shall  restore  the  box  with 
the  several  cases  belonging  to  it,  to  the  soci- 
ety in  as  good  a  state  as  the  same  now  are, 
with  some  additional  ornament  thereto,  at 
(he  next  meeting  after  you  shall  go  out  of 
office,  or  sooner  if  demanded,  under  the  pe- 
nalty of  two  hundred  guineas."  The  chair- 
man (hen  proposes  as  a  toast,  "  the  new  o- 
verseers,  wishing  them  health  to  go  through 
their  office,"  which  toast  concludes  the  cer- 
emony. 

The  box  and  cases  are  annually  entrusted 
to  the  care  of  the  overseers  for  the  time  be- 
ing, without  restriction  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  ornaments  which  may  be  added,  or  the 
skill  and  the  taste  of  the  artists  who  ma  be 
employed  to  execute  them;  therefore,  the 
nature  of  the  ornaments,  and  the  style  of 
their  execution,  are  as  various  as  the  num- 
ber pf  hands  through  which  it  has  passed. 

Several  of  the  ornaments  display  considera- 
ble taste  in  design,  and  ability  in  execution  ; 
and  amongst  these  is  a  portrait  of  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland,  who  commanded  at  Cullo- 
len  in  1746.  In  this  battle  the  rebels,  head- 
ed by  the  pretender  in  person,  were  defeat- 
ed which  put  an  end  to  the  rebellion.  This 
portrait  and  characteristic  illustrations  are 
engraved  on  the  inside  of  the  original  box, 
and  were  designed  and  engraved  by  the  cele- 
brated William  Hogarth,  when  in  the  ze- 
nith of  his  reputation. 


|3r  The  Revenue  received  at  Boston,  from  Jan. 

1831  to  June  30,  1831,  exceeds  that  received  last 
year,  in  the  same  time,  by  five  hundred  ninety-two 
thousand  four  hundred  fifty-nine  dollars  90  cents. 


It  is  proposed   to  establish  a  Rail  Road  from 
Williamsport  to  Elmira,  in  this  State. 


ZINC  HOLLOW  WARE, 

MANUFACTURED  by  John  Wcstfield  & 
Co.  No.  163  Mott  st  N.  York. 
The  prices  of  this  ware  will,  upon  examination, 
be  found  not  to  vary  materially  from  that  ot  Tin 
and  Iron,  yet  as  durable  as  iron,  easily  cleansed, 
not  subject  to  rust,  giving  the  article  cooked  or 
kept  in  it  no  unpleasant  taste,  and  containing  in  it- 
self no  poison  as  do  copper,  brass  and  lead. 

Zinc  Kettles  will  be  found  to  cook  rice,  hominy, 
and  all  kinds  of  sweat  meats,  better  than  any  oth- 
er kind  of  metal,  neither  discoloring  nor  varying 
the  flavor  of  the  substance  cooked  ;  and  for  these 
purposes,  it  will  ere  long  be  substituted  for  brass 
and  copper,  to  avoid  the  poisonous  corrosions  of 
these  metals. 

Zinc  pans  for  the  dairy  will  be  found  by  the  dai 
ryman  an  object  of  his  immediate  attention,  from 
these  considerations — that  they  will  greatly  out- 
last any  other  pans — that  the  same  size  will  pro- 
duce one-sixth  more  cream  or  butter,  and  of  a  su- 
perior flavor — that  they  are  more  easily  cleansed, 
and  will  keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  of 
hours.  Zinc  tubs  and  fiikins  will  keep  butter 
sweet  several  days  longer  in  hot  weather,  than 
those  of  wood  or  other  kinds  of  metal.  This  has 
been  a  subject  of  experiment,  and  the  results  safe- 
ly warrant  the  statement.  Hence  families  who 
prefer  sweet  butter  to  rancid,  will  do  well  to  avail 
themselves  of  these  tubs,  for  keeping  their  butter 
sweet  and  retaining  its  flavor. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  by  rubbing  it  with  brown 
brick  dust,  dry  without  the  use  of  soap.  The  a- 
bove  are  indisputable  facts  in  regard  to  Zinc  ware, 
which  are  subject  to  experimental  proof  by  any  in- 
dividual, who  will  take  the  trouble  to  experiment 
fairly  on  the  use  of  the  articles.  For  sale  bv 
jROSSITER  <t>  KNOX, 
sep  3  vt  Buffalo  st  Rochestel 


280 


THE  CJENESEE  FARMER 


September  3,  183; 


Novel  Mode  of  Thrashing  in  Spain. — 
Their  mode  of  thrashing  is  perfectly  primi- 
tive Several  pieces  of  ground  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  town,  are  allotted  for  this 
purpose,  to  which  all  the  produce  of  the  ad- 
jaeent  country  is  brought.  A  thick  board, 
six  feet  in  length  and  four  in  width,  is  perfo- 
rated with  holes,  in  which  are  placed  large 
flint  stones,  projecting  about  half  an  inch. 
On  the  front  of  this  board  a  man  takes  his 
place,  on  a  seat  provided  for  that  purpose, 
and  a  number  of  oxen  or  mules  are  fastened 
to  it  with  cords.  The  corn  in  the  straw  is 
then  strewn  on  the  ground,  in  a  circle  form- 
ed of  stones,  and  this  extraordinary  imple- 
ment of  husbandry  is  then  dragged  over  it, 
a  man  standing  in  the  centre  of  the  circle 
assisting  the  driver  to  flog  the  beasts  to  their 
utmost  speed.  A  drove  of  loose  cattle  are 
also  driven  over  it,  so  that  the  sharp  flint 
and  the  hoofs  of  the  mules  and  oxen  do  the 
work  of  thrashing  very  completely.  The 
straw  is  by  these  means,  torn  into  such 
small  particles,  which  is  packed  in  nets  and 
sent  to  Madrid  as  provender  for  horses  and 
mules.  Their  method  of  winnowing  is  by 
throwing  the  undressed  corn  against  the 
wind,  which  separates  it  from  the  chaff.  I 
was  told  of  an  American,  who  taking  com- 
passion on  the  unlightened  nati  es,  and  see- 
ing the  prospect  of  a  good  profit,  introduced 
one  of  our  thrashing  machines,  and  under- 
took to  thrash  the  farmers'  corn  at  a  trifling 
expense  per  bushel.  On  the  first  day  he 
succeeded  admirably,  but  on  the  next,  when 
the  speculator  went  to  resume  his  labors,  to 
his  utter  consternation  he  found  the  engine 
which  was  to  work  him  wealth,  broken  into' 
utoms,  and  dispersed  in  every  possible  di- 
rection. On  inquiry,  he  found  the  country 
people  had  consulted  on  its  efficiency,  and 
came  to  a  resolution,  in  which  they  were  as- 
sisted by  the  parish  priest,  that  the  devil  was 
inside  the  engine,  and  they  were  determined 
as  good  Christians,  to  have  nothing  to  do 
with  him,  but  in  the  fair  way  of  trade ! — 
Spanish  Highways  and  Byways. 


your  houses,  cellars  and  enclosures,  eve- 
ry morning  before  10  o'clock,and  depos- 
it the  same  with  the  sweepings  of  the 
street  before  your  door  in  the  middle  of 
the  street, 

5.  There  are  holes  and  corners  about 
every  house,  which  in  close, sultry,  damp 
weather  (like  that  we  have  just  now)  are 
liable  to  emit  disagreable  odors— spri- 
kle  them  with  a  very  little  of  your  chlo- 
ride of  lime,  and  they  will  become  sweet. 

Salt. — There  was  inspected  by  the  in- 
spector, and  the  duties  received  on  the 
same  by  the  superintendent,  upwards  of 
12,380  bushels  of  salt  on  Friday  last,  ma- 
nufactured in  this  village — being  2,477 
barrels.and  the  duties  amounting  to  near- 
ly $1550.  Nearly  the  same  amount,  we 
understand,  was  inspected  and  received 
the  day  following.  We  shall  take  some 
occasion  and  give  a  statement  of  the  re- 
ceipts per  day  of  this  domestic  manufac- 
ture of  our  village.  This  village  con- 
tains, we  believe,  nearly  80  different 
buildings  for  the  manufacture  of  this  ar- 
ticle.— Salina  Courier. 


The  salutary  advice  given  in  the  sub- 
joined paragraph,  by  the  editor  of  the 
Norfolk  Herald,  is  deserving  of  more 
than  ordinary  attention,  as  the  sickly  fall 
season  approaches. 

Chloride  of  Lime — The  following 
hints,  if  piactised  upon  by  families  in  the 
thickly  inhabited  parts  of  the  town,  will 
infallibly  preserve  their  health  and  com- 
fort. 

1.  Always  keep  a  supply  of  the  chlo- 
ride of  lime  on  hand, 

2.  Burn  all  your  kitchen  offal  of  fish, 
flesh,  fowl  and  vegetables,  instead  of 
throwing  them  into  the  street,  or  treasur- 
them  up  to  feed  the  pig  of  some  favorite 
acquaintance  of  the  cook. 

3.  Throw  a  portion  of  the  chloride  of 
lime  into  your  kitchen  slops  and  dirty 
water;  it  will  immediately  remove  any 
bad  smell  arising  from  them,  and  you 
may  then  empty  them  into  the  street 
without  offending  the  olfactory  organs 
of  the  passing  citizens.  A  table  spoon- 
ful of  the  chloride  will  suffice  to  purify 
five  of  six  gallons  of  the  most  nauseous 
fluid,  and  will  cost  but  one  cent — a  cheap 
corrective  of  many  Scents. 

4.  Sweep  out  all  the  dirt  and  litter  from 


Elephants. — Elephants  are  now  used 
in  Ceylon  for  ploughing  the  rice  fields 
and  in  preparing  new  grounds  for  the  cul- 
tivation of  coffee,  pepper,  &c.  An  ele- 
phant will  perform  the  work  in  one  day 
which  twenty  bullocks  were  in  the  habit 
of  performing  before.  In  a  country  like 
Ceylon,  which  is  *o  very  thinly  popula- 
ted, by  this  system  of  employing  ele- 
phants, much  time  is  saved,  and  a  great 
deal  of  agricultural  work  performed. — 
An  elephant  may  be  purchased  in  Cey- 
lon at  any  time  for  ten  or  fifteen  pounds 

From  Poulson's  American  Daily  Advertiser. 
Curious  Structure  of  the  Eye  of  the 
Horse. — A  singular  provision  is  made 
for  keeping  the  eye  of  the  horse  clean  by 
an  eyelid  called  the  haw.  It  is  moisten- 
ed by  a  pulpy  substance,  or  mucilage,  to 
take  hold  of  the  dust  on  the  eye-ball  and 
wipe  it  clear  off,  so  that  the  eye  is  hard- 
ly ever  seen  with  any  thing  on  it,  though 
greatly  exposed  from  its  size  and  pos- 
ture. The  swift  motion  of  the  haw  is 
given  to  it  by  a  gristly  elastic  substance, 
placed  between  the  eye-ball  and  the  soc- 
ket, and  striking  obliquely,  so  as  to  drive 
out  the  haw  with  great  velocity  over  the 
eye  and  then  let  it  come  back  as  quickly. 

Ignorant  persons,  when  this  haw  is 
inflamed  from  cold,  and  swelled  so  as  to 
appear,  which  it  never  does  in  a  healthy 
state,  often  mistake  it  for  an  imperfection 
(calling  it  the  "  hooks  in  the  eyes")  and 
cut  it  off!  so  near  do  ignorance  and  cru- 
elty produce  the  same  effect. 

The  Shakers  in  Harvard  are  building  a 
barn,  says  the  Charleston  Aurora,  supposed 
the  largest  on  the  Continent,  150  feet  long, 
45  wide,  4  stories  high,  and  estimated  to 
cost  #8000.  It  is  calculated  to  drive  in 
from  the  hill  side,  on  the  upper  floors  and 
pitch  the  hay  down,  making  the  labor 
light. 


A  few  days  since  a  "  travelling  mer- 
chant" from  the  land  of  steady  habits, 
arrived  in  this  place  with  a  load  of  "no- 
tions," which,  with  the  accustomed  tact 
of  'as  profession,  he  offered  for  sale  in 
lots  to  suit  pure!  asers.  Among  divers 
other  commodities  which  he  disposed  of, 
was  some  Court  Plaster  of  a  very  superi- 
or quality,  which  he  succeeded  in  selling 
to  a  dealer  in  curls  and  colonge  at  a  fair 
price  for  a  good  article.  Upon  subse- 
quent examination,  however,  it  proved 
to  be  nothing  else  than  black  paper  hand- 
somely glazed.  Verilv  this  is  a  new  in- 
vention, and  the  genius  deserves  a  pat- 
ent for  a  (iiscovery  which  puts  in  the 
back  ground  wooden  nutmegs,  horn 
flints,  bass-wood  pumpkin  seeds,  and 
plaster  cucumbers.  What  next? — Cats- 
kill  Messenger. 


ROCHESTER  SEED  STORE. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  having  engaged  ex- 
tensively in  the  Seed,  Nursery  and  Green 
House  business.  They  will  be  constantly  suppli 
ed  with  a  great  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticu! 
tural,  Flower,  and  Forest  Tree  Seeds.  They 
will  also-  soon  be  able  to  furnish  an  extensive  vari- 
ety of  Green  House  Plants,  from  the  New- York 
Nurseries,  and  of  their  own  cultivation. 

fjf  Orders  will  be  received  by  them  for  Tree* 
Shrubs,  Plants,  <f-c-  <f-c-  from  trie  following  estab- 
lishments :  W.  Prince  &  Sons',  and  Parmentier's 
Long  Island — Floy's,  Wilson's,  Thorburn's,  and 
A.  Smith  &Co's,  New- York— J.  Buel,  Albany— 
Landreth's,  Philadelphia — Russell's,  Boston. 

A  Nursery  under  the  control  of  N.  Goodsell. 
Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  with  whom  they 
are  connected,  is  now  in  progress,  and  from  which 
can  be  supplied  an  extensive  variety  of  most  of  thr 
different  articles  found  in  Nurseries. 

R.  &  K.  will  also  keep  a  general  assortment  ol 
Garden  Tools,  Flower  Pots,  Garden  Glasses,  &c. 

§£V  All  orders  to  be  executed  this  fall,  should 
be  sent  in  previous  to  the  1st  Oct. 

Rochester,  aug.  19    ar 

ROSES,  DAHLIAS,  STRAWBERRIES, 

and  Quicks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  have 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  a  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  flower  and 
habit,  and  the  prices  annexed.  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

They  have  imported  and  propagated  many  var 
ieties  of  the  finest  double  Dahbas,  which  may  be 
si  lected  by  the  flowers,  at  the  Nursery,  until  the 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants  of  the  Methven  Strawberry,  at  $2  50  per 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  have  weigh 
ed  a  pound.  They  are  good  bearers  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  varieties 
See  catalogue. 

They  have  likewise  for  sale,  50,000  plants  ol 
the  three  thorned  Locust,  (Olcditschia  triacantli 
us)  two  years  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 
for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

Orders  tor  any  articles  from  the  Nurrery,  may 
be  sent  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  care  of  L 
Tucker,  Rochester.  BUEL&  WILSON. 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16  f4t 

^_ ■  ■ 

ESSAYS  <iN  AMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH  Directions  to  fanners  for  raising  Silk 
Worms — by  J.  D.  Homergue  and  Peter  B 
Duponceau.    Also, 

The  American  Gardener. 

Deane's  Sew-England  Farmer,  and 

Butler's  Farmers  Manual,  for  sale  by 

HOYT,  PORTER  &  CO. 
Prince  en  the  Vim;  a  few  copies  for  sale  a>- 
above.  July  23 


VOLUME  1. 


ROCHESTER,  SEPTEMBER  10,  1831. 


NUMBER  36. 


PUBLISHED  BY  It.  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  tho  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terras— $3.50  per  annuel,  or 

$3.00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


BRINGING  WHEAT  TO  MARKET. 
If  farmers   who    have  commenced    bringing 
wheat  to  market  would  pay  more  attention  to  the 
•  leaning  it  they  would  find  it  much  to  their  ad- 
vantage.   Those   who  bring   their  wheat  into 
market    foul  with  cockle,  chess,  white  caps   or 
smut,  may  expect  a  reduction  in   the  price  of  it 
from  what  it   would  command,  if  clean,  sufficient 
to  doubly  compensate  them  for  their  time  employ- 
ed in  doing  it.     Millers  do  not  wish  to  purchase 
foul  wheat  when  they  can  purchase  that  which  is 
clean.    Their  business  is  to  flour  wheat,  not  to 
dean  it.    If  they  purchase  wheat  which  is  not 
clean,  it  must  be  stored  by  itself,  and  store  room 
with  them  is  an  object.    A  small  proportion  of 
smutty  wheat  added  to  that  which  is  clean,  does 
more  injury  than  the  price  of  it,  therefore  a  pru- 
rient miller  will  only  buy  such  wheat  ata  price  that 
will  repay  him  for  the  trouble  of  furnishing  sepa- 
rate storage,  superintending  and  hiring  labor  to 
•lean  it  by  washing  or  otherwise,  which  is  com- 
monly calculated  at  a  price  greater  than  what  the 
farmer  receives  for  his  labor   while  engaged   in 
raising  it,  taking  into  the  calculation  the  capital 
employed.    Now  if  this  is  correct — then  if  there 
is  a  profit  in  raising  wheat  for  market,  there  is  a 
greater  in  preparing  it  properly  for  market,  over 
sending  it  in  a  slovenly  manner.      Beside  the 
profit  attending  carrying  wheat  into  the  market  in 
perfect  order,  there  is  a  satisfaction  attending  it 
which  is  more  difficult  to  describe  than  the  means 
of  producing  it.     A  farmer  who  goes  into  market 
with  a  first  rate  article,  is  in  rather  a  pleasant  situ- 
ation than  otherwise,  conscious  that  his  article  will 
recommend  itself,  he  does  not  stoop  to  trick  or 
cunning  in  the  sale  of  it ;  neither  is  he  put  to  the 
necessity  of  begging  purchasers,  but  has  the  first 
price  at  his  command.     Not  so  the  man  with  his 
article  in  a  bad  condition ;  being  sensible  of  it,  he 
often  resorts  to  deception  in  the  sale  of  it,   selling 
his  good  opinion  of  himself  with  his  commodity, 
courting  the  twilight  of  evening  for  his  transac- 
tion ;  he  returns  home  a  degraded  man  with   him 
self,  and  never  exalted  in  the  opinions  of  others. 
The  observation  is  as  applicable  to  other   articles 
which  are  carried  to  market  as  to  wheat;  "what- 
ever article  you  carry  to  market  let  it  be  in  the 
best  possible  condition."     There  is  more  profit  in 
■■arrying  a  lesser  quantity  of  a  desirable  quality 
than  a  greater  quantity  of  that  which  is   unsalea- 
ble.    Therefore  let  every  farmer  establish  this 
motto,  "  never  to  carry  an  article  into  market  in 
bad  condition" 

The  same  advice  which  is  given  to  the  farmers 
is  applicable  to  horticulturists.  It  is  passing 
strange  that  those  who  have  been  at  the  trouble  of 
raising  fruit  for  sa_e  should  not  recollect  that  one 
bushel  of  sound  fruit  will  fetch  more  than  three 
after  they  have  been  bruised  to  pumice.  We  have 
seen  in  our  market  the  week  past  peaches  offered 
for  sale,  which,  had  they  been  brought  packed  in 
chaff  or  bran,  would  have  sold  readily  at  one  dol- 
lar and  fifty  cents  per  bushel ;  but  they  were  put 


in  barrels  standing  on  end  and  brought  some  fif- 
teen miles  over  the  rough  road  in  a  waggon,  so 
that  all  those  which  were  mellow,  and  which 
would  have  been  desirable,  had  they  been  careful- 
ly packed,  were  rendered  unfit  for  the  table,  and 
the  owner  was  glad  to  dispose  of  them  for  fifty 
cents  per  bushel.  Apples,  pears,  and  plums  are 
are  often  brought  to  market  in  the  same  way. — 
We  hope  never  to  see  a  subscriber  to  the  Genesee 
Farmer  in  market  with  articles  in  bad  condition, 
as  it  may  put  us  to  the  trouble  of  looking  over  the 
list  to  find  whether  he  paid  in  advance. 


CUCUMBER  SEEDS. 
Amongst  all  our  garden  seeds  there  is  none  that 
is  more  saleable  than  the  cucumber,  and  the  rea 
son  of  this  is,  because  so  many  neglect  to  save 
them  or  save  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  ren- 
der them  worthless.    To  say  that  we  import  cu 
cumber  seeds  from  countries,  where  for  want  of 
sufficient  warmth  of  atmosphere  they  are  compel- 
led to  raise  them  under  glass,  would  appear  like 
an  inconsistency ;  yet  such  is  the  fact ;  and  the 
district  of  old  Genesee,  in  which  alone,  enough 
for  the  whole  United  States  might  be  saved,  sends 
annually  several  hundred  dollars  abroad   for  cu- 
:umber  seeds.    As  large  quantities  of  seed  cu- 
cumbers are  to  be  seen  at  this  season  of  the  year 
in  almost  every  farmer's  garden,  we  would  re- 
mmend  the  saving  of  the  seeds  from  them  as  a 
matter  of  economy.    If  seeds  are  properly  clean- 
ed and  dried,  they  are  not  only   saleable  but  will 
keep  good  for  many  years ;  and  most  gardeners 
prefer  such  as  have  been  kept  for  three  or  four 
years.    To  prepare  seeds  in  fine  order  let  the  cu- 
cumbers be  gathered  as  soon  as  ripe,  cut  them  o- 
pen  and  scrape  out  the  seeds  and  pulpy  part  into 
some  convenient  vessel,  let  them  stand  from  one  to 
two  days  according  to  the  temperature  of  the  wea 
ther;  the  proper  time  maybe  known  by  the  pul 
py    matter   rising    to    the    top   as    in    the    fo- 
mentation of  cider:  as  soon  as  this  takes  place 
let  the  whole  mass  be  agitated,  in  order  to  sepa- 
rate the  seeds  contained  in  the  pulp,  and  after  al- 
lowing the  seeds  to  settle  to  the  bottom,  the  top 
may  be  decanted,  leaving  the  seeds  in  the  bottom 
of  the  vessel.  To  these  should  be  added  fresh  wa- 
ter, which  may  be  in  turn  poured  off,  and  this  re- 
peated, rubbing  the  seeds  each  time  until  the  seeds 
are  quite  clean,  after  which  they  should  be  well 
drained  and  spread  in  the  shade  to  dry.  If  spread 
in  the  sun  they  will  change  color,  which  would 
reduce  the  price  if  sold.     Cucumbers  should  not  be 
cut  until  fully  ripe  as  the  seeds  will  shrink  in  dry- 
ing.    Seeds  prepared  as  above  are  always  a  cash 
article  in  all  our  large  towns,  and  will  sell  as  rea- 
dily as  wheat,  and  at  as  good  a  profit  for  the  time 
spent  in  preparing  them. 

WOOD  PECKERS. 
We  would  inquire  of  our  farmers  and  garde- 
ners whether  they  are  aware  of  the  injury  whicli 
is  done  to  the  agricultural  and  horticultural  inter- 
ests in  our  country  by  the  wanton  destruction  of 
the  common  read-headed  woodpeckers.  A  charge 
is  often  brought  against  these  birds  as  a  pretext 
for  destroying  them  which  is  altogether  unfound- 
ed, viz:  that  they  injure  fruit  and  forest  trees 
On  the  contrary  they  are  the  only  creatures  be- 


longing to  the  animal  creation  who  seem  to  spend 
their  whole  lives  in  protecting  them.  This  charge 
must  originate  in  ignorance  of  the   habits   of  the 
bird  or  confounding   their  works  with  those  of  a 
smaller  sized,  speckled  bird,  belonging  to  the  same 
family,  which  is  frequently  called  from  his  mode  of 
living  the  sap-sucker.     This  is  a  very  mischiev- 
ous bird,  and  we  should  not  object  to  the  extirpa- 
tion of  the  whole  race  of  them.     During   the  last 
of  spring  and  summer,  these  birds  appear  to  sub- 
sist entirely  upon  the  half  coagulated  sap  of  trees 
For  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  sap,  they  encir- 
cle the  bodies  with  holes  pecked  through  the  bark, 
each  of  which  is  capable  of  holding  one  drop  of 
sap.   When  they  have  prepared  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  holes  in  those  trees  where  the  sap  is  in  cir- 
culation and  flows  freely,  they  may  be  seen  flying 
from  one  tree  to  another  and  sucking  the  sap  from 
those  little  reservoirs  which  they  have  prepared. — 
As  those  holes  become  dry  about  the  edges  they 
are  enlarged  until  they  occupy  so  great  a  propor- 
tion of  the  circumference  of  the  tree  as  entirely  to 
destroy  it.  Not  so  with  the  red  headed  woodpeck- 
ers which  subsist  almost  entirely  upon  insects  in 
one  shape  or  another.      Tis  true  they  appear  fond 
of  cherries,  and  some  other   kinds  of  fruit,  but 
their  depredations  are  in  a  very  small  proportion 
to  the  protection  they  afford  to  the  same  kinds  of 
fruit.    Were  we  to  go  into  a  mathematical  cal- 
culation of  the  number  of  bugs  and  worms  which 
each  bird  destroys  annually,  and  then  take  into 
the  calculation  the  amount  of  mischief  which  this 
same  number  of  bugs  and  worms,  if  they  had  liv- 
ed might  have  done  to  our  trees  and  fruits,   it. 
might  appear  almost  sufficient  to  induce  some  of 
our  yankee  fanners  to  go  into  the  speculation  of 
raising  woodpeckers.     If  there  could  be  a  change 
in  public  opinion  in  favor  of  these  birds,  we  think 
it  would  be  beneficial  to  our  farmers  and   horticul 
turists.    Young  gunners  are  in  the  habit  of  shoot 
ing  these  birds  merely  for  what  they  call  sport 
as  we  believe  they  are  never  cooked,  but  if  so, 
they   will  be  found  to  be  very  small,   and  their 
flesh  dark  colored  and  ill  flavored.    A  little  atten- 
tion paid  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  children  the 
usefulness  of  these  birds,  would  tend  much  to  in- 
crease their  numbers,  which  would  be  of  great, 
importance  to  the  farming  interests. 


ON  FEEDING  HOGS. 
Our  good  farmers  find  the  month  of  September 
to  be  a  very  important  one  in  regard  to  feeding 
their  .hogs.  Those  who  wish  to  be  economical  in 
feeding,  should  begin  early.  Every  farmer  who 
is  fattening  hogs  should  have  a  cauldron  set  in 
an  arch  near  his  pen  in  which  he  can  boil  pump- 
kins, potatoes,  meal,  &c.  as  it  will  be  found  much 
cheaper  in  this  section  of  country  to  feed  with 
boiled  food  than  to  give  it  to  them  raw.  From 
the  low  price  which  potatoes  and  pumpkins  are 
sold  at  in  our  market  towns,  and  their  great  heft 
and  small  value  they  will  not  bear  long  transport, 
therefore  it  is  better  to  feed  them  to  the  hogs  and 
save  the  corn  which  would  be  required  were  they 
fattened  on  it,  as  that  is  not  so  perishable  an  arti- 
cle. When  potatoes  are  boiled  and  mashed  they 
make  excellent  feed  for  hogs ;  if  a  proportion  of 
pumpkins  are  mixed  with  them  they  are  still  bet- 
ter, and  iftobotha  small  quantity  of  corn  mea* 


282 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  10,   1831. 


be  added,  we  do  not  know  of  any  feed  with  which 
hogs  can  be  fattened  to  more  advantage.  We 
know  that  it  is  said  that  pork  which  is  fed  with 
boiled  food  is  not  as  hard,  and  of  course  die  pur- 
chaser will  endeavor  to  take  advantage  of  the  cir- 
cumstance; but  let  hogs  be  fed  in  this  manner  for 
the  first  three  fourths  of  the  time  they  are  fatten- 
ing ;  the  remainder  with  meal  or  soft  corn ;  and 
we  assure  our  farmers  that  they  will  find  a  ready 
market  for  their  pork,  and  at  first  prices.  It  is 
well  to  apprise  our  readers  that  pork  fattened  with 
still  slops  is  a  different  article ;  soft,  and  charged 
with  the  acetic  acid  or  vinegar  from  the  slops  on 
which  they  are  fed,  and  from  which  circumstance 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  prevent  the  pork  from 
turning  sour,  and  spoiling  after  it  is  packed  in  the 
barrels,  unless  there  is  an  alkili  added  to  the  brine 
to  neutralize  the  acidity  contained  in  it.  From 
this  acidity,  pork  fed  on  boiled  food  as  above,  is 
entirely  free,  and  therefore  is  as  easily  kept  as  if 
fed  with  com ;  and  if  not  quite  so  hard  it  can- 
not operate  to  lessen  the  value  of  it,  as  the  hams 
will  be  increased  in  value  as  much  as  the  side  or 
mess  can  be  deteriorated.  A  portion  of  time  spent 
in  gathering  up  those  things  which  of  themselves 
are  not  so  marketable,  and  converting  them  into 
food  for  hogs  at  this  season,  will  save  much,  that 
is,  more  directly  so,  and  will  prove  equally  as 
profitable  as  that  spent  in  raising  such  crops,  as 
the  old  adage  is,  "a  penny  saved  is  as  good  as  a 
penny  earned." 

MUSHROOM. 

The  uses  of  this  vegetable  do  not  appear  to 
be  well  understood  in  this  section  of  country.  It 
belongs  to  the  22d  Class  (Cryptogamia)  and  6th 
Order,  (Fungi)  Genera,  Agaricus;  species,  cam- 
pestris  L.  gillis  pink  color,  stem  white,  with  vol 
va. 

Mushrooms  are  to  be  found  in  pastures  during 
the  month  of  September,  and  when  well  prepared 
are  relished  by  most  people.  When  served  up  as 
an  accompaniment  with  beef  steak,  we  consider 
them  a  luxury.  When  boiled,  stewed,  broiled  or 
pickled,  they  are  excellent ;  and  from  them  is  pre- 
pared one  of  the  finest  catsups  brought  upon  the 
table.  From  the  near  resemblance  which  the 
mushroom  bears  to  the  toad  stool,  which  is  a  poi 
sonous  plant  there  is  a  strong  prejudice  against 
them  with  many  who  are  not  sufficiently  acquain- 
ted with  them  to  distinguish  between  them  in  all 
cases. 

As  the  season  has  now  arrived  for  gathering 
them,  we  will  give  such  directions  as  we  hope 
will  be  sufficient  for  those  who  may  wish  to  gath- 
er them,  to  prevent  any  mistake  which  might  lead 
to  injurous  consequences.  Those  who  are  not 
well  acquainted  with  them  should  select  those  of 
middle  growth,  when  they  may  be  distinguished 
by  the  following  characteristics :  The  stem  white 
and  surrounded  with  a  volva  or  wrapper  a  small 
distance  below  the  top,  which  should  bear  a  re- 
semblance to  an  open  umbrella.  The  gills  under- 
neath should  be  of  a  bright  flesh  or  pink  color, 
with  a  pleasant  smell.  The  small  buttons  or 
young  ones  when  they  first  come  out  of  the  ground 
arc  considered  most  delicate,  but  are  not  so  readily 
distinguished  from  the  deleterious  kinds,  by  those 
xmacquainted  with  them,  as  when  they  are  more 
expanded.  On  the  contrary  the  deleterious  kind 
jnost  common  is  of  a  dingy  white,  above  and  be 
ncath,  and  has  a  sickly  nauseous  smell,  suffiicent 


to  distinguish  it  from  the  other.  When  gathered, 
mushrooms  should  be  put  into  cold  water  and 
washed  clean  from  any  dirt  which  may  adhere  to 
them,  after  which,  for  general  instruction  cook 
them  as  oysters. 

HORTICULTURAL. 

The  exhibition  of  fruits  at  the  Arcade  the  week 
past  has  been  very  fine,  and  although  the  season 
has  not  been  so  favorable  for  peaches  as  the  last 
yet  some  choice  varieties  in  great  perfection  have 
been  presented,  amongst  which  were  the  follow- 
ing- 
Watts'  rare  ripe,  a  very  fine  flavored,  luscious 
peach  of  large  size,  from  a  seedling  tree,  a  good 
bearer. 

Some  very  large  peaches  from  the  garden  of 
Warliam  Whitney.  Some  specimens  from  the 
same  tree  last  year  measured  ten  and  a  half  inch- 
es. Several  other  peaches  possessing  valuable 
qualities  from  seedling  trees,  have  been  presented. 
Some  beautiful  large  yellow  peaches  from  the  gar- 
den of  L.  B.  Langworthy.  For  size  and  flavor  we 
have  rarely  seen  their  equal. 

Melons  from  the  garden  of  Mr.  Laidly  of  good 
size. 

Also  a  choice  variety  of  esculents. 

5^=  We  are  glad  to  perceive  that  the  remarks  of 
our  correspondent  Ct.  are  producing  the  effect  in- 
tended by  him.  We  regret  also  that  his  motives 
and  object  seem  to  have  been  misapprehended  by 
the  editor  of  the  New-York  Farmer.  We  know 
the  only  object  of  Q..  to  have  been,  to  induce  the 
editors  of  Horticultural  Journals,  as  well  as  wri- 
ters to  be  more  careful  in  making  out  their  Re- 
ports, and  reading  their  proofs.  Of  this  there  was 
certainly  need ;  and  that  his  criticisms  have  had 
this  effect,  the  columns  of  the  New-York  Farmer 
as  well  as  our  own,  bear  testimony.  Consequent- 
ly his  object  has  been  attained. 

WHEAT  MARKET. 
There  has  been  a  great  demand  for  wheat  the 
week  past.  Orders  have  been  received  for  seed 
wheat  from  different  parts  of  the  state,  also  from 
Ohio,  which,  together  with  the  anxiety  of  the 
millers  to  purchase,  has  raised  the  price  of  first 
quality  to  one  dollar  and  from  three  to  six  cents 
per  bushel. 

gj-ln  the  communication  of  D.  T.,  No.  31,  p 
215,  the  Red  Cotor  grape  was  called  the  Red  Col- 
or. It  was  noted  for  correction  in  the  next  num- 
ber but  was  forgotten. 


glp  An  article  is  going  the  round  of  the  papers 
copied  from  the  Keene  (N.  H )  Sent,  stating  that 
Mr.  E.  George  Page  has  discovered  a  new  mode  of 
applying  horse  power  for  propelling  machinery. 
The  horse  is  mounted  on  a  broad  strap  passing 
over  drums,  &c.  We  would  inform  Mr.  Page 
that  this  is  nothing  new,  but  has  often  been  appli- 
ed in  mechanics  by  those  who  have  a  taste  for' 
having  something  out  of  the  common  track,  but! 
we  believe  this  mode  of  applying  horse  power  is 
not  so  much  approved  as  one  less  complicated. 

In  answer  to  a  correspondent,  we  will  state  what 
we  ought  to  have  done  before — that  from  the 
small  number  of  Essays  offered  for  premiums  by 
the  Editor  of  the  American  Farmer,  he  has  exten- 
ded the  time  for  receiving  Essays  to  the  first  of 
January,  1832,  at  which  time  the  merits  of  the  Es- 
says received  will  be  decided 


gjfThe  editor  has  received  notice  from  Mr.Princf 
that  the  first  volume  of  his  Pomological  Manual 
will  be  ready  for  delivery  by  the  first  of  October 
Orders  for  the  above  work  will  be  received  at  thi^ 
office. 


Albany  Horticultural  Society. — At  an 
election  held  on  the  6th  inst,  the  following  gentle- 
men were  unanimously  elected  officers  for  the  en 
suing  year,  viz : 

E.  C.  Delavan,  President. 

Isaac  Denniston,  } 

Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  Jr.  V  V.  Pies 

John  T.  Norton,  \ 

John  Meads,  Treasurer. 

James  G.  Tracy,  Corresponding  Secretary 

B.  P.  Staats,  Recording  Secretary. 

From  the  National  Intelligencer. 
THE  BEE. 

Friends  Galea  fy  Sealcm : — In  the  No.  of 
the  American  Farmer,  in  February  last  there 
is  a  communication  taken  from  the  Genesee 
Farmer,  relative  to  the  Honey  Bee ;  which 
in  my  opinion,  is  deserving  a  place  in  every 
country  paper  every  where. 

No  matter  whether  an  improvement  is  the 
effect  of  accident,  neglect,  or  the  dint  of 
study  combined  with  various  experiments, 
its  utility  is  the  same.     The  case  was  thus. 

[Here  follows  the  communication  of  our  corres- 
pondent O.  W.  which  the  reader  will  find  hi  No 
6,  page  41.] 

Now,  after  all  the  attention,  care,  trouble, 
examination,  and  experiments  that  have  been 
bestowed  on  tins  subject  in  various  parts  of 
the  world,  and  by  some  of  the  most  interest- 
ing men,  it  is  entirely  possible,  and  I  think 
very  probable  too,  that  the  hints  given  above, 
embrace  the  most  perfect  system  of  cultiva- 
ting the  bee.  And  in  all  probability  will  re- 
quire but  very  little  addition,  or  alteration,  to 
render  the  Apiary  entirely  complete  ;  and,  if 
so,  may  conduce  to  increase  the  quantity  of 
the  honey  many  fold. 

I  think  there  is  no  doubt,  but  the  second, 
or  at  any  rate  the  third  story  of  a  house,  is 
higher  than  the  mother  of  the  bee-moth,  or 
the  miller  ascends  in  its  nocturnal  flight;  if  so, 
this  is  certainly  a  sure  and  an  easy  way  to 
avoid  tho  greatest  pest  to  the  bee.  Again,  if 
a  tight,  dark  room  will  serve  the  place  of  a 
number  of  hives  and  at  the  same  time  save 
all  the  trouble  of  attending  to  hiving  of  the 
swarms,  and  the  loss  of  some  that  would  run 
away — and  last  of  all,  though  perhaps  not 
least  of  all — save  that  portion  which  would 
be  stolen — all  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
management  of  bees,  will  understand,  that 
the  mode  which  this  suggests  will  be  a  great 
improvement,  and  in  the  end  save  much  la 
bor.  Very,  respectfully,  yours, 

GIDEON  DAVIS. 

Georgetown,  D.  C. 


Erom  the  A  mt-ricau  Farmer. 

TheVegctable  Phenomtnon,o( which  we  cop- 
ied an  account  into  our  last  number  from  Un- 
united States'  Gazette,  is  of  common  occur- 
rence under  particular  circumstances.  A 
much  respected  lady,  seeing  the  account,  has 
sent  to  the  editor  of  the  American  Farmer,  a 
lemon  with  2  young  trees  growing  in  it,  in 
the  same  manner  and  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion, as  that  exhibited  in  Philadelphia.  The 
phenomenon  is  thus  explained  :  the  fruit  will 
remain  on  the  tree  generally  two  years,  and 
some  times  longer;  but  the  seed  is  mature 
at  the  end  of  one  year  from  the  blossom,  and 


Vol  1.— No.  36. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


2s;{ 


its  remaining  enveloped  in  the  moist  pulp  of 
the  fruit,  so  long  after  maturity,  causes  it  to 
vegetate. 

From  the  Northampton  Courier. 
CULTIVATION  OF  WHEAT. 
Mr.  Atwill. — With   the    improvements 
which  are  going  forward  in  various  branches 
of  industry,  it  is  desirable  that  those  in  agii- 
culture  may  bear  a  part.     To  obtain  the  full 
benefit  of  these,  the   result  of  practical  expe- 
ence  is  necessary  ;  and  with  this  New  Eng- 
land   may    stand   preeminent    in    successful 
cultivation   of  her  soil.     It  is  too  often   the 
case  with  our  agricultural  experiments  that 
if  the  first  does    not    succeed  to  our  wishes; 
the  object  is  abandoned,  when   it  might  easi- 
ly be  attained  by  a  little  variation  in  the  pro- 
cess. 

The  cultivation  of  Wheat  has  in   a  great 
measure  been  given  up  by  the  farmers  in  this 
vicinity,  and  our  necessary   supplies  brought 
to  us  from  the  far  distant  south  and  west   at 
no  small  expense.     Could  our   farmers  be 
made  to  believe  it  practicable  to   raise  our 
own  supplies  of  Wheat,  many  would  try  the 
experiment;  could  they  be  made  to  believe  it 
could  be  raised   at  a  profit,  all  would   desire 
to  engage  in  the  cultivation.     From  well  at- 
tested  experiments  1  am  satisfied  that   a  lit- 
tle care  in  relation  to  the  seed  and  a    little 
more  care  in  the  preparation  of  the  soil  is  all 
that  is  required  to  a  successful  result   in  this 
crop,   and  that  from  almost  any  of  the  lands 
in  Old  Hampshire  County.     The  nhite  flint 
Wheat  is   better  suited   to  our  soil  than  any 
other.     For  several  years  I  have  cultivated 
this  grain  and  have  been  uniformly  success- 
ful in   the  crop.     Much  has  been  said  of  the 
flint  Wheat  in  our  agricultural   journals.     I 
am  inclined  to  believe  it  is  the  same  known 
in   Virginia    by    the    name    of    the  Lawler 
Wheat ;  it  took  this  name  from  the  gentle- 
man who  introduced  it   there,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  it  was  known  by  the  name  of 
Jones   white  Wheat ;  I   am  aware  that  some 
have    supposed     that    a    distinct    kind    of 
wheat  from  the  flint    Wheat  so    well  known 
and  so  much  approved  in  the  western  coun- 
ties of  N.  Y. ;  attempts,  have   been  made  to 
show  a  difference,   but    I  have  seen   no  evi- 
dence which  satisfies  me  that  any  substantial 
difference  exists  between  them;  some  of  the 
evidence  that  they  are  the  same  arises  from 
these    facts;    both    are    natives    of    Spain, 
brought  to  the  United  States  about  the  same 
time  fas  early  as  1814,)  and    first  cultivated 
in  New  Jersey  ;  both    resist  the   Hessian  fly 
and  the  variations  of  the  season    alike,  are 
similar  in  their  appearance,  both  in  the  seed 
nnd  in  the  field.     Be- this  as  it  may,  whether 
they   are  the  same   or  different   grains,   the 
flint  wheat  which  I  have  cultivated  possesses 
the  excellence  of  resisting  the   insect  so  of- 
ten fatal  to  the  Wheat  crop  ;  it  is  not  so  lia- 
ble to  winter  killing,  better  suited  to  our  sea- 
sons, less  liable  to  gather  rust  or  shrink,  than 
any  other  wheat  within  my  knowledge,   and 
the  quantity  of  flour  is  full  equal  and  quality 
superior  to  other  wheat.     Many  things  have 
been  published  of  this  grain  which  the  prac- 
tical farmer  may  not  find  to  be   correct.     It 
has  been  said  it  did  not  require   so  strong  a 
soil  as  other  wheat,  that  less  seed  was  requir- 
ed— that  it  spread  on  the  ground  much  more 
than    other    Wheat,    and    takes    a    greater 
growth;  these  qualities  I   have  not  discover 
ed.     It  has  been  said  that  the  stalk  is   solid 
and  that  has  been  given  as  a  reason  for  its 
jesisttng  the  insect;  but  the  stalk  is  not  sol 


id  ;  a  solid  Wheat  stalk  I  apprehend,  would 
be  an  anomaly  in  this  part  of  the  country; 
but  that  there  is  more  substance  and  less 
cavity  in  the  stalk  than  in  other  wheat 
is  true,  and  that  it  is  altogether  more  sure 
in  its  rewards  to  the  cultivator  than  any  oth- 
er wheat,  I  am  fully  satisfied.  My  practice 
s  to  soak  the  seed  twenty-four  hours,  in 
strong  brine  (before  sowing)  and  roll  it  in 
lime;  when  this  mode  has  been  adopted  in 
preparing  the  seed,  I  have  never  found  a 
head  of  smut  among  my  Wheat. 

The  benefit  in  the  use  of  lime  on  Wheat 
as  a  remedy  against  smut  has  been  fully 
shown  by  numerous  experiments  which  have 
uniformly  proved  effectual,  the  result  of 
which  is  before  the  public;  the  mere  state- 
ment of  a  single  one,  will  show  what  they  are; 
this  is  taken  from  '  Young's  Annals ;'  it 
has  been  copied  into  other  publications; 
several  distinct  and  equal  portions  of  very 
smutty  Wheat  were  sown;  the  first  with  no 
application  to  it  produced  377  smutty  ears, 
the  second  washed  in  pure  water  produced 
325  smutty  ears,  the  third  washed  in  lime  wa- 
ter produced  43  smutty  ears,  the  fourth  steepid 
in  lime  water  4  hours  produ  ed  12  smutty 
ears,  the  fifth  soaked  in  lime  water  12  hours'' 
produced  6  smuty  ears,  and  the  sixth  soaked', 
in  lime  water  21  hours  had  no  smut  among 
it ;  see  New  England  Farmer  for  August  23, 
1823,  and  Sept.  G,  1823.  and  for  August  18, 
1826,  and  from  memoirs  of  the  N.  York| 
Board  of  Agriculture,  all  proving  the  samej 
effect  from  the  use  of  lime. — The  applica- 
tion of  ley  from  wood  ashes,  and  a  wash  of 
arsenic  and  salt  mixture,  has  a  similar  effect 
upon  smut  as  the  use  of  lime. 

It  has  been  fully  proved  that  this  disease 
in  Wheat  arises  from  microscopic  grains  of 
black  dust  which  germinate  and  reproduce 
themselves;  by  the  application  of  lime,  as 
the  salt  mixture  the  germinating  piinciple 
is  destroyed.  Lime  is  also  useful  in  supply- 
ing a  deficiency  in  our  soils  for  Wheat  cul- 
ture;  the  soils  of  New  England,  generally, 
says  Judge  Buel,  '  are  primitive  in  their  for- 
mation, and  do  not  contain  all  the  elements 
of  this  valuable  grain,  and  that  this  defect 
must  be  remedied  by  the  application  of  some- 
thing containing  these  elements.'  Great 
difference  of  opinion  exists  as  to  the  quanti- 
ty which  shouid  be  applied,  and  no  doubt, 
different  soils  require  different  quantities  ;  a 
very  little  is  useful ;  with  less  than  a  bushel 
of  lime  to  the  acre,  including  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  seed,  I  have  this  year  raised  a 
good  crop,  twenty  bttshelsto  the  acre  ormore, 
judging  of  what  remains  in  the  sheaf  by  what 
has  been  thresh'ed,  of  excellent  Wheat  on 
old  plain  land,  light  loam  soil,  with  no  par- 
ticular preparation  except  the  small  one  of 
lime  and  preparation  of  the  seed,  as  above 
stated  ;  this  crop  succeeded  to  a  crop  of  corn 
and  potatoes,  the  latter  of  which  I  find  the 
best  preparative  for  wheat,  which  also  sue 
ceeds  well  after  a  clover  crop;  the  soil  should 
be  fine, well  pulverized, and  sufficiently  fertile 
at  least  to  produce  fifty  bushels  of  corn  to 
the  acre.  The  flint  Wheat  should  be  sown 
as  early  as  the  20th  of  September,  though  I 
have  known  the  crop  to  succeed  when  sown 
as  late  as  the  10th  October.  Should  this 
Wheat  prove  a  safe  crop  against  the  insect, 
and  against  injury  by  the  severity  and  chan- 
ges of  our  climate,  it  will  be  a  most  valuable 
accession  to  the  crops  of  New  England  Far- 
mers ;  an  experiment  with  it,  is  well  worthy 
their  attention.  M.  DOOLITTLE. 

Bdchtrtown,  August  4,  1831. 


From  the  American  Farmer. 
Extracts  from  a  letter  from   Commodore  David 
Porter,    U.  S.  Consul  General,  to  the  Barba- 
ry  states,  to  Joan  S.  Skinner,  Esq.  dated, 

Mahon,Junei,  1831.- 

I  now  send  you  some  seeds  of  a  nut- 
bearing  pine  tree.  W  e  have  nothing  of 
the  kind  in  the  United  States.  It  is  a  beau- 
tiful and  useful  tree,  and  furnishes  a  luxu- 
ry for  the  table.  I  shall  have  a  parcel  of 
the  apples  put  up,  and  deliver  them  to  Capt. 
Stevens,  of  the  Ontario,  who  will  he  home 
in  about  a  month  after  this  reaches  you. 
You  can  cultivate  the  trees  as  you  would 
cultivate  corn,  only  a  litth  further  apart. 
There  are  some  beautiful  groves  of  them 
near  Algeziras,  opposite  Gibraltar,  as  well 
as  in  Italy.  You  may  eat  the  nut  raw  or 
slightly  roasted,  and  you  will  find  it  a  real 
delicacy.  The  slight  turpentine  taste  it  has 
is  a  refinement  on  luxury.  I  hope  they 
may  arrive  safely.  If  Mrs.  S.  wants  pret- 
ty ornaments  for  the  tester  of  her  bed,  or 
her  window  curtains,  and  for  various  other 
purposes,  she  has  only  to  send  the  pine  ap- 
ples to  the  gilder,  and  he  will  return  them 
more  beautifully  perfect  than  if  they  had 
been  made  by  the  hands  of  the  best  carver. 

I  shall  try  and  send  a  verry  simple  mode 
of  cultivating  the  silk  worm*  and  preparing 
the  silk  worm,  adapted  in  the  most  simple 
form  to  the  use  of  families.  I  shall  get  it 
from  a  poor,  plain  Mahonese  woman,  who 
for  her  amusement,  raises  the  worm,  sepa- 
rates the  silk  from  the  cocon,  spins  and 
manufactures  and  sells  it.  She  showed 
me  several  pounds  of  excellent  sewing  silk 
of  the  remains  of  what  she  had  last  year.  1 
shall  send  you  a  sample.  You  will  be  sur- 
prised at  the  simplicity  of  all  the  means  of 
obtaining  silk,  and  of  the  little  trouble  at- 
tending it. 

This  is  written  in  haste,  as  the  vessel 
sails  immediately,  (this  afternoon;)  but  to- 
morrow if  I  can  possibly  spare  time,  and  1 
will  give  my  attention  to  the  subject  and  be 
more  particular.  The  cultivation  of  silk 
is  not  as  troublesome  as  the  cultivation  of 
flax,  and  infinitely  more  certain  and  profit- 
able. The  simple  mode  which  I  hope  to 
be  able  to  describe,  will  I  expect  induce 
our  good  house-wives  to  give  some  atten- 
tion to  the  subject,  and  by  a  gradual  intro- 
duction of  its  culture  among  us,  save  in  the 
end,  millions  of  money,  which  finds  its  way 
to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  For  silk  is  an 
indispensible  article,  and  is  one  of  the  first 
necessity  ;  as  much  so  as  tea  and  sugar. 
No  man  or  woman  can  put  on  coat,  shawl, 
hat,  glove,  or  dress  himself,  or  herself  any 
way  without  it.     Excuse  haste-more  anon. 

Yours  truly,  David  Porter. 

J.  S.  Skinner,  Esq. 

Effcel  of  long  Jlbstinence  on  Cattle. — A 
cow  which  had  been  missed  by  her  owner, 
in  Boston,  twenty-five  days  was  found  in  a 
barn  not  in  use,  in  that  neighbourhood. 
She  had  nothing  to  eat  in  all  that  time,  and 
was  reduced  to  a  skeleton. — It  is  stated 
that  when  she  strayed,  she  was  supposed 
to  weigh  over  9001bs.  and  when  recovered 
that  site  weighed  only  between  2  and  300. 


284 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  10,  1831 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


SMALL  ANIMALS. 

CoQtiDued  from  page  138. 

Pigeons. 
Notwithstanding  the  multiplicity  of  the  com- 
mon dove,  in  our  cities  and  villages,  there  is  hard- 
ly a  bird  which  embraces  within  its  species  such 
a  vast  variety  of  form,  plumage  and  color,  as  the 
pigeon ; — and  perhaps  there  is  none  whose  histo- 
ry and  habits  are  less  known  to  common  readers. 
The  raising  of  fancy  pigeons  in  and  about  the  lar- 
ger cities  of  Europe,  has  become  a  great  and  prof- 
itable business,  and  even  in  the  city  of  New- York 
and  on  Long  Island  it  is  carried  on  to  a  consider- 
able extent.  The  beauty  and  variety  of  their  plu- 
mage, as  well  as  their  harmless  and  domestic  hab- 
its, render  them  at  all  times  interesting  objects  of 
care;  and  I  venture  to  say,  that  whoever  commen- 
ces the  raising  of  fancy  pigeons  and  pursues  it 
systematically,  will  not  only  become  exceedingly 
interested  in  their  care,  but  will  soon  make  them  a 
source  of  considerable  profit. 

The  life  of  this  beautiful  and  useful  bird  is  said 
to  extend  to  about  eight  years;  but  it  is  useless 
for  the  purpose  of  breeding  after  it  has  attained 
half  that  age,  and  ought  then  to  be  destroyed,  or  it 
will  molest  those  which  are  in  their  prime.  The 
pigeon  lays  two  white  eggs,  and  sets  fifteen  days 
after  the  second  egg  is  laid.  The  female  keeps 
at  the  nest  from  4  or  5  o'clock  in  the  evening  un- 
til 9  the  next  morning ;  she  then  goes  off  to  feed 
and  the  cock  takes  her  place  during  the  day.  If 
the  hen  delay,  the  cock  leaves  the  nest  at  the  usu- 
al time,  seeks  her  out  and  drives  her  to  her  duty; 
the  hen  does  the  same  in  case  of  negligence  in  this 
respect  on  the  part  of  the  cock. 

The  young  ones  are  usually  of  different  sex- 
es. For  the  first  three  days  after  they  are  hatch- 
ed the  female  seldom  leaves  them ;  after  that  time 
the  cock  and  hen  attend  to  feed  them  indiscrim- 
inately. The  way  in  which  the  old  supply  the 
young  with  food  is  singular.  The  parent  birds 
collect  a  quantity  of  grain  and  water  in  their 
crops  which  are  very  capacious,  and  after  it  has 
lain  there  until  soft  and  macerated,  they  cast  it  up 
into  the  throats  of  the  young  ones.  The  young 
ones  while  fed  by  the  cock  and  hen,  are  called 
squabs,  under  six  months  old  squeakers,  and  after 
that  age  they  are  denominated  pigeons,  being  in 
a  fit  state  to  mate  and  breed. 

The  common  pigeon,  as  is  well  known,  is  ve- 
ry easily  reared;  but  the  Fancy  Pigeons  require 
much  more  care,  and  breed  less  frequently.  The 
consequence  is,  that  Fanciers  charge  a  high  price 
for  them.  I  will  now  describe  a  few  among  the 
vast  varieties  of  pigeons,  and  then  enlarge  upon 
their feeding,  mating,  diseases  and  remedies,  lofts, 
&C.  &c. 

Several  varieties  of  fancy  pigeons  are  so  much 
alike  in  form,  and  in  fact,  differ  so  little  except  in 
size  and  color,  that  it  would  be  useless  to  describe 
them  all ;  I  shall  therefore  only  introduce  those 
which  are  esteemed  the  most  valuable. 
The  Common  Pigeon. 
Common  pigeons  are  usually  blue  or  ash  color- 
ed, with  white  backs  and  red  legs.  They  weigh 
about  13  ounces  each,  require  but  little  attention, 
and  breed  once  a  month  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
year. 

The  Stock  Dove,  or  Wood  Pigeon. 
(Ul  the  beautiful  varieties  of  the  tame  pigeon 


derive  their  origin  from  the  wood  pigeon.  This 
bird  is  of  a  deep  blueish  ash  color;  the  breast 
dashed  with  fine  green  and  red,  the  sides  of  the 
neck  with  shining  copper  color;  the  wings  are 
marked  with  two  black  bars,  one  on  the  quill  fea- 
thers, and  the  other  on  the  coverts;  the  back  is 
light  brown,  and  the  tail  barred  near  the  end  with 
black, and  considerably  extended  like  a  swallow's. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  the  Common  Pigeon,  but  the 
shape  of  its  body  about  the  same.  This  is  the 
bird  which  is  so  generally  known,  as  the  wild  pi- 
geon of  our  forests,  and  whose  habits  and  num- 
bers have  been  so  frequently  alluded  to  in  our  pub- 
lic papers. 

The  Turtle  Dove 
is  a  small  and  very  shy  bird.  The  top  of  the  head  is 
ash  colored,  interspersed  with  olive,  the  chin  and 
forehead  white ;  there  is  a  spot  of  black  feathers  on 
each  side  of  the  neck  curiously  tipped  with  white ; 
the  back  is  ash  colored  with  a  tincture  of  olive 
brown ;  the  quill  feathers  of  a  dusky  brown,  the 
breast  of  a  light  purplish  red,  the  extremity  of  each 
feather  yellow ;  the  sides  of  the  wings  are  blueish 
and  the  belly  white. 

The  Tumbler. 

This  pigeon  derives  its  name  from  its  tumbling 
backwards  in  the  air  when  on  the  wing.  It  is  a 
very  small  bird ;  its  body  is  short,  it  has  a  thin 
neck,  is  very  full  breasted,  with  a  short  round 
head,  and  small  spindle  beak.  The  insides  of 
the  eye  should  be  of  a  clear  pearl  color.  These 
pigeons  by  their  flight,  afford  great  satisfaction 
to  Fanciers,  for  besides  their  tumbling,  they  will 
rise  to  such  a  height  in  the  air  as  to  be  almost  im- 
perceptible; and  if  good  birds,  and  familiarized  to 
each  other,  they  will  keep  such  close  company, that 
a  flight  of  a  dozen  may  be  covered  with  a  hand- 
kerchief. If  the  weather  be  warm  and  clear,  they 
will  continue  upon  the  wing  for  four  or  five  hours  ; 
the  favorite  sort  seldom  if  ever  tumble,  except 
when  they  are  beginning  to  rise,  or  when  they 
are  coming  down  to  pitch. 

The  tumbler  displays  in  its  plumage  a  charm- 
ing variety  of  colors ;  red,  yellow,  dun,  blue,  black 
white  and  silver.  Tumblers  should  not  be  suf- 
fered to  have  any  connection  with  other  pigeons, 
for  if  they  are  once  familiarized  to  fly  with  others, 
they  will  by  degrees,  drop  in  their  flight.  Sparc 
no  pains  or  expense  in  the  purchase  of  one  or  two 
birds,  that  have  been  used  to  high  flying ;  they 
will  be  of  great  service  in  training  your  young 
ones  to  be  lofty  soarers. 

When  the  pigeons  are  well  acquainted  with 
their  habitation,  turn  them  out,  and  put  them  upon 
the  wing  once  a  day  only ;  a  clear,  bright  morning, 
especially  for  young  birds  is  the  best  time.  They 
should  never  be  let  out  on  a  misty  morning,  when 
there  are  any  signs  of  fog,  rain,  or  high  winds.  It 
should  be  a  standing  rule  never  to  suffer  a  hen 
tumbler  to  fly  with  egg. 

This  variety  of  pigeon  is  now  reared  in  this 
village  (Rochester)  principally  of  the  coal  black 
plumage. 

The  Fan  Tail,  or  Broad  Tailed  Shaker. 

This  pigeon  has  a  frequent  tremulous  motion 
in  the  neck,  which  with  the  breadth  of  its  tail, 
gives  it  the  name  of  broad  taded  shaker.  It  has 
a  taper  handsome  neck,  of  the  serpentine  form, 
rather  leaning  back,  like  that  of  a  swan;  it  is  full 
breasted,  has  a  short  beak,  a  tail  composed  of  sel- 
dom less  than  four  and  twenty  feathers,  and  nev- 


er exceeding  six  and  thirty,  which  it  spreads  like 
that  of  a  turkey  cock,  raising  it  up  so  thatjit  almost 
touches  the  head.  When  too  crowded  with  fea- 
thers it  sometimes  droops  its  tail,  from  mere 
weight,  which  is  considered  a  great  defect,  though 
its  other  properties  are  ever  so  perfect.  Every 
large  tailed  bird  of  this  species,  which  carries  its 
tail  according  to  the  rules  of  the  fancy  is  of  very 
great  value.  Though  the  general  color  of  its 
plumage  is  white,  yet  there  are  some  yellow,  red, 
blue  and  black  pieds. 

This  species  of  bird  is  also  now  raising  jn  this 
village  and  are   principally  black   pied,  to   wit. 
black  wings  with  the  rest  of  the  plumage  white. 
The  Carrier. 

This  in  some  particulars  is  the  most  valuable 
and  beautiful  of  the  pigeon  species.  In  size  the 
carrier  exceeds  many  of  the  common  pi»eons 
its  plumage  is  close,  even  and  firm ;  it  is  remar- 
kable for  the  elegance  of  its  shape,  and  by  some 
of  the  old  fanciers  was  called  the  king  of  pin-eons 
A  naked,  white  fungous  lump  of  flesh  extends 
from  the  lower  part  of  the  head  to  the  middle  of 
the  upper  chap ;  this  is  called  the  wattle ;  it  is  usu- 
ally met  by  two  small  protuberances  of  similar 
flesh  arising  from  the  lower  chap.  The  circle  a- 
round  the  black  pupil  of  the  eye  should  be  fiery 
red,  and  also  encompassed  with  a  circle  of  the  fun- 
gous flesh.  When  this  flesh  round  the  eye,  is  thick 
and  broad  it  denotes  a  good  breeder. 

The  following  tripple  properties  belong  to  the 
carriers ;  three  in  the  head ;  three  in  the  eye ;  three 
in  the  wattle;  and  three  in  the  beak.  The  prop- 
erties in  the  head  consist  in  its  flatness,  strai«h!- 
ness,  and  length.  A  carrier  with  a  flat  skull,  a 
little  indented  in  the  middle,  and  a  long  narrow 
head,  is  greatly  admired.  The  wattle  of  the  eye, 
should  be  broad,  circular  and  uniform ;  when  the 
eye  is  equal,  full,  and  free  from  irregularities,  a 
is  a  rose  eye  and  considered  very  valuable.  The 
wattle  should  be  broad  across  the  beak,  and  short 
from  the  head  toward  the  bill,  and  leaning  for- 
ward from  the  head.  The  beak  should  be  low, 
straight,  and  thick.  If  the  beak  be  crooked  it  is 
lightly 'esteemed;  its  color  should  be  black  and 
thick,  as  a  thin  beak  decreases  its  value.  The 
length  and  thickness  of  its  neck  are  marks  of  ele- 
gance. 

Its  plumage  is  generally  of  a  crow  black,  though 
there  are  white,  blue,  and  pied  carriers. 

The  original  of  these  pigeons  came  from  Per- 
sia. It  is  called  a  carrier  because  it  is  frequent- 
ly used  to  carry  letters  from  one  place  lo  an. 
and  such  is  the  sagacity  of  this  bird,  thai  though 
it  is  carried  hoodwinked  20  or  'M  miles,  01 
100,  and  then  turned  loose,  it  will  immediately 
hasten  to  the  place  where  it  was  bred.  In  Tur- 
key they  call  them  couriers,  and  the  Turk  bfi  i  d 
them  in  their  seraglios,  in  large  numbers,  and 
when  a  young  one  comes  lo  its  full  strength,  they 
carry  it  in  a  basket,  about  half  a  mile  from  homi 
and  then  turn  it  out ;  after  this  thi  y  carry  il  a  Hole, 
thru  two,  four,  eight,  ti  n,twi  ntj .  &c.  till al  length 
they  will  return  from  the  farthest  part  of  the  king- 
dom. There  are  two  other  spi  ciesof  pigeons  which 
are  used  as  carriers,  especially  in  England,  to  wit : 
the  hOTSt  man  and  the  drq 

In  my  next,  I  will  continue  this  subject;  and  I 
regret  that  that  the  village  of  Rochester  does  not 
afford  an  engraver,  that  we  might  give  cul^  u< 
these  different  varici  ii-  •>-• 


Vol.  1.— No.  36. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


285 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER.  ~ 

NEW  THRESHING  MACHINE. 

Messrs.  L.  Tucker  &  Co. — Feeling  a  deep 
interest  in  every  subject  tending  to  promote  the 
prosperity  of  this  wheat  growing  country,  I  can- 
not refrain  from  offering  a  few  remarks  on  a  new 
threshing  machine  lately  put  into  operation  on 
the  farm  of  G.  C.  Latta,  Esq.  at  the  mouth  of 
Genesee  river.  Mr.  Latta  is  a  well  known  mer- 
chant, and  I  may  add  without  flattery  to  him,  an 
extensive  and  scientific  farmer,  and  always  ready 
to  patronize  any  real  improvement  in  agricultural 
science.  His  wheat  field  this  year  of  about  100 
acres,  has  yielded  about  2000  bushels  of  as  fine 
and  plump  grain  as  has  ever  been  produced  in 
this  country.  Rufus  Beach,  Esq.  of  this  village, 
having  put  into  operation  a  n>  w  threshing  ma- 
chine on  this  farm,  and  from  a  report  of  its  suc- 
cessful operation,  I  was  induced  to  visit  it.  The 
machine  itself  occupies  but  a  small  space,  much  I 
less  than  a  common  fanning  mill.  The  horse 
power  by  which  it  is  driven  stands  out  side  of 
the  barn  under  a  shed,  and  is  driven  by  four  hor-  j 
ses,  and  when  upon  a  walk  drives  the  cylinder  of 
the  machine  from  12  to  1500  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, by  the  watch ;  it  cleaned  in  ten  minutes  50 
sheaves  of  wheat  in  the  most  perfect  manner. — 
If  the  machine  could  be  fed  for  a  whole  day  with 
the  same  rapidity  this  might  be  assumed  as  a  da- 
ta for  a  day's  work ;  and  it  appeared  to  be  fully 
established  that  the  quantity  of  wheat  which  can 
be  threshed  in  a  day  is  only  limited  by  the  num- 
ber of  sheaves  which  an  able  bodied  man  can  take 
up  and  place  in  the  hopper  of  the  machine,  after 
they  are  unbound  and  placed  within  his  reach  by 
another  person.  It  passes  through  almost  in  the 
twinkling  of  an  eye.  The  straw  leaves  the  ma- 
chine uncut,  and  very  little  disfigured,  but  falls 
promiscuously  in  a  heap  8  or  10  feet  in  front  of 
the  machine.  So  perfect  was  the  operation  that 
on  examining  the  heads  of  the  straw  after  thev 
had  passed  through,  they  appeared  nearly  as  per- 
fect as  before,  yet  not  a  grain  of  wheat  was  left 
in  the  head.  This  was  the  white  flint  wheat  and 
rather  damp. 

The  machine  is  strong,  and  from  the  simplici- 
ty of  its  construction,  would  require  but  little  re- 
pair for  years.  The  cost  of  a  machine  with  the 
necessary  gearing  for  a  horse  power  as  I  am  in- 
formed is  $125. 

It  is  but  a  few  years  since  threshing  machines 
were  attempted  to  be  introduced,  and  at  first  they 
where  so  faulty,  both  in  the  plan  and  workman- 
ship, and  so  many  failures  had  followed  great 
promises,  that  the  farmers  had  little  confidence  left 
in  their  utility ;  but  continued  exertion  has  final- 
ly overcome  every  difficulty — the  wheat  grower 
will  reap  the  advantages — it  enables  him  at  once 
to  choose  his  maket,  and  if  the  expense  of  a  ma- 
chine is  too  great  for  our  small  farmers,  a  few  in 
the  same  neighborhood  can  unite  to  receive  its 
advantages.  4 

It  is  supposed  that  three  horses  will  be  sufficient 
to  drive  the  machine  after  the  gearing  has  be- 
come smooth  and  well  fitted  by  a  little  wear — ■ 
oxen  also  were  used  with  equal  success.        W. 

To  the  Editor. — On  reading  over  my  commu- 
nication in  your  last  Farmer,  I  have  discovered  an 
error  of  mine,  which  I  find  on  reference  to  my' 
rough  draft  was  copied  incorrectly.  The  error 
consists  in  the  advantage  of  having  the  yarn  four 


weeks  earlier  for  the  weaver.  This  you  will  per- 
ceive should  be  16,  which  in  a  manufacturing 
point  of  view  is  of  primary  importance.  I  should 
like  a  notice  of  the  error  in  your  next. 

A  CONSTANT  READER. 

FOR  THE  OENESEE  FARMER. 

The  "  speck  of  war"  in  the  direction  of  our  good 
city  (New- York),  seems  to  increase ;  or  rather, 
there  are  two  specks.  I  had  just  disposed  of  one 
adventurer  in  the  New- York  Farmer,  when  the 
worthy  and  truly  respectable  Editor  of  that  paper, 
apparently  catching  the  spirit  of  reproach  from  his 
correspondent,  also  advanced  to  the  charge.  This 
movement  was  totally  unexpected  ;  and  I  cannot 
persuade  myself  that  it  has  proceeded  from  an  un- 
biassed operation  of  his  own  mind. 

Several  gentlemen  of  great  respectability  at  dif- 
ferent, times  and  in  different  parts  of  the  country 
had  remarked  to  me  that  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  reports  of  our  Horticultural  Societies,  was  too 
vague  and  indefinite  to  give  any  correct  idea  of 
the  articles  exhibited.  In  conformity  to  these  welt 
founded  complaints,  I  have  therefore  endeavored 
to  point  out  some  of  the  most  prominent  deficien- 
cies, certainly  with  no  unfriendly  feelings  to  any 
person ;  and  not  without  a  hope  that  it  would  stim- 
ulate some  of  our  eastern  brethren  to  bestow  a  lit- 
tle more  culture  on  their  minds  as  well  as  on  their 
gardens.  How  these  strictures  have  been  receiv- 
ed at  Albany  and  Troy,  I  have  not  heard.  Of 
one  writer  in  the  New-York  Fanner,  the  readers 
of  this  journal,  have  had  notice ;  and  I  will  now 
lay  before  them  the  manner  in  which  I  have  been 
received  by  another. 

"  It  is  not  unfrequently  the  case  that  a  plant  is 
'  exhibited,  the  specificname  of  which,none  at  the 
'  exhibition  positively  know;  and  in  this  case,  the 
'  genus  only  is  given,  that  such  a  one  as  "  &." 
"  may  have  sufficient  occasion  to  become  bewilder- 
"  ed  in  conjecture." — That  the  balance  of  our  wor- 
thy editor's  mind,  has  not  been  well  preserved  on 
this  occasion  is  sufficiently  evident ;  and  I  am  sat- 
isfied that  his  good  sense  will  never  permit  him  to 
repeat  such  a  sentiment  in  his  cooler  moments. 

"  With  respect  for  the  motives  of  Q.,  (he  contin- 
ues) we  cannot  but  think  that  the  organ  of  hyper- 
criticism  is  disproportionably  large,  or  that  he  is 
very  ignorant  of  the  heterogeneous  nature  of  our 
societies,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  are  con- 
ducted, and  of  the  difficulties  attending  the  correct- 
ing of  the  press." 

I  have  been  a  corrector  of  the  press ;  and  know 
that  its  difficulties,  great  as  they  are,  may  be  over- 
come ;  for  compositors  are  not  more  intractable 
than  other  people  ;  and' when  they  perceive  that 
an  Editor  is  particular,  and  that  they  gain  noth- 
ing by  negligence,  they  will  also  become  particu- 
lar. 

Neither  am  I  very  ignorant  of  the  heterogene- 
ous nature  of  Horticultural  Societies,  having  par- 
ticipated in  their  deliberations,  and  also  in  the  offi- 
cial duties  of  Exhibition-Days.  I  have  not  been 
so  unreasonably  exact  as  my  antagonists  pretend. 
I  have  recommended  well  known  English  names 
for  common  plants;  and  of  others,  the  native  local- 
ity, or  the  time  of  introduction  may  be  given,  even 
if  the  specific  name  was  not  positively  known. 
But  many  flowers  only  require  to  be  numbered 
(not  named)  as  parts  of  a  bouquet  or  collection.  I 
dislike  the  pretence  of  giving  a  name  token  no 
(proper)  name  is  given 


If  1  have  complained  when  there  was  no  cause 
of  complaint,  then  my  organ  of  hyper-criticism 
may  be  too  large  !  But  if  I  have  only  pointed  to 
mistakes  and  omissions  which  obscured  and  ren- 
dered of  no  value  the  reports  in  question, — then  I 
would  recommend  to  our  worthy  Editor  to  exam- 
ine his  own  organ,  and  calmly  to  consider  wheth- 
er the  charge  of  hyper-criticism  may  not  lie  at  his 
own  door.  Q. 

FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

PARASITIC  PLANT. 

I  have  waited  in  hopes  that  some  "  Professor  ol 
Botany"  in  compliance  with  the  Editor's  request, 
would  give  us  some  observations  on  the  "  Para- 
sitic Plant"  mentioned  in  No.  27  of  this  journal  ; 
but  as  nothing  of  this  kind  has  appeared,  perhaps 
I  may  be  indulged  with  a  few  remarks  on  the 
subject. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  the  plant  in  question  is  O- 
robanchc  americana.  Ncttall  in  speaking  of 
the  species  of  this  genus  collectively,  says,  "Herb- 
"  aceous  and  subcarnose  plants,  destitute  of  ver- 
"  dure,  mostly  brownish  or  approaching  to  white, 
"parasitic  upon  t/te  roots  of  plants."  And  in  re- 
gard to  the  "  beech  drops"  (Orobanche  Virginia^ 
na  L.  Epifagus  americana  N.)  he  says,  "  parasi- 
ic  only  upon  the  roots  of  the  beech."  If  each  of 
those  species,  like  the  "  beech  drops,"  is  confined 
to  only  one  kind  of  plant,  then  a  very  interesting 
question  arises, — What  are  the  plants  on  which 
these  different  species  are  parasitic?  Botanists, 
so  far  as  I  know,  have  not  determined  this  point 
in  regard  to  the  four  remaining  species  of  Oroban- 
che which  are  indigenous  to  the  United  States. 

About  eight  years  ago  I  was  led  to  suspect  that 
O.  americana  was  exclusively  confined  to  the  roots 
of  the  red  oak  (  Que  reus  rubra.)  Since  that  time 
when  traversing  the  woods,  I  have  omitted  no  op- 
portunity to  extend  my  observations  respecting 
this  subject,  and  I  have  not  yet  found  one  of  those 
plants  except  within  a  few  feet  of  a  red  oak.  I 
have  also  taken  up  the  roots,  and  have  found  this 
parasite  perfectly  engrafted.  D.  T. 

Greatfield,  Cayuga  co.  8  mo.  20,  1831. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

The  writer  of  the  following  interesting  notice 
was  lately  on  a  visit  in  Cayuga  county.  It  is 
copied  from  a  letter  dated  Warminster,  (Buck's 
co.  Pa.)  7  mo.  7,  1831  ;  and  there  are  many  read- 
ers of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  travelling  through  the 
country,  who  could  with  very  little  trouble  to  them- 
selves," and  with  very  considerable  pleasure  to  us, 
write  similar  paragraphs.  To  young  men  more 
particularly  such  a  practice  would  be  very  useful, 
by  fixing  their  attention  on  proper  objects,  by  ex- 
tending their  knowledge  of  the  resources  of  out 
country,  and  by  improving  them  in  composition. 

D.  T. 

"  I  came  by  the  Delaware  Water  Gap  where 
the  rocks  are  piled  up  it  is  said  more  than  1200 
feet  high.  At  Slateford,  3  miles  below  the  Gap 
and  20  miles  above  Easton,  James  M.  Porter  has 
a  manufactory  of  Cyphering  Slates.  The  labor 
is  nearly  all  performed  by  means  of  water-power 
machinery ;  they  smooth  and  frame  a  slate  in  two 
minutes  ready  for  sale  ;  and  the  workmanship  is 
superior  to  that  of  the  imported  slates.  The  qual- 
ity of  the  slate  is  about  equal  to  the  best  Welsh, 
and  superior  to  the  German.  They  made  at  this 
place  last  year  4200  dozen  of  slates,  and  expect  to 


286 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  10,  1831. 


finish  5000  dozen  the   present  year.     This  estab- 
lishment owes  its  origin  to  the  Tariff  of  1828." 

D.  L. 


SELECTIONS. 


From  Ihe  New-York  Farmer. 

DECEPTION  IN  FLOWERS —TRAV- 
ELLING  FLORISTS. 

'The  Flower  market  of  Paris,'  says  the 
conductor  of  the  Gardener's  Magazine,  'oc- 
cupies an  open  area  of  about  two  acres,  and 
the  stands  of  the  different  Florists  are  al- 
most always  kept  by  the  wives  and  daugh- 
ters of  the  growers.  We  mad'?  several  pur 
chases  here,' says  he, 'and  were  amused  at 
the  clumsy  attempts  made  to  impose  upon  us 
by  the  fair  dealers.  We  were  fully  prepar- 
ed fortius;  and,  indeed  I  should  have  been 
surprised  had  these  lively  and  agreeable  wo- 
men acted  otherwise.' 

Now,  like  Mr.  Loudon,  I  have  not  the 
least  objections  to  a  lively  and  agreeable 
French  woman  getting  the  advantage  of  me 
occasionally  :  but  I  confess  my  feelings  are 
different  when  I  am  cheated  by  one  of  my 
own  sex,  of  whatever  nation. 

In  the  month  of  February  or  March  last 
you  published  an  advertisement — and  print- 
ed Catalogues  were  issued  and  distributed, 
purporting  that  the  Siedr  Fat  et  Comp'e, 
Jardiniers,  Flouristes  et  Pepinieristes  from 
Paris,  and  were  exhibiting  for  sale  in  Fulton- 
street,  a  choice  collection  of  Ornamental 
Shrubs  &tc,  and  would  remain  but  for  a 
short  period,  being,  as  they  stated,  on  their 
way  to  the  Island  of  Cuba. 

I  confess  that  the  erroneous  spelling  of  a 
great  many  of  rhe  botanical  names  in  a  cata 
logue  issuing  from  a  scientific  establishment 
in  Paris,  might  have  excited  my  suspicions 
of  imposture;  but  this  is  a  fault  from  which 
even  the  New  York  Farmer  is  not  free. — 
Then  the  numerous  varieties  continually  in- 
troduced by  cultivation  and  discovery,  made 
me  think  it  possible  that  Sieur  F;.y  and  Co. 
might  possess  the  Viburnum  ^Guilder  Rose 
or  Snow  Ball,!  producing  red.  yellow,  rose, 
and  vark gated  flowers. 

But  when  I  got  among  the  Roses,  I  was 
delighted. — Like  my  brother  Florist  in  Bed- 
ford-Street, '  I'm  dreadful  fond  of  Roses,' 
and  in  iny  simplicity  would  have  purchased 
a  number  of  the  new  varieties,  had  I  not  been 
dissuaded  by  a  judicious  friend  who  was  pres- 
ent. Besides  the  Grande  Cuisse  de  Nymphe, 
the  color  of  which  is  not  stated, we  had  green, 
blue,  brown  andflaxenRose — white  with  black, 
and  white  with  yellow  stripes — red  with  black 
stripes — red  with  yellow  edges — black  and 
brown  with  white  borders,  Sic.  Isic.  The 
Sieur  Fay,  if  that  be  his  name,  when  I  ex 
pressed  surprise  at  such  curious  varieties,  as- 
sured me  that  every  one  named  was  true  and 
genuine,  for  all  were  grown  by  himself.  But 
I  was  particularly  attracted  by  a  Violet  Moss 
Rose,  an  engraving  of  which  colored  from  na- 
ture was  exhibited  to  me.  You  will  say  that 
I  ought  to  have  known  the  wood  of  a  Moss 
Rose  at  sight,  this  is  true,  and  my  only  ex- 
cuse is,  that  several  of  my  friends  who  pro- 
fess more  botanical  knowledge  than  I  pre- 
tend to  do,  purchased  a  number  of  these  Ro- 
ses, NOT  OKB  OF  WHICH  HAS  FLOWERED  AC- 
CORDING to  its  labkl.  My  hopes  and 
tears  are  also  at  an  end. 

As  when  a  hen  in  the  straw  sees  with  sur- 
prise her  first  chick  burst  its  calyx  and  wad- 
dle forth  a  duckling — such  was  my  disap- 
pointment a  few  days  ago  when  my  first  Vio- 


let Moss,  emerged  from  its  shell,  a  common  n 
Blush  Rose.     I  blush  when  I  look  at  it,  and  | 
give  this  notice  through  your  Paper  that  sim-\ 
pletons  like  the  wrtier  may  be  warned  against 
trading  with    these  travelling  nurserymen  in 
future. 

After  all,  I  wish  to  return  good  for  evil : 
and  as  your  Journal  will  probably  reach  the 
Sieur  Fay  in  Havanna,  would  hint  to  him 
not  to  return  via  New  York,  for  some  who 
dealt  with  him  when  here  might  prove  ugly 
customers  ;  after  this  advice,  the  least  he  can 
do,  is  to  send  me  a  bo*  or  two  of  '  Dos  Ami- 
go,  cigars  directed  to  your  care,  and  1  prom- 
ise him  that  all  our  future  dealings  shall  be 
under  the  Rose. 

The  above  description  of  travelling  Florists  we 
presume  might  be  matched  in  this  section,  if  we 
could  obtain  the  particulars  respecting  the  travel- 
ling horticulturists,  who  range  through  our  coun- 
try spring  and  fall,  grafting  and  budding  for  all 
who  will  employ  them ;  and  are  always  ready  to 
accommodate  any  person  with  whatever  kind  of 
fruit  they  wish,  and  we  know  an  instance  when 
one  of  them  put  in  a  prune,  as  he  said,  which 
has  produced  peach  shoots ;  but  when  the  mon- 
ey was  pocketed,  his  purpose  was  answered,  and 
the  farmer  if  not  pleased,  might  employ  the  next 
one  to  bud  them  over  again. 


From  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Gardening 

STRAWBERRIES. 

Coniiaued  from  page  278. 
Taking  the  Crop. — The  fruit  ripens  from 
June  to  August  and  September ;  but  the 
main  crop  is  usually  over  in  July.  Gathe 
when  the  weather  is  dry,  and  the  same  day 
that  the  fruit  is  to  be  sent  to  table,  other 
wise  it  will  soon  lose  its  flavor.  Pinch  off 
the  calyx  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  the 
peduncle,  along  with  the  berry. 

To  have  a  regular  succession  of  strawber- 
ries througlwut  the  autumnal  months. — This 
is  commonly  done  by  means  of  the  wood 
and  alpine  species,  and  their  varieties. — 
Gamier  thinks  it  may  be  accomplished  by 
late  planting ;  for  example,  of  Wilmot's 
late  scarlet,  or  the  common  scarlet  about 
May.  He  has  planted  runners  of  the  rose- 
berry  on  the  1st  of  July,  and  gathered  fruit 
on  the  7th  of  September.  (Hort.  Trans. 
iv.  482.)  Williams  cultivates  the  alpine 
for  this  purpose.  '<  Early  in  the  month  of 
May,  when  they  are  in  flower,  he  cuts  a- 
way  all  the  blossoms,  preserving  the  leaves 
uninjured  ;  thi3  is  again  repeated  at  the 
end  of  the  month.  Towards  the  middle  or 
end  of  June  more  blossoms  appear,  and 
the  plants  afford  flowers  and  fruit,  all  the 
latter  part  of  the  summer,  and  till  cut  offby 
the  autumnal  frosts.  If  the  first  blossoms 
were  not  removed,  the  principal  crop  of 
alpines  would  be  ripe  at  the  time  the  larger 
strawberries  are  in  season,  and  consequent- 
ly of  little  worth  ;  but  by  this  mode  of  cul- 
ture, they  come  into  bearing  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer,  just  at  the  time  the 
other  kinds  are  over."  {Hort.  Trans,  v. 
247.) 

Large  Fig. — One  day  last  week,  a  gen- 
tleman of  this  city,  presented  us  with  a  ripe 
fig  which  grew  in  his  garden,  and  which 
weighed  two  ounces  and  eighten  drains,  and 


measured  six  inches  in  circumference.  lie 
informed  us  that  there  were  several  on  the 
same  tree  nearly  as  large. — Schenectady  Cab. 

From  the  \ew-Euglund  Farmer. 

UNDERDRAINING. 

Mr.  Fessenden — I  have  become  so 
deeply  impressed  with  the  utility  of  under- 
drawing, that  I  venture  to  trouble  you  with 
a  few  remarks  on  the  subject,  in  the  hope 
that  they  may  be  useful  to  some  portion  of 
your  readers. 

My  farm  is  a  sand  loam,  reposing  gen- 
erally upon  day,  with  a  gentle  undulating 
surface.  1  have  se\ cral  swales,  where  in 
the  process  of  time,  the  upper  strata  has 
been  washed  away,  and  through  which 
there  are  running  waters  requiring  open 
drains.  In  the  spring  of  the  year,  and  in 
wet  summers,  the  surface  water  penetrates 
the  soil  of  the  higher  grounds  to  the  clay 
strata,  and  following  the  inclination  of  this 
;  to  the  swales,  breaks  forth  in  numerous 
places,  saturates  the  grounds  below,  ren- 
ders them  wet,  cold  and  poachy,  and  unfits 
them  as  well  for  the  finer  nutritious  grasses, 
;as  tor  the  purposes  of  tillage.  Thus  those 
parts  of  my  farm  which  were  intrinsically 
the  best  soil,  were  in  a  manner  useless. — 
To  remedy  the  evil,  I  resorted  to  under- 
draining  ;  and  the  result  has  greatly  ex- 
ceeded my  expectations.  Being  wholly 
destitute  of  stone,  the  proper  material  for 
underdraining,  I  have  been  obliged  to  use 
saplings  and  brush  as  a  substitute.  The 
first  object  is  to  mark  out  the  line  on  the 
slope  of  the  swale,  at  which  the  water  first 
shows  itself  at  the  surface,  which  is  best 
done  after  the  ground  has  been  ploughed 
and  harrowed  in  the  spring,  then  cut  a 
trench,  with  a  sufficient  inclination  to  carry 
off  the  water,  above  the  marked  line,  from 
three  to  four  feet  deep.  I  collect  green 
saplings,  from  two  to  six  inches  in  diame- 
ter at  the  butt,  with  the  tops  and  branches 
entire,  (I  prefer  and  generally  use  ever- 
greens) and  cut  them  into  lengths  some- 
what exceeding  the  depth  of  the  trench.  I 
then  begin  at  the  head  of  the  trench  to  lay 
them  in,  butts  down  and  sloping  towards 
the  low  grounds  ;  one  man  hands  the  brush, 
and  another  fits  and  treads  them  down,  un- 
til the  trench  is  li  erally  filled.  The  earth 
is  then  thrown  on,  taking  care  to  bring  ;ill 
the  brush  within  the  edges  of  the  ditch,  that 
it  may  settle  evenly.  In  a  short  time  the 
whole  of  the  brush  is  found  to  have  settled 
below  the  reach  of  the  plough.  1  estimate 
the  duration  of  this  kind  of  drains  at  from 
12  to  15  years,  and  there  is  no  doubt  of 
their  proving  efficient  when  well  construct- 
ed, particularly  when  water  is  constantly 
passing  through  them.  I  omitted  to  state 
that  the  whole  of  the  excavated  earth  is 
thrown  back  upon  the  brush,  forming  a 
ridge,  which  in  a  short  time  settles  to  near 
the  ordinary  level,  and  which,  in  grass 
grounds  is  sown  in  the  autumn  with  seeds. 
In  the  experiments  I  have  made,  the  in- 
creased value  of  the  first,  or  at  all  events 
that  of  the  two  first  crops,  has  afforded  am- 
ple remuneration  for  the  expense  of  under 


Vol.  1.— No.  36. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


287 


draining.  I  am  this  day  (Aug.  21,)  bring- 
ing in  my  second  crop  of  hay  and  a  good 
one  from  an  acre  of  ground  reclaimed  by 
underdraining,  on  which,  before  this  pro- 
cess,  the  product  never  compensated  for 
Lib  or. 

The  expense  will  vary  according  to  cir- 
cumstances ;  but  as  the  labor  may  all  be 
done  by  the  ordinary  workmen  on  a  farm, 
and  at  times  of  most  leisure,  it  is  matter  of 
but  secondary  consideration.  To  give 
some  data  however,  I  will  state,  that  I  paid 
to  one  man,  it  being  his  asking  price,  at  the 
rate  of  62A  cents  for  completing  20  yards, 
the  brush  being  furnished  him  on  the  spot. 
Another  man  now  in  my  employ,  made  40 
yards  of  trench  in  a  day,  averaging  3j  feet 
deep,  and  by  9  o'clock  on  the  second  da)', 
the  brush  being  cut  and  handed  to  him  he 
had  the  same  covered  and  completed. — 
Estimating  all  the  labor,  the  average  ex- 
pense to  me  has  been  from  6  to  8  cents  the 
yard.  , 

The  system  of  underdraining  has  no- 
where in  this  country,  to  my  knowledge 
been  so  successfully  adopted  as  on  a  farm 
of  250  acres  belonging  to  H.  VV.  Delevan 
Esq.  of  Ballston.  This  gentleman,  distin- 
guished alike  for  intelligence  and  enterprise, 
has  in  a  few  years,  nearly  quadrupled  his 
products,  by  underdraining  and  other  judi- 
cious management.  Extensive  fields,  that 
abounded  in  springs  and  poachy  ground, 
and  which  made  but  a  sorry  return  for  the 
expense  of  cultivation,  have  been  reclaim- 
ed and  ameliorated,  and  rendered  highly 
productive,  and  the  whole  farm  now  exhi- 
bits one  of  the  best  specimens  of  neat  and 
profitable  husbandry  that  is  to  be  found  in 
our  country.  A  detail  of  his  farming  ope- 
rations, particularly  in  draining,  would  be 
highly  interesting  and  useful ;  and  from 
the  laudable  ambition  this  gentleman  has 
always  manifested  to  be  useful  to  his  coun- 
try, I  venture  to  say  he  would  not  withhold 
a  detail  of  his  agricultural  improvements, 
if  requested  to  furnish  it  for  your  journal. 

Albany,  Jlug.  22,  1831.        J.  Buel. 

We  should  be  happy  to  receive  and  pub" 
lish  any  communications  relative  to  the  im- 
provements alluded  to. — Editor. 


u 


From  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 
Condition  op  the  Liberia  Colonists. 

The  Liberia  Herald,  is"  conducted  by  Mr. 
Kussworm,  a  colored  man,  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin 
College.  That  paper  of  February  last,  gives  an 
account  of  the  improvements  in  the  Colony  for 
the  year  1830, — from  which  we  obtain  the  follow- 
ing facts : 

In  the  town  of  Monrovia,  55  new  wood  and 
stone  houses  were  erected;  Caldwell  and  Mills- 
burgh,  and  some  towns  for  re-captured  negroes, 
share  in  the  general  prosperity.  Frances  Devan- 
ny,  an  emancipated  slave,  Has  accumulated  a  prop- 
erty worth  $20,000 :  Mr.  Waring,another  colonist 
sold  goods  to  the  amount  of  $70,000:  two  of  the 
colonists  own  vessels,  and  would  trade  with  the 
U.  States,  had  they  a  national  flag:  nett  profits 
on  ivory  and  dye-woods  passing  thro'  the  hands 
-of  the  settlers  in  one  year,  was  $30,786;  cight 


vessels  traded  to  the  colony,  last  year,  from  Phila- 
delphia. 

In  agriculture. every  thing  grows  spontaneously : 
there  is  no  winter:  one  continual  spring  blooming. 
There  are  6  schools  in  successful  operation :  it  is 
calculated  that  every  child  in  the  colony  shall  be 
educated  :  100  from  the  neighboring  clans  now 
attend  the  schools  in  Liberia.  Divine  service  and 
Sunday  schools  are  regularly  attended.  There 
are  three  religious  societies,  Baptist,  Methodist, 
and  Presbyterian.  Meetings  on  the  Sabbath  and 
week-day  evenings.  Three  Swiss  Missionaries 
reside  there.  The  christian  religion  appears  to 
have  some  influence  on  the  surrounding  tribes. — 
The  population  is  2000 — they  have  6  militia  com- 
panies, a  fort,  20  pieces  of  cannon,  and  arms  e- 
nough  to  arm  1000  men. 

It  therefore  appears  that  Liberia  possesses  some 
attractions  to  the  sons  of  Africa.  The  late  san- 
3Tiinary  scenes  in  Virginia,  it  is  very  natural  to 
suppose,  would  rouse  up  the  wealthy  planters  at 
the  south,  to  aid  the  colonization  society.  It  is 
stated,  that  there  are  means  to  have  a  colored  man, 
carried  to  Liberia  for  $20  :  It  is  understood,  that, 
providing  a  considerable  number  should  offer,  our 
public  armed  vessels  would  proceed  with  cargoes 
of  the  free  Africans,  to  Liberia. 

Capt.  Kennedy.of  the  U.  S.  Navy , was  a  consider- 
able time  at  Liberia.  He  has  published  an  account 
of  the  trade  and  produce  of  the  Colony  and  the  in- 
terior, from  which  it  appears  that  the  colonists  and 
the  natives  are  turning  their  attention  to  raising 
coffee;  a  shrub,  similar  to  the  mocha  grows  abund 
antly,  and  a  coffee  tree,  attaining  40  feet  in  height, 
is  found  in  the  interior.  He  states  that  120  miles 
up  the  river  St.  Paul,  is  King  Boatswain's  town, 
who  is-on  friendly  terms  with  the  Colonists. 

The  colonization  society  of  Tennessee,  have  is- 
sued a  pertinent  address  to  the  people  of  that  state, 
from  which  we  make  the  following  extract: 

There  were  in  1830  in  West  Tennessee 
2570  free  persons  of  color,  and  in  the  county 
of  Davidson  alone,  including;  the  town  of 
Nashville,  there  were  472.  That  it  is  high- 
ly desirable,  and  would  be  greatly  for  the 
interest  of  all  parties,  if  practicable,  to  re- 
move this  population  from  among  us  and  to 
transfer  them  to  some  more  congenial  and 
appropriate  place  of  abode,  is  universally 
conceded,  and  cannot  admit  of  a  rational 
doubt.  Their  residence  in  a  community  of 
whites  is  unpropitious  to  their  own  mental 
and  moral  elevation,  inconsistent  with  their 
true  prosperity  and  happiness,  and  calcula- 
ted to  subdue  and  destroy  all  the  noble  aspir- 
ings of  their  nature,  while,  as  a  natural  con- 
sequence, it  renders  them  dangerous  and  too 
often  mischievous  members  of  society.  We 
are  sensible,  indeed,  that  there  are,  among 
the  free  colored  people  of  Tennessee,  many 
worthy  and  respectable  individuals,  who,  un- 
der more  favorable  circumstances,  migRt  not 
only  he  extensively  useful,  but  become  dis- 
tinguished and  honorable  in  a  wide  and  ele- 
vated sphere  of  action  and  of  influence — yet 
we  feel  constrained  to  say,  that  they  are  in  a 
great  degree,  and  must  be,  from  the  nature 
of  their  present  situation,  a  degraded  and 
troublesome  class.  Mutual  jealousy,  suspi- 
cion and  hostility  between  them  and  the 
the  whites  are  the  inevitable  consequences 
of  the  mutual  relations  subsisting  between 
them  ;  and  the  crimes  and  injuries  of  which 
the  free  blacks  are,  directly  and  indirectly, 
the  real  source,  lead  not  only  to  merited  pun- 


ishment, but  frequently,  no  doubt,  to  undue 
severity,  and  are  calculated  to  provoke  the 
exercise  of  oppression,  intolerance,  injustice 
and  cruelty.  Their  situation  is  indeed  more 
unfavorable  than  that  of  many  of  out  slaves. 
With  all  the  burdens,  cares,  and  responsibil- 
ties  of  freedom,  they  have  few  or  none  of  its 
substantial  benefits.  Their  associations  are, 
and  must  be,  chiefly  with  slaves.  Their 
right  of  suffrage  gives  them  little,  if  any,  po- 
litical influence;  and  they  are,  practically 
if  not  theoretically,  excluded  from  represen- 
tation and  weight  in  our  public  councils. — 
Under  these  circumstances,  it  would,  most 
obvious,  be  not  only  an  act  of  patriotism  and 
public  spirit,  but  especially  an  act  of  kind- 
ness and  liberality  to  the  colored  freeman,  to 
furnish  him  another  and  more  congenial 
home,  to  find  him  a  spot  in  the  land  of  his 
ancestors,  where,  removed  from  the  embar- 
assments,  depressions,  and  suspicions  result- 
ing from  an  unnatural  association  with  an 
overwhelming  majority  of  whites,  he  could 
assert  the  dignity  of  his  own  nature,  attain 
the  rank  and  influence  to  which  his  capacity 
and  industry  might  entitle  him,  and  transmit 
to  his  posterity  the  substantial  blessings  of 
freedom,  Such  a  spot,  has  fortunately, been 
provided,  and  the  foundation  is  already  laid 
of  a  ihriving  and  rapidly  increasing  colony 
of  colored  emigrants  from  this  country.  The 
bold,  hardy,  and  adventurous  pioneers  who 
braved  the  dangers  and  submitted  to  the  pri- 
vations of  a  wilderness,  exposed  themselves 
to  a  climate  whose  influence  on  foreign  con- 
stitutions had  been  previously  untried,  and 
underwent  all  the  hardships  and  perils  of  a 
residence,  without  adequate  protection,  a- 
mong  hostile  natives,  have  opened  the  way, 
and  provided  the  necessary  comforts  and  se- 
curities, for  those  who  may  now  be  able  and 
disposed  to  follow  them. 

Let,  therefore,  the  scenes  at  Southampton,  rouse 
the  south  to  activite,  they  will  see  now,  that  the 
colonization  society  and  its  auxiliaries  are  engaged 
in  a  cause  which  to  the  safety  and  happiness  of  the 
south  is  of  the  last  importance.  It  may  be  said, 
that  do  all  we  may,  still,  there  will  remain  a  large 
number  of  slaves  and  free  blacks,  beyond  our  abil- 
ity to  transport  to  Africa :  admit  Uiat  to  be  proba- 
ble; we  may,  by  great  exertions  roll  back  the 
tides. — *  *  *  *  * 


ROCHESTER  SEED  STORE. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  having  engaged  ex 
tensively  in  the  Seed,  Nursery  and  Green 
House  business.  They  will  be  constantly  suppli- 
ed  with  a  great  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticul- 
tural, Floicer,  and  Forest  Tree  Seeds.  They 
will  also  soon  be  able  to  furnish  an  extensive  vari- 
ety of  Green  House  Plants,  from  the  New-York 
INurseries,and  of  their  own  cultivation. 

fQp  Orders  will  be  received  by  them  for  Trees, 
Sh  rubs,  Plants,  <f-c.  cf-c.  from  the  following  estab- 
lishments :  W.  Prince  &  Sons',  and  Parmenticr's 
Long  Island — Floy's,  Wilson's,  Thorburn's.  and 
A.  Smith  &Co's,  New- York— J.  Buel,  Albany— 
Landreth  ;,  Philadelphia— Russell's,  Boston. 

A  Nu:  -ry  under  the  control  of  N.  Goodsell, 
Editor  oi  the  Genesee  Farmer,  with  whom  they 
are  connected,  is  now  in  progress,  and  from  which 
can  be  su]  plied  an  extensive  variety  of  most  of  the 
different  articles  found  in  Nurseries. 

R.  &  K  will  also  keep  a  general  assortment  of 
Garden  Tools,  Flower  Pots,  Garden  Glasses,  &c. 

§3f  All  orders  to  be  executed  this  fall,  should 
be  sent  in  previous  to  the  1st  Oct. 

Rochester,  aug.  19    ar 


BULBOUS  ROOTS. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX  have  received  a  few 
Crown  Imperial,  and   Tulip  Bulbs,  which 
are  said  to  be  choice  varieties.  '  au^  30 


288 


THE  GEWESEE  FARMER 


ROCHESTER  INSTITUTE— No.  3. 

Manual  Labour,  is  in  some  minds  associated 
with  poverty,  dependence  and  coarseness.  The 
honours  of  American  industry,  have  well  nigh 
broken  the  neck  of  this  pride:  but  our  Colleges 
originally  of  European  importation,  have  not  yet 
cast  off  this  badge  of  Royally.  Students  are  a- 
shamed  to  promote  their  health,  by  any  exercise 
that  is  profitable.  The  childish  sports  of  the 
Gymnasium,  have  been  recently  imported,  at  no 
small  expense.  To  be  ashamed  of  labour,  belongs 
to  a  Turk.  The  Saviour  of  the  world,  the  model 
of  every  perfection,  laboured  as  a  mechanic,  till 
he  began  to  be  about  thirty  years  of  age,  and  in 
three  years  preached  the  Gospel  to  a  whole  Na- 
tion. Paul  used  manual  labour,  while  preaching 
the  gospel  to  the  refined  and  learned.  Moses, 
combined  learning  and  useful  industry.  Truly 
the  man  that  would  separate  them,  contributes  to 
bring  back  the  African  slave,  and  to  compel  the 
rich  master  to  mirS'>  his  child  in  the  bosom  of  cor- 
ruption. The  union  of  labour  with  study, accords 
with  the  most  exalted  views  of  rank,  freedom,and 
refinement.  It  is  the  American  policy.  It  is  es- 
sential to  the  preservation  of  Health.  The  aspi- 
ring student,  unwilling  to  climb  or  swing  in  the 
Gymnasium,  grows  languid,  studies  on  his  couch, 
breaks  his  constitution,  and  sinks  to  the  grave  a 
sacrifice  to  literary  pride.  The  American  Eudca- 
tion  Society,  solicitous  to  patronize  the  highest 
order  of  talent  and  worth  j  have  recently  buried 
thirty  young  men,  martyrs  to  the  separation  of 
learning  from  labour.  A  student  entered  this  In- 
stitute, at  first  unable  to  study  half  a  day ;  but  by 
labour  he  has  gained  strength  to  pursue  learning 
with  the  least  prospect  of  spending  five  or  six 
years  in  gaining  a  thorough  Education.  Younj 
men  from  active  occupations,  commence  a  course 
of  studies  for  a  profession  at  the  peril  of  life,  un 
less  connected  with  hours  of  manual  labour. 

It  produces  no  loss  ok  time  from  study. — 
The  Student  rises  at  four  in  the  morning,  from 
which,  till  nine  P.  M.  is  seventeen  hours.  Let 
one  hour  be  assigned  for  meals,  one  for  private  de 
votion,  one  for  personal  attention,  one  for  inter- 
ruptions, three  for  labour,  and  ten  hours  remain 
for  study,  with  mind  and  body  fitted  for  vigorous 
effort. 

As   A    MEANS  FOR  DIMINISHING  EXPENSE,  it  is 

important  to  the  rich,  and  essential  to  those  who 
are  not.  The  expense  at  an  Academy  when  the 
Student  goes  from  home,  is  seldom  less  than  a 
hundred  dollars  a  year;  and  while  at  College, 
one  hundred  and  fifty  besides  necessary  clothing. 
How  few  Farmers,  or  men  in  good  business  with 
a  family,  are  willing  to  pay  six  hundred  dollars 
fo  educate  a  son  for  four  years.  To  prevent  the 
churches  from  becoming  vacant  of  Pastors,  to  oc- 
cupy the  expanded  west,  to  qualify  men  for  public 
life,  has  become  the  work  of  charity.  One  Agent 
for  the  American  Education  Society  from  Boston, 
one  from  N.  York,  and  one  from  Philadelphia, 
have  in  rapid  succession,  visited  Rochester  to 
raise  some  thousands  of  dollars  to  do  for  the 
country,  what  the  parent  will  not  do  for  the  child. 
We  must  not  however  expect  too  much  from  the 
student.  It  was  never  intended  that  three  hours 
labour  should  pay  all  their  expenses,  and  in  addi- 
tion, purchase  lands,  erect  houses  and  shops,  and 
austain  all  the  departments  of  labour,  board  and 
instruction.  The  most  successful  experiment  yet 
made  in  our  country,  is  sustained  by  public  con- 


tribution, and  enn  only  enable  its  students  to  pay 
board,  having  thirty  three  dollars  increased  by  the 
expenses  of  every  unfair  day,  and  the  entire  ex- 
pense during  winter,  to  be  paid  in  money.  Some 
ardent  friends, and  uninformed  students,  expecting 
three  hours  labour  while  learning  a  trade,  to  su- 
percede the  use  of  money,  are  requested  to  com- 
pare the  price  of  learning  wjth  its  value.  The 
following  results  of  two  months  experience  will 
be  gratifying  to  the  community,  especially  to 
those  who  can  calculate.  1st  That  no  laboureron 
afarm.and  no  mechanical  work  going  on  in  Roch- 
ester, winter  and  summer,  can  realize  as  much  for 
three  hours  of  a  students  time,  as  the  making  of 
Flour  barrels  2d.  Students  of  mechanical  skill, 
can  in  six  or  eight  weeks  learn  this  art,  and  du- 
ring that  term  earn  ninety  cents  a  week,  while 
others  can  earn  from  fifty  to  seventy-five.  After- 
wards, the  former  earn  one  dollar  and  ninety 
cents,  the  latter  from  $1 ,20  to  $1,75.  3d.  The 
expenses  charged  to  the  students,  do  not  exceed 
one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents.  It  will  be  seen 
that  while  learning  the  trade,  their  labour  will  ma- 
terially lessen  the  expenses,  and  afterwards  in 
most  cases  pay  the  whole  ;  in  a  few,  only  the 
board  :  in  others  furnish  money  for  Books  or  clo- 
thing. During  the  recent  vacation  many  earned 
from  six  shillings  to  a  dollar  per  day.  Those 
skilled  in  printing  and  joiners  work,  have  made 
their  earnings  much  exceed  their  expenses. 

The  expense  of  the  Institute  to  the  Pub- 
lic.— It  is  the  expectation  during  the  first  year  to 
increase  the  number  of  students  gradually  to  one 
hundred.  The  expense  for  rents,  shop,  tools,  fur- 
niture and  some  apparatus,  and  salaries,  is  esti- 
mated at  three  thousand  dollars.  At  the  end  of 
the  year,  much  of  this  will  be  property  on  hand. 
It  is  believed  that  the  community  will  prefer 
raising  twenty  thousand  dollars  during  the  first 
year,  and  erecting  all  the  requisite  buildings  for 
reciving  two  hundred  students  and  give  this  Col- 
legiate Institute  a  rural  location  near  town.  The 
amount  of  money  saved  by  the  manual  labour  of 
two  hundred  students,  exceeds  an  interest  of  fifty 
pr.  ct.  on  all  the  money  to  be  raised.  Suppose 
the  two  hundred  students  able  to  pay  their  whole 
expense  at  the  medium  College  rate  of  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  dollars  a  year:  then  thirty  thousand 
dollars  each  year,  must  be  drawn  from  the  profit 
of  agriculture,  trade  and  manufactures.  The  la- 
bour of  the  Institute  saves  this  thirty  thousand. — 
Suppose  the  two  hundred  to  be  supported  by  Ed- 
ucation Societies  at  seventy-five  dollars  in  addi 
tion  to  what  other  friends,  and  funds  could  do. — 
This  would  cost  fifteen  thousand  to  be  raised  by 
subscription.  This  sum  would  be  saved  to  the 
cause  of  education. 

The  building  of  one  church,  often  costs  more 
than  the  funds  needed  to  save  $30,000  yearly  to 
the  rich  ;  or  $15,000  of  public  subscriptions. — 
Fourteen  students  from  Rochester  if  at  College, 
would  draw  away  about  three  thousand  dollars  a 
year,  and  the  sum  would  rent  buildings,  and  sus- 
tain the  whole  expense  of  two  hundred.  The  In- 
stitute with  two  hundred  students,  wilh  professors, 
with  its  own  rural  scenery  and  industry,  will  be 
a  source  of  wealth  and  worthy  praise.  It  will  be 
an  honour  to  lay  its  corner  stone,  to  be  among  the 
list  of  its  patrons. 

Rochester  has  a  thousand  parlors  furnished  in 
princely  style,  and  not  a  school  of  science  or  lit- 
erature that  docs  not  blush  to  receive  a  visitor,— 


September  10,  1831 


The  fame  of  its  enterprise,  and  some  si°nal  in 
stances  of  christian  liberality,  have  rendered 
Rochester  conspicuous  in  the  eyes  of  a  great 
nation.  The  existence  of  its  Institute  is  noticed 
in  newspapers  and  literary  journals.  The  suc- 
cess of  its  mechanical  operations  above  agricul- 
ture, is  already  controling  the  calculations  of  other 
literary  institutions.  Its  success  is  important  to 
the  dearest  interests  of  our  country. 


ROSES,  DAHLIAS,  STRAWBI RRIES, 
and  Quicks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  have 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  a  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  flower  and 
habit,  and  the  prices  annexed.  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

They  have  imported  and  propagated  many  var- 
ieties of  the  finest  double  Dahlias,  which  may  be 
selected  by  the  flowers,  at  the  Nursery,  until  th« 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants  of  the  Methven  Strawberry,  at  $2  50  per 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  have  weigh- 
ed a  pound.  They  are  good  bearers  and  of  tine 
flavor.  Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  varieties. 
See  catalogue. 

The.y  have  likewise   for  sale,   50,000  plants  of 
the  three  thomed  Locust,  ( Glcditschia  triacanth 
us)  two  years  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 
for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

Orders  for  any  articles  from  the  Nurrcry,  may 
be  sent  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  care  of  L 
Tucker,  Rochester.         BUEL&  WILSON. 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16  f4t 


ZINC  HOLLOW  WARE, 

MANUFACTURED  by  John  Wcstfield  & 
Co.  No.  163  Mott  st  N.  York. 

The  prices  of  this  ware  will,  upon  examination, 
be  found  not  to  vary  materially  from  that  ot  Tin. 
and  Iron,  yet  as  durable  as  iron,  easily  cleansed, 
not  subject  to  rust,  giving  the  article  cooked  or 
kept  in  it  no  unpleasant  taste,  and  containing  in  it-* 
self  no  poison  as  do  copper,  brass  and  lead. 

Zinc  Kettles  will  be  found  to  cook  rice,  hominy, 
and  all  kinds  of  sweat  meats,  better  than  any  oth- 
er kind  of  metal,  neither  discoloring  nor  varying 
the  flavor  of  the  substance  cooked ;  and  for  these 
purposes,  it  will  ere  long  be  substituted  for  brass 
and  copper,  to  avoid  the  poisonous  corrosions  of 
these  metals. 

Zinc  pans  for  the  dairy  will  be  found  by  the  dai- 
ryman an  object  of  his  immediate  attention,  from 
these  considerations— that  they  will  greatly  out- 
last any  other  pans — that  the  same  size  will  pro- 
duce one-sixth  more  cream  or  butter,  and  of  a  su- 
perior flavor — that  they  are  more  easily  cleansed, 
and  will  keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  ot 
hours.  Zinc  tubs  and  fukins  will  keep  butter 
sweet  several  days  longer  in  hot  weather,  than 
those  of  wood  or  other  kinds  of  metal.  This  has 
been  a  subject  of  experiment,  and  the  results  safe- 
ly warrant  the  statement.  Hence  families  who 
prefer  sweet  butter  to  rancid,  will  do  well  to  avail 
themselves  of  these  tubs,  for  keeping  their  butter 
sweet  and  retaining  its  flavor. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  by  rubbing  it  with  brown 
brick  dust,  dry  without  the  use  of  soap.     The  a- 
bove  are  indisputable  facts  in  regard  to  Zinc  ware, 
which  are  subject  to  experimental  proof  by  any  in 
dividual,  who  will  lake  the  trouble  to  experimenl 
fairly  on  the  use  of  the  articles.    For  sale  by    , 
ROBSITER  cf  KNOX, 
sep  3  ar  Buffalo  st  Rochester 

ESSAYS  ON  AMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH  Directions  to  farmers  for  raising  Si 
Worms — by  J.  D.  Homergue  and  J' 
Duponceau.    Also, 

rhc  American  Gardener, 

Deane's  New-England  Farmer,  and 

Butler's  Farmer's  Manual,  for  sale  by 

HOYT,  PORTER  &  CO 
Prince  sn  the   Vine,  a  lew  copies  for  sale  :.• 
above.  Jul; 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  SEPTEMBER  17,    1831. 


NUMBER   37. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKEJl  &.  CO. 

At  Itio  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Ttrma — $'2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2.00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GO01JSEI.L,  EDITOR. 


IMPROVED  PLOUGH. 
We  have  examined  a  cast  iron  plough  belong- 
ing to  Win.  Wiard,  called  by  him  his  patent  Ea- 
nleploiigh  for  which  he  informed  us  that  he  had 
taken  out  letters  patent  for  some  improvement  up- 
on the  common  cast  ploughs ;  we  also  examined 
a  certificate  signed  by  several  fanners  of  Livings- 
ton county,  who  had  this  kind  of  plough,  recom- 
mending it  in  strong  terms,  as  superior  to  other 
cast  ploughs  which  they  had  used  The  sample 
plough  which  we  examined,  was  certainly  a  very 
fine  piece  of  mechanism ;  and  the  proportion  of  it 
was  such  as  to  render  it  very  light  according  to 
its  strength.  The  manner  of  securing  the  point 
and  land  side  was  different  from  most  others,  and 
was  at  once,  what  we  should  consider  simple,  and 
yet  effectual.  We  would  recommend  those  who 
are  about  purchasing  a  plough,  to  examine  one  of 
this  kind.  Although  we  have  unproved  this  in- 
strument until  we  think  it  is  near  perfection,  yet 
perhaps  there  may  be  very  important  improve- 
ments made  upon  them  hereafter,  and  should  those 
made  by  Mr.  Wiard  be  appoved  by  farmers  gen- 
erally, he  will  be  sure  to  receive  the  thanks  of  the 
agricultural  part  of  community,  and  perhaps  that 
patronage  which  will  reward  him  for  any  time  he 
may  have  spent  in  studying  the  improvement. 

KEEPING  FRUIT. 
Undoubtedly  the  best  method  of  preserving 
fruit  for  winter  is  to  pack  it  down  in  dry  sand. 
Let  the  fruit  for  this  purpose  be  picked  before  it  is 
over  ripe  and  spread  them  under  cover  for  a  week 
or  more  to  dry,  after  which,  let  it  be  packed  and 
kept  in  a  cool  place  (the  lower  the  temperature, 
the  better  provided  it  is  above  freezing  point,)  un- 
til within  a  few  days  of  the  time  when  it  is  to  be 
used,  when  it  should  be  exposed  to  the  air  where 
the  temperature  is  wanner,  so  as  to  render  it 
perfectly  ripe.  When  grapes  are  put  down  which 
are  intended  to  be  kept  until  spring,  they  should 
be  put  in  jars  which  can  be  covered  so  as  to  ren- 
der them  air  tight.  The  best  sand  for  this  pur- 
pose is  clean  beach  sand,  which  is  rather  fine 
than  otherwise,  which  should  be  rendered  perfect- 
ly dry  by  being  spread  upon  boards  under  cover 
or  by  putting  it  in  a  hot  oven.  If  pit  sand  is  us- 
ed, it  should  be  washed  before  drying,  to  free  it 
from  the  fine  earth  which  may  be  mixed  with  it. 
Commence  by  putting  a  layer  of  sand  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  jar,  then  a  layer  of  clusters,  from 
which  all  the  imperfect  grapes  have  been  separa- 
ted, then  a  layer  of  sand  and  so  alternately  un- 
til the  jar  is  full.  It  should  be  gently  shaken  that 
'  the  sand  may  enter  and  fill  all  the  spaces  between 
the  fruit,  then  cover  air  tight,  and  if  all  the  process 
lias  been  rightly  conducted  they  will  keep  a  year. 
Apples,  pears,  and  quinces  when  put  down  in 
sand  preserve  their  flavor  better  and  keep  much 
longer  than  in  any  other  way  with  which  we  are  ac 
quainted.  And  there  is  one  great  advantage  in  it 
when  one  of  them  rots,  if  well  packed,  it  does  not 
■offVct  the  others.    Saw  dust  and  chaff  are  often 


used  for  the  above  purpose,  but  unless  there  is 
much  pains  taken  to  prepare  the  saw  dust,  it  is 
apt  to  communicate  a  bad  flavor  to  the  fruit,  and 
chaff  when  used  is  apt  to  mould,  by  which  the 
fruit  becomes  spoiled.  We  would  remind  our  far 
mers  that  apples  sold  last  June  in  this  market  for 
about  two  dollars  per  bushel,  and  if  they  would 
obtain  that  price  next  June,  they  must  prepare  for 
it  in  th„  fall.  As  much  depends  upon  prepurin, 
an  article  for  market  as  in  raising  it. 


HOPS. 

In  years  past  the  cultivation  of  hops  has  been 
attended  with  an  intoxicating  profit.  The  conse- 
quence has  been  that  so  many  embarked  in  it 
that  the  market  has  been  overstocked,  and  the  price 
has  consequently  declined  until  it  is  below  its  lev- 
el as  a  remuneration  for  agricultural  services. — 
This  should  not  discourage  the  farmer,  for  should 
our  government  become  fixed  in  any  course  of 
policy  and  pursue  it  for  a  length  of  time  suffi 
cient  for  the  regulation  of  home  industry,  raising 
hops  will  be  as  good  business  as  raising  corn ;  as 
both  would  find  their  proper  level,  and  neither 
would  be  pursued  beyond  that  point  which  would 
afford  a  compensation  for  the  labor  bestowed. — 
Therefore  let  those  who  have  hop  yards,  bestow 
upon  them  when  circumstances  will  permit,  so 
much  labor  and  attention  as  will  serve  to  produce 
and  secure  the  crop  in  fine  condition.  It  has  been 
said  that  hops  which  had  been  kept  over  the  sea- 
son were  not  as  good  as  when  used  the  first  year ; 
of  course  the  farmers  have  thought  themselves 
bound  to  sell  them  as  soon  as  harvested,  whether 
they  fetched  a  high  or  low  price.  This  is  not  cor- 
rect ;  if  hops  are  well  packed  they  may  be  kept  for 
years  without  any  material  deterioration  in  qual- 
ity, and  we  were  told  by  the  greatest  brewer  in 
London,  the  hon.  Robert  Barclay,  that  he  kept  a 
stock  of  hops  on  hand  equal  to  three  years  consump- 
tion, to  prevent  being  subject  to  the  fluctuations  of 
the  market.  As  the  season  has  now  arrived  for 
harvesting  hops,  we  would  recommend  our  hop 
fanners  to  use  the  same  dilligence  in  securing  their 
crops  as  heretofore ;  let  them  be  well  packed,  and 
should  the  market  be  dull  keep  them  on  hand;  it  is 
a  bad  policy  to  try  to  force  off  an  article  which  is 
not  perishable  at  a  low  price.  Therefore  secure 
the  crop  well  and  lay  them  by  as  money  at  in- 
terest, and  be  assured  that  few  people  will  em- 
bark in  a  kind  of  business  which  they  consider  o- 
verdone,  and  when  the  demand  exceeds  the  sup- 
ply there  will  be  an  increase  in  price. 


THE  SEASON 
September  is  a  month  of  joy  and  gladness. — 
All  nature  seems  striving  for  priority  to  offer  first 
her  fruits  all  blushing  in  perfection  for  the  use  of 
man.  "  To  eat  and  drink,  and  enjoy  the  good  of 
one's  labor,  is  wisdom,"  said  the  wise  man.  So 
let  it  be.  How  absurd  it  would  be  in  us  who  have 
toiled  through  the  seasons  to  prepare  a  universal 
banquet,  not  to  partake  of  it,  and  that  with  thank- 
ful hearts.  This  is  a  season  above  all  others, 
when  if  a  man  has  one  single  grain  of  liberality 
in  him,  it  will  manifest  itself.  Who  is  there  a- 
mong  us  that  can  sit  under  his  fruit  tree  all  bend- 
ing with  its  load;  ever  and  anon  dropping  Iter 


choicest  specimens  as  if  to  invite  his  appetite,  and 
witness  with  indifference  the  modest,  lingering, 
longing  eye  of  some  unobtrusive  child,  the  indo- 
lence of  whose  parents,  or  perhaps  some  undeser- 
ved misfortune,  has  deprived  of  the  means  of  sup- 
plying (heir  offspring  with  a  share  of  the  luxu- 
ries of  the  season,  who  with  appetites  keen  and 
unsatiated  as  a  mothers  love,  whose  moral  lessons 
have  never  yet  surrendered  their  influence  to  the 
temptations,  and  who  in  their  silence  exhibit  in 
their  countenances,  in  the  hand  writing  of  the  Al- 
mighty, such  an  appeal  to  the  heart  of  him  that  is 
favored,  and  which  can  not  be  misunderstood,  as 
would  melt  a  Shylock  into  compassion.  We  say 
if  there  can  be  any  such  amongst  us  who  could 
withstand  those  silent,  innocent  appeals,  and  not 
distribute  liberally  as  the  God  of  nature  has  dis- 
tributed unto  him,  that  man  has  never  yet  enjoyed 
the  supreme  happiness  of  the  season,  and  must  be 
incapable  of  sympathizing  with  him  whose  mind, 
exalted  above  the  influence  of  avarice,  finds  a  doub- 
le enjoyment  in  supplying  the  wants  of  others. 

CIDER  CASKS. 
The  season  for  making  cider  is  at  hand,  and  it. 
is  impossible  to  have  good  cider  without  clean 
casks,  therefore  there  should  be  no  time  lost  in  ex- 
amining them.  Unless  they  have  been  attended 
to  as  they  ought  to  have  been,  some  are  sour,  oth- 
ers musty,  and  some  have  lost  their  hoops.  When 
a  cask  has  become  very  musty  we  know  of  no 
way  to  cleanse  it  perfectly ;  it  should  be  rejected, 
but  where  they  are  only  sour,  soaking  them  witli 
lime  water  may  render  them  fit  for  use.  Some 
may  think  that  an  old  cask,  if  it  is  a  little  musty, 
will  answer  to  take  to  market — but  they  should 
recollect  that  first  rate  articles  are  best  for  market, 
and  attended  with  most  profit,  therefore  they 
should  either  clean  their  casks  or  keep  the  poor 
ones  at  home  and  as  a  punishment  for  their  neg- 
ligence, drink  the  cider  from  them. 


PEACH  TREES. 
A  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Genesee  Parmer, 
from  a  gentleman  in  Mount  Pleasant,  Ohio, 
says — "  I  am  not  aware  that  any  thing  better  has 
been  adopted  in  regard  to  the  preservation  of  the 
Peach  tree  than  the  practice  which  has  lately  ob- 
tained in  this  place,  of  taking  away  a  few  inches 
of  the  earth  round  the  roots  of  the  trees  in  the  fall 
and  spring,  and  pouring  hot  soap  suds  over  them. 
I  have  generally  taken  pains  to  clean  the  roots  of 
the  gum  which  has  oozed  out  from  the  wounds 
made  by  the  worms,  and  then  poured  warm  brine 
over  them ;  my^trees  look  as  thrifty  as  any  I  have 
seen,  but  I  dont  know  that  the  experiment  has 
been  sufficiently  tested  to  say  it  will  always  suc- 
ceed; it  might  be  well  for  those  who  have  failed 
by  other  means  to  try  it." 

GRAPES. 
We  have  received  a  box  of  grapes  from  a  gen- 
tleman of  Cleaveland,  Ohio.  They  have  arrived 
in  perfect  safety,  being  as  fresh  as  when  first 
picked.  In  size  and  color,  they  correspond  with 
the  Schuylkill  Muscatel.  They  are  notsufiicient- 
Iyripe  to  judge  of  their  qualities,  buthaveno  doubt 
but  they  will  prove  an  excellent  wine  grape.  We 
have  die  promise  from  the  same  gentleman  of  sev- 


290 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  17,  1831. 


oral  other  kinds,  amongst  which  the  Fox  grape  o*" 
several  varieties,  and  chicken  grapes  are  named. 
We  shall  give  our  readers  an  account  of  them 
when  they  shall  have  arrived  at  perfection. 


Fro«n  the  New-Eogland   Famer. 

Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticul- 
tural Society,  at  a  meeting,  held  at  the 
Hall  of  the  Institution,  on  Saturday  the 
27th  of  Aug.  1831. 

The  President,  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  made 
the  following  report. 

The  annexed  letters  have  been  received 
from  Doct.  J.  B.  Van  Mons  of  Louvain,  in 
Belgium,  the  most  successful  and  distinguish- 
ed cultivator  of  new  varieties  of  fruits,  and 
especially  Pears,  in  modern  times.  A  large 
portion  of  his  life  has  been  devoted  to  this 
highly  interesting  and  useful  pursuit,  and 
the  gardens  of  Europe  and  this  country  are 
embellished  with  the  magnificent  products  of 
his  industry  and  science.  He  has  not  only 
announced  a  novel  theory  for  obtaining  ame- 
liorated fruits,  but  has  so  skilfully  applied  it 
in  his  own  celebrated  gardens  that  his  name 
has  become  illustrious,  among  the  horticul- 
turists of  all  nations.  His  liberality  towards 
this  society  merits  our  gratitude,  while  his  as- 
surances of  continued  favors,  cannot  fail  of 
being  eminently  beneficial  to  its  members, 
individually, as  well  as  to  the  whole  country. 
Lovain.Feb.  28,  1831. 
Sir— At  the  time  (20th  of  Feb. .  I  trans- 
mitted to  you  a  bundle  of  scions,  I  was  ex- 
cluded from  my  large  garden,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  being  inundated.  I  therefore 
could  include  in  the  package  only  such  va- 
rieties as  were  to  be  found  in  my  two  other 
gardens  ;  but  as  my  principal  garden  is  now 
almost  free  from  water,  I  have  made  up  a 
second  bundle,  composed,  as  was  the  first, 
of  such  varieties  as  I  possess,  of  the  greatest 
merit  and  of  very  recent  production.  I  add 
a  variety  of  1830,  which,  after  having  been 
pronounced  exquisite,  by  amateurs,  I  have 
designated  by  your  name.  The  trees. in  my 
garden  have  run  a  great  risk  of  being  cut 
down,  to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  bar- 
ricades. I  should  have  been  consoled  by 
the  motive  which  induced  such  a  noble  em- 
ployment of  them.  The  hands  of  the  ladies 
were  armed  with  the  axes  for  effecting  their 
destruction,  the  men  were  called  into  battle. 
But  why  should  I  have  murmured  at  an 
event,  produced  under  such  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances. My  labor  of  thirty-eight  years 
might  have  been  lost,  but  it  would  have  con- 
tributed to  enable  me  to  die  a  Free  Citi- 
zen. Still  I  should  have  experiencedjegret 
in  not  having  it  in  my  power  to  offer  you 
scions,  which  would  have  been  destroyed. 

The  packages  may  not  reach  you  for  some 
time,  but  let  that  not  induce  you  to  doubt  of 
success  in  using  the  grafts  which  it  contains. 
I  should  remind  you  that  some  scions,  which 
were  sent  me  from  New-York,  by  my  eleve 
Gerard, were  two  years  and  a  half  on  the  way, 
-till  I  grafted  them  by  copulation,  upon  a- 
dult  trees  one  on  each  branch,  and  not  any 
of  them  failed.  It  was  in  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember. A  scion  is  never  too  old,  or  rather 
too  dry,  not  to  succeed,  provided  it  has  been 
cut  from  a  living  tree,  or  from  one  that  has 
not  perished  by  a  natural  death.  Artificial 
death,  such  as  that  occasioned  by  deplanta- 
tion,  does  not  injure,  in  the  least,  the  excel 
lencc  of  the  scion. 

The  suppression  of  the  faculty  of  physical 
sciences  and  mathematics,  in  our  university, 
has  put  an  end  to  my  lectures  on  Chemistry  ' 


and  Horticulture.  I  have  been  transferred 
to  the  faculty  of  medicine. 

1  send  you  a  few  engravings  of  my  Porno- 
graphic Belgiqne  Moderne.  This  work  ap- 
pears in  the  Revue  des  Revues,  but  as  it  is 
published  in  distinct  parts,  you  shall  be  fur- 
nished with  a  complete  copy,  when  it  is  more 
advanced. 

I  pray  you,  sir,  to  be  assured  of  my  very 
high  esteem.  J.  B.  Van  Mons. 

Henrt  A.  S.  Dearborn, 

Prea.  ofthH  Muss  Hort.Soc. 

Catalogue  of  the  Pear  Scions  sent  to  the  Mass- 
Hort.  Society,  by  Doct.  Van  Mons, — same  as 
those  sent  to  the  Messrs.  Prince,  for  a  list  of  which 
see  page  278,  of  the  Genesee  Farmer. 

The  engravings  of  the  pears  which  were 
presented  by  Doct.  Van  Mons,  represent  the 
following  varieties. 

Vicompte-De-Spoelberch 

Henri -Van  Mons. 

Innominee. 

Bezy  Vact. 

Serrurier  D  Automne. 

Beurre  Spense. 

Delices  D'Hardenpont. 

Brandes  (Saint  Germain^ 

Fiederie-De-Wurtemburg, 

Fondante-Des-Bois. 

Beurre  Curtet. 

Beurre  D'Aremberg,  formerly  called  Col- 
mar  Des-Champs  Beurre  Des  Orphe^ins  and 
Beurre  D'Hardenpont. 

Colmar  Bonnet. 

Leon  Leclerc. 

The  engravings  have  been  put  into  a  port- 
folio and  placed  in  the  Library  of  the  Soci- 
ety. 

From  tliR  New   I  n::l  md  Farmer. 

SINGULAR  FACT   WITH  REGARD 
TO  FIGS. 

Mr.  Fessenden. — The  following  unques- 
tionable fact  may  be  interesting  to  those, 
who  are  fond  of  physiological  inquiries, 
though  it  will  be  of  little  practical  use  in 
New  England,  where  the  fig  is  rarely  known. 
Having  read  in  the  American  Farmer,  a  let- 
ter from  a  gentleman  in  Florida,  stating, 
that  the  ripening  of  figs  could  be  surprising 
ly  hastened,  by  the  application  of  sweet  oil 
to  the  flat,  or  as  it  is  called,  the  drop  end  of 
the  fruit,  I  resolved  to  try  it  on  a  tree,  in  my 
hot  house,  then  covered  with  unripe  figs. — 
The  fig  like  the  fruit  of  the  vine,  and  peach, 
attain  a  certain  size,  and  then  remain  station- 
ary for  several  weeks,  until  it  begins  to  col- 
or, when  its  volume,  in  three  or  four  days,  is 
greatly  increased,  often  doubled,  and  even 
trebled. 

My  figs  were  dark  green,  showing  no  ten- 
dency to  ripen.  I  took  about  a  third  of  a 
teaspoonful  of  sweet  oil,  and  dipping  ray  fin- 
gerin  it,  I  rubbed  it  very  slightly  over  every 
alternate  fig,  leaving  the  others  untouched, 
as  a  test  of  the  effects.  At  the  end  of  3  days, 
the  color  of  most  of  those  touched  with  oil 
began  to  change,  and  the  size  to  increase, 
and  now  on  the  fifth  day  they  have  nearly 
the  color  of  mature  figs,  and  are  twice  and 
three  times  as  large,  as  those  not  touched 
with  oil,  which  still  lemain  of  a  dark  green 
color. 

It  has  long  been  familiar  to  Horticulturists, 
that  wounding  the  fruit  ol  the  fig,  by  a  sharp 
instrument,  accelerates  its  ripening,  as  other 
fi  nits  are  prematurely  ripened  by  the  depre- 
dation of  insects  ;  but  the  philosophy  of  it  has 
never  been  satisfactorily  explained.  The 
fact  new  proved  is  as  niflicutt  of  explanation. 


No  doubt  rash  men  will  be  found,  who  will 
pretend,  that  the  modus  operandi  is  quite  clear 
to  their  favored  minds,  but  for  myself,  I  am 
contented  with  clearly  sealing  the  fact  and 
admiring  the  inscrutahleopeiations  of  nature. 
It  is  possible,  that  this  curious  fact  may  lead 
to  some  other  practical  uses  as  to  other  fruits.. 
John  Lowell. 
Roxbury,  Sept.  2,  1831 

Castor  Oil  for  Lamps. — A  discovery 
which  bids  fair  to  become  of  considerable 
importance  to  the  agricultural  community, 
and  especially  to  the  western  country,  has 
recently  been  made  by  Isaac  Smith,  of 
Eastville,  Northampton  county,  Virginia,  bv 
which  he  is  able  to  render  castor  oil  fully  e- 
qual  to  the  best  winter  sperm  for  burning  in 
lamps.  We  have  tried  the  prepared  oil,  with 
a  sample  of  which  we  were  politely  furnish- 
ed by  his  son,  Francis  H.  Smith  of  this 
city,  the  inventor  of  the  excellent  instrument 
of  music  called  the  harmonicon  or  musical 
glasses.  We  trimmed  a  double  wick  lamp 
with  the  oil,  and  it  was  left  burning  five 
hours  and  a  half  without  being  touched,  du- 
ring which  time  it  afforded  a  large  and  high- 
ly luminous  flame,  perfectly  free  from  smoke 
or  the  least  degiee  of  offensive  smell.  The 
tubes  and  wick  were  entirely  free  from  crust 
till  within  the  last  hall  hour.  The  wick 
was  raised  considerably  higher  than  we  were 
ever  able  to  raise  it  in  burning  the  best  sperm, 
thus  affording  a  much  larger  flame  ;  and  yet 
the  consumption  of  oil  did  not  appear  to  be 
greater  than  usual  in  burning  sperm.  The 
preparation  of  the  oil  reduces  the  price  about 
nine  per  cent,  so  that  allowing  the  price  of 
castoi  oil  to  be  95  cents,  the  cost  of  the  pre- 
pared oil  will  he  86  cents  per  gallon.  As 
Mr.  Smith  intends  to  take  a  patent  for  his 
improvement,  we  are  not  at  liberty  to  give 
the  particulars  of  the  discovery.  We  have 
given  the  address  ot  Mr.  Smith  above,  that 
persons  wishing  further  information  may  be 
able  to  obtain  it  from  him  direct. — American 
Farrner. 

We  last  week  visited  Mr.  D'Homergue's 
Filature,  in  Pine  street,  and  witnessed  the  op- 
eration of  reeling  silk  from   the    cocoons 

The  cocoons  are  placed  in  a  large  copper  ket- 
tle filled  with  water,  under  which  is  a  fire  to 
keep  it  constantly  hot.  The  heat  soaks  the 
cocoons  and  loosens  reel,  and  six  or  eight  ol 
which  are  placed  thro'' a  reel  and  the  whole 
are  rapidly  wound  off.  Six  females  are  now 
employed  in  reeling,  but  they  able  to  reel 
only  twelve  ounces  a  day.  The  filature  is 
calculated  for  nearly  twice  the  number  of 
bands,  but  a  scarcity  of  cocoons  has  material- 
lv  lessened  the  business.  From  the  present 
prospects  there  will  be  abundance  for  the 
future.  The  silk  when  reeled  is  worth  about 
seven  dollars  a  pound,  sometimes  eight. 

This  country  must  bold  itself  deeply  in- 
debted to  the  labors  of  the  patriotic  gentle- 
man above  named,  for  the  cease  ess  efforts 
be  has  made  duiing  the  last  three  years.to  in- 
troduce the  silk  manufacture  into  the  United 
States.  Already  we  have  abundant  evidence 
that  it  is  destined  to  become  one  of  the  great 
staples  of  the  country,  ami  we  shall  proba- 
bly live  to  see  i;  rival  in  importance  the  cot- 
ton of  the  south,  or  the  manufactures  of  the 
east. — Sat.  Bulletin. 


The  New- York  Polish  committee  have  trans' 
mittcd  to  Gen.  Lafayette,  'JO.OOO  francs,  as  the 
first  remittance  from  New-York 


Vol.  1.— No.  37. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


ad* 


••lorn    ii      No*   Yorn   1  armer. 

PRACTICAL  AGRICULTURE. 

Do  you  suppose,  Mr.  Fleet,  that  a  plain, 
homespun  man,  like  me,  a  Country  Farmer, 
whom  you  and  some  others  have  called  a 
full  bred  and  successful  cultivator  of  the  soil, 
could  so  speak  on  paper,  as  to  make  what  he 
has  to  say  acceptable  to  the  readers  of  the 
New-York  Farmer !  Practice,  it  is  said,  is 
the  road  to  perfection :  and  yet  practice  is 
often  compelled  to  slop  far  short  of  the  de- 
gree of  perfection  prescribed  in  the  theory. 
Never,  in  all  my  life,  did  1  see  the  theory  of 
family-government  so  beautifully  perfect,  as 
in  ray  own  family,  Mr.  Editor  I  But  this, 
alas!  was  while  I  was  a  bachelor,  and  the 
family, and  family-government,  only  the  ideal 
of  a  theory.  So  it  has  fared,  also,  with  my 
Agriculture.  It  has  never  yet  come  up  to 
the  perfection  proposed,  and  perhaps  never 
will.  One  reason  of  which,  probably,  is,  that 
theory  assumes  too  much.  This  brings  me 
to  the  starting-poim  of  my  purpose,  in  propo- 
sing to  write  a  few  numbers  on  the  actual  bu- 
siness of  Agriculture,  addressed  directly  to 
the  understanding  of  practical  men, my  broth- 
ther  Fanlieis.  It  appears  to  me,  Mr.  Edit- 
or, that  men  of  this  description  do  not  lurnish 
a  due  proportion  of  the  matter  for  our  Agricul- 
tural Journals.  The  writers  seem  not  yet  to 
have  learned  the  distinction  between  theory 
and  practice,  Farming  on  paper,  and  on  the 
soil.  I  fear  they  have  not  learned  by  experi- 
ence. 

The  citizen,  charmed  with  the  ideal  of  ru- 
ral life,  about  to  retire  to  a  Farm  in  the 
country,  maps  his  Farm,  draws  lines  for  fen- 
ces, here  a  meadow,  there  fields  of  grain  or 
fruits,  and  crops  always  line,  of  course.  Here 
his  pig  yard,  poultry  yard,  and  goose-pasture. 
Wherever  written,  there  they  stay,  as  orderly 
as  names  can  well  be.  Well,  by-and-by,  he 
is  a  Farmer.  The  crops  are  uncertain,  in- 
sects destroy  his  fruit  the  fences  are  blown 
down  by  storms,or  even  the  pretty  little  brook, 
swollen  to  a  torrent,  sweeps  them  away,  and 
spreads  desolation  where  it  was  to  produce 
fertility  !  The  pigs  go  wherever  they  can, 
often  trespassing  upon  other  inclosures,  even 
in  despite  of  boys,  dogs,  negroes,  and  '  "lose- 
fences,' and  the  'gobblers'  are  'tree  com- 
moners,' while  the  horses  and  the  cattle  sick 
en  or  die,  and  Farming  in  short  is  found  to  be 
quite  another  sort  of  business,  in  fact,  with 
animals,  on  the  soil,  oi  with  their  names  on 
ly,  on  paper!  So  it  fares  with  the  theory  of 
a  thing,  or  business,  and  so  with  the  practice. 
If  Farmers  would  write  more  for  Agricultu- 
ral Journals,  and  write  from  experience 
these  papers  would  be  much  more  useful, and 
I  should  hope,  not  less  generally  acceptable 
to  their  patrons.  As  guides,  they  would  lead 
men  securely,  no  small  evidence  of  merit. 

Without  promising  much,  I  mean  to  de- 
Tote  a  few  hours  to  subjects  of  general  inter- 
est to  Farmers,  in  a  perfectly  straight-for- 
ward way,  in  which  I  shall  speak  plainly  of 
many  things,  and  as  a  man  of  years  and  ex- 
perience. If  my  example  shall  induce  oth- 
er Farmers  to  adopt  the  same  course,  it  will 
Jiave  been  productive  of  some  good.  You 
need  not  fear  much  display  of  learning,  too 
much  of  which  i  ■  often  even  more  detrimen- 
tal and  disgusting,  than  too  little,  though  this 
is  bad  enough.  Think  of  it  as  we  may.  Far- 
ming is  very  much  of  a  common-sense  kind 
of  business;  and  is,  as  I  hope  to  show,  pret- 
ty apt  to  be  the  occupation  of  common-sense 
men-  They  are,  universally  if  not  haters  of 
pedantry,  certainly  not  among  its  admirers, 


facts  not  generally  known,  perhaps,  as  ex- 
tensively as  they  should  be.  In  no  one  oc- 
cupation, is  great  conceit  of  learning,  and 
little  sense,  so  altogether  pernicious,  as  in 
ours.  A  Country  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER.— No.  I. 

Mr.  Fleet — The  Fly-wheel  of  an  En- 
gine, they  say,  adds  nothing  to  its  power,  but 
that  it  is  useful,  in  regulating  the  movements 
of  the  several  parts.  So,  Mr.  New-York 
Farmer,  do  my  Sons,  and  Grandsons,  call 
me  '  the  fly-wheel  c><  the  Farm!'  Our  crops 
uf  Corn  and  Potatoes,  planted  after  the  mid- 
dle of  May,  this  year,  are  now  perfectly  har- 
vestable,  90  days  from  the  planting  ;  that  is, 
they  are  now  exactly  in  such  a  state  of  ripe- 
ness, as  to  call  for  immediate  ingathering,  or 
suffer  by  even  a  very  few  days  delay. — 
Some  little  greenness  remains  in  a  few  leaves 
of  the  potatoe  tops,  but  ihe  roots  have  entire- 
ly done  growing.  The  corn  is  all  a  little 
more  than  out  of  the  milk,  some  few  of  the 
leaves  are  yet  green,  and  the  stalks  are  full 
of  rich  and  well  ripened  juices.  For  ma- 
nure, and  fodder,  these  tops  are  now  worth 
more  than  the  expense  of  harvesting.  We 
cut  up  the  corn  bv  the  ground,  shock  it,  and 
save  even  the  husks,  for  fodder,  as  every  good 
Farmer  should  do. 

From  the  25th  of  August,  there  is  time  for 
great  crops  of  weeds.  We  let  none  of  our 
fields  lie  so  long,  without  being  crupped  with 
something.  It  is  therefore  a  busy  time  with 
us,  as  you  may  well  soppose;  Winter  grain  is 
to  be  sown  ;  we  have  some  patches  of  low- 
land glass  yet  to  cut,  for  hay;  and  besides 
the  crops  above  mentioned,  the  orchards  re- 
quire attention,  as  well  to  their  fruit,  as  to 
nests  of  worms,  that  are  destroying  the  leaves, 
and  perhaps  threatening  the  life  of  the  trees. 
As  we  rely  much  on  green  dressings  of  the 
soil,  several  of  our  fields  are  sown  to  winter 
rye,  after  taking  off  the  corn  and  potatoes  ; 
or  to  buckwheat,  after  wheat  and  rye.  The 
buckwheat,  we  plough  in,  say  when  in  bios 
som,  or  in  all  September,  and  harrow  in  win- 
ter rye  upon  it;  or  let  it  lie,  for  oats,  corn, 
barley,  or  other  spring  grain.  The  winter 
rye,  or  rye  and  oats,  still  better  for  fall  feed, 
makes  rich  pasturage,  late  in  autumn,  and 
early  in  spring,  which  is  then  ploughed  in,  for 
a  spring  green  dressing,  say  by  the  middle  of 
May,  followed  by  crops  of  spring  grain,  corn, 
oats,  or  potatoes.  The  time  for  doing  all 
this,  you  will  observe,  must  be  ascertained 
by  observation,  not  by  books.  The  ground, 
also  should  never  be  worked  only  when  in  a 
suitable  state,  as  to  dryness,  warmth,  and 
moisture.  The  soil  of  our  Farm,  is  either  a 
light  sandy  loam,  or  a  gravel  of  slate  stone, 
the  argillite  of  the  geologists.  In  order  to 
decompose  the  slaty  gravel,  we  whiten  the 
surface  of  the  ground  with  quicklime  sown 
boad-cast,  at  every  working  of  it  by  the 
plough,  which  changes  the  slate  gradually 
into  clay,  and  makes  the  soil  a  brown  choco- 
late mold,  warm,  tenacious  of  moisture,  and 
exceedingly  productive.  To  supply  a  due 
proportion  of  vegetable  matter,  we  rely  on 
green-dressings,  aided  by  lime. 

The  nourishment  of  plants  is  produced  by 
changes,  going  on  in  the  soil,  such  as  by  fer- 
mentation, and,  generally,  decomposition  — 
To  increase  this  action,  and  sometimes  to 
hasten  it,  so  as  to  save  time,  we  plough  in  our 
green  dressings,  well  whitened  with  quick- 
lime and  gypsum,  sown  on  the  morning  dew. 
Turnips  and  Carrots  come  into  our  course  of 
cropping  on  a  small  scale,  but  we  rely  more 


on  clover  and  green-dressings,  with  the  pas- 
ture they  afford,  than  on  turnips,  a  crop 
rather  over  estimated,  we  think,  for  our  hard 
winter  climate,  though  well  adapted  lor  mil- 
der winters  as  in  Great  Britain.  With  an- 
other week,  of  favorable  weather,  we  shall 
have  sown  all  our  fields  of  potatoes,  and  sown 
rye,  or  rye  and  oats,  for  late  and  early  feed, 
and  for  green-dressings  in  the  spring.  Not 
a  weed,  bearing  seed,  will  be  seen  in  those 
fields  which  by  and  by  will  be  clothed  with 
a  matting  of  rich,  sweet,  and  delicious  food 
for  our  stock,  instead  of  lying  waste  for  weeds 
and  barrenness,  an  eye  sore  to  the  practiced 
husbandman. 

With  what  delight,  Mr.  Editor,  I  have  just 
now  seen  three  fields  of  our  little  Farm,  the 
corn  cut  and  shocked,  the  potatoes  all  hous- 
ed, and  a  very  fine  crop  of  the  black  rusty 
coat,  their  tops  piled  on  the  heaps  of  com- 
post, and  the  soil  neatly  worked,  sown  to  rye 
and  oats,  the  surface  whitened  with  quick 
lime,  like  a  March  shower  of  Snow  !  The 
•  Fly-Wheel,'  my  dear  Sir,  besides  enjoying 
all  this  in  the  fields,  where  as  hearty  and  fine 
a  set  of  grandsons  are  at  work  as  ever  made 
the  heart  of  a  patriarch  glad,  hears  the  hum 
of  the  Spinning-Wheel,  on  coming  to  the 
house.  Days  of  my  childhood  !  Move  you; 
and  O  my  good  sainted  Mother,  never  can  I 
think  that  Farm-House  my  home,  where 
there  is  none  of  this  music  of  the  Spinning- 
Wheel  !  It  was  thy  music,  the  Harp-of-the 
Farm,  and  its  fruits  the  Jewels  of  the  Far- 
mer's daughters.  When  I  was  a  little  Boy,  a 
Farmer's  Boy,  the  morning  slumbers  of 
spring  were  almost  always  broken  by  the 
notes  of  the  wild  birds,  and  by  this  Harp  of 
the  Farm-House,  and  the  Spinner's  song.— 
Charmed  alike  with  the  beauties  of  out  door, 
and  in  door  nature,  rural  life  and  simplicity 
of  character,  this  Harp  of  my  ancestors  has 
never  been  banished  from  my  home.  Asso- 
ciated with  such  recollections,  the  notes  of 
the  blue  bird,  phcebe  bird,  wren,  and  '  half 
reasoning,'  half  domesticated  robin,  are  often 
heard  from  around  their  nests  at  my  door, 
now  in  my  old  age,  as  if  to  keep  alive  the  af- 
fections of  youth,  and  lead  them  gently  from 
earth  to  heaven ! 

In  my  next  number,  having  here  indica- 
ted some  of  the  details  of  the  business  of  the 
actual  Farmer,  I  shall  attempt  to  exhibit, 
faithfully,  a  characteristic  delineation  of  the 
Farmer's  vocation.  I  know  not  how  it  has 
happended,  but,  almost  universally,  the  peo- 
ple seem  to  underrate  the  intelligence,  and 
knowledge,  and  mind,  employed  in  all  other 
pursuits  than  their  own.  Every  body,  who 
can  wield  a  goose-quill,  put  words  in- 
to sentences, — and  especially  if  he  can  talk 
learned  nonsense  in  an  unknown  tongue,  un- 
der the  name  of  science, — assumes  to  teach 
us  Farmers  !  In  my  Introductory  number, 
these  paper-Farmers  were  characteristically 
defined,  and  I  trust  no  one  will  misunderstand 
my  meaning.  In  an  ardent  attachment  to  all 
that  is  useful  in  science,  the  writer  of  these 
numbers  yields  in  zeal  to  no  one,  whatever  may 
be  the  nature  o(  his  avocations  or  pursuits. 

Sept.  1,  1831. 

Jjf"  The  late  terrible  Hurricane  in  the  West 
Indies  was  felt  awfully  at  Aux  Cayes.  The  town 
was  completely  inundated ;  water  3  feet  deep  in 
the  streets ;  town  totally  destroyed ;  160  lives  lost  ; 
famine  threatened  the  remainder  after  the  storn: 
subsided,  until  succor  was  received  at  Port  an 
Prince.  Two  American  vessels  in  tile  harbor  e' 
Aux  Cayes  had  not  been  heard  of. 


292 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  17,  1831  ■ 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


.,1 


Duh. 


THE  POMOLOGICAL  MANUAL. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Prince  for  a  proof-sheet 
of  a  form  of  his  Pomological  Manual,   from 
which  we  copy  the  following: — 
PEACHES. 
Beauty  of  Vitry.    Pr.  Cat. 
Belle  de  Vitry, 
Admirable  tardive. 
Belle  de  Vitri.     Die.  d'Agric 

The  leaves  of  this  tree  are  furnished  at  their 
base  with  rounded  glands ;  the  flowers  are  of  me- 
dium size,  and  eleven  to  twelve  lines*  in  breadth  ; 
the  fruit  is  beautiful.and  measures  from  twenty-six 
to  twenty-eight  lines  in  height  and  often  thirty ; 
its  diameter  is  in  proportion  from  twenty-eight  to 
thirty,  and  sometimes  even  thirty-three  or  thirty- 
four  lines ;  its  form  has  no  peculiar  characteristic; 
the  longitudinal  groove  is  not  deep,  but  extends  a 
little  beyond  the  summit  of  the  fruit,  where  there 
is  a  very  small  namelon  or  nipple  ;  the  skin  is 
generally  velvety,  almost  entirely  of  a  whitish 
green,  except  on  the  sunny  side,  which  is  slightly 
washed  with  red ;  it  separates  readily  from  the 
flesh,  which  is  white  with  the  exception  of  that 
part  next  the  stone,  where  it  becomes  slightly  red- 
dish ;  it  is  very  succulent,  and  replete  with  juice 
of  a  sweet,  rich,  and  very  pleasant  flavor ;  the 
stone  is  large,  oblong,  swollen  at  the  part  next 
the  point,  and  thin  at  the  base ;  it  is  fifteen  to  six- 
teen lines  in  length,  by  about  eleven  in  its  greatest 
diameter.  This  peach  attains  its  perfect  maturity 
in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  at  the  end  of  September, 
or  the  beginning  of  October,  and  in  the  South  of 
France  about  the  middle  of  September.  The  pe- 
riod of  the  maturity  of  peaches  is  generally  rather 
earlier  in  the  vicinity  of  New-York  than  at  Paris. 
Although  I  follow  Duhamel  in  placing  the  Admir- 
able tardive  as  a  synonyme  of  this  variety,  I  per- 
ceive that  in  some  French  catalogues,  the  titles  are 
placed  separately,  as  if  referrible  to  distinct  fruits 
Apricot  Peach.    Pr.  Cat. 

Peche  Abricot,  -^ 

Admirable  jaune, 

Abricotee, 

Grosse  Peoke  jaune  tardive. 

Peche  a"  Orange. 

Sandalie  hermaphrodite. 

Grosse  jaune. 

Peche  de  Burai 

Yellow  Admirable, 

Orange  peach,  For. 
The  flowers  of  this  tree  are  large;  the  fruit  is 
large,  round,  flattened,  least  broad  at  the  head,  and 
divided  by  a  shallow,  longitudinal  groove;  the 
skin  is  covered  with  down,  yellow  on  the  shaded 
side,  and  somewhat  red  on  the  part  exposed  to  the 
sun ;  the  flesh  is  yellow  like  that  of  an  apricot, 
and  red  next  the  stone ;  it  is  rather  firm,  and  some- 
times even  a  little  dry,  unless  it  is  perfectly  ripe  ; 
the  juice  is  pleasant,  perfumed,  and  much  resem- 
bles the  apricot,  when  the  autumn  is  hot  and  favor- 
able for  its  maturity  ;  the  stone  is  small  in  com- 
parison with  the  size  of  the  fruit,  and  it  separates 
with  difficulty  from  the  flesh.  This  peach  ripens 
at  Paris  about  the  middle  of  October,  and  on  stand- 
ards it  gains  in  quality  what  it  loses  in  size.  Du- 
hamel remarks  that  it  may  be  propagated  from 
seeds  without  degenerating  ;  he  also  rernarkathut 
•  A  "  fcuie,"  the  12th  part  of  aniuch. 


Duh. 


it  is  sometimes  met  with  producing  small  flowers, 
and  that  there  also  exists  another  variety  with  ve- 
ry large  flowers  which  yields  still  larger  fruit. 
Catharine.    Pr.  cat.    Pom.  mag.  Lang.  Pom. 
Switz.  Mil.   Hitt.    For.    Lond.  hort.  cat. 
I  extract  the  following  description  of  this  cling- 
stone variety  from  the  Pomological  Magazine. 

"  An  old  and  very  valuable  variety,  ripening  in 
the  end  of  September  and  beginning  of  October, 
and  possessing  far  greater  merit  than  any  other  of 
our  late  clingstone  peaches.  When  fully  matured, 
it  is  excellent  and  extremely  beautiful ;  but  to  be 
eaten  in  perfection,  it  should  have  been  gathered 
a  few  days.  It  is  said  to  force  well,  which  is  an 
important  quality;  for  from  want  of  solar  heat  in 
this  climate,  all  the  clingstone  peaches  acquire 
their  flavor  most  perfectly  in  a  forcing-house.  It 
is  an  abundant  bearer,  and  according  to  Forsyth, 
well  adapted  for  tarts. 

"  It  is  remarkable,  that  although  it  appears  from 
an  old  catalogue  of  the  Chartreux  garden,  that  the 
Catharine  was  long  since  sent  to  France,  under 
the  name  of  La  Belle  Catharine,  no  trace  of  it  is  to 
be  found  in  the  great  French  works  on  pomology. 
"  In  the  catalogue  of  fruits  cultivated  in  the  gar- 
den of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  die  green 
Catharine  peach  of  the  Americans  is  said  to  be  the 
same  as  this ;  but  this  is  a  mistake,  that  variety 
having  globose,  not  reniform  glands,  (and  being 
also  a  free  stone,  &c.    Auttw) 

"  The  Incomparable  peach  is  very  nearly  the 
same  as  the  Catharine,  but  is  distinguished  by  its 
higher  color,  both  inside  and  outside,  and  by  its 
flavor  being  inferior.  On  account  of  its  superior 
beauty,  it  is  the  most  cultivated  of  the  two. 

"  Leaves  crenate,  with  reniform  glands,  very 
deep  green,  somewhat  puckered  or  crumpled  on 
each  side  of  the  midrib  ;  flowers  small,  reddish  ; 
fruit  large,  round,  either  depressed  or  pointed  at 
the  apex  in  which  respect  it  is  veiy  variable — to- 
wards the  base  the  surface  is  uneven ;  color  a 
beautiful  red  next  the  sun,  marbled  and  dashed 
with  darker  shades,  pale  yellow  next  the  wall, 
where  it  is  sprinkled  with  many  red  dots  ;  flesh 
very  firm,  of  a  deep  crimson  next  the  stone  to 
which  it  strongly  adheres — towards  the  outside 
very  white,  becoming  after  having  been  gathered 
a  few  days  tinged  with  yellow,  and  having  then 
an  abundance  of  juice,  and  a  very  rich  and  sweet 
flavor ;  stone  middle  sized,  roundish  oval,  very 
slightly  pointed." 

Admirable.  Pr.  cat.  Duh.  Roz. 
Admirable.  Pr.  cat.  25  ed.  No.  102. 
The  flowers  of  this  tree  are  small,  and  of  a  pur- 
ple rose  color  ;  the  fruit  is  thirty  lines  in  diameter, 
and  twenty-seven  in  height — it  is  divided  by  a 
shallow  longitudinal  groove,  and  terminated  at  the 
summit  by  a  very  small  nipple;  the  skin  is  velve- 
ty, of  a  light  yellow  hue  on  the  shaded  side,  and 
touched  with  bright  red  next  the  sun;  the  flesh  is 
white  except  round  the  stone,  where  it  is  tinged 
with  pale  red — it  is  rather  firm  before  it  attains  to 
maturity,  but  when  perfectly  ripe,  it  becomes  melt- 
ing, with  abundance  of  sweet  juice,  of  a  vinous, 
rich,  and  excellent  flavor  ;  the  stone  is  small  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  fruit,  which  is  one  of 
the  finest  peaches,  and  ripens  about  the  middle  of 
September :  the  tree  is  very  productive,  but  it  is 
found  in  France  to  require  more  attention  than 
most  others  to  the  pruning,  because  it  often  has 
some  weals  and  feeble  branches,  and  it  sometimes 


Duh.  syn 


loses  very  large  ones,  being  quite  subject  to  the 
cloque,  a  malady  which  is  attributable  to  the  cold 
winds. 

Nivette.     Pr.  cat.     Duh. 

Nivetle  veloutee.     Dull. 

La  Nivette,  or  La  Vclirutee.  Die.  d'Agrie 
The  flowers  of  this  tree  are  of  medium  size,  and 
eleven  to  twelve  lines  in  breadth ;  the  leaves  are 
furnished  at  their  base  with  rounded  glands  ;  the 
fruit  is  large,  and  sometimes  thirty  lines  in  diame- 
ter, and  of  tiie  same  height — it  is  divided  by  u 
longitudinal  groove  of  no  great  depth,  one  side  of 
which  is  far  more  projecting  than  the  other,  and  it 
is  terminated  at  »*  summit  by  a  very  small  nipple; 
the  skin  is  almost  wholly  of  a  yellowish  white 
color,  and  only  occasionally  tinged  with  some  red 
veins  on  the  sunny  side— it  separates  pretty  easi- 
ly from  the  flesh,  which  is  mostly  white,  but  red- 
dish round  the  stone,  and  this  redness  penetrates 
considerably  into  the  fruit ;  it  is  somewhat  firm 
before  it  attains  to  perfect  maturity,  but  then  be- 
comes very  melting,  and  abounds  in  juice  of  a  vin- 
ous, sweet,  and  excellent  taste,  sometimes  howev- 
er, it  is  a  little  bitter ;  the  stone  is  proportionate  to 
the  size  of  the  fruit,  of  a  pretty  regular,  oval  form, 
although  a  little  narrower  at  its  base  than  at  its 
point — it  is  eighteen  lines  in  length,  by  an  inch  in 
diameter.  This  peach,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  one  of  the  best  freestone  varieties,, 
ripens  at  the  end  of  September. 

Monstrous  Pomponne.    Pr.  cat 

Pavie  de  Pomponne.    N.  Dull.    Jard.  fruit. 

Pavie  rouge  de  Pomponne.    O.  Dull. 

Pavie  monstreux, 

Pavi  camu, 

Gros  Perseque  rouge, 

Gros  melecoton, 

Monstrous  Pavy  of  Pomponne. 

Royal  Pavy.  For. 
This  tree  is  of  very  vigorous  growth  and  up 
pearance;  its  leaves  are  large,  with  small  inden- 
tures. The  flowers  are  large,  but  do  not  open 
perfectly,  the  petals  being  much  hallowed  or  spoon- 
shaped.  The  fruit  is  round  and  terminated  by  a 
large  namelon ;  and  it  is  not  only  one  of  the  most 
beautiful,  but  surpasses  all  other  peaches  in  size. 
— Duhamel  mentions,  that  it  is  often  fourteen 
inches  in  circumference,  and  it  is  stated  in  the  Jar- 
din  Fruitier,  that  it  is  frequently  to  be  met  with  in 
the  vicinity  of  Paris,  three  and  a  half  inches  in  di 
ameter ;  which  work  further  adds,  that  the  climate 
there  does  not  admit  of  its  attaining  to  that  per 
fection  which  it  acquires  in  the  South  of  France. 
The  skinis  velvety,  white,  approaching  to  a  green 
ish  hue  on  the  shade  side,  and  of  a  fine  red  color 
next  to  the  sun.  The  flesh  is  very  firm,  red  be- 
neath the  skin  on  the  sunny  side,  and  also  around 
the  stone,  to  both  of  wnich  it  adheres  ;  elsewhere 
it  is  white,  and  at  maturity  becomes  sweet,  mus 
ky,  vinous,  and  of  very  pleasant  flavor.  In  rainy 
and  cold  seasons,  und  in  climates  ton  far  north,  it 
does  not  perfect  its  fine  qualities,  and  is  often  in 
sipid,  a  warm  and  dry  autumn  being  required  for 
it  to  attain  to  perfection.    The  mall  in 

comparison  with  the  size  of  the  fruit.  Its  period 
of  ripening  is  in  the  month  of  October.  In  the 
more  northern  climates,  the  fruit  is  sometimes  ga- 
ther! d  before  mature,  to  preserve  it  from  the  frosts, 
and  it  is  then  placed  on  shelves  to  ripen  in  thl 
house.  It  is  also  frequently  made  use  of  for  pre- 
serves and  compotes. 


Vol.  1.— No.  37. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


29tf 


Magdalen  Clingstone.    Pr.  cat. 

Pavie  blanc.    Duh. 

Pavie  madeleine,  or  magdelcinc.  Duh.  syn. 
The  leaves  of  this  tree  are  devoid  of  glands  ;  its 
flowers  are  of  a  very  delicate  rose  color,  and  of 
large  dimensions,  being  fifteen  to  sixteen  lines  in 
diameter.  The  fruit  is  twenty-four  to  twenty-six 
lines  in  height,  and  twenty-six  to  twenty-eight  in 
its  greatest  diameter;  and  is  sometimes  terminat- 
ed by  a  very  small  namelon.  The  skin  is  velvety 
and  almost  entirely  of  a  whitish  hue,  being  speck- 
led only  with  some  reddish  dots  next  the  sun  ;  it 
does  not  separate  from  the  flesh,  which  is  firm, 
white,  succulent,  and  of  a  vinous  flavor  at  perfect 
maturity.  The  stone  is  of  a  brownish  red  color, 
strongly  adhering  to  the  flesh,  and  is  thirteen  lines 
in  length,  by  about  ten  lines  in  diameter.  This 
fruit  ripens  in  the  beginning  of  September. 
French  Blood  Peach.    Pr.  cat. 

Sanguinole.    Duh. 

Betterave,     )  _,  , 

„    '     J  Duh.  syn. 
Druselle.        ) 

Scarlet  Peach. 
This  is  a  fruit  of  moderate  size  when  produced 
on  dry  soils,  and  often  not  exceeding  seventeen  to 
eighteen  lines  in  diameter,  and  of  the  same  height; 
in  good  soils,  however,  it  attains  to  rather  larger 
dimensions.  The  skin  is  thick,  and  separates 
with  difficulty  from  the  flesh  ;  it  is  covered  with 
very  fine  down  of  a  greyish  color,  and  slightly 
tinged  with  dull  red  next  the  sun.  The  extremi- 
ty of  the  fruitis  usually  terminated  by  a  namelon; 
the  flesh  is  of  the  color  of  lees  of  rather  dark-color- 
ed red  wine ;  it  has  not  much  juice,  and  its  flavor 
is  slightly  acid,  or  bitter,  and  not  agreeable  to  the 
taste.  The  stone  detaches  itself  easily  from  the 
flesh,  and  is  thirteen  lines  in  length  and  ten  in 
breadth.  This  peach  commonly  ripens  about  the 
middle  of  September,  or  towards  the  beginning  of 
October.  In  warm  and  early  seasons  its  flavor  is 
somewhat,  improved  ;  it  is  much  used  for  preserves 
and  compotes,  being  far  better  cooked  than  raw. 
It  also  serves  to  make  beautiful,  pickles,  but  the 
clingstone  variety  is  more  generally  used  for  this 
last  named  purpose  throughout  our  country. 
Cardinale.     Pr.  cat.     Duh.     Jard.  fruit. 

Cnrdinale  de  Furstembergh. 

Bloody  peach. 
I  This  peach  Duhamel  states  to  be  much  larger 
and  better  than  the  preceding  one.  The  leaves 
have  large  indentures ;  the  flowers  are  large,  and 
of  a  pale  color ;  the  fruit  is  round,  and  of  the  size 
of  a  Magdalen  ;  the  skin  is  wholly  of  a  dull  red- 
dish violet  hue,  and  seemingly  dirty,  from  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  thick  russet-colored  down  which 
adheres  to  it.  The  flesh  is  generally  of  a  dark 
purple  tint,  with  veins  of  the  color  of  the  blood 
beet ;  the  taste  is  usually  flat,  or  even  insipid.  It 
ripens  in  October,  and  in  consequence  of  its  want 
of  flavor,  is  rather  an  object  on  account  of  its  col- 
or, than  of  value  in  other  respects.  It  is  said  that 
in  Italy  and  other  warm  climates  it  is  much  better 
than  in  colder  latitudes,  and  that  it  is  there  much 
esteemed ;  if  so,  it  would  find  an  appropriate  clim- 
ate in  our  Southern  State.  It  is  but  recently  that 
this  tree  was  introduced  to  our  country  by  myself, 
having  received  it  from  the  South  of  France.  Like 
the  other  varieties  of  the  Blood  peach,  it  serves  for 
preserves,  compotes,  and  pickles. 

Harrington.    Pr.  cat.    Pom.  mag.    Lond. 
hort.  cat. 


Buckingham  Mignonne.     Lond.   Hort.  Cat. 

This  peach,  some  trees  of  which  I  introduced  a 
few  years  since  from  Europe,  is  one  of  great  ex- 
cellence. It  is  arranged  in  Mr.  Lindley's  classi- 
fication in  the  same  section  with  the  Grosse  Mig- 
nonne, but  is  a  perfectly  distinct  variety,  consider- 
ably later  at  maturity,  and  succeeds  the  Royal 
George.  The  tree  is  of  a  healthy  habit,  and  pro- 
duces good  crops. 

The  following  detailed  description  I  extract 
from  the  Pomological  Magazine,  in  which  work 
the  fruit  is  admirably  figured. 

"Leaves  crenated,  with  globose  glands  ;  flow 
ers  large ;  fruit  large  and  handsome,  roundish 
somewhat  elongated,  and  rather  pointed  at  the 
summit ;  the  suture  moderately  deep  along  one 
side ;  skin  pale  yellowish  green  next  the  wall, 
deep  red  next  the  sun,  marbled  with  darker ;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  slightly  rayed  with  some  crim- 
son tints  next  the  stone,  from  which  it  parts  free- 
ly ;  melting,  juicy,  and  very  rich  ;  stone  middle- 
sized,  ovate,  with  a  lengthened  sharp  point,  very 
ragged,  and  of  a  brown  color." 

FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

I  believe  there  has  been  no  year,  in  which  the 
curculio  has  been  so  generally  destructive  as  the 
present,  since  the  first  settlement  of  this  country 
Plum  trees  which  had  not  failed  to  bear  well  for 
eighteen  years  in  succession,  are  now  destitute  of 
fruit;  and  there  are  very  few  peaches  to  be  found 
amongst  us.  The  young  fruit  of  these  kinds  in- 
deed, was  much  scarcer  than  usual,  but  that  of  the 
nectarine  and  apricot  was  abundant;  and  yet 
nearly  all  have  disappeared  before  this  busy  in- 
sect. The  present  season  however,  is  favorable 
for  observation  in  regard  to  the  causes  which  have 
saved  particular  trees,  such  as  those  in  the  public 
garden  at  Rochester ;  and  I  should  be  interested 
to  read  all  such  accounts  as  the  readers  of  the  Gen- 
esee Farmer  can  furnish. 

To  set  a  good  example,  I  will  therefore  men- 
tion a  case.  I  inquired  of  an  acquaintance  if  he 
had  plums  this  season?  "Only  one  tree  that 
bears  well,"  was  the  reply.  "  I  have  another  tree 
with  some  on  it,  but  they  are  waxy,  and  don't 
look  well."  But  where  do  those  trees  stand  that 
do  bear  1  "  The  one  that  bears  best,  stands  be- 
"  tween  Ike  door  and  the  well,  almost  in  the  path ; 
"  the  other  tree   is  further  back  in  the  lot." 

It  may  be  observed  by  way  of  explanation,  that 
the  curculio  is  so  timid  as  often  to  fall  from  the 
tree  on  the  near  approach  of  a  person,  and  I  have 
frequently  taken  them  from  my  clothes;  but  if 
the  tree  is  often  jarred  in  the  course  of  the  day, 
they  become  so  frightened  and  disturbed  as  to 
tuit  it  entirely.  D.  T. 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

I  was  so  well  pleased  with  the  fair  and  candid 
manner  in  which  "  A  Nurseryman"  replied  (see 
No.  16)  to  my  strictures  on  certain  gentlemen  of 
his  profession  that  I  have  been  in  no  haste  to 
prepare  a  rejoinder.  Indeed  a  part  of  his  remarks 
go  to  prove  a  point  which  I  want  the  farmers  and 
horticulturists  of  the  Genesee  Country  to  under- 
stand, viz:  that  an  order,  selected  from  the  new- 
est printed  catalogues  of  some  nursery  establish- 
ments near  our  maritime  cities,  may  be  sent, — 
and  it  is  most  probable  that  not  one  half  of  that 
order  will  be  supplied.  When  they  understand 
this  matter,  they  may  shape  their  minds  accord- 


ingly, either  to  bear  the  disappointment,  or  to  have 
the  returns  made  in  time  to  procure  the  articles  not 
furnished,  elsewhere. 

I  also  wish  to  prepare  them  for  disappointments 
in  regard  to  many  of  the  articles  which  may  be 
supplied.  1  know  by  experience  that  it  is  hard 
sometimes,  to  avoid  mistakes,  even  among  plants 
which  we  know.  It  is  still  more  difficult  for  nur- 
serymen to  do  right  when  they  purchase  plants  un- 
der wrong  names,  and  have  not  skill  enough  to  de- 
tect the  error.  I  have  reason  to  know  that  abuses 
to  a  very  great  extent  have  prevailed  and  still  pre- 
vail, under  this  head.  Even  from  different  nurse- 
rymen, whose  honesty  I  could  not  suspect,  I  have, 
bought  the  same  plant  three  times  over,  and  twice 
under  wrong  names. 

I  have  no  wish  to  dissuade  any  person  from 
sending  300  or  400  miles  for  plants — it  is  what 
I  have  done  myself — and  it  is  what  I  mean  to  do 
— but  I  want  him  to  do  it  with  his  eyes  wide  open, 
aware  of  the  risks  as  well  as  aware  of  the  pleas- 
ure that  success  will  afford.  The  old  proverb  says 
"  fore- warned,  fore-armed." 

I  do  not  question  the  good  intention  of  the  "  Nur- 
seryman ;"  and  if  I  knew  him  I  might  have  per- 
fect confidence  in  his  judgment ;  bufl  cannot  ad- 
mit that  his  brethren  of  the  trade  are  generally  the 
best  judges  of  fruit;  or  that  they  ought  to  be  en- 
couraged in  the  liberties  which  some  of  them  take 
with  their  absent  customers.  Every  man  who 
neglects  the  nurseries  in  his  own  neighborhood, 
and  sends  200  or  300  miles  for  fruit  trees  at  doub- 
le price,  ought  to  be  considered  an  Amateur; 
and  to  interfere  with  his  choice,  cannot  be  any 
thing  less  than  impudence.  I  have  known  sever- 
al instances  of  this  kind  of  interference,  but  never 
one  in  which  the  change  was  not  for  the  benefit 
of  the  seller,  and  to  the  great  disadvantage  of  the 
purchaser.  Verbum  Sat. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE   FARMER. 

I  was  intending  to  write  a  short  article  on  To- 
matoes when  the  34th  No.  of  the  Genesee  Farmer 
brought  me  the  Editor's  remarks  on  this  subject.  I 
wish  him  to  consider  me  a  as  a  laborer  in  anoth- 
er part  of  the  same  field. 

We  prepare  tomatoes  in  the  following  manner : 
Throw  the  ripe  fruit  into  hot  water,  and  then  the 
skins  are  easily  peeled.  We  disregard  the  seeds  ; 
and  put  the  peeled  fruit,  sliced, — without  any  wa- 
ter into  a  tin  or  stone  vessel  moderately  stewing 
them  with  frequent  stirring.  As  milk  has  more 
flavor  without  water,  so  the  drier  they  can  readily 
be  made  without  burning,  the  more  piquant  is  this 
sauce,  the  less  will  it  retain  of  the  essential  odor  of 
the  plant,  and  we  think,  the  sooner  will  a  taste  for 
it  be  acquired  by  a  novice.  We  therefore  prefer 
stewing  it  three  hours,  not  considering  it  to  be 
well  done  in  a  shorter  time,  unless  the  vessel  is 
very  shallow. 

Season  it  with  butter,  salt,  and  pepper. 

We  also  think  that  ripe  tomatoes  make  better 
pickles  than  green.  In  truth  we  prefer  them  so 
prepared  to  any  other  pickles  except  walnuts,  and 
even  this  exception  is  a  matter  of  doubt. 

I  cordially  subscribe  to  all  the  Editor  has  said  hi 
favor  of  this  fruit.  Apicius. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

The  last  number  of  The  New- York  Farmer 
contains  a  paper  with  the  signature  of  Wonki  ! ! 
written  against  me  in  the  same  vulgar  style  as  the 


294 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


September  17,  1831 


two  former  articles.  Wonki  is  eager  to  raise  his 
voice  on  the  occasion,  but  seems  to  know  nothing 
of  the  matter  in  dispute. 

These  samples  of  the  literature  and  manners  of 
our  good  city  will  be  interesting  to  many  persons 
in  Europe.  (i. 

Jjp  The  number  of  the  N.  Y.  Farmer,  contain- 
ing the  communication  of  Wonki  has  not  been 
received  at  this  office.  Will  the  editor  please  send 
it? 

From  the  \ew-l:nglanil   Farmer. 

Mr.  Fessenien, — In  the  sheets  of  the  Re- 
vue des  Revues  sent  by  Doct.  Van  Mons,  is 
an  interesting  account  of  a  process  for  ma- 
king a  cheap  and  very  good  kind  of  cheese  : 
and  as  the  experiment  may  be  deemed  wor- 
thy of  repetition,  by  our  agriculturists,  I  send 
you  a  translation  for  the  New-England  Far- 
mer. It  is  probable  the  process  may  be  con- 
siderably improved,  by  the  use  of  a  press  of 
some  kind,  which  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  applied,  as  in  the  mode  practiced  by 
our  dair  -women. 

I  have  read  your  remarks  on  female  indus- 
try, and  think  them  generally  correct.  When 
the  daughters  of  farmers  can  be  well  employ- 
ed at  home,  that  is  the  very  best  place  for 
them  ;  but  if  there  is  poverty,  shiftlessness, 
vice,  and  no  work  to  be  done,  within  the  walls 
of  the  parental  dwelling  let  them  seek  a  bet- 
ter situation  for  earning  a  support,  cultiva- 
ting their  minds  and  improving  their  mor- 
als. 

You  have  treated  this  important  subject 
of  inquiry  with  candor,  and  that  practical 
good  sense,  which  characterises  whatever 
you  publish  under  the  editorial  head  of  the 
New-England  Farmer. 

In  this  land  of  freedom  all  must  work  to 
live,  and  recollect  the  apothegm  of  Franklin, 
that  'God  helps  them,  who  help  themselves.' 

There  are  innumerable  employments  for 
females  in  the  country.  I  called  at  a  small 
house  in  a  neighboring  town  a  few  days  since, 
to  obtain  a  glass  of  water.  I  found  the  snug 
apartments,  neatly  furnished,  and  such  an 
appearance  of  thrift,  that  I  was  induced  to 
investigate  the  cause.  The  tale  was  soon 
told.  The  little  tenement  belonged  to  a 
widow,  who  had  two  daughters,  whose  time 
was  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  artificial 
flowers  for  the  New-Orleans  market.  By 
this  pleasant  branch  of  industry,  they  earned 
four  or  five  hundred  dollars  per  annum,  and 
were  consequently  independent,  respected, 
comfortable  and  happy,  in  the  neat  cottage, 
which  was  embellished  with  fruit  trees  and 
flowers,  by  their  own  hands. 

It  is  most  interesting  and  gratifying,  to  call 
at  the  houses  on  the  road  side,  as  we  pass 
through  the  country,  where  a  certain  appear- 
ance of  rural  enjoyment  strikes  the  eye,  and 
ascertain  the  infinite  modes,  in  which  the  va- 
rious inmates  earn  a  support.  The  variety 
of  manufactures  which  claim  the  attention  of 
the  frugal  mother  and  active  daughters,  is 
absolutely  astonishing. 

To  know  how  our  people  live  and  earn  a 
living,  we  must  viiit  them  at  their  own  fire- 
sides. Industry,  economy,  and  temperance, 
with  a  cheerful  heart,  and  moral  habits,  tri- 
umph over  all  the  hostilities  of  climate  and 
soil.  The  rough  features  of  this  northern  re- 
region  are  made  to  assume  the  delightful  as- 
pect of  more  favored  climes.  Labor,  con- 
stant, unremitted  and  untiring  labor,  has  giv- 
en to  New-England  the  glorious  appearance 


of  universal  prosperity.  Freedom  has  pitch- 
ed her  tents  upon  the  hills,  and  health  and 
comfort  reside  in  every  vale.  Let  those  who 
are  ever  looking  on  the  dark  side  of  the  pic- 
ture of  life,  contrast  the  condition  of  this  peo- 
ple, with  that  of  any  other  country,  ancient 
or  modern,  and  they  must  rejoice  at  the  ad- 
vancement rather  than  the  decadence,  of  the 
human  race;  they  must  be  prcud  of  their 
countrymen  rather  than  disposed  to  hunt  up 
causes  of  complaints,  and  of  perpetual  de- 
nunciation. The  good  should  be  noted,  when 
what  there  is  of  error  calls  down  rebuke. — 
The  everlasting  cry  of  depravity  will  not  e- 
radicate  the  latter  or    augment    the    former. 

(Unqualified  disapprobation,  at  all  times,  and 

j  in  all  places,   bespeak   a  cold  temperament, 

I  and  an  utter  ignorance  of  the  character  of 
man;  to  elevate  him,  commendation  is  bet- 

jter  than  censure. 

With  the  advantages  of  schools  and  reli- 
gious instruction  so  abundantly  afforded  thro' 
out  the  Eastern  states,  with  a  disposition  to 
advance  in  fortune, intellectual  acquirements 

land  reputation,  the  daughters  of  agricultu- 
ral and  mechanical  parents  become,  in  prop- 
er time,  mothers  of  robust  children,  who  are 
taught  by  precept  and  example  to  emulate 
the  meritorious  deportment  of  their  progen- 

'  itors. 

But  there  is  one  striking  fact,  which  may 
be  considered  as  the  test  of  our  prosperity 
and  the  cause  of  our  advancement  in  all  the 
arts  of  civilization  ;  it  is  the  pre-eminent  vir- 
tue of  the  females,  of  all  ranks  and  ages.  If 
the  men  were  as  distinguished  for  their  rec- 
titude of  conduct,  vice  would  soon  disappear 
from  the  land  ;  they  are  responsible  for  what- 
ever there  is  of  crime  and  licentiousness. — 
Let  them  take  counsel  from  women,  and  im- 
itate her  morals,  and  the  prison  and  alms 
house  would  become  useless  establishments 
Misery  would  not  exist,  and  joy  and  felicity 
become  the  inmates  of  every  mansion.  If 
woman  is  vicious  man  has  made  her  so,  and 
the  effects  of  his  character  fall  upon  his  de- 
scendants, from  generation  to  generation. — 
Woman  is,  in  this  country,  the  standard  of 

j  excellence  for  the  lords  of  creation,  who  have 
assumed  a  lofty  position,  but  the  power  of 
command  does  not  always  ensure  respect. — 
To  merit  distinction,  they  must  endeavor  to 
propitiate  by  kindness  and  ensure  commen- 
dation by  practical  morality  ;  the  times  have 
gone  by  when  to  order  was  deemed  a  right, 
and  submission  ranked  among  the  obliga- 
tions of  woman.  She  has  a  mind  and  has 
cultivated  it ;  she  is  capable  of  deciding  on 
the  character  and  deeds  of  man  and  he  must 
be  ambitious  to  obtain  her  good  opinions. 

With  unfeigned  esteem,  your  most  obedi- 
ent servant.  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn. 

Bnnley  Place,  > 
Sept.  2,  1631  ._$ 


From  the  Bostou  Evning  Gazette. 

SILK  WORMS. 

We  recently  witnessed  the  operation  of  over 
4000  silk  worms  at  the  scat  of  Nath'l. 
Dorr,  Esq.  in  Roxbury — and  must  confess 
that  we  never  before  felt  the  least  interest 
in  this  important  branch  of  Natural  economy 
until  we  saw  these  busy  bodies  at  work.  It 
has  led  us  to  read  and  reflect  a  little  upon 
this  subject. 

The  two  following  articles  are  taken  from 
the  Baltimore  Chronicle  of  the  Times,  which 
is  edited  by  Professors  Ducaten  and  Sal- 
vert,  of  the  University  of  Maryland — and 
presents  a  short  but  interesting  description, 
of  the  management  adopted  in  the  establish- 


ment of  of  M.  Duponceau,  of  Philadelphia, 
and  also  some  account  of  the  Native  Ameri- 
can Silk  Worms,  in  the  following  account  by 
the  editors. 

We  have  lately  taken  occasion,  during  the 
visit  of  a  few  weeks  to  Philadelphia,  to  visit 
the  Silk  spinning  establishment  of  the  vene- 
rable P.  S.  Duponceau,  Esq.  The  estab- 
lishment is  directed  by  Mr.  D'Homergue ; 
and  though  small,  sufficiently  extensive  to 
enable  its  founder  to  attain  the  object  which 
he  had  in  view — namely,  to  satisfy  himself 
experimentally  of  the  degree  of  skill  requi- 
red to  learn  the  ait  of  silk  sj  inning. 

A  short  description  of  ihe  arrangements  a- 
dopted  in  the  establishment  under  D'Homer- 
gue's  directions  may  be  acceptable  to  our 
readers.  It  consists  in  a  shed  thirty-six  feet 
long  by  twenty  in  breadth,  running  north  and 
south,  the  eastern  side  entirely  open,  the 
western  exposure  but  partially  rioted,  hav- 
ing six  large  sashes,  usually  let  down,  in  or- 
der to  permit  the  free  circulation  of  air  so 
essential  to  the  operations  to  be  performed. 
The  entire  apparatus  and  machinery  of  the 
establishment  consists  of  ten  furnaces  built 
up  in  masonry,  with  grates  for  burning  char- 
coal, and  copper  basins  for  heating  the  wa- 
ter in  which  the  cocoons  are  placed,  and 
made  to  connect  during  the  spinning  opera- 
tion with  the  reels.  These  are  constructed 
in  the  most  simple  manner. — Each  system 
of  apparatus  and  machinery  is  attended  by 
two  females — the  spinster  and  a  little  girl 
win,  turns  the  reel.  The  spinster  takes  her 
situation  next  to  the  furnace;  she  is  provi- 
ded with  a  basin  of  cold  water  into  which  she 
dips  her  fingers,  after  every  immersion  of 
them  in  the  hot  water  in  which  the  cocoons 
are  placed.  Her  duty  is  to  prepare  the  co- 
toons  by  wiping  them  for  a  short  time  in  the 
hot  water,  and  supplying  them  with  the 
number  of  threads  to  the  reel.  It  is  this  op- 
eration, which,  although  extremely  simple 
in  appearance,  is  attended  with  difficulties 
in  practice  far  greater  than  we  had  any  idea 
of.  We  have  satisfied  ourselves  by  close  ex- 
amination, by  inquiries  from  the  females, 
who  are  now  spinning  for  the  second  year, 
and  by  the  full  and  precise  explanations 
which  were  given  to  us  by  Mr.  D'Homergue 
himself,  that  the  art  of  spinning  silk  of  uni- 
formly good  quality  is  a  far  more  difficult  ac- 
quirement than  has  been  sometimes  stated, 
and  generally  thought. 

From  these  considerations  and  a  convic- 
tion of  the  importance  to  our  country  of  the 
raising  of  silk  worms,  and  the  manufacture 
of  its  invaluable  product,  we  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  subscribing  ourselves  as  the  decided 
advocates  of  the  plan  submitted  by  Mr.  Du 
Ponceau,  to  congress  after  their  request — 
namely,  to  appropriate  a  sum  of  money  for 
the  thorough  instruction  of  sixty  intelligent 
young  men  in  the  art  of  spinning  silk,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  D'Homergue.  We  have 
the  greatest  confidence  in  Mr.  D'Homergue's 
intelligence  and  abilities ;  we  feel  the  warm- 
est gratitude  for  Mr.  Du  Ponceau's  patriot- 
ic exertions — his  sacrifice  of  time  and  mon- 
ey— in  convincing  our  fellow  citizens  of  the 
importance  of  this  new  branch  of  industry, 
and  providing  for  our  country  the  means  of 
securing  its  benefits. 

We  have  the  additional  gratification  of  be- 
ing able  to  state,  that  the  raising  of  silk 
worms  has  considerably  increased  through- 
out ihe  United  States,  and  that  the  farmers 
of  Pennsylvania  at  least,  have  satisfied  them- 
selves that  it  gives  rise  te  a  profitable  em 


Vol.  1.— No.  37. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


205 


ployment.  The  cocoons  which  were  sent  to 
Philadelphia  during  the  last  season  were 
purchased  by  Mr.  On  Ponceau  at  40  cents 
per  pound.  While  on  this  subject,  to  which 
we  hope  to  have  occasion  to  return  frequent- 
ly, we  will  call  the  attention  of  our  readers 
to  an  interesting  article  on  native  Mexican 
silk  worms,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  a 
highly  respectable  correspondent. 

Froip  the  New   Rngland  I  urmer 

FARMERS    WORK    FOR    SEPTEM- 
BER. 

It  is  well,  about  this  time  to  be  particular- 
ly attentive  to  the  cattle  and  sheep,  which 
you  intend  to  fatten  lor  market  or  for  domes- 
tic consumption.  When  an  animal  is  nearly- 
fattened  he  becomes  somewhat  nice  and  no- 
tional about  his  food  ;  and  although  he  wi 
not  require  so  much  in  quantity  as  when 
he  was  lean,  what  he  does  condescend  to 
feed  upon  must  be  of  the  best  quality.  Grass 
will  soon  decline,  and  it  will  be  advisable 
with  regard  to  your  fatting  cattle  and  milch 
stock  to  make  a  liberal  use  every  morning 
and  evening  of  cabbage  leaves ;  strippings 
of  mangel  wurtzel,  or  lucern,  cut  and  sup- 
plied by  hand  by  way  of  soiling.  Or  if  you 
are  not  provided  with  these  articles,  or  some- 
thing which  will  answer  as  their  substitute, 
you  may  feed  them  with  pumpkins,  green 
corn,  boiled  or  steamed  potatoes,  with  a  little 
Indian  meal  stiried  into  their  pottage,  sea 
soned  with  a  little  salt. 

It  is  not  advisable,  when  it  can  well  be  a 
voided  to  turn  fatting  cattle  into  mowing 
land,  to  eat  the  rouen  ;  for  if  rouen  is  turned 
into  in  September  you  cut  off  one  of  the  best 
resources  for  sheep  and  lai..bs  in  the  spring. 
It  is  believed  that  a  second  crop  of  grass  in 
most  cases,  when  it  is  sufficiently  luxin  run 
to  afford  as  much  as  half  a  ton  to  an  acre 
had  better  be  cut  for  feeding  shpep,  &.C,  in 
the  spring  then  fed  off  by  fatting  cattle. 

LUCERNE    FOR   MILCH    COWS. 

Mr.  Arthur  Young  says,  'The  dairy  of 
cows  must  have  plenty  of  grass  throughout 
the  month  of  September  or  their  milk  will 
be  very  apt  to  fail.  Lucerne,  mown  green 
and  given  them  in  a  yard,  is  the  most  profita 
ble  way  of  feeding:  the  product  is  so  regu- 
lar, that  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  proportion  the 
dairy  to  the  plantation,  and  never  be  under  a 
want  of  food;  for  lucerne  mown  every  day 
regularly,  will  carry  them  into  October; 
and  although  some  persons  have  asserted 
that  cows  will  not  give  so  much  milk  thus 
managed,  as  when  they  range  at  large,  and 
feed  how  and  where  they  will,  it  is  not  a 
matter  of  inquiry  ;  because  if  they  give  less, 
the  quantity  will  pay  more  clear  profit,  than 
more  produce  would  in.the  other  case;  there 
may  be  some  inferiority;  but  the  cows  are 
kept  on  so  small  a  quantity  of  land,  that 
there  remains  no  comparison  between  the 
methods  for  profit. 

'But  however  doubtful  this  matter  might 
once  have  been,  it  is  no  longer  ;  and  tWe  ex- 
periment of  the  cows  kept  at  the  goal  of  Le- 
wes by  Mr.  William  Cramp,  has  decided  the 
matter  beyond  all  question;  a  produce  of 
from  501.  to  702.  per  cow.  should  forever  put 
to  silence  the  silly  objections  which  have  been' 
made  to  this  practice.' 

It  may  be  observed  that  these  observations 
of  Mr.  Young  are  bet  er  adapted  to  the  hus- 
bandry of  Great  Britain  than  that  of  this 
country,  where  pastuie  is,  in  general,  more 
plenty  and  labor  more  scarce.  But  the  cul- 
tivation of  lucerne  for  soiling  in  the  vicinity 
J'  " 


who  furnish  milk  to  their  inhabitants,  and 
may  enable  some  to  keep  cows,  who,  without 
the  aid  of  that  excellent  grass,  would  be  obli- 
ged to  dispense  with  the  services  of  that 
most  useful  of  domestic  animals. 


HORTICULTURAL  EXHIBITION. 

The  exhibition  of  fruits  and  flowers  by  the 
Horticultural  Society  at  Niblo's  Garden  yes- 
terday morning,  attracted  numerous  crowds 
of"  visiters,  and  gave  great  satisfaction.  Of 
the  flowers,  we  leave  the  catalogue  to  speak 
— they  were  beautiful,  and  prettily  arranged 
as  an  ornament  to  the  more  substantial  part 
of  the  exhibition, — the  fruits — in  which  the 
principal  interest  of  the  spectators  was  niani 
fested.  The  show  of  grapes  was  finer  than 
has  ever  before  been  made  in  this  city.  One 
of  the  clusteis  from  a  vine  in  this  city  weigh- 
ed 35  ounces,  and  was  accompanied  by  other 
clusters  from  the  same  garden  scarcely  infe- 
rior in  magnitude.  They  were  raised  in  the 
open  air  without  any  artificial  protection  a- 
gainst  the  colds  or  heats  of  the  climate.  Sev- 
eral varieties  of  the  native  grape,  in  hand- 
some clusters,  of  different  colors  and  forms, 
made  their  appearance  from  the  vineyard  of 
Professor  Gimbrede.  at  West  Point.  The 
Catskill  grapes,  of  the  European  kinds,  rais- 
ed in  the  open  air,  looked  exceedingly  well. 
Of  peaches  there  was  a  great  variety,  inclu- 
ding the  most  valuable  kinds,  in  their  utmost 
perfection.  The  show  of  pears  was  equall 
fine,  the  varieties  numerous,  and  the  fruit  of 
uncommon  size  and  fairness.  In  other  re- 
spects the  exhibition  was  not  remarkable. — 
Plums  were  what  the  shopkeepers  would  call 
a  scarce  article,  the  season  having'  been  un- 
favorable to  the  production  of  this  fruit.  The 
uncommon  success  in  the  cultivation  of  grapes 
will,  however,  we  think  induce  the  cultiva- 
tors to  continue  their  endeavors  to  naturalize 
the  vine,  in  this  climate. — N.   Y.  Ere.  Post 


The  third    anniversary  of  the  Mbany 
Horticultural    Society   was    celebrated  in 
this  city  on  Saturday.     The  display    of 
fruits,  vegetables,  plants  and  flowers,  was 
not  as  great  as  on  the  previous   anniversa- 
ry, the  season  being  unfavorable  to  the 
peach,  pear,  grape  and  particularly  to  what 
may  be  called  our  staple  fruit,  the  plum  ; 
but  it  was,  on  the  whole,  a  creditable  ex- 
hibition.    The  annual  address  was   deliv- 
ered at  the  Mansion  House,  at  3  o'clock, 
p.  m.  by  the  Rev.    Dr.  Lacey.     It  was  a 
highly  pertinent  and  valuable  effort,  and 
was  well  received  by  the  audience.     We 
hope  the  author  will  consent  to  its  publica- 
ation,  with  a  more  extended  account  of  the 
proceedings.     At  4,  p.  m.  the  company  sat 
down  to  an  elegant  dinner,  served  up  in  the 
best  style,  by  Mr.  Bradstreet.     Theguests 
consisted  of  the  members  of  the  society, the 
Lieutenant  Governor,  Chancellor,  Comp- 
troller, Secretary  of  State,  Recoider  of  the 
city,  and  other  state  and  city  officers,  and 
many  citizens.    Among  the  invited  guests 
were  the  venerable  col.   Bassett  and   Dr. 
Everett  of  Virginia, maj.  Talcott  of  the  U. 
S.  army,  and  Dr.  Spafibrd,  Mr.  Walsh. 
and  other  efficient  members  of  the  Rensse- 
laer County  Horticultural  Society.  Judge 
Buel,  president  of  the  society,  presided, 
assisted  by  Isaac    Dekniston,  esq.  vice- 
l"  large    owns,  may  be  advisable  to  those  ^president.     The  room  and  table  were  suit- 


ably decorated.  After  the  cloth  was  re- 
moved, various  toasts  were  drank.  The 
company  separated  at  an  early  hour,  in  all 
respects,  we  believe,  highly  gratified.— Al- 
bany Jlrgm. 

Thales,  one  of  the  wise  men  of  Greece. A 

sophist  wishing  to  puzzle  him  with  difficult 
questions,  the  sage  Miletus  replied  to  them 
all  without  the  least  hesitation,  and  with  the 
utmost  precision. 

What  is  the  oldest  of  all  things  ?  God,  be- 
cause he  always  existed. 

What  is  the  most  beautiful?  the  world,  be- 
cause it  is  the  work  of  God. 

What  is  the  greatest  of  all  things?  Space, 
because  it  contains  all  that  has  been  crea- 
ted 

What  is  the  most  constant  of  all  things? 
Hope,  because  it  still  remains  with  man,  af- 
ter he  has  lost  every  thing  else. 

What  is  the  best  of  all  things?  Virtue,  be> 
cause  without  it  there  is  nothing  good. 

What  is  the  quickest  of  all  things.'  Thought, 
because  in  less  than  a  moment  it  can  fly  to 
the  end  of  the  universe. 

What  is  the  strongest  ?  Necessity,  which 
makes  men  face  all  the  dangers  of  life. 

What  is  the  easiest  ?  To  give  advice. 

What  is  the  most  difficult  ?  To  know  your, 
self. 


NEW-YORK  GRAIN  MARKET. 
Northern  Wheat  $1  06  a  1  13 

Southern      "  1  06  a  1  15 

Riclunond  county,  new  flour  taken 

for  South  America,  bbl.  5  75 

Genesee,best  brands  5  63 

It  appears  that  new  Southern  Flour  bears  a  good 

price  now — previous  to  harvest  that  description 

was  lower  than  Rochester. 

FLOUR. 
The  Courier  and  Enquirier  of  the  13th  states, 

"  that  the  only  sale  of  flour  since  yesterday  worth 

noticing,  is  1000  barrels  fair  Western,  to  arrive,  at 

$5  50,  cash." 

A  Salem,  Mass.  paper  of  Sept.  6,  states,  that 
Col.  Aaron  Burr  passed  through  town  last  week, 
on  his  return  from  an  eastern  tour.  He  is  now  in 
the  79th  year  of  his  age ;  he  still  continues  to  prac- 
tice law  in  the  city  of  New- York. 

1^*  Caution  to  Jurors.  The  Snperior  Court  a' 
New- York,  last  week,  fined  every  default  of  a  ju- 
ryman, in  not  appearing  at  the  opening  of  court, 

$25. 

3£t"  Of  the  family  of  Washington — all  his 
military  secretaries  are  dead — of  his  aids-de-camp, 
only  one  survives  (Col.  John  Trumbull) — his  ser- 
vants are  all  gone,  except  a  very  aged  female  who 
was  at  the  camp  at  Valley  Forge,  and  at  Morris 
town,  in  1777-8.  His  two  adopted  children,  Mr. 
Custis,  of  Arlington,  and  Mrs.  Lewis,  of  Wood 
Lawn,  are  both  living. 


NOTICE. 
The  annual  meeting  of  the  Monroe  County  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  will  be  held  at    the  Arcade  in 
Rochester,  on  Friday  tile  7di  October,    1831,    at 
10  o'clock  A.  M. 
Rochester,  17th  September,  1831. 

H.  STEVENS,  Secretary. 


Bant  of  Buffalo. — This  institution  commence''- 
operations  at  Buffalo  on  the  (jlh  inst 


296 


THJG  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  17,  1831. 


DURABILITY  OF  TIMBER. 

Mrs  Griffith,  a  lady  of  New  Jersey, 
whose  agricultural  and  economical  writings 
have  conferred  great  benefits  on  the  commu- 
nity, recommends  felling  trees  for  posts  and 
limber  in  August.  Logs  designed  for  posts 
should  be  seasoned  twelve  months,  then 
sawed,  and  each  piece  charred  at  the  bot- 
tom. Posts,  says  Mrs.  Griffith,  cut  and 
chaired  in  this  way,  will  last  twenty  years, 
but  unless  the  wood  is  cut  in  August,  and 
seasoned  in  some  dry  place,  it  is  worse  than 
useless  to  char  them. 

Perhaps  we  may  be  accused  of  a  want  of 
respect  to  the  opinions  of  the  fair  author,  but 
we  confess  we  are  by  no  means  certain  that 
August  is  the  best  month  to  fell  trees  for 
timber.  We  know  of  no  facts,  nor  are  we 
aware  that  any  experiments  have  been  made, 
on  the  comparative  durability  of  timber,  cut 
in  different  months,  from  which  any  thing 
like  certainty  can  be  deduced.  On  this  sub- 
ject, as  well  as  on  the  influence  of  the  moon 
On  animals  and  vegetables,  we  believe  there 
is  more  of  superstition  than  truth  in  the  dis- 
cordant opinions  which  are  prevalent.  Were 
it  necessary,  authority  could  be  adduced,  to 
prove  that  severally  each  month  in  the  year  is 
the  most  suitable  for  felling  timber.  If  one 
month  or  one  quarter  of  the  moon  is  more 
favorable  than  another,  how  is  it  that  so  much 
diversity  of  opinion  prevails  among  those 
who  have  had  the  best  opportunijy  for  obser- 
vation ? 

Conversing  with  an  agad  gentleman  on 
this  subject,  he  informed  us  that  about  tw  n- 

ty-five  years  ago,  he  set  a  range  offence 

The  posts  used,  were  all  cut  at  the  same 
time,  and  apparently  of  the  same  quality. — 
Some  of  them  rotted  in  the  course  of  twelve 
years,  others  are  now  sound,  and  will  proba- 
bly last  several  years.  In  another  instance, 
he  about  sixty  years  since,  selected  several 
round  sticks,  from  the  frame  of  a  house, 
built  in  1720  or  25,  and  morticed  them  for 
posts.  Two  of  these  lasted  more  than  fifty- 
five  years,  though  unpainted,  and  exposed  to 
the  weather  during  that  long  period.  We 
have  also  heard  it  stated,  and  have  no  rea- 
son to  doubt  its  correctness,  that  a  farmer  of 
this  place  cut  on  each  of  two  successive  days 
a  load  of  cedar  from  the  same  swamp;  the 
fence  made  from  the  first  was  remarkably 
durable ;  that  from  the  other  rotted  and  be- 
came worthless  in  a  few  years.  Such  facts 
as  these  show  that  the  durability  of  timber 
depends  not  on  the  month  in  which  it  is  fell- 
ed, but  on  other  causes  which  are  not  yet 
well  understood. — Barnstable  Journal. 


The  Hon.  William  Jones  of  Philadelphia, 
died  at  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
morning  of  the  6th  inst.  Mr.  Jones  has 
successively  filled  the  offices  of  Secretary  of 
Che  Navy,  President  of  the  U.  S.  Bank,  and 
Collector  of  the  Port  of  Philadelphia. — jV. 
Y.  Cour.  Sf  Enq. 

The  Plague. — M.  Pariset,  who  has 
spent  some  time;in  investigating  the  causes 
and  nature  of  the  Plague,  has  established 
three  propositions,  as  the  result  of  his  labors ; 
— that  Egypt  is  the  sole  focus  of  the  plague, 
that  it  did  not  appear  in  the  world  until  E- 
gypt  ceased  to  embalm  the  dead  and,  in  or- 
der to  extirpate  it,  Egypt  must  return  to  her 
ancient  custom  or  adopt  general  measures  of 
police  and  health,  as  in  Europe.  We  are 
not  furnished  with  the  train  of  reasoning,  by 
which  M.  Pariset  has  arrived  at  this  vidua 
ble  discovery,  if  it  be  one.    He  states  that  in 


the  grotto  of  Samoun,  a  series  of  vast  and' 
lofty  saloons  connected  by  passages  so  nar-j 
row  that  he  was  obliged  to  crawl  upon  his 
knees,  he  found  the  mummies  of  crocodiles 
of  all  sizes,  ranged  in  layers  from  the  floors 
to  the  roofs,  to  the  number  of  several  mill- 
ions, wrapped  in  immense  quantities  of  lin- 
en ;  they  are  better  clothed  than  the  Egyp- 
tian  peasantry  of  the  present  day. — lb. 

The  Coronation. — King  William,  a- 
mong  his  other  reformations,  has  dispensed 
with  the  services  of  the  Champion  at  the 
Coronation.  Mr.  Dymoke,  who  now  (ills 
that  honorable  office,  has  certain  immunities 
in  consequence  of  his  duties,  which  are,  "to 
exhibit  in  an  iron  jacket  and  brass  breeches, 
seated  on  a  mountebank's  horse,  asserting  a 
right  which  no  one  disputes,  and  challen- 
ging to  fight  in  a  manner  which  he  himself 
knows  nothing  about,  and  which  has  been 
discontinued  for  three  hundred  years."  The 
challenger,  at  his  last  appearance,  we  believe, 
rode  into  the  banqueting  hall,  drank  with  the 
King,  in  that  dangerous  company,  uttered 
his  challenge,  backed  his  horse  out  of  the 
room.  The  coronation  of  George  IV.  cost 
about  £240.000.-/6. 

The  situations  in  which  the  present  King 
of  Belgium,  has  been  placed,  are  most  curi- 
ous. He  became  the  husband  of  her  who 
was  to  have  become  Sovereign  of  the  Brit- 
ish realms.  He  is  the  uncle  of  her  who  is  to 
be  their  sovereign,  and  thus  nearly  allied  to  a 
crown,  with  which  he  is  not  by  birth  connect- 
ed. He  has  two  other  crowns,  with  which 
he  was  not  connected  at  all, placed  at  his  dis- 
posal. If  any  thing  could  render  this  com- 
bination of  circumstances  more  curious,  it  is 
the  fact,  that  the  hand  of  the  Princess  Char- 
lotte of  Wales,  was  to  have  been  given  to 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  so  was  the  cro  n  of 
Beigium,  but  in  both  cases  Prince  Leopold 
was  preferred. — lb. 

We  have  before  us  a  list  of  the  collections 
made  in  France  to  aid  the  cause  of  Poland  ; 
the  amount  is  320,000  francs ;  it  is  signed 
by  General  Lafayette,  as  President  of  the 
society  established  at  Paris.  Amongst  the 
contributions  there  are  such  as  the  follow- 
ing : — By  a  Lady,  a  golden  bracelet — By  a 
Surgeon,  three  cases  of  amputating  instru- 
ments— By  a  Lady,  a  bundle  of  linen  rags 
for  dressing  wounds — The  amount  of  a  num 
ber  of  theatrical  representations;  of  a  num- 
ber of  balls,  and  concerts;  amount  of  arti- 
cles made  and  sold  by  a  number  of  ladies  and 
young  ladies,  and  collections  in  a  great  ma- 
ny masonic  lodges. — lb. 

Rotary  Pump. — Messrs.  Hale,  Crane 
&  Co.  of  the  city  of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
have  obtained  a  patent  for,  and  established 
a  manufactory  of,  a  new  rotoary  pump, 
which  promises  to  be  a  decided  and  valua- 
ble improvement.  Two  wheels  are  enclo- 
sed in  a  casting  which  corresponds  with 
them  in  size,  and  which  fits  closely  upon 
their  sides.  One  of  the  wheels  has,  on  its 
periphery  floats  or  wings,  three  in  numbi  r, 
at  equal  distances  apart — somewhat  like 
cogs; — the  other  wheels  has  cavities  into 
which  the  cogs  or  floats  may  lull,  both 
wheels  being  so  placed  in  their  casting  as 
to  revolve  together,  and  their  peripheries 
forming  a  water-joint.  Through  the  ends 
or  heads  of  the  <;isiii»  pass  the  shafts  which 
support  and  turn  the  wheels. 

There  are  two  apertures  in  the  casing, 


through  one  of  which  the  water  is  drawn  up 
by  the  suction  produced  by  the  motion  of 
the  floats,  as  they  recede  from  the  wheel 
containing  the  cavities,  and  through  the 
other  the  water  is  discharged  by  the  ap- 
proach of  the  floats  towards  it.  The  pump 
may  be  put  in  motion  by  the  hand,  or  oth- 
er power.  One  fourteen  inches  in  diama- 
ter,  with  the  application  of  the  power  of 
two  men,  will  raise  and  discharge  160  gal- 
lons per  minute.  A  pump  of  this  size  is 
already  in  successful  operation  at  the  Sims- 
bury  mines  in  this  State ;  and  orders  for 
others  have  been  received  from  several 

States  in  the  Union JV.  E.  Review. 

The  Comet  of  1832.— The  French 
Journals  have  had  much  to  say,  these  two 
years  past,  about  the  Comet  which  is  to 
make  its  appearance  in  1832.  The  Ger- 
man Journals  begin  to  amuse  their  readers 
with  the  chimical  apprehensions,  which  the 
future  appearance  of  this  star  may  inspire. 
The  fact  is,  that  this  Cometmight  approach 
the  earth  much  nearer  than  it  actually  w  ill 
approach  it,  without  furnishing  the  least 
ground  for  fear.  It  is  known  that  in  1770, 
a  comet  approached  within  750.000  leagues 
ot  the  earth,  about  nine  times  the  distance 
of  the  moon  ;  and  those  who  are  acquaint- 
ed with  astronomy  may  have  not  forgot, 
that  Mr.  Lalande  has  computed  thirteen 
thousand  leagues  to  be  the  distance  at 
whichacometcouldproduc  any  sensiblede- 

irangement  ofour  system.  The  fears  which 
Journals  propogate,  arise  from  this,  that 
the  Comet  of  1 832  will  pass  near  the  orbit 
of  the  earth,  (without  fourteen  diameters 
and  a  half,  thirteen  or  fourteen  thousand 
leagues,)  so  that  if  the  earth  be  at  that 

[  point  of  its  orbit  which  shall  be  for  an  inst- 
ant near  the  comet, some  deranging  phe- 
nomenon may  perhaps  result.  But  this 
case  is  far  from  possible  for  the  year 
1832. 


ROCHESTER  SEED  STORE. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  having  engaged  ex 
tensively  in  the  Seed.  Nursery  and  Green 
House  business.  They  will  be  constantlysu  ppli- 
ed  with  a  great  variety  of  Agricultural,  Horticul- 
tural, Flower,  and  Forest  Tree  Seeds.  The, 
will  also  soon  be  able  to  furnish  an  extensive  vari- 
ety of  Green  House  Plants,  from  the  New -York 
Nurseries,  and  of  their  own  cultivation. 

Jjp  Orders  will  he  received  by  them  for  '.' 
Shrub.--,  Plan's,  ifv.  tf-c.  from  the  following  i 
lishments:  W.  Prince  $  Sons',1  and  Parmentier's 
Island — Floy's,  Wi  I   lorbnm's,  and 

A.  Smith  &Co's,  New- York— J.  Bud,  Albany— 
Landreth's,  Philadelphia — Russell's,  1- 

A  Nursery  under  the  control  ofN.  Goo 
Editor  of  the  (u-msfr  Parmer,   with  whom  thev 
are  connected,  is  now  in  progress,  and  from 
••■ill-  supplied  an  extensive  varictj  of  most  of  the 
different  articles  found  inNurserics. 

R.  &  K.  will  also  keep  a  gem  lent  of 

Garden  Tools,  Flower  Pots,  '  lardi  n 

Jlp  All  orders  to  I  this   fall,  should 

be  sent  in  previous  to  the  1st  <  let; 

Rochester,  aug.  19    ar __ 

ESSAYS  ON  AMERICAN  SILK, 

WITH   Directions  t<  or  raising  Silk 

Worms— by  J.  D.  Homergue  andPetei  S 
Duponceau.    Also. 

Dea  'I  Farmer,  and 

Butler's  Farmers  Manual,  for  Bale  by 

am  i   pi  'in  i.i;  *  co. 

Pr    ince  on  the   Vine,  a.  few  copies  for  sale  M 

jU.lv 


^amsras* 


a 


VOLUME 


ROCHESTER,  SEPTEMBER  24,    1831. 


NUMBER   38. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $2. 50  per  annum,  or 

$2  00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


GRAPE  WINE. 
For  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  feel  disposed 
to  try  the  experiment  of  making  wine  from  the 
native  American  Grapes,  of  any  description,  we 
Wve  the  following  directions ;  and  as  this  is  the 
proper  season  for  collecting  the  grapes,  we  hope 
all  who  feel  an  interest  in  this  subject,  will  attend 
to  it,  not  only  for  the  purpose  of  making  wine,  but 
for  selecting  and  marking  such  vines  of  whatever 
variety  as  shall  appear  best  calculated  for  culti- 
vation, either  for  wine  or  as  a  table  grape. 

Let  those  who  shall  attempt  to  select  and  mark 
vines  remember  that  it  is  not  always  the  sweetest 
grape  that  makes  the  best  wine,  neither  is  a  grape 
to  be  rejected  because  it  possesses  astringent  quali- 
ties, but  the  size  and  shape  of  the  clusters  shoul  I 
be  examined,  the  growth  and  shape  of  the  vine 
as  to  fruits,  and  above  all  whether  the  vine  is  a 
good  bearer. 

These  substances  are  necessary  to  be  in  solu- 
tion in  the  must  or  juice  of  grapes  in  order  to 
make  a  good  wine,  viz :  saccharine  matter,  tar- 
taric or  some  other  acid  and  mucilage. 

With  regard  to  the  first  of  these,  saccharine 
matter  or  sugar,  most  fruits  have  more  or  less  of 
it,  and  because  a  fruit  tastes  sour,  it  is   no  proof 
that  it  does  not  possess  sugar,  but  that  the  acid  is 
in  excess.     An  apple  or  grape  may  be  called  sour, 
and  yet  be  very  rich  in  saccharine  matter.  Fruits 
that  possess  the  largest  quantity  both  of  acid  and 
sugar  are  the  most  desirable  for  making  fermen- 
ted liquors.     Where  there  is  a  want  of  sacchar- 
ine matter  or  acid  in  grapes,  either  may   be  sup 
plied. artificially.     The  common  cream  of  tartar 
of  the  shops,  is  collected  from  the  bottom  and  sides 
of  wine  vats.     When  taken  from  the  vats  it  con- 
tains a  large  quantity  of  coloring  matter,  and  oth- 
er impurities,  which  are  shut  in  by  the  chrystals 
of  the  acid;  in  this  shape  it  is  called  Algal,  or  red 
Argal,  as  red  grapes  produce  more  of  it  than  the 
white,  and  of  course  the  coloring  matter  is  one  of 
its  characteristics.     To  prepare  cream  of  tartar 
from  Argal,  it  is  dissolved  in  water,  freed  from  its 
impurities  by  filtration  after  which  it  is  evapora- 
ted on  chrystalized.     From  the  price  which  this 
article  bears  in  market,  it  is  not  very  costly  sup- 
plying it  artificially  where  grapes  do  not  possess 
a  sufficient  quantity  of  it  naturally.      The  same 
may  be  said  with  regard  to  the  saccharine  matter 
the  base  of  which  is  sugar,  and  in  many  instances 
can  be  supplied  at  a  cheaper   rate  to  an  inferior 
grape,  which  is  a  great  bearer,  than  can  be  fur- 
nished naturally  by  cultivating  a  grape  which 
possesses  a  larger  quantity,   and   yet  is  a  poor 
bearer.    The  sum  total  of  these  two  substances 
contained  in  the  juice  of  grapes  or  other  fruit, 
may  be  ascertained  by  its  specific  gravity.      For 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  this,  let  a  new  laid 
lien's  egg  be  put  into  the  must  or  juice  of  grapes ; 
when  the  egg  floats  to  the  surface  it  is  sufficiently 
strong  for  making  a  good  bodied  wine.     To  as- 
certain exactly  the  proportions  of  acid  and  sugar 
"vhich  were  contained  in  such  a  must,  would  re- 


quire a  nice  chemical  analysis,  but  this  is  not  ne 
cessary.  If  there  is  an  excess  of  acid  in  wine  it 
will  separate  from  it  by  standing;  hence  such 
wines  improve  by  age ;  but  on  the  contrary  if 
there  is  not  sufficient  acid,  a  part  of  the  sugar  will 
remain  undecomposed  in  the  liquor  after  the  fer- 
mentation has  ceased,  and  will  dispose  such  wine 
to  prick  or  turn  sour.  There  is  no  damage  to 
the  wine  if  the  juice  contains  more  acid  than  is 
decomposed  during  fermentation,  but  there  may 
be  if  it  does  not  contain  enough. 

As  to  mucilage  most  fruits  contain  that  in  suf- 
ficient quantity,  and  many  more  than  is  necessary 
to  promote  fermentation,  and  the  excess  must  be 
got  rid  of  by  fining,  else  it  will  dispose  the  liquor 
to  become  sour. 

From  the  above  it  may  be  inferred  that  the 
sourest  grapes  are  capable  of  making  good  wine. 
In  short,  it  is  desirable  they  should  be  sour  rather 
than  sweet.  When  grapes  are  collected  for  wine 
let  them  be  mashed  in  a  barrel  or  some  other  con- 
venient way,  after  which  let  them  be  put  into  an 
open  vessel,  which  should  be  rather  deep  than  oth- 
erwise. Where  a  hogshead  is  to  be  prepared,  a 
pipe  or  hogshead  with  one  head  out,  standing  up 
on  the  end,will  be  found  to  be  very  convenient ;  in- 
to this  let  the  mashed  grapes  be  put  and  allowed 
to  stand,  being  losely  covered  until  fermentation 
has  commenced  and  the  skins  have  risen  to  the  top 
a  thick  scum.  When  this  is  perceived  let  the 
liquor  be  drawn  off  through  a  hole  near  the  bot- 
tom. When  so  drawn  off  it  should  be  strained 
through  a  number  of  thicknesses  of  flannel  or  sand, 
in  order  to  free  it  from  the  lees  as  much  as  possi- 
ble When  the  liquor  is  thus  prepared,  the  sac- 
charine matter  may  be  added  until  the  specific 
gravity  as  indicated  by  an  egg  shows  the  quanti- 
ty to  be  sufficient ;  after  which  it  may  be  put  in- 
to the  cask  and  the  bung  left  out  to  finish  the  fer- 
mentation. When  the  fermentation  has  ceased 
it  should  be  bunged  close.  In  about  ninety  days 
after  it  is  made,  wine  should  be  fined  by  putting 
about  two  quarts  of  skimmed  milk  to  the  barrel, 
which  should  be  well  mixed,  and  the  barrel  bung- 
ed tight  as  before.  Whatever  is  used  as  saccha- 
rine matter  should  be  as  pure  as  possible.  Maple 
sugar,  as  it  is  commonly  made,  communicates  a 
disagreeable  flavor  to  wine,  as  does  many  of  the 
brown  West  India  sugars.  White  Havana,  should 
be  preferred  when  it  can  be  obtained  at  a  reason- 
able price.  Honey  gives  to  wine  much  of  the 
champaigne  flavor,  for  which  reason  it  will  be 
preferred  by  many  to  sugar,  and  the  same  number 
of  pounds  will  make  the  must  equally  as  rich.  As 
the  process  for  wine  making  is  so  simple,  we 
would  recommend  those  who  can  procure  wild 
grapes  to  make  the  experiment.  Where  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  grapes  can  not  be  procured  to 
make  a  cask  entirely  from  the  expressed  juice, 
water  may  be  added  previous  to  putting  in  the  su- 
gar. — 

Since  the  above  article  was  written,  we  have 
received  from  the  Groveland  Farmer  the  follow- 
ing description  of  the  process  by  which  the  wine, 
which  he  presented  to  us,  as  mentioned  in  one  of 
our  late  numbers,  was  made.  By  this  communi- 
cation it  will  be  seen  that  he  mixed  with  the 
grapes,  an  equal  quantity  of  water  and  yet  the] 


wine  was  of  superior  quality.  It  must  be  re- 
membered that  the  grapes  used,  were  the  wild 
chicken  grapes  of  our  forests,  and  that  they  con- 
tain more  tartaric  acid  than  the  fox  grape;  a  prop- 
erty highly  favorable  for  making  good  wine;  there- 
fore, if  a  grape  is  used  that  does  not  possess  so 
much  acid,  if  water  is  added,  we  are  of  opin- 
ion that  it  would  be  found  very  important  to  add 
a  quantity  of  cream  of  tartar,  to  supply  the  natu- 
ral deficiency,  otherwise  the  wine  would  be  too  in- 
sipid, and  if  the  common  quantity  of  sugar  was 
used,  it  might  not  all  be  decomposed,  and  in  that 
case  the  wine  would  be  more  subject  to  become 
sour.  The  experiment  of  the  Groveland  Farmer, 
goes  to  prove  that  a  good  and  wholesome  wine 
may  be  made  with  us  at  a  low  price,  when  com- 
pared with  the.  prices  which  we  pay  for  the  brew- 
ed and  deleterious  wines  now  sold  at  most  of  the 
shops  as  imported  wines,  much  of  which  is  ac- 
tually compounded  in  our  large  seaport  towns, 
and  many  that  were  imported  undergo  such  mix- 
ing and  alteration,  as  entirely  to  change  them  from 
what  they  were  made,  and  yet  to  show  that  we 
are  extremely  wise  in  those  matters,  we  drink 
them,  declare  the  price  we  pay  for  them,  and  cry 
out,  what  an  excellent  glass  of  wine. 

Sir — I  am  gratified  to  find  that  the  sample  of 
wine  I  sent  you  was  approved  by  yourself  and 
friends — it  was  made  as  follows  :  The  ripe 
grapes  were  picked  from  the  stems  and  crushed, 
then  measured,  and  the  same  quantity  of  water 
was  added.  The  mixture  was  suffered  to  foment 
in  a  cask,  of  which  the  head  was  taken  out,  for 
four  days.  It  was  then  strained,  and  to  the  juice, 
which  was  about  27  galls.,  was  added  50  lbs.  of 
Muscovado  sugar,  which  was  well  stirred  to  dis- 
solve it.  The  liquor  was  then  put  into  a  cask  of 
'26  galls.,  which  was  kept  constantly  filled  up  to 
the  bung ;  when  the  violence  of  the  fermentation 
was  over,  the  bung  was  put  over  the  hole,  but  not. 
driven  in ;  some  time  afterwards  it  was  stopped 
close,  and  so  remained  till  the  following  March  when 
it  was  fined  with  white  of  eggs,  and  one  gallon 
cogniac  brandy  was  added.  It  was  bottled  oft* 
when  10  month  old. 

I  am  sir,  your  obd't.  serv't., 

A  Groveland  Farmer. 


ZINC. 

As  some  of  the  eastern  mechanics  are  adverti- 
sing zinc  hollow  ware,  a  short  description  of  this 
metal  may  be  acceptable. 

Zinc  is  never  found  in  its  metalic  state,  but  is 
dug  from  the  earth  in  the  form  of  ore. 

The  ores  most  common  are  carbonates,  sul- 
phates, and  sulphurets,  and  most  of  them  contain, 
besides  zinc,  iron,  lead,  silver,  and  alumine  in  dif- 
ferent proportions.  The  most  common  ore  is 
known  by  the  name  of  calamine,  and  is  the  one 
used  in  the  preparation  of  brass,  which  is  an  al- 
loy with  copper,  the  proportions  being  about  two 
parts  copper  and  one  of  zinc. 

Zinc  is  a  bluish  white  metal,  mailable;  melts 
at  about  700  °  Fah't.,  and  is  volatilized  at  a  red 
heat,  burning  with  a  white  flame,  tinged  with  yel- 
low. It  is  much  used  in  the  arts  when  mixed 
with  other  metals,  or  dissolved  in  acids. 


298 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  24,  1833 


With  sulphuric  acid  it  forms  sulphate  of  zinc 
or  white  vitriol ;  perhaps  this  is  more  commonly 
known  than  any  other  combinations  with  acids. 

It  has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tin  for  lining 
the  inside  of  culinary  and  other  vessels  but  is 
found  inferior  to  that  metal. 

One  of  its  oxides  has  been  offered  as  a  substitute 
for  white  lead,  for  painting,  and  several  patents 
have  been  taken  out  for  preparing  it,  but  none  of 
them  have  succeeded  in  bringing  it  into  general 
use. 

When  zinc  is  formed  into  kitchen  utensils,  we 
know  of  nothing  to  recommend  them  over  the  com- 
mon mixture  of  tin  and  lead,  known  as  pewter  or 
block-tin,  unless  it  is  when  milk  pans  are  made  of 
it,  they  are  rather  stiffer,  and  when  exposed  to 
heat  they  would  require  a  higher  degree  to  melt 
them.  We  do  not  think  they  will  come  into  gen- 
eral use,  neither  do  we  know  of  any  proper  claim 
at  this  time  for  a  patent,  as  zinc  has  been  used  for 
forming  various  utensils  from  time  immemori- 
al.  

HORTICULTUAL. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Monroe  County 
Horticultural  Society,  will  be  held  at  the  Arcade 
in  Rochester,  on  Friday  the  30th  of  September, 
1831,  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.  and  not  on  the  7th  of 
October  as  noticed  in  the  last  number  of  the  Par- 
mer. H.  STEVENS,  Sec'y. 

Rochester,  23d  Sept.  1831. 


Mrs.  Paul  Clark — A  basket  vergalo  and  :  English  practice  in  preparing  the  seed, which 
and  St.  Germaine  pears.  ji  is  to  spread  out  the  seed   four  or  five  inches 

D.  B.  Slingerland — Twenty-three  clus-^deep  on  a  flaor,  anil  sprinkle  it  with  water, 
ters  grapes,  comprising  the  Whine,  Ham- [stirring  it  occasionally  for  24  hours,  so  as  to 
burgh,  Burgundy,  Sweet-water,  Golden  cha-i  dampen  it  thoroughly  before  sowing  it. — 
salas,  Malvoix  white,  Souvenir  white,  cha-lj  This  makes  the  seed  heavier,  and  it  conse- 
salas  white,  Fontainbleau  and  Piedroug;  the  Iquently  falls  into  the  crevices  of  the  earth 
Minorca,  Persian,  pine  apple  and  citron  better,  and  is  not  so  liable  to  be  blown  about 
melons ;    the   white   Maiacaton   peach,    the 


ALBANY 


SO- 


HORTICULTURAL 
CIETY. 

The  third  anniversary  of  the  Albany  Hor- 
ticultural Society  was  celebrated  on  the  10th 
inst.  The  following  is  an  extract  from  the 
account  of  the  proceedings  on  the  occa- 
sion. 

The  variety  of  fruits  did  not  seem  to  be 
as  great  as  it  really  was,  owing  to  the  dimin- 
ished quantity,  and  the  alienee,  almost  en- 
tirely, of  the  fruit  which  our  gardens  usually 
present  in  the  greatest  variety  and  excel- 
lence,— the  plum  ;  but  the  grapes,  of  which  i 
there  were  upwards  of  twenty  varieties,  the 
pear  and  melon,  each  of  several  kinds  and 
of  high  flavor,  particularly  the  Persian,  Cit- 
ron and  Nutmeg  melons  from  the  garden  of 
Mr.  Slingerland,  and  the  Bergamot,  Sickle, 
and  Vergdo  pears,  from  the  gardens  of 
Messrs.  Delavan,  Dennison,  Ford,  Buel, 
Slingerland  and  Mrs.  Clark,  were  abundant, 
and  most  of  them  in  the  perfect  state  in 
which  they  were  produced  by  superior  and 
successful  culture. 

The  culinary  vegetables  were,  as  usual,  a- 
bundant  and  tine.  Among  the  plants,  we 
noticed  the  Okra,  with  its  delicate  and  rich 
product,  from  the  garden  of  ma).  Talcott. 

The  following  is  a  brief  memorandum  of 
such  of  the  productions  as  came  under  our 
observation,  with  the  name  of  their  respect- 
ive donors. 

Presented  by  Edward  P.  Livingston,  of 
Clermont — A  basket  of  three  kinds  of  grapes. 
Messrs.  Bwel  if  Wilson — Isabella  grapes, 
Bergamot  and  Vergalo  Pears,  Valparaiso 
squash,  egg  plants,  Constantinople  gourd  (a 
feet  long,}  the  apple  potatoe,  blood  beet,  tur- 
nips. 

Isaac  Dennison — A  basket  of  grapes,  do. 
bergamot,  sickle  and  vergalo  pears. 

Thos.  W.  Ford — A  basket  of  oranges,  ber- 
gamot and  vergalo  pears. 

J.  I.  Godfrey — Very  fine   celery,    oyster 
plants,  potatoes,  squashes. 


Downton  pippin,  bergamot  pears,  toinatos, 
Lima  beans,  New-Zealand  spinage,  vegeta- 
ble marrow,  Valparaiso  squash. 

Erastus  Corning — A  basket  very  fine  and 
large  egg  plums,  do.  large  blue  gage. 

Major  Talcott — The  okra  plant,  with  fruit 
and  flowers. 

/.  &,-  J.  Townscnd — Mexican  toinatos,  bell 
pears,  and  squashes,  Prussian  pickle  cucum- 
bers, Carolina,  Long-Island  and  kidney  po- 
tatoes, winter  beet,  parsnips  and  white  Tur- 
key beans. 

R.  M.  Meigs — A  basket  fine,  large  and 
ripe  Isabella  grapes. 

Wm.  Fowler — Very  large  egg  plants. 
Abm.  R.  Ten  Eyck — A  basket   of  New- 
Orleans  plums,  do.  damsons. 

John  L.  Viele — A  basket  Isabella  grapes. 
E.  C  Delavan — Bergamot  pears,   basket 
grapes,  do.  egg  plums. 

T.  W.  dkolt—S.  basket  Hamburgh 
grapes. 

S.  Van  Rensselaer — Two  large  water 
melons,  one  of  which  weighed  47£  pounds. 
John  Keyes  Paige — very  fine  melons. 
/  Whaten  from  the  garden  of  Stephen  Van 
Rensselaer,  jr. — Beets,  white  etig  plants, 
English  Spinage,  Lima  and  string  beans, 
naustuations,  globe  artichoke. 

Horatio  Gates  Spafford,  of  Lansingburgh 
— The  following  varieties  of  grapes,  viz: 
Madeira,  white  Tokay  from  Hungary,  Con- 
stantia  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  native 
grape  from  Pennsylvania,  and  the  fox 
grape. 

Alexander  Walsh,  of  Lansingburgh — A 
bearing  branch  of  Fort  Magee  Crab,  with 
three  apples,  tree  five  feet  four  inches  high, 
two  inches  in  circumference ;  apples  from 
Hill's  favorite,  the  Golden  Harvey  of  Bra- 
bant trees ;  standard  dwarf,  from  six  to  sev- 
en feet  high  and  four  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence. Three  kinds  of  Native  grapes.  Three 
|do.  foreign,  the  royal  Muscadine,  Fontinac, 
&c.  A  sample  of  monthly  cherries.  A 
bunch  of  the  roan  tree  berries.  Two  pea 
nut  plants  in  full  bearing.  Several  branch- 
es of  the  fig,  with  fruit;  tree  two  year's 
growth.  


by  wind  before  it  is  covered   by  the    harrow. 
It  also  vegetates  sooner  and  better.     We  al- 
so think  that    the  common  harrow   is  too 
coarse  an  implement   for  any  grass   seed  ;  it 
is  apt  to  bury  much  of  it  entirely    too  deep, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  leave  some  on  the 
surface  not  covered  at  all.     We    have  seen 
at  the  north  a  sapling  thickly  set  with  small 
branches  and  "Mis  used  instead  of  a  harrow  ; 
but  think  that  a  harrow  with  double  the  usual 
number  of  teeth,  but  these  of  only   half  the 
common  size,  would  be   much    the  best  im- 
plement.    This  would  require  the  ground  to 
be  well  prepared  of  course,  but  that  ought  to 
be  done  under  all  circumstances.     The    tall 
(meadow  oat  grass  is  gaining  rapidly  in  pub- 
lic favor,  and  will  doubtless  be  generally  a- 
dopted.     It  is  peculiar  for  its  very  early  and 
very    late    and  abundant   supply  of  pasture, 
and  is  considered  the  best  glass  to  sow  with 
lucerne,  12  to  15   pounds  of  the   latter   to  a 
bushel  of  the  former  being  the   usual  quan- 
tity to  an  acre. — American  Farmer. 

DESTRUCTION  OF  INSECTS.' 

Mr.  Fessenden — Now  is  the  time  to  de- 
stroy caterpillars.  The  eggs,  from  which 
they  are  produced  are  now  to  be  found  in 
bunches  on  the  twigs  of  fruit  trees.  By  ta- 
king off  those  bunches  the  vermin  are  destoy- 
ed  in  the  egg.  The  color  of  the  bunches  is 
now  so  much  darker  than  the  hark  of  the  twig 
that  they  are  easily  to  be  found  ;  it  will,  by 
[degrees,  become  lighter,  until  it  will  be  v'erv 
near  the  color  of  the  bark.  The  eggs  are 
laid  in  July.  They  remain,  where  lard,  un- 
affected by  change  of  weather,  by  frost  or 
heat,  until  spring,  when  they  are  hatched  by 
the  flowing  of  the  sap,  and  vegetative  power 
of  the  twig.  Each  bunch  of  eggs  will  pro- 
duce a  swarm  of  caterpillars  that  will  have  a 
nest  by  themselves.  The  nest  is  usually 
built  on  the  branch  that  bore  me  twig  on 
which  the  eggs  were  laid.  As  caterpillars 
have  no  desire  to  leave  the  tree,  on  which  they 
were  hatched,  until  the  time  win  n  the)  leave 
their  nest  and  separate  to  come  together  no 
more,  it  is  very  easy  to  keep  small  trees  free 
from  their  nests,  by  destroying  the  eggs. — N 
E.  Farmer. 


ORCHARD  GRASS,  fcc. 
The  season  for  seeding  orchard  grass,  tall 
meadow  oat  grass,  &c.  is  fast  approaching, 
arrd  we  have  thought  that  the  following  hints 
might  he  acceptable  to  those  intending  to 
cultivate  these  grasses.  Many  persons  have 
failed  in  producing  orchard  grass  after  much 
trouble  in  obtaining  seed  and  preparing  their 
ground,  and  generally,  the  fault  is  attributed 
to  the  seed.  This  may  sometimes  he  the 
case  ;  but  we  apprehend  the  cause  of  failure 
may  as  often  be  attributed  to  the  manner  of 
putting  the  seed  in  the  ground  as  to  the  seed. 
It  is  a  very  light  chaffy  seed,  or  rather  an  ex 
tremely  minute  seed,  closely  surrounded  by 
a  large  chaffy  husk  ;  and  therefore,  if  buried 
too  deep,  liable  to  rot  in  the  ground;  or,  if 
too  shallow,  to  remain  dry  on  the  surface. — 
In  a  conversation  with  Mr.  Robert  Sinclair 
on  this  subject,  he  suggested  that  it  would  be 
well,  in  sowing  orchard  grass,  to  adopt   the 


Management  of  Pigs. — The  following 
experiment  was  made  by  a  gentleman  of 
Norfolk.  Six  pigs  of  the  Norfolk  breed, 
and  of  nearly  equal  weight,  were  put  to  kee- 
ping at  the  same  time,  and  treated  the  same 
as  to  food  and  litter  for  about  seven  weeks. 
Three  of  them  were  left  to  shift  for  them- 
selves as  to  cleanliness;  the  other  three  were 
kept  as  clean  as  possible  by  a  man  employed 
for  the  purpose,  with  a  curry-comb  and  brush. 
The-  last  consumed  in  seven  weeks  fewer  peas 
by  Jive  bushels,  than  the  other  three  ;  yet  they 
weighed  more  when  killed  by  two  stone  and 
four  pounds  (thirty-six  poundsj  upon  an  ave- 
rage, or  six  stone  twelve  pounds  upon  the 
whole. — London  Paper. 

J'egetable  Curiosity. — Air  advertisement 
in  the  Gardener's  Magazine  states  that  ther*- 
is  to  be  seen  at  Mr.  Void's  nursery,  an  orange. 
.in  alive,  and  a  jessamine  growing  on  thesanw 
stock. 


Vol.  1.— No.  SS. 


ANI>  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


29*J 


POTATOE  CHEESE. 
The  following  is  the  translation  from   the  Rt 
.-  des  Revues, mentioned  in  the  communication 
of  Gen.  Dearborn,  to  the  EJitor  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Farmer,  which  we  published  in  the  last  Far- 
mer: 
FABRICATION    OF    CHEESE    FROM    POTATOES. 

In  the  Bulletin  of  the  Societe  D'Encour- 
a^ement.  for  the  month  of  September  1829, 
is  an  article  on  the  fabrication  of  cheese  from 
potatoes,  of  which  the  following  is  an  ex- 
tract, from  the  correspondence  of  M.  Fan 
renburg. 
There  is  made  in  Thuringe  and  in  a  part  of 
Saxony,  cheese  from  potatoes  which  is  very 
much  esteemed  ;  this  is  the  mode  preparing 
it. 

After  having  selected  the  best  kind  of  po- 
tatoes, the  are  boiled  ;  when  cooled,  they 
are  peeled  and  reduced  to  a  pulp,  either  by  a 
grater,  or  in  a  mortar :  to  five  pounds  of  the 
puff,  which  should  be  equally  fine  and  hum 
ogeneous,  is  added  a  pound  of  sour  milk  ith 
a  sufficient  quantity  of  salt;  the  whole  is 
well  kneaded,  then  covered  up  and  left  to  re- 
pose for  three  or  four  days,  according  to  the 
season  of  the  year :  at  the  end  of  that  time, 
the  mixture  is  again  kneaded  and  then  put 
into  small  baskets,  to  divest  it  of  the 
superfluous  humidity.  Afterward  it  is  pla- 
ced in  the  shade  to  dry  and  then  it  is  packed 
in  layers  in  large  jars  or  casks,  where  it  is 
left  for  fifteen  days.  The  older  this  cheese 
grows  the  better  it  is. 

There  are  three  kinds  made:  the  first, 
which  is  the  most  common,  is  prepared  in  the 
proportions  above  named  :  the  second,  with 
four  parts  of  potatoes  and  two  of  curd;  the 
third  with  two  pounds  of  potatoes  and  four 
pounds  of  milk. 

The  potatoe  cheese  has  this  advantage 
over  common  cheese,it  never  engenders  mag- 
gots, and  it  keeps  perfectly  well  for  several 
■years,  provided  it  is  placed  in  a  dry  situa- 
tion and  in  close  vessels. 

I  have  repeated  this  experiment  with  the 
proportions  o(  the  second  quality.  This  was 
the  method  pursued.  The  potatoes  were 
boiled,  peeled  and  crushed  with  the  hands. 
If  the  fabrication  «  as  carried  on  extensively, 
the  machine  used  for  reducing  the  potatoes 
in  distilleries,  could  be  used.  The  milk  «vas 
heated,  and  curdled  with  vinegar,  as  no  run- 
net  was  at  command.  After  this  operation, 
the  milk  was  mixed  with  the  potatoes;  the 
mass  was  salted,  then  it  was  passed  through 
a  hair  sieve,  to  pulverize  it  thoroughly  andl 
make  the  mixture  perfect;  this  mass, cover- 
ed with  salt,  was  left  for  ten  or  twelve  days  in 
an  earthen  pan;  at  this  period  it  was  distri- 
buted, for  want  of  baskets,  on  sieves,  where 
it  drained  and  became  moulded  into  regu- 
lar forms.  The  sieves  were  lined  with  a  lin- 
en cloth  before  the  mixture  was  put  into 
them.  Fifteen  days  after  this  draining  ope- 
ration, which  had  been  aided  a  little  by  pres- 
sure, the  cheeses  were  placed,  enveloped  in 
their  cloths,  between  osier  hurdles  and  put 
into  the  cellar.  At  this  time  the  caseous  fer- 
mentation is  well  developed,  and  the  cheeses 
are  yet  very  soft,  and  there  is  formed  on  the 
surface  a  skin  of  mould.  The  cheese  taste 
is  very  sensible,  and  not  disagreable,  and  1 
think  this  kind  of  cheese  can  be  advantage- 
ously made  by  the  farmers.  I  now  intend  to 
attempt  drying  the  cheese  in  the  shade.  I 
shall  publish  the  result  of  this  experiment, 
which  appears  to  me  to  be  important  to  agri- 
Cultural  economy. 


From  the  New-York  Former. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— No.  II. 

Mr.  Fleet — Before  advancing  any  far- 
ther, let  us,  if  you  please,  enter  into  an  ex- 
amination of  the  various  and  important  du- 
ties and  employments,  mental  and  bodily,  of 
the  actual  Farmer,  tlie  Husbandman,  or  of 
>.  Household  of  Husbandry.  Few  are  they, 
ofihe  inhabitants  of  large  towns,  or  cities, 
or  even  of  professional  men,  or  men  of  any 
other  business,  though  residing  around  them, 
who  have  any  just  conception  of  the  mind, 
and  talents,  and  various  information,  with 
constant  care  that  is  required  in  the  direc- 
tion of  such  an  establishment.  In  general 
terms,  every  body  knows,  that  the  business 
of  the  Farmer,  is,  to  make  a  living  by  the 
cultivation  of  the  earth.  He  is  to  raise  ve- 
getables, according  to  the  soil,  climate,  and 
the  demand,  or  market,  for  the  support  of 
his  family,  and,  by  prudence  and  economy,! 
to  increase  in  substance.  Such  is  the  brief 
outline.  Farmers,  also,  who  will,  who  do 
increase  in  substance,  are  obliged  to  prac- 
tice the  habits  of  economy, — to  live  like  Far- 
mers,— and  hence  are  they  often  regarded 
by  their  town  acquaintances,  as  somewhat 
parsimonious, '  as  close  as  a  Farmer,'  or,  per- 
haps as  'saving  and  as  stingy.'  With  an  in- 
tention to  show,  by-and-by,  that  these  very 
habits  are  very  essential,  but  greatly  under- 
valued, part  of  the  education  of  both  sexes, 
in  reference  to  usefulness,  and  that  there- 
fore Husbandly  is  entitled  to  the  greater  re- 
gaid,  we  pass  to  the  proposed  examination 
of  the  business  of  Husbandry. 

Here  is  a  Farm,  of  perhaps  50  to  100  acres 
of  arable    land, — and   most   Farms  are   too 
large, — which  is  to  be  managed,  and  worked 
by  the  Family  of  the  Husbandman.     If  well 
distributed  for  a  Farm,   theie  is  woodland, 
probably   hill  and  dale,    ledges   of  rock,    a 
brook,  springs  of  water,  soils  of  various  qual- 
ities, as  clay,  sand,  gravel,   loam,  some  dry 
and  warm,  some  cold  and  wet,  rich  or   poor, 
level   or  uneven,  and  the  whole  is,  or  is  to  be, 
arranged  into  inclosures,    or  fields,  by  fen 
ces.     In  this  distribution,  as  in   the  siibse- 
qent  appropriations,  much  good  sense  is  ne- 
cessary, so  as  to  adapt  the  soil    to  proper  u- 
ses,  and  the  crops  to  the  proper  soils.      We 
will  suppose  the  necessary  fences  made,  and 
the  buildings  erected,  >viih  Farm-house,  barn, 
sheds,  out -houses,  a  Garden,   well   selected, 
and    found    and  stocked   with  fruit.     That, 
what  rarely  happens,  there  is  a  due  propor- 
tion of  meadow-pasture,  and  arable  soil,  andl 
the  Farmer  out  of  debt.     Now  for  Farming.! 
the  out-door  business,  and. by-and-by  for  the  i 
dairy,   and    household     manufactures,    the, 
branches  of  Husbandry  for  her  of  the    in-' 
door  department.     First,  of  the  stock  of  the1 
Farm,  cows,  oxen,  sheep,  horses,  geese,  tur- 
keys, ducks,  and  mynheer   of  the  dunghill,  I 
all  of  which  require  some  judgment,   much 
care,  and  at  least  as  much  good  sense  as  the 
stocks  of  the  broker  or  the  merchant.  Each 
must  be  in  due  proportion  and  kept   so,   ac- 
cording to  constantly   varying  circumstan- 
ces. 

Then  comes  the  proper  crops,  for  conside- 
ration, in  which  the  time  of  the  year  is  to  be 
considered,  the  chances  estimated  with  those 
of  the  seasons,  and  the  weather,  ever  various, 
as  well  as  the  market,  or  demand.?  If,  by  un- 
foreseen delays  the  time  has  elapsed,  for  one 
thing,  then  what  next  is  best,  emergency  up- 
on emergency,  for  which  every  real  Farmer 
must  be  prepared.  In  my  last  No.  I  spoke 
of  the  right  time  for  doing  things  on  a  Farm, 


in  order  to  indicate  the  importance  of  being 
ready  at  the  right  time,  in  which  very  much 
of  the  true  wisdom  of  actual  Farming  con- 
sists, a  secret  not  yet  known  to  the  inexper- 
ienced. The  grass  is  to  be  cut,  perhaps,  the 
grain,  and  other  things  harvested  ;  the  fen- 
ces must  be  attended  to;  the  stock  changed 
from  field  to  field,  salted,  nursed,  and  even 
doctored  ;  and  all  this  must  be  done  at  the 
right  time,  or  much  loss  is  sustained.  The 
labor  of  the  Farm  must  be  directed  aright, 
in  all  these  points;  and  here  comes  in  the 
use  o(  this  'Fly-wheel  of  the  Farm,'  the  old 
man  whose  eye  must  be  upon  every  thing, 
men,  boys,  cows,  oxen,  sheep,  horses,  the. 
poultry,  the  growing  and  harvested  crops, 
fences,  weeds,  water,  wind  and  weather ! — 
Besides  there  is  a  time  for  marketing,  as 
well  as  for  every  thing  else,  and  a  right  time 
and  a  wrong  time,  which  must  not  be  lost 
sight  of,  for  this  kind  of  vigilance  is  also  a 
part  of  good  Husbandry.  Can  all  these  de- 
tailsof  business  be  attended  toby  a  dunce; 
or,  rather,can  they  be.by  any  body  but  a  man 
of  sense  ?  Farming  is,  in  a  greater  degree 
than  almost  any  other,  business  of  good 
sense  constantly  in  exercise.  They  who 
lack  this,  however  much  learning  they  may 
have,  ate  unsuccessful  ?s  Farmers,  as  well 
they  may  be.  That  there  are  bad  example? 
of  Farming  I  readily  admit,  as  there  are  al- 
so, in  all  sorts  and  kinds  of  business. — 
There  are  drones,  even,  in  a  bee-hive,  and 
careless  members  of  the  most  careful  fami- 
lies. To  succeed  in  Farming,  great  care  is 
indispensible,  with  quite  as  much  discretion, 
and  sound  praclical  good  sense,  as  in  anyof 
the  various   business  avocations  of  life. 

If  such  be  the  facts, — and  for  the  truth  of 
them  I  appeal  to  all  the  common  sense  of 
the  country, — why  is  it,  that,  in  all  direc- 
tions, our  business  is  looked  upon  as  one 
that  may  be  followed  by  any  dull  fellow, 
without  mind,  or  that  so  many  such  under- 
take to  become  our  teachers?  Even  before 
they  have  found  out  that  pigs,  on  paper,  are 
very  different  things  to  manage,  from  pigs 
on  a  Farm  '.  It  is  time  to  speak  plainly.  I 
shall  do  so,  also,  with  my  brother  Farmers, 
many  of  whom  are  too  much  inclined  to  run 
into  the  extravagant  customs  of  this  age  of 
extra  vagan  e.  Of  all  folly  that  merits  the  se- 
verest reprehension,  which  would  barter  an 
honest  independence,  and  a  life  of  active 
usefulness,  for  the  idle  toys,  and  the  mere 
gewgaws  of  the  folly  of  fashion.  To  guard 
the  young  members  of  the  Families  of  my 
brother  Farmers  against  the  seductions  of 
the  fashions  of  the  age,  is  one  purpose  of 
these  numbers.  The  object,  I  know,  is  a 
great  and  good  one,  in  which  the  effort  will 
be  seconded  by  all  the  honest  good  sense  of 
the  country.  Had  I  the  fame  of  Washing- 
ton, or  of  Cincinnatus,  or  of  any  or  all  of 
those  great  men,  who  have  gone  from  the 
plough,  to  distintinguish  themselves  in  the 
field,  no  uncommon  occurrence,  I  should 
pride  myself  in  using  it  all  for  this  most  no- 
ble and  holy  purpose.  The  career  of  Agri- 
culture, in  our  country,  has  much  in  it  that  is 
brilliant;  and  much,  alas  !  of  a  tendency  to 
remind  us  of  that  melancholy  picture  of  hu- 
man life,  by  the  great  Captain  and  mastei 
spirit  of  the  age,  'From  the  sublime,  to  the. 
ridiculous,  is  but  a  step.' 
Sept.  5,  1831. 

JjT  At  the  recent  election  in  Charleston,  S.  C 
the  nullification  party  obtained  a  majority  of  98  in 
the  citv. 


300 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  24,  1S35. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


IEN,  ) 

•    5 


LinnjEan  Botanic  Garden 
Flushing,  Sept.  8,  1831 
Gent. — I  transmit  you  herewith,  the  descrip- 
tions of  a  number  of  varieties  of  Heart  Cherries, 
Bigarreau  Cherries,  and  GriMe  or  Duke 
Cherries.  I  shall  always  be  happy  to  contribute 
to  your  highly  valuable  paper,  and  regret  that  the 
necessary  devotion  of  my  time  to  the  Pomological 
Manual  or  Treatise  on  Fruits,  which  has  just  is- 
sued from  the  press,  has  deprived  me  hitherto  of 
the  power  of  doing  so ;  for  I  assure  you  I  deem  it 
but  an  act  of  justice  that  every  one  should  contri- 
bute his  mite  to  so  useful  a  publication.  I  shall 
send  you  very  speedily  short  descriptions  of  an  as- 
sortment of  the  best  Plums,  Pears,  Apples,  Peach- 
es, Apricots  and  Nectarines,  which  will  enable  the 
lovers  of  Horticulture  in  your  section  of  our  state 
to  make  their  selections  with  a  knowledge  of  their 
respective  qualities.    Very  respectfully, 

Wm.  Robert  Prince. 


HEART  CHERRIES. 

Black  Heart — fruitof  good  size.and  (inequality ; 
the  tree  very  productive — ripens  about  a  week  or 
ten  days  after  the  Mayduke. 

Black  Tartarian — similar  in  color  to  above, 
but  half  as  large  again,  of  excellent  quality ,  the 
tree  very  productive,  ripens  a  few  days  later  than 
the  preceding  one. 

White  Heart — fruit  of  but  medium  size  or  rath- 
er less  than  medium,  and  of  oblong  forms,  color 
yellowish  white  on  the  shaded  side  and  pale  red 
or  mottled  with  red  next  the  sun ;  flesh  of  a  honi- 1 
ed  sweetness,  none  more  so;  the  tree  bears  buti 
indifferently — it  ripens  next  after  the  Mayduke,] 
and  therefore  second  in  point  of  maturity  and  pre- 
cedes the  Black  Heart  by  a  few  days,  and  there- 
by keeps  up  the  continuation. 

White  fruited  Guigne — fruit  of  medium  size, 
of  oblong  form,  of  a  dingy  white  on  the  shaded 
side,  and  of  a  flesh  color  or  red  next  the  sun ;  the 
flesh  white,  somewhat  firm  and  of  agreeable  flavor, 
ripens  about  the  middle  of  June. 

Knight's  Early  Black — very  similar  in  its 
general  character  to  the  Black  Tartarian;  fruit  of 
large  size,  surface  uneven,  less  pointed  than  the 
Black  Tartarian ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  rich  and  sweet, 
and  of  a  deep  purple  color ;  the  tree  is  produc- 
tive. 

Waterloo — fruit  large,  skin  dark  purplish  red ; 
flesh  delicate,  juicy,  sweet  and  of  a  rich  and  plea- 
sant flavor. 

Black  Eagle — fruit  of  fine  size,  form  between 
heart  shaped  and  round ;  flesh  tender,  rich,  and  of 
fine  flavor ;  juice  of  a  dark  purplish  color ;  ripens 
about  the  same  time  as  the  Black  Heart — the  tree 
is  very  productive. 

Elton — a  splendid  fruit  both  as  regards  its 
beauty  and  large  size ;  the  color  on  the  shaded 
side  is  a  pale  waxen  yellow,  but  next  the  sun  it 
is  mottled  with  fine  red ;  flesh  firm,  very  rich  and 
sweet ; — this  variety  ripens  after  the  Black  Tar 
tarian  and  before  the  White  Bigarreau,  and  serves 
to  keep  up  the  chain  of  continuation  of  this  fmit ; 
Lhe  tree  is  very  productive. 

White   Tartarian — a  beautiful   fruit,  almost 
transparent,  of  medium  size  and  of  fine  quality; 
it  is  one  of  the  earlier  varieties  in  point  of  matu- 
'ity. 
BSWtorw—a.  very  large  fruit  of  a  dark  purple  • 


or  blackish  color;  flesh  firm,  of  a  liver-like  con- 
sistence, and  of  pleasant  flavor,  but  not  quite  as 
rich  as  many  other  varieties.  It  ripens  two  weeks 
after  the  Black  Tartarian  and  after  indeed  most 
of  the  other  choice  heart  cherries  are  past,  which 
renders  it  particularly  valuable;  the  tree  bears  a- 
bundantly. 

China  Heart — fruit  of  medium  size,  the  skin 
beautifully  mottled  with  red  on  a  yellowish  ground, 
which  gives  it  a  particular  waxen  appearance ; 
the  flesh  is  between  solid  and  melting,  sweet,  of  a 
very  peculiar  and  pleasant  flavor,  which  differs 
from  all  other  cherries  I  have  tasted ;  the  tree  is 
exceedingly  productive  and  ripens  soon  after  the 
Black  Tartarian. 

Remington  White  Heart — fruit  of  medium 
size  or  rather  less,  color  whitish,  mottled  with  red 
next  the  sun,  flesh  somewhat  firm,  not  rich,  but  of 
pleasant  flavor.  The  principal  value  is  its  late 
maturity.  A  branch  was  sent  to  us  from  Rhode 
Island  on  the  10th  Sept.  which  was  loaded  with 
fruit  then  barely  ripe,  but  we  find  it  to  ripen  here 
early  in  August  and  sometimes  at  the  end  of  Ju- 

iy- 

Early  Black  Heart — fruit  similar  to  the  com- 
mon Black  heart  already  deseribed,  but  by  many 
deemed  rather  superior,  and  it  ripens  a  few  days 
sooner. 

American  Amber — the  fruit  of  fine  size  and  ex- 
cellent quality;  the  skin  of  an  amber  hue;  the 
tree  very  productive ; — ripens  about  the  same 
time  as  the  Black  Heart. 

Bleeding  Heart — an  oblong  fruit,  terminating 
in  a  point  and  more  of  heart-shape  than  almost 
any  other  cherry;  the  color  a  beautiful  dark  rich 
red ;  the  flesh  very  rich  it  being  among  the  most 
excellent  in  quality — the  tree  does  not  bear  well ; 
the  fruit  is  one  of  the  later  varieties  in  point  of  ma- 
turity. 

Transparent  Guigne — a  fruit  of  medium  size, 
of  a  yellowish  hue ;  mottled  with  red ;  it  is  of  ve- 
ry pleasant  flavor  and  ripens  among  the  latest  of 
the  heart  cherries,  which  circumstance  renders  it 
particularly  desirable. 

Herefordshire  Black — a  fruit  resembling  some 
what  the  common  Black  Heart,  and  valuable  on 
account  of  its  bemg  much  later  at  maturity ;  the 
flesh  is  rich  and  very  pleasant,  and  it  is  deemed  a 
fruit  of  much  excellence. 

BIGARREAU  CHERRIES. 
White  Bigarreau — a  beautiful  fruit  of  large 
size;  the  skin  at  maturity  of  a  yellowish  hue. 
somewhat  mottled  with  red  and  has  a  red  cheek 
on  the  sunny  side ;  the  flesh  firm,  sweet  and  of 
excellent  flavor,  ripens  about  the  same  time  as  the 
later  varieties  of  Heait  Cherries. 

Red  Bigarreau — a  large  sized  fruit  of  a  deep 
red  color,  and  oblong  form ;  flesh  very  firm,  sweet, 
and  of  pleasant  flavor ;  it  is  one  of  the  late  varie- 
ties in  point  of  ripening,  and  is  not  at  maturity  un- 
til two  or  three  weeks  after  the  Black  Heart. 

Pigeon's  lieart  Bigarreau — fruit  large,  its 
form  that  of  an  abridged  oval,  being  nearly  equal- 
ly compressed  at  the  base  and  the  extremity;  con 
vex  one  side  and  somewhat  flattened  on  the  other; 
and  marked  by  a  conspicuous  suture ;  the  skin 
dark  red  next  to  the  sun  and  yellowish  wliite  on 
the  shaded  side,  with  u  partial  tinge  of  rose  color ; 
the  flesh  firm,  crackling,  and  of  pleasant  flavor ; 
ripens  at  the  end  of  June. 
barge  R-d  Bigamav. — this  is  still  larger  than 


the  preceding ;  it  is  oblong  and  somewhat  flatten 
ed  on  two  sides ;  the  skin  is  shining,  dark  red  next 
the  sun,  and  of  a  paler  red  on  the  other  side ;  flesh 
whitish,  firm,  succulent,  very  rich  and  of  excel- 
lent flavor.  This  is  one  of  the  best  fruits  of  its- 
kind  and  ripens  late  in  July. 

Large  White  Bigarreau — fruit  of  same  form 
and  size  as  the  preceding ;  the  skin  altogether  of 
a  paler  hue ;  the  side  next  the  sun  is  a  flesh  color 
and  the  shaded  side  whitish ;  flesh  not  quite  as 
fine  and  its  flavor  not  quite  as  rich — the  tree  pro- 
duces abundantly. 

Common  French  Bigarreau — fruit  not  so  ob- 
long as  the  large  Red  Bigarreau,  but  of  larger 
size;  skin  shining,  of  a  beautiful  red  next  the  sun, 
marbled  with  white  in  different  places,  and  pale 
red  or  entirely  whitish  on  the  opposite  side ;  flesh 
firm,  crisp,  rich,  and  of  a  very  agreeable  flavor. — 
Tliis  is  intermediate  in  ripening  between  the  ear- 
ly and  late  varieties  of  the  Bigarreau,  and  is  at 
maturity  in  the  early  part  of  July — the  tree  pro- 
duces abundantly. 

Flesh  colored  Bigarreau — an  excellent  fruit ;  it 
bears  much  resemblance  to  the  preceding,  but  is 
distinguished  by  the  variation  in  the  color  of  the 
skin  which  is  of  a  fine  rose  color,  it  ripens  in  July. 

Large  late  Bigarreau — fruit  of  fine  size,  not 
quite  equal  in  that  respect  to  the  large  Red  Big- 
arreau already  described,  but  ripening  at  a  much 
later  period ;  skin  of  a  rather  dark  red  on  the  sha- 
ded side,  and  brownish  red,  almost  black,  on  the 
other ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  and  of  excellent  flavor. 

Late  Black  Bigarreau — fruit  of  good  size, 
contracted  both  at  the  base  and  extremity ;  skin 
at  first  a  dark  brownish  red,  but  when  ripe  be- 
comes black ;  flesh  red,  rather  dry,  and  very  firm ; 
this  variety  does  not  attain  its  full  maturity  at  Pa- 
ris until  the  end  of  August.  I  have  not  tested 
that  point  sufficiently  to  give  the  precise  period  of 
its  ripening  in  this  vicinity,  but  it  may  be  taken 
as  a  general  rule  that  fruits  ripen  rather  earlier  at 
New- York  than  they  do  at  Faris. 

Napoleon  Bigarreau — a  large  sized  fruit  of  fine 
appearance,  flesh  firm  and  of  very  good  quality; 
it  ripens  the  beginning  of  July.  It  is  arranged 
by  French  writers  among  their  best  varieties. 

Late  Bigarieau  of  Hildcsheim — this  is  a 
very  late  variety ;  the  skin  is  marbled ;  the  flesh 
firm,  and  of  a  pleasant  flavor ;  it  sometimes  does 
not  ripen  until  in  August.  There  are  a  number 
of  other  fine  varieties  of  this  class,  among  which 
are  the  May  Bigarreau,  Early  Bigarreau  of  Ma- 
zan,  &c. 

GRIOTTEorDUKE  CHERRIES. 

Early  Dwarf  May — a  small  fruit,  acid,  but 
pleasant;  the  tree  glows  slow  and  never  attains 
to  much  size;  this  variety  is  of  little  value  except 
on  account  of  its  being  the  first  at  maturity. 

Mayduke — fruit  of  a  large  size,  and  the 
est  cherry  we  have,  whose  qualities  are  particu- 
larly valuable ;  color  at  full  maturity  a  very  dark 
red,  but  it  is  generally  gathered  in  such  haste  that 
it  h;is  only  attained  to  redness,  without  having 
acquired  the  darker  hue ;  flesh  quite  rich  and  of 
a  very  pleasant  acid  ;  the  tree  execdingly  pro 
ductive. 

Late  Duke — this  fruit  bears  much  resemblance 
to  the  preceding  but  is  several  weeks  later  at  ma 
turity,  which  circumstance  also  renders  it  very  dr 
sirable,  in  addition  to  its  good  qualities. 


Vol.  1.— No.  38. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


301 


Archduke— fruit  of  fine  size  and  red  color; 
flesh  rich  and  of  pleasant  flavor;  ripens  between 
the  two  preceding  varieties. 

Prince's  Duke — fruit  of  the  very  largest  size, 
shaped  like  the  carnation  cherry,  but  of  a  fine  red 
color;  flesh  very  luscious  when  at  full  maturity, 
with  a  degree  of  honied  sweetness;  the  original 
seedling  tree  is  not  a  great  bearer;  those  may 
perhaps  do  better  which  are  budded  on  other 
stocks ;  it  is  one  of  the  later  sorts  in  point  of  ma- 
turity. 

Amber — fruit  of  very  large  size,  second  only 
to  the  preceding ;  of  a  straw  color  on  the  shaded 
side  and  in  some  cases  where  the  leaves  conceal  it 
from  the  sun  it  is  wholly  of  that  color;  but  where 
exposed,  the  sunny  side  becomes  finely  mottled 
with  red;  the  flesh  is  sweet,  luscious  and  of  a 
beautiful  appearance;  the  tree  is  quite  productive ; 
the  fruit  ripens  intermediate  between  the  early  and 
!atc  varieties. 

Belle  de  Choky — fruit  of  good  size,  and  of 
roundish  form ;  skin  transparent,  red  and  some- 
what mottled  with  amber  color,  more  particular- 
ly on  the  shaded  side ;  flesh  amber  color,  sweet, 
and  delicate ;  the  tree  bears  well  and  much  re- 
sembles tne  Mayduke  in  its  growth.  The  Cerise 
d'Ostheims  is  a  fine  variety  of  the  same  class. 

Richmond  or  Early  Kentish — fruit  of  fine  size, 
of  a  pleasant  acid  for  tarts,  and  more  esteemed  for 
this  purpose  than  any  other  of  the  early  varieties ; 
when  ripe,  if  the  fingers  in  pulling  it  press  upon 
the  flesh  alone,  the  pulp  will  often  come  off,  leav- 
ing the  peduncle  and  stone  attached  to  the  tree ; 
the  crops  are  abundant, — the  tree  being  particu- 
larly productive. 

Carnation — fruit  of  fine  size,  the  skin  yellow- 
ish white,  mottled  or  variegated  with  red;  the 
flesh  is  of  pleasant  taste ;  it  is  one  of  the  latest 
varieties ;  the  tree  bears  tolerably  well,  but  not  a- 
bundantly. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

Mr.  Goodsell — You  have  travelled  in  Europe, 
through  the  principal  regions  where  the  vine  is 
cultivated,  and  has  been,  for  hundreds  of  years; 
and  as  I  know  your  attention  was  fixed  upon  this 
culture,  it  is  a  fair  presumption  to  suppose  you 
well  instructed  in  it,  and  a  competent  judge  of 
the  probability  of  sucsess  in  this  country.  Your 
opinion,  therefore,  is  certainly  entitled  to  great  de- 
ference, in  which  I  now  speak  from  personal 
knowledge,  and  certainly  with  no  desire  to  pay 
unmerited  compliments,  which  every  man  of  sense 
should  regard  as  insults  and  injuries. 

A  great  question,  in  my  humble  opinion,  as  re- 
lates to  the  immediate  prospect  of  success  in  the 
Grape  Culture,  is  likely  now  to  come  into  discus- 
sion, as  to  the  relative  value  of  vines  of  foreign  or 
domestic  origin.  In  settling  this  matter,  all  sorts 
of  feeling  will  be  enlisted,  as  may  well  be  conceiv- 
ed, and  it  is  not,  I  think,  at  all  probable,  that  it 
will  ever  be  settled,  only  by  public  opinion  in- 
structed by  experience.  The  dealers  in  the  article, 
will  always  be,  from  the  operation  of  natural  cau- 
ses, most  likely  to  recommend  such  varieties  as 
afford  them  the  most  profit  by  sales.  This  is  a 
natural  conclusion,  and  the  public  may  as  well 
rake  it  into  seasonable  consideration.  The  ques- 
tion then  is,  as  to  those  persons,  will  they  make 
more,  or  less  profit,  by  the  sale  of  the  vines  of 
foreign  countries,  or  by  the  sale  of  those  that  are 
indigenous,  natives  of  the  regions  about  them? 


This  is  the  point  on  which  their  opinions  will  nat- 
urally turn.  If  there  are  exceptions,  the  instan- 
ces will  be  even  the  more  creditable,  and  honora- 
able,  for  being  rare.  I  have  seen,  already,  enough 
to  convince  me  of  allthis,andthatit  is  high  time  to 
direct  the  public  attention  to  the  consideration  of 
all  the  circumstances  of  the  case. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  native  vines,  by 
being  perfectly  naturalized  to  the  climate  where 
they  grow,  are  therefore  hardy,  and,  for  the  same 
reason,  likely  to  be  healthy.  All  men,  unbiassed 
by  foolish  prejudices,  will  admit  this,  because 
obvious  to  reason,  the  common  sense  of  every 
common-sense  man.  But  tiie  objection  that  will 
be  started,  is,  that  though  our  native  vines  may 
be  hardy,  capable  of  being  cultivated  without  cov- 
ing, and  therefore  with  much  less  trouble  than 
such  as  are  not  hardy,  they  will  only  afford  fruit 
of  an  inferior  quality,  fit  only  for  the  hedge-rows 
of  slovens,  and  your  coarse-grained  sort  of  folks. 
I  have  heard  such  insinuations,  already,  and  from 
people  that  are  trying  to  cut  very  much  of  a  fig- 
ure in  the  very  patriotic  business  of  selling  for- 
eign vines.  Should  it  be  satisfactorily  ascertain- 
ed that  we  have  native  vines,  now  in  cultivation, 
which  produce  as  good  fruit  as  those  foreign 
ones,  or  that  it  is  likely  we  may  have  by-and-by ; 
by  proper  attention,  much  would  have  been  done 
towards  the  success  of  the  experiment  upon 
which  the  people  are  now  entering.  The  quality 
of  the  fruit  of  the  vine,  constantly  improves  with 
age,  till  it  attains  maturity ,a  period  of  many  years, 
in  healthy  and  vigorous  growths.  We  are  not 
to  expect  therefore,  from  vines  of  a  few  years  old, 
fruit  of  such  flavor,  size,  and  richness,  as  the  same 
vine  would  produce  at  10,  20,  50, 80,  or  100  years 
old.  Let  us  bear  in  mind  these  facts,  and  pre- 
severe  in  selecting  the  most  promising  wild  vines, 
having  large  and  beautiful  leaves,  and  plant  and 
cultivate  them,  in  our  gardens,  trainingon  frames 
and  on  arbors,  well  spread  to  the  sun  and  weath- 
er, and  we  may  soon  find,  each  one  of  us,  varie- 
ties well  worth  attention.  Let  us  also  plant,  eve- 
ry year  some  ripe  grapes,  of  the  most  promising 
appearance,  and  cultivate  the  seedlings  so  pro- 
duced, about  one  half  of  which  will  be  fruit  bear- 
ers, and  we  may  thus  get  new  varieties,  some  of 
which  will  be  of  superior  quality,  and  all  of  them 
will  be  hardy,  at  home  in  the  climate  and  soil 
where  produced.  One  healthy,  hardy  plant  is 
worth  a  dozen  of  your  green,  milky  and  delicate 
foreigners,  and  will  bear  more  surely,  every 
year. 

With  a  view  to  the  course  indicated  in  these 
remarks,  I  see  with  great  pleasure  the  outline  of 
an  excellent  plan  of  operations,  proposed  by  the 
Domestic  Horticultural  Society,  of  the  Western 
part  of  this  State,  in  the  Genesee  Parmer  of  Sept. 
3, 1831.  That  plan  in  my  opinion,  is  worthy  of 
high  commendation,  and  deserves  the  support  of 
every  lover  of  his  country.  I  intend  to  send,  as 
proposed,  specimens  of  all  my  fruit  of  the  native 
vines,  some  of  which  I  think  will  vie  with  the 
best  varieties  from  the  vines  of  any  country,  and 
thus  silence  some  of  the  objections  that  have  been 
raised,  and  will  be  urged,  incessantly. 

Sept.  13,   1831.  An  American. 

5£JF  We  fully  accord  with  the  writer  of  the  a- 
bove,  in  his  opinion  of  American  grapes,  and  al- 
though the  communication  was  received  with  the 
above  signature,  we  reepgnize  the  hand  writing, 


I  and  assure  our  readers  it  is  from  one  to  whom  the 
public  are  much  indebted  for  useful  information, 
A  friend  of  ours  informed  us  that  he  lately  vis- 
ited a  vineyard  which  was  planted  in  part  with 
grapes  from  the  garden  of  this  American,  that  in 
point  of  quantity  and  quality  of  fruit  it  exceeded 
any  thing  of  the  kind  he  had  ever  seen,  and  con- 
vinced  him  of  the  superiority  of  American  over 
foreign  grapes  when  well  selected. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

I  returned  home  late  at  night,  from  a  journey  of 
many  miles,  hungry  and  fatigued.     I  was  unwil- 
ling to  continue  fasting, — ate  heartily, — soon  fell 
asleep, — and  waked  up  before  day  with  a  distres 
sing  head  ach 

Our  coffee-mill  had  been  used  for  grinding  pep- 
per ;  and  the  coffee  at  breakfast  was  well  charged 
with  aroma.  In  less  than  an  hour  I  was  free  from 
head-ach ;  although  at  other  times  when  I  had 
eaten  some  indigestible  food,  that  malady  had  con- 
tinued for  two  days. 

I  ascribe  my  sudden  recovery  to  the  pepper. — 
When  the  head-ache  recurred  on  a  similar  occa- 
sion, I  directed  less  than  half  a  teaspoonfull  into 
the  cup  before  the  coffee  was  poured  in,  and  this 
strongly  peppered  coffee  again  restored  me  to 
health. 

Are  there  readers  of  the  Genesee  Farmer  who 
have  thus  suffered  for  many  uncomfortable  hours, 
to  the  great  detriment  of  their  business'?  Let 
them  try  my  remedy.  Veritas. 


FOR   THE  GENESEE   FARMER. 

I  have  lately  discovered  that  the  common  hairy* 
caterpillar,  which  rolls  into  a  circle  on  being  dis- 
turbed,is  a  depredator  on  our  grapes  and  late  straw- 
berries. I  have  detected  several  in  the  act.  Some 
fine  bunches  of  grapes  near  the  ground  have  been 
partly  eaten  by  them,  and  greatly  disfigured. 

Our  bunch  Alpine  strawberry  plants  have  been 
in  constant  bearing  for  more  than  three  months ; 
and  to  these,  th  is  hairy  caterpillar  is  very  par 
tial. 

It  is  a  favorable  circumstance  however,  that  it 

is  easily  destroyed ;  and   it  will  be  a  matter  of 

sound  policy  to  let  none  escape.  X. 

*  The  middle  part  of  the  body  is  reddish  brown,  aod 
black  at  the  extremities. 


From  the  York  Courier. 

Population  of  the  Home  District. — By 
returns  which  have  been  transmitted  to 
the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  Peace,  up 
to  the  1st  April  last,  it  appears  there  are 
in  the  Home  District, 

Over  16  years  of  age— 8960  Males, 
and  7674  Females.  And,  under  16 
years  af  age— 8318  males,  and  7919  Fe- 
males. Total,  32,871.  Increase  since 
last  year,  4349. 

Population  of  the  town  of  York  on  the 
same  date — exclusive  of  the  suburbs 
3969.  

It  is  said  that  some  of  the  planters  in  the 
vicinity  of  Huntsville,  (Alabama)  are  turn- 
ing their  attention  to  the  cultivation  of 
Hemp,  and  the  manufacture  of  Cotton 
Bagging  and  Bale  Rope.  So  far,  their 
prospects  are  said  to  be  very  encouraging, 
netting  them  a  muchgreater  profit  than  the 
growing  of  Cotton  had  heretofore  done, 


;i02 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


September  24,  1831 


SWEET  POTATOES. 

Mr.  Russell — I  send  you  with  this  a  few 
Sweet  Potatoes,  raised  from  slips  purchased 
at  your  seed  store  last  spring.  I  am  well  sat- 
isfied from  three  years' successful  experience 
that  they  can  be  raised  with  as  much  ease 
and  certainty  as  the  common  potatoe.  I  u- 
sed  no  manure  in  their  culture,  but  sand. — 
They  are  not  a  sample  of  what  I  expect  my 
crop  will  be  a  month  hence — I  have  used 
them  in  my  family,  nearly  every  day  since 
the  seventeenth  of  August,  and  consider 
them  the  best  vegetable  I  can  raise  In  my 
garden. 

Your  new  Ho  ticultural  Pole  Bean  has 
proved  far  superior  to  any  shell  bean,  I  have 
ever  seen  or  cultivated,  both  for  quality  and 
yield.  The  yield  from  them  is  immense.  I 
have  given  some  to  my  neighbors  to  try  their 
quality,  all  of  whom  fully  concur  with  me 
that  they  are  superior  to  any  heretofore  cul- 
tivated. Yours  fee 

A    Houghton,  Jr. 

Lynn,  Sept.  3,1831. 

(jy*  Mr.  Houghton  has  our  thanks  for  his 
present — the  potatoes  have  proved,  on  trial, 
certainly  inferior  to  none  brought  from  the 
South. — N.  E.  Farmer. 

CORN  STALKS. 

One  of  the  most  palatable  kinds  of  food 
for  horses  and  cows,  is  cornstalks,  if  well 
cured.  Most  farmers  are  very  particular  in 
curing  hay,  but  ma;  y  ofthein  are  extremely 
careless  with  their  stalks,  forgetting  that  if 
they  are  badly  cured,  they  are  not  only  less 
palatable,  but  less  nourishing,  and  conse 
quently  inattention  in  this  respect,  is  bad  hus- 
bandry. Many  a  farmer  by  properly  curing 
his  stalks,  could  have  had  in  the  spring,  a 
few  hundred  of  hay  to  sell  instead  of  to  buy. 
— -N.  Y.  Farmer. 


ENLARGED  FRUIT. 

One  of  the  most  pleasing  and  remarkable 
sxperiments  nude  in  horticulture,  is  that  of 
Pro.  Poiteau,  in  the  production  of  enlarged 
peaches.  He  made  an  incision  around  the 
limb  of  a  peach  tree,  which,  as  has  long 
been  known,  will  make  the  fruit  larger. — 
He  took  a  bud  from  this  branch  and  inocula- 
ted another  tree.  The  consequence  is  that 
the  fruit  is  of  the  same  enlarged  size  as  that 
ofthe  experimented  branch. 

The  soil  best  suited  for  Longevity  in  Fruit 
Trees  is  a  light  sandy  bottom,  for  instance, 
the  wood  is  never  so  strong  as  in  strong  loam, 
and  not  so  apt  to  be  infested  with  the  worm  in 
the  roots;  such  soil  as  this,  well  cultivated  ev- 
ery year,  they  will  maintain  their  vigor  for 
many  years. 

What  I  mean  by  well  cultivated  is,  the 
ground  kept  continually  removed  by  cropping 
it  with  such  crops  as  will  tend  to  improve  its 
texture;  such  as  potatoes,  turnips,  peas, 
beans,  fee,  and  every  four  or  five  years  a 
crop  of  buckwheat,  to  be  ploughed  in,  when 
in  bloom  ;  this  will  be  found  to  be  of  great 
service  to  both  land  and  trees  ;  as  for  corn, 
clover,  t'nnothy.orchard  grass,  and  such  like, 
they  ought  never  to  be  cultivated  in  an  or- 
chard. 

It  is  better  to  have  100  trees  of  good 
kinds,  such  as  you  want  them  for,  well  cul- 
tivated, than  500  or  even  1000  neglected  to 
take  their  chance,  as  is  often  the  case  when 
ground  is  cheap. 

Great  care  is  required  in  preparing  the 
ground  for  at*,  orchard.— American  Farmer. 


Pasture  of -Plants. — Every  plant  requites  a 
given  quantity  ofearth  to  nourish  it,into  which 
its  roots  extend  for  that  purpose;  and  the 
quantity  thus  required  is  called  the  requis- 
ite pasture  of  the  plant.  Some  require  more 
earth  and  some  less.  Some  require  a  great- 
er superficial  extent  with  less  superficial  ex- 
tent. 

For  instance  a  plant  of  Indian  corn  re- 
quires a  superficial  extent  of,  say,  three  feet 
in  circumference,  and  a  depth  of  six  inches ; 
while  a  root  of  the  beet,  carrot,  or  parsnip 
kind,  requires  a  superficial  extent  of,  per- 
haps, only  twelve  inches  in  circumference, 
but  a  depth  of,  say,  fifteen  inches.  A  plant 
of  flax  on  the  contrary,  will  not  require  more 
than  six  inches  in  circumference,  and  five 
inches  in  depth. 

It  will  probably  be  found,  that  the  greater 
depth  is  given  to  all  plants,  the  less  circum- 
ference they  will  requre ;  that  the  roots  will, 
in  that  case,  shoot  further  downwards;  and 
therefore,  the  deeper  you  plough,  the  thicker 
you  may  sow.  This  is  a  matter  of  nice  cal- 
culation, and  well  worth  the  attention  of  the 
ingenious  Farmer. 

In  order  to  elucidate  this,  the  proper  me- 
thod is,  to  try  various  plants  in  beds  ofthe 
same  soil,  culture,  and  dimensions,  butdug 
of  different  depths,  and  the  plants  set  at  dif- 
ferent distances,  and  then  the  results  will 
lead  to  the  truth. 

Thus,  for  instance,  make  four  beds  of 
carrots,  which  shall  be  dug  equally  well  eight 
inches  deep ;  let  the  roots  in  the  first  bed 
stand  at  the  distance  of  four  inches  from 
each  other;  those  of  the  second,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  six;  those  of  the  thud,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  eight ;  and  those  of  the  fourth,  at 
the  distance  of  twelve  inches;  and  then  let 
it  be  ascertained  which  bed  has  the  greatest 
weight  of  carrots. 

In  the  mean  time,  have  four  other  beds 
dug  twelve  inches  deep  ;  and  four  more  dug 
eighteen  inches  deep  and  plant  one  of  each 
of  them  at  the  respective  distances  above 
mentioned,  and  ascertain  what  is  the 
result  of  each.  The  same  experiments  can 
be  tried  with  equal  exactness  on  most  other 
plants,  and  the  results  equally  well  ascer- 
tained.— N.  E.  Far. 


after  it  is  killed  the    better;  and   care  mus? 
be  taken  to  defend  it  from  the  flies. 

In  winter  it  will  eat  the  shorter  and  ten- 
derer, if  i.ept  a  few  days  (according  to  the 
temperature  of  the  weather)  until  its  fibre 
has  become  short  and  tender,  as  these  chan- 
ges do  not  take  place  alter  it  has  been  ac- 
ted upon  by  the  salt. — Frugal  Housewife. 

Poisoned  Catile  — The  New  Haven  Ad- 
vertiser gives  t  e  I  illowiog  as  a  remedy  for 
!»heep  or  Cattle  poisoned  in  consequence  of 
eating  tv  ild  Cherry  tree  leave*,  !iom  Mr. 
Samuel  J.  Tolly,  of  Saybrook.  Take  the 
leavps  of  the  common  plantain,  bruise  and 
pour  on  them  a  little  hot  water,  strain  the  li- 
quor, and,  as  soon  as  it  is  coul  enough,  it  may 
be  used.  I  have  had  sheep  apparently  in  the 
agonies  oi  death,  instantly  relieved,  and  in  a 
few  houts  entirely  cured,  h)  the  above  reme- 
dy One  gill  is  geneially  a  sufficient  dose  for 
a  sheep.  Having  never  seen  a  bullock  poi- 
soned in  a  similai  manner.  I  cannot  answer  for 
tue  suoc  ss  of  it,  but  have  no  doubt  that  it 
xould   prove  an  erfei  nial  cure. 


Horses. — The  season  is  fast  approaching, 
when  farmers  will  take  their  horses  from  the 
open  field,  where  they  have  enjoyed  free  and 
pure  air,  and  confine  them  in  stables.  Here 
they  must  in  the  best  ventilated  apartments, 
inhale  air  far  different  from  that  in  the  fields. 
Independent  of  the  effect  produced  on  the 
air,  by  the  exhalations  from  their  lungs, 
there  arise  vapor  and  gasses  from  the 
pores  of  their  skins,  and  their  offal  and 
urine.  Nitrogen,  carbonic  acid,  and  amon- 
ical  gasses  are  the  principal  ones  formed, 
and  are  the  most  deadly  to  animal  life. — 
Farmers  often  speak  lightly  of  science — but 
every  farmer  who  is  acquainted  with  chem- 
istry, would  see  more  clear  and  more  forci- 
bly the  importance  of  ventilation. — N.  Y. 
Farmer. 

To  Salt  Meat. — In  the  summer  season,  es- 
pecially, meat  is  frequently  spoiled  by  the 
cook  forgetting  to  take  out  the  kernels;  one 
in  the  udder  of  a  round  of  beef,  in  the  fat  in 
the  middle  of  the  round,  those  about  the 
thick  end  ofthe  Hank,  fee. :  if  these  are  not 
taken  out.  all  the  salt  in  the  world  will  not 
keep  the  meat. 

In  summer,  the  sooner  the  meat  is  sajted 


It  is  stated  in  the  Springfield  Republican, 
that  a  Mi  Jones,  of  Shrew-burv,  N.  J  about 
35  miles  from  New  York,  has  the  largest  peach 
orchard  in.  America  One  .ifihein  is  a  mile 
and  a  half  ling,  and  contains  110  acres:  the 
other  contains  40  acres— in  both  there  are 
"22.000  trees.  They  were  commenced  about 
9)earssince  and  the  profits  ate  fast  raising 
the  enterprising  owner  from  poverty  to  wealth. 
It  is  said  he  last  year  refused  seven  thousand 
dollars  for  the  peaches  on  the  trees.  The 
nip  the  present  year  is  not  so  abundant,  but 
the  price  in  market  is  sufficiently  increased  to 
afford  him  a  ha"dsome  income.  Aboul  two 
weeks  since.  Mr  Jones,  with  some  of  his 
neighbors,  sent  a  cargo  of  four  hundred  bask- 
ets to  th.>  New  Yotk  market,  which  readily 
sold  at  two  dollars  a  basket  A  basket  con- 
tains a  httl  ■  short  of  a  biishpl  Some  of  his 
better  peachps  have  since  so'd  quick  at  five 
dollars  r>  basket.  The  soil  if  the-e  orchaids, 
*ays  the  R.-publican,  is  worth  very  little  for 
any  purpose,  and  is  poorer  than  the  pine  plains 
in  this  vicinity. 


The  Caterpillar. — Evil  lidings  never 
come  singly.  In  addition  to  the  loss  of  the 
rice  crops,  by  the  freshet,  we  have  the  most  in- 
dubitable  evidence  of 'he  appearance  ofthe 
caterpillar  in  the  cotton  of  John's  Island  and 
Edislo, — a  specimen  having  been  left  at  our 
office  completely  peiforated  and  destroyed  by 
this  insect.  The  crops,  it  i«  bought,  will  be 
entirely  lost — Charleston  City  Ga-.dtr. 

Tennessee   Marble Mr.  Cutler,  a  citi* 

zen  of  Nasbvillf,  exhibited  to  us,  says  the 
Nashville  Republican,  a  specimen  ol  the  most 
beautifully  variegated,  semi  transparent  mar- 
ble, and  bearing  a  rich  and  aJmirable  polish. 
The  quarry  from  which  this  specimen  was  la- 
ken,  was  first  discovered  by  Mr.  Cutler,  the 
proprietor,  it  js  situated  near  Big  Harpeth. 
about  11  miles  from  this  place,  and  is  said  (o 
be  inexhaustible.  The  stone  from  this  quarry 
can  beprocured.it  is  said,  of  various  shades 
and  colors,  some  nearly  resembling  the  vertl 
antique,  and  all  susceptible  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful  polis'i.  Indeed,  we  have  never  seen  any 
ofthe  productions  of  Ihe  quarries  in  (he  At 
lantic  Slates,  any  specimens  comparable  to 
this  for  the  rich  variety  of  its  shade.  A  ma- 
chine is  now  in  operation  for  sawing  and  pol- 
ishing this  article,  and  it  can  be  procured  for 
acy  or  all  the  purposes  for  which  it  may  h* 


Vol.  1 No.  38. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


3o:i 


required.  Man!  Is,  tables,  ice.  rnaj  be  pro 
uured  by  our  citizens  without  the  trouble  and 
expense  of  (rau'.|iurtatiuu  from  tlie  East,  an 
really  more  ornamental,  from  one  of  our  own 
townsmen,  wnose  exertions  to  bring  this  am 
cle  in'o  use,  deserve   the  liberal    patronage  01 


he  publi'i. 


•2000  Sheep  )    =        (  Sheep 

and  Lambs,  )  ^  Lambs  2 


Tortoise  Shell  — At  San  Bias,  on  she  coast 
of  Uarica.  a  small  settlement  of  Indians  is  es 
tablished,  for  the  sole  ptnpi.se  of  taking  turtle. 
It  is  under  the  management  of  three  English, 
two  American,  and  three  Colombian  traders, 
who  make  a  vist  profit  from  the  shell.  The 
quantity  taken  yearly  amounts  on  an  ave- 
rage tc  15,000  lbs.  the  value  ot  which  is  about 
X^O.000  sterling.  It  is  a  curing  fact,  that 
the  handsomest  shell  is  shipped  from  the  ani- 
mal while  living,  the  beauty  becoming  less  as 
the  animal  dies  The  dreadful  torture  which 
the  poor  creature  endures  in  the  operation, 
finds  no  consideration  in  the  minds  of  the  tra 
ders. 

NEW-YORK  CATTLE  MARKET. 
Sept.  16.     Market  for  cattle  for  week  ending 
this  day  dull.     Sales  of  the  principal  part  of  650 
head  per  hundred  lbs.  $4  75  a  6  50 

2  50  a  6 
a.  3 

Fat  Hogs  per  hundred  4  25  a  4  50 

Cows  and  Calves  18       «30 

Flour  and  Grain  Market. 
New- York,  Superfine  bbl.  a  5  37 

Troy  do.  5  50  a 

Western  do.  5  62  a  5  81 

Ohio  via  Canal  5  37  a 

Philadelphia  5  51)  a 

Baltimore,  City  5  50  a 

Do.  Howard  street  6        a 

Richmond,  City  Mils  6        a  6  75 

Do.  Country  5  62  a  5  75 

Wheat,  Northern  bush.     I     6  a  1  12j 

Do.         Western  1  12io  1  17 

Do.  Virginia  (new)  1  12  a  1  16 

Do.         North  Carolina,(new)  1    9  a  1  13 

The  Markets. — On  Saturday  afternoon,  al 
ter  announcement  of  ihe  news  brought  by  the 
Silem,  from  the  office  of  the  Courier  &  En 
quirer,  holders  ot  Flour  required  on  advance 
of  about  25  cents  per  barrel,  aid  a  few  small 
sales  were  made  at  this  improvement.  The 
advices  by  the  Salem  spoke  of  bad  weather 
n  some  parts  of  Englan  I,  and  a  small  increase 
in  the  price  ot  Wheat  at    Liverpool. 

On  Sunday  our  extra  publications  aquainted 
the  public  with  the  restoration  of  peace  be- 
tween Holland  and  Belgium,  ihe  return  (I 
fair  weather  in  England  and  a  decline  in  prices 
there,  so  that  in  regard  to  foreign  markets 
we  began  the  week  precisely  as  we  were  be- 
fore. Our  supplies  however,  being  very  tri- 
fling and  having  out  little  fresh  Flour  on  hand 
sales  were  made  yesterday  at  $5  7  8  for  good 
western,  and  for  fancy  brands  $6  was  gener- 
ally asked.  Troy  was  held  at  $5  3-4,  all  of 
which  prices  were  an  advance  of  12  1  2  to  25 
cents,  upon  the  prices  of  the  middle  of  last 
week. 

A  cargo  of  ordinary  new  Virginia  wheat, 
sold  on  Saturday  before  this  news  was  known, 
to  the  sellers,  at  112  1-2  cents,  and  100  bbls 
of  a  common  Western  brand,  to  arrive  during 
this  month  at  $5  11-16. 


Liberality. — The  Count  Maxirnillian  de 
Leon,  while  in  Albany,  presented  $100  to  the 
Catholic  Orphan  Asylum  in  that  city;  and  $100 
to  the  German  Benevolent  Society.  The  Count 
j?  going  to  settle  down  near  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


Intemperance  and  its  Conseque7ices. — A 
young  man  of  respectable  connexions  in 
England,  and  possessing  the  advantages  ot 
an  excellenteducation  and  genteel  address, 
was  an  .sted  by  a  respectable  housekeeper 
in  Broadway,  about  2  o'clock  on  Sunday 
morning,  the  4th  inst,  while  attempting  to 
enter  the  second  story  window  in  the  rear  of 
the  house,  and  handed  over  to  the  custody 
of  the  watch  upon  a  charge  of  bnrglarv. 
Upon  the  discharge  ofthe  watchin  the  morn 
ing,  he  was  committed  to  Bridewell  at 
Bellevue,  and  brought  down  on  Wednes- 
day for  trial,  upon  an  indictment  which  the 
Grand  Jury  found  against  him  for  the  sup- 
posed offence,  of  which  had  he  been  ad- 
judged guilty,  he  must  have  been  consigned 
to  an  imprisonment  of  at  least  ten  years  in 
the  state  prison  It  appeared  upon  the  tri- 
al, however,  that  three  or  four  thoughtless 
young  men  induced  him  to  visit  a  porter 
house  in  Reed  street,  where  they  plied  him 
with  liquor  until  he  became  brutally  drunk. 
Instead  of  taking  him  to  his  lodgings,  they 
proceeded  with  him  up  Broadway,  when  a 
quarrel  was  feigned  between  the  parties,  to 
reconcile  which  they  repaired  to  another 
pnblic  house  in  the  neighbourhood  ofthe 
place  where  the  otlence  for  which  he  was  plac- 
ed upon  trial  was  alleged  to  have  been  com- 
mitted. Here  thty  made  him  drink  again, 
and  kept  up  the  appearance  of  the  quarrel 
until  his  fear  overcame  him,  when  he  ef- 
fected his  escape  into  the  yard,  leaving  his 
hat  behind  him,  and  thence  over  the  fence 
into  the  yard  adjoining,  where  he  was  seized 
in  an  attempt  to  break  through  the  window, 
which  reached  by  means  of  an  adjoining 
kitchen.  His  inability  to  explain  how  he 
came  there  arising  from  his  stupid  intoxi- 
cation, was  of  course  construed  into  an  ev- 
idence of  his  guilt,  and  in  this  state  he  was 
hurried  to  prison,  and  detained  among  vag- 
abonds and  felons,  until  an  explanation  of 
the  circumstances,  as  here  detailed,  re- 
stored him  to  liberty  by  a  verdict  of  Not 
Guilty. — Jour.  Com. 

Imprisonment  for  Debt. 

A  large  and  respectable  meeting  was  held  at 
Boston,  on  the  12th  inst.  of  which  A.  H.  Everett, 
was  chairman,  and  J.  C.  Park,  secretary,  for  the 
purpose  of  adopting  measures  to  test  the  constitu- 
tionality of  the  authorizing  imprisonment  fur  debt. 
This  is  the  first  public  meeting  held  in  the  U.  S. 
on  this  subject.  A  series  of  spirited  resolutions 
were  offered  by  Maj.  Lobdell,  and  the  audience 
were  addressed  with  animation  and  eloquence  by 
the  chairman  and  other  gentlemen.  A  committee 
was  appointed  to  raise  money  to  carry  on  a  suit 
in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  which 
was  immediately  subscribed  at  die  close  of  the 
meeting. 

Rcsoloed,  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to 
wait  on  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  and  invite  him 
to  address  a  public  meeting  of  the  citizens,  to  be 
held  on  Monday  evening,  September  26,  at  Fa- 
neuil  Hall,  for  die  purpose  of  taking  measures  to 
test  the  constitutionality  of  Imprisonment  for 
debt,  by  a  suit  to  be  brought  in  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 

A  committee  was  accordingly  apppointed  with 


instructions  to  invite  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster 
and  other  gentlemen  to  address  themeeting  on  that 
occasion.     Whereupon,  it  was 

Voted,  That  this  meeting  adjourn  to  meet  in 
Faneuil  Hall  on  the  evening  of  Monday,  Sept. 
26,  at  7  o'clock. 

The  following  remark  is  added,  by  a  corres- 
pondent of  the  Boston  Courier. 

"  This  is  the  first  great  step  to  protect  the  liber- 
ties of  the  citizen,  solemnly  guarranteed  in  the 
Constitutions  of  the  States  and  the  Union,  and  wc 
hope  that  there  will  be  found  independence  enough 
in  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  to  disregard  die  sanction,  which  an  infa- 
mous custom  has  permitted,  of  imprisoning  and 
punishing  free  citizens,  without  triaZjWithentijurtj 
and  without  crime,  in  open  defiance  of  the  rights 
and  immunities  bequeathed  in  the  letter  and  spirit 
f  our  Constitution." 


Lowell  Locks  am)  Canals. — Stock  in 
the  Locks  and  Canal  Company  at  Lowell,  is 
said  to  have  been  sold  within  a  few  days  at  124 
per  cent  advance,  or224  for  100,  after  hav- 
ing agreed  to  give,  not  subscribe,  $100  000 
towards  a  raii-ioad  to  be  madt  from  Boston 
to  Lowell.  The  corporation,  above  named, 
jiossesses  water  power  and  lands  which  have 
risen  rapidly  in  v  lue  with  Ihe  increase  of 
manufacturing  establishments  in  that  flour« 
ishingtonu-     [Transcript.] 


A  meeting  was  held  at  Philadelphia  on  the 
12lh  inst.  of  those  "  friendly  to  the  cause  of 
Poland"— (are  there  any  in  this  country  who 
are  not  friends  to  that  cause?) — at  which  di- 
vers resolutions  relating  to  the  business  in 
iiand  were  passed,  and  several  committees  ap- 
pointed. At  a  meotiog  on  lb.  ensuing  eve- 
ning Hit-  cily  was  di*  iced  among  snb-commit- 
lees,  and  vigorous  o,easures  are  in  progress 
iO'    raising  conliibulion6. 

A  few  evenings  since,  while  a  gentleman 
of  this  place  was  sitting  in  the  bar  room  of 
Mr.  G.  Owen,  he  felt  something  creeping  on 
the  side  ol  Ins  face,  and  very  naturally  put  up 
iiis  hand  to  brush  it  off.  The  insect,  frighten- 
ed at  his  movement,  sought  refuge  in  his  ear, 
md  the  individual  immediately  txpeiienced 
ihe  most  excruciating  pain,  when  one  ofthe 
by-standers  pouied  a  small  portion  of  brandy 
mtotheear,  and  almost  instantly,  a  black  bug, 
7  8  of  an  inch  in  leugth  crawled  out,  [Bur- 
lington N.  J.  Herald. J 

The  major  part  ot  mankind  so  far  forget  they 
have  a  soul,  and  launch  out  into  such  actions  and 
exercises,  where  it  seems  to  be  of  no  use,  that  it  is 
thought  we  speak  advantageously  of  any  man 
when  we  say  he  thinks ;  this  has  become  a  com- 
mon eulogium,  and  yet  it  raises  a  man  only  above 
a  dog  or  a  horse. 


TO  EDITORS  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

A  Gentleman,  residing  in  the  country  .prac- 
tically engaged  in  i  usbandry  and  having 
some  knowledge  of  science,  literature  and 
politics,  wishes  to  engage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodica!  Works,  in  supplying  ar- 
ticles and  papers  for  the  public  press.  He- 
has  been  for  many  years,  a  pretty  liberal  con- 
tributor, but  always  voluntary  and  gratui- 
tous, in  which  he  has  probably  done  his  part. 
He  now  asks  a  reasonable  compensation  for 
the  fruits  of  his  leisure  and  experience. — 
Reference,  N.  Goodsell,  Editor  Genesee  Far- 
mer, 


,J04 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


September  24,  1831. 


109 

150 

300,000 

65 

70 

84,000 

18 

20 

30,000 

20 

20 

50,000 

60 

70 

128,000 

46 

50 

100,000 

24 

30 

50,000 

350 

400 

810.000 

90 

140 

224,000 

20 

25 

44,000 

31 

26 

52,500 

— 

22 

52,500 

206 

250 

365,000 

FACTORIES  AT  TROY,  Fall  River,  Ms. 
From  a  communication^  the  New- York  Amer- 
ican Advocate,  we  compile  the  following  informa- 
tion, respecting  the  factories  at  Troy,  Ms.  The 
river  falls  128  feet  in  150  rods,  forming  9  dams, 
with  about  14  feet  fall  to  each.  This  place  is  at 
the  head  of  Mount  Hope  Bay,  and  near  Taunton 
river.  The  harbor  will  admit  any  ships  which 
plough  the  ocean. 

Cotton  Factories. 

spindles  looms  hands  lbs.  cot'n 
TroyMan'gco.  3892 
Pocassettman'gco.  2000 
Buffingtons' factory  500 
Hawes  &  co's.  do.  700 
Chase&  Luther's  do.  1536 
A.  &  J.  Shove's  do.  1500 
D.&J.  Olney's  do.  900 
Massasoit  do.  10,000 
Fall  River  do.  3250 
Dexter,  Wh.&co.do.  600 
T.  Shove's         do.  1000 

Shove&Slade's  do. 

Annawan  company  5580 

Total,  31,458    1041     1276   2,290,000 

It  is  a  safe  calculation  to  estimate  4  yards  of 
cloth  from  a  pound  of  cotton,  which  would  make 
9,160,000  yards,  amounting  at  an  average  of  10 
cents,  to  $916,000  00 

Deduct  cost  of  the  cotton,  229,000  00 

which  leaves  the  sum  of  687,000  00 

produced  to  the  country  by  the  labor  of  1276  oper- 
atives, aided  by  machinery. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  at  the  above 
village, — 

S  Shove  &  Co's.  sattinet  factory,  employing 
150  hands,  value  of  goods  manufactured  per  year. 
$195,000. 

A.  Robeson's  print  factory,  where  16,800  yards 
are  bleached  and  printed  daily,  employing  260 
hands. 

Fall  River  Iron  Works  company,  manufacture 
1000  tons  of  iron  yearly 

O.  S.  Hawes  &  Co's  machine  shop,  employs  30 
hands. 

Brayton,  Slade  &  Co.  machinists,  employ  25 
hands. 

The  water  power  which  moves  this  quantity  of 
machinery,  rises  in  a  pond,  only  3  miles  distant : 
most  all  the  investments  have  been  made  within  6 
or  7  years.  The  village  contains  about  5000  in- 
habitants— and  7  places  of  public  worship.  The 
hands  employed  in  the  factories  are  jths  females, 
who  are  represented  as  well  dressed  and  well  be- 
h.ivcd. — Roc.  Dai.  Adv. 

PATERSON,  N.  J. 

It  is  stated  this  place  is  fast  rising  in  wealth 
and  manufacturing  importance :  all  the  dwellings 
in  the  village  are  full :  the  following  new  facto- 
ries are  now  in  progress  or  completed : 

2  for  cotton  goods  ; 

I  for  cotton  goods  and  making  machinery ; 

1  for  cotton  goods  and  mill-wright  work; 

I  for  woollen  goods ; 

1  for  gdt  buttons  and  other  articles. 

We  should  say  that  Patcrson  was  in  the  full  tide 
of  successful  experiment.— rft. 

A  man  at  Boston  died  from  touching  the  flesh  of 
fipsisor.ed  cow 


feel 

221 

250 
100 

40 


360 

70 

70 

60 
187 
200 


CATARACTS. 

As  a  statement  of  the  height  of  the  various  cata- 
racts on  the  Globe,  which  have  been  ascertained, 
may  be  amusing  and  instructive,  we  propose  to 
trnscribe,  relying  on  various  authorities,  a  brief 
one : 

Falls  of  Niagara,  width  of  River  }  of  a 
mile;  fall  of  the  rapid  57  feet, grand  falls 
164,  total, 

The  Montmorency  river,  9  miles  below 
Quebec,  50  feet  in  breadth,  falls 

Chaudiere,  near  the  Montmorency, 

Mississippi,  above  its  junction  with  the 
Ohio,  700  feet  wide,  falls 

Missouri,  500  miles  from  its  sources,  de- 
scents in  18  miles  360  feet ;  the  river  is 
1000  feet  broad ;  one  cataract  is  87  feet, 
another  47,  and  another  26,  the  other  200 
feet  are  rapids, 

Passaic,  N.  Jersey,  stream  150  feet  wide, 
falls  into  a  chasm  only  12  feet  broad, 

Genesee,  in  2  miles  falls  feet  1  of 

96  feet  1  of 

Mohawk,  at  Cahoes,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Hudson, 

Tuccoa,  Ga.  stream  20  feet  wide, 
|     Ache,  in  Bavaria ;  river  falls  in  5  steps 

Tcquendama,  S.America;  the  river  Bo- 
gota,rises  in  the  mountains9000  feet,  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  precipitated, 
thro'  various  gorges,  chasms,  and  preci- 
pices, until  it  plunges  into  an  immense 
chasm, 

Nile,  at  Lyene,  falls  40  feet,  and  is  des- 
cribed by  Bruce,  as,  reuniting  with  the 
wildness  of  the  scenery 

Golhea,  in  Sweden,  falls  at  Trolhatta, 

Lallin,  in  Swedish  Lapland,  J  a  mile 
wide,  falls 

Maamclven,  in  Norway,  as  related  by 
Mr.  Esmark,  falls  in  three  places 

Schaffhausen,  in  the  Alps  400  feet  wide, 
falls 

Oreo,  from  Mount  Rosa,  in  Italy,  de- 
scends in  one  continued  cascade 

Staubbach,  in  Switzerland,  a  small 
tream  falls 

Temi,  45  miles  north  of  Rome,  the 
river  Evelino  falls  over  marble  rocks 

Trvooli,  18  miles  north  east  of  Rome,  the 
Anio,  a  branch  of  the  Tiber,  falls 

Notwithstanding  falls  of  water,  more  or  less  re- 
markable abound  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  there 
are  none  which  attract  the  attention,  more  than 
those  of  the  river  Niagara.  Besides  the  great 
many  attractions  to  the  notice  of  strangers,  which 
abound  on  and  about  the  frontier  of  Niagara ; 
there  are  other  inducements  to  an  European ;  the 
canals  and  villages  of  New- York:  the  watering 
places  of  Lebanon,  Saratoga,  Ballston  and  Avon ; 
and  the  great  Lakes;  all  these  possess  an  in- 
terest which  leads  the  traveller,  or  the  emi- 
grant, from  curiosity  to  curiosity  until  he  reaches 
the  far  west. — Roc.  Dai.  Adv. 


600 


40 
100 

400 

800 

70 

1200 

1400 

300 

100 


An  agriculturalist  of  France,  by  the  name  of 
Maitre,  has  made  the  discovery,  that  the  dried 
stalks  of  corn  and  of  clover,  when  ground  make 
an  excellent  fodder  for  sheep. 

A  molting  sermon  being  preached  in  a  country 
church,  all  wept  but  one  man ;  on  being  asked  why 
he  did  hot  cry  with  the  rest,  "Oh,  paid  he.  1  bo- 
long  to  another  parish," 


A  Novel  Mode  of  Sfieep  Driving. 
A  late  English  paper  says,  that  a  butcher's  boy, 
of  York  having  been  sent  on  Sunday  morning 
to  fetch  up  two  sheep  from  a  field  near  Bootham 
Stray,  resolved  to  try  an  experiment  on  the  habits 
of  that  patient  animal,  in  order  to  drive  them  with 
greater  ease  to  himself.  He  had  seen  hounds  run 
in  couples,  and  reasoning  by  analog}',  why  might 
not  sheep  ?  The  youth,  therefore,  took  a  cord, 
and  with  it  yoked  his  fleecy  charge  together,  never 
dreaming  that  (Reunion  might  produccan  agita- 
tion, which  would  compel  its  repeal.  Experiment, 
however,  has  overturned  many  a  plausible  theory ; 
and  so  it  did  in  the  present  instance.  The  parties 
not  being  exactly  agreed,  began  to  pull  different 
ways,  and,  feeling  the  unusual  restraint  which 
was  imposed  upon  them,  they  commenced  a  sort 
of  steeple  chase  in  search  of  their  wonted  libertv 
A  cow  was  just  lying  at  her  ease  on  the  green 
sward,  directly  in  the  line  of  their  hurried  flight, 
presented  a  little  obstacle,  which  they  attempted  to 
surmount  in  their  sheepish  way,  not  by  turning  a- 
side,  but  by  leaping  over  it.  One  of  them  made  a 
spring,  and  was  fairly  over  the  mountain  of  beef, 
but  the  unlucky  cord  happened  to  rest  across  the 
cow's  back,  up  she  sprang,  roused  by  the  sudden 
liberty  taken  with  her  person,  and  found  hereelf 
in  possession  of  two  fat  sheep,  as  nicely  ballan- 
ced  as  ever  were  panniers  on  an  ass,  or  the  famed 
bottles  which  dangled  at  the  saddle-bow  of  Jonny 
Gilpin.  Away  ran  the  beef  with  the  m 
whilst  the  astonished  lad  joined  in  the  pursuit, will) 
the  prospect  before  him  of  his  experimental  chord 
anticipating  the  knife  of  the  butcher.  The  cow  at 
length  began  to  be  fatigued  with  her  load,  and  this 
enabled  the  pursuer  to  come  in  time  to  prevent  the 
catastrophe,  and,  suddenly  cutting  the  chord,  the 
tioo  fleeces  fell  to  the  ground,  and  they  were  driven 
to  the  city  in  the  usual  way,  the  youth  being  satis- 
fied that,  though  dogs  may  do  well  yoked  together , 
it  is  not  exactly  the  same  with  sheep. 

Caution  to  Rogues  and  Trespassers. -It 
is  probably  not  generally  known,  that  the. 
Revised  Statues  have  provided  a  proper 
punishment  for  the  common  offence  of  rob- 
bing gardens  of  melons  and  fruit,  and  the 
wanton  girding  and  destroying  of  shade 
trees.     These  offences  are  very  common 
and  deserve  severe  punishment,  which  we 
are  glad  to  say  the  Laws  have  now   provi- 
ded ;  and  trustthat  tresspassers  and  rogues 
will  take  warning.     We  are  glad  that  an 
example  has  been  made  in  a  neighbouring 
village,  which  will  serve  to  prevent  others 
from  similar  trespasses.     A  young  man  is 
now  in  jail  in  this  place  under  sentence  of 
ninety  days  imprisonment,  for  robbing  a 
garden  of  melons  in  the  village  of  Vienna. 
i'he  offence  of  girding  ornamental  trees, 
planted  for  public  as  well  as  private  use,  is 
so  base,  that  no  one  can  feel  any  sympathy 
for  the  oilender  when  Buffering  the  severest 
penalty  of  the  law.     We  hope  the  Trustees 
of  this  village  will  detect  the  miscreant  who 
has  recently  beencommitted  such  depreda- 
tions in  our  streets,  and  for  which  they  offer 
a  reward. — Ont.  Repos. 


BULBOUS  ROOTS. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX  have  received  a  few 
Crown  Imperial,  and   Tulip  Bulbs,  which 
are  said  to  be  choice  varieties.  aug  30. 


webb  aaasn 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  OCTOBER    1,    1831. 


NUHBE       39. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  &  CO. 
\t  Hie  Office  of  the  Doily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $2.50  per  annum- or 

S'2  Oil  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


SHEEP. 
Breeding  of  sheep  of  valuable  qualities,  not  on 
ty  interests  the  farmer,  but  is  a  matter  of  great 
national  importance.  The  introduction  of  meri- 
no sheep  into  the  United  States,  gave  great  en- 
couragement for  the  manufacture  of  fine  broad 
cloths;  and  they  have  become  so  universally 
spread  through  the  country,  that  there  is  no  fear 
of  their  being  extirpated.  But  the  wants  of  our 
country  are  not  confined  to  wool  alone;  neither 
is  the  manufacturing  of  it  always  attended  with 
the  greatest  profit :  on  the  contrary  for  many  years 
past,  the  manufacturing  of  stuff  goods  in  Eng- 
land, as  bombazines,  bombazetts,  &c.  which  are 
manufactured  from  long  wool,  has  been  attended 
with  a  greater  profit  than  that  of  broadcloths. — 
In  the  making  of  broadcloths,  a  much  greater 
proportion  of  hand  labor  is  required,  according  to 
the  amount  of  goods  manufactured,  than  in  ma- 
king worsted  or  stuff  goods.  Formerly,  the  case 
was  quite  the  reverse;  the  process  of  combing  the 
wool  in  the  preparation,  for  worsted  was  a  slow 
and  tedious  kind  of  business ;  but  by  the  perfection 
of  machinery,  wool  is  now  spun  into  worsted  with 
as  much  ease  as  cotton  is  spun.  Each  pound  c  f 
long  wool  manufactured  into  stuff  goods,  is  atten- 
ded with  more  profit,  than  the  manufacturing  of  a 
pound  of  fine  merino  wool  into  cloths.  From  this 
circumstance,  merino  sheep  are  not  much  prized 
in  England  at  this  time.  Beside  the  wool,  there 
are  other  inducements  for  English  farmers  to  prop- 
agate long  wooled  sheep.  Some  of  the  long  wool- 
ed  breeds  are  constitutionally  disposed  to  take  on 
fat,  even  at  an  early  age,  from  which  circum- 
stance, they  are  more  valuable  than  sheep  of  the 
same  weight  of  carcase,  which  are  not  so  fat.  The 
climate  of  that  country  is  peculiarly  favorable  for 
sheep,  also  for  raising  turnips,  whereon  to  feed 
them,  and  mutton  being  the  cheapest  meat  in  the 
English  market,  is  mostly  used  by  the  lower  class 
of  society.  Although  the  climate  of  the  United 
States  is  not  altogether  as  favorable  for  sheep,  as 
England,  yet  we  certainly  can  boast  of  being  able 
to  raise  them  at  less  price,  and  we  do  not  know 
why  the  long  wooled  sheep  do  not  thrive  as  well 
with  us  as  any  other  breed.  There  are  two  kinds 
of  wool  which  may  be  considered  as  forming  the 
major  part  of  the  woolen  trade  between  this  coun- 
try and  England;  the  long  and  the  fine  wool,  as 
merino  or  Saxony.  The  intermediate  qualities, 
such  as  would  correspond  with  the  common  wool 
of  this  country,  before  the  introduction  of  the  me- 
rinos, is  mostly  kept  for  the  wear  of  the  laboring 
class;  and  although  Wales  and  many  other  parts 
produce  large  quantities  of  it,  much  of  it  is  used 
for  domestic  purposes,  and  very  little  of  it  is  impor- 
ted into  this  country  ina..y  shape.  Situated  as  they 
are  in  England,  they  have  found  it  to  their  advan- 
tage to  purchase  their  fine  wool  from  Saxony,  and 
other  parts  in  preference  to  raising  the  sheep  at 
home.  Circumstanced  as  we  are,  it  would  doubt- 
less be  well  for  us  to  continue  to  propagate  fine 
wooled  sheep,  to  a  certain  extent,  but  we.  ought 


also,  in  order  to  render  us   independent  of  other 
nations,  to  grow  long  wool  enough  for  our  use. 

With  regard  to  the  size  of  the  sheep,  and  the 
quantity  of  food  required  for  each,  we  are  not  a- 
ware  that  any  thing  definite  can  be  laid  down. — 
Perhaps  the  following  may  be  as  near  correct 
as  any  other  theory,  viz:  that  a  given  weight  of 
carcase  requires  a  given  weight  of  food  for  its 
support,  under  the  same  health,  and  exercise. — 
Hence  the  more  quiet  the  animal  the  less  food 
will  be  required.  That  there  is  a  difference  in  the 
value  of  sheep  of  the  same  weight,  but  of  differ- 
ent shapes,  all  will  admit,  and  we  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  some  of  the  English  long 
wooled  sheep  possess  the  qualities  of  being  well 
shaped,  and  quiet  in  disposition  to  an  eminent  de- 
gree. 

As  to  the  weight  of  wool  compared  with  the 
weight  of  the  carcase,  we  have  never  found  so 
great  a  difference  as  some  would  represent,  taking 
all  the  circumstances  into  consideration  We 
think  that  the  different  breeds  of  sheep  at  what 
would  be  called  common  flesh,  the  weight  of 
fleece  will  not  vary  much  from  one  pound  of  wool 
to  every  ten  pounds  of  carcase  dressed.  The 
weight  of  a  common  flock  of  sheep,  dressed,  would 
not  vary  much  from  thirty-five  pounds,  and  th" 
weight  of  fleece  from  the  same  flock  may  be  con- 
sidered as  fair,  at  three  and  a  half  pounds.  In  the 
Smithfield  market,  the  weight  of  a  flock  of  long 
wooled  sheep  might  be  called  fair  at  eighty-five 
pounds  carcase,  and  the  fleece  from  the  same 
flock,  would,  we  think  average  about  eight  and  a 
half  pounds.  Taking  these  positions  as  approxi- 
mating to  correctness,  then  there  remains  three 
things  to  be  considered  in  the  choice  of  the  breed 
of  sheep,  viz:  the  quality  of  the  wool  produced, 
with  regard  to  the  existing  market — the  disposi 
tion  of  the  animal,  and  lastly  the  shape.  The 
first  of  these  must  be  dependent  on  the  fashion  of 
the  times,  and  the  commercial  and  manufacturing 
situation  of  those  engaged  in  their  propagation ; 
but  the  two  latter  qualities  are  not  subject  to  the 
caprice  of  trade.  The  more  quiet  the  annual, 
the  less  food  would  be  required  for  his  support, 
and  a  sheep  with  a  small  head  and  neck,  light  in 
the  fore  quarters, with  a  broad  loin  and  heavy  hind 
quarters,  is  more  valuable  than  when  the  weight 
lies  more  forward. 

Having  attended  the  English  markets  for  the  pur 
pose  of  examining  the  animals,  we  would  describe 
two  breeds  of  sheep  which  we  noticed,  which  we 
consider  would  be  profitable  either  in  a  national 
point  of  view,  or  for  individuals.  We  shall  noi 
attempt  to  describe  these  with  all  the  precision  of 
an  English  breeder,  tracing  each  slight  variation, 
but  as  they  were  named  by  the  common  people 
who  brought  them  to  the  market.  These  breeds 
of  sheep  referred  to,  are  spoken  of  in  common'  as 
the  Lincoln  and  Leicester  breeds.  Perhaps  bree- 
ders would  sub-divide,  what  we  should  call  Lin- 
colnshire sheep  into  different  varieties,  as  the 
Old  Leicester  and  Teeswater,  &c,  which  appear 
to  us,  to  approach  so  near  each  other,  that  we 
have  thought  proper  to  arrange  them  under  one 
general  head.  Those  sheep  have  wool  from  six 
to  eight  inches  long,  and  of  a  silvery  whiteness, 
and  pretty  uniform  in  quality.    They  have  small 


heads,  short  necks,  legs  free  from  wool,  of  rathe' 
large  size,  broad  on  their  backs,  deep  in  the 
chest  and  without  horns,  and  particularly  mild 
and  gentle  in  their  dispositions;  but  it  is  said  by 
farmers  that  they  do  not  fatten  quite  as  well  when 
young  as  the  Leicestershire  sheep. 

The  Leicestershire  or  New  Leicester  breed,  cal- 
led also,  the  Dishley  sheep.  Those  seen  in  the 
Smithfield  market  under  these  and  several  other 
local  names,  are  much  taller  than  the  other  breed 
mentioned  ;  they  have  clean  straight  legs  which 
are  rather  long,  bodies  round  but  heavy,  small 
heads,  short  necks,  wool  not  so  thick  set  as  upon 
the  Lincolns,  but  having  a  peculiar  wavy  appear- 
ance, and  destitute  of  horns.  They  are  said  to 
be  finer  in  the  flesh  than  the  Lincolns,  but  both 
kinds  may  be  considered  heavy  rather  than  fine, 
not  being  equal  in  that  respect  to  smaller  breeds. 
■  We  examined  several  other  breeds  of  sheep  in 
the  English  markets,  but  did  not  see  any  that  we 
thought  would  be  important  to  introduce  into  this 
country.  We  had  heard  much  of  the  Southdown 
sheep  of  England,  and  was  not  a  little  disap- 
pointed at  finding  them  to  correspond  with  the 
smutty  faced,  brown  legged  sheep  of  this  country, 
not  being  superior  in  any  point,  that  we  could 
discover. 

As  the  season  has  now  arrived  when  the  atten- 
tion of  farmers  are  directed  to  their  flocks  of  sheep, 
we  would  recommend  to  them,  that  such  as  have 
flocks  of  merino  or  Saxony,  to  endeavor  to  keep 
them  from  any  mixture  from  coarse  wooled  sheep; 
and  on  the  other  hand,  those  who  are  wising 
to  propagate  for  market,  we  would  recom- 
mend that  they  procure  breeders  of  one  or 
the  other  of  the  long  wooled  breeds  mentioned  a- 
bove,  for  they  may  rest  assured  as  soon  as  we 
have  plenty  of  those  sheep  with  us,  that  the  ma- 
chinery necessary  for  manufacturing  that  kind  of 
wool  to  the  greatest  advantage  will  be  introdu- 
ced. 


GREEN  HOUSE  PLANTS. 
'  He  that  loves  a  garden,  loves  a  green  house 
too,"  said  Cowper. 

As  most  ladies  and  many  gentlemen  are  fond  of 
green  house  plants,  we  would  remind  those  who 
have  planted  them  in  the  garden,  or  have  those 
which  they  have  raised  in  the  open  ground  the 
summer  past,  that  this  is  the  proper  time  for  ta- 
king them  up  and  placing  them  in  pots,  prepara- 
tory to  removing  them  within  doors,  as  it  is  bet- 
ter to  have  this  done  before  the  weather  becomes 
too  cool,  in  order  that  the  young  roots  may  shoot 
more  freely.  In  removing  plants,  too  much  care 
cannot  be  exercised,  as  it  is  important  that  the 
roots  should  not  be  disturbed,  neither  more  of  the 
soil  shaken  from  them  than  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary. After  they  are  placed  in  the  pots,  they 
should  be  well  watered  and  set  in  the  shade  for  a 
day  or  two.  Many  plants  which  would  endure 
our  winters  are  considered  ornamental,  and  are 
kept  in  the  house  through  the  winter,  such  as  dai- 
sies, cowslips,  primroses,  &c,  and  as  these  flow 
er  early,  those  who  have  plenty  of  pots  will  find 
satisfaction  in  having  them  within  doors,  as  they 
will  in  that  case  hasten  their  time  of  flowering  6 
month. 
The  Hydrangea  hortensis,  is  considered  a  del' 


JOG 


THE  GENLSEE  FAR3IKR 


October  1,  1831" 


plant,  which  requires  extra  care 

.  but  this   is  a  mistake.     If  those 

his  plant  in  perfection  will  plant 

them  in  an  open  rich  border  and  cover  the   tops 

during  winter,  they   will  find  them  to 

Iter  than  when  kept  in  pots.     The  same 

obsen  tpply   to   carnations  and  many 

of  the  plants  from  Japan.     The  Camella  Japon- 

found  to  endure  without  injury,   a 

frost  suffici'  eze  the  ground  for  several  in- 

.  q  arranging  plants,  they  may  be 

placed  in     e  most  exposed  situation.  Many  plants 

ared  by  having  too  much  water  during  the 

particularly  those  with    thick   succulent 

this  should  be  avoided. 


HINTS. 
Farmers  have  you  finished  sowing  your  wheat  1 
If  you  have  dig  and  assort  your  potatoes,  and  boil 
the'  small  ones  with  your  pumpkins  for  your  hogs. 
Have  you  selected  your  seed  corn  ?  If  you  have 
not  you  are  rather  late. 

Is  your  cider  casks  in  readiness?     If  not  I  fear 
■  your  neighbors  with  musty  cider, 
which  will  (  lered  a  sure  mark  of  a  sloven. 

Have  you  assi  your  sheep  1  If  not  the  butch- 

er will  get  the  best  ones,  and  laugh  at  your  folly. 
il  in  repair'?     If  not  the   mil- 
ls will  cut  you  lown  six  cents  per  bushel  in  the 
price  of  your  wh    il 

Have  you  prepared  for  water  rotting  your  flax 
i  have  not  it  is  time  you  was 
about  it  And  lastly,  have  you  brought  any  pa- 
ent  rights  oi  jewelry  from  "  those  fellows  down- 
cast 1  If  you  hav:,  you  have  got  most  confound- 
edly sh 


2,00 

1,00 
,50 
,50 

1.00 


,50 

1 


,50 


1,00 
1,00 
1,00 

1,00 


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  WES" 
TER^  NEW- YORK. 
The  meeting  of  this  society  took  place  at  Ly 
ult.     The  full   attendance  of  the 
1    continued  interest  which  is 
f  .ins  association.     A  choice 
:ollection  of  fruit,  vegetables 
chibited,  among  which,  the 
iety  and  excellence  of  the  spe- 
icted   particular   attention. — 
ointed  by  the  President  of  the 
Society  to  award  premiums,  made  the  following 
a  war 

The  Committee  on  Fruits,  Messrs.  Strong, 
Granger  and  Beaumont,  reported  premiums  as 
folio »  , 

;  loz.  of  Apples  for  the  table,  (the 
Wine  Apple)  to  Samuel  Hecox,  $1,00 

f  Winter  Apples,  (Golden  Pip- 
pin) to  Arad  Joy,  1,00 

ears  far  the  table.  (St.  Michael) 
to  John  Greig,  1,00 

Best  doz.  Winter  Pears,  (Winter  Bon  Cre- 

tien :  irkH.  Sibley,  1,00 

Best  doz  Peaches,  (Old  Mixon)  Samuel  He- 
cox, 2,00 
Second  best  doz.  Peaches,  (variety)  Alexan- 
der Duncan,  1,00 
Best  doz.  Cluinces,  (Orange)    M.  H.  Sib- 

bley,  1,00 

Best  specimen  table  Grapes,  (variety)  Sam- 
uel Hecox,  2,00 
Second  best  table  Grapes,  (Golden  Chasse- 
I     ,  Graham  H.  Chapin,  1,00 


Greatest   variety  of  table  and  rae  Grapes, 

Samuel  Hecox, 
Best  specimen  of  Native  Grape,  (Isabella) 

Zalmun  Rice, 
Best  Watermelon,  W.  H.  Adams, 
Best  Musk-melon,  R.  C.  Howard, 
For  a  choice  variety  of  Native  and  Foreign 
Grapes,  E.  C.  Howard, 

The  Committee  on    vegetables,    Messrs.  Whi- 
ting, Hecox,  and  Rose,  reported  as  follows : 
For  the  best  Cauliflower,  Joseph  Fellows,    $1,00 
Best  Cabbage,  S.  Hecox,  ,5** 

For  best    Potatoes,  J.  Fellows,  Z.  Barton 
Stout,  Charles  Butler  and  E.  C.  Howard, 
each 
Best  doz.  Blood  Beets,  S.  Hecox, 
Best  doz.  Carrots,    Charles  Butler, 
Celery  fine  specimens,  W.  H.  Adams,  E.  C. 

Howard  and  C.  Butler,  each 
Lima  Beans,  J.  Fellows,  E.  C.  Howard  and 
S.  Hecox,  each 

The  Committee   on  Flowers,  Messrs.  Butler, 
Sibley  and   Howard,  reported  as  follows: 
For  the  most  beautiful  collection  of  flowers,  ex- 
tending to  four  sorts,  to  Alexander  Dun- 
can, !,Oo 

The   Committee  on  discretionary    premiums, 
Messrs.  Adams,  Stout  and  Sibley,  reported  as  fol- 
lows: 
For    the  Jersey    Cider  Apple,  W.  S.  De 

Zeng, 
For  the  Mexican  Squash,  Joseph  Fellows, 
The  Porter  Squash,  Lewis  Jenkins, 
Two  splendid  collections  of  flowers,  present- 
ed by  Mrs.  Joy, 

The  Committee  particularly  commended  a  beau 
tiful  Oleander  presented  by  Mrs.  Rice. 

After  the  award  of  premiums,  the  members  of 
the  Society  and  Citizens  proceeded  to  the  Brick 
Church,  where  prayer  was  offered  by  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Hubbel,  and  a  very  able  and  eloquent  ad- 
dress was  delivered  by  Graham  H.  Chapin,  Esq. 
a  copy  of  which  is  to  be  published  by  direction  of 
the  Society.  After  the  exercises  ai  the  Church,  a 
number  of  members  of  the  Society,  and  other  gen- 
tlemen sat  down  to  an  excellent  dinner,  prepared 
by  Mr.  Dorsheimer,  at  the  Lyons'  Hotel.  The 
President  of  the  Society,  John  Greig,  Esq.  assist- 
ed by  W.  H.  Adams,  Esq.  presided  at  the  table 
and  much  good  feeling  and  social  hilarity  contrib- 
uted to  the  zest  of  the  repast.  The  following 
toasts  were  drunk  after  the  removal  of  the  cloth : — 
By  the  President,  John  Greig,  Esq. — The  Or- 
ator of  the  day — From  the  excellent  address  with 
which  he  has  favored  us,  we  perceive  that  the 
villnge  of  Lyons  excels  equally  in  the  menial  tal- 
ent of  depicting  in  beautiful  language,  the  knowl- 
edge appropriate  to  the  objects  of  our  Socu  ty,  as 
in  the  practical  talent  of  bringing  to  perfection 
the  choicest  vegetables,    fruits  and  flowers. 

By    Vice  President,    W.  H.  Adams,   Esq. — 

The  County  of  Ontario,  she  furnishes  to  her 
children  a  Presiding  Genius,  in  the  most  valuable 
art  of  Horticulture. 

Gen.  lyh.iting,  of  Geneva. — The  County  of 
Wayne — The  youngest  daughter  of  Ontario,  as 
the  youngest  daughter  always  does,  she  has  carri- 
ed away  the  largest  portion  of  the  parental  affec- 
tion and  the  warmest  of  parental  blessings. 

G.  //  Chapin,  Esq.  Qratcr  of  the  day. — The 


native  vine  of  the  United  States  when    improved 
by  an  intermixture  with  foreign  varieties,  its  gen 
erous  products  will  equal   those  of  the  best 
yards  of  France. 

Alexander  Duncan,  Esq.  of  Canandaigua. 

The  village  of  Geneva,  from  the  commencement  oi 
our  Society  its  warmest  supporter. 

Joseph  Fellows,  Esq.  of  Geneva — The  citizens 
of  Canandaigua,  from  the  commencement  of  our 
Society  its  warmest  promoters. 

MarkH.  Sibky,  Esq.  of  Canandaigua — Old 
0,  she  is  so  happy,  in  the  affection  of  her 
Slighter,  she  has  none  in  reserve  for  fu 
,'. 
Eiishu-  IS.  Strong,  Esq.  of  Monroe  County — 
—For  the  richest  of  fruits,  for  the  t 
<\vers, 
That  blush  on  our  tables,  or  bloom  in  our  bowers, 
For  the  buddings  of  beauty,  and  learning's   fail 

scions, 
Ah  where  can  we  match  thee,  thou  gentlest  of 
Lyons. 
Mr.  M'Connel,  of  Canandaigua — The  Hor- 
ticultural Societies  throughout  the  union,  May 
they  succeed  in  the  war  they  are  now  waging 
against  the  Curculio,  and  achieve  a  complete  vic- 
tory. 

Z.    Barton   Stout.    Esq.  of  Richmond — The 
Monroe  co.  Horticultural  Society.  .May  its 
be  crowned  with  a  success  equal  to  the  Strong 
representation  with  which  it  has  this  day  honored 
us. 

A.  L.  Beaumont.  Esq. — Mental  culture,  soctal 
culture  and  horticulture,  the  union  of  the  three,  in- 
dispensable to  the  perfect  enjoyment  of  either. 

Charles  Butler,  Esq.  oj  <•  ru  t* — Horticultu- 
ral Societies  contributing  by  their  fruits  to  the 
highest  social  enjoyment. 

John  M  I  I, Iky,  Esq. — The  Garden — The 
scene  of  man's  original  fall,  and  of  his  subsequent 
delights;  the  theatre  of  his  early  shame,  and  of 
his  latter  triumphs. 

W.  S.  DeZcng,  Esq.  of  Geneva. — The  memo 
ries  of  Linnaeus  and  Darwin. 

Samuel  Hecox,  Esq. — Horatio  Gates  Spafford 
— He  merits  the  cordial  thanks  of  this  oociety 
j.or  the  interest  he  has  taken  in  its  success. 

rrom  th'<  IVatertowu     Blister* Sep.  38. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY  CATTLE 
SHOW  and  FAIR 

The  annual  Cattle  Show  and  Fair  of  the 
Jefferson  County  Agricultural  Society  was 
held  at  this  place  yesterday  ;  and  it  was 
another  proud  day  for  our  country.  Altho'  the 
weather  had  been  very  unfavorable  the  dav 
before,  which  would  have  prevented  anv  one 
but  a  Jefferson  farmer  from  coming  the  dis- 
tance many  were  obliged  to;  and  as  much 
so  as  it  well  could  be  on  that  dav  ;  yet,  at  an 
early  hour,  our  streets  were  thronged  with 
people  ;  the  pens,  which  were  more  commo- 
dious than  at  any  former  year,  were  crowded 
with  cattle,  horses,  sheep  and  swine  ;  and  the 
courtroom  spread  with  manufactures  of  the 
richest  kind.  And  we  must  now  say,  as  we 
have  before  said,  that  Jefferson  county  defies 
every  other  county  in  the  state  to  produce  her 
equal  in  Horses,  neat  Stock,  or  Domestic 
Manufactures.  Of  the  horses,  some  idea 
may  be  formed,  when  we  state  that,  although 
this  county  has  long  had  the  reputation  thro'- 
out  the  state,  of  producing  the  best,  yet  we 
never  saw  so  fine  a  display.  Of  the  horned 
cattle,  we  may  say  the  same ;  particular!)  the 


Vol.  1.— No.  39. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


307 


working  oxen,  and  the  exhibition  of  some 
fine  animals  of  the  Improved  Durham,  Dev- 
onshire and  Holderness  breeds.  The  sheep 
and  swine  showed  to  good  advantage.  The 
equal  to  domestic  manufactures,  we  have  nev- 
er seen  ;  and  the  ladies,  to  whose  skill  and  in- 
dustry we  are  principally  indebted  for  the 
specimens  here  exhibited  need  no  poetic  flat- 
terer to  tell  them  of  their  pre-eminent  virtue. 
We  must  notice  in  particular  the  fine  speci- 
mens of  Carpeting,  which  set  Bru  sels  and 
Venice  at  defiance  ;  fulled  cloth,  flannel,  dia- 
per, linen  and  worsted  productions,  good 
enough  for  any  person's  use;  straw  and  palm- 
leaf  hats,  equal  to  any  thing  imported;  ma- 
ple sugar,  superior  in  beauty  and  flavor  to  any 
llavanna  we  have  ever  seen;  and  lastly 
some  currant  wine,  that  might  make  Old  Ma- 
deira blush. 

We  were  particularly  pleased,  on  this  oc 
casion,  to  see  many  articles  of  stock,  manu- 
factures, &.c.  on  which  the  Society  offered 
no  premium,  presented,  for  show.  Among 
these  were  a  press  or  mill  for  making  currant 
wine,  invented  in  this  county  ;  and  a  speci- 
men of  silk  thread,  manufactured  in  the  fam- 
ilv  of  Capt.  Seth  Baily  of  this  town,  from 
worms  hatched  and  fed  on  his  own  premises. 

We  were  also  gratified  with  a  splendid  dis- 
play of  Horticultural  productions  and  fruit, 
which  the  Society  have  never  taken  into  their 
account.  Among  these  were  some  beautiful 
Orange  and  Lemon  trees  bearing  fruit,  from 
(he  garden  of  Mr.  Le  Ray;  as  also  the  egg 
plant,  laden  with  its  rich  fruit;  some  elegant 
cauliflowers,  from  the  garden  of  Maj.  Brown, 
of  Brownville;  Grapes  in  variety  and  abun- 
dance, for  which  the  soil  of  this  county  is 
found  to  be  well  adapted ;  and  a  variety  of 
other  productions  which  we  have  not  now 
time  to  notice. 

After  the  exhibition  of  stock  and  manufac- 
tures, and  the  plowing  match,  a  procession 
was  formed  and  marched  to  the  Methodist 
chapel,  where  an  able  address  was  delivered 
by  Major  E.  Kirby,  and  the  premiums  awar- 
ded by  the  committees,  whose  reports  we  ex- 
pect in  season  for  our  next.  From  thence, 
the  procession  proceeded  to  the  Mansion 
House  and  partook  of  a  sumptuous  dinner  ; 
prepared  in  Mr.  Gilson's  best  style.  The 
whole  proceedings  of  the  day  were  conducted 
i<  usual  with  a  splendid  Ball  in  the  evening 
at  Parsons'  Hotel. 

From  the  British  Farmer's  Journal. 

FRENCH  AGRICULTURE. 

In  some  parts  of  the  south  of  France,  the 
ancient  method  of  treading  the  Corn  out  of 
the  ear  by  horses  or  oxen,  is  still  practised 
whilst  near  Paris  and  iij  a  few  other  districts, 
thrashing  machines  are  beginning  to  be  used ; 
but  the  great  majority  of  the  nation  are  only 
acquainted  with  the  flail.  Several  extensive 
agriculturists,  having  found  that  the  com- 
mon thrashing  mills  cut  the  straw  and  ren- 
dered it  unfit  for  the  Paris  markets,  now  us- 
the  machines,  in  which  the  grain  is  thrash- 
ed out  by  the  quickly  repeated  strokes  of 
numerous  flat  beaters.  Women  and  chil- 
dren unbind  the  sheaves  and  throw  them  on 
a  thick  canvass  cloth,  that  is  tightly  stretch- 
ed by  a  roller  at  each  end,  round  which  it 
continually  revolves,  fin  the  same  manner  as 
in  patent  chaft'-cutters,)  thereby  gradually 
moving  the  corn  forward  under  the  incessant 
action  of  the  beaters  ;  by  this  means,  it  is  af- 
firmed that  the  straw  remains  as  whole  and 
uninjured  as  if  thrashed  by  the  flail,  and  that 
fliese  machines  are,  in  every  respect,  as  effi- 


cient and  economical  as  the  common  mill. — 
Notwithstanding  the  immense  loads  which 
their  high  roads^  being  almost  all  paved,  en- 
able the  French  vehicles  to  carry'long-bod- 
ied  carts  on  very  high  wheels,  are  in  almost 
every  province  used  instead  of  wagons.  Let 
the  reader  picture  to  himself  a  deep  cart  body, 
formed  of  open  rail  work,  and  from  15  to  18 
feet  long,  mounted  on  a  pair  of  wheels  6  to  7 
feet  high.the  whole  of  extraordinary  strength 
and  substance,  and  he  will  have  a  correct 
idea  of  a  French  road-cart.  We  suspect  the 
continued  use  of  such  vehicles  to  arise  much 
more  from  ancient  habits,  than  from  scienti- 
fic principles ;  but  it  is  however,  obvious, 
that  two  large  wheels  create  much  less  fric- 
tion than  four  smaller  ones.  Their  cart  hor- 
ses, although  small,  are  certainly  strong  and 
generally  in  good  condition,  and  pavement 
creates  little  draught,  but  still,  we  are  con- 
vinced that  it  is  chiefly  their  carts  which  en- 
able them  to  carry  such  heavy  loads  ;  thai  of 
a  team  of  four  or  five  goo1  horses  is  usually 
six  to  seven  tons  and  the  cart  weighs  near 
two  more.  From  habit  the  men  load  these 
carts,  with  such  nicety,  that  the  shaft  horse 
does  not  incur  inconvenience  or  danger,  and 
to  prevent  any  weight  from  bearing  on  his 
back  in  descending  a  hill,  the  car  has  a  wind- 
lass fixed  in  front,  by  turning  which,  the  dri- 
ver can  in  a  moment  regulate  the  point  of 
gravity  to  any  degree  required.  These  ve- 
hicles turn  upon  the  axle  like  the  English 
tumbril,  and  by  that  means  casks  and  other 
articles  are  wound  up  into  them,  by  the  ropes 
fastened  to  the  windlass  roller  in  front,  with 
extraordinary  facility  and  expedition.  The 
ploughs  in  Normandy,  Picardy,  and  near 
Paris,  resemble  the  smaller  Kentish  wheel- 
ploughs;  they  are  usually  drawn  by  two  hor- 
ses, though  a  few  have  three  or  four,  but  a 
driver  is  very  rare.  In  French  Flanders  and 
a  part  of  Alsace,  the  Brabant  plough  is  us- 
ed, which  is  very  light,  tolerably  well  made, 
and  has  a  fool  in  front  to  regulate  the  depth. 
This  plough  is  worked  with  one  horse  in 
the  first  ploughing,  (that  is  only  two  or  three 
inches  deep,)  and  with  two  horses  in  the  sub- 
sequent ones,  which  increase  in  depth  each 
time.  In  the  rest,  that  is,  three-fourrhs  of 
France,  the  ploughs  are,  generally,  wretch- 
ed implements  and  of  endless  variety  ;  ma- 
ny, towards  the  south,  have  two  small  wings, 
or  thich  sticks,  to  serve  for  a  double  mould 
board,  with  a  very  long  chissel-shaped  share. 
It  is  a  common  practice  in  Languedoc,  and 
other  southern  provinces,  where  they  usually 
plough  with  oxen,  to  have  the  beam  of  the 
plough  long  enough  to  fasten  immediately 
to  the  yoke  of  the  beasts,  instead  of  using  a 
chain  for  that  purpose  as  in  other  coun- 
tries. In  the  northern  provinces  they 
almost  invariably  plough  with  horses,  but 
in  the  centre  and  south  of  France  ox- 
en are  more  generally  used,  or,  what  is 
both  singular  and  absurb,  a  mixture  of  the 
two  is  often  seen.  These  teams  are  usually 
numerous,  although  in  Languedoc,  and  oth- 
er districts,  where  they  have  a  fine  large 
breed  of  oxen,  only  two  are  put  to  a  plough. 
The  ancient  method  of  making  the  beasts 
draw  by  the  head,  by  fastening  the  yoke  to 
the  horns,  is  still  generally  practised.  Har- 
rows are,  almost  every  where,  made  entirely 
of  wood,  and  rollers  are  very  similar  to  the 
commonest  English  ones,  except  they  are  of- 
ten drawn  by  ropes  instead  of  shafts. — 
In  the  north,  where  the  population  is  great- 
er, and  agriculture  more  improved,  wheat  is 
usually  cut  with  hooks,  sickles,  or  the  Hain- 


ault  scythe;  but  south  of  Paris  the  cradla 
scythe  is  used  for  all  corn  crops  From  the 
dexterity,  however,  which  habit  gives  the 
mowers,  the  wheat  is  seldom,  ii  ijiired, 

unless  in  a  wet  harvest,  an  event  of  rare  oc- 
currence in  such  a  climate,  whili    the  savin: 
of  labor  is,  of  course,  immense 
ault  scythe  is  an  implement   (very   liki 
made  in  many  parts  of  England   for   wha 
called  "  swapping"  peas,  seed  tares,  Sic.  ant 
used  in  a   similar   manner,^    v  well 

worthy  of  being  generally  introduced.  A 
man  cuts  about  an  acre  of  wheat,  per  day 
with  it,  and  it  is  light  enough  foi  the  use  of 
women  and  girls.  The  handle  is  abou 
teeen  inches  long,  and  the  blade  rather  more 
than  two  feet,  and  shaped  like.that  of  a  scythe. 
A  stick,  with  a  hook  at  the  end.  is  held  in  th 
left  hand,  to  draw  or  hold  the  corn  in  the 
right  position  to  receive  the  stroke.  It  cuts 
the  straw  close  to  the  ground,  without  sha- 
king out  the  grain;  and  is  particularly  effi- 
cacious when  the  corn  has  become  beaten 
down  and  twisted  by  stormy  weather.  We 
met  with  a  singular  kind  uf  sieve  in  several 
farms.  The  bottom  was  made  of  half-inch 
oak,  thickly  perforated  with  holes,  instead 
of  open  lattice-work  as  in  this  country — - 
These  sieves  are  suspended  by  a  rope  from 
a  beam,  and  the  corn  is  sifted  through  by  a 
boy  rocking  the  sieve,  while  a  man  leplen- 
ishes  it  with  corn  In  French  Flanders,  ap 
[in  the  Netherlands,  the  milk  is  generally 
churned  in  its  natural  state,  instead  of  the 
cream  as  in  this  and  most  other  counties. — • 
For  this  purpose  very  large  barrels  and  oth- 
er churns  are  used.  An  ingenious,  though 
simple  kind  of  these  is  square,  and  mounted 
upon  large  rockers.  Across  the  middle  of 
this  churn  is  a  partition  full  of  holes,  so  that,, 
when  it  is  rocked,  the  milk  rushes  to  and  fro 
through  these  apertures  ;  in  this  manner  the 
women  knit,  Sic,  whilst  they  kee 
chine  in  regular  motion  with  theii 


MANUFACTORIES  AT 

Taunton,  Mass. 

We  gave  an  account  of  the  works  at  Troy, Pall 
rUrer,  Mass. ;  we  now  pay  attention  to  T. 
situated  only  a  few  miles  from  the  former  plac 
Taunton  has  above 6000  inhabitants';  3Pr 
rian  churches,  1  Episcopal,  1  Unitarian,  I  Baptist 

The  Taunton   Manufacturing  Comp 
4  mills;  they  spin,  weave,  bleach,  dye  cotton,  and 
print  calicoes,  about  7,500,000  yards  yearly ;  and 
employ  1000  hands. 

Howard  &  Co.  manufacture  yearly  300  tons  of 
iron  from  scraps;  roll,  1,500  tons  of  iron  in  hoops, 
nail  rods,  and  shovels ;  twenty-five  dozen  of  sho- 
vels, besides  a  large  quantity  of  nails,  are  made 
daily  ;  and  they  employ  100  laborers. 

Nest's  Cotton  Manufacturing  Co.  run  20CK I 
dies,  50  looms,  employ  50  hands,  and  usi 
bales  of  cotton  annually. 

Dean's  Cotton  works,  east,  600  spindles  and  em 
ploy  40  hands. 

Sheppard's  Cotton    factory,   west,  ru 
spindles,  and  employs  60  hands. 

Crocker  &  Co's  Copper  and  Lead  Factory  use 
annually,  300  tons  copper,  and   from  500  to  1000 
tons  of  lead.     There  is  also  a  factory  for  E 
nia  Teapots,  started  by  a  native  mechanic, 
is  now  nourishing.    We  suppose  he  must  call  hi;: 
ware  Americania  Teapots. 

JjfA  silver  and  lead  mine  has  been  discovered 

atLubec,  in  the  State  of  Maine. 


308 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  1,  1831. 


COMMUNICATION*:. 


EN,  ) 

31.  J 


Linnsan  Botanic  Garden 
Flushing,  Sept.  14th,  1831 
Mr.  Goodsell: 

We  noticed  your  remarks  on  the  subject  of  the 
Pomological  Manual.  The  first  part  of  that  work, 
complete  in  itself,  as  far  as  it  goes,  was  issued 
from  the  press  a  day  or  two  since  and  may  be 
obtained  through  any  of  the  principal  booksel 
lers.  We  have  requested  thirty  copies  to  be  sent 
to  Rossiter  and  Knox  of  your  town,  who  are  our 
present  agents,  and  the  second  part  will  also  be 
soon  furnished  them.  Mr.  Knox  has  recently  vis 
ited  our  establishment,  and  will  be  able  to  inform 
you  and  others  of  the  high  order  in  which  it  is 
kept,  the  great  regularity  in  its  management,  and 
the  superior  condition  of  its  trees,  and  other  pro- 
ductions contained  in  it.  To  persons  residing  at 
a  remote  distance,  the  name  of  nursery  carries 
with  it  the  same  meaning,  and  fixes  on  the  mind 
no  distinguishing  impression ;  but  when  we  state 
to  you  that  our  establishment  covers  near  fifty  a- 
cres,  compactly  and  regularly  filled,  that  we  em- 
ploy from  thirty  to  forty  hands,  and  have  had  for- 
ty-eight, and  that  the  lowest  rate  of  its  annual  ex- 
penses is  more  than  twelve  thousand  dollars,  and 
that  during  the  three  years  of  1826,  7  and  8,  when 
we  made  such  immense  additions  by  importations, 
&c.  it  averaged  $18,000  a  year,  you  will,  perhaps 
be  led  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of  its  extent. 

The  collection  of  fruits  is  not  one  gathered 
from  the  four  corners  of  the  earth,  without  dis- 
crimination, but  it  is  a  concentration  of  what  is 
deemed  most  valuable  in  every  region  where 
these  fruits  are  cultivated,  and  where  our  unweari 
ed  exertions,  could  succeed  in  obtaining  them,  and 
it  is  unrivalled  by  any  at  present  existin 
this  country  or  in  any  other,  and  only  exceeded  in 
the  number  of  varieties  by  that  of  the  London 
Horticultural  Society,  which  it  is  well  known  is  a 
<*eneral  assemblage,  and  includes  each  fruit  un- 
der all  its  synonomous  titles. 

We  do  nut  content  ourselves   with  cultivating 
each  variety  by  the  name  by  which   we  receive 
it  without  examination ;   but  of  eveiy  variety  the 
original  tree  is  planted  in  our  Horticultural  or- 
chard, and  its  fruit  critically  observed,  in  order  to 
test  its  accuracy.     The  errors  which  we  have  de- 
tected in  this  way  would   fill  a  volume,   and  the 
numerous  disappointments  we  have   experienced 
would  move  the  temper  of  a  stoic.     Thus  have  we 
toiled  on  from  father  to  son,  each  endeavoring  to 
contribute  his  share  to  advance  what  formed  our 
patrimonial  inheritance.  That  we  have  been  anx- 
ious the  public  should  not  be  injured  by  errors  or 
deceptions,  is  plainly  proved  by  the  fact,  that  we ; 
have  always  readily  imparted  every  information 
possible  and  have  at  all  times  shed  as  much  light 
on  the  subject  as  was  within  our  power.     We  ex- 
press  what  is  well  known  to  our  friends,  when  wc 
state,  that,  all  powerful  as  is  the  influence  of  gain 
our  exertions  are  much  more  to  be  attributed  to  our 
pleasure  and  pride  in  the  advancement  of  Horti- 
culture.    Few   arc   aware  that  many  trees  and 
plants,  (even  plum  trees  and  roses)   have  cost  us 
a  guinea  each,  before  they  left  Europe,  which  are 
now  prcied  on  our  catalogues  from  fifty  cents  to 
one  dollar  each,  and  that  many  of  the  green  house 
plants  cost  us  five  guineas  each  in  Europe,  thut  we 
now  offer  at  low  rates.     But  extensive  propaga- 
tion aDd  great  patronage  have  enabled  us,  thus  to 


present  to  our  fellow-citizens,  many  articles  for 
one  tenth  the  price  that  we  paid  for  them  our- 
selves. 

There  is  one  most  important  result  arising  from 
our  great  disbursements  in  the  increase  and  prop- 
agation of  the  trees  and  plants  which  affects  both 
the  public  and  ourselves.  It  has  extended  our 
stock  to  so  great  a  degree  that  those  who  apply 
need  not  fear  disappointments.  No  articles  are 
named  on  our  catalogues,  but  what  we  have  ready 
in  our  garden  to  supply  when  desired,  and  it  is 
only  incase  of  an  extraordinary  demand  for  an 
article  but  recently  introduced,  that  all  the  appli- 
cants can  not  be  supplied. 

There  is  another  important  point  which  few 
consider  sufficiently.  It  is  this :  that  where  trees 
are  of  the  same  kind,  there  is  a  very  great  differ- 
ence in  the  actual  quality  of  the  trees,  in  respect 
to  size,  vigor  of  growth,  &c.  The  same  remark 
will  apply  with  equal  force  to  the  ornamental  trees, 
flowering  shrubs,  roses,  &c. ;  a  strong,  well  grown 
shrub,  being  of-far  greater  value,  in  itself  more  ca- 
pable of  supporting  your  climate  than  a  new  lay- 
er or  a  young  scion.  All  these  points  should  re- 
ceive the  attention  of  those  who  wish  to  form 
plantations  and  they  should  scrupulously  compare 
such  as  are  furnished  from  the  different  nurseries 
and  award  their  preference  where  it  is  justly 
due.     Very  respectfully,     Wm.  Prince  &  Sons. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

I  have  not  discovered  hi  any  part  of  Coxe's 
"  View  of  the  cultivation  of  Fruit  Trees,"  that 
he  had  any  knowledge  of  the  Curculio,  or  any 
suspicion  of  what  caused  our  stone  fruit  prema- 
turely to  drop  from  the  tree.  He  remarks  that  the 
Green  Gage  "  seldom  succeeds  either  in  grass  or 
open  situations  without  shelter  from  buildings." — 
It  is  probable  that  he  took  up  this  notion,  as  he  did 
several  others,  without  much  examination.  In  a 
district  three  degrees  further  north,  and  several 
hundred  feet  more  elevated,  I  have  seen  nothing  to 
indicate  it  more  tender  than  other  plums.  Last 
year  mine  bore  well  in  the  open  ground,  far  from 
any  building,  after  a  hard  winter,  although  we 
had  many  severe  vernal  frosts  after  the  fruit  was 
set  on  the  branches. 

That  this,  like  some  other  stone  fruit,  should  be 
more  productive  near  buildings,  is  easily  explained 
by  referring  to  the  limited  disposition  of  the  cur- 
culio, and  to  the  domestic  animals  that  daily  pass 
near  most  of  the  buildings  on  a  farm. 

Of  Apricots  he  says,  "  Linnxus  comprehends 
[it]  in  the  same  genus  with  the  plum  and  cherry: 
yet  the  two  latter  will  not  take  on  each  other,  nor 
will  the  apricot  take  on  the  cherry:  but  peaches 
succeed  on  apricots — and  the  apricot  will  take  on 
every  kind  of  plum.  I  have  found  the  apricot  pro- 
duced from  the  stone  a  more  rigorous  stock  for  the 
peach,  than  any  kind  of  plum  stock." 

These  remarks  may  be  useful,  ami  1  transcribe 
them  with  approbation;  but  what  follows  is  of  a 
very  different  cast  and  character:  "  This  fruit 
[the  apricot]  is  extremely  tender  in  our  severe 
winters,  in  open  or  exposed  situations  unprotected 
by  o  wall" 

I  have  reason  to  believe  that  this  notion  is  prc- 
Talent  through  a  my  extensive  district  in  which 
Coxe  resided;  and  it  is  more  probable  that 
he  adopted  the  popular  opinion.  It  is  not  unlikely 
that  it  was  derived  from  their  English  ancestors 


who  had  always  seen  the  apricot  trained  as 
a  wall  fruit.  But  be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  quitr 
time  that  some  attempt  should  be  made  to  explode 
it.  The  protection  afforded  by  a  building,  is  doubt 
.less  the  same  as  the  green  gage  receives,  for  nei- 
tfier  can  need  any  more  protection  from  the  weathi  r 
than  the  peach  needs. 

After  cultivating  the  apricot  for  several  years. 
I  am  prepared  to  say  that  I  have  found  it,  in  every 
respect,  full  as  hardy  as  the  peach  tree,  neither  is 
the  fruit  more  liable  to  be  damaged  by  frost.  In- 
deed I  know  not  how  to  account  for  the  strange 
neglect  which  this  fine  tree  has  received ;  for  the 
stone  or  pit  of  the  apricot  grows  still  more  freely 
than  the  peach,  and  it  takes  well  by  budding  or 
grafting  on  plum  stocks  and  peach  stocks. 

Coxe's  remarks  on  the  Nectarine  are  very  simi- 
lar  to  the  preceding.  "  It  seldom  succeeds  in  the 
climate  of  this  state  [New  Jersey]  unprotected  by 
buildings — the  tree  grows  as  vigorously  as  the 
peach,subject  to  the  same  disease* — and  blossoms 
and  bears  frnit  in  abundance,  but  they  generally 
fall  before  perfectly  ripe." — "  I  could  never  raisi 
them  in  an  open  situation  more  than  one  year — 
my  trees  were  then  young  and  vigorous,  they  bore 
abundantly,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  fruit  of 
several  kinds  ripened  in  the  fullest  perfection ;  after 
several  subsequent  but  vain  attempts  I  have  aban 
doned  the  cultivation  of  them — I  believethey  will 
thrive  as  weli  as  the  peach  in  the  sheltered  gar 
dens  of  our  large  towns." 

It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  extract  thai 
Coxe  had  no  suspicion  of  the  real  cause  of  his  dis 
appointment.  He  first  ascribes  it  to  the  clima'e, 
though  he  admits  that  the  trees  I  ,r  ■  in 

the  fullest  perfection,"  yet  without  any  remark  to 
show  that  the  character  of  that  season  was  more 
favorable  than  usual.  The  truth  is, the  summers  of 
the  Genesee  country,  three  degrees  further  north, 
are  warni  enough  to  bring  .this  fruit  to  perfection 
in  the  open  ground ;  and  last  year  we  had  it  in 
plenty,  far  from  any  building.  He  next  seems  to 
suggest  that  his  success  that  year  might  be  ow  ing 
to  the  vigor  of  his  young  trees.  Mine  however, 
lost  all  their  fruit  for  several  years  In  lure  the\  rf 
pened  a  nectarine;  but  I  have  seen  many  cases  of 
other  young  trees  bearing  well  for  one  yearbul 
not  longer,  owing  to  the  circumslancethat  fewcur- 
eulios  found  it  the  first  year,  but  they  had  so  much 
increased  as  to  destroy  all  the  fruit  in  the  second 
year;  and  tins  was  without  doubt  the  case  with 
Coxe's  trees.  His  simple  statemenl  that  the  fruit 
"gem  rally  fell  before  it  waspe  f  '  points 

out  the  curculio  at  once  to  every  well  informed  or 
chardist 

The  curculio  appears  to  prefer  sonic  kinds  of 
plums  to  others.  We  know  it  is  m  ire  partial  \i> 
the  nectarine  than  to  the  apricot,  or  perhaps  to  any 
other  kind  of  stone  fruit, — and  hence  Coxe's  ulti 
mate  failure.  D.  T 


FOR  THE  GENESEE   FIRMER. 

CIDER. 

Your  remarks,  pnge  2nd  of  the  first  number,  on 
making  eider,  deserve  the  attention  of  every  far 
nicr  who  has  an  orchard.  Without  denying  the 
ace  of  crab  cider,  or  thut  made  from  the 
Harrison  orCampficld  apple,  which  are  the  most 
famous  for  cider  in  the  world,  and  ordinarily  com- 
mand from  six  to  ten  dollars  a  ban-el  in  the  New- 
York   market,    as   they  come  from  the  press, 


Vol.  1.— No.  39- 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


:io«) 


it  may  be  safely  affirmed  that  it  is  in  the  power 
of  every  farmer  to  manufacture  an  excellent  ci- 
der from  orchards  of  (ingrafted  fruit.  Som.  years 
ago,  a  large  orchard,  chiefly  of  natural  fruit  fill 
into  my  hands.  The  former  owner  had  for  ma- 
ny years  made  Ins  family  cider  from  this  orchard 
with  much  care;  but  it  was  seldom  good.  The 
first  part  of  the  barrel  was  sometimes  tolerable, 
but  by  the  time  a  third  part  was  drawn  it  became 
too  sour  for  any  common  sober  stomach.  Con- 
sidering sour  cider  as  worse  than  none,  I  resol- 
ved on  a  reformation.  As  the  apples  were  ripe, 
I  went  through  the  orchard  and  struck  a  hatchet 
into  every  tree  whose  fruit  was  bitter  or  unpleas- 
ant. The  following  winter,  the  trees  so  marked, 
about  100  out  of  250,  were  cut  down  and  convey- 
ed to  the  woodpile.  The  next  season  my  cider 
was  made  as  usual,  being  strained  through  sand. 
Two  barrels  were  selected  for  bottling,  and  bet- 
ter cider  I  venture  to  say  was  never  made.  Its 
decided  excellence  was  admitted  by  gentlemen 
from  New- York,  curious  in  preparing  their  own 
eider,  and  for  thirty  years  conversant  with  the  best 
varieties  of  that  market.  It  is  easy  to  perceive 
that  a  few  bad  trees  may  ruin  an  orchard. 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  E.  Y. 

BREEDING. 
Breeding  in  ami  in  is  defined  in  page  36  of  the 
Genesee  Farmer,  to  be  breedmg  from  the  best  ani- 
mals and  ejecting  the  worst.  I  understand  it  to 
consist  in  selecting  animals  from  the  same  line  or 
family;  in  other  words  those  nearly  related,  not 
excluding  the  degrees  of  consanguinity  forbidden 
by  the  canonical  law.  It  was  in  this  way  that 
Mr.  Bakewell,  the  celebrated  grazier,  advanced 
his  cattle  and  sheep  to  such  a  pitch  of  improve- 
ment as  to  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  a  new 
family  It  might  be  a  curious  study  to  trace  the 
effect  of  similar  connexions  in  the.  human  family. 
Some  historians  assert  that  the  royal  races  of 
Europe,  and  especially  the  house  of  Bourbon  have 
been  in  this  way  essentially  impaired  in  mmd  and 
body  ;  but  may  we  not  rather  impute  this  degen- 
eracy to  hereditary  disease  and  continued  de- 
bauchery !  The  finest  race  horses,  possessing  not 
only  beauty,  but  the  greatest  speed  and  bottom 
have  been  the  product  of  such  unnatural  connex- 
ions.    E.  Y. 

THE  SWEET  POTATO. 
The  sweet  potato  is  cultivated  in  Ohio.  It  is 
common  in  the  Cincinnati  market,  and  a  few  hun- 
dred bushels  are  annually  raised  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cleveland.  But  though  a  pleasant  and  desirable 
article,  they  have  not  the  flavor  and  relish  of  those 
from  Virginia.  An  intelligent  horticulturist  from 
Detroit  assures  me  that  those  in  that  market  are 
not  to  be  named  in  the  same  day  with  those  of  the 
southern  states.  But  from  my  own  limited  expe- 
rience, I  am  inclined  to  suspect  that  their  inferior- 
ity here  is  rather  owing  to  the  cook  than  the  cli- 
mate. Though  called  a  potato,  it  is  wholly  un- 
like our  common  potato,  being  a  species  of  Con- 
volvolus.  Its  origin  and  history  are  involved  in 
much  obscurity.  By  some  writers  it  is  said  to  be 
a  native  of  the  east,  and  to  have  been  early  dis- 
persed throughout  the  continent  of  Europe.  By 
others  it  is  said  to  have  originated  in  the  West 
Indies,  to  have  been  taken  thence  to  the  Philip- 
pines, and  afterwards  scattered  through  Asia  and 
Europe.    Its  true  botanical  name  is  Convolvolus 


batatas.  Our  common  potato  is  a  species  of  Sj- 
lamim  or  night  shade,  a  genus  of  plants  which 
includes  the  egg  plant,  the  Jerusalem  artichoke, 
tomatoes,  &c.  E.  Y. 

g^-Our  correspondent  E.  Y.  says,  "our  com- 
mon potato  is  a  species  of  solanum  or  night  shade, 
a  genus  of  plants  which  includes  the  egg  plant, 
the  Jerusalem  artichoke,tomatoes,  &c."  This  was 
probably  a  mistake,  as  the  potato  belongs  to  the 
5th  class,  Pentandria,  Order  Monogynia,  winch 
class  includes  all  plants  with  perfect  flowers,  eon- 
taming  five  stamens,  which  do  not  grow  upon  the 
pistil ;  but  the  Jerusalem  artichoke  belongs  to  the 
18th  Class  Syngcncsia,  order  Polygamia  Fivs- 
tranca.  This  order  is  distinguished  by  having 
the  florets  of  the  disk,  or  centre  of  the  flower  per- 
t"    t,  while  those  of  the  ray,  or  edge  are  neuter. 


SELECTIONS. 


From  the  New  York  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER.-No.  III. 

Alii.  Fleet — My  work,  this  morning,  has 
been  rather  protracted,  so  that  you  may  per- 
ceive it,  in  the  trembling  of  my  blistered  fing- 
ers. Yet,  Sir,  this  is  the  only  way  to  disci- 
pline  the  mind,  in  actual  culture,  so  that  it-> 
instructions  may  be  of  any  use  to  otheis. 
The  school  of  knowledge,  is  a  school  of  la- 
bo  .  While  I  was  busy  with  my  hoe  in  the 
Garden,  long  before  the  sun  peeped  ovei  the 
hills,  I  beard  the  notes  of  our  family  Hurp, 
and  am  now  prepared  to  como  in-doors,  and 
complete  my  promised  sketch  of  the  labors  of 
a  Household  of  Husbandry.  The  men  and 
boys  have  all  had  their  breakfasts,  a  fine  dish 
of  baked  beans,  with  a  square  of  old  pork  on 
the  top  of  the  disii ;  the  teams  have  been  fed 
with  chopped  hay  and  rye  meal,  moistened, 
and  all  have  gone  off  to  their  labors  in  the 
field,  and  I  have  lour  hours  to  devote  to  you. 

Wool  and  Flax  duly  prepared  to  their 
hands,  sets  all  the  energies  of  my  in-door 
household  in  action.  Two  pieces,  at  least, 
of  woollen  out-side  cloths,  must  be  prepar- 
ed for  our  own  use,  good,  substantial  home- 
spun, one  for  us,  and  one  for  the  manufac- 
turers, besides  Flannel,  for  under  garments, 
and  for  bedding.  All  they  make,  more  than 
this,  is  their  perquisite,  for  laying  up  such 
things  as  may  be  wanted,  by-and  by.  Stock- 
ing yarn,  and  stockings  keep  the  little  fingers! 
in  business;  with  which,  besides  supplying 
all  our  own  wants,  in  this  way,  they  get  aj 
good  many  sixpences,  by  sale  of  these  aiti- 
clec,  and  have  always  something  to  help  oth-l 
ers,  who  need,  and  deserve  nelp.  Something  [ 
has  to  be  done,  rather  more  frequently  than 
I  could  wish,  towards  keeping  up  the  neces- 
sary supply  of  carpeting,  and  they  are  now 
engaged  in  that  way.  The  weaving  is  to  be 
done  at  Hudson,  but  they  mean  to  send  yarn 
enough  to  make  all  their  carpets,  and  pay  for 
the  weaving  So,  you  see,  I  cannot  com- 
plain. One  yard,  I  know,  and  by  experience, 
of  the  carpeting  they  made  a  few  years  since, 
is  worth  two,  for  service,  compared  wit')  the 
best  that  is  '  made  for  sale.'  Some  of  our 
acquaintances  have  adopted  the  opinion,  per- 
haps on  the.persuasions  of  the  Factory  folks, 
that  it  is  cheaper  to  purchase  their  carpeting, 
and  save  all  this  '  fuss  of  spinning,  dyeing, 
&.C.'  as  they  call  it :  but  such  Farmers  are 
not  Farmers,  and  will,  sooner  or  later,  discov- 
er this,  a  :d  to  their  sorrow.  We  know  many 
such  ;  but  it  is  pride,  Mr.  Editor,  which  gets 
the  better  of  their  understanding.  At  all 
events,  we  are,  and  mean  to  be,   Farmers, 


out-doors  and  in-doors,  at  home  and  abroad. 
By-and-by,  when  1  shall  have  disposed  of  the 
groitnd-«  oik  ol  the  work  of  the  Farm,  we 
will  come  to  the  Education  of  a  Farmer's 
Family,  upon  which  much  may  be  said. 

Butter  and  Cheese,  Mr.  Fleet,  as  1  hope 
you  will  remember,  are  essential  articles  on 
the  table  of  the  Husbandman,  as  well  as  in 
supplying  that  which  keeps  all  the  wheels  in 
oider,  even  this  old  '  Fly-wheel  of  the  Farm.' 
To  be  sure  we  do  not  use  so  much  money  as 
some  folks,  and  therefore  we  have  the  more 
for  use,  when  the  wet  day  conies,  as  come  it 
will,  to  all  men.  The  Dairy,  and  I  am  sorry 
to  say  it,  attracts  much  less  general  attention, 
in  this  state,  than  it  deserves.  A  well  man- 
aged dairy,  is  among  the  most  profitable  of 
va  ion- par  •  f  a  Husbandman's  business. 
That  is,  on  a  suitable  Faun,  a  matter  that  will 
be  discussed  hereafter.  OurDairy  is  small,  an 
appendage,  a  soit  of  family  convenietice.jbe- 
cause  our  Farm  is  not  adapted  to  any  thing 
more  ;  but  it  supplies  us  with  plenty  of  butter 
and  cheese,  of  good  qu  ijity,  besides  some  do- 
zeno! 'fine  cheeses  for  our  friends  in  town  and 
at  a  goodround  puce.  With  some  people,you 
know,  a  cheap  thing  is  a  vulgar  thing,  which 
does  not  happen  to  be  our  notion,  and  so  we 
are  willing  to  let  other-  have  their  own  way,  as 
we  have  ours,  always  honestly  speaking  our 
r  sentiments.  Town  notions,  at  any  rate, 
will  not  do  lor  the  Farm  house,  where  living 
is  to  be  made  by  Farming. 

Taking  in   the  business  of  a  whole  year, 
Soap  is  to  be  made,  hard  and  soft ;  Candles, 
wick-yam,    and  a  supply    of    flax    thread; 
leaching  to  be  attended  to,  dyeing,  pickling, 
and  something  in  the  foun  of  preserves,  to 
say  nothing  of  heibs,  for  cookery  and  med- 
icine, besides  dried  fruits,  and    some  pump- 
j  kins,  for  Yankee  pies,  all  which  must  receive 
attention  at  the  right  time,  as  well  as  the  ev- 
jery  day   concerns  of  the  household.     Bon- 
jnets,-  also,  for  which   the  straw  must  be  cut, 
to  a  day,   in  order  that  the  girls  may  save  a 
g,>od  many  dollars,   and   karn  how  to  save 
them,   by   the   dexterity  of  their  own  little 
fingers.     Th    gir    that     annot,  o     will  nol, 
ma  e  he     o    n   bonn  ts,  either     rom  straw 
b  aid   or  any  thing  else,  is  not  fit  to  be  the 
■  f    of  the  Fa.:,    r,  and      uch  less  io  h.cve 
h    educato  i  of   h    ch  Idren     f  a  F    mer's 
family  . 

We  use  some  '  printed  goods,'  as  they  now 
call  calicoes  and  chintzes;  some  cotton  shir- 
tings, and  sheetings,  and  muslins,  which  come 
in  by  purchase,  but  always  from  the  surplus 
o  the  household.  \\  e  use  none  however,  ex- 
cept of  American  fabric,  for  winch  the  Fac- 
tory folks  are  always  glad  to  get  the  things  of 
the  farm  in  exchange;  a  business  that  accom- 
modates all  parties,  and  is  besides  conducive 
to  national  prosperity  and  the  public  good. 
The  body  is  preserved  in  health,  by  a  due  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  toward  which  labor  con- 
tributes so  much.  So,  also,  in  the  body  pol- 
itic, the  community,  the  stat  ,  or  common- 
wealth, where  the  fruits  of  industry  have  free 
action,  all  the  energies  of  all  the  members  are 
stimulated  into  vigorous  activ  ty  and  health- 
fulness,  and  that  which  is  salutary  to  each,  is 
sure  to  be  to  all.  There  is  nothing  of  that 
narrow  policy  of  conclusive  selfishness,  in  all 
this,  which  would  set  the  dairy  Farmer  at  en- 
mity with  the  grain  Farmer,  the  producer 
againt  the  consumer;  nor  is  there,  in  the 
principles  of  the  real  Farmer,  whether  he 
raise  pork,  beef,  grain,  or  cotton,  rice,  indigo, 
or  tobacco.  Whatever,  in  shoit,  is  best  for 
the  greatest  number  of  individuals,  is  besi  for 


:tlO 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  1,  1831- 


the  whole,  and  therefore  for  the  public.  The 
Virginian  does  not  want  to  eat  all  his  tobac- 
co, nor  we  our  wheat.  Shingles,  and  wood- 
en dishes,  produced  on  the  mountains,  would 
make  poor  food  ;  but  the  grain  they  exchange 
for,  and  the  meat,  produced  in  surplus,  else- 
where, sustain  the  foresters,  and  form  indis- 
pensable articles,  every  where,  though  these, 
only  produced  to  excess. 

'  Sprung  a  leak  !'  The  sugar  tub  sprung 
a  leak  !  So  the  children  thought,  but  it  was 
only  that  the  tap  -M  the  bottom  had  been  pul- 
led out,  in  order  to  drain  off  the  molasses,  or 
syrup,  from  our  last  remaining  tub  of  maple 
sugar.  This  occurrence  reminds  me  of  some- 
thni,r  that  was  probably  omitted  in  a  previous 
number,  for  the  out-door  folks  of  our  Farm, 
the  men  and  boys  make  th  s  excellent  and 
delicious  sweet,  from  our  very  ample  Sugar 
Orchard,  abundance  for  the  use  of  the  whole 
household.  One  hundred  trees  have  produ- 
ced us  600  lbs  a  year,  besides  a  barrel  of  ma- 
ple molasses,  and  two  or  three  of  vinegar, 
from  the  latest  runnings  of  the  sa  .  This 
makes  work,  however;  but  comes  on  in 
March,  when  we  have  time  to  attend  to  it,  and 
by  which  time  the  boys  are  glad  to  get  out  of 
the  school-house,  and  open  the  summer  cam- 
paign by  a  '  demonstation'  upon  the  Maple 
Orchard. 

When  I  was  a  Farmer's  boy,  I  felt  all  this. 
Our  Sap  Works  were  in  a  hollow  of  the 
breast  of  the  '  Hog  Back'  Ridge,  or  Hill,  and 
never  were  their  happier  evenings,  than  oc- 
curred in  that  grove  of  gigantic  sugar  ma- 
ples. There  were  a  few  scattered  hemlocks, 
and  belts  of  evergreens  on  three  sides,  in 
which  the  Whet  saw,  as  we  used  to  call  it — a 
mocking-bird, — was  very  industrious,  and 
very  musical,  while  the  owl  delighted  to  hoot, 
and  scream  at  us,  around  our  evening  fire. 
I  well  remember  the  glare  of  light,  the  wild 
and  lovely  scenery,  the  music  of  the  night 
birds,  and  the  occasional  Parties,  at  sugar- 
ing-off-times.  when  all  the  boys  and  girls 
came  together,  to  eat,  play,  and  be  happy 


[Although  the  following  article  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Plough  Boy  eight  or  ten  years 
ago,  and  a  long  controversy  ensu  d,  still  we 
find  many  persons  of  much  respectability, 
very  positive  that  chess  is  the  production  of 
wheat.  They  say  they  have  examined  it 
closely,  and  almost  detected  it  in  the  very  act 
of  turning  into  chess.  In  the  hopes  of  lead- 
ing farmers  to  more  careful  experiments,  we 
continue  the  subject,  and  recommend  the  fol- 
lowing to  their  attentive  perusal.  —  N.Y.  Far- 
mer.] 

Extract  from  an  Address  delivered  before  tlie 
Agricultural  Society  of  Cayuga  County. 
By  David  Thomas. 

"  I  should  greatly  regret  that  the  quantities 
of  ivheat  and  barley  cannot  be  so  expeditious- 
ly and  accurately  determined,  were  it  not  that 
the  quality  rather  than  the  quantity  ought  to 
be  the  criterion  of  merit.  Although  good 
crops  are  greatly  dependent  on  the  hand  of 
industn,  yet  wheat  and  barley  are  less  so  than 
any  others  ;  and  sometimes  these  appear  so 
capricious,  that  were  we  regulated  only  by  the 
quantity  we  should  adjudge  our  premium  to 
the  undeserving.  There  are  other  methods 
however,  by  which  the  careful  farmer  may  be 
distinguished.  The  cockle,  the  chess,  and  va- 
rious other  weeds  which  pollute  and  impover- 
ish the  crop,  will  stand  witnesses  against  the 
former  class  of  cultivators  ;  and  /  earnestly 
recommend  that  no  premium  be  adjudged  to 
Mm  who  may  permit  either  of  those  two  nui- 


sances to  remain  in  his  fields.  I  trust  there 
are  not  many  who  will  think  these  condi- 
tions unreasonable.  On  a  former  occasion  I 
called  your  attention  the  subject  of  cockle. 
It  was  shown  that  the  seed  will  lie  for  years, 
if  not  for  ages,  in  pasture  land ;  and  I  sug- 
gested that  our  care  ought  chiefly  to  be  exten- 
ded to  this  plant  before  it  attain  maturity. 
The  employment  of  the  rolling  screen,  as  a 
precautionary  measure,  may  also  prove  im- 
portant. But  whatever  means  the  farmer 
may  adopt  totally  to  extirpate  this  plant,  he 
will  be  encouraged  during  its  prosecution,  by 
the  conviction  that  the  perverted  vigor  of  no 
other  seed  will  reproduce  it. 

"  I  wish  for  the  credit  of  some  farmers 
that  they  could  feel  the  same  confidence  of 
destroying  chess.  The  vulgar  opinion  res- 
pecting the  orign  of  this  plant  is  too  well 
known  to  need  a  recital,  but  perhaps  all  of 
[you  do  not  know  tbut  some  are  indifferent 
[about  its  mixing  with  seed  wheat  or  seed  rye, 
j  alleging  that  it  is  never  produced  by  its  own 
jseed.  When  error  of  opinion  results  in  a 
practice  so  preposterous,  it  is  time  to  enter 
!  our  protest.  Perhaps  we  have  all  been  told 
of  the  appearance  of  this  plant  in  fields  of 
grain  where  it  was  never  sown  ;  but  this  seed 
\  is  so  small  as  to  render  its  detection  by  a  care- 
less observer  improbable.  It  is  true  that  bota- 
nists have  given  us  long  lists  of  mule  or  hy- 
brid plants  ;  but  chess  has  never  had  a  place 
assigned  in  this  catalogue.  It  is  not  even 
pretended  by  the  advocates  of  this  notion  that 
the  seed-wheat  from  which  this  monster  is 
said  to  rise,  was  the  offspring  of  vegetable 
adultery;  they  admit  that  the  wheat  may 
rise  perfect  from  the  ground,  but  after  being 
injured  by  cattle,  or  in  unfavorable  situations, 
its  nature  becomes  changed  ;  and  the  stalk 
instead  of  being  crowned  with  the  golden 
grain  is  only  burdened  with  the  shrivelled 
chess.  Now,  it  would  be  safe  to  assert  that 
nothing  analagous  to  such  transformation 
can  be  produced  from  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. It  may  not  be  irrevelant  however,  to 
remark  that  chess,  though  a  weaker  plant  than 
wheat  is  yet  more  hardy  ;  and  accordingly, 
where  wheat  is  thick  and  Jlourishing,  the  chess 
droops  among  the  stubble ;  but,  where  cattle 
or  excessive  moisture  have  injured  the  wheat, 
chess  springs  with  renewed  vigor  and  fills  the 
vacancy. 

"  But  I  am  well  aware  of  the  inefficacy  of 
reason  in  combatting  inveterate  prejudices 
which  have  been  cherished  from  infancy  ; 
and  to  convince  the  believers  of  that  doctrine 
that  it  is  founded  in  mistake,  and  unworthy 
of  enlightened  minds,  I  shall  refer  to  facts 
that  admit  not  of  contradiction.  The  chess 
is  a  perfect  plant,  as  different  from  wheat,  as 
the  latter  is  from  rye  or  barley, — with  seed 
completely  capableof  vegetating,  and  known 
in  science  by  the  name  of  B ramus  Secalinus 
The  botanist,— who  examines  things  with 
incomparable  more  care  than  the  assertors 
of  this  doctrine, — would  no  sooner  admit  this 
plant  to  be  a  degeneracy  of  Nature,  because 
it  grows  in  our  wheat  field, — than  the  Zoolo- 
gist would  admit  the  sheep  to  be  the  degene- 
rate offspring  the  Cow,  because  it  feeds  in 
the  same  pasture. 

"  I  shall  mention  another  circumstance 
which  to  some  may  appear  still  more  conclu- 
sive. A  farmer  who  lives  in  the  vicinity  of 
Philadelphia,  and  whose  veracity  I  have 
known  by  long  intercourse  to  be  unimpeacha- 
ble, lately  assured  me  that  for  many  years  not 


From  the  \ew-KnglaDd  Farmer. 

PACKING  BUTTER. 

T-he  defective  manner  in  which   butter  is 
often  packed  in  this  country  is  generally  ob- 
served,   and  is    frequently    the   occasion  of 
great  loss,  alike  to    the   manufacturer,  the 
vender,  and  the  shipper.      It  often  happen? 
that  this  article  is  brought  to  market  in  fir- 
kins made  of  green  staves,  full  of  sap,  and 
heads  ;  the  consequence  is,  that   the    pickle 
is  sure  to  leak  out,  and  the  butter,  impregna- 
ted with  the  taste  of  pine, becomes  unpalat- 
able, and  the  shrinking  of  the  staves  freelv 
admits  the  air,  and  soon   renders  the   butter 
rancid.       In    Ireland,  where   the   staves  to 
make  the  packages  cost  more  than    double 
the  price  they  would  heie.  the  kegs  to  put  but- 
ter in  are  made  of  thoroughly  seasoned  white 
oak,  entirely  clear  of  sap;  should  the  same 
attention  be  paid  here,  the  value   and  conse- 
quent profit  would  be    greatly   enhanced. — 
The  greatest  proportion  of  the  butter  bro't 
to  market,  particularly  for  exportation,  it  is 
presumed,  is  taken  in  by  traders  in  the  coun- 
try.    It   would  probably  be  to  their    advan- 
tage to  adopt  the  following   method,  that  is 
said  to  have  been  successfully  tried,  of  hav- 
ing a  cask  of  cool  and  strong  pickle   in   the 
store  cellar.directly  under  the  counter, where 
the  butter  is   weighed,  and   a  hopper  in  the 
counter  over  the  cask,  and  empty  the  butter 
directly  from  the  scales  into  the  hopper,  from 
which  it  is  conveyed  to  the  pickle,  and  every 
night  or  the  next  morning  carefully  sort  the 
butter  as   nearly  as  can  be   with    regard  to 
color  and  quality,  so  that  what  may  be  con- 
tained in  a  keg  should    have  the  same  ap- 
pearance, and   the  buttermilk    well  worked 
out,  and  the  butter  c  irefully  packed  in  good 
seasoned  white  oak  kegs,  clear  of  sap.     It  is 
eenerally  brought  to  the  trader  in  boxes,  and 
from  a  considerable  number  of  different  per- 
sons in  a  day,  and  of  course  of  various   col- 
ors and  qualities,  which  would  remain  in  the 
I  pickle  separately  in  the  same   form  it  was  in 
when  it  was  emptied  from    the   boxes,  and 
|  leaves  it  in  the  best  situation  to  sort  and  pack, 
and  puts  it  at  once  out  of  the  way,  instead 
of  its  being  left  about  the  store  exposed   to 
the  air  as  has  sometimes  been  the  case. 
Portsmouth,  N-  H.  Sept.  9. 


fields." 


THE  SILK  WORM. 

This  useful  little  animal,  the  author  of  po 
much  luxury  and  magnificence,  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  objects  in  nature.  In  it> 
disposition  it  is  perfectly  gentle  and  inoffen- 
sive,'affording  both  instruction  and  reproof, 
;o  all  who  may  behold  them,  and  withal 
richly  compensating  the  owner  for  all  the 
care  bestowed  upon  them. 

The  egg  which  produces  the  worm  is  smal- 
ler than  a  common  sized  pin-head,  of  a 
blight  yellow,  which  in  process  of  time  be- 
comes of  a  brownish  cast.  After  the  mulber- 
ry leaf  has  attained  to  a  sufficient  size,  the 
eggs  are  placed  in  a  room,  where  if  the  tem- 
perature ranges  between  seventy  and  eighty. 
they  will  hatch  in  three  or  four  days. — 
When  they  first  make  their  appearance,  they 
are  diminutive  in  size  as  scarcely  to  be  per- 
ceptible, of  a  blackish  hue,  varying  in  com- 
plexion as  they  increase  in  age. 

The  process  of  casting  off  their  skins, 
which  it  is  said  they  do  four  times,  is  slow, 
and  to  appearance  somewhat  painful.  The 
time   of  this  change   taking  place  may   be 


known  by  their  refusing  to  eat,  rearing  their 
one  stalk  of  chess  had  appeared  in  his  grain]  heads  and  remaining  stationary  nearly    four 


P  hours.    They  then  fasten  the  extremity  of 


Vol.  1.— No.  39. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


311 


their  covering  to  the  table  and  commence 
tiieir  onward  march,  the  skin  separating 
from  about  the  neck,  affording  them  egress 
without  difficulty. 

Each  time  they  appear  in  a  new  dress 
their  Appetites  are  sensibly  increased,  until 
iliey  attain  unto  a  perfect  worm,  which  will 
take  place  at  the  end  of  live  or  six  weeks, 
when  they  become  almost  transparent — ot  a 
light  cream  color,  handsomely  variegated 
with  dark  spots.  Nearly  the  whole  length 
upon  the  back,  may  be  seen  at  this  period; 
what  is  thought  by  some  to  he  a  large  blood 
vessel,  expanding  and  contracting  at  inter- 
vals. When  the  time  for  winding  arrives, 
they  raise  their  heads  and  look  around  Cora 
sui  able  place  to  suspend  their  cocoons, 
(which,  however,  is  generally  made  for  them 
by  placing  near  them  oak  branches  or  a  suit- 
able frame)  upon  which  lliey  commence  their 
task,  by  fastening  on  all  sides  within  their 
reach,  a  coarse  web  of  silk,  to  contain  the 
cocoon,  which  in  size  and  proportion  resem- 
bles a  pigeon's  egg,  in  which  they  inclose 
themselves,  leaving  sufficient  space  for  the 
free  motion  of  the  body  in  arranging  the  silk 
in  regular  layers  of  an  uniform  thickness, 
which  can  be  seen  by  cutting  the  cocoons 
in  pieces  The  leng  h  of  lime  occupied  in  its 
formation  is  four  or  rive  days  of  unceasing 
toil;  and  from  the  beginning  of  its  labors 
until  the  close  of  life,  a  period  of  four  or 
live  weeks  it  abstains  wholly  from  food  of  any 
kind.  At  the  expiration  of  tiiteen  or  twenty 
days,  the  worm  has  been  converted  into  a 
erysalis,  and  from  the  latter  to  a  beautiful 
white  miller.  In  that  stale  it  is  very  active, 
although  unable  to  mount  into  ihe  air.  It 
moves  about  upon  its  feet  in  small  circles, 
its  wings  in  rapid  motion,  and  ■fter  a  few 
more  days  of  enjoyment  in  its  new  state  of 
existence,  it  deposits  its  eggs,  to  the  number 
of  four  or  five  hunderd,  ami  clo>es  its  event- 
ful life. — Vermont  Chronicle. 

The  Journal  of  Health. — No.  I.  vol.  III. 
has  been  received.  This  medical  paper  is  issued 
on  the  2d  and  4th  Wednesdays  of  each  month, 
and  each  no.  contains  18  octavo  pag  is,  at  die  price 
of  $1.25  per  year,  payable  in  advance;  by  P.  H. 
Porter,  no.  121,  Chesnut  street,  Philadelphia. — 
The  Journal  of  Health  is  evidently  a  cheap  work; 
it  is  printed  in  good  plain  style,  its  chief  merit  con- 
sisting in  the  intelligence  and  cand  ir  with  which 
its  articles  are  written.  It  is  conducted  by  an  as- 
iociation  of  Physicians. 

Wt  do  not  know  that  we  can  notice  tins  work 
better,  than  by  copying  the  editor's  remarks,  on 
the  commencement  of  3d  volume.  They  repre- 
sent several  wholesome  truths  to  our  readers, 
which  we  sincerely  hope  may  be  of  some  profit  to 
them : — 
In  beginning  with  our  readers  and  friends 
a  new  year  of  our  editorial  career,  we  have 
indulged  in  the  course  of  retrospection 
here  spoken  of.  We  have  communed  with 
ourselves,  and  with  each  other,  on  the 
bearing  of  the  opinions  advanced,  and  facts 
stated  in  the  volume  now  closed-  We 
have,  in  default  of  manly  and  judicious  crit 
irism  from  others,  taken  the  task  on  our- 
selves, and  have  arrived  at  conclusions 
which,  though  they  do  not  wound  our  self 
Jove,  are  certainly  not  a  mere  echo  of  this 
feeling.  Having  thus  prepared  ourselves, 
may  we  not  be  allowed,  in  a  frank  and 
friendly  spirit,  to  ask  our  reader  to  lend  us 


their  ear,  while  we  invite  their  attention  to 
a  brief  review  of  topics,  which  we  have  hud 
occasion  to  present  to  them  concerning 
their  health,  and  as  a  necessary  connexion, 
in. Kiel,  almost  integral  part,  the  evenness 
of  their  moral  feelings  and  the  vigour  of 
their  intellectual  faculties.  We  would 
pray  them  to  engage  for  a  brief  space  in 
the  task  of  retrospection,  and  while  doing 
so,  to  separate  into  two  classes,  the  acts 
andVagents  by  which  their  health  has  been 
affected  during  the  past  year.  The  first 
will  include  all  by  which  they  are  conscious 
they  have  been  injured.  The  second  all 
that  have  manifestly  contributed  to  then- 
bodily  well  being. 

Among  the  causes  operating  injurious- 
ly they  will  be  able,  by  a  careful  retrospec- 
tion, to  separate  those  which  have  injured 
by  their  excess,  from  those  which  are  posi- 
tively and  inherently  detrimental.  Under 
the  first  head  they  will  probably  class:  1. 
Eating  too  p,  omiscuously  of  numerous  arti- 
cles of  food,  each  single  due  of  which,  gen- 
eral experience  shows  may  be  made  sub- 
servient to  healthy  nutrition.  2.  Eating 
too  much  of  one  or  two  articles  of  food, 
which  in  moderate  quantity  are  universally 
recognized  as  wholesome  and  nourishing. 
3.  Excess  in  eating,  relatively  to  deficien- 
cy of  exercise.  4.  Excess  in  the  same 
way,  relatively  to  period,  as  heavy  suppers 
just  before  going  to  bed.  4.  Labour  of 
body,  or  bodily  exercise,  in  excess,  rela- 
tively to  existing  strength  or  priorhabtt.  5. 
Labor  of  mind  or  mental  exertion,  too 
great  in  reference  to  its  duration  at  any 
one  time,  or  to  the  particular  period,  as  af- 
ter a  full  meal  or  at  midnight.  6.  Sleep 
and  repose  in  bed,  excessive  in  the  entire 
interval,  in  regard  to  the  united  exercise  of 
mind  or  bodij  during  the  day,  and  to  the 
general  usage  and  experience  of  persons 
similarly  constituted  and  circumstanced  ; 
or  sleep  and  repose  misplaced  in  regard  to 
the  period  in  the  twenty-four  hours  when 
they  are  indulged  in — as  from  midnight  to 
eight  or  ten  in  the  morning,  or  in  the  day  in 
place  of  the  night.  7.  Amusements  and 
recreations  taken  at  improper  periods  pla- 
ces, as  when  gymnastic  exercises,  inclu- 
ding dancing,  are  attempted  after  a  full 
meal ;  or  visits  to  the  theatre  or  ball-room 
prolonged  late  into  the  night;  or  any  a- 
musement  attempted  to  be  enjoyed  in  a 
close  atmosphere,  as  in  a  crowded  room, 
theatre,  &c.  8.  Exposure  to  a  cool  air, 
or  to  wind,  pure  in  itself  and  of  refreshing 
temperature,  but  misapplied  relatively  to 
exhaustion  from  great  bodily  exercise, 
much  perspiration,  &  cool  skin.  9  The 
use  of  drink,  of  a  wrong  temperature  in 
regard  to  the  existing  state  of  the  body,  as 
when  very  cold  water  is  drunk  by  a  person 
who  has  been  exhausted  by  exposure  to 
intense  solar  heat  and  great  labour;  or 
who  is  at  the  time  suffering  from  cramps 
or  flying  pains  in  the  stomach  :  the  whole 
mischief  here  has  been  from  the  coldness, 
not  the  fluid  itself,  than  which  there  is  no 
other  so  salutary,  safe  and  proper,  if  it  be 
of  a  sutiable  temperature. 


The  agents  inherently  detrimental  to 
|  health  will  be  found,  by  the  persons  who  in- 
dulge in  retrospection  of  their  own  feelings, 
to  be  those  which  are  neither  adapted  tc- 
nourish  the  body,  nor  to  give  appropriate 
stimulus  and  exercise  to  any  one  sense  ; 
but  the  effect  of  which  is  uniformly,  with 
more  or  less  rapidity,  to  weaken,  by  first 
excited — and  to  destroy  the  balance  of  the 
functions  of  the  body,  and  render  unequal 
the  operation  of  the  mental  faculties. 
First  in  degree,  of  the  directly  injurious 
causes,  arc  fluid  stimuli  with  an  alcoholic 
basis,  such  as  distilled  and  vinous  liquors, 
solid  substances  of  a  narcotic  character, 
and  chiefly  tobacco  in  its  various  forms,  and 
opium  :  next  in  the  scale  are  other  matters 
called  medicinal,  such  as  salts,  acids,  bit- 
ter mixtures  and  infusions,  astringents  and 
chalybeates — when  habitually  or  oft  ta- 
ken. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  communion 
with  one's  self  about  matters  of  direct  per- 
sonal interest  and  gratification,  comes  that 
which  fixes  our  attention  and  feelings  on 
whatever  concerns  those  we  love.  Let  us 
then  invoke  mothers,  while  reviewing  the 
past  year,  to  scrutinize  with  care  the  ef- 
fects of  the  course  they  have  pursued,  on 
the  healthoftheir  children.  Have  they  follow- 
ed out  the  advice  &  directions  which,  when 
first  given,  they  received  with  readiness, 
and  promised  to  act  on  1  Has  the  puny 
and  pallid  infant  become,  during  the  year, 
a  chubby  faced  child  ?  or  has  the  fulness 
and  colour  of  health  been  exchanged  in  the 
little  being  for  an  emaciated  and  sickly 
frame  I  Has  the  occasional  indulgence  of 
its  appetite  for  cakes,  sugar  plums,  &c. 
been  allowed  to  become  a  fixed  indul- 
gence ?  and  have  its  colics  been  conver- 
ted into  habitual  indigestion,  with  its  ac- 
companiments fretfulness,  much  crying, 
and  irascibility  ■?  Is  its  sleep  sound  and  re- 
freshing, or  broken  by  starts  and  screams  ? 
On  the  solution  of  these  questions  depends 
the  course  of  conduct  which  the  mother 
ought  to  pursue  for  the  future,  so  as  no 
longer  to  sacrifice  the  health  of  herchild  to 
her  own  indolence,  waywardness,  or  forget- 
fulness.  Let  her  inquire  what  in  its  cloth- 
ing its  food,  and  its  exercise  in  the  open 
air  is  faulty,  according  to  the  opinion  of 
those  on  whom  she  reposes  confidence,  and 
to  general  experience. 

Does  a  father  now  make  the  unwelcome 
discovery  that  his  son,  just  entering  his 
teens,  smokes  a  segar  occasionly,  and  can 
toss  off  a  glass  of  grog? — he  ought  to  ask 
himself,  on  retrospection,  what  there  has 
been  in  his  own  practice,  in  these  particu- 
lars, to  set  so  bad,  so  cruel  an  exam- 
ple. 


§5=  The  rumor  of  yellow  Fever,  at  New-Or 
leans,  is  contradicted. 


FRUIT  TREES. 

ORDERS  will  he  received  untr)  the  8th  instant, 
for  Trees,  from  the  East ;  after  which  time, 

it  will  be  too  late  for  persons  to  send  this  Fall. 

Those  wishing  Cherry  Trees,  will  do  well  to  send 
now,  in  preference  to  sending  in  the  spring, 
act  3  ROSSITEtf&KNOX. 


:J12 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  1,  1831 


RAILROAD  EXCURSION. 

Albany,  Sept.  26. — On  Saturday,  a 
numerous  company,  at  the  request  ot  the 
president  and  directors  of  the  Mohawk  and 
Hudson  rail-road  company,  enjoyed  a  very 
gratifying  ride  upon  the  road. 

The  company  consisted  of  the  gover- 
nor, lieut.  governor,  members  of  the  sen- 
ate, now  in  session  as  a  court  of  errors, 
our  senators  in  congress,  the  chancellor 
and  judges  of  the  supreme  and  district 
courts,  state  officers,  the  president  of  the 
board  of  assistants  and  members  of  the 
common  council  of  the  city  of  New- York, 
the  mayor  recorder  and  corporation  of  this 
city,  and  several  citizens  of  New-York, 
Albany  and  Schenectady. 

Owing  to  a  defect  in  one  of  the  supply 
pipes  of  the  English  locomotive,  that  pow- 
erful and  effective  engine  was  not  brought 
into  the  line,  and  the  party,  having  been 
delayed  in  consequence,  did  not  leave  the 
head   of  Lydius-street   until  nearly   12  o' 


a  remark  of  our  Facetious  host,  lale  "  of  the 
hill,"  that  our  difficulty  hitherto  had  been  to 
find  time  to  travel,  but  when  railroads  were 
constructed,  our  only  difficulty  would  be  to  find 
time  to  slop.  He  remarked,  thai  at  the  break- 
ing ground  on  the  road  last  \e»r,  he  had  ven- 
tured to  predict  that  it  Would  be  merely  uri 
humble  pione>  r  to  more  extensive  and  useful 
works,  spreading  through  every  part  of  the 
state  ;  and  he  hoped,  however  we  might 
ically  differ,  we  sh  >uld  all  unite  in  our  efffl  ts 
to  introduce  this  prominent  improvement  in 
tlieage.  There  Could  he  but  one  opinion  of 
the  expedient. y  of  more  rapidly  faitiliunnng 
commercial  operations — of  more  widely  spread- 
ing intelligence,  and  if  drawing  distant  com- 
munities into  more  frequer  t  social  and  friendly 
intercourse.  As  one  among  other  improvements 
projected,  he  would  propose 

The  Buffalo  Rail  Road — May  we  soon  break- 
fast in  Utica,  dine  a -Rochester,  and  sup  with 
our  friends  on  Lak  ■  Erie 

From  thence,  the  return  to  this  city  was 
an  imposing  spectacle.  It  was  a  practical 
illustration  of  the  pre-eminence  of  this 
mode  of  travel  and  conveyance.  The  A- 
menean  locomotive  started  with  a  train  ot 


ty  persons,  besides  the  tender ;  and  never 
did  "  brother  Jonathan,"  as  it  is  familiarly 


CANAL  TOLLS. 

The  Tolls  received  at  the  Canal  Collector's  of- 
fice, at  this  place, from  the  15th  of  April  to  the  15tl 
of  Sept.  1831,  amount  to         -         $105,348  69 

Reed  during  same  period,  1830,        69,809  79 


Excess  over  last  year,  36,538  90 

We  have  uot  noticed  the  shipment  of  Flour. 


clock.     They  then  started  with  a  train  of  ,  five  cars,  each  containing  nineteen  or  twen- 
ten  cars,  three  drawn  by  the  American  lo- 
comotive, the  De  Witt  Clinton,  and  seven 

by  a  single  horse  each.  The  appearance  .called,  perform  the  trip  in  more beatuiful 
of  this  tine  cavalcade,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  J  style.  It  came  down  with  its  train,  in  3S 
was  highly  imposing.  The  trip  was  per-  minutes,  being  at  the  rate  of  19  miles  an 
formed°by  the  locomotive  in  46  nunufes,  hour.  The  last  six  miles  were  performed 
ard  by  the  cars  drawn  by  horses  in  about  in  14  minutes.     The  cars,  with  horse  pow- 


an  hour  and  a  quarter. 

From  the  head  ot"  the  inclined  plane,  a- 
bout  half  a  mile  from  Schenectady,  the 
company  were  conveyed  in  carriages  to 
Davis'  Hotel,  where  they  were  joined  by 
the  mayor  and  several  citizens  of  Schenec- 
tady. The  invitations  extended  also  to  a 
dinner,  prepared  by  Mr.  Davis  ma  man-'' 


er,  came  down  in  63  minutes. 

The  expression  of  gratification  and  sur- 
prise, at  the  complete  success  of  this  im- 
portant improvement,  and  the  great  chan 
ges  in  the  facility  and  rapidity  of  inter- 
course between  different  and  distant  parts 
of  the  state,  was  universal. 

We  understand,  also,  that  the  doubts  of 


ner  that  reflected  credit  upon  his  extensive   the  gentlemen  from  the  city  of  New-York, 

so  far  as  any  were  entertained,  with  regard 
to  the  utility  and  practical  effects  of  the 
Harlaem  rail-road,  were  removed.  At  this 
distance,  it  seems  to  be  difficult  to  regard 
that  improvement  in  any  other  than  a  la- 
vorable  light.     The   locomotive  cannot  be 

partaken  of  with  a  high°zest ;  and  many  ;  introduced  upon  a  travelled  road  or  street ; 


and  well  known  establishment.  It  was  an 
elegant  entertainment.  The  guests  sat 
down  at  2  P.  M.  Hon.  C.  C.  Cambre- 
leng  presiding,  assisted  by  the  Hon.  J  as. 
McKown,  recorder  of  the  city  of  Albany. 
The  rich  viands  and   good   wines  were 


sentiments  were  drank.     Among  them  we 
recollect  only  the  following  : 

Bv  iiov  Throup.  The  Hudson  and  Mohawk 
Rail  Road — Its  successlul  execution  has  given 
us  practical  evidence  of  ihe  foresight  of  those 
who  embarked  in  the  experiment 

By  L'eui  fii.v  Livingston.  The  productions 
of  out  minct  and  forests — Converted  into  Rul 
Roads,  Machinery  and  Snips,  they  attest  the 
o-enius.  wealth  and  enterprie  of  America, 
°  By  H.n  F  Bloodgnod,  '  layor  of  Albany 
The  memory  of  Robert  Fulton— a  public  bene- 
factor—  whose  country  lias  ofited  more  from 
his  genius,  enleiprise  and  experiments,  than 
his  immediate  descendants  The  present  oc- 
casion verities  it. 

Ilv  Phillip  Hone,  Esq  nf  New  Y"rk  The 
good  cities  of  Albany  and  Schenectady — a  little 
railing  between  neighbors,  often  results  in  a 
good    understanding 

By  the  Recorder  of  the  citv  of  Albany 
Tl\efir*t  Rail  Road  in  the  slate  of  New  York— 
Worthy  of  the  g>eat  works  by  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded 

The  President  of  the  day.  having  been  per- 
tinently alluded  loin  a  lua-.t  by  S.  Swartout 
Esq  of  New  York. 

Mr  Cambrkleno  returneJ  hisacknowlcdg- 
menta  He  added,  that,  the  hour  of  returning 
to  Albany  having  arrived,  he  was  reminded  ot 


but  that  the  Harkcm  rail-road  may  be  a- 
dapted  to  horse  power,  without  the  least 
interruption  at  the  cross-streets,  and  with 
great  ease  in  all  respects,  is  perfectly  cer- 
tain. Of  the  importance  and  general  utili- 
ty of  that  work  to  the  permanent  mterests 
of  the  city,  the  impression  is  generally  ve- 
ry favorable. 

The  English  locomotive,  the  Robert 
Fulton,  went  up  yesterday,  with  a  train  of 
cars  in  38  minutes,  and  returned  in  22 
minutes  ;  being  at  the  rate  of  over  22  miles 
an  hour. — [Argus. 

MACON,  Aug  30.  We  are  apprehensive, 
from  the  accounts  which  ate  daily  reaching 
us.  that   I  lie  late   rains  will  materially    injnri 

nir  crops  of  cotton  and  corn.  The  rot,  we 
are  informed,  has  ahead)  commenced  its  rav 

.ges  among  the  cotton,  and  fears  are  enter 
tuned  that  our  corn  will  not  escape  the  mil 
dew. 

On  Monday  last  the  venerable  CHARLES 
CARROLL,  the  only  surviving  signer  uf  lh< 
Declaration  of  Independence,  completed  his 
95th  year. 


Hon.  Joseph  Story.  Edward  A.  Newton,  Esq 
and  Mr.  Charles  Sprague,  have  been  appointed 
by  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  Commission- 
ers to  report  to  the  Legislature  of  that  State,  a 
revision  of  the  laws  relative  to  bank  notes,  with  a 
view  to  furnish  effectual  protection  against  conn 
terfeiting. 

ffJpThe  Abbot  of  Cligni,  went  to  Rome,  when 
he  lived  so  high,  that  he  had  become  dyspeptic 
— he  was  at  length  advised  to  travel  to  take  the 
waters  of  Sierma: — on  the  way  thither,  the  dys- 
peptic Abbot  was  taken  in  the  toils  of  a  robber, 
who  confined  him  in  a  strong  room,  and  only 
gave  him  a  piece  of  toasted  bread  and  a  picthei 
of  sour  wine  for  his  daily  repast.  At  length  the 
robber  found  that  his  dignified  patient  bad  been  ea- 
ting a  few  dry  beans,  left  in  his  prison.  He  was 
released,  perfectly  cured ;  gave  his  physician  a 
large  sum,  and  obtained  his  pardon  for  robbing 
of  the  Pope.  Let  the  dyspeptic  try  the  medi- 
cine. ' 

Jjfltis  in  contemplation  to  open  a  Rail  Road, 
from  London  to  Edinburg,  via  Betford  and  Don- 
caster;  the  340  miles  may  be  passed  in  fourteen 
hours. 

JJ»On  the  24th  hist.  Mount  Auburn  Cemetry, 
near  Boston,  was  to  have  been  consecrated  by  ap 
propriate  religious  exercises :  and  an  address  by 
the  Hon.  Joseph  Story.  The  Mount  is  wooded. 
The  plan  is  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the 
|  times 

gjA  Rail  Road  has  been  surveyed  from  Bos- 
ton to  Worcester,  »VIs. 

The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Fete  and  fes- 
tival was  held  at  Boston,on  the  -21st  instant.  The 
exhibitions  of  Fruits  and  Flowers  was  said  to  be 
very  splendid,  and  abundant.  General  Dearborn 
presided  at  the  festival.  There  were  upwards  of 
30  principal  contributors  to  the  exhibition:  several 
from  New- York,  Jamaica, L.Island,  New  Hamp- 
sire,  &c.  &c.  ■  


ROSES,  DAHLIAS,  S  rRAWBERRIES, 

and   Q  u  icks. 

THE  proprietors  of  the  Albany  Nursery  havi 
printed  a  classification  of  140  of  their  finest 
Roses,  according  to  color,  to  enable  purchasers  to 
select  a  variety  with  certainty  and  economy,  with 
characters  indicating  the  size  of  the  Bower  and 
habit,  and  the  prices  niiiii  \n\  This  may  be  seen 
at  the  office  of  the  I  ienesee  Parmer. 

They  have  import..!  and  propagated  many  var- 
ieties of  the  fines)  double  Dahlias,  which  maj  be 
...  lected  bj  the  Dowers,  at  the  .Nursery,  until  the 
frosts  of  Autumn. 

They  will  have  for  sale  from  this  time  forward 
plants 'otitic  Methven  Strawberry,  at  $250  per 
hundred.  Forty-seven  of  these  berries  have  weigh- 
ed a  pound.  They  aiie  good  bearers  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Also,  most  of  the  other  esteemed  varieties 
See  catalogue. 

They  have  likewise  for  sale,  50,000  plants  of 
the  three  thorned  Locust, (Gleditschia  trtacanih 
us)  two  years  old,  and  of  good  size  to  be  planted 

for  hedges,  at  $5.  per  1000. 

Orders  for  any  articles  from  the  Nurrery,  may 
be  sent  by  mail,  or  addressed  to  the  care  of  L 
Tucker,  Rochester  BULL  &  YVILSC IN 

Albany  Nursery,  July  16  ,,f 


%P3EK 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  OCTOBER   S   1831. 


NUMBER  40. 


PUBLISHED  BY  t.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  ttie  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 

Terms— $'J.50  per  annum,  or 

$3,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


HORTICULTURAL  EXHIBITION. 
The  second  autumnal  meeting,  of  the  Horticul 
tural   Society  of  the  county  of  Monroe,  was  held 
at  the  Arcade,  in  the  village  of  Rochester,  on  the 
30th  of  September,  and  the  exhibition  of  Fruits. 
Flowers,  and  Garden  vegetables  of  superior  quali- 
ties, was  truly  gratifying  to  every  friend  to  Hor- 
ticulture.    Although  it  is  but  a  little  more  than  one 
year  since  the  formation   of  this  society,  yet  the 
specimens  exhibited,  give  incontestible  proofs  of 
the  favorable  climate  of  the  valley  of  the  Genesee, 
and  also  the  attention  which  Horticulture  has  al 
ready  received   from  some  of  our  distinguished 
citizens.     An  evident  improvement  in  the  varieties 
of  annuals,  has  taken  place  within  the  last  year 
among  the  members   of  the  society,  and  the  care 
and  liberality  with   which  seeds  are  saved  and 
distributed  to  each  other,  give  sure  token  of  a  con- 
tinuation of  such  improvement   for  the   year   to 
come.     Nearly  fifty   varieties  of  European  and 
American  Grapes,   of   most  approved    qualities 
were  exhibited,  some  clusters  of  which  were  of 
an  uncommon  size,, and  would  have  been  so  looked 
upon,  even   in   the  vineyards  of  France.    From 
the  perfect  maturity  at  which  all  of  these  Grapes 
had  arrived,  and  the  past  maturity  of  some,  even 
before  our  section  of  country  had  been  visited  by 
autumnal  frosts,  all  doubts  as  to  the  favorableness 
of  our  climate  must  vanish,  and.  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  the  district  of  country  on  the  southern 
shores  of  Lake  Ontario  is  better  calculated  for  the 
perfection  of  this  fruit,  and  for  making  wine,  than 
any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

From  the  great  variety  of  articles  presented  at 
the  fair,  we  should  not  be  doing  justice  to  the  en 
terprising  growers  by  simply  giving  the  test  of 
premiums,  as  from  the  recent  establishment  of  the 
society,  and  the  consequent  want  of  funds,  it  is 
impossible  to  award  to  any  but  those  whose  arti- 
cles were  decidedly  superior.  We  therefore  give 
a  list  of  such  articles  as  were  in  every  respect 
worthy  of  being  exhibited. 

By  J.  K.  Guernsey  Esq.,  Pres't. — A  basket  of 
very  fine  Isabella  Grapes;  also  a  branch  of  a 
vine  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  upon  which  were 
forty-five  clusters  of  Graces  weighing  about  15 
pounds.  A  basket  of  black  kidney  or  Sault  St. 
Marie  Potatoes,  with  several  varieties  of  fine  ap- 
ples and  pears. 

By  E.  B.  Strong,  Esq.  1st  V.  Pres't. — Ten  va- 
rieties of  cultivated  Pears,  amongst  which  were 
the  Bergamot,  Bonehretien,  Stevens',  St.  Michael 
or  Vergalieu  and  Scckle  pears.  A  great  variety 
of  apples  of  the  best  cultivated  kinds  too  numer 
ous  to  particularise,  weighing  from  8  to  18  ounces 
each.  Also  some  fint  Portugal  Quinces  of  large 
size,  and  the  nuts  from  Prince's  Chenquepin 
Chesnut,  and  several  fine  specimens  of  Peaches. 
By  S.  Cornel,  2<i  V.  P. — A  basket  of  fine  Isa- 
bella Grapes,  and  about  20  varieties  of  rose  and 
green  house  plants,  many  of  which  were  in  full 
flower  and  very  ornamental. 
By  J,  Hawley,  Esq.  U  V.  P. — Some  fine  Isa- 


bella Grapes,  and  a  fine  variety  of  Peaches 
amongst  which  were  the  Columbia  and  Lemon 
varieties  in  full  perfection,  Seckle  and  Bergamot 
Pears,  &c. 

By  Dr.  J.  W.  Smith — Five  clusters  of  the 
White  Hungarian  Tokay  Grapes,  weighing  four 
pounds  and  fourteen  ounces,  of  fine  appearance 
and  delicious  flavor. 

By  S.  S.  Allcott — White  sweet  water  grapes, 
in  fine  perfection,  and  a  basket  or  large  Portu- 
gal duinee,  averaging  more  than  a  pound 
weight  each. 

By  G.  H  Holden,  Esq. — Twelve   varieties  of 
foreign  grapes ;   some  of  which  were  very  fin 
also  two  kinds  of  large  winter  squashes,  one  of 
which  was  a  new  and  valuable  variety. 

By  O.  Wilder,  Esq. — Four  varieties  of  Ameri-, 
can  grapes ;  the  Alexander,  Red  Bland, Schuylkill 
Muscadel,  and  Catawba ;  also  some  Siberian  crab 
apples. 

By  S.  Clark,  Esq. — Some  seedling  grapes  rais- 
ed from  the  seeds  of  fox  grapes.  A  choice  va- 
riety of  apples.  Four  different  kinds  of  seed- 
ling potatoes,  fine  winter  squashes,  melons,  &c. 
By  A.  Laidlaw — Twelve  of  the  most  appro- 
ved kinds  of  potatoes ;  very  fine.  Six  difieren 
kinds  of  melons,  fine  Batersea  and  other  cabba- 
ges Cape  Brocoli  and  Cauliflowers  in  perfec- 
tion. Squashes,  radishes,  and  a  general  assort- 
ment of  garden  vegetables. 

By  J.  Johnson — A  fine  variety  of  seedling 
peaches,  acorn  and  crookneck  squashes,  cabba 
ges,  &c.  &c. 

By  L.M.Moitre — a  fine  selection  of  the  choicest 
varieties  of  potatoes,  and  of  a  number  of  superior 
kinds  of  cultivated  apples,  &c. 

By  S.  Saxton,  Esq. — Three  kinds  of  cultiva- 
ted pears,  of  fine  size  and  flavor. 

By  H.  Pratt — A  variety  of  culinary  vegeta- 
bles, amongst  which  were  two  mammoth  pump- 
kins weighing  about  75  lbs.  each. 

By  C.  M.  Lee,  Esq. — A  fine  basket  of  Isabel 
la,  and  some  fine  clusters  of  the  black  Burgundy. 
Munier,  and  Muscatel  grapes ;  also  an  egg  plant 
on  which  was  24  perfect  eggs  or  fruit. 

By  E.  Walts — Large  and  fine  Portugal  Quin- 
ces, and  some  fine  sweet  water  grapes. 

By  Gen.  O.  Strong — A  fine  basket  of  grapes 
and  purple  Cape  brocoli. 

By  N.  Goodscll — green  nutmeg,  citron,  pme 
apple  and  cantalope  melons,  and  a  variety  of 
jreen  house  plants. 

By  L.  B.  LangwoHhy — fine  lemon,  cling  and 
red  cheek  melecoton  peaches;  Isabella,  Munier, 
and  Tokay  gris  grapes,  white  egg  plants,  &c. 

By  L.  Lancassell — a  fine  boquet  of   Dahlia's. 

By  /.  Hills,  Esq.— a  fine  specimen  of  Will- 
son's  long  green  cucumber,  two  feet  in  length.  Al- 
so some  jars  of  pickles  put  up  in  West  India  style. 

By  J.  Marchant,  Esq. — a  fine  fig  tree  on 
which  was  five  figs  of  nearly  full  size. 

By  M.  Atwater — a  choice  variety  of  pota- 
toes of  the  most  approved  kinds  and  an  assort- 
ment of  garden  vegetables. 

By  F.  Bnllard — a  half  bushel  of  Portugal  quin- 
ces, weighing  about  one  pound  each. 

Although  the  season  for  the  best  varieties  of 
peaches  was  pan,  yet  the  choice  varieties  exhib- 


ited indoors,  and  the  wagons  loaded  with  the 
more  common  kinds  without,  gave  ample  proof 
that  nothing  but  cultivation  is  necessary  to  supply 
this  market  with  this  delicious  fruit  at  a  cheap 
rate. 

After  the  business  of  the  day,  the  members  of 
the  society  sat  down  to  a  sumptuous  dinner,  pre- 
pared by  S.  L.  D.  Mathies,  in  his  best  style,  in  a 
room  which  had  been  tastefully  decorated  by  the 
ladies  of  the  village,  with  flowers,  fruits,  ever- 
greens, &c.  with  this  inscription  :  "A  tribute  o) 
respect  from  the  wives  and  daughters  of  the  Hor- 
ticulturists of  the  county  of  Monroe."  The  table 
was  supplied  with  a  well  selected  assortment  of 
the  essentials,  after  which,  a  bountiful  desert  was 
furnished  from  the  prize  fruits  of  the  day,  accom- 
panied with  a  choice  assortment  of  wines,  both 
of  foreign  and  domestic  manufacture.  Amongst 
the  latter  were  two  kinds  which  deserve  particu- 
lar notice;  one  bottle  from  L.  Phelps,  Esq.  of 
Canandaigua,  made  from  currants  with  sugar, 
and  another  from  J.  Hawley,  Esq.  of  this  village, 
made  from  currants  with  honey.  Both  these  wines 
were  pronounced  excellent,  and  preferred  by  some 
to  any  other  wines  upon  the  table.  The  day- 
was  uncommonly  tine  for  the  season,  and  the 
rooms  were  thronged  with  respectable  company, 
all  manifesting  a  wish  for  the  success  of  horticul- 
ture and  participating  in  the  joys  of  this  feast  of 
Pomona.  — 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  officers 
for  the  ensuing  year. 

James  K.  Guernsey,  President. 

E.  B.  Strong,  ^ 

Sites  Cornell,   >     Vice  PresicU'its. 

J.  Hawley,        ' 

L.  B.  Langworthy,  ) 

N.  Goodscll,  \    a*™*****  Sec'y. 

O.  E.  GMbs,   Treasurer. 

H.  Stevens,  Recording  Sec'ij. 


CIDER, 

Although  we  have  frequently  noticed  this  sub- 
ject, and  given  pretty  full  directions  on  the  second 
page  for  the  manufacture  of  it,  yet,  as  the  season 
has  now  arrived  when  most  farmers  will  be  enga- 
ged, more  or  less,  in  the  business,  we  again  call 
their  attention  to  some  of  the  important  points  ap- 
peartaining  to  it.  It  is  not  necessary  that  apples 
should  all  be  pleasant  to  the  taste  in  order  to  make 
good  cider;  neither  that  they  should  all  be  sweet; 
but  we  would  not  select  those  which  are  bitter. — 
Apples  should  not  be  allowed  to  lie  in  a  heap  long 
before  making  up,  and  all  rotten  ones  should  be 
carefully  rejected,  as  they  will  communicate  a 
taste  to  cider  which  cannot  be  got  rid  of.  Partic- 
ular attention  must  be  paid  to  casks ;  unless  they 
are  perfectly  clean,  cider  put  into  them  will  be 
spoiled.  Such  casks  as  have  been  used  for  cider 
the  last  year,  should  be  unheaded  and  all  foul  mat- 
ter which  adheres  to  the  sides  of  the  cask  remov 
d.  Such  casks  as  smell  sour,  should  be  soaked 
a  day  or  two  with  lime  water.  After  apples  are 
ground,  if  suffered  to  remain  long  in  the  vat  be- 
fore pressing,  the  pomace  should  be  repeatedly 
stirred  in  order  to  heighten  the  color.  Tubs  < 
vats  are  most  convenient  for  fermenting  cider  i 
when  large  quantities  are  made;  but  when  fa 


;H4 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Octobers,  1831, 


mers  are  not  provided  with  these,  the  cider  is  gen- 
erally fermented  in  the  barrels  in   which   it  is  to 
remain ;  and  it  is  but  too  common  a  practice  to  al- 
low it  to  remain  without  racking  it  off.     This  is 
a  bad  practice.    As  soon  as  the  feculent  matter 
contained  in  the  cider  has  risen  to   the  top,  the 
cask  should  be  tapped  near  the  bottom  of  the  cask, 
and  drawn  off,  filtering  it  through  sand  or  flannel 
to  free  it  from  any  sediment  which  might  pass  off 
with  the  liquor:  after  which,  it  should  be  put  into 
a  clean  cask,  and  be  allowed  to  complete  the  fer- 
mentation, which  will  be  very  slow.     The  bung 
may  be  put  in  moderately   tight,  or  a  hole  bored 
through  the  stave  with  a  small  gimblet,  to  allow 
the  gas  which   is  formed   to  escape.     As  soon  as 
the   fermentation  has   subsided,   or  nearly  so,  put 
into  each  barrel  one  or  two  quarts  of  skimmed 
milk,  stir   it  well   and  put  in  the  bung  perfectly 
tight.     In  the  course  of  from  one  to  three  months, 
tap  the  casks  and  draw  out  some  from  near  the 
middle  of  the  cask ;  and  if  fine,  draw  off  the  cider 
into  a  clean  and  sweet  cask,  fill  it  full,  and  if  all 
has  been  well  managed,  the  cider  will  be  well  fla- 
vored, and   will  keep  for  years.     No  caution  is 
necessary  to  increase  the  strength  of  cider  in  this 
section  of  country,  as  the  climate  is  so  fine  that  all 
cider  when  well  made  from  common  apples,  will 
have  sufficient  strength   when  properly  fined,  to 
keep  any  desirable  length  of  time.    Cider  makers 
should  remember  that  it  is  the  feculent  or  mucila- 
ginous matter   which  is  held  in  solution  that  dis- 
poses it  to  become  sour :  and  not  for  the  want  of  i 
strength,  as  much  of  our  cider  is  stronger  than  the 
light  wines  of  Prance.     In  some  casks,  cider  will 
become  fine  without  any  thing  added ;  but  it  is  sa- 
fer in  all  cases,  to  add  finings  ;  either  milk  or  dis- 
solved glue,  which  will  entirely  separate   the  fe- 
culent  matter.     It  is   considered  by  many  as  a 
proof  of  good  cider  if  it  sparkles  in  the  glass;  bad 
cider  may  do  this,  and  any  will  which  is  bunged 
up  tight   before    the  fermentation   is  completed; 
therefore,  it  is  not  a  sure  sign  of  good  cider.     The 
common   appellation  for  cider  is  correct :  we  say 
"  it  is  fine ;"  by  which  is  meant,  free  from  all  fe- 
culent matter,   and  no  cider  should  be  considered 
good,  unless  it  is  weU  fined. 


soil,  in  which  there  is  a  good  proportion  of  clay  ; 
then  tied  in  small  bundles  and  their  roots  bound 
in  moss ;  if  they  are  put  up  in  large  bunches,  they 
soon  heat  and  the  leaves  turn  yellow  and  die. — 
When  proper  attention  is  paid  to  transplanting 
during  the.  months  of  September  and  October,  the 
i  growth  of  the  plants  would  not  be  checked  but  a 
few  days,  and  they  will  bear  much  better  than 
when  planted  in  the  spring.  If  they  are  set  in  a 
situation  where  the  snow  will  blow  from  them 
during  winter,  it  may  be  well  to  cover  them  with 
coarse  litter  after  the  season  for  growing  is  over. 


METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE, 

FOR  SEPTEMBER  — 1831. 

10  A.  M.  10  P.  M. 


The  mean  temperature  of  spring  water,  it  has 
been  said,  approximates  very  nearly  to  that  of  the 
air,  and  we  have  for  six  months  past  registered 
the  temperature  of  a  well  of  water,  7  feet  deep, 
with  2  feet  of  rock  excavation,  and  from  one  and 
a  half  to  three  feet  of  water ;  and  shall  in  due  sea- 
son give  the  result  of  the  different  methods  of  de- 
terming  the  mean  temperature  of  Rochester,  which 
we  have  instituted. 


STRAWBERRIES. 
Wc  have  noticed  an  error  which  many  are  apt 
to  run  into  when  planting  out  strawberries  in  au- 
tumn, that  is,  planting  them  too  deep.  It  should 
be  recollected  that  we  cover  up  grass  and  weeds 
for  the  purpose  of  destroying  them,  and  straw- 
berry plants  may  be  killed  in  the  same  way 
therefore,  the  crown  or  centre  of  the  plant  should 
not  be  covered  up  when  transplanted.  If  plants 
are  properly  taken  up,  they  will  be  found  to  have 
a  large  quantity  of  fine  but  strong  roots,  which 
should  be  kept  carefully  from  the  influence  of  the 
sun  and  air;  for  if  they  once  become  dry,  they  do 
moi  e  injury  to  the  plant  than  good,  and  should  in 
such  case  be  cut  off.  Those  who  would  be  suc- 
cessful with  their  plants,  should  be  careful  in  tak- 
ing up,  and  should  use  a  spade  or  some  other  in- 
strument, that  all  the  roots  may  be  raised  with 
the  plant.  As  soon  as  taken  up  they  should  be- 
laid in  the  shade  and  sprinkled  to  keep  them  moist 
until  they  are  pruned  of  their  runners,  when  they 
should  be  immediately  set  in  the  ground.  Those 
which  arc  to  be  sent  any  distance,  should  be grou 
*rf,  dipping  their  roots  in  a  thin  puddle  made  of 


29,40 
29,40 
29,60 
29,65 
29,52 
29,65 
29,03 
29,35 
29,40 
29,35 
49,40 
29,55 
U,o8 
29,50 
29,55 
29,75 
29,80 
29,78 
2  1,55 
29,45 
29,72 
29,53 
29,32 
.•9,50 
29,55 
49,50 
19,35 
29,25 
29,40 
29,65 


s  w 

E 


rain  2- 10 

fair 
fur  2-10 

do 
cloudy 

fair 

do 
cloudy 

do 

do 

do 
fair  h  w 

fair 

do 

rain  3-10 
cloudy 

do" 

fair 

do 

do 
cloudy 

do 
rain  2 -10 

fair* 
cloudy 

do 

do 
fair  h  w 
fair  h  vv 
l.li't  frost 


-3   X.\    6 


N  W 
E 


29,40  sw 

29,40 

29,05 

29,55 

29,00 

29,07 

29,45 

29,35 

29,36 

29,40 

29,47 

29,58 

29,55 

29,54 

29,60  n  e 

29,76|  w 

29,75;  n  e 

29,60   w 

29.54  w 
29,57i  n 
29,64    e 
29,32s  v 
29,37!  w 

29.55  w 
29,551    n 
29,38  n  E 
29,25     e 
29,31 
29.51 
29,66 


cloudy 

n  4-1  Ot 

fair 

do 

do 

do 

cl'y 

don  w 

cloudy 

do 

cl'y  h  w 

do  h  w 

fair 

rain  y 

rain  0-1 

fair 

do 

do 

do 

rain  2-10 

cloudy 

do 

ruin  1-10 

lair 

cloudy 

do 

rain   1-1(1 

rain  2-10 

fair 

do 


|d=We  have  received  from  David  Thomas,  u 
box  of  fruit  of  several  kinds,  widi  two  elegant 
drawings  of  the  Strawberry  Apple  and  September 
Pear,  which  were  intended  for  our  Horticultural 
exhibition,  but  unfortunately,  did  not  arrive  in  sea- 
son. We  shall  publish  his  letter  accompanying 
them  in  our  next. 


Mean  temperature  of  the  thermometer,  60,9 
do.  do.        do.      barometer,     29,66 

Mean  of  extreme,  thermomeier,  59 

do  do  barometer,  29,52,5 

Inches  of  rain,  •>  5-10 

•Temperature  of  spring  water,  7  feet  deep,  57 
degrees. 

t  Thunder  shower. 

It  is,  perhaps,  not  a  little  singular,  that  the 
means  of  the  extreme  of  the  temperature  and 
pressure  should  differ  so  little  from  the  means  ob- 
tained by  dividing  the  whole  amount  of  tempera- 
ture and  pressure,  by  the  dumber  of  observations. 
This  will  be  strikingly  illustrated  by  taking  the 
whole  amount  of  tempeiature  or  pressure  for  any 
given  period,  say  one  week,  ami  dividing  by  the 
number  of  observations ;  then  add  half  the  liffer- 
ence  of  the  extremes  to  the  lesser  extreme,  or  sub- 
tract half  from  the  greater  extreme,  and  the  quo- 
tients or  means  by  the  two  processes,  will  be  a 
near  approximation.  This  result  is  found  to  hold 
the  same  in  observations  of  years,  as  well  as  days 
and  weeks ;  and  if  7°  below  Zero,  and  95°  a- 
bove,  be  the  extremes  of  temperature,  in  this  coun- 
ty, as  our  tables  will  show  for  thepust  yea-,  the 
mean  daily  temperature,  as  deduced  from  dividing 
the  whole  amount  of  temperature  by  the  number 
of  observations,  be  near  52°,  which  is  the  mean 
of  the  above  extreme. 


SUGAR  FROM  BEETS. 
At  the  particular  request  of  one  of  our  readers, 
wc  give  a  simple  statement  of  the  method  of  mak- 
ing sugar  from  beet  roots,  as  practiced  in  France. 
The  roots  after  being  washed  are  crushed  fine  be- 
tween rollers,  not  unlike  the  mashing  of  the  sugar 
cane;  after  which,  the  juice  is  expressed  by 
means  of  screws,  somewhat  after  the  manner  of 
pressing  out  cider.  This  juice  is  put  into  boilers, 
to  which  a  small  quantity  of  lime  is  added,  as  in 
boiling  the  juice  of  the  sugar  cane.  When  the 
syrup  is  sufficiently  concentrated,  it  is  allowed  to 
stand  and  settle ;  after  which,  the  clear  syrup  is 
decanted,  and  if  any  lime  remains  in  solution,  a 
small  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  is  added,  which 
uniting  with  the  lime  form  plaster  of  paris,  or  sul- 
phate of  lime  which  is  soon  precipitated:  the  syr- 
up is  boiled  again  until  it  is  sufficiently  concen- 
trated to  chrystalize,  when  it  is  set  aside  for  that, 
or  dried  down  and  treated  as  brown  sugar.  All  af- 
ter process  for  refinery  the  same  as  with  common 
sugar. 


GYRATORY  MOTION  OF  STORMS. 

The  late  hurricane  in  the  West  Indies,  has 
demonstrated,  (says  a  writer  in  the  Journal  of 
Commerce)  that  "  storms  and  hurricanes  consist 
in  a  regular  gyratory  motion  or  action  of  a  pro- 
gressivt  body  oj  atmosphere?  that  they  are  drift- 
ed zemrding  to  the  general  atmospheric  current  in 
which  they  occur.  The  progress  of  the  late  storm 
in  the  West  Indies  was  as  follows: 

"The  earliest  accounts  are  from  the  Island  of 
Barbadocs,  where  the  hurricane  raged  with  great 
violence  on  the  night  of  the  10th  of  August. — 
On  the  1 1  th  a  portion  of  its  ravages  was  experi- 
enced at  the  island  of  Martinico.  On  the  12th  it 
arrived  at  the  island  of  Porto  Rico.  From  the 
12lh  to  13th  it  swept  over  the  island  of  Hay ti  or  St, 
Domingo,  and  extended  its  influence  as  far  south- 
ward as  Jamaica.  On  the  13th,  it'raged  also  on 
the  eastern  portion  of  Cuba,  sweeping  in  its  course 
oyer  large  districts,  if  not  the  whole,  of  that  ex- 
tensive island.  On  the  14th  it  was  at  Havana, 
towards  the  west  end  of  the  same  island.  Of  its 
progress  on  the  15th  we  have  no  distinct  accounts; 
but  on  the  16th  and  17tli  it  arrived  on  the  northern 
shores  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  where  its  effects 
were  continued  till  the  18th,  thus  having  occupi- 
ed a  period  of  six  days  in  passing  from  Barba- 
docs to  New-Orleans."  Travelling  a  distance  of 
2,300  miles  in  6  days, 

3-jp"  a."  next  week. 


Vol.  1.— No.  40. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


315 


OPINIONS  and  TRUTHS. 
A  man  who  would  raise  himself  above  the  com- 
mon current  of  the  world,  must  learn  to  govern 
Ins  passions. 

The  passions  of  a  successful  public  speaker  is 
borrowed  for  the  occasion  ;  is  mere  stage  effect; 
otherwise  the  possessor  could  not  so  easily  part 
with  it.  When  we  see  a  public  speaker  melt  un- 
der the  influence  of  his  own  feelings;  'tis  adopted 
for  the  occasion ;  otherwise  it  would  unman  the 
individual. 

When  the  fountain  of  man's  tears  is  broken  up, 
he  is  in  poor  condition  to  lecture. 

A  public  instructor  should  therefore,  guard  a- 
o-ainst  being  suddenly  overcome  by  his  sensibility. 
Let  him  calculate  to  make  impression  on  others, 
never  on  himself.  He  has  a  duty  to  perform. — 
He  guides  the  solemnities,  of  the  occasion,  as  the 
helmsman  guides  the  ship. 

Poverty,  with  weak  minds,  invites  corruption, 
and  yields  a  passive  compliance  to  the  wickedness 
of  others.  So,  the  man  who  can  withstand  the 
assaults  which  dependance  creates,  upon  Ins  in- 
tegrity, has  a  moral  courage  which  belongs  to  few 
only. 

It  frequently  happens,  that  a  single  stroke  of 
"■ood  fortune,  puts  a  man  on  the  road  to  wealth, 
honors,  and  political  preferment, — as  he  grows 
older,it  is  magnified  more  and  more  as  a  conspicu- 
ous evidence  of  his  judgment ;  when  thefact  was, 
in  the  first  place,  it  was  the  result  of  accident. 

Any  man  who  accustoms  himself  to  reflection, 
may  improve  his  memory.  It  is  the  memory 
which  is  the  foundation  and  depository  of  learn- 
ing. There  are  some  whose  minds  are  so  com- 
plicated as  not  inaptly  to  represent  a  tangled  skein 
of  silk.  They  cannot  unravel  their  thoughts.. 
Such  men  should  attend  lectures :  the  mind  can 
sometimes  grasp  the  geographical  position  and 
topographical  character  of  a  country,  when  ex- 
plained by  a  lecturer. 

In  examining  maps,  let  the  learner  turn  his  face 
to  the  north.  The  writer  of  these  hints,  when  his 
eye  first  dwelt  with  youthful  curiosity  on  the  map 
of  Europe.the  north  was  turned  to  the  south.  The 
lapse  of  more  than  a  third  of  a  century,  has  passed 
since  that  seemingly  unimportant  event,  and  the 
iutpression  still  is  vividly  retained. 

Men  ever  pay  homage  to  genius,  when  its  pos- 
sessor has  plenty  of  the  good  things  of  this  world  : 
but  let  one  of  his  elbows  peep  out  like  a  sentnel  on 
duty,  the  fellow  is  only  a  pedant,  an  imitator. 

Error,  truth,  falsehood,  misrepresentation,  are 
synonymous  terms  with  some  political  parties. 

Custom  sometimes  gives  the  name  of  poverty  to 
.i  want  of  the  superfluities  of  life. 

Poverty  may  fairly  be  said  to  have  entered  a 
man's  house,  when  he  can  obtain  neither  from  his 
labor  or  his  credit,  bread  for  his  family.  A  con- 
tented mind  is  a  continual  feast,  we  are  told : — but 
even  this  feast  grows  extremely  unpalateable,  in 
such  a  case. 

It  is  said  that  a  true  bred  lawyer  never  contents 


himself  with  one  interpretation    of  a    sentence 
where  another  may  be  found. 

Letters  on  business,  in  which  there  is  a  studied 
simplicity  or  an  assumed  elegance,  ought  to  be 
read  twice  before  absolute  confidence  or  unlimited 
credence  is  created  or  granted. 

Men  of  scant  abilities  fill  up  very  respectably 
the  measure  of  life,  if  they  are  only  aware  how 
little  sense  they  possess.  They  can  assume  a 
smartness  ;  be  particular  to  retail  the  latest  news ; 
or,  if  it  is  told  by  another,  appear  as  though  they 
knew  all  about  it. 

Great  powers  in  man  can  only  be  profitably  ex- 
ercised on  great  occasions :  so,  it  may  easily  hap- 
pen, that  he  whose  talents  were  equal  to  governing 
states,  heading  armies,  and  leading  the  public 
sentiment  by  the  nose,  rusts  away  by  non-use ; 
there  being  nothing  splendid  to  bring  him  out. — 
We  frequently  admire  a  powerful  effort  in  the 
Hall  of  Legislation,  in  which  transcendant  abili- 
ties are  developed ;  in  fifteen  cases  in  twenty,  that 
is  the  last  heard  of  him.  He  is  loaded  with  praise 
and  honors, — all  give  way  to  him  in  his  career: 
alas  !  the  load  is  too  heavy ;  he  sinks  a  prey  to 
some  fashionable  vice,  the  mortification  of  his 
friends  and  regret  of  every  Patriot. 


Sale  of  Real  Estate. — Yesterday,  H.  Gay. 
Master  in  Chancery,  sold  the  5  brick  stores  on 
Carroll  street,  the  property  of  late  J.  Bissell,  jr.  at 
auction,  as  follows : — 


1st  store, 
2d    " 
3d    " 
4th 
5th 


$6,550 
5,500 
5,000 
4,200 
2,550 


The  stores  covered  10G  feet  of  ground  in  front, 
the  entire  sales  were  $23,800,  being  $224  53  per 
foot. 


The  Travel  from  Albany — Rail-Road  Statis- 
tics and  Revenue. — The  number  of  passengers, 
arriving  at  and  departing  from  Albany  daily,  is 
not  only  much  greater  than  is  generally  supposed, 
but  it  is  increasing  in  a  ratio  nearly  incredible. — 
Those  coming  in  and  going  out  at  a  single  point, 
will  illustrate  this  remark. 

From  the  10th  to  the  20th  August,  there  were 
1,986*  passed  over  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rail 
road,  or  an  average  of 180{  per  day. 

From  the  20th  August  to  the  17th  September, 
four  weeks,  the  aggregate  number  of  passengers 
on  that  road  was  9,029;  or  an  average,  daily,  of 
322J. 

This  is  a  revenue  equal  to  $58,766  25  per  an- 
num. The  expenses  of  the  road  are  estimated 
at  $40  per  day,  or  $14,600  per  annum.  Leav- 
ing a  net  revenue  of  44,166  25,  or  nearly  15  per 
cent,  per  annum,  or  $300,000,  for  a  single  track. 
The  passengers  by  the  canal  and  turnpike  are  es- 
timated to  exceed  the  number  now  passing  on  the 
rail-road ;  so  that  the  actual  number  of  passen- 
gers to  and  from  Albany  in  one  direction,  may  be 
estimated  at  not  less  than  600  per  day. 

The  above  returns,  it  will  be  perceived,  do  not 
include  any  part  of  the  season  of  the  influx  at  the 
Springs,  including  that  season ;  with  the  Sara- 
toga rail-road  in  operation  (and  that  work  is  rap- 
idly progressing);  and  with  the  general  abandon- 


ment of  othrr  modes  of  travel  and  transportation, 
which  may  be  expected  when  the  rail-road  shall 
be  completed  from  one  city  to  the  other ;  and  the 
number  that  will  pass  on  the  road  will  average 
800  per  day. 

This  fact  is  not  only  a  striking  exhibit  of  the 
number  of  persons  arriving  at  and  departing  from 
this  city,  but  of  the  great  and  increasing  income 
of  the  rail-road  company. — Alb.  Arg. 

NEW- YORK  MARKET,  OCT.  I. 
From  the  N.  Y.  Daily  Adv.  of  Saturday. 
ASHES — In  the  early  part  of  the  week  about 
500  bbls  of  pots  and  300  bbls  pearls  were  sold 
within  our  range,  since  then  the  market  has  been 
dull,  and  our  quotations,  which  we  continue  have 
been  only  paid  for  retail  lots. 

Pots  lOOOlbs.  5  15  a  5  20 

Peal]s  5  35  a  5  40 

GRAIN — A  number  of  cargoes  of  southern 
wheat  have  arrived  since  our  last,  and  sales  have 
been  made  of  handsome  James  river  (Va.)  at  a- 
bout  122  cents,  and  fair  Rappahannock  at  116$ 
cts.  Several  parcels  of  inferior  remain  unsold.  ' 
Western  new  has  sold  at  120  cts.  Northern  rye 
has  sold  at  79  to  80  cents.  Northern  com  at  a- 
bout  73  cts,  and  southern  (poor)  at  60  c.  Oats  at 
45  cts.  all  of  which  are  lower  than  the  quotations 
of  last  week. 

FLOUR — A  fair  demand  has  existed  during 
the  week  for  the  eastern  states,  the  West  Indies, 
&c.  and  the  supplies  from  the  interior  continuing 
small,  prices  have  been  supported,  particularly  of 
western.  From  the  south  the  receipts  increased 
within  a  few  days,  and  the  demand  for  southern 
flour  is  less  than  for  that  of  this  state.  Rye  flour 
and  coarse  flour  of  every  description  are  scarce 
and  high.    We  quote — 

New- York,  supr.  brl.  5  50  a  5  62 

Troy  "  5  75  a 

Western       "  5  75  a  6 

DIGHTON,  MS. 
This  town  is  4  miles  from  Providence,  R.  I.  and 
has  2  cotton  Factories,  running  3585  spindles 
and  150  looms,  and  130  hands  employed. 

Botanic  Garden  at  Calcutta. — This  es- 
tablishment has  been  placed  upon  a  footing 
surpassing  any  thing  of  the  kind  known  in 
Europe.  The  spot  of  ground  is  no  less 
than  five  miles  in  circumference,  and  up- 
wards of  three  hundred  gardnersand  labor- 
ers are  employed  in  the  charge  of  it;  the 
superintendence  of  it  is  under  the  care  of 
Doctor  Wallich — a  pupil  of  the  celebrated 
Horneman  of  Copenhagen.  Some  years 
ago,  the  Doctor  undertook  a  journey  from 
Calcutta  to  Nepaul  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
riching the  vegetable  stores  of  this  superb 
o-arden.  His  last  excursion  was  to  Ava, 
immediately  after  the  reduction  of  the  Bir- 
man  Empire  by  the  British  Troops.  The 
collections  he  made  of  the  rarest  plants, 
were  added  to  those  already  deposited  at 
Calcutta.  The  mass  was  supposed  to  in- 
clude from  eight  to  nine  thousand  plants. 
Botanical  Miscellany. 

A  bronze  statue  of  Scotch  granite,  up- 
wards of  4  tons  weight,  and  16  feet  high, 
was  erected  in  Hanover  square,  London, 
on  the  16th  ult,  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Rt.  Hon,  William  Pitt, 


316 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  8,  1831  • 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOE   TIIE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

Your  correspondent,  W.  0.,  is  merry  at  Mr. 
Fessenden  for  recommending  the  Mandrake;  and 
says  it  would  figure  in  a  flower  pot  as  well  as  coke 
weed.or  skunk  cabbage.  1  have  lately  seen  a  cat- 
alogue of  flower  seeds  for  sale  by  the  principal  flo- 
rists in  Dublin,  in  which,  coke  weed  takes  a  con- 
spicuous place,  under  the  name  of  "  Phytolocca 
decandra,  or  American  plant."  A  friend  of  mine, 
who  emigrated  from  the  interior  of  Ireland,  to  this 
vicinity,  not  knowing  how  we  might  be  supplied, 
brought  out  a  box  of  garden  seeds,  and  some  twen- 
ty kinds  of  choice  flower  seeds  to  decorate  the  par- 
terres of  Ohio;  among  which,  was  a  goodly  quan- 
tity of  Coke  or  Poke. 

But  to  the  Mandrake.  I  have  never  seen  it  in 
New  England.  It  is  common  here — the  flower  is 
pretty,  the  fruit  is  curious  and  beautiful,  and  the 
flavor  is  by  some  much  admired.  I  therefore  think 
your  correspondent's  ridicule  is  rather  gratuitous. 
Many  of  our  most  delightful  flowers  and  plants 
•may  be  as  common  in  some  localities,  as  the  Man- 
drake at  Rochester.  The  Bostonians  may  be  ex- 
cused for  cultivating  it,  and  the  Irish  for  admiring 

the  coke. 

D.  T.  complains  that  Mr.  Floy  in  his  cata- 
logue of  trees  and  shrubs  worthy  of  cultivation, 
has  omitted  the  Acer  nigrum,  or  Black  Maple. — 
This  is  not  strictly  correct.  Mr.  Floy  spoke  of 
the  Acer  or  Sugar  Maple,  as  very  handsome.  In 
fact,  there  are  two  Acers  which  produce  Sugar. — 
Acer  saccharinum  is  more  common  in  New  Eng- 
land. Acer  nigrum  is  found  in  the  West.  The 
botanical  differences  between  them  are  not  very 
striking.  Both  are  .called  Sugar  trees  by  the  com- 
mon people. 

The  Blue  Ash,  Fruxinus  quadrangularis,  is 
probably  not  found  in  the  Eastern  States;  and  I 
cannot  learn  that  it  exists  upon  the  Connecticut 
reserve.  It  is  abundant  in  the  Miami  country; 
where  I  have  often  seen  it  60  or  70  feet  to  a  limb, 
with  a  grape  vine  almost  as  long  by  its  side ;  and 
also,  without  branches  to  the  same  height,  the  vine 
being  supported  by  the  lofty  branches  of  the  ash. 
The  question  is  often  asked,  how  could  the  vine 
attain  such  an  elevation  without  support?  lam 
credibly  informed  there  is  a  beautiful  grove  of  the 
blue  ash  in  the  Indian  reservation,  on  Sandusky 
river,  a  few  miles  south  of  Lake  Erie. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  snow  ball  and  high 
cranberry  take  on  each  other  by  inoc.culation. — 
They  are  as  nearly  related  as  the  peach  and  the 
almond;  being  each  a  species  of  the  Viburnum. 

E.  Y. 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer  : 

Sir, — Old  Genesee  requires  a  winter  market 
for  its  produce.  This  is  emphatically  the  wheat 
growing  section  of  the  Stute  of  New  York,  and 
the  city  of  New  York  wants  its  custom  in  the  win- 
ter; and  it  is  for  the  interest  of  the  hitter,  that  the 
former  should  have  it.  The  object  of  this  para- 
graph is  to  set  tlie  people  of  the  Genesee  a  think- 
ing upon  the  above  subject ;  and  I  would  therefore 
propose  the  inquiry  of  the  feasibility  of  a  Rail 
Road  commencing  at  Rochester,  passing  up  the 
Genesee,  the  Cauascraga,  by  Dansville,  to  the 
head  waters  of  the  Conhocton,  down  the  same  to 
Pirated  Post,  (here  intercepting  one  contcmpla 


ted  from  the  coal  bed,  at  Peter's  Camp,)  thence 
down  the  Chemung  to  the  Slate  line, — passing 
north  of  that  line  to  the  Susquehanna,  up  that  riv- 
er to  the  vicinity  of  Great  Bend,  and  then  the 
most  practicable  route  to  the  Hudson,  a  few  miles 
above  Nyack,  a  point  from  which  that  river  is 
navigable  generally  through  the  winter. 

The  above  route  is  very  feasible  until  leaving 
the  Susquehanna,  near  Great  Bend ;  and  as  to 
the  residue,  from  that  Eastward,  we  shall  shortly 
learn,  as  Col.  Clinton  is  now  exploring,  and  will 
soon  survey  the  same. 

This  will  take  produce  from  Rochester  to  mar- 
ket on  the  diagonal  line,  instead  of  two  sides  of  a 
paralellogram ;  it  will  make  the  distance  from  that 
village  to  New- York  more  than  a  hundred  miles 
nearer;  it  will  satisfy  the  claims  of  the  Southern 
Section,  and  afford,  with  the  aid  of  the  Ithaca  and 
Owego  Rail  Road,  a  sure  winter  market  for  all 
of  the  Old  Genesee.  In  addition  to  this,  the  coal 
from  Peter's  Camp,  and  the  immense  forests  of 
pine  in  the  county  of  Steuben,  can  be  easily  trans- 
ported to  the  valley  of  the  Genesee,  and  to  such 
other  places  as  occasion  may  require.  It  is  wor- 
thy of  remark,  that  a  branch  of  the  Cauascraga 
and  one  of  the  Conhocton  head  in  the  same  source, 
atTording  a  gradual  and  convenient  slope  both 
ways;  and  if  an  inclined  plane  should  be  required 
from  Dansville  to  the  summit  level,  the  greatest 
inclination  of  the  route  from  Great  Bend  to  Roch 
ester,  a  water  power  could  be  constructed  with  tri 
fling  expense  to  surmount  that  obstacle. 

Your,  &c.  Agrigola. 


SELECTIONS. 


(From  the  Monthly  American  Journal  of  Geology 

and  natural  Science.) 
INFLUENCE  OF  CLIMATE  ON  THE  FRUITFUL- 

NESS  OF  PLANTS. 

The  cultivated  plants  yield  the  greatest 
products  near  the  northernmost  limit  in 
which  they  will  grow. 

1  have  been  forcibly  impressed  with  this 
tact,  from  observing  the  productions  of  the 
various  plants,  which  are  cultivated  for  food 
and  clothing  in  the  United  States.  The 
following  instances  will  go  far  to  establish 
the  principle,  viz. 

The  cotton,  which  is  a  tropical  plant, 
yields  the  best  staple,  and  surest  product  m 
the  temperate  latitudes.  The  southern 
parts  of  the  United  States  have  taken  the 
cotton  market  from  the  Kast  and  West  In- 
dies, both  as  regards  quantity  and  quality. 
This  is  partly  owing  to  the  prevalence  of 
insects  within  the  tropics,  but  principally  to 
the  forcing  nature  of  a  vertical  sun.  Such 
a  degree  of  heat  developes  the  plant  too 
rapidly — runs  it  into  wood  and  foliage 
which  becomes  injuriously  luxuriant ;  the 
consequence  is,  there  are  but  few  seed  pods, 
and  these  covered  with  a  thin  harsh  coat  of 
wool.  The  cotton  wool,  like  the  fur  of  an- 
imals, is,  perhaps  designed  for  protection  ; 
and  will  be  thick  and  line  m  proportion  as 
the  climate  is  warm  or  cold.  Another  rea- 
son is  to  be  found  in  the  providence  of  the 
Deity,  who  aims  to  preserve  races  rather 
than  individuals,  and  multiplies  the  seeds 
and  eyes  of  plants,  exactly  as  there  is  dan- 
ger of  their  being  destroyed  by  the  severity 


of  the  climate,  or  other  causes.  When, 
therefore,  the  cares  and  labors  of  man  coun- 
teract the  destructive  tendency  of  the  cli- 
mate, and  guaranty  their  preservation,  they 
are,  of  course,  more  available  and  abundant. 
The  lint  plants,  flax,  hemp,  &c.  are  cul- 
tivated through  a  great  extent  of  latitude : 
but  their  bark,  in  tie  southern  climates,  is 
harsh  and  brittle.  A  warm  climate  forces 
these  plants  so  rapidly  into  maturity,  that 
the  lint  does  not  acquire  either  consistency 
or  tenacity.  We  must  go  farther  north  in 
Europe,  even  to  the  Baltic,  to  find  these 
plants  in  perfection,  and  their  products  very 
merchantable.  Ireland  is  rather  an  excep- 
tion as  to  latitude;  but  the  influence  of  the 
sun  is  so  effectually  counteracted  there  by 
moisture  and  exposure  to  the  sea  air,  that  it 
is  always  cool :  hence  the  flax  and  potato 
arrive  at  such  perfection  in  that  region. 

It  holds  equally  true  in  the  farinaceous 
plants.  Rice  is  a  tropical  plant :  yet  Car- 
olina and  Georgia  grow  the  finest  in  the 
'  world,  heavier  grained,  better  tilled,  and 
I  more  merchantable,  than  any  imported  into 
I  Europe  from  the  Indies.  The  inhabitants 
|  of  the  East  Indies  derive  their  subsistence 
almost  exclusively  from  rice  ;  they  must  be 
supposed,  therefore,  to  cultivate  it  with  all 
the  skill  and  care,  and  the  best  contrivance 
for  irrigation.  Such  is,  however,  the  for- 
cing nature  of  their  climate,  that  the  plant 
grows  too  rapidly,  and  dries  awav  before 
the  grain  be  properly  filled.  Indian  corn, 
or  maize,  if  not  a  tropical  plant,  was  origin- 
ally found  near  the  tropics  ;  and  although 
it  now  occupies  a  wide  range,  it  produces 
the  heaviest  crops  near  the  northern  limit  of 
its  range.  In  the  West  Inches  it  rises  near- 
ly thirty  feet  in  height ;  but  with  all  that 
gigantic  size,  it  produces  only  a  few  grains 
on  the  bottom  of  a  spongy  cob,  and  is  coun- 
ted only  as  rough  provender.  In  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  United  States,  it  reaches  a 
height  of  fifteen  feet,  and  will  produce  thir- 
ty bushels  to  the  acre  ;  in  the  rich  lands  of 
Kentucky  and  the  middle  states,  it  produ- 
ces 50  or  60  bushels  to  the  acre,  but  in  N. 
York  and  N.  England,  agricultural  socie- 
ties have  actually  awarded  premiums  for 
150  to  the  acre,  collected  from  stalks  only 
seven  feet  high.  The  heats  of  a  southern 
sun  develope  the  juices  of  this  plant  too 
quickly.  They  run  into  clum  and  blade, 
to  the  neglect  of  the  seed,  and  dry  awa) 
before  fruicification  becomes  complete. 

Wheat  is  a  more  certain  crop  in  New- 
York,  the  northern  part  of  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio,  and  in  the  Baltic  regions  of  Eu- 
rope, than  in  the  south  either  of  Europe  or 
America.  In  the  north,  snows  accumulate, 
jand  not  only  protect  it  from  the  winter 
colds,  but  from  the  weevil,  Hessian  fly,  and 
other  insects  that  invade  it,  and  in  the 
spring  it  is  not  forced  too  rapidly  into  head 
without  time  to  mature  fully,  and  concoct 
its  farina. 

A  cold  climate  also  aids  the  manufactur- 
ing of  Hour,  preserving  it  from  acidity,  and 
and  enables  us  to  keep  it  long,  eith»er  for  a 
good  market,  or  to  meet  scarcities  and 


Vol.  1.— No.  40. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


311 


emergencies.  Oats  grow  in  almost  every 
country,  but  it  is  northern  regions  only,  or 
very  moist  or  elevated  tracts,  that  they  fill 
with  farina  suitable  tor  human  sustenance. 
Rye,  barley,  buck  wheat,  millet,  and  other 
culmiferous  plants,  might  be  adduced  to  il- 
lustrate the  above  principle ;  for  all  their 
habits  require  a  more  northern  latitude  than 
is  necessary  to  their  mere  growth. 

The  grasses  are  proverbially  in  perfec- 
tion only  in  northern  and  cool  regions,  al- 
though they  will  grow  every  where.  It  is 
in  the  north  alone  that  we  raise  animals 
from  meadows  ;  and  are  enabled  to  keep 
them  fat,  and  in  good  condition,  from  hay 
and  grass  alone,  without  grain.  It  is  there 
the  grasses  acquire  a  succulence,  and  con- 
sistency enough  not  only  to  mature  animals, 
but  to  make  the  richest  butter  and  cheese, 
that  contribute  so  much  to  the  tables  of  the 
luxurious.  The  grasses  which  do,  often, 
in  the  south,  grow  large  enough,  are  with- 
out richness  and  nutriment ;  iu  hay,  they 
have  no  substance  ;  and  when  green,  are 
too  washy  to  fatten  animals ;  the  conse- 
quence is,  most  animals  in  those  latitudes 
browse  from  necessity,  and  are  poor,  and 
without  size  or  beauty.  It  is  the  same  hot 
sun  which  forces  them  to  a  rapid  fructifica- 
tion, before  they  have  had  time  to  concoct 
their  juices.  The  sugar  cane  produces, 
perhaps,  better  where  it  never  seeds,  than 
in  the  tropics  ;  for  the  juices  will  never 
ripen  so  as  to  granulate,  until  checked  by 
frost  or  fructification.  In  the  tropics,  the 
cane  grows  twenty  months  beibre  the  juices 
ripen,  and  then  the  clum  has  contracted  a 
woody,  fibrous  quality,  to  such  a  degree  as 
to  resist  the  pressure  of  mills,  and  yield  but 
little  juice,  and  that  to  an  increased  effort. 
In  Louisiana  we  succeed  well  with  the  su- 
gar culture ;  because,  while  the  clum  is 
succulent  and  tender,  a  white  frost  checks 
the  growth,  ripens  the  juices,  and  in  fi«> 
months  gives  us  a  clum,  tender,  full  of 
juice,  easy  to  press,  and  yielding  much  grain 
of  sugar.  When  Louisiana,  therefore  ac- 
quires all  the  necessaiy  skill,  she  will  most 
probably  crow  this  article  cheaper  than  the 
West  Indies. 

Tobacco  is  a  southern  plant,  but  there  it 
is  always  light  and  chaffy ;  and  although 
often  well  flavored,  it  never  gains  that  strong 
narcotic  quality,  (which  is  its  only  peculiar 
property,)  unless  you  grow  it  as  tar  north 
as  Virginia.  Fn  the  south,  the  heat  unfolds 
its  bud  or  germ  too  soon,  forces  into  full 
expansion  the  leaf,  and  drives  it  to  seed  be-  ■ 
fore  the  narcotic  quality  can  be  properly' 
elaborated.  We  may  assert  a  genorai  rule 
applicable  to  all  annual  plarts,  that  neither 
the  root,  nor  the  leaf,  acquires  any  further 
size  or  substance  after  fructification. 

The  tuberose,  bulbous,  and  other  roots, 
cultivated  for  humau  and  animal  subsis- 
tence, are  similarly  affected  by  climate,  and 
manifest  habits  in  corroboration  of  the  above 
principle.  The  Irish  potato,  although  from 
or  near  the  tropics,  will  not  come  to  perfec- 
tion but  in  northern  or  cool  countries,  or  in 
moist,  insular  situations,  as  Freland.  It  is 
in  such  climates  alone,  that  its  roots  acquire 


a  farinaceous  consistence,  and  have  size, 
flavor,  and  nutriment  enough  to  support,  in 
the  eminent  way  in  which  they  are  suscep- 
tible, animal  lite.  In  the  south,  a  forcing 
sun  brings  the  potato  to  fructification  before 
the  roots  have  had  time  to  attain  their  pro- 
per size,  or  ripen  into  the  proper  qualities 
i'or  nourishment.  In  Ireland  the  plant  grows 
slow,  through  a  long  and  cold  season,  giv- 
ing time  tor  its  juices  to  be  elaborated,  and 
properly  digested  ;  hence  that  fine  farina 
flavor  which  characterize  them.  The  sweet 
potato  producer  larger,  better  flavored,  and 
more  numerous  roots  in  Carolina,  where  it 
never  flowers,  than  in  the  West  Indies.  In 
the  latter  place  this  plant  runs  wild,  covers 
the  whole  face  of  the  earth  with  its  vines  ; 
and  is  so  taken  up  in  mailing  foliage,  that 
the  root  becomes  neglected,  and  is  small 
and  woody.  In  order  to  have  the  onion  in 
perfection,  it  must  grow  through  two  years, 
swellingall  the  time  its  bulbs.  In  the  south, 
however,  it  seeds  in  one  year,  and  beibre  it 
has  made  much  bulb.  Beets,  carrots,  pars- 
nips, turnips,  radishes  and  other  roots,  are 


the  horrors  of  revolution  he  had  witnessed, 
was  to  be  found  in  early  education;  and  he 
resolved  henceforth  to  devote  himself  to  this 
as  the  object  of  his  life.  He  was  at  one  time 
a  member  of  the  council  of  education  of 
Berne,  but  was  soon  convinced  that  nothing 
adequate  could  be  accomplished  on  this  sub- 
ject, through  the  medium  of  legislative  com- 
missions ;  and  having  come  into  possession 
of  an  ample  fortune,  he  resolved  to  devote 
this  to  his  great  object,  and  to  form  on  bis 
own  estate,  and  on  an  independent  basis,  a 
model  institution,  in  which  it  should  be  pro- 
ved what  education  could  accomplish  for  the 
benefit  of  humanity.  In  pursuance  of  his 
great  design,  he  soon  after  purchased  the  es- 
tate called  Hofuoyl,  and  his  life,  hencefor- 
ward, forms  an  important  page  in  the  rec- 
ords of  benevolent  enterprise.  His  great  ob- 
ject would  elevate  all  classes  of  society,  by 
fitting  them  better  for  their  respective  sta- 
tions, and  to  render  them  happy  and  united, 
without  destroying  that  order  which  Provi- 
dence had  appointed,  and  which  the  govern- 
ments of  Europe  preserved  with  so  much  jeal- 
ousy. He  believed  it  important  to  collect  in 
one  institution  the  poor  and  the  rich,  each 
with   their  appropriate   means  of  improve  - 


all  fructify  before  they  have  formed  perfect! 
roots  and  make  foliage  at  the  expense  of 
their  bulbs;  hence  they  will  always  be  arti- 
cles of  commerce ;  the  south  will  have  to 
depend  upon  the  north  for  them. 

(remainder  next  week.) 


Frodi  the  New-Cnelaiid  Fa  mer. 

To  the  Editor, — At  the  request  of  one  of 
your  subscribers,  I  send  you  a  sketch  of  the 
improvements  in  Agriculture  attempted  by 
Fellenberg,  at  Hofwyl,  in  the  hope  that  they 
may  be  interesting  to  your  readers,  and  with 
the  earnest  wish  that  sumt  one  of  them,  at 
least,  may  imitate  this  noble  example,  by 
combining  his  efforts  for  the  promotion  of  ag- 
riculture, with  the  improvement  of  the  be- 
ings for  whose  sake  alone  agriculture  is  valu- 
able. I  have  in  my  possession  a  number  of 
documents  on  this  subject  in  the  German, 
which  my  occupations  do  not  allow  me  to 
translate.  If  any  of  your  correspondents 
will  undertake  the  task,  they  are  entirely  at 
your  service.  Yours,  respectfully, 

VVM.  C.  WOODBRIDGE. 

Boston,  Stpt.  13,  1831. 

AGRICULTURE  OF  HOFWYL. 

Anions  the  men  who  have  been  most  dis- 
tinguished for  devising  and  executing  plans 
of  improvement  in  agriculture,  with  an  im- 
mediate reference  to  the  improvements  of 
man  himself,  none  has  been  more  remarka- 
ble than  Fellenberg,  of  Hofwyl. 

He  ai  rived  at  maturity,  in  the  midst  of 
the  French  revolution.  His  attention  had 
early  and  constantly  been  devoted  to  the  in- 
quiries and  observations  concerning  the  state 
of  society,  and  the  means  of  improving  it; 
and  he  had  travelled  over  Switzerland  on 
foot,  to  make  himself  familiar  with  the  state 
and, condition  of  the  inhabitants.  His  inves- 
tigations of  the  state  of  the  common  people, 
hisintercourse  with  public  men,  and  the  tre- 
mendous convulsions  he  had  witnessed,  had 
all  conspired  to  impress  upon  his  mind  the 
same  conviction — that  the  only  resource  for 
meliorating  the  state  of  his  own  and  other 
countries,  and  for  preventing  a  repetition  of 


equally  effected  by  a  hot  sun,  and  scarcely5,  ment,  and  thus  to  establish  proper  and  friend 
worth  cultivating  far  to  the  south.     They   ly  relations  between  them.     He  considered 

1  it  of  high  importance  to  make   agriculture 
the  basis  of  such  an  institution.     He  regard- 
ed it  as  the  employment  best   of  all  adapt- 
ed  to  invigora'e  the  body  ;  but  he  also  be- 
lieved that,  by   elevating   agriculture  from  a 
mere  handicraft  to  an  art  founded  on  scien- 
tific principles,    and  leading  directly  to  the 
operation   of  the  great  I''irst  Cause   it  would 
become  a  ptirsnit  peculiarly   fitted  to  elevate 
and  purify  the  mind,  and  serve    as  the  basis 
[of  improvement  to  the  laboring  classes,  and 
to  society  at  large.      He   selected  Hofwyl  on 
|  account  of  its  situation  ;  so    insulated    as  to 
secure  it  from  the  influence  of  bad  examples, 
yet  surrounded  by  villages  which  would  fur- 
nish laborers,  and  only  six  miles  from  the  ci- 
j  ty  of  Berne.     It   was  an  estate  of  about  200 
:  acres,  under  poor  cultivation,  lying  on  a  hill 
filled  with  springs,  and  surrounded  on  three 
miIis  by  a  valley  80  feet  in  depth.     He  com- 
Inieneed  with  employing  a  large  number  of 
laborers  in  digging  drains  in  every  direction, 
jsome  even  to  the   depth   of  30  feet,  which 
completely  freed  the  arable  land  from  water, 
and  at   the  same  time  were  formed    into  a 
:  streamlet  round  the  hil  ,  which  served  to  ir- 
rigate its   borders  and    the  level  below,  and 
convert  them  into  rich  meadows.     His  next 
plan  was  to  turn    up    the  whole  soil   to  the 
depth  of  two  or  three  feet,  and   then  replace 
it,  putting   the  stones  and  grave!  at   the  bot- 
tom, and  reservin  g  the  richest  portion  for  the 
surface. 

Another  object  of  importance  was  to  con- 
vert the  swampy  ground  around  into  mead- 
ows, by  covering  it  about  five  feet  in  depth 
with  sand  and  soil  from  the  upland.  This 
was  effected  in  part  by  means  of  the  stream 
we  have  mentioned,  which  was  made  to  wash 
down  successive  banks  of  earth  placed  before 
it  and  in  part,  during  the  winter,  by  sleds 
descending  and  raising  each  other  alternate- 
ly, by  means  of  pulleys,  as  is  sometimes  done 
in  coal  beds.  In  connexion  with  these  ope- 
rations, he  erected  extensive  additions  to  the 
granaries  ('then  more  than  sufficient  for  the 
actual  producely)to  provide  for  the  abundant 
crops  he  anticipated.  All  this  excited  ridi- 
cule among  his  enemies,  and  alarm  and  re- 
'  monstrances  among  his  friends ;  and  those 


MH 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Octobers,  1831. 


of  his  family  who  were  connected  with  him, 
left  him,  by  his  advice,  to  sustain  the  burden 
alone.  In  order  to  obtain  ample  supplies  of 
manure,  he  commenced  the  system  of  stall- 
feeding,  with  a  large  number  of  cattle,  which 
were  constantly  supplied  with  fresh  grass, 
instead  of  being  suffered  to  feed  in  the  pas 
tures;  and  erected  ample  reservoirs  for  solid 
and  liquid  manure  of  every  kind,  the  care  of 
which  occupied  a  pait  of  every  day's  labor. 
A  system  of  four  years'  cropping,  with  deep 
ploughing,  and  the  invention  of  superior  ma- 
chines for  breaking  up  the  soil,  weeding  and 
sowing,  insured  him  success;  and  the  lands 
of  Hofwyl  have  been  made  to  yield  fourfold 
their  former  produce,,  ith  an  uniniermitted 
succession  of  crops.  The  labors  of  the  plough 
require  only  half  the  number  of  animals  for- 
merly used,  and  the  fields  of  grain  produce 
nineteen  fold  the  amount  of  the  seed  sown. 
The  system  of  agriculture  has  been  fully  tes- 
ted, by  repeated  visits  of  distinguished  men 
of  science,  and  the  commissioners  of  various 
governments  of  Switzerland  and  Germany, 
and  itsecnnomical  results  fully  ascertained, 
as  exhibiting,  in  a  striking  manner,  how 
much  larger  an  amount  of  nourishment  may 
be  drawn  from  a  given  portion  of  soil  than 
has  been  generally  supposed.  Hofwyl  has 
furnished  experimental  farmers  to  a  number 
of  princes  and  noblemen,  of  various  parts  of 
Europe  ;  and  its  pupils  have  been  employed 
in  the  formation  and  direction  of  some  im- 
portant agricultural  institutions.  An  estab- 
lishment was  also  formed  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  his  improved  instruments  of  agricul- 
ture, which  have  been  sent  to  every  part  of 
Europe.  At  successive  periods,  additions 
have  been  made  to  the  domain  of  Hofwyl, 
increasing  it  to  about  600  acres,  which  have 
furnished  all  the  varieties  of  soil  and  situa- 
tion necessary  to  render  the  w  hole  a  complete 
experimental  and  model  farm.  But  Fellen- 
berg  occupied  himself  in  improving  agricul- 
ture only  as  a  means  to  the  more  important 
end  of  improving  man  himself;  and  during 
the  whole  period  that  he  was  thus  actively 
engaged  in  this  subject,  he  was  not  less  en- 
gaged in  organizing  the  institutions  of  edu- 
cation, which  form  the  great  object  of  his 
life,  and  the  chief  glory  of  Hofwyl. 

American  Silk. — The  Editor  of  t'e  A- 
merican  Farmer  has  had  the  pleasure  within 
a  few  days,  of  receiving  half  a  dozen  skeins 
of  sewing  silk  made  by  Miss  Belinda  Grigs- 
by,  of  Rockbridge  county,  Va.       She  ob- 
tained the  eggs  of  the  editor  of  the  Farmer 
last  winter,   with    brief  directions    for  their 
management ;  fed  the  worms  on  the  common 
mulberry  of  the  adjacent  forest,  reeled   the 
cocoons  with  a  common  country  cotton  reel, 
doubled  and  twisted  the  silk  with  a  common 
cotton  spinning  wheel,  and  dyed  it  with  such 
domestic  materials  as  were  at  hand.     The 
gentleman  who  was  a  bearer   of  the  speci- 
mens, is  a  merchant  of  that  neighborhood 
and  when  asked  his  opinion  of  the  silk,  he 
said  it  was  as  good  as  any  Italian  silk  he  ev- 
er sold,  and  that  he  wanted  no  better;  that 
it  would  sell  readily,  and  jhat  he  would  pur- 
chase all  the  young  lady  could  make  at  g8  a 
pound.     It  is  Miss  Grigsby's   first  attempt, 
never  having  even  seen  a  silkworm  previous 
to  this  summer,  nor  received  any  other  in- 
struction in  any  branch  of  the  ait  than  that 
contained  in  our  brief  directions.     Her  suc- 
cess in  this  trial  has  determined  her  to  pur- 
sue the  business   regularly, — finding  it,  as 
one  says,  both  pleasant  and  profitable,  and 


by  no  means  difficult.  The  quality  of  the 
silk  is  really  excellent — its  only  faults  being 
in  the  dying  and  fineness.  The  pink  and 
red  are  rather  dull,  but  the  green  is  very 
beautiful ;  none  of  the  colored  skeins,  have 
the  rich  gloss  of  which  silk  is  susceptible. — 
Four  of  the  skeins  are  of  a  good  sized  thread 
for  common  use,  but  two  of  them  are  al- 
most as  fine  as  the  Spider"s  "  attenuated 
web."  And  yet  it  had  been  twisted,  doubled 
and  twisted  again  on  a  common  wheel. — 
These,  however,  she  only  made  thus  fine  to 
see  how  delicate  a  thread  she  could  make. 
We  have  called  the  silk  excellent,  by  which 
we  mean  that  it  was  perfectly  evenly  reeled, 
properly  twisted,  and  of  good  strength,  and 
not  inferior  in  any  quality  except  the  colors 
to  any  silk  we  ever  saw.  These  samples  of 
silk  may  be  examined  at  the  office  of  the 
Farmer  by  any  one  who  may  take  an  interest 
in  the  matter. — Amtr.  Far. 


CEMETERY  AT  MOUNT  AUBURN. 

This  place  was  consecrated  on  the  ilth 
inst.  bv  solemn  and  appropriate  services; 
but  a  pressof  avocations  prevented  our  being 
present  till  the  ceremonies  were  nearly  con- 
cluded. We  therefore  copy  the  lollowing 
notice  of  the  proceedings  on  this  occasion, 
from  the  Boston  Courier. 

Consecration  of  Modnt  AolftiRN. — 
The  following  was  the  order  of  serv  ces  at 
the  consecration  of  Mount  Auburn  as  a  place 
of  sepulture,  on  Saturday  last. 

1.  Instrumental  Music,  by  the  Boston 
Band. 

2.  Introductory  Prayer,  b  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Ware. 

3.  Hymn,  written  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pier- 
pont. 

HYMN. 
To  thee  O  God,  in  humble  trust, 
Our  hearts  this  grateful  incense  burn 
For  this  thy  word — "thou  art  dust, 
And  unto  dust  shalt  thou  return." 
For  what  were  life,  life's  work  all  done, 
The  hopes,  joys,  loves  that  cling  to  clay, 
All,  all,  departed,  one  by  one, 
And  yet  life's  load  borne  on  for  aye ! 
Decay  !  Decay !  'Tis  stamped  on  all ! 
All  bloom,  in  flower,  and  flesh,  shall  fade: 
Ye  whispering  trees,  where  we  shall  fall, 
Be  our  long  sleep  beneath  your  shade  ! 
Here,  to  thy  bosom,  mother  Earth, 
Take  back,  in  peace,  what  thou  hast  given  : 
And  all,  that  is  of  heavenly  birth, 
O  God,  in  peace,  recall  to  Heaven. 

4.  Address,  by  the  Hon.  Joseph  Story. 

5.  Concluding  Prayer,  by  the  Rev.  Mr 
Pierpont. 

Music  by  the  Band. 

An  unclouded  sun  and  an  atmosphere  pu- 
rified by  the  showers  of  the  preceding  night, 
combined  to  make  the  day  one  of  the  most 
delightful  wc  ever  experienced  at  this  season, 
oi  the  year.  It  is  unnecessary  for  us  to  say 
that  the  address  by  Judge  Story  was  pertineiv 
to  the  occasion,  for  if  the  name  of  the  orator 
was  not  sufficient,  the  perfect  silence  of  the 
multitude,  enabhng  him  to  be  heard  with  dis- 
tinctness at  the  most  distant  part  of  the  beau- 
tiful ampitheatre  in  which  the  services  were 
performed,  will  be  sufficient  testimony  as  to 
its  worth  and  beauty.  Neither  is  it  in  our 
power  to  furnish  any  adequate  description  of 
the  effect  produced  by  the  music  of  the  thou- 
sand voices  which  joined  in  the  hymn,  as  it 


swelled  in  chastened  melody  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  glen,  md,  like  the  spirit  of  devo- 
tion found  an  echo  in  every  heart,  and  per- 
vaded the  whole  scene. 

The  natural  features  of  Mount  Auburn 
are  incomparable  for  the  purpose  to  which  it 
is  now  sacred.  There  is  not  in  all  the  un- 
trodden valleys  of  the  West,  a  more  seclu- 
ded, more  natural  or  more  appropriate  spot 
for  the  religious  exercises  of  the  living;  we 
may  be  allowed  to  add  our  doubts  whether 
the  most  opuient  neighboihood  of  Europe 
lurnishes  a  spot  so  singularly  appropriate  for 
a  'Garden  of  Graves.' 

In  the  course  of  a  few  years,  when  tnc 
hand  of  taste  shall  have  passed  over  the  lux- 
uriance of  nature,  we  riioy  challenge  the  ri- 
valry of  the  world  to  produce  another  such 
residence  for  the  spirit  of  beauty.  Mount 
Auburn  has  been  but  little  known  to  the  cit- 
izens of  Boston  ;  but  it  has  now  become  ho- 
ly ground,  and 

Sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  viliage  of  the  plain, 

— a  village  of  the  quick  and  the  silent,  where 
j nature  throws  an  air  of  cheerfulness  over  the 
i  laborsof  death, — will  soon  be  a  place  of  more 
j  general  resort,  both    for  ourselves  and  stran- 
gers, than  any  other  spot  in  the  vicinity .— 
j  Where  else  shall  we  go  with  the  musings  of 
Sadness,  or    for   the  indulgence  of    Grief; 
where  to  cool  the  burning  brow  of  Ambition, 
or  relieve  the  swelling  heart  of  Disappoint- 
ment ?     We  can  find  no  better  spot  for  the 
rambles'  of    curiosity,   health,  or   pleasure: 
none  sweeter  for  the   whisper  of  affection  a- 
mong  the  living;  more  lovelier  for  the  rest 
of  our  kindred. — JV.  E.  Far. 


Cheat  or  Chess. — Of  all  the  popular 
errors  of  the  world,  probably  the  most  singu- 
lar and  glaring  is  that  current  among  farm- 
ers, that  wheat  turns  to  cheat — that  an  un- 
propitious  winter,  a  continued  northeast 
wind,  or  too  much  or  too  little  snow,  causes 
wheat  to  degenerate  into  cheat.  It  is  in  vain 
that  you  tell  them  it  is  inpossible  ;  that  it  is 
as  easy  for  a  beet  to  become  a  carrot,  for  an 
apple  tree  to  become  a  pear  tree,  or  an  oak  a 
chesnut  tree,  as  for  wheat  to  become  cheat. — 
The  cause  of  this  eiror  is  very  plain  ; — farm- 
ers are  too  superficial  in  their  observations  — 
they  are  by  no  means  wanting  in  observation 
but  they  content  themselves  with  looking  at 
the  surface  of  things.  Man  is  also  fond  ot 
the  marvellous,  and  hence,  any  thing  not 
palpable  to  the  grosser  senses,  is  more  apt  to 
be  attributed  to  some  magic  influence,  than 
traced  through  an  intricate  analysis  to  its 
true  and  natural  cause. 

Many  persons  do  not  believe  that  any  in 
telligenl  person  believes  in  the  degeneracy 
of  wheat  to  cheat ;  but  this  is  an  error. — 
There  are  thousands  of  old  and  experienced 
and  intelligent  farmers  that  believe  it  as 
thoroughly  as  they  do  that  the  planting  of 
corn  will  produce  corn.  We  have  had  ma- 
ny arguments  with  such  men  on  the  subjec 
and  we  always  found  them  so  well  convin- 
ced of  the  correctness  of  their  opinions  that 
we  abandoned  the  field  after  the  first  fire. — 
A  few  days  since,  being  anxious  to  obtain 
some  fine  seed  wheat  for  a  friend,  aud  know- 
ing that  a  very  respectable  farmer  in  our 
neighborhood  usually  had  the  kind  we  want- 
ed, and  that  of  the  first  quality,  we  paid  him 
a  visit.  He  had  threshed  and  cleaned  all 
his  wheat  and  had  it  ready  for  market  ; 
"  but,"  said  he,  '  it  will  not  answer  your  pur- 
pose—Me very  hard  irintcr  has  (wnr.d  a  gren! 


"Believe,      lie    icpucu,       »  ..«* j 

it   but  1    know  it.     There  has    not    been  h 
blade  of  cheat  on   my  farm  before  lor  thirtj 
years,  and  this  summer  my  whwit  fields  were 
full  of  it,  and  there  was  none  among  theryi 
nor  in   any  other   field;  how   then  could  II 
<ret  into  my  wheat  field  unless  the  wheat  tur- 
ned to  cheat?"     He  is  as   intelligent  a  prac- 
tical farmer  as  we  have  in  Baltimore  county. 
His  argument  was  a  poser;  yet  we  ventured 
to  suggest,  that  the  cheat  might  have   been 
brought  to  his  wheat  fields  by  crows  as  the 
very  hard   winter   had    drove   thousands   of 
these  birds   to  the  bam  jards  and   fields  in 
search  of  food,  and    they  always    select  the 
naked  spots  in    the  fields  :  and  these  spots. 
where  the  snow  had   been    blown  off  in  the 
winter,  produced  the  cheat,    this   was    most 
likely      And   this  view  of  the  case   was  the 
more  likely  from  the  fact,  that  crows  in  the 
winter  are  continually    found    in  the  roads 
scratching    among   horse  dung  and  picking 
up  any  undigested  seeds  found  therein.    I  hal 
we  are  correct  in  our  theory  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  cheat  into   wheat    fields,   we    by  no 
means  assert,  but  it  seems  plausible  to  us. — 
Cheat  is   frequently  found    around   the  fen- 
ces in  large  town  gardens,   and  it    is  quite 
common  for  crows  on  these  fences  of  a  clear 
morning  in  winter — we  have    cheat  in  our 
»arden,  and  there   has   not  been   a  head   of 
wheat  grown  there  for  thirty  years  if  ever.— 
We  have  seen  cheat  in  all  sorts  of  crops— 
n  rye  fields,  corn  fields,  in  clover  fields,  in 
meadows,  in  pastures,  and  even  on  the  road 
sides  in   the    wild    woods — evidently  deposi- 
ted in  the  latter  places  by  travellers'  horses. 
If  any  one   entertains  a  doubt  of  the  clear 
difference  between  the  plan's  of  wheat  and 
cheat,  let  them  examine  them  when  they  are 
in  bloom  and  be  satisfied  ; — bearing  in  mind, 
that   however    plants  may   change  in   some 
unimportant  features,  there  are  peculiarities 
in  all  of  them  that  never  vary  ; — those  which 
will  enable    us   to  distinguish   at  a   glance 
whether  in  flower,  in  fruit,  or  barren,  an  ap- 
ple from  a  pear  tree,  a  cherry  from  a  plum  ; 
rye  from  oats,  corn    fiom  bailey,  and  wheat 
from  cheat.— Amer.  Far. 


From  the  New-Enpland  farmer. 

CULTURE  OF  HEMP. 

Mr.  Fessenoen— Avery  considerable  in- 
terest having  been  felt  by  individuals,  ;c  dif- 
ferent parts  of  New  England,  on  the  sub- 
ject of  growing  Hemp,  I  am  induced  to  offer 
vou  my  experience  in  the  business,  hoping 
that  if  it  should  not  prove  useful,  it  will,  at 
least,  be  acceptable  to  your  readers. 

The  distance  from  which  we  live  from  the 
seaboard  and  navigable  waters,  and  the  want 
of  a  ready  cash  market  for  the  produce  of 
our  tillage  lands,  led  me  to  consider  Hemp 
as  a  profitable  acquisition,  especially  upon  the 
intervals  bordering  upon  our  rivers. 

The  last  week  in  May,  1829,  I  sowed,  in 
drill,  about  three  acres  of  poor  grass  land, 
broken  up  only  a  few  days  before,  and  har- 
rowed. The  rows  were  from  two  to  three 
feet  apart,  and  three  to  four  quarts  of  seed 
sown  on  an  acre.  We  paid  very  little  atten- 
tion to  it,  during  its  growth,  hoed  a  part  of  it 
once  to  keep  down  the  weeds. 

The  crop  was  small,  yielding  in  all,  about 
25  bushels  of  seed.  I  think  an  acre  of  good 
fand,  well  prepared  and  hoed,  would  have 
produced  as  muoli  as  the  whole  of  this,  in  the 
manner  we  conducted  it.  At  the  same  time,  I 


rfem.  The  seed  sown  and  planted,  this  year, 
I  procured  from  Burlington,  Vermont  at  4 
lollars  a  bushel. 

On  the   25th  of  May,  1830,    I   sowed    12 
bushels  of  seed,  broadcast,  on  about  four  a- 
cresand  three  quarters  of  land.     One  acre, 
was  land  long  usetl   for   pasture,  on  which, 
however,  a  crop  of  rye  had  been  grown  the 
year  before,  which  had  never  been  manured, 
to  my   knowledge.      The    crop   was  small, 
some  part  of  it  so  short  that  1  did   not  think 
it    worth  cutting.     The  remaining  SJ  acres 
was  good  meadow  land  though  not   rich.     It 
had  been  planted  with  corn  and  potatoes  the 
year  before  and  tolerably  well  manured.     It 
was  prepared  for   the   Hemp  crop  by  being 
ploughed  once  and   harrowed,  without  ma- 
nure.    It  produced  what  I  considered  a  fair 
crop,  varying  in  its  giowth  according  to  the 
quantity  of  the  land  in  the  different  parts  of 
the  field,  from  three  to  seven  feet  high,  when 
fully  grown.     The  produce   of  this  year,    I 
estimated  at   five  tons  of  stem   when  dry. — 
We  cut  most  of  it  with  a  common  grain  cra- 
dle.    We  pulled  the  longest  part  of  the  stem 
and  when  bound  and  dry,  cut  off  the  roots. 
After  drying  and  securing  it  from  the  dews 
for  two  or  three  weeks,    we  commenced  wa- 
ter rotting,  by  sin   ing  the  bundles  in  a  small 
artificial  pond  prepared  for  the  purpose, large 
enough  to  contain,  with   convenience    a  ton 
and  a  half,  at  a   time.     In    September,  the 
weather  being  warm,  twelve  days  was  suffi- 
cient time  for  rotting.     Late  in  the  season,  1 
let   it   remain   in  the  water  from   fifteen  to 
eighteen  days. 

Of  this  crop  I  prepared  for  market  i  the 
spring  of  1831,  142o  lbs.  which  1  sold  to 
Mr.  Edward  Adams,  cordage  maker  at 
Ciiarlestown,  at  209  dollars  a  ton,  amounting 
to  §132,94 

The  expense  of  this  I  estimate  as  fol- 
lows : 
12  bushels  of  seed  at  1,50  per 

bush.  18,00 

Use  of  4$  acres  of  land,  inclu- 
ding taxes  4,00  19,00 
Ploughing  and  sowing,  1,50  per 

7  in 
acre,  7>'~ 

Harvesting— 4  days  cradling 
1,00  4,00 

12  days  other  labor  in  pulling, 

.  binding  and  securing,  inclu- 
ding board  4s.  12,00 

Rotting,  spreading,  dry  ing.bin- 
ding  and  securing,  19  days, 
including  board  4s-  12,67 

Expense  of  breaking  and  dress- 
ing, equal  to  one  third  of  the 
crop  44,31 

[Freight  to  market,  at  75  cents 

per  100  lbs.  10,68 

r  123,78 


cur  climate,  and  the  soil  of  our  interval 
lands,  are  well  adapte  to  the  growth  of 
Hemp.  The  best  of  our  land  with  good  cul- 
tivation,  is  necessary,  to  insure  a  profitable 
crop.  It  is  a  waste  of  time  and  expense,  to 
put  it  upon  poor  land.  It  is  an  exhausting 
crop,  as  much  so,  as  flax,  or  any  of  our  lar- 
gest crops.  And  without  some  cheap  and 
convenient  machinery  for  breaking  and  clear- 
ing, Hemp  cannot  be  made  an  advantageous 
crop,  where  land  can  be  enriched,  or  kept 
in  good  tilth,  only,  by  expensive  labor  in  ma- 
nuring and  tillage. 

Natural  meadows  or  drained  swamps 
would  probably  produce  several  successive 
crops  of  Hemp  without  manure.  And  with 
the  aid  of  some  cheap  machinery  which 
might  bedevised)  it  would  answer  well,  as  a 
cash  crop,  when  grain  is  plenty  and  cheap, 
The  greatest  difficulty  "Inch  I  experienced 
in  preparing  mv  crop  so  as  to  make  it  equal 
to  Russian  Hemp,  was,  in  separating  the 
shive  from  the  fibre.  In  Russia  Hemp,  the 
fibre  seems  entire,  et  free  from  shives,which 
in  mine,  with  much  exertion  in  hand-dress- 
ing, a  considerable  portion  of  shive  remain- 
ed. I  am    Sir,  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant. 
JOSEPH  SAWYER. 

Pierpont,  N.  H.  Sept.  8,   1831. 

TO  EDITORS  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

4  Gentleman,  residing  in  the  country, prac- 
A.  ticallv  engaged  in  husbandry  and  having 
some  knowledge  of  science,  literature  and 
politics,  wishes  to  engage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodical  Works,  in  supplying  ar- 
ticles and  papers  for  the  public  press.  He 
has  been  for  many  years,  a  pretty  liberal  con- 
tributor, but  always  voluntary  and  gratui- 
tous, in  which  he  has  probably  done  his  part. 
He  now  asks  a  reasonable  compensation  for 
the  fruits  of  his  eisure  and  experience- 
Reference,  N.  Goodsell,  Editor  Genesee  Far- 
mer.  

BARLEY. 

ROSSTTER  $•  KN OX  are  paying  Cash  for 
any  quantity  of  good   Barley,  delivered   at 
their  seed  store. 


I  have  remaining  about  one  ton 
of  stem,  which  would  pvo- 
duce,  propably,  3  cwt.  of 
dressed  Hemp;  give  one 
third  for  breaking  and  dress- 
ing and  we  have  two  cwt.  of 
hemp.  At  the  above  price  g20,90 
deduct  freight  1.68 


9,16 


19,22 


STATE  OF  NEW-YORK.  >  Albany  Sept.  1st, 
Secretary's  Office.        )  1831. 

Sir I  hereby  give  you  notice,  that  at  the  next 

General  Election,  to  be  holden  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  November  next,  and  the  two  succeeding 
days,  a  Senator  is  to  be  chosen  in  the  eighth  sen- 
ate district,  in  the  place  of  Timothy  H.  Porter, 
whose  term  of  service  will  expire  on  the  last  day 
of  December  next. 

A.  C.  FLAGG.  Secretary  of  State. 
To  the  Sheriff-of  the  Covnty  of  Monroe. 

N  B  Members  of  Assembly,  Sheriff  and 
Clerk,  are  also  to  be  chosen  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion. ,._  ,,. 

5J=  Proprietors  of  the  different  public  newspa- 
pers in  this  eounty,  will  please  to  publish  this  no- 
tice once  in  each' week,  t.ntil  after  the  Election, 
and  forward  their  bills  to  the  undersigned. 

J,  K.  LIVINGSTON,  Sheriff. 

Rochester,  Sept.  -20th,  1831. sept  -21 

FRUIT  TREES. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX  would  remind  those 
who  intend  to  order  Trees  from  New- York 
this  fall  that  it  is  desirable  to  have  their  orders 
handed  in  as  soon  as  the  first  of  Oct.  Prince's, 
Thorburn's,  Floy's  and  Parmentier's  Catalogues 
can  be  had  at  their  store.  sept  17 


Leaving  «28,38 

The  small  crop  raised  in    1829,  was  pre- 


LUSHINGS,  Lion  skin,  and  Petershams  for 
overcoats,  for  sale  by  ,..,„« 

sept  10       THOS.  KEMPSHALL&CO. 


v        •. 


320 


THE  GF.NL8EE  FARMER 


October  8.  1831. 


From  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser. 
EUROPEAN  STATISTICS. 
The  European    States  comprise  60  territorial 

districts,  which  include   Poland  and   Belgium 

In  1829  the  population  was  estimated,  agreeably 
io  the  following  table.  Inhabitants. 

Russia,  (including  Poland)  41,995,000 

Austria,  3-2,100,500 

France  32,052,465 

Great  Britain  22,297,621 

Spain  13,651,172 

Prussia  12,778,403 

Turkey  9:393,000 

Two  Sicilies  7,414,717 

Netherlands  (induing  Belgium)       6,977,500 
Sardinia  4,167,377 

Bavaria  4,032,590 

Sweden  3.878,700 

Portugal  3,782,550 

States  of  the  Church  2,483,940 

Denmark  2,057,513 

Switzerland  2,036,680 

Hanover  1,582,574 

Wurtemberg  1,535,403 

Saxony  1,400,000 

Tuscany  1,300.530 

Badea  1,090,911 

37  other  states  5,967,962 

There  are  37  states  which  contain  less  than  one 
million  inhabitants  ;  the  highest  of  which  (Hesse 
Darmstadt)  contains  718,900,  and  the  lowest  (Ben- 
tinck)  2,900, — collectively  they  comprise  a  popu- 
lation of  5,967,962.  The  following  is  the  number 
of  christians,  &c.  in  Europe: — 
Catholics  116,559,075  Mahomedans  3,040,500 
Protestants   49,847,495    Jews  1,671,640 

Greeks         42,308,399 
In  its  Government,  are 


Despotic  1 

Absolute  15 

Absolute  Provincial 

estates  5 

Absolute,  estates  4 
Absolute,  with  cortes  1 
Absolute,  elective        1 

Revenue 
Public  Debt 

Peace 
War 

Peace 
War 

Estates,  is  intended  to  represent  that  the  states 
have  some  voice  in  the  Government  matters ;  but 
these  are  monarchial. 

It  is  due  to  state  that  these  data  were  com- 
piled from  the  statistics  of  Dr.  P.  Leiber. 


Land  forces 


Vessels   of  War 


Constitutional  12 

Estates  11 

Confederated  Republic  1 
Republics  5 

Republics  under  protec.  3 
Greece  ?  1 


$658,847,899 

15,341,721,211 

1,909,175 

4,578,430 

1,368 

2,641 


negro  cloths,  carpetings,  broad  cloths,  cassimeres, 
&c. ;  wielding  a  capital,  collectively,  of  $3,200,- 
000.  There  are  three  new  companies  now  orga- 
nised and  erecting  11  mills,  for  coarse  and  fine 
cottons,  and  prints;  capital,  $2,100,000.  Popula- 
tion, 6,477;  8  churches;  2  banks.  The  Rail  Road, 
authorized  by  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts, 
wdl  be  commenced  as  soon  as  the  surveys  have 
been  completed ;  $600,000  have  been  subscribed 
for  that  purpose. 


lous  occurrence.  During  a  violent  thun- 
der storm,  on  the  1  Sth  Aug.  last,  Mrs. 
Marioneau  was  sitting  in  the  middle  of  a 
room,  sewing  at  a  small  table,  when  the 
house  was  struck  by  lightning  The  shock 
threw  her  senseless  upon  the  floor  ten  feet, 
from  the  pla  e  where  she  had  been  sitting. 
The  table  was  broken  to  fragments,  and 
the  chair  on  which  she  sat  literally  scatter- 
ed in  small  pieces  about  the  room.  The 
needle  which  she  held  in  her  hand  was 
found  with  the  thread  still  in  its  eye,  stick- 
ing to  a  door  frame  several  feet  from  the 


The  Last  Congress. — The  following 
members  of  the  last  Congress  at  its  com- 
mencement, are  since  dead.  Of  tbe  Sen-  jj  floor,  and  at  a  considerable  distance  from 
ate;  Mams  of  Mississippi,  McLean  of, j the  spot  where  she  sat.  She  had  several 
Illinois,  and  JVbfc/e  of  Indiana.  Of  the  'needles  sticking  in  the  handkererchief  she 
House  of  Representatives; — Mallary  of  were  around , her  neck,  which  were  so  high- 
Vermont,  Powers  of  New  York,  Miller  of;  ]y  magnetized  by  the  electric  fluid,  as  to 
Pennsylvania,  Smyth  of  Virginia,  Shields' ba  capable  of  attracting  and  raising  such  as 
of  Ohio,  and  Peltis  of  Missouri.  Nine  are  larger  than  themselves.  A  large  tor- 
deaths  in  two  years,  in  two  hundred  and  toise  shell  comb  which  was  in  her  hair, was 
thirteen,  is  an  unusual  proportion. — Boft.| evidently  scorched  and  torn  into  fragments. 
Repub.  I  Yet  she  was  soon  resuscitated,  and  receiv- 

Rtpentance.-'ihe  late  Rev.  Mr.  G — ,\edno  further  injury  than  a  slight  soreness 
happening  one  day  tog.,  into  the  church-  on   one  side  of  her  head.     She  was   not 
yard,   whilst  the  beadle   was  pusily  em- j  dressed  in  silk,  but  had  on  a  calico  gown, 
ployed,   neck-deep  in    a  grave,  throwing  — Nashville  Banner. 
up  the  mould  and  b  nes,  to  make  way  for||     Anecdote.— kn  itinerant  preacher,  who 


another  person,  thus  accos  ed  him  : — 
"  Well,  Saunders,  that's  a  work  you're 
employe  in  well  calculated  to  make  an 
ould  man  like    vou  thoughtful.  I  wonder 


LOWELL,  MASS. 
This  place,  so  celebrated  for  manufactures,  of 
late  years,  commenced  in  1826,  in  the  manufac- 
turing business.  It  is  situated  25  miles  N.  W. 
from  Boston,  at  the  junction  of  the  Concord  and 
Merimack  rivers ;  the  water  power  is  equal  for 
50  mills,  with  a  fall  of  30  feet,  yielding  to  each 
1500  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute ;  equal  to 
privileges  for  100  mills,  each  with  a  subdivision 
of  the  30  feet  fall,  viz.  half  of  the  number  with  13 
feet  fall,  and  half  with  a  fall  of  17  feet.  There 
are  five  large  establishments  in  operation,  running 
12  mills,  for  printed  calicoes,  twilled  cotton,  pan 
talotn  stuffs,  shirtings,  coarse  do.  and  sheetings, 


was  not  ve  y  remarkable   for   energy  of 

style  or  brilliancy  of  thought,   was  once 

hammering  out  the  gospel  to  a  slumbering 

■  audience  in   Freetown,  when  he  stopped 
youdinna   repent  o  your  evil  ways.'  —   short  in  ms  disc  and  with  renZed 

The  old    worthy,  resting  himself on the   vi„or  exclaimed-my  friends,  what  do  you 
head  of  his  spade    and  taking  a  pinch  of  j  gu  M[e      '  ^  ca„s  brea(f}_ 

snuff,  replied,  "  I  thought  sir,  ye  had  kent    tu.    „  „  .    i  i        j  .u 

'  .  '         '  J  ,    I  1  Ins  unexpected  query  awakened  the  con- 

that    there    was  no     repentance     in  the    „    „  ,■      „,u  a  »r 

gregation,wtio  commenced  guessing.  Af- 
ter some  ten  or  twelve  had  guessed  wrong, 
a  great  gawk  drawled  out  now,  Mr.  minis- 
ter, you  ort  to  tell  us  what  he  calls  it. — 
Why,  replied  the  Reverend  gentleman,  he 
calls  it  bread.  After  this  there  was  no 
more  slumbering. — JYcw  Bedford  Gazette. 

Prosperity. — It  is  probable  that  upwards 


grave.' 

A  Post  Mistress. — Our  politica'ly  knee- 
deep  immersed  con'eniporaries  have  mutu- 
ally indulged  in  party-colored  pleasantries, 
on  the  appointment  of  a  Miss  Rider  as 
postmaster  at  Coventry,  R.  I.  Her  ap- 
pointment was,  indisputably,  a  glorious 
'-  loop  to  hang  a"  joke  upon,  but  we  dis- 


cover no  pertinency  in  the  remarks  elicited  of  five  thousand  dwellings  and  stores  have 
by  the  circumstance.  We  know  no  part  been  erected  in  Philadelphia  within  two 
of  the  duty  of  a  postmaster,  in  towns  of  the  years-  Vet  lt  ls  a  fact  tlwt  rents  are  h'«h- 
magnitude  and  importance  of  Coventry,  er  now  than  tilf*)'  "''"'  luo  years  since  ; 
R.  I.  which  may  not  be  filled,  as  well  by  and  ll  ls  more  difficult  to  procure  a  dwel- 
women  as  by  men,and  one  thing  is  certain,  llng  0l"  sU,re  B0W  th"1  formerly.  We  do 
that  females  are  more  likely  to  be  obliging  Ilot  hear  ol  any  immense  fortunes  amassed 
and  attentive  thanthei  self-sufficient  lords,  in  this  time— no  miracles  have  been  wrought 
who  would  monopoli:  ill  the  living,  even  ~ and  yet  all  are  pros, .emus;  trade  and  its 
to  the  right  of  retailing  puis  and  needles.—  advantages  have  been  dnliised— and  all 
Boston  Transcript  !  have  had  a  share — and  arc  made  comforta- 

Kissingxoith  an  appetite.— A  religious  j |ble— instead  of  a  few having  reaped  the 


sect  has  recently  sprung  up  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Surry,  one  of  whose  tenets  is  to  sa- 
lute each  other  at  a  meeting  with  a  holy 
kiss.  One  of  the  female  devotees,  a 
yoin  g  lady  of  a  thousand  charms,  hap- 
pened to  encounter  <t  voung  gentlemnn. 
of  whom  she  was  enamoured,  and  gave 
him  a  more  cordial  and  loving  salute  than 
was  quite  becoming.  Tbe  next  day  she 
received  a  message  from  the  high-priest 
of  the  sect,  saying  she  had  been  excom- 
municated for  "  kissing  with  an  appetite." 
A  letter  from  a  highly  respectable  gen- 
tleman in  Iberville,  Louisiana,  relates  the 
following  very  singular  and  almost  miracu- 


whole  harvest,  and  left  the  many  to  glean 
from  their  scanty  leavings. — Phil.    Gaz, 

$j-  One  of  the  <  Charleston  merchants  has  al- 
lowed a  treasury  board,  given  by  him  to  secure 

tii"  payment  of  duties,  to  be  prosi  luted,  to  test  the 
constitutionality  of  the  Tariff  Law  Mr.  Taze- 
well of  die  Senate  it  is  said,  has  consented  to  act 
as  counsel,  m  favor  of  the  merchant. 

Jj- Woodvillc,  (Miss.)  was  visited  on  the  9di 
inst.  with  a  tremendous  hurricane.  It  rained  about 
24  hours,  when  the  wind  raised,  and  continued  for 
several  hours  with  encreaslng  violence.  It  injured 
crops,  blowing  off  the  roofs  of  houses,  and  pros- 
trated immense  quantities  of  timber.  The  roads 
were  impassible. 


m  wM^mmm 


«»£i 


VOLUME  I. 


ROCHESTER,  0<  TOBEi:    15,    1831. 


NUMBKi      41 


PUBLISHED  BY  Ii.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— S'.!,50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  fiOOnSEI.L,  F.P1TOR. 


HORTICULTURAL. 
We  have  received  from  our  esteemed  friend, 
David  Thomas,  of  Greatfield,  '  uga  eo.,  a  box 
of  fruit  which  was  designed  for  the  Horticultural 
itiorrof  this  County;  but  as  the  time  of  the 
meeting  was  changed  from  the  day  first  noticed, 
this  fruit  did  not  arrive  in  season  for  the  exhibi- 
tion: we  therefore,  publish  the  note  which  accom- 
panied it  for  the  benefit  of  our  readers,  and  annex 
our  own  observations  upon  the  fruit,  in  reply  to 

the  note. 

Greatfield,  fl  mo.  26,  1831. 

Deak  Friend, — T  enclose  a  drawing  of  "the 
ibcr  Pear"  (from  Connecticut)  in  hopee  that 
some  person  at  your  Exhibitions  will  be  able  to 
tell  the  name  by  which  it.  is  known  in  the  Cata- 
logues. On  examining  Coxe's  Treatise,  I  tin, I 
nothing  that  closely  resembles  it,  except  the  Sum- 
mer Bun  Chretien,  or  Gracioli.  I  give  his  di  s- 
cription: — "The  fruit  is  larg»and  long,  with  a 
large  long  stalk  inserted  amidst  several  hollows 
and  projections — it  is  swelled  towards  theblossom 
end,  and  diminished  towards  the  stalk;  die  skin 
is  smooth,  of  a  clear  green  color,  which  turns  yel- 
low when  fully  ripe;  the  flesh  is  white,  tender, 
half  breaking,  very  juicy  and  sugary;  the  time  of 
ripening  the  latter  part  of  August:  the  tree  is  very 
fruitful,  the  leaves  large  and  handsome,  and  finely 
tndi  nted." 

The  "September  pear"  is  remarkable  for  its 
many  shapes,  two  of  the  same  size  and  figure  be- 
ing rarely  found.  In  this  it  appears  todiffer  from 
the  Summer  Bon  Chretien,  as  Core  has  not  noti- 
ced this  circumstance  in  his  description  ofthelat 
tor.  Indeed  I  have  never  seen  one  which  at  the 
stem  resembles  Coxe's  figure  of  the  Summer  Bon 
Chretien. 

'  A  broad  channel  in  the  "  September  pear,"  of- 
ten extends  from  the  blossom  end  to  the  projection 
of  the  stem,  as  if  the  sliding  pressure  of  one's  fin 
ger  had  made  the  channel,  pushing  a  part  of  the 
pulp  up  the  stem.  But  whether  a  channel  occurs 
or  not,  there  is  always  a  depression  at  the  blossom 
end,  corresponding  with  the  projection  at  the  stem 

We  consider  this  a  very  valuable  pear.  In  its 
leaves,  and  in  the  curve  of  its  lateral  branches,  it 
has  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Jargonelle,  but 
die  latter  is  gone  before  the  "  September  pear"  ri- 
pens. There  is  little  resemblance  in  the  fruit  of 
those  kinds.  The  Jargonelle  decays  at  the  core 
while  it  hangs  on  the  tree;  but  the  "September 
pear,"  from  its  soundness  at  heart,  deserves  to  rank 
with  the  Bon  Chretiens. 

The  drawing  (made  by  my  son)  has  been  pro- 
nounced by  Judge  Ricnardson,  of  Auburn,  a  stri- 
king likeness,  although  from  the  great  diversity 
of  shapes  which  this  pear  assumes,  it  might  be 
difficult  to  find  two  on  the  same  tree  exactly  of  this 
figure. 

The  pear  which  I  send  of  this  kind  is  a  glean- 
ing, full  two  weeks  later  than  any  other  which 
grew  on  my  trees, — very  irregular. — and  I  have 


doubts  whether  its   flavor  will  be  a  fair  specimen 
of  the  kind. 

According  to  promise,  I  send  some  strawberry 
apples,  one  of  the  first  in  rank  as  a  table  fruit, 
or  for  pies.  We  know  nothing  of  its  history  ex- 
cept that  it  was  found  (grafted)  on  a  lot  in  Auro- 
ra, formerly  owned  by  Judge  Seth  Phelps  of  that 
place.  1  wish  to  know  its  name  in  the  Cata- 
logue, if  it  is  cultivated  by  our  nurserymen. 

The  other  apples  (nearly  sweet  and  in  my  esti- 
mation very  excelled  when  fully  ripe)  I  named 
many  years  ago,  the  autumnal  Swaar.  I  have 
since  received  them  under  the  name  of  Sum  ma- 
Greening,  which  I  cannot  think  appropriate,  be- 
cause they  neither  ripen  in  summer,  nor  have  the 
flavor  of  the  Greening. 

The  large  grey  pear  is  highly  esteemed  by- 
some,  and  the  tree  is  very  productive.  I  wish  to 
know  its  name  in  the  catalogues. 

I  send  some  of  the  (York,  Pa.)  Black  Madeira 
(not  of  Prince's  catalogue)  which  I  think  very 
excellent,  though  these  are  only  the  gleanings. — 
We  have  two  varieties  in  this  i  I   iod,only 

differing  in  the  time  of  ripening.     This  is  the  la- 
ter kind,  which  is  still earlier  than  the  Isabella. 

The  sand  grape  or  river  grape  (  Vitis  riparia") 
grows  generally  in  moist  rich  lands.  The  kind 
(without  leaves)  is  cultivated,  and  appears  to  be 
an  earlier  variety.  As  this  grape  is  hardy  and 
very  productive  with  a  very  rich  juice,  it  would 
be  excellent  for  wine  were  it  not  so  sour. 

The  smaller  Siberian  Crab  is  the  common  kind. 
The  larger  is  a  new  variety  from  seed  pioduced 
at  Newburgh  (Orange  co.)  and  planted  in  Ches- 
ter county,  (Pa.) 

One  mutilated  bunch  of  the  Red  Color — a 
Hungarian  grape.  All  except  those  near  the 
ground  were  mildewed. 

Very  respectfully,    DAVID  THOMAS. 

Luther  Tucker,  Rochester. 

The  "  September  Peatr"  forwarded  to  us  is  one 
with  which  we  have  long  been  acquainted,  more 
particularly  in  Connecticut,  where  it  once  was 
more  extensively  cultivated,  than  at  present,  ow- 
ing to  the  fruit  being  subject  to  mildew.  We  have 
noticed  some  grown  in  this  neighborhood,  which 
had  many  black  or  mildewed  spots  upon  the  skin. 
We  do  not  know  by  what  name  it  is  cultivated  in 
the  eastern  Nurseries,  having  never  seen  it  from 
any  ofthem.  In  Connecticut  it  has  several  names, 
which  appear  to  be  altogether  local.  In  its 
growth  it  so  nearly  resembles  the  Summer  Berga- 
mot,  as  sent  into  this  country  by  Prince,  that  we 
have  been  at  a  loss  to  distinguish  between  them. 

The  Slraviberry  Apple. — This  we  never  have 
seen  before:  it  is  a  fine  apple,  both  in  appearance 
and  flavor. 

The  Autumnal  Swaar. — This  apple  is  cultiva- 
ted in  our  County,  and  from  its  near  resemblance 
to  the  genuine  Swaar,  is  called  the  Early  Swaar. 
Sometimes  the  two  are  called  fall  and  winter 
Swaar.  We  do  not  know  whether  it  is  cultivated 
in  the  eastern  nurseries. 

The  Grey  pear  is  a  stranger  to  us. 

The  Black  Madeira  Grape,  (not  of  Prince's 


catalogue.) — Of  this  Grapewe  have  received  sev- 
eral specimens  this  season;  some  from  Saratoga, 
and  some  from  uncultivated  vines  in  Ohio:  the 
latter  were  not  as  fine  as  the  cultivated  specimens, 
which  probably  are  from  vines  which  ha\ 
selected  for  their  fine  qualities.  It  appears  alto- 
gether different  from  the  Fox  Grape,  and  is  nm  1 
earlier. 

T/ie  Smut  Grape,  (Vitis  riparia) — This  h 
found  in  most  of  the  counties  in  Western  New- 
York,  and  we  take  it  to  be  what  is  generally  called 
the  chicken  grape.  This  is  the  grape  from  w  hi  h 
the  wine  was  made  which  we  received  from  the 
Gnu-eland  Farmer,  as  mentioned  in  one  of  o  ir 
late  numbers,  and  we  do  not  doubt  but  from  this 
family  of  grap  s  may  be  selected  varieties  which 

will  prove  the  finest  wine  grapes  in  the  world. 

Its  being  sour   to  the  taste  is  not  proof  po 

that  it  does  not  abound  in  saccharine   matter. 

Most  of  the  best  wine  grapes  of  France  : 
sour  for  eating  or  table  grapes.     We  believe  it  is 
admitted  by  scientific  men,  that  wines  which  im- 
prove most  by  age  are  those  which  contain  a  large 
portion  of  tartaric  acid. 

FIRES. 
Astlie  ■  pproaehes,  preparations 

are  n,-,de  for    warming   apartments    by   svirt   s, 
pipes,  &c.    As  these  are  generally  attended  t,,  I  .  - 
fore  the  extreme  weather  arrives,  Mechanics  are 
not  sufficiently  aware   of  the   degree  of  heat  that 
may  be  required  during  winter,  and,  therefore,    i  • 
more  careless  in  such  preparations  than  the  \ 
to  be;  hence   the   frequent  case  of  fire  frois. 
pipes,  by  win  h  'here  is  probably  more  buili 
burned  than  all  other  causes  put  together.     Now 
every  housi  ki  eper  who  employs  a  mechanic  for 
doing   his  work,  should  give  preference  to  sue  h  .  3 
are  reputed  m  n  of  g,,.  ,d  judgment,  and  nut  ti  .  i 
with  their  own  lives  and  property  by   emplo)  rig 
some  idle,  incompetent  man,   merely  becausi  he 
can  be  employed  at  a  cheaper  rate.     There  is  i  ., 
other  fruitful  source  of  misfortunes   by   fin;  t;,,i- 
is,  putting  ashes,  when  taken  up  from  the  fire,  in 
improper  places.     Old  barrels  are  very  ci  >, 
receptacles  for  hot  ashes,  wlJch  must  be  taken  up 
every  time  fhewomanblacksorseourstl]     . 
These  barrels  are  generally  placed  n2flr  the  house 
or  under  the  shed  that  they  may  be  handy, 
child  is  often  sent  to  make  the  deposit   who  has 
not  judgment  sufficient  to  apprise  him  of  the     in- 
sequences  of  leaving  any  fire  unquenched.     We 
hope  our  public  officers  will  be  on  the  alert  and  do 
their  duty,   in  examining   buildings,  yards,  &c. ; 
a  few  fines  by  way  of  examples,  may  save  many 
buildings  and  perhaps  lives.     District  school  hou- 
ses are  often  burned  in  consequence  of  an   im- 
proper deposit  of  ashes ;  teachers  should  pay  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  subject. 


APPLE  SAUCE. 
At  this  season  of  the  year  it  is  customary  for 
our  good  house-wives  to  prepare  a  barrel  of  ap- 
ple sauce,  for  the  use  of  the  family.  There  is 
nothing  novel  in  this,  and  yet,  upon  examining 
the  article  as  it  comes  to  this  market,  and  as  we 
see  it  at  different  tables,  we  find  a  veiy  great  dif- 
ference in  quality.  This  does  not  arise  altogether 
from  the  difference  of  the  expense  of  making  it, 


322 


TIIR  GENKSRE  FARMER 


October  15,  1831. 


nor  from  the  superiority  of  the  fruit  from  which 
it  is  made,  but  from  the  superior  manner  in  which 
the  articles  of  which  it  is  composed  are  put  toge- 
ther. There  are  some  house-keepers  who  exert 
themselves  to  do  all  their  work  in  the  best  man- 
ner, even  down  to  the  minutest  operation,  and  are 
always  pleased  with  any  improvement  in  their  do- 
mestic concerns,  while  others  distrust  the  very 
•  name  of  improvement,  and  are  content  to  do  all 
their  work  as  they  were  taught  by  their  mothers 
or  grand-mothers,  and  look  upon  any  attempt  to 
introduce  alterations  into  their  domestic  coneerns 
as  treason  against  their  umpire.  Having  learn- 
ed the  process  by  which  some  of  the  best  house- 
keepers in  our  acquaintance  prepare  the  above, 
we  give  it  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole.  The  best 
fruit  for  making  apple  sauce  is  sweet  apples  of 
good  size ;  let  them  be  pared  and  quartered  as  for 
drying,  and  spread  until  they  have  become  of  a 
brown  color  quite  through,  or  are  what  might  be 
called  two  thirds  dry  ;  put  them  in  a  brass  or  cop- 
per kettle,  and  pour  over  them  new  cider  from 
the  press  sufficient  to  cover  them.  Let  them  hang 
over  a  gentle  fire,  and  simmer  for  a  couple  of 
hours,  when  they  may  be  taken  off  and  carefully 
put  in  the  cask  where  they  are  to  remain.  If  a 
few  Quinces  are  added,  the  flavor  is  much  impro- 
ved. Sauce  prepared  by  the  above  method,  is 
altogether  preferable  to  that  prepared  with  boiled 
cider,  which  invariably  contracts  a  bad  flavor 
from  the  vessel  in  which  it  is  boiled ;  and  if  the 
apples  are  added  in  their  green  state,  or  as  soon 
as  cut,  they  boil  into  a  complete  jam  ;  but  if  dri- 
ed, they  retain  their  shape  and  flavor,  and  by  dry- 
ing their  juices  are  so  much  concentrated,  that  the 
addition  of  sufficient  cider  for  boiling  them  does 


than  when  ploughed  in  the  spring.  Potatoes 
should  be  dug  as  early  as  is  convenient,  and 
should  be  assorted  for  family  use,  for  feeding  the 
hogs,  and  for  planting.  It  is  economy  to  pro- 
cure the  necessary  fire  wood  required  for  the 
family  before  winter,  as  much  may  be  gathered  up 
in  the  fall  when  dry,  that  would  be  covered  with 
snow  in  the  winter,  and  not  thought  worth  collect- 
ing. The  article  of  fire  wood  forms  a  very  im- 
portant item  in  the  list  of  family  expenses,  and 
should  be  managed  with  economy.  Collecting 
apples  and  fruits  for  winter  should  be  attended  to 
as  soon  as  convenient.  Apples  gathered  from  the 
tree  before  they  are  over  ripe,  keep  better  and  long- 
er than  those  which  are  allowed  to  hang  on  the 
trees  until  frost  bitten'  The  best  method  of  keep- 
ing apples  is  to  pack  them  in  dry  sand;  next  to 
that,  spread  them  thin  in  a  cool  place.  Where 
farmers  have  large  orchards,  much  labor  is  requi- 
re  !  this  month,  in  attending  to  fruit,  making  ci- 
der, &e.  Every  man  who  carries  fruit  to  m&rket 
should  recollect  that  if  it  is  worth  carrying  at  all 
itisioorth  carrying  withcare.  Fruit  thatistobe 
carried  any  distance  by  land,  should  be  packed  in 
chaff,  fine  straw,  or  grass,  to  prevent  its  being 
bruised  ;  and  unless  it  is  worth  this  trouble,  the 
fanner  had  better  stay  at  home.  During  this 
month,  most  garden  vegetables  should  be  secur- 
ed ;  such  as  cabbages,  beets,  carrots,  parsnips, 
&c.  Where  the  farmer  has  not  cellar  room  suf- 
ficient for  storing  his  cabbage,  most  of  them  may 
be  secured  in  the  garden ;  and  when  the  stumps 
are  not  wanted,  they  should  be  buried  with  their 
roots  uppermost,  as  the  heads  will  not  be  as  apt 
to  rot  as  when  set  with  the  roots  downward. — 
Beets,  carrots  and  parsnips  should  be  put  down 


not  reduce  them  below  what  they  would  be  if II in  sand  in  the  cellar.  The  last  of  this  month  is  a 
green  apples  were  done  in  cider  which  had  been  !  proper  season  for  transnl  >nting  most  kinds  of 
reduced  one  half  by  evaporation.      Those  who  fruit  and  forest  trees,   -  vines,  &c.     Peach, 

prepare   this  article   for  market,   will  do  well  to  !  Cherry,  and  Plum  stones  siiould  be  planted  in  the 


follow  the  above  directions,  as  they  will  be  sure 
to  command  one  quarter  more  in  price,  and  a  more 
ready  sale. 

WORK  FOR  OCTOBER. 
October,  like  April,  is  a  month  of  shine  and 
showers,  and  although  farmers  often  consider  their 
great  works  closed  for   the  season,   before   this 


fall.  Beans  are  often  neglected,  and  injured  by 
the  fall  rains ;  they  should  be  gathered  as  soon  as 
ripe.  Young  farmers  should  not  neglect  to  im- 
prove their  evenings  to  the  best  advantage:  well 
selected  books  are  always  safe  friends,  therefore, 
do  not  spend  time  in  reading  those  which  are  only 
calculated  for  amusement.     Our  country  abounds 

with  scientific  publications,  which  may  be  obtain- 
month  commences,  yet,  this  is  a  very  important  bu-   ed  at  a  cheaper  iate  0an  m  any  other  country  .  so 

siness  month.     It  frequently,  and   we  think  we    that  if  our  farmers  will  remain   ignorant  of  their 


may  say  too  frequently,  happens  that  from  some 
cause  or  other,  the  season  for  sowing  winter 
grain  is  protracted  into  October,  and  when  this 
does  so  happen,  it  should  be  consideied  the  im- 
portant business  until  completed :  after  which,  a 
multitude  of  small  works  claim  the  divided  atten- 
tion of  every  good  husbandman.  First,  the  har- 
vesting of  the  Indian  corn  should  not  be  neglect- 
ed, when  other  business  will  allow  time  for  it, 
and  those  who  would  command  the  best  pi  ice  for 
their  surplus,  should  never  put  it  in  large  cribs 
out  of  doors,  as  in  that  case,  it  keeps  damp  ton 
and  is  apt  to  mould.  Fattening  hogs  should 
not  be  neglected,  nor  business  allowed  to  press  so 
hard,  as  to  be  compelled  to  feed  grain  to  them 
without  grinding  and  boiling.  It  should  be  par- 
ticularly recollected,  that  during  the  months  of 
October  and  November,  ground  should  be  plough- 
ed for  spring  crops.  At  this  season  of  the  year, 
in  strong  and  the  weather  cool ;  and  more- 
over, sward  grounds  ploughed  in  the  fall  for  spring 
produce  much  better,  and  are  easier  tilled 


own  business,  it  is  their  own  fault.  It  is  high 
time  that  the  prejudice  which  has  prevailed  in  this 
country  against  book-farming,  as  it  has  beencal- 
le  I,  should  be  discountenanced,  as  there  is  no  rea- 
son which  can  be  given,  why  a  class  of  people  so 
important  to  the  welfare  of  our  country  as  the  far- 
mers, should  be  kept  in  ignorance. 


LARGE  FRUIT. 

Among  the  various  specimens  of  fine  fruit' 
which  have  been  presented  at  the  Arcade,  the 
week  past  were  some  Apples  from  the  garden  of 
Mr.  Benjamin  Campbell, of  this  village;  one  of 
which,  measured  sixteen  inches  in  circumference, 
and  weighed  twenty-five  and  a  half  ounces. 

Porter's  Health  Almanac;,  containing  80 
pages,  I6mo.  for  183-2;  and  published  at  Philadel- 
phia, under  the  direction  of  the  Physicians  who 
conduct  the  Journal  of  Health.  This  is  a  new 
article,  but  a  good  one. 

The  labors  of  the  editors  of  the  Journal  of 
Health,  for  two  successive  years  have  been  known 
and  duly  appreciated  by  the  public ;  and  the  present 
manual  designed  for  the  benefit  of  the  human 
race,  is  worthy  of  the  publishers,  and  of  the  cause 
in  which  they  ar«  engaged.  We  intend,  hereaf- 
ter, to  publish  an  extract  from  this  work  to  show- 
its  utility. 

Labor  saving  Machines  in  England,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  dense  population,  have  driven  many 
of  the  laboring  classes  to  desperation  and  starva- 
tion. 

In  America,  however,  no  fears  need  be  enter- 
tained of  people  starving  for  work,  if  there  should 
be  double  the  quantity  of  labor  saving  machines 
that  now  exist.  There  is  no  danger  of  any  being 
red  iced  to  distress  by  labor  saving  machines,  while 
aie  Canals  and  lake  vessels  continue  to  trans 
port  the  surplus  population  to  western  Ohio,  Mich 
igan  or  Indiana. 


MANDRAGORA  or  MANDRAKE. 
This  plant,  which  belongs  to  the  5th  Class 
Pentandria,  Order  Monogynia,  it  is  said,  grows 
wild  in  the  valley  'if  the  Genesee,  betwei  h  Avon 
and  Mount  Morris,  and  is  called  by  some,  Man- 
root,  (from  the  supposed  resemblance  which  the 
rool  bears  to  the  shape  of  a  child,  or  perhaps  from 
the  fabulous  tradition  of  its  uttering  gro 
perpetuated  by  Shakspeare,)  as  it  is  not  found  in 
the  immediate  oi  ighborhood  of  Rochester,  the  Ed- 
itor would  be  willing  to  give  a  reasonable  com- 
pensation to  any  one  who  would  forward  him  a 
plant  in  proper  order  for  setting  out, 


TRANSFER  VARNISH. 

This  is  a  new  article  for  the  purpose  of  transfer- 
ring prints  to  serap  tables  or  boxes,  and  will  be 
found  to  be  a  very  neat  and  convenient  article. 

Directions  for  using — having  your  ground  work 
hard  and  smo'  ith,  lay  on  a  coat  of  tins  varnish,  and 
when  nearly  dry,  while  it  remains  taking,  place 
on  the  print  10  be  transferred,  ink  downwards. — 
The  print  should  be  first  soaked,  and  then  cleared 
of  the  water;  on  the  surface  of  the  paper,  when 
properly  placed,  it  may  be  pressed,  or  rolled  down 
with  a  round  piece  of  wood,  and  the  paper  rubbed 
off,  with  a  wet  sponge  or  the  fingers. 

N.  B.  After  standing  '24  hours,  the  whole  should 
have  a  coat  of  white  copal  varnish. 

It  is  for  sale  by  D  Felt,  Stationer,  245  Pearl 
street,  sole  agent,  New- York. 

A   io  York  Market,  Oct.  8. 

Floir. — Flour  has  continued  to  sell  at  about 
previous  rates,  hut  withless  animation.  W 
Flour  is  in  more  request  than  other  descriptions, 
and  common  brands  of  Southern  most  neglected 
Scratched  Flour  and  every  description  of  mid- 
dlings are  scarce,  and  comparatively  high; — they 

vi  been  much  wanted  for  the  British  Pro< 
and  for  n  p  bread  foi  the  same  markets 

Rye  Flour  is  very  scarce,  at  an  advance.  Com 
Meal  in  good  demand,  particularly  in  barrels. — 
We  quote — 

New-York,supf.  brl  $5  56  ..  5  62;  Troy  do.563 
a  5  75;  Western  do.  5  81  a  6;  Ohio,  via  canal, 
:>  02  a  .">  68 ;  Phil  id<  Iphi  i,  5  87  ;  Baltimore,  city, 
5  62  a  j  75 ;  do  Howard-st  tS  12  a  6  35 


53"  Lieut.  Haynes,  of  the  Nay.  has  died  of  the 

yellow  fever  at  P<  c 


Vol.  1.— No.  41. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


32it 


THK  KRAKEN. 

This  sea  monster,  according  to  the  Norwegian 
accounts,  was  as  large  as  one  mile  in  circumfe- 
rence. It  was  one  immense  polypus;  had  arms 
or  feelers,  which  it  could  raise  as  high  as  the  mast 
of  a  ship.  It  was  dangerous  for  vessels  to 
pass  over  these  fish,  for  they  would  rise,  and 
with  their  arms  destroy  the  vessels ;  and  it  would 
be  as  fatal  for  vessels  to  be  in  their  vicinity,  be- 
cause, when  they  sank  down  to  trie  bottom,  when 
such  an  event  happened,  the  roaring  of  the  sea, 
and  the  lashing  of  the  waves  were  awful,  creating 
such  a  whirlpool  as  to  draw  down  every  thing 
with  it  to  destruction.  These  accounts  are  detailed 
at  large,  in  the  translations  of  the  Norwegian 
Hist.  Soc. 

In  1808,  a  monster  was  seen  on  the  coast  of 
Coll,  which  is  also  recorded  in  the  preceding*  of 
the  same  Munchuasen  work.  This  was  like  an 
immense  serpent,  70  or  80  feet  in  length ;  another 
thing  was  seen,  which  had  a  head  as  large  as  a 
small  boat,  and  an  eye  as  large  as  a  plate ! 

The  great  kraken  described  by  Pontoppidan,  is 
is  supposed  by  Dr  Leiber,  to  have  been  a  floating 
island.  The  serpent  described  by  McLean  might 
have  been  a  grandfalher  to  those  notable  sarpents, 
which  have  filled  New  England  with  gossip  for 
years. 

One  of  the  great  New  England  water  snakes,1 
was  caught,  and  it  proved  to  be  a  horse  mackerel, 
which  was  about  11  feet  long  ! 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  a  partial  believer  in  the  kraken 
He,  however,  did  not  believe  in  its  immense  size, 
but  that  i]  was  a  sul  stance  of  but  little  animation, 
of  the  polypus  genus. 


(From  the  Monthly  American  Journal  of  Geology 

and  natural  Science.) 
INFLUENCE  OF  CLIMATE  ON  THE  FRUITFUL- 
NESS  OF  PLANTS. 
(Concluded  from  pagi  317.) 
The  sallail  plants  are  in  like  manner  af- 
fected by  tl  e  cl:mate,  and  ghe  furthei  proofs 


of  cur  assumption.     Cabbages,  lettuces,  en- 
dive, celery,   spinage,    plants  whose    leaves  '  m  ss  and  richness  in  the  south 


will  grow  luxuriantly  in  the  south,  make 
much  foilage  and  wood,  with  but  little  pulp, 
and  that  unsavory.  The  kernel  in  one  seed- 
ed fruit,  seems  to  be  the  first  object  of  na- 
ture in  southern  climes :  that  becomes 
strong,  oily,  and  enlarged  ;  and  one  of  the 
peach  family  has  so  entirely  neglected  the 
pulp,  that  it  has  only  a  husky  matter  around 
the  kernel,  as  the  almond.  The  changea- 
bleness  of  the  weather  in  the  south,  in  the 
spiing  season  throws  plants  ,ff  their  guard  ; 
the  frosts  attendant  on  those  changes,  des- 
troy the  young  fruit;  and  it  is  only  once  in 
three  years  ihat  the  crop  hits  at  all.  The 
desiccated  or  dried  state  of  these  fruits  ena- 
bles us  to  enjoy  them  through  the  year;  but 
in  the  south,  iheir  acidity  carries  them  into 
fermentation  or  decomposition  before  they 
can  be  divested  of  their  aqueous  parts.  The 
climate  of  the  south  is  equally  against  con- 
vening them  into  cider,  oi  any  other  fer- 
mented liquor,  because  the  heat  forces  then 
compressed  juice  so  rapidly  into  an  active 
fermentation,  that  it  cannot  easily  be  check- 
ed until  it  passes  into  vinegar.  For  the 
same  reason  distillation  goes  on  badly  in  hot 
climates,  and  cannot  be  checked  long  e- 
nongh  at  the  proper  point  to  give  much  al- 
cohol ;  and  wnetlier  we  aim  to  enjoy  the  de- 
licious (ieslmess  of  these  fruits  themselves, 
sip  the  nectarine  of  their  juices,  refresh  our- 
selves witn  their  fermented  beveiage,  stimu- 
late our  hearts  with  their  brandies  and  cordi- 
als, or  feast  ihrougb  the  wintei  upon  the 
dried  or  preserved  stoics  of  their  fruits,  we 
are  continually  baulked  by  the  severity  of 
a  southern  climate,  and  for  such  enjoyment 
must  look  to  the  north. 

The  melons  are  always  affected  by  too 
great  a  degree  of  heat,  even  though  their 
vines  flourish  so  much  in  southern  latitudes. 
Tue  forcing  sun  hurries  them  on  to  maturi- 
ty before  they  have  attained  much  size,  or! 
acquired  that  rich  sacchaiine  and  aromatic 
flavor  for  winch  they  are  so  much  esteemed.  I 
The  cantelope  melon  will  rot,  or  have  its 
sides  baked  by  a  hot  sun,  befoie  it  is  fully 
formed;  and  the  watermelon  is  always 
woody,  dry,  and  devoid  oi  us  peculiar  sweet- 
Vines  have 


are  only  eaten,  to  protect  their  germs   from    been   known   to  run    100  feet,    and   bear  no 
cold,  (through  a  kind  of  instinct,  J  wrap  them  [melon,     li  is  in  Philadelphia  and  its  neigh 


up  in  leaves,  winch  form  heads,  and  render 
many  of  their  other  parts  tender  and  crisp 
for  use.  These  leaves,  thus  protected,  are 
not  only  tender,  but  more  nutritious,  because 
their  growth  has  been  slow  and  their  juices 
well  digested.  In  the  soutii,  Ja  relaxing  sun 
lays  open  the  very  buds  >>f  such  plants,  gives 
a  toughness  and  thinness  to  the  leaves,  and 
they  are  too  unsubstantial  for  animal  sup- 
port, because  of  such  quick  and  rapid  devel- 
opment. 

The  delicious  and  pulpy  fruits  are,  in  a 
still  more  striking  way,  illustrative  of  our 
principle.  The  peach  nectarine,  plum,  ap- 
ple, cherry,  currant, "gooseberry,  apricot,  and 
many  other  such  families  a  e  not  in  perfec- 
tion in  the  south.  It  is  in  Pennsylvania, 
Virginia,  Mai  viand.  Jersey,  and  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  that  we  enjoy  them,  although, 
originally,  they  came  from  place*  near  the 
tropics.  The  peach  ol  the  Carolinas  is  full 
of  larva,  gum,  and  knots,  and  too  stringy 
and  forced  to  be  juicy  and  flavored.  The 
apple  of  the  south  is  too  aceib  to  be  either 
eaten  or  preserved.  The  plums,  apricots, 
cherries,  currants,  gooseberries,  ke,  *ill  not 
even  mature  until  we  go  farther  north.  All 
the   trees  which  bear  these    delicious  fruits 


horhood,  and  in  similar  latitudes,  that  the 
markets  are  loaded  with  delicious  melons 
of  all  sorts,  whose  flavor  so  much  refreshes 
and  delights  us.  It  is  there,  near  their  north- 
ern limit,  ihat  we  cultivate  them  with  such 
uniform  success. 

The  orange,  strictly  a  tropical  plant,  is 
more  juicy,  large,  and  delicious,  at  St.  Au- 
gustine, (Florida,)  than  at  Havana;  and 
fruiterers,  in  order  to  recommend  an  orange, 
will  say  that  it  is  fiom  some  pis;  e  out  of  the 
tropics.  In  the  V\  est  Indies,  the  pulp  of 
the  orange  is  spongy,  badly  filled  with  juice, 
and  has  loo  much  of  a  forced  flavor  to  be 
pleasant.  The  hot  house  forcers  of  Europe, 
or  at  Rome,  anciently,  at  first  produced  bad 
fruit ;  too  dry,  too  small,  and  without  tl  ivor ; 
because  they  overacted.  They  have  lately 
found  out  that  fact,  and  now  the  productions 
of  the  hot  houses  of  London,  Paris,  k.c.  as- 
tonish and  delight  us  with  the  quantity  and 
excellence  of  the  fruit.  They  have  found 
out  that  gradual  and  uniform  heat  is  the  de- 
sideratum ;  countti  vailing  the  cold,  rathei 
than  imparting  much  heat.  Fruit  thus  pio- 
duced,  is  pronounced  better  than  any  grown 
in  the  natural  way,  however  perfect  the  cli- 
mate. 


The  juices  of  the  grape  are  best  matured 
for  wine  near  the  northern  limit  of  their 
growth.  On  the  Rhine  in  Hungary,  the 
sides  of  the  Alps,  and  in  other  elevated  and 
northern  situations,  the  wine  is  strongest, 
richest  and  most  esteemed.  The  French 
wines  rank  befoie  the  Spanish  and  Italian; 
and  in  no  southern  country  of  Europe  or  Af- 
rica, except  Madeira,  where  elevation  makes 
the  difference,  is  the  wine  in  much  repute. 
The  grapes  of  France  are  more  delicious  for 
the  table  than  those  of  Spain  or  Madeira.— 
In  the  Southern  part  of  the  United  States, 
the  excess  of  heat  and  moisture  blights  the 
grapes  to  such  an  extent,  that  all  attempts 
have  failed  in  its  cultivation.  The  grape 
vine,  however,  whether  wild  or  cultivated, 
grows  there  very  luxuriantly.  The  vinous 
fermentation  can  also  be  best  conducted  in  a 
climate  comparatively  cool;  and  all  the 
pressing,  fermenting,  and  distillation  of  the 
juice  of  this  delicate  fruit,  can  be  safer  and 
more  profitably  managed  in  a  milder  region. 

The  olive,  and  other  oleaginous  pants, 
yield  more  fruit,  of  a  richer  flavor,  and  can 
be  better  pressed,  and  the  oil  preserved  in  a 
mild  climate.  In  France,  the  tree  is  heal- 
thier, and  the  fruit  and  oil  better  than  in 
Spain  or  Italy  ;  and  the  Barbary  states  are 
known  to  import  their  oil  from  France  and 
i Italy. 

Many  other  plants  migh  be  named, whose 
habits  would  equally  support  our  position.— 
i  It  is  presumed,  however,  that  enough  has 
]  been  cited  to  call  the  attention  of  philoso- 
phy to  this  curious  subject  and  enable  us  to 
|  give  proper  attention  to  it.  in  all  the  practi- 
cal operations  of  agricultural  pursuit.— 
:  Much  time  and  expense  might  be  saved,  and 
profits  realized,  if  this  were  more  generally 
'understood. 

We  have  already  observed,  that  the  heat 
of  the  sun  in  southern  climes  forces  plants  to 
a  false  maturity,  runs  them  on  too  rapidly  to 
fructification,  and  renders  dry  and  woody  the 
culms,  stalks,  and  leaves  of  the  plants, 
where  these  parts  are  used.  Hence  the 
chaffiness  of  the  leaf,  tne  dryness  of  the 
culm,  the  lightness  ol  the  grain,  and  the  un- 
savory spongy  quality  of  the  pulp  of  tlu 
plants  in  those  latitudes.  Hence  the  diffi 
culty  of  fermenting  their  juices,  distilling 
their  essences,  and  preserving  for  use  the 
fruit,  juice,  or  blades  of  such  plants.  The 
prevalence  of  insects  is  another  bar  to  the 
pioduotiveness  of  southern  plants;  swarms  of 
them  invade  and  strip  the  leaves,  bore  the 
fruit,  and  lead  to  blight  and  decomposition  ; 
and  just  in  proportion  as  the  labors  of  man 
have  rendered  plants  succulent,  and  their 
fruits  and  seeds  sweef  and  pleasant,  do  these 
insects  multiply  on  them,  devour  their  crops, 
and  defeat  the  objects  of  husbandry. 

The  labor  of  man  too  is  more  conservative 
in  northern  climates,  because  his  arm  is  bet 
ter  nerved  for  exercise,  his  health  and  spirits 
more  buoyant;  and   instead  of  saying,  'go 
to  work.'  he  says,   'come  and  work;'  treads 
with  a  cheerful  heart  upon  his  own  soil,  and 
assists  in  the  cultivation,  collection  and  pre- 
servation of  his  own.     It  is  in  temperate  cli 
ma  es  that  man  can    be  most   familiar   with 
nature  ;  and  it  is  there  he  has  the  best  oppor 
tunities  of  observing  the   guarantees  which 
nature  has  for  the   preservation    of  her  am 
mals  and   plants  against  the  devastation  of 
the  elements;  he  sees  an  apparent  neglect  of 
individuals,  but  a  constant  parental  care  of 
races.     In  every  thing   he  sees  the  wisdom 
and  benevolence  of  God.  W 


34 


THF,  GENESEE   FAR3TEK 


October  15,  1831- 


COM.UUN  {CATIONS. 


FOR   THE   GENESE3    FARMER. 

SMALL  ANIMALS — PIGEONS. 

'Continued  from  png<»2s4.) 
It  is  proverbial  that  the  people  of  this  country 
re  an  active,  enterprising  and  vigorous  race,  and 
hough  superior  in  many  respects,  in  point  of  in- 
iiice,  to  most  other  nations;  they  are  yetso  ab- 
i    in  business,  and  the  amassing  of  wealth, 
hey  give  themselves  no  time  to  cultivate  ei- 
he  pleasures  or  luxuries  of  refined  life.    Thus 
hey  have  neglected  in  a  great   measure,  the 
■uents   and    gratifications    connected  with 
iculture,  Floriculture   and  Agriculture,  until 
aroused  to  action  by  the  exertions  of  comparative- 
s' w    individuals.     For  the  same  reason,  ma- 
ny of  your  readers   will  conclude  that  the  rearing 
of  Pigeons  is  a  trifling   and  puerile  business,  and 
unworthy  the  sober  consideration  of  men  of  sense ; 
but,  as  there  may  be  a  few  who  will  be  interested 
i  ir  description,  I  will  continue  the  subject. — 
111   my  last,  I    alluded   to  the   Common  Pigeon, 
Wood  Pigeon,  Tumbler,  Fan-t  ail,   and  Carrier. 
•  is  proceed  to  the 

Almond  or  Ermine  Tumbler. 
his  very  beautiful  and  valuable  species  derives 
origin  from   Common  Tumblers,  judiciously 
matched  so  as  to  sort  the  feather.     Some  of  these 
birds  are  so   magnificent  in  their  plumage,  that 
rump,  tail,  back  and  flight,  have  been  compa- 
red to  a  bed  of  the  finest  and  best  broken  tulips ; 
in  ire  variegated  they   are  in  the  flight  and 
specially  if  the  ground  be  yellow,  the  greater 
r  value.     To  be  perfect,  the  rump,  back  and 
■  t  must  be  variegated,  and  the  flight  notbarred. 
'       w  are  feathered  with  three  colors  only,  which 
compose  the  Ermine,  as  yellow,  white  and  black, 
but  these  are  scarce      Almond   Tumblers   never 
arrive  at  their  full  beauty  of  feather  till  they  have 
dted   several  times;  they   increase  in  beauty 
l     ry  year  until  the  decline  of  life,   when  they 
change  to  an  inferior  color. 

lany  fanciers  advise  the  matching  of  a  yellow, 

.lied  or  black,  with  an  almond,  to  heighten 

olorj  black  birds,  bred  from  Almonds,  aregen- 

.    illy  better  shaped  in  the  beak  and  head,  than 

Almonds  themselves,  and   the  tail  and  flight 

have  frequently  a  strong  glow  of  yellow.     The 

low  and    black  mottled  should  coincide    with 

Almond  Tumbler,   except  in  plumage;    the 

,r  irmer  should  have  a  yellow  body,  mottled   with 

white  and  a  black  flight  and  tail.     The  Almond 

umbler,  itself,  for  its  exceeding  beauty  of  featli- 

) ,  is  deemed  by  many  fanciers,  to  be  the   most 

itiful  and  valuable,  when  in  perfection,  of  all 

♦he  pigeon  tribe. 

The  Horseman. 
It  is  a  matter  of  dispute  whether  the  Horseman 
is  not  a  bastard  between  a  Tumbler  and  a  Carri- 
er, or  a  Pouter  and  Carrier,  and  these  bred  over 
mi  form  a  Carrier.  It  is  in  shape  and  make, 
very  like  the  Carrier,  only  less  in  all  its  propor- 
tions; its  body  is  smaller,  an  1  Us  neck  shorter; 
neither  is  there  so  much  luxe  iant  incrested  flesh 
upon  the  beak  and  round  the  eye. — Horsemen 
ire  of  various  colors,  but  th.  most  distinguished 
,ire  the  blue, and  the  blue  pud,  which  are  gener- 
ally the  bestbreeders.  When  young,  they  should 
;.  ■  regularly  made  to  fly  twice  a  day ;  and  as 
they  gain  strength,  must  be  let  loose  and  put  on 
the  wing  without  any  others   in  company.    In 


England,  they  are  chiefly  made  use  of  for  deci- 
ding bets,  or  conveying  letters,  as  the  genuine 
Curriers  arc  very  scarce. 

The  Dragoon. 

Dragoons  were  originally  bred  between  a  Tum- 
bler and  a  Horseman ;  by  frequently  matching 
them  with  a  Horseman,  they  will  acquire  great 
strength  and  agility.  The  Dragoon  is  lighter  and 
smaller  than  the  Horseman,  and  less  in  all  its 
properties.  One  of  its  principal  beauties  is  the 
straightness  of  the  top  of  its  skull,  and  that  of  its 
beak,  which  ought  almost  to  make  a  horizontal 
line  with  each  other.  The  Dragoon  is  said  to  be 
more  rapid  for  ten  or  twenty  miles  than  the  Horse- 
man, but  not  so  quick  on  a  long  flight. 
The  Pouter. 

According  to  the  rules  laid  down  by  the  fancy, 
the  Pouter  ought  to  measure  from  the  point  of  the 
beak  to  the  end  of  the  tail  eighteen  inches;  and  to 
have  a  fine  shape  and  a  hollow  back,  sloping  off 
taper  from  the  shoulders.  The  legs  from  the  toe 
nails  to  the  upper  joint  in  the  thigh,  should  meas- 
ure  seven  inches.  The  crop  ought  to  be  large  and 
circular  toward  the  beak,  rising  behind  the  neck, 
so  as  to  cover  and  mil  neatly  off  at  each  of  the 
bird's  shoulders. 

The  blue  pied,  black  pied,  red  pied  and  yellow 
pied,  are  the  most  esteemed  colors.  The  Pouter 
ought  to  be  pied,  as  follows;  the  front  of  the  crop 
should  be  white,  encircled  with  a  shining  green, 
interspersed  with  the  same  color  with  which  he  is 
pied ;  but  the  white  should  not  reach  to  the  back 
of  the  head,  for  then  he  is  ring-headed ;  there 
should  be  a  crescent  falling  under  the  chap  of  the 
same  color  with  which  he  is  pied.  The  head, 
back,  neck  and  tail,  should  be  uniform.  A  blue 
pied  should  have  black  bars  near  the  ends  of  both 
wings.  Where  the  pinion  of  the  wing  is  speck- 
led with  white  in  the  form  of  a  rose,  it  is  called  a 
rose-pinion,  and  is  highly  esteemed. 

They  should  not  be  naked  about  the  thighs,  no. 
spindle  legged ;  but  their  legs  and  thighs  ought  I 
be  stout,  straight  and  well  covered  with  white,  sofi 
downy  feathers. 

The  crop  of  the  Pouter  ought  to  be  filled  with 
wind,  so  as  to  show  its  full  extent,  with  ease  ami 
freedom.  It  is  a  very  great  fault,  when  a  bird  so 
overcharges  his  crop  with  wind  as  to  fall  back- 
wards; many  a  fine  bird  has  by  this  bad  habit, 
either  tumbled  into  the  street  or  down  a  chimney 
A  Pouter  should  play  erect,  and  have  a  fine  well 
spread  tail  which  must  not  touch  the  ground  nor 
sink  between  his  legs;  neither  should  he  rest  up- 
on his  rump,  which  is  a  great  fault  and  is  called 
ruinping.  He  ought  to  draw  his  wmgsclose  to  his 
body,  walk  almost  entirely  upon  his  toes,  and 
move  with  an  easy  majestic  air. 

The  Pouter  that  approaches  nearest  to  all 
these  properties  is  a  very  valuable  bird.  Some 
fanciers  in  England  have,  by  great  assiduity,  bred 
these  birds  so  near  the  standard  prescribed,  as  to 
sell  them  for  'JO  guineas  a  pair.  A  great  deal  of 
trouble  and  time  is  requisite  for  rearing  and  breed- 
ing these  birds,  as  they  are  such  unfeeling  nur- 
ses that  they  frequently  starve  their  young  ones 
to  death ;  so  that  good  fanciers  never  suffer  them 
to  hatch  their  own  eggs. 

The  Pouter  was  formerly  so  much  valued,  as 
to  monopolise  the  attention  of  the  farciers;  but 
since  Almond  Tumblers  are  brought  to  such  per- 
fection, the  Pouter  has  been  a  little  neglected. — 


This  bird  is  now  rearing  in  this  village,  principal* 
ly  of  the  red  pied. 

The  Dutch  Cropper, 

The  body  of  this  pigeon  is  thick,  clumsy  and 
short,  as  are  also  the  legs,  which  are  feathered 
down  to  the  feet;  they  have  a  large  pouch  or  bag. 
hanging  under  their  beak,  which  they  can  swell 
with  wind,  or  depress  at  pleasure.  They  arc 
more  addicted  to  gorge  than  any  other  pigeon,  es- 
pecially if  not  regularly  supplied  with  food. 
Parisian  Pouter. 

This  bird  was  originally  a  native  of  Paris ;  its 
body  and  legs  are  short;  it  has  generally  a  long, 
but  not  a  large  crop,  and  is  thick  in  girth.  It  is 
greatly  admired  for  its  plumage,  which  is  very  el- 
egant, every  feather  being  streaked  with  a  variety 

of  colors,  the  flight  excepted,  which   is  white. 

They  are  generally  what  is  called  gravel-eyed. 
The  Jacoeine. 

This  bird  when  good  is  very  scarce.  The  real 
Jacobine  or  Jack,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  is  a 
remarkably  small  pigeon ;  it  has  a  range  of  in  - 
verted  feathers  on  the  back  of  its  head  which 
turns  toward  the  neck  like  the  cap  or  cowl  of  a 
monk;  hence  its  name  of  Jacobine.  This  range 
is  called  the  hood,  and  the  more  compact  and  clo- 
ser it  grows,  to  the  head,  the  more  valuable  the 
bird ;  the  lower  part  of  it  is  called  the  chain,  and 
the  feathers  which  compose  it  should  be  long  and 
thick.  The  Jacobine  has  a  very  small  1 
short  spindle  beak  and  clear  pearl  eyes.  There 
are  yellow,  red,  blue,  black  and  pied  Jacobines ; 
the  yellow  birds  claim  the  preference.  This  bird 
is  also  now  owned  in  this  village,  and  is  of  the 
red  pied. 

The  Ruff. 

This  bird  has  been  frequently  sold  for  the  Jac- 
obine; but  the  Rufl'  has  a  larger  beak,  a  larger 
head,  and  is  altogether  a  larger  pigeon.  The 
ihain  does  not  flow  so  near  the  shoulders  of  its 
wings;  both  that  and  the  hood  are  longer,  but 
they  are  not  so  compact  as  those  of  the  Jacobine 


FOR    THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

Can  any  of  your  correspondents  stale  whether 
the  common  Eel  is  a  marine  animal  !  Ii  is  a  cur 
..nt  opinion  in  this  quarter,  that  it  cannot  live  a- 
bove  Niagara  Falls,  because  it  must  return  every 
,  ear  tn  the  ocean — that  it  exists  in  the  waters  of 
I  he  I  Ihio  because  there  is  no  obstruction  to  its  in  i 
intercourse  with  the  sea. 

I  know  of  only  one  place  in  Ohio,  where  the 
genuine  Trout  is  found.  This  is  about  twenty 
miles  from  Cleveland,  on  the  East  branch  of  till 
river  Chagrin,  in  tin  town  of  Kirtland.  They  are 
as  plentiful  thi  re  as  in  any  of  the  streams  of  New 
England.  This  is  a  hilly  township,  and  contains 
i!n     lushest  land  in  the  slate. 

The  fish  market  of  Cleveland  is  veil  supplied 
in  March  and  April.  We  have  there  the  Mu-  ,i 
lunge,  one  of  the  very  best  of  fishes,  pi  rhaps  QOl 
inferior  to  the  Shcapshead,  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
.mi,  lung  from  15  to  50  pounds;  the  pike,  two 
kinds  of  bass,  all  excellent;  the  mullet,  suckers. 
catfish,  and  others  of  less  value.  In  the  autumn 
we  have  the  White  fish  brought  to  us  fresh  from 
iMaumec  and  Detroit.  Many  thousand  barrels 
are  annually  put  up  and  sent  all  over  the  western 
country.  By  many  they  are  considered  but  little 
if  at  all  inferior  to  the  Eastern  Shad.     We  need 


Vol.  1.— No.  41. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


325 


a  scientific  and  practical  description  of  the  fish  of 
(lie  upper  lakes  by  a  competent  hand. 

Several  species  and  varieties  of  the  currant 
and  gooseberry  are  found  in  our  woods.  The 
gooseberry  is  abundant,  and  sometimes  large.  It 
is  not  improbable  that  by  cultivation,  it  might  be- 
come an  estimable  fruit.  Tin;  Captain  of  one  of 
our  Steamboats,  informs  me  that  he  has  seen  a 
\  ariety  upon  an  island  in  Lake  Huron  very  large, 
of  ;i  transparent  white,  and  delicious  flavor. 

Cleveland.    E.  Y. 

FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

In  one  of  the  last  numbers  of  the  New- York 
Farmer,  two  columns  are  filled  with  rejoinders 
from  my  old  Critic,  and  the  late  respectable  Editor 
of  that  paper. 

"I  guess,"  (for  he  still  wears  this  Harlequin 
costume,)  has  improved  in  his  manner;  and  it  is 
likely  that  he  would  prove,  on  better  acquaint- 
ance, a  decent  sort  of  a  man. 

He  complains  of  my  "  scepticism"  in  regard 
to  the  new  species  of  Polemtmium,  and  says  I. 
was  ashamed  to  own  my  mistake.  He  has  mis- 
judged. I  mistook  the  species  cultivated  in  Brit- 
ain for  tlie  whole  number  in  that  genus.  Profes- 
sor IAndley  shall  not  bear  the  blame  of  my  over 
sight;  neither  will  I  bear  the  charge  of  unfair  in- 
tentions. In  1818,  Nuttall  said — "This  genus 
appears  as  yet  to  contain  but  two  genuine  spe- 
cies;" and  in  1829,  IAndley  only  named  three  spe- 
cies cultivated  in  Britain.  In  1831,  "  I  guess"  (I 
wish  he  had  a  more  respectable  name)  said  there 
were  ten  species,  and  referred  for  his  authorities  to 
'!  London  Catalogues."  Now  it  so  happens  that  I 
feel  no  more  deference  for  London  nurserymen  and 
their  catalogues,  than  I  do  for  some  in  New- York, 
who  name  their  new  varieties  as  new  species.  I 
did  not  perceive  that  IAndley  had  indicated  twelve 
species  of  Polemonium  when  I  wrote  my  reply ; 
but  discovered  it  before  I  got  the  rejoinder.  Had 
he  named  Sweet's  Catalogue,  I  should  have  yield- 
ed, for  Sweet  is  high  authority.  With  permission, 
therefore,  I  will  take  back  all  that  I  have  said  res- 
pecting the  number  of  species  in  the  genus  Pole- 
monium. 

And  I  would  acknowledge  any  other  mistake 
with  equal  freedom,  if'  1  guess'  (this  name  is  too 
awkward  for  common  use)  could  discover  one ; 
but  throughout  the  whole  of  this  affair,  he  appears 
not  to  have  comprehended  the  intent  and  meaning 
of  my  criticisms  when  I  complained  of  vague  and 
indefinite  reports.  I  wanted  either  a  scientific 
name,  or  a  common  English  name  so  well  known 
that  one  plant  would  not  ba  mistaken  for  another. 
If  this  demand  was  unreasonable,  he  ought  to  have 
made  it  appear;  and  he  ought  also  to  have  shown 
tt.at  a  name  which  applies  as  well  to  twenty 
plants  as  to  one  plant,  was  sufficiently  precise  and 
appropriate.  Had  he  done  this,  he  might  have 
spared  much  paper. 

Of  the  Rose  Potentilla,  he  says — "It could  be 
no  other  kind  but  the  Potentilla  formosa,"  because 
it  is  the  only  one  of  Sweet's  100  species  that  is 
"rose  colored."  This  reason  might  pass  if  we 
could  rely  on  the  colors  designated  in  catalogues 
or  reports,  but  this  is  not  the  case.  In  the  cata- 
logue of  a  garden  of  great  celebrity,  Geranium 
maculatum  is  called  Blue  Geranium;  yet  no 
botanical  author  within  my  reach,  has  named  it  of 
such  a  color:  and  among  the  thousands  which  I 


have  seen  in  my  travels,  I  never  saw  a  blue  flower 
of  this  species.  My  critic  properly  translates 
atro  sanguinea,  dark  crimson ;  yet  this  is  not  its 
color  in  Thorium's  list,  but  scarlet,  and  in  IAnd- 
ley's  list  it  is  jiurplc.  Such  also  is  the  color  of  P. 
nepauknsis,  which  a  person  half  as  careless  as 
the  writer  of  that  report,  might  call  "  rose  co- 
lor." 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  Potentilla  formosa  is 
not  named  in  Lindley's  list  of  plants  cultivated  in 
Britain  in  1829;  neither  have  I  seen  the  name  in 
any  American  Catalogue;  yet  this  man  wishes 
me  to  believe  that  they  cultivate  it  at  the  Albany 
Nursery.  It  is  not  impossible;  but  surely  if  the 
worthy  proprietors  of  that  establishment  have  in- 
troduced it,  they  are  entitled  to  more  credit  than 
that  obscure  notice-,  and  even  this  fact  (if  fact  it. 
is)  will  prove  my  former  position,  viz:  that  such 
r.  ii  irts  are  too  carelessly  prepared. 

He  says  "  It  was   the  kind  they  said   it  was, 

1  tin-  fragrant  double  pink  Preony,'  P.  cdnlis  fra- 

2  runs,  no  other  hind  is  called  by  that  name." — 
Very  likely;  neither  is  any  kind  called  by  that 
name  by  IAndley,  Carr,  Prince  or  Thorbum. — 
P.  cdnlis  fragrans  appears  to  be  a  synonym  of 
P.  albifiora  fragrans.  Lindley  calls  it,  "rose 
scented" — Prince,  "Chinese  rose  scented,  deep 
crimson" —  Thorbum, "  fragrantchinese" — Carr,  \ 

Chinese  rose  scented."  My  critic  seems  willing 
that "  deep  crimson"  should  pass  for  a  "  pink"  co- 
lor, and  '  fragrant  double  pink  Pseony'  for  a  com- 
mon and  appropriate  name.  It  is  to  be  remem- 
bered, however,  that  neither  Professor  IAndley  in 
Europe,  nor  three  of  the  greatest  floriculturists  in 
America,  appear  to  know  any  thing  of  such  a 
name. 

I  objected  to  the  very  imperfect  notice  of  the 
Rensselaer  Pink;  and  all  that  has  been  said  about 
it,  proves  that  attempt  at  description  most  remarTi- 
ably  lame.  My  critic  could  not  explain  it  him- 
self; yet  he  continues  to  blame  me  about  that  fa- 
mous report,  which  I  never  saw  nor  heard  of,  till 
after  it  was  printed  and  mailed'.  It  was  unintel- 
ligible* whether  it  was  read  7*  inches  or  lifeet; 
but  7j  inches  is  more  entitled  to  belief;  yet  it  has 
been  the  business  of  this  man  to  abuse  me  for 
pointing  to  its  faults.  He  ought  to  have  seen  (for 
he  is  not  destitute  of  sense)  that  it  was  time  that 
some  bar  was  put  to  such  straggling  reports,  and 
he  ought  not  to  have  interfered  with  my  criti- 
cisms. 

The  "  double  red  and  white  queen  of  the  mea- 
dow" continues  to  disturb  him.  He  thinks  I  have 
no  cause  for  complaint  so  long  as  he  can  guess 
at  the  meaning  of  an  obscure  name.  I  would 
rather  have  one  proper  name  than  forty  of  his 
guesses.  Many  florists  have  neither  Sweet  nor 
IAndley  to  assist  their  conjectures;  and  1  object 
to  that  careless  system  in  toto  which  requires  any 
person  to  guess. 

He  still  thinks  "  Gtueen  of  the  meadow  or  mead- 
ow sweet  must  have  been  spircca  ulmaria."  To 
relieve  him  in  part,  he  may  call  the  white  queen  of 
the  meadow  by  that  name ;  but  what  will  he  do 
about  the  double  red  queen  of  the  meadow?  He 
ought  to  know  there  is  a  great  absurdity  in  linking 
plants  together  by  the  same  name  which  do  not 
belong  to  the  same  Natural  Order. 


*"  A  root !  of  the  double  pheasant  eye  pink,  7  1-2 
"feet  in  circumference!  actual  measurement!  upon 
"which  [root  !]  were  fifteen  hundred  fullblown 
"  flowers,"     New-York  Farmer,  vol.  4,  p.  108. 


He  has  misquoted  my  reference  to  Professor  Ea- 
ton, I  hope  inadvertently,  but  it  is  no  great  matter; 
and  he  objects  to  Eaton  and  Torrey's  "  strange 
way  of  naming  plants."  It  must  be  clear  to  eve- 
ry clear  headed  person,  however,  that  only  such 
English  names  as  are  generally  and  commonly 
known  in  this  country  ought  to  be  used ;  and  that 
names  only  familiar  to  the  readers  of  Sweet  are 
not  of  this  class.  On  this  ground  Eaton  and  Tor- 
rey  are  better  authorities  than  any  European  au- 
thor whatever;  and  if  my  old  critic  is  not  satisfied 
with  this  decision,  and  still  retains  his  vernacular 
partialities,  let  him  use  the   scientific  names. 

He  has  taken  a  singular  fancy  to  Veronica  spi- 
cata,  in  preference  to  any  other  kind  with  "blue 
spiked"  flowers.  He  has  given  no  reason  for  this 
predilection.  There  are  several  other  species 
with  "blue  spiked"  flowers,  cultivated  in  his  own 
neighborhood,  with  which  heoughtto  be  acquaint- 
ed, and  I  refer  him  in  particular  to"  Veronica  ans- 
tralis,  as  a  finer  plant,  continuingmuchlonger  in 
bloom  than  V.  spicata,  and  more  deserving  of  his 
admiration. 

I  have  now  met  him  (I  guess)  at  every  point, 
and  to  my  view  he  has  neither  understood  me,  nor 
the  subject.  His  epithets  of  "  harsh,  unfair,  ill 
natured,  and  petulant"  I  return  to  him, — but  I  for- 
give him  and  hope  for  his  better  behavior  infu - 
lore.  — 

The  Editor  of  the  New- York  Farmer  ought  to 
know  his  own  business;  but  what  business  he  had 
to  engage  in  this  controversy,  would  be  hard  to 
determine.  Perhaps  he  thought  trtob  against  one 
was  fair  play ;  or  perhaps  he  thought  his  assist- 
ance was  needed. 

To  say  that  he  haanot  substantiated  a.ny  charge 
against  me,  would  be  altogether  unnecessary,  for 
he  has  not  even  mode  any  specific  charge  against 
me.  Nothing  appears  from  his  showing  but  his 
own  uncomfortable  feelings. 

In  his  resentment  he  is  so  blind  and  undistin- 
guishing,  as  to  meet  with  insolence  the  mild  and 
conciliating  language  of  the  Editor  of  the  Gene- 
see Farmer.  He  had  better  close  his  old  accounts 
before  he  opens  a  new  controversy. 

He  may  soon  hear  from  me  again.  Q,. 

3j»The  account  of  the  Rensselaer  Horticultu- 
ral Society,  to  which  the  editor  of  the  New- York 
Farmer  alludes,  it  may  be  well  to  state,  in  an- 
swer to  his  gentlemanly  insinuations,  was  copied 
from  a  Troy  or  Lansinburgh  paper,  by  the  printer 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  editor  of  the  Gene- 
see Farmer,  and  was  not  discovered  by  the  editor 
in  season  to  correct  or  omit  it.  We  might,  if  we 
chose,  retaliate,  and  mention  the  number  of  errors 
in  as  many  lines  of  his  paper;  but  if  he  is  too  ob- 
stinate to  admit  the  good  effects  of  the  criticisms 
of  CI.  and  insists  that  his  columns  have  not  impro- 
ved of  late,  we  fear  that  any  thing  we  might  say 
would  only  tend  to  destroy  that  happy  "equi- 
poise" of  mind,  on  which  he  seems  to  pride  tiar.- 
si  If.  

§^»  In  the  progress  of  distilling  Pit.  Coal,>rat>_ 
the  gas  works,  Birmingham,  England,  it  wasdis-i 
covered,  that  there  is  an  illuminating  principle  in 
water,  which  combined  with  a  liquid,  obtained' 
from  the  coal,  a  gas  was  formed  possessing  a  su-' 
perior  illuminating  power,  and  which  can  be  af- 
forded fur  cheaper,  than  the  gas  procured  in  the 
ordinary  way. 


326 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  15,  1831. 


From  the   Watertown  Freeman. 

REPORT 

Of  the    Viewing   Committee  of  the  Jefferson 

county  Agricultural  Soi  iety. 

Statistical  information   on  the  subjects  of 

population,   soil,    productions,  climate,  &c. 

have  been  deemed   highly  important  by  the 

civilized    nations   of   ancient    and   modern 

times,    and  they   have   respectively  adapted 

various  methods  for  their  attainment. 

In  this  country,  its  importance  attracted 
the  early  attention  of  the  general  and  state 
governments.  Public  and  piivate  associa- 
tions, and  even  individual  liberality,  havecon- 
tributed  their  share  in  aid  of  this  object. — 
The  subjects  of  statistical  research  are  vari- 
ous, and  applicable  to  the  varied  pursuits  of 
a  great  community,  busv  in  the  attainment 
of  property,  in  all  its  ideal  and  tangible  modi- 
fications. To  the  fanner,  the  nature  of  the 
sod  of  the  country,  its  vegetable  productions, 
climate,  hydraulic  privileges  and  markets, 
are  most  immediately  important.  A  coun- 
try favored  in  these  respect-.,  attracts  his  pe- 
culiar attention.  The  extent  of  these  ad- 
vantages in  any  particular  section  of  coun- 
try, cannot  always  be  the  subject  of  indivi- 
dual examination,  and  every  county  owes  it  to 
itself  to  ascertain  them  correctly,  and  com- 
municate them  extensively.  To  affect  tins, 
though  hu'  partially,  was  a  favorite  object 
with  the  officers  of  the  society,  and  its  effi 
cieol  friends.  lie  annual  tour  through  the 
county  bv  a  viewing  committee,  was  adopt- 
ed ith  this  view.  They  were  to  award  the 
society's  premiums  on  farms  and  point  out 
individual  merit  where  due.  and  not  to  pass 
unnoticed  such  things  as  deserve  censure 
but  a  general  view  of  the  stale  of  the  conn 
ty,  and  its  progress  in  agricultural  improve 
mentis  deemed  indispensable. 

This  duty  has  this  year  devolved  upon 
the  subscribers  and  they  have  devoted  the 
necessary  time  and  attention  to  the  subject 

Partial  to  agricultural  pursuits,  and  holding 
in  high  estimation  the  character  of  the  Amei- 
ican  farmer,  they  hope  to  be  indulged  in  oc- 
casional remarks,   lauding  both. 

In  this  country  it  is  not  unusual  to  place 
agriculture  in  the  foreground,  and  to  say  of 
the  followers  of  the  plough,  that  their  valor 
won,  and  that  upon  their  integrity,  intelli- 
gence and  firmness  depend  the  permanency 
of  our  free  institutions. 

The  reminiscences  of  a  few  years  present 
the  country  now  designated  as  the  United 
States,  a  vast  wilderness,  and  that  wilderness 
subdued;  the  occupations  of  the  savage  sub- 
stituted for  that  of  civilized  life;  the  colonial 
state  exchanged  for  that  of  a  fiee  and  inde- 
pendent government;  and  the  fatigues  and 
hardships  of  the  pioneer  stale  followed  by 
the  ease  and  comfort  attendant  upon  the  most 
polished  society  of  the  ,dest  and  best  regu- 
lated communities.  The  same  recollections 
tell  us  that  in  the  -co  iplishmeni  of  these 
important  changes  the  I. one  and  muscle  of 
the  hardy  yeomen  were  eminently  useful 
Tillers  of  the  ground  strictly  embraced  the 
whole  civilized  population  of  this  country 
for  a  season,  and  the  high  character  of  an  in- 
dependent yeomaun  had  its  origin  in  the  per- 
severance and  collect  principles  of  our  puri- 
tanical fathers. 

The  latitude  of  Jefferson  county  is  as  high 
as  the  41th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  bv 
some  considered  objectionable  on  that  ac- 
count. Thine  is  however  one  remark  which 
we  think  of  some  importance  in  relation  tu 
this  subject,  and  which  we  believe  will  stand 


the  lest  of  experience,  viz:  That  the  culti- 
vated plants  yield  the  greatest  and  healthiest 
products  near  the  norlhermost  limits  in  which 
they  grow.  Let  us  take  our  own  case.  We 
raise  wheat  and  corn  in  abundance,  najF, 
they  may  be  said  to  be  staples.  Do  we  know 
or  hear  of  these  crops  raised  any  where  else 
that  weigh  more  to  the  bushel,  or  are  better 
than  our  own  ?  Look  at  the  prices  current 
in  our  market  towns.  Northern  wheat  and 
northern  corn  are  always  higher  than  south- 
ern. The  same  as  the  bulbous  roots,  and  in- 
deed the  whole  family  of  vegetables.  As  to 
the  glasses  they  are  the  favorites  of  a  fertile 
northern  valley  or  hill  ;  and  good  butter  and 
cheese,  and  even  mutton  and  beef,  are  al- 
most exclusively  northern.  In  the  language 
of  another,  "thelabor  of  man  too  is  more 
conservative  in  northern  climates,  because 
his  arm  is  better  nerved  for  exercise,  his 
health  and  spirits  more  buoyant ;  and  instead 
of  saying  "  go  to  work,"  he  says,  "  come 
and  work,"  treads  with  a  cheerful  heart  up- 
on his  own  soil,  and  assists  in  1  lie  cultivation 
collection  and  preservation  of  his  own.  It 
is  in  temperate  climates  that  man  can  be 
most  familiar  with  nature;  it  is  ihere  he  has 
the  best  opportunity  of  observing  the  guar 
antees  which  nature  has  for  the  preservation 
of  her  animals  and  plants  against  the  devas- 
tations of  the  elements  ;  he  sees  an  occa 
sionally  apparent  neglect  of  individuals,  bin 
a  paiental  care  of  races.  In  every  thing  he 
sees  the  wisdom  and  benevolence  of  God 

One  word  more  as  to  our  northern  posi 
lion.  It  is  said  by  some  we  have  too  lonu 
winters.  Those  of  us  who  have  resided  here 
twenty  and  thirty  years,  know  this  to  be  a,- 
objection  of  little  weight.  It  is  verv  seldom 
the  cold  is  .'xcessive,  and  then  only  for  a  fe*> 
days.  Our  snows  furnish  us  many  facilities 
in  our  intercourse  with  each  other,  and  with 
the  market  towns  of  the  country.  Tliev  are 
also  a  great  protector  to  the  winter  crops, air 
render  them  almost  a  certain  crop. 

We  also  think  our  waters  contribute  lo  the 
vigor  and  health  of  our  population,  beni_ 
excelled  by  no  part  of  the  U.  S.  in  these  tirM 
of  blessings. 

As   to  market,  our   northern  and  westei 
boundaries    are    Lake   Ontario   and  the   St 
Lawrence,  giving  us  a  water  communication, 
internal  and  foreign  without  limits. 

The  Black  River  of  Jefferson  county,  pass- 
ing nearly  central  through  it  east  and  west, 
has  not  its  superior  in  the  United  States  foi 
hydraulic  purposes.  Its  iron  bound  banks 
and  bed  furnish  facilities  and  security  of  rare 
occurrence.  The  falls  are  numerous,  and 
its  sources  are  inexhaustible.  Nnuiero 
grist  and  saw  mills,  extensive  cotton  and 
woolen  manufactories,  and  mechanic  labo 
of  every  kind,  facilitated  by  water  power,are 
Iready  in  full  and  successful  operation  or 
this  stream.  The  Indian  and  Perch  rivers 
the  Sandy  and  Sioney  creeks,  with  nume- 
rous smaller  streams,  intersect  our  county 
in  every  direction,  and  afford  extensive  con 
veniences  for  mills  and  other  manufacturing 
purposes,  affording  at  the  same  time  water 
to  the  many  farms  through  which  tliev  pass. 
A  e  may  say  without  hesitation,  that  our 
county  generally  is  well  watered 

As  to  our  soil,  we  have  ill  the  good  varie- 
ties which  exist  in  any  part  of  the  United 
St  ites.  The  limestone  very  generally  forms 
the  subsoil,  and  tends  greatly  to  enrich  the 
superincumbent  soil.  Building  materials  of 
all  kinds,  and  the  best  sort,  are  abundant, and 
within  the  reach  of  every  man. 


But  to  our  duty  in  awarding  the  society's 
premium-.  There  were  this  year  sixteen  ap- 
plicants for  the  premiums  on  farms.  The 
farms  were  located  in  Champion,  Rutland, 
Rodman.  Watertown,  Hotinsfield,  Painelia 
and  Brownville,  and  were  respectively  and 
particularly  examined  by  your  committee, 
with  reference  to  their  relative  merits.  We 
have  to  repeat  the  regret  so  often  expressed 
here,  that  the  farmersof  the  southern  part  of 
this  county  still  continue  their  indifference 
to  the  exertions  of  the  Society,  and  bv  not 
becoming  applicants,  deprived  the  commit- 
tee of  the  pleasure  of  visiting  that  part  of 
the  count  .  \\  e  regret  it  the  more,  as  we 
believe  an  account  of  their  farming  would 
add  to  the  present  fair  standing  of  our  coun- 

Our  printed  list  shows  there  are  six  premi- 
ums on  farms.  By  the  directions  of  the  ex- 
ecutive committee,  all  having  had  the  high- 
est or  first  premium  aie  excluded  from  being 
candidates  again;  those  who  have  had  the 
lesser  premiums  may  be  canditates  (or  the 
higher,  but  unless  the  committee  should 
think  them  entitled  to  a  hiaher  premium  than 
i bey  had  before,  they  are  excluded  also.  For 
instance,  any  farm  having  heretofore  had 
the  second  premium  may  be  a  candidate  for 
the  first,  but  if  others  who  may  apply  should 
be  considered  by  the  committee  as  superior 
to  it,  this  fatm  is  wholly  excluded,  as  it  can- 
not have  the  second  again,  nor  can  it  have  a 
lesser  premium.  This  rule  has  been  follow- 
ed hy  the  committee,  who  deem  it  a  very 
proper  one,  the  object  of  the  society  being 
to  encourage  a  continued  exertion  to  do  bet- 
ter. Some  of  the  committee  have  served  as 
Mich  before,  and  they  have  no  hesitation  in 
saying  that  there  is  a  visible,  substantial  im- 
provement in  the  farming  operations  of  this 
ounty  within  a  very  few  years.  The  mode 
•  if  tillage  is  greatly  bettered  :  cleanliness  is 
onsidered  as  indispensable  now,  and  the 
first  thing  our  good  farmers  tell  you,  and 
with  the  most  perfect  consciousness  of  its 
importance,  is.  I  have,  or  shall  soon  expel 
mshes  and  weeds  entirely  fiom  my  premi- 
ses. But  although  much  has  been  done  in 
his  respect,  all  acknowledge  the  necessity  ol 
doing  more.  Our  pathmasters  have  in  too 
many  cases  failed  to  comply  with  the  re- 
quirements of  ihe  statute,  and  the  bad  effi 
are  very  yisil  le.  It  is  a  new  provision,  and 
we  cannot  too  highly  receminend  a  compli- 
ance with  it. 

The  roller  is  getting  into  use,  and  is  spo- 
ken  of  in  the  highest  terms, confirming  the 
experience  of  those  who  have  used  it  for  a 
long  tune.  Fences  and  buildings  are  evi- 
dently better,  and  the  stone  and  red  cedar  in 
which  the  county  abounds  are  applied  to 
their  proper  use.  As  to  farming  tools,  all 
the  modern  improvements,  as  far  as  they 
have  been  found  practically  useful,  have 
been  introduced  here.  The  committee  can- 
not refiain  from  recommending  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  wheat  growing  fanner,  a  thresh- 
ing machine  in  use  at  Mr,  John  Collins'  in 
Watertown.  It  is  cheap,  not  complicated, 
and  does  good  work.  The  stock  of  the 
county  is  improving  rapidly,  the  most  impro- 
ved breeds  of  homed  cattle,  horses  and 
-beep  are  to  be  found  in  Jefferson  county. 

The  committee  cannot  too  much  commend 
the  public  spirit  of  the  gentlemen  who  have 
at  much  risk  and  expense  introduced  some 
of  the  best  stock  of  the  horse  bind  into  this 
county.  Nothing  can  more  certainly  add  to 
the  permanent  wealth  of  our  county 


Vol.  1.— No.  41. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


327 


Our  enterprising  farmers  have  ascertained 
the  value  of  a  good  name  in  the  great  mar- 
kets of  the  country,  and  they  are  determin- 
ed not  to  lose  it.  The  best  seed  is  sought 
for  and  procured ;  the  value  of  a  change  of 
seed,  as  well  as  the  seed  animals,  is  known 
and  practiced;  the  beneliis  of  rotation  and 
manure  are  realised.  The  labors  of  the  far- 
mer have  been  abundantly  rewarded  the  past 
season,  and  although  there  was  some  delay 
and  injury  from  wet  weather  during  the  sea- 
son of  harvest,  crops  generally  were  well  got 
ien.  The  wheat  crop  was  generally  good, 
the  same  as  to  peas  and  oats,  but  the  corn 
crop  exceeds  for  quality  and  quantity  any 
thing  ever  known  before  in  the  county. — 
Fruit,  such  as  applesaiid  plums  particularly, 
are  very  abundant,  and  of  the  best  varieties. 
We  also  saw  in  several  places  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  grape  introduced  by  Mr.  V.  Le 
Ray,  in  great  bearing,  and  nearly  ripe,  sam- 
ples of  which  were  promised  for  exhibition 
on  this  occasion  :  and  as  far  as  we  can  hear, 
they  will  compete  with  those  of  the  most  fa- 
vored climes 

We  saw  a  few  very  fine  pieces  of  hemp,  in- 
dicating  beyond  doubt  its  adiptedness  ">our 
soil.  In  relation  to  the  use  of  spiri  o  s  li- 
quors in  the  performance  of  the  various  la- 
bor pertaining  to  the  management  of  a  farm, 
there  was  but  one  opinion  as  far  as  we  could 
learn,  and  that  was  that  they  were  worse 
than  useless.  The  uniform  civility  and  wel- 
come received  during  their  tour  was  extreme- 
ly gratifying.  The  bestowers  have  our  best 
acknowledgements. 

A  very  brief  description  of  the  farms  to 
which  we  have  awarded  the  Society's  pre- 
miums,  will  close  this  report 

The  farm  to  which  we  awarded  the  first 
premium  contains  one  hundred  and  sixty-six 
acres  of  land,  of  winch  one  hundred  and 
twenty  are  under  improvement.  The  farm 
has  been  in  the  possession  of  the  pro  ent  oc 
cupant  twenty-five  years — has  6oi  tods  of 
whole  and  half  wall,  and  241  rods  of  red  ce- 
dar posts  and  board  fence.  The  farm  is  sub- 
divided into  lots  of  generally  ten  acres  each 
— is  appropriated  to  the  raising  of  grass  and 
grain,  being  well  adapted  to  either.  The 
land  in  Ullage  is  well  managed  and  very  free 
from  weeds.  There  is  sufficient  orcharding 
on  the  farm,  and  the  fruit  of  the  choicest 
kind.  The  buildings  are  convenient  and 
suitable  for  a  farmer.  Kvery  thing  on  this 
farm  is  done  in  the  be<t  manner,  and  its 
general  appearance  would  do  credit  to  the 
oldest  and  best  farming  towns  in  the  slate. 

The  farm  to  which  we  awarded  the  second 
premium,  contains  about  one  hundred  and 
ten  acres,  sixty  five  of"  which  are  in  a  high 
stale  of  improvement.  The  present  occu- 
pant has  been  in  possession  of  the  premises 
about  twenty-two  years.  There  is  some 
whole  and  some  half  wall,  well  built;  but 
the  principal  fencing  on  this  farm  is  with 
red  cedar  posts  and  board  fence.  Where 
rails  are  used,  they  are  black  oak,  split. — 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  cleanliness,  and  the 
proper  preparation  of  the  tillable  land  for 
crops  is  conspicuous.  The  buildings  are  of 
of  substantial  materials,  convenient  and  well 
constructed.  The  orcharding  is  extensive, 
there  being  about  four  hundred  bearing  ap- 
ple trees  on  the  farm,  of  which  there  are  100 
different  varieties. 

The  third  premium  was  awarded  to  a  farm 
devoted  principally  to  grazing — has  been  in 
possession  of  the  present  occupant  something 
like  thirty   years.     There   are  160  acres  of 


land  in  this  farm,  a  suitable  share  under  im- 
provement. There  is  about  a  mile  of  whole 
wall  on  this  farm,  and  the  same  quanttiy  of 
half  wall,  all  of  the  best  kind.  The  half 
wa  1  is  staked  with  red  cedar  stakes,  the  rail 
fence  the  same,  no  other  but  red  cedar  stakes 
being  used  on  the  farm.  There  are  about 
fifteen  gates  hung  on  stone  posts,  and  shut- 
ting against  the  same.  There  is  a  sufficien- 
cy of  orcharding  on  the  farm,  and  it  is  well 
accommodated  with  water,  carried  in  cedar 
logs.  Bushes  and  weeds  have  no  abiding 
place  here. 

The  fourth  fifth  and  sixth  premiums  were 
awarded  tu  farms  which  had  been  in  possess- 
ion of  the  present  occupaats  for  quite  a  length 
of  time.  They  are  all  three  what  we  call 
grazing  farms,  though  they  all  occasionally 
raise  good  wheat.  There  was  a  very  hand- 
some fallow  on  No.  5,  prepared  in  the  best 
order.  No.  4  had  a  good  proportion  of  half 
wall,  and  cedar  post  and  board  fence  on  the 
others.  All  these  farms  were  remarkably 
clean,  and  free  from  bushes.  Indeed,  the 
owners  as  well  as  the  committee  considered 
this  as  essential  to  the  receiving  or  giving  of 
a  premium. 

The  committee  would  do  injustice  to  the 
owners  of  the  farms  to  whom  no  premiums 
have  been  awarded,  as  well  as  their  own  feel- 
ings, were  they  not  thus  publicly  to  testify 
their  high  opinion  of  their  merits  as  good 
farmers.  The  committee  thought  others  had 
done  a  little  better,  and  their  duty  as  well  as 
inclination  compelled  them  to  prefe.rthe  best. 
We  hope  defeat  will  only  stimulate  to  greater 
exertions,  and  that  another  year  will  find  the 
'anquished  victors,  in  the  laudable  competi- 
tion for  the  best  farm. 

Joel  A.  Matteson  for  the  first  farm  in  the 
county  #16 

Hart  Massey  second  best,  do.  14 

David  Hale  third  best  do.  12 

Asa  Uarlee  fourth  best,  do.  10 

*sa  Cooley  fifth  best,  do.  8 

Anson  Smith  sixth  best,  do.  6 

Egbert  Ten  Etck, 
DoraStus  Wait, 

WlLLARD  AlNSWORTH, 

Edward  S.  Masskt, 

Viewing  Committee, 

MANUFACTURING. 

It  nas  been  frequently  urged  against  the  manu- 
facturing interest  being  extended  in  diis  country  ; 
because,  the  operation  favored  the  growth  of  aris- 
tocracy ;  that  it  rendered  a  great  many  individu- 
als dependent  on  the  proprietors  of  some  great 
manufacturing  establishments,  by  reason  of  which 
circumstance,  the  Lords  of  the  Factories  could 
command  the  suffrage  of  their  operatives.  How 
that  may  be,  where  whole  villages  may  be  depen- 
dent on  then-  employers,  we  will  not  venture  to 
say  •  we,  however,  have  never  wiuiessed  any  re- 
straint on  persons  voting  at  elections  who  were 
employed  in  factories.  But,  there  is  one  impor- 
tant item  in  favor  of  these  establishments ;  they 
reduce  the  price  of  clothing  for  the  poor,  and  give 
employment  to  hundreds  of  children,  who  might 
otherwise  be  ranging  the  streets,  begging  or  pil- 
fering ;  both  of  which  vices  are  synonymous,  when 
considered  in  reference  to  forming  a  character. 

A  fact  is  mentioned  in  a  Portsmouth  paper  il- 
lustrative of  our  subject. 

"  About  eight  years  ago  a  poor  woman 
of  this  town  was  left  a  widow  with  five 
young  children  to  provide  for.      Her  hus- 


band was  a  sailor  and  lost  in  a  severe 
storm  at  sea.  The  woman  was  honest  and 
industrious,  and  at  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, t^he  tried  to  maintain  herself  and 
family  by  making  molasses  candy,  carry- 
ing it  about  the  streets  and  selling  it.  In 
this  business  the  two  oldest  children  assis- 
ted her.  They  were  seen  at  all  seasons, 
going  from  house  to  house,  poorly  clad  and 
as  poorly  fed.  At  length  the  woman  was 
compelled  to  throw  herself  upon  the  chari- 
ties of  the  benevolent,  from  whom  she  re- 
ceived considerable  relief.  Her  condition 
I  was  also  made  known  to  the  overseers  of 
the  poor,  who  took  care  of  her  and 
her  children  for  several  months.  About 
this  time  a  woollen  factory  was  erected  in 
the  neighboring  town,  and  put  into  suc- 
cessful operation.  The  proprietors  ad- 
vertised for  help  ;  and  this  woman  and  all 
her  children  were  engaged  as  operatives, 
and  for  the  last  three  years  they  have  re- 
ceived an  annual  income  of  three  hundred 
dollars,  cash.  This  is  only  one  instance 
among  hundreds  of  the  kind  that  might  be 
named.  'Ahat  is  the  effect  then  of  our 
manufacturing  establishments  upon  the 
poor ! 

In  cotton  and  woollen  establishments,  paper 
making,  and  type  founding,  die  employment  of 
females  (and  a  good  proportion  of  them  of  that 
age  when  they  are  not  qualified  for  any  other 
business,)  gives  a  respectable  support  to  many 
families,  and  in  some  instances  the  accumulation 
of  comfortable  fortunes,  are  required  in  this  way 


GRAPE   VIN    6'. 

1  %  '^  if  i&  *-^rape  vines  of  choicest  va- 
q  '  "■  \6?F  rieties  both  of  Americ  m 
and  European  for  sale  in  fine  condition  and  at 
reasonable  prices  by  the  Editor.  Persons  wishing 
to  plant  either  for  the  table  or  vineyards  can  be 
supplied.  Orders  directed  to  this  office  post  paid 
will  be  attended  to.  Also  a  general  assortment  of 
peach,  plum,  apple  and  other  fruit  trees, 
oct  15 

TO  EDITORS  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

A  Gentleman,  residing  in  the  country, prac- 
tically engaged  in  husbandly  and  having 
some  know  le.lge  of  science,  literature  and 
politics,  wishes  to  engage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodical  Works,  in  supplying  ar- 
ticles and  papers  for  the  public  press.  He 
has  been  for  many  years,  a  pretty  liberal  con- 
tributor, but  always  voluntary  and  gratui- 
tous, in  which  he  has  probably  done  his  part 

STATE  OF~NEW^YORK7j  Albany  Sept.  1st 
Secretary's  Office.         )  1831. 

Sir — I  hereby  give  you  notice,  that  at  the  next 
General  Election,  to  be  holden  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  November  next,  and  the  two  succeeding 
days,  a  Senator  is  to  be  chosen  in  the  eighth  sen- 
ate district,  in  the  place  of  Timothy  H  i  orter. 
whose  term  of  service  will  expire  on  the  last  day 
of  December  next. 

A.  C.  FLAGG.  Secretary  of  Stale. 
To  the  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Monroe. 

N.  B.  Members  of  Assembly,  Sheriff  and 
Clerk,  are  alsc  to  be  chosen  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion. 

3t3r  Proprietors  of  the  different  public  newspa- 
pers in  this  eounty,  will  please  to  publish  this  no- 
tice once  in  each  week,  ntil  after  the  Election, 
and  forward  their  bills  to  the  undersigned. 

.    K.  LIVINGSTON,  Sheriff. 

Rochester,  Sept.  20th,  1831. sr-pt  .  1 

TWO  new    Canal  Boats  of  the  first  class  for 
sale  by 


P.  &,  S.  ALLEN. 


328 


THE  GENkSEE  FARMER 


October  15,  1831. 


A  piece  of  paper,  containing  the  following  lines. 
written  with  a  pencil,  was  found  at  some  distance 
from  Mount  Auburn.  It  would  appear  that  the 
writer  was  present  during  the  recent  Consecration 
of  the  Cemetry  at  that  place.  Taking  into  view 
the  object  of  the  celebration  at  such  a  spot,  there 
seems  to  be  much  appropriateness  in  the  allusion  to 
the  two  gardens — that  which  Adam  was  appoint- 
ed to  "  dress  and  keep,"  and  that  in  which  '  'hrist 
was  buried.  We  have  taken  the  liberty  of  giving 
them  a  place  in  our  paper — [Boston  Transcript. 

CONSECRATION  HYMN. 

•'  There  was  a  garden,  and  in  the  garden  a  new 
scpuluhre." 
What  myriads  throng,  in  proud  array, 

With  songs  of  joy,  and  flags  unfurl'd, 
To  consecrate  the  glorious  day, 

That  gave  a  nation  to  the  world. 
We  raise  no  shout,  no  trumpet  sound, 

No  banner  to  the.  breeze  we  spread  : 
Children  of  clay  !   bend  humbly  round  ; 

We  plant  a  City  to  the  Dead. 
For  man  a  garden  rose  in  bloom, 

When  yon  glad  sun  began  to  burn  ; 
He  fell — and  heard  the  awful  doom— 

"  Of  dust  thou  art — to  dust  return !" 
But  He,  in  whose  pure  faith  we  come, 

Who  in  a  sadder  garden  lay, 
Assured  us  of  a  brighter  home, 

And  rose,  and  led  the  glorious  way. 

His  word  we  trust !  When  life  shall  end, 
Here  be  our  long,  long  slumber  passed : 

To  the  first  garden's  doom  we  bend, 
And  bless  the  promise  of  the  last. 


last  week  at  Anclover,  Mass.  a  team  of 
one  hundred  and,  fifty  pairs  of  working  ox- 
en paraded  the  streets  and  marched  and 
countermarched  with  as  much  precision  as 
well  disciplined  troops. — Alb.  Argus. 


Horticulture. — On  the  score  of  orna- 
ment, horticulture  recommends  itself  to  all 
persons  of  taste  and  lovers  of  beauty. 

"Nothing,"  says  Dr.  Lacey,  in  his  dis- 
course pronounced  at  the  late  exhibition  of 
the  Albany  Horticultural  Society,  ''cer- 
tainly, contributes  more  to  rural  ornament, 
than  the  tasteful  disposition  of  trees.  Ar- 
chitecture, painting,  statuary,  and  all  the 
fine  arts,  are  infinitely  less  beautiful  than 
rich  and  variegated  foilage,  tangled  and 
luxuriant  thickets,  decorated  lawns,and  ex- 
tensive avenues.  These,  in  the  absence 
of  artificial  embellishments,  will  not  fail  to 
be  satisfactory  ;  but  for  the  want  of  them 
nothing  can  atone.  A  residence  without 
trees,  in  defiance  of  every  other  ornament, 
presents  a  cheerless  and  barren  aspect. — 
Were  the  most  attractive  places  of  which 
the  world  boasts,  divested  of  their  umbra- 
geous beauty,  they  would  instantly  cease 
to  delight  Instead  of  the  enchantment 
and  witchery  they  now  possess,  they  would 
be  uninteresting,  if  not  repulsive.  The 
Battery,  the  Boulevards,  and  the  classic 
cities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  are  vastly 
indebted  for  their  magnificence  to  the  ven- 
erable trees  with  which  they  are  adorned 

Speaking  of  the  most  attractive  parts  of  Pa- 
ris, says  a  fine  writer,  their  beauty  is  much 
heightened  by  the  detached  villas  and  pal- 
aces they  contain,  surrounded  with  gard- 
ens, in  wich  the  Ulac,  the  laburnum,  the  ac- 
acia, and  other  ornamental  trees,  at*  most 
conspicuous." 

A  Strong  Team. — At  the  agricultura 
Exhibition  and  cattle  show  which  took  place 


Tlie  Royal  Printing  Office  at  Paris. — 
According  to  the  last  inventory  that  has 
been  pu'uli.-hed  of  this  establishment,  it 
contains  the  types  of  lifty-six.  Ibiints  of  o- 
nental  characters,  which  comprehend  all! 
the  known  alphabets  of  the  nations  of  A- 
sia,  ancient  as  well  as  modem.  There  i 
are  sixteen  alphabets  of  dnferent  Europe- 
an nations  who  do  not  employ  the  Roman 
characters,  and  of  these  latter  the  estab- 
hshment  possesses  lorty-six  complete; 
founts  of  various  forms  and  dimensions. 
All  these  founts  weigh  at  least  828,000 
pounds  ;  and  as  an  octavo  page  weighs  a- 
bout  six  pounds  ten  ounces,  the  Royal 
Printing  Office  contains  types  sufficient  to 
compose,  without  distribution,  125,000  pa- 
ges, or  7800  octavo  sheets,  which,  at  thir- 
ty sheets  per  volume,  would  make  260  vol- 
umes. There  are  in  actual  employment 
one  hundred  and  fourteen  hand-pres  ol 
the  old  construction  for  all  sizes  of  paper  ; 
six  hand-presses  with  different  new  improv- 
ments ;  five  mechanical  presses  which 
work  the  sheet  on  both  sides  at  the  same 
time  ;  and  one  which  works  two  sheets  on 
both  sides,  also  at  once  :  these  six  me- 
chanical presses  are  all  moved  by  a  single 
steam  engine.  A  hand  press  is  capable  of 
printing  three  thousand  >heets  on  one  side, 
or  two  presses  3000  sheets  on  both  sides 
in  a  day  ;  and  every  mechanical  press  be- 
ing able  to  print  about  14,000  sheets  daily 
on  both  sides;  the  Royal  Printing  office  is 
capable  of  working  oil' ma  single  day  2  78.- 
(Kio  sheets,  or  556  reams  of  paper,  which 
is  equivalent  to  9266  volumes  in  8vo.  of 
thirty  sheets  each.  rl  he  immense  means 
thus  possessed  by  this  establishment  ena- 
bles it  to  keep  up,  ready  composed,  about 
5000  forms  of  the  impression  required  by 
the  different  government  boards,  and  there- 
by secures  a  vast  economy  both  of  tune 
and  expense.  These  means  of  execution 
are  supported  by  a  foundery,  which  in- 
cludes the  striking  of  matrices,  the  casting 
of  types,  stereotyping,  &c.  Six  furna- 
ces provide  employment  for  forty  work- 
men, independent  of  the  stereotyping,  the 
perfection  of  which  is  so  great  as  to  cast 
in  a  single  plate  the  largest  form.  The  es- 
tablishment possesses,  besides,  vast  ware- 
rooms  and  workshops  for  drying,  pressing, 
ruling,  folding,  stitching,  boarding,  and 
binding  of  the  books  and  registers.  The 
consumption  of  paper  at  the  Koyal  Print- 
ing Office  in  a  single  year  amounts  at  an 
average,  to  from  eighty  to  one  hundred 
thousand  reams  ;  or  from  two  hundred  and 
sixty-one  to  three  hundred  and  twenty-six 
reams  per  day,  which  are  printed  for  the 
use  of  the  several  boards.  The  number 
of  workmen  employed  regularly  is  from 
three  hundred  and  fifty  to  four  hundred  and 
fifty. 


Origin  of  Newspapers. — After  the  de- 
feat of  the  Spanish  Umada,  intended  by 
Philip  II.  of  Spain  for  the  invasion  of 
England,  great  interest  being  excited  in 
every  class,  which  gave  rise  to  a  very  im- 
portant invention,  that  of  newspapers. — 
Previous  to  this  period,  all  articles  of  intel- 
ligence had  been  circulated  in  manuscript, 
and  all  ..ohtical  remarks  which  the  govern- 
ment found  itself  interested  in  addressing 
the  people,  had  issued  in  the  shape  of  pam- 
phl  its.  lint  the  peculiar  convenience  at 
such  a  juncture,  of  uniting  these  two  ob- 
jects, in  a  periodical  publication,  becoming 
obvious  to  the  ministry,  there  appeared 
some  time  in  the  month  of  April,  158&,  the 
first  number  of  the  English  Mercury,  a 
paper  resembling  the  present  English  Ga- 
zette,  which  must  nave  come  out  almost 
daily,  since  Xo.  50,  the  earliest  specimen 
of  the  work  now  extant,  is  dated  July  23d 
of  the  same  year.  This  intere>ting  arti- 
cle is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

A  new  Coffee-pot  has  been  invented  iii 
Paris,  by  .which  the  coffee  is  made  without 
evaporation,  the  lamp  extinguishes  itself  as 
soon  as  the  coffee  is  made,thc  water  comes 
down  on  the  coffee,  of  its  own  accord,  in  a 
boiling  state,  which  retains  in  the  coffee 
the  whole  of  its  aroma  ;  and  in  addition  to 
this,  judging  by  the  prints  of  the  vessel, 
which  we  have  seen,  it  makes  a  very  hand- 
some ornament. 


A  large  Apple. —  We  have  been  shown 
a  very  large  Apple,  which  weighed  23  oun- 
ces and  measured  15  1-2  inches  in  circum- 
ference The  Apple  appeared  t.  be  per- 
fectly  sound,  and  was  of  the  kind  called 
Po  md-Sweeting.  It  was  from  the  farm  of 
Mr.  George  T.  Wager,  of  Brunswick,  in 
this  county. — Toy  Sentinel. 

Cashmere  Shawls. — A  lino  ci  shmi  > 
shawl  tills  a  loom  for  a  whole  year.  It  is 
not  customary  in  India  to  wash  a  cashmere 
shawl  after  it  comes  Irom  the  loom. 


Mental  and  Personal  Qualifications  of  a 
good    Wife. —  Great  .  and  a 

prudent  generosity — a  lively  look,  a  prop- 
er spirit  and  a  cheerful  disposition.  A 
good  person  moderate  height,  but  notper- 
fectly  beautiful.  Young  by  ;dl  means — 
old  by  no  means.  A  decent  share  of  com- 
mon sense,  and  a  small  modicum  of  wit — 
but  no  learning — no  learning  (either  an- 
cient or  modern).  Well,  but  not  critically 
skilled  in  her  own  tongue.  A  proper  knowl- 
edge of  accounts  and  arithmetic.  Not 
always  in  the  parlor  but  sometimes  in  the 
kitchen.  Ready  at  her  nce.llo,  but  more 
devoted  to  plain  work  than  to  fine.  Fon- 
der of  country  dances  than  ipiad-ille  or 
waltzing.  Decently  but  not  affectedly  si- 
lent. 

*rjp  The  Governor  of  Gaudaloupe,  has  given 
permission  that  3000  barrels  of  Com  Meal  may 
lie  imported  into  thai  Island  from  America,  at  a  du- 
ty of  '2  francs  per  bbl.,  in  consequence  of  the  dam- 
age done  the  crops  by  the  August  Hurries 


wzsm  nmwmmm 


TOLIME  1. 


ROCHESTER.OtTOBE'     22,    1831. 


M'MBfcF   42. 


PUBLISHED  BY  t.  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

<t  Hie  .)ra<--e  rtf  ,lic  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms—  $'J, 50  por  annum,  or 

$2.00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOOUSEI.L,  ELI1TOR. 


ON   KEEPING  ACCOUNTS. 

There  is  not  a  country  in  the  world  where 
there  is  such  a  neglect  of  keeping  accounts,  of 
common  business,  as  in  America ;  and  we  believe 
that  farmers  are  more  remiss  in  this  than  any  oth- 
er class  of  our  citizens.  When  we  take  into  con- 
sideration the  nature  and  amount  of  their  busi- 
ness, we  would  suppose  that  they,  of  all  people 
in  the  world,  should  he  most  particular  in  their  ac- 
counts. Every  farmer  will  declare  that  his  inten- 
tions are  io  pursue  that  course  of  Agriculture, 
wluch  will  give  him  the  greatest  profit  from  a  giv- 
en capital ;  and  vet,  how  few  farmers  could  tell 
if  inquired  of,  whl'  h  of  their  crops,  or  what  par- 
ticular course  of  cropping  had  done  this  t  To  ar- 
rive at  this  point  with  accuracy,  it  is  easy  to  per- 
ceive that  from  thf  very  complicated  nature  of  the 
business,  the  accounts  of  the  fanner  should  be 
kept  with  as  much  accuracy,  as  those  of  a  Bank- 
er or  Mechanic.  Were  we  to  ask  those  who 
bring  wheat  to  market,  what  was  the  actual  cost 
of  it  per  bushel,  how  few  would  be  able  to  answer 
the  question ;  and  yet  we  hear  the  declaration  dai- 
ly, "  My  wheat  has  cost  me  so  much  per  bushel, 
and  unless  I  can  get  that  I  will  carry  it  home  *- 
gain;"  when  t  n  to  one,  if  he  could  tell  v  hether 
his  wheat  actually  cost  him  thirty  cents  or  ninety 
cents  per  bushel.  A  Mechanic  who  values  his 
labor  at  one  dollar  and  a  half  per  day.  with  per- 
haps an  apprentice  whose  labor  he  values  at  se- 
venty-five cents  annually,  in  all  to  about  seven 
hunured  dollars  a  year,  must  have  his  account 
book  in  order ;  for  who  would  employ  one  who 
did  not  so  keep  them ;  and  yet,  the  farmer  with 
a  capital  in  land  and  stock,  of  from  three  to  ten 
thousand  dollars,  with  himself  and  one,  two,  or 
three  laborers,  is  often  found  without  any  tiling 
which  he  pretends  to  call  a  book  of  accounts. 

The  merchant  buys  an  article  for  a  certain  sum 
to  this  he  adds  a  living  profit,  and  unless  the  far- 
mer will  give  him  his  price  he  will  not  sell  him 
the  article.  The  farmer  who  does  not  keep  any 
account  of  the  cost  of  his  crops  or  the  produce  of 
his  farm  goes  into  the  market  in  an  awkward  sit- 
uation ;  he  has  his  produce  but  does  not  know 
wlka  he  should  ask  for  it  in  order  that  he  may 
realize  a  profit  and  is  only  governed  by  the  price 
which  is  paid  others.  It  is  true  that  some  articles 
produced  from  the  farm,  are  perishable,  and  must 
be  disposed  of;  but  this  will  only  apply  to  a  small 
part,  as  his  wheat,  rye,  corn  or  oats  will  keep  in 
in  Ins  bin,  and  his  pork  in  the  barrel,  over  the 
year,  without  receiving  any  material  injury  ;  and 
surely,  when  any  article  from  the  farm  will  not 
command  in  the  market  what  it  cost,  it  is  better  to 
stop  raising  it  and  keep  what  you  have  got,  if  ne- 
cessary for  your  own  use,  than  to  be  raising  and 
selling  it  at  a  loss.  By  keeping  an  account  with 
each  particular  crop,  the  farmer  will  be  enabled 
at  once,  to  see  which  crop  is  the  most  profitable, 
and  to  direct  his  attention  to  it,  and  by  the  footing 
of  his  general  accounts,  he  will  find  whether  he  is 
gaining  or  losing  by  his  business,  and  how  much. 


It  was  long  a  maxim  with  the  Italians,  "  that  it 
person  who  did  not  keep  a  fair  book  vf  accounts 
was  not  to  be  trusted;"  and  the  Dutch  say  that 
"  no  person  was  ever  minei  who  kept  "nod  ac- 
counts" and  we  trust,  was  the  matter  investiga- 
ted, it  would  be  found  that  our  most  wealth)  far- 
mers are  those  who,  from  their  commencement  in 
business  have  been  most  careful  in  keeping  their 
accounts. 

As  an  encouragement  to  young  beginners,  we 
would  invite  some  of  our  systematic  Agricultu- 
rists to  forward  to  us  for  publication,  their  ac- 
counts current  for  the  year,  that  the  advantages, 
arising  from  such  a  course  may  appear  the  more 
readily  to  those  who  have  not  been  accustomed 
to  it. 

As  an  example  of  the  hap-hazard  way  in 
which  some  of  our  farmers  do  their  business,  we 
will  mention  a  case  of  one  in  Connecticut,  whom 
visited  a  few  years  since,  and  who  had  thai 
day  sold  to  a  drover  some  ten  or  twelve  head  of 
cattle.  On  our  inquiring  as  to  the  profits  of  h 
bargain,  he  replied,  "  he  could  tell  exactly  what 
they  were;"  whereupon,  he  took  a  piece  of  chalk 
from  his  pocket,  and  began  the  task  of  ascertain- 
ing the  profit  or  loss  he  might  have  sustained  by 
figuring  the  sum  upon  the  bench  of  the  piazza 
where  we  were  sitting.  His  method  of  computa- 
tion was  as  follows : 

"  That  spotted  cow  I  bought  of  Neighbor 

H.  in  the  spring  for  <£3  10 

I  told  Mr.  B.  if  he  had  her  he  must  give 

me  5  (X 

For  the  three  year  old  steer  which  I  rais- 
ed, I  got  6  15 
There  is  another  cow  which  I  bought 

for  $12  00 

Mr.  B.  agreed  to  give  for  that  and  an- 
other one  9  10 
So  he  went  on  figuring  until  he  had  enumerated 
each  creature  he  had  sold,  putting  clown  either 
what  he  gave  for  them  or  the  price  Mr.  B.  agreed 
to  give  him,  either  in  dollars,  or  pounds,  shillings 
and  pence,  all  in  the  same  column;  after  which 
he  began  the  footing.  This  was  the  climax. — 
The  gravity  of  our  muscles  became  disturbed, 
he  got  out  of  patience  with  his  figuring,  and  defa- 
cing the  whole  column  with  his  hand,  said  "  that 
on  the  whole  he  had  made  a  plaguey  good  bar- 
gain." 


LONG  WOOL. 

We  have  been  presented  with  some  specimens 
of  long  wool,  from  some  sheep  imported  from 
England,  by  a  gentleman  residing  near  Holley, 
Orleans  county.  From  the  appearance  of  the 
wool,  we  suppose  the  sheep  to  be  of  the  Leicester 
breed.  The  samples  have  been  left  at  the  Ar- 
cade for  inspection.  As  we  have  not  learnt  the 
gentleman's  name,  who  imported  them,  neither 
the  particulars  respecting  the  sheep,  we  would 
thank  any  one  in  that  neighborhood  to  forward  lo 
us  such  facts  respecting  them,  as  may  be  useful  to 
the  public.  We  suspect  these  are  the  breed  allu- 
ded to  in  the  third  column  of  our  39th  number; 
if  so,  they  are  an  acquisition  to  our  section  of 
country. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

At  the  particular  request  of  one  of  our  readers, 
we  give  an  article  on  a  particular  disease  of  the 
horse,  as  the  gentleman  had  been  imposed  upon 
by  oni  of  those  detestable  creatures  called  Quacks 
wiio  practice  with  equal  skill  upon  man  or  beast. 
This  gentleman  had  a  pair  of  fine  horses  which 
had  been  upon  a  journey  with  a  heavy  load.  Up- 
on their  return,  as  might  oe  expected,  they  looked 
a  little  rough.  Anxious  to  have  his  horses  in  fine 
condition  as  soon  as  possible,  he  asked  the  advice 
of  one  of  those  creatures  alluded  to,  who  from 
his  practice  we  suppose  was  one  of  the  true 
Thompsonians,  as  he  commenced  upon  the  whis- 
key and  pepper  plan.  This  professional  gentle- 
man examined  the  horses  with  looks  indicating 
great  mental  exertions;  then  declared  that  the 
horses  had  the  yellows  or  yellow-water,  and  thatun- 
less  they  were  immediately  attended  to,  they 
would  notli-  e  many  days.  Accordingly  they  were 
put  under  his  care,  when  copious  bleeding  was  re- 
sorted to,  and  the  blood  caught  to  give  the  owner  the 
most  positive  proofs  of  the  disease.  After  the  blood 
had  become  cool,  and  the  separation  of  the  cerum 
taken  place,  as  it  always  will,  it  was  exhibited  to 
the  owner,  and  the  thin  fluid  separated  from  the 
coagulated  part,  which  was  denominated  the  yeb- 
Imv-viaUr.  To  remedy  this,  the  horses  had  their 
heads  drawn  up  by  a  rope  passed  over  a  limb,  and 
large  potions  of  whiskey  and  ginger  were  poured 
down  their  throat,  contrary  to  all  rules  of  temper- 
ance. About  this  time  a  neighboring  physician 
happened  along,  to  whom  the  owner  communica- 
ted the  circumstance,  that  he  in  all  probability  was 
about  to  lose  a  pair  of  valuable  horses,  and  pro- 
duced the  blood  to  convince  the  physician  that 
his  fears  were  not  groundless.  After  hearing  all 
the  circumstances,  he  informed  him  that  all  blood 
on  cooling  separated  in  the  same  manner,  and 
that  he  was  imposed  upon  by  the  pretended  horse- 
doctor,  who  was  therefore  dismissed;  the  horses 
turned  out  to  pasture,  when  they  soon  recovered 
from  the  effect  of  their  journey. 

The  following  is  from  one  of  our  best  authors  on 
this  disease. 

"  Chronic  inflammation  or  Yellows. — The  liv- 
er of  horses  is  less  complex  than  that  of  many 
other  animals,  and  is  not,  therefore,  very  liable  te 
disease ;  indeed,  some  authors  affirm  that  the  horse 
is  never  affected  with  the  jaundice,  but  that  the 
yellowness  of  the  skin  is  a  mere  stomach  affec- 
tion: this  is,  however,  erroneous,  and  not  only- 
does  the  liver  become  hardened  and  thickened  oc- 
casionally, but  the  bile  becomes  diseased,  and  is 
thrown  out.  in  that  state  by  the  blood,  over  the 
body.  If  fever  be  present,  bleed;  but  if  the 
symptoms  present  no  token  of  active  inflamma- 
tion, give  each  night  ten  grains  of  calomel,  and 
every  ten  days  work  it  off  with  a  mild  dose  of 
physic.  It  is,  however,  necessary  to  remark,  that 
it  is  not  every  yellowness  of  the  skin  that  beto- 
kens either  an  acute  or  chrome  inflammation  of 
the  liver.  It  is  the  property  of  every  serious  in- 
flammation of  any  of  the  important  organs  of  the 
chest  or  belly,  to  communicate  a  portion  of  the. 
evil  to  the  other  organs  immediately  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  liver :  thus  an  affection  of  the  stom- 
ach or  intestines,  of  the  inflammatory  kind,  very 


*30 


THE  GKNE8FE  FARA'EK 


October  22,  1831 


often  occasions  redness  of  the  membranes  of  the 
nose,  eyelids,  &c.  &c. 


LOCUST. 
On  the  first  and  second  pages  of  the  27th  No. 
of  our  paper,  we  gave  a  description  of  the  Cicada, 
or  American  Locust,  taken  from  the  American 
Journal  of  Sciences  aud  A  t<,  by  Dr.  S.  P,  Hil- 
dreth,  of  Marietta,  Ohio.  In  this  description,  the 
Dr.  manifested  that  he  had  closely  observed  the 
appearance  and  habits  of  this  insect;  yet,  in 
watching  the  eggs  deposited  by  the  female  in  the 
young  limbs  of  trees  since  their  appearance  in  this 
•lection  June  last,  we  have  discovered  a  little  varia- 
tion from  the  Dr's.  statement,  as  to  the  time  of  the 
hatching  of  the  eggs.  The  Dr.  observes,  "  From 
the  time  the  eggs  were  deposited  to  the  period  of 
hatching,  was,  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascertained, 
sixty  days."  We  have  examined  many  of  the 
young  shoots  in  which  the  eggs  were,  the  week 
past,  and  find  that  many  of  them  remain  in  the 
place  where  they  were  deposited,  without  any  al- 
teration except  having  increased  about  one  third 
:n  size,  although  they  have  been  there  ninety 
Jays.  We  also  examined  the  eggs  with  a  mag- 
nifying glass,  and  found  them  in  perfect  condition. 
We  do  not  give  this  to  contradict  Dr.  Hildreth's 
statement,  but  to  invite  the  attention  of  Entomolo- 
gists to  the  subject.  We  opened  several  limbs  in 
which  we  did  not  find  any  eggs,  but  was  not  able 
to  determine  whether  there  had  ever  been  any  de- 
posited there,  or  whether,  if  so,  they  had  hatched 
out.  The  experiment  would  be  worth  trying,  if 
the  time  of  their  hatching  could  be  ascertained, 
'0  put  some  of  them  as  soon  as  they  left  the  young 
shoots,  into  a  glass  vessel  with  some  earth,  and 
;over  it  with  a  piece  of  stone  or  glass,  which 
.;hou!  1  enclose  it  perfectly  tight,  or  so  nearly  so 
that  they  could  not  escape,  and  bury  them  deep  in 
the  earth,  todeteimine  whether  or  not  it  does  take 
them  the  time  mentioned  before  they  make  their 
ippeaianee  above  ground,  Nothing  short  of  well 
Authenticated  experiments  will  ever  set  the  mat- 
fer  at  rest,  and  such  should  be  made. 


LUCERN. 

Lucern — Medicago  saliva  L. 
This  plant  is  much  cultivated  on  the  continent, 
and  was  long  since  introduced  into  England,  as  a 
.substitute  for  red  clover  j  but  from  the  preference 
being  generally  given  to  the  latter,  it  is  not  as 
tnueh  cultivated  there  at  this  time,  as  was  many 
years  since.    It  has  been  some  time  since  it  was 
introduced  into  the  United  States,  and  yet,  few 
oeopl  cultivate  it,  although  it  was  highly  spoken 
ring  the  existence  of  the  Agricultural  Socie- 
•  :c.-  „!  (Jjis  State;  ;nid  the  seeds  of  it  were  distribu- 
ted in  -very  Bounty,  y»Jt  it  is  a  rare  thing  to  see  a 
fleWfD                  i  'am  the  immediate  neighbor* 
•    n     In  its  growth,  Lu- 

eta  hat  a  dwe^lUM  appearance,  growing  to 

,ii,    l;<..;,i  of  fouj    -ii   jyi   feet  in  rich  soils,  and 
-     -i.i'h  terminals  in  small 

■■it,,  ii .  rbatrssi  milling  pea  blossoms. 

ft  is  a  ;  ,flj ■:  •vintijiucs  to  increase 

forma,  .,„)'  ;)'!)•  k  i;i'/,y:i>   .<jmI  rtourisb- 

0»<M  ligli',   b>\  s.m/!)'  >.,;).      It  •)••'■.■>   (I9t  for fl     - 

i^jeiugs  from  iIib  c«i)i.u'  .•!'.;  "■»%  tap 

mom,  tucuaUkouui-  itd  aiera 

flMrfag    LUDSl'u  i>kry  i.  u-  ■•■ 


and  the  quantity  of  seed  per  acre,  should  be  about 
twenty  pounds.  Mr  Lowell,  of  Massachusetts, 
sowed  it  with  oat  grass,  and  spoke  highly  of  its 
produce.  The  quality  of  hay  made  from  Lucern, 
is  doubtless  very  good ;  but  it  must  be  mowed  ear- 
ly or  the  stalks  become  woody,  and  hard  to  cut, — 
For  early  feed  nearlarge  towns,  perhaps  Lucern 
may  be  cultivated  to  advantage;  but  we  doubt 
whether  our  country  farmers  will  be  prevailed  upon 
to  go  into  the  culture  of  it,  at  the  expense  of  giv 
ing  up  their  timothy  grass  and  clover,  which  we 
think  are  preferable  with  our  present  course  of 
farming.  To  cut  Lucern  in  season,  it  would 
probably  require  to  be  mown  at  least  three  times, 
which  would  interfere  with  the  other  labors  of  the 
farm. 

f^fln  the  2d  column  of  the  308th  page  of  the 
Fanner,  22d  line  from  bottom,  for  "limited  dispo- 
sition," read  timid  disposition. 


LIBRARIES. 
Dr.  Leiber  has  collected  with  great  assiduity  an 
account  of  the  principal  modern  Libraries.   These 
contain  many  ancient  books  in  MS.'   We  are  en- 
abled to  give  the  following  epitome: — 

Printed  books.  MSS. 
Paris.     The  Royal  Library,        400,1)00    80,000 
St.  Genevieve,  110,000      2,000 

Arsenal  Lib'ry,  150,000      5,000 

The  Institute,  50,000 

Chamber  of  Dep.  40,000 

Mazarin,  90,000 

In  the  rest  of  France,  273  public 
libraries,  containing  in  all,  v'ls.  3,000,000 
By  a  late  project  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  a  large  number  of 
libaries  are  to  be  established  for 
the  benefit  of  the  common  peo- 
ple, making  in  the  French  Li- 
braries in  all,  vols.  3,927,000 
Munich.    Central  Court,  400,000    11,000 
Vienna.     Imperial  Library,          300,(X»0    12,000 
Gottingen,  300,000 
Dresden.     Royal  Library,  220,0o0 

Pamphlets,  150,000     2,700 

Copenhagen.     From  130,00    to     400,000     3,000 
Berlin.     Royal  Library,  200,000      7,000 

Spain.     The  Escurial  Library,      130,000 

(Besides  Arabian  MSS.) 
Prague.    Academical  Library,     130,000     8,005 
Stuttgard.    Royal  Library,  110,000 

Rome.     The  Vattican  Library,    370,000    10,000 
England.    The  Bodleian  in   Ox- 
ford, from  250,000  to  500,000   30000 
The  Libraries  of  the  British 

Museum,  180,000   00,000 

There  are  besides  in  England, 
immense  libraries  belonging  to 
individuals  ;  there  is  scarcely  a  no- 
bleman or  a  wealthy  gentleman, 
who  has  not  his  library  well  filled. 
with  ancient  and  modern  authors; 
it  is  hot  pretended  that  they  read 
all  lino  boot  i 
Italy      Bologna  Library,  150,000     9,000 

The  Magjiaoecchj  at  Florence  150,000     '  OQfl 
The  University  a: .Genoa,  7C(,00Q 

T'"    '  at  Milan,  from 

60,000  to  110,000    15,000 

Thetaorarii  ■;  Modeijs,  90,000 

■:  p||       •■  ■    cojjei  tH  IBies  13Q,QPQ 


The  principal  Libraries  in  the  U. 
S.  are,  Harvard  College,  36,000 

Boston  Athenaeun,  2(5,000 

Philadelphia,  27,000 

Congress,  10,000 

Charleston,  S.  C.  13,000 

History  informs  that  Pisistratus  established 
the  first  Library  at  Athens,  winch  Xerxes  carried 
to  Persia,  but  it  was  afterwards  restored  to  tile 
Athenians,  The  Alexandrian  Library  was  foun- 
led  by  the  Ptolemies,  and  contained  about  (00, 
:'00  volumes,  when  during  the  seige  of  Alexan- 
dria, by  Julius  Caesar,  the  larger  portion  of  it  was 
burned,  but  was  afterwards  partially  replaced  by 
the  Library  of  Pergamus.  In  Spain,  in  tie  12th 
century,  the  Moors  had  70  public  Libraries,  of 
which  that  of  Cordova,  contained  250,000  vol- 
umes. This  must  have  been  laborious;  all  be- 
ing written,  printed,  illustrated,  and  illumm  iti  d 
with  the  pen  alone. 

CANAL. 
The  shipments  of  Flour  from  Rochester  east  on 
the  canal,  for  the  last  2  months.ending  on  the  15th 
instant,  amount  to///,/-':  kith  <usand  six  hundred 
u  ad  fifty-five  barrels — (58,655.)  The  receipts  of 
Toll,  the  last  month,  ending  the  15th  hist.,  amount 
to  twenty-two  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty-one 
dollars  eigbty-SLX  cents — ($22,551.86.) 

JjP  The  Fair  of  the  American  Institui  .  ws 
held  in  New- York,  city,on  the  1  Ith,  12th  and  13th 
instant,  during  which  days  a  large  quantity  oi 
articles  of  domestic  manufacture  was  presented, 
among  which,  were  noticed  by  the  editor  of  the 
New-York  American  Advocate,  viz: 

Sample  of  hemp,  quantity  50  tons,  made  at  the 
mill  of  A.  Variek,  of  Copenhagan,  Lewis  Co 
It  was  equal  to  Russia.  Next  year  Air.  V.  ex- 
pects to  manufacture  about  200  tons,  all  raised  in 
his  vicinity. 

Fine  Saxony  wool,  from  Gen.  T.  L.  Davis 
Poughkeepsie,  equal  in  fineness  to  any  imported. 

Printed  calicoes,  6  or  7  colors,  ail  perfectly  fast 
from  the.  Merrimack  Company  at  Lowell,  Mass 
Fhese  were  declared  to  be,  for  fineness  and  finish, 
■equal  to  any  imported.  This  Company  have  a 
solid  capital  of  $1,400,000,  and  give  employment 
to  more  than  200  persons. 

Sattinets  of  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Stone,  Boston, 
made  at  Lowell.  Few  foreign  articles  of  the  kind 
are  as  good,  none  superior.  Several  English 
manufacturers  declared  that  they  were  English 
goods, 

Mattewan,  Glenhamand  twowollen   factories 
at  Poughkeepsie,  produced  beautiful  cloths  v. 
were  highly  praised. 

Besides  these  there  were  ladies'  shoes,  perfuma? 
ry,  hats,   raw  silk,  surgical   instruments,    superb 
il wares,  pianos,  bedsteads,  stoves,  grates  &c 

The  address  of  the  Hon  Mi  Everett,  is  highly 
spoken  of,  as  a  classical  and  interesting  prodnci 
lion- 

Blackwood's  Mag  i  in)       j      that  if  the  Re- 
d  .in  Bijl  passes,  the  manners  of  the  nation  would 
id,  or  even  worse,  than  its  morals — and, 
all  mild  men  would  11114:  air  to  America. 


jjp  The  house  ofHenry  Lewis,  of  Prince  Or- 
iiiity,  Md.  was  burnt  011  the  "th  inst    and, 
Mr.  L  burnt  up  in  the  house 


Vol  1.— No.  42. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


33J 


From  the  LowpI!  Journal 

We  ask  attention  to  the  fol  owing  comma 
nication,  it  being  the  first  of  a  series  on  the  ! 
•Silk  Manufacture,  furnished  us  by  an  intel- j 
ligeut   gentleman  of  this   vicinity,   who   has 
devoted  much  time  to  the  subject,  ,ind  is  pie- 
paring  to  go  largely  into  the  cultivation   of, 
the  mulberry  tree.'    It  iv  hoped  that  the  far-  j 
triers  in  this  region  will  follow  his  example, 
and  capitalists  will   afford  the  means  for  the  ! 
establishment  of  the  silk  manufacture  in  this 
town.  There,  can  be  no  doubt,  we  apprehend, 
that  it  would  be  a  profitable   kind  of  manu- 
facture. 

SILK   MANUFACTURE. 

NO.   1. 

Mr.  Knowlton— If  you  think  it  will  be 
useful  or  amusing  to  our  readers,  please  to 
publish  the  following  letter;  and  1  will  com 
municate  other  extracts  from  the  writings 
of  the  same  gentleman,  with  occasional  re- 
marks. Mr.  D'Homergue  is  now  in  Phila- 
delphia, but  will  return  to  France  next 
Spring,  unlesss  the  government,  or  individu- 
als, shall  give  him  a  reasonable  compensa- 
tion for  the  valuable  information  he  possess- 
es lelative  to  the  culture  and  manufacture  of 
silk.  He  is  the  only  person,  at  present  in 
the  United  States,  who  is  acquainted  with 
every  branch  of  the  business,  not  only  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  silk,  but  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  mulberry  trees,  raising  silk  worms, 
and  producing  cocoons.  If  we  omit  this  op- 
portunity of  obtaining  the  requisite  informa- 
tion, it  may  be  many  years  before  we  shall 
bring  into  market  this  new  and  valuable 
production,  which  must  at  some  future  time, 
become  agrentstaple  of  this  country. 

Washington,  February  23,  1831. 
Sir  : — The  '  bill  for  promoting  the  growth 
and  manufacture  of  silk'  having  been  report- 
ed by  the  Committee  on  Agriculture,  several 
members  of  the  Congress  have,  in  conse- 
quence, asked  of  me  some  information  as  to 
the  productiveness  and  relative  value  of  this 
branch  of  industry.  I  take  the  liberty,  Sir, 
to  submit  to  you  the  following  facts  in  reply, 
which  I  respectfully  pray  you  to  communi- 
cate to  the  honorable  House  over  which  you 
preside. 

In  one  acre  of  land  there  are  -13,560  square 
feet,  on  which  may  be  planted  3000  mulber- 
ry trees.  These  will  yield  at  the  age  of 
seven  years,  90.000  pounds  of  leaves,  produ- 
cing 7,500  pounds  of  cocoons.  At  twenty- 
five  cents  per  pound,  these  cocoons  would 
sell  for  #1.875. 

These  facts,  Sir,  are  deemed  sufficient  to 
prove  the  superior  profits  to  be  derived  from 
the  culture  of  silk.  1  may  be  allowed  to 
add,  that,  in  the  space  of  seven  years,  from 
1821  to  1829,  France  and  England  impoit 
ed  raw  silk  to  the  amount  of  §340,000,000. 
In  proof  of  this  enormous  importation,  the 
documents  are  now  in  the  Library  of  Ccn- 
gress. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  great  res- 
pect, Sir, 

Your  very  humble  and  obe't.  serv't. 
J.  D  HOMERGUE. 
To  the  Hon.  Andrew  Stevenson, 
Speaker  oj  the  House  of  Representatives. 

We  are  gratified  to  learn,  from  a  gentle- 
man who  has  recently  consulted  Mr.  D'Ho- 
mergue, that  he  is  willing  to  come  to  Lowell 
and  erect  all  the  necessary  machinery  for 
reeling  the  silk  from  the  cocoons,  and  pre- 
paring it  for  the  room,  whenever  the  quanti- 
ty produced  will  justify   the  expense.  When 


sufficient  encouragement  shall  be  offered, 
by  either  government  or  individuals,  he  will 
open  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  such 
persons  as  may  wish  for  the  information  in 
the  art  and  mystery  of  ail  branches  of  this 
profitable  business.  Several  gentlemen  in 
this  vicinity  are  planting  extensive  nurseries 
of  mulberry  trees,  and  we  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve, that  sufficient  quantities  of  cocoons 
will  be  pioduced,  in  two  years,  to  justify  the 
erection  of  a  filature  at  this  place. 

The  process  of  raising  mulberry  trees  is 
extremely  simple,  and  instead  of  injuring 
them  by  transplanting,  they  are  improved 
and  will  grow  more  rapidly  than  such  as  are 
left  in  the  seed  bed  The  dwarf  or  bush 
mulberry,  which  is  very  productive  and  profi- 
table, will  grow  upon  a  light  sandy  soil,  that 
is  not  suitable  for  the  cultivation  of  other 
plants.  On  such  land  the  seed  should  be 
sown  in  April,  or  early  in  May,  and  if  the 
ground  could  have  a  dressing  of  muck  from 
swamps  or  meadows,  before  the  seed  is 
plained,  it  will  yield  more  bountifully.  One! 
ounce  of  seed  on  five  square  rods  of  land 
will  be  as  much  as  can  conveniently  be  culti- 
vated ;  and  if  they  are  intended  to  be  trans- 
planted, when  one  year  old.  the  rows  may 
be  eighteen  inches  apart;  but  if  they  are  in- 
tended to  remain  in  the  seed  rows,  they 
should  be  three  feet  apart.  Nothing  should 
be  planted  between  the  rows,  for  it  will  be 
profitable  to  pass  a  light  plough, or  small  har- 
row between  them,  for  tlie  purpose  of  remo- 
ving ihe  weeds,  and  keeping  the  ground  in 
good  order.  In  two  years  from  the  time  the 
seed  is  planted,  the  leaves  will  be  fit  for  use. 
Several  gentlemen  in  this  vicinity  will  have 
thirty  or  forty  thousand  young  trees  to  sell 
next  spring,  at  a  very  moderate  price,  to  a- 
ny  persons,  who  are  disposed  to  try  experi- 
ments. V. 

Frnm  thft  New  York  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  IV. 
Mr.  Fleet — As  1  recollect  my  former 
Nos.,  none  of  which  have  yet  come  back  to 
me,  one  was  a  kind  of  Introductory,  and  two 
have  been  devoted  to  a  summary  review  of 
the  business  of  the  Household  of  Husband- 
ry, the  actual  business  of  the  Family  of  a 
Country  Farmer.  To  say,  that  any  other 
than  minds  of  a  good  share  of  understand- 
ing, can  direct  all  those  operations,  and  suc- 
cessfully, is  to  deny  the  distinctions  between 
sense  and  nonsense,  wisdom  and  folly.  The 
Farm,  sir,  is  a  little  Commonwealth,  a  Pa- 
triarchate, and  the  mind  that  plans  and  di- 
rects all  its  various  operations,  is  not  only  a 
busy,  active  mind,  but  absolutely,  and  neces- 
sarily, a  mind  of  no  mean  powers  of  thought, 
understanding,  and  combination.  My  bu- 
siness, however,  is  not  to  eulogize,  but  to 
vindicate,  by  a  just  and  fair  presentation  of 
the  facts.  The  flippancy  of  youth,  and  the 
pedantry  of  school  learning,  make  multi- 
tudes of  would-be  teachers  of  Agriculture, 
who  know  nothing  of  the  practice  ; — mere 
boys,  in  knowledge  and  in  years,  who  accuse 
us  of  '  dullness,'  'stupidity,'  'plodding  on 
in  the  old  way,'  'content  to  do  as  our  fath- 
ers have  done,'  till  it  has  become  necessary 
to  speak  for  ourselves.  Learning,  with 
common  sense,  we  esteem  an  excellent  thing  : 
without  it,  a  mere  soap  bubble,  a  ship  all  sail, 
and  no  ballast.  Such,  we  are  aware,  are  the 
most  of  those  scribblers  for  the  Journals  de- 
voted to  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  who 
can  see  nothing  but  stupidity,  in  the  Cultiva- 
tors of  the  Soil  j — they  are  spoiled  children, 


reading  long  lessons  to  grave  seniors!  It  is 
high  time  for  Farmers  to  speak  of  Farming, 
Gardeners  of  Gardening,  and  to  speak 
through  the  agency  of  the  press. 

Before  proceeding  to  an  examination  of 
the  s  bject  of  Education — the  Education 
proper  for  the  Sous  and  Daughters  of  the 
Families  of  Farmers, — let  me  ask  of  every 
Reader  of  your  Paper  lo  turn  his  own 
thoughts  Upon  this  subject,  and  let  us  come 
to  it  after  the  reflections  of  a  whole  week. 
This,  then,  should  be  a  short  Number,  partly 
because,  as  I  recollect,  III  was  a  very  lone 
one.  In  suggesting  a  few  ideas,  as  food  for 
the  thoughts  and  reflections  of  the  passing 
week,  waiting  for  the  next  No.  of  the  'Far- 
mer,' we  may  as  well  take  a  passing  hint 
from  the  ruminating  animals  of  the  Farm. — 
Though  the  Cow  should  eat  up  the  whole 
hay-stack,  yet  she  would  not  give  us  one 
drop  of  milk,  till,  by  rumination,  the  chew- 
'"g  of  her  own  cud,  its  nntrimentitious  mat- 
ter had  been  assimilated  to  herself,  becomi 
hers,  a  part  of  herself,  and  thus  elaborated 
into  milk.  So  it  is  with  us.  Ideas  are  not 
thought,  nor  reflection,  but  only  food  for  the 
operations  of  the  mind,  on  which  to  rumi- 
ate,  and  thus  make  them  our  own. 

The  chief  object  of  Education,  at  the 
present  day,  seems  to  us  Farmers  to  be, 
learning,  book  learning,  head  learning,  much 
stuffing  of  the  head,  and  little  attention  to 
the  heart :  as  if,  in  reality,  the  business  of 
education  was  only  to  cram  the  memory,  and 
hardly  to  think  of  the  heart,  or  the  under- 
standing. 

We,  on  the  contrary,  seek  to  enrich  the 
head,  by  means  of  the  heart,  the  understan- 
ding, by  the  affections,  and  with  this  as  a 
ground-work,  learning  becomes  easy,  and  is 
useful.  Of  this,  however,  in  another  place, 
just  remarking,  here,  thai  we  consider  the 
forming  of  suitable  habits,  as  a  prime  essen- 
tial of  education.  Popular  opinion,  as  far 
as  we  can  judge,  seems  to  regard  education 
as  a  means,  and  a  principal,  of  advancing 
the  interest  of  every  one,  by  helping  them  to 
'  rise  in  the  world,'  as  it  is  called, — not  as  Far- 
mers, let  it  be  observed,  but  as  every  thing 
else,  except,  perhaps,  as  Mechanics.  If 
such  be  the  case,  the  way  '  to  rise  in  the 
world,'  is  by  overstepping  us,  as  well  as  eve- 
ry thing  connected  with  :he  arts  and  trades  ! 
If  I  err  in  slating  the  c;;se,  let  my  error  be 
corrected,  for  the  object  is  truth,  for  the  sake 
of  information,  and  to  open  the  way  to  my 
next  number. 

September  2,  1831. 

Grape  Butter. — In  place  of  adding 
fruits  of  various  kinds  to  the  boiling  must, 
some  only  add  a  certain  portion  of  must 
that  has  been  evaporated  and  concentra- 
ted to  thickness,  the  whole  boiled  to  the 
consistence  of  jelly,  is  a  very  agreeable 
and  healthy  addition  to  the  table  in  f  II 
and  winter.  This  preserve  is  poured  in- 
to pots,  with  cinnamon  and  cloves,  and 
put  in  the  bread  oven  to  bake,  before  it  is 
considered  sufficiently  prepared  for  keep- 
ing. Before  serving  it  on  the  table  it  is 
slightly  warmed  and  is  eaten  with  butter- 
ed toast. —  Vine  Dresser's  JWamia'. 

Vegetables.—  Watering  gives  vegetables 
long  exposed  a  more  attractive  appearance  ; 
but  repeated  waterings  are  highly  pern'r 
cious,  as  they  neutralize  the  natural  juices 
of  some,  render  others  bitter,  and  make  al] 
vapid  or  disagreeable.— Scotsman. 


332 


THE  GENKS^.F,  FARMFR 


October  22,  1831 


COM>H"«ICATIO\S. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

DR.  Si'AFFORD'S  ADDRESS. 
The  New-York  Farmer  of  Oct.  6,  contains  the 
Address  of  Dr.  SpafTord,  before  the  Rensselaer 
County  Horticultural  Society.  Its  length  may 
exclude  it  from  the  columns  of  this  paper;  but 
whether  or  not,  permit  me  to  give  it  an  introduc- 
tion. 

Dr.  Spafford's  remarks  on  the  application  of 
the  word  "  science,"  are  so  very  quizzical,  that 
were  he  unknown,  or  not  known  to  be  both  learn- 
ed and  scientific,  1  should  have  suspected  him  for 
some  plain  matter-of-fact-sort  of  a  man,  who  meant 
to  cut  every  thing  down  to  his  own  level.  Du- 
ring its  delivery,  every  industrious  but  unlettered 
cultivator  must  have  felt  comfortable,  and  have 
looked  up  with  pride  instead  of  respect  to  his 
learned  associates. 

I  have  lately  read  of  a  barber  who  advertised  to 
cut  hair  scientifically ;  and  Dr.  S.  in  his  amusing 
and  caustic  remarks  on  such  words  in  the 
mouths  of  pretenders,  speaks  of  "  the  science  of 
house-keeping" — "the  science  of  knitting" — and 
"  the  science  of  pen-making."  He  shrewdly  ad- 
vises such  pretenders  to  try  their  science,  and  if  a 
rio-ht-handed  pen-maker,  to  make  a  pen  for  the 
first  time  with  the  left  hand!!  "But  why  intro- 
"duce  the  pen  in  speaking  of  Horticulture'?  Be- 
"  cause  in  too  much  of  our  horticulture  the  pen  is 
"perhaps  more  used  than  an  v  implement  of  the  gar- 
"  den,  which  is  literary  horticulture,  and  goose 
"quill  gardening"! !  Thisseemslike  a  fair  hit;  his 
audience  ought  to  be  the  best  judges  of  their  own 
matters. 

Dr.  S.  has  no  high  notions  of  the  value  of  Bot- 
any. He  says,  "  The  Botany  of  the  Books  is  of 
"  little  use  to  the  Horticulturist — Botany  with  a- 
11  bundant  technical  learning  and  hard  names  pre- 
"  sents  labor  enough — Here  it  is  that  we  learn  so 
"  much  that  is  of  so  little  future  use — To  the 
"practical  gardener  it  may  afford  some  little  a- 
"musement,  but  as  to  instruction  about  as  much 
"as  consulting  the  dictionary  of  his  mother's 
"  tongue." 

Dr.  S.  is  right  if  he   only  includes  in  his  idea 
of  Horticulture,  the  prodiv  tion  of  culinary  veget- 
ables and  fruits.     There  is  not  much  probability 
that  a  gardener  would  correct  many   mistakes  in 
this  department  by  a  knowledge  of  botany.    But 
to  the  cultivator  of  ornamental  plants,  Botany  is 
necessary  to  the  preservation  of  a  fair  character; 
because  it  can  scarcely  happen  that  a  nurseryman 
in  this  line,  unskilled  in  this  science,  can  do  much 
business  without  making  many  mistakes  in  both 
bis   sales  and    hi;    purchases, — without    being 
wronged  himself,  and  without  wronging  his  cus- 
tomers.      A   person    who  lias  closely  examined 
more  than  a  thousand  different   plants,  in    the 
present  season,  has  :,'iveu  Ins  opinion  that  one- 
third  of  the  rarer  plants  sold  bycommon  nurserymen 
are  under  wrong  names.     If  it  lie  supposed  that 
this  observation  was  made  hastily  without  keep- 
ing a  full  account,  I  will  refer  to  a  bill  now  lying 
before  me,  sent  last  year  i'rom   the  city  of  New- 
York,  in  which  .11 j  plants  on:  oififteen  (the  whole 
number)  arc  misnomers,  and  I  suspect  the  genu- 
ineness of  some  others.     Instead  of  Dr.  Spafl'ord's 
discouraging   tin'  study   of   Botany,  there  is  no 
'greater  benefit  which  he  could  do  for  the  friends  of 
ornamental  gardening,  than  to  procure  a  commit- 


tee of  Botanists  with  plenary  powers  to  examine 
every  nursery  of  any  reputation,  and  to  affix  cor- 
rect labels  to  every  plant  intended  for  sale.  In 
this  way  Dr.  S.  would  save  many  of  his  friends 
from  the  expense,  and  from  the  vexation  of  buy- 
ing many  plants  several  times  over. 

To  one  part  of  Dr.  S's.  address  I  should  have 
listened  with  intense  interest.     He  is  an  eminent 
and  a  successful  cultivator  of  the  vine,  and  there 
is  much  originality  in  his  management.     I  do  not 
recollect  in  horticulture  a   more  beautiful  applica 
tion  of  theory  to  practice,  than  what  the  following 
passage  unfolds :     "  There  is  a  certain  time  when 
"  the  duly  'elaborated  sap  from  the  leaf,  descends 
"  into  til-  fruit  to  perfect  it  in  its  full  and  peculiar 
"richness  and   flavor.     At  this   time,  it  is  there- 
"  fore  essential  to  the  perfection   of  the  fruit,  that 
"  all  this  shall  have  been  alike  duly  prepared,  by 
"  the  elaborating  process  of  the  leaves.     This  can 
"only  be  secured,  by  some  eare  in  pruning,  and 
"  in  the  nipping  off  of  the  young   and  growing 
"  leaves,  on  the  fruit  branches,  above  the  fruit.     If 
"  the  ends  of  these  branches  be  sending  out,  wood 
'  and  young  leaves,  the  supply  of  ripened   sap  is 
'  scanty,  and  some  of  it   will  also  be  in  a  green 
'  and  crude  state,   the  deposit  of  which  in   the  ri- 
:l  pening  fruit,  retards  its  maturity,  and  injures  its 
'  quality.     I  therefore  take  care  by  a  little  season- 
:|  able  attention,  that  such  fruit  bearing  branches 
"  shall   have  no  leaves  on  them  above  the  fruit 
"  which  are  not  of  their  full  size,  and  of  the  co- 
"  lor  of  maturity.     This  enables  me  to  perfect  the 
"  fruit,  the  berries  all  ripening  at  the  same  time, 
"  rich,  sweet  and  saccharine." 

A  Practical  Gardener. 


FOR  THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

CHERRIES  ON  PLUM  STOCKS. 

I  have  said  in  my  note,  written  in  answer  to 
the  request  of  A  Young  Farmer,  "  I  have  never 
seen  the  plum  tree  growing  on  a  cherry  stock, 
nor  a  cherry  on  a  plum  stock."  This  was  literal- 
ly true;  but  had  1  been  asked  if  fair  experiments 
had  been  made  to  ascertain  whether  it  would  take 
or  not,  I  could  only  have  given  Coze  asan  author- 
ity that  they  would  nottake.  He  says  "  the  plum 
and  cherry  will  not  take  on  each  other."  P  v}10. 
On  this  point  he  was  mistaken,  although  it  is 
most  probable  that  he  derived  the  notion  from 
some  unsuccessful  attempts. 

A  subscriber  to  the  Genesee  Farmer,  (I.  J.  of 
Venice)  mentioned  a  plum  stock  on  which  a  cher- 
ry had  been  successfully  budded  or  grafted.  1 
repaired  to  the  spot,  and  found  a  limb  of  the  com- 
mon heart  cherry  about  6  feet  in  length  with  sev- 
eral lateral  branches,  3  inches  in  diameter  at  its 
junction,  and  in  a  healthy  state.  It  was  set  about 
six  feel  from  the  ground  on  the  common  domestic 
plum  tree,  and  the  limbs  of  tin;  latter  form  a  part 
of  the  top.     It  has  outgrown  the  stock. 

When  cherry  stocks  are  wanting,  it  is  therefore 
certain  that  we  may  resort  to  the  plum  tree;  but 
unless  the  grafts  are  set  at  the  ground,  the  prac- 
tice is  not  to  be  recommended.  D.  'i'. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

SMALL  BEER. 

Formerly  it  was  customary  in  the  New  Eng- 
land stall's,  for  every  farming  family  to  be  sup- 
plied with  a  good  bier  barrel,  of  sufficient  capacity 
to  contain  small  beer  for  their  use.    1  fear  that 


during  the  present  reign  of  Temperance,  more  of 
these  casks  have  been  condemned  to  the  flames, 
than  is  for  the  good  of  community.     Now  there  is 
something  so  pleasant  in  the  association  of  ideai 
connected  with  a  beer  barrel,  like  the  "  Old  Oak- 
en bucket,"  that  one's  blood  becomes  cool  while 
thinking  of  it.     I  know  that  hard  labor,  by  in- 
creasing perspiration  creates  thirst, — the  laborer 
must  drink — and  what  must  he  drink  1    Water 
— No!  There  is  a   very  great  proportion   of  the 
best  farming  lands   of  the  United  States  which 
are  not  supplied  with  pure  and  wholesome  water. 
Cider  is  too   strong  for  the  common   purpose   of 
quenching  thirst — by  adding  milk  or  molasses  to 
water   we  do  not  free  it  from  the  impurities;  and 
to  add  whiskey,  or  any  other  kind  of  spirits,  will 
bring  do.vn  upon  us  the   whole  fraternity,   and 
we  shall  swallow  the  impurities  into  the  bargain 
I  do  not  know  of  any  thing  that  I  can  so  safely 
recommend  for  the  use  of  laborers,  as  a  common 
drink,  which  we  think  will  serve  so  well  to  quench 
thirst,  and  be  conducive  to  health,  as  small  beer, 
made  in  the  good  old  way   with  moll,  bran,  hops 
and  pumpkin.     Another  advantage  follows;  the 
good  lady  is  always  supplied  when  the  beer  bar- 
rel is  in  full  operation,  with  plenty  of  good  emp- 
tings  or  yeast,  which  is  no  small  consideration. 
A  friend  to  Small  Beer. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE   FARMER. 

THE  U.  STATES  AND  ENGLAND. 

Accidentally  taking  up  a  small  volume,  one  of 
the  Annuals  for  1831,  called  The  Pearl,  publish 
ed  at  Philadelphia,  by  T.  Ask,  I  opened  on  a 
little  tale  named  "  The  Rustic  Wreath,  by  Mrs 
Hughes."  It  represents  an  American  gentle- 
man giving  his  daughters  some  account  of  his 
visit  to  England,  and  to  my  great  surprise,  I  found 
the  following  passage: 

"  You  know  I  left  our  own  dear  land  at  a  time 
"  when  of  all  others  it  appears  to  the  least  advan 
"tage;  for  the  fervid  heals  of  a    July  sun  had 
"  scorched  every  blade  of  grass ;  and  a   long  and 
"distressing  drought  had  given  an  almost  au 
"nal  tint  to  the  foliage  of  the  trees.     The   ■ 
"habitants  that  remained  in  the  city,  looki  I 
"and  languid,  and  crept  along  the  streets  asifdi 
"prived  of  all  the  energy  tht     /         q        sfortht 
"performance  of  the  business  oj 

Of  this  authoress,  who  has  written  some  prett) 
things,  I  happen  to  know  nothing.    As  not  itj 
is  mentioned,  this  picture  may  be  applied  to  any 
in  the  Union;  but  as  the  book  was  published  at 
Philadelphia,  once  considered  the  meLrcpolis  of 
these  States,   and    nearly   intermediate   beti 
North  and  South,  it  wil!  not  be  unfair  to    inii 
that  this  sketch  yas  designed  for  that  city, 
immediate  neighborhood.      As  it  stands,    I   feel' 
confid-nt  that  no  European,  unacquainted  with  our 
climate,  would  think  of  applying  it  elsewhere. 

It  maybe  remarked  that  in  works  ofFiction  at 
author  is  only  allowed  more  liberty  than  the  his- 
torian, when  he  pourtrays  imaginary  seem 
personages,  The  moment  that  he  touches  on  this 
world  of  realities,  he  is  bound  to  describe  it  as  it 
is;  or  if  fiction  be  intermixed,  it  must  conform  lo 
what  is  real.  Julius  Caisar  is  not  to  he  represent 
ed  a  coward — bananas  and  oranges  are  not  to 
crown  the  frozen  cliffs  of  Nova  Zembla — nor  an 
sleighing  parties  to  eoin.se  the  sands  of  Arabia  , 
and  accordingly  as  this  rule  is  disregarded  orob 
served,  wc  use  the  term  false,  or  imas  tuti 


Vol  1.— No.  42. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


338 


In  these  instances,  however,  1  have  only  given 
the  extremes.  How  far  this  authoress  has  in- 
fringed litis  rule  by  transferring  the  summers  of 
Persia  to  Pennsylvania,  let  those  who  are  qualifi- 
ed, judge.  Three  years  ago,  I  visited  the  capital 
of  that  state  in  the  hottest  season,  and  in  a  time 
of  severe  drought;  and  I  assert  without  fear  of 
■contradiction,  that  I  saw  nothing  of  languor  in 
the  busy  crowds  that  enlivened  its  streets.  I  then 
passed  into  the  country,  along  dusty  roads,  no 
rain  having  fallen  in  several  wet  ks,  and  though 
the  fields  were  less  vivid  than  in  ordinary  sum- 
mers, yet  there  was  no  deficiency  of  pasture  for 
the  cattle.  The  fields  of  Indian  corn,  (maize) 
were  still  fresh  and  fragrant;  and  this  remarkable 
and  pleasing  feature  in  our  rural  scenery,  can  nev- 
er be  passed  unnoticed  by  any  one  who  has  a 
right  to  call  this  country  "  our  own  dear  land." 

Strange  as  it  may  appear  to  those  who  seldom 
move  abroad,  and  who  have  few  opportunities  for 
observing  the  effects  of  the  weather  on  Vegeta- 
tion, yet  it  is  no  less  the  fact,  that  in  some  of  the 
finest  agricultural  districts  of  the  Middle  States, 
■'.he  crops  suffer  more  from  excessive  wetness  than 
from  drought ;  and  none  will  doubt  it,  if  I  give 
Ihe  present  season  as  an  instance.  It  is  true,  there 
is  sometimes  a  deficiency  of  rain,  yet  speaking 
in  regard  to  the  average,  our  droughts*  are  of 
shorter  durations  than  those  of  England,  which 
this  authoress,  from  some  undefined  mot 've,  has 
chosen  to  place  in  contrast  with  this  country. 

She  says,  "Few"  tilings  in  the  world  perhaps, 
present  a  more  strikingly  beautiful  picture  to  the 
eye,  than  an  English  landscape.  The  graceful 
undulations  of  the  country — the  d<  ep  rich  ver- 
dure that  overspreads  the  ground — the  high  cul- 
tivation that  every  where  meets  the  eye  and 
speaks  of  industry  and  health — the  Gothic  edi- 
fices, telling  tales  of  former  limes — and  the  coun- 
try seats  which  display  at.  once  the  elegance  and 
taste  of  the  inhabitants ;  and  above  all  the  »»al 
cottages  which  impart  a  truth  :■".*"  delightful  to 
the  benevolent  hear:.  *hat  comfort  and  a  consider- 
able porting  cT  refinement,  are  enjoyed  by  even 
the  lowest  ranks, — are  all  points  of  beauty  which 
are  particularly  striking  to  an  American  travel- 
ler, for  they  unfold  a  train  of  new  ideas  to  his 
mind." 

We  are  not  told  indeed  whether  these  new  ideas 
arise  from  his  having  never  seen  any  thing  of  the 
kind  before;  or  whether  they  arise  in  conse- 
quence of  the  minds  of  the  Americans  being  so 
unenlightened  to  the  real  situation  of  England. — 
The  subjoined  extract  will  meet  her  meaning  in 
either  position. 

The  hostility  of  the  Quarterly  Review  to  us  as 
a  nation,  has  long  been  known;  and  its  testimony 
in  our  favor  on  any  particular  point,  may  therefore 
be  taken  as  conclusive,  any  further  debate  being 
considered  unavailable.  I  copy  from  the  review  of 
Briltonh  Cathedral  antiquities,  published  about 
five  years  ago,  which  our  authoress  might  have 
read  to  some  profit : 

■ "  A  well  educated  American — is  no/sur- 
prised at  the  activity  and  enterprise  which  he 
finds  among  us,  for  these  are  characteristics  of  his 
own  countrymen  not  less  than  of  ours.  The 
wealth,  the  domestic  comforts,  the.  refinements,  and 
(he  elegancies  of  life,  which  have  extended  them- 


selves to  the  remotest  parts  of  the  island,  excite 
in  him  pleasure  rather  than  admiration,  because 
f.  r  these  also  he  is  prepared,  and  may  have  seen 
them  existing  in  as  high  a  degree,  only  not  so 
generally*  diffused,  in  the  better  parts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States." 

This  admission  by  a  political  enemy,  places 
our  authoress  on  the  back  ground,  both  in  regard 
to  intelligence,  and  to  that  sense  of  decorum  which 
ought  to  have  restrained  her  from  issuing  a  libel 
against  this  country  in  the  heart  of  our  empire. 

The  land  of  my  ancestors — for  a  people  almost 
exclusively  of  the  same  language  and  religion  as 
ourselves,  I  feel  all  the  interest  and  all  the  benevo- 
lence that  I  ought ;  and  I  can  listen  to  England's  eu- 
logium  with  pleasure,  except  when  it  is  brought  for- 
ward in  contrast  to  our  own  country ;  and  then 
justice  requires  that  we  should  hear  both  sides. — 
All  that  our  authoress  has  mentioned  may  doubt- 
less be  found  in  that  land ;  and  all  of  it  that  re- 
lates to  wealth,  to  domestic  comforts,  the  refine- 
ments and  elegancies  of  life,  is  in  our  own ;  but 
there  is  something  ludicrous  in  that  fondness 
which  imparts  to  the  mountains  of  Cumberland, 
and  to  the  fens  of  Lincoln,  the  same  "  graceful 
undulation."  Geologists  know  that  the  shape  of 
mountains  and  hills,  depends  in  great  measure 
on  the  nature  of  their  rocks;  and  with  barely  an 
exception  we  have  every  kind  that  occurs  in  Eng- 
land, and  are  consequently  entitled  to  undulations 
as  graceful. 

The  deep  rich  verdure  that  overspreads  our 
meadows  and  pastures;  and  that  culture  which 
raises  the  greatest  crop  at  the  least  expense,  are  here 
visible  to  all  but  the  jaundiced  eye.  England  is 
proud  of  her  Gothic  edifices,  as  Egypt  might 
be  of  her  pyramids,  but  no  patriotic  Englishman 
could  wish  a  return  of  those  times  that  produced 
them.  A  neat  cottage  may  be  very  comfortable, 
and  pretl icr.  though  it  speaks  of  dependence,  than 
the  farm- house  in  this  country  that  shelters  the 
lord  of  the  soil ;  but  the  refinements  of  the  Imcest 
classes  in  England,  are  referred  to,  rather  unfortu- 
nately in  regard  to  time,  when  many  of  its  pris 
oils  are  crowded  with  rioters  and  incendiaries, 
stated  by  high  authority  to  have  become  despe 
rate  from  a  want  of  bread.  I  exult  not,  but  la- 
ment over  these  evils,  and  mention  them  only  to 
show  the  scanty  intelligence  or  candor  of  our  au- 
thoress. 

But  I  have  not  yet  done  with  her  errors.  The 
American  gentleman  is  represented  in  conversa- 
tion with  some  little  girls,  who  ask  him  in  refer 
ence  to  his  daughters,  "  Are  they  fond  of  flowers? 
"  Oh,  certainly,  he  replies ;  but  they  have  not  an 
"  opportunity  of  cultivating  them  so  much  as  you 
"do  here,  for  the  excessive  heat  of  our  summers, 
"  and  the  severity  of  our  winters  arc  particularly 
"  unfavorable  to  flowers," 

This  can  require  but  short  comments.  English 
florists  generally  know  how  much  their  gardens 
are  ornamented  by  the  wild  flowers  of  this  coun- 
try; and  the  exotics  which  are  sold  in  the  vicini- 
ties of  New-York  and  Philadelphia  alone,  to  thf 
amount  of  manyt  thousands  of  dollars  annually 
prove  the  great  attention  that  is  paid  to  Floricul- 
ture.   Neither  the  heat  of  our  summers  nor  the 


-Aboul twice  as  much  rain  falls  annually  onthewest 
<ro:ist  of  England  ua  on  the  east  coast,  or  inthc  neighbor- 
hood of  London- 


"I  apprehend  much  more  generally  diffused  in  propor- 
tion to  tlie  number  of  inhabitants. 

[Probably  not  less  thnn  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
annually. 


cold  of  our  winters  are  unfavorable  to  the  growth 
of  beautiful  flowers  with  some  unimportant  ex- 
ceptions, for  there  are  thousands  of  fine  flower- 
ing plants  that  are  not  injuriously  affected  by  ei- 
ther. 

If  this  authoress  lives  in  England,  she  ought 
to  read  Travels  of  more  veracity  than  those  of 
Parkinson,  Ashe  "and  Fearon.  If  she  is  an  A- 
merican,  I  only  acquit  her  from  the  charge  of 
wilful  misrepresentation  on  the  ground  that  she 
has  more  Ignorance  than  falls  to  the  common  lot 
of  her  countrywomen.  A  Traveller. 


selm  "rioiss. 


From  the  New-England   Farmer. 

UNDER  DRAINING. 

Mr.  Editor — In  a  late  number  of  your 
paper  my  friend  Judge  Buel,  in  an  article  on 
'underdraining'  was  pleased  to  speak  in  fa- 
vorable terms  of  my  practice  in  this  species 
of  improvement,  of  my  culture  in  general, 
and  to  ask  for  some  commuication  on  the  sub- 
ject. As  no  one  in  our  country  has  more 
I  successfully  blended  theory  with  practice  in 
the  various  departments  of  husbandry  than 
Mr.  Buel,  I  appreciate  this  notice  from  one 
so  competent  to  make  improvements  and  so 
happy  in  his  manner  of  detailing  them  to 
the  agricultural  community. 

As  regards  underdraining  and  the  many 
benefits  resulting  from  it,  my  observation  and 
experience  fully  corroborate  all  Judge  Buel 
has  said  in  its  favor — indeed  without  this  sal- 
utary and  simple  operation  no  inconsiderable 
proportion  of  many  valuable  districts  of  our 
country  must  continue  little  better  than  waste. 
It  is  generally  total  loss  of  labor  to  the  far- 
mer who  attempts  to  cultivate  wet  lands  in 
our  rigorous  climate,  and  by  draining,  these 
useless  and  inhospitable  acres  have  been 
found  of  the  kindliest  and  most  productive 
character. 

Having  a  surplus  of  stone  on  my  estate  be- 
yond what  fences  require,  I  use  the  smaller 
and  ill  formed  for  drains;  they  have  the  ad- 
vantage of  brush  in  durability  and  of  tiles  in 
economy.  My  drains  are  fur  the  most  part 
3  feet  in  depth,  2.  feet  in  width  at  top,  sloping 
to  one  at  bottom.  The  bottom  stones  are 
largest  and  are  carefully  placed  to  allow  the 
water  to  flow  freely  beneath,  while  above  the 
small  stones  are  thrown  in  at  random,  so 
that  when  leveled  they  are  beneath  the  plough. 
Over  these  swingle  tow,  shavings  or  straw 
may  be  strewn,  after  which  the  earth  can  be 
replaced  by  the  spade  or  plough  so  as  <o  pre- 
sent a  rather  higher  surface  than  the  grounds 
adjacent  and  the  business  is  accomplished. 
— It  is  very  essential  that  the  descent  be  ea- 
sy, neither  tooquick  or  too  slow,  and  that  all 
surface  water  be  excluded,  as  it  would  speed- 
ily choke  and  destroy  the  underdraining. — I 
estimate  the  average  cost  of  such  drains  at 
62£  cents  the  rod. — It  should  be  remarked, 
that  underdraining  is  adapted  to  lands  pre- 
senting sufficient  declivity  to  carrv  off  the 
springs,  and  is  only  the  under  water  that  is 
meant  to  be  drained  in  this  manner,  while 
open  ditches  are  adapted  to  the  bottomlands 
for  the  conveyance  of  surface  water.  I  will 
state  what  appears  to  me  the  prominent  ad- 
vantages that  the  cultivator  may  promise 
himself  by  a  thorough  system  of  draining. 

In  the  first  place,  he  creates  as  it  weie  so 
much  terra  firma,  and  adds  essentially  to  the 
health  of  all  around  him  by  correcting  the 
ill  tendencies  of  excessive  moisture.  He 
can  cultivate  reclaimed  lands  several  weeks 


;t34 


THE  G'E^VESEE  FARMEft 


Oclolirr  22   183] 


earlier  and  as  much  later  in  each  year  than 
those  that  are  unreclaimed,  his  crops  are  bet 
ter  and  more  sure.  The  labor  of  after  til- 
lage is  much  diminished.  The  stones  that 
impede  the  plough  and  scythe  are  removed, 
and  not  the  least  essential  benefit,  is  the  con- 
stant supplies  of  water  which  may  be  insur- 
ed in  any  field  inclining  to  moisture,  which 
with  reference  to  animals  will,  as  a  perma- 
nent convenience  and  advantage,  fully  com- 
pensate the  expense  of  drains. 

1  have  just  put  down  a  field  of  wheat  which 
has  required  extensive  unrlerdi'aining.     This 


furs,  cannot  be  devised.  In  breaking  up 
heaths,  such  exuviae  are  very  abundant;  but 
in  all  ca  es,  if  the  weeds,  leaves,  &.c,  were 
conveyed  to  a  hoe  oi  pit,  and  with  every 
single  horse-load,  and  with  barrow -loads  in 
proportion,  s>  bushel  of  salt  and  half  a  bush- 
el of  lime  were  incorporated,  it  would,  in  a 
few  months;  form  a  mass  of  decayed  com- 
post of  the  most  fertilizing  quality. — Gard. 
Mag. 

Planting. — The   Spaniards  are   infinitely 
more  careful  turn  the  French,  and  otner  na- 


field  lias  required  2.r>0  rods  of  stone  drain-  , t ions  in  planting  tiees,  and  in  i.. king  care  of 
ing,  and  I  hope  to  be  remunerated  the  whole  them ;  for  it  rarely  happens,  when  a  Span- 
expense  in  the  surplus  ciops  of  the  next  two    iard  eats  fruit  in  a  wood  or  in  the  open  conn- 


years,  to  say  nothing  of  the  pleasure  of  uit- 
nessing  the  finest  grains  and  kindliest  grass- 
es taking  the  place  of  hull  rushes  and  wild 
grass.  I  am,  sir. 

Your  most  obedient  serv't. 

HENRY  \V    DELAVAN. 
Balhton,  N.   Y.  Sept.  27,  1831. 


FIGS. 

We  were  presented  a  few  days  since  by  our 

fellow  citizen,  Mr,  P.  Printz,  with  a  couple 

of  fine  ripe  figs,  which  had  grown,  with  ma- 
ny others,  on  a  tree  in  his  garden  during  the 

present  season.     We  are  aware  that  this  tice 

has  been   cultivated  in  several   instances   in 

this  county,   but  we  believe  it  has  generally 

cast    its  fruit    prematurely.      Mr.    Printz's 

trees  are  planted  in  boxes  and  are  removed    £e  6ro"n  wjhe  West  '"dies  "as  sprung.— 

remedy,  coffee  could  only  be  got  at  a  gieat 
expense  from  Mocha  in  vlrabia. — The  Mir- 
ror. 


try,  that    he   does  not  set  the   stones  or    the 
peps:  and  thus  in  the  whole  of   then    conn 
try  an    infinite  number  of  Iruit  tiees  of  all 
kind1.:   whereas,  ill  the  French  quarters  you 
find  none. — Lubat. 

Introduction  of  Coffee. —  It  was  owing  in 
some,  measure  to  a  ilisti  igmshed  French  bo- 
tanisl,  that  we  are  so  abundantly  furnished 
with  the  coffee-berry.  Two  plants  were, 
under  his  tare,  taken  to  the  West  Indies, 
from  lite  botanic  gardens  at  Pans,  but  on  the 
voyage  the  supply  of  water  beeamt  nearly 
exhausted;  this  person  Us  so  anxious  to 
preserve  the  plants  that  he  deprived  him- 
self of  his  allowance  in  order  to  water  the 
coffee  plants.     From  these  two,    all  the  cof- 


into  a  shelter  during  the  winter  season;  this 

is  the  second  year  that  the  fruit  has  come  to 

perfection.     Where  the  tree  is  not  protected 

during  the  winter,   it  is  apt  to  sustain  injury 

from   the   coldness  of   our   climate,  and  the     • 

,.,,,,    c  ■  „,.      ,  ,  ,  'timers  Magazine  is   of   opinion  that  the  cul- 

frmt  falls  before  it  ripens.      Whether  it  would 

be    possible  so  far   to  acclimate  this  tree  as 

•    j      .  ,  ,-        j.     ■      rigalion,   although    adiv     sloping   situation 

to  render  its  cultivation  a  matter  of  profit,  is    ■    „enprai| 

more  than  we  are  prepared  to  --ay  ;  but  it  is 


Asparagus. — A  correspondent  of  the  Gar- 
dner's Mug  r. 
Itivation  of  asparagus  may  be  improved  by  ir 


generally   recommended      He   had  three 

beds  60  yards  long,  font    rows  in  each   bed, 
possible  that  like  the  Cherry   it  might  be  re-    which  |)l(|  bee„  ,,§,  l|()W„  .,,,„„,  ,h 

moved   gradually  northward   until  ,.   would    previ„lls  wun  seed.     from  the   lsl  of  Oclo- 

her  1827  to  the  middle  of  February  last,  the 

beds  were,  except  about  4   lods,  completely 

flooded  to  the  depth  of  from  6   to  12  inches. 


flourish  in  a  much  higher  latitude,  than  has 
been  hitherto  congenial  to  its  cultivation. 

Thatcher  says,  in  speaking  of  this  fruit : — 
'This  tree  is  probably   a  native  of  Asia, 


When  the  water  went  off  in  the  latter  end  of 


but  grows  plentifully  in  (lie  south  of  Europe.  \  February,  he  ordered  the  beds  to  be  forked 
'Isthe  fruit  is  very  pulpy,  it  is  dried  when  it II over,  with  the  intention  of dryingthe  ground, 
isto  be  pieserved.     They  consist  almost  en-  'and  getting   the  roots  into    health;  but   the 


tirely  of  mucilage,  and  are  therefore  demul 
cent.  They  aie  grateful  lo  the  stomach,and 
more  easy  of  digestion  than  any  other  sweet 
fruit;  and  abounding  in  saccharine  matter, 
they  are  very  nutritious,  but  apt  to  occasion 
flatulency,  when  eaten  without  bread,  or  oth- 
er mealy  substances.  A  decoction  of  figs 
affords  excellent  gargles  to  cleanse  the  throat 
and  mouth.  This  fruit  also  forms  an  ingre- 
dient in  lenitive  elect,  aries,  and  pectoral 
draughts,  and  is  likewise  applied  externally 
to  soften,  digest,  and  promote  maturation. 

Figs  ripen  very  well  by  the  noddle  of  Sep- 
tember, in  Philadelphia,  when  enjoying  a 
free  exposure  to  the  sun.  In  the  southern 
states  they  flourish  luxuriantly,  and  might 
become  an  article  of  extensive  exportation, 
and  home  consumption,  if  pains  »ere  taken 
to  introduce  the  large  Levant  fig." — Zanes- 
ville  (Ohio)  Gazette. 


Atanurc. — It  is  a  common  practice  to  burn 
couch-grass,  docks,  gorse.  and  other  vegeta- 
bles which  are  very  retentive  of  life,  or  slow 
in  decay  ;  a  more  uneconomical,  unscientif- 
ic method  of  reducing  them  to  a  state  bene- 
ficial to  the  land  of  irhich  they  were  the  re 


shoots  were  appearing  on  every  part,  and  on 
the  4th  of  March  he  cut  400  of  good  quali- 
ty, and  to  tiie  end  of  April  continued  to  cut 
100  daily. — Art  of  Scien. 

A  correspondent  of  the  G^rdenci's  Mag- 
azine, recommends  the  cultivation  of  the 
bitter  orange  in  Great  Britain,  as  an  orna- 
mental tiee.  He  finds  it  flourishing  in  the 
northern  part  of  Italy,  where  Ihe  winters  are 
so  cold  that  the  rivers  are  frozen  over,  and 
afford  good  skaiting  for  a  longer  period  than 
he  has  ever  known  in  England  ;  and  there- 
fore infers  that  the  English  climate  is  not  too 
severe  fur  its  cultivation  We  should  judge 
from  (he  account  of  the  tree,  that  it  might  be 
cultivated  herewith  very  little  trouble;  and 
should  think  it  worth  ttie  pains  of  some  ex- 
periments, as  it  is  a  very  ornamented  tree 
and  its  fruit  is  used  for  various  purposes. — 
Western  Tiller. 


SWINE. 
Liltlo  is  necessary  to  be  said  ou   this 
subject,  as   probably  no   branch   of  hus- 
bandry is  better  understood   in  this  state, 
than  the    raising   of  pork.     As    the    old 


thin,  long  legged  breed  still  prevails  in 
various  quarters,  the  sooner  another  is 
substituted  for  it,  the  better;  besides,  it 
is  a  gaunt,  voracious  animal,  difficult  to 
fatten,  and  having  loo  large  n  portion  of 
bone. 

In  breeding,  the   sow  should  be  select- 
ed with  great  care:  broad   and  straight- 
backed,   with   w:de  lups;  a  greaf   many 
teals;  short    legs  and    fine   h  »iie.       Far- 
mers differ  mu   li  in  their  plans  of  raising 
holding  stock  for  pork.;  some  permitting 
fheir    sboats  to   run    at     large    eighteen 
mouths,  till  they  are  penned  up  to  fatten; 
this   is   ihe  most    troublesome    and   leas! 
j  profitable  way;  others  give  them  a  range 
in    clover  pastures,  and   begin   to  fatten 
,111pm    earlier.     I'    apprehend   there  is   a 
in   ch  ni'jre  profitable  way,  and  attended 
with  less  trouble   for  tin. so  who    have  the 
r.ght  breed.      According  to    the  quantity 
of  pork  wanted  should  be  the  number  of 
breeding  sows  kept  over,  and  there  sh  uld 
be  no  other  bogs   on  the   farm    but  the 
breeding  sows.     These,   when   they   pig 
the  latter  end   of  March,  should    be  fed 
in  the   most  attentive  manner  with  swil! 
jand  shorts.     The  pigs  from  a  full  grown 
sow,  will  generally  be  twelve  in  number; 
these  should  be  tninned  down  to  eight,  as 
I  soon  as  they  begin  to  feed  freely  out   of 
the  trough,  should  be  weaned,  and  aftet- 
J  wards  fed  regularly  with  green  tares,  clo- 
vers, boiled  potatoes,  ground   peas,   un- 
merchantable corn,  or  any  other  nourish- 
ing food  ;  turning  them  out  every  day  in- 
to  a  small  yard  where   there  is  a  shallow 
pond  for  them  to  lie  in       \    remarkable 
b  eed    of  pins    winch   had     been    treated 
pretty  much  in  this  manner,  were  exhibit- 
ed at  the  last  Duanesburgh  Fair;   when 
eight  months  old,  one  of  them  wassjaug  - 
jtered,  and    weighed  exactly  three  hun- 
jdred  and  eleven  pounds:  they  attracted 
j  universal  attention,  and  I  certainly  nevei 
J  saw  such  animals   before.     This  method 
j  is  attended  with  little  trouble,  and  leaves 
so  small  a  quantity  of  stock  on    hand  to 
winter  over,  appears  to  me  to  be  more  <•- 
conomiral  in  every  point   of  view    than 
any    other    which    is  practiced. — .V.    V. 
Memoirs  of.jgri. 

rro.n  the  New-England  Farmer. 

CULTURE  OF   TIIE    -  W    FT   PO- 
TATOE    IN  NF.W  HAMPSHIRE. 
I  have  not  heard  of  this  valuable  rool 
being  cultivated  to  any  extent  in  this  vi- 
cinity, or  in  thislatitude,  nor  do  I  believe 

'that  there  lias  been  any  proper  attempt 
made  The  last  season  I  applied  for  u 
small  quantity  of  seed,  to  Mr.  Russell,  the 
publisher  of  the  New  England  Farmer, 

j  through  his  agent,  and  by  some  means, 
I  received  them  quite  too  late  to  plant, 

land  the  polatoe  much  decayed  and  what 
few  were  sound  were  dry  and  wilted,  and 

:had  little  appearance  of   any    vegetable 

(life;  I  however  planted  them  altogether, 
hoping  I  might  find  some  of  them  to  ve- 
getate, and  then  to  plant  them  in   proper 

j  order.  By  the  last  of  June  I  found  a 
small  portion  of  tbem  had  vegetated.  miM 


Vol.  1.— No.  41. 


AND  G'AK1>ENER'S  JOURNAL. 


335 


accordingly  planted  ihem,  and  tended 
them  as  well  as  I  knew  how,  and  had  hut 
a  small  crop  as  might  be  supposed  ;  and 
was  not  a  little  pleased  even  under  these 
unfavorable  circumstances  to  have  expe- 
rienced the  fact  of  raisin;:  about  two 
bushels  of  small  sweet  potatoes. 

After  making  use  of  about  one  half  of 
them,  I  knew  no  better  way  to  save  the 
residue  for  seed,  which  were  the  smallest 
of  them  (and  small  indeed  too)  than  to 
put  the-n  into  a  cask  in  my  cellar,  well 
mixed  and  covered  with  diysand.  Sup- 
posing them  to  be  well  taken  care  of,  I 
did  not  look  to  them  until  the  las  of  the 
wiuter,  when  to  my  very  great  disappoint- 
ment I  found  the  sand  to  haye  settled  and 
become  quite  moist,  and  every  fibre  of 
the  root  entirely  decayed. 

From  all  these  circumstances  I  conclu- 
ded if  1  could  procure  seed  in  good  sea- 
sou,  in  March  or  early  in  April,  tli.it  they 
might  be  started  in  a  hot  bed,  or  some  situ-; 
ilar  way,  to  plant  as  soon  as  the  spring 
frosts  were  over  that  they  might  be  grown 
to  full  perfection.  I  accordingly  applied 
as  before.  As  it  happened  they  did  not 
reach  me  till  late,  and  they  had  then  be- 
gun to  decay.  I  was  not  able  to  plant' 
them  until  the  last  of  May,  about  one 
month  earlier  than  the  last  season,  which 
has  operated  greatly  in  favor  of  a  crop. — 
From  one  peck  of  seed,  (not  more  than 
one  half  of  which  were  sound  and  vegeta-: 
ted)  and  notwithstanding  they  were  plant- 
ed very  late,  I  am  favored  with  a  plenty 
of  perfectly  sweet  potatoes,  much  better| 
than  any  I  have  e>'er  bee  i  able  to  obtain 
from  the  South  or  Middle  States,  and  I 
think  finer  than  ever  I  found  there,  hav- 
ing frequent  opportunities  of  proving 
them.  My  little  crop  s  very  gratifying 
to  he  sure,  for  my  family  are  numerous 
and  all  excessively  fond  of  them  ;  my  -v- 
erage  yield  is  a  bushel  from  ei^ht  hills, 
which  gives  me  about  twenty  bushels  pro- 
duced on  light  loam. 

I  have  seen  in  t'e  New  England  Far- 
mer some  advice  for  keeping  this  valua- 
ble vegetable.  The  method  most  h  gh'ly 
recommended,  I  think,  was  pulverized 
charcoal,  which,  if  a  safe  way,  is  at  best 
a  very  disagreeable  one.  I  should  feel 
myself  very  much  obliged  if  1  should  he 
advised  from  anyone  through  you  paper, 
of  the  most  safe  and  proper  way  of  keep- 
ing them,  also  whether  there  should  be 
any  selection  for  seed,  and  what  kind. 
Yours.  A.  R. 

Portsmouth,  JV.  H.  Oct.  4,  1831. 

fJ^Sweet  Potato  slips  are  not  gener- 
ally received  in  Boston  from  the  South, 
for  sale,  till  about  the  middle  o  April. — 
It  would  be  useless  to  try  to  get  them 
sooner,  for  if  they  become  in  the  least 
chilled  on  the  voyage,  they  decay  almost 
as  fast  as  they  are  opened  to  the  air.  No 
economical  method  of  preserving  the 
slips  for  seed  during  the  winter  in  New 
Englapd  has  yet  been  discovered  to  our 
^knowledge,— Eb.: 


From  the  Southern  Agriculturist. 
To  save  sekd.-. — All  seeds  keep  bet- 
ter in  their  seed  vessels,  but  this  can 
rarely  be  done,  on  account  of  the  great 
space  occin  ied.  As  soon,  therefore,  as 
the  pods  of  cabbages,  turnips,  radishes, 
&C.  turn  brown,  and  a  part  become  dry, 
the  stems  should  be  c  t  and  laid  on  a 
cloth  or  floor  to  dry,  and  after  wards 
thrashed  out,  ad  hung  up  in  hags  in  some 
open  airy  place.  Lettuce  should  be  pul- 
led up  with  the  roots,  as  soon  as  there  is 
the  least  appearance  of  maturity,  and 
hung  up,  and  the  plants  will  ripen  all  ol 
their  sPeds,  nearly  at  the  same  time.  It 
left  in  the  garden  t  ripen,  the  earliest 
and  best  will  be  lost;  in  fact,  except  mi- 
lder very  favorable  circumstances,  very 
■  few  will  be  obtained,  as  every  shower  and  j 
every  strong  breez  will  lessen  tlie  quan- 
tity," and  scatter  those  which  are  mature 
I  over  the  whole  garden.  The  same  course 
should  be  pursued  with  leeks  a  d  onions. 
It  is  a  pr  valent  opinio  that  the  bush 
squash  cannot  be  perpetua  ed  among  us, 
as  such  luve  a  strong  tenden  y  to  run, 
and  in  ne  or  two  seasons  become  a  vine. 
This  is  a  mistake,  and  has  originated,  uo 
doubt,  in  the  manner  of  s  ving  th  seed. 
If  the  first  squashes  ihat  appear  be  retain- 
ed for  seed,  iher  is  no  anger  of  the 
pi  : 1 1 1  running  the  next  season;  but  if 
these  be  used  and  those  which  are  borne 
t  the  extremities  are  preserved  for  this 
purpose,  they  will  run  and  moreover  will 
be  later  in  bearing.  To  have  early  fru:t 
of  either  the  squash,  cucumber  or  melon, 
the  very  first  should  be  preserved. 

Grfipes  !ii  Baltimore. — We  have  been 
delighted  with  the  supply  of  delicious 
fruit  wlii'di  our  market  has  affoide  tins 
season.  In  addition  to  our  usual  supply 
of  fine  peaches,  which  are  unequalled  in 

i  any  ot  er  market,  we  have  for  some  weeks 
past  been  furnished  with  dtlicious  grapes 
from   .h      vineyard  of  Nicholas      rewer, 

i  K>q.  of  Annapolis.  They  were  of  the 
fill  wing     kinds: Golden     (  hasselas, 

1  Sweetwater,  Isabella,  Bland's  Madeira 
and  ed  Hamburg,  the  'wo  first  sold  read- 
ilv  at  .$6  per  bushel,  and  the  Madeira  are 
selling  with  equal  facility  at  $3  to  #4. — 
Of  the  three  last  mentioned  kinds,  Mr,  li 
has  about  200  bushels  on  his  vines. — A 

inter.  Far. 


purpose.  We  certainty  should  feel  much  grati 
lied,  if  the  ancient  city  should  be  enabled  by  the 
improvement  in  the  navigation  of  the  Hudson,  to, 
import,  (at  no  distant  day)  in  ships  of  their  own. 


Fuel  and  Stoves. 

Mr.  L.  Tucker,  Sir — Much  time,  labor,  an  1 
money,  have  been  expended  in  order  to  determine 
the  most  econmieal  mode  of  heating  rooms.  Stove 
after  stove,  of  almost  every  conceivable  form  has 
been  offered  to  the  public,  each  inventor  claiming 
superiority,  yet  so  equal  or  so  doubtful  have  beta 
the  merits  of  each,  that  neither  public  opinion, 
nor  correct  philosophy,  has  to  this  day  pronounced 
judgment,  or  awarded  the  palm.  Expense,  com 
plexity  and  waste  of  fuel  are  common  faults. 

All  these  objections  seem  now  to  be  completely 
obviated  by  anew  form  of  stove  invented  by  Mr, 
Levi  Burnell,  of  this  village,  which  for  beauty, 
simplicity,  and  enconomy,  both  in  first  cost,  and 
consumption  of  fuel,  is  not  equalled  by  any  thing 
heretofore  known  to  me.  A  model  of  the  plainest 
kind  fur  the  purpose  of  experiment,  may  be  seen 
at  the  store  of  the  inventor  No.  11,  Carroll  street. 

It  exposes  a  greater  surface  of  heated  metal 
than  any  other  form  of  stove  of  equal  dimensions 
and  weight,  and  consequently  radiates  more  heal 
from  an  equal,  or  even  less  quantity  of  fuel. 

Either  coal  or  wood  may  he  used  with  perfect 
security  and  cleanliness,  requiring  no  further  ad- 
justment after  being  once  introduced,  till  entirely 
consumed.  The  tire  always  burns  clear,  as  the 
ashes,  as  fast  as  formed  fall  into  an  ash-pit  below. 

In  short  its  form  being  the  most  simple  and 
philosophical,  is  therefore  the  most  beautiful. 

W.  W.  Reid. 


Improvement  op  the  Hudson'  Riveu. 
From  the  circumstance  that  ships  of  the  largest 
class,  can  come  up  the  Hudson  and  anchor  at 
Cattskill,  and  the  establishment  of  the  Canajohar- 
rie  Railroad,  it  is  apprehended  that  the  ancient 
city  of  Albany  may  be  somewhat  shorn  of  her 
business  and  resources,  if  the  channel  of  the  river 
at  (he  overslaiigM  should  not  be  deepened.  The 
city  of  New- York  will  the  present  year,  pay  about 
$•20,000,000  of  hard  cash  into  the  coffers  of  the 
government  at  Washington,  audit  is  the  opinion 
of  a  writer(in  the  Argus)  that  if  a  proper  applica- 
tion be  made  to  Congress  for  means  to  deepeij  the 
channel  of  the  riv-r,  at  the  ovetsfaugjtt,  that  a 
handsome  appropriation  may  be  obtained  for  that 


The  Cincinnati  Daily  Advertiser  relates 
the  following  circumstances  as  having  oc- 
curred in  the  "  Town  of  Boston,"  some- 
where about  the  year  1760. 

'!  A  captain  of  a  vessel  having  arrived 
from  England  upon  a  Sunday,   his  affec- 
tionate wife,  anxious  to  greet  him,  met  him 
upon  Long  Wharf,  when  he  imprinted  a 
kiss  upon  her   lips — for   which  offence  a- 
gainst  the   purity  of  the  morals  of  these 
goodly  souls,  he  underwent  a  public  whip- 
ping !     Now  mark  the  result: — The  cup- 
tain  put  up  with  the  punishment  he  had  re- 
ceived, as  in  duty  bound;    and   when  the, 
time  arrived  for  his   departure   again  for 
England,   taking  his  wife  and  children  on 
board  his  ship,  he  dropped  her  down  below 
the  castle  which  defended  the  harbor,  when, 
determined  not  to  be  behindhand  with  tiie 
selectmen  in  acts  of  civility  and  Limln  ss, 
he  invited  them   to  an  entertainment  on 
board  his  ship,  where  they   were  received 
with  every  mark  of  respect  and  hospitality; 
but  the  hour  at  length  arrived  when  the  best 
friends  must  part :  the  selectmen   had  ta- 
ken their  leave  and  ascended   the  ship 
deck,  where  ihe  boatswain   and   his   mate 
were  awaiting  their  arrival,  and  seizing  each 
of  them,  by  turn,  tied  them  up,    and  gave 
them  Moses's  law, (thirty-nine  lashes,)  well 
laid  on  ;  they  were  then  put  into  their  boat. 
and  departed  for  town  ;   whilst  the  captain 
spread  every  sail  to  the  breeze,  and  took  a 
final  leave  of  Boston," 


:\M 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  22.  1831. 


from  Porter's  Health  Almanac. 
THE    DUTY  OF  AN  ATTENTION   TO  HEALTH. 

The  celebrated  English  moralist,  i>r. 
Johnson,  has  eloquently  enforced  the  du- 
ty and  importance  of  an  early  attention  to 
the  means  of  preserving  health. 

"  Among  the  innumerable  follies,"  he 
observes,  "  by  which  we  lay  up  inour  youth 
repentance  and  remorse  lor  the  succeeding 
part  of  our  lives,  there  is  scarce  any  a- 
gainst  which  warnings  are  of  less  efficacy 
than  the  neglect  ot  health.  When  the 
springs  of  motion  are  yet  elastic,  when  the 
heart  bounds  with  vigor,  and  the  eye  spark- 
les with  spirit,  it  is  with  difficulty  that  we 
are  taught  to  conceive  the  imbecility  that 
every  hour  is  bringing  upon  us,  or  to 
imagine  that  the  nerves  which  are  now  bra- 
ced with  so  much  activity,  will  lose  all  their 
power  under  the  gripe  of  tune,  relax  with 
numbness,  and  tetter  with  debility. 

"  Health  is  indeed  so  necessary  loall  the 
duties,  as  well  as  pleasures  of  liie,  that  the 
crime  of  squandering  it  is  equal  ti<  the  fol- 
ly ;  and  lie  that  lor  a  short  gratification 
brings  weakness  and   diseases  upon   him- 


most  pernicious  practice  to  wear  warm 
stockings  and  shoes  dining  the  day,  and  to 
change  them  after  night  tor  those  of  a 
more  flimsy  texture.  Many  a  fatal  cold 
has,  in  this  manner  been  contracted. 

littles  for  Turkish  Doctors  a,:d  Ameri- 
can Quads. — .Never  to  give  advice  nor 
render  assistance  before  getting  a  fee  ;  ne- 
ver to  ask  questions  of  the  sick;  and  nev- 
er to  give  intelligible  answers  to  the  friends : 
to  fleece  the  poor  of  their  hard-earnings, 
in  the  name  of  humanity  ;  and  to  kill,  by 
their  nostrums,  as  evidence  of  the  force  of 
untaught  geuius,  and  of  the  folly  of  lear- 
ning. 

A  receipt  for  most  disorders  of  the  skin. 

— ''  Take  of  pure  clean  water  quantum  snj- 
jicit,[mt  it  into  a  clean  earthen  or  china  basin, 

then  take  a  clean  linen  cloth,dip  it  into  that 
]  water,  and  apply  it  night  and   morning  as 

a  matter  of  course,  aud  frequently  between 

whiles,  in  the  course  of  the  day,  as  occa- 
j  sion  may  require- 

Many  persons  habituate  themselves  to 

taking  large  quantities  of  food,  on  the  sup 


nto  some  hot  water,  which  restored  it;  and 
the  process  appears  to  be  one  that  may 
prove  of  much  advantage  to  the  preservers 
of  those  beautiful  animals. 

The  Cap  of  Liberty. 
In  early  times  the  right  of  covering  the 
was  a  mark  of  liberty  :  hence  the  term  "Cap  of 
Liberty."  Slaves  whether  white  or  black,  in  Eu- 
rope in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
went  without  any  hats.  In  South  America,  and 
in  the  Southern  States,  slaves  go  bare  headed 


a  trespasser   against 


self,  and  for  the  pleasure  of  a  few  years  ,|  position  that  it  is  necessary  for  the  support 
passed  in  the  tumults  of  diversion  and  the, of  then:  strength.  In  this  they  commit  a 
clamors  of  merri.iient,  condemns  the  ma-  j|  very  great  error.  By  large  quantities  oi 
turer  and  more  experienced  part  of  his  life  ||  food  the  stomach  is  over-distended,  and  lo- 
to  the  chniber  and  the  couch,  may  be  just-! jSes  part  of  its  powers— it  therefore  per- 
ly  reproached,  not  only  as  a  spendthrift  of  forms  its  office  imperfectly,  and  debility 
his  own  happiness,  but  as  the  robber  of  the  i;  and  disease  are  the  consequences.  It  is 
public, — as  a  wretch  that  has  voluntarily  ! I  established  beyond  doubt,  that  far  great- 
disqualified  himself  for  the  business  of  hisjjer  nourishment  is  derived  from  the  moder- 
station,  and  refused  that  part  which  Pro-j;  ate  use  of  any  given  food,  than  w  hen  large 
vidence  assigns  him  in  the  general  task  of  j  quantities  of  it  are  taken, 


signal  punishment  awaiting 
die  restriction. 

The  cap  of  Liberty  has  been  made  to  play  a 
very  important  put  in  Revolutions.  The  Sv.  ii 
owe  their  success  to  the  cap  which  Gessler  ordered 
to  be  saluted  as  a  mark  of  submission.  The  cap 
of  liberty  appears  on  some  of  the  English  devices. 
The  cap  of  Liberty  was  a  symbol  of  the  French 
Revolution.  The  Marseilles  Galley  slaves  mount- 
ed a  red  one  whi  n  ihey  were  emancipated.  But 
the  French  cap  degenerated  into  the  Jacobin  cup 

Living  biography  isan  unenviable  task.  If  die 
biographer  be  a  friend  of  the  one  whoso  life  he 
paints,  he  spares  him,  of  course.  If  written  by 
an  enemy,  he  willdo  injustice.  So,  between  these 
extreme  cases,  the  pendulum  of  the  biographei 
has  a  wide  range.  I  would,  therefore,  give  very- 
little  for  living  biography:  neither  will  1  subscribe 
for  books ;  because,  if  the  book  be  a  good  one,  it 
will  find  purchasers. 

Negligence,  imprudence,  and  irregularity,  if  long 
persevered  in,  will  "  make  knowledge  useless,  wil 
idiculous,  and  genius  contemptible." 


human  nature 

When  a  person  sighs  without  knowing 


It  is  impossible  to  procure  sound  sleep 
without  the  day  has  been  devoted  to  tem- 


why,  is  sad  amidst  the  cheerful,  pesters  the]]  perance,  and  some  hours  of  it  to  active  ex- 
doctor  with  complaints,  which  can  neuherijercise,  as  it  is  to  take  exercise  without 
find  name  nor  place;  who  cannot  sleep ;|| strength,  or  to  support  the  body  without 
or,  whose  sleeping  is  a  busy  dream  ;  who  j!  food. 

speculates  upon  the  properties  of  every  |  Laborers,  when  about  to  return  to  their 
mouthful  of  food  swallowed — in  fine,  who  j;  homes,  from  their  occupation,  particularly 
is  not  comfortable  either  awake  or  sober- —  |i  jn  the  evening,  or  in  cool  or  damp  weather, 
we  must  direct  such  a  person  to  exercise]  ought  always  to  put  on  their  coats  or  jack- 


freely,  and  still  better,  regularly  to  labor  in 
the  open  air,  in  order  to  produce  fatigue. — 
Indolence  is  a  malady  which  neither  elo- 
quence nor  physic  can  cure. 

Nothing,  says  an  old   writer,  pesters 


ets,  and  by  no  means   to  return  in  their 
shirt  sleeves. 

Domestic  Cleanliness. — People,  in  ordei 
to  preserve  their  health,  ought  to  observe 
all  cleanliness  and  sweetness  in  their  hou- 


I 


condition. 

Simple  Diluents. — The  man  who  dilates 
his  blood  with  simple  fluids,  escapes  many 
of'  those  hepatic  and  bowel  complaints  to 
which  the  drinker  of  ardent  spirits  is  lia- 
ble. 


the  body  and  mind  sooner  than  to  be  still  seSj  cloths,  and  furniture,  suitable  to  then- 
fed,  to  eat  and  ingurgiate  beyond  all  meas- 
ure, as  many  do.  By  overmuch  eating, 
and  continual  feasts,  they  stifle  nature,  and 
choke  up  themselves  ;  whereas,  had  they 
lived  coarsely,  or,  like  galley  slaves,  been 
tied  to  an  oar,  life  might  have  been  happily 
prolonged  many  fair  years. 

Exercise,  sufficient  clothing,  comfort- 
able rooms,  wholesome  food,  and  abstin- 
ence from  all  intoxicating  drinks,  are  the 
only  certain  means  of  defending  the  sys- 
tem from  the  cold,  and  from  the  diseases 
— coughs,  pleurisy  rheumatism,  and  the 
like,  which  result  ti  >m  it. 

In  damp,  wet,  and  chilly  weather,  keep 
the  feet  warm  and  dry.  Soft  wollen  stock- 
ings, and  stout  thick-soaled  shoes,  are  im- 
portant preservatives  of  health.      It  is  a 


Elasticity  of  Feathers. — The  elasticity 
of  feathers  was  well  illustrated  by  an  ex- 
periment lately  performed  in  the  library  of 
the  Royal  Institution,  London,  of  immers- 
ing feathers,  rumpled  and  bent  in  almost 
every  direction,  in  boiling  water,  and  on 
withdrawing  them  thev  were  seen  to  have 
resumed  their  regular  and  natural  form. — 
This  was  accidentally  discovered  by  a  spe- 
cimen of  a  foreign  bird,  the  plumage  of 
which  had  been  very  much  rumpled,  falling 


GRA1  E   VINJ  K 

Grape  vines  of  choicest  va 
fnz'*Ap\_W  rieties    both   of  American 

and  European  for  sale   in  fine   condition  , i 

reasonable  prices  ■  -  the  Editor.  Persons  wishing 
to  plant  either  lor  the  table  or  vineyards  can  bi 
supplied.  Orders  directed  to  iliis  othec  post  paid 
will  be  attended  to.  Also  a  general  assortment  ul 
peach,  plum,  apple  and  oilier  frail  trees, 
oct  15 

TO  EDITORS  AND  PULL1SHERS. 

A  Gentleman,  residing  in  the  country, plan 
tically  engaged  in  husbandry  and  having 
some  knowledge  of  science,  literature  and 
politics,  wishes  to  ei  gage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodical  V\  oi  Us.  in  suppl)  ing  ar- 
ticles and  papers  for  the  public  press.  He 
has  been  for  many  yens,  a  pretty  liberal  con- 
tributor, but  always  voluntary  and  gratui- 
tous, in  which  be  has  probably  done  his  part. 
He  now  asks  a  reasonable  compensation  foi 
the  fruits  of  his  leisure  and  experience. — 
Reference,N.  Goodsell, Editor  Genesee  Far- 
mer. 

STATE  OF  NEW-Yi  RK..  i  Albany  Sept.  1st 
Secretary's  Office.        )  1831. 

Sir — 1  hereby  give  you  notice,  that  at  the  next 
General  Election,  to  be  boldenon  the  lirst  Mon- 
day in  November  next,  and  the  two  succeeding 
days,  ,t  Senator  is  to  he  chosen  in  the  i  ighth  sen 
ate  district,  in  the  place  of  Timothy  H.  Porter, 

whose  term  of  service  will  expire the  last  da; 

of  December  next. 

A.  C.  FLAGG    Secretary  of  State. 
To  the  Sheriff  of  the  County  aj' Monroe. 

N.  B.  Members  of  Vssembly,  Sheriff  and 
Clerk,  are  also  to  be  chosen  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion. 

=n"f  Proprietors  of  the  dill",  vent  public  newspa- 
per;- in  this  county,  will  please  to  publish  this  no- 
tice once  in  each  week,  until  alter  the  Election 
and  forward  th<  ir  bills  to  the  undersigned 

J.  K.  LIVINGSTON,  Sheriff. 

Rochester,  Sept.  20th,  IP31.  sept  21 


W3S& 


VOtUUE  1. 


ROCHESTER,  tH  TOBE1     29.    1831. 


MNBI.I     43. 


PUBLISHED  BY  I*.  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

\t  itie  office  «.f  the  Dally  Advertiser. 

Par  a  an  iim  f" 
paid  in  advan<  a. 


Terms— $-.!.. 10  | 
*«,C  'il 


N. 


JOU 


5t  l,L,   i   !>1 


i  It 


ON  THE  CIRCULATE  )N  OF  SAP  IN 
PLANTS. 

About  two  weeks  since,  we  cut  a  handful  of 
currant  sprouts,  for  the  purpose  of  sticking  down 
in  our  garden ;  after  taking  out  the  buds,  we  buried 
the  lower  ends  of  them  in  the  ground.  The 
leaves  had  mostly  fallen  before  they  were  cut,  and 
the  remainder  were  broken  off  at  the  time  of  cut- 
ting. Last  week  we  took  them  up  in  order  to 
place  them  where  they  were  to  stand,  when  w 
found  that  they  had  formed  new  roots,  which  ha< 
protruded  through  the  bark  of  the  shoots,  from  • 
inch  to  two  inches  in  length.  The  weather  du- 
ring the  time  they  were  in  the  ground,  was  warm, 
and  favorable  to  vegetation.  We.  mention  this 
fact  to  show  that  trees  and  shrubs  should  be  set  as 
early  in  autumn  as  their  growth  of  leaves  will 
admit,  in  order  that  new  roots  may  have  time  to 
form  before  the  ground  freezes,  to  support  the 
plants  during  winter.  We  know  from  experi- 
ence that  many  kinds  of  cuttings  take  root  better 
when  planted  out  in  the  fall,  than  in  the  spring ; 
this  is  the.  case  with  most  of  our  American  varie- 
ties of  grapes,  which  do  not  take  root  as  readily 
as  European  varieties ;  this  is  also  the  case  with 
different  kinds  of  honeysuckles,  (Lonicera)  which 
take  readily  if  planted  in  the  fall,  but  are  more 
difficult  when  planted  in  the  spring;  therefore, 
those  who  would  cultivate  trees,  shrubs,  or  vines 
by  cuttings,  are  reminded  that  now  is  the  proper 
time  for  cutting  them. 


have  long  been  acquainted  with  it,  we  know  of  no 
reason  why  he  should  withhold  that  description 
from  the  public,  and  substitute  one  of  his  own ; 
for  by  giving  the  author  credit,  and  his  readers  the 
most  authentic  description,  he  does  justice  to  both 
and  by  extracting  from  those  volumnious  and 
costly  works  which  are  not  considered  within  the 
reach  of  common  farmers  and  gardeners — by  se- 
lecting those  things  which  are  the  most  useful, 
and  presenting  them  to  the  public  in  a  simple, 
cheap,  republican  dress,  he  has  rendered  essential 
service  to  his  country.  We  sincerely  hope  that 
the  sale  of  this  work  will  be  such  as  to  induce  Mr. 
Prince  to  continue  his  efforts,  until  every  valuable 
variety  of  fruit  cultivated  in  the  United  States, 
shall  be  accurately  described,  and  we  be  furnished 
with  a  Pomological  standard  by  which  we  can  set- 
tle our  horticultural  nomenclature. 


LARGE  FRUIT. 

We  have  never  seen  apples  of  such  enormous 
size,  as  have  been  brought  to  this  market  this  fall 
It  has  not  been  uncommon  to  see  loads  which 
would  weigh  from  twelve  to  twenty  ounces  each  ; 
and  in  some  cases,  they  have  been  selected  which 
would  weigh  twenty-two,  three  and  four  ounces 
A  pear  was  raised  in  Pittsford,  which  weighed 
forty -nine  ounces  and  an  half.  We  doubt  wheth- 
er any  part  of  the  United  States  has  produced 
fruit  of  the  same  variety,  of  greater  size  and  bet- 
ter quality  than  old  Genesee. 


useful  knowledge ;  and  that  too  not  easily  obtain- 
ed from  other  sources.  This  Library  being  pub- 
lished in  numbers,  comes  along  about  as  fast  as  it 
can  be  profitably  disposed  of  by  the  enthusiastic 
mind  of  youth.  It  is  not  like  a  novel,  or  work  of 
fancy,  which  may  be  read,  and  thrown  by,  the 
next  moment,  to  be  seen  no  more ;  but  should  be 
at  hand  for  youth  to  read,  or  refer  to.  Informa- 
tion is  easier  gained  from  these  volumes  than  from 
many  works  encumbered  with  trash. 

The  parts  descriptive  of  the  New  Zealanders, 
is  very  interesting — and  doubtless  gives  the  only 
correct  account  of  that  extraordinary  and  ingen- 
ious, yet  savage  people. 

The  history  of  the  Elephant,  occupies  nearly  a 
whole  number;  and  is  quite  amusing  and  instruc- 
tive. The  engravings  are  well  executed,  and 
show  this  half  reasoning  quadruped  in  a  variety  of 
positions. 

Insect  Architecture,  and  Transformations,  are 
worthy  the  study  of  the  philosopher.  Even  the 
moths  are  classed  and  described,  with  as  much 
faithfulness  as  are  the  ferecious  lion  and  tiger.. 


POMOLOGICAL  MANUAL. 
We  have  received  the  first  volume  of  this  work, 
published  by   William  Robert   Prince,  of  Long 
Island,  and  are  pleased  that  a  work  so  much  cal- 
led for,  has  been  undertaken  by  a  man  so  capable 
as  Mr.  Prince.     That  there  has  been  a  want  of 
such  a  work,  will  readily  be  admitted,  when  we 
consider  the  very  great  number  of  names  by  which 
some  of  our  most  valuable  kinds  of  fruit  has  been 
sold  at  different  nurseries.     The  Brown   Buerre 
Pear,  according  to  this  work,  has  been  sold  under 
thirteen  different  names ;  and  the  Virgalieu  un- 
der more  than  thirty.     Such  confusion  has  been 
enough  to  discourage  any  new  beginner  in  horti- 
culture, and  has,  no  doubt,  brought  much  undeser 
ved  censure  upon  nurserymen.     This  work  will. 
in  all  probability,  have  to  undergo  the  fate  of  A- 
merican  productions:  that  is,  be  reviewed   by  a 
set  of  men  who  know   as  little  of  the  merits  of 
the  book  as  they  do  of  Symzonia;  but  no  matter, 
they  must  appear  wise  by  calling  others  fools. — 
We  fancy  it  will  be  said  of  this   work  "  that  it  is 
a  mere  translation  and  compilation  from  Duhamel, 
Miller,  Rozier  and  others ;" — if  so,  we  shall  con- 
sider it  rather  as  a  recommendation  than   other- 
wise, for  these  are  standard  European  works,  and 
»re  considered  best   authority  in   those  countries 
from  which  we  have  received  many  of  the  kinds 
described  by  Mr.  Prince.     When  he  has  sent  a- 
fcroad  for  a  variety  of  fruit,  and  has  received  the 
rn«s«  correct  description  ef  it  from  those   who 


THE  SEASON. 
The  week  past  has  been  one  of  the  most  pleas- 
ant that  could  be  expected  in  so  northern  a  lati- 
tude, at  this  season  of  the  year.  The  atmos- 
phere has  been  mostly  clear  and  soft,  and  has 
borne  a  greater  resemblance  to  the  weather  of  the 
first  of  September,  than  the  middle  of  October. — 
Tender  vegetables,  such  as  vines,  potatoes,  4c, 
remain  fresh  and  green ;  and  although  many 
trees  are  shedding  their  leaves,  it  is  in  consequence 
of  age  and  habits,  and  not  of  untimely  frosts. 

Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge,  3d  Ameri 
can  edition,  published  at  Boston,  in  numbers  at 
10  cents  a  number, — each  number  contains  more 
titan  200  pages,  illustrated  with  numerous  engra 
vings  on  wood ;  the  parts  are  sold  separately, — 
2  parts  forming  a  volume.  The  5th  volume  is 
published,  and  the  1st  part  of  the  6th,  7th  and  8th 
The  following  are  the  subjects  treated  on  as  far 
as  published : 

Parts  1  and  2,  Menageries, — 3,  Timber  Trees, 
4,  Fruits, — 5  and  6,  Pursuit  of  Knowledge, — * 
and  8,  Insect  Architecture, — 9  and  10,  New  Zea- 
landers,— 1st  part  of  vol.  6,  Insect  Transforma- 
tions,— 1st  part  of  vol.  7,  The  Elephant,  &c, — 
1st  part  of  8th,  Pursuit  of  Knowledge. 

It  has  become  very  fashionable  and  indeed  a 
very  useful  way  of  directing  or  rather  controlling 
the  public  taste  for  reading,  by  getting  up  popular 
Libraries  ;  the  works  being  similarly  printed  and 
bound  to  correspond  exactly.  Thus,  the  Family 
Library  has  reached  beyond  20  volumes,  and  the 
additions  continue  to  be  received  with  favor  by 
the  public. 

The  work  which  we  now  describe,  is  not  inten- 
ded to  contain  any  thing  but  what  may  be  termed 


PROSPEROUS  TIMES. 
We  have  published  articles  descriptive  of  build- 
ing and  business  operations  in  New- York  and 
Philadelphia.  We  now  refer  to  Salem,  Mass. 
The  Mercury  states  that  Salem  has  always  been 
distinguished  for  the  quiet  way  in  which  a  large 
amount  of  capital  is  employed.  There  is  no  bus- 
tle, no  parade,  no  magnifying  of  small  tilings. 
Credit  was  never  better  than  it  is  now  ;  business 
of  all  kinds  is  in  a  sound,  wholesome,  prosperous 
condition,  and  population  is  evidently  on  the  in- 
crease. Many  new  buildings  have  been  erected 
within  the  last  year  or  two;  and  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  still  more  will  be  done  in 
this  way  next  year.  We  have  only  to  bring  all 
our  resources  into  exercise,  and  few  places  would 
offer  sufficient  inducements  to  attract  emigrants 
from  Salem. 

At  Providente,  R.  I.  the  wharves  and  business 
streets  are  crowded.  The  arrivals  and  clearan- 
ces of  September  double  those  of  the  same  month 
last  year.  Seven  fine  vessels,  some  for  the  East 
India  trade  are  building  for  merchants  and  others 
in  Providence. 

Baltimore.  The  monumental  city  is  rapidly 
improving.  Mechanics  are  employed  in  building 
in  every  street.  The  city  >s  filled  with  teams,  lo- 
ded  with  produce.  Rents  of  three  and  four  story 
brick  houses  are  from  $1000  to  $1500.  The  Rail 
Road,  although  but  partially  completed,  adds  a 
good  deal  to  the  business  of  Baltimore. 

One  reason  for  the  flourishing  condition  of  our 
cities,  is,  the  payment  by  the  Government  of  large 
sums  of  the  public  debt,  thus,  placing  millions  in 
circulation  to  find  other  investments.  The  claims 
received  from  several  foreign  governments  are  all 
so  in  our  money  market,  seeking  investments  in 
manufactories,  commerce,  bank  stock,  &c.  And 
the  contemplated  millions,  expected  from  France, 
by  our  merchants,  have  no  doubt  in  many  install' 
ces,  been  anticipated,  by  those  having  fair  claims. 

Prosperity  is  not  confined  by  any  means  fo  the 
Atlantic,  Eastern  and  Middle  cities.  In  all  parts 
of  the  interior,  things  appear  reviving. 

These  are  the  blessings  of  a  free  government 


;138 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  29,  1831- 


Capital  flocks  to  our  shores  from  the  coffers  of 
convulsed  Europe.  The  emigrants  seem  to  era- 
bibe  readily  confidence  in  the  stability  of  our  sys- 
tem, from  the  circumstances  of  its  passing  with 
safety  from  the  vicissitudes  of  war  and  the  canker 
and  rust  of  peace. 

QUEBEC  CATTLE  SHOW. 

This  was  held  on  the  7th  instant.  There  were 
several  fine  Canadian  stallions  and  brood  mares  ; 
the  stock  of  homed  cattle  was  considerable  and 
several  of  them  fine.  Sheep  of  the  improved  breeds 
were  on  the  ground.  The  display  of  garden  vege- 
tables was  in  great  abundance,  and  prime.  The 
wheat,  oats  and  hay,  was  not  extraordinary. 

Large  and  beautiful  apples,  and  some  nice 
branches  of  grapes  were  produced,  which  shewed 
[hat  these  things  can  be  raised  in  Quebec,  with  a 
little  attention,  and  without  artificial  heat. 

Straw  bonnets,  woollens  and  linens,  were  ex- 
hibited, which  shewed  that  Canadian  industry 
and  ingenuity  may  be  relied  upon.  In  the  plough- 
ing matches  16  Canadian  ond  7  European  ploughs 
entered. 

PATENTS. 
The  Evening  Post,  contains  a  short  statement 
of  the  various  ingenious  contrivances  of  Brother 
Jonathan,  under  the  name  of  patents.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  brief  enumeration  of  some  of  them: 
The  improvement  of  Ploughs  have  been,      144 
Threshing  Machines,  119 

Churns,  80 

Washing  Machines,  125 

Nail  Making,  123 

Spinning  Machines,  (exceeds )  100 

Looms,  73 

Manufacture  of  Hats,  43 

Steam  Engines,  (exceeds)  100 

Stoves,  about  100 

Manufacturing  Combs,  42 

Pairing  Apples,  4 

Pencil  Cases,  Razors,  Ramrods  and  Suspenders, 
have  each  racked  or  wrecked  the  invention  of  the 
age. 

Inventions,  about  the  time  of  being  patented, 
V'ield  in  a  great  many  cases,  more  pleasure  to  the 
inventor,  than  profit  afterwards.  Only  think  of 
it!  What  a  temptation.  To  think  himself  wiser 
han  the  world;  and  to  possess  the  fact,  and  know 
indubitably,  that  it  is  true;  and  still  the  world  not 
knowing  it,  he  hugs  the  secret  to  his  breast.  The 
inventor  cannot  sleep, — he  sees  as  it  were,  with 
'he  eye  of  a  magician,  in  prospect,  his  machine, 
or  invention,  produced  in  public  view ;  what 
rowds  flock  around;  how  they  stare ;  what  a 
wonderful  effort  of  genius'!    His  fortune's  made. 

At  length,  the  vision  is  broke, — the  fog  is  dis- 
pelled,— another  takes  a  hint, — another  improve- 
ment is  patented,  and  the  castle  vanishes. 


Postage  on  Newspapers. — It  has  been  proposed 
in  several  papers  to  apply  to  the  Post  Master 
(general,  to  have  him  recommend  to  Congress,  an 
alteration  in  the  rates  of  postage  on  newspapers, 
viz:  to  let  papers  to  regular  subscribers  pass/fee  of 
postage. 

This  would  be  a  great  relief  to  the  poorer  class, 
and  be  a  benefit  to  the  rising  generation,  who  in 
ountry  places  receive  much  information  and  in- 
ttruction  by  a  regular  perusal  of  newspapers. 

It  would  be  in  accordance  with  (he  spirit  of  the 


age,  in  the  administration  of  an  enlightened  go- 
vernment, to  do  all  they  can  to  diffuse  intelligence 
among  the  people,  for  "  intelligence  is  the  life  of 
liberty." 

In  the  present  prosperous  times,  as  to  revenue  to 
the  government,  it  would  be  doing  a  good  thing, 
to  reduce  the  tax  on  intelligence.  It  was  never 
intended  that  the  Post  Office  Department  should 
yield  a  revenue  to  the  Treasury. 

We  hope  that  the  editors  of  newspapers  gener- 
ally will  express  their  opinions  freely  on  this 
subject. 

|3=  The  Medical  Society  of  the  city  of  New- 
York,  have  established  a  Medical  School,  upon 
liberal  principles.  A  course  of  lectures  com- 
mence on  the  1st  November  next  and  continues 
four  months.  A  single  course  will  be  $15 ;  with 
respect  to  more,  arrangements  will  be  made  be- 
tween the  lecturers  and  students.  Ten  lecturers 
have  already  handed  in  their  names.  Students 
can  attend  to  any  course  they  please,  and  pay  for 
only  such  as  they  desire  to  attend  to. 

The  Society  will  award  diplomas,  which  will 
license  the  graduates  to  practice  in  all  parts  of 
this  State. 


gj"  A  meeting  has  been  held  at  Niagara  Palls, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a-"  opUcation  to  the 
Legislature,  for  a  Rail  Road  from  Buffalo  to 
Lewiston.  This  will  be  a  heavy  stroke  to  the 
Welland  Canal,  if  made  upon  a  scale  commensu- 
rate with  the  intercourse  between  the  two  Lakes, 
Lewiston  being  an  excellent  harbor  for  vessels. 


SCRAPS. 

In  the  pursuit  of  knowledge,  it  is  a  mistaken 
idea,  that  we  are  not  to  attend  to  the  daily  claims 
on  our  attention,  of  fond  endearments,  filial  and 
fraternal  obligations.  He  who  rises  above,  or  neg- 
lects these,  will  find  that  the  possession  of  knowl- 
edge will  only  render  the  savage  more  to  be 
dreaded. 

-i*  wno  thinK?  correctly,  acts  correctly,  and  if 
possessed  of  the  talent,  writes  correctly. 

The  man  who  makes  a  pleasure  of  his  business, 
must  get  along  well.  There  are  others,  who  des- 
pise labor,  but  weary  and  worry  themselves  more, 
in  a  round,  or  tour  of  pleasu-"  'ha"  a  r»mperate 
man  would  in  thrice  the  time  engageu  nitaooi. 

A  man  may  practice  the  virtues  with  rashness ; 
but,  it  is  better  to  have  a  little  excess  of  zeal,  in 
doing  good,  than  to  lack  it ;  superfluities  may  be 
lopped  away  easier  than  to  engraft, — especially 
on  an  old  stock. 

It  can  hardly  be  termed  hypocrisy  in  a  ruler  or 
governor,  to  conceal  his  intentions  from  his  friends 
who  may  flock  around  him  for  favors.  Nothing 
but  a  positive  refusal  will  convince  them  that  their 
case  is  hopeless. 

Timidity  is  a  disease  from  which  it  is  hard  to 
recover.  Presumption,  from  miscarriages,  may 
learn  by  experience,  how  to  graduate,  in  future. 

Bashfulness  is  allied  to  timidity  ;  but  years  may 
cure  it.  A  married  man  who  is  afflicted  with  the 
disorder,  has  something  in  his  case  besides  con- 
stitutional debility. 

Travel  has  advantages,  in  almost  every  respect. 
If  you  goto  a  better  country  than  your  own.  you 
may  gain  much  instruction;  the  way  road  are 
constructed;  the  style  of  improving  farms;  the 
style  of  village  building :  the  Older  of  public  build- 


ing; the  art  of  horticulture,  floriculture,  &c.  &c 
If  you  go  to  a  poorer  country,  you  may  learn  to 
enjoy  your  own,  as  the  great  Doctor  Johnson  did 
when  he  took  a  peep  at  the  Scotch. 

A  scholar  may  think  to  descend  from  his  sta- 
tion in  "fame's  temple,"  to  which  it  was  so  hard 
"to  climb,"  to  acknowledge  a  favor,  is  condescend- 
ing too  much.  Perhaps  he  will  better  understand 
the  matter,  when  the  second  favor  is  granted. 

When  you  see  one  vain  of  his  sorrows  and  mis- 
fortunes, relating  them  with  ostentation,  at  the 
road  side,  you  see  a  man  to  be  laughed  at. 

Fro«o  the  New-England  Farmer. 
The  following  letter  is  from  Elihu  Mar- 
vin, Esq.  a  very  distinguished  and  intelli- 
gent farmer  in  the  western  part  of  New- 
York.  Mr.  Russell  has  received  a  few 
bushels  of  the  Black  Sea  Wheat,  described 
below,  for  sale.  Its  appearance  certainly 
surpasses  any  thing  of  the  kind  we  have  seen 
in  New  England  ;  it  is  free  from  small  grains, 
or  foreign  seeds,  and  weighs  64  lbs.  to  the 
bushel.  A  quantity  ol  the  Tea  Wheat  is  ex- 
pected in  a  few  weeks. 

NEW  VARIETIES  OF  WHEAT. 

Mr.  Fesseni  en — The  celebrated  Tea 
Wheat  mentioned  in  the  New  England  Far- 
mer, vol.  vi.  page  82,  I  procured  in  1828. — 
I  have  sowed  it  with  good  success  ever  since. 
This  wheat  is  no  doubt  a  valuable  acquisition 
to  our  agriculturists,  and  ought  to  be  an  en- 
couragement for  every  one  to  circulate,  for 
the  benefit  of  others,  every  kind  of  seed 
which  comes  into  his  hands,  whenever  it  is 
found  to  be  valuable. 

I  have  also  a  winter  wheat  brought  to  this 
country  from  the  Black  Sea,  which  I  consid- 
er more  important  than  the  Tea  Wheat,  and 
as  well  suited  to  every  soil  and  climate.  In 
1828  Iliad  brought  me  about  three  pecks  of 
this  wheat.  I  selected  for  it  a  piece  of 
ground  which  had  been  in  crops  about  20 
years,  and  sowed  it  the  middle  of  December. 
I  had  25  bushels  of  wheat  from  this  sowing. 
I  sowed  it  four  years  in  succession,  on  the 
same  ground,  without  any  failure  in  the  crop. 
The  wheat,  like  your  Tea  Wheat,  is  not  in- 
jured by  smut,  where  other  wheal  is  almost 
lost.  It  has  a  firm,  hard  straw,  which  with- 
stands our  storms,  and  is  not  injured  by  the 
fly.  The  kernel  is  hard  and  firm,  not  sub- 
ject to  grow  in  the  fields  fiom  long  fogs  or 
rains.  After  several  successful  experiments 
in  this  gram,  I  thought  it  might  suit  our 
New  England  soil  and  climate.  Three 
years  ago  1  sent  a  cask  to  John  Humphreys, 
Esq.  Derby,  Ct.  It  did  well;  the  next  year 
a  barrel  to  the  Hon.  Matthew  Griswold, 
whose  place  is  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  14  miles  from  New  London;  part  ol 
the  same  to  R.  E.  Seldon,  Esq.  12  miles 
up  Connecticut  River.  This  wheat  baa 
been  cultivated  in  all  those  places,  and,  as  1 
have  heard  a  short  time  since,  has  far  exceed- 
ed their  expectations. 

I  prefer  the  Tea  Wheat  to  any  other  I 
have  ever  seen  for  family  bread,  as  it  does 
not  dry,  after  being  baked,  like  the  common 
wheat  of  this  country,  and  has  a  sweet, 
pleasant  flavor;  but  it  will  not  sell  in  our 
markets,  only  at  a  reduced  price  on  account 
of  the  dark  yellow  shade  of  the  flour. 

The  Black  Sea  Wheat  which  has  taken 
the  name  of  White  Flint,  from  the  peculiar 
whiteness  of  the  flower  and  the  hardness  of 
the  shell  which  contains  it,  is  dry  and  par- 


Vol.71;— Nk  43. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


33» 


ticularly  calculated  for  sea  bread,  crackers, 
and  all  kinds  of  pastry  cooking,  and.  on  ac- 
count of  its  solidity,  commands  the  first 
price  in  market,  it  being  about  i  pounds 
heavier  to  the  bushel  than  what  is  common- 
ly called  Western  or  Ohio  Wheat. 

As  the  great  and  benevolent  cause  of  tem- 
perance ought  to  be  in  the  heart  of  every 
good  citizen,  I  wish  all  our  New  England 
fanners,  instead  of  raising  rye  to  drink, 
would  benefit  themselves  by  this  kind  of 
grain,  which  1  can  assure  them  from  real  ex- 
perience they  will  find  a  superior  article  both 
at  their  own  tables  and  in  market. 

I  have  about  7  acres  of  the  Black  Sea 
Wheat  which  is  said  by  those  who.  pretend 
to  be  judges  to  be  the  best  in  this  region  ;  all 
or  the  most  of  it  1  should  like  to  have  sown 
in  New  England.  My  friends  in  Ct.  have 
sent  to  me  for  a  further  supply  of  seed. 

The  wheat  from  the  Black  Sea  I  consid- 
er the  same  kind  of  wheat  as  t"eTea  Wheat ; 
one  is  spring,  the  other  winter.  Neither  of 
them  are  what  we  call  bearded,  but  have  a 
few  scattering  beards  but  only  an  inch  in 
length  ;  neither  of  them  is  liable  to  smut :  I 
have  seen  only  a  few  stalks  in  wet  places  and 
tltat  is  not  like  the  wheat  of  this  country, 
but  conies  on  soon  after  it  blossoms  and 
is  blown  off  long  before  the  grain  is  ripe. — 
The  winter  wheat  has  a  stift'er  straw  than  the 
spring  and  stands  better  in  heavy  rains, 
winds,  fee.  &,c. 

I  have  invariably  had  a  better  crop  of  the 
winter  wheat  than  the  spring  on  the  same 
strength  of  soil,  but  on  the  high  lands  or  di- 
viding ridges  where  they  have  from  3  to  5 
feet  of  snow  through  the  winter,  the  spring 
is  a  better  and  more  certain  crop. 

Near  Eake  Erie  our  snows  are  about  the 
same  as  on  the  sea  board,  and  land  which 
will  produce  from  40  to  50  bushels  of  corn 
per  acre  will  bring  from  20  to  30  of  the 
Black  Sea  Wheat,  sown  on  the  corn  hills  in 
December.  I  have  sown  this  wheat  on  corn 
hills,  wheat  and  pea  stubble,  but  prefer  corn 
hills. 

I  have  tried  sowing  this  wheat  from  the 
last  of  August  to  the  first  of  June,  but  the 
best  crops  which  I  have  had,  or  seen,  were 
sown  the  last  of  December  early  sowing  one 
bushel  to  the  acre,  late  sowing  36  qts  If  I 
early,  I  prefer  the  last  of  September,  if  I 
cannot  put  the  wheat  in  at  that  time,  1  pre- 
pare the  ground,  and  let  it  be  until  I  think 
the  wheat  will  not  be  up  before  spring.  I 
then  ca  t  on  the  wheat  and  cover  it  with  a 
harrow.  I  think  this  will  be  the  best  plan  to 
pursue  on  the  sea  board,  but  a  little  experi- 
ence will  decide  the  point. 

It  is  well  known  that  what  is  called  good 
wheat  land  is  a  stiff  clay  soil.  In  such  a  soil 
I  should  prefer  the  Red  Chaff  to  the  Black 
Sea  Wheat.  In  this  section  of  country  we 
have  almost  every  variety  of  soil.  In  a  sin- 
gle field,  in  passing  through  my  wheat  I  ob- 
served it  did  well  on  light  sandy  soil  loam, 
which  suggested  the  idea  to  me  that  it  would 
be  a  profitable  crop  in  New  England. 

Erom  my  own  experience  and  observation 
I  think  wheat  and  corn  are  much  improved 
by  getting  the  seed  from  their  natural  soil. — 
There  is  a  region  of  country  about  20  miles 
south  of  me  where  they  raise  very  little  wheat 
from  their  own  seed,  but  by  getting  seed  eve- 
ry season  from  near  the  lake  they  have  fine 
crops  :  and  we  have  our  com  as  much  im- 
proved by  sending  to  the  State  of  Ohio 
where  the  soil  is  better  for  corn  than  our 
:>wn. 


If  your  farmers  should  find  it  for  their  ad- 
vantage to  grow  wheat  in  preference  to  rye, 
and  should  find  that  the  seed  which  I  send 
does  better  than  their  own,  with  due  notice 
I  can  furnish  you  in  common  seasons  one 
month  earlier  than  the  present.  We  have 
now  a  good  threshing  machine  in  operation 
which  will  fit  for  market  more  than  100  push- 
els  per  day. 

From  thfi  Lowell  Journal. 
SILK  MANUFACTURE. 

NO.  II. 

The  culture  of  silk,  has,  from  the  first  co- 
lonization of  this  country,  more  or  less  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  the  American  peo- 
ple, yet  nothing  has  resulted  from  it  beyond 
the  fabrication  of  an  inferior  kind  of  sew- 
ing silk,  which  can  only  be  applied  to  do- 
mestic uses.  Those  who  have  written  on 
the  subject  have  in  vain  attempted  to  dis- 
cover the  causes  of  this  failure.  It  appears 
to  me  that  the  whole  may  be  referred  to  one 
single  cause — the  want  of  knowledge  of  the 
art  to  transform  the  produce  of  the  American 
silkworm  into  a  saleable  article.  Cocoons, 
it  is  well  known,  cannot  be  transported  a- 
cross  the  ocean  ;  for  in  10  or  15  days  they 
become  mouldy,  and  are  of  no  value.  There- 
fore it  is  necessary  that  the  silk  should  be 
extracted  from  them,  before  it  can  be  ship- 
ped to  those  countries  where  it  is  manufac- 
tured, But  that  cannot  be  profitably  done 
ithout  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  art  of 
reeling  it,  to  suit  the  various  kinds  of  stuffs 
to  be  made  out  of  it,  and  that  art,  simple  as 
it  may  appear,  requires  much  time  and  la- 
bor to  acquire,  in  order  to  make  the  material 
fit  for  sale.  So  long  as  the  art  of  making 
exportable  silk  shall  not  have  been  introdu- 
ced into  the  country,  there  will  not  be  suffi- 
cient inducement  for  the  American  farmer 
to  attend  to  the  production  of  silk  worms. 

Whv  is  the  best  silk  employed  and  turned 
into  sewing  silk,  for  which  there  is  always 
waste  or  inferior  silk  enough,  and  why  is  not 
the  best  silk  kept  for  the  loom  ?  The  an- 
swer is  obvious — because  the  people  do  not 
know  how  to  prepare  it  in  any  other  form,  so 
as  to  make  it  fit  for  sale. 

We  have  great  confidence  that  the  enter- 
prising and  distinguished  patrons  of  domes- 
tic industry  and  American  manufactures 
will  not  omit  this  favorable  opportunity  for 
erecting  the  necessary  machinery  to  pre- 
pare the  raw  silk  for  foreign  markets.  If 
a  Filature  should  be  erected  at  Lowell,  they 
may  purchase  and  prepare  for  market,  all 
the  cocoon  in  New  England,  and  thereby 
supersede  the  erection  of  similar  machines. 
The  industrious  farmers  of  Connecticut  are 
extending  their  plantations  of  mulberry 
trees  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent;  and 
will  be  compelled  to  erect  a  filature  in  that 
vicinity;  unless  there  shall  be  some  one  e- 
rected  in  some  neighboring  stale  where  they 
yinay  find  a  market  for  their  cocoons.  One 
'gentleman  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecti- 
cut has  planted  the  present  year  two  hundred 
and  fifty  six  ounces  of  white  Italian  mul- 
berry seed,  from  which  he  will  grow  several 
millions  of  trees,  and  his  neighbors  are  fol- 
lowing his  example.  The  facts  within  the 
knowledge  of  the  writer  of  this  article  justi 
fy  him  in  the  opinion,  that  thirty  millions  of 
trees  will  be  produced  the  present  year,  in 
addition  to  the  large  stock  on  hand,  in  the 
small  state  of  Connecticut.  This  fact  should 
not  discourage  our  farmers  from  comman- 


|cing  then  plantations,  foi  if  each  state  in  the 

[Union  should  produce  one  hundred  millions 

I  of  trees,  the  demand  for   raw  silk  could  not 

be  satisfied.  V. 


On  the  proper  Cultivati'm  of  the  Gooseber- 
ry.—  When   the    plants    are    two  yens   old 
take  them  up  from  the  nursery  and  trim  off 
the  suckers,  and  lower  branches,  leaving  on- 
ly one  stem   with  a  few  branches  at  the  top. 
Plant  them  in  a  rich  light  soil  in  a  moist  sit- 
uation, and  where  they  will  be  partially  sha- 
ded  by   branches  of  trees.     In  the  autumn, 
cover  the  ground  around   them  with  manure 
from  the  cow   yard.     The  latter  end  of  Feb- 
ruary thin  out  the  branches  very  much,  cut- 
ting  them  off  close  to  the  stem,  taking  out  all 
such  as  cross  each  other,  but  be  sure   not  to 
shorten  the  branches,   for  that   causes  them 
[  to  throw  out  a  great  deal  of  wood  and  very 
j  little  fruit.      In    the   spring    a    quantity    of 
]  young  suckers  will  come  up  round  the  stem, 
J  all  these  must  be  cut  off  when  green,  as  also 
any  others   that  grow  in  the   middle  of  the 
;  bush,   which  must  pe  kept  open  so  as  to  ad- 
mit the  air  freely.     It  is  also  a  great  support 
j  to  the  bush  to  drive  a  stake  into  the  ground 
!  close  to  the  stem,  as  keeping  it  steady  causes 
the  fruit  to  be  larger-     This  treatment  is  to 
be  continued  annually,   and  the  fruit  instead 
of  depreciating   as  is  usual,  will  rather  im- 
I  prove  in  size,  as   has  been  proved  by  some 
planted    15  or   20  years  ago.     The  ground 
must  be  spaded   in  the  spring  and  kept  per- 
fectly clear  of  weeds. — American  Farmer. 

C.4TTLE  SHOW. 
The  Annual  Cattle  Show  for  the  District 
of  Montreal  took  place  on  Thursday  last,  on 
the  St.  Ann's  Common.  The  horses,  mares, 
homed  cattle  and  sheep,  were  numerous,and 
many  of  them  showed  that  much  attention 
is  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  breed  of 
cattle  throughout  the  district.  The  species 
of  domestic  manufactures  were  not  so  nu- 
merous as  last  year.  We  saw  only  four  pie- 
ces of  woollen,  and  two  pieces  of  linen  cloth  ; 
one  of  the  latter  was  the  best  piece  that  we 
have  seen  of  Lower  Canada  manufacture. — 
We  were  much  pleased  with  a  very  simple 
machine  for  lifting  and  carrying  stones  from 
arable  land  ;  we  understand  it  has  been  tried 
;  by  several  farmers,  who  all  speak  favorably 
of  it.  We  would  feel  much  pleasure  in  noti- 
cing some  of  the  most  improved  animals  on 
the  ground  ;  but  as  the  decision  of  the  judg- 
es will  be  laid  before  the  public  in  a  few- 
days,  in  deference  to  their  opinion  we  will 
await  their  announcement.  We  heard  that 
a  sample  of  hemp,  of  Canadian  growth  was 
exhibited  :  this  article  will,  we  hope,  meet 
with  more  attention  in  future  :  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that,  if  properly  cultivated,  it  would 
become  a  source  of  wealth  to  the  country.— 
Montreal  Courant. 


Extensive  Printing  Establishment. — The 
Messrs.  Harpers,  Printers  and  Publishers,  N, 
V.  city,  employ  one  hundred  and  forty  work-, 
men  and  sometimes  n  greater  nnmber.  They 
have  nineteen  printing  presses  in  constant  op- 
eration, and  the  work  turned  off  during  the 
year  ie  equal  to  fourteen  hundred  18  mo  vol- 
umes per  day, — making  a  total  of  four  hrndred 
and  thirty  eight  thousand  and  two  hundred 
volumes  annually  This  printing  establish* 
meat  is  built  of  brick,  and  measures  forty  fee) 
by  ninety,  having  on  it s  sides  more  than  eighty 
windows — N.  Y    Paper. 

200  ship  carpenters  aTe  wanted  cm  Che  Ohip 
River. 


340 


THF  GF.Nt.SEE  FARMER 


Ocfobrr  29,  1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR    TUE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

I  had  been  told  some  years  ago  that  our  small 
black  grape  made  wine  of  a  most  superior  quality ; 
and  this  was  brought  to  my  recollection  on  reading 
an  account  of  the  wine  made  by  A  Grove/and 
Farmer.  I  wish  to  call  the.  attention  of  our  far- 
mer again  to  the  editor's  remarks:  "Connoisseurs 
— all  agree  that  it  is  preferable  to  the  wine  gener- 
ally sold  in  this  market  under  the  name  of  Port. 
Almost  every  person  who  tasted,  expressed  their 
surprise  that  so  fine  a  wine  could  be  made  from 
the  native  black  grape.  There  is  no  doubt  but 
the  black  chicken  grape  of  our  country,  when , 
well  cultivated,  will  be  found  equal  to  any  other 
grape  in  the  world  for  wine;  and  even  in  their 
wild  state,  when  the  process  is  perfectly  under- 
stood, a  wine  may  be  manufactured  from  them, 
w»  have  no  doubt,  equal  to  the  finest  Burgun- 
dy." 

I  have  not  observed  more  than  two  species  of 
the  Grape  ( Vitis)  indigenous  to  the  Genesee 
Country.  One  resembles  the  summer  grape  (  Vi- 
tis cestivalis)' but  differs  a  little  from  the  charac- 
ter of  that  species,  the  under  side  of  the  leaves 
being  decidedly  glaucous.  It  generally  grows  on 
dry  ground.  On  the  contrary,  the  small  grape 
mentioned  by  the  Groveland  Fanner,  grows  by  the 
Side  of  a  creek  ;  and  I  have  no  doubt  of  its  being 
the  same   grape     which   is   so   widely   diffused 


not  to  have  seen  the  fruit,  for  he  has  not  mention- 
ed it,  though  he  has  described  the  fruit  of  the 
other  species.  Torrey  says,  "  According  to 
Pursh,  fertile  plants  of  this  species  are  seldom 
found  north  of  thg"  Potomac  river,  though  barren 
ones  extend  far  beyond  it."  This  remark  must 
have  arisen  from  very  hasty  and  limited  observa- 
tions, as  this  vine  is  very  productive  in  the  Gene- 
see Country.  From  its  growing  however,  in  low 
situations,  subject  to  vernal  frosts,  I  am  inclined  to 
believe  that  the  fruit  is  frequendy  destroyed. — 
Last  year,  so  remarkable  for  its  severity  late  in 
the  spring,  our  vines  of  this  kind  bore  no  grapes. 
For  localities  of  Vitis  riparia,  Muhlenberg  has 
given  Ohio  and  M  issouri ;  but  he  assigns  to  Penn- 
sylvania   the     V.    odoratissima,    or    Bermudian 


Florida,  it  often  rose  much  higher.  The  obser- 
vations of  the  present  season  have  presented  a 
similar  result.  So  in  the  winter  the  thermometer 
at  Zanesville  and  Columbus,  100  miles  south,  ran- 
ges lower  than  it  does  here. 

You  observed  that  the  Fox  grape  is  not  found 
with  you  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  I 
have  heard  snndar  language  in  some  towns  of  the 
Connecticut  reserve.  But  I  doubt  whether  any 
township  is  here  without  it.  I  know  that  it  is  a- 
buudant  in  many  localities,  though  not  so  com- 
mon every  where  as  the  frost  grape.  Fox  grapes, 
black,  blue,  purple  and  while,  of  various  degrees 
of  excellence,  are  found  in  our  neighborhood. — 
The  woods  are  every  where  full  of  the  frost  gTape, 
many    vines    bearing  in  the    utmost    profusion, 


grape,  which  later  botanists  agree  to  consider  as  i  while  others  seem  never  to  produce.     We   have 


the  same  plant. 

This  vine  grows  well  in  common  cultivated 
soils.  Pursh's  habitat  for  it  is  "  the  gravelly 
shores  of  rivers  and  islands."  Gravel  is  not  ne- 
cessary, however,  in  the  composition  of  a  soil 
most  favorable  to  its  growth,  as  gravel  scarcely 
forms  any  part  of  .our  rich  swales,  or  of  the  low 
mucky  islands  of  the  Seneca  river. 

Below  the  mountains  in  Pennsylvania,  a  vine 
is  of  frequent  occurrence,  which  has  been  mista- 
ken at  first  sight  for  Vitis  riparia.  It  is  the  Vitis 
cordifotia,  S.  V.  valpina,  an.!  is  known  by  the 
name  of  raccoon,  winter  or  chicken  grape.  Bar- 
ton says,  "  the  berries  are  greenish;"  and  Dar- 
throughout  this  district  on  moist   rich  lands,  m\d\\ liagton  remarks,  "the  fruit  of  this  species  is  ve- 


in such  abundance  on  the  low  islands  of  the  Sen- 
eca River.  If  so,  it  is  the  Vitis  riparia,  the 
specific  name  implying  that  its  favorite  habitat  is 
the  bank  of  a  river.  In  the  Susquehanna  coun- 
try it  is  called  "the  sand  grape;"  in  other  places, 
"the  river  grape;"  and  it  is  highly  prized  by  the 
inhabitants  of  new  setdements  for  its  very  rich 
flavor.  It  is  acid,  and  of  course  it  is  not  to  be  ea- 
ten tdl  it  is  fully  ripe. 

Nultall  has  said  of  the  American  species  of  Vi- 
tis, "  flowers  mostly  dioicous."  I  have  not  made 
any  minute  examinations  of  the  flowers ;  but  I 
suspect  they  are  more  properly  polygamous*  from 
the  circumstance  that  several  grape-bearing  vines 
grow  at  considerable  distances  from  any  barren 
vine.  Though  this  difference  is  of  small  import- 
ance to  speculative  botanists,  it  is  of  prime  conse- 
quence to  the  cultivator ;  for  it  amounts  to  no  less 
than  the  question  whether  he  must  have  his 
grounds  partly  encumbered  by  barren  plants  1 — 
If  this  eminent  botanist  is  not  in  an  error,  that 
fact  must  operate  against  its  introduction  into 
vineyards.  I  mean  to  test  that  opinion  however; 
and  intend  to  introduce  this,  among  other  vines 
into  my  garden,  partly  to  observe  the  effects  of 
cultivation  and  an  open  exposure:  and  partly  in 
hopes  that  some  hybrid  may  be  originated. 

I  observe  that  Darlington  has  not  given  this 
vine  in  his  list  of  plants  of  the  neighborhood  of 
West  Chester,  (Pa.)  Barton  has  named  it  in  his 
Compendium, Flout  Philadelphicce;  speaksof  "the 
delicious  fragrancet  of  its  flowers ;"  but  appears 

"I  (tii)  not  observe  till  I  had  written  Ibe  above  that 
Darlington  considers  our  American  species  of  fiti#. 
polygamous.  It,,  ;ul.ls.  "  A  turn.'  proportion  of  iho  \- 
inxri  no  vines  :ire  males  (or  at  tens!  have  abortive 
fferns)  and  are  consequently  sterile"  Fertile  plant. 
have  therefore perfeel  Aowera,  and  cannot  noodtUepol- 
tcn  of  a  barren  plant. 

tPnrsh  remarks"  limt  thi-  flowerah  vo  in  exquisitely 
fine  smell  somewhat  resembling  [inignonettcj  ReBeUtt 
otjovsta." 


ry  acerb,  and  scarcely  eatable  even  when  frosted." 
D.  T. 

FOR   THE   OENESEE    FARMER. 

One  of  your  correspondents  has  intimated  that 
no  part  of  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  is  a- 
dapted  to  the  vine. 

What  direct  knowledge  he  has  I  cannot  say. — 
It  has  been  understood  that  he  resided  a  few  years 
in  Pennsylvania,  high  up  on  the  Allegany  river. 
But  all  the  south  side  of  Lake  Erie,  must  not  bf 
judged  of  by  western  Pennsylvania,  or  by  Cha- 
tauque  county  in  New- York.  They  have  snow 
two,  three  and  four  feet  deep,  when  we  have  none, 
or  next  to  none,  in  Cleveland.  Even  at  Pains- 
ville,  thirty  miles  North  East  of  us,  there  is  fre- 
quently one  and  two  feet  of  snow,  and  good 
sleighing,  and  none  here.  Opposite  to  us  and  in 
the  widest  part  of  the  Lake,  the  ice  disappears 
from  six  to  eight  weeks  earlier  than  at  Buffalo. — 
There  is  a  ridge  of  land  near  the  lake,  very  simi- 
lar to  what  you  describe  as  south  of  Lake  Onta- 
rio. Though  not  the  richest  for  corn  or  grass,  it 
proves  excellent  for  fruit.  We  have  a  double  ben- 
efit from  the  lake.  The  water  tempers  the  sever- 
ity of  the  cold  in  winter,  and  of  the  heat  in  sum- 
mer. It  is  twenty-two  years  since  our  orchards 
began  to  bear.  I  am  credibly  informed  there  has 
not  been  a  general  failure  of  fruit  on  the  margin 
of  the  lake;  while  in  the  interior,  it  is  liable  to  be 
cut  off  by  frost,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  United 
States.  Dr.  Drake,  in  hi^  v.  ry  excellent  account 
of  Cincinnatti  and  the  Miami  country,  remarks 
that  we  are  situated  in  i lie  most  temperate  climate 
in  the  United  Suites,  in  the  same  latitude.  In 
confirmation  of  this,  I  would  mention  that,  during 
tlie  uncommon  heat  of  the  summer  of  1830,  the 
thermometer  rose  but  once  higher  than  90°,  and 
then  only  tO*94°;  whereas,  in  the  cities  and  villa- 
ges east  of  the  Allegany  ridge,  from  Canada  to 


I  also  a  grape  which  answers  to  the  vitis  interme- 
dia of  the  botanists.  I'hey  are  about  the  size  of 
a  pistol  bullet,  and  ripen  between  the  fox  and 
frost  grape.  A  vine  loaded  with  fruit  may  now 
;  be  seen  growing  wild  in  th  :  village  plat  of  Cleve- 
land. Why  some  of  our  vines  never  bear,  I 
know  not,  unless  the  cause  may  be  found  in  the 
fact  that  they  are  dioceious,  as  is  asserted  by  Sir 
James  E.  Smith,  the  greatest  botanist  of  his  time, 
while  in  Europe,  they  are  never  so.  Thus  the 
vitis  riparia  does  not  beat  north  of  the  Potomac, 
where  the  male  only  is  found.  South  of  that  riv- 
er, the  female  also  is  found,  and  there  they  are 
!  productive.  So  at  least,  says  Mr.  Pursh.  I  will 
only  add  to  this  vindication  of  the  vinous  faculties 
I  of  this  region,  that  Col.  Coit,  who  emigrated  be- 
fore our  apple  trees  were  sufficiently  large  for  ci- 
der, commenced  the  practice  of  making  annually 
a  few  barrels  of  a  pleasant  wine  from  the  grapes 
of  the  forest.  A  committee  of  the  New- York 
i  Horticultural  Society,  have  reported  favorably  of 
wine  from  native  grapes,  made  by  Mr.  Hamot, 
'  of  Erie.  E.  Y. 

Cleveland. 

FOR   THE   OENESEE    FARMER. 

Your  correspondent  D.  T.,  says  in  your  No. 
11,  that  Lawrence's  Treatise  on  Gardening,  prin- 
ted in  1717,  has  the  following  fruit  which  he  can- 
not find  in  any  modern  catalogue :  Pears,  Buerre 
du  roi,  Chrysan,  and  Black  pear  of  Worcester  ; 
Cherries,  Common  Flemish ;  Plums,  Queen 
mother  and  Pear  plum;  Peaches,  Nivett.  He 
may  find  all  these  in  Forsyth,  and  most  of  them 
in  Prince.  E.  Y. 

Cleveland. 


1831. 


Cleveland,  Ohio,  Oct.  1, 
Editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmers 

Sir, — I  send  you  the.  enclosed  article  cut  out  of 
an  Ohio  newspaper.  Somi  extrai  ts  or  comments, 
may  perhaps  furnish  no  unsuitable  matter  for 
yours.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  heard  of  the 
sickness  here  mentioned,  prevailing  in  the  East- 
ern States.  Mr.  Hinde's  poison  vine,  seems  to 
correspond  nearly,  if  not  exactly,  with  the  poi 
son  sumach,  Rhus  toxicadendron. 

Your  obedient  servant,  G.  H. 

From  the  Mad  River  Courier. 

THE  MILK  SICKNESS. 

I  think,  sir,  th.it  .i  discovery  lias  at  length 

been  made  of  the  cause  of  what   is  called  in 

the  west,  the  milk  sickness,  or  puking  com- 

plaint.     This  disorder  has  prevailed,    from 

some  unknown   cause,    hitherto  in  different 


Vol   1.— No.  43. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


34  J 


parts  of  the  western  country,  •  nd  has  excited 
an  anxious  desire  in  the  hearts  of  humane  in- 
dividuals, and  even  in  the  legislative  bodies, 
who  have  offered  a  premium  for  the  discove- 
ry of  the  cause  and  remedy. 

The  first  persons  leier  heard  of,  falling 
victims  to  this  violent  attack,  were  Mr.  Win, 
Tompkins,  of  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Bernard 
Fowler,  both  of  whom  died  on  Bank  Lick 
creek,  Kentucky,  about  the  year  1794-5. — 
I  again  heard  of  it  prevailing,  on  the  Tur- 
keyfoot  fork  of  Eagle  creek,  in  Kentucky; 
again  in  Henderson  county,  Kentucky,  near 
the  Red  Banks;  and  subsequently  in  other 
parts  of  Kentucky. 

In  settling  the   state  of  Ohio,  soon   after 
the    luxuriant   herbage    began    to   be  eaten 
down,  it  prevailed  on    the   head  streams  of 
Paint  creek  ;  on  Darby  creek  ;  Little  Miami ; 
on  Mad  river;   particularly    in  the    vicinity 
of  the   mouth  of    Buck   creek,   where    Mr. 
Robert  Renwick  resided    (now  Springfield.^  j 
It  was  not  till    the  year    1807,  that   I  could 
form  the  least  conjecture  what  could  be  the; 
cause  of  producing  this   milk    sickness,    or' 
puking   complaint.      But   some   tiwie  dining 
this  year,  Mr.  Renwick  found   some  of  his! 
cattle  afflicted  with  the  trembles,  as  it  is  cal- 
led.    He  kept  up  the  sick  cattle,  and  by  ad- 
ministering to  each  a  heavy  draught  of  whis- 
key,   they  recovered.       He  then    turned  outj 
the    well    cattle,  and    followed  them    in  the  j 
range,  to  discover  if  he  could,  the  cause. —  j 
The  cattle    took  their  usual   round,  and  Mr. 
R.   followed   them;   it  being  the    fall  season  [ 
of  the   year,  [the  usual   peiiod    when  cattle  J 
take  the  trembles ;]    Mr.  R.  discovered    his 
cattle  feeding  very  greedily  on  a  poison  vine; 
which  grows  very  plentifully  on  shady,  wet,  I 
and  marshy  ground  ;  the  result  was,  hisoth- 
er  cattle  took  the  trembles  also,  and  he  had  il 
to  doctor  them  in  like  manner. 

From  the  above  peiiod  to  the  present  time,  j 
I  have  kept  my  attention  fixed  on  the  above u 
circumstance,  and  have  examined  and  in- 
quired to  find  out  the  cause,  from  Ohio, 
through  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Missouri  :  and 
often  been  led  to  conclude  that  it  was  a 
weed;  at  other  times  stagnated  water  im- 
pregnated with  arsenic,  again  a  small  i  tin- 
ning vine  ;  but  recent  circumstances  have  at 
length  fully  confirmed  me  in  the  belief  that 
Mr.  Renwick  made  a  correct  discovery. 

This  complaint  in  many  parts  of  the  west 
lias  at  times  been  truly  afflicting.  It  has 
been  communicated  to  adults  by  means  of 
the  beef,  the  milk  and  the  butter,  and  on 
some  occasious  has  swept  away  almost  a 
whole  family  of  childien,  and  some  times 
parents  also,  who  have  used,  peilmps  on  ma- 
ny occasions  from  necessity,  a  milk  diet. — 
When  the  cattle  have  died  of  the  trembles, 
the  hogs  that  have  eaten  the  flesh  died  in 
like  manner;  and  the  dogs,  alter  eating  of 
the  flesh  of  the  cattle  or  hogs  have  died  al- 
so. 

This  poison  vine  grows  up  about  knee  or 
waist  high,  stubby  and  bushy  on  the  top:  the 
leaves  resemble  very  much  the  poison  vine 
which  frequently  ascends  the  trees,  ('not  the 
creeping  poison  vine,)  and  may  he  of  the 
same  species  is  the  former.  It  is  so  well 
known  to  most  of  mr  western  settlers,  that 
any  further  description  is  unnecessary.  It  is 
frequently  found  in  the  marshes,  deep  hol- 
lows of  hills,  and  on  wet  lands. 

During  the  last  severe  winter,  Mr.  Horrel, 
a  highly  respectable  citizen  of  our  neighbor- 
ing county,  Clark,  and  his  neighbor,  Col. 
Harrod,   formerly    of  Kentucky,    both   of 


whom  are  intelligent  men,  and  reside  in  the 
vicinity  of  Charleston,  on  the  head  of  the 
little  Miami,  where  the  trembles  and  milk 
sickness  have  prevailed  for  many  years; 
both  of  the  above  gentlemen  vouched  for  the 
following  fact:  That  during  the  long  con- 
tinuance of  the  snow,  about  thirty  cattle 
were  in  a  lot  enclosed,  where  this  poison  vine 
was  raised  above  the  snow;  and  although 
they  were  well  fed,  they  chewed  the  stalks  on 
the  vine  and  took  the  trembles  and  most  of 
them  died.  Those  cattle  put  into  an  adjoin 
ing  field,  and  fed  and  drank  at  the  same  well 
or  pool,  were  not  at  all  affected,  though  fed 
on  the  same  food.  On  Darby  creek,  I  was 
informed  on  yesterday  by  an  intelligent  per- 
son, that  there  was  a  similar  case  lately  oc- 
curred. 

Thus  it  is.  that  after  many  years  conjec- 
ture, 1  have  all  my  doubts  on  this  subject  en- 
tiiely  removed;  as  I  have  also  learned  it  to 
be  a  fact,  though  I  have  not  yet  tried  the  ex- 
periment, that  the  juice  of  this  poison  vine, 
administered  to  cats  and  dogs  in  milk,  pro- 
duces the  same  results  as  though  it  were  the 
milk  or  flesh  of  a  poisoned  animal. 

1  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  yours,  kc. 
TH.  S.  HINDE. 

Urbana,June27,  1831. 

N.  B.  I  have  communicated  the  above 
facts  for  publication,  and  hope  all  the  west- 
ern edilors  will  give  it  an  in  insertionpro  bo- 
no publico.  1  shall  be  much  gratified  if  it  e- 
licits  such  remarks  as  may  lead  to  beneficial 
results.  Surely,  if  my  position  be  correct, 
this  poison  vine  is  very  easily  eradicated  and 
destroyed  from  every  neighborhood — for  it 
appears  to  propagate  or  spring  up  from  roots 
only  ;  it  does  not  bear  seed. 

f3flt  would  be  desirable  that  some  of  our  west- 
ern friends  should  give  a  strict  Botanical  descrip- 
tion of  this  Poison  vine,  that  it  might  be  classed 
in  its  proper  place,  and  become  extensively  known. 
The  assertion  that  it  "  does  not  bear  seed,"  is  an 
anomaly  in  nature,  of  which  we  are  advised  of 
no  instance,  except  in  exotics,  requiring  longer  pe- 
riods to  perfect  themselves ;  in  all  of  which  cases, 
the  preparation  of  blossoming  is  apparent. — Ed- 
itor. 


SELECTIONS. 


From  the  New  York  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER.-  No.  V. 

On  the  proper  Education  of  the  Sons  and 
Daughters  of  Farmers. 
Mr.  Eleet — The  proper  Education  for 
Farmers,  male  and  female,  supposing  that 
the  sons  and  daughters  are  to  pursue  the  I 
same  business,  will  first  be  discussed.  AstOj 
the  extent  of  mere  literature,  or  of  science, 
and  the  knowledge  of  philosophy,  which  is 
desirable  for  a  Farmer,  much  will  depend! 
upon  the  capacity  of  each  individual,  as  to 
resources  of  mind,  physical  and  moral  ener-! 
gy,  and  pecuniary  ability:  always  remem- 
bering, however,  lhat  more  learning  than; 
understanding,  totally  disqualifies  every  son 
anil  daughter  of  the  Farm  for  its  business. 
If  men,  and  boys,  and  women,  and  girls, 
would  put  their  learning  to  good  uses.i 
there  would  be  little  danger  of  having  too 
much  :  nor  would  there,  as  the  case  actually 
stands,  if  it  were  not  so  much  the  fashion  to 
throw  away  so  much  time  in  learning  what 
is  worse  than  useless.  We  are  a  nation  of 
Englishmen,  and  the  literature  of  our  moth- 
er tongue,   embraces  all,  that  can,    by  any 


possibility,  be  of  anv  service  to  a  Farmer. — 
Learn  as  much  as  they  may,  of  English 
literature,  with  science  and  philosophy,  and 
there  is  little  danger  of  an  overstock,  or  that 
the  conceit  of  learning  will  spoil  a  boy,  or 
a  man,  for  Farming,  unless,  indeed,  he  be 
spoiled  before,  by  want  of  mind.  Let  him 
go  to  a  '  profession,'  and  crawl  along  the 
road  to  indolence,  uselessness  arid  contempt, 
the  'stunted  pig'  of  the  older,  as  a  living 
beacon  (o  other  Farmers'  sons. 

But  how  much  learning   should  a  Farmer 
have?     All  he  can   get,  I  answer,  and  make 

a  good   use  of  the  main  thing,   after  all. 

When  a  Boy.  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
spelling  book,  the  ground  work  of  all  litera- 
ture, so  as  to  be  able  to  spell  readily,  and 
correctly,  all  the  words  of  common  occur- 
rence in  the  language.  He  must  learn  to  be 
a  good  reader  also,  and  may  read  a  book  of 
grammar,  for  amusement,  but  should  never, 
if  a  lad  of  good  sense,  be  permitted  to  com- 
mit a  single  rule  of  it  to  memory.  Leave 
this  to  boys  who  have  time  to  throw  away 
upon  the  dead  languages,  and  often  before 
they  can  spell  half  the  words  in  their  own, 
the  way  to  make  pedants,  coxcombs,  and 
learned  dunces.  He  must  learn  arithmetic, 
and  learn  how  to  apply  it  to  use,  taking  spe- 
cial care  to  commit  the  tables  to  memory,  at 
school.  The  elements  of  geography,  may 
be  learned  in  a  few  months,  while  practising 
in  penmanship;  and  some  knowledge  of  his- 
tory is  good,  if  only  to  implant  a  taste  for 
the  study,  during  the  leisure  hours  of  a  Far- 
mer's life.  Natural  inclination,  is  like  ap- 
petite for  food.  That  which  is  the  taste  and 
humor  of  the  mind,  is  easily  acquired,  sets 
well,  and  is  likely  to  be  useful.  If  the  boy 
has  some  geometry  in  the  mind,  study  math- 
ematics, geometry,  and  the  elements  of  as- 
tronomy, but  let  it  be  his  own  study,  assisted 
by  his  teacher.  So,  also,  if  he  have  a  mind 
for  mechanism,  indulge  him  with  tools,  and 
the  study  of  mechanics.  So,  also,  in  bota- 
ny, and  the  physical  sciences  as  they  are  cal- 
led, as  mineralogy,  geology,  and  zoology, 
but  only  in  the  rudiments  at  school.  In  nat- 
ural philosophy,  encourage  all  his  taste  for 
information.  Farming,  is.  truly  a  most  phi- 
losophical business,  the  delights  of  which, 
as  well  as  the  success,  and  profits,  are  much 
increased,  by  an  intimate  early  acquaintance 
with  the  laws  of  matter.  The  great  purpose 
of  learning,  is  to  supply  food  for  thought. 
So,  also,  of  writing;  to  set  men  to  thinking 
for  themselves.  The  horse,  who  ruminates, 
glazes  all  the  time.  It  takes  the  cow  half 
her  time,  to  chew  the  cud,  without  which  shp 
would  give  no  milk. 

But  how  much  time  would  you  allow  the 
sons  of  Farmers  in  getting  all  this  school 
learning?  1  answer,  not  more  than  half  of 
each  year,  from  the  age  of  five  to  fifteen ; 
that  is,  in  our  northern  climate,  to  attend 
school  through  each  winter,  and  be  kept  at 
work  on  the  Farm  all  the  rest  of  the  time, 
so  as  to  have  a  handy  habit  for  <■  ork,  as  well 
as  for  learning  at  school.  If  kept  out  of 
school,  half  the  time,  they  will  return  to  it 
with  a  good  appetite  for  learning;  and  if 
kept  at  school  half  the  time,  and  the  other 
half  to  work  on  the  Farm,  they  will  return 
to  their  work  with  a  good  relish  for  it,  tired 
of  the  school  house.  Whatever  is  taken 
with  a  good  appetite,  nourishes,  whether  it 
be  for  the  body  or  mind.  These  alternate 
changes,  besides  that  their  varied  occupa- 
tions keep  the  appetite  always  keen,  allow 
time  for  reflection,  keep  the  mind  occupied, 


;*42 


THE  GENESEE  FAR3IER 


October  29,  1831. 


vuminating, — contribute  to  health  and  vigor,; 
bodily  and  mental,  and  incorporate  habits,' 
leading  directly  to  manhood,  and  in  the  ve- 
ry line  of  life  for  which  your  son  is  destined. 
The  very  best  feature  of  a  good  education, 
is  to  incorporate  good  and  useful  habits,  with 
the  necessary  learning.  Tlie  health  of  the 
body,  every  body  knows,  is  often  impaired, 
by  being  kept  too  closely  at  school.  It  will 
startle  many  persons,  to  be  told,  that  the 
mind  is  often  injured  in  the  same  way,  and 
yet  nothing  is  more  certain.  The  appetite 
palls  with  constant  feeding,  and  a  distaste  is 
often  produced,  a  kind  of  unconquerable  a- 
version,  which  extends  even  through  life. — 
Few  parents  seem  to  be  aware  of  this,  espe- 
cially those  who  live  in  large  towns,  and  cit- 
ies, where  it  is  the  fashion  to  keep  children 
constantly  at  school,  partly  in  many  cases, 
to  keep  them  '  out  of  the  way  ."  They  should 
remember  that  food,  taken  to  excess,  is  nev- 
er well  digested.  We,  on  Farms,  think  of 
lessons  from  nature,  not  despising  to  learn 
wisdom  from  the  ruminating  cow,  the  ox, 
and  the  sheep.  After  these  animals  have 
done  chewing  the  cud,  they  are  again  ready 
for  grazing,  and  of  course  with  good  appe- 
tites. 

From  the  age  of  five  to  fifteen  years,  half 
the  time  at  school,  is  time  enough,  for  boys 
of  good  parts,  to  get  all  the  learning,  at 
school,  that  is  absolutely  necessary  to  ena- 
ble a  boy  to  become  a  good  Farmer.  Not 
that  he  is  then  a  man,  or  that  he  is  never  to 
get  any  more  learning,  after  he  leaves  school. 
This  is  not  the  practice  of  Farmer's  sons, 
but  to  consider  every  part  of  life  as  a  school 
for  knowledge  in  the  business  of  life,  some 
part  of  which  is  to  be  acquired  by  reading  of 
books,  but  more  by  observations,  and  the  stu- 
dy of  things,  in  the  great  book  of  nature. — 
He  has  no  diploma,  on  which  to  repose,  like 
the  lad  coming  from  college,  who  often  ceas- 
es to  learn,  as  soon  as  he  comes  from  school. 
Farmers.in  fact,  think  more,  and  study  more, 
in  their  way,  than  the  most  of  men  are  a- 
ware  of.  A  vacant  mind,  is  rarely  met  with 
in  a  Farm-house. 

I  do  not  say,  then,  that  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen, every  Farmer's  son  is  to  be  taken  from 
School.  Two  or  three  months  each  winter, 
for  two  or  three  years  longer  time,  may  be 
well  spared  to  such  as  have  an  aptitude  for 
more  knowledge  of  books,  especially  if  in 
the  seasons  of  vegetation,  they  have  acquit- 
ted themselves  we'l  in  the  labors  of  the 
Farm  not  only  as  to  work,  but  by  bringing 
the  mind  into  those  labors.  Nor  do  I  say 
that  no  Farmer's  son  should  be  sent  to  school 
before  five  years  of  age:  nor  that,  at  that 
age,  he  is  to  be  tasked  with  constant  work, 
when  out  of  school.  Let  him  play,  and 
make  play  of  work,  by  which,  he  will  be 
learning  something  about  work,  no  small 
part  of  his  education.  Before  five  years  old 
he  will  have  learnd  his  letters,  and  how  to 
form  simple  words,  by  putting  these  letters 
together,  thus  to  spell  many  words.  By  the 
aid  of  little  picture  hooks,  with  cuts  of  the 
common  animals  of  the  farm,  the  form,  fig- 
ure, and  name  of  each  will  be  familiar  to 
him,  and  he  will  be  able  to  spell  the  names, 
even  without  ever  having  thought  of  such  a 
thing  as  a  task,  or  lesson  in  learning.  It 
has  been  his  play,  like  the  little  dams  be  has 
made  in  the  brook,  in  which  he  has  actually  f 
been  studying  natural  philosophy,  by  experi- 
ment. I  have  raised  up  a  large  Family, each 
of  which,  has, — except  one — alas! — been 
Tnndilrteci    alonp    eienrtlff    in    fhp   ronv    hnre  ^ 


proposed,  and  with  the  most  perfect  success, 
thanks  to  divine  mercy.  Good  habits,  Mr. 
Editor,  engrafted  upon,  or  incorporated  with, 
the  necessary  learning,  and  habits  adapted  to 
the  destined  business  of  life,  should  be  con- 
sidered as  a  chief  object  of  Education,  of 
which  1  have  had  the  most  convincing,  and 
by  negation — the  most  melancholy  evidence. 
Sept.  3,  1831. 


CAI.CAt  EOUS   MANURES. 
This  class  of  manures  comprehends  a 
number  of  articles,  as,  Burnt  or  calcined 
limestone  ; — Poundedlimestone: — Lime- 
stone   gravel ; Chalk ; — Marie ; — Sea 

shells; — Soaper's  waste; — and  Gypsum. 

1.  Advantages  of  Lime. — Tho'  there 
are  exceptions  to  the  rule,  yet  in  general, 
it  may  be  confidently  asserted,  that  un- 
less where  a  soil  has  by  nature  enough 
of  calcareous  matter  in  its  composition, 
for  the  purpose  of  vegetation,  it  can  nei- 
ther be  brought  into  its  most  fertile  state, 
nor  will  other  manures  be  so  useful  as 
they  ought,  if  lime,  or  some  other  calca- 
reous earth,  be  not  previously  applied. — 
By  lime  spread  upon  a  moory  soil,  good 
herbage  is  produced  where  nothing  but 
heath  and  unpalatable  erasses  grew  be- 
fore. By  the  same  means,  grass-lands, 
instead  of  yielding  nothing  but  bent,  and 
other  inferior  grasses,  have  been  covered 
with  those  of  a  more  valuable  description. 
The  utility  of  lime  to  turnips  is  so  great, 
that  though  in  the  same  field  where  no 
lime  bad  been  applied,  the  crop  died  a- 
way,  yet  in  the  limed  part  the  turnips 
flourished  with  unabat  'd  vigor.  On  the 
Mendip  lands  in  Somerset,  by  the  appli- 
cation of  lime,  the  value  of  land  was 
raised  from  4s.  to  30  per  acre:  and  dung, 
which  previous  to  liming  had  no  sensi- 
ble effect,  operate  I  after  its  application  as 
on  other  lands.  Macclesfield  forest,  in 
Cheshire,  and  vast  tracts  in  the  northern 
and  more  elevated  parts  of  Derbyshire, 
and  adjacent  districts,  have  been  aston- 
ishingly improved  by  the  same  means. — 
The  rye  lands  of  Herefordshire,  in  1(>36, 
refused  to  produce  wheat,  peas,  or  vetch- 
es; but  since  the  introduction  of  lime, 
they  have  been  so  fertilized  as  to  be  suc- 
cessfully applied  to  the  growth  of  every 
species  of  corn.  In  maiden  soils  fa  tol- 
erable quality,  the  richest  manure  will 
not  enable  them  to  bring  any  crops,  but 
those  of  oats  or  rye,  to  maturity  ;  where- 
as, if  they  receive  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
lime,  crops  of  peas,  barley  or  wheat,  may 
be  raised  to  advantage.  The  benefit  re- 
sulting from  the  use  of  lime,  has  been  in- 
disputably proved  in  the  same  farm,  for 
the  richer  parts  that  were  left  unlimcd, 
were  uniformly  inferior  in  produce,  to  the 
poorer  land  that  had  been  limed,  during 
a  period  of  not  less  than  twenty-one 
years,  under  the  same  course  of  manage- 
ment. 

2.  The  principles  on  ivhich  lime  oper- 
ates as  a  manure. — Quick  lime,  in  powder, 
or  dissolved  in  water,  isinjurioustoplants; 
hence  grass,  watered  with  lime  water,  is 
desnrnvpd.      Rut    lime  fresblv    hnrnt.    Or 


slaked,  forms  a  compost  with  vegetable 
matter,  which  is  soluble  in  water,  and  nu- 
tritive to  plants.  Mild  lime,  (as  chalk,  or 
quick  lime  again  impregnated  with  carbo- 
nic acid,)  chiefly  operates  by  improving 
the  texture  of  the  soil,  and  its  relation  to 
absorption. 

3.  The  various  sorts  of  limestone. — 
Sometimes  lime-stone  is  almost  perfectly 
puie,  as  is  the  case  with  marble,  whicli 
frequently  contains  scarcely  any  other 
substance  but  calcareous  matter.  Sever- 
al sorts  of  limestone,  however,  have 
mixtures  of  clay  and  sand,  in  various 
proportions,  by  which  the  efficacy  of  the 
manure  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
these  substances,  is  considerably  dimin- 
ished. It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  an- 
alyze limestone,  to  ascertain  the  propor- 
tion of  poor  lime,  before  it  is  advisable 
to  use  so  expensive  an  article  in  great 
quantities,  more  especially  if  it  must  be 
conveyed  from  a  distance.  Bituminous 
limestone  makes  good  manure.  But  the 
magnesian  is  the  species  which  requires 
the  greatest  attention.  Limestone  some- 
times contains  from  20.3  to  23.4  of  mag- 
nesia, in  which  case  it  would  be  injurious 
to  weak  soils,  to  apply  more  than  from 
25  to  30  bushels  per  statute  acre,  though 
in  rich  soils,  double  that  quantity  may  be 
used,  and  still  more  with  peat,  on  which 
soil,  it  would  have  a  most  powerful  effect 
in  producing  fertility. 

4.  .Mode  of  preparing  it  for  use. — 
!  imestone  is  burnt  in  kilns  of  various 
constructions.  It  is  applied  with  advan- 
tage to  soils  recently  lerlaimed,  in  a  caus- 
tic state;  but  is  generally  slaked,  by 
throwing  water  upon  the  lumps,  until 
they  crack  and  swell,  and  fall  down  into  a 
fine  powder.  This  operation,  when  it  is 
to  be  done,  should  not  be  delayed,  for  if 
properly  burnt,  calcined  lime  is  easily 
reduced  into  a  fine  powder,  which  may 
not  be  the  case  if  the  slaking  be  postpo- 
ned. If  water  cannot  e  isily  be  obtained, 
the  lumps  may  either  be  divided  into  small 
heaps,  and  covered  with  earth,  by  the 
moisture  of  which  they  are  soon  pulveri- 
zed,  or  made  into  large  heaps,  the  lumps 
and  eart  six  inches  thick,  and  the  whole 
covered  with  <  arth.  Where  it  can  easily 
be  had,  it  is  a  great  advantage  to  sla"ke 
the  calcined  limestone  for  manure,  with 
sea-water  or  urine.  When  applied  to 
land  in  a  powdery  state,  lime  tends  to 
bring  any  hard  vegetable  matter  that  the 
soil  contains,  into  a  more  rapid  state  of 
decomposition  and  solution,  so  as  to  ren- 
der it  a  proper  food  for  plants. 

5.  Application. — Summer  is  the  prop* 
er  season  for  liming  land.  That  experi- 
enced farmer,  Mr.  Kennie,  of  Phantassie, 
is  of  opinion,  that  the  most  profitable  pe- 
riod for  applying  lime  is,  when  the  land  is 
under  summer  fallow,  in  the  months  of 
June  and  July,  that  it  may  be  completely 
mixed  with  the  soil  before  the  crop  is 
sown.  This  is  also  the  general  practice 
in  other  districts.  For  a  turnip  crop,  if 
shnnld  he  laid  on   earlv  in  the  sorin?  be» 


Vol  1.— No.  43. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


341* 


fore  the  turnips  are  drilled,  in  order  that 
the  lime  may  be  thoroughly  incorporated 
with  the  soil,  by  the  pluughings  and  bar- 
rowings  which  it  will  receive;  the  land 
will  thus  have  time  to  cool,  and  the  lime 
will  not  dry  up  the  moisture  necessary  for 
bringing  the  turnips  into  leaf.  For  pota- 
toes, lime  is  not  to  be  recommended,  as 
it  is  apt  to  burn  and  blister  their  skins. — 
When  applied  to  old  land, it  is  a  good  prac- 
tice to  spread  it  on  the  surface,  previous- 
ly to  the  land  being  broken  up,  by  which 
It  is  fixed  firmly  on  the  sward.  One  year 
lias  been  found  of  use,  but  when  done 
three  years  before,  it  ad  produced  still 
greater  advantages;  in  the  former  case, 
the  increase  of  oats,  being  only  at  the 
rate  of  6  to  1,  and  the  latter,  that  of  10 
to  1  of  the  seed  sown.  The  quantity 
applied  must  vary  according  to  the  soil. 
From  250  to  300  bushels,  of  unslaked 
lime,  may  be  appled  on  strong  binds  with 
advantage.  Even  600  bushels  hive  been 
laid  on  at  once  on  strong  clays  with  great 
success.  On  light  soils,  a  much  smaller 
quantity  will  answer,  say  from  150to200 
bushels,  but  these  small  doses  ought  to 
be  more  frequently  repeated.  When  ap- 
plied on  the  surface  of  bogs  or  moors,  the 
quantity  used  is  very  considerable,  and 
the  more  that  is  laid  on  the  greater  im- 
provement. The  real  quantity,  howev- 
er, of  calcareous  matter  used,  depends 
upon  the  quality  of  the  stone,  it  ofi>n 
happens,  that  live  chaldrons  do  not  fur- 
nish more  effective  manure  than  three,  be- 
cause they  do  not  contain  three  fifths  of 
calcareous  matter. 

G.     Effects  of    lime. Many    farmers 

have  subjected  themselves  to  an  expense, 
at  the  rate  of  ten  shillings  per  acre  per 
annum,  for  the  lime  they  used  and  have 
been  amply  remunerated.  The  benefit, 
derived  in  the  cultivation  of  green  crops 
is  sufficient  for  that  purpose.  Such  cr-.-ps 
may  be  raised  by  large  quantities  of  dung ; 
but  where  calcareous  substances  are  ap- 
plied, it  is  proved  by  long  experience, 
that  a  less  quantity  of  animal  a. id  veget 
able  manure  will  answer  the  purpose, — 
This  is  making  the  farm-yard  dung  go 
farther,  with  more  powerful  and  more 
permanent  effects;  and  from  the  weight- 
ier crops  thus  raised,  the  quantity  of  ma- 
nure on  a  farm,  will  be  most  materially 
augmented.  Indeed,  upon  land  in  a  prop- 
er state  for  calcareous  application,  (as 
old  ley,)  lime  is  much  superior  to  dung. 
Its  effects  continue  for  a  longer  period, 
while  the  crops  produced  are  of  a  supe- 
rior quality  and  less  susceptible  of  injury, 
from  the  excesses  of  drought  and  mois- 
ture. The  ground  likewise,  more  espe- 
cially if  it  be  of  a  strong  nature,  is  much 
more  easily  wrought;  and,  in  some  in- 
stances, the  saving  of  labor  alone,  would 
be  sufficient  to  induce  a  farmer  to  lime  his 
land,  were  no  greater  benefit  derived 
from  the  application,  than  the  opportu- 
nity thereby  gained,  of  working  it  in  a 
more  perfect  maimer. 

7.     Rules  for  the  management  of  lime. — 


I.  It  is  necessary  to  ascertain  the  quality 
of  the  soil  to  which  lime  is  proposed  to  be 
applied ;  and  whether  it  has  formerly 
been  limed  ;  and  to  what  extent.  In  gen- 
eral it  maybe  observed,  that  strong  loams 
and  stubborn  clays,  require  a  full  dose  to 
bring  then  into  action,  as  such  soils  are 
capable  of  absorbing  a  greater  quantity 
of  calcareous  matter,  Lighter  soils,  how- 
ever, require  less  lime  to  tiuiulale  them  ; 
and  may  be  injured,  by  administering  a 
quantity  of  lime  recently  calcined,  that 
would  prove  moderately  beneficial  to 
those  of  a  heavy  nature.  2.  As  the  ef- 
fects of  lime  greatly  depend  on  its  inti- 
mate admixture  nitht  e  surface  soils,  it 
is  expedient  to  have  it  in  a  powdered  state 
before  it  is  applied,  and  the  drier  and 
more  perfectly  powdered,  the  better.  3- 
Lime  having  a  tendency  to  sink  in  the 
soil,  it  cannot  be  ploughed  in  with  too 
shallow  a  furrow  or  kept  too  near  the  sur- 
face. 4  Lime  ought  not  to  be  applied, 
a  second  time  to  weak  or  poor  soils,  unless 
mixed  with  a  compost;  after  which  the 
land  should  be  immediately  laid  down  to 
grass. 

PROCLAMATION, 

By  Enos  T.  Throop,  Governor  of  the 
state  ofJYew-York  : 
Being  conscious  that  a  periodical  public 
oblation  of  our  hearts  to  Almighty  God  is 
acceptable  to  him,  and  a  pleasing  duty;  and 
that  it  is  highly  becoming  in  nations,  recip- 
ients of  his  favors,  as  we'l  as  individuals ; 
1  do,  in  humble  reverence,  and  in  conform- 
ity to  usage,  recommend  to  the  people  of 
this  state,  the  observance  of  Thursday  the 
eighth  day  of  December  next,  as  a  day  of 
Prayer  and  Thanksgiving.  Let  us,  with 
united  hearts,  on  that  day,  renew  to  Him 
our  acknowledgments  of  gratitude, forthose 
peculiar  national  institutions  by  which  he 
has  distinguished  us  among  the  nations  of 
the  earth,  and  whereby  all  our  civil,  reli- 
gious and  personal  rights  are  secured  ;  and 
for  having  established  schools  among  us, 
and  other  means  of  public  instruction, 
whereby  our  capacity  for  enjoyment  is  en- 
larged, and  we  are  enabled  better  to  under- 
stand and  defend  our  civil  and  social  privi- 
leges :  And  among  the  innumerable  fa- 
vors which  we  have  received  from  his 
bountiful  providence,  during  the  past  year, 
let  us  particularly  thank  Him,  for  healthful 
and  fruitful  seasons,  for  the  growing  spirit 
of  laudable  enterprize  and  diversified  indus- 
try, and  for  his  remarkable  interposition  in 
staying  the  desolating  moral  pestilence  of 
intemperate  drinking. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereun- 
to set  my  hand,  and  affixed  the 
privy  seal  of  the  State,  this  twen- 
(l.  s.)  tieth  day  of  October,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  thirty-one. 

E.  T.  THROOP. 


In  the  Asiatic,  province  of  Resht,  the  plague  has 
swept  off  100,000  inhabitants;  It  was  raging  at 
the  last  accounts  at  Teheran.  Corvin,  &c. 


PUBLIC  MEETING. 

Faneuil  Hall  was  again  crowded  to  over- 
flowing last  evening  by  our  citizens  who  arc 
in  favor  of  abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt', 
and  a  more  respectable  meeting,  in  point 
of  character,  as  well  as  numbers,  was  nev- 
er convened  within  its  walls.  The  chair 
was  taken  by  A.  II.  Everett,  Esq.  at  the 
hour  appointed,  and  the  debates  were  com- 
menced by  Charles  G.  Loring,  Esq.  in  a 
speech,  which,  so  far  as  we  heard  it,  was 
distinguished  for  its  sound  and  practical 
good  sense.  He  was  followed  by  William 
F.  Otis,  Esq.  who  made  a  very  animated 
address,  dwelling  almost  entirely  upon  the 
unconstitutionality  of  imprisonment  for 
debt,  in  the  United  States.  His  argument 
was  drawn  from  the  established  principle  of 
the  English  law.  that  no  man  can  be  im- 
prisoned, except  upon  presentment,  indict- 
ment, or  original  writ,  and  as  a  debtor  was 
neither  presented  nor  condemned  by  his 
peers,  and  as  there  was  no  such  thing,  and 
could  be  no.such  thing  in  this  country,  as 
an  original  writ, — that  being  entirely  an 
English  process,  requiring  the  signature 
and  seal  of  the  King, — he  inferred  that  im- 
prisonment for  the  misfortune  assigned  was 
neither  legal  nor  constitutional.  But  it  is 
not  in  our  power  to  furnish  any  abstract  of 
the  argument. 

Edwaid  Everett,  the  member  in  Con- 
gress from  the  adjoining  district  of  Middle- 
sex, also  addressed  the  meeting  in  an  ani- 
mated and  eloquent  strain,  and  was  receiv- 
ed with  great  enthusiasm.  He  reminded 
!  them  of  the  indignant  appeals  which  had 
been  made  in  that  hall,  when  the  matter  un- 
der discussion  related  to  aflairs  in  Europe, 
i  or  to  what  they  considered  the  oppressions 
of  the  general  government,  and  of  the  effect 
which  had  been  produced  when  all  they 
could  do  was  by  the  expression  of  an  opin- 
ion ;  and  reminding  them  that  in  the  pres- 
ent case  the  power  was  in  their  own  hands, 
and  that  they  could  act  as  well  as  resolve  ; 
he  called  upon  them  to  go  with  their  griev- 
ances to  the  polls,  remembering  that  if  they 
suffered  the  law  to  remain  six  months  long- 
er on  the  statute  book,  the  fault  was  their 
own,  and  they  deserved  to  suffer  by  its  op- 
pression. 

It  was  expected  that  Mr.  Webster  would 
have  spoken,  but  not  being  able  to  attend 
the  meeting,  he  sent  a  paper,  containing  his 
views  upon  the  subject,  which  was  read  by 
the  chairman.  It  was  written  in  the  usual 
concise  manner  of  Mr  Webster,  and  we 
presume  the  sentiments  it  expressed  were 
those  of  nine  tenths  of  the  whole  communi- 
ty. They  were  briefly,  that  the  dishonest 
debtor,  like  any  other  criminal,  deserves 
punishment,  but  that  it  is  ridiculous  as  well 
as  inhuman,  to  imprison  an  honest  man  for 
his  poverty. 

A  Memoir  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  the  discoverer  ol" 
Nortli  America,  containing  a  review  of  Maritime 
Discoveries,  has  been  published  at  Philadelphia  ; 
containing  327  pages.     It  is  highly  spoken  of. 

The  Emperor  Joseph  II.  of  Austria,  when  he. 
has  heard  enough  of  a  subject,  rubs  his  hands. 


344 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


October  29,  1831- 


Hudson  and  Ohio  Railroad. — We 
are  happy  to  lay  before  our  readers  the  fol- 
lowing extract  of  a  letter  i'rom  De  Witt 
Clinton,  esq.  U.  S.  Civil  Engineer,  to  a 
gentleman  ol  this  city,  announcing  the  re- 
sult of  his  examination  of  the  contemplated 
route  of  the  Hudson  and  Ohio  Railroad — 
a  distance  of  about  500  miles.-ibwr.  Com. 
Buffalo,  \Uh  Oct.  1831. 
Dear  Sir, — I  have  now  time  to  look  a- 
round  me,  and  hasten  to  announce  that  I 
have  completed  my  examinations  of  the 
country  for  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  as 
far  as  my  instructions  carried  me,  viz  :  to 
the  Portage  summit  of  the  S  *hio  canal ;  and 
it  affords  me  the  highest  gratiication  to  be 
able  to  assure  you  that  the  work  is  not  on- 
ly practicable,  but  apparently  of  easy  con- 
struction,— as  the  country  presents  no  im- 
pediments which  cannot  be  easily  over- 
come, and  the  route  passes  through  hands 
unrivalled  in  minerals,  in  water  power,  cli- 
mate and  soil,  which  must  render  it  one  of 
the  most  productive  improvements  of  the 
age 

I  am  supprised  at  the  little  interest  appa- 
rently felt  in  our  city  relative  to  this  under- 
taking. For  it  cannot  be  that  our  citizens 
do  not  appreciate  the  benefits  which  must 
result  to  them  from  its  completion.  Their 
apathy  must  proceed  from  not  correctly  un- 
derstanding its  bearings  on  their  prosperity, 
and  the  uncertainty  respecting  its  practica- 
bility and  cost.  That  this  great  work  would 
be  beneficial  to  the  interests  of  the  city,  no 
person  will,  I  presume,  dispute.  1  there- 
fore sincerely  hope  that  a  spirit  of  inquiry 
before  long  may  grow  up  among  them,  on 
tins  subject,  which  so  deeply  concerns  their 
prosperity  and  business. 

It  is  well  known  that  a  majority  of  our 
citizens  opposed  the  Erie  canal ;  but  in 
the  end  they  were  convinced  of  their  error, 
and  nobly  sustained  what  they  had  for  years 
condemned  Is  not  their  present  prosper- 
ity in  a  great  decree  to  be   attributed  to 

those  works, — which  have  populated  a  wil-i  hair  brushes  of  different  sizes  made  on  a 
derness,  and  made  an  empire  tributary  to  i  new  plan,  invented  by  Mr.  H.  Aikin  of 
their  wealth?  Can  they,  therefore,  with:  Lowell,  Ms.  The  bristles  are  twisted  in 
their  experience,  refuse  to  consider  what  so  wire,  and  stick  on  all  sides  much  like  the 
deeply  concerns  them?  1  cannot  imagine, i  hair  on  a  catterpillar.  The  wires  are  bent 
for  one  moment,  this  to  be  the  case.  i  round  and  fastened  in  a  convenient  handle, 

I  have  been  at  times  much  amused,  dur-||and  the  bristles  appear  to  be  applied  to  the 
ing  my  examinations,  and  at  others  have|,surface  at  bet,er  advantage,  and  in  such  a 
suffered  much  from  bad  roads,  bad  weather   manner  as  give  them  better  play.     It  ap 
and  other  inconveniences;  but  I    do  not   pears  that  this  improvement  will   prove  to 
believe  that  any  other  individual  can  boast   '"'  as  important  as  it  is  ingenious.— JV. 


sentenced  him  to  an  imprisonment  of  seven 
years. 

THE  THREE  HOMES. 
"  Where  is  thy  home,  %"  I  asked  a  child, 

Who  in  the  morning  air, 
Was  twining  flowers  most  sweet  and  wild 

In  garlands  for  her  hair. 

"  My  home,"  the  happy  heart  replied, 

And  smiled  in  childish  glee, 
"  Is  on  the  sunny  mountain  side 

Where  soft  winds  wander  free." 

O!  blessings  fall  on  artless  youth, 

And  all  its  rosy  hours, 
When  every  world  is  joy  and  truth, 

And  treasures  live  in  flowers  ! 

"Where  is  thy  home  V  I  asked  of  one 

Who  benl,  with  flushing  face, 
To  hear  a  warrior's  tender  tone 

In  the  wild  wood's  secret  place ; 

She  spoke  not,  but  her  varying  cheek, 

The  tale  might  well  impart ; 
The  home  of  her  young  spirit  meek 

Was  in  a  kindred  heart. 

Ah!  souls  that  well  might  soar  above, 

To  earth  will  fondly  cling, 
And  build  their  hopes  on  human  love, 

That  light  and  fragile  thing  ! 

"  Where  is  thy  home,  thou  lonely  man  V 

I  asked  a  pilgrim  grey, 
Who  came,  with  furrowed  brow,  and  wan 
Slow  musing  on  his  way. 

He  paused,  and  with  a  solemn  mien 

Upturned  his  holy  eyes, 
"  The  land  I  seek  thou  ne'er  hast  seen, 

My  home  is  in  the  skies  !" 

O  !  blest ! — thrice  blest !  the  heart  must  be 
To  whom  such  thoughts  are  given, 

That  walks  from  worldly  fetters  free; — 
Its  only  home  in  Heaven  ! 


Jiikeii's   Patent    Spiral  Brushes. — We 
were  shown  yesterday  several  cloth  and 


We  were  presented  a  day  or  two  since, 
by  the  Hon.  .  ■. .  iVdhams,  Prresidentof  the 
I  tica  Horticultural  Society,  with  two  large 
and  ri  hlycolo  ed  apples,  plucked  from  a 
tree  in  his  garden,  one  weighing  seventeen 
and  a  halj  and  the  other  sixteen  and  a  half 
ounces.  The  appie  is  called  the  Gloria 
Mundi  anil  is  a  m  ust  excellent  fruit.  The 
tree,  we  understand,  was  obtained  from 
the  exc  lient  collection  of  Dr.  A.  Coventry 
in  Deertield. — [bttca  Ob. 

Tru  Christian  Religion. — Patrick  Hen- 
ry left  in  his  will  the  following  testimonv 
in  favor  of  the  Christian  religion  :  "  I 
have  now  disposed  of  all  my  property  to 
my  family  ;  there  is  one  thing  more  I  wish 
I  could  give  them,  and  that  is  the  Christian 
Religion.  If  they  had  that,  and  I  had  giv- 
en them  nothing,  th.  y  would  be  rich,  and 
without  it,  if  I  had  given  them  all  the  world 
they  would  be  poor." 


of  having  travelled  directly  from  New- York 
through  the  southern  counties  of  New- 
York  and  the  northern  ones  of  New-Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  to  the  Portage 
Summit  of  the  Ohio  canal.  Be  this  as  it 
may,  my  journey  west  is  ended,  and  I  look 
towards  my  return  to  the  cast  with  great 
pleasure. 

A  man  named  William  Parker,  was  tried 
a  few  days  since  in  Philadelphia,  and  found 
guilty  of  tiring  a  pistol  at  his  wife,  with  in- 
tent to  kill.  The  prisoner  addressed  the 
:Iury,  and  endeavored  to  induce  them  to 
believe  that  ho  fired  by  accident.  The  court 


Dai.  Mi 

The  rats  which  feed  on  horse  flesh  at 
one  of  the  "  Abattoirs"  in  Paris,  are  so 
numerous,  that  the  Council  of  Health,  in 
which  we  suppose  the  jurisdiction  in  such 
cases  is  vested  have  determined  that  the 
offal  should  be  removed  to  a  greater  dis- 
tance  from  the  city,  lest  a  countless  host 
of  those  destructive  quadrupeds  may  make 
an  incursion  on  the  good  people  of  Paris. 
Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  number, 
by  the  fact,  that  on  one  occasion,  6000 
were  killed  by  some  men  and  dogs  in  a  ve- 
ry few  hours. 


R  \    E  VINES. 

1/ftk  4\  £h  Ck  'rape  vines  of  choicest  va- 
"•('•"'""i™  rieties  both  of  Americm 
and  European  for  salt  in  line  condition  and  at 
reasonable  pri  tne    Alitor.     Persons  wishing 

to  plant    either  forth)  table  or  vineyards  can  be 
supplied.     '■  -rders  directed  to  t 'lie  office  post  paid 
will  be  attended  to.     Also  a  general  assortment  of 
peach,  plum,  apple  and  other  fruit  trees, 
oct  15 

T O "EDITORS  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

A  Gentleman,  residing  in  the  country, prac- 
tically engaged  in  husbandry  and  having 
some  knowledge  of  science,  literature  and 
politics,  wishes  to  engage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodical  Works,  in  supplying  ar- 
ticles and  papers  for  the  public  press.  He 
has  been  for  many  years,  a  pretty  liberal  con- 
tributor, but  always  voluntary  and  gratui- 
tous, in  which  he  has  probably  done  his  part. 
He  now  asks  a  reasonable  compensation  for 
the  fruits  of  his  leisure  and  experience. — 
Reference,?}.  Goodsell,  Editor  Gen.  Fanner 

STATE  OF  NEW-YORK  *  Albany  .Sept.  let' 
Secretary's  Office.         \  1831. 

Sir — I  hereby  give  you  notice,  that  at  the  next 
General  Election,  to  be  holden  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  November  next,  and  the  two  succeeding 
days,  a  Senator  is  to  be  chosen  in  the  eighth  sen- 
ate district,  in  the  place  of  Timothy  H.  Porter, 
whose  term  of  service  will  expire  on  the  last  da> 
of  December  next. 

A.  C.  FLAGG    Secretary  of  State. 
To  the  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Monroe. 

N.  B  Members  of  Assembly,  Sheriff  and 
Clerk,  are  also  to  be  chosen  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion. 

53f  Proprietors  of  the  different  public  newspa- 
pers in  this  eounty,  will  please  to  publish  this  no- 
tice once  in  each  week,  ntil  alter  the  Election, 
and  forward  their  bills  to  the  undersigned. 

J.  K.  LIVINGSTON;  Sheriff. 

REDEMPTION  OF  LANDS   SOLD   FOR 

Taxes 

State  of  Sew-  York.  Comptroller's  Office. 

NOTH  'E  is  herein  given,  pursuant  to  See.  7i> 
of  Title  3,  of  Chap.  13,  of  the  first  part  of 
the  Revised  Statutes,  that  unless  the  lands  sold 
for  taxes,  at  the  general  tax  Bale,  held  at  the  cap- 
itol  in  the  mi-  ol  !  Ibany,  in  the  months  of  April 
ami. Max.  I  — ■ :  <  * .  shall  be  redeemed,  bj  the  pay- 
ment into  the  treasury  of  the  state,  on  or  before 
the- fifth  day  of  May  next,  after  the  date  hereof  of 
the  amount  lor  which  each  parcel  of  the  said 
lands  was  sold,  ami  the  interest  thereon,  at  the  rate. 
often  per  centum  per  annum,  from  the  date  ofthe 
sale,  r>  the  data  ofthe  payment  the  lands  so  sold, 
and  remaining  unredeemed,  will  be  conveyed  to 
the  purchasers  thereof  Dated  Albany,  12th 
Oct.,  1831. 
oct :»  SILAS  WRIGHT,  Jr.  Comptroller 


mmm 


TOIA'ME  I. 


KOCHESTEK,  NOVEMBEI     6,   1831. 


a 


NIMBtl    44. 


PUBLISHED  BY  I..  TUCKER  *,  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms— $2.50  per  annum,  or 

$2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 

GRAPES. 

As  the  season  has  now  arrived  for  pruning  and 
planting  Grape  vines,  we  will  give  such  direc- 
tions as  we  trust  will  enable  those  who  are  tin- 
acquainted  with  their  management,  to  do  it  with 
sufficient  nicety  to  ensure  success.  Although  some 
writers  on  the  culture  of  the  vine,  have  been  dog- 
matical in  their  direction  as  to  the  time  and  man- 
ner of  pruning  vines ;  yet,  we  think  much  de- 
pends upon  the  judgment  of  the  operator,  both 
for  summer  and  fall  pruning.  Our  observations 
at  this  time,  are  designed  to  direct  in  fall  pruning, 
as  upon  it  much  depends,  both  as  to  the  growth 
of  vine  and  produce  of  fruit.  Most  vines,  if  left 
without  any  pruning  would  produce  fruit  one  or 
two  years  in  garden  culture ;  after  which,  they 
would  become  so  thick  and  matted  as  not  to  pro- 
duce at  all.  By  taking  notice  of  our  wild  vines 
of  native  grapes,  it  will  be  found  that  most  of 
'  them  run  upon  green  trees  or  shrubs;  and  that  by 
the  growth  of  the  tree,  the  vines  are  allowed  to 
extend  themselves ;  but  even  in  that  case,  it  is  on- 
ly those  vines  which  are  upon  the  outside  of  the 
branches  which  produce  fruit :  those  which  are 
confined  within  the  branches  where  they  are  con- 
stantly shaded,  are  continually  drying  and  drop- 
ping off.  So  it  wotdd  be  upon  a  trellis  or  frame 
in  the  garden,  if  vines  were  left  unpruned.  The 
object  in  pruning,  therefore,  is  to  keep  the  vines 
within  a  smaller  space  than  they  would  otherwise 
occupy ;  and  at  the  same  time  keep  them  in  a  thrifty 
condition,  and  have  them  produce  fruit  in  propor 
lion  to  their  strength.  We  will  commence  our 
observations  with  vines,  the  first  year  after  plant- 
ing, and  will  suppose  that  they  have  been  trained 
the  first  or  past  summer  with  one  shoot.  Thi 
shoot,  if  allowed  to  remain,  would  throw  out  the 
leading  branches  from  the  buds,  near  the  end  of  it 
which  will  be  found  to  be  smaller  than  those  near- 
er the  base;  and  in  proportion  as  their  size  in 
creases,  so  will  be  the  strength  of  the  shoots  pro- 
duced from  them.  Unless  the  growth  of  a  vine 
has  been  uncommonly  strong  the  first  year,  no 
fruit  is  expected  from  it  or  ought  to  be  allowed  to 
ripen  on  it  the  second  year,  but  as  it  should  be 
shaped  for  bearing  the  third  year,  two  shoots 
should  be  allowed ;  therefore,  the  vine  should  be 
headed  down,  leaving  about  three  good  buds,  so 
that  if  one  of  them  should  get  injured,  you  may 
have  two  left;  as  after  the  young  shoots  have  bi 
come  firm,  one  of  them  may  be  taken  off.  In 
counting  buds,  there  are  generally  two  or  tliree 
which  are  near  to  where  the  shoot  puts  out  from 
the  old  wood,  that  are  small ;  these  are  to  be  rub- 
bed off  at  leafing  season,  and  not  counted  of  any 
use  unless  the  other  regular  buds  are  destroyed. — 
For  convenience  sake  we  will  denominate  those 
irregular  buds,  as  they  never  produce  fruit.  The 
second  season,  if  vines  are  healthy  and  well  tend 
ed,  they  will  produce  strong  shoots,  which  should 
be  headed  down  as  bpfore,  leaving  about  three 
i'egular  buds  upon  each  shoot.  Grapes  produce 
.their  fruit  upon  wood  grown  the  same  season, 


and  each  bud  left  may  be  counted  as  producing 
from  its  shoot  three  bunches  or  clusters  of  grapes ; 
if,  therefore,  tliree  buds  are  left  upon  each  shoot, 
and  each  new  shoot  produces  three  clusters,  there 
will  be  eighteen  clusters  which  will  be  as  much 
fruit  as  most  young  vines  of  that  age  ought  to 
produce.  By  the  same  rule  of  pruning  and  pro- 
ducing, the  next  season  would  produce  twenty-se- 
ven clusters.  By  this  calculation  we  should  be- 
come mathematical :  this  is  only  for  convenience 
sake,  as  judgment  must  supply  the  place  of  fig- 
ures. Some  vines,  from  their  strong  growth  will 
require  to  be  extended  faster  than  they  would  be 
by  pruning  down  to  a  certain  number  of  buds 
each  year.  For  this  purpose,  a  strong  shoot 
should  be  selected  which  may  be  trained  in  a  prop- 
er direction,  and  left  of  greater  length ;  remem- 
bering that  ill  common  cases  it  will  be  only  two 
or  three  buds  at  the  end  which  will  produce 
shoots  strong  enough  for  bearing  fruit,  and  the 
remainder  will  only  produce  weak  ones,  which 
will  be  green  and  soft,  and  rarely  ripen  their 
wood  ;  it  is  better,  therefore,  that  all  the  buds  but 
a  few  near  the  end,  should  be  rubbed  off. 

This  manner  of  extending  the  vines  should  on 
ly  be  resorted  to  where  it  is  necessary,  as  is  the 
case  often  with  the  American  varieties  of  grapes 
as  the  Europeans  rarely  suffer  so  much  for  want 
of  room.  When  a  vine  has  been  thus  extended, 
and  a  large  space  left  bare  of  small  shoots,  it 
should  be  rtmembered  that  shoots  coming  from 
old  wood  never  produce  fruit  the  same  season 
and,  therefore,  should  never  be  allowed  to  grow, 
unless  it  is  to  renovate  the  top  by  cutting"&ut  some 
old  wood  and  substituting  it ;  or  for  the  purpose 
of  layering  or  for  cuttings.  One  of  the  most  com- 
mon faults  with  inexperienced  gardeners  in  pru- 
ning vines  is,  that  they  have  too  much  wood,  by 
which  the  vine  either  exhausts  itself  with  over- 
bearing, or  the  shoots  become  weak  by  their  mul- 
tiplication. There  should  be  some  difference  in 
pruning  between  American  and  European  varie- 
ties. The  American  vines  continue  to  increase 
in  size  and  strength,  according  to  their  age,  (or 
at  leas*  their  tune  of  growth  has  never  yet  been 
limited,)  but  so  far  as  our  observations  have  ex- 
tended, the  European  varieties  in  this  climate,  in 
open  culture  arrive  at  their  greatest  perfection  in 
five  or  six  years;  after  which,  the  most  of  the 
fruit  from  them  is  destroyed  by  mildew.  When 
vines  of  a  valuable  variety  are  pruned,  it  is  an 
object  to  save  the  branches  cut  off  for  cuttings ; 
they  should,  therefore,  have  the  tendrils  and  leaves 
taken  off  as  far  as  their  wood  has  ripened,  or  be- 
come hard.  There  are  various  opinions  respect- 
ing the  best  method  of  using  cuttings.  Some 
prefer  burying  them  full  length,  an  inch  below 
the  surface,  and  allowing  each  bud  to  send  up  a 
shoot.  Others  recommend  cutting  them  short, 
leaving  only  one  eye  or  joint  to  each  cutting,  and 
planting  it  like  corn  or  other  seeds  But  the 
more  common  practice  is,  to  cut  the  shoots  into 
pieces  of  from  one  foot  to  a  foot  and  a  half  in 
length,  or  at  least  of  sufficient  length  to  have  up- 
on each  three  buds,  and  planting  them  in  rows 
with  two  joints  below  the  ground  and  one  above 
it.  In  cutting,  it  should  be  remembered  that  the 
roots  spring  from  the  cuttings  in  a  circle,  just  be- 


low the  joint;  and  therefore,  the  lower  end  of  eacL 
cutting  should  be  cut  about  an  inch  below  the  bud, 
as  they  are  found  to  strike  more  readily  than 
when  most  of  the  wood  between  the  buds  is  left 
on.  To  ascertain  the  places  from  which  the  roots 
project  from  the  cutting,  a  person  has  only  to  ex- 
amine a  thrifty  growing  vine  at  mid-summer,  and  « 
he  will  discover  below  each  joint  a  number  of 
small  holes  through  the  bark,  at  equal  distances 
below  the  joint,  from  which  the  half-coagulated 
sap  exudes,  forming  small  projecting  teers ;  or  by- 
stripping  off  the  bark  at  any  season,  he  will  find 
small  fibrous  projections  from  the  wood,  which 
extend  part  of  the  way  through  the  bark,  which 
by  being  placed  in  the  ground  extend  and  become 
roots.  This  is  common  to  most  creeping  plants, 
and  is  a  wonderful  provision  in  nature  to  secure 
them  against  injuries.  Cuttings  intended  for 
planting  may  be  planted  out  immediately,  or  they 
may  be  preserved  until  spring.  Those  from  A- 
merican  varieties,  need  no  protection ;  while  those 
of  foreign  varieties  should  be  covered  with  earth 
or  manure,  before  the  ground  becomes  frozen. 

The  advantage  to  be  derived  from  vines  will 
depend  much  on  the  choice  of  varieties,  for  which 
we  would  recommend  our  readers  to  the  New 
Treatise  on  the  vine,  by  Wm.  R.  Prince;  in 
which  he  places  at  the  head  of  American  varie- 
ties the  Isabella;  but  our  esteemed  friend,  Maj.  J, 
Adlum,  places  at  the  head  of  his  list,  the  Cataw- 
ba, and  says,  "  This  I  look  upon  as  one  of  the 
best  wine  grapes  in  the  United  States ;  and  I  say 
the  very  best."  In  this  he  is  supported  by  a  friend 
of  ours,  who  has  them  both  in  bearing.  Maj. 
Adlum's  "Memoir  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  vine 
in  America,  and  the  best  mode  of  making  wine," 
should  be  in  the  hand  of  every  one  who  has  a 
taste  for  horticulture ;  and  vines  of  either  variety, 
can  now  be  procured  in  plenty  and  at  a  cheap 
rate  in  this  village,  so  that  nothing  but  attention  is 
now  required  to  furnish  our  section  of  country 
with  choice  grapes  in  abundance. 


WORK  FOR  NOVEMBER. 

Those  who  neglected  to  dress  their  asparagus 
beds  last  month,  should  be  careful  that  it  is  done 
early  in  this.    For  this  purpose,  let  the  old  stalks 
be  removed,  and  all  green  weeds,  and  a  layer  of 
horse  manure  or  litter  from  the  stable  spread  over 
the  bed  from  four  to  eight  inches  deep.      By  sr. 
doing,  the  roots  will  shoot  much  earlier  and  strong 
er  in  the  spring,  and  are  not  so  liable  to  be  injur 
ed  during  the  winter,  as  when  the  bed  is  left  with 
out  dressing.     Sea  kale  should  also  be  covered  du 
ring  this  month.     When  it  is  intended  for  use  id 
the  spring,  a  small  box  should  be  inverted   over  " 
each  plant,  and  then  the  bed  covered  as  for  aspara 
gus.  In  the  spring,  the  boxshould  be  allowed  to  re- 
main as  long  as  you  wish  to  continue  cutting  the 
kale ;  by  which  the  young  shoots  will  be  blanch- 
ed and  more  tender,  than  when  grown  in  the  light 
All  edible  roots  should  now  be  removed  to  the  cel- 
lar, and  early  Peas  may  be  planted,  also  Radish- 
es.    Plant  out  fruit  and  ornamental    trees,  and 
shrubs.     Cover  tender  flowering  plants  and  roots 
with  tan  bark,  horse  manure,  or  litter  from  the 
stables.    A  fine  time  this  month  to  collect  com- 
post for  spring  use.     Plough  much  that  yoT 


346 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


November  5,  1831 


spring  work  may  be  in  advance.  Prepare 
wood  for  winter,  and  see  that  your  houses  are  in 
repair,  as  a  bad  door  will  cost  a  load  of  wood  be- 
fore spring.  See  to  ditches  and  drains,  and  that 
water  is  not  allowed  to  stand  upon  your  grass 
lands. 

TARIFF  CONVENTION,  at  NEW-yORK. 
This  Convention,  convened  at  New- York  on 
the  26th  ult.     The  following  are  the  officers  elec- 
i  ted. 

William  Wilkins,  Pa.  President. 
Vice  Presidents 
Joseph  Kent,  of  Maryland. 
James  Tattmadgc,  of  New- York. 
George  Blake,  of  Mass. 
Ijewis  Condit,  of  New- Jersey. 

Secretaries. 
H.  Niles,  Maryland. 
R.  Tillotson,  N.   York. 
C.  Paine,  Vermont. 
J.   W.   Pierce,  N.  Hampshire. 
Mr  Austin,  Boston. 

Thursday,  Oct.  28. 
The  Chair  announced  the  appointment  of  13, 
as  a  committee  to  address  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  affirming  the  constitutionality  and  expe- 
diency of  the  Tariff  protecting  the  interests  of  ag- 
riculture, commerce  and  manufactures;  a  com- 
mittee of  7,  to  enquire  and  report  upon  any  eva- 
sions of  the  present  revenue  laws ;  a  committee 
of  13,  to  prepare  a  memorial  to  Congress  enfor- 
cing the  propriety  of  continuing  the  protection  of 
our  domestic  industry,  whatever  reduction  of  du- 
ties may  be  expedient  on  articles  not  conflicting 
with  that  industry  ;  a  committee  of  13,  to  enquire 
and  report  upon  the  effects  of  the  existing  Tariff 
upon  the  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  interna]  trade 
and  foreign  commerce.  The  committees  were 
raised  agreeably  to  sundry  resolutions  passed  on 
the  day  previous. 

Mr.  Brown,  of  Penn.  submitted  an  amendment. 
or  rather  an  instruction  to  the  committee  to  report 
an  address  to  the  people  of  the  Union,  descriptive 
of  the  "American  System,"  and  supported  his 
proposition  with  remarks  at  length. 

Mr.  Brown  consenting  to  modify  the  terms  of 
his  "  instruction"  into  "  a  suggestion,''  it  passed. 
Mr.  Lynch  suggested  that  there  should  be  two 
committees  on  wool,  was  agreed  to,  or  rather  was 
divided  ;  two  committees,  one  on  the  production 
the  other  on  its  manufacture,  each  to  consist  of  15 
members,  were  raised.     Committees  of  15  on  iron 
and  cotton,  after  some  discussion  were  agreed  to. 
Committee  of  7  on  cash  payments  was  raised.    A 
committee  of  15  on  silk  and  hemp  was  agreed  to. 
Committee  of  1   from  each  state  on    ■'  ways  and 
means" ;  a  committee  on  leather,  of  15,  were  both 
voted.    Committee  of  3  on  lead  and  copper  was 
raieed.    Committees  of  3  on  salt,  and  5  on  chem- 
istry, were  agreed  to.    Committee  of  7  on    hats 
was  voted.     During  the  raising  of  this  committee 
a   member  observed  that   lie  had  seen  a  member 
of  the  convention  have  a   hat,    in   which  was  a 
British  crovm — this  produced  bursts  of  laughter. 
Committee  of  5  on  sugar   was   agreed   to.     The 
convention  adjourned,  after  "  cutting  out"  work  e- 
nough  to  last  them  a  long  time  in  "  making  up." 
Friday,  Oct.  28. 
The  chair  announced  the  appoinirnent  ot  seve- 
s»l  committees  voted  yesterday.    "  Cabinet  fuin- 


Steel" 


iture"  was  added  to  lhe  hat  committee. 
was  added  to  the  iron  committee. 

Mr.  R.  Swartwout  proposed  a  resolution  that 
each  member  of  the  convention  should  at  their  re- 
spective homes,  prepare,  and  forward  to  Mr.  Niles 
statements  of  the  condition  of  every  branch  of 
manufacture  in  their  vicinity.  He  submitted  it 
for  consideration,  and  it  was  laid  on  the  table. 

A  committee  of  3  were  appointed  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Tariff  of  Great  Britain,  Russia,  Hol- 
land and  Belgium. 

A  resolution,  recommending  Congress  to  es- 
tablish a  Home  Department,  to  foster  domestic 
manufactures,  was  laid  on  the  table. 

The  standing  committee  on  hemp  made  a  re- 
port, providing  for  a  committee  of  correspondence 
and  statics,  to  be  charged  with  the  influence  of  the 
Tariff  on  general  property  ;  the  numbers  employ- 
ed in  manufacturing  labor,  &c. 

There  were  several  other  matters  brought  be- 
fore the  Convention,  which  created  some  discus- 
sion, which  will  be  noticed  hereafter. 

Friday  Afternoon,  Oct.  28. 
Mr.  Williams,  of  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  desired 
information  respecting  the  moral  influence  exer- 
cised in  our  manufactories  on  the  laborers.  Mr. 
W.  explain' d  his  object, — as  he  had  found  a 
high  state  of  morals  in  certain  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments. Mr.  Carey,  of  Pa.  desired  the 
word  "operatives"  to  beenserted  instead  of  "la- 
borers" A  member  objected  ;  the  term  came 
from  the  English,  who  considered  laborers  "  mere 
machines."     It  was  changed  to  "persons." 

Mr.  Buel,  from  the  standing  committees,  re- 
ported that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  report  on 
the  currency  of  the  country. 

Saturday,  Oct.  29. 
Mr.  Ingersoll  chairman  of  the  committee  tore- 
port  an  address,  stated  that  the  committee  would 
submit  the  same  on  Monday.  Mr.  Everett, 
chairman  to  report  memorial  to  Congress,  sug- 
gested that  it  would  be  preferable  to  form  said  re- 
port after  the  Convention  adjourned.  Mr.  Rob- 
erts of  Pa.  thought  that  the  better  way  was  to 
have  the  memorial  drawn,  and  every  member 
sign  it.  It  would  have  no  effect,  if  delegated  to  a 
committee.  Mr.  Forward,  of  Pa.  thought  that 
the  names  would  have  but  little  effect,  if  unaccom- 
panied *ith  arguments.  Mr.  Everett  said,  that 
the  report  must  be  based  on  information  to  oe 
gathered  during  their  sitting  ;  it  would  be  prefera- 
ble to  wait. 

Mr.  Woodward,  of  New- York,  said  that  he  had 
drafted  every  memorial  iv  the  American  System 
which  had  been  sent  to  Congress  from  that  city. 

Mr.  Sbarpe,  th  ught  that  the  memorial  could 
be  drafted  without  delay. 

Mr.  Everett  said,  if  the  memorial  was  intended 
to  answer  another,  not  yet  published,  (Free  Trade 
report,)  that  object  could  only  oe  done  by  delay. 

Mr.  Roberts  would  not  withdraw  his  motion, 
respecting  an  immediate  report. 

Mr.  Goddard,  ofConn.  feared  that  the  object  of 
the  last  speaker  could  not  be  accomplished  within 
a  reasonable  time. 

Mr.  Woodard,  rose  and  stated  that  the  last 
speaker  was  the  bearer  of  the  memoi  ial  of  the 
Hartford  Convention  to  the  Congress  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.  There  was  quite  a  bustle  from  vari- 
ous quarters  of  the  house,  at  ihe  annunciation  of 
this   intelligence.     The   President  called    Mr. 


Wodoward  to  order  &  would  not  allow  either  Mr. 
W.  or  Mr.  G.  to  have  the  floor  during  the  ferment. 
Some  members  volunteered  an  opinion  to  Mr. 
Goddard  that  it  was  not  necessary  to  reply  to  Mr 
Woodward. 

Mr.  Roberts  of  Pa.  addressed  the  Convention 
with  great  warmth,  and  said  that  if  an  adjourn- 
ment was  to  take  place  without  signing  some  me- 
morial, the  whole  object  of  the  Convention  would 
be  an  abortion. 

Mr.  R.  was  sustained  and  anplauded  by  the 
Pennsylvania  members,  who  appeared  to  be  ap- 
prehensive that  the  New-Engla»d  gentlemen  had 
it  in  contemplation  to  steal  a  march  upon  them. 
Mr.  R.  said  he  was  in  favor  of  doing  things  in  a 
fair  and  honorable  manner,  be  was  ashamed 
of  the  report. 

After  en  animated  debate,  in  which  Mr.  Wil- 
liams of  Pa.  Mr.  McCullough  of  Md.  and  Mr 
Dwight  of  Mass.  took  part,  the  question  was  ta- 
ken on  the  report,  and  it  was  accepted. 

NEW- YORK  MARKET. 

October  29. 
Flour. 

Western  flour  has  continued  to  sell  at  full  pre- 
vious prices,  in  consequence  of  the  lateness  of  the 
season,  and  the  trifling  quantity  in  market  of  this 
description.  Southern  flour  on  the  contrary  has 
arrived  more  freely  and  is  dull  at  a  decline  of  12$ 
to  25  cents,  from  the  sales  of  last  week.  Troy 
flour  has  sold  at  575  to  $5  81  ;  New- York  at  5  50 
to  $6  52  ;  Alexandria,  and  Richmond  county, 
(early  in  the  week)  at  $5  62;  since  offered  at 
$5  50.  The  Western  and  Troy  flour  are  most 
wanted  for  the  Eastern  States,  and  the  supplies 
have  been  so  limited  that  prices  have  advanced  up- 
on the  home  demaud  alone,  for  these  favorite  de- 
scriptions.    We  quote 

New- York,     superfine,  brl. 

Troy,  do. 

Western,  do. 

Ohio  via  nanal, 


Philadelphia, 
Baltimore  city, 

Do.        Howard-street, 

Prices  of  Flour 
At  Baltimore,  Howard-street, 

Wheat,  bush. 
Alexandria, 
Cincinnati, 
Philadelphia, 
Petersburgh,  Wheat,  bush.  Red, 

ROCHESTEH. 

Flour,  superfine, 

Fine, 
Wheat,  bush,  (last  week) 


50  a 
81 

87  a 
87 
75 
37  a 


5  60 


6    G 


600 


50 
12 


62 
20 

50 


5  50 
1  15 
5  17 

3  50 

5  50  a  5  95 
1  00  a  1  07 

5  19  a  5  25 

4  87  a  5  00 
1  04  a  1  08 


NEW- YORK  CATTLE  MARKET. 


1200  beef  cattle  per  cwt. 
5000  sheep  )    Sheep, 
and  lambs,  ^     Lambs, 
Dressed  Pork,  dull,  per  cwt. 
Live  Hogs, 


$5  12  a  5  25 
2  (X)  a  5  00 
1  50  a  3  00 
6  25 
5  00 


Starch. — 15,000  bushels  of  potatoes  were  man- 
ufactured  into  starch  in  an  interior  town  of  Ncw- 
H.inipshire,  in  one  year. 
Boston. — Revenue  for  1830,  was  $3,562,301  78 
Imports,  dutiable  articles,  7,160,393 

do.  free,  1,188,230 


Total  Import*. 


88,348,623 


Vol    1—1^0.44. 


A1VO  «  ARBITER'S  JOURNAL. 


341 


DR.  CUTBUSH'S   ADDRESS. 

This  was  delivered  before  the  "Domestic.  Hor- 
ticultural Society,"  at  Canandaigua,  on  the  30tli 
June  last,  and  is  a  tea^handsome  display  of  the 
learning  and  research  of  the  author,  who  is  pro- 
ftssorof  chemistry  at  Geneva  College. 

The  book  is  in  fact  a  history  of  the  early  efforts 
•f  Gardeners  and  Horticulturists,  and  very  inter- 
esting, to  scientific  m  n  particularly. 

We  regret  that  we  did  not  receive  Dr.  Cutbush's 
Address,  at  an  earlier  day.  Our  columns  are 
now  so  occupied,  that  we  are  unable  to  give  more 
than  a  few  brief  extracts: — 

Gardening  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  in- 
nocent pleasures  in  which  wecan  be  enga- 
ged for  recreation,  aftei  haying  been  enga- 
ged in  any  pursuit :  it  tranquilizes  the  mind, 
and  promotes  humane,  generous  and  virtuous 
sentiments:  it  makes  man  happy,  and  ex- 
tends that  happiness  to  others.  It  is  not  ea- 
sy to  suppress  a  degree  of  enthusiasm,  when 
we  reflect  on  the  idvantages  of  gardening 
with  respect  to  a  virtuous  education.  In  the 
beginning  of  life,  the  deepest  impressions 
are  made.  Those  who  spend  their  time 
within  the  bounds  of  populous  cities,  are.  in 
■it  measure,  in  ensihle  to  the  elegant 
beauties  which  nature  presents.  Notwith- 
standing civilization  has  trenched  upon  the 
forest,  beauties  Mill  remain,  though  wild  and 
savage,  to  admire.  The  liriodendron  and 
magnolias  of  our  country  waste  their  per- 
fumes in  the  desert;  and  many  shrubs  and 
indigenous  flowers,  which  vie  in  beauty  with 
those  of  the  torrid  zone,  plead  the  protect- 
ing care  of  this  Society.  In  half  a  century 
more,  the  axe  and  the  fire  will  have  removed 
them,  and  your  descendants  will  in  vain  look 
for  them  :  they  will  be  known  only  by  name, 
unless  they  visit  the  botanic  gardens  of  Eu- 
rope, where  taste  may  have  preserved  their 
species.  What  a  held  of  usefulness  still 
lies  open  to  the  enterprising  botanist:  and 
what  a  fund  of  useful  knowledge  does  this 
science  impart.  What  a  source  of  pleasure 
there  is  in  seeking  out  those  productions  of 
nature  which  grow  secluded  in  the  forest, 
where  "many  a  plant  is  hoin  to  blush  mi 
seen,"  whose  medicinal  and  other  virtues 
were  intended  for  the  use  of  man.  Though 
man  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  his  Crea- 
tor, and  vice,  and  disease  assailed  him,  a  kind 
and  merciful  Providence  did  not  abandon 
him,  but  assigned  the  means  of  relief,  both 
for  his  body  and  his  mind  :— where  the  d  is 
ease  is,  there  may  be  found  the  remedy. — 
Such  was  the  faith  of  an  old  writer  in  the 
Comn  on  sage,  as  to  induce  him  to  exclaim — 
"  Cur  moriatur  homo  cuisalviacrescit  inhor- 
to."  Ami  some  of%  the  most  valuable  escu- 
lent plants,which  grace  the  tablesof  the  opu- 
lent, were  once  the  inhabitants  of  forests 
and  swamps.  To  the  botanists  we  are  in- 
debted for  many  of  the  beauties  of  Flora, 
which  now  adorn  the  rich  parterre;  attract- 
ed by  their  varied  attire  and  native  sweet 
ness.  they  transferred  them  from  their  lone- 
ly seclusion,  and  presented  them  to  the  gaze 
of  an  admiring  multitude.  Thousands  of 
dollars  have  been  paid  in  Europe  for  a  single 
■bulbous  root ;  and  our  swamps  and  highlands 
have  supplied  the  botanic  gardens  of  Paler 
mo,  and  many  other  parts  of  Europe,  with 
choice  productions,  which  vie  with  the  most 
costly  bulbs.  Though  flowers  hold  a  distin- 
guished place  in  our  gardens,  it  is  not  be- 
cause we  see  no  beauty  in  'esculent  vegeta- 
bles :  on  the  contrary,  such  is  their  variety, 
and  often  the  beauty  of  their  foliage,  that 


they  are  not  inferior  to  the  most  delicate 
flowers.  If  the  common  pea  were  an  exot- 
ic, how  much  would  their  blossoms  be  ad- 
mired, anil  those  of  the  bean,  for  their  odor. 
Even  those  whose  flowers  do  not  attract 
general  attention,  are  not  destitute  of  beau- 
ty: witness  those  of  the  salsify  and  the  ok- 
ra,  and  many  other  esculents  of  the  kitchen 
garden.  The  Indian  kale  of  the  West  In- 
dies would  vie  »  ith  the  amaranthus  tri-color ; 
and  the  crumpled  leaf  ol  the  Scotch  kale,  in 
mi  view,  possesses  many  attractions. 

Referring  to  the  rapid  improvement  of  the  coun- 
try the  Doctor  observes  at  the  close  of  his  address  • 

It  must  be  highly  gratifying  to  you.  Gen- 
tlemen, who  are  enabled  to  take  a  retrospec- 
tive view  of  this  portion  of  our  country 
through  a  lapse  of  forty  years;  and  who 
have  marked  tlie  march  of  improvement — 
have  witnessed  the  towns  and  the  vilUges, 
decorated  with  spires,  which  have  arisen  a- 
round  you,  and  the  advance  of  architectural 
;  refinement,  from  the  humble  log-house  to 
the  splendid  mansions  which  now  adorn  this 
village,  surrounded  by  fields,  once  the  abode 
of  wild  beasts  and  uncivilized  man,  now  smi- 
ling with  rich  productions  and  the  varied 
harvest  which  gilds  our  plains,  All  testify 
the  superlative  goodness  of  Providence  in 
directing  and  supporting  the  bold  pioneers. 
whose  industry  .mil  perseverance  cleared  the 
forest,  and  prepared  the  land  to  yield  mill- 
ions of  ears  of  coin  wheie  not  one  grew  be- 
fore and  exhibiting  in  every  direction  the  in- 
dustry and  happiness  of  the  comm  nity. — 
And  the  proud  exhibition,  which  yon  have 
made  this  day,  of  the  indigenous  and  exoti 
productions  of  your  soil,  administering  not 
only  to  the  health,  but  adding  a  very  impor- 
tant item  to  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of 
life,  must  call  forth  the  unqualified  thanks 
of  every  member  of  this  highly  favored  court- 
try. 

Canyon.  m\  friends  be  insensible  to  all 
these  blessings,  and  the  happiness  you  en- 
joy, without  offering,  both  in  public  and  pri- 
vate, the  aspirations  of  praise  and  thanks- 
giving to  that  over-ruling  Providence,  who 
has  blessed  the  land  with  such  unparalleled 
increase,  and  shown  so  many  marks  of  his 
love,  hy  dispensing  to  you  his  bounties  with 
such  a  liberal  hand,  and  "who  satisfieth 
thy  mouth  with  good  things?"  I  trust  you 
are  not.  I  have  only  to  add — may  they  he 
perpetual. 

From  the  Lowell  Journal. 
SILK  MANUFACTURE. 

NO.  III. 

America  is  destined  to  be  a  rich,  silk  grow- 
ine  and  silk  manufacturing  country.  But 
her  advance  towards  that  desirable  state  of 
things  must  be  gradual  and  systematic. — 
Every  attempt  to  do  that  at  once,  which  can 
only  be  effected  in  a  course  of  years,  must 
ultimately  fail:  while  patriotism  and  enter- 
I  prise  will  be  discouraged  by  the  enormous 
expense  and  fruitless  labor  that  will  be  in- 
curred. When  we  take  a  view  of  the  nu- 
merous branches  of  science  and  art  of  which 
the  silk  business  consists,  from  the  planting 
the  mulberry  tree  to  the  production  of  those 
elegant  and  delicate  stuffs,  which  daily  issue 
from  European  looms,  it  is  natural  to  ask 
ourselves  hy  which  of  those  branches  is  a  na- 
tion to  begin  ? 

The  two  great  divisions  of  human  labor, 
agriculture  and  manufactures,  require  to  be 
carried  on  separately,  and  by  different  hands. 


A  nursery  of  mulberry  trees  and  silkworms 
can  never  be  profitably  attached  to  a  manu- 
facturing establishment.  To  say  nothing  of 
the  immense  expense  which  this  complex 
business  would  occasion,  it  must  be  evident 
that  the  profits  of  ihe  manufacturer  should 
not  be  dependent  on  the  success  of  the  agri- 
culturist.     The   risk    would    be    too   great; 

one  hard   winter e  bad    crop   ol   cocoons, 

would  reduce  to  nothing  the  earnings  of  the 
artist;  and  he  could  not  with  safety  carry 
on  his  business  in  such  a  perilous  situation. 
The  raising  of  silk  worms,  therefore,  must 
be  left  entirely  to  the  farmer,  and  the  me- 
chanic must  apply  himself  to  those  branches, 
which  are  within  the  proper  line  of  his  busi- 
ness. 

Manufactures  are  of  slow  growth,  and  in 
their  beginning,  particularly,  require  great 
means  and  powerful  support.  Recent  expe- 
rience in  the  case  of  cotton  and  wollen  man- 
ufactures has  sufficiently  proven  the  truth  of 
this  position.  I  am  therefore  of  opinion, 
that  the  produce  of  the  American  silk  should 
lie  employed  as  an  article  of  foreign  com- 
merce, before  it  is  manufactured  into  stuffs 
in  this  country.  Gieat  profits  are  to  be  de- 
rived from  this  branch  of  business,  and  when 
it  shall  have  arisen  to  a  certain  degree  of 
stiength  and  prosperity,  manufactures  will 
follow  in   its  train. 

It  was  by  this  slow    and  gradual  course  of 
proceeding  that   die  cotton  business  has  ris 
en  in    the    United    States  to  the   degree  of 
prosperity  it  has  attained. 

For  more  than  twenty  years,  cotton  was 
prepared  and  sold  as  a  raw  material,  without 
any  attempt  to  convert  it  into  manufactured 
stuffs.  During  that  period  the  exportation 
id"  raw  cotton  produced  immense  profit  to 
'his  country.  The  business  at  last  was  o- 
veidone,  the  profit  diminished,  and  domes- 
tic manufactures  were  established. 

Thus  instructed  by  experience,  and  con- 
vinced by  the  reason  of  the  thing,  I  would 
recommend  the  same  course  to  be  p;  rsued 
with  regard  to  si  k. — Nothing  should  be  at- 
tempted at  first  beyond  preparing  it  in  the 
form  of  a  raw  material. 

Mr.  D'Homergne  says,  'I  have  observed 
with  astonishment  that  although  there  is  not 
the  least  encouragement  for  the  farmer  and 
planter  to  attend  to  this  production,  never- 
theless the  mulberry  tree  is  cultivated,  and 
silk  worms  are  raised  in  all  parts  of  this 
country,  from  the  north  to  the  south,  and 
from  the  east  to  the  west.  I  have  examin- 
ed the  cocoons  and  extracted  silk  from  them, 
which  I  have  found  superior  in  quantity  and 
quality  to  any  that  I  have  ever  seen  :  there- 
fore I  think  this  part  of  the  business  may  be 
left  to  itself.  The  main  object  is  to  find  em- 
ployment for  the  silk  produced  by  the  Amer- 
ican citizens,  and  to  establish  in  some  cen- 
tral place  a  regular  market  for  their  co- 
coons. Their  industry  stimulated  by  their  in- 
terest will  do  the  rest.  Planting  the  mulber- 
ry trees,  and  raising  the  silk  worms,  are  not 
mechanical  arts,  like  the  other  branches  of 
the  silk  business.  Experience  and  observa- 
tion will  soon  make  the  American  farmer 
perfect  in  that  business.  When  they  find 
that  bad  and  imperfect  cocoons  do  not  seH 
for  so  high  a  price  as  the  good  ones,  they 
will  inquire  into  the  disparity,  remedy  the  e- 
vil,  anil  none  but  good  cocoons  will  be  found. 
V. 

St.  John's  Academy,  Chapel-street,  New-Yor'; 
was  destroyed  by  fire  on  the  1st  instant.  • 


348 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  5,  1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS 

FOR   THE   GENESEE    PARMER. 

GREEN  CROPS  FOR  MANURE. 
Mr.  Goodsell — There  is  one  source  for  fer- 
tilizing our  corn  grounds  which  I  think  is  not  suf- 
ficiently urged  by  our  agricultural  writers :    I 
mean  green  vegetable  matter — zgood  clover  ley. 
The  utility  of  turning   in  a  green  crop  of  buck 
wheat  has  been  often  urged ;  but  in  comparison 
with  clover  it  furnishes  but  a  miserable  pittance 
of  food  for  vegetables.     Nor  would  I  have  clover 
left  till  it  has  run  out,  but  sow  it  on  tilled  grounds 
intended  for  corn  and  other  hoed  crops  expressly 
for  its  fertilizing  properties.    An  acre  of  old  sward 
has  been  estimated  to  contain  more  than  twelve 
tons  of  vegetable  matter,  mostly  food  for  plants. 
An  acre  of  clover,  sown  thick,  must  contain,  with 
its  extended  tap  roots,  two  thirds  of  this  quantity, 
or  nine  tons,  and  must  of  course  be  worth  to  the 
crop  as  much  as  nine  tons  of  yard  manure,  carted 
and  spread  upon  the  ground.    A  ton  of  manure,  j 
spread,  is  worth  $1  to  any  farmer.    Hence  the  val-  ] 
ue  of  a  clover  ley  to  a  corn  or  potato  crop.is  worth 
$9peracre.   Andfromsome  experience  I  think  this 
is  not  over  rating  its  value :  for  all  other  circum- 
stances being  alike,  a  clover  ley  will  yield  20  per 
cent,  or  a  fifth  more  corn,  on  a  light  soil,  than 
ground  which  is  devoid  of  vegetable  covering ; 
and  the  difference  is  still  greater  in  the  relative 
fertility  of  the  two  fields,  for  the  subsequent  crop. 
Nor  is  this  all ;  the  value  of  the  after   feed  will 
amply  compensate  for  the  seed,  which,  at  $6  for 
the  bushel  of  60  lbs.  and  allowing  16  lbs.  to  the 
acre,  will  cost  SI, 60. 

The  clover  ley  is  not  only  valuable  as  a  fertili- 
ser, but  it  is  highly  beneficial  in  a  mechanical 
way.  It  opens  the  soil,  as  it  decomposes,  and 
renders  it  purvious  to  the  great  agents  of  vegeta- 
tion, light,  heat,  water  and  atmospheric  air.  It 
decomposes  gradually,  and  the  gasses  evolved 
are  absorbed  by  the  growing  plants.  It  counter- 
acts the  effects  of  drought  upon  all  soils,  and  ren- 
ders stiff  clays,  which  by  the  bye  never  ought  to 
be  planted  with  corn,  more  porous  and  light. 

But  the  utility  of  clover,  and   all  other  grass 
leys,  in  fertilizing  the  soil,  depends  upon  the  pro- 1 
portion  and  manner  of  tilling  the  ground.     If  the 
dead  vegetable  matter  which  is  tinned  under  by 
the   first  furrow  or  ploughing,  is   again   turned 
up  by  a  second  ploughing,  the  food  which  should 
nourish  the  new  crop  is  dissipated  by  the  sun  aed 
winds,  to  say  nothing  of  the  labor  lost  in  the  ope- 
ration.    T/te  ground  should  be  ploughed  but  once, 
but  that  ploughing  should  be  well  and  faithfully 
done — and  no  plough  should  be  suffered  to  tear 
the  roots  of  the  growing  corn,  or  turn  up  to  waste 
'he  vegetable  matter  destined  for  its  nourishment. 
{  speak  from  experience  when  I  say,  that  the  har- 
row and  cultivator  are  the  only  proper  implements, 
■  ogcther  with  the  hoe,  for  cultivating  corn.     It  is 
not  benefitted  by  hilling,  if  the  weeds  are  extirpa- 
ted, and  the  surface  of  the  ground  kept  loose.     I 
would  even  advise  caution   in  preparing  for  the 
subsequent  crop,  which  should  be   small  grains, 
not  to  turn  to  the  surface  the  vegetable  matter,  the 
partly  decomposed  sod  which  has  been  turned  un- 
der, and  which  is  deposited  safely  where  the  roots 
of  the  coming  crop  will  want  it,  and  will  seek 
for  it. 
Com  requires  more  artificial  aid  than  any  field 


crop  we  raise,  to  render  it  profitable.     One  man 
raises  80  bushels  the  acre,  with  the  same  expense 
that  another  gets  15  to  25  per  acre.     A  good  crop 
is  very  profitable.     A  poor  crop,  or  even  a  medi- 
um one,  hardly   pays  for  labor.     In  travelling 
south  to  the  highlands,  north  to  Plattsburgh,  and 
east  to  Utica,  I  observed  the  corn  on  the  two  first 
routes  to  be  uncommonly  fine,  while  in  the  vicini- 
ty of  the  latter  named  place,  and  in  the  valley  of 
the  Mohawk  generally,  its  quality   appeared  but 
medium  or  inferior.     I  ascribed  this  inequality  to 
the  fact,  that  on  the  two  first  routes  the  resources 
of  art  had  been  put  in  requisition  ;  while  on  the  lat- 
ter every  thing  had  been  left  to  the  provision  of 
nature.     The  people  of  the  west  should  not  for- 
get that  the  counties  on  the  Hudson  havo   been 
once  fertile  like  theirs,  and  that  they  have  been 
exhausted  by  injudicious  cropping.     A  new  and 
better  system  has  succeeded  here,  or  is  rather  be- 
ginning to  make  progress,  from  necessity.     Let 
old  Genesee  be  admonished  by  our  experience,  and 
husband  the  riches  which  nature  has  every  where 
spread  with  a  lavish  hand  upon  her  soil ;  or  she 
too  may  become  old  in  the  barrenness  of  her 
fields,  as  she  now  is  reputed  to  be  in  the  maturity 
of  her  intellect. 

One  word  as  to  the  time  ami  manner  of  har- 
vesting the  corn  crop.  My  crop  was  cut  and 
stooked  the  first  week  in  Sept.,  husked  and  cribbed 
the  third,  and  a  part  threshed  and  ground  the 
fourth,  conformably  to  my  general  practice.  My 
crop  was  saved  in  excellent  condition,  is  remark- 
able sound,  and  is  dry  enough  for  market;  the 
stocks  in  fine  order  and  well  housed.  My  neigh- 
bor's, which  is  but  partly' harvested  in  the  old  way, 
is  at  least  one  tenth  mouldy,  the  cobs  saturated 
with  rain,  and  the  stocks  blanched  in  the  field  and 
rendered  of  little  value.  My  system  presents 
these  advantages  over  my  neighbor's :  my  corn  is 
a  fourth  better  than  his,  and  my  fodder  four  fifths 
more  valuable,  while  I  have  gained  a  third  by  the 
economy  of  labor.  J.  B. 

Albany,  Oct.  20. 


"  Hull  thus  circumstanced,  a  great  proportion  of 
"  the  annuals  sown  in  1813,  were  destroyed  by  it. 
"  A  very  simple  and  effectual  remedy  in  such  ca- 
"  ses  was  mentioned  to  me  by  Sir  Joseph,  Banks. 
"  He  recommended  that  slices  of  potatoes,  stuck 
"  upon  skewers,  should  be  buried  near  the  seed 
"  sown,  examined  every  day,  and  the  wire  worms 
"  which  collect  upon  them  in  great  numbers,  be 
"  destroyed.  This  plan  of  decoying  destructive 
"  animals  from  our  crops  by  offering  them  more 
"  tempting  food,  is  excellent,  and  deserves  to  be 
"  pursued  in  other  instances." 

It  may  be  doubted  (for  I  have  no  certain  ac 
count)  if  our  wire  worm  and  that  of  England  be- 
long to  the  same  species.  It  will  appear,  howev- 
er, from  the  foregoing  notice  that  their  habits  are 
similar ;  and  that  they  have  a  common  preference 
for  grass  land  or  mucky  soils. 

Professor  Eaton  gives  "  snap-bug"  as  a  com- 
mon name  for  at  least  one  species  of  Elater ,-  and 
it  therefore  appears  that  this  is  the  parent  of  the 
wire  worm. 

It  has  been  strongly  suspected  by  some  horti- 
culturists that  the  snapping  bug  is  a  depredator  on 
the  pear  tree.  If  so,  it  would  only  seem  to  be  for 
the  purpose  •  of  food,  unless  it  deposits  its  eggs 
there  to  hatch,  and  not  to  feed,  like  our  common 
locust  (Cicada.)  But  it  may  be  remarked  that 
pear  trees  have  not  been  damaged  in  the  manner 
refered  to,  in  some  districts  where  the  wire  worm 
has  abounded.  D.  T. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

THE  WIRE  WORM. 
Kirby  and  Spentc,  in  their  letters  on  Entomolo- 
gy, notice  the  (English)  wire  worm  as  follows: 
"  The  wire  worm  causes  annually  a  large  dimi 
"  nution  of  the  produce  of  our  fields,  destroying 
"  indiscriminately  wheat,  rye,  oats  and  grass. — 
"  This  insect,  which  has  its  name  apparently 
"from  its  slender  form,  and  uncommon  hardness 
"  and  toughness,  is  the  grub  of  a  beetle  termed 
"  by  Linne,  Elater  linealus;  but  by  Bieikander, 
"  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  its  history,  Elater 
"  scgelis,  which  name  is  now  generally  adopl- 
"ed. 

"  When  told  that  it  lives  inits  first  (or feeding) 
"slate  not  less  than  five  yean,  during  the  greatest 
"  part  of  which  time  it  is  supported  by  devouring 
"  the  roots  of  grain,  you  will  not  wonder  thai  its 
"  ravages  should  be  so  extensive ;  and  that  whole 
'  crops  should  be  sometimes  cut  off  by  it.  As  it 
"  abounds  chiefly  in  newly  broken  up  land,  though 
"the  roots  of  the  grasses  supply  it  with  food,  n 
"probably  does  not  do  any  great  injury  to  our 
"  meadows  and  pastures. 

"  The  wire  worm  is  particularly  destructive  for 
"  a  few  years  in  gardens  recently  converted  from 
"posture  grounds.     In  the  Botanic  Garden  at 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

It  is  asserted  in  the  4th  page  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer,  that  the  potato  is  found  growing  wild 
in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi ;  a  small  uneata- 
ble production.  Is  there  any  authority  for  this  1 
The  same  article  informs  us,  that  the  hundred  va- 
rieties of  the  apple  originated  in  the  oriental  crab 
— the  delicious  peach  from  the  bitter  almond — 
the  delicious  and  juicy  plum  from  the  uneatable 
haw  of  the  hedge.  Perhaps  these  statements  can- 
not be  demonstrated  to  be  certain.  But  I  am  not 
prepared  to  believe  them.  We  find  seedling  ap- 
ples, pears  and  potatoes,  of  every  grade  of  excel- 
lence. Our  forests  furnish  us  chesnuts,  walnuts,, 
goose  berries,  plums  and  grapes,  with  a  great  di- 
versity of  character.  I  see  no  reason  for  ascri- 
bing all  that  is  excellent  to  cultivation.  My  im- 
pression is,  that  in  every  kind  of  fruit,  some  desi- 
rable varieties  have  been  found  growing  wild 
and  that  these  were  originally  selected  for  propa- 
gation. It  may  not  be  foreign  to  the  subject  to  re- 
mark that  it  is  yet  a  problem,  whether  there  are 
not  children  of  the  American  forest  equal  in  na 
tive  faculties,  of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body, 
to  any  offspring  of  civilized  man,  whose  ances- 
tors have  had  the  benefit  of  improvement  for  » 
hundred  generations. 

Among  the  trees  and  plants  of  the  Wesleri*- 
Reserve,  near  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
besides  others  common  to  Pennsylvania  aud  New- 
York,  are  the  following:  The  Cucumber  tree, 
Pawpaw,  Honey  locust,  Black  Walnut,  Judas 
tree,  Fox,  Summer  and  Frost  Grapes,  many  varie- 
ties and  colors.  Trumpet  flower,  (Bignonia  ra- 
dicans)  Honey  suckle  (a  Lonicera,)  Plum  trees, 
some  pleasant  kinds  worth  cultivating,  Euony- 
mus.  Wild  ontsj  (the  folle  avoine  of  the  VV  est. 
or  Zizaria  aquatica  of  the  botanists.)  A  specie* 
of    the  Buffalo  berry,  Shepherdia    canadensis 


Vol  1.— No.  44. 


AND  CJARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


349 


The  Nelumbrium  or  Cyamus,  said  by  Nuttall  to 
have  the  largest  flower  of  any  plant  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  I  have  seen  in  Sandusky  bay.  Our 
winters  are  short.  Lake  Erie  is  usually  open  for 
navigation  from  Cleveland  to  the  West,  from  the 
1st  to  the  10th  of  March;  although  to  Erie  and 
Buffalo,  it  is  closed  till  from  the  10th  of  April  to 
the  1st  of  June.  There  is  no  finer  peach  country 
in  the  world.  The  gourd  seed  corn  is  the  kind 
commonly  raised,  and  it  seldom  fails  of  coming  to 
maturity,  though  it  would  seem  from  a  late  num- 
ber of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  as  if  it  was  yet  a 
question  whether  it  is  adapted  to  that  climate. — 
And  a  Detroit  paper  of  the  '23d  September,  states 
(hat  the  corn  of  the  St  Joseph  country,  in  Michi- 
gan, is  generally  lost.  E.  Y. 
Cleveland. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  PARMER. 

MILITARY  TRAININGS,— No.  1. 
To  support  and  respect  the  laws  of  the  land  is 
the  duty  of  every  citizen — an  attempt  to  bring 
into  disrepute  the  general  laws  of  the  country 
would  admit  of  no  apology.  But  in  a  country 
like  ours,  where  the  people  make  the  laws, — and 
make  so  many  too — and  while  imperfection  con- 
tinues inseparably  connected  with  every  thing 
human,  to  point  out  the  defects  of  existing  laws 
with  a  view  to  their  abolition  or  amendment,  is 
not  only  the  right,  but  a  high  and  imperious  duty 
of  every  citizen.  With  this  view,  we  shall  at- 
tempt, in  a  few  shori  numbers,  to  show  the  im- 
policy and  inexpediency,  not  to  say  injustice  of 
the  laws  of  this  state  in  regard  to  "  the  militia 
andpublic  defence."  No  one  need  be  informed 
that  in  this  state,  every  able  bodied  free  white 
male  citizen  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and 
forty-five  is  subject  to  military  duty — nor  need  a- 
ny  one  be  informed  in  what  this  military  duty 
consists.  Every  person  has  seen  a  military  train- 
ing. The  duty  can  in  no  case  be  performed  by 
less  than  two  days  actual  service  in  each  year — 
computing  the  time  of  an  able  bodied  man  to  be 
worth  one  dollar  per  day,  and  his  incidental  ex- 
penses for  two  days  training  at  one  dollar,  we 
have  $3.  This  is  exclusive  of  equippage. — 
Taking  equippage  into  account,  and  likewise  the 
tact  that  some  are  obliged  to  be  officers,  and  e> 
quip  themselves  more  superbly,  the.  average  ex- 
pense to  every  individual  that  is  obliged  to  do 
military  duty,  cannot  be  less  than  5  dollars  year 
ly.  In  this  calculation  we  leave  out  all  the  extra 
time  and  expense  required  from  independent 
companies — General  and  field  officers  and  their 
Marl's.  From  the  returns  of  the  Adjutant  Gener- 
al in  the  fall  of  1830,  we  learn  that  the  number  of 
the  militia,  rank  and  file  in  this  state  in  that  year 
was  188,526.  Estimating  the  loss  of  time  and 
expense  of  these  at  the  moderate  rate  of  $5  per 
man  instead  of  &'10  per  man,  which  would  be 
much  nearer  the  truth,  and  we  have  $042,636. 
This  tax  falls  mostly  upon  the  young  men. — 
Hence  many  a  young  man  with  little  or  no  prop- 
erty pays  a  tax  equal  to  the  man  worth  $5,000  or 
$10,000.  If  a  direct  money  ta  \  were  imposed  in 
so  unequal  a  manner,  would  it  not  be  pronoun- 
ced monstrously  unjust  and  oppressive  ?  we  ask 
what  is  the  difference  1 — and  yet  indeed  there  is 
a  great  difference  between  such  a  tax  and  an  or- 
dinary money  tax — the  man  who  pays  a  tax  of 
$5,  assessed  upon  his  property  pays  so  much  to 
support  the  government  under  which  he  lives — 


while  the  man  who  pays  an  equivalent  for  the 
same  sum  as  a  military  tax,  neither  confers  any 
benefit  upon  his  countiy  or  derives  any  himself 
by  the  payment  of  the  tax.  Hence  we  say  that 
the  tax  is  not  only  unequal  and  unjust,  but  per- 
fectly useless.  To  illustrate  these  propositions 
more  at  large,  will  be  the  work  of  another  num- 
ber. S. 


SELECTIONS. 


From  the  Nfw  York  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  VI. 

On  the  proper  Education  of  the  Sons  and 
Daughters  of  Farmers. 

Mr.  Fleet  Whatever  may  be  the  con- 
dition of  the  Common,  or  Primary  Schools, 
of  the  country  of  an  Agricultural  communi 
ty,  they  are,  and  must  be,  the  schools  at 
which  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Farmers 
receive  their  school  learning.  If  the  con- 
dition of  these  schools  be  bad,  let  it  be  a  first 
object  of  the  Farmers  to  improve  that  con- 
dition, and  elevate  their  character.  The 
common  schools  are  the  common  seminaries 
of  learning  for  common  men,  and  of  course 
it  should  be  the  prime  object  of  patriotism 
to  see  that  they  are  good  schools.  If  gov- 
ernments neglect  this,  let  it  be  the  business 
of  the  People.  By  far  the  largest  proportion 
of  the  youth  of  every  countiy,  are  indebted 
to  those  schools,  alone,  for  all  of  what  is 
called,  however  erroneously,  their  education. 
And  by  far  the  largest  proportion  of  those 
who  have  become,  in  the  brief  period  of  A- 
merican  history,  our  most  eminently  useful 
men,  enjoyed  no  other  opportunities,  in  this 
way,  and  yet  have  become  conspicuous  over 
the  world,  as  among  the  best,  and  wisest,  and 
most  talented  and  useful  of  men.  This  is  no 
small  praise,  for  it  is  truth.  It  is  a  like 
truth,  also,  that  the  good  habits  of  life,  ac- 
quired by  those  men  in  infancy,  and  as  part 
of  their  education,  from  necessity,  probably, 
in  most  cases,  inured  them  to  thought,  ru- 
minating thought,  and  thus  laid  the  ground- 
work for  manly  maturity  of  mind,  as  well 
as  of  body.  A  half  century  has  passed  a- 
way,  since  our  Fathers  drew  their  sword  for 
liberty,  and  gave  to  America  the  government 
of  its  choice.  To  say  nothing  of  the  cau- 
ses, let  me  seriously  ask  of  every  man,  who 
shall  read  these  papers,  to  reflect  upon  the 
character  of  the  Men  of  the  Revolution,  as 
they  may  well  be  characterized,  as  to  phys- 
ical, moral  and  intellectual  stamina,  com- 
pared with  our  men  of  the  present  day.  In 
hardiness  of  constitution,  firmness  of  mus- 
cle, and  of  purpose,  as  well  as  in  personal 
appearance,  and  deportment,  they  stand  con- 
spicuous, models  of  men,  long  to  be  remem- 
bered. There-was  much  less  of  effeminacy, 
in  those  days,  and  men  were  moulded  lor, 
and  by,  the  exigencies  of  the  times,  leaving 
a  distinct  impress,  upon  the  memory  of  suc- 
ceeding generations,  of  the  nobleness  ofj 
character  of  oui  Men  of  the  Revolution.  If, 
our  happy  country  is  to  be  blest  with  such: 
models,  in  coining  ages,  it  will  be  to  the  Faf-j 
iners  that  it  will  be  indebted  for  their  pres- 
ervation, and  to  our  Common  Schools. 

Having  dwelt  pretty  fully  upon  the  plan, 
and  mode  of  education,  of  Farmers'  Sons. 
in  No.  V.,  little  more  need  be  said  upon 
the  education  of  their  Daughters,  than,  that, 
like  that  of  their  sons,  it  should  be  confined 
to  English  literature,  and  useful  branches  of 
instruction,  in  Common  Schools.  The  boy, 
who  has  bespattered  his  ideas  with  the  stud- 


ies of  an  .Academy,  or  College,  a  little  Latin 
a  little  Greek,  a  little  rhetoric,  a  little  logic, 
and  got  his  head  filled  with  notions  of  '  the 
classics,'  is  spoiled,  forever,  for  the  Farm. — 
Think  a  little, — recollect  what  you  have  seen, 
and  known,  and  you  will  see  that  this  is,  at 
least  as  a  general  proposition,  strictly  true. 
So  it  i  with  the  girls,  also,  afu-.r  iiaving  been 
'eddycated'  at  one  of  our  fashionable  Board- 
ing Schools,  where  their  brains  have  been 
turned  with  '  ac  omplishments,'  music,  draw- 
ing, painting,  belles-lettres,  and  a  thousand 
fanciful  notions  of  fashionable  follies!  Here 
is  the  true  explanation,  Mr.  Editor,  of  the 
mystery  you  sought  total!  y  to  unravel  in  speak- 
ing of  the  '  Mortgaged  Farms  of  New  Eng- 
land,' and  the  •Employment  of  Farmers' 
datigh  ters.'  They  are  first  spoiled  by  their 
education,  unfitted  fur  every  employment,  as 
Far-iners'  daughters,  or  Wives  for  Farmers' 
sons,  and  by  consent  of  their  parents,  and 
then  you  would  begin  to  talk  about  the  em- 
ployment of  Farmers'  daughters,  and  the 
mortgaged  Farms  I  ^11  that  has  been  said 
about  the  importance  of  habits,  in  the  educa- 
tion of  boys,  Farmers'  sons,  and  of  his  mode 
of  implanting  those  with  their  -chool  learn- 
ing, applies  equally  well  in  the  case  of  girls, 
Farmers'  daughters.  The  only  difference, 
is,  as  to  the  season  of  the  year ;  for  girls  can 
generally  attend  school  better  in  summer 
than  in  winter.  Females,  too,  are  best  taught 
by  Female  teachers;  a  Mans  school  in  win- 
ter and  a  Woman's  in  summer,  is  the  best 
plan  that  was  ever  adopted,  in  Farming  dis- 
tricts, for  Common  Schools.  He  must  be 
either  an  invalid,  or  a  very  drone  of  a  man, 
who,  in  a  Farming  neigiiborhood,  where 
there  is  so  much  wcrk  in  the  fields,  can  con- 
tent himself  with  teaching  the  alphabet  to 
little  girls.  The  very  example,  is  a  bad  one, 
unless,  unfortunately,  the  poor  man  is  una- 
ble to  toil  in  the  fields. 

He  who  would  bring  up  his  daughters  for 
usefulness,  as  daughters,  and  for  wives  by- 
and-by,  should  be  careful  to  have  them 
taught  nothing,  at  school,  but  what  is  useful. 
We  have  a  saying,  amongst  us  Fanners,  that 
the  daughters  uf  the  most  of  our  town  ac- 
quaintances, are  brough  up  for  '  dolls,'  pretty 
enough  to  look  at,  but  never  will  do  for 
wives.  Bred  to  look  upon  labor  as  vulgar 
affairs  for  vulgar  folks,  and  themselves  as 
ladies,  the  more  helpless  the  more  genteell, 
it  is  no  wonder  such  'iacltes'  are  sinking 
funds,  in  the  wrong  way,  for  their  Fathers' 
fortunes,  whether  bred  in  town  or  in  the 
countiy.  By  far  too  much  of  this  kind  of 
of  feeling,  is  getting  into  many  a  Farmer's 
family,  and,  1  am  sorry  to  say  it,  Mr.  Editor, 
even  away  np  here,  in  the  country.  In  my 
next  No.,  1  will  endeavor  to  trace  the  causes 
of  this  evil,  and  may  say  something  more  a- 
bout  the  necessary  correctives. 

Fifty  years  ago,  when  I  was  a  Farmer's 
boy, — or  even  30 — when,  like  you,  Mr 
Fleet,  I  was  rather  a  young  old  bachelor,' 
— and  used  to  visit  the  Farmers'  daughters, 
— I  never  saw  them  in  such  aflutter,  to  hide 
a  spinning  v  heel,  when  their '  company' was 
coining,  as  we  see  now  a  days  Instead  of 
stealing  off  silently  to  milking,  as  if  ashamed 
of  having  cows  to  milk  they  used  to  accept 
our  help;  and  many  a  time  luve  I  thought 
that  they  put  on  the  more  airs,  foi  the  num- 
ber of  cows  in  iheii  Father's  dairies.  In 
loose  days,  too,  there  were  oilier  m;irks  of 
womanhood,  about  the  daughters  of  Farm- 
ers, besides  mere  dress,  beaulies,  in  form  and 
figure,  which  have  vanished  berore  the  refor 


3  SO 


THE  GRNKSRE  FARMER 


November  5.  1  Bea- 


ming hand  of  m  dem  fashion.  This  is, 
perhaps,  on  the  whole,  as  it  should  he.  Such 
points  of  beauty  of  mother  nature's  best 
works,  are  still  found,  where  there  is  the 
most  of  perfect  simplicity  of  character  — 
These  are  the  girls  for  wives  for  Farmer's 
sons. 

September  4, 1831. 

P.  S.  There  is  probably  no  Parent  in  this 
community,  who  attaches  to  Education  a 
higher  value,  both  as  to  i's  qualifications  for 
the  discharge  of  all  our  duties  in  this  world, 
and  in  the  way  of  a  due  [.reparation  of  the 
mind  and  heart  for  life  in  a  better,  through 
eternity,  than  the  writer  of  these  numbers. 
Considering  the  mind  of  man  as  immortal, 
and  that  life,  once  begun,  is  never  to  have 
an  end,  his  chief  solicitude,  in  all  he  has  to 
say  upon  Education,  is,  that  its  purposes 
should  look  more  to  eternal  than  temporal 
life,  less  to  the  things  and  vanities  of  time, 
and  more  to  the  due  preparation  of  life  here- 1 
after.  If  we  look  seriously  into  it,  we  will 
find,  perhaps  to  the  surprise  of  many  (if  us, 
that  of  all  the  things  called  'accomplish- 
ments,' in  fashionable  education,  very  few  of 
them  can  be  considered  of  any  importance 
in  relation  to  our  future  stale  ot  existence. 
Simplicity  of  heart  and  manners,  leads  to 
sincerity  and  purity. 

From  the  few-England    Farmer. 

BRISTOL  AGRICULTURAL   SOCIE- 
TY. 

The  Committee  appointed  to  examine  and 
consider  the  claims  for  premiums  for  the 
BEST  CULTIVATED  FARMS,  offer  the 
following  Report : 

There  was  but  one  claimant,  Henry 
Gardner,  '  sq.  of  Swansey.  On  the  12th 
of  July  we  examined  his  farm  situated  on 
Gardner's  Neck,  so  called,  lying  between 
Cole's  and  Lee's  rivers  about  two  miles  west 
in  an  airline  from  Fall  River,  having  a  full 
view  of  that  village  and  'he  parts  adjacent. 
The  farm  consists  of  40  acres,  of  which  10 
are  mowing,  12  pasturage.  2^  orcharding, 
and  the  remaining  15^  tillage,  including  the 
buildings  and  appropriate  yards.  The  farm 
is  divided  into  small  lots,  nearly  square,  of 
three  or  four  acres  each,  by  strong  stone 
walls,  five  feet  in  height  on  every  side,  ex- 
cept those  lots  which  bound  on  the  rivers  — 
The  public  road  running  a  southerly  course 
on  the  height  of  land,  divides  the  farm  near- 
ly in  the  centrp,  and  a  private  road,  pan  of 
which  is  walled  on  both  sides,  divides  it  in- 
to north  and  south  compartments,  having  the 
lots  on  each  side,  which  circumstance  gives 
an  easy  access  to  any  part  of  it.  The  soil  is 
alluvial  with  a  good  proportion  of  sand  and 
loam,  ylbnut  300  loads  of  manure  made  of 
sea-weed,  besides  fish  and  other  matters 
from  the  stables  are  used  on  the  farm  annu- 
ally. 

The  annual  produce  of  the  farm  is  about 
15  tons  of  English  hay,  100  bushels  of  Ind 
an  corn.  100  bushels  of  rye,  700  bushels  of 
onions,  800  bushels  of  potatoes,  500  bush- 
els of  turnips,  and  cider,  apples.pears,  peach- 
es and  culinary  vegetables  in  abundance  I'm 
family  use.  The  stock  consists  of  4  oxen, 
2  cows,  t  young  creatures,  l  horse,  20  sheep 
and  6  hogs.  Four  oxen  are  fatted  yearly  on 
grass,  turnips  and  potatoes,  producing  about 
4000  pounds  of  beef.  The  I!  hogs  are  fatted 
On  meal,  one  third  of  rye  ami  i«o  thirds  of 
Indian  corn.  This  modeof  fattening  swine, 
Mr.  Gardner  thinks  is  the  best,  the  rye  hav- 
ing a  tendency  to  keep  the  bowels  in  a  good 


state.     The  six  swine  usually   pioduce  lbOO 
p»)iindsof  pork. 

Mi.  Gardner   has  no  particular    mode  of! 
raising  corn,  but  manures  bis  ground  design-  i 
ed  for  thai  article  verv  highly.     As  to  rye  he  [ 
observes  some   rotation  of  ciops.   He  plants! 
bis    potatoes   early    in    ihp    Spring,    gathers 
them  in   the  last  of  August  or   fust  of  Sep- 
tember; then  immediately  ploughs  and  sows 
the  ground   with  rye.      In  July  following  the 
rye  is  reaped  and  the  stubble  turned  in  with 
the   plough    and  turnip    seed    was  sown    on 
the     top.       In    llits    manner,    remembering 
always  to  keep  the  land  highly  manured,  he 
raises  aboui  thirty  bushels  of  rye  to  the  acre 
and  from  200  to  300  bushels  of  turnips  from 
the  same  acre  and  in  the  same  year. 

The   orchard  consists  of  good  fiuit  trees, 
which  are  large,  thrifty,  well  pnui'  d,  and  so 
neai  together  as  to  shade  the  ground  in  such 
a  manner  as  that  fe^  weeds  would  grow.      In  , 
fact  such  is  the  cultivation  of  this  farm,  thai 
veil  few    weeds  were  observed  hy   the  Com 
mitlee.     The  ham  is  21  by  56  feet  and  suffi 
ciently  high  to  hold  thirty  tons  of  hay .      The 
barn  yard  is  in  trout  of  the  barn,  a  southern 
exposure.     Adjoining  the  barnyard  are  the 
yard  and  sty  for  swine. 

The  expenses  of  labor,  fee.  in  cultivating 
his  farm  are  about  two  hundred  dollars  an 
Dually.  The  amount  of  yearly  produce, 
exclusive  of  supporting  the  family,  is  about 
675  dollars,  leaving  a  yearly  profit  of  475 
dollars  bevond  ihe  expenses 

Your  Committee  were  highly  gratified 
with  the  neatness,  good  cultivation  and  man 
agement  of  this  farm;  and  although  Mr. 
Gardner  had  no  competitor,  yet  the  Commit- 
tee recommend  a  premium  of  ten  dollars 
and  one  volume  of  the  New  England  Far- 
mer 


Roland  Green,      i 

Alfred  Baylies,   >    Committee. 

Jacob  Dkank.         S 


Fr.im  'lie  Atu-Tic.u  Kurmer. 

On  Preparing  i' utter  for  Exporta- 
tion. 
The  following  is  a  letter  from  Mr.  Varle, 
to  the  Editor  of  the  Arnericun  Farmer. 

Sir, — As  the  result  of  my  travels  foi 
recording  the  improvements  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  agriculture,  which  I  am  pre 
paring  now  for  publication,  might  be  de- 
laved,  and  that  in  the  meantime  the  pub- 
lic good  demands  that  some  important  ar- 
ticles contained  therein  might  he  imme- 
diately known,  1  have  thought  to  make 
use  of  your  valuable  paper,  to  convey  in 
formation  on  a  subject  which  grows  eve- 
ry day  of  more  importance  to  the  com- 
munity, which  is,  that  part  of  agricultu- 
ral economy,  that  indispensable  article 
for  both  our  consumption  and  exporta- 
ion,  under  the  name  of  butler,  which  if 
prepared  as  in  some  parts  of  i  urn  e,  or 
the  state  of  New-York,  especially  accor 
ding  to  the  following  recipe,  which  em- 
anates from  one  of  the  best  manufacto- 
ries of  thai  article,  would  retch  double 
that  price  obtained  in  the  southern  mar- 
kets, and  of  course  would  be  productive 
of  many  thousand  dollars  yearly,  to  tin 
advantage  of  this,  as  well  as  of  the  stale 
of  Perm.,  whose  farmers  through  respect 
for  old   customs,  although  in  an  age  of 


gem  i ai  ,nij  i  Mi.cn:,  manufacture  yef 
ihat  aiticle  as  if  it  was  for  immediate 
consumption,  and  the  consequi  nc>  is, 
ihat  it  becomes  rancid  on  their  hands  be- 
fore it  is  ready  foi  market  These  are 
truths  unfortunately  evinced  by  the  int'e- 
nor  quality  of  thai  article,  sold  in  our 
markets,  and  by  the  recommendation  of 
the  inspector  of  this  city,  inserted  in  my 
work,  ti  wards  exciting  fanners  to  impro- 
ving in  the  putting  it  up,  which  I  make 
also  public  for  the  public  good  in  this  pa- 
per. 

On  the  Preservation  of  Butter. 

On  the  authoiiiy  of  r.  Philemoa 
Towson,  inspectoi  of  butter  of  the  city 
of  Baltimore,  who  has  for  many  years 
made  experiments  on  that  essential  arti- 
cle of  our  domestic  economy.  I  will  give 
the  billowing  as  the  result  of  his  prac- 
tice. 

In  order  to  keep  butter  sweet,  and  pre- 
serve its  balsamic  quality,  it  ought  not  to 
be  washed,  as  it  is  often  done  in  water, 
but  be  orked  until  the  salt  is  complete- 
ly dissolved,  and  all  th  particles  of  milk 
disengaged  from  the  butter;*  this  is  to 
be  accomplished  by  wooden  paddles,  and 
not  as  some  do  it  by  the  hands,  and  in  or- 
der to  pi  event  tin  paddles  from  sticl  mg 
t"  the  butter,  they  ought  to  be  well  scald- 
ed, or  rubbed  with  salt  and  cooled  alter- 
nately as  oflen  as  wanted,  and  of  course 
the  same  precaution  ought  to  be  taken  a- 
bout  the  churn  ;  when  butter  is  to  be  put 
up  in  kegs,  they  ought  to  he  made  of 
well  seasoned  wood,  well  cle.  nseti  and 
seal  led;  pre\  ions  to  the  packing  the  but- 
ter, the  keg  ought  to  be  rinsed  with  sweet 
brine  or  pickle;  the  general  method  pur- 
sued now,  is  by  spreading  salt  on  the  bot- 
tom of  the  keg  which  is  injurious  to  the 
butter,  If  t  ere  is  not  butter  enough  to 
till  the  keg.  which  is  often  the  case,  pour 
immediately  some  strong  brine,  bearing 
an  egg  on  the  top.  lo  exclude  the  air  from 
it;  then  when  yon  churn  again,  take  ;ir 
way  that  brine  and  put  the  butter  in  un- 
til you  get  the  keg  full ;  and  whereas 
there  is  an  impossibility  to  fill  up  the 
keg  completely,  and  to  obviate  the  intro- 
duction of  air,  it  is  proper  to  pour  on  the 
top  some  strong  brine. 

An  object  also  of  great  importance  is 
to  have  the  keg  yvel!  made,  so  as  to  keep 
well  the  brine,  ofhei  wisethe butter  would 
become  rancid;  another  consideration  of 
consequence  foi  the  farmer  living  far  from 
the  sea  ports  is  to  make  use  of  marine 
salt  well  pulverized  instead  of  the  back 
country'  salt  dining  tile  wh<  le  process, 
the  salt  which  is  used  in  the  western 
country  being  the  produ  tion  of  salt  wells, 
imparls  not  only  a  dark  color  but  a  bad 
flavor  to  the  butter  especiallj  when  new- 
ly manufactured. 

As  to  the  butter  which  is  packed  in 
country  stores,  it  ought  to  be  put  into  the 
kegs  in  proportion  as  they  receive  it,  and 

♦'Plus  process  ought  not  to  be  continued  too 
long,  tor  fear  the  butter  may  become  tough  apd 
gluey 


Vol.  1.— No.  44. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL 


351 


to  cover  it  with  brine,  ami  never  to  put 
salt  on  it  becau-e  it  does  not  dissolve, 
and  is  found  in  the  pain,  which  is  an  in- 
jury to  the  butter;  besides  the  following 
precaution  ought  to  be  observed  in  pack- 
ing t  e  butter  i  kegs,  never  to  put  the 
different  colors  of  roll  butter  together, 
but  to  have  kegs  for  every  color,  and  not 
to  mix  with  it  the  roll  which  is  rancid, 
because  it  gives  a  bad  taste  to  the  w  hole 
keg. 

If  both  the  farmer  and  country  mer- 
chant id  pay  attention  to  the  above  rec 
ommeudations,  many  thousand  dollars 
would  be  gained  by  it  in  the  U.  States, 
for  instead  of  making  a  butter  which 
brings  about  1-  cents  a  pound,  on  an  av- 
erage, i;  would  sell  for  17  cents,  of  course 
from 40  to  50  percent,  more,  and  suppose 
50,000  dollars. 

The  practice  of  surrounding  butter 
with  water  to  serve  it  on  the  table  to  cool 
it,  is  certaiidy  disadvantageous  to  the 
quality  of  the  butter,  although  followed 
by  the  most  judicious  housekeepers,  in 
cities,  and  shows  how  little  domestic  e- 
conomy  is  understood,  for  nothing  is 
more  pernicious  than  the  contact  of  wa- 
ter wit  butter. 
Mode  op  Making  Butter  and  Th  ehv 

Enfield,  Connecticut,  March.27,  1831. 
Friend  Charles  V\rli  : 

Yours  of  the   10th  inst.   fame  to  hand 
in  season,   and  agreeably  to  your  request 


in  t,  which  is  to  be  done  early  in  the 
spring  whiiethe  weather  is  cool.  Put  the 
skins  into  a  clean  vessel  and  put  pure  wa- 
ter to  tlieni  and  let  them  soak  about  a 
week,  then  strain  it  off  and  sprinkle  them 
we  have  taken  some  pains  to  collect  i  lie  j  with  line  silt  and  let  them  lay  together  24 
best  information  we  could  obtain  of  the  I  hours,  then  put  water  to  them  and  let 
m  inner  of  making  butter  and  cheese  in  It  them  stand  two  days,  then  strain  it  off  and 


the  cheese  from  spreading,)  then  put  it  in- 
to the  press  and  let  it  stand  about  an 
hour,  then  turn  it  and  put  it  into  a  dry 
cloth  and  press  it  24  hours  longer,  and  it 
will  be  fit  for  drying. 

To  make  a  double  curdled  cheese,  pro- 
ceedjustas  above  directed,  until  the  curd 
has  come  and  settled,  then  dip  it  into  a 
strainer  and  drain  it  a  little,  then  hang  it 
up  and  let  it  sour  a  little,  but  if  the  weath- 
er is  very  hot  hang  it  in  a  cool  place  to 
prevent  it  from  purling,  the  next  morning 
cut  it  in  slices  and  put  cold  water  to  it 
and  let  it  stand  until  t!  e  new  curd  is  come 
anil  settled,  then  turn  off  the  cold  water 
and  dip  in  warm  whey  to  warm  it,  then 
put  in  a  laying  of  the  old  and  a  laying  of 
the  mw,  until  you  get  the  whole  togeth- 
er, then  let  it  stand  a  little  while,  then' 
cut  and  drain  it  until  the  whey  is  out,: 
then  warm  it  with  water  about  scalding 
hot,  and  when  it  is  sufficiently  cold  and. 
drained  put  in  the  salt  and  saltpetre,  and1 
press  it  as  directed  above. 

1  he  rennet  is  to  be  made  in  this  man- 
ner;  when  the  rennet  skin  is  taken  from 


a  little  modified.  We  consider  that  it  would  be 
bad  policy  for  the  General  Government  to  tax  its 
own  citizens,  even  indirectly,  in  order  to  hoard  up 
monies  for  the  States  to  wrangle  about. 

There  is  not  a  Government  in  Europe,  but  what 
is  deeply  in  debt,  and  many  ofthemtothe  Houses 
of  Rothschild,  whose  actual  means  amount  to  a- 
bove  /70,000,000;  and  whose  credit  is  equal  to  a- 
ny  amount  the  House  can  ever  need,  to  forward 
its  speculations.  How  humiliating  it  must  be  to 
the  sacred,  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe,  on  ev- 
ery question  of  war,  to  be  compelled  to  sue  for  the 
means  to  carry  it  on,  to  a  Broker.  A  Broker  ?.  .  .  . 
Yes  !  A  broker  of  Kingdoms  :  a  broker  who  is  a- 
ble  to  put  the  credit  of  the  Potentates  of  Europein- 
to  his  breeches  pocket.  A  Broker,  who  can  make 
war  or  make  peace,  just  as  he  pleases  by  opening 
and  shutting  his  hand.  He  may  bite  his  thumb, 
and  turn  his  back  upon  crowned  heads  when  it 
suits  his  fancy. 


BULBOUS  PLANTS. 

"D  OSSITER  &  KNOK  are  now  ready  to  sup- 


ply their  customers  with  the  following  roots 
Hyacinths. — Liouble  Red;  Double  Blue;  La 
Coquette;  Joab  (single  blueish);  Admiral  de 
Ruvter  (double  Porcelain  blue) ;  Musk  or  Nut- 
the  Ci If,  empty  it  and  wash  it  slightly  'meg;  large  Nutmeg;  Tassel  or  two  coloured; 
with  vinegar,  then  soak  it  in  vinegar  about  :  Large  Feathered  ;  Velous  noir  (double  purple); 
ten  minutes,  then  stretch  it  on  a  bow  and  g?P!f  d'Utrecht  (double  Porcelain  blue)  ;  Single; 
,  .,'».,.  .  ,  White    ;  Incomparabli   Azure,  (double  deep  blue) 

keep  it  dry  until   time  to   make   the  ren-    - 


our  society,  which  is  as  follows: 

For  making  butter,  set  the  milk  in  tin 
or  earthern  vessels,  when  the  cream  is 
sufficiently  risen,  take  it  off  and  put  it  in- 
to a  tin  kettle,  and  set  it  into  boiling  water 


so   continue    until    the   strength    is     out:i 
when   this  is  done   put  it  into  a  glass  or 


Purple  Imperial  (double  purplish);  Single  Yel- 
low ;  Amiable  Blanche  (double  white) ;  White 
Harebells,  occ.,&c.,  Sic. 

Tulips. — Fine  Bibloems,  rose,  purple  and  vio- 
let, on  white  ground  ;  tine  Bizars,  rose,  purple  and 
violet,  on  yellow  ground  ;  single  red  ;  double  red  ; 
double  yellow  Rose  (superb  and  very  fragrant)  ; 
Violet  Boe  (breeder  Tulip) ;  double  Vareigated, 
&c,  A:c  ,  &c. 

Pwonies. — Large  double  crimson  officinal ; — 
large  double  rose  officinal ;  large  double  purple 
friiiged  ;   Fennel  or  Parsley  leaved  ;   Roseate. 

They  expect  to  receive  in  a  few  days  another 


stone  vessel,  and  put  in  rock   salt  enough!  lotof  sJ)lendld  gree"  ho"8''  PlafU3 
to  keep  some  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel 
undissolved,   then  stop  it  tight  and  put  it 


nov  4 


and  stir  it  until    it   is   scalding  hot,  then    in   a    cool   cellar  and   it   will   keep  good 
strain  it  ihrough  a  cloth,  cool  it   and  it  is  J  throughout  the  season 


fit  for  churning,  when  the  butter  is  c  me, 
and   the  buttermilk  all   worked    out,  and 


VV  ill  you  please   to  send  us  one  of  your 
books   when    they  are  done,   by  mail,  or 


the  butter  well  salted,  put  it  into  a  ,weet   otherwise  as  you  may  think  best,  and  sav 
Vessel,  and   if  it  be  a  wooden   vessel,  the    how  we   shall  recompense  you    for   the 


inside  should  be  rubbed  over  with  butter 
simmered  to  an  oil,  an  the  vessel  should 
be  kept  covered  close  from  the  air. 

For  making  cheese;  take  the  nights 
milk  and  warm  it,  then  strain  the  new 
milk  into  it,  when  mixed  together  have  it 
about  as  warm  as  milk  from  the  cow, 
then  put  in  the  rennet  and  let  it  stand  one 
hour,  then  check  it  with  a  long  knife, 
then  turn  on  two  or  three  quarts  scalding 
water,  so  as  to  warm  it  all  alike  and  let 
it  settle  a  little  while,  then  dip  off  the 
whey,  then  break  it  up  all  fine  and  pour 
on  scalding  water  until  it  is  as  hot  as  you 
can  well  bear  your  hand  in  it,  then  cover 
it  up  and  let  it  stand  one  hour,  then  dip 
it  into  a  strainer  and  drain  it  well,  then 
put  in  three  quarters  of  a  pound  rock  salt, 
and  one  teaspoonful  of  saltpetre  pulveri- 
zed, to  a  cheese  of  twenty  pounds,(when 
cheese  is  made  in  this  manner,  it  is  well 
to  keep  over  a  little  curd  and  let  it  sour 
•j  little  to  put  in  with  the  new  to  prevent 


And  oblige  your  esteemed  friend, 
Earl  Jefferson. 
N.  B.  The  above   method  of  making 
and  packing  butter  is  to  be  kept  for  win- 
ter use,  but  is  not  so  good  to  use   while 
new. 

United  Stales. — There  is  a  fair  prospect  of  the 
United  States  getting  out  of  debt.  It  is  stated,  on 
good  authority,  that  on  the  1st  of  January  next, 
the  national  debt  will  be  less  than  $25,000,000; 
that  the  U.  S.  own  stock  in  the  U.  S.  Bank  a- 
mounting  to  about  $8,000,000  ;  that  the  Custom 
House  Bonds  of  the  U.  S.  will  amount  at  that 
time  to  rising  of  $20,000,000;  and  that  the  U.  S. 
Bank,  or  other  Banks,  will  discount  all  of  those 
bonds.  So,  the  U.  S.  Government  possess  the 
power,  at  the  approaching  session,  of  paying  up 
the  entire  debt.  The  revenue,  agreeable  to  the 
present  Tariff  regulations,  will  amount  to  $25,- 
000,000,  which  will  be  a  surplus  of  about  $12,- 
000,000.  It  will  tin  n  become  a  serious  question, 
whether  or  not  the  present  Tariff  should  not  be 


REDEMPTION  OF  LANDS  SOLD  FOR 

Taxes. 
State  of  New- York,  Comptroller's  Office. 

NOTICE  is  hereby  given,  pursuant  to  Sec.  76 
of  Title  3,  ofi  hap.  l3,  of  the  first  part  of 
the  Revised  Statutes,  that  unless  the  lands  soli 
for  taxes,  at  the  general  tax  sale,  held  at  the  cap- 
ital in  the  city  ot  Albany,  in  the  months  of  April 
and  May,  1830,  shall  be  redoemed,  by  the  pay- 
ment into  the  treasury  of  the  state,  on  or  before 
the  fifth  day  of  May  next,  after  the  date  hereof  of 
the  amount  for  which  each  parcel  of  the  said 
lands  was  sold,  and  the  interest  thereon,  at  the  rate 
of  ten  per  centum  per  annum,  from  the  date  of  the 
sale,  to  the  date  of  the  payment,  the  lands  so  sold, 
and  remaining  unredeemed,  will  be  conveyed  to 
the  purchasers  thereof.  Dated  Albany,  12th 
Oct.,  1831. 
oct  25  SILAS  WRIGHT,  Jr.  Comptroller. 

STATE  OF  NEW-YORK.  >  Albany  Sept.  le 
Secretary's  Office.        J  1831. 

Sir — I  hereby  give  you  notice,  that  at  the  next 
General  Election,  to  be  holden  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  November  next,  and  the  two  succeeding 
days,  a  Senator  is  to  be  chosen  in  the  eighth  sen- 
ate district,  in  the  pla«-e  of  Timothy  H.  Porter, 
whose  term  of  service  will  expire  on  the  last  day 
of  December  next. 

A.  C.  FLAGG.  Secretary  of  State. 
To  the  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Monroe. 

N.  B.  Members  of  Assembly,  Sheriff  aiuj 
Clerk,  are  also  to  be  chosen  at  the  General  Elec- 
tion. 

53f  Proprietors  of  the  different  public  newspa- 
pers in  this  eounty,  will  please  to  publish  this  no- 
tice once  in  each  week,  until  after  the  Election, 
and  forward  their  bills  to  the  undersigned. 

J.  K.  LIVINGSTON,  Sficrif. 


352 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  5.  1831. 


From  the  Commercial  Advertiser. 
The  III  tie  Green  Boat,  of  Fort  Gratiot 

LAKE    HURON. 

Oh !  hie  thee  on  my  little  boat, 

Hie  back  o'er  yon  blue  sea  ; 
Since  thou  hast  borne  beyond  my  sighl 

All  that  is  dear  to  me. 

Thou't  fair  upon  the  mirror 'd  lake ; 

Thou  glid'st  in  pride  along ; 
Leaving  behind  thy  rippling  wakes 

And  the  sound  of  the  boatmen's  song. 

And  a9  thy  fading  form  is  view'd, 
Fond  mem'ry  seeks  the  past; 

How  painful  now  the  solitude 
O'er  my  existence  cast ! 

But  blessings  on  thee,  little  boat; 

Blue  sky  and  placid  sea ; 
Fair  breeze,  befriend  thee  when  afloat, 

No  tempest  trouble  thee ! 

Glide  on,  glide  on  with  rapid  oar, 

Back  to  the  far, '  far  west,' 
And  moor  thee  on  our  sunny  shore, 

For  a  season  there  to  rest. 

And  I  will  greet  thy  graceful  form, 
When  seen  on  yonder  sea ; 

For  thou  art  pledged  to  bring  again 
All  that  is  dear  to  me. 


which  casks  will  be  better,  and  neater,  than 
any  made  in  the  usual  manner." 

The  communication  is  accompanied  by 
engravings  of  the  machinery,  and  attached 
is  an  advertisement  intended  to  induce  per- 
sons to  form  associations,  for  purchasing 
the  right  of  use  aud  enjoying  the  advanta- 
ges of  tt  for  a  certain  term  of  years  ;  and 
he  binds  himself  to  require  the  payment  of 
no  sum,  until  this  machinery  has  been  seen 
by  the  subscriber,  to  perform  what  he  sets 
forth.  The  instruments,  he  says,  will  cost 
from  1,000  to  1,300  dollars,  according  to 
the  size  of  casks  required  ;  persons  wish- 
ing to  engage  in  the  speculation,are  direct- 
ed to  address  the  inventor  himself  M.  de 
Mamieville,  at  Troussebourg,  near  Hon- 
fleur,  in  the  Department  of  Calvados,  or 
his  agent  in  Paris,  at  No.  8,  Reu  des  Jen- 
eurs.     Troussebourgh  is  near  Havre. 

He  appends  the  certificates  of  a  M.  de 
Bruyne,  who  ..ad  purchased  the  right,  and 
had,  before  paying  the  price  agreed  on, 
seen  one  man  complete  80  casks  in  seventy- 
two  hours  of  work ;  of  which  only  32  were 
employed  in  performing  what  was  done  by 
the  aid  of  machinery,  the  rest  being  taken 
up  in  putting  together  and  hooping. 


The  same  article  contains  similar  pro- 
posals with  regard  to  an  invention  by  the 
DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE.  jsame  person, which  may  be  ofgreat  impor- 
Accordingto  the  statement  contained  in'  tance  here;  namely,  for  sawing,  smooth- 
the  Bulletin  of  the  Paris  Society  for  the'  ing,  &c,  planks  for  flooring.  Forthis.it 
Encouragement  of  National  Industry,  late-|' would  seem,  that  a  power  is  necessary, 
ly  received  at  the  Department  of  State,  a1  such  as  that  of  a  dam  or  water,  by  which, 
set  of  machines  have  been  invented,  by  the  with  but  little  manual  labor,  an  immense 
aid  of  which,  any  person,  with  but  little  in-  supply  of  flooring  maybe  produced  incom- 
struction,  may  prepare  staves  and  headings'  plete  order  for  laying.  This  latter  may 
for  casks  with  a  degree  of  celerity  hitherto 'perhaps  be  worth  consideration  here,  and 
without  example.  j  the  former  likewise,  especially  in  the  east- 

Making  a  cask  is  indeed  almost  as  nice   ern  States,  whence  staves,  at  present,  are 
an  operation  as  making  a  watch  ;  the  staves]  a  large  article  sf  export,  and  much  would 


require  to  be  bent  and  hallowed,  and  their 
edges  curved  with  the  utmost  exactness ; 
the  difficulties  attending  which  are  such, 
that  it  is  said  the  Chinese,  certainly  a  most 
ingenious  people,  have  never  yet  produced 
a  barrel  capable  of  holding  water,  without 
covering  its  interior  with  pitch.  Now  the 
inventor  promises  that  all  the  more  difficult 
parts  of  the  process  may  be  accomplished 
without  requiring  probably  greater  skill 
than  the  manufacturer  of  ship's  blocks  by 
Brunei's  machine. 

The  communication  states,  that,  "  Any 
person,  without  being  a  cooper,  may,  in 
six  days,  prepare  the  stuff  for  one  hundred 
thirty-gallon  casks — cut  the  staves  of  their 
proper  length — croe,  trim,  notch  and 
smooth  them,  completely — cut  out,  plain 
and  peg  the  headings  for  the  same,  and  in 
fine,  render  all  the  parts  fit  for  putting  to- 
gether, when  required,  by  hand  ;  and  even 
in  this  latter  process  a  secret  will  be  taught 
by  which  time  may  be  saved.  The  staves, 
and  all  the  corresponding  pa  ts  of  the  head- 
ing, will  be  precisely  alike,  so  that  any  one 
piece,  without  choice,  can  be  taken  and 
employed  indiscriminately.  Thus  it  will 
appear  that  six  men  may,  in  one  day,  pro- 
duce one-hundred  casks,  ready  for  hooping 


be  gained 
Globe. 


by   sending  them  dressed. — 


Extraordinary  formation  of  Peat. — We 
'hn.ve  recently  visited  a  bed  of  Peat,of  great 
size  and  importance, the  working  of  which, 
upon  an  extensive  scale,  has  just  been 
commenced,  and  which  promises  to  be  of 
high  value  to  our  city.  The  formation  to 
which  we  allude  is  upon  the  property  of 
Mr.  William  Woodworm,  about  two  and  a 
half,  or  three  miles  East  of  New  Bruns- 
|  wick,and  less  than  half  a  mile  from  the  Ra- 
ritan.  The  depth  of  the  Peat  formation  is 
about  eleven  feet,  and  its  surface  so  broad 
that  is  estimated  that  five  or  six  millions  of 
chaldrons  could  be  extractedjper  annum, for 
twenty-five  years ;  and  as  peat  turf  gener- 
ally renews  itself  once  in  twenty  or  twenty- 
five  years,  this  bed  may  be  considered  as 
nexehaustible  for  any  quantity  that  will 
be  required.  As  an  article  of  fuel  it  is  of 
rare  quality.  It  is  very  solid,  and  seems, 
from  its  texture  and  appearance,  io  have 
been  almost  chaired  by  some  chemical 
property  in  the  soil.  We  understand  that 
the  Gas  Company  ofthis  city,  has  contrac- 
ed  for  a  large  quantity,  to  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  coal. — JV.  Y.  Com.  Adv. 


LIST  OF  THE  AMERICAN  NAVV 

FOR 

1631. 

Names  of  Vessels. 

Built. 

Guns. 

Independence 

Boston,  1813 

7* 

Franklin 

Philadelphia,  1815 

74 

Washington 

Portsmouth,  1816 

74 

Columbus 

Washington,  1819 

74 

Ohio 

New-York,  1830 

74 

North-Carolina 

Philadelphia,  1820 

74 

Delaware 

Gosport,  1820 

74 

United  States 

Philadelphia,  1797 

44 

Constitution 

Boston,  1797 

44 

Guerriere 

Philadelphia,  1815 

44 

Java 

Baltimore,  1814 

44 

Potomac 

Washington,  1821 

44 

Brandywine 

Washington,  1825 

44 

Hudson 

Purchased,  1826 

44 

Congress 

Portsmouth,  1799 

36 

Constellation 

Baltimore,  1797 

36 

Macedonian 

Captured,  1812 

36 

John  Adams 

Charleston,  S.  C.  '99 

36 

Cyane 

Captured,  1815 

24 

Erie 

Baltimore,  1813 

18 

Ontario 

Baltimore,  1814 

18 

Peacock 

New- York,  1813 

18 

Boston 

Boston,  1825 

IS 

Lexington 

New- York,  1825 

10 

Vincennes 

New-York,  1826 

18 

Warren 

Boston,  1826 

18 

Natchez 

Norfolk,  1827 

18 

Falmouth 

Boston,  1827 

is 

Fail-field 

New- York,  1828 

13 

Vandalia 

Philadelphia,  1828 

18 

St.  Louis 

Washington,  1828 

18 

Concord 

Portsmoulh,  1828 

18 

Dolphin 

Philadelphia,  1821 

12 

Grampus 

Washington,  1821 

12 

Porpoise 

Portsmouth,  1820 

12 

Shark 

Washington,  1821 

12 

Fox 

Purchased,  1823 

3 

Alert,  store  ship 

Captured,  1815 

Sea  Gull,  store  ship 

Purchased,  1823 

VESSELS  BUILDING. 

Names  of  Vessels. 

Where  Building. 

Guns 

Alabama 

Portsmouth 

74 

Vermont 

Boston 

74 

Virginia 

Boston 

74 

Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia 

74 

New-York 

Norfolk 

74 

Santee 

Portsmouth 

44 

Cumberland 

Boston 

44 

Sabine 

New- York 

44 

Savannah 

New-York 

44 

Raritan 

Philadelphia 

44 

Columbia 

Washington 

44 

St.  Lawrence 

Norfolk 

44 

TO   EDITORS  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

A  Gentleman,  residing  in  the  country, prac- 
tically engaged  in  husbandly  and  having 
some  knowledge  of  science,  literature  and 
politics,  v.  Mies  to  engage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodical  Works,  in  supplying  ar- 
ticles and  papers  for  the  public  press.  He 
has  been  foi  many  years,  a  pretty  liberal  con- 
tributor, but  always  voluntary  and  gratui- 
tous, in  which  he  has  probably  done  his  part. 
He  now  asks  a  reasonable  compensation  for 
the  fruits  of  his  leisure  and  experience.— 
Reference.N.  Goodsell, Editor  Gen.  Farmer 


old  cu>  i;se. 

Iiund 
Cutler's  superior.    W,  WHITE  &.  Co 


"f  T7"E  have  on  hand  a  lew  hundred   pounds  qf 


PUBLISHED  BY  Ii.  TUCKER  <!fc  CO. 

i  i  ip  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms — $'.\50  per  annum   or 

$J  Oil  if  paid  in  advance. 


\.  GOODS!.  1,1,,   KDITCtK. 


GRAPES. 
It  must  be  gratifying  to  every  lover  of  Horti- 
culture, to  witness  the  excitement  which  prevails 
in  this  country,  at  this  time,  in  regard  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  Grapes,  both  for  the  table  and  for  ma- 
king wine.  There  is  little  danger  now,  but  what 
the  cultivation  of  the  vine  will  be  extensively 
commenced  by  many  of  our  enterprising  Agricul- 
turists; but,  there  is  some  danger  with  this  as 
with  other  excitements,  that  people  will  allow 
themselves  to  act  before  they  have  obtained  suffi- 
cient information  to  enable  them  to  act  with  pru- 
dence; and  many  things  may  be  done  which 
will  be.  repented  of.  The  first  step  which  should 
be  taken  in  n  gard  to  the  introduction  of  the  vine, 
is  for  the  person  who  has  determined  to,  or  is 
wishing  to  commence  the  cultivation,  to  put  him- 
self-in  possession  of  all  the  facts  relative  to  it, 
within  his  power.  As  we  have  very  few  people 
among  us  who  have  been  practically  acquainted 
with  the  several  requisites  necessary  to  render  this 
business  profitable,  we  must  depend  principally 
upon  books  for  information  and  direction;  and  it 
may  be  considered  a  fortunate  circumstance,  that 
at  this  time  we  have  several  publications  on  the 
subject,  which  may  be  purchased  at  moderate  pri 
ces;  most  of  which  will  be  found  of  great  use  to 
any  one  who  intends  to  commence  with  garden  or 
field  culture.  Although  the  vine  seems  to  accom- 
modate itself  to  many  different  soils  and  climates 
yet,  on  these  points,  too  much  information  cannot 
be  collected,  in  order  to  prevent  future  disappoint- 
ments. A  thorough  knowledge  of  the  different 
varieties  of  grapes,  is  also  highly  important,  in 
order  to  enable  the  planter  to  select  those  for  a 
given  soil  and  climate,  which  will  give  hir.;  the 
greatest  compensation  for  his  expenditures.  With 
out  a  proper  attention  to  this,  much  disappoint- 
ment is  to  be  expected. 

With  regard  to  the  selection  of  varieties  of 
grapes,  Mr.  Prince  makes  the  following  judicious 
observation.  "It  is  with  the  selection  of  vai  ie- 
ties  for  a  vineyard  as  with  trees  for  an  orchard ; 
if  a  man  who  plants  an  orchard,  uses  from  eeon 
omy  or  other  motives  only  natural  stocks,  or  trees 
ingrafted  with  inferior  and  common  kinds,  he  can 
succeed  in  forming  an  orchard,  it  is  true;  but  he 
discovers  after  it  has  come  to  bearing,  that  it  is 
absolutely  valueless  from  the  worthlessness  of  its 
produce;  and  lie  is  either  under  the  necessity  of 
redrafting  it  anew,  and  waiting  another  long  pe- 
riod for  it  to  attain  a  second  time  to  bearing,  or 
has  totally  to  eradicate  the  miserable  stocks,  and 
replant  it  with  such  kinds  as  are  really  valua- 
ble. Perhaps  of  all  the  false  attempts  at  true  econo- 
my, that  of  planting  an  orchard  or  vineyard  with 
inferior  fruits  or  unsuitable  varieties,  is  the  most 
weak  in  itself,  and  the  most  injurious  to  him  who 
pursues  it." 

The  force  of  these  observations  will  appear 
more  important  to  those  who  have  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  wait  for  the  fruit  of  an  orchard  in  a  new 
country,  which,  when  it  has  produced,  proves  on- 


ly the  imposition  which  has   been  practiced  upon 
the  owner  through  his  ignorance  upon  the  subject 
Such  cases  are  not  uncommon  in  this  vicinity. — 
Settled  as  this  country  was,  with  a  class  of  peo 
pie  most  of  whom  had  grown  upon  the  frontiers. 
it  could  not  be  expected   they  should  be  acquain 
ed  with  all  the  choice  varieties  of  fruits  cultivated 
in  the  older  parts  of  the   United   States  ;  or,  per- 
haps,  theyhad    learned   the  names   of   some  of 
them;  but  were  not  sufficiently  acquainted  with 
heir  characteristics,   to  detect  false    representa- 
tions.    Under  these  circumstances, itis  not  strange 
that  so  many  people   were  imposed  upon  ;   some 
ignorantly,  and  others   wilfully.     There  was  a 
time   when   the   idea  seemed  to  prevail   in  this 
country,  that,  if  a   tree  was  ingrafted  or   innocu 
lated,  the  fruit  was  consequently  improved,  wheth 
er  the  scions  or  buds  were  judiciously  selected  or 
not ;  hence,   many  orchards   and   nurseries  have 
been  budded  and  ingrafted,  whose  fruits  have  not 
been  improved  in  the   least,  and  people  have  paic 
their  money,  and  raised  their  expectations  in  vain, 
where  a  little  knowledge  on  the  subject,  might 
have  prevented  their  disappointment. 

The  stu  I  v.  ly  to  prevent  the  life-  impositions 
with  regard  to  the  cultivation  of  Grapes,  is  fur 
people  to  make  themselves  acquainted  with  the 
different  varieties,  before  they  engage  largely  in 
the  business,  that  they  may  not  throw  themselves 
on  the  mercy  of  the  nurserymen.  We  do  not 
make  these  observations,  meaning  any  unkind- 
ness  to  those  who  are  honorably  engaged  in  that 
business;  but  to  have  people  prepared  to  judge 
whether  they  are  honest  or  not.  We  are  aware 
that  some  of  our  eastern  nurserymen  have  been 
ensured;  and  no  doubt,  there  has  been  many  cases 
where  such  censure  was  just;  but  we  have  beer 
very  deficient  in  any  acknowledged  standard,  by 
hich  we  could  try  them.  Mr.  Prince  has  now 
mmenced  giving  to  the  public  such  a  standard, 
his  Pomological  Manual;  and,  if  in  future, 
fruits  are  ordered  according  to  that,  and  he  sends 
them  which  do  not  agree  with  it,  his  own  mouth 
will  condemn  him.  He  has  been  very  particular 
in  his  description  of  Grapes ;  and  so  far  as  we 
ire  acquainted,  we  have  not  been  able  to  detect 
any  error  in  his  descriptions  or  directions  for  their 
cultivation,  and  we  think  those  who  follow  him 
may  calculate  upon  success. 


compound  more  difficult  of  separation.  When 
dissolved  in  animal  oils,  and  applied  to  boots  or 
shoes,  although  it  resists  the  water,  it  is  apt  to 
strike  through,  and  as  it  is  very  adhesive,  adheres 
to  the  stockings,  which  is  very  unpleasant;  but 
by  dissolving  it  in  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  ap- 
plying it  and  allowing  the  turpentine  to  evaporate, 
which  it  will  do  in  a  few  days,  a  thin  coat  of 
the  India  rubber  is  left  on  the  outer  surface  of 
the  leather,  which  renders  it  water  proof;  and  c- 
ver  this  the  common  kinds  of  blacking  can  be  u 
sed  without  injury. 


EELS. 
In  answer  to  the  inquiry  from  Cleveland,  O- 
hio,  respecting  Eels,  we  answer,  they  can  b=  in- 
creased, and  are  found  in  waters  where  they  are 
entirely  secluded  from  salt  water.  Experiments 
were  made  in  Scotland,  under  the  superintend- 
ance  of  the  celebrated  Doctor  Macculloch,  to  as- 
certain whether  different  kinds  of  fish,  belonging 
naturally  to  salt  water,  would  live  and  thrive 
when  secluded  from  it  Among  the  number  ex- 
perimented upon,  was  the  Cod,  Mackerel  and  Eel, 
an  account  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  "Jour- 
nal of  the  Royal  Institution;"  in  which  it  is  sta- 
ted many  kinds  were  found  to  arrive  at  greater 
size  and  perfection,  than  when  grown  in  salt  wa- 
ter. 


WET  FEET. 

At  this  season  of  the  year  from  the  frequency 
of  rains,  most  people  experience  much  inconven- 
ience from  wet  feet.  In  order  to  prevent  this,  it  is 
an  object  to  render  boots  and  shoes  water  tight 
and  at  the  same  time  have  them  remain  soft  and 
pliable.  For  this  purpose  many  recipes  have  been 
given  to  the  public,  some  of  which  are  of  little  use 

Flic  different  preparations  of  India  rubber,  we 
believe  are  found  most  useful.  In  order  to  apply 
this  substance  to  boots  and  shoes,  it  is  necessary 
that  it  should  be  dissolved,  and  for  this  purpose, 
several  solvents  have  beenused.  Beside  ether.most 
of  the  oils  either  animal,  expressed  or  distilled,  dis 
solve  India  rubber.     From  ether  and  distilled  ve- 

etable  oils,  it  is  recovered  after  their  evapora- 
tion, and  in  the  seine  state  as  before  dissolved ; 
but  with  animal  and  expressed  oils,  it  form?  a 


FARMING  TOOLS. 
Let  every  Farmer  apply  the  following  maxim : 
A  place  for  every  thing,  and  every  thing  in  its 

place,"  particularly  at  this  season  of  the  year. 

Wooden  instruments  left  exposed  to  the  weather 
become  soaked  and  damaged,  and  Iron  ones  rust 


TARIFF  CONVENTION. 

Monday,  Oct-  31. 

Mr.  Ingersoll,  of  Philadelphia,  reported  an  ad- 
dress to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  which 
was  read  and  approved.  During  the  reading  Ex- 
President  Adams  entered,  and  was  conducted  to 
a  seat  next  the  President.  The  Convention  rose 
in  honor  of  Mr.  Adams. 

After  a  few  words  in  explanation,  the  address 
was  adopted  unanimously. 

Mr.  D'Wolf,  of  R.  I.  made  a  report  on  the  ef- 
fects of  the  Tariff  on  agriculture  and  commerce, 
which  was  read.  Reports  were  made  by  other 
committees,  which  were  laid  upon  the  table. 

Mr.  French,  from  Albany,  presented  to  the  con 
ideration  of  the  Convention   a  resolution  propo- 
sing to  apply  a  certain  portion  of  the  public  du- 
ties arising  from  Tariffs,  to  buy  young  negroes 
from  5  to  15  years  of  age 

This  humane  proposition,  was  scouted  in  the 
Convention,  in  a  strong  and  universal  expression 
of  disapprobation.  Mr.  Ingersoll  deprecated  in 
the  most  impassioned  language,  the  passage  of 
any  such  resolution,  Wr  had  no  right  to  inter- 
fere in  the  slave  population  of  the  South.  If  such 
a  resolution  should  pass,  the  meeting  of  the  Con- 
ention  would  be  worse  than  useli  ss.  The  mover 
withdrew  the  resolution,  and  the  Convention  ad- 
journed. 

EVENING  SESSION. 

Gen.  Lynch,  of  New-York,  proposed,  that  tht 
Convention  allow  a  number  of  respectable  indi 


;t54 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  12,  1831 


viduals  of  the  city,  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the 
Convention,  which  was  agreed  to,  and  the  thanks 
of  the  Convention  accorded  to  the  delegation  of 
i  lie  city  of  New- York  for  their  liberal  offer. 

The  committee  on  copper  and  lead,  made  a  re- 
port in  part ;  accepted.  The  committee  on  cur- 
rency, reported,  that  it  was  impracticable  to  re- 
port at  present, — wishing  to  submit  thair  report 
to  the  central  committee  ;  accepted. 

Mr.  Cozzens,  of  R.  I.  desired  that  the  delega- 
tion from  each  State,  endeavor  to  procure  an  ex- 
pression from  the  Legislatures  of  the  several 
States,  on  the  question  of  protecting  domestic  in- 
dustry. 

The  wool  committee  reported,  that  it  was  inex- 
pedient to  alter  the  Tariff  on  Woollens  ;  accepted. 
The  committee  on  iron  and   steel,  made  a  re- 
port, which  was  accepted. 

Mr.  E.  Williams,  of  New- York,  made  a  mo- 
tionthatit  be  recommended  to  the  friends  of  A- 
merichan  industry  in  tue  West,  to  assemble  in 
Convention  at  Cincinnati,  on  the  first  Monday  in 
January  next,  for  the  purpose  of  concurring  in  the 
measures  adopted  by  this  Convention. 

Mr.  Dunlop,  of  Pa.  complimented  the  Massa- 
chusetts delegation  in  a  very  handsome  manner, 
which  was  returned  by  Mr.  Everett,  with  inter- 
est, in  praise  of  the  Pennsylvania  delegation  ; 
Ml'.  E.  moved  to  present  the  thanks  of  the  Con 
ventionto  the  President,  for  the  acceptable  man- 
ner in  which  he  had  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
chair.  Mr.  Goddard,  of  Conn,  rose  to  second  tire 
motion,  in  which  he  took  occasion  to  advert  to  his 
attending  the  Hartford  Convention,  and  spoke 
with  considerable  feeling ;  he  was  however  ar- 
rested in  his  remarks,  and  sat  down.  Mr.  Wood- 
ward, of  N.  Y.  attempted  to  gain  the  floor,  but 
was  not  able. 

A  disposition  was  manifested  by  several  mem 
bers  of  the  Convention,  to  adjourn,  thinking  that 
the  business  was  all  done.  Some  moved  one  thing, 
and  some  another  ;  at  length  a  motion  to  adjourn 
to  Tuesday,  Nov.  1st,  at  10  o'clock,  which  was 
promptly  put,  and  although  there  were  more  nays 
than  yeas,  the  affirmation  was  declared. 

Tuesday,  Nov.  1. 
Communications  from  Kenhawa,  Va.  &  Wash- 
ington county,  Pa.  approving  of  the  objects  of  the 
Convention,  were  received  and  read. 

Mr.  Schenck  made  a  report  on  the  evasions  of 
the  revenue  laws,  in  which  he  states  that  the  com- 
mittee were  possessed  of  a  variety  of  evidence, 
to  show  that  frauds  are  practiced  by  importing 
merchants  to  a  great  extent ;  the  report  was  re- 
ceived with  great  applause.  Mr.  Ellsworth  said 
that  frauds  to  the  amount  of  348,000  had  been  de- 
tected at  the  custom  house,  in  the  articles  of  broad 
cloths  alone.  Mr.  E.  said  that  the  auction  system 
alune  was  the  canker  worm  that  eat  up  the  very 
vitals  of  the  manufacturers.  But  it  was  very 
difficult  to  get  proof  of  these  frauds.  After  a  few 
remarks  by  other  members,  the  report  was  ac- 
cepted. 

A  report  was  made  on  salt,  which  was  referred 
to  the  central  committee. 

Mr.  S.iyre,  of  N.  Y.  moved  that  the  Conven 
tion  do  adjourn  s?  m  flic 

Mr.  Roberts  proposed  that  the  central  commit- 
tee be  authorised  to  call  another  Convention   in 
1832,  if  that  Committee  should  deem  it  proper. 
M  Sibley,  of  Mass.  offered  a  resolution  announ- 


cing to  the  people,  that  all  attempts  to  excite  sec- 
tional feelings  in  the  Convention,  were  promptly 
suppressed.      Adopted  unanimously. 

Thanks  of  the  Convention  were  accorded  to 
H.  Niles  and  M.  Carey,  for  their  early  and  devo- 
ted attachment  to  American  industry. 

The  President  took  leave  of  the  Convention. 
Prayers  were  offered  up  for  the  continuance  of 
Divine  blessings  on  our  happy  country,  and  the 
Convention  adjourned  sine  die. 


METEOROLOGU  AL  TABLE, 

FOR   OCTOBER — 1831. 

10    P.  M. 


THE  FARMER. 
There  are  some  spry  farmers,  who  are  so  brisk 
and   active,    that    in  going  on  their   farm,  you 
would  think  that  they  had  hardly  any  thing  to  do. 
Look  at  their  operations. 

They  cut  their  hay  early,  before  the  July  rains 
bleach  it  They  cut  their  wheat,  and  get  it  in 
dry,  before  the  seed  is  likely  to  fall  out.  Their 
flax  is  pulled ;  a  part  before  the  seed  is  fully  ripe. 
Their  Summer  fallow  is  »ot  put  off  till  fall.  They 
cut  their  corn  stalk  tops,  while  the  blades  are 
green, — which  should  be  well  cured  and  kept  to 
give  cows  and  sheep.  Their  corn  then  receives 
the  warmth  of  the  sun  which  causes  it  to  ripen  be- 
fore the  frosts  pinch  it,  or  the  fall  rains  mildew  it. 
They  cut  up  the  buts  with  the  ears  on,  and  carry 
these  to  the  barn,  and  husk  out  the  ears,  and  take 
care  of  the  husks  and  buts,  which  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  the  cattle  will  eat  without  getting  dyspep- 
tic. This  practice  of  cutting  up  corn  on  the  hill, 
leaves  the  ground  clear  of  rubbish ;  and  saves  hay 
for  the  use  of  March  and  April,  two  months  when 
cattle  require  feeding  with  the  best  hay  you  have. 
Potatoes  indicate  by  their  tops  when  ripe,  then 
pull  them  |  and,  if  you  live  in  an  honest  neighbor- 
hood, bury  them  up  in  heaps,  on  some  elevated  spot, 
where  the  water  cannot  injure  them,  that  being  a 
better  way  than  to  throw  them  into  a  damp  or  a 
freezing  cellar.  If  you  have  an  orchard,  pick 
your  apples  from  the  ground  in  a  clean  state  ;  re- 
jecting all  the  rotten  and  wormy  ones ;  you  can- 
not make  good  cider,  if  you  are  a  sloven. 

Look  at  an  active,  spry  farmer.  He  breaks 
his  fast,  ere  the  sun  shows  his  face ; — and,  when 
he  has  deposited  his  vote  in  the  ballot-box,  lie  has 
very  little  to  do  on  his  farm ;  because  it  is  all  done 
up  timely  and  neatly. 

Let  such  farmer  cast  his  eye  into  his  wood-lot. 
There  is  a  great  interest  even  in  a  wood-lot.  You 
in  the  first  place,  cut  all  the  under  brush  by  the 
roots,  with  some  old  axe,  whose  best  days  are 
past;  and  cut  and  pile  up  all  the  fallen  timber: 
some  of  this,  by  splitting  and  drying,  may  answer 
to  mix  with  sound  wood,  and  do  very  well ;  if 
wood  is  not  scarce,  you  must  not  throw  it  away  ; 
even  your  brush  makes  good  wood  for  many  uses. 
This  under-brushing  and  piling  up  all  the  dead 
timber  enables  you  to  pass  among  the  trees  with 
your  teams  with  ease.  You  then  select  all  the 
trees,  as  you  need  them,  which  have  dead  limbs, 
or  are  encumbered  with  too  many  branches.  Thus 
year  after  year,  you  keep  selecting,  until  your 
timber  presents  a  most  beautiful  appearance.  All 
the  trees  are  vigorous,  and  from  gradual  exposure, 
there  is  little  danger  of  their  being  prostrated  by 
the  winds;  against  prevailing  winds,  you  should 
guard  your  trees  by  leaving  the  most  stubborn  on 
the  windward  side,  to  guard  the  others. 

Who  will  say  that  such  a  farmer  is  ever  pester- 
ed with  a  sheriff  or  constable  at  his  door  1  The 
tax-gatherer  never  calls  on  such  ,1  man  but  once. 


The  mean  temperature  of  the  observations  is 
51  deg's.  6  min.,  of  the  extremes  of  the  observa- 
tions 52  5,  and  of  spring  water  .r  4. 

Mean  pressure,  21), 578,  deduced  from  the  num- 
ber of  observations,  that  from  tlie  extremes  i>  29 
50. 

From  the  near  approximation  of  these   n 
it  is  obvious  that  at  the  end  of  the  year,  the  mean 
temp,  and  press,  for  each  day  at  the  year,  will  be 
accurately  deduced  from  our  tables. 

The  quantity  of  rain  which  tell  during  the  lay 
montn  in  Philadelphia,  amounts  to  4.51  inches. 

SAXONY  SHEEP. 
An  opportunity  now  offers  for  the  Farmers  of 
this  and  the  neighboring  counties  to  supply  them- 
selves with  choice  stock  of  this  valuable  bri  ed  o) 
sheep,  as  there  is  advertised  350  of  them,  which 
are  to  be  sold  at  C'anandaigua  on  Thursday  the 
17th  hist.  Certificates  of  blood  are  to  accompany 
those  sold.  It  may  be  well  for  those  who  art 
wishing  to  breed  fine  wooled  sheep,  to  examine 
them  previous  to  the  hour  of  sale,  which  will 
commence  at  11  o'clock.  They  are  to  he  sold  in 
lots  to  suit  purchasers,  and  a  reasonable  credit 
given  if  desired. 


The  i '  Snake. — According  to  the 

testimony  of  Lieut.  Swift,  Gen.  Jessup,  and  Gen 
Gibson,  the  Rattle-Snake  at  the  south  is  a  climber 
of  trees,  branches,  &c.  Now,  as  this  fact,  is  new 
to  the  naturalists  of  the  north,  we  beg  of  any  who 
may  read  this  article,  to  inform  the  public  whi  ther 
they  know  of  any  such  habil  of  the  RatUe-Snakc 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States.  Per- 
haps m  the  discussion  of  this  topic,  it  may  be  as- 
certained thai  there  are  two  species  of  this  reptile, 
which,  during  tin  first  si  ttlemeffl  of  the  Genesee 
country  were  found  in  plenty.  We  have  never 
heard  that  any  of  them  were  ever  foUDd  on  trees 
c>r  branches 


Vol.  L— No.  45. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL, 


:J5.% 


NKJV  I  LOUR  MILL. 
Extract  of  a  letter  from  Paris,  to  the  Editor  of  the 
New- York  Gazette,  dated  September  8,  1831. 
"I  have  been  somewhat  interested  with- 
in a  few  t'.ays  by  seeing  a  newly  invente., 
machine  for  grinding  wheat,  &c.  or  so  sim- 
ple  ;i  construction,  that  if  the  results  are 
such  as  theinventor  assures  me  they  are, 
and  I  have  no  reason  to  <ionl>t  his  word, 
because  he  has  machines  already  in  opera- 
tion, and  mis-statements  could  be  easily 
detected,  it  must,  m  a  lew  years,  do  away 
with  the  old  method  ot'  grindiug  with  stones. 
A  machine  capable  of  being  worked  by] 
one  man,  grinds  forty  pounds  of  trench 
(about  fort  >,  lour  pounds  oi  nglish)  in  an 
hour,  capable  of  making  more  than  a  bar- 
relof  flour  per  day,  allowing  eight  hours 
labor.  The  flour  is  bolted  at  the  same  op- 
eration and  comes  out  superfine  flour.     It 


is  made   without  heating  the   flour   in   the    wilh  my  ha 
considered  to  add  to    he 


of  new  wood.  1  think  the  laying  or  splash- 
ing is  far  the  preferable  way,  as  it  presents  a 
formidable  horizontal  barrier,  which  must 
strengthen  with  the  growth  of  the  nedge. — 
A.  fourth  parcel,  planted  three  years,  about 
.Mi  inch  in  diameter,  and  7  to  9  feet  high,  1 
design  to  lay  this  fall. 

Igeneially  manure  the  strip  I  intend  for  a 
hedge,  and  cultivate  it  with  potatoes  the 
summer  preceding  planting.  1  prefer  two 
men  and  a  buy  to  assist  in  planting  I  draw 
a  line  "here  1  intend  to  plant,  and  throw  up 
a  trench  of  the  requisite  depth  and  breadth 
for  the  roo's  of  the  quicks,  and  if  the  soil 
below  is  poor,  go  a  little  deeper,  and  throw 
in  some  suiface  soil  at  the  bottom  The 
earth  is  all  thrown  to  the  front,  and  the  back 
edge  of  the  trench  is  made  perpendicular, 
that  the  plants  may  he  set  upright  and  in  a 
line.  A  boy  drops  the  plants  on  the  line  or 
back  side  of  the  trench,  and  1  proceed  to 
plant,  placing  the  heel  of  the  plant  against 
this  side,  and   gnaging  it  to  a  proper  depth 


id.  when  anian  throws  upon  the 
least,  winch  is  considered  to  add  to  he  roots  ashovil  full  of  earth,  which  keeps  the 
quality  of  the  ilo.tr,  and  to  render  it  more  quick  in  its  position.  This  is  repeated  until 
fit  for"  keeping,  and  he  assures  me  that  it  the  planting  is  completed.  A  secondhand 
produces  more  flour  from  grinding  it  finer,  '  fills  the  trench  ;  when  the  earth  is  trodden 
and  tint  the  result  of  a  trial  made  by  the  ,  and  the  quicks  arc  made  to  present  a  straight 
first  baker  in  Paris,  that  there   was  a  gam 


of  eight  per  cent,  in  the  quantity  of  bread 
over  flour  made  in  the  ordinary  way. — 
There  appears  to  be  no  doubt  of  its  suc- 
cess. The  inventor  is  now  constructing  a 
machine  of  two  horse  power  winch,  he 
savs,    will    be  c  of  doing  as  much 

work  as  two  pairs  of  six  feet  burr  stones, ! 
worked  by   an  eight  horse  power.     This 
will  make  a  revolution   among  the  millers, 
but   revolutions   in  these  times  are  every 
day's  occurrences." 

These  mill  ictremely  useful  in  some 

parts  of  Ohio,  and  in  Indiana.  In  dry  seasons, 
the  expense  to  thi  farmers  to  get  their  wheat  and 
corn  ground,  i-  more  than  the  gram  is  worth.  In 
:  i  grist  grinding  is  done  in  horse  mills, 
lays  a  traveller. 


From    h         .'■  irmnT 

LIVE  FENCES  OF  THREE  TIIORX- 
ED    Vf'AilA. 

Mr.  Fessejsden — The  rain  having  driv- 
en me  within  doors.  I  sit  down  to  comply 
with  your  request,  in  regard  to  the  culture  of 
live  fences. 

Your    Providence    correspondent  should    iron 


take  up  his  three  (homed  locusts  in  his  seed 
rows,  and  replant,  for  time  reasons: — 
1.  That  he  may  djg  and  pulverize  his  ground, 
an  important  requisite:  1.  That  he  may 
size  his  plants \  and  3.  That  he  may  in^eii 
them  at   regular  distances.     The   two  latter 


regular  line.  With  two  men  and  a  boy  I 
ii  ive  planted  10UO  and  I0OO  quicks  in  a  day 
in  my  | 

The  plan  which  I  have  resolved  to  pursue 
for  after  management,  is  to  omit  laying  or 
splashing  till  the  third  year  after  planting, 
when  the  quicks  will  be  about  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter, and  then  to  lay  them  at  a  slight  an- 
gle of  10  to  15  degrees,  and  at  the  height  of 
two  feet:  to  cut  in  the  side  wood  evei  v  sum- 
mer with  the  bill  hook;  keep  the  lower  part 
of  the  quicks  free  from  brush  wood,  and  the 
ground  about  them  free  from  weeds  and 
grass;  and  at  two  years  from  the  first  splash- 
ing four  years  from  planting,  to  repeat  the 
operation  at  the  height  of  four  or  four  and  a 
half  feet,  when  1  think  the  fence  will  be 
complete,  and  require  only  an  annual  clip- 
ping with  the  hill  hook,  and  become  a  com- 
plete  barrier  to  every  description  of  domes- 
tic animals. 

I  feel  a  strong  confidence,  that  a  substan- 
tial fence  may  be  grown  from  the  honey  or 
three  thorned  locust  in  six,  or  at  most  seven 
years,  from  the  seed,  and  at  a  less  expense1 
than  it  will  cost  to  build  and  maintain  any  i 
good  fence  for  two  years.  Upon  this  last! 
[Oiiit,  however,  1  am  not  prepared  to  give 
precise  data.  Yet  I  will  hazard  a  calcula- 
Twenty    plants    are  amply   sufficient 


for  a  rod,  and  of  course  1000  quicks  hi, 
plant  00  rods.  The  1000  quick*,  at  one  or 
two  years  old.  will  cost  $h.  Thiee  men 
will  easily  plant  them  in  a  day.  Allow  a 
day  and  a  half  every  year  for  cleaning  and 
clipping    the    00  rods.     This  will    require  9 


are  essential  tothe  beauty  and  regular  growth    days' labor  in  the  six  years.     E    imate  the 


of  the  hedge,  and  to  its  after  management. 
My  practice  is  to  plain  at  ten  or  twelve 
inches,  generally  in  a  single  row,  but  some- 
times in  double  parallel  rows,  one  foot  apart, 
where  I  require  a  very  strong  hedge.  At 
two  years  from  planting,  autumn  of  1830,  I 
cut  a  part  off  at  the  uniform  height  of  two 
feet.  Another  part  I  splashed,  or  bent  and 
partially  cut  at  that  height,  and  wattled  the 
tops  horizontally  to  the  right  and  left,  alter- 
nately, of  the  contiguous  plants,  but  all  one 
ivay.  Last  spring  I  laid  in  a  third  parcel 
when  in  full   foliage.     Ah  theso   have   done 


•veil,  and  have  made  from  three  to  five  feet))  price  of  a   post  and  hoard  fence  here  is  $ 


aboi  at  81  per  diem,  and  it  gives  for  this 
item  an  aggregate  of  #12;  add  §0  for  the 
quicks,  and  it  makes  a  total  of  #17,  or  34 
cents  per  rod,  as  the  expense  of  planting  and 
growing  a  live  aid  permanent  fence,  proof 
against  the  depredations  of  boys  and  hulls. 
Treble  this  sum,  and  call  the  cost  gl  per  rod, 
what  a  pittance  is  the  expe  se  compared 
with  the  advantages  afforded  by  a  fence  of 
this  description,  which  shall  protect  young 
crops  from  depredation,  and  in  a  measure 
from  the  bleak  winds  of  winter,  and  which 
ispermrnent   in   its  duration.     The  lowesi 


per  rod.  It  will  last  12  years,  and  requires 
0  per  cent  per  annum  to  mend  and  keep  it  in 
repair.  1  have  used  no  extra  fence  in  pro 
Ceding  the  hedge.  I  plant  near  an  existing 
partition  fence,  and  exclude  cattle  while  the 
growth  is  tender.  Cattle  will  seldom  eat 
browse  while  they  have  good  pasture. 

J.    BlJEL. 

Albany  Nursery,  Oct.  £0,  1831. 

ECONOMY  IN  FATTENING  HOGS. 

I  have  thrown  by  my  steamer  for  hog  food 
and  substituted  a  boiler,  and  1  think  with 
manifest  advantage.  The  former  consisted 
of  a  00  gallon  cask,  over  a  poiash  kettle, 
badly  set.  1  could  only  work  off  four  or  five 
casks  a  day,  with  great  labor  and  trouble 
and  the  apparatus  lequired  to  be  luted  with 
clay  at  every  operation.  With  my  new  ket- 
tle, holding  30  galls,  which  is  a  thin  beauti- 
ful casting,  1  have  cooked  eight  and  nine 
barrels  in  Half  a  day,  and  much  better  than 
by  the  steam  process.  This  food  consists  of 
small  refuse  potatoes,  of  which  I  have  near- 
ly 100  bushels,  oi  i.0  per  cent  of  my  whole 
crop,  pumpkins  and  a  small  quantity  of  In- 
dian meat.  A  half  day's  boiling  serves  my 
hog  family  fpui  for  five  days;  and  it  is  al- 
ways kept  prepared  in  advance  The  actual 
expense  of  fattening  hogs  thus  upon  the  re- 
fuse of  the  farm  crop,  is  50  to  75  per  cent 
less  than  feeding  with  drv  com. 

The  economy  of  my  apparatus  consists 
much  in  setting  the  boiler  so  as  to  have  all 
the  advantage  of  the  fire.  The  interior 
brick  work  is  made  to  conform  to  the  shape 
of  the  boiler,  leaving  an  interval  of  four  tc 
six  inches  between  them  for  the  fire,  round 
the  whole  ex  erior  of  the  ketile,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  inches  at  top,  where  the 
flange  or  rim  rests  upon  the  projecting  brick. 
Thus  the  boilei  is  not  only  encompassed  by 
the  flame  but  the  heat  is  augmented  by  ra- 
diation from  the  brickwork.  The  fuel  is 
burnt  on  a  grate,  which  extends  neaily  tc 
the  kettle,  four  or  five  inches  above  the  level 
of  i  s  bottom.  My  boiler  being  in  opera- 
tion while  I  am  penning  these  remarks,  I 
have  ascertained,  that  a  kettle  of  potatoes, 
with  three  pails  of  cold  water,  covered  with 
boards,  has  been  completely  boiled  in  E8 
minutes  from  the  time  tiny  were  put  in,  an- 
other boiling  having  been  just  previously  ta- 
ken out.  My  kettle  was  set  by  a  son  in  his 
teens,  without  assistance,  aim  was  his  first 
effort  in  masonry.  J.  Bukl. 

Albany  Nursery,  Oct-  iO,  1(131. 

CHINESE  ML'LBERKY.  (Morus  multi 
cautis.) 

We  had  two  plants  of  the  Chinese  mul 
berry  in  our  nursery  last  season,  one  bud- 
ded, the  other  on  its  natural  root.  They 
both  grew  vigorously,  anil  both  were  killed 
by  the  severity  of  the  winter,  root  and  branch. 
I  mention  this  fact  as  suggesting  a  doubt 
whether  this  desirable  plant  will  endure  our 
wintais,  I  would  like  to  learn  how  it  has 
faired  in  your  neighborhood,  during  the  last 
winter.  J.   B, 

Albany,  1831. 

A  P.-.ir,  not  to  be  PAinED. — Dr.  Baugh,  erf 
Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  left  with  the  editor  of  the 
Philad.  Daily  Advertiser,  a  pear,  weighing  '2  lbs 
6  oz.  ;  largest  circumference  18  inches;  smallest 
15  J  inches.  This  cannot  be  paired,  ought  not  to 
be  pared,  but  preserved,  as  the  boast  of  Pennsy'* 
vfinias 


356 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  12,  1831 


COMMITNICA  riONS. 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

Occasional  sketches  of  the  early  history  and  set- 
tlement of  the  west  are  proper  subjects  for  our  ag- 
ricultural journals.  The  article  in  your  ninth 
number,  upon  the  Genesee  Country,  is  entertain- 
ing and  instructive.  Forty  years  ago,  it  could  not 
have  been  anticipated  or  believed  that  six  mill- 
ions of  acres  then  recently  purchased  for  one  mil- 
lion of  dollars,  would  now  be  worth  forty  millions. 
But  my  immediate  object  in  noticing  the  subject, 
is  to  request  from  a  competent  hand  a  proper  cor- 
rection or  supply  of  some  errors  and  omissions 
contained  in  the  extracts  from  the  New-York 
Gazeteer. 

The  author  informs  us  that  Phelps  and  Gorham 
purchased  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  five  mil- 
lions of  acres,  for  one  million  of  dollars,  payable 
in  consolidated  securities,  at  par.  What  was  the 
value  of  these  securities  ?  Were  they  worth  10, 
30,  50  or  100  per  cent  1  Without  this  information 
we  learn  little  useful  from  the  statement  We  are 
told  that  in  1790,  Phelps  and  Gorham  sold  to  Rob- 
ert Morris,  1,264,000  acres  for  eight  pence  an  a- 
cre.  This  is  at  a  reduction  of  about  one  half  be- 
low the  nominal  cost. 

What  is  the  true  state  of  the  Holland  Compa- 
ny's purchase  1  What  did  they  pay  t  How 
much  have  they  realized,  and  how  much  more 
have  they  a  right  to  expect  7  Such  different  ac- 
counts are  in  circulation  that  a  true  explanation 
would  interest  many  of  your  readers. 

Mr.  Spafford  goes  on  to  tell  us  that  "  in  1789, 
Oliver  Phelps  opened  a  land  office  at  Canandai- 
gua.  This  was  the  first  land  office  in  America 
for  the  sale  of  her  forest  lands  to  settlers.  And 
the  system  which  he  adopted  for  the  survey  of 
his  lands,  by  townships,  and  ranges,  became 
a  model  for  the  survey  of  all  the  new  lands  in  the 
United  States." 

Here  is  much  extaordinary  information  con- 
densed into  a  naiTOW  compass.  During  two  hun 
dred  years  after  the  first  settlement  of  Virginia, 
to  the  purchase  of  the  Genesee  country,  no  wild 
lands  had  been  for  sale  to  settlers,  though  a  nation 
of  three  millions  had  come  into  existence.  Th 
authorities  are  not  now  before  me  in  the  woods  of 
Ohio,  but  I  have  read  that  William  Penn  and  his 
successors  had  an  office  for  the  sale  of  land,  and 
Lord  Baltimore  also.  A  land  office  in  some  fonn 
or  other,  probably  existed  in  every  colony. 

But  what  I  would  more  particulaly  notice,  is  the 
claim  here  set  up  in  behalf  of  Mr  Phelps,  as  the 
father  of  that  beautiful  system  of  land  surveys  es- 
tablished by  congress,  and  extended  through 
our  whole  national  domain.  A  little  attention  to 
chronology  will  serve  to  expose  the  fallacy  of  this 
assumption. 

Phelps  and  Gorham  made  their  purchase  in  the 
year  1787,  and  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1788. 
Their  surveys  were  afterwards.  But  the  system 
referred  to  had  been  adopted  by  the  United  States, 
and  gone  into  operation  some  years  before  it  was 
introduced  into  the  Genesee  country. 

On  the  20th  May,  1785,  congress  passed  an  or- 
dinance to  divide  the  Northwestern  Territory, 
then  so  called,  now  the  state  of  Ohio,  "  into  town- 
ships of  six  miles  square,  by  lines  running  North 
and  South,  and  others  crossing  them  at  right  an- 
gles." A  beginning  was  ordered  on  the  Penn- 
sylvania line  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio  river. 


The  ranges  were  to  be  numbered  from  east  to 
west, and  the  townships  from  the  river  north.  Each 
township,  was  to  be  subdivided  into  lots  of  one 
mile  square,  or  640  acres,  in  the  same  direction  as 
the  external  lines.  The  lands  to  be  sold  at  not 
less  than  one  dollar  an  acre  in  specie  or  certifi- 
cates of  the  United  States  debt.  Seven  ranges 
were  surveyed   and  offered  for  sale. 

On  the  23d  of  July,  1787,  congress  authorized 
the  sale  of  a  million  and  a  half  of  acres  to  the  Ohio 
company  to  be  laid  off  into  townships  and  lots  ac- 
cording to  the  ordinance  of  May  20,  1785,  and 
the  first  effective  white  settlement  in  Ohio,  was 
made  under  this  purchase  at  Marietta,  in  April, 
1788.  In  October,  1788,  the  Miama  country  was 
sold  to  John  Cleves  Symmes,  and  Cincinnati  was 
laid  out  into  lots  the  year  following.  This  pur- 
chase and  all  the  other  lands  of  the  United  States, 
to  this  time,  have  been  surveyed  according  to  the 
ordinance  of  May  '20,  1788,  excepting  some  tracts 
chiefly  for  the  army,  which  have  been  divided  in 
to  townships  of  five  miles  square,  and  a  small 
portion  into  100  acre  lots 

This  system  of  survey  has  been  attributed  to 
various  other  persons  besides  Mr  Phelps.  Among 
others,  to  Mr.  Josiah  Meigs,  late  Commissioner 
of  the  U.  S.  Land  office,  to  Jared  Mansfield,  Mr. 
Gallatin,  and  General  Harrison. 

All  these  gentlemen  may  have  rendered  some 
service;  but  the  system  was  adopted  before  any 
of  them  came  into  public  life.  The  Journals  of  I 
the  old  congress  will  probably  show  who  first  re- 
ported the  plan  to  that  body  But  before  the  rev- 
olution, a  part  of  Connecticut,  of  Vermont,  of 
New- York,  and  probably  of  other  colonies  had 
been  surveyed  on  a  system  having  much  of  the 
regularity  and  beauty  of  the  Genesee  country. 

Ohio.  Y.   Z. 


ually  changing  its  position,  anefby  sweeping  the 
surface  imparts  a  portion  of  its  heat.  Now  a 
calm  may  prevail  in  a  deep  valley,  when  alight 
breeze  is  playing  on  the  hill  side ;  and  the  con- 
sequence may  be,  frost  in  the  valley  but  none  on 
the  hill,  notwithstanding  its  greater  elevation. 

13"  P.  S.  10  mo.  28,  1831.  This  morning 
we  had  our  first  white  frost. 

E  Y.  ought  to  distinguish  between  a  com- 
plaint and  the  simple  enunciation  of  a  fact.  I 
only  said,  "  He  has  omitted  the  black  maple." — 
E.  Y  asserts,  "  This  is  not  strictly  correct ;"  but 
Michael  Floy,  whom  I  consider  the  better  exposi- 
tor of  his  own  language,  courteously  remarked, 
"  You  notice  t/ie  omission  of  Acer  nigrum.  This 
species  is  not  common  h>re" — M.  Floy  had  no 
wish  to  strain  an  improper  meaning  from  his 
words.  He  made  no  attempt  to  prove  that  all 
maples  which  produce  sugar,*  are  sugar  maples ; 
neither  did  he  found  an  argument  against  me  on 
the  ignorance  of  others;  but  frankly  admitted 
that  my  expression  was  strictly  correct. 

The  eel  winters  in  the  Cayuga  lake.  Many 
barrels  are  annually  caught  near  Union  Springs, 
by  cutting  holes  in  the  ice,  and  striking  at  ran- 
dom on  the  muddy  bottom  with  the  spear. 

D.  T. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

In  the  account  of  the  Horticultural  Exhibition 
contained  in  this  Journal  of  the  8th  instant,  refer- 
ence is  made  to  a  time  "  before  our  section  of  the 
country  had  been  visited  by  autumnal  frosts."  It 
therefore  appears  that  the  frost  has  already  oc- 
curred in  the  valley  of  the  Genesee  river;  and  in 
years  past  I  have  seen  it  near  Avon,  several  weeks 
earlier  than  on  the  elevated  lands  of  that  district. 
With  us,  at  this  place,  the  most  tender  exotics  re- 
main uninjured  in  the  open  ground. 

The  occurrence  of  frost  in  low  valleys,  later  in 
spring  and  earlier  in  autumn,  than  on  the  adjoin- 
ing hills  and  open  plains,  is  so  remarkable  that  it 
can  scarcely  have  escaped  the  attention  of  any 
person  of  observation  who  travels.  In  Jefferson's 
Notes  on  Virginia  this  phenomenon  is  noticed. — 
The  ingenious  author  suggested  that  the  loss  of 
heat  might  be  owing  to  some  chemical  combina- 
tion; and  this  view  hassince  been  rendered  plau- 
sible by  comparing  the  frigorific  mixtures  with 
the  production  of  carburetted  hydrogen  in  marshy 
soils.  I'm  in  deep  valleys,  many  small  tracts  may 
be  found  very  subject  to  frost,  but  not  more  inju- 
red by  moisture  than  tin:  adjoining  lands  which 
arc  free  from  such  untimely  visitations.  I  there- 
fore conclude  that  we  have  not  yet  obtaiued  tin- 
true  explanation. 

It  has  been  hown  (Gen.  Far.  No.  17.)  that  tin 
surface  of  the  ground  in  clear  calm  nights,  by  ra- 
diating its  heat,  becomes  much  colder  than  the  air 
only  a  few  feet  above ;  but  that  windy  nights  rarely 
(if  ever)  produce  white  frost,  as  die  air  is  contin- 


FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

MILITARY  TRAININGS. 
No.  II. 

The  object  of  our  undertaking  is  to  prove  that  the 
military  tax  is  unequal,  unjust,  and  useless.  We 
attempted  in  our  first  number  to  show  that  it  was 
an  unequal  tax. — and  if  we  were  successful  upon 
that  point  we  might  perhaps  argue  thence  with 
much  obvious  propriety,  that  a  tax  which  was 
unequal  must  necessarily  be  unjust.  But  this 
conclusion  will  not  universally  hold  true  ;  milita- 
ry service  can  never  be  performed  by  eveiy  citi- 
zen, and  of  course  cannot  be  required  of  every- 
one; and  it  may  not  always  be  possible-for  those 
who  cannot  perform  military  duty  to  render  an 
equivalent.  The  character  of  mankind  is  such 
that  every  government  is  more  or  less  compelled 
to  engage  in  war, — ami  «v  deem  it  absurd  to  ,1, 
ny  that  a  government  engaged  in  a  just  war,  lias 
a  right  to  require  the  services  of  its  citizens,  capa- 
ble of  bearing  arms;  and  especially  of  that  por- 
tion best  adapt  d  for  efFi  cth  military  duty.  The 
tax  thus  imposed  upon  tin?  young  men  of  a 
country  who  arc  naturally  better  qualified  for  sol- 
diers than  the  old  or  the  infirm,  may  be,  at 
most  cases  must  be  much  greater  than  that  borm 
by  other  citizens;  but  it  cannot  be  pronoi 
wnjust  merely  becauseit  is  t  Th 

us  to  the  true  and  only  question  : — Is  our  B  - 
ry  System  of  any  use"!    Docs  the  public  go 
quire  it  to  becontinued  ?    How  burdensome  soevt  r 
the  tax  may  be,  if  the  true  and  permanent  intei 
ests  of  the  country  requires  that  it  be  imposed,  our 
citizens  should  submit  to  it  without  a  murmur 

rhe  whole  policy  of  sociel     i  thatprivatt 

interest  should  be  subordinate  to  the  public  wel- 
fare. If  the  sacrifice  of  a  day  or  two  of  his  time 
in  every  year  were  calculated  to  confer  any  real 
benefit  upon  his  country,  no  individual  would  be 
at  liberty  to  exercise  his  discretion  upon  the  sub- 

Murshttll  says,  "All  our  inuplcs  yield  a  sup  nhich  af 
lords  proity  good  sugar. ' 


V  ol.  1 No.  45. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL 


35"! 


ject.  The  claims  of  con  nlry  ot  such  a  time  are 
not  to  be  questioned;  obedience  to  her  call  is  the 
paramount  duty.  But  Government  has  no  right 
to  exact  a  useless  service,  or  to  impose  a  burden- 
some tax  which  is  not  calculated  to  produce  a 
benefit  proportionate  to  its  burdensomeness.  The 
1  military  tax,  therefore,  is  not  unjust  merely  be- 
cause it  is  unequal.  Il  cannot  be  unjust  unless  it 
is  useless  and  unnecessary.  We  will  attempt  in 
our  subsequent  numbers  to  show  that  it  is  useless 
and  worse  than  useless.  S. 


CHAPIN'S  ADDRESS. 

We  are  happy  in  giving  our  readers  Mr.  Cha- 
pin's  excellent  address,  delivere  1  before  the  West- 
ern Domestic  Horticultural  Society,  at  Ly- 
ons, 21st  Sept.  last.  Tins  is  a  clever  exhibition 
of  the  writers  talents  and  research,  and  worthy 
of  perusal  by  all  class  s. 

Gentlemen  of  theDomcstic  Horticultural  So- 
ciety : 

Improvement  in  the  various  arts  applica- 
ble to  the  necessities,  wants  and  pleasures 
of  life,  is  the  sure  and  abiding  leward  of 
well  directed  and  continued  exertion.  Na- 
ture, prolific  as  she  is,  unaided  y  the  indus- 
try and  ingenuity  of  man,  would  furnish  hut 
a  scanty  subsistence  fur  manor  beast  But, 
with  the  aid  of  skilful  industry,  her  products 
are  multiplied  an  Hundred  fold,  aid  the 
means  of  subsistence  and  enjoyment  are 
augmente  in  an  equal  ratio.  Th-  develop- 
ment of  new  sources  of  delight,  by  constant- 
ly progressive  anainments  in  Knowledge, con- 
stitutes in  a  high  degree,  the  jo)  ol  an  im- 
mortal mind.  We  deuve  from  the  daily 
exercise  of  our  senses,  an  argument,  strictly 
analogous,  in  suppoit  of  ibis  proposition  — 
The  eye  becomes  wearied  by  continually 
surveying  the  same  object,  howevei  novel, 
or  interesting  it  may  have  been,  at  the  first 
view.  n  tune,  however  harmonious  its 
notes,  or  melodious  its  strains,  becomes  irk- 
some to  the  ear,  by  frequent  iteration. — 
Much  of  the  zest  of  the  most  deli' ions  vi- 
ands is  lost  by  repeated  use.  Indeed,  uur 
pie  surable  emotions  aie  limited  only  bv  the 
extent  and  variety  of  our  knowledge.  Ii  is 
undoubtedly  true,  that  the  wants  and  de- 
sires of  mankind  multiply  as  their  knowl- 
edge increases ;  and  these  eyer  present  and 
exciting  motives  are  constantly  impelling 
them  to  make  higher  and  more  perseveiing 
exertions,  which  ar  generally  crowned  y\ 
richer  rewards.  Every  new  acquisition  in 
science  is  attended  with  an  invinci  le  de- 
sire to  apply  it,  so  far  as  may  be  consistent, 
to  practical  use,  and  derive  from  it  some 
positive  good.  To  this  principle,  may  be  as- 
cribed, the  astonishing  improvements  which 
have  crowned  the  efforts  of  men  ol  science, 
in  all  that  pertains  to  the  useful  arts,  for  the 
last  half  century. 

The  state  of  horticultural  improvement,  in 
some  good  degree,  indicates  the  social  con- 
dition and  refinement  of  society.  In  savage 
life,  the  unbroken  and  uncultivated  earth, 
the  rude,  but  magnificent  forest,  are  the  gar- 
den, and  the  orchard,  from  which  savage 
man  draws  his  daily  subsistence.  His  de- 
sires, limited  by  hi<  knowledge,  seek  their 
gratification  in  the  chas  ,  and  in  the  sim- 
plest roots  and  fruits  of  the  earth  He  is  an 
entire  stranger  to  the  highly  flavored  fruits, 
and  esculent  vegetables,  which  are  to  be 
found  on  the  tables  of  civilized  men.  Most 
if  not  all,  of  the  finest  varieties  of  fruits,  es- 
culent plants  and  flowers,  have  been  produ- 


ced, and  brought  to  their  present  high  stale 
of  perfection,  by  experimental  cultiue.  E- 
ven  the  Romans,  in  the  summit  of  their 
power,  as  we  are  informed  by  Pliny,  culti- 
vated but  twenty-two  sorts  of  apples.  At 
the  present  day.  two  hundred  and  forty-one 
varieties  of  the  same  fruit,  specifically  known 
and  described,  are  cultivated  in  the  British 
nursery  gardens,  as  dessert,  kitchen  and  ci- 
der fruits.  Ii  seems,  indeed,  the  kind  Pa- 
rent of  the  Universe  designed,  that  improve- 
ment in  the  products  of  the  earth,  in  variety, 
in  quantity  and  quality,  should  in  some  de- 
gree, keep  pace  with  the  progressive  in- 
crease intelligence  and  refinement  of  man- 
kind. 

Ii  is  a  maxim  of  political  economy,  that 
other  things  being  equal,  the  happiness  on  a 
given  territory  is  in  proportion  to  the  popu- 
lation. The  lowest  stages  of  human  society, 
of  which  voyagers  and  travellers  have  given 
any  account,  are  to  be  found  in  countries 
where  the  population  is  the  most  thinly  scat- 
tered. The  inhabitants  of  Terra  del  Fuego 
and  Van  Dieinen  s  land,  are  at  the  veiy  bot- 
tom of  the  scale  of  human  beings.  They 
have  not  sufficient  s  igacity  to  cultivate  the 
earth,  and  drag  out  a  wretched  existence  in 
the  constant  search  of  food  which  consists 
of  the  lowest  order  of  animal  and  vegeta- 
bles. Every  thing  that  voyagers  have  lela- 
ted  of  savage  life  is  said  to  fall  short  of  the 
barbarism  of  tnese  people.  "  Their  counte- 
nances exhibit  the  extreme  of  wretchedness, 
a  horrid  mixture  of  famine  and  ferocity  ;  and 
their  attenuated  and  diseased  figures  plainly 
indicate  the  want  of  wholesome  nourish- 
ment." 

"  A  few  berries,  the  yam  the  fern  root  and 
the  flowers  of  the  different  banskias  made 
up  the  whole  of  the  vegetable  catalogue  of 
the  New-Hollanders,"  when  visiied  by  Capt. 
Cuok.  The  most  elegant  repast  of  which 
this  people  appear  to  have  any  knowledge, 
consisted  of  some  large  grubs  found  in  the 
body  of  the  dwarf  gum  nee,  and  a  paste, 
formed  of  the  fern  root,  and  ihe  large  and 
small  ants  bruised  together,  and  in  the  sea- 
son, adding  the  eggs  of  this  insect.  If  this 
be  a  faithful  picture  of  the  simple  condition 
of  human  beings,  in  the  unsophisticated 
state  of  nature — and  it  is  drawn  from  the 
most  authentic  sources — we  look  in  vain  for 
the  charm  which  poets  have  attempted  to 
throw  around  ii,  and  cannot  but  rejoice,  that 
we  are  so  far  removed  from  the  primitive 
s  mplicity  o  nature,  and  are  steadily  advan- 
cing onward,  in  the  high  road  of  intellectual 
culture  anil  social  refinement.  In  countries 
where  productive  industry  is  unknown,  and 
the  inhabitants  depend  upon  the  scamv  and 
uncertain  products  of  the  earth  for  subsist- 
ence the  population  must  be, of  necessity, thin- 
ly scattered,  and  the  condition  of  the  inhab- 
itants, extremely  wretched. 

It  is  apparent,  that  the  population  of  the 
old  world  is  fast  pressing  up  to  the  limit 
which  nature  has  fixed  as  its  i  tniost  bounds, 
that  is  to  say,  the  means  which  the  earth 
can  afford,  under  the  highest  state  of  culti- 
vation, of  subsistence.  Indeed,  it  is  not 
chimerical  to  suppose,  that  ultimately,  the 
necessities  of  a  crowded  population  will  im- 
periously require,  that  the  earth  should  be 
devoted  to  that  kind  of  culture  which  will 
yield  the  greatest  possible  quantity  of  hu- 
man sustenance.  The  Empire  of  China, 
one  of  the  most  populous  portions  of  the 
globe,  from  the  beginning  of  the  monarchy 
has  been  devoted  to  agriculture.     It  is  sta- 


ted by  Duhalde,  that  one  of  the  Emperors 
of  the  highest  reputation  was  raised  from  the 
plough  to  the  throne.  Another  Emperor 
wrote  several  books  on  the  manner  of  culti- 
vating land,  by  manuring,  tilling  and  water- 
ing it.  To  encourage  the  husbandman,  a 
great  festival  in  honor  of  agriculture  is  held 
each  year,  at  which  the  Emperor  himself 
proceeds  in  a  solemn  manner  to  plough  a 
(ew  ridges  of  land,  and  the  princess  of  the 
blood,  and  other  illustrious  persons,  connect- 
ed with  the  government,  hold  the  plough  af- 
ter him.  Ii  is  natural  to  suppose,  that  these 
high  honors  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
earth,  connected  with  the  fact,  that  the  hus- 
bandman holds  the  first  place  in  the  graria- 
tion  of  rank  would  have  a  powerful  and  sal- 
utary effect.  The  country  of  China  is  re- 
markable for  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  and  for 
the  sobriety  and  industry  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  whole  surface  of  the  Empire  is,  with 
trifling  exceptions,  devoted  to  agriculture. — 
It  is  stated,  by  Jesuit  Premare,that  the  coun- 
try of  China,  however  fertile  and  extensive 
it  may  be,  is  not  sufficient  to  suppoit  its  in- 
habitants. 'A  Chinese  will  pass  whole 
days  in  digging  the  earth,  and  sometimes  up 
to  his  knees  in  water,  and  in  the  evening,  is 
happy  to  eat  a  little  spoonful  of  rice,  and 
drink  the  insipid  water  in  which  it  was  boil- 
ed." This  is  said  to  be  all  they  have  in 
general.  It  is  computed  by  Malihns,  that 
"  the  population  of  China  is  to  that  of  France, 
according  to  their  respective  superfices,  as 
333  to  208,  or  a  little  more  than  three  to 
two."  According  to  this  ratio,  the  State  of 
New  York  would  contain  more  than  eight 
millions  of  inhabitants,  oi  about  one  person 
to  every  three  and  an  half  acres  of  land  ; 
and  upon  the  same  relative  calculation,  the 
people  within  the  territory  of  thB  United 
States  would  amount  to  the  incredible  num- 
ber of  :5Gi2  millions.  Taking  the  population 
of  France  at  28  millions,  which  is  somewhat 
short  of  the  present  enumeration,  and  the 
State  of  New-York  in  order  to  sustain  an  e- 
qual  number,  in  proportion  to  their  respect- 
ive square  miles,  would  contain  5,980,000, 
or  nearly  six  millions  of  inhabitants.  And 
should  the  ratio  of  increase  continue  ihe 
same  it  has  been  since  the  settlement  of  this 
country,  for  forty  years  more,  the  State  of 
New -York  will,  at  the  end  of  that  period, 
contain  six  millions  of  inhabitants.  (live 
the  State  of  New-York  a  population  equal 
to  thai  of  Ireland,  in  proportion  to  their  ras- 
j  pective  square  miles,  anil  it  would  contain 
upwards  of  3,300,000  souls,  which  falls  short 
of  the  numbers  that  the  late  Governor  teu- 
ton computed  this  State  could  sustain,  about 
700,000.  This  would  give  S!13  to  each 
square  mile,  or  about  one  inhabitant  to  every 
three  acres  of  land. 

These  facts  and  examples  show,  in  a  stri- 
king manner,  the  paramount  utility  of  hor- 
ticultural pursuits  These  pursuits  lead  di- 
rectly to  a  critical  examination  of  the  soils, 
of  tiieir  adaption  to  the  growth  of  particular 
vegetables  and  fi nits,  and  to  a  knowledge  of 
the  nature  and  quality  of  these  productions, 
and  of  the  best  mode  of  tilling,  manuring 
and  irrigating  land-,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
greatest  possible  quantity  of  the  finest  flavor- 
ed fruits,  and  most  nutritious  vege  ables. — 
Thus  the  necessities  of  man  are  constantly 
u  ging  him  to  make  further  progress  in  sci 
ence  and  the  arts,  and  to  draw  from  their  il- 
limitable domains,  treasures  rich  and  ex- 
haustless,  which  in  their  turn,  minister  to  the 
sustentation  and  enjoyment  of  human  life. 


358 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  12.   1631 


The  garden  of  Eden,  in  which  Adam  anil 
Eve  were  placed  by  their  Creator,  is  pei 
haps,  no  unfitting  emblem  of  the  condition 
which  the  earth  will  ultimately  assume,  in 
order  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  countless  myi 
iads  of  human  beings  who  are  crowding  upon 
the  stage  of  life  and  who  are  constantly 
multiplying  wherever  the  means  of  subsist- 
ence can  be  obtained. 

The  most  prosperous  and  happy  conditio 
of  human  society  will  be  found. 1  apprehend, 
where  the  population  is  of  a  medium  densi- 
ty, as  in  the  .States  of  New  England,  and 
wheie  a  certain  and  sufficient  supply  f  the 
nee  ssaiies  and  comforts  f  life  can  be  ob- 
tained, by  the  regular  industry  of  the  great 
mass  of  the  inhabitants.  Man  is  not  a  mere 
passiv  being.  His  pleasures  flow  from  ac- 
tive principles  in  his  nature.  Inaction  is  the 
death-sleep  of  intellectual  improvement  and 


ed  1153  parts   of  starch — fibrous    matter    a- 
nalogous   to  starch  540  parts — albumen  107 
parts — mucilage   312    parts."     The  sum  of 
these    products  amounts   to  about   one  third 
of  the  potatoes  subject  to  the  experiment. — 
Dr.   Ives,   professor  of  materia    medica  and 
botany,  in  Yale  College,  in  an  essay,  on  the 
comparative    quantity    of  nutritious    mattei 
which    may    be    obtained   from    an   acre  ol 
landwhen  cultivated  with  potatoes,  or  wheat, 
upon  an  average  crop,  says,  '•  that  the  nutri- 
tious matter   of  the  crop   of  potatoes  to  that 
ol  wheat,  is,    as  5600  to  1500,"  or  about    as 
three    and    three-fourths   to  one.     Potatoes 
may  he  reduced  to  starch  which  can  be  pre 
served  for  any  length  of  lime,  and  used  as  a 
substitute  for  u  beaten  Hour.     New  varieties 
are   obtained    by    planting  the   seeds   of  the 
potato   ball.     Jefferson    states,  thai  the  best 
round  potatoes  be  ever  saw.  he  found  at  Di 


soci  ll  enjoyment.     /\  constant  succession  ofiijon,    in   Fiance.     The    Pink-eve   is    one  of 

labors,  of  some  kind,   is  indispensable  to  his  the  best  varieties  known  for  the  table.     This 

highest   happiness  .  and  when  all  other  mo-  vegetable,  on  account  of  the  ease  of  its  cul- 

tivesf  il.it  is  kindly  provided  for  his  good. that  lure,    the   certainty  of  its    products,  and  the 

that   ins   natural  wants  oblige    him  to  make  great    comparative   amount  of  its  nutritious 

reasonable  exertion  of  his   corporeal  and  in-  matter,  will  always   occupy    a  place   in   the 

tellectual  powers.      Without  steady  ex  rtion  cottage  and  kitchen   garden.     And,  I  would 


.    .   respec  fully,  to    suggest   foi  con- 
sideration,  ihe  propriety  of  offering  a  suita- 
ble premium,  for  the  bust  potato,  lo  be  rais- 
ed from  the  seed,  and  presented  to  the  Soci 
Thatgrows  to  seed;  things  rank,  and  gross  in  !*et?  at  the    autumnal  meeting  in  1833,  as    it 

requires  two  seasons  to  mature  the  tubers. 

The  plum,  the  apricot  and  the  nectarine, 
and,  indeed,  most  of  the  smooth  skin  fruits. 


and  vigilant  culture,  man's  moral  and  intcl- 
lecual  nature  becomes  a  barren  waste,  or 
like 

" anunweeded  garden, 


nature, 
Possess  it  merely." 

The  paramount  object  of  this  Society,  is 
to  cultivate,  unpiove  and  extend  the  taste  for' 
horticulture,  as  a  useful  art  ;  for  as  such,  it 
claims  priority  to  any  other.  Objects  of 
immediate  and  practical  utility,  in  the  pres- 
ent condition  of  horticulture  among  us,  have 
the  firs  claims  upon  our  attention.  The 
culti  ation  of  green  house  plants,  and  orna- 
mental shrubbery,  and  the  improving  and 
ornamenting  of  pleasure  grounds,  should  be 
by  no  means  neglected;  but  these,  in  the 
natural  order  of  improvement,  and  in  the 
scale  of  utility,  are  certainly,  of  secondary 
Consideration.  As  a  Society,  vv  should  not 
Oveilook  what  is  necessary  and  useful,  in 
order  to  obtain  that  which  is  merely  elegant. 
\niong  the  esculent  vegetables  which 
claim  and  receive  the  fostering  care  of  the 
Society,  the  potaio,.?o/»»t'M  tuberosum,  is  the 


suffer  much,  throughout  this  region  of  coun- 
try, from  the  attacks  of  t lie  curculio.  The 
ravages  of  this  insect  occasions  incalculable 
injury  to  these  fruits,  and  renders  the  culti 
vat  ion  of  tlnni,  in  some  seasons,  almost 
worthless.  Trees,  of  the  description  ibove 
enumerated,  thrive  well  in  this  pan  of  Ne« 
York,  and  generally  bear  an  abundance  ol 
fruit,  until  it  is  stung  j  this  insect,  when  ii 
wallers  and  falls  to  the  ground.  It  is  thought, 
by  some,  not  to  he  an  extravagant  assertion, 
that  ten  thousand  dollars  would  scarcely  re- 
pair the  injiHV  done  annually  by  the  curcu- 
lio, within  the  hounds  of  this  Society.  It 
probably  falls  short  of  the  real  damage  sus 
tained.  Various  modes  of  protecting  the 
fruit,  and  destroying  this  insect,  have  bi  e  i 
suggested,  none  of  which,  so  far  as  my 
know  ledge  extends,  have  been  attended  «  ith 


mo-si  import  nil,  as  ii  respects  its  wholesome    complete  success.      Would  not  more  experi 

nutritious  qualities,  its  general  acknowledged    ments,  on  this  interesting  subject,  to  he  made 

utility,  and  the  universality  of  its  culture. —    under   the    direction    and    patronage  ol  the 


It  belongs  to  the  natural  family  of  the  Luri- 
d/e,  several  of  which  are  deleterious,  and  all 
of  which  are  forbidding  in  their  aspect.  It 
is  a  native  of  America,  and  was  found  by 
the  fust  Spanish  emigrants,  growing  wild 
and  uncultivated.  It  was  also  found  by  the 
colonists  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in 
1584,  in  Virginia,  wdio  returned  to  England 
carrying  with  them  the  potato,  in  1580.  It 
was  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
before  the  excellent  qualities  of  this  vegeta- 
ble, were  generally  known,  even  in  England. 
It  is  now  considered,  universally,  the  mosl 
useful  esculent  that  is  cultivated,  and  its  use 
has  become  general,  throughout  Europe  and 
America.  In  its  qualities,  it  approaches 
nearer  to  the  nature  of  the  flower,  or  farina 
of  grain,  than  any  other  vegetable  root  pro- 
duction. Sii  Hum  h  ey  Davy  considers, 
that  one  fourth  part  of  the  weight  of  pota- 
toes is  nutritious  matter.  According  to  the 
experiments  and  analysis  of  this  vegetable 
by  Einhoff,   ■'  76*9  parts  »f  potatoes  afford- 


Soi  ii  ty,  the  results  of  winch  should  be  com 
mnnicated  at   some  future  meeting,  be  pro- 
ductive of  salutary  effects.' 

The  culture  of  the  vine  is  worthy  the  high- 
est regard  of  the  Horticulturist,  on  ai 
of  the  delicacy,  beauty,  and  richness  nl 
its  linits,  anil  the  generous  flavor  of  its  vi- 
nous products.  Experimental  culture  was 
i  fully  applied  lo  the  grape,  by  the  an- 
cient Greeks  and  Romans,as  well  as  by  mod 
em  cultivators,  in  order  to  multiply  ind  im- 
prove its  varieties,  and  perfect  its  fruits.  A 
detailed  account  of  the  manner  of  cultiva- 
ting and  pruning  the  vine,  adopted  by  the 
ancient  Greeks,  is  given  in  the  travels  of 
Anacharsis,  the  younger,  as  explained  i>\ 
Euthymenes.  Ii  furnishes  signal  examples 
of  the  ingenuity  of  this  highly  polished  na 
tion.  when  applied  to  this  kind  of  culture. 

"  To  obtain  grapes  without  stones,"  he  oh 
serves,  "you  must  take  a  vine-shoot  and  cut 
it  lightly  in  the  part  which  is  to  be  set  in  the 
ground;  lake  out  the  pith  from  this  part,  K- 


nite  the  two  sides  separated  by  the  incision, 
cover  them  with  wet  paper,  and  plant  them 
in  the  earth.  The  experiment  will  succeed 
better,  if  the  lowei  part,  thus  prepaied.be 
put  in  a  sea-onion  before  it  is  planted. — 
'■'  nuld  you  wish  to  have  on  the  same  vine 
both  black  and  white  grapes,  or  clusters,  the 
berries  of  which  shall  lie  some  hlack  and 
otheis  while;  take  a  shoot  of  each  kind, 
innise  them   in  the  up  er    part  so  that  they 

lav  closely  mute  and  incorporate,  tie  them 
together  ami  plant  them." 

The  Greeks  adopted  the  low  stock  train- 
ing which  has  bi  -<l  and  followed 
in  Fiance.     The  Romans  cultivated  the  tall 

t ock,  in  i  in  supported  on  trees  or 

>alisades.  The  Greeks  were  familiar  with 
the  process  of  propagating  fruit  by  ingraft- 
ing. The  difl  of  sex  was  admitted  by 
them  in  tiers  and  plants.  Salt  was  one  of 
the  dressing*  I  lem  as  a  man. ire  for 
thi  ir  gardens.     'I  I  ssively  fond 

■  I'  rustic  employments,  and  enamored  with 
the  delights  of  a  country  life 

"  See  there  the  olii  of  A 

Plato's  lie  Attic  bird 

Thrills  her  thick  war'  the 

long; 
There  flowery  hill   i..  ■         th  the  sound 

Of  bees'  industrious  murmur,  oft  invites 
To  studious  musing — 
To  sage  philosophy  next  len  1  thine  ear, 
From    Heaven    descended   to   the    low-roofil 

house 
Of  Socrates ;  see  there  his  tenement, 
Whom  well  inspired  the  oracle  pronon 
Wisest  of   men;  from    whose  mouth  issued 

forth 
Mellifluous   streams,    that    watered     all    the 

■  i 
Of  Academi  -s  ol  '        I 

(Remainder  next  tree':.) 

From  in.-        \     Vi    k  F*n  nicr. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  VII 

ition,  continue  — with  awk 

ward  attempt  tit  Philosophizing. 

!VIr.  Fleet, —  P  Ii  is  siid,  m 

perfect,.     How    I  shall   succeed,  in    phi 

on    paper,  is  \  ,    and 

so  I  set  out   with  the  above   caption.     The 
tine  business    ol  n.    should    be,    I 

think,  to  form  the   c  aracter,  diversified,  ol 
course,  according  to  the  various     j 
ces  of  individual    cases,  in   which    learning 
should  be  considei  it.  not  the   whole. 

in  tins  i  ieu  iii  the  subject,  we  m 
timate  the  importance  of  sound  good  sense, 
in  those  eni|  Teachers,  nol  m 

ature,    bin  in   every  tl 
with  the  formation  of  character,  in  the  boj 
or  girl.      Work,   then,   and    familiarity    with 
w  ilk    hen  mies  :,  \    i  \  important  part  of  !  d 
ucation,  not  only    for  thi  se   »  hi      re  ' 

by  honest  industry,  in  sonu  war,  bul 
as  a  means  of  bringing  into  actual  develop- 
ment, by  use,  those  facultii  -.  and  po 
and  energies,  of  hodyr  and  mind,  which  arc 
ueil  for  future  useful  i  *s  in  the  various 
duties  and  functions  of  life.  He  wh 
do  nothing,  is  ■  "I  for  nothing,  howevet 
much  learning  he  in.  '    h    ve.      A  '  eery  learn- 

ed  schoolmaster,'  tin  .   fore,  full  of  thi 

her  sh  of  the    'higher  schools,' as    they  are 
called,  his  latin,  and  l  unknown  tongue'  wis 
dom,  should  never  he  entrusted  With  tl 
ucation   of   Fanners'    children.      There   is 


Vol    1.— No.  45. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


359 


contagion  in  hs  example.  Willi  such  men, 
learning  is  every  thing,  and  that  very  every 
thing  is  mere  literature.  With  a  vacant 
i ■  i i i ■  1 1 ,  but  a  stuffed  memory,  such  men  are 
full  of  learned  nonsense,  bin  have  no  actu- 
al knowledge  of  any  of  the  business  of  life. 
Their  day,  with  that  of  legitimacy,'  and 
tli !  '  divine  rights'  of  hereditary  usurpers, 
has  gone  by  :  the  Palace  of  Power,  is  now 
the  Temple  of  Industry.  Men  must  do 
something,  as  well  as  know  something,  and 
not  merely  be  boohs,  or  guide  posts!  The 
drones  of  literature,  the  very  soft  heads  of 
the  underlings  that  come  from  College  into 
the  '  learned  professions.'  and  from  these  in- 
to our  Common  Schools,  as  Teachers,  are 
exactly  the  wrong  sort  of  men  for  that  office,  | 
in  all  that  concerns  the  well  being  of  the 
Farming  interest. 

How,  then,  are  our  Farming  neighborhood 
Common  Schools,  which   aie  very    niimer 


Teacher,  by  casting  lots,  from  the   boys    of  to    'drawback,'  for  there  are  no  expoits. 

With  the  fashion,  goes  also  the  pride,  like 
the  down  of  the  thistle,  always  carrying  the 
seed  with  it. 

September  5,  1831. 


ous,  to  be  supplied  with  Teacher 
swer,  select  from  among  the  Farmers'  sons, 
of  the  same  district,  some  young  man  of 
good  sense,  of  good  disposition,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  good  qualities,  and  love  of  learn- 
ing, and  let  him  be  your  winter  schoolmas- 
ter. He  is  a  Common  School  man,  and  a 
common  sense  man,  to  whom  one  or  two 
winters  of  experienc  ,  in  teaching,  may  be 
of  no  small  use,  much  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  whole  district.  Try  it  once,  in  this  way, 
and  you  will  probably  discover  that  the  ail 
of  Teaching  consists  principally  in  the  art 
of  governing,  and  this  in  aining  the  atten- 
tion, by  means  of  the  affections,  and  by  hav 
ing  something  to  impart,  as  food  for  the 
mind.  I  have  tried  this  plan,  both  as 
Teacher,  as  a  Trustee  of  schools,  and  in 
sending  to  them,  as  a  parent,  and  with  the 
most  perfectly  convincing  evidence  of  suc- 
cess. 

Much  has  been  said,  within  a  few  years, 
about  Educating  young  men,  as  Teachers 
of  Common  Schools,  and  plans  have  been 
suggested  for  Schools  designed  solely  for 
this  purpose.  It  has  been  partially  tried,  and 
those  very  young  men  make  it  a  road  to  oth- 
er pursuits,  and  thus  leave  Common  Schools 
to  take  care  of  themselves.  We  do  not 
want  men  devoted  to  this  business.  Wher- 
ever there  is  a  school  district,  and  a  school 
house,  and  school,  there  are  also  schol- 
ars, and  of  suitable  age  and  qualifications, 
to  serve  in  turn  in  the  office  of  Teacher ; 
and  so  it  will  always  be,  unless  the  British 
'  Rotten  Borough'  system,  shall  come  into 
practice  in  our  school  districts,  of  which 
there  is  not  much  danger.  The  Teachers  of 
Common  Schools,  should  have  received  their 
learning  in  Common  Schools,  and  by  pur- 
suing this  plan,  for  a  "few  years,  more  will 
have  been  effected  towards  '  raising  their 
character,'  of  which  much  has  been  lately 
said,  than  by  even  a  College,  for  supplying 
Teachers,  or  an  Academy,  for  the  same  pur- 
pose in  every  county  of  the  slate.  This  is 
my  opinion,  Mr.  Editor,  and  the  result  ol 
as  much  experience  as  falls  to  the  lot  of 
most  men.  with  an, pie  opportunities  for  ob- 
servation, as  well  in  reading  men, and  things, 
— the  schools,  of  all  orders,  and  those  who 
direct  their  ope  atic-ns, — as  in  reading  books, 
and  ruminating  a  little,  occasionally.  lint 
of  all  mistakes,  so  common,  that  of  em 
ploying  young  men  who  are  fitting  for  Col- 
lege, to  act  as  Teachers  in  Common  Schools, 
is  certainly  one  of  the  most  pernicious,  as 
yespects  the  interests  f  those  who  patron- 
ize such  schools.    I    would   rather  take  a 


the  district,  because  his  whole  mind,  what- 
ever it  might  be,  would  all  be  in  the  school, 
and  his  efforts  would  he  directed  to  the  com- 
mon good.  He  must  he  a  rare  bird,  that 
has  spare  food  for  others,  while  on  the  wing 
to  catch  Hies  for  his  own  journey,  a  bird  of 
passage,  only,  whose  example  gives  a  wrong 
direction  to  the  minds  of  Farmers'  sons. 

Some  people,  not  absolutely  devoid  of 
good  sense,  however  much  they  may  seem 
to  lack,  in  some  of  their  conclusions,  ap 
pear  to  act  as  if  they  thought  affability,  and 
good  breeding,  belonged  only  to  fine  clothes' 
They  will  be  very  polite  when  '  dressed  up  ' 
as  they  call  it,,  but  most  slovenly  in  their 
manners,  at  all  other  times.  This  is  what  I 
call  a  false  exterior,  an  assumed  character,  in 
dress,  but  the  real,  in  dishabille,  undress, 
common  dress,  your  every-day  apparel. — 
That  man,  or  that  boy,  or  woman,  or  girl, 
who  is  not  such, independently  offine  clothes, 
is  not  fit  to  be  a  Farmer,  or  a  Farmer's  son. 
or  wife,  or  daughter.  The  consciousness  of 
self  respect,  must  rest  on  something  very  dif- 
ferent from  mere  dress,  or  even  personal  ap- 
pearance, as  to  being  finely  or  coarsely  clad, 
fashionably  or  unfashionably,  in  full  dress 
for  a  ball  room,  or  in  the  garb  of  business. 
He  who  is  suitably  clad,  for  his  avocation, 
is  most  honorably  clad,  and  need  not  blush, 
at  the  presence  of  others  any  more  than  the 
bee  should,  when  seen  by  a  butterfly 

Our  cousins,  in  town,  are  town- people,  cit 
izens, — citizens  of  some  note,  in  a  city  of 
some  note, — and  we  are  country  Farmers, 
plain,  homespun  folks,  as  Farmers  should 
be.  When  they  visit  us,  it  is  all '  cousin  this 
one,'  and  'cousin  that  one,' hail-fellows-we 
met,  and  so,  indeed,  it  is,  when  we  visit 
I  lien),  to  do  them  justice, — for  they  really 
are  good  kind  of  folks, — and  yet — I  must 
speak  plainly — they  hardly  ever  '  cousin' us, 
in  town,  before  some  of  their  most  wealthy 
and  genteel  acquaintances  !  Unless,  indeed, 
as  sometimes  happens,  the  girls  have  all  just 
been  prinketed  up,  in  city  mode,  when  they, 
perchance,  may  have  the  honor  of  such  pre- 
sentation !  Now,  sir,  for  my  philosophi- 
zing. The  true  philosophy,  in  my  opinion, 
is,  for  Farmers  to  be  Farmers,  at  home  and 
abroad,  and  always  to  act  like  themselves, 
an  dress  in  their  own  way.  Let  town  peo- 
ple continue  to  call  us  'rusticated,'  while  we 
call  them  prinketed,  and  there  let  these  mat- 
ters rest,  cousin  or  no  cousin.  If  country 
Farmers  would  all  come  to  these  conclu- 
sions, and  live  up  to  them,  we  should  hear 
no  more  about  the  blushing  of  the  working 
bees,  caught  in  their  working  dress  by  the 
eye  of  the  butterfly,  sporting  away  us  biief 
houis  of  life  in  a  more  showy  raiment  We 
could  then  visit  our  town  acquaintances, 
without  new  wardrobes,  and  return  with  more 
money  than  band-boxes,  so  as  to  keep  our 
Farm  clear  of  mortgages,  and  the  market- 
ing produce  would  become  a  very  pleasant, 
instead  of  a  painful  business.  1  know  ma- 
ny a  Farmer,  who  dreads  going  to  lown,  e- 
ven  with  the  produce  of  his  Farm,  and  no 
mean  quantity,  as  he  would  going  to  a  horse- 
race, because  of  the  many  attendants,  and  so 
many  wants.  If  these  people  could  see  the 
fashions  only  to  laugh  at  them,  as  town  peo 
pie  do  ours,  real  Fanner  fashions,  their  oc- 
casional visits  to  town  would  do  them  no 
harm.  But  the  mischief  is,  that  some  peo- 
ple want  to  be  what  they  are  not,  oi  to  ap- 
pear to  be,  and  hence  comes  the  misery. — 
The  '  imports'  of  fashion  are  never  entitled 


BLIGHT  IN  PEAR  TREES. 

The  disease  of  the  pear  tree,  termed 
blight,  has  been  less  prevalent  this  year  than 
during  years  past.  But  it  seems  to  have  as- 
sumed a  new  character,  or  changed  its 
mode  of  attack.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
season  1  discovered  that  the  epidermis  on 
i he  bodies  of  several  trees,  of  two  to  four 
inches  in  diameter  had  become  brown  in 
spots,  and  was  cracked  and  separating  from 
the  true  bark  ;  and  in  some  instances,  I  found 
the  disease  had  extended  to  the  wood  I 
immediately  had  them  washed  with  a  weak 
solution  of  chloride  of  lime,  which  seems  to 
have  restoied  them  to  health.  I  applied  the 
chloride  the  preceding  year  to  the  stumps  of 
some  amputated  branches,  in  some  of  which 
cases  the  disease  had  exlended  down  upon 
one  side  of  the  bole  of  the  tree.  In  every 
case  the  disease  was  checked,  and  the  live 
parts  have  protruded  beyond  the  dead  wood. 
Although  Mr.  Lowell,  whom  I  highly  res- 
pect, and  whom  I  am  ambitious  to  propi- 
tiate, detests  all  theories,  I  am  neverthe- 
less induced  to  hazard  my  theory  in  this 
case.  It  is  this,  that  the  disease  is  owing  to 
a  minute  insect,  which  preys  upon  the  bark, 
and  vitiates  and  poisons  the  elaborated  sap; 
and  that  the  chlorine  destroys  the  insect 
and  becomes  an  antidote  to  the  poison.— 
From  partial  experiments,  I  am  induced  to 
believe,  that  the  chloride  will  prove  an  effi- 
cient preventative  to  the  mildew  on  grapes 
also.  These  suggestions  are  hazarded  in 
the  hope  that  they  may  lead  others  to  make 
more  satisfactory  experiments.  J.  Buei. 
Oct.  20. 

The  Horse. — The  Horse  commonly 
ives  to  the  age  of  20  or  25  years,  but  from 
the  cruelly  of  men,  and  art  misapplied,  his 
days  are  very  much  diminished,by  the  ear- 
ly application  of  over  exertion  and  the  un- 
remitting continuance  of  it.  His  race  is 
frequently  begun  before  he  is  three  years 
old.  In  the  brake,  lunge,  or  riding  school 
at  four  years.  At  five  and  six,  his  utmost 
speed  is  exerted  in  the  summer,  on  the  trot- 
ting course,  as  a  hackney,  against  time ; 
and  in  winter,  slipping  and  sliding  about 
before  a  sleigh,  when  forced  without  feeling 
or  fear,  by  an  inhuman  driver.  At  seven, 
he  is  either  blind, foundered  or  spavined. — 
At  eight,  he  gallantly  shines  in  a  stage 
coach,  mail-stage,  or  Broadway  Omnibus. 
\t  nine,  he  is  seen  to  falter  and  stumble 
before  the  oyster  or  clam  cart.  At  ten 
completely  worn  out  with  disease  and  in- 
anition. And  lastly,  he  falls  a  victim  to 
the  instrument  of  a  veterinary  surgeon,  and 
old  age  gains  him  an  honorable,  exit  at  the 
Corporation  Dock  ! ! !  — .V.  Y.  Fanner. 


To  PREseiiVE  1'eatiiers.—  Some  our  fair  o 
eaders  may  not  deem  it  uninte:  esting  to  learn 
the  following  very  simple  process  for  preser- 
ving ornamental  f'eatliprs.  ^-c  ,  Ironi  the  injury 
iiy  insei  its.  The  articles  must  be  sp  nged  with 
.voak  lime  water,  and  then  dried  Thrp 
should  be  kept  in  a  very  dry  place,  and  wht.u 
ibout.  to  be  used  should  Ite  slightly  beaten  aen 
ibe  shaken  in  the  aiF. —  [Boston  Transcridy 


350 


THE  OENESEE  PARMER 


November  12,  1831 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 

One  of  the  best  things  in  a  city  or  thriving  vil- 
lage, is  an  intelligent,  vigorous  fire  department. — 
The  engines  should  be  in  perfect  preservation : 
the  firemen  taken  from  among  the  mechanics  and 
such  business  men  as  are  active.  None  of  your 
"  pursey  or  sleepy" — no,  they  won't  do.  There 
is  one  thing  to  have  them  well  trained  :  every  one 
1o  Know  his  business  and  his  place.  The  fire- 
man's hat  and  box  coat,  if  in  winter,  should  be  at 
hand — every  one  knows  this. 

When  the  alarm  is  sounded,  if  there  be  good 
engines  and  fire  officers  of  competent  talents, 
every  one  goes  at  the  hurrying,  hazardous  work, 
calmly  and  collected.  It  is  like  going  into  battle. 
It  is  so.  You  are  fighting  a  foe,  tyranical  as 
death.  Men  meet  and  repel  dangers,  when  their 
arms  and  discipline  are  good. 

Instead  of  writing  an  essay — we  intended  to 
introduce  to  the  notice  of  our  townsmen,  some  re- 
marks on  "  The  fire  engine  es  ablishment  at  Ed- 
inburgh j"  which  we  hope  will  engage  the  atten- 
tion of  the  respectable  body  of  firemen  of  this 
place.  It  is  from  the  London  Mechanic's  Maga- 
zine, of  Aug.  27,  1831  • — 

For  some  months  after  this  fire-estab- 
lishment was  organized,  the  men  were  reg- 
ularly drilled  once  a-week,  at  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning ;  but  now,  only  once  a- 
month  at  the  same  hour.  Among  many 
other  good  reasons  for  selecting  this  early 
hour,  is,  that  it  does  not  interfere  with  the 
daily  occupation  of  the  firemen.  The 
chance  of  collecting  a  crowd  is  also  avoid- 
ed, as  there  are  are  then  comparatively  few 
people  in  the  streets  ;  this  is  a  matter  of 
some  importance,  as  a  crowd  of  people 
not  only  impede  the  movements  of  the  fire- 
men, but,  from  small  quantities  of  water 
spilt  on  the  bystanders,  quarrels  are  gen- 
erated, and  a  prejudice  excited  against  the 
corps,  to  avoid  which  every  exertion  should 
be  used  to  keep  the  firemen  on  good  terms 
with  the  populace. 

The  mornings  too,  at  this  early  hour,are 
dark  for  more  than  half  the  year,  and  the 
firemen  are  thus  accustomed  to  work  by 
torch-light,  and  sometimes  without  any 
light  whatever,except  the  few  public  lamps 
which  are  then  burning.  And,  as  most 
fires  happen  in  the  night,  the  advantage  of 
drilling  in  the  dark  must  be  sufficiently  ob- 
vious. 

The  inhabitants  have  sometimes  com- 
plained of  being  disturbed  with  the  noise 
of  engines  at  so  early  an  hour;  but  when 
the  object  has  been  explained,  they  have 
generally  submitted,  with  a  good  grace,  to 
this  slight  evil.  A  different  part  of  the  ci- 
ty being  always  chosen  for  each  succes- 
sive drill,  the  annoyances  occasioned  to 
any  one  district  is  very  trifling,  and  of  very 
unfreqent  occurrence. 

On  tin;  Tuesday  evening  preceding  the 
drill,  the  captain- are  informed  when  and 
where  the  men  an-  to  assemble.  These 
orders  they  COtnmunii  ate  to  the  individual 
firemen.  A  point  of  rendezvous  being 
thus  given  to  the  whole  body,  every  man, 
who  is  nut  on  (lie  spot  at  tin;  hour  appoin- 
ted, fully  equipped,  with  his  clothes  and  ac- 
coutrements tu  good  order,  is  subjected  to 


a  tine.     Arrived  on  the  ground,  the  men 
are  divided   into  two  parties,  each  party 
consisting  of  two  companies,    that   being 
the  number  required  to   work   each  large! 
engine,   without  any   assistance  from  the  | 
populace.      1  he  whole  are  then  examined  [: 
as  to  the  condition    of  their  clothing  and 
equipments. 

the  captains,  Serjeants,  and  pioneers  of 
each  company,  alternately  take  the  duty 
of  directing  the  engine,  attaching  the  hose, 
&c,  while  the  whole  of  each  party  not  en- 
gaged in  these  duties  take  the  levers  as 
ti  enien. 

the  call  being  given  to'  move  forward, 
the  men  set  off  with  the  engine  at  a  quick 
walking  pace,  and,  on  the  same  call  being 
repeated,  they  get  into  a  smart  trot.  \\  hen 
the  call  to  stop  is  given,  with  orders  to  at- 
tach one  or  more  lengths  of  hose  to  the  en- 
gine and  fire  cock,  it  is  done  in  the  follow- 
ing manner:  No.  1  takes  out  the  directoi 
or  branch,  and  runs  out  as  far  as  he  thinks 
the  hose  ordered  to  be  attached  will  reach, 
and  there  remains ;  No.  2  takes  a  length 
of  hose  out  of  the  engine,  and  uncoils  it  to- 
wards No.  1  ;  and  No.  3  attaches  the  hose 
to  the  engine.  If  more  than  one  length  is 
required,  No.  4  takes  out  another,  couples 
it  to  the  former  length,  and  then  uncoils  it. 
If  a  third  length  is  wanted,  No  3  comes 
up  with  it,  alter  having  attached  the  first 
length  to  the  engine.  If  more  lengths  are 
still  wanted,  No.  2  goes  back  to  the  engine 
for  another ;  JN'os.  3  and  4  follow,  and  so 
on  until  the  requisite  length  is  obtained  ; 
No.  1  then  screws  on  the  director  at  the 
farther  extremity  of  the  last  length.  While 
iSios.  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  are  attaching  the  hose! 
to  the  engine,  N  o.  5  opens  the  fire-cock 
door,  screws  on  the  distributor,  and  attach- 
es the  length  of  hose,  which  IS  o.  6  uncoils; 
Nos.  7  and  S  assist,  if  more  than  one 
length  of  hose  is  wanted. 

Immediately  on  the  call  being  given  to 
attach  the  hose,  the  serjeant  locks  the  fore- 
carriage  of  the  engine,  and  unlocks  the  le- 
vers, 'i  he  fire-coc  being  opened  by  no. 
5  (who  remains  by  it  as  long  as  it  is  be.ng:| 
used),  the  serjeant  holds  the  end  of  the;] 
liose  which  supplies  the  engine,  and  at  the 
same  time  superintends  the  men  who  work 
the  levers.  J  he  call  Icing  given  to  work 
the  engine,  the  whole  of  the  men,  Nos.  I, 
2,  3,  4,  and  5,  the  captain  and  serjeant  ex- 
cepted, work  at  the  levers  along  with  the 
men  of  the  other  company. 

Although  these  operations  may  appear 
complicated,  they  are  all  completed,  and 
the  engine  in  full  work,  with  three  lengths, 
or  120  feet  of  hose,  in  one  minute  and  ten 
seconds,  including  the  time  requin 
the  water  to  (ill  the  engine  so  as  to  a] 
to  work. 

In  order  to  excite  a  spirit  of  emulation, 
as  well  as  to  t  ach  the  men  dexterit)  in 
working  the  engines,  :.  competition  is  fre- 
quently caused  amongst  them,  I  hey  ate 
ordered  to  attach  one  or  more   !.  i 

hose  to  each  of  two  engines,  and  d>  work 
them  as  quickly  as  possible,  the  first  en- 
gine which  throws  water  beiug  considered 


the  winner.  They  are  sometimes  also 
placed  at  an  equal  distance  from  each  of 
two  separate  fire-cocks  ;  on  the  call  being 
given  to  move  forward,  each  party  starts 
for  the  fire-cock  to  which  it  is  ordered,  and 
the  first  which  gets  into  work  is,  of  course, 
held  to  have  beat  the  other.  The  call  to 
stop  is  then  given,  and  both  pa.ties  return 
to  their  former  station,  with  their  hose 
called  up,  and  every  thing  in  proper  trav- 
elling order  ;  the  fir.-t  which  arrives  being 
understood  to  have  the  advantage. 

We  r<  gret  our  limits  will  not  allow  our  copying 
more  largely  from  this  interesting  paper  In  a 
schedule  of  fires  and  their  consequences,  from  1st 
( )  t  1825,  to  1st  I  tot  1839,  rhere  were  529  ■■  turn 
outs,"  of  which  21  were  total  losses — 69  consider- 
ble  losses — 199  trilling  damages — 211  foul  chim- 
nies — 29  false  alarms.  This  table  shows  thesys- 
tem  good,  and  worthy  to  be  worked  after. 

s    ;:  V  'S. 

A  wise  lions  holder,  scares  his  house,  his 
rooms,  his  fires,  and  takes  care  to  leave  his  gar- 
ments in  such  position,  that  he  may  be  able  to 
dress  himself  in  the  dark,  at  a  moment's  warn- 
ing. 

Who  would  purchase  the  gifts  of  power  or  for- 
tune, by  the  loss  of  mental  superiority  1 

He.  who  would  reproach  a  criminal  in  the  hands 
of  the  executioner,  would  have  the  heroism  to 
spurn  a  carcase. 

Rulers,  when  surrounded  with  courtiers,  with- 
out they  possess  minds  of  more  than  common 
stamina,  see  things  through  a  mist,  and  bound 
their  vision  by  a  narrow  compass.  Some  of  the 
European  monarchs  disguise  themselves  as  peas- 
ants and  mix  with  the  multitude  to  learn  facts 
which  they  never  could  ascertain  at  the  Palace. 

gjp  The   Philadelphia  Exchange,  as  ap] 
by  one  of  the  plan  in  the  papers  of 

i  .; .-,  will  be  100  feet  by  146,  including  porti- 
co,— and  only  three  stories  high.  The  revenue 
calculated  is  $14,000.  * 

EDITORS  AND   PirBLISIIERS."" 

A  Gentleman,  residing  in  ihi  countrj  .piac- 
tically  engaged  in  husbandry  and  havind 
some  knowledge  ol  science,  literature  ang 
politics,  wishes  to  engage  with  some  publish- 
ers of  our  Periodical  V,  oil  s,  in  supplj  ing  ar- 
ticles and;  papers  fni  the  public  press.  He 
1  -  beenfoi  main  years,  a  prettj  liberal  con- 
r  tutor,  but  always  volunian  and  gratui- 
i   us,  in  which  he  has  |  i  m  bis  pan 

He  now  asks  a  reasonable  compensatii 
the  fruits  nf  Ins   leisun    am    expej     ni  e. — 
Reference.N.  Goodsell.Editor  G<  u.  Faimei 

f  OP  LANDS  SOLI 

Nrivei        ■  '      t  to  S 
ofTitle       of  Oh   p.    13,  of  the  first  part  of 

■    is  sold 
rail  '  i  ,-.t  the  cap- 

ital in  I  .    ■■    , 

nd  May,  I  tall  be  i  I 

nient  int  reasury  on  oi 



! 

n,  al  the  rate 
of  ten  per  cenl 

sale,  to  the  date  of  the  payment,  the  1   i 
,:i,i  !■,-,)  ..  ■      will  be  conveyed  to 

the  purchasers  thereof.      Dated    Albans,    12th 
Oct.,  1831. 
oct  25  SILAS  WRIGHT,  Jr  Oomptrollcr. 


^wb  msHav&sm 


V->_.  I. 


!(»(    '.EHTER,  NOV.   19,  1831. 


NO.  46. 


PUBLISHED  BY  _.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

u  cue  OITice  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 

Terms— $2.50  per  annum,  or 

sj  im  if  paid  in  advance.  


N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR. 


TO  FARMERS. 

THE    CLOSE  OF   THE    YEAR. 

Farmers,  the  close  of  the  year  is  approaching, 
and  we  sincerely  hope  that  yorj  will  all  be  aware 
of  the  importance  of  closing  your  fanning  busi- 
ness and  accounts  with  it.  Not  that  there  should 
actually  be  a  suspension  of  business  at  that  lime, 
but  that  you  may  say  to  yourself,  I  have  finished 
the  year's  labor;  I  have  settled  all  my  accounts, 
and  I  know  exactly  what  the  profits  of  the  last 
year  have  been.  Under  such  circumstances, 
man  can  commence  a  New  Year  with  more  hopes 
than  when  his  accounts  are  unsettled,  and  he  at  a 
loss  whether  his  last  year's  labor  has  been  attend- 
ed with  gain  or  not.  To  those  who  have  hither 
to  neglected  to  keep  accurate  accounts  of  their 
farming  operations,  we  would  earnestly  recoin 
mend  that  they  immediately  make  preparations 
for  so  doing,  tiie  coming  year;  and  as  an  induce- 
ment, we  offer  one  year's  numbers  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer,  to  the  one  who  shall  keep  his  farming 
accounts  in  the  plainest  and  most  accurate  man- 
ner ;  keeping  Dr.  and  Cr.  with  each  important 
crop,  and  giving  the  full  amount  of  capital  em- 
ployed in  lands,  stock,  utensils,  &c.  &c. ;  and 
transmitting  to  us  at  the  end  of  the  year,  a  dupli- 
cate or  copy  of  such  account,  which  we  will  pub- 
lish, if  requested.  Were  a  few  such  accounts 
kept  by  our  practical  farmers  and  published,  the 
public  would  be  in  possession  of  facts  from 
which  they  could  draw  conclusions  as  to  the  in- 
terest which  might  be  expected  from  capital  in- 
vested in  agricultural  business,  which  informa- 
tion they  are  deficient  in  at  this  time. 

It  has  been  said  that  farming  is  a  hard  labori- 
ous business,  and  is  attended  with  but  small  pro- 
fit; and  with  these  impressions,  parents  who  have 
sons  to  provide  for,  have  selected  professions  in 
preference  to  agriculture ;  but  we  think  that  were 
the  accounts  of  the  farmers  as  accurately  kept  as 
those  of  merchants  and  mechanics,  and  they 
as  industrious,  that  the  balance  of  profit  would 
be  in  their  favor.  Other  reasons  are  advanced  in 
favor  of  professions,  as  inducements  for  young 
men  to  engage  in  them,  many,  whih  we  think 
are  ridiculous  and  absurd ;  but  many  of  them  are 
rendered  so  by  the  farmer's  own  consent,  and  of 
course  they  ought  not.  to  complain.  One  power- 
ful reason  advanced  is  that  "the  farmers  have  lit- 
tle or  no  influence  in  public  business:"  this  we 
grant  is  correct,  and  why  1  It  is  not  because  they 
have  not  as  much  interest  at  stake  as  other  classes 
of  society; — neither  is  it  because  there  is  a  want 
of  intellect  among  them  •  but  because  they  under- 
rate their  own  consequenee,  both  as  to  numbers 
and  capital ;  and  if  they  abandon  their  own  inter- 
est, who  can  they  expect  will  take  care  of  it.  If 
any  society  is  formed  of  which  the  farmers  com- 
pose the  majority,  and  officers  are  to  be  appoint- 
ed, who  do  they  elect'! — any  but  a  farmer.  If 
town  officers  are  to  be  chosen,  who  do  they  vote 
for  1 — any  but  farmers.  If  for  the  county  %  some- 
times a  mechanic,  is  taken,  out  of  compliment ; 


but  rarely  a  farmer.  If  for  a  State  or  Congress- 
ional representation,  who  do  farmers  make  choice 
of,  or  rather  who  do  they  vote  for,  (for  they  are 
not  allowed  to  select;  this  is  done  by  the  office- 
hunters  themselves)  1  Not  for  farmers.  Why  is 
all  this  Egyptian  bondage,  that  farmers  must 
serve  task-masters  whose  interests  are  sepa- 
rate and  contrary  from  their  own"?  Is  it  because 
the  retirement  of  an  agricultural  life  has  a  tenden- 
cy to  render  those  who  pursue  it  modest  and  reti- 
ring, that  they  allow  themselves  to  be  brow  bea- 
ten by  a  class  of  people  who  consider  brass  a  more 
useful  metal  for  many  purposes  than  gold  ;  or  be 
cause  from  their  constant  occupation,  they  have  not 
time  to  collect  together  and  form  compacts  for  self- 
aggrandizement  1  What  class  of  men  were  the 
pride  and  boast  of  Rome,  during  her  days  of  pros 
perity  and  glory  1  Her  Farmers.  Who  was  it 
that  led  our  armies,  which  repelled  the  despotic 
power  of  England,  and  gained  for  us  our  Liber- 
ty and  Independence'?  It  was  Washington  ;  a 
name  which  will  stand  first  upon  the  roll  of  fame 
when  all  the  tyrants  of  the  old  world  shall  be  for- 
gotten ;  and  he,  be  it  remembered,  was  a  Farmer 
Now  let  us  conjure  you  to  have  that  respect  for 
yourselves,  which  you  are  entitled  to — Spend 
now  and  then  an  evening  making  calculations  up- 
on your  numerical  strength  and  importance;  then 
npon  your  capital  compared  with  that  of  all  other 
classes,  in  which,  remember  there  are  but  two 
kinds  of  capital, — landed  property  and  labor — 
all  other  kinds  of  property  being  representations 
of  these  two;  then  reflect  upon  what  proportion 
of  influence  belongs  to  you  in  national  affairs,  and 
whether  you  do  justice  to  yourselves  and  families 
by  delegating  it  to  others.  Finally,  qualify  your 
selves  for  any  business,  and  so  consider  your  own 
that  you  may  think  it  worth  reducing  to  order, 
which  will  be  sure  to  convince  you,  that  when  so 
followed,  it  is  attended  with  as  fair  a  profit,  and 
as  much  peace  of  mind  as  any  other;  and  that 
many  of  the  greatest  as  well  as  the  best  of  men 
of  all  enlightened  nations,  have  been  Farmers. 

NOTHING  NEW. 
"  There  is  no  new  tiling  under  the  sur.,"  said 
Solomon,  and  surely  he  was  a  wise  man.  Some 
of  our  readers  may  feel  disappointed  at  not  find- 
ing something  new  in  every  paper — some  dis- 
covery of  plants  or  animals  which  were  never 
heard  of  before,  or  some  new  invention  for  ma- 
king sugar  out  of  potato  tops,  or  fattening  hogs 
with  saw-dust,  or  some  short  way  of  procuring 
riches  without  labor.  Now  all  these  would  be 
very  pleasant,  and  we  will  keep  a  good  look  out 
for  them ;  and  should  any  such  improvement  be 
made,  we  will  be  sure  to  give  our  readers  the  ear- 
liest information :  but  in  the  mean  time,  we  would 
remind  them  of  an  old  decree,  which  we  believe 
is  yet  in  full  force,  which  is  that  we  "  must  eat  our 
bread  in  the  sweat  of  our  brow."  The  march  of 
improvement  is  slow  :  wise  and  cunning  men 
have  been  engaged  in  agriculture  for  many  cen 
turies,  and  it  requires  much  study  to  learn  what 
has  been  done  before  us ;  otherwise,  we  might 
rack  our  brains  to  invent  something  new  to  our- 
selves, which  when  we  had  perfected,  we  should 
find  had  already  been  done  by  those  of  old ;  and 
we  should  subscribe  to  the  declaration  of  the  wise 


man — To  learn  what  has  been,  and  take  the  ad- 
vantage of  known  principles  by  suiting  them  to 
existing  circumstances,  is  as  useful  as  to  be  search- 
ing for  the  Philosopher's  Stone,  which  is  to  con 
vert  all  our  iron  into  gold. 


CALVES. 

It  will  be  found  particularly  useful  before  the 
weather  becomes  severe,  to  pay  attention  to  calves, 
as  they  are  tender  stock  the  first  winter.  They 
should  he  learned  to  eat  provender,  Indian  meal, 
&c. ;  and  this  should  be  done  before  they  begin  to 
lose  flesh,  which  they  will  do  before  Christmas, 
unless  they  are  strictly  attended  to.  Those  calves 
which  were  not  allowed  to  suck  the  cows,  will  be 
learned  to  eat  more  readily  than  others,  but  all 
should  be  attended  to  until  they  eat  readily,  after 
which,  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  winter  them  in  such 
condition  as  you  choose,  but  according  to  the  old 
maxim,  "  it  is  bad  policy  to  keep  a  calf  all  winter 
and  allow  him  to  die  in  the  spring ;"  which  some- 
times happens,  unless  they  are  early  learned  to 


FENCES. 

We  have  noticed  what  we  consider  to  be  an  e- 
vil  in  farming  operations,  and  one  which  is  veiy 
common  ;  that  is.  alloying  fences  to  get  out  of  re- 
pair in  the  fall  of  the  year. 

There  appears  to  be  an  inclination  in  cattle  to 
congregate ;  and  they  seem  much  more  disposed 
to  ramble,  than  at  other  seasons  ;  therefore,  unless 
fences  are  in  repair,  they  contract  unruly  habits, 
which  it  may  be  difficult  to  break  them  of,  the 
coming  year.  Fences  which  have  stood  through 
the  summer,  are  not  as  strong  after  the  fall  rains 
have  commenced,  as  they  were  during  the  dry 
weather:  posts  and  stakes  are  more  easily  pushed 
down,  and  rails,  when  wet,  slide  more  easily  than 
when  dry ;  therefore,  those  who  would  keep  their 
stock  in  order,  should  give  a  little  attention  to 
their  fences.  Besides  contracting  bad  habits,  cat- 
tle do  much  damage  when  they  are  allowed  to 
range  over  the.  whole  farm.  Trees  are  browsed 
off — grass  grounds  which  are  soft  are  trodden  up, 
and  the  surface  rendered  uneven,  stack  yards  are 
broken;  and  hay  consumed  before  it  is  necessary. 
Instead  of  allowing  fences  to  go  out  of  repair,  this 
is  a  proper  season  for  repairing  them.  The 
weakness  of  rails  is  quite  as  easy  discovered 
when  wet,  as  when  dry,  and  such  as  are  unfit  for 
any  other  use,  should  be  taken  to  the  wood  house 
before  covered  with  snow.  Stakes  and  posts  are 
more  easily  driven  in  the  ground,  than  at  mid- 
summer; and  by  doing  repairing  in  the  fall, 
much  will  be  gained  in  the  spring.  Besides 
these  reasons  for  repairing  farms  in  the  fall,  when 
we  see  the  fences  down,  and  the  whole  farm  laid 
to  the  common,  we  are  apt  to  form  unfavorable  o- 
pinions  of  the  occupant.  Now  some  of  our  read- 
ers will  say  this  is  nothing  new.  No;  its  being 
common,  is  the  reason  why  we  have  mentioned 

it. 

LAYING  DOWN  PLANTS. 

There  are  many  tender  plants  that  do  not  en- 
dure the  winters  of  this  latitude  without  protec- 
tion ;  which,  nevertheless,  are  sufficiently  hardy  to 
prevent  the  necessity  of  taking  up  the  roots,  and 


362 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  19, 1831- 


only  need  the  tops  so  covered  as  to  prevent  being 
too  often  frozen  and  thawed :  such  are  some  of 
the  tender  kinds  of  European  Grapes,  Figs,  Hy- 
drangeas, &c. ;  a  very  convenient  and  safe  way  of 
protecting  6u:h  are,  to  bend  them  down  and  se- 
cure them  with  hooks,  and  cover  them  with  green 
sward  or  sods,  laid  upon  them  grass  downward, 
as  in  removing  them  in  the  spring,  the  operator  is 
not  as  apt  to  injure  the  plants  as  when  covered 
with  mould. 

THE  SEASON. 
We  have  been  informed  by  a  gentleman  from 
Grand  River,  U.  C,  that  there  has  been  more 
rain  during  the  months  of  September  and  October 
past,  than  is  remembered  to  have  fallen  during  the 
same  months  in  any  former  year,  by  the  oldest  in- 
habitants. In  much  of  the  country,  the  farming 
operations  have  been  greatly  retarded,  and  much 
ground  prepared  for  winter  wheat,  remains  un- 
sown. Our  informant  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  that 
there  was  not  more  than  half  the  quantity  of  win 
ter  grain  sown,  that  there  would  have  been,  hid 
the  weather  been  as  favorable  as  usual.  If  this  is 
true,  it  will  be  detrimental  to  the  farming  interest 
of  U.  C,  as  the  country  upon  the  north  side  of 
Lake  Ontario,  is  the  only  part  of  the  province 
where  a  surplus  produce  of  wheat  is  grown.  In  a 
communication  from  N.  Herbemont,  to  the  editor 
of  the  American  Farmer,  published  the  21st  Octo- 
ber, dated  Columbia,  S.  C.  Sept.  24th,  lie  savs, 
"  with  us,  all  this  summer  has  been  an  almost  un- 
interrupted series  of  rains;  such,  I  believe,  as  was 
never  witnessed  by  our  oldest  inhabitants."  This 
gentleman  is  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  grapes, 
and  making  wine;  and  observes  that  in  conse- 
quence of  the  continued  rains,  the  must  or  juice  of 
his  grapes  did  not  contain  so  much  saccharine 
matter  as  usual,  and  that  three  quarters  of  a 
pound  of  sugar  to  the  gallon  is  necessary  to  bring  I 
it  to  the  same  specific  gravity,  as  that  of  last  year. 
Many  of  his  grapes  burst,  and  he  estimates  that 
he  lost  100  gallons  of  wine  in  consequence,  upon 
one  sixth  of  an  acre;  yet,  notwithstanding,  he 
made  260  gallons,  or  at  the  rate  of  1500  gallons 
per  acre. 

The  following  challenge  is  from  the  National 
Intelligencer  :  and  although  we  have  not  been  so 
particular  as  to  weigh,  yet  did  not  omit  to  count 
the  potatoes  produced  from  one  hill  presented  to 
us,  which  numbered  80  great  and  small,  ard  meas- 
ured about  half  a  bushel ;  but  we  are  not  sure  they 
were  of  the  "  true  Irish  breed ;"  but  think  they 
were  American,  as  we  were  assured  they  were  na- 
tives of  the  state  of  New- York : 

Bkat  this  who  can. — The  following  cer- 
tificate, from  two  respectable  citizens,  shows 
what  the  land  in  this  neighborhood  is  capable 
of,  under  good  cultivation.  We  have  seen 
these  potatoes;  they  are  of  the  true  Irish 
breed.  -Nat.  Intel. 

Washingt  n  City,  Oct.  31,1831. — We 
certify  that  we  were  present  when  twelve  po- 
tatoes (raised  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Adam 
Lindsey  near  the  Navy  Yard,)  were  weighed, 
and  that  the  same  weighed  seventeen  and 
one  half  pounds  good  weight,  averaging 
nearly  one  and  one-half  pounds  each. 

george  b.  Mcknight, 
wm.  speiden. 

3275  squirrels  were  shot  in  a  hunt,  at  Norwalk, 
O.,  on  the  30th  October,  averaging  15  to  each 
hunter. 


CHINESE  MULBERRY.  {Morns  Multkau- 
lis.) 
In  answer  to  the  inquiries  of  J.  B.,  respecting 
this  plant,  we  would  inform  him  that  we  are  not 
aware  of  there  being  more  than  two  or  three 
plants,  which  have  been  wintered  in  this  county, 
all  of  which  withstood  the  seventy  of  the  cli- 
mate, without  any  material  injury.  A  few  years 
will  determine  whethe  it  will  supersede  the  com- 
mon White  Mulberry,  for  feeding  silk  worms, 
as  there  has  been  several  imported  into  this  coun- 
ty this  fall. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  GOLD. 
It  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  many,  that  A- 
merica  possesses  greater  mines  of  wealth,  than  a- 
ny  other  nation  in  the  world.  This  we  believe 
to  be  the  fact,  and  that  we  have  also  some  of  the 
best  mining  instruments  ever  invented ;  among 
which,  cast  inn  ploughs  and  hinge  drags  should 
be  placed  in  the  (fore)  ground,  by  those  who 
woull  gather  the  precious  metals. 


Rcvieio  of  the  Cincinnati  Markets. — The  fol- 
lowing is  from  the  Western  Tiller,  of  October 
29th,  1831: 
Flour,  superfine,  pcrbbl.  $1,50 

Wheat,  per  bush.  ,75 

Hemp,  per  ton,  120,00 

Lard,  per  lb.  ,08 

Pork,  mess,  per  bbl.  12,00 

Linseed  Oil,  per  gall.  1,00 

Should  these  prices  continue,  the  farming  inter- 
ests of  the  state  will  increase  beyond  precedent. 

The  following  prices  of  forced  fruits  and  ve- 
getables, in  Covent  Garden  Market,  is  from  Lou- 
don's Gardener's  Magazine  for  1826,  and  is  quoted 
to  show  the  encouragement  which  gardeners  re- 
ceive in  England,  for  producing  early  or  rare  spe- 
cimens : 

Feb.  7 — Asparagus  10  to  12s.  per  100. 
"  Apples  16  to  20s,  per  bushel. 

Cucumbers  21s.  per  brace. 
March  21. — Colman   Pears  21s.  per  doz.  and 
thought  cheap. 
Strawberries  3s.  per  ounce. 
Sweet  Water  Grapes  21  2s.  and  up- 
wards per  lb.  r 
April  21. — Grapes  24  to  30s.  per  lb. 
"            Strawberries  2s.  per  oz. 
"         i  Apples  34s.  per  bushel. 
May  1C. — Cherries  12  to  16s.  per  lb. 
At  those  prices,  we  think  our  gardeners  would 
furnish  as  fine  articles  as  could  be  found  in  Covent 
Garden  Market. 


j£J=The  following  note  is  appended  to  a  commu- 
nication on  American  Grapes,  in  a  late  number 
of  the  American  Farmer,  and  we  publish  it  for 
the  information  of  the  writer,  who  is  one  of  our 
most  esteemed  correspondents. 

[The  writer  of  the  above  will  accept  our 
thanks  for  bis  excellent  article,  and  we  soli- 
cit a  continuance  of  his  correspondence, 
feeling  well  assured  that  a  portion  of  our 
columns  cannot  be  better  occupied  than 
with  the  productions  of  such  a  pen.  The 
article  he  Speaks  of  in  a  privato  note,  which 
was  received  last  spring,  remains  for  the  ul- 
timate decision  of  the  committee  in  January 
next.  We  regretted  the  necessity  that  cal- 
led  Inr  Ibis  delnv.  mill  lltp  more  «n  ns  if  nn«t_ 


poned  the  pleasure  we  shall  derive  from  the 
appearance  of  that  article  in  our  columns.— . 
Will  the  author  favor  us  .-ith  his  address 
that  we  may  be  enabled,  as  a  small  mark  of 
the  high  estimation  in  which  we  hold  his 
writing0,  to  send  him  our  journal  ?] 

(t^-Several  communications  have  been  recei- 
ved since  the  portion  of  our  paper  allotted  to 
them,  was  filled,  which  will  appear  next  week. — 
We  make  room  for  the  following  in  this  place: 

FOE    THE   GENESEE   FARMER. 

A  late  number  of  the  New- York  Farmer  con- 
tains the  "  valedictory"  of  "  I  Guess."  Finding 
himself  unqualified  for  argument,  he  has  closed 
his  career  with  prevarication. 

The  Editor  of  the  New-York  Farmer  is  also 
inclined  to  withdraw.  He  appears  to  have  just 
found  out  that  it  issvwll  business  forthecoi  luctor 
of  a  respectable  paper  to  endorse  the  buffooneries 
of  his  correspondent ;  and  I  congratulate  him  on 
the  discovery.  CI. 

THE  FARMER. 

The  farmers  have  a  fine  season  to  gather  their 
late  crops;  to  make  up  their  apples  into  cider:  to 
bring  their  wheat  to  market ;  and  lay  in  their 
winter  stores. 

There  are  some  men  who  pretend  to  be  farmers ; 
— who  plough,  and  hoe,  and  sow,  and  harvest; — 
all  these  things  are  done  well  enough.  But,  when 
Old  winter  is  sifting  his  snow  flakes  about  their 
ears,  spend  their  time  in  sleigh  riding — at  tav- 
erns— shooting  matches,  and  make  a  dozen  christ- 
mases  and  New- Years,  during  the  winter.  What 
is  the  consequence?  Their  flocks  and  herds  are 
attended  by  boys,  or  not  at  all;  the  top-rails  of 
their  fences  are  burnt  off  until  the  boys  reach  the 
ground;  their  orchards;  garden;  nursery;  are 
brmosed  and  destroyed;  their  low  wet  meadow 
land,  trodden  up  by  cattle,  and  rooted  up  by  swine 
About  the  first  of  April  such  a  farmer  finds  his 
cattle  just  able  to  rise  alone :  his  sheep  dying  with 
disease ;  his  barn   empty ;  his  cribs  empty ;  his 

granay  .     The   man  seems   to  come  to 

himself, — he  goes  to  work  like  a  slave,  to  put  his 
grounds  under  fence, — and  to  prepare  his  lands 
for  the  plough. 

Such  a  man  is  not  a  farmer. 

If  the  picture  is  a  true  one  of  any  farmer  in 
Monroe  county,  we  hope  the  Temperance  Society 
will  give  him  an  Almanac. 

Convention  of  Tanners. — About  a  month  since 
our  townsman,  Jacob  Graves,  in  consequence  of 
not  being  able  to  obtain  the  insurance  of  his  targe 
and  extensive  Tannery,  from  a  positive  refusal 
of  the  Insurance  Companies  in  this  State,  to  in- 
sure Tanneries, — proposes  to  the  tanners  in  the 
State  to  hold  a  Convention  of  tanners  in  each 
county,  for  the  purpose  of  concentrating  and  ma- 
king a  schedule  of  the  number,  value  and  business 
of  the  tanneries  in  the  several  towns,  with  a  view 
of  applying  to  the  Legislature,  for  an  act  incorpo- 
rating the  Tanner's  Mutual  Insurance  Company 
Mr.  G.  estimates  the  capital  invested  in  tanneries, 
at  about  $5000,000. 

We  notice  in  a  Utica  paper,  that  Thomas  Wil- 
liams of  Vernon,  and  Ilubbel  &  Curran,  and  S 
Lightbody,  of  Utica,  concur  in  Mr.  Grave's  re- 
commendation, ami  have  called  a  meeting  of  the 
tanners  of  the  county  of  Oneida,  on  the  30th  No- 

v*n>ikpr  instnnt 


Vol  1.— No.  46. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


:h>3 


More  effects  of  whiskey. — Richard  Sinkcy,  was 
'.ately  put  on  his  trial,  for  the  manslaughter  of 
Samuel  Mayfield,  of  Johnstown,  O. ;  it  appearing 
however,  that  the  cause  of  the  death  of  Mayfield, 
was  owing  to  the  interference  of  Sinkey,  in  pre- 
venting a  quarrel  between  two  other  persons,  who 
had  assembled  with  others  to  drink  at  his  own 
house,  after  a  log-rolling. 

It  is  well  known  to  Me  a  very  common  practice 
in  new  countries,  to  invite  all  the  neighbors  to 
logging-bees,  (or  busys)  raising-bees,  &c.  There 
appears  to  be  some  necessity  for  these  mutual  as- 
sistances, where  a  neighbor  is  empty-handed,  and 
no  harm  would  arise,  if  they  would  banish  whis- 
key from  the  loggings,  andthe  raisings. 

But,  experience  has  proved  that  in  all  new  set- 
tlements, the  worm  of  the  still,  creeps  along,  and 
raises  its  ugly  head,  ere  a  meeting  house,  or  a 
school  hous-,  and  in  some  instances,  as  soon  as 
a  grist  mill,  and  long  before  a  saw  mill  is  built  or 
in  operation. 

We  have  therefore  to  raise  our  voice  against 
these  practices  or  precedents ;  but  we  will  not  do 
so  without  suggesting  a  remedy. 

If  a  fanner  has  not  (lie  means  to  hire  men  to  aid 
l-.itn  in  rolling  his  logs  together,  let  him  exchange 
works,  himself  amd  t»am ;  two  good  teams  and 
four  able  bodied  men  will  log  off  an  acre  sooner 
than  ten  of  your  dissipated, lank  fellows  who  lank 
about  from  busy  to  busy ;  their  work  is  done  bet- 
ter ;  teams  are  not  strained  or  abused  by  whiskied 
drivers;  and,  log-rollers,  depend  on  a,  you  would 
be  the  gainers.  And,  after  the  frolic  of  work  is 
over,  the  danger  from  the  frolic  of  play,  is  dispen- 
sed with  entirely. 

At  raisings  too,  of  log  as  well  as  frame  houses, 
it  lias  been  common  to  congregate  from  30  to  40 
men,  boys,  including  all  the  sots  :tnd  lazy  fellows 
of  the  neighborhood.  Now,  it  is  rarely  the  case, 
when  ten  good  hands  are  not  able  to  put  up  almost 
any  frame;  and  these  ten  generally  do  all  the  lift- 
ing at  the  raisings,  as  tile  sots  and  lazy  fellows  do 
little  more  than  to  take  hold  of  the  timber  or  log 
without  lifting  a  pound,  and  are  only  in  the  way 
It  is  as  well  known,  that  these  drunkards  and 
sloths  are  unfit,  and  are  never  trusted  to  go  aloft, 
end  are  of  no  use. 

Therefore,  should  any  man  having  such  jobs  to 
do,  hire  his  hands,  and  get  good  ones,  by  the  day, 
and  banish  whiskey,  he  would  be  the  gainer. 

Whoever  has  been  at  a  raising  or  a  busy,  who 
has  not  seen,  after  the  frame  is  up,  the  wrestling 
ring  formed;  next  a  rough-and-tumble  or  fighting 
ling  is  formed.  Men  transformed  into  beasts,  for 
the  time  being,  to  triumph  by  the  force  of  strength 
over  his  brother  animal,  either  in  wrestling  or 
fighting.  Bow  many  broken  limbs, — sprained 
limbs, — dislocated  limbs, — and  homiscides,  aie 
the  consequence  1 

Therefore,  farmers,  give  up  all  bees,  or  busys ; 
they  are  unprofitable ;  they  are  the  precursors  of 
broken  limbs,  maimings,  and  death. 

Daniel  Zane,  living  on  an  island  in  the  Ohio 

River,  near  Wheeling,  planted  a  pumpkin  seed, 
which  produced  a  vine,  covering  an  era  of  GO  feet 
square ;  bearing  45  pumpkins,  averaging  271bs. 
each,  in  all  1215  lbs. 

Jonas  Abby,  of  Middletown,  Va.  has  invented 
a  machine,  by  which  any  one  can  cut,  from  one  to 
20  pairs  of  boots  at  asingle  stroke  of  the  machine. 

He  asjrs  $?0  for  the  right  of  a  shop 


CANAL  COMMERCE. 

Flour. — There  has  been  shipped  east  on  the 
canal,  for  the  last  31  days  ending  on  the  15th  hist, 
sixty-seven  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven  barrels  of  flour — (67,477.) 

'fhere  has  also  been  collected  at  the  Collector's 
Office,  at  this  place,  thirty-two  thousand  three 
hundred  and  eleven  dollars  and  eighty-four  cents. 
—($32,311  84.) 

For  the  last  month,  boats  have  been  crowded 
with  down  freight ,  and,  from  the  appearance  of 
the  weather,  for  three  weeks  to  come,  to  canal  will 
remain  open. 

Brujfs  Elevating  Prwer  Engine  and  Com- 
pressing Machine. — We  were  invited  to  call  and 
view  a  model  of  the  above  mentioned  Machine,  at 
the  house  of  Dr.  Ezra  Strong,  who  is  the  proprie- 
tor of  a  patent  right  of  the  same,  near  the  Globe 
Building,  in  this  village.  The  model  is  not  very 
perfect,  but  sufficiently  so,  to  represent  the  great 
power  and  utility  of  this  discovery  of  a  new  prin- 
ciple in  the  application  of  the  double  lever,  double 
windlass,  and  capstan  ;  it  is  the  union  of  these 
powers,  that  is  now  patented. 

The  machine  can  be  applied  in  raising  vessels, 
steam  and  canal  boats  ;  weighing  anchors ;  dis- 
charging cargoes  ;  elevating  goods  into  the  lofts 
of  warehouses  and  stores  ;  elevating  stone  and  oth- 
er heavy  materials  in  building  churches,  mills,  &c. ; 
elevating  stone  from  quarries,  canal  beds,  coal 
from  pits,  or  ore  from  mines ;  loading  rail  road 
cars,  with  heavy  articles ;  elevating  or  removing 
buildings  ;  hauling  ships  or  boats  on  marine  rail 
ways ;  pressing  cider,  cotton,  cheese,  tobacco,  cic. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  give  a  technical  description 
of  this  machine.  The  simplicity  of  Us  construc- 
tion, will  enable  any  ingenious  carpenter  to  com- 
plete the  wood  work,  and  the  parts  necessarily 
composed  of  iron,  are  easily  obtained.  The  use 
of  the  capstan  is  to  lower  the  articles  which  have 
been  raised,  when  necessary  to  do  so;  or  that  can 
be  used  to  lower  goods  into  cellars,  boats,  vessels, 
&c.  They  may  be  constructed  of  any  size  re- 
quired ;  from  that  to  raise  a  steam  boat,  as  well 
as  to  press  a  cheese.  It  is  the  ease  and  facility  of 
accomplishing  the  object  which  may  be  desired, 
which  recommends  them  to  the  attention  of  mer- 
chants, and  others. 

We  understand  that  rights  for  States,  Territo- 
ries, counties,  cities,  towns,  and  single  rights, 
will  be  for  sale,  as  soon  as  several  models  can  be 
completed. 

We  respectfully  invite  merchants,  and  others, 
to  call  and  see  it. 


From  the  Lowell  Journal. 
SILK  MANUFACTURE. 

NO.   IV. 

Cottons  and  woollens  may  justly  be  con 
sidered,  in  a  great  measure,  as  articles  of1 
necessity,  and  hence  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at,  that  many  should  be  of  opinion  that  the 
United  States  should  not  be  dependent  for, 
them  in  their  commerce  with  foreign  nations,' 
liable  to  be  interrupted  by  wars,  and  by  vari-: 
ous  other  circumstances.  But  silk  can  nev-i 
er  be  considered  in  that  point  of  view  :  it  is! 
an  article  of  mere  luxury,  which  govern-; 
ments  have  sometimes  found  it  prudent  to! 
prohibit  altogether. 

It  is  certain  that  the  American  ladies 
would  be  as  handsome  and  as  lovely  in  their 
muslins  and  chintzes  as  they  were  some 
years  ago,  or  as  when  clad  in  the  lutestrings, 


fiorentines,  and  Gros  de  Naples  of  Italy  and 
France.  The  men  use  but  little  silk  in  tlteir 
vestments,  and  for  articles  of  furniture,  silk 
might  be  easily  superseded  by  other  stuffs 
not  less  elegant.  It  is  therefore  greatly  to 
be  lamented,  that  America  should  annually 
incur  an  enormous  debt  for  an  article  of 
merchandize,  that  might  be  so  easily  dispen- 
sed with.  But  as  that  cannot  be  avoided, 
there  is  no  other  remedy  than  to  find  the 
means  of  discharging  it.  It  is  always  a- 
larming  when  there  is  a  great  excess  of  im- 
portations from  foreign  countries  over  expor- 
tation* ;  an  excess  which  mus  be  paid  for, 
either  in  articles  of  value,  or  bankruptcies. 
The  latter  mode  of  payment  never  takes 
place  till  the  former  is  exhausted;  and  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  it  is  as  ruinous  to  na- 
tions as  to  individuals.  It  destroys  credit, 
which  of  all  articles  of  commerce  is  the  most 
valuable. 

If  a  rich  and  growing  article  of  exporta- 
tion may  be  pointed  out|  as  an  annual  set  off 
to  the  excess  of  importations,  a  real  service 
will  be  rendered  to  the  United  States.  This 
article  is  at  hand,  and  is  American  silk. 

It  appears  by  the  report  made  to  Congress 
by  their  Committee  on  Agriculture,  on  the 
22d  May,  1826,  that  in  1821  the  importa- 
tions of  manufactured  silks  into  the  United 
States  amounted  to  g4,486,424;  of  which 
$1,057,233  were  exported  ;  and  by  a  gradu- 
al increase  in  the  course  of  four  years,  the 
importation  amounted  to  #10,271,577  ;  of 
which  only  $2,565. 7  12  were  exported,  leav- 
ing a  balance  of  87,705,785  to  be  paid  for. 
It  has  gradually  increased,  and  the  consump- 
tion of  the  present  year  may  be  fairly  esti- 
mated at  glO, 000,000. 

Fortunately  for  the  United  States  the  na- 
tions that  supply  us  with  manufactured  silks 
are  as  much  in  want  of  the  raw  article,  as 
their  customers  are  of  their  fabrics.  France 
imports  annually  to  the  amount  of  thirty 
millions  of  francs,  of  raw  silks;  which  Great 
Britain  purchases  annually  to  the  amount  of 
one  million  eight  hundred  thousand  pounds 
sterling.  These  two  sums  exceed  fourteen 
millions  of  American  dollars. 

Here  then  are  two  rich  and  increasing 
markets  offered  to  the  industry  of  the  Amer- 
ican people  for  the  sale  of  their  raw  silk. — 
They  must  expect  to  meet  competition  with 
other  nations :  but  the  superiority  of  the 
American  silk  will  insure  them  a  prefer- 
ence. 

The  Bengal  silk,  which  England  imports 
to  the  amount  of  one  half  of  her  whole 
slock,  is  defective  in  its  preparation.  But 
for  that  object,  it  is  probable  England  would 
supply  herself  entirely  from  that  quarter,  as 
Bengal  is  a  part  of  her  dominions;  of  course 
her  Bengal  silk  can  only  be  employed  in 
the  coarser  manufactures,  while  those  of  Ita- 
ly ate  used  for  the  finer  and  more  delicate 
stuffs. 

I  conclude  from  these  premises,  that  the 
United  States  have  a  fair  prospect  of  en- 
riching themselves  by  the  sale  of  raw  silk, 
if  they  will  raise  it  in  sufficient  quantities, 
and  prepare  it  in  the  manner  required  by  the 
European  manufacturers.  V. 

Squashes. — The  elitor  of  the  Camden  (S.  C.) 
Journal,  says,  that  a  place  in  that  state,  called 
Hanging  Rock  Creek,  can  oidsquash  any  other 
place  in  the  state.  A  gentleman  raised  the  past 
season  one  weighing  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  pounds.  This  outsquahes  the  whole  tribe  of 
storv  tellers. 


3«4 


THE  GENi-SEE  FARMER 


November  19.  1831. 


COMMUMI   \       ONS 


FOR    THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

THE  MAN  ROOT. 

The  ,:  Man  root"  is  without  doubt  the  Convol- 
vulus panduraius.  It  is  cultivated  in  several 
gardens  in  this  vicinity;  and  I  have  a  variety 
with  double  flowers,  an  offset  of  which  I  should 
be  glad  to  send  to  the  Editor  of  the  Genesee  Far- 
mer. It  has  been  in  bloom  a  long  time  during 
this  season.  — 

THE  SWEET  POTATO. 
The  sweet  potato  was  successfully  cultivated 
perhaps  more  than  thirty  years  ago  by  Samuel 
Falkcnburg,  of  Romulus,  Seneca  county.  The 
only  difficulty  he  found  was  in  preserving  the 
:;  slips"  through  the  winter;  and  when  these  per- 
ished, in  procuring  others  from  the  south,  in  time 
for  planting.  Since  those  days,  however,  the  fa- 
cilities of  intercourse  with  distant  places,  have 
greatly  increased. 

I  had  long  wished  to  cultivate  this  plant,  but 
had  failed  in  some  attempts  to  procure  the  "seed." 
Most  unexpectedly  last  spring,  G.  T.,  of  Owas- 
co,  generously  sent  me  a  supply.  Without  delay, 
I  placed  them  in  a  hot-bed ;  and  by  the  time  the 
warm  season  was  confirmed,  I  had  sprouts  in 
plenty  for  my  purpose.  My  success  has  been  ve- 
ry encouraging.  On  opening  a  hill  at  the  request 
of  a  friend,  he  exclaimed,  "  This  sight  is  worth 
five  dollars  !  lam  now  satisfied  that  we  can  raise 
our  own  sweet  potatoes."  One  weighed  twenty 
ounces. 

The  soil  in  which  these  grew  is  not  such  as  I 
prefer  ;  and  I  have  been  much  gratified  with  the 
still  better  success  of  my  friend,  Dr.  S.  Mbsher, 
of  Union  Springs.  In  his  garden,  one  slip  pro- 
duced eleven  pounds.  The  largest  potato  weigh- 
ed two  pounds  ten  ounces,  and  another  two  pounds 
six  ounces.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  which 
was  dressed  with  well  rotted  manure  in  the  spring. 
Muck  from  the  woods,  mixed  with  common 
earth,  in  equal  portions,  firms  a  very  light  rich 
soil;  but  in  this,  the  sweet  potatoes  thou nh  nu- 
merous and  well  shaped,  were  small.  Unques- 
tionably, a  sandy  soil  is  the  b    ' 

The  red  sweet  potato  is  the  kind  we  have  both 
tied;  but  I  observe  that  //.  G.  Spafford 
in  No.  6  of  this  journal  says,  "  The  whitt 
earliest  and  the  best  for  our  climate."  Again  iii 
No  18,  he  adds,  "Two years  experience  satisfies 
me  that  the  while  sweet  potato  is  preferable  for 
this  climate  and  my  soil. — The  crop  here  is  dou- 
ble in  quantity,  and  the  potato  no  way  inferior  in 
quality."  Dr.  M'Chesney  prefers  the  red  and  y<  !- 
low  to  the  white  j  but  the  climate  of  his  i 
varies  considerably  from  ours.  D.  T. 

P.  S.  The  editor  of  the  New  Englan 
er,  says,  "  No  economical  method  of  preserving 
the  slips  for  seed  during  the  winter  in  New  Eng- 
land, has  yet  been  discovered  to  our  knowledge." 
Last  winter  Dr.  Moster  kept  the  slips  which 
produced  the  potatoes  above  mentioned,  in  dry 
sand,  in  a  warm  place.  Small  slender  potatoes  of 
(he  thickness  of  one's  finger,  or  even  less,  are 
preferred.  Those  have  less  surface  exposed  than 
large  potatoes,  and  a  fur  less  quantity  of  succu- 
lent matter,  liable  to  damage  and  decay. 

1,3G0,850,407,1U8  gallons  are  yearly  evaporated 
from  the  earth  and  sea.  Of  course,  that  quantity 
of  rain,  snow,  sleet,  and  hail,,  must  f*B> 


FOR  THE  CENESEE  FARMER. 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES. 

In  addition  to  the  list  of  ornamental  trees  con- 
tained in  your  93d  page,  allow  me  to  recommend 
the  Cucumber  Tree.  It  is  a  species  of  Magnolia, 
known  in  Botany  as  theM.  acuminata.  It  is  ve- 
ry common  about  Cleveland,  and  in  many  other 
parts  of  the  Reserve.  It  resembles  the  white  woo'  I 
or  poplar  ( Linodendron)  more  than  any  other  tree ; 
is  as  tall,  not  quite  so  large,  with  a  smoother  bark, 
and  is  found  in  a  similar  soil.  The  flower  is  not 
so  conspicuous,  but  its  abundant  scarlet  fruit,  of 
the  size  andfoim  of  a  small  cucumber,  is  highly 
ornamental,  as  are  also  its  very  large  shining 
leaves.  There  is  no  cleaner  tree,  and  its  stately 
form  and  beautiful  foliage  recommend  it  in  my 
view  as  the  finest  native  tree  of  this  climate,  for 
lawns  and  avenues.  E.  Y. 

Cleveland. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

PROTECTION  OF  GARDENS. 

If  some  of  your  legal  friends  will  furnish  you 
for  publication  a  brief  abstract  of  your  laws  under 
the  revised  system,  for  the  protection  of  your  gar- 
dens and  orchards,  he  might  render  an  essential 
service  for  the  direction  of  your  New- York  read- 
ers, and  for  the  instruction  of  legislators  in  other 
states.  In  Ohio,  the  law  gives  us  practically  no 
protection.  To  plunder  gardens,  orchards,  corn- 
fields, or  woodland,  is  not  a  penal  offence.  The 
sufferer  may  commence  an  action  of  trespass,  and 
in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  he  will  have  the  costs  to 
pay.  So  great  is  the  evil  in  many  villages,  as  to 
render  it  useless  to  attempt  the  cultivation  of  th  e 
finer  fruits.  Imprisonment  for  debt  is  virtually  a- 
bolished.  By  our  law,  any  person  in  custody  up- 
on mesne  or  final  process  in  any  civil  action,  shall 
be  forthwith  discharged  on  taking  an  oath  that  he- 
lias  no  property  liable  to  execution.  The  busi- 
ness is  done  in  five  minutes.  The  greater  part  of 
the  population  of  any  village  may  every  day  and 
hour  go  with  impunity,  into  a  neighbor's  land,  and 
take,  at  pleasure,  fruit,  corn,  or  timber,  and  set  the 
owner  at  defiance.  The  only  remedy  is,  an  ap- 
peal to  Lynch's  law,  or  the  law  of  force.        Z. 

Oh 

FOR  THE  GENESEE   PARMER. 

MILITARY  TRAININGS,  No.  3. 

The  question  in  regard  to  the  injustice  of  the 
military  tax,  we  stated  in  our  last  number,  1 1 
ded  entirely  upon  the  utility  of  the  militia  system 
It  wns  conceded  that  the  only  point,  was  whether 
the  public  good  required  the  contimi 
system.     In  discussing  this  bianeh  of  lip 

ball  in  the  first  place,  contend  that  there  is  no 
longer  any  necessity  or  occasion  for  the  exaction 
of  Military  duty,  with  reference  to  the  internal  con- 
dition, and  to  till  external  relations  of  our  country. 
The  reasons  which  led  at  first  to  the  establishment 
of  the  militia  system,  no  longor  exist — our  gov- 
ernment was  then  in  its  infancy.  We  were  sur- 
rounded by  numerous  hostile  ti  ibi  s  of  Inchs 
were  liable  to  be  engaged  in  war  with  several  ol 
the  European  nations.  A  seven  years  war  had 
reduced  us  to  poverty,  and  involved  us  in  debt. — 
Our  population  was  tein,  and  scattered  over  a  vast 
extent  of  territory — and  it  became  a  matter  of  ne- 
cessity to  provide  for  the  common  defence  by  famil- 
iarizing our  citizens  to  arms  and  military  disci- 


pline. Anterior  to  our  revolution,  the  frequent  in- 
roads of  the  Indians  upon  our  settlements,  and  the 
barbarous  cruelties  committed  by  them,  compelled 
the  inhabitants  to  be  constantly  armed,  and  to  per- 
form alternately  the  duties  of  a  soldier  and  a  hus- 
bandman. Hence,itwas  supposed  by  the  foundersQf 
the  Federal  Government,  that  it  was  necessary  te 
establish  a  general  militia  system  for  mutual  pro- 
tection and  defence — and  indeed  the  exigences  of 
the  times  demanded  some  such  provision  for  the 
security  of  our  new  inland  settlements. 

But  the  case  is  now  greatly  altered.  We  have 
become  a  populous,  wealthy  and  powerful  nation 
We  have  a  small  standing  army,  and  a  respecta- 
ble and  growing  navy.  We  have  fortifications 
and  garrisons  at  all  important  posts.  We  have 
arsenels  in  all  parts  of  thecountry  filled  with  arms 
and  military  stores.  We  have  military  schools  fit- 
ting young  men  for  the  command  of  our  armies, 
whenever  we  shall  need  their  services.  We  are 
at  peace  with  all  the  world.  Our  local  advantages 
and  internal  resources  are  such  that  there  is  no  na- 
tion that  will  be  anxious  to  make  war  upon  us„ 
and  there  is  none  near  us  hardy  enough  to  attempt 
it.  The  Indian  tribes  we  have  cither  civilized 
entirely  out  of  the  way,  or  are  rapidly  accomplish- 
ing the  work.  The  policy  of  our  nation  is  to  be 
at  peace  with  all  mankind,  and  there  is  not  the 
most  distant  probability  that  our  friendly  relations 
with  other  nations  will  be  interrupted  perhaps  for 
centuries.  Tl.  current  public  sentiment  through- 
out the  civilized  world  is  opposed  to  war — and 
the  cultivation  of  a  martial  spirit  is  very  general- 
ly condemned  and  reprobated  by  all  enlightened 
Christian  nations.  S. 


MR.  CHAPIN'S  ADDRESS. 

I'otict  id  el  I'ntni  pagl 

The  soil  and  climate  of  the  United  States, 
experiment  has  abundantly  proved,  are  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  vine,  and  the 
efforts  now  making  to  establish  vineyards  in 
the  different  sections  of  the  country,  will 
result,  in  a  few  years  it  is  confidently  ex- 
pected, in  affording  a  competent  supply  of 
wholesome  wines  for  domestic  consumption. 
Among  the  indigenous  vines  of  the  United 
States,  from  which  good  wines  have  already 
been  made,  are,  the  Scuppernong,  Isabella, 
Schuylkill  and  Catawba.  A  single  vine  of 
the  Scuppernong,  a  native  of  North  Caroli- 
na, has  been  known  to  produce  a  ton  of 
grapes  in  one  year,  which  yielded  eight  bar- 
ids  of  wine.  Wine  made  from  the  Schuyl- 
kill grape,  at  a  vineyard  in  the.  District  of 
Columbia,  President  Jefferson  pronounced 
■  worthy  the  best  vineyards  of  France. "— 
The  opinion  of  this  keen  observer  of  nature, 
and  patron  of  science,  i-,  upon  this  subject, 
entitled  to  the  highest  regard,  from  the  fact, 
that  added  to  the  other  sources  of  his  infor- 
mation and  large  experience,  in  the  sum- 
met  of  1787,  while  Embassador  at  the  Court 
of  St  Cloud,  he  made  a  tour  of  obsen  ation 
through  the  departments  of  France,  and  the 
north  of  Italy,  devoted  to  the  culture  of  the 
vine  and  the  olive.  Chainpaigne  wine  has 
been  made  from  the  Slimier  grape,  at  a  vine- 
yard near  Georgetown,  which  was  pronoun- 
ced, by  French  gentlemen,  the  best  they  had 
drank  out  of  France. 

A  competent  supply  of  native  wine  would 
relieve  this  country  from  a  heavy  annual  ex- 
penditure for  the  foreign  article.  The  Uni» 
led  Slates  ought,  in  all  respects,  tp  be  indc 


Vol.  1.— No.  46. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


365 


pendent  of  foreign  nations,  for  a  supply  of 
every  necessary  and  luxury  of  life,  which 
can  be  produced,  from  our  own  soil,  by  the 
persevering  enterprise  and  skilful  labor  of 
the  inhabitants.  Besides,  national  wealth 
and  prosperity  are  closely  connected  with, 
and  dependent  upon,  the  successful  applica- 
tion of  national  industry  to  the  production 
of  every  thing,  that  is  found  to  be  useful,  or 
necessary.  In  addition  to  these  considera- 
tions, it  is  believed,  that  a  permanent  supply 
of  wholesome  domestic  nines,  » ill,  in  a  great 
measure,  banish  the  use  of  ardent  spirits, 
and,  in  this  way,  accomplish  more  toward 
correcting  the  habit  of  intemperance  which 
now  prevails  to  an  alarming  extent,  than  all 
the  associations  of  individuals  t luat  have 
been,  or  can  be  formed,  for  that  laudable  ob- 
ject. If  these  cheering  and  auspicious  re- 
sults follow  the  successful  culture  of  the 
vine,  it  may  be  safe  to  calculate,  that  one  of 
the  greatest  of  national  blessings,  will,  in  a 
i'aw  years,  assuredly  result,  from  the  direc 
tion  public  opinion  and  individual  enter- 
prise seem  to  have  taken  in  reference  to  this 
subject. 

It  may  be  expected,  at  least,  that  the  high- 
ly refreshing  and  nutritive  fruit  of  the  vine 
« ill  be  added  to  the  catalogue  of  fruits  in 
common  use,  and  be  generally  cultivated  in 
the  kitchen  gardens  of  this  country. 

To   obtain    new    varieties    of    esteemed 
'rapes,  the    process  must  commence   when 
the  vines  are  in  flower,  by  bringing  the   dif- 
ferent sorts  so  near  together,  that  the  pollen 
of  the  anthers  of  one   kind,    will  communi- 
cate with    the  stigma  of  the   other,  and  the 
seed    obtained   from   the    fruit,  thus   raised, 
will  yield  a  subvariety,  differing  from  either, 
yet  partaking  somewhat   of  the  characteris- 
tics of  both  the   original  stocks.     The  most 
valuable   additions  to   the  modern   varieties 
ol  grapes,   in  Great  Britain,  have    been  ob- 
tained by  sowing  the  seeds.     Among  these, 
are  the  Red    Hamburgh,  and   Miller's  Bur- 
gundy, which  last  takes  its  name  from  the  o- 
riginal  cultivator,  and   is  sometimes    called 
the  Black   Cluster.     Tins  grape,  I  am  hap- 
!u  to  add,    is  found  in  the  gardens  of  mail) 
members  of  this  Society.     Several  excellent 
varieties  of  the  Sweetwater,  Chasselas    and 
Hamburgh    grapes,    have  been    raised  from 
the  seed,  by  English  nurserymen.      It   is  as- 
serted,   that    the    much    esteemed    Isabella 
grape  which  is  a  native  of  the  United  Stales, 
was  produced  by  seed  from  one  of  the  indi- 
genous grapes,  crossed  by   an  exotic.     Fine 
specimens  of  the   Isabella  grape,  have  been 
on  this  occasion,  presented  by  several  mem- 
bers of  the  Society;    and  it  may  not  be  tin 
worthy  of  remark,   that  one  vine  in  this  vil 
lage,  has  produced  from  eight  to  ten  bushels 
of  grapes  dining  the  present   season.     For 
eign  grapes  are  apt,  in  this  climate,  to  mil 
dew,  and  are  subject  to  a  multiplicity  of  dis 
eases  which   discourage  and  retard  their  cul 
tivation.     New    varieties   of  every    kind    of 
fruit  and  esculent  plants,  may   be   obtained 
by  means  of  artificial  impregnation,  or  cross- 
ing.    This  fact  is  observed  by  all  who  raise 
different  sorts  of  melons  on  the   same  piece 
of  ground.     In  a  short  tune  they  become  in- 
termixed, or  crossed,  by  the  bees  and  other 
insects  conveying  the  pollen   of  the  flowers 
of  one   kind,    to   those  of  another.     Some 
sorts  deteriorate,  while  others  improve,  and 
by  planting  the  seeds,  thus  raised,  for  several 
successive  years,  you  obtain  a   melon  which 
is   a   new  subvariety,  eutirely  distinct  from 
either  of  the  sorts  with  which  you  commen- 
ced. 


I  would  submit,  with  deference,  for  the 
consideration  of  the  Society,  whether  it 
would  not  be  an  object  well  worthy  their  at- 
tention, to  encourage,  in  some  suitable  man- 
ner, the  raising  of  vines  from  the  seeds,  and 
more  especially,  from  the  seeds  of  indige- 
nous grapes,  crossed  by  the  most  esteemed 
varieties  of  wine  and  table  grapes,  brought 
from  foreign  countries.  The  results  might 
prove  the  most  auspicious  for  the  interests  of 
American  horticulture.  What  lover  of  ru- 
ral employment  and  horticultural  improve- 
ment, would  not  delight  to  witness,  in  his 
own  garden  and  pleasure  grounds,  the  off- 
spring of  his  own  culture,  resulting  from  the 
intermarriage  of  the  vine  brought  from  the 
genial  climate  and  classic  plains  of  Attica, 
with  the  blushing,  bride  of  the  American  for- 
est, that  blooms  and  bears  the  clustering 
'honors  thick  upon"  her,  until  there  conies 
"a  U.lling  frost,"  when  they  drop,  one  after 
another,  upon  th  ■  desert  earth,  untasted  and 
unknown.  Why  may  not  our  own  cultiva- 
ted woodlands,  at  no  distant  day,  be  devo- 
ted, like  the  grove  of  Ojont.es,  to  scenes  of 
rural   festivity   and    harmless    gaiety,  where 


already,  in  the  surpassing  fertility  of  its  soil', 
and  'hat  then  it  will  be  more  than  the  glory 
of  Roman  citizenship,  to  say  of  a  man,  he  is 
a  Genesee  Farmer  ? 

Those  extensive  gardens,  that  unite  the 
wildest  scenery  with  the  most  picturesqui 
beauty  ;  that  present  to  the  eye  the  lovely 
lawn  enamelled  with  flowers,  and  the  silver 
stream  gliding  over  golden  sands  ;  that  con- 
tain greenhouse  plants  of  tender  exotics,  and 
ever  blooming  flowers;  that  sustain  the  cost- 
ly machinery  of  forcing  houses,  in  which  the 
pine  apple,  the  orange,  the  date  and  the  fig 
are  laised  with  certainty  and  success;  thai 
ate  planted  with  trees,  and  shrubs,  and  herbs 
filling  the  air  with  balmy  odors  and  aromat- 
ic fragrance;  that  captivate  the  soul  with  the 
delightful  melody  of  rare  singing  birds  ; 
that  refresh  the  senses  with  a  perpetual  suc- 
cession of  the  most  delicious  fruits,  can  be 
established  and  maintained  only  by  royal 
munificence.  Beit  ours  to  improve  and  a- 
dorn  the  humbler  walks  of  horticulture,  in 
which,  practical  utility  shall  be  the  foremost 
aim  :  and  when  our  gaidens  are  supplied  with 
an    abundant   variety  of  nutritious   esculent 


flowing  goblets  of  native  wine  will  cheer  the!'  vegetables  and  delicious  fruits,  let  the  works 
song  and  the   dance,  and  their  verdant  bow-  i  of  art  and  imagination  come  in  aid  of  the  ob- 
jects of  our  Society,  and  give  the  crowning 
effort  to  the  whole.     But  the   attainment  ol 


ers  and  summer  shade  be  dedicated  to  inno- 
cence and  love!  Such  scenes  in  ancient 
days  were  the  favorite  retreats  of  poetry  and 
philosophy,  of  religion  and  patriotism. 

"  There  in  perpetual  summer  shade, 
Apollo's  prophets  sit, 

Amid  the  flowers,  that  never  fade, 
But  flourish  like  their  wit : 

To  whom  the  nymphs,  upon  their  lyres, 
Time  many  a  curious  lay, 

And  with  their  most  melodious  quires, 
Make  short,  the  longest  day." 
It  is  one  of  the  most  gratifying  achievements 
of   science  and  the    arts,  that  modern  horti- 
culture is  so  far  in  the  advance    of  that   of 
the    most  polished   nations   of  antiquity. — 
Modern   experiments  have    proved,  that  the 
fruit  of  the  vine,  and  the  peach,  may  be  en- 
larged by  making  an  incision,  at  the  proper 
season,   around  a  fruit  bearing   branch,  and 
removing  a  strip  of  the  bark.     And  buds,  for 
the    purpose    of  inoculation    taken    from    a 
branch  of  the  peach,  thus  treated,  it  is  found, 
will  yield  larger  fruit.     Similar  experiments 
upon  other  fruits,  would,  perhaps,  lead  to  the 
like  results.     Celery  has  been  recently  rais- 
ed to  the  height  of  five  feet,  perfectly  blanch- 
ed by  keeping  the  plants  constantly  watered. 
Many  common  fruits,  that  no  gardener  at  the 
present  day  omits  to  cultivate,  as  the  currant, 
the  gooseberry,  and  the  raspberry,  were  un- 
known to  the  Romans  ;  and   an  almost  end- 
less  variety    of  esteemed    pears,  plums,  ap- 
ples, cherries  and  peaches,  has  been,  in  mod- 
ern times,  produced,  by  planting   the  seeds 
and  kernels  raised  by  the  intermixture  and 
crossing  of  the  different  varieties  of  the  same 
species,  and  in  this  manner,  the  catalogue  of 
delicious  fruits    has  been  much   enlarged. — 
Even  the  far-famed  gardens  of  the  Hesper- 
ides,  situate  near  Mount  Atlas,  which  con- 
ained  the  golden   apples  that  Juno  gave  to 
Jupiter  on  the  day    of  their  nuptials,    have 
been  rivalled  and  surpassed,  in  modern  times, 
by  the  British  royal  gardens   of  Kensington 
and  Hampton   Court.     Is  it  presuming  too 
much,  to  predict,  that    before   the   present 
generation  shall   pass  away,  Western   New- 
York  will   rival  the    best   days  of   Roman 
greatness,  in  the  richness,  variety  and  excel- 
lence of  its  vegetable  productions,  as  it  does 


these  ejects,  be  they  ever  so  interesting  or 
desirable,  can  be  accomplished  only  by  sci- 
entific experiment  and  research  and  the  pa- 
tient untiring  effort  of  skilful  industry.  In- 
dustry is  the  magic  wand  that  eonveits  eve- 
ry thing  into  gold  :  it  smites  the  earth,  and 
it  gushes  forth  with  a  profusion  of  delights  : 
it  unfurls  the  sail,  and  the  delicious  fruits  of 
the  tropics  and  the  balmy  spices  of  India, 
are  wafted  to  our  shores:  it  scatters  bless- 
ings over  every  land,  and  contentment,  and 
joy,  and  renovated  hope  gladden  the  face 
and  pervade  the  hearts  of  men. 

The  culture  of  greenhouse  plants  and 
flowers,  the  fit  emblems  of  vestal  purity, 
seems  to  fall,  appropriately,  within  the  pro- 
vince of  the  ladies.  These  constitute,  if  1 
may  so  speak,  the  poetry  of  nature.  Thev 
paint  the  landscape  with  variegated  and 
beautiful  colors,  and  fill  the  air  with  the  most 
delightful  fragrance.  Transplanted  at  the 
proper  season,  they  become,  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  the  cherished  and  admired  inmates 
of  the  drawing- room  ;  and  their  verdure  and 
beauty  form  a  pleasing  contrast  with  the  leaf- 
less forest,  and  ice-bound  earth.  And, 
while  we  award  to  the  ladies  exclusive  do- 
minion over  this  elegant  department  of  hor- 
ticulture, it  would  be  inexcusable,  in  us,  on 
this  occasion,  not  to  acknowledge  the  obli- 
gation this  Society  is  under  to  them,  for  the 
kind  regards  they  have  shown  to  it,  by  at- 
tending the  meetings,  and  entering  the  lists 
of  competition,  for  the  rewards  it  confers. — 
Cheered  with  the  smiles  of  beauty,  and  ani- 
mated by  the  presence  of  those  whom  we 
most  love  and  delight  to  honor,  we  have  a 
pledge  of  ultimate  success,  which  canilot 
fail  to  minister  to  the  refinement  of  social 
intercourse,  and  advance  the  more  specific 
objects  of  the  Association. 

It  is  not  among  the  least  of  the  benefits  of 
horticultural  associations,  that  their  moral 
influences  are  all  on  the  side  of  virtue.  The 
grace  and  beauty  of  external  objects,  exert  a 
silent,  yet  certain  and  pervading  influence 
over  the  human  character  and  affections.— 
The  simple  and  spotless  nature  of  children, 
delights  in  all  the  manifestations  of  good- 
ness, which  the  kind  Parent  of  the  UnivejSE 


-J66 


THE  GENFSEE  FARMER 


has,  so  profusely,  scattered  around  them. — 
Associations,  like  the  vernal  flowers  beneath 
their  feet,  are  constantly  springing  up  in 
tbeir  tender  minds,  and  influencing  their 
thoughts  and  volitions,  which,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, form  their  essential  character.  Per- 
ceiving, in  the  gardens  and  pleasure  grounds, 
the  miniature  world  which  surrounds  them, 
that  the  flowers  precede  the  fruits,  they  learn, 
that  their  good  actions,  the  best  fruits  of 
their  lives,  should  be  attended  with  the  gra- 
ces. 

In  these  United  States,  a  genial  climate,  a 
fertile  soil,  the  nature  of  our  civil  institutions, 
and  the  character  of  the  inhabitants — all, 
invite  to  the  peaceful  and  profitable  employ- 
ments of  rural  life.  It  is  here,  if  any  where 
nnder  the  broad  canopy  of  Heaven,  that 
horticulture  will  r  vive  and  flourish:  it  is 
here,  that  man,  prompted  by  a  lofty  and 
generous  philanthropy,  will  exert  he  tin- 
bought  energies  of  his  body  and  soul  to  pro- 
mote the  greatest  sum  of  human  enjoyment  : 
it  is  here,  that  the  triumphs  of  art  will  draw 
from  the  bosom  of  the  earth,  copious,  gush- 
ing streams  of  hlessings,  which  will  flowo- 
ver  and  enrich  the  land  :  it  is  hare,  in  the 
latter  day  glory,  that  justice,  and  mercy,  and 
temperance,  and  all  the  virtues,  shall  pro- 
claim in  songs  of  praise,  the  goodness  of 
God.  and  the  manifold  beauty  of  his  works. 


From  Hie  \*-w  York  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  VIII. 

The  true  dignity  of  Manners  and  Deport- 
ment. 
Mr.  Fleet, — Having  spoken  rather  con- 
temptuously of  what  are  failed  the  '  accom- 
plishments of  a  fashionable  education,  let 
me  say  a  little  about  what  I  consider  desira- 
ble, as  to  personal  manners,  as  well  for  us 
Farmers,  country  people,  as  for  all  others. — 
Self-respect,  is  a  first  requisite  of  good  man- 
ners, the  consciousness  of  which  leads  direct- 
ly to  self-possession,  on  which  all  true  digni- 
ty of  pei son  il  deportment  so  essentially  de- 
pends. With  a  mind  at  ease,  the  manners 
are  easy,  and  graceful.  He  who  is  constant- 
ly on  the  tenter  hooks,  seeking  superiority 
of  extension,  greatness,  in  the  eyes  of  oth 
ers,  is  not  only  not  at  ease,  himself,  but  is  a 
sort  of  disquietet  to  all  those  around  him  — 
True  dignity,  with  ill  the  gracefulness  of 
manner  that  results  from  it,  is  the  offspring 
of  nature,  not  of  art.  He  who  will  always 
be  himself,  at  h  me,  abroad,  and  in  all  soils 
of  company,  may,  if  he  have  mind  and  in- 
telligence, always  be  at  ease,  and  every 
where  be  received  with  all  the  attention  that 
is  due  to  him.  The  man  of  affectation,  on 
the  contrary,  is  n  ver  at  ease,  because  act- 
ing in  an  assumed  character.  There  is,  a 
consciousness  of  rectitude,  that  which  does 
more  toward  making  the  mann  rs  agreea- 
ble, than  most  persons  seem  to  he  aware  of, 
as  well  as  in  a  constant  habit  of  being  our- 
selves, every  where,  and  acting  like  our- 
selves. Liars,  they  say,  should  have  good 
memories;  ami  so  also  should  players  not 
merely  those  of  the  stage,  hut  ill  who  per- 
sonate characters  not  truly  their  own.  In 
order  to  apply  all  these  remarks,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  consider  that  the  very  essence  of  true 
politeness,  is  nothing  Minn:  nor  less  than  ac- 
tual civility.  He  who  would  always  do  to  oth- 
ers exactly  as  he  would  have  others  do  by  him, 
and  act  so,  cherishing  sell  respect,  and  res- 
pectful regrad  lor  others,  maj  ;  i  where  he 
will,  and  be  every  where  a  man  of  good 
manners,    The   forms  of  society,  however, 


November  19,  183 


are  not  all  the  sa:ne;  and  much  that  we 
find,  in  circles  where  manners  are  made  the 
most  artificial  by  excess  of  studied  'accom- 
plishments,' has  very  little  to  do  with  mere 
civility,  and  even  less  with  the  gospel  max- 
im above  quoted.  Under  the  idea  of  polite- 
ness, we  meet  with  a  redundance  of  un- 
meaning forms,  and  so  much  goodness  of 
exterior,  as  to  make  us  country  folks  believe 
the  interior  must  be  bad,  where  there  is  so 
much  that  seems  to  us  overwrought.  The 
presumption,  rather,  I  should  say,  is,  that  all 
is  not  right,  where  there  is  so  much  that  we 
deem  artificial.  This  is  what  so  'bejiutters' 
our  young,  country  bred  people,  on  first  going 
to  town,  and  what  makes  them  so  slow  in 
learning  to  be  as  polite  as  our  city  cousins. 

In  real  dignity  of  character,  and  in  all 
that  ease,  and  gracefulness  of  manner,  that 
gives  to  personal  appearance  and  deport 
ment  such  a  charm.  I  have  seen  as  fine  mod- 
els, among  country  Farmers,  as  in  any  of 
the  walks  of  life.  In  the  higher  circles,  as 
to  mind,  we  meet  with  much  less  of  mere 
ceremony,  in  all  countries,  than  in  the  sub- 
ordinate ranks.  There  was  less  in  the  house 
of  our  Washington.  Adams,  Jefferson,  Mad- 
ison, Monroe,  and  Jay,  Morris,  and  the  late 
Chancellor  Livingston,  than  in  the  hou- 
ses of  most  small  men,  on  setting  up  for 
gentility.  In  the  circles  of  those  men, 
country  people  were  perfectly  at  their  ease, 
and  without  any  occasion  to  blush  for  their 
simplicity  of  manners.  There  was  much 
less  extravagance,  also,  in  their  dress,  and  in 
that  of  the  circles  in  which  they  moved. — 
General  Washington  used  often  to  say,  that, 
of  all  men  he  knew,  the  most  polite  men 
w  re  those  who  had  the  least  politeness,  as  a 
model  of  which  he  would  name  certain  Far- 
mers, whose  names  are  well  known  to  the 
public.  They  were  good  men,  and  great 
men  but  it  always  appeared  to  me  that  the 
whole  sum  and  substance  of  t  eir  ery  a- 
greeable  manners,  consisted  in  mere  civility, 
and  the  abiding  influence  of  the  golden  rule 
of  the  gospel.  They  had  such  manners  as 
are  formed  in  the  families  of  intelligent  and 
sensible  people  on  their  Farms,  in  the  coun- 
try, with  which  they  may  travel  agreeably, 
every  where,  among  people  of  mind,  each 
as  regardless  of  the  others  etiquette,  as  of 
his  dress.  In  order  to  be  always  perf-  ctly  at 
home,  in  our  manners,  we  have  only  to  be 
perfectly  ourselves,  at  home,  and  abroad  ; 
and  to  consider  civility  as  all  that  there  is, 
of  any  importance,  in  what  passes,  every 
where,  so  far  as  good  sense  is  concerned,  as 
good  breeding. 

Having  introduced  my  readers  to  some  of 
the  Sugar-Works  •  Parties,'  of  my  youth, 
they  will  excuse  me  for  a  passing  notice  of 
some  others,  pertinent  to  the  present  subject. 
In  the  autumn  of  1814,  during  the  late  war, 
I  had  occasion  to  transact  some  business 
with  Mr.  Madison,  now  a  Fanner,  and  a  ma- 
gistrate, then  President  of  the  United  States. 
He,  ■  s  is  well  known,  was  one  of  our  Men 
of  the  Revolution,  a  fine  model,  associated 
with  as  line  a  model  for  Women,  in  the  late 
Mrs.  Madison.  Mr.  Madison  was  unwell, 
confined  to  his  bed,  and  I  was  invited  to  the 
house,  the  House  of  the  Nation,  the  '  Palace,' 
for  the  time  being,  of  our  Presidents.  There 
was  a  spare  bed  for  me,  with  social  affability 
in  the  family,  and  I  soon  found  myself  as 
much  .j i  home,  in  my  manners,  as  il  it  my 
own  home.  Here  were  'Parties,'  often  e- 
nough.butno  affectation  of  any  thing  better 
than  civility,  in  manners,  and  there  was  so 


little  of  mere  ceremony,  idle  etiquette,  that, 
though  I  had  found  much  fault  with  the  con 
duct  of  the  administration,  through  the  war, 
I  began  to  suspect  there  had  been  too  much 
of  prejudice,  in  my  estimate  of  the  men, and 
so,  in  fact,  I  have  found  it.  I  there  met  with 
the  principal  men  of  the  government,  and 
had  them,  in  my  way,  n  a  closcfand  inti- 
mate inspection.  One  afternoon,  just  after 
a  Cabinet  Council  Meet  ng,  while  the  rooms 
were  filled  with  company,  a  stout,  portly,  and 
athletic  old  man,  in  the  habit  of  a  Farmer, 
came  up  and  shook  hands  very  cordially 
with  Mr.  Madison.  It  struck  me  at  the  time, 
that  hi  manner  was  such  as  to  say,  though 
with  perfect  modesty,  I,  also,  am  a  man. — 
There  was  about  him  an  air  of  conscious 
dignity,  such  as  we  have  been  wont  to  con- 
ceive of  an  old  Roman  Senator,  that  could 
exchange  civilities  with  any  body,  but  cringe 
to  nobody.  He  had  a  daughter  with  him,  a 
Farmer's  daughter,  and  her  manners  were 
worth)  of  the  sire,  and  the  Farm.  When  I 
was  introduced  to  them,  we  shook  hands  like 
old  acquaintances.  No  man  in  the  room, 
was  more  perfectly  at  his  ease,  or  treateil 
with  more  attention,  by  all  the  company, 
than  this  Firmer.  As  the  company  dropped 
off,  and  the  evening  advanced,  the  circle  be- 
came move  and  more  domestic,  gathered  a- 
round  the  fire,  and  engaged  in  conversation. 
The  topics  were  diversified,  partly  of  pub 
lie  business  and  passing  events,  recent  and 
past,  and  much  was  said  of  the  days  of  the 
Revolution,  and  of  Washington :  for  this 
Farmer  had  been  one  of  his  most  confiden- 
tial friends  and  counsellors.  He  was  still  a 
Farmer,  as  in  the  days  of  Washington,  and 
loved  and  honored  husbandry,  upon  which 
no  small  share  of  our  evening's  conversation 
turned,  and  in  which  I  heard  much  of  Wash- 
ington's ardent  attachment  to  Farming,  and 
Farmers — no  small  praise  of  our  business. 
Mr.  Monroe.  Mr.  Dallas,  and  Mrs.  Madi- 
son, with  some  others,  of  that  evening  cir- 
cle, have  gone  to  a  better  world  :  but  should 
Mr-  Madison,  or  Mr.  Rush,  chance  to  see 
these  numbers,  they  will  please  accept  a 
passing  tribute  to  exalted  worth,  and  may 
learn  with  regret,  that  the  justice,  then  de- 
manded of  the  government,  is  still  within  !,' 
from  The  Country  Farmer. 
Siptembcr  G,   1831. 

From  tho  American  Farmer. 

PRINCES' NURSERY  AT  FLUSHING, 

N.  Y. 

Having  recently  visited  the  Linnajan  Bo- 
tanic Garden  and  Nurseries  of  Wm.  Prince 
&  Sons,  at  Flushing,  we  deem  it  of  suffi- 
cient public  interest  to  give  the  result  of  our 
observations.  This  we  must  premise  as 
wholly  uninfluenced  by  partiality  or  by  the 
slightest  hint  of  its  being  desired  by  the 
proprietors,  who  will  receive  the  first  intima- 
tion of  our  intention  from  this  article  itself. 
This  is  proper  too,  on  another  account  ;  no- 
tices of  many  of  the  Philadelphia  establish- 
ments by  a  vi^iiing  committee  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Horticultural  Society,  and  of  those 
in  our  own  vicinity,  as  well  as  several  oth- 
ers near  New-York  and  Boston,  have  within 
a  short  time  appearsd  in  our  columns.  Hut 
even  in  the  absence  of  all  these  reasons,  tha 
real  merits  ol  the  establishment  itself,  and 
its  importance  to  the  Horticultural  interests 
of  our  country,  would  render  this  notice  of 
it  a  matter  of  duty  on  our  part.  We  spent 
six  days  in  examining  the  grounds  and  hou- 
ses, and   whatever   we  may  heretofore   have 


yol.  1.— No.  46. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


361 


thought  of  them,  we  are  constrained  to  say 
that  they  exceeded  all  our  anticipations  by 
one  hundred  per  cent.  We  gave  them  no 
careless  glance  or  casual  observation;  but, 
with  their  catalogues  in  hand,  we  went  to 
work  industriously,  examining  every  thing, 
tree,  shrub  and  hetb,  fruit  bearing  and  orna- 
mental, indigenous  and  exotic,  hardy  and 
green-house  plant  ;  and  the  result  was,  that 
not  only  every  thing  in  their  catalogues  is 
really  in  the  establishment,  but  there  are  ma- 
ny hundreds  of  trees  and  plants  not  yet  en- 
tered in  their  lists.  There  are.  it  is  true, 
some  few  plants  in  the  catalogues  that  can- 
not at  this  time  be  had,  in  consequence  of 
all  but  the  stock  plants  having  been  sold, 
and  it  being  necessary  to  retain  them  for 
propagation:  but  these  are  very  rare,  and 
we  think  it  difficult  for  an  order  of  five  hun- 
dred different  species  of  plants  to  be  made 
out  that  could  not  be  filled  «  ithin  ten  plants. 
As  all  belonging  to  the  establishment  were 
closely  engaged  in  supplying  orders,  and 
with  the  business  of  the  establishment,  we 
were  allowed  to  range  alone,  and  at  will 
through  the  grounds.  We  availed  of  this 
privilege  to  its  fullest  extent,  and  managed 
to  be  present  at  the  selection  and  packing  of 
trees  and  plants  in  filling  orders.  He  noti- 
ced one  rule  which  was  strictly  observed, 
and  which  we  resolved  our  readers  should 
have  the  advantage  of.  That  is,  that  the  fin-  j 
est  trees  and  plants  are  always  selected  to' 
fill  the  order  in  hand  ;  the  effect  of  which 
is  that  the  fiist  order  received  gets  the  best ; 
the  next,  the  next  best,  and  so  on  to  the  end 
of  the  season.  This  offers  an  inducement 
for  persons  intending  to  order  trees,  Sac. 
from  that  establishment,  to  send  them  early. 
In  selecting  trees,  &c.  one  of  the  three  pro- 
prietors always  attends  personally,  and  se- 
lects and  marks  them  himself;  so  that  there! 
is  nothing  left  to  hazard  or  the  mismanage-! 
ment  of  persons  not  directly  interested  ini 
the  good  name  of  the  establishment.  The' 
packing  of  trees  and  plants  is  also  always  j 
done  under  the  eye  of  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors or  the  clerk,  (to  the  intelligence  and  fi- 
delity of  whom,  we  are  also  able  to  bear  tes- 
timony,) and  no  matter  to  what  distance  they 
are  to  be  sent,  the  rule  is  to  put  them  up  in 
such  a  manner  that  they  will  bear  trasporta- 
tion  to  Europe. 

We  paid  close  attention  to  the  system 
pursued  in  obtaining  and  marking  the  differ- 
ent varieties  of  fruit  trees,  that  we  might  sat- 
isfy ourselves  as  to  the  degree  of  probability 
there  might  be  of  correctness  as  to  varieties. 
In  the  first  place,  one  of  the  proprietors  al- 
ways selects  and  takes  off  the  buds  or  grafts, 
and  inserts  them  with  Viis  own  hand,  or  sees 
it  done  by  a  skilful  assistant.  Tallies  are 
then  attached  to  the  tress,  and  duplicate 
marks  made  on  stake  tallies  driven  in  the 
ground.  The  variety  is  then  entered  in  du- 
plicate, and  often  triplicate  nursery  books, 
with  numbers  and  names  corresponding  to 
the  tallies.  The  whole  grounds  are  laid  off 
into  squares,  which  have  permanent  names 
or  marks,  as  square  A,  square  B,  &,c.  The 
rows  in  each  square  are  numbered,  and  when 
there  is  more  than  ne  variety  in  a  row,  the 
trees  of  the  row  are  numbered.  So  that  to 
find  a  tree  by  this  system,  reference  is  made 
to  the  nursery  bock,  and  the  answer  is,  for 
example,  as  follows:  "In  square  H,  third 
row,  beginning  with  the  tenth  tree."  So 
that  there  appears  scarcely  a  probability  of 
mistake. 

The  varieties  of  fruit  trees  ate  much  more 


numerous  than  we  had  any  idea  of,  notwith- 
standing we  have  been  familiar  with  their 
catalogues  for  years.  Tin;  proprietors  have 
the  catalogues  of  all  the  nurseries  in  Europe 
of  any  note,  and  their  arrangements  are  suoti 
thai  as  soon  as  a  new  variety  is  obtained 
there,  it  is  immediately  added  to  their  col- 
lection, without  regard  to  cost.  By  this 
means  all  the  new  pears  recently  added  to 
the  French  and  English  collections,  as  well 
as  other  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  and 
plants,  are  already  under  cultivation  at  this 
establishment,  and  many  olthem  are  already 
for  sale,  even  before  many  of  the  European 
nurseries  had  got  them. 

The  trees  and  plants  are  in  fine  health 
and  vigor  :  and  whenever  a  peach  or  other 
fruit  tree  is  discovered  to  be  diseased,  it  is 
immediately  taken  up  and  destroyed. 

It  is  of  course"  impossible  to  enter  into 
detail  as  to  the  varieties  of  fruit  and  orna- 
mental trees  and  plants  in  this  immense  col- 
lection. After  examining  numerous  cata- 
logues of  European  establishments,  we  feel 
no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  it  is  superior  to 
any  ol  them.  It  must  be  recollected  that  in 
Europe  the  division  of  occupation  causes  at- 
tention to  be  paid  to  departments  exclusive- 
ly. One  establishment  is  devoted  mainly 
to  fruit  trees,  another  to  herbaceous  plants, 
another  to  ornamental  trees,  and  another  to 
green  and  hot  house  plants ;  but  here  all 
vese  are  combined  and  either  branch  would 
be  considered  a  respectable  establishment  in 
itself  even  in  Europe. 

There  are  some  ornamental  trees  and 
plants  scarcely  known  among  us  that  we 
think  worthy  of  especial  notice.  The  Abelt, 
or  silver  leafed  poplar,  is  a  most  beautiful 
tree,  and  would  add  much  to  the  beauty  of  a 
lawn  or  walk.  The  ailanthus,  or  Japan  tree 
of  heaven,  is  another  tree  worthy  of  a  place 
in  all  collections.  The  collection  of  ever- 
greens is  rich  and  full.  There  is,  also,  a 
very  large  collection  of  the  true  royal  oak  of 
England,  which  retains  its  rich  foliage  until 
almost  every  vestige  of  verdure  has  disap- 
peared from  other  trees.  There  were  few 
plants  in  flower  at  the  season  of  our  visit; 
the  Dahlias,  however,  were  in  full  perfec- 
tion. The  Miller's  Georg?  the  IV.,  the  Go- 
liah,  the  bright  double  yellow,  the  Purple 
Prince,  and  many  others,  exhibited  a  spled- 
dor  beyond  any  thing  we  had  conceived. — 
We  measured  several  flowers  of  the  first  na- 
med, and  found  them  from  six  to  seven  in- 
ches in  diameter.  The  colors  are  exceed- 
ingly brilliant,  and  the  apppearance  of  them 
beautiful  beyond  conception.  The  collec- 
tion of  Chrysanthemums  we  regretted  to  find 
not  in  bloom,  as  we  had  heard  them  spoken 
of  as  exceedingly  beautiful  and  very  nu- 
merous. We  could  of  course  judge  of  the 
number  of  varieties,  and  the  appearance  of 
the  plants,  but  no  further.  The  pceonies, 
both  tree  and  herbaceous,  are  very  numerous, 
and  of  the  richest  and  rarest  varieties.  We 
made  a  small  selection  of  ten  varieties  for 
the  accommodation  of  our  friends. 

The  green  and  hot  house  collection  is  e- 
qually  rich.  We  did  not  suppose  there  were 
as  many  camellias  in  the  country  as  we  saw- 
there — and  all  fine  plants,  and  generally  in 
bud  for  flowering  the  approaching  season. — 
The  Passiflora  alata,  (wing  leaved  passion 
flower,)  which  is  a  green  house  plant,  was  in 
full  flower,  and  is  one  of  the  most  splendid 
plants  we  ever  saw.  Indeed  there  is  no  con- 
ception of  the  beauty  of  this  plant  in  flow- 
er, from  any  description  that  can  be  given  of: 


it.  We  took  a  sprig  of  it  with  several  (low- 
ers, and  had  the  good  fortune  to  preserve  it 
in  perfection  for  several  days  after  our  re- 
turn. But  it  would  be  an  endless  task  to 
particularize  all  the  rare  and  beautiful  plants 
tjiat  fell  under  our  notice,  and  we  must  con- 
clude by  observing,  that  the  establishment  of 
the  Messrs.  Prince,  is  creditable  to  our  coun- 
try, as  well  as  an  honor  to  its  enterprising 
and  spirited  proprietors. 

This  establishment,  it  is  pretty  well  known, 
was  commenced  by  the  father  of  the  present 
senior  proprietor  ;  the  latter  gentleman  con- 
tinued it  with  success  and  credit  till  his  two 
sons  became  qualfied  to  take  an  active  part ; 
and  it  is  now  principally  managed  by  the 
sons,  the  venerable  old  gentleman  taking  the 
exclusive  charge  of  the  orangery,  kc.  and 
giving  counsel  and  advice  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  concern.  The  elder  son,  Win. 
11.  Prince,  one  of  the  most  active  and  intel- 
ligent young  gentlemen  we  have  been  ac- 
quaited  with, occupies  his  leisure  moments,  at 
seasons  when  his  attention  is  not  required  in 
the  nursery,  in  writing  descriptions  of  fruit, 
ornamental  trees  and  plants,  and  their  modes 
of  culture,  &,c,  and  has  produced  several 
valuable  works,  among  which  mav  be  men- 
tioned, the  "  Treatise  on  the  Vine,"  which 
should  be  in  every  vine-dresser's  hands,  and 
the  "  Pomological  Manual,"  the  first  volume 
of  which  has  been  just  issued  from  the  press, 
and  from  which  we  have  already  given  sev- 
eral extracts. 

The  Last  Words  said  to  be  spoken  by 
Cromwell,  are  invaluable  as  a  key  to  his 
whole  career.  He  had,]during  the  progress 
of  his  illness,boldly  predicted  that  he  should 
recover.  Some  of  his  immediate  counsel- 
1'  ,  who  saw  the  inevitable  result  of  the 
disorder,  ventured  at  last  to  reccommend 
that  he  should  speak  less  confidently  on 
the  subject,  to  save  his  character  for  predic- 
tion. But  the  Lord  Protector  judged  on 
principles  fitted  to  act  upon  the  multitude. 
He  refused  to  qualify  his  words:  "If I 
recover,"  said  he,  "the  fools  will  think  me 
a  prophet ;  and,  if  I  die,  what  matter  then 
if  they  call  me  imposter." 

Canals  and  Rail  Roads. 

The  LiverDOol  Albion  states,  that  a  bill  has 
passed  Parliament,  and  received  the  Royal  As- 
sent, for  converting  the  Canal  from  Manchester 
to  Bury,  into  a  Rail  Road,  by  placing  rails  on  its 
bed  ;  discharging  its  waters  of  course.  This 
may  be  an  important  piece  of  information,  inas- 
much as  there  are  some  Canals  in  this  country  not 
always  well  supplied  with  water. 

Speculators,  bear  this  in  mind. 

REDEMPTION  OF  LANDS   SOLD   FOR 

Taxes. 

State  of  New-  York,  Comptroller's  O^ce. 

NOTICE  is  hereby  given,  pursuant  to  Sec.  76 
of  Title  3,  oft  hap.  13,  of  the  first  part  of 
the  Revised  Statutes,  that  unless  the  lands  sold 
for  taxes,  at  the  general  tax  sale,  held  at  the  Cap- 
itol in  the  city  of  Albany,  in  the  months  of  April 
and  May,  1830,  shall  be  redeemed,  by  the  pay- 
ment into  the  treasury  of  the  state,  on  or  before 
the.  fifth  day  of  May  next,  after  the  date  hereof  of 
the  amount  for  which  each  parcel  of  the  said 
lands  was  6old,  and  the  interest  thereon,  at  the  rate 
of  ten  per  centum  per  annum,  from  the  date  of  the 
sale,  to  the  date  of  the  payment,  the  lands  so  sold, 
and  remaining  unredeemed,  will  be  conveyed  to 
the  purchasers  thereof.  Dated  Albany,  12th 
Oct.,  1831. 
oct  25  SILAS  WRIGHT,  Jr.  Comptroller 


:J6S 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  19,  1831- 


ORCADIAN  SKETCHES. 

There  are  few  regions  which  exhibit 
such  variety  of  scenery  within  a  small  space 
as  ihe  Orkney  Islands.  Scattered  over 
the  ocean,  they  occupy  upon  its  surface  an 
extent  of  about  seventy  miles,  and  present 
a  continual  alternation  of  land  and  water — 
isle  and  islet  -hill  and  valley — moor  and 
pasture  ground — flat  shores  and  high  head- 
lands.    There  the  mountains  and  the  main 

-the  grandest  objects  and   greatest  con 


the  raging  waters,  over  which  the  ill-fated ! 
ship  was  strewed  in  a  thousand  frag-, 
ments." 

^,  In  speaking  of  Orcadian  scenes  and  the 
perils  of  insular  life,  I  must  not  omit  those 
of  bird-catching.  The  bird-catchers  usu- 
aly  fasteneda  rope  to  some  roekatthe  top  of 
the  cliff,  from  which  they  intended  to  de- 
scend, by  which  they  let  ihemselves  down 
along  precipices  of  terrific  height  over  the 
ocean.     I  here,  when  the  rocks  reddened 


trasts  in  nature,  are,  from  their  immediate 'in  the    evening  ray,    they  might  be  seen, 
vicinity,  rendered  doubly    striking — there  !tiom  distant  ships,  like  "  moles  in  the  sun- 


the  rocks  of  ages,  fixed  as  the  foundations 
of  the  earth,  and  unmoved  by  the  storms  of 
a  thousand  years — and  the  old  and  endless 
sea,  agitated  by  every  breeze,  and  fluctuat- 
ing as  the  breath    of  heaven,    present  the 


beam."     As  soon  as  they  obtained  a  foot 
ing  among  the  jutting  rocks  of  the  preci- 
pice, they  let  go  their  hold  of  the  rope,  and 
commenced  their  search  for  eggs  and  young 
birds,  with  which  having  filled  their  bask- 


most  powerful  images  of  steadfastness  and  !  ets,  they  again  ascended,  working  them-i 
mutability.  The  ocean,  elsewhere  so  mo- 1| selves  up  strength  of  arm,  and  escorted! 
notonuos,  loses  its  character  of  same- 1;  by  swarms  of  sea  fowl  screaming  for  their  j 
ness  among  these  Islands.  In  some  pla-  young,  and  by  eagles  hovering  round  their 
ces  stretching  far  into  the  land,  winding  up  ;  heads,  rendering  their  situation  doubly  per- 
among  the  hills,  and  forming  lake-like  bays  '  ilous.  It  may  well  be  supposed  that  fatal 
— in  others  rushing  through  the  narrow  \  accidents  were  the  frequent  occurrence  a- 
channels  which  separate  the  islands,  and  mong  bird  catchers.  Oi  the  many  1  have 
boiling  like  an  everlasting  cauldron.  heard  narrated,  I  give  the  two  following  : — 

During  the  dark  days  of  winter,  with  a  I  An  old  man  and  his  son,  who  practised 
howling  wind  and  a  roaring  sea,  and  the  j  the  perilous  calling,  proceeded  to  a  high 
unmitigated  gloom  of  their  heathy  hills,  the  cliff  on  the  mainland  or  principal  island, 
islands  are  wild  and  dreary  enough.  There:;  where  the  father,  having  seated  himself  on 
is  a  sublime  delight  in  musing  upon  the  stu-  i  the  ground,  and  placed  his  feet  firmly  a- 
pendous  rocks  of  these  remote  islands,  as  gainst  a  rock  at  the  top  of  the  precipice, 
on  the  last  shores  of  the  world.  One  of  held  the  rope  by  which  his  son  descended 
these  wild  precipices  in  the  island  of  VVcs-'iovei-  the  sea.  In  a  few  minutes  the  old 
tray  was  once  the  scene  of  a  most  appal-  man,  by  feeling  himself  relieved  from  the 
ling  shipwreck,  of  which  the  following  de-  weight,  was  aware  that  his  son  had  got  foot 
scription  was  given  by  an  eye-witness : —      among  the  rocks,  upon  which  he  quittedhis 

"During  a  heavy  gale  blowing  on  shore  hold  for  the  moment,  to  take  a  pinch  of 
and  accompanied  with  fog,  a  Norwegian  !  snuff.  His  son,  meanwhile,  not  finding  a- 
ship,  laden  with  timber,  suddenly  hove  in  ny  eggs  on  the  landing  place,  again  caught 
sight  close  off  the  cliff,  towards  which  (hav-  hold  of  the  rope,  which  being  loose,  instant- 
ing  lost  her  rudder,  and  being  quite  unman-  ly  gave  way  to  his  weight,  and  he  was  thus 
ageable,)  she  was  rolling  on  before  wind  ;■  precipitated  into  the  sea. 
and  sea  with  fatal  rapidity.  A  great  crowd  i;  The  other  accident,  of  a  still  more  dis- 
of  people  had  assembled  on  the  top  of  the   tressing  nature,  occurred  in  the  Shetland 


modes  of  destruction,  perhaps  the  mosl 
appalling  is  that  of  falling  from  an  immense 
height  into  the  void — of  the  horrors  of 
which  some  idea  may  be  formed  from  our 
feelings  in  dreams — yet  I  have  seen  per- 
sons of  such  nerve  that  they  would  stand 
with  one  foot  upon  the  extreme  verge  of  a 
precipice,  six  or  eight  hundred  feet  high, 
and  stretch  the  ether  over  the  abyss,  while 
the  looker  on  would  shudder  and  feel  his 
flesh  creep — and,  such  are  the  di  erent 
modifications  of  courage,  that  while  the 
simple  islander,  who  would  probably  trem- 
ble in  a  battle,  swings  over  the  most  fright- 
ful rocks  without  fear — the  soldier,  who 
has  faced  charges  of  cavalry,  and  stormed 
batteries  of  cannon,  would  shrink  from  the 
edge  of  doom,  and  feel  his  brain  reel  and 
his  heart  sicken  in  essaying  the  trade  of 
the  bird  catcher. — Aberdeen  Chronicle. 


Solar  Phenomena. — Genoa  has  recent- 
ly been  the  scene  of  some  extraordinary 
appearances  connected  with  the  sun. — 
From  the  4th  to  the  1 2th  of  August  the 
heavens  were  illuminated  with  a  zodiacal 
light,  which  added  a  full  hour  of  light  to 
each  day  ;  and  on  the  9th  of  that  month,  a- 
bout  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a  light 
stratum  of  vapour  suddenly  spread  over 
the  horizon  and  veiled  the  sun,  which  pre- 
sented at  first  the  appearance  of  an  im- 
mense globe  of  crystal :  soon  afterwards  it 
assumed  a  soft  rosy  tint,  and  ultimately  a 
clear  and  delicate  violet  hue,  which  it  re- 
tained until  it  disappeared.  Five  or  six 
spots  of  a  deep  black  color  were  discerna- 
ble  on  its  surface  with  the  naked  eye. 


cliff,  provided  with  ropes,  in  the  vain  hope 
of  being  able  to  assist  the  unfortunate  mar- 
iners. From  the  summit  of  the  rocks,  at 
a  fearful  depth  below,  they  beheld  the  ves- 
sel plunging  among  the  waves  which  forced 
her  onward  to  her  doom  Among  the  crew 
was  seen  a  gigantic  Norseman,  who,  by 
signs  and  gestures,  expressed  thanks  to 
the  people  above,  but  intimated  that  all  hu- 
man aid  was  vain. — The  vessel  meantime 
was  reeling  towards  the  rocks.  On  she 
came  with  accelerated  rapidity — the  fatal 
crisis  had  now  arrived — it  was  a  nioini'ii! 
of  speechless  agony — the  crew  stood  fixed 


Islands,  and  was  narrated  to  me  by  a  friend 
who  resided  there  for  several  years.  It 
was  as  follows :  a  bird  catcher  and  his 
two  sons  descended  altogether  on  a  rope 
j  made  fast  at  the  top  of  a  cliff;  and  after 
having  secured  their  booty,  began  to  as- 
cend in  the  same  manner,  the  father  being 
the  lowest  onthe  rope.  The  son  who  was 
highest,  when  near  the  top  of  the  preci- 
pice, happening  to  look  upwards,  observed 
that  the  rope  was  almost  cut  through  in 
consequence  of  its  friction  on  the  sharp 
'  ■  i  of  the  ciiff,  and  instantly  called  out  to 
his  brother,  who  was   next  to  him;  to  cut 


We  understand  that  an  important  im- 
provement has  been  made  in  the  process 
of  tanning,  by  which  considerable  labor  is 
saved  to  the  mannfacturer,  and  what  is  of 
infinite  more  consequence  to  the  consum- 
er, the  quality  of  the  leather  greatly  enhan- 
ced. It  consists  in  preparing  the  hides 
for  the  reception  of  the  bark,  without  the 
aid  of  lime,  which  has  hitherto  been  deem- 
ed an  indisponsable  concomitant.  This 
is  effected  by  what  is  technically  termed 
"The  Co  1  Sweating  Process,"  which  is 
said  to  be  less  liable  to  injure  the  leather 
than  the  old  mode,  weighs  heavier  and 
wears  much  longer.  The  patentees  are 
Messrs.  Shove  and  Hunt. — Caltskil  Mes- 


in  the  ny  spell  of  despair — and  the  crowd   0fT  their  father,  otherwise  they  must   all 
on  high  in  breathless  horror — whenamigh-   perish  together,  as.  the  rope  was  about  to! 


ty  and  remoreless  wave  reared  her,  keel 
uppermost,  right  out  of  the  sea,  and  her 
striking  upon  the  rocks,  shot  up  through 
her  hull,when  her  whole  fabric  giving  way, 
the  tall  Norwegian  trees  with  which  she 
was  laden,  were  seen  spouting  through  her 
sides.  A  wild  and  heart-rending  shriek  a- 
'it  one  mo  miit,  from  the  drowning 
(i :  it<  lies  below,  and  the  multitude  above;f 
and  the  next,  all  was  hushed  in  the  n 


break.  His  brother  refused  to  do  so, 
whatever  might  be  the  consequence. — 
Upon  which  he  exclaimed,  "then  give 
your  souls  to  (rod,"  and  having  managed 
toget  ;it  his  knife,  cut  them  both  off,  and 
reached  the  fop  of  the  cliff  just  as  the  rope 
was  giving  way!" 

This  is  a  distressing  instance  of  the 

power  of  the  instinct  of  self-preservation. 

'Although  it  must  he  owned  that  of  all  the 


In  France  a  new  Civil  list  has  been  pre- 
pared, more  moderate  than  the  List,  con- 
taining items  for  the  express  support  of 
the  Royal  Household  only.  The  list. 
which  filled  five  or  six  pages  in  the  Royal 
Almanac  of  the  last  year,  is  now  reduced 
to  half  a  page ;  and  the  salaries  of  Ani- 
bas  «  lors  and  Consuls  are  reduced  almost 
to  the  American  sea'  . 


The  .lews  tell  us  that  during  the  sojourn- 
ment in  paradise,  heaven  sent  down  twelve 
baskets  of  Talk,  and  while  Adam  was 
eating  threeof  them.  Eve  snatched  up  the 


m$m  m^mmmmm  <&®>Mmmm* 


VOL.    1. 


RHH        PER,  NOV.  30,  133!. 


Vi>.    '.7. 


Pl'BLISHFE  BY  I-.  TUCKER  &  CO. 

At  tile  Office  of  the  Daily  Adierliser. 
Terms— S2, 50  per  annum  «  r 

$2,00  if  paid  ill  advance. 


N.  GOOnSKl.L,   KD1TOR. 


TENACITY  OF  VEGETAB  E  LIFE 
"Mr.  Houlton  produced  a  bulbous  root  to  the 
Medico  Botanical  Sock-.;. ,  which  was  discovered 
in  the  hand  of  an  Egyptian  Mummy:  in  which 
it  had  probably  remaine  for  two  thousand  years. 
It  germinated  on  exposure  to  the  atmosphere; 
•when  placed  in  earth  it  git  w  with  great  rapidity.'' 
— Silliman's  Journal. 

.We  can  hardly  conceive  that  any  thing  com 
wising  or  belonging  to  the  vegetable  kingdom 
could  resist  decomposition,  and  retain  the  princi- 
ple of  life  and  revivification  for  such  a  length  of 
time;  but,  yet,  it  may  be  possible.  The  sarco- 
phagus or  coffins,  which  contain  these  mummies 
of  antiquity,  are  generally  made  from  the  Plane- 
lice  or  Button- wood,  of  the  forests;  and  when  ex- 
humed from  their  resting  places,  together  with 
the  paintings  of  flowers  and  hierogliphics,  are  as 
fresh  and  plain  as  if  endowed  with  incorruptibili- 
ty, and  appear  to  have  been  completed  but  yes- 
terday. There  is  no  doubt  but  an  egg,  if  hermet- 
ically sealed  by  involving  it  in  a  cake  of  wax, 
perfecdy  impervious  to  the  air,  and  kept  at  a  tem- 
perature that  would  ensure  tomidity  to  its  awa 
kening  energies,  would  at  an  equally  distant  pe- 
riod, be  capable  of  hatching  ami  producing  a  per- 
fect animal;  and  we  see  no  good  reason  why  a 
frozen  fish,  or  any  of  the  torpid  hybernating ani- 
mals, if  kept  at  .  he  requisite  degree  of  cold,  would 
not  become  as  immortal  as  time  itself.  It  is  no 
uncommon  occurrence  to  find  frogs,  loads  and  liz- 
ards, enclosed  in  solid  rocks,  which,  on  being  re- 
leased from  their  prison  houses,  retain  perfect  life, 
and  all  its  energies;  a  situation  they  must  have 
taken  at  a  time  coeval  with  the  formation  of  our 
secondary  rock,  and  prior  to  the  formation  of  man : 
or,  at  any  rate,  immediately  after  the  general  del- 
uge, and  before  the  great  waters  hud  found  their 
beds,  and  left  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  the  state 
we  now  find  it.  From  tins,  we  may  conceive  that 
a  nut,  or  the  seeds  of  plants,  if  properly  secured, 
and  under  proper  ciroumstances,  might  vegetate, 
even  if  taken  from  the  primeval  Garden  of  Eden; 
then  why  may  not  a  bulb,  which  is  the  germ  of 
the  future  plant,  be  endowed  with  the  same  vital 
powers,  although  taken  from  the  catacombs  of 
Thebes,  which  was  destroyed  more  than  two  thou- 
sand years  ago.  Let  us  suppose  a  more  familiar 
subject:  an  onion,  which  is  a  perfect  bulbous  root, 
retains  its  life  without  the  aid  of  roots,  leaves, 
light,  air  or  moisture  during  the  fall  and  winter 
months ;  and  would  no  doubt  continue  its  vitality 
forever,  if  it  could  be  kept  dry  and  at  a  tempera- 
ture that  should  delay  and  imprison  its  resuscita- 
ting powers :  and  to  refine  the  subject  to  a  more  fa- 
miliar point  still,  and  fc  show  the  indestructability 
of  the  vegetable  fibre,  we  have  no  doubt  that  a 
simple  rod  of  any  sound  timber,  kept  dry  and 
from  the  inroads  of  insects,  would  resist  the  all- 
devouring  tooth  of  time,  and  in  enduiance,  outdo 
the  pyramids  of  Egypt,  or  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Amnion.  Its  existence  would  only  cease  with  the 
great  globe  itself. 


SMOKY  CHIMNEYS. 
At  this  season  of  the  year,  many  complaints 
are  made  about  smoky  chimneys,  and  from  the 
long  use  of 'an  old  adage,  that  "  smoky  chimney; 
make  scolding  wives,"  few  things  are  more  dread 
ed.  Now  we  grant  it  is  very  difficult  to  give  any 
rule  to  enable  masons  at  all  times  so  to  construct 
chimneys,  as  to  conduct  off  all  the  smoke,  wheth 
er  the  fire  is  large  or  small,  made  high  or  low  from 
the  hearth :  yet,  at  the  same  time  there  may  be 
great  improvements.  This  subject  has  been  ex 
tensively  written  upon,  by  men  more  learned  than 
ourselves;  and  yet,  if  we  can  communicate  any 
thing  which  will  have  the  least  tendency  to  les- 
sen this  evil,  which  is  said  to  be  the  cause  of  the 
other  still  greater,  we  shall  feel  satisfied  that  our 
time  has  been  well  spent.  It  will  be  found  that 
the  more  ignorant  any  class  of  mechanics  are,  the 
more  difficult  it  will  be  to  persuade  them  that  they 
are  wrong;  therefore,  the  surest  way  to  improve 
chimneys,  is,  to  encourage  information  among  the 
operative  mechanics.  Although  we  often  meet 
with  smoky  chimneys  in  America,  yet,  generally, 
they  are  of  much  better  construction  than  they  are 
in  France,  where  the  celebrated  Rumford  has  at- 
tempted  to  distribute  the  results  of  his  researches; 
as  the  mechanics  are  ignorant,  the  fire  places  are 
tile  worst  we  ever  saw;  and  as  wood  in  haris,  is 
worth  from  $12  to  $18  per  cord,  Ve  should  sup- 
pose the  inducement  would  be  great  to  have  them 
of  the  most  perfect  construction  ;  and  no  other 
reason  can  be  given  for  their  imperfections,  but 
the  want  of  information  among  those  who  con 
struct  them.  The  following  is  the  measurement 
of  a  fire  place  winch  was  in  on.  of  the  rooms  we 
occupied  in  Paris,  and  seemed  to  be  after  the  com- 
mon construction,  viz :  Depth  of  jambs,  two  feet, 
and  at  right  angles  from  the  back  ;  breadth,  three 
feet  three  inches;  height,  two  feet  nine  inches 
size  of  throat,  three  feet  three  inches  by  one  foot 
eight  inches.  From  the  size  of  the  chimney  a 
bove,  and  at  the  throat,  it  would  appear  that  there 
was  plenty  of  room  for  the  smoke  from  a  small 
fire  to  pass  off;  and  yet,  in  the  case  referred  to. 
much  of  it  found  its  way  into  the  room.  To  have 
room  enough  for  the  smoke  to  pass  off,  is  essen- 
tial; but  to  have  too  much  is  a  fault.and  many  smo 
ky  chimneys  can  be  altered  by  contracting  them  at 
one  or  both  ends. 

We  have  heard  masons  talk  much  about  the 
draught  of  their  chimneys — how  they  could  con- 
struct them  that  would  carry  up  shavings  before 
any  fire  was  made  in  them.  Now,  we  hav»  nev- 
er been  so  fortunate  as  to  witness  any  such  ope- 
rations, and  only  mention  them  to  show  that  such 
mechanics,  are  ignorant  of  the  principle  which 
should  govern  them  in  building  chimneys.  We 
consider  the  reason  why  smoke  ascends  into  the 
chimney,  to  be  the  difference  in  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  it,  and  the  surrounding  atmosphere;  and  the 
grand  desideratum  is  so  to  proportion  the  chim- 
ney, ae  to  have  it  pass  off  with  the  least  obstruc- 
tion. 

Two  causes  may  be  given  why  the  air  above  a 
fire  should  ascend:  First,  it  is  known  that  heat 
expands  all  bodies,  and  according  to  its  expan- 
sion, so  will  its  specific  gravity  alter,  or  it  will 
beuome  lighter.    Hence,  a  body  of  heated  air  in- 


clines upward  until  it  arrives  at  that  point  at 
which  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere  is  the  same 
Another  cause  for  the  ascent  of  such  air  is  thai 
coming  in  contact  with  the  process  of  combustion, 
much  of  the  oxygen  is  separated  from  it,  leaving 
the  hydrogen  which  is  the  lighter  part,  to  find  its 
equilibrium;  hence,  the  more  heated  the  air  which 
passes  into  the  chimney,  the  more  rapid  will  be 

the  ascent,  if  it  meets  with  no  obstructions. 

From  this  it  would  appear,  that  if  the  mantle  was 
made  sufficiently  low,  there  would  be  no  danger 
of  a  chimney's  smoking ;  and  so  is  the  fact.     But 
here  economy  interferes.     The  object  is  to  have 
the  smoke  ascend  with  the  least  quantity  of  heat  ■ 
and  in  order  to  have  the  assent  even,  there  should 
be  a  corresponding  quantity.     Now  this  would  be 
very  difficult  in  the  common  method   of  making 
fire  places,  as   sometimes  there  will  be  a  greater 
quantity  of  fire  than  at  others,  and  the  greater  the 
fire,  the  more  heat  would  pass  into  the  chimney. 
Again,  it  happens  that  most  chimneys  have  more 
than  one  fire  place,  which,  whether  they  have  fire 
in  them  or  not,  have  a  sensible  effect  upon  the  as- 
cending current,    as  when   double  the   quantity 
of  air  enters  the  chimney,  it  is  evident  that  it  re- 
quires double  the  orifice  to  let  it  out.     As  most  of 
our  chimneys   are  built  of  bricks  which   are  hut 
imperfect  or  slow  conductors  of  caloric,  nearly  as 
much  passes  out  of  the  top,  as  enters   at  the  fire 
place ;   hence,  there  should  be  a  correspondence  in 
the  size  of  the  apertures.     Now  as  the  quantity 
of  heat   entering  chimneys  is   continually   chan- 
ging by  having  more  or  less  fires  burning  at  the 
same  time,  and  more  or  less   wood  upon  them  at 
different  times,  it  appears  to  us,  that  were  chim- 
neys so  constructed,  that  their  apertures  nii°-ht  be 
opened  or  closed  according  to  existing  circumstan- 
ces, much  of  the  inconvenience  now  experienced 
might  be  avoided.      This,  we  think,  might  be  done 
icing  i.i  each  fire  place  at  the  throat,  a  sheet 
iron  valve,  turning  upon  pivots  which  would  open 
or  close  the  space  or   aperture  according  to  cir- 
cumstances.    These  would,  if  close  I  when  there 
was  no  fire  in  the  place,  act  as  safety  valves  to 
prevent  fire   from  falling   into  empty   rooms,  by 
which  many  houses  havebeen  burnt.     It  is  known 
to  most  people  who  have  attended  to  the  subject 
that  the  tops  of  chimneys  are  larger  than  neces- 
sary for  the  emission  of  smoke;   thsee  might  also 
be  constructed  in  the   same  way,   and  the   valve 
might  be  governed  by   wires  passing  down  the 
body  of  the  chimney.     To  confirm  us  in  our  the- 
ory, we  would  mention  a  case  which  came  under 
our  observation,  within  a  few  days.     A  chimney 
smoked  very  bad — two  thirds   of  the  throat  was 
closed,  when  it  ceased  to  smoke ;  and,  as  might  be 
expected,  the  women  stopped  scolding. 


IfJrDoMESTics. — Export  of  Domestic  Cotton 
Goods  from  the  United  States,  for 

1826,  amounting  to  $'1,13S,12."> 

1827,  do  1,159,414 

1828,  do  1,(110,232 

1829,  do  1,259,457 

1830,  do  1,343,183 
— besides  the  goous  which  have  been  consumed 
in  the  IN 
Canada. 


atd 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  26,  1SSJ 


ON  PALL  PLOUGHING. 

There  is  something  pleasant  to  most  people, 
when  they  receive  the  approbation  of  men  whom 
they  respect,  and  whom  they  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve, are  held  in  estimation  by  the  public. 

The  practice  of  fall  ploughing,  has  been  a  fa- 
vorite one  with  us,  but  we  have  sometimes  been 
rather  mortified,  when  after  recommending  it  to 
our  brother  farmers,  and  giving  our  decided  opin- 
ion in  favor  of  it,  we  have  been  told  "  that  it  was 
a  bad  practice,  and  was  very  injurious  to  the  soil. " 
On  this  subject,  we  publish  in  this  number  a 
communication  from  one  of  the  most  respectable 
farmers  of  Western  New  York,  which  we  hope 
will  go  far  toward  convincing  our  readers  that  it 
is  not  only  free  from  injurious  consequences,  but 
is  one  of  the  most  profitable  autumnal  operations 
which  rur  farmers  can  attend  to.  We  are  sorry 
to  say  that  we  are  not  personally  acquainted  with 


the  writer,  but  know  him  publicly,  and  tender  him 


our  thanks  for  his  valuable  communication.  We  | 
are  aware  of  the  importance  of  inducing  suchl 
men  to  become  interested  in  our  journal,  and  of' 
their  contributing  to  its  columns.  When  practical 
farmers  write,  inquiring  farmers  will  read  with 
more  satisfaction,  than  when  they  know  the  piece 
is  the  production  of  some  theorist  in  his  closet, 
who,  perhaps,  would  make  as  awkward  work 
with  the  plough,  as  most  of  our  farmers  would 
with  a  quadrant.  The  writer  in  a  note  accompa- 
nying the  piece,  wishes  us  to  accept  it  "  as  a  drop 
preceding  a  plentiful  shower ;"  and  should  he  con- 
tinue his  observations,  we  anticipate,  our  journal 
will  contain  interesting  matter,  whether  farmers 
avail themselvesofthropporUuiity  ofreading  ornot. 

NEW-YORK  MARKET,  Nov.  19. 

Flour — The  receipts  of  western  have  only  a- 
bout  equalled  the  demand  for  the  eartern  markets, 
&c.  and  as  some  of  the  receivers  decline  selling  at 
present,  and  are  stoiing  for  winter  sales,  a  slight 
advance  has  been  obtained.  Sales  were  made  last 
week  of  common  western  at  $5  75  to  5  81,  early 
(his  week  at  5  87,  and  now  at  5  94  to  $6,  and 
sales  of  the  fancy  brands  at  6J .  Common  des- 
scriptions  of  southern  Sour  have  been  in  fair  de- 
mand at  5J,  and  the  dealers  and  bakers  have  pur- 
chased good  brands  of  Georgetown,  at  5  5-8and  5* 
for  the  beat  marks.  The  stock  of  all  kinds  of  flour 
is  unusally  light. 

Revenue  of  Great  Britain. 
For  the  year  ending  5'h  July,  1830, 

$233,925,445 
"  "  5th  July,  1831,        225,807,270 

.Shewing  a  diminution  of  $8,1 18,175 

The  interest  on  the  pui  lie  debt  for 

tie  year  ending  5th  July  1830,  $12,174,910 
The  customs  for  1830,  were  81,925,445 

Excise,  85,415,750 

Stamps,  8,120,505 

Post-Offices,  6,685,000 

Taxes,  24,692,905 

Miscellaneous,  27,085,840 


$233,925,445 


ANOTHER  STORM, 
Swept  over  Barbndocs  on  the  23d  of  September, 
which  threw  down  many  totterkig  walls,  "  rel- 
(tjUes"  of  the  tornado  of  August  last.  Two  vessels 
were  wrecked.  The  condition  of  the  poor  in  ma- 
ny of  the  W.  L  Islands  is  said  to  be  miserable  ini 
*he  extreme. 


Manufacturing  Establishments. 
In  Dudley,  Mass. 

Near  French  River,  Messrs.  TufTts  have  one 
mill  for  Cotton  and  one  for  Woolens.  The  cot- 
ton is  just  getting  into  operation.  They  make  up 
80,000  lbs.  of  wool  in  a  year,  employ  GO  hands, 
have  18  bnadcloth  and  10  cassimere  looms,  and 
finish  33,000  yds.  of  broadcloth. 

Near  the  same  River  are  the  works  of  the  Dud- 
ley Man.  Co.  They  run  1550  spindle*,  14  broad- 
cloth and  14  cassimere  looms,  employ  125  hai,  Is, 
and  work  100,000  lbs.  of  wool.  They  make  from 
60  to  70,000  yards  of  cloth  and  cassimere. 

On  the  same  River,  half  a  mile,  is  Preston's  cot- 
ton factory — 1200  spindles — 40  hands — uses 
60,000  lbs.  cotton,  and  weaves  ISO.OOOyds.  sheet- 
ings. 

On  the  same  River  is  Peny's  Sattinet  factory — 
720  spindles — 22  looms — 35  hands — works  54,- 
000  lbs.  wool — finishes  70,000  yds.  of  sattinets. 
In  Tkrompoon,  Con. 

On  the  same  River,  half  a  mile  below,  is  Will- 
son's  Sattinet  Factory — 340  spindles — 14  looms 
— 20  hands — works  40,000  lbs.  wool — produces 
65,000  yds.  sattinet. 

On  the  same  River,  3  miles  below,  Andrews  & 

Fisher  have  a  Cotton  Factory,  2200  spindles — 52 

looms — 70  hands — work  72,000  lbs.  cc'ton  and 

make  o50,000  yds.  of  cotton  for  printing  calicoes. 

At  MaconviUe. 

On  the  same  River,  half  a  mile  below,  are  s 
eral  mills,  to  wit — 

1.  Mason  &  Thatcher's — 2436  spindles — 60 
looms — 80  hands — work    60,000  lbs.  cotton 
make  250,000  yds.  sheetings. 

2.  Mason's — :700  spindles — 36  looms — 75 
hands — work  90,000  lbs.  cotton — make  250,000 
yds.  sheetings. 

There  are  several  others  of  less  magnitude — 
which  are  not  described. 

On  Five  Mile  River,  which  is  connected  with 
French  River  duinebog,  there  is  the  factory  of 
Randall,  &  Co.  which  runs  900  spindles — 18 
looms — 40  hands — work  45,000  lbs.  cottcn,  and 
make  150,000  yds.  or  shirtings  in  a  year. 

There  is  a  difference  in  these  factories — some 
not  appearing  to  deliver  as  much  work,  capacity 
considered,  as  others — that  is  owing  to  width  and 
fineness.  These  accounts  are  compiled  from  data 
in  the  American  Advocate. 

Tea  Duty. — The  Ladies,  and  not  a  few  of  the 
Gentlemen,  will  be  pleased  to  learn  that  on  the 
1st  of  January  next,  the  duties  on  Teas,  arc  to  be 
reduced  as  fallowing : 

Bohea,  from  12  cts.  lb.  to  4  cts. 

Souchong  25         "  10  " 

Hyson  Skin,  28         "  12  " 

Hyson,  40         "  1-  " 

Imperial  and  )       ^  „  03  « 

Gunpowder    ) 

AND 

On  the  1st  of  January  1833,  the  day  of  Tea  Ju- 
bilee will  come,  when  the  entire  duty  is  to  be  wip- 
ed away.  Then,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  alljTea 
Drinkers,  of  whatever  genus  or  style,  will  assem- 
ble over  the  delightful  beverage,  and  sip  to  the 
memory  of  Tschou-chang  and  Hong-chou. 

PRECAUTION  IN  PLANTING  POTA- 
TOES. 

It  appears  from  experiments  made  in  Holland, 
Jiat  when  potatoes  are  planted,  germs  of  which 


are  developed,  as  happens  occasionally  in  late  op 
erations,  or  after  mild  winters,  that  the  product 
differs  in  quantity  by  more  than  a  third  of  what  ii 
would  be,  if  potatoes  not  advanced  had  been  used ; 
and  further,  that  besides  this  diminution  of  product 
the  quality  is  inferior. — dUliman's  Journal. 

From  the  New  York  F«nnpr. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  IX. 

Boards  of  Agriculture,  common  faults  of ,  and 
the  proper  remedy. 

Mr.  Fleet, — It  is  a  common  remark 
'that  no  man  ihonld  point  our  faults,  with- 
out proposing  a  remedy;'  which  is  about  as 
much  as  to  say.  that  none  but  doctors  may 
wain  a  neighbor  of  his  exposure  to  disease, 
and  none  but  lawyers  of  his  liability  to  a  law 
suit.  We  Farmers  are  no  great  hands  for 
nice  distinctions  in  such  matters,  and  yet  we 
sometimes  think  there  are  foolish  things  in 
very  wise  sayings,  or  rather,  that  there  is  less 
wisdom  in  them,  than  they  pass  for.  There 
is  certainly  commendable  pride,  or  there 
would  be  no  laudable  ambition,  as  there  is 
also  teprehensible,  and  illaudable.  There 
is  a  pride  of  wisdom,  and  a  pride  of  folly.  — 
When  foolishness  sets  up  itself  for  what  is 
wise,  either  in  literature,  or  science,  or  in  a- 
ny  of  the  arts,  as  in  Agriculture,  the  folly 
should  be  exposed,  either  with  01  without 
suggesting  a  remedy.  So,  when  our  late 
Board  of  Agriculture  was  in  operation, 
and  County  Societies  of  Agriculture,  under 
State  patronage,  a  radical  error  in  the  plan 
of  operations,  or  rather  upon  the  principle 
upon  which  premiums  were  adjudged,  went 
far  towards  souring  the  public  mind,  and  the 
State  patronage  was  withdrawn.  Hail  the 
planners  of  that  scheme  listened,  in  season, 
to  advice,  or  would  they  have  received  in- 
struction from  experience,  and  consented  so 
to  modify  that  plan  ^s  <•)  obviate  those  objec- 
tions, the  whole  might  have  been  in  opeia- 
tion  until  this  time.  This  is  what  I  call 
foolish  pride.  Not  learn  from  experience! 
How,  else   do  wise  men  learn  ? 

The  principle  was,  to  grant  premiums  to 
the  most  extraordinary  production,  without 
any  regard  to  the  cost,  by  which  foolish,  01 
rich  men,  could,  and  did  take  the  premiums 
because  the  prudent,  and  the  poor,  and  even 
our  middling  kind  of  men,  many  of  them 
our  very  best  Fanners,  were  looking  at  pro- 
fit, as  they  should  be.  The  true  principle, 
that  upon  which  the  whole  system  should 
have  been  founded,  would  have  been  to  grant 
premiums  to  the  best  productions,  attended 
with  the  most  profit.  The  poor,  then,  and 
the  men  in  moderate  circumstances,  and  the 
prudent,  economical  Farmers,  could  and 
would  have  been  competitors,  and  success- 
ful ones;  "and  the  details  of  such  success, 
collected  and  published,  would  have  been 
highly  useful  and  instructive.  This  was 
what  was  wanted,  by  the  great  mass  of  the 
Farmers,  throughout  the  state,  or  such  was 
the  public  opinion.  The  managing  men. 
however,  either  had  other  views,  or  were  too 
opinionated  to  receive  instruction,  and  the 
plan  went  down,  I  hope  not  forever,  because, 
with  all  its  fault,  it  was,  though  indirectly, 
productive  of  some  good. 

There  was  another  fault,  Mr.  F.ditor,  per- 
haps a  natural  and  necessary  consequence  of 
the  first,  or  perhaps  the  first  c  mse  of  that, 
which  was,  that  practical  men  had  but  little 
to  do  in  supplying  what  was  published,  in 
those  days,  in  relation  to  \griculture.  The 
real   Farmers,   wrote  much   less  than  thev 


Vol  1.— No  47. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


371 


would  have  done,  if  satisfied  with  the  princi- 
ple of  the  plan,  and  our  Fanning,  at  least  as 
it  appeared  on  paper,  was  almost  all  theory, 
'  literary  Farming,'  as  1  have  heard  it  char- 
acterized, somewhere.  So,  that  which  pro- 
duced ihe  disgust,  accelerated  the  downfall 


employed  upon  some  kind  of  work.  Such 
was  the  practice  of  my  grand-fathers'  fami- 
ly, my  father's,  and  such  is  of  mine.  Such, 
also,  was  the  practice  of  Washington,  and  of 
that  Patriarch  of  our  order,  the  Virginia 
Farmer,  the  neighbor,  friend,  and  counsel- 
of  the  plan.    If  ever  ii  is  to  be  revived,  the  ||  lor,  of  the  counsellor  of  this  nation,  the  Fa 


lessons  of  experience,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will 
not  be  lost  upon  those  who  are  to  be  its  man- 
agers. 

A  State.  Board  of  Agriculture,  properly 
organized,  composed  principally  of  practical 
men,  duly  impressed  with  the  importance 
of  actual  labor,  as  a  part  of  ihe  business  of 
Farming,  without  which  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  it  cannot  be  acquired,  would,  under 
the  direction  of  men  of  sense,  be  productive 
of  immense  benefit.  It  should  be,  however, 
and  must  be,  in  order  to  be  useful,  a  Board 
of  working  bees,  not  of  drones,  nor  of  the 
butterflies  of  parties  in  power,  nor  of  the 
men  who  are  always  ready  to  mount  the  hob- 
bies of  the  day,  and  ride  them,  all  for  patri- 
otism !  Such  patriots  there  are,  riders  of 
hobbies,  always  ready  to  pocket  the  collars 
of  the  people,  good  souls,  solely  for  the  pub- 
lic good  !  The  days  of  their  glory  may  have 
gone  by,  as  to  one  set  of  them,  but  others 
will  come  forth,  on  the  spur  of  every  occa- 
sion, and  even  some  of  the  old  class  may  be 
resuscitated,  to  Jill  the  papers  with  their  own 
praise.  '  Will  ye  reject  the  counsels  of  your 
old  leaders?' 

When  the  late  war  broke  out,  all  eyes  were 
turned  upon  men  who  had  seen  something 
of  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  or  who  had  a 
name  in  its  annals,  if  only  upon  its  muster- 
rolls.  There  was  a  halo  of  glory  around 
the  heads  of  some  men  of  those  days,  and 
the  public  mind,  suddenly  startled  into  a- 
larni,  seemed  to  think — nay,  it  was  told — 
that  those  were  the  only  men,  to  stand  at  the 
helm,  and  direct  the  storm  of  war.  Hull 
was  sent  out,  did  wonders,  astonished  every 
body.yeW,  at  Detroit,  and  with  hivn  an  army, 
of  young  and  vigorous  Republicans  !  Still 
the  delusion  was  kept    up,  because    the  </irej[*ns'de 


ther  of  American  Liberty.     It  is  a  trait,  sir, 
J  in  the  character  of  the  intelligent  Farmer, 
one  of  the  modes  of  the  Farm    House,  by 
[  which  its  Education  is  conducted.     1  should 
count  it  a   high    honor,  to  by   usefully  em- 
|  ployed   in  sucli  company,    and  so,   1   trust, 
:  would  every  one  of  your  readers.     If  ambi- 
tion, of  this  sort,  is  a  sin,  or  if  my  estimate 
of  ability  to  be  useful,  is  grounded  in  pride, 
;or  folly,  stil!  I  avow  my  purpose,  and  will  be 
|  content  to  abide  the   impartial  decision   of 
in)  compeers,     'he  honor  of  usefulness,  is 
i  all   the  eminence"  worth   seeking,   and    real 
[merit  is  never  ostentatious.     Writing,  with- 
out, thought,  is  worse  than  useless.     One  ob- 
ject in  writing  these  papers,  is,  to  call  out  the 
Farmers,  by  showing  that   t  >ey  are  the  men 
i  who  can  best  guide  others,  in  the  business  of! 
Farming,   of  which   the  conductors  of   thev 
1  press  seem  hardly  to  be  apprized. 

From  ihe  New-tnglauu  Farmer. 

MANUFACTURE  OF  SILK. 

Mr.  Euitor — In  a  late  journey  to  the 
eastward  i  called  on  Mr.  Enoch  Boynton, 
innkeeper,  of  Newbury,  and  had  some  con- 
versation with  him  relative  to  the  growth  and 
manufacture  of  silk. 

He  informed  nie  that  he  had  made  the 
silk  business  a  study  for  forty  years,  and  was 
convinced  of  the  utility  and  practicability  of' 
its  being  pursued  as  a  lucrative  branch  of 
business. 

He  stated  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  can  be  clothed  with  silk  goods 
'  with  less  land  and  less  labor  than  with  flax, 
I  wool,  or  cotton,  and  that  it  can  be  made  im- 
I  pervious  to  water,  for  outside  garments,while 
j  cotton,  wool,  and  flax  can  be  made  useful  for 


was  not  slackened,  the  fire  of  the  goose 
quill,  of  the  pen  and  the  press,  potent  en- 
gines, in  such  wars  as  republics  are  always 
engaged  in,  \he  Wars  of  Elections.  Others 
of  those  men  were  called  for,  and  Hampton, 
and  Wilkinson,  and  Dearborn,  and  Lewis, 
and  Armstrong,  entered  the  lists,  led  on  in 
arms,  but  still  not  to  victory.  By-and-by 
the  Working  Men  came  into  command,  and 
then  came  the  tug  of  war,  but  with  hard 
work,  the  harder  for  past  misfortunes — and 
the  cause  of  the  country  revived.  The  Sol- 
diers were  working  men,  and  so  are  the  Far- 
mers ;  but,  to  do  work,  and  do  it  well,  they 
must  have  working  men  or  officers.  There 
is  no  such  thing  as  standing  before  an  army 
with  bayonets,  without  bayonets,  or  leading 
Farmers  in  a  career  of  Agriculture,  without 
Farmers  for  leaders. 

These  long  stories,  Mr.  Editor,  about  ma- 
ny things,  may  seem  to  you  rather  protract- 
ed ;  but  there  is  somewhat  of  instruction  in 
every  thing  of  experience,  none  of  which 
ought  to  be  lost,  i  may  entirely  err,  in  my 
estimate  of  the  reception  of  these  Numbers  ; 
for  I  confess  to  you  a  belief,  that,  if  copied 
into  all  the  newspapers  of  the  country,  they 
will  be  attentively  read,  by  such  of  my  broth- 
er Farmers,  as  have  a  few  hours  time  for 
reading.  They  will  even  be  laid  aside  for 
long  winter  evenings,  our  way  of  managing 
such  things,  when  some  one  will  read,  and 
'he  rest  listen,  perhaps  while  their  fingers  are 


I  perfectly  coincided  with  him  relative  to 
converting  the  cocoons  into  silk  goods  with 
less  expense  and  labor  than  cotton,  wool,  or 
flax  are  manufactured  ;  for  in  converting  cot- 
ton into  goods  it  has  to  be  cleansed  from  seeds 
&.c.  ;  it  is  then  broken  and  finished  ready 
for  drawing,  and  has  to  pass  through  a  card 
called  a  breaker,  and  another  called  a  finish- 
er— then  through  the  drawing,  roping,  pro- 
cess, and  then  spun  and  woven.  The  ma- 
chinery for  breaking,  finishing,  drawing 
and  roping  ike,  is  very  expensive, — all  of 
which  is  not  necessary  for  the  operation  of 
silk. 

Silk  is  first  drawn  from  the  cocoons  by  a 
reel,  say  like  those  of  D'Homergue's  or  Du 
Ponceau's  of  Philadelphia,  or  J.  H.  Cobb, 
Esq.  of  Dedham,  or  E.  Boymon's,  of  New- 
bury. It  could  then  be  taken,  spooled,  and 
twisted  and  doubled  for  such  kind  of  goods 
as  are  intended  for  manufacture.  Then 
washed  and  woven  by  water  or  steam  pow- 
er as  well  as  cotton,  wool,  &c,  and  with 
much  less  labor  than  the  afore-mentioned 
materials.  He  informed  me  he  had  upwards 
of  fifty  thousand  white  mulberry  trees  of  2, 
3,  and  4  year's  growth,  a  part  of  which  he 
would  sell  at  extremely  low  prices,  and  of 
such  ages  and  quantities  as  to  suit  purcha 
sers. 

The  trees  will  do  to  take  up  and  set  out 
till  the  ground  is  frozen  and  as  early  next 
spring,  as  the  frost  is  out  till  the  month  of 
May,     He   stated  that  he  pruned   a  part  0f 


the  aforesaid  tree  this  year,  and  gave  the 
primings  to  the  silk  worms  which  produced 
upwards  of  seventy  pounds  ot  cocoons,  which 
were  stifled  in  an  oven  with  a  temperature 
of  140  down  to  liiO  degrees  by  the  thermom- 
eter. He  took  the  primings  without  separa- 
ting the  leaves,  and  placed  them  among  the 
worms  to  feed  on,  and  thought  they  did  bet- 
ter than  if  the  leaves  were  stripped  otf,  as 
the  worms  would  climb  and  rest  themselves 
on  the  branches,  as  intended  by  their  benifi- 
cent  Creator. 

The  improvement  he  has  made  on  his  silk 
mill,  will  no  doubt  be  of  utility.  He  run 
from  said  mill  £0.0  yards  of  different  sized 
thread,  reeled  and  spooled  from  the  cocoons, 
aim  laid  on  spools  or  bobbins  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  be  put  into  a  bobbing  nest  for  doub- 
ling and  twisting  for  any  fablic  wanted. 

He  declines  exhibiting  said  mill  at  present, 
for  vaiiott  s  reasons ;  one  of  winch  is  the 
great  hindrance  it  would  make  him,  to  grat- 
ify the  idle  curiosity  of  people  who  might  call 
on  him.  Bo.no  Piblico. 

Remarks  by  the  Editor. — We  esteem  the 
above  valuable  information,  and  would  take 
this  occasion  to  recommend  the  introduction 
or  at  least  the  more  general  trial  of  the  Chi- 
nese Mulberry,  ( Morus  multicaulis)  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  white  mulberry.  Its  proper- 
ties are  said  to  be  the  following.  It  contin- 
ues low  and  bushy,  so  that  tne  leaves  can 
always  be  gathered  without  a  ladder,  and  the. 
leaves  are  of  large  size,  very  tender,  grow 
in  abundance,  ate  eaten  with  avidity  by  the 
worms,  and  the  silk  they  produce  is  of  the 
first  quality.  This  species  of  mulberry  may 
be  obtained  by  application  at  the  office  of 
the  New  England  Fanner,  No.  50£  North 
Market  street,  price  $1  each. 

Agriculture. —  the  following  is  stated 
in  the  New  England  Farmer  as  the  pro- 
duct of  one  acre  for  3  successive  years. — 
The  land  belongs  to  B.  Noras,  Esq.  of 
Bristol  R.  I. 

1829. 
12178  bunches  of  onions,  as  60  bushels 
to  the  thousand  bunches,  a  common  aver- 
age would  be 

730  bushels  of  Onions. 


70 

41 

50 

(1 

30 

<( 

30 

it 

i 

a 

3200 

pounds 

150 

Potatoes. 
Carrots. 
Round  Turnips. 
Beets. 
Beans. 

Winter  Squashes. 
Cabbage  heads. 
1830. 
10560  bunches  of  onions,  equal  to 
638  bushels  of  Onions, 
80       "  Potatoes. 

30  "  Carrots. 

31  ''  Round  Turnips. 
26       "  Beets. 

3  pecks  of   Beans. 
2500  pounds      Winter  Squashes. 
150  Cabbage  heads. 

1831. 
10363  bunches  of  onions,  equivalent  to 
628  bushels  of  Onions. 
130       "  Potatoes. 

23       "  Round  Turnips. 

30       "  Beets. 

2  pecks  of   Beansj 
2000  pounds      Winter  Squashes; 
20  heads  of    Cabbage, 


312 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  26,  1831, 


rn>mJT»Ji^4  "io\s. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE    FARMER. 

DURATION  OF  VEGETABL-  LIFE. 
I  believe  no  person  has  done  so  much  in  spread- 
ing the  Natural  Sciences  amongst  us  as  Professor 
Eaton.  His  Manual  of  Botany  is  in  the  hands 
■  if  almost  every  one  who  wishes  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  the  plants  of  the  Northern  and 
Middle  States ;  and  every  year  he  has  sent  forth 
a  new  class  into  different  parts  of  the  country, 
whose  hands  as  well  as  minds  have  been  called 
into  action,  and  whose  attention  has  been  pointed 
to  the  various  phenomena  of  Nature. 

These  remarks  may  seem  abrupt,  but  the  com- 
mendation is  well  merited;  and  so  long  a  time  has 
elapsed  since  Professor  Eaton  entered  his  dissent 
vl)  from  my  opinion  on  the  duration  of  vegeta- 
ble life,  that  1  wish  my  silence  may  not  be  con- 
strued into  any  want  of  respect.  I  had  hopes  for 
a  while  that  he  would  render  the  matter  in  differ- 
ence, more  tangible.  His  Address  before  the 
Rensselaer  Horticultural  Society  proved  that  he 
still  considered  the  subject  of  great  importance; 
and  I  have  patiently  waited  for  the  further  eluci- 
dation of  his  views  In  the  mean  time,  I  discov- 
ered new  testimony  in  favor  of  my  own ;  and 
t  wo  extracts  (2)  from  authors  of  great  respectability 
kave  been  presented  to  the  readers  of  this  jour- 
nal. 

Let  not  this  subject  be  considered  of  trivial  im- 
port: the  theoretical  opinions  of  a  cultivator,  have 
a  continual  bearing  on  his  practice.     That  doc- 
trine which  I  reject,  led  the  venerable  President  (3) 
of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London  to  estimate 
grafted  trees  unworthy  of  his  care,  unless  the  ori- 
ginal seedling    was  known  to  be   in   a  healthy 
condition;  and  it  led  Professor  (4)  Eaton,  (A.  E.) 
to  advise  that  old  varieties  be  kept  in  a  parasitic 
date,  and  not   allowed  to  depend  on   their  own 
roots   for  nourishment.     To  this  supposed  debility 
of  Old   Age,  the  late  William   Coze  (5)  ascribed 
(hefire  blight  in  pear  trees,  and  William  Wilson 
(6)   of  New-York  the  yellows  in  peach  trees. — 
Now  if  this  theory  is  unfounded,  as  I  believe,  the 
restrictions  imposed  by  the  two  former,  are  unne- 
cessary burdens :  and   the  ascriptions  of  the  two 
latter  only  lead  the  inquirer  from  the  right  ti  ack. 
When  A.  E.  replied  to  my  paper,  he   offered 
an  apology  on  account  of  haste.     It  shall  be  ad- 
mitted in  its  fullest  extent ;  but  I  hope  he  will  ac- 
cept of  my  assistance  in  revising  that  reply.     In 
the  following  sentence  one  inadvertancy  escaped 
him:   "Friend  Thomas  ought  to  give  detailed  di- 
rections for  continuing  fruit  trees  by  grafts  and 
buds — He  may  reserve  his  theory,  and  give   all 
the  practical  knowledge  required."     I  thank  him 
for  the  kindness  intended ;  but  A.  E.  has  mista- 
ken the  person  to   whom  that  advice  could   most 
properly  be  given.      The  theory  is  ins,  not  mine. 
I  hold  none  on  this  point  which  can  cause  me  to 
swerve  from  the  practice  of  our  ancestors ;  and 
the  question  between  us  is,  whether  a  new  theory 
which  he  upholds,  started  within  a  few  years,  and 


1.  GeneBec  Farmer,  pago  113. 
•4.  Pa«»998     245. 

3.  "  So  strongly  did  Mr.  Knight  become  fixed  in  this 
opinion  that  he  seriously  advises  orchardists  never  to 
plant  an  inocculaled  or  grafted  tree,  unleas  the  parent 
tree  iB  known  t(  exist  in  a  healthy  state- '  p    33. 

4.  New«York  Farmer,  vol.  4,  p.  177. 

5.  View  of  the  cultivation  of  fruit  treos.*p,  175, 
0.  New-York  I'armor,  vol.  1.  p.  48. 
",  Miruel. 


totally  unknown  to  former  ages,  shall  be  adopted 
or  rejected. 

He  must  permit  me  to  suggest  that  the  case  ef 
the  turnequet  can  have  no  particular  application 
to  the  subject  in  discussion  ;  and  as  it  might  di- 
vert the  attenti<  n  of  some  readers  from  the  weigh- 
tier matters  of  the  argument,  it  will  be  best  to  o- 
mit  it.  He  may  tie  a  strong  wire  round  the  limb 
of  a  tree,  and  destroy  its  vitality  also ;  but  though 
this  case  is  lt-.b  remote  than  the  other,  it  will  not 
even  tend  to  prove  'hat  old  age  acts  in  this  manner 
on  our  fruit  trees. 

A.  E.  says  that  "life  is  unquestionably  a  for- 
ced state ;"  but  I  know  not  in  what  way  this  pro- 
position can  favor  his  theory  He  has  shown 
none  of  the  causes  that  limit  the  duration  of  a  for- 
ced state.  The  same  element/-  that  forced  the  a- 
corn  to  germinate,  will  act  witu  unimpaired  vigor 
when  the  oak  which  sprung  from  it,  shall  become 
the  giant  of  the  woods;  and  "  the  liber  which  is 
formed  on  the  tree  of  centuries  old,  enjoys  the  ve- 
getative power  in  as  full  force  as  the  liber  which 
is  formed  on  the  sapling."  (7) 

According  to  A.  ■  E.  "  the  living  principle  and 
chemical  attraction,  are  forever  at  war  in  vegeta- 
ble nature."  I  know  not  whether  I  understand 
this  expression,  because  I  cannot  perceive  that  it 
proves  any  thing  in  Ins  favor.  In  this  war  it  is 
certain,  however,  that  chemical  attraction  must  be 
very  generally  worsted,  for  its  enemy  quarters  on 
it ;  and  rarely  indeed  can  it  inflict  any  injury  in 
return.  The  triumphs  of  chemical  attraction  are 
deferred  till  the  living  principle  is  extinct;  and  I 
regret  that  A.  E's.  references  to  both  dead  and 
living  organized  substances  withoutdiscrimination, 
should  have  rendered  these  distinctions  less  clear. 
I  will  not  put  A.  E.  to  the  trouble  to  "  insist" — 
every  satisfaction  in  my  power  shall  be  given  on 
his  simple  intimation.  I  am  in  search  after  truth 
and  if  he  can  give  better  reasons  for  adopting  his 
theory,  than  I  can  give  for  rejecting  it,  he  will 
soon  have  me  on  his  side  of  the  question.  In  the 
mean  time,  it  may  be  necessary  in  some  cases  to 
speak  plainly  ;  but  if  any  expression  of  mine 
should  lead  him  to  suspect  me  of  being  unfriendly 
or  unfair,  lie  may  rest  in  the  certain  assurance 
that  I  have  been  misunderstood. 

The  reason  of  my  citing  the  great  age  of  those 
trees  must  be  evident  to  A.  E.  on  a  second  in- 
spection of  my  paper.  He  has  coupled  with  these 
instances  of  longevity,  however,  the  name  of  Me- 
thusaleh,  as  if  human  life  and  vegetable  life  were 
in  strict  analogy — as  if  a  new  limb  could  be 
made  to  sprout  forth  on  an  old  man  in  place  of  a 
limb  rendered  useless  by  disease — as  if  when  his 
trunk, — including  head,  heart,  and  viscera, — was 
decayed,  he  could  sprout  up  with  new  vigor  from 
the  soil — as  if  he  could  exist  after  the  total  de- 
struction of  every  part  which  constituted  his  en- 
tire body*  in  former  years.  But  A.  E.  shall  be 
excused  on  account  of  haste. 

The  history  of  this  new  theory  merits  our  at- 
tention. The  better  fruittrees  of  England  arescarce- 
ly  acclimated;  and  where  climate  and  locality 
have  both  conspired  against  them,  many  of  these 
appear  to  have  received  constitutional  injuries. — 
Such  deteriorations  were  observed  by  Marshall 
and  his  coadjutors  in  rural  improvements.  To 
draw  a  general  conclusion  from  limited  observa- 
tions, is  a  very  common  propensity;  and  in  this 


■  Whkb  istho  case  witbflluby  old  hollow  trees. 


ease  the  result  was  a  confirmed  belief  that  every 
variety  "  must  die  of  Old  Age  at  a  limited  peri- 
od." 

It  is  discouraging  when  a  theory  has  been  builf 
up  with  much  labor,  to  find  the  foundations,  un- 
stable— to  find  the  assumed  facts  on  which  it  rests, 
controverted  and  denied.  Yet  such  is  the  condi- 
tion of  the  theory  before  us.  In  my  former  arti- 
cle I  mentioned  many  fruits,  cultivated  in  Eng- 
land 114  years  ago  which, — though  there  is  rea- 
son to  believe  these  were  old  varieties  at  that 
time, — are  still  preserved  even  in  this  distant  re- 
gion, and  selected  for  new  nurseries  and  new 
fruit  gardens.  I  ran  add  my  testimony  that  all  of 
these  within  my  inspection  show  no  symptoms  of 
decline. 

No  apples  were  on  that  list ;  but  a  passage  in 
The  Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge,  comes 
more  directly  to  the  point  in  regard  to  this  fruit : 
"  Varieties  which  had  been  celebrated  abroad, 
were  spread  through  the  kingdom  by  their  cultiva- 
tion in  the  gardens  of  the  religious  houses,  and 
many  of  these  fine  old  sorts  still  exist." — Jjr"  It 
has  been  asserted  that  many  of  the  fine  old  vari- 
eties of  the  apple  arc  now  going  into  decay.  This 
may  beowhig  partly  to  their  being  more  generally 
cultivated,  and  consequenUy  grown  in  a  great 
variety  of  soils,  some  of  which  would  suit  them, 
and  others  not ;  and  that  this  is  the  case  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  Jjj>  in  some  places 
these  sorts  are  lobe  found  healthy  enough  dpi-" 

I  shall  leave  this  remarkable  statement  without 
comment,  and  pass  on  to  the  testimony  of  our 
countryman,  the  late  William  Coxe,  who  had  im- 
bibed all  these  notions  of  the  limited  duration  of 
varieties.  Coxe,  however,  was  a  man  of  worth ; 
and  it  is  interesting  to  observe  his  attachment  to 
theory  on  the  one  hand,  and  his  integrity  on  the 
other  hand,  in  faithfully  recording  facts  directly  in 
opposition  to  that  theory. 

"  The  Styre  apple  of  Hereford,  in  England,  is 
supposed  to  have  long  since  passed  the  zenith  of 
its  perfection,  and  to  be  rapidly  declining  there  ; 
yet  in  the  growth  and  vigor  of  at  least  one  hun- 
dred of  these  trees  planted  in  my  orchards,  there 
appears  to  be  no  deficiency ;  on  toe  contrary,  they 
attract  the  notice  of  all  who  see  them,  for  the  extra- 
ordinary luxuriance  as  well  as  beauty  of  their 
growth." 

"  The  climate  of  America  is  supposed  to  have 
revived  the  Red  streak  wliich  had  deteriorated 
in  Us  native  soil  (J^»  from  the  long  duration  of 
the  variety." 

"  Gennet  moyle  —  ranks  high  in  England. — 
Philips  in  his  poem  on  Cider,  callsit '  the  moyle  of 
sweetest  honeyed  taste.'  The  tree  is  remarka- 
bly thrifty"  Yet  this  is  a  very  old  variety,  for 
that  poem  was  first  published  1'35  years  ago. 

A.  E.  refers  to  that  "  incurable  disease  Old 
Age."  But  English  apple  trees  are  cured  when 
brought  into  the  finer  climate  of  our  Middle  States. 
It  is  therefore  plain  that  the  doctors  have  mistaken 
the  disease,  as  Old  Age  is  incurable ;  and  that 
the  decline  of  those  apple  trees  must  be  referred  to 
other  causes.  Consequently,  it  is  evident  that  A. 
E.  ought  not  to  apply  the  term  Old  Age,  indis- 
criminately to  Men  and  7Y«es,  unless  he  can 
prove  this  reasoning  to  be  inconclusive;  andunless 
he  can  show  that  persons  suffering  from  decrepi- 
tude have  been  restored  to  the  bloom  and  vigor  of 
youth,  like  the  Styre  and  the  Red  streak,  on  remo- 
ving to  a  better  climate. 


Vol   1.— No.  47. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


Old  varieties  of  the  potato  have  also  been  revi- 
ved by  a  particular  treatment ;  and  President 
Knight  has  most  honorably  recorded  this  fact, 
though  it  contravenes  his  favorite  theory. 

I  believe  I  have  now  examined  every  argument 
advanced  by  A.  E.  D.  T. 

Grealficld,  Cayuga  co.  11  mo.  10,  1831. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

ON  PLOUGHING  IN  THE  FALL. 
Ploughing  late  in  autumn  is  practiced  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  generally  believed  to  be  in 
perfect  consistence  with  good  fanning.  Not  un- 
lYequently  the  subject  is  brought  into  view  in  the 
Agricultural  Journals  and  books  treating  of  hus- 
bandry, and  always  pressed  upon  the  farmer  as 
having  strong  claims  to  his  attention.  The  prin- 
cipal arguments,  adduced  in  favor  of  autumnal 
ploughing,  are,  1st.  That  it  gives  to  the  farmer 
an  opportunity  of  doing  in  the  fall,  when  time  is 
less  valuable,  and  teams  are  strong,  a  portion  of 
his  team  work,  which,  if  deferred  at  that  time, 
must  be  done  in  the  spring,  and  that  too  with  a 
team  much  less  able  to  perform  it ; — that  the  far- 
mer who  adopts  anil  pursues  this  practice,  will,  in 
the  spring,  find  his  business  ill  a  more  forward 
condition,  than  otherwise  it  would  be,  and  be  bet 
tcr  able  to  keep  it  so  through  the  season.  2d, 
That  ploughing  late  in  autumn,  contributes  to  an 
improvement  of  the.  soil.  This  is  supposed  to  be 
done,  by  giving  it  a  greater  exposure  to  the  frosts  j 
of  winter,  by  the  agency  of  which  the  soil  is  more 
perfectly  pulverized,  better  prepared  for  admix-! 
lure  in  subsequent  tillage,  and  consequently  ren-1 
dered  more  productive.  Another  consideration  ur-  \ 
.ged  in  connection  with  this,  is,  that  ground  plough- , 
cd  in  the  fall,  will,  at  the  time  of  spring  culture,  i 
lie  found  in  a  better  state  of  tillage,  than  it  could  j 
be  brought  to  by  the  same  process  of  ploughing 
in  the  spring.  3d.  That,  by  ploughing  late  in 
the  season,  many  of  the  eggs,  or  deposites,  of 
worms  and  other  insects,  are  exposed  to  the  se- 
verity iof  winter's  frost,  and  by  that  means  de- 
stroyed; and  of  course,  ploughing  at  that  season, 
contributes  something  towards  relief  from  the 
mischievous  effects  of  such  depredators.  These 
are  the  principal  arguments  relied  on,  to  sustain 
the  practice  of  autumnal  ploughing;  and  to  me 
they  appear  worthy  of  great  consideration.  Yet, 
the  doctrine  of  ploughing  late  in  the  fall,  is  by 
some  denied.  There  are  farmers  of  good  sense, 
men  in  the  vicinity  where  I  live,  who  have  the 
impression,  that  ploughing  late  in  autumn,  is 
hurtful  to  the  soil ;  and  on  that  account,  they  en- 
tirely abstain  from  the  practice.  To  my  surprise, 
I  lately  noticed  in  an  address,  delivered  before  the 
Hartford  (Ct.)  Agricultural  Society,  an  utter  pro- 
scription of  this  practice,  as  an  infallible  means, 
if  practiced  and  persisted  in,  of  ruining  the  soil. 
Is  it  so?  It  is  important  that  farmers  should 
know  the  truth  in  relation  to  this  subject.  It  is, 
indeed,  admitted  by  many  of  the  advocates  for 
late  ploughing,  that  an  exception  should  be  made 
as  to  lands,  that  are  composed  chiefly  of  sand,  and 
are,  of  course,  light,  'oose  and  porous.  An  ex- 
ception should  also  be  made  as  to  all  lands,  lying 
on  steep  declivities.  Fall  ploughing,  on  such  lo- 
cations, would  be  likely  to  result  in  considerable 
injury  to  the  soil,  as  valuable  portions  of  it  would 
be  washed  away  by  the  rains,  and,  especially,  by 
the  freshets  of  spring.  Granting  these  exceptions, 
i  proceed. 


Last  fall,  1830,  I  ploughed  in  November,  the 
fourth  part  of  a  field  of  wheat  stubble,  containing 
8  acres,  and  intended  for  corn  as  the  next  crop. — 
The  soil  was  loam,  of  loose  texture,  and  easy  til- 
lage. Another  part  of  the  same  field,  had  been 
turned  over  immediately  after  wheat  harvest;  and 
stdl  another  small  part  remained  unploughed  till 
spring.  The  crop  of  the  whole  field  was  fine; 
but  that  of  the  part  ploughed  in  November,  obvi- 
ously excelled ;  and  I  know  not  for  what  cause, 
unless  it  was,  ploughing  at  that  season.  During 
the  long  period  in  which  I  have  been  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits,  I  have,  not  unfrequently, 
ploughed  late  in  autumn;  and  never  did  I  suspect, 
nor  do  I  now,  that  any  injury  to  my  soil,  resulted 
from  it. 

If  ploughing  late  in  the  fall,  be  detrimental  to 
the  soil,  it  might  be  supposed,  that  digging  pota- 
toes at  that  season,  would  have  the  same  effect 
It  gives  to  the  soil  nearly  the  same  exposure  to  the 
atmospheric  influence  of  winter.  But  who  ever 
suspected  that  the  operation  of  potato  digging 
was  hurtful  to  the  soil  1  So  far  as  I  know,  a  po- 
tato crop  is  universally  considered  as  an  excellent 
preparation  for  any  other  crop  that  is  to  follow. 

I  have  long  maintained  the  sentiment,  that 
ploughing  late  in  the  fall,  certain  soils  and  loca- 
tions being  excepted,  was  safe  in  regard  to  the 
j  soil,  and,  in  many  instances,, a  well  timed,  and  ve- 
I  ry  profitable  item  of  husbandry.  Sustained  in 
this,  as  I  think  I  am,  by  the  general  sentiment  of 
farmers — sustained  by  the  evidence  of  my  own 
practice,  extended  through  a  series  of  many  years, 
and  sustained  too,  as  I  perceive  I  am,  by  the  Gen- 
esee Farmer,  I  must  be  permitted  still  to  believe 
that,  on  such  soils  as  generally  prevail  in  West- 
ern New- York,  and  on  all  soils  of  sufficient  tena- 
city to  be  good  for  wheat,  the  fanner  may  plough 
|  in  October,  November  and  December,  without  the 
!  least  danger  of  injuring  his  soil,  and,  often  times, 
to  his  great  advantage. 

DAN  BRADLEY. 
Marccllus,  Ibth  Nov.  1831. 


FOR   THE  GENESEE    FARMER. 

The  Genesee  Farmer  states,  page  184,  that  the 
poison  of  ivy  is  an  acid,  and  by  dogwood  (Pisci- 
dia)  of  an  alkaline  nature.  The  plants  referred 
I  to  are  of  the  same  genus,  and  apparently  possess 
j  the  same  properties.  What  is  called  ivy,  is  a 
!  species  of  sumach,  Rhus  radicans,  and  seems  to 
j  be  spread  over  all  the  country.  The  poison  of 
dogwood  is  less  common.  It  is  not  the  Piscidia 
!  of  botanists,  which  is  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies, 
'  and  called  Jamaica  dogwood  or  Fish-bean.  Like 
the  Phlomis  and  some  other  plants,  it  has  the 
property  of  intoxicating  fishes,  so  that  they  are 
caught  by  the  hand.  Hence  the  name,  piscis,  a 
fish,  and  caedo,  to  kill.  The  poisonous  dogwood 
here  referred  to,  is  not  a  Cornus,  so  common  eve- 
rywhere, but  it  is,  also,  a  species  of  sumach,  Rhus 
Toxicodendron.  Its  more  frequent  name  is  poi- 
son oak,  but  in  many  parts  of  New  England  it  is 
called  Dogwood.  It  grows  two  or  three  feet  high, 
and  its  leaves  are  much  like  those  of  the  poison- 
ous ivy,  or  mercury,  as  it  is  often  called.  But  the 
mos'  poisonous  plant  in  the  United  States,  is 
the  poison  sumach  of  the  swamps,  Rhus  Varnix, 
or  Vaniish  Sumach.  It  has  been  a  subject  of 
earnest  debate  in  England,  whether  this  is  the 
true  Varnish  tree  of  Japan;  and  each  side  of 
the  question  has  enlisted  the  talents  of  able  bota- 


3T3 

msts.     It  may  be  worth  inquiry,  whethi  t  our  trc 
may  not  be  usefully  applied  to  afford  a  vaniish. 

I  have  known  some  twenty  or  thirty  ferailie 
poisoned  at  the  same  time,  from  the  use  of  wood 
lor  fuel  taken  in  clearing  a  swamp,  where  the 
poisonous  sumachs  abounded.  A  number  of  rem- 
edies are  mentioned  in  the  earlier  volumes  of  thi 
New  England  Farmer.  The  writer  of  this  arti- 
cle has  often  been  thus  afflicted,  and  found  little 

use  in  any  prescription  but  patience  and  time. 

Dr.  Nathan  Smith,  one  of  the  best  surgeons  and 
physicians  our  country  has  produced,  and  with 
whom  this  calamity  was  familiar  in  forty  years' 
practice,  once  advised  him  to  ungirth  cathartics, 
and  apply  Indian  meal,  rubbing  it  on  to  allay  ir- 
ritation. This  course  proved  as  useful  as  any  of 
the  numerous  remedies  previously   recommend- 

ed-  E.  Y. 

Cleveland. 

FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

HEDGING. 

The  log,  pole,  and  bush,  hedge  of  the  early  set- 
tlers has  given  way  to  the  rail,  post  and  rail,  and 
board  fence,  and  stone  wall ;  and  as  stone  is  not 
found  in  many  parts  of  the  Genesee  Country, 
suitable  for  wall,  it  is  daily  becoming  more  and 
more  an  object  of  importance  to  our  farmers,  to 
substitute  some  material  of  a  more  durable  nature 
than  rails  or  boards,  for  fencing,  as  these  articles 
are  already  becoming  very  scarce  in  many  pla- 
ces. 

Several  of  my  neighboring  farmers,  as  well  as 
myself,  are  anxious  to  commence  a  system  of 
hedging ;  but,  as  we  have  no  experience  in  the 
business,  and  our  knowledge  upon  the  subject  ne- 
cessarily very  limited,  the  experience  and  knowl- 
edge of  others,  would  not  only  save  many  a  pen- 
ny to  those  who  are  entering  into  the  business,  but 
be  of  great  advantage  to  the  agricultural  commu- 
nity, and  add  much  to  the  improvement  of  this 
section  of  the  country. 

I  know  of  but  few  instances  of  hedging  in  this 
part  of  the  state.  In  one  case,  where  the  English 
thorn  was  tried,  that  part  of  the  hedge  which  was 
clipped,  was  mostly  destroyed  by  a  small  snow 
white  insect,  with  which  it  was  in  many  cases  lit- 
erally covered.  That  which  was  not  clipped,  did 
better :  none  of  the  plants  have  yet  been  destroy- 
ed by  this  insect,  although  found  upon  it  in  several 
places.  I  have  seen  several  kinds  of  the  native 
thorn,  and  the  crab,  tried;  but  the  experiments 
were  so  limited,  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  much  re 
specting  their  utility  for  hedging. 

Any  information  upon  this  subject  communica- 
ted tnrough  the  Genesee  Farmer,  would  doubtless 
promote  our  general  interest.  ONTARIO. 

FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

MILITARY  TRAININGS,  No.  4. 
I  am  no  soldier — but  a  man ;  speak  not 
Of  soldiership — I  loathe  the  word  and  those 
Who  pride  themselves  upon  it. — Bijron. 

Our  numbers  being  published  with  several  day? 
interval  between  them,  it  becomes  necessary  to 
recapitulate  a  little  to  make  ourself  intelligible. — 
In  our  last  number  we  attempted  to  show  that  all 
occasion  for  the  continuance  of  our  militia  system 
had  long  since  ceased,  and  that  the  laws  upon  the 
subject  ought  consequently  to  be  abrogated.  But 
we  hear  among  our  neighbors  various  objections 
to  the  total  abolition  of  the  system,  some  of  which 


274 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Nnvembor-26,  1831 


Seen    10  ;e.  erve  an  answer.     The  principal  objec- 
tion is — that  were  »l  to  give  up  our  militia  organ- 
ization   entirely,  we   should  be  much   more  ex- 
posed to  aggressions  from  foreign  nations  than  at 
present.     It  is  said  that  while  we  have  arms  in 
our  hands,  and  are  prepared  to  defend  ourselves, 
and  assert  our  rights,  other  nations  are  obliged  to 
respect  us.     We  admit  that  every  nation  in  time 
of  peace  ought  to  prepare  for  war,  and  put  and 
keep  itself  in  a  position  for  defence.     But  we  say 
that  the  '>eople  can  be  relieved  of  the  burdensome 
tax  of  military  duty,  and  the  country  be  equally  se- 
cure.    We  would  have  our  frontiers  fortified,  and 
a  small  standing   army  kept  up,  and  dispersed 
among  our  military  posts.    We  are  so  distant 
from  any  nation   that  dare  make  war  upon  us, 
that   if  it    were  actually   impending   we  should 
have  ample  time   for  preparation  before  it  could 
commence.     Our  navy,  incr  :ased  as  it  ought  to 
be,  and  soon  will  be,  would  command  all  approach 
to  us  by  sea,  and  we  are   almost  unapproachable 
in  any  other  way.     We  are  too  strong  to  be  at- 
tacked successfully   by  any   nation.     We  cannot 
have  the  most  distant  fear  upon  the  subject.  And 
why  should  we  keep   up  our  militia  system  as  a 
badge  of  weakness  and  of  fear !     It  is  wrong  to 
subject  our  citizens  to  such   a  burden,  if  it  can 
safely  be  dispensed    with.     This   military  duty 
is  a   species  of  the  old  feudal  system.     We  do 
no'  indeed  hold  our  lands  by   a  military   tenure, 
but  our  public  rights   as  citizens — all  seem  in   a 
qualified  sense  held  and  enjoyed  subject  to  a  cer- 
tain  fixed  servitiv/m  militiare.    We  do  protest 
a.'  linst  this  feudal  vassalage  in  any  shape.     We 
object   to    holding  our  rights  and  privileges  as 
tenants  in  r.apite  by  knight  service — or  by  any 
other  se.vice,  says  the  ordinary  taxes  and  recipro- 
cal duties   which   good  citizens  owe  to  their  go- 
vernment.    To  compel  respectable  and  peaceful 
citizens,   adverse   in  their  ta3te  and  inclinations 
and  habits  to  every   thing  like  soldiership — in 
time  of  peace  to  turn  out  twice   or  thrice  a  year 
and  be  drilled  and  marched  about,  subject  to  the 
command  of  some  sensless  upstart  withjust  am- 
bition enough  to  rais.  an  epaulette,  is   oppressive 
an  I   degrading  in  the  extreme.     And  then  to  sub- 
ject them  to  martial  law  in  case  of  default,  is  still 
worse.     This  martial  law  is  atbest,  a  relic  of  bar- 
barism.    In  time  of  war  there  may  be  some  ne- 
cessity or  apology  for  it — but   we  do  protest   a- 
gainst  subjecting  America  citizens  to  it  in  time  of 
peace.  S. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMEn. 

Mr.  Goodsei.l — In  your  paper  of  Oct.  29, 
you'  Cleveland  correspondent  has  a  few  remarks, 
that  demand  some  notice  from  me.  He  says, 
"  One  of  your  correspondents  has  intimated  that 
no  part  of  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  is  a- 
dapted  to  the  vine.  What  direct  knowledge  he 
has  I  cannot  say,"  intending  no  loubt,  to  be  un- 
derstood to  say,  that  1  had  made  the  above  asser- 
tion. 

It  is  not  always  easy  to  prove  a  negatiye,  and  I 
know  not  who  may,  or  where,  have  published  my 
opinions.  It  would  seem  that,  as  'one  of  your 
correspondents'  is  charged  with  hiving  '  intimated' 
this  opinion,  it  has  been  published  in  your  paper 
I  call  upon  you,  then,  as  the  Editor,  to  say  when 
and  to  republish,  iu  reply  to  '  E.  Y.,'  of  Clcve 
land,  whatever  I  may  have  said,  on  this  point  of 
his  charge.    This  request  is  made,  as  an  act  of 


justice,  due,  alike,  to  me  and  the  public :  and  is 
the  more  confidently  urged,  inasmuch  as  the  repu- 
tation, for  accuracy,  is  of  some  concern,  to  every 
individual.  You  oughtnot,  in  my  opinion,  tohave 
published  that  article,  without  being  satisfied  of 
the  truth  of  the  charge. 

I   will   now  tell  you  what  is  my  impression,  of 
whatever  I  may  have  said  on  that  subject.     That 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  from  difference 
of  altitude,  and  depth  of  water  of  that  Lake,  had 
a  climate  better  adapted  to  the  vine  culture,  than 
the  country  on  the  south,  along  the  shore  of  Lake 
Erie.     Not  that '  no  part  J  as  asserted  by  your  cor- 
respondent'of  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
is  adapted  to  the  vine,'  quite  a  material  difference. 
Tiiis  is  only  my  belief,  however,  for  I  do  not  refer 
to  the  Nos.   of  your  paper,  in  order  to  ascertain, 
because  that  is  your  business,  if  willing  to  take  as 
much  pains,  as  I  do,  to  ascertain  facts.     In  refer- 
ence to  your  correspondent's  remark,  that'  all  the 
south  side  of  Lake  Erie,'  [not  southern  shore,  as 
above] '  must  not  be  judged  of  by  western  Penn- 
sylvania, or  by  Chautauque  county  in  New-York,' 
I  will  only  add,  that  I  have  travelled   the   whole 
extent  of   the  eastern  and   southern    shores,   of 
both  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake  Erie,  and  the  coun- 
tries south  of  them,  pretty  extensively.     On  the 
south  of  Lake  Ontario,  through  the  whole  extent 
of  New-York,  and  on  the  south  of  Lake  Erie,  in 
various  directions,  to  the   Ohio  river.     If  I  have 
erred  in  my  conclusions,  so  be  it;  but  I  would  on- 
ly be  held  responsible  for  my  own  opinions   and 
statements.     I  am  of  the  opinion,  that  generally, 
the  countries  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  are 
mure  liable  to  suffer  by  frosts,  in  spring  and  au- 
tumn, injurious  to  the  vine,  than  those  on  the  east 
and    south    shore    of   Lake    Ontario.       Thirty 
years'  observation,  has  convinced  me  of  the  truth 
of  this   opinion.      Taking  in   all   the    extent  of 
country  in  the  northern  part  of  Ohio,  north  of  the 
summit  ridge,  that  country,  I  think,  suffers  more 
by  frosts,  than  a  similar  extent  on  the    south  of 
Lake    Ontario,  in  New- York.     If  such  be   the 
faets, — and  I  do  not  hazard  the  opinion  on  slight 
grounds, — there  are  good  grounds  for  all  I  have 
I  said,  on  this  subject     I  engage  in  no  controversy, 
however,  but  invite  others  to  observe  facts,   as  1 
have  done  and  judge  for  themselves. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

H.  G.  SPAPFORD. 
jj>  We  have  looked  over  the  numbers  of  the 
Farmer,  and  find  only  one  allusion  by  Mr.  Spaf- 
ford  to  the  climate  of  the  southern  shore  of  Lake 
Erie,  which  occurs  in  a  letter  to  the  Editor,  and 
may  be  found  on  the  20th  page.    It  is  as  follows : 

"The  country  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  in 
this  state,  certainly  has  a  climate  more  con- 
genial to  the  vine,  than  any  country  on  the 
south  of  Lake  Erie,  even  to  the  Ohio  Riv- 
er." 


writers  have  borrowed ,  an  J  then  judge  f j  irly.  Sei 
the  article  '  Massachusetts  Lands,'  in  the  '  New 
York  Gazeteer,' of  18:24;  and  also  'Progressive 
Populatjon,'  in  that  of  1813,  page  48. 

'  Y.  Z.'  says.'Mr.Spaffordgoeson  to  tell  us  thai 
"  in  1789,"  etc.,  as  an  erratum  for  which,  you  may 
say,  for  Sp  ifford,  read  Hawiey;  and  your  cor 
espondent  may  then  settle  the  wholematter  with  an- 
other correspondent,  and  have  the  '  errors  and  omis- 
sions' of  '  the  New- York  Gazetteer,'  'contained 
n  the  extracts,'  tobesettlcl  between  themselves. 
They  are  not  chargeable  to  that  work,  an  J  may 
as  well  be  fathered  by  those  to  who.n  they  belong. 
Mr.  Hawley,  I  presume,   will  have  the  candoi 
and  the    magnanimity,  to  exculpate   '  the  New- 
York  Gazeteer,'  and  thus  to  repel  the  charges  of 
inaccuracy,  brought  by  '  Y.  Z  '    If  not,  you  will 
please  publish  this  Note,  as  an  act  of  justice. 

H1STORICUS. 
Y.  Z.,  in  a  note  enclosing  his  communications, 
says,  "  If  it  is  thought  these  articles  contain  too- 
much  criticism,  it  may  be  said  by  way  of  apolo- 
gy,that  criticism  provokes  discussion,  and  discuss 
ion  elicits  truth." 


SELECTIONS. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

Mr.  Goodef.ll — Please  inform  your  corres- 
pondent 'Y.  Z.,'  Genesee  Farmer,  of  Nov.  12, 
that  his_/£re,dirGeled  at '  the  New- York  Gazetteer,' 
bits  something  else,  as  he  might  have  known,  had 
he  wished  to  know  the  truth.  To  come  at  this, 
let  him  refer  to  the  Genesee  Farmer,  No.  <3,  and 
alsoNo  9.  If  he  would  learn,  exactly,  how  much 
of  the  '  errors  and  omissions,'  which  he  charges 
to  the  'New- York, Gazetteer,'  really  belong  to  that 
work,  let  him  consult  the  articles,  from  which  the 


From  the  Lowell  Journal. 
SILK  MANUFACTURE. 

NO.  V. 

The  manufacturing  nations  of  Europe 
stand  in  need  of  the  article  of  raw  silk,  which 
they  are  glad  to  procure,  even  of  an  inferiot 
quality,  fiom  the  most  remote  regions  of  the 
globe:  while  America  could  supply  them 
with  the  best  and  finest  to  an  unbounded  ex- 
tent. I  have  pointed  out  two  great  markets, 
viz.  England  and  France  open  to  Ameri- 
can industry  and  inviting  it  to  their  shores. 
I  shall  now  show  the  advantages  to  be  deri- 
ved from  this  branch  of  trade,  when  once  it 
shall  have  been  fairly  introduced  into  this 
country. 

The  celebrated  Count  Dandolo,  by  whose 
labors  the  cilture  of  silk  has  been  so  much 
improved  and  extended  throughout  Europe, 
does  not  hesitate  to  affirm,  that  the  value  ol 
silk  in  Italy,  considered  as  an  article  of  ex- 
portation, is  twice  equal  to  that  of  all  other 
products  of  that  country  taken  together,  and 
that  there  is  no  production  of  the  earth  in  tin- 
markets  of  Europe,  which  compared  to  its 
natural  value  or  prime  cost,  offers  to  the 
producer  a  greater  net  piolit  than  the  article 
of  silk. 

If  then  in  Italy,  the  land  of  corn,  wine  and 
oil.  the  profits  on  exported  raw  silk  be  equal 
to  double  the  amount  of  all  the  other  produc 
tions  of  the  Italian  soil  taken  together,  it  is 
evident  that  the  same  if  not  greater  advanta- 
ges must  result  to  this  Country,  particularly 
to  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  whose 
productions  are  not  so  rich  as  those  in  the 
south  of  Europe. 

Eveiy  person  will  easily  understand  that 
the  profits  on  raw  silk  will  in  a  certain  de- 
gree be  proportioned  to  the  extent  ufthe  means 
of  those  engaged  in  its  preparation,  and  of 
their  establishment  for  thai  purpose.  If  it 
be  on  a  large  scale  the  machinery  may  be 
moved  by  water,  or  steam  power,  which  will 
add  greatly  to  the  economy  of  the  business. 
It  is  now  three  or  foui  years  since  the  Ital- 
ian reel  was  imported  into  Philadelphia,  ami 
there  it  still  lies,  like  a  fine  musical  instru- 
ment waiting  for  the  hand  of  the  master.— 
Nobody  has  yet  succeeded  in  making  Jner< 


V,,n._No.  47. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


375 


charitable  raw  silk  either  by  means  of  that 
instrument  or  similar  instruments  which  have 
been  imported  into  this  country.  Many  at- 
tempts have  been  made,  none  of  which  have 
been  successful.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  affirm 
that  all  similar  attempts,  without  the  neces- 
sai  v  instruction  and  the  skill  to  be  acquired 
by  habits  of  patience,  wlil  forever  prove  un- 
successful- The  great  degree  of  skill  and 
dexterity  that  is  necessary  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  cocoons,  and  for  producing  the 
various  qualities  of  silk  according  to  their 
numerous  degrees  of  fineness,  may  be  com- 
pared to  the  different  numbers  by  which  the 
various  qualities  of  cotton  threads  used  for 
sowing  are  designated. 

The  extent  of  a  filature  is  calculated  from 
the  number  of'  reels  that  are  employed — 
from  ten  to  five  hundred  or  more.  To  each 
reel  there  must  be  a  woman  to  wind  the  silk, 
and  a  little  girl  to  turn  the  crank,  unless  they 
are  all  turned  by  water  or  steam.  The  co- 
coons, I  suppose,  may  be  purchased  for  twen- 
ty-five cents  the  pound,  and  eight  pounds 
will  yield  a  pound  of  silk.  The  fuel,  the 
cauldron,  the  pipes,  the  basin,  and  necessary 
apparatus  to  carry  the  water  to  the  reelers, 
and  the  wages  of  the  people,  are  the  inter- 
nal expenses  of  the  establishment.  A  good 
reeler,  on  a  hand  reel,  can  turn  out  three 
pounds  of  silk  per  day. 

The  current  price  of  raw  silk  in  England 
and  France  is  about  seven  dollars  the  pound  ; 
and  if  it  shall  be  well  prepared  in  the  man- 
ner required  by  those  manufacturers,  and 
the  quality  of  American  silk  shall  continue 
to  be  as  much  superior  to  the  silk  of  other 
countries,  as  the  few  specimens  have  proved 
to  be,  which  have  been  sent  to  those  coun- 
tries, th  value  may  be  increased.  The 
Connecticut  sowing  silk  after  it  is  reeled, 
twisted,  colored,  and  carried  to  market,  sells 
for  four  dollars  the  pound.  In  consequence 
of  their  warn  of  knowledge  of  the  art.  and 
the  necessary  machinery,  they  consume  1G 
pounds  of  cocoons  to  produce  one  pound  of 
silk — with  ten  days' labor  expended  upon  it. 
If  the  16  pounds  of  cocoons  can  be  sold  for 
25  cents  per  pound,  they  will  produce  the 
sr.me  amount,  and  save  the  labor  and  ex- 
pense.    V. 

CIRCULAR 

Of  the  New-York  State  Temperance  So- 
ciety, to  the  town  and  county  societies 
in  the  state. 

Albany,  Nov.  Sth,  1831. 
The  executive  committee  have,  at  great 
labor  and  expense,  procured  to  be  printed 
and  forwarded  to  every  county  in  the  state, 
their  proportion  of  360,000  circulars,  on 
the  subject  of  temperance,  addressed  to 
the  citizens  of  the  state  of  New- York. — 
The  committee  have  aimed  to  furnish  eve- 
ry county  with  a  sufficient  number  to  sup- 
ply each  family  with  a  copy;  and  they 
have  no  doubt  but  that  the  officers  of  the 
county  societies,  to  whom  they  have  been 
sent,  will  take  immediate  measures  to  ac- 
complish this  object,  and  have  each  town 
society  furnished  wi'h  its  proportion,  with 
as  little  delay  as  possible,  and  that  ener- 
getic measures  will  be  taken  by  the  offi- 
cers of  all  town  societies,  to  complete  the 
distribution,  so  that  in  a  short  time,  each 
family  in  the  state  may  be  supplied.  The 
executive  committee  have  already  receiv- 
ed returns  from  towns,  where  the  docu- 


ments have  been  distributed,  and  the  re- 
sults have  been  most  encouraging,  partic- 
ularly in  lessening  opposition,  and  bring- 
ing out  a  majority  of  the  people  on  the 
side  ol'temperance.  They  have  also  been 
induced  to  delay  the  publication  of  the 
third  annual  report,  until  the  15th  of  Feb- 
tuary  next,  that  time  may  be  given  for  the 
distribution  of  the  circulars,  and  to  obtain 
knowledge  of  the  results,  through  the  re- 
ports of  the  town  to  the  county  societies, 
and  the  county  to  the  state  society,  which 
may  be  laid  before  the  public  in  their  annu- 
al report. 

The  committee  respectfully  request, 
that  the  county  societies  will  take  the  nec- 
essary measures  to  obtain  tha  reports  of 
the  town  societies,  and  that  the  county  re- 
ports may  not  be  delayed  so  as  to  reach 
Albany  later  than  the  1 5th  day  of  February 
next,  and  as  much  earlier  as  convenient. 

The  committee  have  incurred  a  consid- 
erable debt  in  printing  the  circular,  and 
they  look  to  the  town  and  county  societies 
for  remuneration,  where  they  feel  inclined 
to  grant  it.  Some  of  the  counties  have  re- 
mitted their  proportion,  for  which  the  com- 
mittee are  obliged. 

The  executive  committee  have  been 
convinced  from  the  commencement  of  their 
labors,  that  an  intelligent  community  only 
required  information  on  the  subject  of  the 
great  reform  now  in  progress,  to  give  it 
their  unanimous  support,  and  have  there- 
fore made  great  efforts  to  disseminate  in- 
formation by  circulars,  tracts,  temperance 
papers,  and  their  annual  reports.  They 
have  recently  forwarded  to  each  town  in 
the  state,  a  number  of  the  Temperance  Ad 
vocate,  printed  at  Sandy  Hill,  Washington 
county.  The  engagement  with  the  editor 
has  now  expired,  but  the  committee  know 
no  method  of  furnishing  information  more 
economical,  than  by  the  circulation  of  this 
paper.  The  committee  therefore  give  no 
tice  to  all  officers  of  temperance  societies 
now  formed,  or  that  may  hereafter  be  for- 
med in  the  state  during  the  present  year, 
that  a  copy  of  said  paper  will  be  continued 
to  each  society  if  ordered,  (post  paid,) 
without  expense  to  the  societies. 

H.  H.  WALWORTH,  President, 

Edward  C.  Delavan, 

John  F.  Bacon, 

John  T.  Norton, 

H.  Trowbridge, 

Richard  V.  De  Witt, 

Archibald  Campbell, 

Joshua  Burke, 

Executive  Committee. 

The  Phil.  Inquirer  states,  that  a  stranger  called 
on  a  monied  Lady  in  that  city  in  the  evening,  in 
the  absence  of  her  husband,  and  Etated  '.hat  her 
mother-in-law  lay  at  the  point  of  death,  and  of- 1 
fered  his  services.  The  Lady  however,  declined, 
as  she  momentarily  expected  her  husband.  He ' 
again  offered  his  assistance,  but  his  services  were 
altogether  declined.  He  withdrew.  The  hus- 
band arrived,  and  it  was  soon  ascertained  that 
there  was  not  a  word  of  truth  in  the  story.  [ 

Such  a  scoundrel  deserves  the  pillory. 


Boston  had  the  first  printing  press,  the  fast  ca- 
nal, the  first  rail  road,  and  the  first  fighting  for 
independence  in  America. 

PATEN7  ZINC  HOLLOW-WARE, 

7* /MANUFACTURED  by  John  Westfield  & 
IVjJl  Co.,  No.  103,  Mott  street,  New-York. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  No.  3,  Buffalo  street, 
Rochester,  having  been  appointed  agents  for  the 
sale  of  the  above  ware,  are  now  receiving  an  addi- 
tional supply,  which  they  offer  for  sale  at  the  man- 
ufacturers' price. 

This  ware  will  be  found  not  materially  to  exceed 
in  price  Tin  and  Iron;  yet  as  durable  as  Iron,  not 
subject  to  rust,  giving  the  article  cooked  or  kept  in 
it  no  unpleasant  taste,  not  containing  in  itself,  nor 
forming  with  the  materials  cooked  in  it,  any  dele- 
terious properities,  as  do  Copper,  Brass  or  Lead 

Zinc  Kettles,  for  cooking  Rice,  Homminy.  and 
all  kinds  Sweet  Meats,  will  be  found  well  adapt- 
ed, neither  discoloring,  nor  varying  the  flavor  of 
the  substance  cooked  ;  for  these  purposes,  and  to 
avoid  the  corrosions  of  Copper,  Brass  and  Lead,  it 
will  long  he  substituted  for  these  metals. 

Zinc  Pans  for  the  Dairy,  will  bo  found  an  ob- 
ject worthy  of  attention  from  the  following  consi- 
derations; that  Milk  in  Zinc  Pans  of  the  same 
size,  will  produce  from  20  to  95  per  cent  moie 
cream  or  butter,  and  that  of  superior  flavor  ;  will 
keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  of  hours,  af- 
fording the  cream  more  time,  besides  its  chymical 
effect,  to  separate  from  the  milk,  (for  this  reason, 
cream  from  those  pans  will  not  admit  ot  being 
(horned  as  soon  as  that  from  other  pans,  in  as 
much  as  no  cream  should  be  churned  till  it  is 
soured,)  and  greatly  outlast  any  pans  in  use. 

Zinc  J:irs  and  Firkins  for  preserving  butter 
sweet  for  family  use,  possess  equally  superior  ad- 
vantage for  butter,  as  do  the  pans  for  milk.  Ex 
periment  and  results  safely  warrant  the  above 
statement ;  and  the  orders  of  wholesale  and  retail- 
ing merchants  as  wcli  a*  those  of  families  and 
large  dairies  daily  supplying  from  different  parts 
of  the  country,  are  the  consequence  of  successful 
results  in  the  use  of  this  ware. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  with  Brick  Dust,  with 
Soap  and  Sand,  or  with  Hot  Ashes. 

Notice. — Letters  paient  for  manuiactnring 
these  articles  exclusively  by  the  subscribers  hav- 
ing been  obtained,  we  would  advise  the  Public  a- 
gainst  any  encroachment  ol  the  Patent  Right ; — 
and  the  person  who  shall  give  information  of  any 
violation  of  this  Patent  Right,  will  he  liberally  re- 
warded, by      JOHN  WESTFIELD  &  CO. 

The  following  recommendation  from  Ihespro 
prietor  of  one  of  the  largest  houses  of  Refreh 
merit  in  the  United  States,  must  be  perfectli  sat- 
isfactory as  respects  the  utility  and  advantage  of 
using  the  Zinc  Hollow  Ware 

To  J.  Westfield  &  Co. 

Gentlemen, — I  have  for  some  time  past,  in 
my  establishment,  made  ^tse  of  your  Hollow  Ware, 
manufacturedfrom  Zinc,  and  Ihave  no  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  they  completely  answer  my  ex- 
pectations, being  fully  as  durable  as  iron  or  cop- 
per, and  not  as  easily  corroded-  by  rust,  giving 
the  articles  cooked  in  them  no  unpleasant  taste, 
and  being  more  beautiful  in  appearance,  and 
much  more  easily  cleaned  than  utensils  manufac- 
tured from  any  other  metal  at  present  made  use 
of  in  cooking  apparatus-  I  with  pleasurerecom 
mend  them  for  general  use,  and  hare  no  doubi 
that  whoever  will  give  them  a  fair  trial  will  find 
that  they  fully  answer  his  expectations. 

STEPHEN  HOLT. 

We  have  also  received  the  foil-owing  rccommen 
dation  from  Dr.  A.  G.  Hull. 

J.  Westfield  .Si  Co. 
Gentlemen, — With  great  pleasure  I  can  assure 
you  of  my  entire  satisfaction,  as  to  the  supcrioriti/ 
of  your    Zinc  Holl-ow  Ware,   for  the  purposes  of 
the  Diary  and  Kitchen. 

The  perfect  preservation  of  Milk  in  my  Diartj 
during  the  warmest  days  of  the  past  season,  in- 
duces me  to  give  yours  a  decided  preference  to  a- 
ny  others  previously  used,  and  recommend  them 
as  a  happy  combination  of  neatness  and  durabili 
ty.     Yours,  <f-c  A.  G.  HULL,  132  Fulton 

nov  23  street,  New- York 


no 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


November  26,  ISSj 


AUTUMN. 

The  following  beautiful  lines  upon  Autumn,  are 
from  "  Love,"   a  poem   by  the  author  of  "  The 
Cornlaws,"  just  published  m  London. 
Dost  thou  mourn  with  me 

The  year's  autumnal  spring  1 
Sigh'st  thou  this  second  wreath  to  see, 

Of  Woodbines  blossoming  1 
So  late,  so  pale,  with  scentless  breath, 
Like  lingering  Hope,  that  smiles  in  death, 

And  e'en  when  life  is  o'er, 
Leaves  on  misfortune's  ice-cold  face 
The  sweetness  of  its  last  embrace, 

To  fade,  and  be  no  more  ! 
Lo,  June's  divested  primrose  sports 

A  silken  coif  again  : 
And,  like  late-smiling  sickness,  courts 

The  coy  morn — but  in  vain  ! 
Lo,  half  the  elm's  rich  robe  is  gone  ! 
The  ash,  a  living  skeleton, 

Deplores  his  yellow  hair  ; 
Yet,  while  the  beach-leaf  rustles  red, 
And  while  the  maple  bows  her  head 

In  mournful  honors  fair — 
Mcthinks  the  armed  gorse  appears 

More  golden  than  when  May 
Left  April  dying  in  her  tears 

Beneath  the  plumy  spray  ; 
And,  for  her  lover's  triumph  won, 

Danced  with  her  blue-bell  anklets  on, 

And  bless'd  his  burning  eye. 
Come,  Laura,  come  !  and  hear  the  thrush, 
O'er  autumn's  gorse,  from  budding  bush 

Pour  vernal  melody  ! 
Come  !  and  beneath  the  fresh  green  leaf 

That  mocks  the  aged  year, 
Thy  bard,  who  loves  the  joy  of  grief, 

Shall  weave  a  chapl.-t  here  : 
Not  pluck'd  from  summ  i  's  wither'd  bowers, 
Not  form'd  of  autumn's  Hopeless  flowers — 

Yet  sad  and  wan  as  ihey  : 
Here,  still  some  flowers  of  Eden  blow ; 
But  deadly  pale  and  stain'd  with  wo, 

Like  guilt,  they  shun  the  dav. 
While  folly  treads  beneath  his  feet 

The  daisy  of  the  vale  ; 
Love's  rose,  though  sick  at  heart,  is  sweet — 

Joy's  leaf  is  fair,  though  pale. 
And  worth  admires,  n  signed  and  meek, 
The  tear-drop  on  the  violet's  •  heek, 

And  hope  shall  death  survive. 


Avery  ancient  heathen  writer,  speaking 
of  the  Jews,  says,  they  neither  killed,  nor 
ate  the  flesh  of  the  hog,  it  being  an  animal 
held  in  reverence  by  thetn,  because  they 
had  learnt  from  it  the  art  of  ploughing  the 
ground.  During  their  residence  in  l-gypt, 
they  observed,  he  says,  that  the  rooting  of 
the  hog  in  the  soft  alluvial  soil  on  the 
banks  of  the  Nile  prepared  the  ground  lor 
planting  ;  and  improving  the  hint  thus  fur- 
nished, they  invented  the  plough. 

At  the  present  day  we  do  not  profess  to 
look  to  the  hog'  for  instructions  in  any  ag- 
ricultural art,  but  a  great  number  of  men 
appear  to  take  lessons  in  manners  and 
morals  from  that  animal ;  and  it  is  a  mat- 
ter of  regret  that  so  much  as  one  of  our 
most  valuable  agricultural  products  should 
be  diverted  from  its  proper  use,  and  made 
Co,  increase  the  number  of  the  bipeds  who 


adopt  the  quadrupeds  we  are  speaking  of 
as  models  for  imitation. 

During  the  past  year,  upwards  of  30,- 
000  barrels  of  whiskey  have  been  brought 
to  this  market  by  the  canal  alone,  and  prop- 
ably  a  much  greater  quantity  has  been 
brought  in  by  wagons  .\  ow  we  have  no 
doubt  that  the  immense  quantity  of  corn 
which  was  consumed  in  making  this  whis- 
key, might  much  better  have  been  employ- 
ed in  making,  and  improving  the  condition 
of,  real,  tour-footed  hogs,  than  in  making 
an  article  used  only  to  increase  the  number; 
of  their  two-legged  imitators  :  foi  the  real, 
original,  article  is  always  found  to  be  bet- 1 
ter  than  any  imitation  of  it,  in  all  cases,  j 
and  would  be  peculiarly  so  in  this  case. —  j 
The  advantage  to  our  country  which  would 
resui!  from  having  all  its  swine  go  upon; 
four  legs,  would  be  very  great,  for  it  would 
cause  very  large  additions  to  the  SO,  or 
100,000  hogs  annually  brought  to  this 
market,  and  would  materially  lessen  our 
export  of  convicts  to  Columbus.  This 
part  of  our  export  trade  producing  no  re- 
turn of  wealth,  may  very  beneficially  be 
dispensed  with ;  and  as  the  increase  of 
our  export  of  pork  would  be  in  proportion 
to  the  diminution  of  that  of  our  whiskey 
and  its  victims,  there  would  be  no  cause 
for  alarm  on  the  part  of  any  political  econ- 
omist from  the  variation  in  the  course  of 
trade  that  would  be  caused  by  it.  \»e 
hope  this  subject  may  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration; and  as  in  this  country,  we  are, 
none  of  us,  afraid  of  innovations,  when  any 
advantage  is  to  be  derived  from  them,  it  is  j 
to  be  hoped  that  there  may  not  be  so  much 
fear  of  the  consequences  that  might  result 
from  a  change  in  the  disposition  of  our 
products,  as  to  prevent  an  experiment 
from  which  we  have  reason  to  expect 
great  advantages. —  Western  Tiller. 

Overflowing  of  American  Rivers. — The 
following  graphic  description  of  the  over- 
flowing oi  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers  is 
tram  the  pen  of  the  intelligent  Audubon. 
Sudden  is  the  calamity,  that  every  indi- 
vidual, whether  man  or  beast,  has  to  ex- 
ert his  utmost  ingenuity  to  enable  him  to 
esc  pe  from  the  dreadful  clement.  The 
Indian  quickly  removes  to  the  hills  of  the 
interior ;  the  cattle  and  game  swim  to  the 
different  strips  of  land  that  remain  uncov- 
ered in  midst  of  the  flood,  or  attempt  to 
force  their  way  through  the  waters,  until 
they  perish  from  fatigue.  Along  the  banks 
of  the  river,  the  inhabitants  have  rafts  rea-j 
dy  made,  on  which  they  fasten  themselves, 
their  cattle,  and  their  provisions,  and  which 
they  fasten  with  ropes  or  grape  vines  toi 
the  larger  trees,  while  they  contemplate 
the  melancholy  spectacle  presented  by  the 
current,  as  it  carries  off  their  houses  and! 
their  wood  yards,  piece  by  piece.  Some,  I 
who  have  n  >thing  to  lose,  and  are  usually 
known  by  the  name  of  squatters,  take  this 
opportunity  of  traversing  the  woods  in  ca- 
noes, fo:  the  purpose  of  procuring  game, 
ind  particularly  the  skins  of  animals,  such 
as  deer  and  bear,  which  may  be  converted 


into  money.  They  resort  to  the  low  ridg- 
es surrounded  by  the  waters,  and  destroy 
thousands  of  deer,  merely  for  the  skins, 
leaving  the  flesh  tc  putrify.  The  river 
itself,  rolling  its  swollen  waters  along,  pre- 
sents a  spectacle  of  the  most  imposing  na- 
ture. .Although  no  large  vessel,  unless 
propelled  by  steam,  can  now  make  its  way 
againsi  the  current,  it  is  seen  covered  by 
boats  laden  with  produce,  which,  running 
out  from  all  the  streams,  float  silently  to- 
wards the  city  of  i\  ew-Orleans,  their  own- 
ers meanwhile  not  very  well  assured  of 
finding  a  landing  place  even  there.  The 
water  is  covered  with  yellow  foam  and 
pumice,  the  latter  having  floated  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  of  the  northwest.  The 
eddies  are  large  and  more  powerful  than 
ever.  Here  and  there  tracts  offorests  are 
observed  undermined,  the  trees  gradually 
giving  way,  and  falling  into  the  stream. 

Cattle,  horse:-,  bears  and  deers  are  seen 
at  tunes  attempting  to  swim  across  the  im- 
petuous mass  of  foaming  and  boiling  wa- 
ter ;  whilst  here  and  there  a  vulture  or  an 
eagle  is  observed  perched  upon  a  bloated 
carcass,  tearing  it  up  in  pieces,  as  regard- 
less of  the  flood,  as  on  former  occasions  it 
would  have  been  of  the  numerous  sawyers 
or  planters  (logs)  with  which  the  surface  of 
the  water  is  covered  when  the  water  is 
low.  Even  the  steamer  is  frequently  dis- 
tressed. The  numberless  trees  ana  logs 
that  float  along,  break  its  paddles  and  re- 
tard its  progress.  Beside-  it  is,  on  such 
occasions,  difficult  to  procure  fuel  to  main- 
tain its  fires  ;  and  it  is  only  at  very  distant 
intervals,  that  a  wood  yard  can  be  found 
which  the  water  ha*  not  carried  off  Bears, 
congars,  lynxes,  and  all  other  quadrupeds 
that  can  ascend  trees,  are  observed  crouch- 
ed among  their  top  branches;  hungry  in 
the  midst  of  abundance  ;  although  they 
see  floating  around  them  the  animals  up- 
on which  they  usually  prey,  they  dare  not 
swim  to  them.  On  occasions  like  this,  all 
these  animals  are  shot  by  the  hundreds. 

Extraordinary  Crop. — A  field  of  oats  ex- 
tending to  eight  acres,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Henderson,  Pv ether  Libberton,  was  cut 
down  on  Thin sday,  and  found  to  measure 
generally,  about  six  feet  in  height.  The 
shearers  appeared  like  pigmies  at  its  roots, 
and  in  some  situations  were  not  visible  ;it 
all,  so  that  the  standing  corn  was  seen  to 
wave  from  the  right  n>  if  at  the  command 
of  a  warlock!  I  pwards  of  two  hundred 
pickles  could  be  counted  on  almost  even 
head.  The  production  of  one  pile  was 
brought  to  our  office, from  which  nine  stalks 
had  sprungjthe  middle  one  measuring  6  feet 
4  1-2  inches  high,  and  the  average  number 
of  pickles  on  each  stalk  amounting  to  200 
each,  gives  an  increase  on  the  seed  pickle 
of  eighteen  hundredfold] — Edinburg  Pa- 
per.   

Lake  Superior.  A  meeting  has  been  held  at. 
Detroit,  to  memorialize  the  Congress  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  to  unite  Lake  Superior  with  Lake  Hu- 
ron, by  a  Canal  at  the  Sault  ce  Ste.  Marie ;  and 
for  the  completi  )n  of  the  Fort  Gratiot,  Chii 
and  Saganaw  Roads. 


mam  ©asraosasa  ^mmtvw* 


a 


PVBLISHFO  BT  1    TWKE  »  O. 


M  tlifl  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
'rvr  ■,?>-— -J,~°  ppr  annum,  or 


V2  no  i 


i;  '    o  M.lvince. 


n.  GomisRix,  rniTOR. 


THE  DURATION  OF  VEGETABLE  SPE 
CIES, 

Much  has  been  written  on  this  subject,  and  va 
•  vious  are  the  speculations  of  the  best  Philologists 
who  have  turned  their  attention  to  it,  and  so  far 
In  in  being-  settled,  it  remains  as  much  a  moo! 
point,  as  the  cause  of  the  production  of  chess  a- 
mong  wheat,  or  the  blight  in  the  pear  tree.  We 
have  not  the  effrontery  to  suppose  we  shall  settle 
it,  but  like  one  of  old, — will  also  speak  our 
mind. 

We  shall  take  the  ground,  that  the  duration  of 
species  by  engrafting,  or  by  slips  or  cuttings,  is 
indefinite,  and  may  be  continued  from  a  solitary 
species,  without  the  intervention"  of  seed,  as  long 
*s  the  sun  shines  and  showers  descend. 

Forest  trees,  fruit  trees,  and  shrubs,  have  then- 
periods  of  growth,  their  maximum  of  perfection, 
and  their  decay  and  death  from  natural  causes, 
and  not  from  any  fixed  period  of  duration,  which 
is  innate  in  their  physical  construction  oreonstitu 
tion.  One  great  cause  of  their  decay,  is  the  in- 
crease of  heart  wood,  which  is  a  dead,  inert  and 
redundant  mass,  receiving  but  little  of  the  circu- 
lating sap,  which  as  it  exercises  no  functions  of 
vegetable  life,  in  time  sours,  rots  and  contaminates 
the  fountains  of  life,  the  roots;  the  winds  of 
heaven  shake  them  to  the  centre,  and  they  are 
gone.  Various  other  natural  causes  are  constant- 
ly in  operation,  which  it  is  needless  at  this  point 
to  enumerate. 

The  vine  it  is  said  never  dies,  if  located  in  pro- 
per situations,  and  where  no  adventitious  circum- 
stances operate  to  its  injury.  It  is  differently  con- 
stituted from  most  other  shrubs  or  trees.  It  has 
no  heart  wood,  but  is  all  alburnum,  or  sap  wood 
and  if  cut  down  to  the  earth,  if  the  roots  are  not 
destroyed,  will  continue  to  spring  up  for  centuries 
as  is  the  case  with  those  planted  by  the  Romans, 
and  the  early  monasteries  in  England.  There 
are  vines  in  some  of  the  departments  in  France. 
that  are  positively  known  to  be  two,  three,  and 
four  hundred  years  old ;  cuttings  from  them  grow 
as  well,  and  produce  as  luxuriant  and  fruitful 
vines,  as  from  the  most  recent  varieties. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  tne  grape  which 
do  not  produce  seed,  (some  of  which  are  growing 
in  this  vicinity)  one  of  them  was  known  and  cul- 
tivated in  the  days  of  Homer.  Now  we  ask,  has 
this  variety  been  continued'!  or  has  it  not  yet 
come  of  age? 

The  Syinian  vine,  which  produces  the  largest 
clusters  of  any  known,  and  which  the  scriptures 
speak  of  as  being  brought  on  a  staff  by  two  men, 
who  were  sent  as  spies  into  the  land  of  Canaan, 
is  now  growing  in  this  village,  having  been  con- 
tinued in  all  the  most  celebrated  nurseries,  where 
it  is  propagated  by  slips,  cuttings,  and  layers,  and 
has  been  continued  no  doubt,  from  the  original 
stock  from  the  valley  of  the  Eschol. 

The  common  red  currant,  from  the  ease  with 
which  itstrikesroot,is  propagated  almost|invariably 
from  cuttings  or  suckers,  from  old  roots ;  and  al- 


though it  is  perfectly  practicable,  we  have  never 
heard  of  an  instance,  where  a  garden  was  stock- 
ed with  plants  grown  from  seed ;  and  it  would  not 
he  stretching  probabilities  to  suppose,  that  nin° 
tenth*  of  the  gardens  in  this  country  are  planted 
with  currants  which  are  continuations  from  the 
oriental  stocks,  planted  by  our  puritanical  forefa- 
thers at  Plymouth  rock. 

The  common  garden  goose-berry,  the  various 
kinds  of  raspberries,  and  roses,  &c.  See.,  are  all 
propagated  in  the  same  manner,  and  without  the 
intervention  of  seeds :  and,  although  many  curi- 
rious  cultivators  are  engaged  in  raising  new  vari- 
eties from  seed,  yet,  the  uniform  similarity  of 
character  in  the  predominating  bulk  of  vegetable 
productions,  referred  to,  warrant  the  above  con- 

usion. 

The  J  erusalem  artichoke  of  the  gardens  is  an- 
other striking  illustration  of  the  correctness  of  our 
opinion,  as  to  the  duration  of  species  of  vegeta 
bles.  It  is  a  plant  that  never  perfects  its  seed  in 
this  country,  nor  in  England,  for  want  of  snfn- 
•■ient  length  of  season,  and  is  only  continued  from 
its  tnl  ers  ;  and  we  venture  to  say,  that  no  one  in 
either  country  was  ever  heard  to  complain  of  its 
runn  rig  out. 

Whatever  many  farmers  may  say  to  the  con- 
trary,  we  have  no  idea  that  the  potato.  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  or  any  other  of  the  plants  cultivated 
by  them,  would  run  out,  if  they  did  not  let  t/icirW 
land,  run  out  first. 

We  have  several  varieties  of  the  peach,  and 
some  of  the  pears,  which  are   spoken  of  and  ex- 


dura!  nlity  and  neatness,  won  Ihuilt  houses  ure  fre 
qnently  p1  vated  so  as  to  bring  the  first  floor  one. 
two,  or  three  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground 
As  cellar  walls  are  more  commonly  built  witli 
stone,  which  are  more  ready  conductors  of  heat 
than  bricks,  such  cellars  are  much  exnosedto  the 
effects  of  frost,  unless  they  are  banked  up  with 
something  which  is  a  slower  conductor  of  heat 
than  stonp.  For  this  purpose,  tan-bark  and  saw- 
dust are  the  most  cleanly  and  convenient  substan 
Ices;  next  to  these,  are  joiner's  chips  and  straw, 
jboth  of  which  wh  n  used,  should  have  a  covering 
of  earth  to  make  them  more  compact,  and  prevent 
(their  being  blown  away.  Manure  from  the  stable 
is  frequently  used,  but  this  is  unsightly,  and  can 
always  be  turned  to  b'tter  account.  Vegetable 
mould  is  an  imperfect  conductor  of  heat,  and  may 
in  many  instances  be  conveniently  applied  to  this 
use.  For  filling  up  windows,  bundless  of  straw 
will  be  found  useful,  as  they  prevent  the  glass  be- 
ing soiled,  as  would  be  the  case  if  soil  was  direct- 
ly applied ;  in  shr*t,  there  is  no  lack  of  substan- 
ces suitable  for  securing  cellars  against  frost,  in 
this  latitude,  if  house-keepers  are  in  season,  in  ap- 
plying them.  Wh  -n  we  hear  a  farmer  complain 
that  his  vegetables  have  frozen  in  his  cellar,  we 
are  apt  to  thing  that  he  spends  too  much  of  his 
time  at  the  grog  shops,  and  neglects  those  little 
things  which  add  to  one's  comfort  and  prosperi- 


MANUFACTORIES. 
The  correspondent  of  the  American  Advocate, 
writes,  from  Douglass,  Ms.  and   states,  that  the 
actly  described  by  the  writers  of  that  country,  in;jDoug|ass  Manufacturing  Company  have  2  mills, 

4000  spindles,  118  looms,  200  hands — use  275,000 
lbs.  of  cotton,  and  make  1,000,000  yds.  printing 
goods,  for  calicoes. 


1554;  and  are  no  doubt  the  veritable  chips  of  the 
old  block,  and  our  suppositions  are,  that  they  may 
be  continued  as  long  as  a  scion  shall  be  engrafted 
in  a  thriving  stock,  to  the  end  of  lime  and  trees, 
o,nd  aR  things  material.  We  are  not  advised  of 
any  mstance  of  the  sudden  failure  of  a  young  tree, 
engrafted  from  an  old  and  decayed  one,  except  in 
case  of  some  peculiar  and  local  disease.  As  the 
continuation  of  a  species  of  vegetable  is  a  simple 
operation  of  nature,  unconnected  with  sensibility 
or  volition  on  the  part  of  the  plant,  we  see  no 
reason  why,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  a  spe 
cies  may  not  be  continued  as  long  as  those  natu- 
ral causes  exist ;  and  we  confess  that  we  have  not 
been  able  to  discover  any  thing  which  indicated 
limitation  to  the  duration  ot  species  of  plants, 
more  than  to  the  heaving  of  the  ocean,  or  the  rev- 
olution of  the  planetary  system. 


CELLARS. 

We  hear  many  complauits  during  the  most  se- 
vere parts  of  winter,  of  the  loss  of  vegetables  by 
frost  in  cellars,  most  of  which  might  have  been 
prevented  with  very  little  labor,  had  it  been  pro- 
perly applied  at  a  proper  season.  "  One  ounce  of 
preventive  is  worth  a  pound  of  cure,"  is  an  old 
maxim :  also,  "  a  stich  in  tin;  saves  nine ;"  and, 
although  this  last  has  a  little  smack  of  Esq.  Dog- 
erel's  poetry  in  it,  nevertheless,  if  properly  attend- 
to,  will  be  found  very  useful.  There  is  a 
strange  propensity  in  man,  to  put  "  far  off  the  e- 
vil  day ;"  and,  although  we  know  for  a  certainty 
that  cold  winter  is  coming,  many  are  apt  to  neg- 
lect suitable  preparations  for  it.    For  the  sake  of 


Slaterville, 

Embraces  a  part  of  Dudley  and  South  Oxford, 
where  resides  Samuel  Slater,  who  is  the  patriarch 
of  factories,  and  the  inventor  of  cotton  sewing 
thread.  Himself  and  Sons  wield  more  capital  in 
manufacturing,  than  any  single  individual  in  the 
U.  States.  They  have  7  mills.  5  on  French  river, 
and  two  on  the  outlet  of  Chagoggagunkamog 
pond.  They  run  7,000  spindles,  90  looms,  90 
hands,  and  work  1000  bales  of  cotton  a  week, 
which  produces  16,000  yds.  a  week,  besides  large 
quantities  of  sattinet  warps,  and  sewing  thread. 
They  use  600  lbs.  of  wool  per  day,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  broad-cloths,  cassimeres  and  sattinets. 

Samuel  Slater  has  been  in  America  more  thar. 
36  years,  and  has  suggested  many  improvements 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton.  Had  he  remained 
in  England;  and  prospered,  as  he  has  here,  lit 
might  have  looked  for  an  order  of  Khighihood.  It 
is  questionable,  however,  with  that  distinction,  in 
England,  he  would  be  more  respected  than  he 
now  is,  at  the  head  of  the  Factories  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  .one  of  the  principal  proprietors  of  the 
village  which  bears  his  name,  &c. 


The  Grand  Jury  of  New-York,  at  their  late  ses 
sion,  were  engaged  two  days  in  investigating  the 
subject  of  the  New- York  Lotteries,  and  came  to 
the  conclusion,  that  the  managers  had  ahead) 
drawn  more  lotteries  than  the  law  allowed  then 
and  that  the  present  drawings  are  illegal. 


378 


THE  GENESEE  FAR31EK 


December  3,  1831- 


THE  GRAPE. 

Many  persons,  who  are  truly  the  friends  of 
temperance,  we  think  are  over  fastidious,  and  are 
doing  injury  to  the  cause  they  would  support,  by 
showing  an  enmity  to  the  introduction  of  the  vine, 
because  it  produces  wine,  and  wine,  if  used  to  ex- 
cess, creates  drunkenness;  the  same  objection 
might  with  equal  force  be  urged  against  all  the 
grains,  and  bread  stuffs,  the  potato,  apple,  and  ev- 
ery aliment  of  the  human  body.  Our  own  experi- 
ence and  observation  of  its  effects  in  those  coun- 
tries where  wine  prevails  as  the  common  and  univer- 
sal beverage,  are  entirely  atopposites  with  such  a 
supposition,  as  is  all  the  testimony  of  writers  and 
travellers  in  those  countries.  We  were  led  to  these 
remarks  by  lately  hearing  a  prominent  individual 
throw  out  some  observations  unfavorable  to  the  in- 
troduction of  the  grape  into  his  region,  where  it  suc- 
ceeds so  well;  and  from  some  remarks  in  the  a- 
musing  and  ably  written  travels  of  a  young  A- 
merican,  entitled,  "A  Year  in  Spain,"  which  we 
extract : 

"  Val-de-Penias  is  likewise  famous  for  the  de- 
lightful wine  of  the  Burgundy  kind,  which  grows 
in  its  neighborhood.  There  is,  perhaps,  nopleas- 
anter  table  wine  than  this;  for  it  adds  the  strength 
of  port,  to  the  rich  and  pleasant  flavor  of  the  ori- 
ginal stock;  and  yet,  it  is  so  plenty,  and  so  cheap, 
that  you  may  buy  a  bottle  for  two  or  tliree  cents. 
This  is  quite  a  fortunate  circumstance,  for  the  wa- 
ter in  La  Mancha  is  generally  very  bad,  and 
here,  is  hardly  drinkable.  The  people  of  La 
Mancha  drink  freely  of  their  generous  wines 
from  necessity;  as  is  done  in  other  parts  of  the 
country  from  choice  ;  and  yet,  there  is  no  intoxica- 
tion. 

"Indeed,drunkenness  is  so  rare  in  Spain, that  it 
may  be  said  to  be  unknown.  The  French  are 
deservedly  praised  for  their  temperance;  but  this 
praise,  both  for  eating  and  drinking,  is  due  in  a 
."•reater  degree  to  the  Spaniards.  During  nearly 
a  year  that  I  remained  in  Spain,  I  do  not  re- 
member to  have  seen  one  man  reeling  drunk; — 
whereas,  in  my  own  favored  country,  the  land  to 
which  the  world  looks  to  for  fair  examples,  one 
can  never  go  forth  into  the  public  streets,  without 
seeing  on  the  face  of  many,  the  sure  indications 
of  habitual  intemperance,  or  being  staggered  a- 
gainst  and  breathed  upon  by  those  walking  nui- 
sances. The  comparison  is  unpleasant;  I  blush 
while  I  make  it;  nor  can  I  avoid  thinking  any 
measure,  however  strong,  that  would  tend  to  the 
substitution  of  wines  for  stronger  drinks,  would 
confera  moral  benefit  on  our  country,  of  infinitely 
more  value  than  the  supposed  economical  one — 
of  being  independent  of  other  rial 

If  such  are  the  benefits  to  result  from  the  intro- 
duction of  the  grape,  let  influential  individuals  be- 
ware of  false  premises,  for  they  may  inflict  an  in- 
jury where  they  meant  a  benefit  To  say  nothing 
of  the  successful  introduction  of  the  vine,  to  that 
degree  as  to  be  able,  to  supply  the  country  with 
wine;  yet,  it  is  one  of  the  most  pleasant,  safe  and 
able  fruits  the  earth  produces;  it  is  delicious 
ii  taste  and  harmless  in  its  effects,  and  may  be 
atl  a  by  the  invalid,  the  child  and  the  healthful, 
with  the  same  impunity,  and  is  produced  under  a 
proper  culture,  with  as  little  trouble  as  pole  beans, 
or  marrowfat  peas.  We  heartily  coincide  with  a 
writer  in  an  eastern  paper,  that  u  man  ought  to  In- 
set down  as  a  sluggard,  and  an  enemy  to  his  fel 
1  ow  men,  who  has  in  his  power  ten  square  feet  of 


ground,  whether  on  rent,  or  his  own,  who  does 
not  stick  into  the  earth  as  insignificant  and  un- 
costly a  thing  as  a  cutting  of  a  good  American 
vine;  an  armful  of  which  any  one  can  have,  by 
asking  any  person  who  has  them,  as  nine  tenths 
of  the  growth  of  every  year  is  pruned  off :  if  it 
should  prove  no  benefit  to  him,  it  would  to  his 
successor,  and  in  much  shorter  time  than  any  of 
the  fruit  trees.  ' 


HORTICULTURAL. 
There  appears  tobe  a  general  excitement  through 
our  the  country  at  this  time,  on  the  subject  of  hor- 
ticulture.    This  is  well.     There  is  a  time  for  all 
tilings,  and  the  present  prosperous   state  of  our 
nation,  will  justify   the  refinement  upon  the  for- 
mer modes  of  cultivating  orchards,  fruit,  gardens, 
&c.     In  the  early   settlement  of  our  country,  it 
was  thought   sufficient  if  a   Fanner  planted  an 
orchard  of  a  few  hundred  uncultivated  apple  trees. 
As  we   increased  in   means,  others  planted  orch- 
ards in  part  with  cultivated  varieties;  but  at  pres- 
ent, no  good  farmer  thinks  of  planting  an  orchard 
without  procuring  the  choicest  varieties,  both  for 
the  table  and  cider.     It  has  been  one  misfortune 
which  we  havelabored  under,  that  we  have  had  no 
standard   woiks    by   which  those  persons   unac- 
quainted with  the  different  varieties  of  fruit,  could 
be   guided    in   their    selections.     Circumstances 
have  changed.     We  have  now  not  only  standard 
works  on  gardening  and  orchards,  but  vineyards 
also;  and  we  anticipate  that  within  half  a  centu- 
ry, the  state  of  New- York  will  not  only  manfac- 
ture  wine  sufficient  for  its  own  consumption,  but 
for  exportation.     In  order  to  prevent  confusion, 
there  is  one  point  which  we  hope  every  friend  of 
horticulture  will  keep  steadily  in  mind.     Scatter- 
ed as  the  population  of  the   United  States  are,  o- 
ver  a  vast  extent  of  country,  all  favorable  more  or 
less  for  the  cultivation  of  different  kinds  of  fruit, 
as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  grapes. 
&c,  all  of  which  are  continually  reproduced  from 
seeds,  and  are  yearly  producing  fruit  in  their  nat- 
ural state — considering  the  extent  of  country  and 
tlii    quantity  of   fruit  grown,    it    would   not  be 
thought  extravagant  to  suppose,  that  there  are  as 
many  new  varieties  of  choice  fruit  produced  in 
America,  as  in  Earope.     Now  it  becomes  an  ob- 
ject to  have  each  valuable  kind  known  by  name, 
in  order  that  they  may  be  compared   with  others, 
and  their  relative  qualities  ascertained,  that  the 
most  valuable  may  be  retained,  and  those  less  so 
rejected.     According  to  the  present  custom  among 
botanists  and  horticulturists,   any  person  discov- 
ering a  new  variety  of  plants  or  fruits,  and  bring 
ing  the  same  into  notice,  has  the  priviledge  of  giv- 
ing to  it  sucn  name  a6  is  thought  most  advisable 
Now  the  point  referred  to,  is  to   avoid  a    kind  of 
plagiarism  in  naming  plants,     This  has  already 
produced  much  comparison,  and  will  be  the  cause 
of  more,  unless  more  care  is  used  in  naming.- — 
For  instance,  a  choice  apple   was  discovered  ma- 
ny years  since,  and  called  a  Spitzenawrg,  which 
soon  became  acelebrati  dapple  ;  since  which  inn 
more  than  twenty  different  ones  have  been  called 
Spttzenbwrgs,  until  at  this  lime,  every  grocer  thai 
lias  an  apple  to  sell  will  till  you  it  is  a   Spilzen- 
burg.     The  same  observation  will  apply  to  most 
of  our  valuable  varieties.     Tins  contusion  causes 
many  disappointments  to  thus     who  are  setting 
out  orchards,  or  fruit  gardens.     This  error  does 
not  arise  for  want  of  ingenuity  among  the  Yan- 


kees, sufficient  to  discover  names  suitable,  but  from 
a  habit  of  aping  or  using  great  names.  As  a  spe- 
cimen of  inventing  names,  one  '  if  those  Yankee 
looking  fellows,  calleda  few  days  since, and  ask 
ed  if  we  would  buy  some  apples  1  We  askei  I  what 
kind  1  Grafted  fruit.jhe  replied :  by  what  name. 
— he  did  not  know:  we  replied,  we  did  not  wish 
to  purchase  that  which  was  not  worth  naming : 
upon  which  his  ingenuity  was  taxed — he  quickly 
replied,  they  call  them  Pizlisadoes:  This  name, 
though  applied  for  the  occasion,  was  better  than 
to  have  a  fine  apple  without  a  name,  or  to  call  it 
after  some  other  celebrated  one. 


FRANKLIN  INSTITUTE. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,  at  their  hall  on  Friday  evening.  18th 
Nov.  1831,  the  following  gentlemen  were  elected 
officers,  and  form  the  Board  of  Managers  for  th< 
ensuing  year : 

Jacob  Graves,  President. 
Lyman  B.  Lanworthy,  1st  Vice  Prest 
W.  W.  Reid,2d  do      do 

Joseph  Penney,  Corresponding  Sec'y 
John  A.  Sprague,  Recording      do 
Sidney  S.  Allcoti,  Treasurer. 
'  N.  Goodsell,  Librarian. 
L.  B.  Langworthy,  Cabinet  keeper 
J.  D.  Cummil  s,  Controller. 


From  lite  \*-w  Voiik  farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER.     No.  X. 

Of  the  projier  extent  of  Farms,  and  of  the 
advunce  of  knowledge  in  Husbandry. 
Mn.  Fleet — Fanning  operations,  like 
many  others,  are  often  attempted  on  too 
huge  a  scale  for  the  means  of  the  operator. 
There  is  no  fault  more  common  than  this. — 
Our  Fauns  are  almost  all  too  large,  and  yet 
it  is  useless,  perhaps,  to  speak  of  it.  except  to 
remind  those  who  have  small  Farms  of  the 
fact,  and  that  they  can.  if  they  manage  their 
business  well,  make  more  cleai  profit  than  is 
made  by  those  who  own  too  much  land.  It 
is  all  idle  to  pretend  to  lay  dow  n  exact  rules 
for  the  number  of  acres,  in  each  Farm;  but 
this  may  be  assumed,  that  no  F. inner  should 
occupy  more  land  than  he  can  cultivate,  tho- 
roughly, and  these  keep  in  a  constant  slate  of 
improvement,  as  to  capacity  for  crops.  Its 
extent,  will  then  depend  on  the  ability  of 
each  occupant,  not  only  as  to  physical  force, 
but  this  combined  with  other  considerations, 
such  asevrit  Farmer  can  estimate  for  him- 
self. In  other  cases,  he  would  do  this  safe- 
ly ;  but  as  to  quantity  of  land,  each  one  de- 
sites  more!  1  have  known  many  a  Fanner 
made  absolutely  poor,  by  owning  loo  large  a 
Farm  ;  and  others  to  become  rich,  by  own- 
ing too  small  3  Farm!  If  it  were  not  foi 
giving  offence,  instances,  of  both  kinds, 
might  be  cited  here.  To  avoid  this,  let  roe 
invite  every  one  to  task  his  own  recollection 
a  little,  and  produce  instances  from  his  own 
observation.  When  he  shall  have  done  so, 
let  each  be  a  lesson  to  him.  A  '  thrifty  Far- 
mer,' generally  persuades  himself  that  he 
must  be  buying  more  land,  a  piece  from  this 
neighbor,  and  from  that;  and  readily  per- 
suades  himself  that  those  who  sell,  must  be 
unthrifty.  Both  positions  may  be  true,  and 
both  may  be  false.  The  very  idea. to  most  lar 
mers.of  selling  off  pieces  of  their  land,  isof  the 
extremely  repulsive  kind,  a  sort  of  damper, 
mortally  dreaded.  Yet  I  have  known  men 
who  have  hail  the  courage  to  do  it,  because 
they  thought  it    best,    and  who    have  never 


Vol.  1.— No.  48. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


370 


had  occasion  to  regret  bavin?  done  so.  In 
all  neighborhoods,  there  are  <muc  men  over- 
much-wise.  as  to  the  business  ol  their  neigh- 
bors. Such  men  grow  fat  upon  it,  whenev- 
er a  Farmer  sells  off  some  of  bis  land,  nev- 
er once  doubting,  that  he  who  does  so,  must 
be  growing  poor.  Such  are  some  of  the 
reasons  why  our  Farms  are  almost  all  too 
large,  and  will  be.  till  diminished  in  size  by 
pure  necessity.  Small  farms,  lead  tu  im- 
proving Husbandry. 

The  prevalent  fault  of  our  Agriculture,  is, 
perhaps,  a  disposition  to  run  over  too  much 
land.  Dung  may  be  spread  so  thin,  as  to 
lose  all  good  effects  from  it.  So  also  may 
labor,  by  which  it  costs  more  than  it  comes 
to.  A  guinea,  in  the  pocket  of  a  Fanner,  is 
not  only  a  sol  id  substance,  but  will  exchange 
for  any  other  he  may  chance  to  want,  as  will 
gold,  in  coin  or  in  bullion,  because  the  repre- 
sentative of  value  of  substantial  things,  con- 
nected with  the  real  wants  and  comforts  of 
life.  When  beaten  out  to  gold  leaf,  howev- 
er, though  still  gold,  spread  amazingly  thin, 
it  passes  into  an  article  for  use  in  the  fine 
arts,  the  value  of  which  depends  not  so  much 
on  the  real,  as  the  imaginary  wants  of  life, 
and  its  value  is  very  uncertain.  I  often  see 
inexpeiienced  persons,  calling  themselves 
Farmers,  perhaps  'great  Farmers,'  because 
the  owneis  of  great  Farms,  beating  their 
gold  into  '  leaf,'  to  be  wafted  away  by  the 
winds  !  Though  such  men  often  set  them- 
selves up  for  teachers  of  others,  as  writers 
for  the  Journals.  Mr.  Editor,  yet  we  real 
Farmers  have  none  the  less  pity  for  their 
mistakes,  of  which  nothing  but  experience 
can  convince  them.  Full  of  theory,  but  ve- 
ry empty  of  practice,  such  heads  succeed 
best  in  Farming  on  paper,  with  paper  pigs, 
as  mentioned  before,  and  their  immense 
crops  of  turnips,  and  wool,  all  vastly  profit- 
?ble,  with  other  things,  'grown'  on  the  F;nn, 
all  paper,  and  a  paper  Farm  .'  If  there 
were  less  reality,  in  this  grouping,  it  would 
be  still  less  ludicrous,  for  it  is  '  too  true  to 
make  a  jest  of,'  as  every  one  knows  who  has 
kept  pace  with  our  '  inarch  of  mind,'  on  pa- 
per, in  Agriculture.  The  improvement, 
however,  has  been  steadily  progressing,  and 
the  general  state  of  this  '  art-of-all  arts,'  as 
the  Printers  call  theirs,  is  vastly  superior  to 
what  it  was,  some  50  years  ago,  and  is  even 
improving,  every  >ear.  Yet  not  so  much  by 
'  fits  and  starts,'  as  many  people  seem  to  im- 
agine, but  by  steady  effort,  solids  acting,  on 
solids,  minds  on  o.inds,  grave,  sedate,  calcu- 
lating, seeking  certain  piofits,  such  as  we 
Farmers  are  principally  concerned  about. — 
Speculations  will  not  do  for  us,  your  'slow 
and  surpe'men,  the  real  back-bone  ol  social, 
civil  and  moral  order. 


From  the  American  Farmer. 

CLOVER   MILL— SUNFLOWER   OIL. 

The  clover  mill  at  Spring  Dale,  (the  resi- 
dence of  Charles  A.  Barnitz,  Esq  seine  ac- 
count of  which  we  gave  in  our  last,)  is  wor- 
thy of  particular  notice.  It  is  one  of  the 
many  improvements  in  agricultural  economy 
effected  by  the  publication  of  the  American 
Farmer,  as  Mr.  Barnitz  had  it  made  from  a 
drawing  and  description  published  in  the  6th 
volume  of  our  journal.  On  examining  the 
mill  we  determined  to  republish  the  article, 
which  we  do  in  the  present  number.  We 
are  induced  to  this  by  the  consideration  that 
we  have  a  great  many  subscriders  who  did 
not  take  the  Farmer  when  the  article  was 
first  published,  as  well  as  for  the  purpose  of 


bringing  it  again  to  the  attention  of  old  sub- 
scribers. The  machinery  is  very  simple, 
and  occupies  about  the  space  of  a  common 
threshing  machine)  and  costs  about  the  same. 
It  is  fully  described  in  another  part  of  this 
number.  Its  advantages  over  the  common 
mill  are  very  great  :  it  gets  out  the  seed 
cleaner,  and  does  not  bruise  it.  Since  Mr. 
Barnitz  has  had  one  in  operation,  all  the  oth- 
er mills  in  the  neighborhood  have  been  stop- 
ped,— none  being  able  to  compete  with  it  — 
Tins  is  the  best  possible  proof  of  its  excel- 
lence. Mr.  B.  has  erected  three  machines, 
all  turned  by  a  band  from  the  water  wheel 
of  .i  small  grist  mill.  The  clover  mill  is 
equally  well  adapted  to  getting  out  lucerne 
seed. 

In  the  same  building  with  the  clover  mill, 
is  an  oil  mill  for  the  extraction  of  linseed 
and  sunflower  oil.  There  is  nothing  pecul- 
iar in  the  extraction  of  linseed  oil,  except  in 
the  press  This  is  on  the  wedge  principle. — 
A  long  trough  receives  the  crushed  seed, 
which  is  pressed  longitudinally  by  wedges 
driven  perpendicularly  by  machinery.  The 
advantage  ol  this  mode  .s  derived  from  the 
continual  alteration  of  the  surface  exposed 
to  pressure. 

The  sunflower  oil  is  extracted  in  the  same 
manner  as  linseed,  except  that  the  seed  is 
hulled  by  passing  it  through  a  machine  for 
the  purpose.  Mr.  Barnitz  informed  us  that 
the  production  of  linseed  oil  is  declining 
rapidly,  and  that  sunflower  oil  would  soon 
supersede  it  altogether,  as  it  is  much  more 
profitable. to  the  farmer.  The  sunflowei  oil 
has  been  tried  in  paint,  and  found  to  be  ad 
mirably  adapted  to  it,  as  it  dries  wiih  great 
facility.  For  lamps  it  answers  a  good 
pose,  and  in  some  respects  is  superioi  to 
sperm,  especially  in  its  perfect  freedom  from 
all  offensive  smell.  For  the  table  we  think 
it  vull  certainly  supersede  olive  oil,  as  it  i 
much  cheaper,  and  to  many  of  a  more  a 
greeable  flavor.  For  the  last  purpose  we 
have  used  a  great  deal  of  it,  and  while  we 
can  get  i'  shall  certainly  never  use  olive  oil. 
By  Mr.  Barnitz's  mode  of  extracting  it  he 
gets  a  gallon  from  every  bushel  of  seed. — 
This  fact  we  have  asserted  in  another  place 
in  the  present  number,  and  repeat  it  here  to 
correct  erroneous  impressions  that  we  per- 
ceive have  been  made  on  the  public  mind. — 
Many  persons  suppose  that  they  have  only  to 
take  their  seed  to  a  common  oil  mill,  and 
get  a  gallon  ol  oil  from  a  bushel;  but  this 
is  a  mistake;  i he  seed  must  be  freed  from  its 
hull,  and  to  do  this  a  machine  of  the  stiuc 
Hire  of  which  Mr.  B  will  give  every  infor 
mation  )  must  be  used.  Mr.  Barnitz  has 
made  a  large  quantity  of  this  oil  this  fall. and 
showed  it  to  us  in  all  its  stages.  He  at  pres- 
ent gives  50  cents  a  bushel  for  sunflower  seed, 
and  gets  a  dollar  a  gallon  for  the  oil.  When 
the  business  gets  established  the  price  of  seed 
will  be  considerably  more  or  that  of  the  oil 
less,  as  at  the  present  prices  a  mill  steadily 
at  work  would  be  very  profitable ;  the  oil 
cake  nearly  pays  for  the  extraction  of  the 
oil,  it  being  an  excellent  article  of  food  foi 
horses  and  cattle. 

The  chaff  from  the  clover  mill  supplies  an 
immense  quantity  of  the  finest  manure  for 
the  farm.  It  is  thrown  into  a  large  pile  by 
the  side  of  the  mill,  to  rot,  and  is  carried  up- 
on the  land  in  the  same  manner  as  stable 
manure  -  to  which  it  is  very  superior.  We 
should  suppose  that  the  addition  of  lime  loi 
this  manure  would  be  verv  useful. 


SUNFLOWER  OIL. 

A  .correspondent  of  the  New  Englanl 
Farmer,  Mr.  Joseph  Mann,  gives  an  accoun, 
of  the  experiment  of  making  sunflower  oilo 
which  was  a  complete  failure  ;  or  rather  an 
unprofitable  job  ;  and  he  thence  concludes 
that  the  value  of  the  article  "  has  been  over- 
rated by  at  least  one  half."  We  beg  Mr. 
Mann  to  be  assured  the  fault  to  which  the 
failure  in  his  case  is  properly  attributable 
was  not  in  the  sunflowei,  but  in  himself. — 
He  merely  resorted  to  the  old  method  of  ex- 
tracting the  oil,  hv  which  every  body  knows 
only  about  two  quarts  of  oil  can  be  obtained 
from  a  bushel  of  seed.  As  long  ago  as  175K 
sunflower  oil  was  made  on  this  plan  and  with 
this  result,  and  Mr.  Mann  had  no  reason  to 
expect  a  better  product  from  the  same  pro- 
cess. The  process  he  used  was  giinding 
and  pressing  the  seed,  by  both  cold  and  hot 
pressure,  and  the  most  he  could  obtain  was 
two  quarts.  Now  we  can  put  him  in  the  way 
of  extraciing  four  quarts  of  oil  from  a 
bushel  of  seed,  and  with  the  hope  of  indu- 
cing him  to  make  another  trial  we  will  do  so. 
The  new  process  for  exuacting  this  oil,  the 
credit  of  which  belongs  to  Charles  A  Bar- 
nitz, Esq.  of  York,  Pa.  is  to  clear  the  seed 
of  the  Hull  or  shell  and  press  the  kernel  by 
itself.  The  hull  may  be  taken  off  readily 
by  running  the  seed  through  a  buckwheat 
hulling  machine,  or  any  other  mill  the 
stones  of  which  can  be  kept  so  far  apart  as 
merely  to  crack  the  hull  as  the  seed  passes 
through  them.  The  great  obstacle  hereto- 
fore met  with,  in  extracting  this  oil  was  the 
absorbing  quality  of  the  large  quantity  of 
hull.  Tins  is  removed  in  the  new  process 
of  Mr.  Barnitz,  and  if  Mr.  Mann  will  try 
it  he  will  find  that  his  own  "  wrong  impress 
ions"  stood  most  in  need  ol  correction. 

From  the  Lancaster  (P")  Examiner, 

A  German  agricultural  work,  published  a' 
Halle  in  182+,  la  ely  fallen  into  our  hands, 
and  we  take  this  occasion  to  translate  the 
following  paragraphs  from  an  article  on  the 
culture  of  the  Sunflowei". 

Sunflower  seed  yields  an  excellent  oil, 
richer  ban  ollive  oil  and  yet  equally  bland 
and  mild  ;  it  is  also  purer  and  more  transpa- 
rent, tinged  with  a  slight  shade  of  yellow.  It 
is  destitute  of  smell,  and  in  taste  somewhat 
resembles  that  of  almonds.  In  Upper  Sax- 
ony it  is  much  used  i.istead  of  olive  oil.  It 
!s  thought  to  be  equally  good  andmuch  more 
economical,  as  two  gills  of  it  will  suffice 
where  three  gills  of  the  other  would  be  re- 
qniied.  As  a  I  imp  oil  it  burns  with  a  beau- 
tiful flame,  producing  no  smoke  and  diffu- 
sing no  disagreabie  smell.  Curriers  have 
found  it  particularly  useful  in  dressing  leath- 
er, as  it  aids  in  imparting  a  permanent  and 
clear  black  ebony. 

The  leaves  of  the  Sunflower,  among  oth- 
er uses  to  which  they  may  be  applied,  are 
serviceable  in  the  art  of  colouring.  They 
are  to  be  dried  in  the  shade,  by  spreading 
them  thin  on  a  table  or  a  clean  floor  and 
turning  them  frequently.  A  small  handful 
of  these  dried  leaves  boiled  in  a  pint  of  soft 
water  in  a  well  glazed  earthen  vessel,  with 
half  a  teaspoonful  of  alum  added,  is  said  to 
produce  a  beautiful  and  permanent  yellow 
dye,  bu  whether  adapted  to  dying  linen, 
cotton,  or  woollen  goods,  is  not  stated. 


Sir  Matthew  J.  Tierney,  of  London,  states  that 
the  Cajeput  oil,  is  a  sure  remedy  for  the  Cholera, 
whether  Indian  or  the  common  kind. 


:J<30 


TEIE  «ENESEE  FARMER 


December  3,  1831. 


>tl»IiTVi(l  V   MO\T 


FOR   THE   GEN'ESEE    FARMER. 

QUINCE  TREES. 

Last  summer  two  of  my  quince  trees  died. '   I 
discovered  no  insects,  but  suspecting  that   some 
hidden  depredator  had  occasioned  my  loss,  I  ha  i 
the  trees  taken  up  by  the  roots  and  burnt.     Two 
days  ago,   on  digging  round   some  small  trees  of 
this  kind,  I  saw  a  brownish  powder  on  the  bark 
an  I  on  probing  with  a  knife,  I  found  the  trees  ha  I 
suffered    great  damage  from  worms  of  an  un- 
known kind    These  larum  resemble  the  peaci. 
worm  (jEgeria  exitiosa)  though  rather  larger  than 
that  worm  is  commonly   found  at  this  season. — 
They  appear  to  commence  near  the  surface  of  the 
"round ;  and  in  a   great  majority  of  cases,  have 
worked  upward,  sometimes  to  the  height  of  one 
foot,  gradually  slanting  through  the  solid  wood, 
as  if  they  were  retiring  inward  on  the  approach 
of  winter.    From  one  tree  I  took  fifteen  worms. 
It  is  rare  to  find  two  within  the  same  cavity ;  but 
I  he  holes  are  so  contiguous  that  to  cut  them  out. 
would  inevitably  destroy  the  tree.     I  have  there- 
fore d»awn  them  out  with  a  barbed  wire  made 
iharp. 

In  a  fewcases,the  worms  had  worked  downward 
slanting  inward ;  and  in  other  cases,  they  re- 
mainad  under  the  bark  without  having  penetrated 
the  wood.  Instead  of  throwing  out  their  filth  like 
the  peach  worm,  they  pack  it  behind  them,  com 
jjletely  closing  the  orifice.  On  breaking  through 
the  bark  into  one  of  these  tracks,  the  direction  of 
the  worm  may  be  determined  by  the  color  of  the  filth 
ihe  old  part  being  brown  and  the  more  recent,  or- 
ange colored. 

I  now  suspect  that  the  loss  of  an  English 
Mulberry  which  had  been  two  years  in  a  bearing 
state  La  my  fruit  garden,  ought  to  be  ascribed  to 
these  worms. 

Under  a  microscope  they  are  found  to  differ 
from  the  Peach  worm  in  several  external  particu- 
lars, and  also  in  their  internal  structure.  In  their 
manners,  the  difference  is  striking:  for  though 
the  peach  worm  is  occasionally  discovered  two  or 
more  feet  from  the  ground,  1  have  not  observed  it 
to  work  upward  from  the  surface ;  neither  does  it 
penetrate  the  solid  wood.  It  is  supposed  not  to 
continue  in  the  larva;  state  quite  a  year;  but  some 
circumstinces  rather  indicate  that  the  CAuince 
worm  may  continue  longer. 

The  name  of  this  pernicious  insect;  and  the 
best  method  of  preventing  its  ravages,  are  want- 

SUGAR  PROM  POTATOES. 
The  conversion  of  starch  into  sugar  has  long 
been  known  to  chemists ;  and  hopes  were  enter 
tmned  that  some  new  method  of  procuring  the  lat- 
ter might  render  the  cane,  the  beet,  and  the  maple 
of  less  importance ;  but  years  have  passed  over 
without  any  successful  attempt  in  the  large  way, 
unless  that  which  is   mentioned  in  the  following 
very  interesting  account  from  the  las;  number  of 
SUliman's  Journal  should  prove  to  be  such.    It 
was  written  by  Samuel  Guthrie  of  Sackets  Har- 
bor. 

"  I  have  been  for  some  time  persuaded,  taking 
the  data  furnished  by  chemists  as  correct,  that  su- 
night  be  advantageously  made  in  towns  re- 
mote from  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  the  potato;  and 
one  j  >av  ago,  Capt  E.  G,  Pa  ter,  at  my  instance, 
-"ith  great  ingenuity  devised  and  constructed  ma' 


chinery,  and  apparatus  for  prosecuting  the  busi" 
ness.  As  this  is  the  first  attempt  within  my 
knowledge,  to  make  sugar  from  that  on  any  con- 
siderable scale,  I  propose  giving  you  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  business  as  far  as  it  lias  proceede,  I. 
He  has  used  in  the  manufacture  three  thousand 
five  hundred  bushels  of  potatoes.  A  fair  sampls 
of  the  sugar,  or  rather  molasses,  for  no  chrystalli- 
zed  pure  sugar  could  be  obtained,  is  now  sent  to 
you." 

To  this  account  Professor  Sillinian  adds  "  The 
molasses  forwarded  by  Mr.  Guthrie  is  very  rich, 
and  apparently  pure  syrup,  and  has  only  a  slighl 
peculiarity  of  taste,  a  little  like  that  of  an  oil,  that 
could  enable  one  to  distinguish  it  from  the  best 
cane  molasses.  The  syrup  is  nearly  as  rich  as 
that  from  the  sugar  maple  :  and  not  improbably 
may  yet  afford  a  chrystallize  I  sugar."      D.  T. 


sentiments,  as  applied  to  us  poor  tar  if  men  in  the 
north)  would  inform  us  of  their  ways  and  means 
of  managing  the  sweet  potato,  1  guess  he  would 
confer  a  favor  on  not  a  few.  H.  Y  • 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

SWEET  POTATOES. 
Mr.  Goodsell — As  there  is  a  good  deal  of  in- 
quiry as  to  the  success  of  raising  the  Sweet  potatoe 
I  venture  to  give  through  the  medium  of  your 
useful  paper,  my  little  experience  on  the  subject. 
Last  fall,  now  a  year  ago,  I  selected  from  a 
barrel  of  the  white  sweet  potato  from  Virginia,  a 
quantity  of  the  fairest  and  soundest ;  a  part  was 
buried  in  a  dry  place  below  the  reach  of  frost,  tiie 
other  haif  put  into  a  box  with  dry  sand,  stratum 
super  stratum,  and  put  into  a  dry  cellar ;  they 
both  failed,  and  were  completely  rotten  in  the 
spring.  A  friend  who  was  in  New- York  in  May, 
succeeded  in  procuring  a  few  fresh  from  the 
south ;  which  were  put  into  a  hot  bed  on  the  15th, 
and  on  the  first  June  were  planted  out;  they 
grew  well,  and  made  fine  looking  vines. 

The  manner  in  which  they  form  the  tubers  is, 
by  shooting  out  numerous  roots,  aoout  the  size  of 
a  pipe  stein,  and  less ;  after  which,  they  commence 
swelling  in  the  middle,  and  so  on  enlarging  till 
they  are  ripe. 

On  digging  my  crop  on  the  1st  Nov.,  after  the 
vines  were  killed  by  frost,  I  found  1  had  from  the 
sprouts  from  the  three  that  were  planted,  about 
half  a  bushel  of  tolerably  good  sized  ones,  and  a 
great  quantity  of  fibres  just  commenced  swelling, 
which  with  one  month  more  summer  would  have 
been  of  a  medium  size.  The  only  trouble  of  ma- 
king them  a  very  tolerable  crop  for  this  climate, 
is  the  difficulty  of  keeping  them  tlirough  the  win- 
ter. I  have  put  some  of  all  my  sizes  into  a  box 
with  charcoal  dust,  and  stowed  them  in  an  oven 
which  we  omit  to  use  after  the  putting  up  of 
stoves. 

Some  others  I  have  passed  a  thread  tlirough 
and  hung  them  up  where  they  will  neither  dry, 
entirely  nor  freeze;  if  these  experiments  foil,  my 
pipe  is  out,  and  1  shall  abandon  the  trade.  Mr- 
!  Miller,  on  the  ridge  road,  who  lias  been  a  success, 
ful  cultivator  of  the  article,  and  occasionally 
brought  them  to  market,  informs  me  that  he  for- 
merly kept  them  in  a  box  of  dry  sand,  standing 
in  the  chimney  corner;  but  latterly  has  had  built 
a  recess  in  the  jamb  of  his  chimney,  like  the 
slut  hole  under  an  oven ;  where  he  has  no  trouble 
in  keeping  them  safe. 

One  thing  is  quite  certain,  that  they  are  pre- 
served with  ease  in  the  Southern  States,  as  it  is 
so  common,  and  so  important  an  article  with  them, 
and  if  any  gentleman  in  that  region  (whosi  pa- 
triotic feelings  were  paramount  to  his  nullification 


FOR  THE  GEN'ESEE  FARMER. 

ON  PLANTING. 

Mr.  Goodsell — There  semis  to  be  a  great  di 
versity    of  opinion   on   the  subject,  wheth. 
spring  or  fall  is  the  best  period  for  setting 
trees:   the  advocates  for  fall  setting,  offer  as  one  of 
the  principal   benefits  accruing  for  setting  out  at 
that  period,  the  firmness  and  compactness  that  the 
arth  takes  about  the  roots  by  the  fall  and  spring 
rains,  &c. ;  a  process  which  I  humbly  think  is  in 
direct  opposition  to  what  it  ought  to  be;   for  it'  the 
roots  of  any  tree  are  so  deep,  and  so  hardly  pack- 
ed that  they  cannot  obtain  aid,  they  languish  and 
die.     Another  is  that  theToots  expand  them- 
and  carry  on  a  slow  and   constant  circulation  of 
the  sap  during  winter,  which  to  my  mind   is  a  ve- 
ry doubtful  assertion. 

Apples  and  pears  do  tolerably  well  set  in  the 
fall ;  but  as  far  as  my  experience  goes,  the  S] 
does  better,  especially  if  done  early,  and  they 
have  not  to  be  carried  a  great  distance.  lis. : 
out  in  the  fall  the  buds  are  subject  to  be  frozen 
dried  up,  and  killed,  and  the  tree  in  its  removed 
and  mutilated  state,  has  not  vigor  enough  to  send 
out  new  ones  through  the  bark.  A  tree  set  late  in 
the  fall  has  its  roots  frozen  in  the  earth,  and  is  in 
but  a  very  little  better  situation,  than  if  dug  up 
and  left  lying  on  the  ground  exposed  to  tile  weath- 
er. Trees  brought  from  New- York  in  the  sprin"- 
usually  half  d:e ;  but  the  cause  is,  that  the  season 
is  forwarder  than  ours,  and  before  the  canal  is  o- 
pen,  and  the  trees  reach  this  region,  they  are  in 
full  leaf,  and  many  of  them  in  blossoms;  on  open- 
ing the  packages,  exposing  them  to  the  sun,  and 
planting  out,  the  leaves  wither  and  die.  and  there 
are  no  new  buds  for  the  feeble  energies  of  the  root 
to  develope,  and  they  consequently  fail.  Many 
trees  are  lost  by  planting  too  deep ;  the  best  luck 
I  ever  had  with  trees  was  in  a  situation  where  1 
intended  to  raise  the  surface ;  I  consequently  set 
the.  trees  on  the  top  of  the  earth,  and  piled  earth 
on  the  roots;  I  did  not  lose  one,  and  the  growth 
was  truly  surprising.  I  once  knew  a  large  re- 
moved tiee  to  succeed  weil,  when  the  roots  were 
set  on  the  grass  of  a  natural  green  sward,  and  cov 
ered  with  earth. 

1  received  ten  valuable  peach  trees  last  fall  from 
the  east,  and  as  my  soil  was  rather  light  and 
loose,  trees  during  rains  and  winds  were  liable  to 
be  blown  over  or  badly  leaned.  I  therefore  set 
them  pretty  deep;  they  mostly  came  out  in  tin 
spring  very  tarddy,  and  four  of  them,  althou 
the  bark  was  quite  green  and  fresh,  showed  no 
signs  of  vegetating  at  mid-summer;  a  friend  sug- 
gested that  they  might  be  planted  too  deep;  I 
consequently  took  them  up,  washed  the  roots, 
shortened  the  tops,  and  re-set  them  much  shal- 
lower; the  result  was,  three  of  them  immediate!} 
put  forth,  and  grew  well,  while  one  has  never 
showed  the  least  signs  of  life,  except  the  bark  is 
green,  and  fresh  .in  every  part,  and  has  been 
planted  out  now  more  than  a  year.  By  what  pro- 
cess m  nature  it  can  resist  the  heat  of  the  sun, 
and  the  drying  nature  of  the  winds,  and  the  con- 
stanl  1  vaporation  of  its  fluids,  is  unaccountable  to 
me,  except  there  is  a  process  of  circulation  going 
on,  independent  of  leaves  or  buds 


Vol  1.— No.  48. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


381 


I  would  in  all  cases,  where  trees  are  not  to  be 
removed  very  far,  invariably  set  them  in  the 
spring,  particularly  cherries,  plums,  peaches,  ap- 
ricots, grapes,  raspberries,  &c. ;  and  all  tender 
and  luxuriant  growing  trees  and  shrubs — short- 
en the  tops  to  comport  with  the  loss  of  root,  and 
not  set  too  deep  nor  pack  the  earth  too  hard,  pre- 
ferring to  protect  them  against  winds  to  stake 
them.  Yours,  &c.  W.  O. 

Brighton,  Nov.  1831 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    PARMER. 

Mr.  Goodsell — Will  you  or  some  of  your 
correspondents,  have  the  goodness  to  explain  to 
us  the  difference  betweh  a  Squash  and  a  Pumpkin. 
Formerly  they  were  distinct  vines,  and  we  had  no 
difficulty  in  determining  which  was  a  Squash, 
and  which  was  a  Pumpkin;  but  in  these  latter 
days,  we  have  "Crook  neck  Squashes,"  "Span- 
ish squashes,"  "  Winter  squashes,""  Acorn  squash- 
es," "  Coconut  squashes,"  and  many  more  which 
look  like  Pumpkins,  and  laste  like  Pumpkins,  and 
yet  are  christened  S.mashes.  Have  the  goodness 
<o  enlighten  us  on  this  subject,  and  let  us  know 
what  is  really  the  difference  between  a  Squash  and 
a  Pumpkin.  A.  B. 

FOR    THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

MILITARY  TRANIN    S,  NO.  5. 

'  The  reviews  of  peaceable  tradesmen  are  no 
more  than  the  solemn  foppery  of  a  pantomime 
acted  in  the  open  ah  instead  of  the  Theatre." 

Ames. 
In  this  country,  there  is  no  call  for  soldiers — 
We  have  no  baitles  to  fight  now  or  in  prospective. 
But  were  soldiers  actually   needed,   our    Militia 
would  be  good  for  nothing.         hat  do  they  know 
of  the  duties  of  a  soldier  1  Have   they   Military 
science  1  Are  th-y  acquainted  with  Military  dis- 
cipline 1  Not  at  all.     They  are  no  better  qualified 
for  actual  service  than  mere  school  boys.     This 
may  not  be  true  with  respect  to  our  independent 
companies.     These  are  better  organized — more 
frequently  drilled,  and  take  some  pride  in  appear- 
ing to  advantage ;  but  it  is  very  different  with  the 
infantry  companies.     They  embrace  every  strag- 
gler and  ragamuffin  in  town.     They  train  with  re- 
luctance.    They  have  no  desire,  and  take  no  pains 
to  learn  the  military  exercises.     Th.  y  are  all  free 
citizens,  and  have  no  idea  of  subordination.     It  is 
idle  to  think  of  fitting  men  for  soldiers  in  this  way. 
Who  that  has  witnessed  a  militia  training,  ever 
imagined  that  it  was  of  any  use  1  Who  indeed, 
lias  not  rather  thought  it  a  fitter  subject  for  "  farce 
than  tragedy  V    The    persons  of  the  drama — - 
"  black  spirits  and  white — red  spirits  and  gray," 
have  no  thoughts  but  for  sport.     They  feel  that 
it  is  an  idle  affair,  ana1  seek  to  pass  it  off  in  as  jol- 
ly a  manner  as  possible.     They  obey  their  officers 
occasionally,  because  they  know  the  law  has  made 
them  their  superiors  for  the  day,   and  has  given 
ihem  authority  to  punish  flagrant  misconduct.     It 
is  absurd  to  suppose  that  such  men  are  fit  to  be  led 
to  battle.     They   have  scarce  courage  enough  to 
face  each  other  in  a  *ham  fight.     They  would  flee 
from  their  own  shadow.     Men  cannot  be  soldiers 
till  discipline  and  actual  service  has  forced  them 
into  subordination,  and  produced  a  complete  change 
of  character,   inclination  and  habits.    They  may 
fancy  that  they  are  soldiers,  but  let  them  march 
into  the  field  and  hear  the  roar  of  a  hostile  cannon, 
and  they  would  quickly  find  themselves  deceived. 


So  idle  a  thing  have  our  militia  trainings  be- 
come, that  no  respectable  man  is  willing  to  be  seen 
in  the  ranks.  It  is  so  much  more  a  matter  of  bur- 
lesque than  a  serious  act  of  obedience  to  the  laws 
of  the  country,  that  by  far  the  greater  portion  of 
our  substantial  citizens,  particular, y  in  large  towns, 
prefef  to  suffer  the  penalty  of  the  law,  rather  than 
perform  the  duty.  Hence  a  large  number  of  fines 
are  yearly  imposed  by  Courts  Martial,  and  a  large 
amount  of  money  extorted  from  our  citizens,  for 
what  purpose,  it  is  difficult  to  imagine.  It  is  gen- 
erally understood  that  this  money  is  squandered  by 
the  officers.  One  thing  is  true,  that  the  people  pay 
it  and  receive  no  benefit  from  it.  S. 


Mr.  Tucker  : 

I  notice  your  correspondent  S.  has  made  a  very 
judicious  attack  upon  our  Militia  System.  1  wish 
him  success,  for  in  my  opinion,  never  did  a  more 
uncalled  for  Humbug  exist,  than  this. 

Were  we  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  a  superi- 
or or  hostde  nation,  that  would  serve  as  an  excuse ; 
but  even  in  that  case,  it  is  doubtful  whether  our 
present  is  the  better  system.  The  last  war  was 
sufficient,  if  we  would  profit  by  the  past,  to  con- 
vince us  that  something  more  is  necessary  in  or- 
der to  reduce  our  enemy,  than  a  collection  of  draft- 
ed militia.  We  know  also,  that  every  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  (with  the  exception  of  some  at 
Washington)  will  defend  his  home  and  his  fire- 
side, against  an  invading  enemy  who  snail  pre- 
sume to  penetrate  into  our  country.  And  rash  in- 
deed would  be  that  enemy  who  should  attempt  it, 
while  the  states  remain  united,  even  if  they  had 
the  numbers  of  Nicholas,  or  the  ferocity  of  the 
Tiu'ks.  The  only  danger  which  can  threaten  the 
states  united,  is  that  of  an  invading  naval  power, 
which  with  sufficient  force,  might  lay  our  seaport 
towns  under  contribution,  or  at  least,  do  them  ma- 
terial injury.  Under  these  circumstances,  what 
would  be  the  proper  method  of  defence  <  WeshoulJ 
have  to  rely  unon  our  fortifications,  and  their  effect 
would  depend  altogether  upon  the  knowledge  of 
engineering,  which  those  in  charge  of  them  pos- 
sessed. It  is  true  that  our  militiamen  would  ma 
ny  of  them  dig  in  entrenchments  lustily  ;  but  coul  J 
they  construct  a  fortification  upon  the  most  approv- 
ed plan  1  We  presume  not.  Give  them  cannon 
and  ammunition,  and  they  could  load  ecciAJire  and 
make  a  prodigious  noise ;  but  would  they  be  able 
to  elevate  a  gun  upon  scientific  principles,  so  as  to 
be  sure  of  doing  execution  1  Let  the  records  of  the 
first  years  of  the  last  war  answer  ! 

It  may  be  asked,  did  we  not  b-at  the  enemy  at 
Sackets  harbor?  And  was  it  not  done  by  militia  % 
We  grant  it,  and  we  gained  the  honor  of  record- 
ing our  shame  &  defeating  an  enemy  by  cowardice 
and  undisciplineu  conduct.  What:  will  not  our 
yeomanry  fight  %  Yes,  and  as  long  as  we  are  free 
from  game-laws  and  allowed  the  use  of  rifles,  an 
enemy  that  dares  to  march  across  the  lines  of  our 
frontiers,  will  find  winged  messengers  of  death 
from  every  stump  and  tree,  which  would  diminish 
their  ranks  faster  than  the  Cholera  of  Europe  and 
the  Plague  to  boot ;  but  not  so  with  those  who  ap- 
proach our  fortifications,  when  manned  with  mi- 
litia (as  was  the  case  at  Sackets  harbor.)  Then 
it  was  difficult  to  tell  which  were  in  greatest  dan- 
ger— friends  or  enemies,  until  our  guns  were  spik- 
ed for  fear  of  injuring  both, — at  the  very  moment 
when  every  discharge  should  have  strewed  the 
field  with  slain. 


The  past  should  convince  us  that  we  are  in 
want  of  skilful  Engineers, — and  these  were  nev- 
er educated  at  military  trainings. 

Why  is  it  that  the  armies  of  France  are  consid- 
ered  superior  to  any  other  in  Europe'?  Because 
they  excell  in  ■Engineering.  Their  school  Poly- 
technic, has  given  her  armies  strength  which  could 
not  have  been  done  by  numbers.  Hence,  if  we 
would  render  ourselves  invulnerable,  we  should 
educate  a  sufficient  number  of  Engineers,  who 
should  be  versed  in  all  the  arts  of  war, — and  let 
them  be  supported  by  government  in  the  manner 
of  the  French  schools,  ready  to  be  called  into  ser- 
vice when  our  country  requires.  A  small  annual 
tax  from  each  individual  now  subject  to  military 
duty,  would  support  a  competent  corps  for  any 
anticipated  occasion  ; — and  we  might  dismiss  our 
military  parades  as  calculated  only  to  corrupt  the 
morals  of  our  young  mm  by  promoting  disorder 
and  intemperance. 

A  few  schools  like  the  one  at  West  Point, 
would  do  more  towards  preparing  young  men  for 
defending  our  country,  its  situation  considered, 
than  all  the  military  trainings  have  ever  dont. 
since  the  revolution.  N.  G. 


for  the  genesee  farmer. 
Mr.  Editor  : 

A  respectable  lawyer  from  Stark  county  Ohio, 
passing  through  our  village  last  week,  gave  a  ve- 
ry singular  account  of  a  conviction  for  forgery, 
which  occurred  in  that  county  a  short  time  since. 
He  was  present  at  the  trial  and  will  vouch  for  the 
truth  of  the  statement. 

An  individual  forged  an  order  for  goods,  to  the 
amount  of  three  or  four  dollars,  and  called  on  the 
merchant  and  received  the  goods  without  incur- 
ring the  least  suspicion.  Immediately  afterwards, 
he  called  upon  an  acquaintance,  told  him  what  he 
had  done,  and  insisted  that  complaint  should  be  en- 
tered against  him.  He  was  accordingly  commit- 
ted for  trial.  When  he  was  called  before  the 
court,  being  asked  if  he  had  counsel,  answered  that 
he  "  had  none  and  desired  none."  When  asked 
whether  he  plead  guilty,  he  replied,  "  guilty." 
He  was  sentenced  to  the  state  prison  for  3  years, 
the  shortest  terms  the  law  allows. 

You  are  by  this  time  prepared  to  ask  what  ter- 
rible calamity  this  man  could  have  brought  upon 
himself  to  render  a  three  year's  confinement  in  the 
Penitentiary,  an  object  of  desire  1  You  will  ask 
perhaps,  whether  he  had  an  abandoned  wife  who 
was  rendering  himself  and  his  family  wretched  1 
Or  whether  he  had  broken  a  military  or  some  oth- 
er law  of  honor,  the  penalty  of  which  is  more  to 
be  dreaded  than  hard  labor  within  the  walls  of  a 
prison  1  No,  nothing  like  these  is  given  as  the 
cause  of  this  strange  and  almost  unexampled  con- 
duct. And  yet  there  was  a  cause  which  operated 
upon  the  mind  of  this  individual,  sufficiently  strong 
to  produce  such  a  result.  And  that  cause  was 
nothing  less  than  a  determination  to  conquer  ani 
attachment  to  strong  drink.  He  stated  to  the  com- 
that  he  committed  the  crime  and  insisted  upon  the 
enforcement  of  the  law,  that  he  might  be  so  con- 
fined as  to  render  it  utterly  impossible  to  gratify 
his  appetite  for  ardent  spirits.  He  supposes  that 
by  imprisonment  for  a  time,  he  shall  so  far  obtain 
the  mastery  over  himself  as  to  be  able  to  return  to 
society  and  remain  a  sober  man. 

Now  whether  this  man  could  not  have  become 
temperate  short  of  this  sacrifice  of  personal  liberty, 


:*S2 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  3,  1831 


is  not  for  me  to   determine  ;  but  I  certainly  wish 
success  to  the  experiment. 

1  should  think  it  much  better  for  him  to  spend 
three  years  in  state  prison  for  such  a  forgery,  and 
afterwards  be  restored  to  society  and  to  his  friends, 
a  temperate  man,  than  to  live  the  life  and  die  the 
death  of  a  drunkard:  X 


SELECTIONS. 


From  Hi*  New-England   Farmer 

ON  LIVE  FENCES. 
Mr  Fessenden — In  your  paper  of  the  2d 
November  I  noticed  a  communication  from 
Judge  Buel  of  the  Albany  Nursery  upon 
live  fences.  It  always,  gives  me  such  pleas- 
ure to  obtain  any  information  from  one  who 
so  well  unites  the  theory  of  holticulture  .with 
the  practical  results  of  his  own  experience. 
In  many  of  his  statements  1  fully  agree  with 
him.  From  long  experience  I  am  convin- 
ced of  the  superiority  of  live  fences,  oth  a* 
regards  efficacy  and  economy.  I  also  highly 
approve  the  manner  of  setting  out  the  young 
quicks,  which  he  describes.  I  differ  from 
him  only  as  to  the  material  or  plant  of  which 
the  hedge  is  made  and  as  to  the  advantage 
of  splashing  or  asthe  English  call  it  plash- 
ing 

For  the  last  twenty  years  I  have  paid 
great  attention  tnthissubject  &  willgive  you 
the  result  of  my  experience.  The  first  hedge 
Isetout  (about  500  feet  in  length)  was  of  the 
English  Hawthorn  or  Quickset.  The  re. 
suit  was  decidedly  unfavorable.  The  plant 
is  not  adapted  to  this  climate — it  appears 
better1  suited  to  the  moist  atmosphere  of  Eng- 
land ;  our  long  summer  drought,  injures,  it 
itis  peculiarly  subject  to  the  attacks  of  the 
border,  a  species  of  mildew  or  blight  almost 
invaribly  assails  it  early  in  August,  by 
which  it  loses  its  leaves  and  by  the  middle  of 
August  or  first  of  September  assumes  a  win- 
ter1,  appearance 


The  mode  of  cultivation  is  very  simple — 
it  is  set  out  either  in  the  fall  or  spring  in  the 
manner  recommended  by  Judge  Buehifin 
the  fall,  it  is  (lipped  the  nest  spring  within 
about  nine  inches  "of  the  ground.  Next 
spring  it  is  clipped  again  at  the  height  of  a- 
bout  two  (eet.  th  third  spring  at  about  three 
from  the  ground,  with  some  side  pruning. 
The  next  summer  yom  h  dge  is  complete 
and  you  may  keep  it  at  the  height  and  thick 
ness  desired  at  the  expenesof  a  little  prun- 
ing. 

I  have  also  tried  plashing.  Ill  1818  or  19 
mv  gardiner.  whowas  an  Englishman,  high- 
lv  recommended  it  and  at  last  pursuaded  me 
to  let  him  attempt  it  and  upon  a  young  and 
thrifty  hedge  made  of  Crab  apple.  He  did 
it  as  it  appeared  to  me  very  skilfully,  but  it 
was  a  very  long  and  tedious  operation  the 
result  was  the  hedge  was  mined.  His  mode 
of  operating  I  winch  is  I  believe  the  common 
onej  was  to  suffer  the  main  stem  to  remain 
upright,  while  .ill  the  side  ones  were  par- 
tially cut  and  bent  down  nearly  horizontally, 
and  so  confined  either  by  interlacing  or  by 
staking  them  dow  n  ;  they  did  not  thrive  how- 
ever— they  perished  by  degiees  and  I  was  al 
last  forced  to  prune  away  all  the  horizon- 
tal branches,  and  lost  at  least  four  years 
growth. 

With  the  Buck-thorn  I  have  never  found 
plashing  to  he  anv  degree  necessary  or  use- 
ful. It  managed  in  the  nay  I  have  de- 
scribed, in  three  years  the  hedge  will  be  com- 
plete, requiring  afterwards  very  little  care 
and  nearly  as  thick,  and  quite  as  impervi- 
ous below  as  above. 

Very  sincerely  y  urs  Sec, 

E.  IIer  v  Derby. 
m  November  8,    1831. 


wanted  to  put  down  new  pork  tneie  remain- 
ed some  of  the  old  in  the  bottom  of  the  cask. 
In  that  case.  1  ponied  off  the  pickle,  took 
out  the  undissolved  salt,  packed  the  fresh 
pork  on  the  to)  ol  the  old,  using  the  salt 
which  had  been  in  the  cask,  with  the  addition 
of  fresh  if  necessary,  and  then  poured  on 
the  old  pickle  or  water.  In  this  way  I  have 
had  pork  three  or  fouryears  in  the  bottom 
of  mv  pork  barrel,  and  when  used  it  was  as 
free  from.rancidiiv  ,i>n  was  three  weeks  af 
ter  it  was  put  down.  Indeed  I  seldom  emp- 
ty my  pork  barrel  excepi  whenii  wants  hoop- 
ing. 1  believe  that  boiling  pickle  is  useless 
if  not  injurious.  Pork  ought  not,  il  it  car, 
he  prevented,  be  frozen  before  it  is  put 
down.  ('. 

Princeton,  N.  J. 


Fro. i.  ilif  New  York  Parmer. 
CURING  PORK. 
Ma.  Editor — In  the  Ne«   York  Farmer 
I  noticed   a    recipe    for    making    '•  Knicker- 
My  next  experiment  was   with    the  [hi;ee||  backer   pickle,"'    for    b  rk.     I    will 

thorned  acacia  recommended  by  Judge  Bu-j  give  mine,  .which  I  ha  i  u  twenty-six 
el.  The  hedge  wa^not  more  than  fifty  feet  years  with  uniform  success,  audi  will  tell 
in  length,  but  was  placed  in  excellent  soil  and  how  and  w  ere  1  got  it.  In  August  1805,  1 
carefully  attended.  I  had  supposed  that  the  lodged  from  Saturday  to' Monday  with  an  inn- 
long  thorns  with  which  rile  plant  is  aimed  keeper  in  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  (whowas 
would  have  made  it  peculiarly  efficacious  .is  also  a  farmer.)  On  the  table,  foi  Sunday's 
a  fence.     The  result    was  even   more  unfor-   dinner,   there    "as   a    fine   piece   of  pickled 


unate     than  before.      Prune    and  clip    it     as 
I  would,  I  could  never  make  il    grow  thick; 
it    appears   to    have  a  decided     tendency    to 
shoot    upwards  rather   than   to    spiead  :  the 
thorns  grow   only   upon    or    near  the   upper 
branches,  and  below    there    »;e  nothing  but 
the  hare  stem  to  serve  as   a  fence.      It  would 
often,  too,  lose  as  much  during  a  hard  win- 
ter, as  it  had    grown  during   the  whole  sum 
mer.      After  a  fair  trial    of    near  ten  ye. u,  I 
dug  up  the  whole  andreplaced  it  «  tih  the  V- 
merican  Buckthorn  (Rhamnvs  catharticus  :  j 
with  this  I  have  been    completely  successful. 
It  has,  (t  is  true,  but  few  thorns,  but  it  grows 
naturally  so  thick  as  to  he  a    complete  pro- 
tection to  the  land  inclosed  by  it.      Ii  shoots 
early  in    the  spring  and  holds  its  verdure  till 
very  late  in  the  fall    If  properly  managed,  il 
is  soclose  below  that  a  lalut    could  scarci  I) 
work  its  way  through,  while  above  the  strong 
branches  are  so   wattled  and  interlaced,  thai 
a  man  could  not  scale  it,   nor  a  bull  force  his 
way  through  it. 

I  have  now  in  different  places  at  hast  half, 
a  mile  of  this  hedge    which]    shall  be    verj 


pink,  boiled  the  dav  before.  1  tasted  it.  and 
thought  it  the  must  delicious  I  ever  ate.  1 
sted  "  mine  host"  to  give  me  his  recipe 
foi  put  ing  poi  k.  He  replii  tl  he  would  do 
so  with  pleasure,  and  proceeded  as  foi 
lows  : — 

••  As  soon  as  my  ho  dressed  and  cool 

enough  to  be  cut,  1  pack  the  side  pieces  in  a 
barrel    or  cask,  with    plenty    of  salt    on  all 

shies  ill  each   piece,     nid   when   lll\    cask    is   full 

I  immediately  roll  it  to  mv  pump  and  I 
pump    in    water    until    I    can    see   the    water 

c  iase  io  sink  in  the  vessel,  or  to  moisten  the 
salt  on  top  of  the  cask.  I  then  lay  a  flat 
stone,  as  large  as  the  vessel  "ill  receive,  on 
the  contents  of  the  vessel,  so  as  to  keep  the 
pork  always  undei  the  salt  or  pickle.     I  put 

ii  i j  cellar,  covered  so  as  to  ,  xclude  tic 

dies,  and  there  il  remains  until  a  piece  is 
wauled.  Care  must  lie  taken  to  keep  the 
meet  under  the  pickle,  otherwise  it  will 
rust." 

Here  is  the   w  hole  secret  of  making 

pickled  pm  k  for    family  Use.      I     have    used 

ihts  method  foi   the  tune  above   memiom  d, 


happv  to  show  to  any  of  your  correspondents!  and  1  w  anl  no  better,  easier,  or  economii  al 
who  may  wish  to  see  it.  'plan.      It    has    often    happened  thai  when   I 


MANURE  YOURGRASS  GROUNDS. 

An  intelligent  and  scientific  cultivator, 
who  wrote  a  numbei  of  valuable  articles, 
which  are  incorporated  into  .Messis  \\  ells  &t 
Lilly'sieditnn  i  f  'Dane's  Geological Diction 
ori/.'  hi-  given  the  following  remarks  mi 
this  subject,  uudei  tin-  head  '  Top  Dressing,' 
in   that    work. 

•  There  is  scarcely  any  questoin,  on  which 
farmers  We  more  divided  than  asto  the  pol- 
icy of  applying  manure  as  a  top  dressing  to 
grass  lands,  mi  tie'  s|  ring  or  fall.  The  rea- 
soning seems  to  he  in  fan  ut  ol  spring  dres- 
sing, and  it  is  si,  ported  by  many  excellent 
m s.  lint  it  ought  to  he  known,  that  in- 
telligent farmers,  near  the  metropolis,  most 
generally  dress  their  lands  in  autumn.  Be- 
sides the  reason  stated  above,  that  grasslands 
are  less  injured  In  carting  ovei  them  in  lie 
fall  ;  it  may  be  added,  that  il  is  a  season  i  I 
greater  leisure  :  an.!  although  il  is  confident- 
ly asserted,  thai    the  m e    is   wasted  by 

rains  and  shown,  yel  much  one  in  to  he  allow 
ed  on  the  other  side,  for  I  he  prott  Ction  allot 
ded  In  the  top  dressing  to  the  lendei  roots  ol 
the  |  I  nts  during  winter,  and  ought  we  not 
to  mid  something  for  the  low  ti  mperature  ol 
the  atmosphere  in  winter,  which  prevent  e- 
vaporstion  ?  whati  ver  principles  of  fertility 
exist  in  manure,  are  in  winter  carried  down 
into  the  soil.  V.  e  are  fully  convinced  that  a 
scorching  sun,  and  drying  air,  are  more  pe- 
nicious to  manures,  spread  thinly  over  the 
surface  than  an)  drenching  rains  can  he. 
unless  on  declivities  where  top  dressing 
in  qtiesti  inabl)  ol  less  value  than  on  level 
grounds.  The  fact  that  farmers  who  gum 
rich  In  supplying  the  greal   towns  wnh    ha) 

enei  illy  a'doi  I  'he  i  rai  lice  of  fall  di 
tin  ii    e,ass   lands    deserve    weight.' — N.  E. 
Farnu  r. 

Effects  of  Igricultural  Societies. — Noom 
can  ride  through  the  tow  n  of  Winthtop  with- 
out ol, serving  the  greatei  beauty  of  tin  fauns 
and  the  higher  stale  of  cultivation,  thai 
\  nls  general!)  in  'hi'  State.  This  has 
in  great  measure  effected  i>v  the  Agricultur- 
al Suciet)  in  that  town ;  but  in  connexion 
with  this  there  is  another  cans,   fur  a  thrifty 

ilture,  viz.    a   cotton  factory      \< 
smile,  i  colli  :  the   lactones  ,,i  (he  Eastei  n 

Slates  have   la  en    tile    mil  ellnc    anil    most  ,  f. 

ficienl   causes  ,f  agricultural    improvement 

and  the  ineie  ,se,l  value  of  land.  They  h.iu 
furnished  the  ready  home  market  foi  llu 
wool,  the  hides'  the  fuel,  timber,  beef,  pork, 
hay,  butter,  cheese,  apples,  cider,  potatoes, 

and  a  great  nianv   oihei     vegetables,    besides 

eggs,    lamb,      veal,  and   many    oilier    things. 

most  of  v  Inch  cannot  he  exported  because  of 

I  their    perishable     nature,  and     for    none   re 


Vol.   1 No.  48. 


AND  GAPDEXKITS  JOURNAL. 


3*3 


winch  there  is  any  foreign  market  to  lie  de-' 
pended  upon.  The  Agricultural  Societies, 
agricultural  publications,  and  the  experi-! 
inents  and  study  of  scientific  fanners,  have 
diffused  that  knowledge  of  husbandry  which 
h  is  enabled  the  farmer*  to  supply,  from  tke 
same  land  they  before  tilled,  the  increased  de- 
mand created  b)    tl anulaeturing  cities, 

towns  and  villages. — Kennebec  Journal. 

From  the  Boston  Courier. 
MOUNT  AUBURN. 

The  grounds  at  .Mount  Auburn  have  been 
surveyed.  Avenues  and  paths  have  been 
cut  through  i lie  woods  and  bushes,  and  mar- 
ked with  the  plough;  so  that  all  parts  ot  the 
grounds,  intended  for  a  cemetery,  are  now 
accessible.  Two  hundred  lots,  of  three  hun- 
dred square  feet  each,  have  been  staked  out 
and  nombeied.  Although  it  has  been  the 
intention  of  the  Garden  and  Ceinentery 
Committee,  in  tne  selection  of  these  lots,  to 
present  situations  as  desirable  as  possible, 
and  embracing  all  the  varieties  of  locality, 
soil,  natural  growth,  publicity,  seclusion, 
kc.  which  that  romantic  spot  affords  .  yet 
there  are,  undoubtedly,  some  among  them  to 
which  subscribers  will  give  a  preference. — 
It  is,  therefore,  proposed  on  Monday  next  to 
offer  at  auction  the  right  of  choice;  when  not 
only  subscribers,  but  all,  who  desire  to  be- 
come such  are  invited  to  attend  an. I  make 
the  r  selection. 

The  anticipations  of  the  projectors  of  this 
Rural  Cemetery  have  been  thus  far  more 
than  realized.  The  funds  already  raised 
are  sufficient  to  meet  the  payment  of  the 
whole  purchase  of  grounds  for  the  Cemetery 
and  Experimental  Garden,  and  to  leave  half 
as  much  more  for  the  purposes  of  inclosing 
and  orna  enting  the  place.  And  as  it  is 
believed  that  this  I  emete  y  is  destined 
shortly  to  assume  a  degree  of  importance, 
and  to  excite  an  interest  very  disproportion- 
ate to  its  unobtrusive  commencement,  the 
members  of  the  Horticultural  Society  are 
desirous  that  all  their  fellow-citizens  and 
neighbors,  who  are  disposed,  should  enjoy 
with  them  all  the  privileges  of  the  original 
subscribers  ;  and  all,  who  desire,  and  ar? 
ready  to  subscribe,  can  attend  the  auction, 
and  secure  a  chioce  on  the  same  grounds 
with  themselves.  In  doing  this,  it  will  be 
remembered  that  each  individual  so  subscri- 
bing becomes,  not  only  the  exclusive  owner 
of  the  lot  selected,  but  also  a  member  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  for  life,  and  a  joint 
proprietor  of  the  whole  grounds  connected 
with  Mount  Auburn,  which  comprises  more 
than  seventy  acres.  The  statement  is  pub- 
licly made,  that  all  may  understand  that 
there  is  nothing  exclusive  or  selfish  in  the 
present  arrangement,  and. to  invite  all.  who 
may  intend  to  become  subscribers,  to  do  so 
before  any  of  the  lots  shall  have  been  assign- 
ed, that  their  preference  and  taste  may  be 
gratified.  It  may  be  well  to  state,  although 
there  is  nothing  to  prevent  the  construction 
of  tombs  by  any  who  may  wish  to  do  so,  that 
the  general  sentiment  of  those  now  interest- 
ed, as  far  as  their  views  have  been  made 
known,  is  in  favor  of  separate  interments, 
with  one  geneial  monument  in  each  enclo- 
sure or  lot,  on  which  the  names  of  all  there 
interred  may  be  inscribed. 

A  well  secured  receiving  tomb  has  been 
provided  in  the  city,  and  another  will  be 
constructed  at  the  Cemetery  ;  at  either  of 
which  the  remains  of  the  deceased  may  be 
safely  deposited  for  a  period   not  exceeding 


six  months,  when  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather,  or  any  other  cause,  may  rentier  this 
course  desirable  for  their  friends. 

Th    time   is  not  distant   when  health  and 
propriety  will  forbid  interments    to  he  made 

within  our   city,    annually    becoming   re 

and  more  crowded  ;  and  where  can  imagin- 
ation light  upon  a  spot  foi  the  sleeping  place 
of  our  friends  more  lovely  or  desirable  than 
Mount  Auburn  ! 


Drink  for  horses—  Some  of  the  Inn  keep 
ers  on  the  western  road  have  adopted  the 
prac  ice,  recommended  b\  a  member  of  the 
Bat  Agricultural  Society,  of  boiling  the  com 
given  tu  horses,  and  giving  iheui  water  to 
drink.  It  is  most  satisfactorily  ascertained 
that  three  bushels  of  oats,  barley,  &c.  so 
prepared,  will  keep  the  horses  in  better  con- 
dition foi  working  than  double  the  quantity 
in  a  crude  state. — English  pa. 

Test  ofagooa  Garden* ,  — Om  test  for  hir- 
ing a  gardener  would  be,  his  being  a  reader; 
for,  in  the  present  state  of  the  art,  it  is  quite 
impossible  to  be  a  good  geneial  gardener 
without  not  only  the  habit  of  leading,  but 
of  reading  a  good    deal. 

We  understand  that  Count  de  Leon  has 
purchased  of  the  Messrs.  Rapps  all  their 
beautiful  and  now  highly  improved  do- 
mains, commonly  called  "  Economy,"  and 
situate  eighteen  miles  trom  Pittsburg,  a- 
long  side  the  Ohio  river.  It  so,  this  is  the 
third  sale  of  different  settlements  the 
Rapp's  have  made  within  a  few  years. — 
Pittsburg  Manufacturer. 


■A  Radish,  was  riased  in  Kennett,  Pa.  34  inches 
long,  15  round. 


METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE, 

FOR    NOVEMBER — 1831. 

10  A.  M.  10  P.  M. 


30 


26 


1  2 


N   \\ 


cloudy 
rain  2-10 
fair  1-10 

rain   1-iri 

fair 

do 

do 

do 

do 

rain 
cloudy 
cloudy 

fair 
cloudy 

do*  t 

do -5 
cly     to 

do    4 

cly  | 

do    -■ 
latr   oc 
snowt  • 

ci'y  s-3 

cl'y  x  „ 

Jo     g§ 
do4ins'w 
fair 
dot 
fairll 


29,30  sw 

29,58  w 
19,57  w 
39,75  w 
29,58  .-■ 
29,74  h 
29,80  e 
•2II,62|    s 

29.24  n  w 
29,50   w 
39,55   w 
■29,20    w 
29,43  n  vi 
29,46  n  v, 
29,50   w 
29,42   w 
29,05    w 
29,23   w 

29.25  w 
28,98 
J9,0b 
29,50 
29,70 
29,70 
29,40 
29,f8 
29,10 
29,58 
29,35 


S     E 
N  E 


cl'y 
rain 
fair 
cloudy 
fair 
do 
do 
do 
do 
rnl-lOhw 
fair 
fail- 
rain  2-10 
cl'y 
do' 
fair 
cl'y 
rain  2-10 
coudy 
fair 
rain  3-10 
rain  5-10 
cloudy 
cloudy 

do 

snow 

fair 

cl'y 

do 


'I'll.;  Si..  ,  M.i  V"i  iLUME. 

We  publish  tn  day  a  prospectus  for  the  sec- 
ond volume  of  this  paper;  and  we  are  under  thi 
necessity  of  appealing  to  those  who  fei  1  an  inter- 
ist  in  its  continuance,  and  who  think  it  import 
ant  that  our  effort  should  be  sustained,  to  exert 
themselves  to  procure  subscribers;  for  as  yet. 
with  all  the  liberality  it  has  received,  the  numbei 
of  our  subscribers  fall  far  short  of  sufficient  to  pay 
tin- expenses  of  its  publication. 

Will  the  Friends  of  the  Genesee  Farmer,  do 
what  they  can  to  extend  its  circulation,  and  for- 
ward the  result  of  their  labors  as  soon  as  conve- 
nient? We  cannot  doubt  but  that  they  will,  and 
relying  upon  their  exertions,  we  shall  do  all  in  our 
power  to  render  the  paper  worthy  their  support. 

(lT^  Printers  with  whom  we  exchange  are  rc- 
spectfully  requested  to  give  the  annexed  notice  a 
few  insertions. 


Means 38.9  29.46    rain  1  7-10 
Means  of  ex.  40     29.45    snow  4  in. 
iCana.1  froze  1  inch,  ice — II  Canal  closed. 


rpHE  GENESEE  FARMER  and  Garden- 
A  En's  Journal.— L.  TUCKER  &  Co.,  Pub- 
lishers—N.  GOODSELL,  Editor. 

In  issuing  proposals  for  the  second  volume  of 
the  Farmer,  which  will  commence  on  the  first  of 
January,  1832,  the  Publishers  have  the  pleasure  of 
stating  ihat  the  work  has  met  the  decided  appro- 
bation of  that  class  of  the  community  for  whom 
it  is  intended,  and  has  had  the  salutary  effect  of 
calling  out  many  writers,  whose  experience  would 
otherwise  have  been  unavailable ;  and  they  are  al- 
so induced  to  believe  it  has  been  the  means  of  a- 
wakening  many  of  our  Farmers  to  the  importance 
of  extending  their  information  upon  the  subject  of 
their  daily  pursuits,  and  convincing  them  of  the 
utility  and  necessity  of  a  paper  devoted  especially 
to  "the  tillers  of  the  ground."  The  public  papers, 
and  the  judgment  of  many  of  our  most  enlight- 
ened husbandmen,  concur  in  the  opinion  that  Mr. 
Goodsell,  the  Editor,  has  fulfilled  his  duties  with 
such  ability,  as,  with  the  aid  of  his  correspondents, 
to  have  placed  the  Genesee  Farmer  on  a  level 
with  the  best  Agricultural  journals  of  our  coun- 
try. It  has,  as  yet,  enlisted  the  good  feelings  and 
contributions  of  but  a  small  part  of  that  portion  of 
our  agriculturists  who  are  well  qualified  to  impart 
an  interest  and  value  to  its  columns.  We  shall, 
therefore,  commence  the  publication  of  the  second 
volume  with  the  hope  and  the  assurance,  that  ma- 
ny names  will  be  added  to  the  list  of  contributors 
in  the  course  of  another  year,  and  we  may  ven- 
ture to  predict  that  the  second  volume  will  at  leasl 
equal,  if  it  does  not  excel,  the  first. 

Its  leading  object  has  been,and  will  be,  to  impar1 
that  information  which  will  tend  in  the  greatest 
degree  to  the  improvement  of  the  Agriculture. 
Horticulture,  and  Domestic  Economy,  of  our  coun- 
try. 

The  first  volume  can  be  supplied  to  all  new  sub 
scribers,  and  bound  in  a  neat  manner  to  such 
as  desire  it.  In  soliciting  the  patronage  of  the 
public,  and  especially  of  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural Societies,  we  ask  aid  no  further  than  an 
intelligent  farming  public  may  think  we  deserve  it 

CONDITIONS — The  Farmer  is  printed  ev- 
ery Saturday  in  a  quarto  form,  on  fine  paper  and 
fair  type,  with  a  Title  Page  and  Index,  making 
416  pages  a  year,  at  $2  50,  payable  in  six  months 
or   $2,  if  paid  in  advance. 

LUTHER  TUCKER  &  CO 

Rochester,  Dec.  1831. 


384 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


becoming  a  real  sensible  lover.  1  was  a- 
vvare  Mat  when  she  got  to  tiiat  gay  place, 
iVoolwtch,  the  house  of  her  father  and 
mother,  necessarily  visited  by  numerous 
following  "round  unvar- 1|  persons  not  the  most' select,  might  become 
ins  own  "whole  course  of]  unpleasant  to  her;  and  1  dit)  not  like  be- 
sides, that  she  should  continue  to  work 
hard.  I  had  saved  a  hundred  and  fifty 
guineas,  the  earnings  of  my  early  hours, 
in  writing  tor  ihe  paymaster.-,  the  quarter- 
masters, and  others,  in  addition  to  the  sa- 
vings ot  my  own  pay.  1  sent  her  all  nay 
money,  before  she  sailed,  and  wrote  ber  to 
bra  of  her,  if  she  found  her  home  uneom 
fortable,  to  hire  a  lodging,  with  renpebtabie 
people,  and  at  any  rate,  not  to  spare  the 
money,  by  any  means,  but  to  buy  nerself 
good  clothes  and  live  without  work,,  until  1 
arrived  in  England  ;  a  id,  in  order  to  in- 
duce her  to   lay  out  the   money,  told  her 

I 


Fron  t.ie  .■).  V.  Daily  deatmel. 

In  Coboett's  "  Advice  to  I'ouiig  Men," 
&j.  receaUy  published  m  this  city,  under 
th  ■  interesting  Head  oi  advice  to  a  lover, 
he  Jelivered  ttid 
nis  ied   tale"  of 

lov-i."  it  is  qnte  a  ro.na  itic  adair,  and| 
strikingly  characterized  Aim  the  null  pen-; 
same  ingredients  to  every  genuine  tale  ol 
the  tender  passion  of  love  at  nrst  signt, 
and  constancy  during  absence  and  under 
temptation. 

"  iVnen  I  iirst  saw  my  wife  she  was  thir- 
teen 'jtiirs  old,  and  1  was  within  about  a 
m  Mitn  of  Uvt  ty-oiie.  She  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  seijeant  of  artillery,  and  1  was  the 
servant  major  of  a  regimem  of  toot,  both 
stationed  in  forts  near  the  city  ot  at.  Johns. 
in  tne  provi.ice  of  New-Brunswick.     I  sat 

hout. 


Ter-emner  3,  1831. 

view  these  circumstances,  we  must  say- 
that  here  is  an  example  which,  while  it  re- 
flects honor  on  her  sex,  ought  to  have 
weight  with  every  young  woman  whose 
eyes  or  ears  this  relation  shall  reach." 


in  the  room  with  her,  ior  about  an 

in  company  wnh  others,  and  i  made  up  my    that    I    should  get  plenty  more   betore 
mind  that  sue  was  tne  very  girl  for  me.—  I  came  home 
That  f  thought  her  beautiful  is  certain,  for 
that,  I  had  always  said,  should  be  an  indis- 
pensable qualification  ,  but  i  saw  in  her 
wiat  1  deemed  marks  of  that  sobr.ety  ofjjing  so  tame  then   a 


As  the  malignity  of  the  devil  would  have 

it,  we    were  kept  abroad  two  years  longer 

than  our  time  ;  Mr.  Piti  (England  not  be- 

she  i-    now)   havm^ 


conduct,  of  which  1  have  said  so  muc^and  I  knocked  up  a  dust  with  Spain  about  Noot- 


which  has  been  oy  far  the  greatest  blessing 
of  my  life.     It  was  now   dead  ol  winter, 
an  J,  of  course,  tne  snow  several  feet  deep 
on  the  ground,  and   tne   weather  piercing 
coid.     It  was  my  habit,  wnen  I  had  done 
my  .n  inning's  writing,  to  go  out  at  break 
of  day  to  take  a  walk  on  a  lull,  at  the  foot 
of  which  our  barracks  lay.      In  about  three 
mornings  alter  1   had  first  seen  ner,  I  had, 
by  invitation  to  breakfast  with  me,  got  up 
two  young  men  to  join  me  in  my  walk  ; — 
an  1  our  road  lay  by  the  house  of  her  father 
an  I  mother.     It  was  hardly  light,  but  she 
■was  out  on  the  snow  scrubbing  out  a  wash- 
ing tub  ;  "  That  s  the  girl  for  me,"  said  I, 
when  we  got  out  of  her  hearing.     One  ot 
these  young  men  came  to  England  soon 
afterward;? ;  and  he,  who  keeps  un  inn  in 
Yorkshire,  came  over  to  Preston,  at  the 
time  of  the  election,  to  verify  whe  her  I  was 
the  same  man.     When  he  found  I  was,  he 
appeared  surprised  ,  but  what  was  his  sur- 
prise, when  I  told  him  that  those  tall  young 
men   whom  he  saw  around  me  were   the 
sous  oil  hat  pretty  little  girl  that  he  and  I 
saw  scrubbing  out  the  washing  tub  on  the 
snow  in  New  Brunswick  in  the  morning. 
"  I'rom  the  day  that  I  first  spoke  to  her, 
I  never  had  a  thought  of  her  becoming  the 
wife  of  an  other  man,  more  than  1  had  of 
her  being  transformed  into  a  chest  of  draw- 
ers ;  and  I   for  ned  my  resolution  at  once, 
to   unity  her  as  soon  as  we  could  get  per- 
mission, and  to  get  out  of  the  army  as  soon 
as   I  could.     So   that  this   matter  was,  at 
once,  settled,  as  firmly  as  if  written  in  the 
bonk  of  fate.     At  the  end  of  about    six 
months,  my  regiment,  and  I  along  with  it, 
were   removed   to   Krederickstown,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  one  hundred   miles   up   the 
river  St.  John's;  and,  which  was  worse, 
tbe  artillery  was  expected  to  go  off  to  Eng- 
land a  year  or  two  before  our  regiment  — 
The  artillery  went,   and  she  along  with 
them  ;  and  now  it  was  that  I  acted  a  part 


ka  ouiiu.  On  how  1  cursed  iSootka 
Sound,  and  poor  Pitt,  too,  1  am  afraid  !• 
At  the  end  of  four  years,  however,  home  I 
came — landed  at  Portsmouth,  and  got  my 
discharge  from  the  army  by  the  great 
kindness  of  poor  lord  Edward  Fitzgerald, 
who  wa  then  major  of  my  regiment.  I 
found  my  little  girl  a  sen-ant  oj  all  work, 
(and  hard  work  it  was,)  at  five  pounds  a 
year,  in  the  house  of  captain  Brisac,  and, 
without  hardly  saying  a  word  about  the 
matter,  she  put  into  my  hand,  the  whole  of 
my  hundred  and  fifty  guineas  unbroken  ! 

Need  I  tell  the  reader  what  my  feelings 
were?  Need  1  tell  kind  hearted  English 
parents  what  this  anecdote  must  have  pro- 
duced on  the  minds  of  our  children?  Need 
I  atempt  to  describe  what  effect  this  exam- 
ple ought  to  have  on  every  young  woman 
who  shall  do  me  the  honor  to  read  this 
book?  Admiration  of  her  condnct,  and 
self  gratulation  on  this  indubitable  proof  of 
the  soundness  of  my  own  judgement,  were 
now  added  to  my  love  of  her  beautiful  per- 
son. 

"Now,  I  do  not  say  that  there  are  not 
many  young  women  of  this  country,  who 
would,  under  similar  circumstances,  have 
acted  as  my  wife  did  in  tins  case ;  on  the 
contrary,  I  hope, and  do  sincercely  believe, 
that  there  are.  But  when  her  age  is  con- 
sidered— when  we  reflect  that  she  was  liv- 
ing in  a  place  crowded,  literally  crowded, 
null  uaily  dressed  and  handsome  young 
men,  many  of  them  really  richer  and  in 
higher  rank  than  I  was,  and  scores  of  them 
ready  to  offer  ber  their  hand — when  we  re- 
flect that  she  was  living  amongst  young 
women  who  "put  upon  their  backs  every 
shilling  they  could  come  at — when  we  see 
her  keeping  the  bag  of  gold  untouched, and 
working  hard  to  provide  herself  with  bul 
mere  necessary  articles,  of  clothing,  and 
doing  this  while  she  was  passing  from  four- 
teen to  eighteen  years  of  age — when  we 


PATEN7   ZINC  HOLLOW   WAKE, 

MANUFACTURED  h\  Jo.. ii  Westfaeld  & 
Co  Mo  163,  ivlett  street,  .New-York. 
ROSS1TER  &  KNi  IX,  No.  3,  Butialo  street, 
Rochester,  having  been  appointed  agents  for  the 
sale  of  the  a':»  *  e  w  a  re ,  are  now  receiving  an  addi- 
tional supply,  which  they  ofter  for  sale  at  the  man 
ufacturers'  price. 

This  ware  will  he  loiind  not  materially  to  exceed 
in  price  Tin  and  Iron:  yetae  durabli  as  Iron,  not 
subject  to  rust;  giving  the  article  cooked  or  kept  in 
it  no  unpleasant  taste,  not  containing  in  itself,  nor 
forming  with  the  materials  cooked  in  it,  an}  dele- 
terious pro|  erities,  as  do  Copper,  Brass  or  j,<  .<d 

Zinc  Kettles,  for  cooking  Rice,  Homminy.  and 
all  kinds  Sweel  Meats,  will  be  found  well  adapt- 
ed, neither  discoloring,  nor  varying  theflavor  ol 
the  substance  cooked  ;  for  these  purposes,  ami  to 
avoid  the  corrosions  of  (  op]  it,  1  rass  and  Li.id,  it 
will  long  be  substituted  for  these  n  etcls. 

Zinc  Pans  lor  the  Dairy,  will  be  found  an  ob- 
ject worthy  ol  attention  from  the  following  consi- 
derations; that  Milk  in  Zinc  Pans  of  the  same, 
size,  will  produce  from  20  to  25  per  cent  more 
cream  or  butter,  and  that  ol  superior  tlav  or  ;  will 
keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  of  hours,  af- 
fording the  cream  more  time,  besides  its  chymical 
eliect,  to  separate  from  the  milk,  (for  this  reason, 
cream  from  those  puns  will  not  admit  01  In  in_' 
chorned  as  soon  as  that  from  other  pans,  in  as 
much  as  no  cream  should  I  e  churned  till  it  is 
soured, )  and  greatly  outlast  any  pans  in  use. 

Zinc  Jars  and  Firkins  for  preserving  butter 
sweet  for  family  use,  possess  equally  superior  ad- 
vantage for  butter,  as  do  the  pans  for  milk.  Ex 
periment  and  results  sifely  warrant  the  above 
|  statement;  and  the  orders  of  wholesale  and  retail- 
ling  merchants  as  well  as  thosi  ol  families  am! 
large  dairies  daily  supplying  from  different  parts 
of  th'  country,  are  the  consequence  of  successful 
results  in  the  use  of  this  ware. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  with  Brick  Dust,  with 
'  Soap  and  Sand,  or  with  Hot  Ashes. 

Notice. — Letters  patent  for  manntactnring 
these  articles  exclusively  by  the  subscritx  rs,  h;.\ 
ing  been  obtained,  we  would  advise  the  Public  a 
j  gainst  anv  encroachment  of  the  Patent  Right  ; — 
and  the  person  who  shall  give  information  of  an] 
violation  of  this  Patent  P.iidit,  will  be  liberally  re 
warded,  by       JOHN   Wl  I-TF1ELD  &  CO. 

The  following  recommendation  from  thespro 
prietorofoni  of the  largest  houses  of  Pefrch 
mentin'the  I  niled  States,  most  lie  perfectly  sat- 
isfactory as  respects  the  utility  and  advantage  of 
using  the  Zio*  Hollow  Ware 
To  J.  Westheld  &  Co. 

Gentlemen— I  hare  for  some  time  past,  in 
my  establishmi  nt,  n  ode  useofyour-HoUm  Ware 
manufactvredfrom  Zinc,  and  Jhaic  its  • 
turn  in  saying  that  I  |  "      my  ex- 

pectations, being  fully  as  durable  as  iron  m 
per,andnotas  easily  corroded   by  rust,  g 
the  articles  cooked  in  them  no  unplea 
and  being    more    beautiful  in  appean 
much  more  easily  eleam  d  than  utensils  manufae- 
from  any  other  metal  at  present  made  use 
oking  apparatus.    I  irith  plea 
mend  them  for  general  use,    and  ham  no  doubt 
mil  give  them  a  fair  trio!  i.-ill  find 
that  th  mer  his  expectations. 

•'  STEPHEN  HOLT. 

We  bare  also  received  the  following  recommen- 
dation from  Dr.  A.  G.  Hull. 
J.  Westlield  &  Co. 

,„  n.—  Willi  great  pleasure  I   can  assvrt 
youqj   ,  on,  as  to  the  superiority 

/    .   /,  ,  '  u   li  o        for  thepurpo 
the  Diai  y  and  Kitchen. 

The  perfect  preservation  of  Milk  in  my  Mary 

during  days  of  the  past  season,  in* 

ie  to  gircy  oreferei  ce  to  a- 

nyotheri  /  ed,  and  recommend  there 

as ;a  happy  combination  oi  .    aim      anddurabQi 

.'■-.        A.  G.HULL,  132 Pulton 


ty. 


si  reel,    New- York. 


wsm  t&mwm 


s**.    wKvl^.WS.- 


v-  ■%-•« 


v>i,.  I. 


ROCHESTER,  DEC.   10,  l«1i. 


Vff.  ii>. 


PBBI.ISHKD  BY  L,.  TUCKER  &.  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms — $3.50  per  annum,  or 

$■2,00  if  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GOODSEl.L,  FPITOR. 


AMERICAN  PRODUCTIONS. 
"Wm.  R.  Prince  lias  brought  before  the  public 
a  work   entitled   a    Treatise  on  the    Vine.     The 
want  of  such  a  work  was  much  felt  in  this  coun- 
try, although  the  horticulturist  had  within  a  few 
years  past,  been  favored  with  the  efforts  of  sever 
al  eminent  practical   men,  among  which  Adlum 
Bernard  and  Defour,  might  be  considered  as  hav- 
ing rendered  essential  service  to  those  who  were 
wishing  to  cultivate  the  vine;  and  Mr.  Adlum 
had   also  given  excellent  directions  for  making 
wine  :  but  Mr.  Prince  has  token  a  wider  range, 
and  his  Treatise  may  he  considered  as  complete  a 
directory  for  those  engaged  with  this  kind  of  hor- 
ticulture, as  any  to  be  found.     In  his  prefatory  re- 
marks, the  author,  sensible  that  much  remains  ti 
be  learned  in  the  cultivation  of  Grapes  in  Ameri- 
ca, lays  no  claims  to  perfection,  but  very  cai.didly 
offers  to  contribute  his  mite  towards  perfecting  the 
object ;  at  the  same  time  craves  the  indulgence  of 
the  public  for  any  errors   into  which  he  may  be 
in  idvertantly  led.     His  remarks  upon  the  location 
of  the  vine  countries  in  Europe,  as  tegards  lati- 
tude, are  worthy  of  reflection.    "In  Europe  the 
culture  of  the  vine  has  been  profitably  ext  aided  to 
tfae51°ofN.  hit.,  and  in  some  cases  to  the  52°, 
Allowing  the  present  difference  in  climate  or  tem- 
perature to   be   10°  between  similar  latitudes  of 
thai  continent  and  our  own,  it  thence  follows  that 
vines  of  the  foreign  varieties    may   be   advanta- 
geously cultivated  to  the  42°  in  our  own  country  : 
and  perhaps  the   intensity  of  our  summer  heat, 
may  extend  the  limit  somewhat  farther  north."    It 
is  well  known  that  in  Europe,  the  culture  of  the 
vine  is  successfully  practiced,  much  farther  north 
than  Indian  corn   will  ripen;  and,  in  short,  then 
is  but  a  small  part  of  France,  where  it  can  be  cul 
tivated  to  advantage ;  but  vineyards  extend  much 
farther  north.     The  summers  are  sufficiently  warm 
in  the  most  northern  part  of  the  United  States  to 
ripen  corn,  aud   of  course  to  perfect  grapes ;  but 
the  difference  in  temperature  between  summer  and 
winter  with  us  is  greater  than  in  Europe,  in  simi- 
lar latitudes ;  and  although  grapes  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  United  States  make  a  greater  growth 
in  summer,  the  European  varieties  require  protec- 
ting during  winter.     To  overcome  this  difficulty 
it  may  be  urged  that  America  has  a  greater  variety 
of  native  grapes,  than  any  other  country,  some  of 
which  have  been  found  to  make  excellent  wine ; 
and  all  of  which  are  hardy  and  are  found  to  resist 
the  severity  of  our  northern   winters.     Some  of 
-these  varieties  even  in  their  wild  state,  have  been 
found  to  be  tolerable  table  grapes ;  and  the  proba- 
bility is,  that  when  they  have  been  cultivated  as 
long,  and  as  many  improvements  made  by  cross 
breeding  and  producing  new  varieties  from  seed, 
as  has  been  the  case  with  the  European  species, 
we  shall  have  some  that  will  equal  them  in  value 
for  table  and  wine  grapes,  together   with  the  ad- 
vantage   of   being  capable  of  withstanding  our 
•coldest  winters,  and  also  free  from  mildew,  which 
ittacks  all  the  European  varieties  which  we  hav» 


seen  under  cultivation  in  the  United  States,     W 
have  suffered  much  from  one  error  which  exists  a- 
mong  us,  th  t  is,  we  place  too  much  confidence 
upon  foreigners.     We  have  depended   upon   for- 
eign publications,  and  have  consulted  those  which 
have  arrived  among  us,  unacquainted  with  our 
soil  and  climate,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  opinions 
of  men  of  experience  of  our   own  nation, — and 
what  has  been  the  result,  generally  ?  Disappoint- 
ment.    If  Americans  would  but  once  come  to  the 
onclusion  that   they  were  formed  by   the  same 
power  that   formed   Europeans — that  our  conti- 
nent was  a  part  of  the  same  globe  with  theirs,  and 
that  it  was  furnished  with  plants  and  animals  by 
the  same  infinite  wisdom,  then  we  might  begin  to 
employ  the  talents  committed  to  our  charge;  but 
as  long  as  we  will  continue  to  hire  them  to  hum- 
bug us,  by  paying  them  extravagantly  for  every 
new   imposition,  our  own  resources  may  be  left 
unexplored.     We  ought   to  consider   American 
publications  upon  American  Horticulture  as  good 
as  European ;  also,  American  species  and  varie- 
ties of  fruits,  as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  &c,  al- 
though'they   may  not  have  as  high  sounding 
names  as  good  in  quality  as  theirs.     How  much 
are  we  paying  yearly  to  Europeans  for  gooseber- 
ry bushes,  when  it  will  be  readily  acknowledged 
that  we  have  native  varieties  that  are  equal  in 
flavor,  the  bushes  great  and  constant  bearers,  eo' 
subject  to  mildew,  and  from  which  it  is  easier  to 
produce  a  bushel,  than  a  quart  from  foreign  ones. 
And  it  is  not  improbable,  that  was  there  that  at- 1 
tention  paid  to  raising  choice  varieties  from  seed 
that  there  has  been  with  foreign  species,  that,  we 
might  obtain  them  as  large.     In   apples,  pears, 
peaches,  plums  and  quinces,  we  do  not  consider 
ourselves,  even  at  this  time,  behind  any  other  na- 
tion in   the  world ;  and  was  there  a  catalogue,  of 
all  our  choice  seedlings  which  have  originated 
within  a  few  years  in  different  parts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  it  would  put  those  of  President  Knight 
and  Professor  Van  Mons  perfectly  in  the  back 
ground.     Yet  these  men  have  done  that  which  is 
praiseworthy,  and  their  names  will  be  enrolled  a- 
mong  the  patrons  of  horticulture;  and  their  exam- 
ples should  stimulate  us  to  greater  exertions  — 
The  apple  has  hitherto  been  considered  one  of  the 
most  important  species  of  fruit,  and  much  pains 
have  been  taken  to  collect  and  import  from  Europe, 
all  varieties  that  were  valuable ;  and  after  so  ma- 
ny years,  what  has  it  amounted  to  1    Among  our 
most  valuable  ones  that  have  yet  been  cultivated, 
we  consider  the  Esopus,  Spitzenburg,  the  New- 
town  Pippin  and  Rhode    Island  Greening,  and 
Roxbury  Russet,  as  the  most  highly  esteemed  of 
all   our  orchard  apples;    not  that   these   are   all 
choice  varieties,  but  they  are  all  American  varie- 
ties ;  and  we  have  seen  apples  raised  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Montreal,   in  Lower  Canada,  which 
were  superior  in  quality  to  any  we  ever  saw  rais- 
ed in  England ;  and  one  of  the  first  apples  found 
in  the  Paris  markets,  is  the  Pomme  de  Canada 
and  a  native  of  one  of  the  provinces.     We  men 
tion   these  things  to  induce  our  readers  to  read 
more   American  books,  and  attend  more  to  pro- 
ducing and  bringing  into  notice  American  varie- 
ties of  stock,  fruit,  grain,  &c. ;  for  when  the  pre- 
judice of  people  is  once  enlisted  in  favor  of  a 


change,  it  will  soon  be  effected.  Our  nursery 
men  would  as  soon  beengaged  in  propagating  A- 
merican  varieties  as  European,  was  it  attended 
with  the  same  profit;  and  were  our  farmers  assu- 
red of  as  ready  sale  of  improved  stock,  as  has 
attended  the  improvements  in  England,  many 
would  be  ready  to  engage  in  it;  and  when  we 
are  as  ready  to  purchaseand  read  American  books, 
as  we  are  imported  ones,  we  shall  find  practical 
men  enough  to  .vritethem. 

MANUFACTORIES. 

We  continue  our  abridgment,  from  materials 
in  the  N.  Y.  American  Advocate. 

At  and  near  Nt  rv-ich,  Con. 
Factories  of  Cotton,  forshirtings  and  sheetings. 
lies.  loom:,,  hands,  ant.  ; .     m 


Thames  Go's.  3200 
Do.  do.  2HO0 
Williams  Co's  1800 
Mess.  Lewis'  2200 
Do.        do.        1000 


120 
66 
44 
56 


150  1,000,000  vds 
90  500,000  yds 
56  400,000  yds 
60  450,000  .-' 


(ni  w  building,) 

Iron.  The  Thames  Co.  have  an  Iron  foundry, 
rolling  and  slitting  Mills,  and  Nail  machines;  750 
tons  of  iron  arc '  used  up'  o-  r  annum. 

Woollen.  J.  H.  Strong's  mill  runs  675  spin- 
Is,  and  makes  30,000  yds.  flannel  per 
annum.  The  Quantick  factory,  runs  2000  spin- 
I'  ts,  10  looms,  IO0  hands,  and  make  240,001 
of  flannel  per  annum.  The  Quantick  and  Nor- 
wich factory  run  500  spindles,  6  looms,  15  hands, 
and  turn  out  18,000  yds.  woollen  carpeting  per  an- 
num. 

Paper  Mills.  A  H.  Hubbard's  makes  on  4 
machines,  60  reams  of  paper  per  day.  R.  Hub- 
bard's with  t  vo  engines  makes  20  reams  per  day. 

A  i  ipen  ler  Webb  factory,  with  a  man  and  o 
girl,  makes  300  yds.  per  day. 

A  Cotton  White  Line  factory,  makes  $20,000 
worth  per  annum. 

In  the  towns  of  Plainfield  and  Sterling  Con  art 
the  following  cotton  mills,  to  wit — 

Mills.         spindles,  looms,  hands,  prod,  per  an. 


Central  Co's., 

1800 

50 

60 

250,000  yds 

A.Harris&C  o's 

,  1156 

28 

40 

150,000  do 

Union  Co's, 

2920 

68 

85 

600,000  do 

Sterling  Co's., 

1050 

53 

77 

250,000  do 

A.  Potter's, 

750 

20 

25 

175,000  do 

E.  E.  Lewis', 

1100 

24 

35 

200,000  do 

D.  Parker's, 

2000 

44 

85 

400,000  do 

These  mills  produce  shirtings,  sheetings,  and 
calico  print   loths. 

In  Plainfield,  a  new  cotton  mill  is  erecting.  R. 
Kennedy  &  Co.  have  a  Flannel  Factory.  Messrs. 
Almy,  of  Providence,  have  a  broad  cloth  factory, 
670  spindles,  20  broad  cloth  looms, — make  18,000 
yds.  of  cloths  Messrs.  Dickon  &  Pac!:er,  have 
a  cotton  car],  t  factory,  150  spindles,  2  loo»s,  16 
hands,  and  make  250,000  yds.  of  handsome  car- 
peting, with  handsome  colors,  aud  worth  50  cte. 
per  yard. 

Ma  imfactm  ing  in  Ncv>- Hampshire. — At  Do- 
ver, the  Cochec  i  manufacturing  co.  use  $1,500,000 
in  manufacturing  cotton ;  they  have  4  mills — No. 
1  has  2,300  spindles,  100  looms,  150  hands  make 
1,000,000  yards.  This  mill  is  rented  to  John 
Williams. 

No.  2  is  150  feet  long,  4  stories  high ;  No.  k 


HHH 


THR  GRVESEE  FARMER 


December  10,  1831. 


is  150  feet  long  and  6  stories  high ;  No.  4  is  420 
feet  long,  and  7  stories  high.  These  mills  run 
04,320  spindles  and  780  looms.  They  give  em- 
ployment to  900  operatives — 750  of  whom  are 
females.  They  consume  2,600  bales  of  cotton, 
eqaalto  about  900,000  or  1,000,000  lbs.,  and  pro- 
duce about  100,000  a  week,  or  5,200,000  yards 
yearly. 

The  calico  printing,  connected  with  this  large 
establishment,  is  complete  in  all  its  details. — 
They  make  no  fugitive  colors — all  is  permanent, 
and  fully  equal  to  the  best  imported.  They  bleach 
and  print  3,000 pieces  of  28  yards  each,  a  week, 
■qual  to  4,308,000  yards  per  annum. 


HEDGING. 

Information  is  solicited  by  our  correspondent 
"  Ontario,"  upon  the  subject  of  hedging,  and  as 
we  hive  no  practical  knowledge  ourselves,  we  in- 
vite those  of  our  readei  s  who  have,  to  make  known 
Uie  results  of  their  experiments  to  us,  that  we 
may  lay  them  before  the  public.  In  the  mean  time 
we  will  communicate  the  results  of  our  own  .ob- 
servations upon  the  subject  for  the  benefit  of  our  j 
correspondent.  Some  years  since  we  were  im- 
pressed with  the  idea,  that  in  a  few  years  hedg- 
ing would  be  introduced  as  a  substitute  for  rail 
and  board  fences,  in  such  sections  of  the  country 
as  did  not  abound  with  stone ;  but  more  recent  ob- 
servations have  convinced  us,  that  there  has  not 
been  any  tree  or  shrub,  as  yet  introduced  for  that 
purpose,  which  will  answer  as  well  as  rail  or 
board  fence,  either  as  being  as  safe  or  as  econom- 
ical. We  borrow  most  of  our  ideas  of  hedging 
either  from  the  English  or  Irish,  and  in  both  those 
countries,  a  considerable  portion  of  their  fences  or 
barriers  between  fields,  are  of  this  description. — 
In  making  calculations  upon  this  subject,  many 
circumstances  should  be  taken  into  account.  First, 
(he  climate.  In  England  and  Ireland  the  climate 
is  humid  and  temperate,  free  from  the  heat  of 
summer  known  in  the  United  Slates,  and  which 
is  so  favorable  to  the  production  of  insects,  and 
also  from  the  frosts  of  winter.  The  article  most 
commonlv  used  for  hedging  in  these  countries,  is 
that  variety  of  thorn,  known  to  our  Farmers  us 
the  English  Hawthorn,  the  limbs  of  which  are 
small  and  thickly  set  with  very  sharp  pointed 
spines.  The  more  common  practice  of  making  a 
hedge  is  to  set  the  thorns  upon  an  embankment 
raised  by  soil  taken  from  a  single  or  double  ditch, 
that  is,  a  ditch  upon  one  or  both  sides  of  the  row 
of  thorns.  In  the  climate  of  England  and  Ireland 
She  frost  does  not  injure  these  embankments, 
which  would  be  the  case  in  the  northern  sections 
of  the  United  States.  From  the  moisture  and  cool- 
ness of  that  climate  the  plants  are  not  infested 
with  insects  as  they  are  with  us,  which  frequent- 
ly injure  the  growth  of  the  plants,  if  they  do  not 
destroy  them  entirely. 

Another  circumstance  we  noticed  in  those  coun- 
tries, which  was  in  favor  of  that  kind   of   fen- 
wa  ,    that  their   cattle  were    much  more 
,.  id   peai    .ble  in  their  habits  than  ours; 

and  v,  frequently  iKit'i-ed  them  feeding  in  fields 
adjoining  crops,  where  the  hedge  dividing  them, 
would  not  have  been  the  least  hindrance  to  much 
jf  our  stock,  in  short,  it  was  thai  kind  of  thick- 
et which  our  cattle  would  have  sought  for  in 
i  warm  lay,  and  passed  through  for  the  purpose 
jf  brushing  off  the  flics. 


The  thorn  seems  to  flourish  better  in  England 
and  Ireland  than  on  the  continent.  In  France  the 
growth  of  it  is  much  as  in  the  United  States. — 
The  plants  are  covered  with  moss,and  have  a  stin- 
ted appearance,  are  unequal  in  their  growth,  and 
from  the  death  of  many  of  them,  the  um!: 
and  beauty  as  well  as  the  usefulness  of  the  hedge 
is  destroyed ;  in  short,  we  have  never  seen  a  gou. 
hedge  in  France  or  America,  neither  one  that  led 
us  with  a  belief  that  th  y  could  be  advantageous 
ly  raised  in  either  country,  unless  some  dn  • 
plant  than  thorn  was  propagated  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

Although  hedges  are  common  in  England,  and 
the  cost  of  pruning  or  clipping  tli3m  much  less 
than  it  would  be  in  America,  yet,  we  very  much 
doubt,  whether  hedging  even  there,  is  the  most 
economical  mode  of  fencing.     A  singe  hedge  oc- 
cupies about  four  feet,  and  the  roots  occupy  the 
ground  at  least  one  foot  on  each  side,  so  as  m  ren- 
der it  unfit  for  cultivation;   a  hedge  and  single 
ditch  occupy  about  nine  feet,  and  one  with  double 
ditch,   or  a  ditch  on  either  side,  will  occupy   at 
least  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet;  and  although  this 
ground  may  produce  some  grass,  yet,  the  trouble 
of  keeping  noxious  weeds  from  increasing  upon 
it,  is  worth  as  much  as  the  grass  produced.     We 
noticed  on  many  estates  in  England,  fences  made 
from  American   oak,  which  had   been   imported 
into  that  country,  as  pipe  staves:  they  were  split 
very  thin,  and  put  up  as  picket  fence,  and  from 
the  peculiarities  of  that  climate,  were  very  dura- 
ble, and  were  by  the  owners  considered  more  de- 
sirable than  hedges.     From  our  own  observations 
we  are  not  aware  that  any  part  of  tne    United 
States  holds  out  any  inducements  for  the  cult  va- 
tion  of  thorn  hedges,  unless  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses.   At  page  355,  is  a  communication  from  J 
Buel,  Esq.  of  Albany,  to  the  Editor  of  the  New 
England  Fa-mer,  giving  his  opinion  as  to  hedges 
made  from  the  three  thorned  Acacia,  in  which  hi 
speaks  favorably  of  this  tree  for  that  purpose: 
and  at  page  382,   will   be  found   a  reply  to   ii, 
from  E.  Horsey  Derby,  of  Salem ;  in  which  Mr. 
Derby  does  not  agree  with  Judge  Buel,  but  speaks 
more    favorably   of  the  American    Buckthorn, 
(Rhamnus  catharticus)  but  as  we  have  not  seen 
sufficient  experiment*  with  that  to  satisfy  us,  we 
could  not  give   an  opinion  on   the  subject      We 
have  thought  that  if  any  shrub  or  bush  common 
in  the  northern  states   would  succeed,  that  the 
trailing  nature  of  the  gooseberry  bush,  would  In 
most  likely  to;  but  we  have  never  seen  that  tried. 
We  mean  a  variety  frequently  met  with  in  gar 
dens,  which  produces  a  small  and  smooth    fruit, 
and  ordinarily  grows  about  three  feet  high,  the 
branches  small  and  thick,  and  full  of  sharp 
the  limbs  trailing  to  the  ground  where  tin  | 
take  root.     Was  it  not   that  cattle  and  sheep  ar 
fond  of  tin-  leaves,  we  think  a  durable  hedge  might 
be  formed  from  this  bush,  as  it  seems  perfectly 
hardy,  enduring  the  severity  of  our  winters  with 
out  the  least  injury. 


Chlorine  is  ascertain  to  bean  nl  idol 
that  most  subtle  poison,  Prussic  acid.  1  lie  Fin 
King  had  better  disclose  his  secret  and  get  what  he 
can  for  it, — if  not,  the  Yankees  will  discover  (In 
whole,  and  get  it  patented,  ore  the  soldier  of  Aus 
terlitz  is  aware  of  the  "  catching  times"  in  vlueJ 
he  lives. 


I-  ro.n  (,:w)      :.  ■  .  :  iu«r. 

THE   COUNTRY    FARMER— NO.  XI 

Horticultural  Societies. 

Horticulture,  Mr.  Fleet,  is  a  Member 
of  the  Family  of  Agriculture,  or  so  we 
farmers  consider  it.  At  any  rue  they  are 
related  like  all  the  inhabitants  of  Nantucket, 
and  quite  as  much  of  an  'unit,'  as  the  late 
Cabi.iet,  at  Washington,  eithei  before  Qi  af- 
ter the  'explosion.'  When  the  brilliant  A- 
erolite  dashes  across  the  heavens,  like  a 
rocket  of  the  skies,  the  very  '  congreve'  of 
the  wars  of  the  gods, — all  eyes  are  turned 
towards  its  trail  of  lire,  an  unit,  monstrously 
extended,  filling  all  minds  with  wonder!  — 
But  an  explosion  rends  the  air; — the  splen- 
did meteor  is  torn  asunder,  Hies  off  in  frag- 
ments, and  ends  m  showers  of  meteoric 
stones,  which  fall,  far  distant  Is  it  an  unit, 
iiou,  or,  more  puzzling  still,  is  each  piece 
an  unit  ?  A  haid  question  lor  political  cas- 
uists, with  which  we  have  nothing  to  do, 
thanks  to  the  blessings  which  rlow  from  hon- 
est industry  and  hardy  toil. 

In  order  to  learn  all   that  I  could,  by  see- 
ing what  others  hail  learned,  aim  were  learn- 
ing, I  have  been  travelling  some,  among  my 
brother  F-irmers.  and,  as  luck  would  have  it, 
happened    to   attend    several  of  the  annual 
meetings  of  our   Horticultural  Societies. — 
There  can 'be   no  doubt,  1  think,  that   these 
associations  are  actually  productive  of  good  ; 
because,  wherevei   tne*    are  in   operation,  a 
sort  of  neu  impulse  is  given  to  the  minds  ol 
cultivators  of  the  soil,  not  only,  but  to  those 
of  other  members  of  the   community,  more 
r  less  turned  in   aright  diieciion.     Thai  is 
to  inquiry,    attention  to  facts,  and  of  course 
to  observation.     If  there   aie    faults,  in    thi 
[dan  of  an)  of  them,  experience  may   serve 
to  correct    them,   foi    tins,  altei     all,    is    the 
chiel  school  of  wisdom.     The  idea  of  a  ball, 
a  dancing  party — a  no  a  Fete   [fate  they  call 
it,]  as  a  means  of  promoting  and  improvi 
Horticulture,  seems  to  me  a  little  outol  joint, 
— an  odd  notion,     and  yet   1  an.  not  dispo- 
sed to  quarrel  with  it.     Great  cities,  1    sup- 
pose,   must    have  odd   notions:  oi,  to  adopt 
the  idea  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  gnat  scabs.      The 
music,  at    any   laie,    was  quite  musical,  and 
so.  1  doubt  not,  did  oui  town  cousins  consid- 
ei  the   dancing      To   give  youi    readers  an 
iuea  of  it,  in  the    country,  the   Garden   was 
all  lighted   up  like    the  grove  of  woods  at 
Camp  Meeting  time,  all  lull  of  bustle,  peo- 
ple every  where,  and   all  in  great  haste!     I 
doubt  if  we  comiliy  folks   could  learn    any 
thing  about    Farming,  at   such  a  place,   and 
yet  I  do  insist  upon  it,  that  Horticulture  and 
Agriculture  are  nearly  related. tl  ough  1  could 
not  discover  any  Ihing  that  looked  like  it  at 
the  great  Ball.     The   prices,  paid  foi  every 
thing  there,  soon  satisfied  me  that  there  ivere 
■  U  histles,'  in  this  world,  besides  Dr.  Frank- 
lin's, and  began  to  raise  doubts,  m  nn  mind, 
w  hether  they  were  all  gardener*,  that  attend- 
ed there  ? 

At  the  next  Horticultural  Exhibition  that 
1  attended,  on  my  w  iy  to  the  '  1  u  west,'  in- 
stead of  a  ball,  they  had  a  'Dinner,  'served 
up'  at  about  our  tea  lime,  just  before  dark  ! 
This  puzzled  me,to  find  out  why  ihey  should 
call  ibis  a  dinner,  till  1  saw  that  it  was  evi- 
dently intended  for  the  principal  meal  ol  tin 
day,  and  perhaps  had  been  delayed,  waiting 
lor  the  Gardeners  to  get  through  with  then 
days'  work.  It  was  a  sumptuous  feast,  with 
abundance  of  \eiy  line  fruit,  besides  all  the 
eatables  and  drinkables  tnat  could  be  desi- 
red, to  keep  men  from  enjoying  good  health. 


Vol.  1—  No.  49." 


AND  GARDFIXKTl'S  JOURNAL 


3S-J 


If  Gardeners  in  cities,  live  at  this  rate,  they 
must  have  strong  constitutions!  Thp  anni- 
versary, however,  conies  around  but  «nce  a 
year;  and  perhaps  at  a  I  oilier  times,  they 
line  when  the  work  of  the  day  is  but  half 
done,  as  we  Farmers  do.  Eating,  at  any 
rate,  calls  for  food;  and  so,  for  au  lit  I 
know,  docs  riddling  and  dancing;  but  it 
puzzles  ine  to  si  e  how  these  feasts,  and  balls, 
form  any  part  of  Agriculture?  There  are 
mysteries,  it  would  seem,  in  all  matters,  and 
so  it  in  iv  be  in  this,  and  quite  beyond  my 
comprehension  '  There  was  m  old  school- 
mate of  mine,  there,  a  member,  as  he  told 
me,  who  had  come  a  half  day's  ride  to  bring 
a  Dearborn  1  lad  of  the  produce  of  his  Gar- 
ded  to  the  'exhibition,'  worth,  at  home,  5 
or  6  dollars,  all  which  would  become  the 
property  of  thr  society;  and  he  stood  a 
chance,  like  the  purchaser  of  a  Lottery 
Ticket,  to  get  a  premium  of  one  or  two  dol- 
lars. The  Ticket  for  his  dinner  cost  him — 
let  me  reckon  up — the  price  of  8  bushels  of 
turnips,  potatoes,  or  na's  of  4  bushels  of 
buck"  hcai.  rye  or  corn:  ol  a  bushel  and 
8  pecks  of  wheat,  or  barley;  and  as  much  as 
the  selling  price  of  1  or  800  pounds  of  hay. 
quite  a  little  jag,  as  we  call  it.  Even  if  so- 
ber, he  would  hardly  ride  home,  that  night, 
and  so  we  may  reckon  tile  expense  of  one 
night  in  town,  himself  and  horse,  with  at 
least  one  day's  loss  of  time,  and  then  foot 
up  the  account  of  profit  and  loss.  With  my 
arithmetic,  I  cannot  discover  how  he  is  to 
make  any  thma  by  ihis  kind  of  horticulture .' 
We  Fanners  could  not,  suppose  the  name 
changed,  if  necessary,  to  an  Agricultural 
exhibition.  There  would  be  loss,  to  fall 
somewhere,  and  no  great  mystery  where, 
surely.  As  to  the  piofit.  some  of  which 
there  must  be,  with  so  much  loss,  i  suppose 
that  all  takes  a  direction  for  the  public  good, 
and  that  these  suggestions  can  therefore  jive 
no  po-sible  offence.  N  e  should  all  nave  some 
patriotism,  and  be  willing  to  participate  in 
its  burdens,  soas  to  make  them  fall  as  equal- 
ly as  possible.  With  this  view,  I  would  most 
respectfully  suggest  to  mv  Cousin  Hoitieul^ 
wrists,  to  bestow  a  little  thought  upon  a  re- 
consideration of  some  features  of  their  plan 
of  operation-.  If  they  do  not,  1  would  pro- 
pose it  to'the  Gardeners. 

In  sober  seriousness,  it  appears  to  me  that 
tils'-  plan  of  operation  as*s  too  much  of  rm 
first  Cousins,  the  realsweat-of-the-face-men, 
foi  the  gratification,  tn  say  nothing  of  the 
benefit,  of  my  second  Cousins,  the  Hi  rticul- 
turists,  or  evenfoi  Horticulture,  and  the  pub- 
lic good.  Thebuiden  falls  unequally.  Gen- 
tlemen, fond  of  the  display,  and  the  name, 
may  amuse  themselves  with  Horticulture, 
and  set  a  good  example  in  doing  it,  but  they 
should  be  careful  to  bear  a  due  proportion, 
according  to  their  means,  of  all  the  laboi 
and  the  expense.  This  is  not  done,  now, 
and  the  effect  is  felt,  among  the  real  Gar- 
deners, who  keep  aloof,  or  co-operate  reluc- 
tantly. To  their  good  sense,  to  their  patri- 
otism, the  managers  of  these  Societies  may 
well  appeal,  but  it  must  be  in  a  way  mani- 
festly compatible  with  fair  impartiality  and 
strict  justice.  The  Farmers,  would  then 
come  in,  as  co-operatois,  with  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Family,  united  in  a  common  ef- 
fort, for  the  common  good  They  who  toil 
at  the  oars,  must  not  be  leqnired  to  pay  the 
tolls,  lest  those  who  would  ride,  may  have  to 
stay  at  home,  or  pull  away,  themselves.  To 
go  pleasantly,  we  must  all  be  co-operators: 
operators,  each  in  his  way,  and  co-operators. 


Social  efforts,  conducted  upon  such  princi- 
ples, would  be  plea  ing  to  all  parties,  pos- 
sessed of  one  grain  of  patriotism,  fruitful 
sources  of  public  benefit,  and  of  immense, 
power,  in  giving  a  high  tone  of  action  to  the 
public  mind,  vv'e  should  then  see,  and  the 
whole  country  would  see.  that  Farming  and 
Gardening  are  kindred  occupations,  and  Ag- 
riculture a. id  Horticulture  of  one  Family. 
as  are  all  the  actual  cultivators  of  the  soil. 
To  make  thern  an  unit,  requires  only  united 
effort,  concert  inaction,  with  no  intervening 
disturbing  force,  to  speak  in  the  language  of 
philosophy. 

I  have  thus,  I  think,  certainly  with  feel- 
ings of  ihe  most  perfect  good  will  to  all  par- 
ties, indicated  some  faults,  which  require 
correction;  in  doing  winch,  I  have  also  seen 
much  to  ommend :  and  probably  anticipate 
full  as  much  good. from  Horticultural  Associ- 
ations, properly  conducted,  as  any  reasona- 
ble man  in  he  Uoited  States.  If  experi- 
ence confer  any  claims  to  respectful  atten- 
tentiqn.thes  ountry  FARMKRinay  pleadsome 
of  this,  both  as  a  practical  Farmer  and  Gar- 
dener, and  as  an  acting  member  and  officer 
of  sundry  Agricultural  and  Horticultural 
associations.  He  asks  no  undue  deference, 
however,  for  his  opinions,  but  that  they  may 
be  maturely  considered,  and  rejected,  or  ap- 
proved as  shall  be  found  best,  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  everv  real  friend  to  his  country, 
and  of  its  sources  of  prosperity  and  happi- 
ness Considering  every  Garden  as  a  suit 
of  miniature  of  a  Farm,  and  Gardening 
model  Farming,  iV  would  therefore  studi- 
ously encourage  Horticulture,  both  for  iis 
elegant  uselnlness, in  its  productions,  and  as 
a  School  of  Agriculture.  The  Farm,  with- 
out a  Garden,  particularly  where  youth  are 
in  training  for  Farming,  is  like  a  house  with- 
out apartments,  or  a  Farm  without  fences.  I 
Horticultural  Societies  would  do  well  to 
take  all  this  into  consideration,  and  to  direct 
their  attention  chiefly  to  usefulness  ami  pro- 
fit, soas  to  exhbit  examples  worthy  of  being 
followed,  as  good  models,  and  therefore  like- 
ly to  become  patterns  for  others. 

Sept.  14,  1831.    ' 

From  the  LoweU  Journal. 
SILK  MANUFACTURE. 

NO.    VI. 

Mr.  D'Homergue  in  conclusion  of  his  es- 
says observes, 'my  chief  view  in  the  forego- 
ing pssavs  have  been  to  prove,  that  the   pre- 1 
paration  id'  raw  silk,  called  leeljng.  is  au  art 
without   a    perfect    knowledge  of  which  this 
Country  never  can  expect  to  be  able  to  man-] 
ufacturesilk  stuffs,  and  is  the  great  and  most 
important  object   to  be    attended  to  at  pre- 1 
sent;  and  that  this  art  requires  considerable  j 
skill  and  dexterity,  and  can  only  be  acquired 
by  experience  and  piactice  under  proper  in- 
structors.' 

.  Floss  Silk,  which  consists  of  tow  and  the 
coaise  fibres  of  the  silk  extracted  from  the 
cocoons,  and  of  the  waste  and  refuse  silk  col- 
lected during  the  process  of  reeling  put  to- 
gether in  amass,  then  caided  and  spun  on 
the  common  wheel. of  which  are  made  rib- 
bons, silk  tapes,  stockings,  gloves,  mittens, 
night  caps,  vestings,  and  all  kinds  of  hosiery, 
may  be  either  sold  as  raw  silk  for  exporta- 
tion, or  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
coarse  articles  of  the  above  description.  But 
if  it  be  intended  to  give  to  those  articles  any 
degree  of  fineness,  the  floss  must  undergo  the 
same  process  as  other  raw  silk.  It  must  be 
wound,  cleaned,  doubled  and  twisted  in  the 


travelie  a  machine  made  on  the  principle  of  the, 
throwsting  mill,  but  differently  costructed, 
and  of  a  much  smaller  size.  This  branch  of 
domestic  industry  might  very  well  take  the 
place  of  the  sewing  silk  of  the  Connecticut 
ladies,  and  find  them  an  agreeable  and  prof- 
itable employ  mem  ;  and  it  would  prepare  the 
American  weavers  fcir  making  the  finer  arti- 
cles, when  the  manufacture  of  thrown  silk 
shall  have  been  introduced  into  this  coun 
try. 

The  American  nation  will,  by  gradual  am 
sine  steps,  reach  the  desirable  point  to  which 
her  whole  ambition  should  he  directed;  that 
in  which  her  own  native  silk,  that  precious 
gift  which  a  kind  Providence  has  bestowed 
upon  her  with  such  excellence,  and  such  ex- 
treme profusion,  will  fill  the  land  and  make 
America  what  France  now  is. — a  country 
that  no  reverse  can  put  down,  and  that  con- 
quest and  the  devastations  of  hostile  armies 
cannot  impoverish. 

We  hear  of  machines  for  winding  silk 
from  cocoons  without  handling  them,  which 
is  absolutely  impossible.  We  have  h  ard  of 
others  by  means  of  which  silk  can  he  reeled 
and  twisted  at  the  same  time,  which  implies 
that  reeling,  winding,  cleaning,  doubling,  and 
twisting,  or  in  other  words,  that  raw  silk  and 
thrown  silk  may  be  made  by  one  and  the 
same  operation.  I  have  no  doubt  howevei 
that  the  numerous  machines  employed  in  the 
different  bi  aches  of  the  silk  manufacture  are 
destined  to  receive  great  and  manifold  im- 
provement in  the  country  whose  future  Whit- 
ney's will  distinguish  themselves  as  they  have 
done  in  the  cotton  business  ;  but  every  body 
will  understand,  that  he  who  will  improve 
upon  a  machine  must  first  learn  howlo  use 
it. 

It  is  idle  to  .hints  of  importing  journey 
men,  or  women,  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
business  for  such  are  not  to  be  found  It 
they  would  be  induced  to  emigrate,  we  could 
not  derive  much  advantage  from  them  tench 
one  knowing  only  that  part  of  the  business 
which  the  division  of  labour  has  allottee1  to 
him.  Mr  J.  V.Morse  writes  from  Marseil- 
les, March  21,  1829.  it  is  difficult,  indeed,  to 
find  a  person  who  possesses  a  knowledge  of 
the  reeling  and  the  different  processes  he- 
fore  being  made  into  sewing  silk  ;  for  it  is 
done  by  four  or  more  persons  who  have 
each  his  particular  part,  and  continues  thro' 
life  doing  nothing  else  :  which  keeps  him 
ignorant  of  every  other  part.  The  reeling  is 
done  by  women,  and  there  are  few  men  who 
are  acquainted  with  that  branch  of  business. 
There  are  very  few  in  France  or  Italy  who 
are  acquainted  with  all  parts  of  the  process, 
and  those  few  receive  such  liberal  encour- 
agement at  home,  that  they  will  not  go  a 
broad. 

If  any  gentleman  from  this  place  shall  pas- 
through  Philadelphia  during  the  present  year, 
it  is  desirable  that  they  should  call  on  Mr. 
D'Homergue,  and  have  a  free  conversation 
with  him  on  the  subject.  V. 


A   specimen  of  sugar  made  at  Camden,   ha 
been  left  at  the  office  of  the  Savannah    Republi 
can.     The  granulati        an   said  to  be- very  large, 
and  the  color  a  very  high  brown.     It  assimulatr 
a  good  deal  to  St.  Croix  sugar. 


The  buttons,  on  the  coat  of  John  Hancock  wen 
of  silver,  and  of  American  manufacture — the 
device,  a  shepherd  shearing  his  sheep — the  motto, 
■■  ytrngava  more  bg.onr  lives  t&a  •>.  by  our  death'  ' 


38«* 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Derember  10,  1831. 


•^•■•riii'Nicvnnv*. 


FOR   TUE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

Buffalo,  Dec.  Is',  1831. 
Mr.   Goodsell — Ever  since   1   have  been 
subscriber  to  your  excellent  paper,  I  have  been  in- 
tending to  write  you  on  more  subjects  than  one; 
but  for  some  cause,  and  I  certainly  cannot  <;;ve  a 
rery  obvious  one,  hove  hitherto  neglected  it:  and 
having  so  long  neglected  it,  1  cannot  say  that  '  re- 
gret it,  as  I  have  had  more  opportunity  to  note  the , 
Tone  and  character  of  the  new,  and  I  may  hope,  j 
increasingly  useful  character  of  your  journal. — ■ 
Here  let  me  observe  that  the  liberal  sup  inrt  of  an 
agricultural  paper  like  yours  ought  most  emphat- 
ically to  be   enjoined  on  the  people  of  Western 
New- York;    for  no  where  under  Heaven  do  I 
know  of  a  country  more  bountifully  furnished  by 
Providence  with  all  that  cmi  beautify  and  embel- 
lish to  the  senses,  as  well  as  administer  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  mankind.      Were  this  country  of  ours 
improved  as  it  ought  to  be,  and  such  improvement 
would  be  without  doubt  more  profit  ible,  than  the 
usual  course  now  pursued,  it  would  present  a  pic-j 
tore  unequalled  at  least  in  America,  and  perhaps! 
on  earth.     Probably   no  farmers  in   the   United 
Slates  are  so  truly  independent  as  those    in  the 
western  district  of  Vew-York;  and  perhaps  none 
are  less  sensible  of  the  advantages  they  enjoy : 
and  why  is  it  so  7     Is  it  not  because  of  the  facili- 
ties they  enjoy,  and  that  the  very  blessings  they 
are  in  possession  of  render  them  careless  of  those 
they  might  with  ease  attain  by  more  studious  at- 
tention to  their  profession  1    I  am  fully  saustied 
that  our  people  do  not  read  enough  on   hose  sub- 
jects relating  to  their  own  personal  interest.  They 
do  not  take  the  Genesee,  nor  the    Jew-England, 
Farmers,  and  still  the   people  read  enough  in  all 
conscience  to  make   wise  men  of  them,  if  such 
t  -.ding  were  only  of  the  right  kind.    Ask  them 
a  |,.  stion  if  politics, — of  Anti-masonry,  of  Clay 
or  Jackson,  and  they  can  forthwith  silence  you, 
arg%mentim  ad  homiiwm; — can  talk  with  you 
by  the  hour  of  the  qualifications  of  a  instable  or 
fence  viewer  ;  but  put  to  them  a  simple  question 
tou"hing  the  science  of  their  profession — one  of 
the  most  delightful  and  really  useful  on  earth,  and 
they  are  dumb  1     They'll  tell  you  it  is  better  to 
kill  pork  in  the  new  of  the  moon,  because  it  wii 
swell  in  the  pot !   and  vice  versa ;  that  if  potatoes 
are  planted  in  the  new  of  the  moon  they'll  all  run 
to  vines :  that  if  you  want  a  good  stock   of  Bees, 
you  must  have  a  hive  given  to  you,  or  you  never 
will  have  any  luck !  and  a  thousand  other  equally 
absurd  and  ridiculous  assertions.     Ask  them  uV 
reasons  of  all  this,  and  they  will  answer,  "  so  ev- 
ery body   says,  and  I  always   did  so;"   wherear 
two  hours'  attentive  reading  of  a  common  sense 
author,  and  a  half  our  of  abstract  thought,  would 
convince  them  of  the  egregious  errors   and  pre- 
judices they  act  upon.    I  wish  not  to  be  too  hard 
on  our  good  husbandmen;  but  with  many,  a  vast 
many,   these  things  ate  literally  true.      A  soil 
was  never  yet   well  cultivated,  but  by   (on  that 
suoject)  a  well  cultivated  mind.       Where  are 
seen  the  best  farms,  the  finest  i  ock,  the  m    il    e 
licious  fruit,  and  that  sum  mum,  b  wum  oi  all  fain 
Uy  comforts,  a   rich  and  luxurious  garden,  but 
with  intelligent  men ;  and  those  men  too,  in  most 
cases,  as  they  will  tell  you,  having  drawn  their 
chief  stores  of  information  from   well  selected 
publications?    Not  that  a  man  should  go  to 
book  to  learn  how  to  hold  a  plough,  or  handle  a 


hoe,   rake  or  scythe;  but  to   understand  the  na- 
ture and  foundation  of  his  soils,  their  component 
parts,theirsusceptibilities  of  varied  culture:  thekinds 
of  manure  and  crops  best  suited  to  their  character. 
All  these  things,  and  they  are  essential  to  the  most 
profitable  occupation  of  our  soils,  should  be  per- 
fectly understood; — and   yet,  how  few  do  proper- 
ly understand  them.     And  with  the  neglect  of  stu- 
dy, too,  is  that  deplorable  absence  of  all  good  taste 
in  the  simple  and  delightful  embellishments  of  a 
fann — in  that  total  want  of  discernment  m  what 
renders  a   farm  one  of  the  loveliest  spots  in  the 
world,  and  makes  the  beholder  feel    most  emphat- 
ically, that  as  he  views  it  he  looks  on  home!    If 
every  occupant  of  a  farm,  when  he  is  an  owner 
or  ever  expected  to  be,  had  a  heart  to  embellish 
and  adorn  his  premises  with  the  thousand  vane- : 
ties  of  trees  and  plants  that   "  waste  their  sweet- 
ness on  the  desert"  around    him,  would  there  be 
that  continual  and  everlasting  propensity  to  rove 
into  new   countries,  and  sell  out  their  betterments 
that  so  universally  exists  1  I   answer  no.     I  never 
yet  knew  a   man,  who  with  his  own   hands  had 
built  his  snug  low  fapnhouse,  with  its  comfortable 
leantoes  of  woodhouse,  milk-room    and   buttery  ; 
his  thrifty  orchard  on  a  simny  hill  side  or  shelter- 
ed valley;  a  pleasant  row  of  sugar  maples  lining 
his  farm,  on  the  roadsides;  and  a  luxuriant  sweet- 
briar  shooting  out  its  fragrance  beneath  the  parlor 
windows  ;  all,  too,  within  a  convenient  distance 
of  a  school  house  and  meeting:  no,  I  never  knew 
such  an  one  to  sell  his  farm  and  emigrate,  unless 
some  severe  and  unforeseen  misfortune  had  com 
pelled  him ;  and  even  then,  how  soon  after  he  had 
selected  his  new  residence  in  the  forest,  has  he  set 
about  creating  a  new  and  quiet  home,  like  his  hap- 
py old  one ! 

And  let  me  not  be  told  that   all  this  is  expen- 
sive ; — that  it  will  engross  the  time  and  labor  of  I 
tne  necessary  business  of  the  farm.     Let  the  time 
that  is  spent  in  thriftless  unprofitable  gossips  of  a 
morning,  noon  or  evening, — the  lounging  at  tav- 
erns on  election  days,  before  and   after  giving  m 
their  votes,  for  voting  is  a  thing  neper  to  be  ■neg- 
lected in  a   free  republic;  and    numerous  other 
gaps  and  latches  of  time  unnecessarily   wasted, 
be  bestowed  in  these  little  duties,  and  without  en- 
croaching  a  moment  on  the  ordinary   labors  of 
tne  farm,  or  subtracting  in  the  least  from  their 
enjoyments,  hardly   any  of  our  farmers  but  that 
alight  make   their  farms  a  little  paradise.     And 
every  day,  and  every  time  they  looked  upon  them, 
they    would  love  them  the  more,  and  a  taste  for 
improvement  would  increase  with  their  years. — 
Enquiries  into  the  best  manner  of  agriculture  and 
managing  their  particular  estates,  would  eagerly 
follow ;  books  on  the  subject  would  be  read ;  eve- 
ry farmer  would  take  your  Genesee  Farmer ;  ma-j 
ny  of  them  would   contribute  accounts  of  their 
experiments,  labors  and  practices,  and  a  system 
of  mutual  improvement  come  forth   beyond  con- 
eption. 

And  now,  Mr.  Editor,  I  am  not  sure,  but  like 
the  old  officer  in  the  Revolution,  who  always  said 
on  going  to  battle,  "come  on  boys,"  but  I  may 
occasionally  drop  you  a  line  of  iny  own  observa- 
tions and  experiences;  and  although  of  humble 
claims  and  limited  observation,  if  I  can  in  any 
way  impart  information  or  amusement  to  theread- 
eis  of  you:  paper,  or  be  the  humble  means  of  ex- 
citing it  from  others,  1  shall  be  happy. 

Yours,  truly,  Ulmhs. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

My  feelings  have  been  so  much  enlisted  on  be- 
half of  our  Horticultural  Brethren  in  the  state  of 
Ohio  in  consequence  of  reading  the  note  from 
your  correspondent  Z.,  that  I  forward  an  extract 
from  our  Revised  Laws  without  delay.  We,  our- 
selves are  only  emerging  from  a  half  savage  state, 
— for  many  amongst  us  whose  minds  are  scarce- 
ly more  cultivated  than  the  unlettered  aborigines, 
and  whose  morals  are  on  a  still  more  degrading 
scale  (shame on  their  parents'.)  take  whatever 
ihey  can  find  in  a  common  enclosure,  and  even 
venture  into  gardens  in  the  night.  We  hav« 
now  a  law,  however,  sufficient  to  curb  them  if 
properly  enforced;  and  we  have  judges  who  are 
zealous  to  do  their  duty,  and  to  elevate  our  charac- 
ter as  a  civilized  people. 

In  the  year  \82),  Tne  Domestic  Horticulture! 
Society  appointed  a  committee  to  memorialize  the 
Legislature  on  this  subject.     What  they  perform- 
ed I  never  knew;  but  in  the  following  winter  out- 
law givers  seemed  to  awaken  to  a  new  sense  of 
our  condition.     Our  peaceable  and  industrious  cit- 
izens had  toiled   and  planted;  but   the  devourer 
aad  come  in  the  night  and  laid  waste  the  works 
of  their  hands.     If  arrested,  he  stood  before  our 
magistrates  as  a  man  who  had  only  run  in  debt  to 
his  neighbor,  the  amount  of  which  was  to  be  li- 
quid     sd  and  determined;  or  perhaps  in  the  dou- 
ble     '   acity  of  swine   and  swine's  owner,  who 
was  not  to  pay  for  more  than  had  passed  between 
his  jaws,  or  had  been  trodden  down  by  his  hoofs. 
Many  farmers  had  been  discouraged  from  plant- 
ing the  rarer  kinds  of  fruit  trees,  in  the  same  way 
as  they  would  be  discouraged  from  sowing  a  field 
which  had  no  fences  to  protect  tile  crop. 

It  would  give  me  great  pleasure  to  write  in 
capitals  the  names  of  the  prime  movers  who  a- 
roused  the  State  to  a  proper  sense  of  its  own  dig- 
nity. At  present,  however,  this  is  not  in  my  pow- 
er from  want  of  information;  and  I  regret  that  so 
many  ditors  of  newspapers  take  no  interest  in 
this  great  work  of  Internal  Improvement. — 
Though  less  splendid  than  raU  roads  and  elec- 
tioneering meetings,  it  has  a  much  more  impor- 
tant bearing  on  the  social  duties  and  the  domestic 
comforts  of  our  citizens.  Editors  operate  with  a 
powerful  lever  on  the  public  mind ;  and  were 
they  generally  as  zealous  in  the  cause  of  virtue 
as  in  the  cause  of  party,  even  the  baser  parts  of 
our  population  would  soon  feel  their  benign  influ- 
ence. 

Although  others,  unknown  to  me,  may  be  e- 
qually  deserving  of  my  thanks,  I  must  present  my 
grateful  acknowledgments  to  the  Editors  of  Tkt 
Ontario  Repository,  for  an  excellent  article  on 
this  subject;  ami  from  it  I  give  the  only  record  of 
punishment  under  the  New  Law,  winch  has  fal- 
len under  my  notice.     "  A  young  man  is  now  in 
jail  in  [Canandaigua]  under  sentence  of  nineti/(90y 
iprisonment,  foi  robbing  a  garden  of  mel- 
ons in   Vienna."     This  is  in  truth,  an  auspicious 
beginning — itis  an  era  in  the  civil  history  op 
the  State  of  New- York.    Judge  Howell  and 
his  associates  have  nobly  breasted   the  current  of 
popular  prejudice;  and  not  less  nobly  has  Judge 
Richardson,  of  Cayuga,  incited  the  Grand  Jury 
diligently  to  inquire  into  similar  infractions  of  this 
law.     If  in  this  manner  it  be  published  from  the 
Bench  in  every  county,  none  can  long  remain  ig- 
norant of  this  new  state  of  tlungs;  and  this,  with 
the  high  moral  tone  which  our  newspapers  ough8 


Vol.  1.— No.  49. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


389 


to  assume,  would  soon  render  their  neighbor's 
orchards  and  gardens  comparatively  secure.  X. 
The  Extract. 
"Every  person  who  shall  wilfully  commit  any 
trespass  by  maliciously  cutting  down,  lopping, 
girdling,  or  otherwise  injuring  any  fruit  or  orna- 
mental or  shade  tree,  or  by  maliciously  severing 
from  the  freehold  any  produce  thereof,  or  any  thing 
attached  thereto,  shall  upon  conviction  be  adjudg- 
ed guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  md  shall  be  punish- 
ed by  imprisonment  in  a  county  jail  not  exceeding 
six  months;  or  by  aline  not  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  dollars;  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment."  Revised  Statutes,  Part  4.  Chap. 
1.  Title  6. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

Mr..  Editor — There  has  been  an  article  going 
the  rounds  of  the  papers,  stating  that  sulphur  in- 
troduced into  the  alnurnum,  or  sap  of  a  fruit  tree 
by  means  of  a  hole  bored  into  it  and  plugged, 
would  so  be  absorbed  and  taken  up,  and  distribu- 
ted through  every  part  of  the  limbs  and  leaves,  as 
to  completely  destroy,  or  deter,  caterpillars,  can- 
ker worms,  and  the  whole  tribe  of  the  aphis,  and 
other  vermin  that  infest  that  class  of  the  bless- 
ings of  the  garden.  It  was  also  published  in  the 
Genesee  Farmer  last  spring.  Have  you  tried  it, 
•r  any  of  your  readers  1  Have  you  any  experi- 
ence on  the  subject,  or  is  it  a  mere  vulgar  error, 
an  old  woman's  saw,  a  grannyisni  on  universal 
gullability  ?  1  presume  it  is  an  experiment  of 
such  simplicity,  that  no  one  has  tried  it.  It  would 
be  just  like  us:  we  are  a  queer  set  of  customers, 
us  human  bipeds. 

If  the  sulphur  experiment  is  true,  I  cannot  see 
why  the  peach,  pear  and  apple,  may  not  be  im- 
pregnated with  the  otto  of  roses,  the  oil  of  lemon, 
and  all  the  spices  of  the  east,  by  a  very  simple  op- 
eration ;  or  even  be  medicated  with  all  the  discov- 
eries of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  or  dosed  with  Ipecac 
jmd  Tartar  Emetic,  for  the  special  use  of  rou 
juish  boys,  and  plunderers ;  to  have  it  known  that 
a  certain  unknown  tree  was  thus  changed,  would 
have  a  stronger  effect  upon  their  fears,  than  all 
the  spring  and  man  traps  that  could  be  devised. 

The  idea  is  too  good  to  be  true :  but  after  all,  my 
gullability  is  nibbing  at  the  bait:  from  the  facts 
contained  in  the  following  story,  the  particulars  of 
which  1  had  from  three  or  four  individuals,  of  as 
respectable  a  family  as  this  county  affords. 

The  relator  had  a  fine  early  peach  tree  stand- 
ing in  his  back  yard,  on  a  gentle  descent,  to  which 
the  wash  of  the  house  frequently  descended ;  it 
so  happened  that  one  of  .the  inmates  of  the  fami- 
ly about  mid-summer,  at  the  period  of  the  swelling 
of  the  fruit,  emptied  a  barrel  of  fish  brine,  a  part 
of  which  reached  the  roots  of  the  tree ;  at  the  pe- 
riod of  ripening,  they  were  found  to  be  so  com 
pletely  impregnated  with  salt,  as  to  be  totally  un- 
palatable, and  uneatable :  they  were  described  as 
being  nearly  as  saline  as  pickled  olives,  and  other- 1 
ways,  the  fruit  was  as  perfect  as  at  other  seasons. 
Now,  Mr.  Editor,  this  is  a  new  case  to  me,  of 
the  truth  of  which,  1  have  no  more  doubt,  than  I 
have  that  wheat  turns  to  chess ;  which,  though  I 
never  caught  it  in  the  very  act,  yet  I  bel  ieve  it 
most  sincerely ;  and  whenever  I  catch  it  turning 
itscoat,or  even  on  the  fence,  as  we  say  in  poli- 
tics, I  will  not  fail  to  advise  you,  as  I  hope  you 
will  me  of  the  result  of  the  sulphur  experiment. 

H.  Y*. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

I  present  the  following  list  to  such  as  are  curi- 
ous in  regard  to  climate ;  and  to  such  florists  as 
have  not  seen  all  the  plants  here  enumerated.    . 

Plants  in  bloom  in  the  open  ground,  Grealjicld, 

Cayuga  comity,  11  mo.  20,  1831. 

Several  varieties  of  China  roses. 

Champney  rose. 

Chinese  chrysanthemums,  several  varieties. 

Chrysanthemum  coronarium,  white  &  yellow  var. 

Helleborusniger,blaciv  hellebore  or  Christinas  rose. 

Seine  peruviana,  corymbose  squill  ~]  Spring  is  the 

Belle  Legioise  J        „  }  usual  tune  of 

Soleil  d'  or        >        ....      .  f  rloweringfor 

,     0  ,    ■  1        JNarcissus 

La  Sultame      J  J  these  plants, 

[but  the  autunm  has  been  mild  and  wet. 

Clematis  florida  v.  pleno,  double  white  Japan 
Virgin's  bower,  (almost  in  flower.) 

Delphinium  consolida,  branching  larkspur. 

elatum,  bee  larkspur. 

grandirlorum.  JJ=Some  of  our  florists 

improperly  call  this  D.  chinense.  "The  Chi- 
nese larkspur  differs  from  the  D.  grandirlorum 
m  having  a  more  rigid  stem,  and  a  later  time 
for  flowering  ;"  that  is,  the  first 'flowers  of  the 
Chinese  larkspur  open  later  than  the  first  flow- 
ers of  D.  grandirlorum. 

Valeriana  rubra,  red  Valerian. 

Viola  tricolor,  Pansies  or  Hearts'  ease. 

odorata,  sweet  English  violet. 

Antirrhinum  purpureum,  purple   flowering  toad 


flax. 


majus,  snap  dragon. 

Iberis  umbcllata,  purple  candytuft. 
amara,  white  do. 


Aster  (suaveolens?)  from  W.  R.  Prince. 
Campanula  rotundifolia,  Flax  leaved  bell  flower. 

carpatica,  Carpathian  bell  flower. 

medium,  Canterbury  bells. 

Veronica  spicata,  Paul's  betony  or  fluellin. 
Malva  (mauritiana  1)  From  seed  imported   from 

Bremen. 
Trifolium  incarnatum,  Crimson  trefoil. 
Calendula  officinalis,  Pot  marigold. 
Bellis  perennis,  Daisy. 
Viburnum  tmus,  Laurustinus. 
Cheiranthus  (annuus  1)  Double  Prussian   Stock 

giUirlower. 
Lonicera  periclymenum,  Monthly  honeysuckle 
sempervirens,  Coral  honeysuckle. 


"  Red  bush  alpine"  strawberry,  with  ripe  fruit. 

This  list  only  contains  such  flowers  as  were 
fresh  and  beautiful.  It  might  have  been  extend- 
ed by  taking  in  many  which  were  rather  faded  in 
consequence  of  light  frosts. 

On  the  morning  of  the  21st,  we  had  a  severe 
frost;  and  on  the  22d,  it  snowed  most  of  the  day 
from  the  N.  N.  W.,  much  of  the  snow  melting 
as  it  fell.  In  the  evening  it  was  two  or  three  in- 
ches deep.  D.  T. 

FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

MILITARY  TRAININGS,  NO.  6. 
To  ridicule  militia  trainings  has  not  been  our 
object.  We  do  not  think  ridicule  a  legitimate  ar 
gument  to  show  the  injustice  or  inexpediency  of 
a  law.  We  would  not  accustom  eur  citizens  to 
look  lightly  upon  the  laws  of  the  land.  To  be 
governed  by  laws  and  by  our  own  laws,  is  our 
great  and  peculiar  privilege.  And  no  individual 
could  do  a  greater  injury  to  our  country,  than  to 
cause  our  laws  to  be  disesteemed .    These  remarks 


are  suggesteil  by  the  fantastic  displays  made  in 
some  parts  of  the  state,  for  the  avowed  purpose 
of  ridiculing  our  militia  laws.  We  thii  k  the  con- 
sequence of  such  displays,too  obviously  pernicious 
to  permit  them  to  pass  without  the  general  con- 
demnation of  every  sensible  man  in  the  communi- 
ty. If  we  hav-:  bad  laws,  we  have  likewisr  a  le- 
gitimate method  to  procure  their  repeal, — and  no 
good  citizen  should  resort  to  any  other. 

We   believe,  and   we  think   no  one  will  deny, 
that  our  militia  system  is,  at  best,  very  inefficient 
if  not  entirely  unnecesary.     We  should  rejoice  to 
see  the  whole  system   abolished ;  but  in  accom- 
plishing that  desirable  object,  we  should  deprecate 
the  use  of  any  other  weapons  than  those  of  reason 
and  argument.     We  appeal  to  the  common  sense 
of  every  citizen.     We  ask — why    should  every 
man  in  this  country   be  compelled  to  do  military 
duty  1  What  need  is  there   for  the  imposition  of 
so  unequal  and  so  burdensome  a  tax  %  We  wish 
every  rational  and  candid  man   to  answer  these 
questions.    And  we  wish  him  not  only  to  answer 
them  as  a  man,  but  as  a  citizen — as  a  member  of 
a  great  republican  family — the  opinion  of  every 
one  of  whom,   upon  all  subjects  of  public  utility, 
as  far  at  least  as  it  influences  his  conduct,  is  puL 
lie  property.     Will  it  be  said  that  it  is  necessary 
to  provide  for  the  common  defence — and  be  pre- 
pared for  war  in  advance  1  Have  we  any  immedi- 
ate war  to  prepare  for  or  dread  1  If  not,  why  this 
extreme  precaution  1  No  other  nation  exacts  mili- 
tary duty  of  «£/  its  citizens.     In  Fiance,  many  of 
the  citizens  indeed  are  members  of  the  National 
Guard  and  Standing  Army  ;  but  all  are  not  com- 
pelled to  do  military  duty.     And  how  unlike  is  the 
condition  of  our  country  to  that  of  France  1  There, 
an  armed  force  is  constantly  need-edto  restrain  the 
Mobs  of  Paris  and  support  the  Government.     All 
Europe  is  in  a  state  of  agitation  and  revolution  ; 
and  France  is  coinpell.d  to  be  prepared  forwar  at 
a  moment's  warning.     In  Great  Britain,  we  hear 
of  a  Navy  and  of  a  Standing  Army,  but  nothing 
about  their  Militia  Trainings.     Nor  in  any  other 
of  the  nations  of  Europe  are  the  people  in  time  of 
peace,  all  compelled  to  do  military  duty, — and  yet 
they  are  much  more  engaged  and  much  more  lia- 
ble to  be  engaged  in  war,  than   we  are.     When 
war  comes,   by  voluntary  enlistment   and  other- 
wise, they  always  find  means  to  prepare  for  it 
And  so  it  would  be  with   us.     Were  our  nation 
engaged  in  a  just  war,   the  young  men  of  New- 
York  would  be  foremost  to  rally  to  her  standard 
In   the  spirit  of  patriotic  devotion,   they   would 
shrink  from  no  toil,  or  burden,  or  sacrifice.     They 
would  show  too,  that  the  peaceful  arts  of  life  had 
not  enervated  their  bodies  or  their  minds,  or  dis 
qualified  them  for  soldiers.     But  in  time  of  peace, 
they  will   not   willingly,  they  ought  not  to  be  re- 
quired to,  yield  the  same  services,  or  submit  to  the 
same  buidens.     They  believe  it  useless  and  un 
just  to  exact  them ;  and  in  the  same  spirit  with 
which  their  fathers  resisted  taxation  by  an  unau- 
thorised power,  they  will  resist  it  when  imposed 
without  a  defensible  and  legitimate  object.       S. 


The  Courier  and  Enq.  says  that  the  official  ac- 
count of  the  commerce  of  France,  during  the  year 

1880,  at  -  ft.  902,667,765 

of  which  were  exports,  628,492,928 
Imports,  264,329,332 

Imports  exported,  9.839,505 


390 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  10,  1831. 


AGRICULTURAL  ADDRESSES. 

We  are  now  happy  to  be  enabled  to  present 
the  readers  of  our  paper,  with  Major  Kirby's 
Address,  delivered  before  the  Jefferson  County 
Agricultural  Society  on  the  27th  of  September 
last,  at  the  annual  Cattle  Show  and  Fair  held  at 
Watertown. 

The  style  of  this  Address  is  clear ;  its  subjects 
taken  up  with  judgment  and  disposed  of  with 
skill;  and  not  the  less  does  the  performance  com- 
mand itself  to  the  reader's  attention,  when  we 
here  behold  the  soldier  beating  his  well  tried  spear 
into  a  pruning  hook. 

We  are  pleased  to  see  these  Societies  grow  in 
the  fivor  of  the  farming  public.  The  expense  at- 
tending them  is  small,  compared  with  the  advant- 
ages gained  by  competition  as  to  crops,  and  a  so- 
cial and  friendly  interchange  of  opinions,  which 
ought  to  take  place  at  all  their  public  meetings. 

We  will  detain  the  readers  of  the  Genesee  Far- 
mer not  a  moment  longer  than  to  thank  the  gal- 
lant orator  for  the  favorable  manner  in  which  he 
speaks  of  our  labors,  as  well  as  those  of  our  wor- 
thy cotemporaries,  at  Boston  and  New- York. 
G?  .NTLEMEN, 

I  congratulate  you  upon  the  auspicious 
return  of  our  anniversary.  Our  meetings 
are  always  attended  by  agreeable  associa- 
tions. They  biing  in  satisfactory  review 
the  past,  and  excite  cheering  anticipations 
of  the  future.  But  this  perhaps,  more  than 
any  former  occasion,  is  calculated  to  inspire 
grateful  emotions. 

The  labors  of  our  society,  through  a  suc- 
cession of  fourteen  years,  under  the  able  gui- 
dance and  mainly  through  the  indefatigable 
efforts  of  our  presiding  officer,  have  been,  in 
an  eminent  degree,  crowned  with  success. — 
A  belter  system  of  agriculture;  the  intro- 
duction of  improved  breeds  of  cattle,  and 
the  cultivation  of  more  intimate  social  re- 
lations among  ourselves,  are  some  of  the 
fruits  of  these  labors.  And  at  no  forinei 
period, since  our  org  inization,  have  the  pros- 
pects of  the  farmer  been  so  decidedly  en- 
couraging as  at  present.  This  f  ivorable  state 
of  (lungs  must  be  ascribed  to  a  combination 
of  other  causes  with  thatjust  noticed. 

We  are  blessed  with  a  country  admirably 
ad  ipted  to  the  pursuits  of  agriculture.  Our 
din  ate  is  salubrious  ;  our  soil  possesses  a 
high  degree  of  fertility  ;  its  productions  are 
abundant  and  varied  ;  our  position  enables 
us  to  resort,  with  the  facility  of  water  trans- 
port, to  the  New-York  or  the  Montreal  mar- 
kets, as  either  shall  offer  the  highest  induce- 
ments :  above  a|l,  our  great  artery,  the  Black 
River,  flowing  through  the  centre  of  the 
county,  presents  for  thirty  miles  a  constani 
succession  of  water  power,  already  becom- 
ing lie  favorite  seat  of  the  mechanic  arts, 
and  diffusing  activity  and  vigor  through  our 
whole  population. 

With  these  great  natural  advantages,  we 
should  be  wanting  to  ourselves  if  we  were 
not  a  prosperous  and  a  happy  people.  That 
we  have  not  been  entirely  regardless  of  them, 
is  manifested  by  all  the  circumstances  of 
our  condition.  It  is  but  about  thirty  years 
since  the  first  inroads  of  cultivation  were 
made  upon  the  solitudes  of  the  forest,  ami 
we  have  advanced  to  a  population  of  fifty 
thousand  souls.  We  already  begin  to  enjoy 
the  benefit  of  a  home  market  from  the  vari- 
ous manufacturing  establishments  and  flour- 
ishing villages, which  are  springing  up  in  eve- 
ry  fart  of  the  county.     Many  of  our  pub- 


lic edifices  and  private  dwellings  are  con- 
structed of  the  most  durable  materials,  and 
in  a  style  to  do  credit  to  a  country  older  and 
more  advanced  i;i  the  arts  and  in  wealth. — 
The  neat  stone  farm  hmises  with  which  the 
country  is  studded  at  every  point,  imparl  an 
air  of  solid  comfort,  not  surpassed  in  «nat 
have  been  regarded,  as  the  more  favored  re- 
gions of  our  land.  Especially,  it  is  believed. 
that  the  exports  from  the  county  of  Jefferson, 
of  the  products  of  her  own  soil,  are  greater 
than  those  of  any  other  county  in  the  state 
Other  districts  are  distinguished  for  some 
leading  staple,  to  the  production  of  which, 
the  farmer  bends  every  effort.  We  happily 
combine,  in  a  lemarkable  manner,  the  pro- 
ducts of  tillage  with  those  of  grazing,  andj 
send  to  market  a  large  surplus  of  live  stock 
as  well  as  of  grain. 

A  libeirl  support  of  public  institutions,  is 
the  characteristic  of  a  nighminded  generous 
people  :  and  to  deserve  such  a  character,  is 
i  a  fair  object  of  honorable  ambition  It  is  a 
gratifying  reflection,  that  the  labors  of  this 
society  have  contributed  in  some  degree,  to 
acquire  for  Jefferson  county  a  good  name  a- 
bioad.  And  could  our  farmers  be  made  sen- 
sible of  the  respect  which  attaches  to  the 
county,  from  the  circumstance  of  our  asso- 
ciation being  so  well  sustained,  I  am  confi- 
dent, that  they  would  to  a  man,  contribute  to 
i  onr  funds,  and  enable  us  by  a  more  extended 
list  of  premiums,  to  reach  all  the  oojects  of 
production. 

But  however  well  others  may  think  of  us. 
we  must  not  conceal  from  ours  Ives,  that  we 
are  yet  upon  the  threshold  of  improvement, 
and  that  the  whole  field  lies  expanded  before 
us.  Though  much  has  been  accomplished, 
still  more  remains  to  be  done,  demanding 
united  efforts  and  the  most  persevering  zeal. 

While  I  offer  a  few  suggestions  upon  some 
of  the  defects  in  our  system,  I  am  conscious 
that  the  contribution  I  shall  be  able  to  bring 
to  the  common  stock,  b  ill  be  humble  indeed  ; 
for,  my  life  having  been  devoted  to  other 
pursuits,  I  have  but  a  very  limited  experi- 
ence to  draw  upon,  and  must  make  amends 
for  my  lack  of  knowledge,  by  the  abun- 
dance of  my  zeal  for  the  cause  in  which  we 
are  engaged. 

A  leading  defect  in  onr  system  is  the  oc- 
cupation of  farms  too  laige  lor  our  means 
of  cultivation.  This  arises  from  the  cheap- 
ness of  land  and  deamess  of  laboi.  Hon 
many  of  us  grasp  more  land  than  we  can 
manage  to  advantage,  and  how  frequently 
are  we  seen  toiling  behind  the  proper  season 
of  our  work,  with  every  operation  hurried, 
and  not  one  done  properly,  nor  in  its  appro- 
priate time.  Seed  is  sown  too  late,  upon 
ground  imperfectly  prepared  ;  a  feeble 
growth  ensues,  which  comes  forward  strug 
gling  forthe ascendency  with  noxious  weeds. 
In  laying  down  to  grass,  we  often  practice 
the  miserable  economy  of  saving  seed  by  not 
using  one  half  enough;  and  to  supply  the 
consequent  deficiency  of  fodder,  resort  is 
had  to  pasturing  our  meadows  fall  and 
spiing.  In  a  few  years  June  grass  and  Blue 
grass  predominate,  and  the  crop  becomes 
not  worth  the  expense  of  harvesting  ;  when 
we  break  up,  to  go  through  the  same  unpro- 
ductive process.  What  farmer  can  thrive 
under  such  management?  Most  of  you 
will  say  that  this  picture  applies  to  my  neigh- 
bor's farm,  not  mine.  The  exceptions  are 
numerous  and  honorable  ;  but  is  it  not  true. 

In  fanning,  whatever  is  worth  doing  at  all 
in  some  of  its  parts,  of  too  many  of  us  ? 

The  remedy  is  simple  and  obvious.     Let 


us  limit  our  crToits  to  such  a  compass  that  we 
can  till  thoroughly  all  that  we  attempt  to 
cultivate.  Our  toil  will  then  become  a 
pleasure;  every  thing  will  be  done  appro- 
priately, and  an  abundant  harvest  will  crown 
the  year  with  gladness. 

To  keep  land  dry.  clean  and  rich,  are  fun- 
damental principles,  which  if  carried  out 
fully  into  practice,  will  not  (ail  to  insure  a 
constant  succession  of  good  crops.  With 
slight  exceptions, nature  has  provided  us  with1 
tire  first  of  these  requisites  by  the  undula- 
ting surface  of  our  soil.  The  second  is  to' 
be  attained  by  a  diligent  use  of  the  plough 
and  hoe.  "\s  to  the  last,  we  have  much  to 
learn.  The  preparation  and  application  of 
manure,  has  occupied  much  of  the  attention 
of  scientific  cultivators  in  all  ages  and  coun- 
tries ;  and  volumes  are  filled  with  detailsof 
experiments,  upon  the  various  methods  of 
restoring  to  the  soil  the  properties  which  we 
are  constant  abstracting  from  it. 

Our  soil,  originally  cove' ed  by  a  rich  ve- 
getable mould,  the  accumulation  of  centu- 
ries, and  for  a  while  yielding  abundantly,  e- 
ven  under  the  most  imperfect  cultivation, 
becomes,  in  process  of  time,  partially  ex- 
haufted  bv  the  severe  and  injudicious  course 
to  which  it  is  frequei  ih  subjected.  Relying 
upon  its'natural  fertility,  we  have  too  much 
neglected  the  means, amplj  within  our  reach, 
of  preserving  its  productive  powers  at  their 
highest  pitch.  There  are  various  modes  of 
applying  manure  b,  which  it  may  be  made 
to  contribute  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil;  but 
it  is  of  importance  to  know  in  what  way  the 
greatest  good  is  to  be  derived,  in  regard 
to  barn  yard  manure,  almost  the  only  kind 
in  use  among  us,  when  applied  as  a  top  dress- 
ing to  trrass  land,  though  the  succeeding 
crop  will  be  essentially  benefitted,  yet  much 
of  its  virtue  is  wasted  bv  evaporation.  It  is 
unquestionably  betier  to  apply  it  on  land  un- 
der tillage.  Until  ot  late  years  it  was  not  com- 
mon to  use  it  till  thoroughly  rotted;  but  nu- 
merous and  critical  experiments  have  es- 
tablised  the  fact  that  more  than  half  its  fer- 
tilizing properties  are  'bus  lost  ;  and  it  is  a- 
greed  bv  the  hest  modern  authorities,  that 
it  should  be  hauled  out  and  ploughed  in  be- 
fore fermentation  akes  place  in  order  that 
the  gasses  evolved  bv  thai  process,  may  per-, 
vadethe  soil  and  impart  to  it  their  stimula- 
ting properties 

Wheat  constitutes  one  of  oui  most  v;  lua- 
ble  products,  affording,  under  proper  treat- 
ment, a  sure  and  rich  return  for  the  labor 
of  the  husbandman.  It  forms  a  prominent 
object  of  cultivation  upon  almost  every  firm, 
and  yet  there  is  no  crop  in  the  management 
of  which  hiore  ignorance,  or  negligenoe  pre- 
vails. Our  wheat  ranks  with  the  best  in 
market ;  and  it  is  an  object  of  impor  ance 
to  preserve  this  character,  for  the  dilference 
of  price  between  grain  of  lirsi  and  thai  of 
inferior  quality,  is  a  handsome  profit  upon 
the  whole  operation  of  raising  it  But  it 
must  be  confessed  thai  the  reputation  of  ou* 
county  for  wheat,  suffers  from  the  gross  neg- 
ligence of  some,  who  sow  foul  seed  in  Octo- 
ber and  harvest  weeds,  chess  and  smut  in 
August 

In  raising  wheat,  three  things  demand  at- 
tention. The  proper  pre|  aration  of  the 
ground  ;  the  selection  ol  clean  seed,  ami 
the  sowing  of  it  in  good  season. 

Newly  cleared  laud  will  yield  good  crops 
of  wheat  under  almost  any  treatment;  ami 
with  such  the  practice  of  letting  it  follow  oats, 
peas,  or  corn  will  continue.  But  upon  older 
farms,  it  will  be  found  more  profitable  to  dis- 


V  ok  1.— No.  49. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


39  J 


card  fallow  crops,  and  to  prepare  for  wheat 
by  a  naked  summer  fallow  ;  taking  care  io 
turn  up  the  soil  to  the  full  depth  of  the 
plough,  and  to  reduce  it  to  a  fine  tilth- 
Ill  regard  to  seed,  it  is  a  law  of  nature 
that  like  beget  like  ;  and  if  you  wish  to  har- 
vest a  crop  of  chess,  you  cannot  hettei  in- 
sure one  than  by-sowing  it.  1  know  ii  to  be 
the  settled  opinion  of  many  of  you,  that 
«  heat,  affected  by  the  frosts  of  w  inter,  or 
rains  of  spring,  degenerates,  and  by  some 
strange  process  of  nature  becomes  chess. — 
Numerous  facts  have  helped  to  give  curren- 
cy to  this  opinion.  But  men  of  sienee  teli 
ns  that  this  is  impossible,  because  chess  be 
longs  to  a  different  order  of  plants,  and  can 
no  more  grow  from  a  grain  of  wheat  than  a 
pine  tree  can  grow  from  an  acorn.  But; 
whether  this  be  true  or  not,  it  more  nearly 
concerns  us  to  know  that  chess  will  vegetate 
and  produce  itj  kind,  ii  we  sow  ii  therefore,  j 
we  shall  assuredly  reap  it.  J  have  seen  this 
pest  come  in  where  I  know  the  seed  wheat' 
wis  clean;  but  1  ascribe  it  to  chess  having 
been  brought  on  with  the  manure  :  or  to  its 
lying  dormant  in  the  ground  ;  for  it  is  ascer- 
tained that  some  seeds  will  lie  in  the  gioiind 
forages,  ami  .ceil  vegetate  wheii  brought 
will  in  the  ii  ill    .  ce  of  the  atmosphere. 

We  are  uoi  much  troubled  with  smut,  and 
with  a  little  more  attention  to  our  seed  should 
be  still  less  so.  The  same  law  prevails  in 
regard  to  it  as  w  th  chess,  it  uniformly  repro- 
ducing itsi-lf  ;  and  if  seed  entirely  dee  from 
it  cannot  be  procured,  a  should  be  steeped 
twenty  fou  hours  in  lime  water,  which  will 
correct  the  evil. 

In  this  climate,  late  sown  wheat    is  pecu- 
liarly liable  to  be  thrown  out  by  the  frost  and 
winterkilled,  however  Hell  the  ground    may 
have  been  prepared   for  its  reception.     Ac- 
cording to  my  limited  experience,  the  propei 
lime  for  sowing,    is   from  the   middle  to  the 
lasi  of  August.      The  operation   should    be 
closed  with  the  Roller,  an  implement  which 
is  fast  coming  into  general  use,  and   fui  nici- 
es its  own  recommendation.     It  is  especially 
useful  where  seeding    own   to  grass,    for   it 
leaves  the  surface  smooth  for  the  scythe;  but 
it  is  of  great  sei  vice  in  sowing  all  small  gram, 
by  breaking  the  lumps  to  pieces,    and    pies- 
sing  the  earth  around    the   seed,    causing  it 
to  vegetate  more  certainly  and  more  evenly 
The  adavntages  of  early  sowing  are  these. 
The  plant  becomes  well  rooted, and  acquires 
sufficient  strength   to  resist  the  frosts  of  fall 
and  spring  ;  which  are  so   apt    to   Ilea ve  out 
and  destroy  the  leeble  plants  of  late  sowings. 
In  the  spring,  it  is  prepared  to  make  vigor- 
ous offsetts  and  conies  forward  rapidly,  unaf- 
fected by  the  droughts,  which  sometimes  pre- 
vail at  that  season,  and  occupies  the  ground 
to  the  exclusion  of  weeds  and  noxious  pla  ts. 
A  rotation   of  crops,  resting  upon  a  basis 
of  wheat  and  grass-,  filling  up  one  or  two  in- 
termediate years  with  spring   grain,   such  as 
corn,  oats,  bailey  or  peas,  will  keep  our   old 
farms    in    good  condition  ;    and    combined 
with  a  well  selected  stock  of  sheep,  and  neat 
cattle,  will  bring  them  to  high  point  of  pro- 
ductiveness. 

is  worth  doing  well.  This  maxim  applies 
especially,  to  the  selection  of  stock.  It  is 
as  easy  to  raise  a  colt  of  high  blood,  as  it  is 
an  inferior  one,  and  at  four  years  old,  the 
former  will  be  worth  twice  as  much  as  the 
latter. 

Efforts  are  making  by  several  members  of 
the  society,  to  introduce  the  improved  breeds 
if  neat  cattle.  -Our  pens  to-day,  exhibit  spe- 


rpHE  GENESEE  FARMER  and  Gardek- 
■*-  En's  Journal— L.  TUCKER  &  Co..  Pub- 
lishers—N.  GOOD3ELL,  Editor. 

In  issuing  proposals  for  the  second  volume  of 
the  Farmer,  which  will  commence  on  the  first  of 
January,  1832,  the  Publishers  have  the  pleasure  of 
stating  that  the  work  1ms  met  the  decided  appro- 
bation of  that  class  of  the  community  for  whom 
it  is  intended,  and  has  had  the  salutary  effect  of 
calling  out  many  writers,  whose  experience  would 
otherwise  have  been  unavailable;  and  they  are  al- 
so induced  to  believe  it  has  been  die  means  of  a- 
wakening  many  of  our  Farmers  to  the  importance 
of  extending  their  information  upon  the  subject  of 
their  daily  pursuits,  and  convincing  diem  of  the 
utility  and  necessity  of  a  paper  devoted  especially 
to  "the  tillers  of  the  ground."  The  public  papers, 
and  the  judgment  of  many  of  our  most  enlight- 
ened husbandmen,  concur  in  the  opinion  that  Mr. 
Goodsell,  the  Editor,  has  fulfilled  his  duties  with 
such  ability,  as,  with  the  aid  of  his  correspondents, 
to  have  placed  the  Genesee  Farmer  on  a  level 
with  the  best  Agricultural  journals  of  our  coun- 
It  has,  as  yet,  enlisted  the  good  feelings  and 


cimens  of  both  the  Devonshire  and  short 
horn  Durham  breeds,  crossed  upon  our  com- 
mon stock,  from  various  parts  of  the  country. 
We  have  also  the  gratification,  through  the 
liberality  and  enterprise  of  Messrs.  Bost- 
wick  and  Buck,  and  several  other  gentlemen 
of  Lowville,  of  a  fine  display  of  the  lull 
blood  Durham  cattle,  which  have  been  in- 
troduced by  the  former  gentleman  into  Lew- 
is county,  from  the  collection  of  Colonel 
Powell  at  Philadelphia,  and  an  opportunity 
is  afforded  us  ;  thus  realizing  one  of  the  ini 
portant  benefits  of  our  society,  of  comparing 
these  two  breeds  of  cattle  with  each  other, 
and  both  with  our  common  stock.  No  man, 
1  think,  can  be  at  a  loss  which  to  prefer.  So 
far  as  I  am  informed,  wherever  the  short  horn 
Durhams  have  been  introduced,  they  nave 
challenged  competition,  and  been  pronoun- 
ced supeiior  for  draft,  for  the  dairy,  and  lor 
the  butcher.  Uur  long  nourished  prejudice 
is  in  favor  of  red  cattle  ;  but  it  will  yield, 
when  the  superior  excellence  of  the  Durham 
breed  becomes  inure  generally  known;  nd 
we  shall  no  longer  consider  white  marks  as 
a  blemish. 

tome  are  so  blinded  by  prejudice,  tliat,|uT- 
they  ascribe  the  acknow  ledged  supei  loiity  of  contributions  of  but  a  small  part  of  that  portion  of 
the  unproved  breeds  of  cattle,  solely  to  the  our  agriculturists  who  are  well  qualified  to  impart 
greater  care  and  attention  bestowed  upon  II an  interest  and  value  to  its  columns.  We  shall, 
them.     Admitting  this  to  be  the  case,    and  1 1  therefore,  commence  the  publication  of  the  second 


that  they   are,    intrinsically,    no  better  "haul 

the  coiiiiiino     bleed,    yet   if   from    fancying 

them  so,  we  can    ethus  easily    biibed  to  be- 1 

-tuw  such  attention,  m  fitting  ihem  lor  mar- 

ket,asto    make    them    at    three  years    0,u,;ture  to  predict  that  the  second  volume  will  at  least 

bring  the  price  that  our  present  stock  does  at  | equal,  if  it  does  not  excel,  the  first. 

Its  leading  object  has  been, and  will  be,  to  impart 


volume  with  tlie  hope  and  the  assurance,  that  ma- 
ny names  will  be  added  to  the  list  of  contributors 
in   the  course  of  another  year,  and  we  may  ven- 


four,  which  1  believe  will  be  the  case,  it  is  a 
sufficient  reason  for  incurring  the  expense  of 
their  introduction.     But  in  truth,  there  is  as 


that  information  which  will  tend   in   the  greatest 
degree   to  the   improvement   of  the   Agriculture, 
marked  a  difference  between  them   and  the    Horticulture,  and  Domestic  Economy,  of  our  coun- 
onginal  stock  of  the  country,  as  there  is  be-    t 

tween  the  ungainly  prairie  bog   and  the  com-  j     The  first  vo,ume  can  be  supplied  to  all  new  sub- 
pact  grass  breed,  which  is  rapidly  supplanting  I      ■,,,■■  , 

r  .     °M         ,       <.,,„,...,,  i,  .      senbers,    and  bound  in  a  neat  manner    to  such 

it  in  all  parts  of  the  country.     It   is  assert-  \\  ' 

ed  that  the  same  difference  exists  in   the  ex-1  as  desire  it     In  soliciting  the   patronage  of  the 
pense  ol    keeping  them,    as    between   these  ,  public,  and  especially  of  Agricultural  and   Horti- 
last  animals  ,   that  the  Durhams  in  particu- 
lar, are  comparatively  small  eateis,  and  take 


on  fat  more  readily  than  any  otliei  cattle. 
(Remainder  next  Week.) 


cultural  Societies,  we  ask  aid  no  further  than  an 
intelligent  farming  public  may  think  we  deserve  it 
CONDITIONS — The  Farmer  is  printei  ev- 
ery Saturday  in  a  quarto  form,  on  fine  papti  md 
fair  type,  with  a  Title  Page  and  Index,  m 
416  pages  a  year,  at  $2  50,  payable  in  six  mom  hs, 


A  new  species  of  sarsaparilla  has  been 
lately  imported  from    the  E.  Indies,  which, II  or  $2°  if  pa'id  in  advance. 
it  is  said,  by  those  who  have  given  it  a  lair  II     gj.  Gentlemen  who  procure  five   subscribers, 
trial,  l.-.  very    superior   to  the    sarsaparilla and  forward  the  payment  for  the  same,   will  be 
that  has    hitherto  been  used  in  Europe. —  allowed  a  sixth  copy  gratis 
The  cortical  part  is  slightly  aromatic,  very'jj     £j=  js0  Subscription  received  for  a  less   term 
grateful  to  the  palate,  and    sits  very  pleas-  |!tnan  lmlf  a  yem. — and  au  subscribers  to  com- 
antlyonthe   stomach;  and  the  decoction  |meBCeonfirstof  January  or  July 


of  the  ligneous  part  is  more  mucilaginous 
than  another  kind  of  sarsaparilla.  On  ac- 
count of  the  aromatic  quality  of  the  cortical 
part  being  volatile,  the  decoction  is  direct- 
ed to  be  made  in  a  retort,  and,  when  cool, 
the  water  collected  in  the  receiver  contain- 
ing the  essential  oil,  is  to  be  added. — 
Monthly  Gazette  of  Practical  Medicine. 


Effects  of  Intemperance. — A  young  man 
was  found  drowned  lately  in  North  Carol 
na,  in  a  little  puddle  or  stream  of  water  not 
more  than  two  inches  deep,  nor  six  broad. 
He  had  previously  drank  freely  of  spirits, 
and  it  was  supposed  that  he  had  laid  down 
to  get  a  draught  of  water,  and  was  too 
much  intoxicnted  to  aise  again. 


LUTHER  TUCKER  &  CO 
Rochester,  Dec.  1831. 

f£j=-  Printers  with  whom  we  exchange  are  re 
quested  to  publish  the  above. 


Auo. her  Revolutionary  Soldier  i;oj,,. — 
On  the  21st  inst.  in  the  town  of  Schagti- 
coke,  Rensselaer  County,  .Jacob  Yates, 
Esq,  died  in  the  77th  year  of  his  age.  He 
was  among  the  first  who  took  up  arms  in 
defence  of  the  rights  and  privileges  which 
the  war  of  the  revolution  secured  to  the 
people  of  this  republic.  He  was  a  cap;ain 
in  the  army  which  captured  Gen.Burgoyne, 
and  it  »vas  believed  that  he  was  the  last 
.surviving  captain  who  fought  in  the  halite 
of  Stillwater. — TfW  Budget, 


392 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  10.  1831 


Fortunate  Discovery. — Our  neighbor  Mr. 
Cuius)  who  owns  the  Distillery  at  Nail  Creek 
in  this  village,  in  the  process  of  distillation 
from  corn,  perceived  an  oil  which  rose  upon 
the  surface  of  the  liquor.  He  took  pains  to 
collect  it  and  make  a  trial  of  its  properties. 
It  has  been  determined  by  repeated  exper- 
iments by  various  persons,  that  the  oil  an- 
swers as  well  for  burning  as  the  best  speruia 
ceti  oil.  It  is  equally  pure  and  as  free  from 
any  offensive  smell,  and  it  ill  burn  as  long. 
Further  experiments  are  making  of  its  use 
in  painting,  and  it  is  alledged  (although  a 
fair  trial  has  not  yet  been  made)  that  it  an- 
swers all  the  purposes  of  linseed  oil.  Mr. 
Curtis  procures  a  little  less  than  a  quart  from 
a  bushel  of  corn,  and  from  9  to  12  gallons 
per  day,  from  the  quantity  of  om  he  works 
up.  This  oil  is  worth  one  dollar  a  gallon.  It 
is  also  a  clear  profit  to  the  distiller,  as  it  does 
not  diminish  the  quantity  of  liquor  or  whis- 
key .     Utica  paper. 

Brtom-Cortt  Whiskey. — The  efforts  of 
the  friends  oftempeiance  appear  to  be  met 
at  every  progressive  step  with  seeming  ef- 
forts at  counteracting  their  benevolent  in- 
tentions; scarcely  one  source  of  iniquity 
is  exposed,  and  its  practice  abandoned,  be- 
fore another  rises,  Phoenix  like,  from  its 
ashes,  and  perpetuates  and  strengthens  the 
evil  which  had  previovsly  been  abandoned. 
The  distillation  of  Cider  Brandy  has  been 
a  crying  evil  in  this  region,  but  the  scarcity 
of  apples  and  the  force  of  public  opinion, 
has  reduced  the  quantity  made  and  the  a- 
monnt  drank,  until,  apparently,  the  worst 
and  most  brutalizing  speices  of  intemper- 
ance has  subsided.  But  a  new  source  of 
obtaining  stimulating  liquid  has  just  been 
found  out  through  the  inventive  genius  of 
some  queer  yankee,  and  the  land  will  yet 
he  flooded  with  Brown  Corn  Seed  Whis- 
key; the  seed  of  Bro  m  Corn  this  year 
yields  abundantly,  and  it  is  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  oats  for  horses,and  also  for  man- 
ufacturing Whiskey;  we  are  t  >ld  it  can  be 
had  in  abundance  for  thirty  cents  per  bush- 
e  ,  the  very  best,  and  that  me  bushel  of 
s  ied  yields  ten  quarts  ol' pure  Whiskey] — 
Tins  distillati.n  has  already  begun,  and  ihe 
cultivation  of  Bro  m  Corn  may  yet  pn.ve 
a  curse  to  the  soil,  and  a  ruinous  scourge 
to  those  who  raise  it. — Northampton  Cour. 

SCHOOL  DISTRICT  SYSTEM. 

The  recommendation  of  the  New-York 
State  Temperance  Society,  to  the  County 
and  Town  Societies  to  organize  a  temper- 
ance society  in  each  school  district  in  the 
state,  is  a  measure  of  vast  importance,  and 
officers  of  societies  cannot  give  it  too  much 
attention.  The  plan  can  easily  be  carried 
into  operation,  and  in  a  very  short  time,  if 
the  officers  of  town  societies  will  feel  its 
importance  and  commence  the  organiza- 
tion without  delay.  Let  some  one  bo  ap- 
pointed in  each  town  as  agent  to  visit  each 
school  district,  and  1>\  seeing  the  instruct- 
or of  the  school  in  the  morning,  and  re- 
quest him  to  direct  the  children  to  inform 
their  parents  aid  others,  that  a  meeting  is 
to  be  held  in  the  school  house  on  that  eve- 
ning, to  organize  a  District  Temperance 
Society  ;  all  the  inhabitants  in  the  district 


might  in  this  way  have  notice.  The  agent, 
during  the  day  might  visit  as  many  families 
as  possible  to  give  information  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  meet  them  at  the  appointed  place 
m  the  evening.  By  adopting  this  course, 
persons  undertaking  an  agency,  might 
form  a  society  each  evening,  and  every 
district  in  a  town  would  soon  be  under  com- 
plete organization.  It  will  be  at  once  per- 
ceived, that  in  meeting  in  small  districts, 
where  most  if  not  all  the  inhabitants  are  ac- 
quainted, there  would  be  a  harmony  of  feel- 
ing, and  an  energy  of  action,  not  to  be 
found  in  societies  embracing  a  larger 
range. 

I  hese  district  societies  should  be  under 
the  direction  of  the  town  societies  and  re- 
port to  them,  in  the  same  manner  that  the 
towns  report  to  the  counties.  There  are 
nearly  ten  thousand  school  districts  in  this 
state  ;  an  organization  in  each  would  bring 
this  blessed  work  home  to  every  individual 
and  effect  the  entire  expulsion  of  ardent 
spirits  from  our  state,  in  a  much  shorter 
period  than  the  most  san  uine  have  antici- 
pated. 

The  plan  purposed  is  so  simple,  that  it 
is  doped  the  town  societies  will  commence 
the  work  without  delay. 

Already  the  counties  of  Albany,  Schen- 
ectady, Rensselaer,  Monroe,  Ontario, 
Cayuga,  (and  it  is  hoped  others)  are  adopt- 
in  it.  and  in  no  single  instance  has  there 
been  a  failure;  and  should  the  whole  state 
gain  in  the  same  ratio,  as  those  districts  al- 
ready heard  from,  we  shall  be  enabled  to 
repon  500,000  pledged  members  to  total 
abstinence  in  a  short  period  In  most  ca- 
ses ihe  district  meetin  -s  nave  been  better 
attended  than  town  meetings. 

Until  this  organization  can  take  place, 
the  cause  wiil  not  advance.  The  town  so- 
cieties exercise  only  a  limited  influence  , 
it  is  felt  in  the  principal  village  and  its  im- 
mediate vicinity,  but  ihe  great  body  of  the 
inhabitants  living  remote  have  not  had  the 
subject  placed  before  them. 

Reuben  H.  Walworth, 
Edward  C.  Delavan, 
John  F.  Bacon, 
John  T.  Norton, 
Henry  Trowbridge, 
Richard  V.  De      itt, 
Archibald  Campbell, 
Joshua  A.  Burke. 


Tough. — A  writer  i.i  a  St.  Clairville 
(Ohio)  paper  tells  the  following  story  as  eve- 
ry word  true  : — 

"  In  November,  1827,  then  living  in  Har- 
rison county.  Ohio,  I  killed  a  small  hog  and 
dressed  it  on  the  face  of  a  large  red  oak 
slump.  In  Ihe  March  following,  I  observed 
most  of  the  bristles  left  on  the  stump  from 
dressing  the  hog,  to  be  sticking  into  the  wood 
endwise — and  on  pulling  them  out,  1  found 
to  each  bristle  two  or  three  roots  from  1-2  to 
S- 1  (dan  inch  long,  having  actually  com- 
menced a  vegetable  growth 

The  writer  of  tin  curious  piece  of  natural 
history  must  be  the  same  of  whom  it  is  told, 
that  on  a  certain  time  when  slaughtering  a 
hog  in  the  woods,  he  lost  Ins  jac  knife,  which 
dropped  among  the  dried  leaves :  and  in  the 


following  summer  happening  to  pass  the 
same  place  he  was  surprised  to  see  a  large 
bush  covered  with  jarlinives,  which  hung  de- 
pending from  the  stems  like  fruit. 

PA  TEN!  ZINC  HOLLO)  'WARE,  S! 

MANUFACTURED  by  John  Westfield  & 
i '(. .  No.  111::.  aIuii  street,  i"  ew-York. 
ROSSITER  &  KN(  IX,  No.  3,  Buffalo  street. 
Rochester,  having  been  appointed  agents  for  the 
sale  of  the  above  ware,  are  now  receiving  an  addi- 
tional supply ,  which  they  offer  for  sale  at  the  man- 
ufacturers' price. 

Tlys  ware  will  be  found  not  materially  to  exceed 
in  price  Tin  and  Iron  :  yet  as  durable  as  Iron,  not 
subject  to  rust,  giving  the  article  conked  or  kepi  in 
ii  no  unpleasant  taste,  not  col  tabling  in  itself,  nor 
forming  with  the  materials  c<  oked  in  it.  am  dell  - 
terious  properities,  as  do  Co]  per,  Brass  or  Lead. 

Zinc  Kettles,  tor  cooking  Rice,  Homminy,  and 
all  kinds  Sweet  Meats,  will  be  found  well  adapt- 
ed, neither  discoloring,  nor  varying  the  flavor  of 
the  sul  st,  nee  cooked  ;  for  these  purposes,  and  to 
avoid  the  corrosions  of  (  opper,  Brass  and  Lead,  it 
will  long  be  substituted  for  these  metals. 

Zinc  Pans  for  the  1  'airy,  will  be  found  an  ob- 
ject worthv  ol  attention  from  tin  following  consi- 
derations; that  Milk  in  Zinc  Fans  of  the  same 
size,  will  produce  from  20  to  i.'5  per  cent  more 
cream  or  butter,  and  that  of  superior  flavor  ;  will 
keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  mimlter  of  hours,  af- 
fording the  cream  more  time,  besides  iis  chvmical 
effect,  to  separate  from  tie  milk,  (for  this  reason, 
cream  from  those  pans  will  not  admit  ol  being 
chorned  as  soon  as  that  from  other  pans,  in  a 
much  as  no  cream  should  be  churned  till  it  is 
soured,)  and  greatly  outlast   m\  pans  in  use. 

Zinc  Jars  and  Firkins  for  preserving  butter 
sweet  for  family  use,  possess  equallv  superior  ad- 
vantage for  butter,  as  do  the  pans  for  milk.  Ex- 
periment and  results  safely  warrant  the  above 
statement ;  and  the  orders  of  wholesale  and  rata  il- 
ing  merchants  as  well  as  those  ol  families  and 
large  dairies  daily  supplying  from  different  parte 
of  the  country,  arc  ihe  consequence  ol  successful 
results  in  the  use  of  this  ware. 

Zinc  ware  is  clei  Qa  d  with  Brick  Dust,  with 
Soap  and  Sand,  or  with  Hot  Ashes. 

NOTICE. — Letters  patent  for  manufacturing 
these  artieb  s  exclusively  by  the  subscribers,  hav- 
ing been  obtained,  we  would  advise  the  Pi 
gainst  any  encroachment  of  the  Patent  Right  ;— 
and  the  person  who  shall  jive  information  of  any 
violation  of  this  Patent  Right,  will  be  liberalK  re 
warded,  by       JOHN   W  ESI  I  111  I    &  CO 

The  following  recommendation  from  thespro 
prietor  of  one  of  the  largest  houses  of  ReJ  reh 
mint  in  the  United  States,must  bi  perfectly  sat. 
isfactory  as  respects  the  utility  and  advantage  of 
using  the  Zinc  Hollow  Ware 

To  J.  Westfield  &  Co. 

Gentlemen, — I  hare  for  some  time  past ,  in 
my  establishment,  made  use  of  your  Hollow  II  a  i  r 
manufactured  J  rum  Zinc,  and  Ihuvc  no  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  they  completely  answer  my  ex- 
pectations, being  fatly  as  durable  as  iron  or  cop- 
per, and  not  as  easily  corroded  by  rust,  gi 
the  articles  cooked  in  them  nu  unpleasant  taste, 
and  being  more  beautiful  in  appearance,  and 
much  mure  easily  cleaned  than  utensils  manufa* 
tared  from  anyuiha  metal  at  present  made  use 
of  in  cooking  apparatus.    /  utith  eram- 

mend  them  for  general  use,  and  hare  no  doubt 
that  whoever  will  give  them  a  fair  trial  will  fnd 
that  they  fully  answer  his  expectations. 

S  I  I  /'///.  \   HOLT. 

We  have  also  received  the  following  recommen- 
dation from  Dr.  A.  (i.  Hull. 

.1.  Westfield  &  Co. 

Gentlemen,—  H  ith  great  pleasure  I  can  assure 
you  of  my  i  at  ire  satisfaction,  as  to  the  superiority 
of  your  Zinc  Hollow  Ware,  for  the  purposes  of 
the  Diary  and  Kitcfu  i 

The  perfect  prcserrution  of  Milk  in  ?ny  Diary 
during  the  warmest  days  of  the  past  season,  in- 
duces mc  to  give  you  rs  a  decided  pre  it  rence  to  a- 
ny  others  previously  used,  and  recommend  them 
as  a  happy  combination  of  neatness  anddurabili 
ty.  Yours,  if-c.  A.  G.  HULL,  U:  Fulton 
nov  23  street,  yew-  York. 


*®mm  ms®m®mm  &&3mw* 


VOL,    I. 


ROCHESTER,  DEC.   17,  1831. 


NO.  .it. 


fUilLISIHII    BV    l«    1'PCKBit  &  CO. 
M  llie  Olficn  of  l he  D:tily  Advertiser. 

Term*  -$S.5fl  per  annum,  or 

$g,00ir  paid  in  advance. 


N.  GUOD9EI.L,   EDITOH 


EDUCATION  OF  FARMERS. 
Willi  regard  to  education,  it  is  as  with  many 
•ther  things;  it  has  its  fashion  in  conformity  to 
public  opinion,  or  the  prevailing  excitemetv  of 
the  day  or  age  in  which  we  live.  It  is  with  edu- 
cation or  the  clothing  of  the  mind,  as  with  th 
•f  the  body;  that  is  not  always  the  most  useful 
which  is  the  most  fashionable  The  pecuniar) 
interests  of  individuals,  always  affects  more  or 
less,  the  fashions  of  dress ;  but  the  f  ishions  of  ed- 
ucation should  be  governed  by  the  interests  of  th* 
cation,  in  which  the  several  circumstances  of  lo- 
cation, commercial  intercourse,  internal  resour- 
ces, and  employments  should  be  taken  into  calcu- 
lation. 

Another  important  point  to  be  considered  in  the 
education  of  young  men  is,  that  division  of  time 
between  study  and  labor  which  shall  best  promote 
health,  give,  vigor  to  the  body,  and  cause  the 
greatest  development  of  intellect.  The  evils  a- 
vising  from  too  sedentary  habits  in  early  life, 
have  within  a  few  years  past,  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  some  of  our  wisest  men,  who  have  inves- 
tigated the  subj  '  t.  and  given  their  views  to  the 
world,  both  as  to  the  manner  and  matter  in  which 
many  alterations  are  recomme1  ded  from  the  mode 
of  education  which  has  been  pursued,  from  th 
irsl  establishment  of  colleges  in  this  country.  It 
is  admitted  dial  the  confinement  that  many  young 
men  have  submitted  to,  during  their  preparatory 
collegiate  lives,  has  had  a  tendency  to  destroy 
their  bodily  health,  and  lay  the  foundation  for 
those  diseases,  to  which,  sooner  or  later  they  have 
fallen  victims.  These  convictions  have  led  to  th. 
establishment  of  schools,  upon  the  principle  that 
a  proportion  of' bodily  exercise  is  absolutely  ne- 
cessary for  the  health,  as  well  as  the  progress  in 
learning,  and  that  by  a  suitable  division  of  labor 
and  study,  the  health  of  the  subject  is  preserved 
unimpaired,  and  that  'he  mind  partakes  of  the 
vigor  of  die  body. 

As  to  the  time  actually  necessary  to  be  spent  in 
Study,  or  the  perusal  of  authors,  some  disagree- 
ment prevails;  some  aifirmint  that  three  hours  in 
each  day  is  sufficient;  others  requiring  four,  but 
all  agieethat  the  mind  may  be  over  burthened  by 
too  much  reading,  and  that  by  taxing  the  memory 
too  much,  less  advantage  is  derived  than  when  a 
greater  proportion  is  allowed  for  reflection  and 
comparison. 

It  is  considered  a  defect  in  our  present  course  of 
academic  education,  that  so  much  time  is  spent  in 
pursuit  of  studies,  which  in  common  life  are  so 
Useless,  to  the  exclusion  of  those  which  are  so  im- 
portant in  the  arts  and  daily  occupations  of  every 
member  of  society.  By  the  anticipated  improve- 
tnent  in  the  course  of  ec,  acation,  the  mind  will  be- 
come more  like  the  well  regulated  shop  of  an  ar- 
tist, where  every  tool  required  in  his  daily  occupa- 
tion, maybe  found  in  its  place,  free  from  the  con- 
fusion which  would  have  been,  had  he  collect- 
ed as  many  more  merely  for  show,  and  for 
Which  he  had  no  use,  thereby  converting  his  shop 


into  a  mere  conservatory  of  arts,  wherein  is  col 
lected  all  the  useless  models  of  past  ages,  serving 
rather  as  mementos  of  their  ignorance  than  of  on 
improvement. 

If  it  should  be  found  by  experiment  that  schools 
established  upon   the   principle,   of  a  division  of 
time  between  labor  and  study,  are  the  most  profit- 
able, what  is  there  to  prevent  the  house  of  very 
farmer  from  becoming  a  seminary,  and  the  agri- 
culturists of  our  country,  the  most  learned  of  an; 
class  of  community  ?     We  reply,  "nothing."    It 
has  been  said  that  our  common  farmers   wert  a 
class    of  people  that  did  not  read  much,  and  we 
giant  that  there  has  been  too  much  truth  in  the  ol> 
servation.     It  has  often  been  said  by  them  that 
they  have  no  time  to  read.     This  is  not  correct 
They,  above  all  other  classes  of  society,  have  the 
most  leisure  for  reading  and  meditation  ;  and  they, 
above  all  others,  should  become  the  scientific  men 
of  our-  country.     The  common  avocations  of  life 
need  not  be  at  all  interrupted  by  the  appropriation 
of  sufficient  time  to  make  them  well  versed  in  ev- 
ery thing  that  is  useful.     Let  us  inquire,  into  th< 
business  of  the  farmer  through  the  year.     From 
January  to  April,  he  is  engaged  about  his  farm, 
in  threshing  out  and  marketing  his  grains,  in 
feeding  his  stock  and  preparing  his  fire  wood. 
Now  these  occupations  may   be  attended  to  from 
six  o'clock  in  the  morning  until   five  at  evening, 
after  which  he  comes  within   doors,  and  an  hour 
is  spent  in  eating  his  meal,  recruiting  his  fire,  &c. 
which  brings  the  hour  of  six,  from  which   until 
ten  o'clock,  whi<  h  is  a  seasonable  hour  for  retiring 
at  this  season,  leaving   four  hours  to  be  lounge! 
away  in  telling  storii  -,,  cracking  nuts,  eating     p- 
ples,   drinking   cider,   &c  cce.     Now   were  tin  se 
four  hours  applied  to  reading,  it  would  be  as  much 
as  is   supposed  to   be  necessary  to  make  the  besi 
progress  in    education.      During   the  three   first 
months  of  the  year,  a  man  that  retires  to  rest  ul 
ten  o'clock,  will  be  ready  to   rise  at  five,    nless    , 
is   anxious  to  merit  the  appellation  of  sluggard 
His  first  business  is  lighting  his  fires,  then   feed- 
ing Ins  stock;  after  which  he  returns  to  the  house, 
where  with  most  families,  an  hour  is  passed  which 
might  oe  well  applied  to  reviewing   Ihe  studies 
'he   evening  previous;  making,  in  ail,  five  hours 
which  might   be   applied  to  study,   without   any 
material   diminution  of  the  common  lauor  of  the 
farm.     From  the  first   of  April  untd   the   first  u'f 
October,  we  will   suppose  that  the  farmer  devotes 
time  equal  to  two  hours   each  day    tor  reading 
which  would   not  be  a. heavy  tax,  for  much  of  it 
might  be  done  during  rainy  days.     From  the  first 
of  Jctober  unid  tht  first  of .  January,  there  inigiii 
be  the  same  amount  of  time  as  in  the  first  three 
months,  making  an  average  of  three  hours  foi 
each  day,  during  the   year;  amd  as  there  worth, 
be  no  need  of  vacations,  the  amount  of  tune  spent 
in  study  would  be  greater  than  required  at  our 
manual  labor  schools,  and  as  these  art  supposeu 
to  be  upon  the  best  plan,  we  would   recommend 
that  every  farmer  should  consider  his  house  a 
manual  labor  seminary,   and  himself  and  all  his 
children  scholars;  and  as  it  is  considered  at  those 
schools  that  three  hours'  labor  in  each  work  daj 
is  sufficient  for  their  support,   the  farmer  would 
have  three  fourths  of  his  time  left  for  sleep,  and 


the  common  avocations  of  life,  whereby  to  accu- 
mulate property  to  meet  the  casualties  thereof:  and 
as  the  proportion,  according  to  the  above  calcula- 
tion, is  only  one  eight  of  the  whole  time,  which 
we  would  recommend  to  be  devoted  to  reading, 
we  presume  there  are  few  but  what  idl  away  as 
great  a  proportion  during  their  whole  lives,  or  e- 
nough  to  place  them  among  the  literary  men  of 
our  country :  and  we  know  of  no  excuse  they 
have  for  not  becoming  learned,  but  downright  stu- 
pidity: One  reason  why  farmers  do  not  read 
more  at  present  is,  because  they  have  not  provided 
themselves  with  books, — they  bi  ing  considered 
is  unnecessary  and  useless  appendages  to  the 
families  of  farmers.  Was  an  inventory  taken  of 
ill  books  to  be  found  in  the  possession  of  farmers 
throughout  the  state,  and  an  apportionment  made, 
what  would  be  the  amount  for  each  family  1  per- 
haps something  like  the  following:  one  Testa- 
ment, one  Bible,  cne  Psalm  book,  one  old  spel- 
ling book,  one  or  two  old  novels,  and  three  or  four 
old  almanacks.  What  a  library  from  which  to 
gather  materials  for  forming  the  characters  of  the 
rising  generation  !  When  these  things  are  con- 
sidered, the  wonder  is  not,  "  why  are  our  farmers 
mi;  but,  how  have  they  become  so  well 
informed?"  The  answer  must  be,  that  it  is  the 
effect  of  the  free  government  under  which  we  live 
whieh  gives  encouragement  to  the  most  humble 
individual, — where  he  that  will  may  read,  and 
according  to  the  improvement  of  his  mind,  so  will 
be  his  rank  in  so;,  ty 


MANUFACTURE  OF  SILK. 
The  exertions  made  m  America  for  die  culture 
of  this  luxurious  ami  agreeable  article  in  the  dres- 
ses of  our  fair  countrywomen,  were  begun  as  ear- 
ly a,  1765,  at  Mansfield,  Con.  by  Dr.  Aspinwall • 
from  being  an  article   of  luxury,  (as  the  present 
improved  Manufactures  of  cotton,  wool  and  hair, 
have  almost  superseded  its  use  as  clothing)  tt  has, 
by  the  operations  of  fashion  become,  indispensible. 
What  lady  is  there,  who  is  at  all  inclined  to  be  fash- 
ionabl  -,  but  lays  out  thirty  or  forty  dollars  a  year 
for  silk  dresses.     If  American  fathers  and  broth- 
ers  cannot  repress  this  longing  and  desiring  of 
wives  and  sisters  after  these  expensive  webs,  they 
must  go  to  work  in  raising  mulberry  orchards,  in 
order  that  our  country  be  not  drained  of  its  mil- 
lions   to  purchase  silks,  from  Gro  de  Naples  to 
Gros  de  Indes.     See  what  a  revolution  in  the  sin. 
gle  article  of  leghorns.     The  New  England  lass- 
es   undertook  to  rival    the  hat  factories  of    .  eg- 
iiorn.     What  was  the  result  1     Three  fourths  of 
the  bonnets  now  worn  in  the  Union,  arc  mad    in 
the  States;  and  tne  prices  of  the  foreign  article  re- 
duced to  half  its  former  price.     So  it  must  be  rn 
silk.     It  has   been  proved  by  experiments,   that 
silk  worms  can  be  easily  raised  in  various  parts  of 
America;  and  as  the  i  >oor  of  attending  their  feed- 
ing and   care  is  don     by  females  and  children, 
when  the  necessary  improvement   is  accomplish- 
ed in  the  machines  for  manufacturing  the  cocoons 
into  cloth, — there  remains  not  a  doubt,  but  that 
the  prices  of  the  foreign  articles  of  silk  manufac 
lure  will  be  greatly  reduced. 

The  following  extract  of  a  letter  from  Mans- 
field, Con.  to  the  Editejr  ol  the  American  Advp- 


m 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


ate,  giving  a  brief  history  of  the  exertions  and 
progress  of  raising  the  worms  and  manufacturing 
the  raw  silk,  will  be  read  with  no  little  interest 
"  In  1793  there  was  raised  in  this  town  265  lbs. 
of  raw  silk.  It  being  the  residence  of  Doct  As- 
pinwall,  it  is  presumable,  from  his  well  known 
zeal  in  the  cause,  that  this  result  was  owing,  in 
some  measure,  to  his  superintendence  and  direc- 
tion. Let  that  be  as  it  may,  there  has  been  a  reg- 
ular, but  slow,  progression  here  ever  since.  The 
most  that  ever  has  been  raised  in  one  season  was 
3200  I  s.,  and  that  was  last  year.  It  has  been 
bruited  about  in  the  newspapers  that  5  tons  of 
silk  were  raised  in  Mansfield,  and  sold  for  85,00 
dollars.     It  is  not  so. 

A  short  time  since  a  few  enterprising  individu- 
als united,  and  have  established  a  small  silk  facto- 
ry under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Edward  Golding,  a 
regular  bred  English  manufacturer  of  silk.  They 
have  32  swifts,  for  winding  hard  silk ;  32  spindles 
for  doubling ;  7  dozen  of  spindles  for  throwing ; 
7  do.  of  spindles  for  spinning ;  32  spindles  for 
.soft  silk  winding,  and  2  broad  and  1  fringe  silk 
looms.  There  is  machinery  enough  prepared 
sufficient  to  keep  30  broad  silk  looms  in  operation 
They  have  only  11  hands  employed  at  present 
50  could  be  employed  to  advantage.  The  co- 
coons are  worth  three  dollars  a  bushel,  and  the 
company  have  on  hand  between  four  and  five 
hundred  bushels. 

The  most  perfect  of  the  cocoons  are  selected  for 
breeding  They  will  hatch  out,  usually,  in  a 
week,  often  times  in  24  hours.  They  are  exce- 
djngly  prolific ;  a  single  miller  will  frequently  lay 
500  eggs.  The  eggs  when  first  laid  are  of  a  gluti- 
nous substance,  and  adhere  to  whatever  they  are 
deposited  on.  The  usual  mode  is  on  sheets  of 
paper.  These  are  preserved  in  cool  dry  places, 
as  much  out  of  the  air  as  possible,  till  the  mulber- 
ry leaves,  are  sufficiently  large  for  subsistence. 

As  soon  as  that  is  the  case,  they  are  exposed  to  a 
current  of  warm  air,  when  they  soon  hatch,  and 
immediately  take  the  leaves.  From  this  time  till 
the  cocoon  is  completed, does  not  exceed  six  weeks. 
As  soon  as  the  worms  have  eaten  their  fill,  small 
bushes  are  prepared  for  them  to  commence  the 
formation  of  the  cocoon.  The  commencement 
is  not  unlike  the  first  movements  of  the  spider  in 
weaving  his  web.  When  the  cocoons  are  com- 
pleted, all  that  are  not  selected  for  breeding,  are 

either  baked  or  steamed  till  the  worm  is  dead. 

All  moisture  must  be  extracted  from  them  before 
they  are  laid  away. 

Mulberry  trees,  to  make  good  silk,  should  be 
planted  in  a  rich  soil.  The  larger  and  more  vig- 
orous the  tree,  the  better  the  silk.  It  is  a  common 
error  in  supposing  that  slight  and  thin  leaves  will 
make  good  silk.  The  best  way  to  plant  an  or- 
chard of  mulberry  trees,  is,  after  selecting  a  good 
Soil,  to  plant  them  25  feet  apart,  or  about  lOOtrees 
the  square  acre.     When  the  trees  are  planted  25 

feet  apart,  there  ts  room  for  cultivating  the  land 

and  such  cultivation  is  esteemed  in  Mansfield 
an  advantage  to  the  growth  of  the  trees.  40  lbs 
of  raw  silk  is  considered  a  fair  production." 


to  employ  his  pen  for  the  benefit  of  the  readers  of 
the  Farmer. 

"  A  Militiaman,"  next  week. 


CORRECTION. 

In  the  sixth  Number  of  this  paper,  there  ap- 
peared an  article  taken  from  the  New-  York  Stand- 
ard, on  the  subject  of  "  The  first  and  last  census 
of  New- York."  Not  having  been  particularly  ac- 
quainted with  the  early  settlement  of  this  part  of 
the  state,  the  inaccuracies  contained  in  that  state- 
ment were  not  detected  by  us,  and  we  gave  it  to 
our  readers  as  a  miscellaneous  selection. 

In  the  perusal  of  this  article,  our  respected  friend 

Haw.ey,  Esq.  detected  many  inaccuracies,  and 
kindly  offered  to  furnish  an  article  for  our  paper, 
upon  the  subject  of  the  early  settlements  of  what 
had  been  usually  denominated  the  Genesee  Coun- 
try. Being  well  acquainted  with  the  character 
of  Mr  Haw|ey,  both  as  a  man  pf  observation 
and  accuracy  of  description,  with  as  intimate  a 
knowledge  of  the  subject  as  any  one  in  tins  sec- 
tion, the  offer  was  thankfully  accepted,  and 
his  communication  published  in  our  ni.uh  num- 
ber :  and  we  believe  was  very  acceptable  to  most 
of  our  readers,  giving  them  more  information  res- 
pecting the  events  which  attended  the  early  set- 
tlements than  was  to  be  found  in  so  narrow  a 
compass;  in  which  communication,  Mr.  Hawley 
refers  to  Dr.  Spafford,  as  proper  authority  con- 
cerning the  Pre-emption  line. 

In  our  45th  Number,  at  page  356,  we  published 
a  communication  from  Ohio,  signed  Y.  Z.,  criti- 
cising upon  the  communication  of  Mr.  Hawley 
wherein  he  speaks  of  it  as  follows  :  '■  But  my  im- 
mediate object  in  noticing  the  subject,  is,  to  request 
from  a  competent  hand,  a  proper  correction  or  sup- 
ply of  some  errors  and  omissions  contained  in  the 
New- York  Gazetteer.,"  Now  we  assure  our  read- 
ers that  Mr.  Hawley  was  capable  of  making  his 
own  communication,  without  extracting  it  from 
the  Gazeteer,  as  very  few  men  are  more  capable 
of  giving  a  history  of  the  landed  transactions  in 
this  section  than  himself:  but  he  referred  to  Dr. 
Spafford  on  the  point  before  mentioned,  as  stand- 
ard authority.  We  pass  over  his  remarks,  until 
his  fourth  section,  wherein  Y.  Z.  says,  "Mr. 
Spafford   goes  on   to  tell  us  that,  in  1789,  Oliver 

Phelps  opened  a  land  office  at  Canandaigua." 

Here  Y.  Z.  was  mistaken ;  he  should  have  said 
Mr.  Hawley,  which  would  have  been  correct ;  for 
he  then  goes  on  and  attempts  to  show  that  what 
was  stated  in  the  concluding  part  of  the  para- 
gra-ih  was  not  correct  Justice  to  Dr.  Spafford 
requires  this  explanation  and  correction,  as  it 
might  detract  from  his  character  as  a  historian, 
which,  we  believe,  has  never  been  called  in  ques- 
tion;  and  so  far  as  we  are  acquainted  with  the 
Gazetteer,  we  are  not  able  to  point  out  one  mis- 
take worthy  of  notice. 


December  17,  1831, 


ooring  towns,  which  is  not  included  in  the  above 
estimate. 

MANUFACTORIES 
In  the  County  of  Oneida 

Woollen— The  Oriskany  is  4  miles  from. 
Whitestown;  it  runs  1500  spindles,  40  looms  135 
hands,  (including  those  in  the  machine  shop  )USe 
annually  120,000  lbs.  of  wool.  They  make  year- 
ly 32,000  yds.  broadcloths,  and  57,000  yds  cassi 
mere;  value  of  both,  $154,000.  There  is  anoth- 
er small  broadcloth  factory,  which  makes  3  500 
yds.  per  annum.  In  the  town  of  Clinton  there  is 
a  worsted  manufactory  just  going  into  operation 

Cotton.— The  cotton  factories   are  numerous 
The  following  is  the  schedule : 

Mills,     spindles,  looms,  hands,     amt.  per  an 


Oneida 
York  MUls 
Whitestown 
Utica 


2500 
8328 
2900 
2600 


84 

260 

20 

20 


80 
350 

85 
112 


800,000  vds 
♦900.000  yds 
use  300  bales  of 
[cotten  per  an. 


(30  bedticking)  do  450  do  do 
N.Hartford  2500  64  80  use  300  do  do 
Eagle  1600     40       75        «   200  do  do 

Franklin  3000     76      120       •'    300  do  do 

Pans  1500      60       70 

Monroe  &  Co's.  capacity  and  business  not  stated 

There  is  a  calico  printing  establishment  jusl 
going  into  operation. 

Messrs.  Rodgers'  machine  shop,  turns  out. 
yearly,  $45,000  worth  of  machinery,  employing 
about  50  hands. 

•  Fine  sheeting. 

County  of  Otsego.— The  card  factory  of  Mr 
Phelon,  at  Cooperstown,  is  principally  carried  on 
by  Dogs.  There  are  5  machines,  which  set  130 
teeth  per  minute:  the  Dogs  move  to  their  places 
by  command,  and  operate  on  a  tread  mill.  Each 
machine  sets  3  square  feet  per  day. 

Cotton. — The  cotton  mills  on  the  Tusquehana, 
are  spindles,    looms,    hands,    per  An. 


Phoenix, 

1100 

45 

65 

310,000 

I'd 

Mr.Cockett 

's,900 

22 

45 

:  86,000 

At  Oakv 

ille: — 

Williams', 

1700 

42 

60 

312,000 

n 

Union, 

2700 

70 

100 

600.000 

); 

Hope. 

2200 

55 

95 

530,000 

» 

fj=Several  communications  have  been  received 
which  will  appear  soon.  The  second  communi- 
cation from  Ulmus,  is  reserved  for  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  second  volume.  He  is  welcomed  to 
our  columns,  and  we  hope  he  may  often  find  time 


Flour. — We  have  ascertained  that  there  has 
been  manufactured  in  Rochester,  in  a  year  pre- 
vious to  the  first  inst.  242,000  barrels  of  flour,  and 
that  the  millers  have  paid  out  for  wheat  during 
the  same  period  $1,160,000. 

This  wheat  has  been  purchased  principally  in 
this  state ;  but  a  considerable  quantity  has  ulso 
been  bought  in  Ohio  which  is  becoming  a  impor- 
tant wheat  market. 

Large  quantities  of  wheat  have  also  been  pur- 
chased and  manufactured  by  millers  in  the  neigh- 


C.  S.  Williams  has  a  calico  printing  works 
connected  with  his  nulls,  where  nearly  all  the 
cloth  he  makes  is  printed. 

Badger's  machine  shop  turns  out  $8,000  worth 
of  work,  yearly.  The  father  of  Mr.  B.  makes 
18,000  pails,  turned  out  of  solid  blocks,  work  50 
cts.  each,  per  year. 


From  the  American  Farmer. 
vation    of    Quinoa,  or  Peruvian 


Cult 
Rice.-  The  only  direction  that  we  have  ob- 
tained from  Peru  for  cultivating  the  quinoa, 
is,  that  it  is  to  be  sown  and  managed  like 
wheat.  From  our  brief  experience  we  find 
this  entirely  erroneous,  and  by  following  it 
last  summer  we  lost  at  least  nineteen-twenti- 
eths  of  our  small  supply  of  seed.  We  sow- 
ed the  seed  in  drills  one  foot  apart,  the  seed 
in  the  drills  about  as  close  as  wheat,  on  com- 
mon soil.  The  result  was,  the  plants  stood 
so  close  that  few  ol  them  bore  seed;  while 
a  few  scattering  plants  that  grew  singly, 
yielded  abundantly ;  and  the  richer  the 
ground  the  greater  was  the  yield,— so  much 
so  was  this  the  case,  that  one  plant  that  grew 
in  a  spent  hotbed  (a  pile  of  rotten  stable  ma- 
nure with  a  few  inches  of  soil  on  the  top,) 
yielded  about  two  quarts  of  seed.    We  con- 


Vol.  1.— No.  50. 


AND  GARDENERS  JOURNAL^ 


395 


elude   from  this  that  the  quinoa   should  be 
planted  one  foot  apart  each  way  ;  the  ground 
should  be  highly  manured   with  stable  ma- 
nure, and  it  should  be  hoed  like  corn  to  keep 
the  weeds  down  in  the  fore  part  of  the  sea- 
son.    It  should  be  planted    as  early  as  the 
season  will  admit.     The    frost   in    the    fall 
does  not  affect  it,  much  of  ours  was  standing 
during  the  severe  frosts  of  this  month;  the 
plant  on  the  spent  hoi  bed  particularly,  was 
exposed  to   the   very    severe  snow  storm  of 
Monday  night  last,  21  st  inst.,  and  the  leaves 
frozen  as  hard  as  ice;  but    no   injury    was 
done  to  it.     In    cleaning  out  the  seed,  after 
the  plants  are  ripe,  we  cut  them  up,  tie  them 
in  convenient  bundles  and  dry  them  perfect- 
ly.    The   seed  is  then  easily  rubbed  out  by 
the  hand,  and  cleaned  by  winnowing.    Some 
simple   machine   will   soon   be  invented    to 
clean  it.     The  Peruvians  rub  the  tops   be- 
tween coarse  woollen  cloths.     If  the  ground 
be  highly    manured   we  believe   that  it  will 
produce  one  hundred  and  fifty  bushels  to  the 
acre— at  least  this  is  the  proportion  produced 
by  some  of  ours.     It  has  this  great  advant- 
age over  every  other  grain— you  cannot  make 
the  ground   too   rich  for  it,  and  it  will  yield 
in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  manure  ap- 
plied, or  to  the  richness  ol  the  soil.     It  will 
J-row  on  anv  soil,  where  the  common  lambs 
quarter  (chenopodium  alba,  its  full  brother,) 
■will  grow.     From    a   rough  calculation   we 
judge  that  half  a  pound  of  seed  will  be  suf- 
ficient for  an  acre  of  giound.     We  must  not 
forget  to  caution  persons  who  make  trial  of 
this  new  grain,  against  destroying  it  by  mis- 
take ;  for  it  resembles  so  closely  the  common 
weed  called  lambs  quarter  in  some   places, 
vi<rweed   in  New- York  and   some  other  pla- 
ces, (chenopodium  alba,)  that  before  the  seed 
begins  to   form  they  can  scarcely  be  distin- 
guished from  each  other. 

Quinoa  is  used  lor  all  the  purposes  of 
common  rice.  We  have  tried  it  in  all  the 
different  forms— in  a  baked  pudding  we 
think  it  far  superior  to  rice.  It  does  not  re- 
semble rice  either  in  flavor  or  appearance  ; 
and  can  onlv  have  received  the  name  of 
Peruvian  rice  from  the  fac  of  its  being  used 
in  the  same  way.  Its  flavor  resembles  that 
of  oatmeal  more  than  any  thing  else.  The 
grain  is  circular,  flat,  and  about  the  size  of  a 
small  radish  seed.  There  aie  too  kinds,  the 
white  and  the  red.  The  former  when  cook- 
ed is  quite  white,  the  latter  retains  its  redish 
color.  Thev  are  easily  separated,  as  the 
whole  plant  of  the  red  kind  is  covered  with 
a  redish  powder,  which  is  a  most  perfect 
rouge  when  applied  to  the  skin.  The  color- 
ing matter  is  not  dissipated  by  light,  but  re- 
mains permanent  Perhaps  a  valuable  dye 
may  be  extracted  from  it.  The  leaves  are 
used  as  spinage,  being  little  if  any  inferior 
to  common  spinage.  Persons  wishing  to  try 
the  quinoa  can  obtain  seed  at  the  rate  of 
four  dollars  a  pound,  by  applying  to  the  Ed- 
itor of  the  American  Farmer. 

From  the  Ni.w-F.nglnDcl    K«rmer. 

GREAT  CROP  OF  CORN. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  N   E.  Farmer. 

What  is  the  use  o'  emigrating  to  Oregon 
when  120  bushels  of  corn  can  be  raised  in 
Chenango,  when  wild  land  equally  good  with 
the  land  bearing  this  crop  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  from  three  to  five  dollars  per  acre? 

Having  received  much  useful  instruction 
in  perusing  the  details  of  good  farming,  great 
crops  and  scientific  horticulture  recorded  in 
your  valuable  paper  and  having  raised  a  very 


fine  crop  of  com  this  season  for  this  district,viz. 
211  baskets,  averaging  19i  quarts  to  the  bas- 
ket, on  one  acre,  and  thirteen  rods  of  land,  I 
take  the  liberty  of  sending  the  account  of  this 
crop  to  you,  and  if  worthy  of  record  you  are 
at  liberty  to  publish  it. 

The  entire  corn  field  was  surveyed  by  a 
sworn  surveyor.  The  lines  were  run  back- 
wards as  well  as  forwards,  the  surveyor  car- 
rying one  end  of  the  chain  on  the  back  tract 
to  correct  mistakes  if  any.  The  corn  was 
measured  in  two  baskets  as  picked  in  the 
field,  one  of  which  was  taken  from  the  field 
bv  my  overseer  as  picked,  to  his  house,  dried, 
and  shelled,  and  found  to  contain  twenty 
quarts. 

The  other  basket  was  filled  in  the  usual  way 
from  the  cart  at  the  crib,  at  my  house  and  un- 
der my  care  even  full,  without  packing  or 
shaking  to  make  better  stowage.  The  com 
was  dried  thoroughly  in  an  oven,  shelled,  and 
weighing  37  lbs.  The  difference  in  meas- 
ure may  be  accounted  for  in  the  latter  stow- 
age of  the  baskets  taken  from  the  field  the 
ears  thrown  in  singly  as  husked  in  the  field, 
and  the  basket  shook  by  moving  3  or  4 
times. 

The  crop  was  raised   on  what   is  supposed 
to  be  a  poor  part  of  a  farm  of  200   acres   ad- 
Joining  this  village,   purchased   in   1825   for 
IglO  per  acre,  and  condemned  by  the  former 
I]  occupier,  as  well  as  neighbours/as  a  poor  farm 
l!  calculated  to   starve   the  owner.     lam   now 
happy  to  sav   that  the  fine   show   of  Grass, 
Wheat,  Bar'lev,  Corn,  Mangel  Wurtzel,  Ru- 
taBaga,  toe,  ii as  restored  its  lost  credit.  The 
soil  of  the  farm  varies  from  a  sandy  loam  to 
a  stiff  clay.     The  part  occupied  by  the  corn 
is  a  stiff  loam.     It  was  thrown  out  of  a  tillage 
lot  into  a  pasture  20  years   ago,   being  then 
considered  too  poor  or  to  stony  to  till.     The 
stones  were  carefully  dug  and  picked  up  to 
the  amount  of  50  loads  to  the  acre  this  spring. 
Ploughing  only  once,  an  extra    hand  follow- 
ing the  Plough  with  a  bar  and   mattock  re- 
moving  every    obstruction    to  the    plough. 
This  was  the  most  tedious  part    of  the  work 
employing  a  span  of  horses,  and  two  men  for 
two  days.     But  when  done  the  land  was  com- 
pletely   ploughed.     We    then  drew   on   25 
cart  loads,  about  25  bushels  to   the  load,  of 
sheep  manure,  and  spread   it  evenly  on  the 
furrow.     Rolled  and  harrowed  with  the  fur- 
row, with  a    light    double   harrow,   contain- 
ing 40  teeth  until  it  was  a  complete  garden 
mould,  and  the  earth  well  incorporated   with 
the  manure  :  again  picked  off  the  stones  and 
again  rolled  and  planted  on  the  22d  to  23d  of 
May  on  an  even  surface,  with  the  early  small 
white  flint  corn,  steeped  in  a  solution  of  cop- 
eras  and  salt  petre  and  then  tarred  and  rol- 
led in  plaster,  and    planted  in  double    drills 
3i  feet  from  centre  to  centre,   of  the  middle 
drill.     The  plants  standing  singly    from  12 
to  13  inches  on  the   main    drill.     The  corn 
was  once  ploughed,   afterwards    kept  clean 
with  the   hoe     plastered  well  on   the  plant, 
topped  at  the  usual  time,  wasripe  on  the  15th 
of  September  and  harvested  on  the  hill  the 
14th  and  15th  of  October  and  found  to  yield 
at  least  ISO  bushels  of  shelled  corn  60  lbs.  to 
the  bushel,  or  140  calculated  56  lbs.  to  the 
bushel. 

I  am,  sir,  most  respectfully  yours, 
Benjamin  Butler. 


CULTURE  OF  FRUIT  TREES. 

The  Southern  Agriculturist  for  Novembei 
last,  contains  its  usual  quantity  of  valuable 
original  matter.  Among  the  communica- 
tions we  notice  one  from  Judge  Buell,  "on 
the  culture  of  fruit  trees  in  the  Southern 
states,"  from  which  we  extract  the  follow, 
ing  : 

The  apple  produces  best  on  a  primitive  for- 
mation, but  gives  the  richest  fruit  and  cidev 
on  the  transition,  abounding   in  calcareous 
matter  and  stones.     The  pear  likes  a  moist 
loam,  inclining   to  clay,  and  the  plum  one 
still  more  adhesive— the  cherry  thrives  on  a 
lighter  »oil  than  the  pear,  and  the  peach  prob- 
ably   does   well    with  you  on   your   lightest 
sands.     There  are  exceptions  to  these  rules- 
The  breaking  pears,  such  as   the  Saint  Ger- 
main, &c.  do  best  on  a  light  sandy  soil,  thai 
is,  here  they  give  the  best  fruit.     The  same 
may  be  said  of  several  apples,  as  the  Down- 
ton  pippin,  and  those  generally  containing 
the  highest  concentrated  juices.     The  peach 
should  be  transplanted  at  one  year's   growth 
from  the  bud,  and  the  apple,  pear,  pluin  and 
cherry  at  two.     Plants  of  this  kind,  worked 
on  suitable  stocks,  are  more  prottable  to  the 
purchaser   than  large    trees,  produce    good 
crops  sooner  and  are  thrice  as  apt  to  live  when 
transported  at  a  distance.     I  know  this  will 
seem  paradoxical  to  men  unacquainted  with 
vegetable  physiology,  yet  it  is    a  truth  ad- 
mitted  by    evety   experienced  nurseryman. 
A  small  tree  is  or  ought  to  be,  taken  up  with 
its  roots  nearly   entire   ;  while    a  large   one 
must  suffer  a    great  diminution.     The  first, 
having  its  organs  entire,  receives  but  a  slight 
check  in  growth  by  the  change.     Far  differ- 
ent with    the    large  one.     For    want  of  the 
usual  supply  of  sap  which  the  roots  supplied, 
the  sap  vessels  contract  and  become  callous, 
the   wood    becomes   sickly    for   want  of  the 
usual   circulation,    and  if  the  plant  lives   it 
seldom  ever  regains  its  vital    energy.     Be- 
sides, large  trees  are  often  those  which  have 
been  rejected   for  years  in  the  nursery,  on 
account  of  stunted  gr   wth  or  unhealthy  ap- 
pearance, and  then  sold  to  the   admirers  of 
arge  trees.     There  can  be  no  imposition  in 
a  healthy   young   tree ;  while    the  packing 
transportation  and  prospect  of  living,  give  to 
it  a    manifest  advantage  over  a    large  one. 
For  myself  I  would   rather  buy   of  the  age  i 
have  described,  than  accept  large  ones  as  a 
gift. —  Western  Tiller. 


Oxford,  Chenango  co.  } 
N.  Y.  Nov.    8,  1831.    J 


About  40  persons  have  recently  left  Cambria 
county  Pa.  for  Texas, 


Botany. — The  botanist  attached  to  a  re- 
cent scientific  expedition  from  Russia  to  the 
Brazils  has  brought  from  Rio  Janeiro,  for  the 
botanic  garden  at  St.  Petersburgh,  a  collec- 
tion of  above  1000  living  Brazilian  plants,  as 
beautiful  as  rare,  and  among  which  are  ma- 
ny never  hitherto  seen  in  Europe.  This  rich 
acquisition,  joined  to  the  young  plants  which 
the  garden  has  already  obtained  from  Bra- 
zil an  seeds,  will  soon  be  sufficient  to  fill  a 
large  greenhouse,  where  the  lovers  of  bota- 
ny in  the  68th  degree  of  N.  latitude  may 
form  an  idea  of  the  beauty  and  variety  of 
the  flora  of  a  vast  country  situated  between 
the  tropics. 

On  stopping  Vines  from  Bleeding. — Let 
the  part  bleeding  be  forced  into  a  sound  pota- 
to ;  for  if  any  of  the  skin  of  the  polato  has 
been  rubbed  off.  the  sap  of  the  vine  will  soon 
find  its  way  to  escape,  and  the  vine  will  con- 
tinue to  bleed  ;  but  if  the  potato  be  free  from 
any  bruise,  it  stops  the  vine  from  bleeding. 
— M.  Said. 


396 


THR  OE1VESEE  FARMER 


Decemher  17,  lR3i- 


coiWiuvic\novs 


FOR   THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

SMALL  ANIMALS— PIGEONS. 
(Continued  from  page  324.) 

Ill  my  last  communication,  1  described  the  Er- 
uiine  Tumbler,  the  Horseman,  the  Dragoon,  the 
Pouter,  Dutch  Cropper,  Parisian  Pouter,  the  Jac- 
obine,  and  the  Ruff,  I  will  HOW  eisse  Ely  des- 
cription of  pigeons,  by  the  following  selections. 
The  Trumpeter. 

This  pigeon  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  Runt.,  and 
very  like  it  in  shape  and  make ;  its  legs  and  feet 
are  covered  with  feathers ;  the  crown  of  its  head 
is  round,  and  the  larger  it  is,  the  more  it  is  esteem 
ed.  It  is  in  general  pearl  eyed,  and  black  mot- 
tled; but  the  surest  mark  to  distinguish  a  good 
Trumpeter,  is  the  tuft  of  feathers  which  sprouts 
from  the  root  of  its  beak;  the  larger  this  tuft 
grows,  the  greater  is  the  value  set  upon  the  bird. 
It  derives  its  name  from  imitating  the  sound  of  a 
trumpet,  which  it  always  does  in  the  spring  of 
the  year;  those  who  wish  to  hear  them  at  other 
times,  feed  them  very  high  with  hempseed,  which 
always  has  the  desired    fleet. 

The  Leghorn  Runt. 

This  is  a  large  pigeon,  r  lose  feathered,  short  in 
the  back,  and  broad  chested;  it  carries  its  tail  up, 
is  goose  headed,  and  hollow  eyed;  the  eye  is  en- 
circled with  a  thick  skin ;  the  beak  is  very  short, 
with  a  small  watde  over  its  nostrils,  and  the  up- 
per chop  projects  a  little  over  the  under.  They 
are  much  hardier  biros  than  many  imagine,  and  i 
breed  tolerably  well ;  but  they  are  bad  nurses,  and , 
ought  not  to  be  Buffered  to  bring  up  their  young  j 
Ones;  therefore  it  is  proper  to  shift  their  eggs  toj 
some  other  bird.  They  are  frequently  of  a  griz  I 
zled  color,  ermined   around  the  neck ;  those  most 


this  decreases  their  value,  though  they  often  rear 
as  pure  birds  as  those  which  are  perfect.  The 
Nun  should  have  a  pearl  eye,  with  a  small  beak 
and  head;  and  the  larger  the  tuft  or  hood  is,  the 
more  valuable  the  bird. 

The  Helmet. 

The  Helmet  is  rather  larger  than  the  Nun;  the 
head,  tail  and  flight  are  generally  uniform,  either 
red,  yellow,  blue  or  black ;  all  the  rest  of  the  body 
is  usually  white;  it  has  no  hood,  but  its  head  is 
ornamented  with  a  fine  soft  tuft  of  feathers,  of  a 
different  color  from  those  of  the  body,  and  slightly 
resembling  a  helmet.  Helmets  are  very  pretty 
birds,  but  are  by  no  means  good  flyers.  Like 
most  of  the  minor  varieties,  they  are  not  much 
esteemed  when  compared  with  the  Tumblers, 
Carriers,  Pouters,  &c. 

The  Turbit. 

This  pigeon  is  very  little  larger  than  a  Jaco- 
bine ;  it  has  a  round  head  and  a  tuft  of  feathers 
growing  from  the  breast,  which  opens  and  spreads 
both  ways  like  the  frill  of  a  shirt;  this  is  called 
the  purle;  it  has  also  a  gullet  which  reaches  from 
beak  to  purle,  and  it  is  admired  according  to  the 
largeness  of  its  purle  and  shortness  of  its  beak 
There  are  yellow,  dun,  red,  blue,  black  and  pied 
Turbits.  The  back  of  their  wings  and  tails 
should  be.  of  one  color,  except  the  yellow  and  red 
colored  ones,  whose  tads  should  be  white.  They 
become  very  fine  flyers,  if  properly  trained. — 
Some  of  this  species  of  a  uniform  color,  such 
as  black,  blue  or  white,  have  frequently  been  mis- 
taken for  die  owl. 

The  Owl. 

The  Owl  is  rather  less  than  the  Jacobine,  with 
a  gravel  eye  and  a  very  short  crooked  beak,  much 
resembling  that  of  an  Owl ;  from  which  circum- 
stance this  bird   derives  its  name.     The  purle  of 


would  be  absolutely  impossible  to  enumerate  the 
numerous  tricks  that  are  played  oft'  to  deceive  the 
ignorant,  by  the  dealers,  in  England  and  New- 
York.  Vou  should  always  take  with  you  some 
friend  who  is  experienced,  in  making  your  pur- 
chases. An  English  Fancier  observes,  "■  that  iu, 
London,  there  is  not  on«-.-mh  pari  >o  muehjocfe 
eyship,  (to  compare  small  tilings  with  great,)  a- 
mong  horse-dealers,  as  pig  on-sellers."  In  the 
City  of  New-York  fancy  pigeons  are  exposed  for 
sale,  at  the  Fulton  and  Bear  Markets,  and  often- 
times very  fine  birds,  but  generally  they  art  of 
mi.ted  varieties,  and  called  by  all  sorts  of  names 
which  the  sellers  please  to  give  them.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly difticult  to  obtain  the  genuine  varieties, 
and  when  they  are  offered,  you  are  in  danger  of 
being  cheated  in  their  ages  Pigeons  after  they 
are  4  or  5  years  old,  are  good  for  nothing  fin 
breeding.  Last  season,  Vandyke,  the  mustard 
manufacturer  in  Biooklyn,  had  a  fine  collection  of 
Pigeons,  and  most  of  them  apparently  genuine. 
There  was  also  a  very  extensive  collection  in 
Grand  Street,  in  N.  York. 

Lastly,  I  advise  young  fanciers,  to  obtain  the 
.finest,  birds,  and  not  to  begin  with  what  are  called 
"the  Toys,"  such  as  Barbs,  S/ifts,  Mavmits, 
Uphpers,  &c.  At  the  outset  the  breeding  of  them 
will  require  considerable  attention,  and  it  is  hard 
ly  worth  the  time  to  commence  breeding  inferior 
birds. 

In  my  next,  I  shall  conclude  this  whole  subject, 
by  a  few  remarks  upon  their  feeding,  mating, 
diseases,  remedies,  lofts,  &c.  ***• 


esteemed  are  either  red,  white  or  black  mottled 
This  species  is  of  greater  value  than  any  other'! the  °wl  is  ™lher  lai'Ser>  and  expands  more  like  a 
kind  of  Runt.  Many  persons  greatly  admire  rose  than  that  of  the  Turbit;  but  in  other  respects 
these  birds,  while  others  think  them  too  clumsy.  || this  blrd  is  so  1Ute  a  Turblt>  Ule  beak  ^"Pted,  as 
The  RuntofFriesland.  j,  to  render  any  further  description  need]  ss.     Par- 

This  bird  is  a  native  of  Friesland,  and  is  some-li ticular  care  shouid  be  taken  t0  keeP  tn  Ceding 
What  larger  than  a  common  Runt;  its  feadiers ! ,  Places  of  these  birds  dark  mld  Private.  ',s  llie  least 
are  aU  inverted,  or  turned  the  wrong  way.  None  I  n0ise  afi»g»ts  'hem,  and  they  leave  their  nests. 


The  Barb. 
This  pigeon  was   originally  a  native  of  Bar- 
bary ;  it  is  rather  larger  than  the  Jacobine,  has  a 
short  thick  beak,  with  a  small  wattle  and  a  naked 


of  these  birds  are  reared  in  the  United  States  to 
my  Knowledge.  There  are  several  other  kinds 
of  Runts  mentioned  by  fanciers,  as  the  leather 
fool  .1  Runt  of  Smyrna,  a  middle  sized  pigeon 
with  feathers  sprouting  from  the  outside  of  its  |j circle  of  thick  spongy,  red  skin  round  about  its 
feet  having  the  appearance  of  small  wings.  The  '  eyes :  when  the  feathers  of  the  pinion  incline  toa 
Spanish  Runt  also,  is  a  short,  thick  legged,  loose- J ! dark  color,  the  insides  of  its  eyes  are  pearl:  but 
feathered  bird,  with  a  long  body,  with  plumage  when  the  pinion  feathers  are  white,  the  sidrs  are 
uncertain.  The  Roman  Runt  is  often  so  large  red.  The  wider  the  circle  of  flesh  round  the  eye 
and  unwieldy,  that  it  can  scarcely  fly.  I  would  spreads,  and  the  redder  its  color,  the  greater  value 
have  remarked,  that  there  is  a  large  bird,  called  is  set  upon  the  bird.  This  circle  is  very  narrow 
by  the  New  York  fanciers,  the  Moguadore,  which    at  fiist,  and  does  not  arrive  at  its  full  size,  till  the 


i  suppose  is  a  variety  of  the  Runt. 
The  Nun. 
Thi3  little  pigeon  attracts  great  notice  from  the 
pleasing  contrast  in  its  feathers.  Its  head  is  al- 
most covered  with  a  veil  of  white  feathers,  like 
the  top-not  foul,  which  gives  it  the  name  of  Nun. 
Its  body  is  chiefly  white;  its  head,  tail,  and  the 
six  flight  feathers  of  its  wings  should  be  red,  yel- 
low or  black;  and  they  an-  railed  according  to 
the  fact,  cither  red  headed,  yellow  headed,  or  black 
headed  Nuns.  Whenever  the  feathers  differ 
from  this  rule,  they  are  termed  faul-headed  or  foul- 
flighted,  as  the  case  may  be.  The  best  of  them 
have,,  however,  frequently  a  few  foul  feathers; 


bird  is  four  years  old.  Some  of  this  species  are 
ornamented  with  a  pretty  tuft  of  feathers  sprout- 
ing from  the  back  of  the  crown  of  its  head. 

There  are  many  other  varieties  of  Pigeons, 
such  as  the  Vploper,  the  Fntiback,  the  Lace,  the 
Finikin,  the  Turner,  the  Laugher,  the  Capu- 
chin, the  Spot,  the  Mawmct,  &c.  &c.  &c,  which 
.are  of  an  inferior  character,  and  are  termed  by 
Fanciers,  "  Toys  " — I  will  omit  their  description, 
and  conclude  by  a  few  hints  to  those  who  wish 
to  purchase  or  breed  these  beautiful  birds. 

In  the  first  place,  1  udvise  them  when  buying 
for  stock,  tp  beware  with   whom  they  deal.     It 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    FARMER. 

'  PRECAU  riON  IN  PLANTING  POTA- 
TOES.' 

Sir — In  reference  to  an  article  under  this  head, 
m  your  Farmer  of  Nov.  26,  I  state  an  experimenl 
of  my  own,  made  this  year,  which  presents  a  re- 
sult widely  at  variance  with  the '  experiments,' 
said  to  have  been  made  in  Holland. 

On  the  12th  of  July  last,  a  square  of  around  in 
my  garden,  which  had  borne  a  crop  of  peas,  was 
dug,  the  pea  vines  and  weeds  all  being  buried  m 
the  soil.  It  was  intended  for  another  crop,  but  on 
finding  the  seed  bad,  concluded  to  plant  it  with 
Potatoes.  As  we  had  been  sometime  diggin» 
j  our  early  potatoes,  the  old  ones  had  been  neglect- 
ed, and  had  white  roots,  and  tops  of  1  to  2  or  3 
feet  in  length,  lying  in  a  very  dry  cellar,  though, 
ion  examination,  the  bulbs  remained  pretty  hard 
and  sound.  On  planting,  I  put  in  1  potato  to  a 
lull,  whole,  my  usual  mode,  and  covered  them 
with  1  foot  of  earth,  so  that  the  surface  was  all 
level,  dressed  off  with  a  garden  rake,  left  white- 
ned with  quick  lime.  In  one  row,  I  put  the  pota- 
toes with  the  sprouts;  in  the  next,  only  the  pota- 
toes, having  [Milled  oft'  the  sprouts,  alternate,  and 
designated  them  by  stakes  at  one  end,  for  experi 
ment.  I  hoed  them  once,  hilled  up  a  little,  and 
on  the  15th  of  Nov.  dug  them,  very  carefully. — - 
The  crop  was  of  as  good  quality  as  I  ever  had, 
averaging  nearly  a  peck  to  a  hill,  and  alike, 
each  row,  except  that  the  white  potatoes,  the 
English  white,  yielded  most.  The  produce  was 
at  the  rate  of  10  bushels  toa  square  of  20  feet: 
another  square,  same  size,  planted  May  23,  but  of 
the  black  rusty  coat,  from  Nova  Scotia,  a  very 
superior  bulb,  yielded  but  8  bushels.  In  this  ex- 
periment, the  tops  were  much  more  numerous^ 


Vol.  1.— No.  50. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


from  the  seed  planted  with  its  long  shoots  on,  and 
smaller:  the  tops  from  the  other  seed,  came  up 
singly,  few  in  nam  ier,  and  uncommonly  large, 
like  asparagus,  in  a  rich  old  bed.  Better  potatoes, 
I  never  saw. 

While  on  this  subject  let  me  commend  your  ob- 
servations, on  raising  potatoes,  which  my  own 
experience  satisfies  me  are  perfectly  just.  Moist 
land,  produces  the  driest  and  best  potatoes.  This 
I  have  longknown.  The  soil  of  my  Garden  is  very 
dry,  a  gravelly  loam.  In  order  to  get  dry  and 
mealy  potatoes,  and  a  good  crop,  I  plant  only 
when  the  ground  is  wanned  up  to  the  temperature 
■>f  quick  vegetation,  and  plant  deep  in  the  ground 
—too  deep  in  the  opinion  of  my  neighbors.  I 
always  get  good,  however,  and  they  escape  injury 
by  drought,  to  which  our  land  is  very  subject  — 
The  potatoes  that  grow  so  near  the  surface  as  to 
have  a  greenish  cast,  are  always  watery :  so,  com- 
pared with  those  that  lie  nearest  the  surface,  with 
(he  deepest  in  the  ground,  the  upper  are  always 
the  finest.  This  may  be  proved,  by  cooking 
some,  from  the  same  hill.  Few  people,  m  Irv 
•round,  plant  deep  -nough.         COLUMELLA. 

FOR  THE  GENESKS  FARMER. 

On  the  subject  of  '  Fall  Ploughing,'  my  own 
experience  condemns  that  practice,  having  tried 
it,  occasionally,  and  on  all  sorts  of  soils,  except 
tidy,  and  such  as  lie  on  hard-pans,  for  more  than 
30  years.  On  all  these,  the  practice  was  injurious 
to  the  land,  and  to  an  extent  more  than  equal  to  a- 
ny  gain  in  time.  I  mean  late  Fall  ploughing, 
you  will  observe,  intended  to  aid  in  the  work  of 
the  coming  spring.  I  have  tried  it  on  old  sord, 
in  meadows  that  required  breaking  up,  designed 
for  com,  on  parts  of  fields,  and  have  let  the  rest 
lie  till  spring,  by  way  of  experiment,  and  not 
once  or  twice  only,  but  many  times,  in  hopes  to 
destroy  worms,  and  the  result  has  always  dis- 
couraged the  practice.  I  have  discontinued  it, 
therefore,  and  yet  would  not  say  that  it  may  not 
succeed,  somewhere,  on  some  sorts  of  land.  If 
on  any,  it  must  on  clay,  which  needs  frost  to  pul- 
verize it. 

I  am  zealously  an  advocate,  however,  for  anoth- 
er sort  of  fall  ploughing,  and  for  another  pur- 
pose, on  which  subject  you  shall  hear  from  me 
some  time  in  the  course  of  the  present  winter. — 
That  is,  earCy  fall  ploughing,  and  asccond  crop, 
after  wheat  and  rye  harvest,  in  which,  compared 
with  our  common  mode,  there  is  room  for  im- 
mense improvement.  Experience,  is  a  safe  coun- 
sellor: I  shall  write  from  experience.  It  is  a  ve- 
ry pleasant  employment  in  long  winter  evenings, 
to  review  the  work  of  tilt:  past  summer,  and  from 
the  records  of  experience,  to  state  facts  and  results, 
for  our  agricultural  Journals,  thus  holding  con- 
verse with  our  brother  Farmers.  We  thus  meet, 
in  social  absence,  and  converse  most  profitably. 
Yours,         AMERICA  N  US. 

Ed-stun.  Pa.  Dec  2,  1831. — A  sptcime/i  of 
utn  Boston  Farmer. — Our  neighbor   Tnomas 
Sebiig,  raised  oil"  of  7  acres  of  land  in  one 
year  the  following  produce: 
8>  Bushels  of  Wheat, 
190         "        "  Corn, 
40         "        "  Buckwheat, 
120         "        "  Potatoes, 
80         "        "  Turnips, 
4  Tons         "  Hay, 
15  Loads       "  Pumpkins, 
25  Weeks  Pasture  for  4  Cows 


39? 


MAJOR  KIRBV'S  ADDRESS. 
(Concluded  from  page  391.) 

One  of  the  mosl  serious  evils  to  which 
the  farmer  is  exposed,  is  the  fluctuation  of  the 
market  lor  the  products  of  his  labor.  This 
will  ever  be  the  case  while  we  are  dependent, 
lor  the  disposal  of  our  surplus,  upon  the  pol- 
icy or  the  wants  of  foreign  countries.  A  stea- 
dy maiket,  at  remunerating  prices,  is  all  we 
ask,  and  this,  in  legard  to  one  of  our  most 
valuable  staples,  we  have  now  a  right  to  count 
upon. 

Piotecting  duties  upon  wool  and  its  man- 
ufactures have  stood  the  test  of  experience. 
Both  the  wool  grower  and  the  manufacturer, 
are  prospering  under  them,  while  they  ope- 
rate injuriously  upon  no  part  ol  the  country, 
nor  upon  any  class  of  community,  inasmuch 
as  the  fabric  of  wool  canoe  purchased  at 
lower  pi  ices  than  they  could  before  these  du- 
ties were  imposed."  Having  been  adupti  d 
deliberately,  and  operating  beneficially,  we 
may  reg  ird  thein  as  part  of  the  settled  poli- 
cy of  die  country. 

The  domestic  supply  of  wool  is  yet  below 
the  demand,  and  notwithstanding  the  high 
duties,  large  importations  are  constantly 
made.  These  will  continue  several  years,  in- 
suring to  the  wool  grower  a  liberal  puce. 
But  when  a  full  supply  shall  be  produced  in 
the  country,  and  importations  cease,  compe- 
tition win  regulat.  production,  and  it  will 
continue  to  bear  a  fair  price. 

There  is  no  part  of  the   country    better  a- 
dapted  to  the  raising  of  sheep  than  this.  From 
the  best    information,   it  appears    that   our 
sheep  winter  as  well,  or  better,  than  they  do 
in  any  of  the  extensive  wool    growing  coun 
tries.  The  dest.ociive  maladies,  which  some 
times  sweep  off  whole  flocks    in  Europe,  are 
unknown  among  us.     There  is  no  stock  that 
multiplies  more   rapidly  than  this,  an:'   none 
in  ire  readily  less  leduced       VVe  may  beai  in 
mind  also,    that  no  other  stock  is  better  cal 
ciliated  to  promote    the  fertility   of  the  soil 
Every   thing   then    invites  attention  to    this 
branch  of  husbandry,  and  no  farm  should  be 
without  a  flock  of  line   wooled  sheep. 

Ol  the  various  breeds  of  sheep  to  be  found 
in  the  country, tne  Saxon  is  in  highest  lepute, 
and  its  wool  brings  the  highest  price  in  mar 
ket.  The  extensive  importations  of  Saxon 
sheep,  duiing  the  last  few  years,  place  them 
within  the  reach  of  every  larmei.and  bucks  of 
full  blood,  and  of  every  grade  of  mixture, 
may  be  "procured  without  going  out  of  the 
county.  These  animals  thrive  in  our  cli- 
mate without  any  extraordinary  attention, 
and  crossed  with  our  common  sheep,  much  of 
ihe  li..e  fleece  of  the  saxony,  is  combined  with 
the  laigei  and  more  vigorous  carcass  of  our 
native    breed. 

Nothing  marks  m  re  strikingly  the  pro- 
gress in  agricultural  science,  than  the  de- 
gree of  attention  which  is  paid  to  gardens 
and  fruit.  The)  constitute  a  thermometer, 
by  which  tojudge  the  character  of  the  farmer. 

"A  bale  of  coarse  woollen  cloths  was  recently 
imported  into  Charleston.  S.  C  ,  from  England, 
and  the  payment  of  the  duties  refused,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  testing  the  co  •siitutiouality  of  a  protecting 
tariff,  before  the  legal  tribunal 

It  is  slated  in  a  Charlesion  paper,  that  the  actual 
cost  of  that  cloth  inclu.img  freight,  insurance  Atc.| 
hut  exclusive  of  duties,  was  sixty-two  cents  perj 
yard.  It  was  sold  at  Charleston,  "at  the  fair 
market  value,"  sixty-eight  cenls  per  yard.  From 
which  it  would  appear,  dial  the  domestic  manufac- 
ture ol  such  goods,  has  so  reduced  the  market' 
price,  thai  the  foreign  article  cannot  be  imported,  J 
EVBsrnEEor  norv,  and  yield  a  reasonable  pro.! 
ft, 


\ttached  to  every  farm  house,  there  should 
be  a  neatly  cultivated  garden,  with  a  com- 
partment allotted  to  vegetables,  another  to 
choice  fruit,  and  a  third  to  shrubbery  and 
flowers,  which  last  should  he  under  the  ex- 
clusive direction  ol  the  female  part  of  the 
family.  This  may  be  attained  without  any 
interference  with  the  Ordinary  work  of  the 
faun,  and  besides  being  a  great  ornament, 
would  constitute  a  source  of  substantial  en- 
joyment, to  all  the  inmates  of  the  house.  A 
liule  attention  to  the  garden,  loads  the  table 
of  the  laboring  man  with  the  choicest  deli- 
cacies of  the  vegetable  world,  supplying  at 
once  a  cheap  and  wholesome  diet  ;  and  affor- 
ding a  delightful  retreat  foi  the  family  in  the 
hours  of  relaxation  from  w  rk. 

In  thee.nly  stages  of  the  settlement  of  the 
county,  attention  was  mainly  directed  to  pro- 
vide the  necessaries  of  life,  and  an  almost  to- 
tal disregard  of  its  refinenienis  and  delicacies 
prevailed.  Hence  it  is,  that  our  farms  and 
gardens  are  so  scantily  slocked  wiih  fruit 
trees.  Public  attention  however,  is  awake- 
ning to  this  deficiency;  as  the  nnmeious 
young  and  thrifty  oichards  in  every  direc- 
tion, testify  ;  but  upon  this  subject  much  re- 
mains to  be  done ;  for  it  is  not  sufficient  to 
plant  orchards  of  seedling  trees,and  then  leave 
them  to  the  sole  care  of  nature,  to  he  over- 
run with  grass,  moss,  and  shoots  from  the 
roots  ;  or  to  be  browsed  by  cattle,  and  final- 
ly to  become  black  hearted  and  die  of  pre- 
mature old  age.  Young  fruit  trees  require 
is  much  attention  as  young  corn,  to  pies  rve 
them  in  a  healthy  state.  Theground  should 
lie  manured  and  kept  loose  around  the  roots, 
in  order  to  give  them  an  opportunity  to  ex- 
pand and  impart  vigor  to  the  stock.  They 
should  be  carefully  pruned,  at  the  proper 
reason,  which  in  this  climate,  is  not  till  af- 
ter the  leaf  begins  to  open  in  the  spring  ;  and 
finallv.  if  not  already  done  in  the  nursery, 
they  should  be  grafted  or  inoculated,  with 
choice  varieties,  so  as  to  supply  the  table 
through  the  various  seasons  of  the  year. 

There  are  several  nurseries  in  the  county, 
especially  that  of  Mr.  Ilepp,  in  Le  Ray, 
from  which  good  selections,  of  grafted  fruit, 
may  be  made:  we  may  also  lesort,  witii 
great  facility,  to  the  excellent  nursery  of 
Judge  Buel,  at  Albany,  which  is  situated  in 
a  climate  not  unlike  our  own,  and  trees  from 
them  succeed  admirably  here.  This  nurse- 
ry has  been  formed  tinder  the  care  of  a  gen- 
tleman distinguished  for  scientific  and  prac- 
tical attainments,  who  has  been  at  infinite 
pains  in  collecting,  both  from  Europe  and  A- 
merica.  tne  most  valuable  varieties  of  every 
kind  of  fruit,  suited  to  the  climate.  These 
can  be  procured  from  him,  upon  the  most 
reasonable  terms;  and  by  means  of  the  Erie 
and  Oswego  canals,  may  be  brought,  at  a 
trifling  expense,  into  the  centre  of  the  coun- 
ty, without  any  of  the  damage  arising  from 
land  carriage. 

VVe  may  now  name  the  grape  among  our 
most  sure  and  productive  fruits.  It  is  hut 
little  more  than  four  years  since  the  foieign 
varieties  of  this  excellent  fruit  were,  through 
the  instrumentality  of  your  President,  intro- 
duced to  any  considerable  extent,  into  the 
county;  and  this  year  the  crop  is  most  a- 
hundant  wherever  those  vines  were  dissem- 
inated. Oui  warmest  acknowledgments  are 
due  to  that  gentleman,  for  the  enlightened 
and  persevering  zeal,  with  which  he  has  ad- 
vocated this  culture,  contending  against  in- 
difference and  prejudice,  till  a  high  degree 
of  success  has  ci owned  the  effort, 


398 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  17,  1831;' 


I  am  not  so  sanguine  as  some,  who  sup- 
pose that  we  shall  at  once  enter  upon  the  bu- 
siness of  making  wine  :  this  may  follow. — 
But  I  regard  the  grape  as  a  most  valuable 
acquisition  to  our  table  fruits.  It  is  as  easy 
of  cultivation  as  the  currant,  with  a  little 
additional  care  in  trimming,  pruning,  and 
laying  down  the  vines,  all  of  which  opera- 
tions will  not  occupy  time  enough  to  be  taken 
into  the  account.  Of  tlie  numerous  varie- 
ties of  native  and  foreign  grapes,  in  bearing 
in  the  county,  all  have  uniformly  remained 
unaffected  by  blight  or  mildew,  which  prove 
so  destructive  to  most  of  the  foreign  varie- 
ties, in  many  parts  o'  the  country.  This  we 
probably  owe  to  some  peculiarity  in  our  soil, 
or  climate,  hitherto  unexplained.* 

On  land  recently  cleared,  the  stumps  form 
a  serious  obstacle  to  cultivation.  They  occu- 
py a  considerable  portion  of  the  ground,  and 
are  exceedingly  unsightly.  The  common 
hard  wood  stumps,  forming  the  mass  of  our 
forests,  decay  and  disappear  in  a  few  years, 
but  the  pine  and  hemlock,  with  their  roots 
spread  wide  upon  the  surface,  remain  for  a- 
ges  a  great  annoyance  to  the  ploughman  : 
their  removal,  therefore,  is  worthy  of  serious 
consideration.  Pratt's  Stump  Extractor, 
provides  the  means  of  getting  rid  of  them  at 
comparatively  little  expense,  and  by  con- 
verting them  into  fences,  where  they  will 
answer  a  useful  purpose  for  years,  they  are 
made  themselves  to  repay  the  expense  of  re- 
moval. 

I  estimate  that  two  hundred  and  forty  such 
stumps,  prevent  the  plough  from  taking  ef- 
fect upon  an  acre  of  ground.  With  the  a- 
bove  machine,  they  may  be  taken  entirely 
Out  of  the  earth,  with  all  their  roots,  at  twelve 
and  a  half  cents  each  ;  and  they  may  be  re- 
moved to  the  borders  of  the  field,  and  formed 
i  nto  a  fence  for  as  much  more.  Placed  up- 
on their  sides  contiguous  to  each  other,  they 
at  once  form  a  barrier  against  horses  and 
cattle,  and  by  trimming  in  the  straggling 
foots,  they  may  readily  be  made  good  against 
sheep  and  swine.  Two  stumps  will  make  a 
rod,  and  the  fence  is  better  looking,  and  oc- 
cupies less  ground  than  the  common  rail 
fence.  Thus  then,  if  this  estimate  be  true, 
which  I  have  reason  to  believe  to  be  so,  from| 
recent  inquiry  in  the  county  of  Washington,  I 

*The  adaptation  of  our  soil  and  climate  to  the 
production  of  the  grape  is  now  placed  beyond  a 
doubt,  by  the  uniform  success  which  has  attended 
the  culture  of  numerous  native  and  foreign  vane 
ties,  in  almost  every  kind  of  soil  and  expositi  n,  in 
all  parts  of  the  count}- ;  as  well  of  the  foreign  vari- 
eties, introduced  from  the  nurseries  at  Albany  and 
New  York,  as  of  those  imported  directly  from 
France  by  Mr  Le  Ray  de  Cliauniont  and  distribu- 
ted gratuitously  among  the  members  ol  the  society. 
Of  these  last,  a  vine,  the  meunier,  in  Major 
Brown's  garden  in  Brownville,  a  cutting  four  years 
ago,  produced  two  hundred  fine  clusters  last  year, 
and  more  than  three  hundred  this  season.  General 
Lawrence  of  Brownville  presented  to  Mr.  Le 
Ray,  thirty  nine  beautiful  clusters  from  a  vine  in 
his  garden  of  those  distributed  and  planted  last  yeai  - 
Among  the  great  variety  exhibited  upon  the  day  of 
the  Fair,  all  of  which  were  perfectly  ripe  and  of 
delicious  flavor,  were  several  clusters  of  the  white 
sweet  water,  weighing  more  than  a  pound  each, 
from  vines  in  Judge  Ten  Evck's  garden  at  Water- 
town,  planted  but  two  years  ago.  Clusters  of  while, 
black,  and  purple  grapes  were  exhibited  from  the 
garden  at  Le  Kaysvillc ;  some  the  produe  of  a 
vine  planted  three  years  ago,  which  gave  several 
clusters  the  very  first  year,  more  the  second,  -mil 
on  Wise  than  fifty  six  this  season.  in  Europe,  vines 
rarely  bear  the  first  year,  hut  when  they  do  they 
fail  the  second  year.  None  of  these  vines  are 
trained  against  walls.  Doctor  Guthrie  of  SaeketS 
jBarhoi  one  of  the  most  successful  cultivators  of 
the  grape  in  the  county,  contemplates  goiug  cx,ten- 
3tYeI}>  into  the  vineyard  culture  of  the  vine. 


where  this  machine  is  in  full  operation,  and 
where  the  stumps  form  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon kinds  of  fence ;  for  sixty  dollars,  an  a- 
creof  land  may  be  brought  into  use  in  our 
best  fields,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  rods  of 
good  fence  constructed,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
great  embellishment  the  farm  will  receive  by 
the  operation. 

A  great  benefit  derived  from  our  institu- 
tions, and  one  best  calculated  to  perpetuate 
them,  is  a  general  diffusion  of  intelligence 
among  the  laboring  classes  througl)  the  press. 
By  this  means,  all  the  operations  ol  govern- 
ment are  made  to  pass  in  review  before  us. — 
Within  a  few  years,  several  papers  have 
been  established,  in  different  parts  of  the 
country,  devoted  exclusively  to  the  interests 
of  our  vocation,  marking  distinctly,  a  new 
era  in  the  agriculture  of  the  country.  It  is 
no  longer  considered  a  pursuit  adapted  to  the 
meanest  capacity,  to  be  embraced  by  those 
only,  who  cannot  obtain  a  livelihood  by  any 
other  means.  Men  of  capital  and  education, 
are  devoting  themselves  I  it,  and  having  be- 
come familiar  with  its  details,  they,  through 
this  channel,  shed  the  lights  of  science  upon 
our  path,  and  place  our  profession  upon  its 
true  elevation. 

Among  the  most  efficient  agents  in  this 
good  work,  are  the  New  England  Farmer, 
published  at  Boston,  the  Genesee  Farmer, 
at  Rochester,  and  the  New-York  Farmer,  at 
New-York.  These  papers  are  filled  with 
valuable  information  upon  all  the  details  of 
husbandry  and  domestic  economy,  and  form 
a  cheap  mode  of  conveying  instruction  up- 
on the  operations,  from  which  we  draw  our 
subsistenc  .  Experiments  upon  various 
modes  of  culture  are  detailed  with  accuracy 
which  enables  us  to  embrace  improvements 
with  confidence;  while  we  are  warned  a- 
gainst  failures.  They  contain  also  ample 
directions  for  the  management  of  fruit  trees  ; 
a  subject  upon  which  we  are  singularly  defi- 
cient. 

Three  bushels  of  wheat  will  pay  the  year- 
ly subscription  to  either  of  these  papers,  and 
would  form  a  judicious  exchange  for  the 
farmer,  for  1  think  that  no  one  can  habitual- 
ly read  one  of  them,  without  deriving  in- 
struction from  it  to  ten  times  the  value  of  its 
|  cost. 

Prudence,  perhaps,  admonishes  me  not  to 
approach  a  subject,  which    has  been  hereto- 
fore repeatedly  urged  upon  your  notice  from 
this    place,  without  awakening  that  interest 
which  its  importance  demands.     But,  when 
]  I  recollect   to   what  slight  circumstances,  we 
owe  the   introduction   of  some  of  the  most 
I  valuable  staples  of  the  country,  I  am  encour- 
laged   to  make   a  few  remarks  upon  the  silk 
I  worm  ;  a  culture  which  bids  fair,   at  no  dis- 
tant day,  to  afford  employment  to  a  numer- 
ous class  of  our  population. 

The  thrifty  appearance  of  several  young 
nurseries  of  the  white  mulberry,  which  fur- 
nishes the  food  of  the  silk  worm,  shows  that 
the  tree  may  be  cultivated  among  us,  without 
difficult;  ;  and  a  successful  experiment  this 
season,  by  the  President  of  the  society,  in 
rearing  the  worm,  removes  the  only  doubt 
that  the  business  may  be  made  a  source  of 
profit  to  every  man,  who  has  room  for  a  few 
mulberry  trees.  The  cocoons  produced  in 
the  United  States,  have  been  pronounced  su- 
perior to  those  of  Europe,  and  those  produ- 
ced by  Mr.  Le  Ray  de  Chaumont  are  be- 
lieved to  be  equal  to  any  in  the  country. 

The  management  of  the  silk  worm  is  per 
fectly  simple,  occupying  but  a  few  weeks  in 


the  spring,  and  all  the  labor  may  be  perform- 
ed by  females,  by  the.  aged,  and  by  children. 
It  is  asserted  by  one  of  our  distinguished 
countrymen,  now  in  the  Mediterranean,  and 
who  is  preparing  a  digest  of  a  "very  simple 
mode  of  cultivating  the  silk  worm,  and  pre- 
paring the  silk,  adapted  in  the  most  simple 
form  to  the  use  of  families,  that  its  cultiva- 
tion is  not  as  troublesome  as  the  cultivation 
of  flax,  and  infinitely  more  certain  and  pro- 
fitable."* He  remarks,  you  will  be  surprised 
at  the  simplicity  of  all  the  means  of  obtain- 
ing silk,  and  of  the  little  trouble  attending  it. 
But  facts  make  a  stronger  appeal  to  the 
understanding  than  arguments.  It  is  stated 
in  the  New  England  Farmer,  that  the  town 
of  Mansfield  in  Connecticut  alone,  has  pro- 
duced this  season,  five  tons  of  silk,  worth  in 
market,  eighty -five  thousand  dollars.  The 
rich  source  of  wealth  is  within  our  reach, 
with  little  other  effort,  than  to  plant  the  mul- 
berry tree  ;  which  is  as  easy  of  cultivation  as 
the  apple  tree. 

This  culture  recommends  itself  to  our  no- 
tice in  a  peculiar  manner.     In  older  parts  of 
the  country,  especially  in  some  of  the  New 
England  States,   it  has    already    become  a 
question  of  public  discussion,  how  the  daugh- 
ters of  a   numerous  class  of  farmers,  are  to 
ji  find  employment,  which  shall  prevent  their 
j|  growing  up  in  idleness,  a  burden  to  their  pa- 
jj  rents,  on  the  one  hand  ;  or  going  out  to  ser- 
vice in   the  families   of  their    more  wealthy 
i|  neighbors,   on    the    other.        The   spinning 
wheel  and  the  loom,  have  until  lately  afford- 
ed   occupation   for  that   class ;  but   the  im- 
provements   in    machinery,  by    which     the 
woolen  manufacture  is  at  present   prosecu- 
ted, and  the  extensive   substitution  of  cotton 
stuffs  for  woolen,  in  household  use,  throw  fe- 
male  labor   out    of  competition.     The  cul- 
ture of  silk  seems  to  afford  the  desideratum 
required  ;   for   the    whole   operation    may  be 
performed  by  female  labor,  and  that  too  with 
such  facility,  that  a  single  female  may,  in  a 
few   weeks,  without  extraordinary  exertion, 
produce  silk  to  the  amount  of  a  hundred  dol- 
lars. 

The  appropriate  education  and  employ- 
ment of  females,  in  all  tanks  of  life,  is  a 
concern  of  the  highest  importance  ;  for  pre- 
cisely upon  these  two  circumstances,  does 
her  usefulness  depend.  Among  barbarous 
nations,  woman  is  reduced  to  the  level  of  the 
beasts  of  burden ;  and  among  some  of  the 
people  of  the  old  world,  she  is  denied  the 
common  attribute  of  humanity  ;  with  both, 
she  derives  from  man  merely  that  degree  of 
consideration  and  protection,  which  he  ex 
t  mis  to  his  other  property.  It  is  only  under 
the  christian  dispensation,  that  she  rises  to 
the  full  enjoyment  of  her  just  rank,  and 
participation  in  the  concerns  of  life.  The 
customs  of  society,  having  a  just  regard  <o 
that  refinement  and  delicacy,  which  attach 
to  the  female  character,  and  constitute  its 
greatest  charm,  have  excluded  her  from  oc- 
cupations deemed  peculiarly  masculine  : 
from  participation  in  the  business  of  legis- 
lation and  government;  from  exercising  the 
function  of  public  teachers  of  our  holy  re- 
ligion ;  and  from  the  labors  of  our  field. — 
But  in  the  domestic  circle  she  shines  pie-em- 
inent.  There  she  erects  her  throne,  and 
from  it  silently  influences  the  affairs  of  men. 
Encouraged  by  her  smiles,  we  are  stimula- 
ted to  the  performance  of  oni  best  actions. 
Much  of  the  prosperity  enjoyed  by  one  soci- 
ety, may  be  ascribed  to  the  zeal  with  which 
"Com.  P.  ieitQis. 


Vol.  1.— No.  50. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


399 


Ihe  objects  of  out  institution  have  been  pro- 
moted by  the  fair  daughters  of  Jefferson 
county.  They  have  entered  into  a  spirited 
competition  for  our  premiums,  upon  the  va- 
rious articles  of  household  manufacture,  that 
most  valua  le  and  fertile  source  of  national 
wealth  ;  and  above  all,  they  have  uniformly, 
as  upon  the  present  occasion,  cheered  us  by 
their  presence  at  our  anniversary  meetings. 
While  such  continues  to  be  the  case,  our  so- 
ciety will  be  perpetuated  and  its  benefits  will 
be  diffused. 


CIDER. 

To  Bottk  Cider. — To  refine  and  improve 
the  flavor  of  one  hogshead,  take  a  gallon  of 
good  French  brandy  with  naif  an  ounce  of 
cochineal,  one  pound  of  allum,  and  three 
pounds  of  sugar  candy:  bruise  them  all  well 
in  a  mortar,  and  infuse  them  in  the  brandy 
for  a  day  or  two,  then  mix  the  whole  with 
your  cider,  and  stop  it  close  for  five  or  six 
months,  after  which,  if  fine,  bottle  it  off.— 
The  brandy  will  prevent  the  bottles  from 
bursting. 

To  restore  Soitr  Cider — If  cider  gets  sour, 
mix  a  quart  of  honey  with  a  quart  of  bran- 
dy or  pure  spirits,  to  which  add  a  little  salt 
of  tartar,  all  mixed  together,  and  put  into 
the  cask  of  cider. 

To  refine  and  purify  Cider. — When  the 
juice  of  apples  has  not  been  well  purified,  it 
soon  corrupts  :  the  dregs  which  remain  mix- 
ed with  the  liquor,  being  small  pieces  of  the 
apples  which  give  the  cider  an  unpleasant 
rotten  taste.  In  order  to  purify  it,  use  isin- 
glass finings ;  and  to  prevent  the  cider  from 
growing  sour,  put  a  little  mustard  seed  in 
it. 

To  cure  Cider  which  is  pricked — To  pre- 
vent cider  from  becoming  pricked,  or  to  cure 
■when  it  is  so,  put  a  little  pearl-ash  or  other 
mild  akali  into  the  cask.  A  lump  of  chalk, 
broken  in  pieces,  and  thrown  in,  is  also  very 
good.  Salt  of  tartar,  when  the  cider  is  a- 
boutto  be  used,  is  also  recommended. 

To  refine  Cider  and  give  it  a  fine  Amber 
color. — Take  the  whites  of  six  eggs,  with  a 
handful  of  fine  beach  sand  washed  clean 
stir  them  well  together,  then  boil  a  quart  of 
molasses  down  to  a  candy,  and  cool  it  by 
.pouring  in  cider,  and  put  it  together  with 
the  eggs  and  sand  into  a  barrel  of  cider,  and 
mix  the  whole  well  together.  When  thus 
managed,  it  will  keep  for  many  y>ars.  Mo- 
lasses alone  will  also  refine  cider,  and  give  it 
a  higher  color,  but  to  prevent  the  molasses 
from  causing  the  cider  to  prick,  let  an  equal 
quantity  of  brandy  be  put  in  with  it.  Skim- 
med milk  with  some  lime  slaked  in  it  and 
mixed  with  it,  or  with  the  white  of  eggs  with 
the  shells  broken  in.  is  also  good  for  clarify- 
ing cider,  and  all  other  liquors,  when  with 
them ;  a  piece  of  fresh  bloody  beef  cut  into 
small  pieces,  and  put  into  the  cask,  will  al- 
so refine  the  liquor,  and  serve  it  for  to  feed 
on. — N.  F,.  Farmer. 


191536 

112,866 

50.000 

8,750.000 

150.0H0 


Iron  Manufacture. — The  committee  upon 
the  manufacture  of  Iron,  have  made  their 
report  to  Mr.  Niles,  chairman  of  the  p  esent 
committee.  The  report  is  of  great  length, 
and  is  accompanied  by  many  tabular  state- 
ments, illustrative  of  the  subjects.  The  fol- 
lowing statements  are  published,  in  advance 
in  the  Register. 
The  aggret;'ae   pi  Iron    manufactured,   if 

rendered  tn  pigs,  would  be  (tons) 
The  amount  ol  liar  Iron  made,  (ions) 
Men  employed,  about  (number) 
Amountof  wages  paid    (dolLri) 
Persons  subsisted,  (number) 
Value   ol  the   nmnuiacture  in    its  first 

stages,  (dollars)  13,550,000 

Paid  for  traa»porlation  of  Iron,  by  land 

and  water,  (dollars)  1,500.000 

Paid  (directly)  lo  agriculturists  for  sub- 

instance,  (dollars.  4,000  O00 

The  latter  sum  allows  #26,66  for  the  an- 
nual subsistence  of  each  person,  and  includes 
the  value  and  subsistence  of  the  horses  em- 
ployed. The  number  of  persons  employed, 
as  above  stated,  includes  only  those  at  the 
forges  and  furnaces  The  editor  of  the  Re- 
gister calculates  the  agricultural  produce 
consumed  by  those  engaged  in  the  Iron  busi- 
ness, in  ihe  United  States,  equals  the  whole 
value  of  flour  exported  to  foreign  countries. 

Ice  Houses. — A  writer  in  the  N.  E.  Far- 
mer ,  gives  the  following  directions   for  the 


New  Species  of  Elm  Tree. — Mr.  David 
Thomas  describes,  in  Sillman  s  American 
Journal  for  18.-S0,a  new  species  of  elm,  un- 
der the  name  of  rJlmus  racemosa.  Its  spe- 
cific characters  are,  flowers  in  racemes;  pe- 
dicles in  distinct  fascicles,  united  at  their  ba- 
ses. It  is  a  tree,  and  its  lower  branches 
have  irregular  corky  excrescences.  It  is  a 
native  of  Cayuga  county,  in  the  state  of  New- 
York,  and  of  the  adjacent  country—^o^on 
Literary  Gazette, 


construction  of  an  Ice  House  : 

I  have  an  ice  house   which  is  built  on  a 
gravelly  knell.     I  dug  a  pit,  say  from  8  to  12 
inches  larger  than  1  intended  the  frame,  and 
about  8  feet  below  the  surface,  and  yvith  the 
gravel,  which  came  out  of  the  pit,  I  raised  it 
about  2  feet.     My  frame  was  10  feet  long,  8 
feet  wide,  and    10  feet   deep.     1  planked  it 
up  with  %  inch   hemlock  planks,  and   filled 
the  space  on  the  outside,   which  was  from  8 
to  12  inches,  with   tan,  rammed  it  down  as 
fast  as  I  planked  it  up  till  I  came  to  the  top 
of  the  frame.     I  then  put  on    rafters  of  joist 
4  or  5  inches  square,  and  lined  them  and  fil- 
led the  space  with  tan,  as  tight  as  it  could  be 
rammed  in,  and  then  shingled  the  roof.  The 
ends  were  boarded  up,  with   a  door    at  each 
end,  for  the  convenience  of  filling  the  house. 
My  house  holds  about  6  cords.     I  fill  it  with 
square  pieces  of  ice,  as  close  as  I  can  pack 
them.     I  put  nothing  between  the  layers  of 
ice,  nor  on    the    sides,   nor  do  I  break   any 
in  pieces  to  fill  up  the  spaces  except  broken 
pieces  that  will  not  make   good  stowage.     I 
have  filled  the  house  to  the  top  of  the  frame. 
I  then  fill  the  roff  with  shavings,    and  ram 
them  down  as  tight  as  I  can.     I  have  no  dif- 
ficulty in  keeping  my  ice,  and  have  spared 
as  much  as  we  have  used,  and  have  often  ice 
in  the  house,   when  we  clear   it  for  filling  a- 
fresh.  1  think  shavings  are  better  than  straw 
as  they  will  not  rot  as  soon  by  the  dampness 
I  go  to  the  house  at  any  time  of  day,  when  ice 
is  wanted.  My  ice  house  has  no  drains  to  it 
Under  the  plank  at  the  bottom  I  rounded  out 
a  place  lengthwise,  about  a  foot  deep  sloping 
towards  the  middle  like  an  egg,   cut  in  two 
lengthwise,   which  I  think  is  sufficient  to  re- 
ceive all  the  water  that  will  waste  from  the 
ice." 


History  of  Georgia. — A  committee  in  the  Leg- 
islature of  Georgia  have  recommended  an  appro- 
priation of  $15,000,  to  enable  an  agent  to  proceed 
to  England  and  obtain  facts  and  documents  from 
the  English  Archives,  which  touch  on  the  early 
history  of  Georgia,  with  a  view  to  the  compilation 
of  a  history  of  that  state.  Dr.  A.  Jones  is  con- 
templated as  the  agenfi 


ril'ENl    ZJ.SC  HOLLOW  WARE, 
|t/rANUFACl'UREO  bvJoim  Westfield  & 
lVX  Co.,  No.  163,  Aiolt  street,  New- York. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  No.  3,  Buffalo  street, 
Rochester,  having  been  appointed  agents  lor  the 
sale  of  the  above  ware,  are  now  receiving  an  uddi* 
tional  supply,  which  they  oner  for  sale  at  the  man- 
ufacturers' price. 

This  ware  will  be  found  not  materially  to  exceed 
in  price  Tin  and  Iron ;  yet  as  durable  as  Iron,  not 
subject  to  rust ,  giving  the  article  cooked  or  kept  in 
it  no  unpleasant  taste,  not  containing  in  itself,  nor 
forming  with  the  materials  cooked  in  it,  any  dele» 
terious  properities,  as  do  Copper,  Brass  or  Lead. 

Zinc  Kettles,  for  cooking  Rice,  Hoinmin y ,  and 
all  kinds  Sweet  Meats,  will  be  found  well  adapt- 
ed, neither  discoloring,  nor  varying  the  Havor  of 
the  substance  cooked;  for  these  purposes,  and  to 
avoid  the  corrosions  of  Copper,  Brass  and  Lead,  it 
will  long  be  substituted  for  these  metals. 

Zinc  Pans  for  the  Dairy,  will  be  found  an  ob- 
ject worthy  of  attention  from  the  following  consi- 
derations ;  that  Milk  in  Zinc  Pans  of  the  same 
size,  will  produce  from  20  to  25  per  cent  more 
cream  or  butter,  and  that  of  superior  flavor  ;  will 
keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  of  hours,  af- 
fording the  cream  more  time,  besides  its  chyinical 
effect,  to  separate  from  the  milk,  (for  this  reason, 
cream  from  those  pans  will  not  admit  oi  being 
chorned  as  soon  as  that  from  other  pans,  in  as 
much  as  no  cream  should  be  churned  till  it  is 
soured,)  and  greatly  outlast  any  pans  in  use 

Zmc  Jars  and  Firkins  for  preserving  butter 
sweet  for  family  use,  possess  equally  superior  ad- 
vantage for  butter,  as  do  the  pans  for  milk.  Ex- 
periment and  results  sffely  warrant  the  above 
statement ;  and  the  orders  of  wholesale  and  retail- 
ing  merchants  as  well  as  those  of  families  and 
large  dairies  daily  supplying  from  different  parts 
of  the  country,  are  the  consequence  of  successful 
results  in  the  use  of  this  ware. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  with  Brick  Dust,  with 
Soap  and  Sand,  or  with  Hot  Ashes. 

Notice. — Letters  patent  for  manufacturing 
these  articles  exclusively  by  the  ^ubscribrrs,  hav- 
ing been  obtained,  we  would  advise  the  Public  a- 
gainst  any  encroachment  of  the  Patent  Right ; — 
and  the  person  who  shall  give  information  of  any 
violation  of  this  Patent  Right,  will  be  liberally  re- 
warded, by       JOHN  WESTFIELD  &  CO. 

The  following  recommendation  from  thespro 
prietor  of  one  of  the  largest  houses  of  Rqfreh 
ment  in  the  United  States,  mast  be  perfectly  sat- 
isfactory as  respects  the  utility  and  advantage  qj 
using  the  Zinc  Hollow  Ware 
To  J.  Westfield  &  Co. 

Gentlemen,  I  have,  for  some  time  past,  in 
my  establishment,  made  use  of  .jour  Hollow  Wares 
manufacturtdfrom  Zinc,  and  Ihave  no  hesita* 
lion  in  saying  that  they  completely  answer  my  ea;- 
pectations,  being  fully  as  durable  as  iron  or  cop* 
per,  and  not  as  easily  corroded  by  rust,  giving 
the  articles  cooked  in  them  no  unpleasant  taste, 
and  being  more  beautiful  in  appearance,  and 
much  more  easily  cleaned  than  utensils  manufac- 
tured from  any  other  metal  at  present  made  us* 
of  in  cooking  apparatus.  I  with  pleasure  recom- 
mend them  for  general  use,  and  have  no  doubt 
that  whoever  will  give  them  a  fair  trial  will  find 
that  they  fully  answer  his  expectations. 

STEPHEN  HOLT. 
We  have  also  received  the  following  recommen- 
dation from  Dr.  A.  G.  Hull. 

J.  Westfield  &  Co, 
Gentlemen, — With  great  pleasure  I  can  assure, 
you  of  my  entire  satisfaction,  as  to  the  superiority 
of  your    Zinc  Hollow  Ware,   for  the  purposes  of 
the  Diary  and  Kitchen, 

The  perfect  preservation  of  Milk  in  my  Diary 
during  the  wannest  days  of  the  past  season,  in* 
duces  me  to  give  yours  a  decided  preference  to  a- 
ny  others  previously  used,  and  recommend  them 
as  a  happy  combination  of  neatness  and  durabili- 
ty. Yours,  tf-c.  A.  G  HULL,  132  Fulton 
nov  23  street,  S'ew-  York. 


Comstock's  Elements  of  Chemisty, 

IN  which  the  recent  discoveries  in  the   science, 
are  included,  and  its  doctrines  familiarly  ex 
plained  :  illustrated  by  numerous  engravings,  and 
designed  for  the  use  of  schools  and  academies, 
ov  18    For  sale  by        JJoyt,  Porter  &Q 


400 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


Der  ember  17,  1831. 


NATIONAL  PR  (SPERITY. 

Extract  from  the  President's  Message,  Dec.  6. 
rne  representation  of  the  people  has  been  re- 
newed for  the  twenty  second  time  since  the  consti- 
tution they  formed  has  been  in  force,  for  near 
halt'  a  century,  the  chief  magistrates,  who  have 
been  successively  chosen  have  made  their  annual 
communications  of  the  state  olthe  nation  to  its  re- 
presentatives. Generally,  these  communications 
have  been  of  the  most  gratifying  nature,  testifying 
an  advance  of  all  the  improvements  of  social,  and 
all  the  securities  nl  political  life.  But  frequently. 
an  I  justly,  as  you  have  been  called  on  to  be  grate- 
ful for  the  bounties  of  Providence,  at  few  periods 
have  they  been  more  abun  antly  or  extensively 
bestowed  than  at  the  present:  rarely,  if  ever,  have 
we  had  greater  reason  to  congratulate  each  other 
on  the  continued  and  increasing  prosperity  of  our 
h'loved  country. 

Agriculture,  the  first  and  most  important  occu 
pation  of  man,  has  compensated  the  labors  of  the 
husbandman  with  plentiful  crops  of  ail  the  varied 
products  of  our  extensive  country.  Manufacto- 
ries have  been  estaolished,  in  which  the  funds  of 
the  capitalist  find  a  profitable  investment,  and 
woich  give  employment  and  subsistence  to  a  nu- 
merous and  increasing  body  of  industrious  and 
dexterous  mechanics.  The  laborer  is  rewarded 
by  high  wages,  in  the  construction  of  works  of  in- 
ternal improvement ;  which  arc  extending  with 
unprecedented  rapidity.  Science  is  steadily  pen- 
etrating the  recesses  of  nature  and  disclosing  her 
secrets,  w  lile  the  ingenuity  of  free  min  is  is  sub- 
jecting the  elements  to  the  power  of  man,  and 
making  each  new  coiquest  auxiliary  to  his  com- 
fort. r3y  our  mails,  whose  speed  is  regularly  in- 
cre  sed,  and  whose  routes  are  every  year  extend- 
ed, the  communication  of  public  intelligei.ee  and 
priv  ite  business  is  rendered  frequent  and  safe — the 
i  iti  •  mrse  between  distant  cities,  which  it  former- 
ly :•  'quired  weeks  to  accomplish,  is  now  effected  in 

>  lays;    md  in  the  construction  of  railroads, 

a"  I  the  application  of  steam  power,  we  havearea- 
so  i  ible  prospect  that  the  extreme  parts  of  our 
coil  ury  wilt  tie  so  much  approximated,  and  those 
most  isolated  by  tile  obstacles  of  nature,  rendered 
so  to,  sessible  as  to  remove  an  apprehension  some- 
ti  nes  entertained,  that  the  great  extent  of  the  Un- 
ion would  endanger  its  permanent  existence. 

If,  from  the  satisfactory  view  of  our  agriculture, 
manufactures,  an  I  internal  improvements,  we  turn 
to'th  state  of  our  navigation  and  trade  wi  h  foreign 
n  itions  and  between  the  States,  we  shall  scarcely 
fin  '  less  cause  for  gratulation.  A  beneficent  pro- 
vid  nee  ins  provided,  for  their  exercise  and  en- 
couragement, an  extensive  coast,  indented  by  ca- 
pacious  bays,  noble  rivers, inlin-l  se  is,  withacoun 
tr:  productive  of  ever,'  material  for  ship  building 
ami  every  commodity  for  gainful  commerce,  and 
filled  yvith  a  population,  activi  .  intelligent,  wellin- 
for.ned,  arid  fearless  of  danger.  1'hese  advantag- 
es are  not  neglected ,  and  an  impulse  has  lately 
In  en  given  to  commercial  enterprize,  which  fills 
out- ship  yards  yvith  rieyv  constructions,  encourages 
all  tile  arts  an  I  branches  of  industry  connected 
with  them  crowds  the  wharves  of  our  cities  with 
vessels,  and  covers  the  most  distant  seas  with  our 
canvass. 

"Let  us  be  grateful  for  these  blessings  to  the  be- 
neficent Being  who  has  conferred  them,  and  who 
suffers  U6  to  indulge  a  reasonable  hope  of  their 
continuance  and  extension,  while  we  neglect  nol 
the  me  ins  bv  which  they  may  be  preserved  If 
we  may  dare  to  judge  of  His  future  designs,  by 
the  n  inner  in  which  his  past  favors  have  been  be- 
stow I,  he  has  made  our  national  prosperity  todc- 
pend  on  the  preservation  of  our  liberties  ;  our  no 
tional  force  on  our  federal  union,  and  our  individu 
al  Happiness  on  the  maintenance  of  our  State 
tnd  wise  institutions.  If  we  are  prosperous 
at  home,  and  respected  abroad,  it  is  because  we 
are  free  nulled,  industrious,  and  obedient  to  the 
laws.  While  we  continue  so,  we  shall,  by  the 
blessing  of  Heaven,  goon  in  the  happy  career  we 
liave  begun,  and  which,  has  brought  us,  in  the 
short  period  of  our  political  existence,  from  a  pop- 
ulation of  three  to  thirteen  millions;  from  thirteen 
separate  colonics  to  twenty-four  United  States  : 
from  weakness  to  strength  :  from  a  rank  scarcely 
marked  in  the  scale  ef  ruit,i«ns  to  a  high  place  in 
their  respecj. 


Stuck  feeding  in  Ohio. — A  correspondent  li  rpfiE  GENES 
of  the  Scioia  [Ohio*)  Gazette,  lias  sent  to  ,  JL  ER'S  j0URS 
the  editor  of  that  paper  some  facts  relative 
to  •'  Stock  feeding,"  which  is  extensively 
carried  on  in  the  Sciota  Valley.  From 
these  ii  a|  pears  that  the  first  stock  or  store 
cattle  were  driven  to  an  Eastern  market  in 
the  year  1801,  and  the  trade  continued  sue 
cessfully  for  three  ye.irs.  It  was  soon  found 
that  theie  was  no  market  at  home  for  the 
surplus  grain  raised  iu  Ohio,  and  the  dis- 
tance too  gi eat  to  send  it  to  the  Eastward 
for  sale ;  in  consequc;..  e  of  which  a  citi- 
zen of  Clullicothe  determined  to  try  the  ex- 
periment of  fatting  c.ittle  at  home.  Sixty 
head  were  fed  in  the  year  1804,  and  the 
owner  drove  them  to  Baltimore,  ihe  nearest 
market,  and  to  Ins  great  astonishment  the 
project  proved  profitable.  The  succeeding 
year  from  two  to  three  hundred  weie  driven 
to  the  same  market.  In  1808,  a  drove  was 
sent  to  Philadelphia,  and  subsequently  oth- 
ers to  New- Yoi  k  and  Boston  ;  and  the  num- 
ber now  exported  from  the  Valley  alone 
amounts  to  ten  thousand  head  per  annum. 

The  cattle,  however,  are  not  all  raised  in 
Ohio;  more  than  half  of  them  are  collected 
from  different  parts  of  the  Western  States, 
the  difficulty  and  labor  of  which  are  exempli- 
fied in  the  following  paragraph  from  the  let- 
ter refened  to  : 

"Our  cattle  dealers  think  nothing  of 
mounting  their  horses  and  riding  two,  three, 
tour,  five,  six  and  seven  hundred  miles  in 
search  of  stock,  and  when  they  procure  and 
collect  a  drove,  following  them  for  months 
I  through  the  wilderness,  earning  their  pro- 
visions.on  pack  horses,  and  encamping  in 
the  woods  and  plain  est!  itil  thev  reach  here; 
[  then  graze,  or  feed  them,  and  proceed  with 
them  to  an  Eastern  maiket.  Thus  have 
cattle  been  purchased  at  the  Council  Bluffs, 
Up  the  Missouri,  driven  here  and  fed.  an 
then  sent  on  foot  to  Philadelphia.  New  York, 
ami  Boston  markets,  and  from  thence  ship- 
ped to  the  >\  est  Indies — the  entiie  opera- 
tion of  which  consuming  something  like 
three  years." 


Taliacotian  Operation  — This  operation 
which  his  hitherto  been  so  rare  in  this  conn 
try,  having  never,  we  believe,  until  a  few 
years  ago  introduced  by  Mr  Liston.  been 
known  in  Scotland,  seems  likely  to  become 
sufficiently  common.  VV  ituin  ihese  few  days 
two  patients  fa  man  and  a  woman)  have 
been  discharged  from  the  Edinburgh  In- 
firmary, and  another  will  short  I  \  be  dis- 
charged, in   whom  the    olfactory   organ  has 

jbeen  completely  renovated.  Another  fe- 
male, whose  nose  is  almost  en 1 1 1 el y  lost,  is  at 
present  under  treatment,  and  within  the  last 
few  months  three  more  have  had  different 
slighter  repairs  made    upon  their  nasal  pro- 

Itnberances.  The  materials  for  the  new 
nose,  as  our  medical  readers  will  be  aware, 
are  derived  from  the  forehead,  and  it  s  sur- 
prising as  it  is  pleasing  toobserve  how  rap- 
idly these,  at  fiist,  flexible  parts  become  con- 
solidated and  adapted  to  their  new  situation. 
The  whole  of  these  cases  have  been  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Liston,  who,  in  this  opera- 
tion, as  in  many  other  departments  of  sur- 
gery, has  introduced  considerable  improve- 
ments. Instead  of  taking  the  columna  or 
septum,  as  it  is  technically  called,  from  the 
furehead,  he  takes  it,  at  a  period  subsequent 
to  the  first  operation,  from  the  upper  lip — a 
practice  which,  we  believe,  surgeons,  now 
generally  allow,  has  considerable  advanta- 
ges.— Edinburgh  poprr. 


EE  FARMER  and  Garden* 
L.  TUCKER  &  Co..  Pub. 
lishers— N.  GOODSELL,  Editor. 

In  issuing  proposals  for  the  second  volume  of 
the  Farmer,  which  will  commence  on  die  first  of 
January,  1832,  the  Publishers  have  the  pleasure,  of 
stating  that  the  work  has  met  the  decided  appro- 
bation of  that  class  of  the  community  for  whom 
it  is  intended,  and  has  had  the  salutary  effect  of 
calling  out  many  writers,  whose  experience  would 
otherwise  have  been  unavailable;  and  they  are  ah 
so  induced  to  believe  it  has  been  the  means  of  a- 
wakening  many  of  our  Farmers  to  the  importance 
of  extending  their  information  upon  the  subject  of 
their  daily  pursuits,  and  convincing  them  of  the 
utility  and  necessity  of  a  paper  devoted  especially 
to  "the  till*  rs  of  the  ground."  The  public  pai  ers, 
and  the  judgment  of  many  of  our  most  enlight- 
ened husbandmen,  concur  m  the  opinion  that  Mr 
lioonsELi.,  the  Editor,  has  fulfilled  Ins  duties  widl 
such  ability,  as,  with  the  aid  of  his  correspondents, 
to  have  placed  the  Genesee  Farmer  on  a  level 
with  the  best  Agricultural  journals  of  our  coun- 
try. It  has,  as  yet,  enlisted  die  good  feelings  and 
contributions  of  but  a  small  part  of  that  portion  of 
our  agriculturists  who  are  well  qualified  to  imparl 
an  interest  and  value  to  its  columns.  We  shall, 
therefore,  commence  the  publication  of  the  second 
volume  with  tne  hope  and  the  assurance,  that  ma- 
il, names  will  be  added  to  the  list  of  contributors 
in  .he  course  of  another  year,  and  we  may  ven- 
ture to  predict  that  the  second  volume  will  at  least 
equal,  if  it  does  not  excel,  the  first. 

Its  leading  object  has  been, and  will  be,  to  impart 
that  information  which  will  tend  in  the  greatest, 
degree  to  the  improvement,  of  the  Agriculture, 
Horticulture,  and  Domestic  Economy,  of  our  conn, 
try. 

The  first  volume  can  be  supplied  to  all  new  sub 
scribers,  and  bound  in  «  neat  uiannei  to  such 
as  desire  it.  In  soliciting  the  patronage  of  the 
public,  and  especially  of  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural Societies,  we  ask  aid  no  further  than  an 
intelligent  farming  public  may  think  we  desen 

CONDITIONS— The  Farmer  is  printed  . 
ery  Saturday  in  a  quarto  form,  on  fine  paper  and 
fair  type,  with  a  Title  Page  and  Index,  making 
416  pages  a  year,  at  $-2  50,  payable  in  six  months, 
or      '    it  paid  in  advance. 

|j" Gentlemen  who  procure  five  subscribers, 
and  forward  the  payment  for  the  same,  will  be 
allowed  a  sixth  copy  gratis 

£j=-  No  Subscription  received  for  a  less  tenia 
ih.  ii  half  a  year — and  all  subscribers  to  com- 
mence on  first  of  January  or  July. 

LUTHER  TUCKER  &  CO. 

Rochester,  Dec.  1831 

(£3f»  Print)  rs  with  whom  we  exchange  are  re. 
quested  to  publish  the  above. 


Schuylkill  county  has  sent  upwaids  ol  80« 
00(K tons  of  coal  to  market— This  quantity 
would  require,  to  be  conven  d  on  a  turnpike, 
111.000  wagons,  10. 000  nun  and  160,000 
horses,  and  Would  load  2fi0  ships  of  300  tons 
burthen.  All  this  coal  was  mined  within  a 
circuit  of  eight  miles  round  Pottsville.  The 
coal  is  worth  in  the  ground,  on  the  average, 
bout  30  cents  per  ton,  and  was  purchased  by 
the  consumer  at  about  (5  doll  us  per  toil, 
whidi  would  amount  to  480,100  dollars.— 
1 1 7i  itnde/ph  ia  Chron  t'efe. 


tf&HB  <mmmmmm  fiiisi® 


u 


•h,,  j 


ROCHESTER,  DEC.  24,  1831. 


NO.  51. 


FUUIjISHED  11  I    L.  TVCKEIi  «fc  CO. 
At  tin:  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 

Terms — $*2.S0  per  BDDUSD,  or 

if  paid  in  Jtiivance. 


N.  GOODSEI.L,  EDITOR 


HORTICULTURAL. 

We  have  been  looking  over  Forsyth's  Treatise 
in  the  culture  and  management  of  fruit  trees,  3d 
edition,  published  1803,  particularly  that  part 
treating  upon  apples,  and  find  it  goes  far  to  prove 
the  position  we  have  taken,  that  we  are  not  to 
look  to  England  for  choice  varieties  of  fruit,  but 
should  consider  that  we  have  ample  resources 
within  ourselves  for  furnishing  the  most  complete 
assortment  of  apples  that  can  be  found  in  the 
world.  Was  it  not  that  the  apples  which  have 
been  produced  from  seeds  in  this  country,  are  gen- 
erally preferred  to  those  varieties  enumerated  by 
Forsyth,  most  of  which  he  claims  as  of  English 
origin,  how  are  we  to  account  for  there  being  sp 
few  of  them  cultivated  in  our  orchards,  at  the 
present  day  ?  !t  cannot  be  said  it  is  because  we 
have  had  a  prejudice  against  importing  varieties 
on  the  contraiy,  there  lias  ever  existed  a  kind  of 
mania  to  procure  from  England,  even  at  great 
expense,  varieties  which  if  fom.d  in  one  of  our 
seedling  orchards,  would  never  have  been  consid- 
ered worth  cultivating.  But  the  true  cause,  why 
rpore  of  those  varieties  named  by  Forsyth  are  not 
to  be  found  in  our  orchards  at  present,  is,  because 
in  this  matter,  interest,  that  touch-stone  of  patriot 
ism,  has  prevailed  over  piejudice,  which  has  only 
cast  her  shadow  over  the  fact,  that  many  of  our 
native  varieties  have  been  called  "  English  russets, 
English  red  streaks,  English  pippins,  and  Eng- 
lish pearmains,"  merely  to  give  them  a  kind  of 
currency  with  'hose  who  were  disposed  to  des- 
pise every  tiling  which  was  American.  By  look- 
ing over  Forsyth's  list,  we  will  recapitulate  which 
of  them  are  in  general  cultivation  in  the  states, 
and  whether  they  are.  of  English  origin.  Fhe 
first  we  meet  with,  which  is  much  approved  of,  orj 
known  in  our  orchards,  are  the  R;d  and  White 
Calville :  these  are  of  French  origin,  and  are  cul- 
tivated to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  Canadas, 
and  in  some  orchards  on  our  northern  frontiers ; 
and  it  is  believed  that  they  originated  in  Canada. 
The  next  on  his  list,  with  which  we  are  ac- 
quainted, is  the  Fameuse :  this  is  a  fine  apple,  and 
he  tells  us  "  was  introduced  into  England  from 
Canada,"  where,  or  in  tJie  states,  it  probably  ori- 
ginated :  it  is  one  of  the  finest  apples  of  the  sea- 
son in  Montreal  Market.  The  Fenouillet  or 
Pommed'  Anis,  is  another  known  with  us,  but 
less  cultivated.  After  this,  he  speaks  of  a  Gilli- 
fiower,  and  several  golden  apples,  as  Russets, 
Pearmains,  &c.  Now  the  names  of  Pearmains, 
Russets  and  Pippins  in  this  country,  are  very  in- 
definite. Then  comes  the  "  Golden  Pippin,"  the 
boast  of  the  English  travellers,  more  particularly, 
than  of  their  horticulturists.  Forsyth  says  the 
French  "  own  it  to  be  of  English  origin."  He 
gives  a  more  accurate  and  lengthy  description  of 
this  apple,  than  of  any  other;  and  says,  "  it  is  cer- 
tai nl i/  the  most  ancient,  as  well  asthemost  excel- 
■  i  nt  apple  that  v;e  have."  We  grant  it,  but  we  do 
not  agree  with  him  when  he  says,  "  there  are  few 
countries  abroad  where  it  succeeds  well."    It  cer- 


tainly does  much  better  in  America  than  in  Eng 
land,  and  is  known  to  most  of  our  orchardists  by 
the  name  of  Tahnan  Sweeting;  but  is  only  con- 
sidered at  most,  a  second  rate  apple.  He  de- 
scribes an  apple  which  he  calls  a  Holland  Pippin: 
but  his  description  does  not  agree  with  the  apple 
which  we  cultivate  by  tfiat  name.  The  Juneting 
described  by  him,  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 
tnat  cultivated  with  us,  but  when  or  where  it  ori 
ginated,  he  does  not  mention.  The  Newtown 
Pippin  he  says  "  is  an  American  apple,  but  said 
to  be  originally  from  Devonshire."  He  might  as 
well  have  said  that  the  Mississippi  was  a  fine 
American  river,  but  was  taken  from  the  Thames. 
Again,  "this  apple  has  a  fate  flavor,  if  not  kept 
till  too  ripe,  when  it  becomes  mealy.  It  is  in  eat- 
ing from  November  to  January."  Now  this  must 
have  been  an  intended  misrepresentation,  as  these 
are  the  best  apples  sold  in  the  London  Markets, 
during  the  spring  months,  when  they  are  worth 
from  six  to  ten  cents  each ;  and  we  never  saw  an 
apple  in  that  market  of  that  name,  that  the  vend 
ers  claimed  as  having  grown  in  England,  but 
were  imported  from  the  United  States.  The 
Nonsuch  and  Nonpareil  mentioned  by  him,  are 
not  described  with  sufficient  accuracy  to  designate 
them :  we  have  two  apples  known  by  those  names, 
but  we  believe  both  originated  with  us.  The 
Pomnie  Gris  is  well  described  by  him,  and  al- 
lowed to  be  an  American  apple,  and  carried  to 
England  front  Canada,  by  Mr.  Barclay.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  valuable  apples  of  the  Cana 
das.  "  Pomroy" — we  have  an  apple  which  is  con 
siderably  cultivated  in  the  states,  called  Pomme 
du  Roi,  or  king  s  apple,  which  may  or  may  not  be 
the  one  he  describes.  The  Royal  Russet  is  con- 
sidered by  many  the  same  as  our  Boston  or  Rox 
bury  Russet,  which  Mr.  Prince  puts  down  as  an 
American  apple.  Seek-no-farther — Forsyth  men- 
tions an  apple  by  this  name,  but  his  description 
does  not  agree,  with  either  of  the  two  apples  cul 
tiv  ite  !  in  this  country  under  that  name,  one  of 
which  Mr.  Prince  has  marked  as  an  American 
apple.  These  are  all  the  varieties  named  by 
Forsyth,  with  which  we  are  acquainted  as  being 
much  cultivated  in  the  United  States,  out  of  his 
list  of  three  hundred,  six  of  which  are  decidedly 
American,  one  French,  and  one  unknown.  No 
if  we  have  been  importing  varieties  of  apples 
from  England  ever  since  the  first  settlements  of 
the  country,  and  have  not  as  yet  procured  one  that 
has  been  thought  worthy  of  general  cultivation; 
whereas,  we  have  during  the  same  time  received 
five  or  six  from  Canada,  where  is  the  propriety  of 
continuing  the  importations,  and  paying  great  pri- 
ces for  them,  when  we  should  be  so  much  more 
likely  to  be  benefitted  by  sending  to  Canada;  but 
as  long  as  we  will  purchase,  so  long  they  will 
come  out  with  new  varieties  with  high  sounding 
names,  for  us  to  buy,  to  try,  and  then  reject. 

The  truth  is,  the  people  of  England  are  not  pre- 
pared to  judge  of  the  qualities  of  an  apple,  when 
compared  with  the  Yankees;  their  climate  is  so 
cold  and  humid,  that  they  never  did,  nor  never  can 
raise  this  fruit  in  that  perfection  that  the  northern 
states  do ;  and  when  we  hear  a  cockney  telling  of 
their  Golden  Pippins,  and  their  fine  bottled  cider 
of  Herefordshire,  it  always  puts  us  in  mind  of 


|  Pat  and  the  pumpkin  in  the  pear  tree.  On  thf 
other  hand,  when  I  hear  Americans  telling  how 
they  haTe  sent  to  England  for  this,  that,  and  the 
other  thing,  I  sometimes  wonder  how  such  mei 
could  consent  to  marry  any  one  short  of  an  ini 
ported  woman.  And  yet,  the  English  horticnl 
turists  are  more  praiseworthy  than  we  are. — 
They,  with  a  climate  unfavorable  to  many  kind- 
of  fruit,  have  persevered,  and  by  artificial  means 
have  out-natured  nature,  and  can  boast  of  being 
able  to  furnish  their  tables  through  the  year,  with 
choicer  desserts  than  any  other  people :  while  we, 
favored  with  the  prodigality  of  nature,  are  con 
tent  to  send  to  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 
and  receive  some  half  decayed  fruits  of  the  same 
varieties,  that  an  Englishman  would  receive  from 
his  conservatory;  and  it  has  been  remarked,  that 
there  was  no  part  of  the  world  where  pine  apple> 
might  be  found  every  day  in  the  year,  in  such  per 
fection  as  in  England. 


BOTS  IN  HORSES. 
In  a  late  number  of  the  American  Fanner  is  pub 
lished  a  letter  from  Doct.  R.  R.  Harden,  of  Geor 
ia,  in  which  the  writer  puts  forth  a  new  theory  con 
cerning  Bots  in  Horses,  which  is,  that  bots  never 
kill  horses,neither  dc  they  feed  upon  them  until  af- 
ter death.     In  the  first  place,  he   asserts  that  all 
horses  have  bots,  but  that  fat  ones  have  more  that; 
poor  ones,  and  infer  •  that  there  is  but  one  way 
of  expelling  them,  viz:  "  to  starve  the  horse,  and 
use  him   badly."     He  says  that  horses  that  are 
out  of  use  and  at  pasture,  never  die  with  bots ;  and 
his  reasons  for  this,  is,  that  cholic  causes  the  death 
of  many  horses,  which  is  often  occasioned  by  in 
judicious  feeding  and  use:  and  that  immediately 
after  the  death  of  the  horse,  the  bots   as  if  by  in 
stinct,  perforate  the  intestines,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  their  escape.     On  the  contrary,  he  asserts 
that  if  a  horse  is  opened   the  moment  that  he  is 
dead,  the  stomach  will  never  be  found  perforated 
If  this  is  correct,  it  is  a  pretty  strong  argument  in 
favor  of  his  theory.     He  mentions  a  case,  when  u 
race  horse  killed  himself  jumping  over  a  fence, 
and  was  opened  a  few  hours  afterwards,  when  it 
was  found  that  the  bots   had  near  y    eat  up  his 
stomach.     He  examines  the  common  means  ap- 
plied  for  the  relief  of  horses  said  to   have  the 
bots,  by  putting  them  into  different  solutions,  and 
noting   the  effect  in   the    following  manner: — 
'  Twelve  two  ounce  vials  had  bots  put  in  them ; 
one  had  milk  put  in  it,  another  water,  another 
nothing  as   a  standard :  we  then  tilled  the  others 
with  a  strong  solution  of  copperas,  a  solution   of 
arsenic,  aquafortis  and  water,  a  solution  of  corro 
sive  sublimate,  etc.  nine  of  them  being  rilled  with 
such  things   as  were  thought  to  be  most  likely  to 
kill  them.     The  arsenic,  copperas  and  aquafortis 
appeared  to  have  no  effect  upon  them ;  they  ap 
peared  fully  as  contented  as  those   in  the  water. 
Those  in  the  laudnum,  however,  moved  less  th.i 
the  others,  remaining  apparently  dead  at  the  bot 
torn  of  the  vial,   but  moved   when  touched  :  aftei 
keeping   them  until  we   were  all   satisfied  that 
nothing  that  a  horse  could  take  would  injure  them, 
they  were  all  thrown  away."     This  is  in  accord 
ance  with  the  declaration  of  a  friend  of  ours,  who 
says  that  he  has  seen  the  experiment  tried,  of 


102 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  24,  1S31- 


ting  them  into  a  strong  solution  of  potash,  which  die. 
not  appear  to  injure  them.  Taking  these  premises 
as  correct,  then  the  thousand  nostrums  and  specifics 
given  by  most  of  our  horse-doctors,  are  worse 
than  useless,  unless  they  are  of  that  kind  which 
would  have  a  good  effect  in  cholic,  which  he  de- 
clares those  cases  to  be  altogether,  which  are  so 
commonly  ascribed  to  bots.  We  confess  we  are 
in  favor  of  his  theory,  as  we  have  h  id  some  ex- 
perience with  horses,  and  have  generally  given 
strong  cathartics  in  cases  which  were  strongly 
'  marked  by  those  symptoms  ascribed  to  bots,  and 
in  every  case  but  one  with  success:  and  we  do 
not  recollect  one  case  but  what  might  be  traced,  ei- 
ther to  a  change  of  food,  over  feeding,  or  improp- 
er treatment.  We  think  that  the  Doctor  is  ,  mi- 
lled to  the  thanks  of  community,  for  giving  this 
powerful  stimulant  for  investigating  the  subject 
closely,  at  least,  as  he  has  co  ne  boldly  into  the 
field  against  those  long  hajided-down  opinions. 


bold  and  magnanimous  spirit  of  entei  prize 
winch  her  abundant  resources  and  the  wealth 
and  prosperity  she  enjoys  in  such  profusion! 
would  justly  entitle  her  to  entertain  and 
indulge;  the  loss  of  from  ten  to  twelve 
millions  of  dollars,  and  the  abandonment  to 
ruin  and  entire  destruction  of  works,  which, 
when  finished,  would  be  considered  proud 
monuments  of  Pennsylvania's  wisdom  ami 
greatness,  but  if  abandoned  .oust  and  ine- 
evitably  would,  I  should  suppose,  satisfy  the 
most  sceptical  of  the  consummate  disgrace 
and  ignominy  to  which  such  a  policy  must 
necessarily  have  subjected  her." 

i  he  Governor  makes  a   gratifying   statement 
of  our  state  improvements. 


KILN  DRIED  CORN  MEAL. 
We  know  not  whether  the  manufacturing   of 
Kiln  Dried  Corn  Meal  is  attended  to  in  this  coun- 
try ;  but,  whether  it  is  or  is  not,   the  following  in 
structions  from  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  may  be 

'many  of  which  we  give°currency  to  without  ever  1 1  of  some  use :—  ,-,.", 

....  i  „i„_:__  .iinM  rhinos  for        Kiln  dried  meal  must  be  made  of  the  best 

suspecting  that  we  are  declaring  those  tilings  101 

»     ,  -  i         ,  i       .,i=rin-„.  nr>r  even  W  yellow  corn ;  white  would    not    sell.     Hoes- 

facts  of  which  we  have  no  knowledge ;  noieveni*/  »  ■» 

lacts,  oi  which  woi.  o   ,  ,li  heads  should  lie  made  of  the    best   seasoned 

suspect  ourselves  of  conforming  in  opinions  to  ^  ^  ^^  ^  ^  ^  .^^  ^^  ^  ^ 
those  of  the  dark  ages.  The  horse  surely  is  one  g  fept  ^  mches  acn)SS  fh„  |lead  pour  ium 
of  the  most  noble  animals,  and  ministers  greatly  )|00pS  on  eacu  |lnd.  The  lest  of  the  hoop- 
to  the  comfort  of  man;  and  let  us  ask  who  has  ev-;'  strong,  smooth,  hickory.  The  hhds.  must  be 
er  seen  one  of  these  sick  animals  in  the  hands  of,  made  tight,  as  they  are  sold  for  rum  hhds.  in 
a  horse  quack,  but  what  has  felt  a  degree  of  pity 


the  West  Indies — the    uly  market   for  them. 
The  corn  is  dried  in  a  large  sheet-iron  cvl- 


cars,  then  a  number  of  blows  with  the  flat  hand, 
a  piece  of  board  or  a  shovel  upon  the  belly,  or  must 
be  rubbed  from  end  to  end  with  a  pitch-fork  han- 
dle, compared  with  which,  being  kneaded  for  the 
dispepsia  is  a  mere  trifle. 

Pennsylvania  Canal  Expenditures. — It  ap- 
pears by  Governor  Wolf's  Message  to  the  Leg- 
islature of  Pennsylvania,  that  the  money  which 
has  been  paid  to  the  Canal  Commissioners  of 
lhat  state,  amounted,  on  the  23d  of  last  month,  to 
$12,334,488  62.  The  number  of  miles  of  canal 
already  finished,  is  426  ,  those  under  contract 
including  the  rail-road  across  the  Alleghany,  a- 
mount  to  267  miles. 

"  This  canal  debt  may  seem,"  (says  the 
Governor,)  large  to  many  of  my  fellow  citi- 
zens, and  to  constitute    a    debt   that   neither 


for  him1     First,  if  his  case  is  pronounced  bots,  he 

must  have  a  dozen  Dutch  words  whispered  in  his    jnder,  or  in  pans   (put  in  motion  by  the  mill) 

in  a  heated  air-chamber  of  brick.  The  meal 
is  sifted;  the  cloth  as  open  as  the  common 
middlings  cloth  in  a  sup-reel,  and  about  4 
feet  long. 

The  weight  in  each  hhd.  3001bs.  and  the 
hlid.  must  be  branded  with  the  name  of  the 
maker  and  kiln  dried  corn  meal.  No.  1. 
800/is.  The  meal  must  be  of  a  bright  yel- 
low, and  smell  strongly  of  the  kiln,  or  it  will 
not  pass  inspection.  Ten  hhds.  per  day  is 
moderate  work  for  a  good  pair  of  burrs  and  a 
good  kiln,  sixteen  bushels  of  good  corn  will 
make  a  hhd. — old  corn  less.  Ten  to  12.000 
i  hhds.  are  in  New-York  yearly  for  the  West 
i  Indies. 

It  would  not  he  safe  for  a  new  hand  to  con- 
struct a  kiln,  without  the  presence  of  an  ex- 
perienced workman  who  has  put  them  up. — 
The  sheet  iron  pans  are  better  than  the  cyl- 
inders. 

The  price  in  New-York  varies    from    g!3 


we  nor  our  posterity  will  be  able  to  discharge. 

1  am  not  one  of  those  who  believe   a  public    ,0  15  through  the  year,  when  corn  is  plenti 
debt  to  be  a  public  blessing,  noi  would  I  ivil-  [The  cost  of  a   complete    kiln  with  pans,  is 
lingly  lend  my  aid  as  a  public  functionary  to  ,,g40()  to  gaOO. 

The  vegetating  principle  must  be  eniirelv 


involve  the  commonwealth  in  a  visionary 
scheme  of  imaginary  improvement,  the  suc- 
cess or  practicability  of  which  would  be  en- 
tirely of  doubtful  experiment,  and  the  utili- 
ty or  public  id  vantage  ol  which  would  be  al- 
together probbinatical  oi  uncertain.  Neithei 
of  these  is  in  in v  opinion  the  case  with  the 
plan  of  improvements  now  prosecuting  in 
this  state  ;  but  if  it  were  otherwise,  there  has 
been  no  period  within  the  last  two  years  when 
the  progress  of  I  he  system  could  have  been 
arrested  without  producing  consequences  not 
only  involving  m  inextricable  ruin  and  de- 
struction individuals,  contractors  and  others, 
largely  engaged  in  the  construction  of  the 
works,  but  the  state  itself  in  difficulties  of 
the  most  disastrous  character,  from  which  it 
could  not  have  been  extricated  without  incur- 
ring the  imputation  of  pursuing  a  vacillating 
course  of  policj  .  and  of  a  wan;  of  good  faith 
in  its  transactions  with  individuals;  besides 
being  justly  chargeable  with  a  want  of  that 


destroyed,  and  the  point  of  sufficient  ill  vness 
can  be  easily  ascertained  by  the  smell  of  the 
meal  while  grinding.  Great  pains  must  be 
taken  in  making  the  IiImIs.  well,  and  of  stuff 
Isng  seasoned  ;  or  the  meal  will  make  theui 
shrink  so  much  that  they  will  fall  to  pieces 
before  they  reach  the  market. 

Michigan. — Two  hundred  &  eighty-five  thou- 
sand acres  of  land  have  been  sold  in  Michigan,  tb, 
pasl  eason.  Supposing  each  settler  averaged 
100  acres,  and  families  of  settlers Jirr  in  each, 
i In  ddiiion  to  that  of  1830,  which  came  in  aftei 
the  census  was  taken,  and  Michigan  would  be 
entitled  to  take  her  stand  among  the  states  of  the 
Union  in  1832. 

'       ■ophobia. — Davis  Rock,  of  Bedford,   Pa. 
months   ago,   wounded  himself  in   giving 
icilicinc  to  a  sick  heifer.     He  died  on  the 
-.     in  I.  of  hydrophobia. 


Freii  il.e  Ni-w  York  Fsriner. 

AGRICULTURAL  REPORT 

For  the  Cou.Uy  of  Albany,  Dec.   1831.     By 
J.  B. 
Our  Jf  inter  was  of  an  ordinary  character, 
except  that  it  gave  us  a  few  days  of  uncom- 
monly severe  cold,  which  depressed  the  ther- 
mometer to  1!!  and  20  degrees  below  zero.* 
rin^.    it    is    believed   proved    fatal  to    many 
pea  :h  trees  upon    the  bordeis  of  ;he   Hud- 
son.    And   it  has    been  remarked  to  me  bv 
an  intelligent  friend,  that  this  degree  of  colt] 
i-.    always   destructive    to  the   blossom,   and 
often  to  the  vitality    of  the  peach.      Spring 
opened    propitiously.     The   fine   weather  of 
the  last  of  April  and  first  of  May  caused  the 
fruit  trees  to  put  forth  their  blossoms  ten  or 
twelve  days  earlier  than  usual,  and  called  in- 
to ictive  life  myriads  of  insects  10  pret  up- 
on their  young  fruit.     This   was  an  exellenl 
set/  time  to  the  fanner  who  keips  up  with  his 
work,  and  had   his  grounds   prepared.     The 
Summer  has  been  wet    and   warm,  favorable 
to  grass  and  pasture,  but  generally  injurious 
to   the  ripening   grain    crop.     The  Autumn 
has   been  remarkably    favorable  for  the  la- 
bors   of  husbandry.      The  late  crops   have 
been   abundant,  and  well   secured.     On  the 
whole,    the   season  may    be   denominated  a 
wet  one,  and  the  crop   rather    more  than  a 
fair  average  of  years. 

II  heat,  which  may  be  considered  a  prin- 
cipal staple,  was  seriously  injured  by  the 
close,  hot  and  moist  state  of  the  weather  in 
July,  which  caused  mildew  and  premature 
ripeness.  The  diminution  from  these  cau- 
ses, was  different  on  different  soils — heavv 
crops  upon  moist  flat  surfaces  suffering 
most. 

The  average  shrinkage  was  from  25  to  30 
per  cent.  More  ground  was  sown,  however, 
which  in  part  made  up  lor  the  difficulty. — 
There  seems  to  be  no  effeciual  remedv  for 
the  mildew.  It  is  generated  by  a  muggish 
state  of  the  atmosphere.  The  best  preventions 
are.  good  drainage,  narrow  ridges  whemihe 
surface  is  flit  and  wet,  and  avoiding  the  ap- 
plication of  fresh  manures  to  the  crop.  I 
have  seen  a  top  dressing  of  short  manure, 
harrowed  in  with  the  seed,  o»  stiff 
serve  a  beneocial  purpose  in  preserving  the 
crop  from  the  sevenu  of  winter.  Although 
often  recommended,  and   generally  practis. 

"Ltis  worthy  of  remark  'hat  ai  this  time  the 
cold  was  14 degrees  grater,  according  to  the  Gen- 
esee Farmer,  at  Albau\  than  at  Ruchester,  in  about 
the  same  parallel  of  latitude.  1  his  api  ai-ent  dif- 
ference, 1  apprehend,  however,  was  not  altogether 
real:  for  the  observations  were  made  ai  All.. m\  ai 
sunrise,  and  at  Rochester  a!  Id  A.  M.  if  my  recol- 
lection is correci  The  difference,  however,  was 
considerable,  and  may  be  ascribed  to  two  causes, 
viz:  the  ameliorating  influence  of  the  wal 
Lake  Ontario  upon  the  north-west  winds  which 
blow  at  Rochester,  and  the  influence  of  the  south 
west  winds  which  revail  agreatpar'  ol  u  u 
mi  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  along  ihe 
shores  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  The  great 
lakes  never  freeze  over,  snd  ol  course  a  c  con- 
stantly [riving  off  caloric,  and  raising  the  temperature 
of  the  winds,  which  sweep  their  surface  d  urwg  the 
winier  months  The  south-west  winds  are  b  ed 
to  be  a  continuation  ol  the  trade  winds,  obstruct" 
ed  and  changed  in  their  direction  by  the  lable 
lands  of  Mexico  ;  and  coming  from  tropical  lati- 
tudes, diffuse  much  warmth  in  their  passage  north. 
Their  influence  seems  to  extend,  in  this  latrtu  li 
far  as  Skeneateles  Lake  and  tbe  mouth  of  the  Os- 
wego  river.  To  tins  boundary  thfi  peach  flourish* 
es  and  is  a  pretty  constant  be  u*er;  east  of  »i,  both 
the  Crop  and  the  vitality  of  the  tree  are  precarious. 
Notwithstanding  the  influence  of  these  causes,  in 
moderating  tbe  severity  of  cold,  ihe  mean  tempera* 
lure  for  1830,  according  to  the  academic  returns, 
was  1  degree  38  minutes  higher  at  Albany  than  a\ 
Rochester. 


Vol.  l.—No.  61. 


AND  GARDINER'S  JOURNAL. 


403 


eel,  it  i-     "II  t.>  repeat,  thai  smut  is  prevent-  f  seldom  produces  crops  in  successive  yea.s  s 
orl  by  soaking  the  seed   in  brine,  and  liming  t  while  those  which  ripen  their  fruit  early, 
it  before  sowing.  f tne   cherry,  the  Siberian   crab,  k.c.  or  pro 

Barky  is  becoming  every  year  a  more  gen-    duce  moderate  crops,  are   frequently  annual 
oval  and   profitable  staple,  and  most  of  our  j  bearers, 


lands  are  well  adapted  to  its  culture.  The 
present  vear"s  crop  has  been  rather  inferior 
in  quality,  and  deficient  in  quantity.  This 
has  in  part  been  owing  to  late  sowing  but 
principally  to  the  hot  weather  in  July, 
which  ripened  it  suddenly,  before  the  grain 
had  attained  its  full  growth.  The  price 
it  has  borne  in  market  has  however  ren- 
dered it.  this  year,  our  best  crop — having 
ranged  from  one  dollar  to  one  dollar  three 
eighths  per  bushel. 

Indian  Corn  has  clone  remarkably  well  ex- 
cept where  it  was  injudiciously  planted  upoi. 
wet  or  stiff  grounds.  Taking  the  range  ol 
counties  upon  the  river,  above  the  highlands, 
through  which  I  travelled  in  August,  I  esti 
mate  the  crop  one  third  beyond  the  ordinary 
average.  I  observe  that  the  practice  of  cut- 
ting and  immediately  stooking  the  whole 
Crop,  as  soon  as  ihe  grain  is  glazed,  is  be- 
coming more  general.  It  certainly  is  an  e- 
oonomy  of  labor,  when  rightly  managed, 
and  clears  tiie  ground  in  time  for  a  crop  of 
winter  jirain  ;  and  it  also  adds  greatly  to  the 
fodder,  without  prejudice  to  the  corn. 

Hay  has  been  abundant,  though,  as  is  the 
case  in   all  wet  seasons,  its  quality  is  rather 
inferior :  for  it  is   not  the  volume,  so  much 
as  the  nutritive  properties,  which  give  to  hay 
its  intrinsic  value.      Fhese    last    depend   on 
the  season,  the   soil,  the    varieties  of  grass 
and  time  of  cutting.     A  dry  season,  or  a  dry 
soil,  other    circumstances  being   alike,  will 
produce  richer  hay    than   a  wet   season  or  a 
wet  soil,  because  in  the  former  the  nutritive 
qualities  are  far  more  concentrated.     If   the 
comparison  may    be    allowed  in  these  times 
•  f  temperance,   the  first  may  be  likened  to 
strong,  and  tne  latter  to  weak  grog,  the  nu- 
triment, in   one  being  compared   to  the    al- 
cohol in  the  other.  The  grasses  differ  great- 
ly in  their  nutritive  properties;  and  it  may 
almost  be  bid  down  as  a   general   rule,  that 
these  are  in  an  inverse  ratio  to  their  respect- 
ive volumes.     The    nutritive    matter  varies, 
in   the    grasses   of  permanent  duration,  ac- 
cording to  L  melon,  from  1  a  to  82  per  cent: 
the  short  jointed    and   creeping   species  a- 
hound  generally  most  in  it,  as  the  blue  grass 
(Poa  compressa)   spear  grass  (P.  pratensis) 
liorin  (A^rostis sioloniffa)  Sic. 

Rye  suffered  from  the  same  causes  as 
wheat  and  barley,  and  the  crop  is  short  and 
inferior. 

Fruit.  The  apple  has  given  but  a  scanty 
crop,  the  plum  hardly  any  thing,  and  the ] 
peach  a  mere  nothing  ;  but  pears  and  grapes 
have  been  abundant,  and  of  pretty  good  qual- 
ity. Quinces,  and  the  small  liuits  of  the  gar- 1 
den  have  also  been  abundant.  The  failure  of  i 
the  peach  may  be  ascribed  to  the  unpropitious 
winter;  that  of  the  apple  and  plum,  to  the 
great  product  of  the  preceding  year,  which 
diminished  the  production  of  fruit  buds,  and 
to  the  depredations  of  the  curculio,  which 
were  never  more  numerous.  It  is  well  known 
that  orchards  do  not  produce  great  crops 
two  years  in  succession,  the  cause  of  which 
is  easily  explained.  The  vital  energies  of 
the  trees  are  so  exhausted  in  maintaining 
the  fruit,  and  producing  wood  buds,  which 
demand  the  first  care  of  the  parent  in  the 
vegetable  economy,  that  there  is  no  time  to 
produce  the  germs  of  a  new  crop,  before  the 
frosts  of  autumn  arrest  the  work  of  elabora- 


li'fjn.    Hence  a  tree  that  carries  its  fruit  late,;  tering 


l'he  question  has  been  asked  in  the  Far- 
mer, if  facts  could  be  adduced  to  prove,  that 
fruit  trees,  removed  from  the  north  to  the 
south,  do  better  than  when  transferred  from 
the  south  to  the  north  In  answer  to  the  in- 
quiry, I  would  beg  leave  to  remark,  that  most 
of  our  fruits  arc  the  natural  productions  of 
climates  warmer  than  that  which  we  occupy 
The  cherry  was  originally  from  Pontus;  :lie 
peach  from  Persia,  the  plum  from  Syria, 
and  most  of  our  esteemed  varieties  of  the 
pear  from  France,  the  Netherlands,  and  the 
south  of  Europe.  Hence  the  apprehension 
that  in  lemoving  them  farther  from  their 
natural  climate  to  the  north,  they  will  be 
come  impatient  of  the  cold,  and  disappoint 
ou  r  hopes.  The  mala  carle  apple  of  Italy 
and  even  the  admired  Spitzenburgh,  of  E- 
sopus,  will  not  succeed  in  the  colder  climate 
of  England  without  the  aid  of  a  wall;  and 
many  plants  the  middle  states  will  not 

at  first  be.i       e     gors  of  a  northern   winter. 
But  when  va  •  have  originated  or  plants 

ieen  raised  f  om  seeds,  and  acclimated  in  a 
higher  latitude,  they  have  acquired  a  more 
ready  habit,  nd  have  invariably  grown  and 
hoeduced  well  on  removal  to  a  warmer  tem- 
perature. Thus  the.  cherries  and  apples 
from  Russia,  and  the  fruits  of  Scotland  and 
Canada,  are  represented  in  the  British  po- 
mological  works,  as  proving  remarkably 
healthy  and  prolific  in  England.  Plants, 
within  the  zone  of  their  natural  growth,  are 
more  apt,  like  animals,  to  be  hardy  and  pro- 
lific, and  less  sensitive  to  the  vicissitudes  of 
the  seasons,  in  the  north,  than  in  the  south 
of  their  respective  zones.  This  fact  has 
been  ably  illustrated  by  a  recent  writer  in  a 
Philadelphia  peiiodical,  whose  remarks  I 
think  were  published  in  the  Farmer.  But 
this  is  digressing  from  my  subject. 

The  season  has  been  favorable  for  Roots. 
The  potato  and  turnip,  which  constitute  our 
principal  crops  ofthis  kind,  have  been  abun- 
dant, and  their  quality   better  than  ordinary 
A  (act    came  under  my    observation  in  the 
potato  culture,  which  satisfied  me  more  than 
ever,  of  the  impolicy  of  taking  two  success- 
ive crops  of  the   same  kind    fioin  one  field. 
Contiguous,  and  in  the  same  field,  I  planted 
potatoes  on  three  strips  of  ground,  on  one  of 
which  I  had  beans  in  1830,  on  another  pota 
toes  last  year;  and   on  a  third  potatoes  the 
two  preceding  years.     The  strips  were  treat- 
ed alike,  and  the  crop  dug  at  the  same  time. 
The  result  was.  that  on  the  bean  ground  the 
product  was  uncommonly  large;  on  the  sec- 
ond strip,  which  I  capped    with  potatoes  the 
preceding  y  ar,   it  was  fifty    per  cent,  less, 
while   on   the  ground    where  potatoes    had 
grown  the  two   preceding  years,  I  had  little 
more  than  a  return   of  seed.     This  satisfied 
me,  that  though  all  crops  take  from  the  soil 
food   in  common,  yet  that  each   species  re- 
quires some  specific  food,  which   others  do 
not  take  ;  and  that  alternation  or  change  of 
crops  is  essential  to  good  husbandry. 

The  importance  of  reclaiming  some  of 
our  best  lands,  by  draining,  and  of  economi- 
zing manures,  subjects  intimately  connected 
with  theimprovement  of  agriculture,  are  dai- 
ly becoming  more  apparent  to  our  farmers  ; 
and  on  the  whole,  I  think  the  prospect  of  a 
steady  advance  in  rural,  as  well  as  intellect- 
jual    and  moral  improvement,  is  highly  flat- 


It  marks: — We  have  frequently  urged 
our  subsciibers  to  furnish  us  annual  reports 
of  the  state  of  agriculture  in  their  respect- 
ive counties,  oi  in  their  vicinity.  Independ- 
ent of  the  information  which  would  be  col- 
lected for  the  public  good,  there  would  be  a 
habit  of  observation  acquired  by  those  who 
uiRke  these  reports  For  a  young  man  we 
know  not  what  would  be  more  beneficial.— 
Throughout  the  whole  year,  his  mind  and  his 
eye  would  be  observant.  Why  will  not  fa- 
thers educate  their  sons  to  farming? 


i.B. 


FARMER'S  WORK  FOR  DECEMBER 

The  farmer  should  obtain  his  year's  stock 
of  fuel  as  early  in  the  season  as  possible,  and 
before  the  depth  of  snow  in   the  woodlands 
i  ender  it  difficult  to  traverse  them  by  a  leain 
It   would   be   better    for  farmers    generally 
speaking,  where  wood  is  not  cheap  and  plen- 
ty, to  use  the  saw  inslead  of  the  axe  in  pre- 
paring wood  for  the  liie.     It  is  said  that  a 
ifire  composed  of  pillets  of  wood,  not  more 
|  than  14  inches  long,    will  give   more   than 
jtwo  thirds  as   much  heat  into  the  room  as 
that  made  of  wood  of  double  the  length; 
and  that  billets  of  from  3  to  4  inches  in  di- 
Jameter,   on  a  medium  will  be   found   most 
economical. 

V  valuable  paper,  by  the  Hon.  J.  Welles. 
original;.'  published  in  the  Mass.  Agr.  Re- 
pository, recommends  cutting  hard  wood 
trees  between  40  and  50  years  of  age,  and 
the  writer  states  that  -though  trees  may 
shoot  up  in  height  by  standing  longer,  yet 
the  period  of  the  most  rapid  vegetation  is 
mostly  over  and  by  this  means  much  of  the 
under  growth  is  destroyed.'  Mr.  Welles  is 
of  opinion  that  in  cutting  over  a  wood  lot  to 
obtain  fuel  it  is  best  to  take  the  whole 
growth  as  you  proceed.  He  observes  that 
'we  have  been  condemned  as  evincing  a 
want  of  taste  in  cutting  oft' our  forests  without 
leaving  what  it  would  take  half  a  century  to 
produce,  a  shade  near  where  it  is  proposed 
to  erect  buildings.  The  fact  is  that  trees  of 
original  growth  have  their  roots  mostly  in  the 
upper  stratum  of  earth,  and  near  the  surface. 
A  tree  acts  upon  its  roots,  and  is  acted  upon 
by  the  wind,  sustaining  in  common  with  the 
whole  forest  the  force  ofthis  element,  and  it 
becomes  accommodated  or  naturalized  to 
this  pressure.  But  when  left  alone  or  unsus 
tained,  it  iS  borne  down  by  the  first  gale,  of- 
ten to  the  injury  of  property  and  even  life.' 
The  Farmers  Assistant  likewise  says  'it 
woods  are  old  and  decaying  the  better  way 
is  to  cut  all  off,  as  you  want  to  use  the  wood 
and  let  an  entire  new  growth  start  up  which 
will  grow  more  rapidly.' — JV.  E.  Farmer. 

A  Vermont  paper  contains  the  followin 
statement  of  the  amount  of  Sheep  in  tha 
State  : — 

Bennington  county  25,416 

55*042 

1S9,996 

109,787 

112,784 

78,155 

55,449 

40,850 

43,643 

91,638 

23,797 

6,076 

8,656, 


Windham 

do. 

Rutland 

do. 

Windsor 

do. 

Addison 

do. 

Orange 

do. 

Chittenden 

do. 

Washington 

do. 

Caledonia 

do. 

Franklin 

do. 

Orleans 

do. 

Essex 

do. 

Grand  Isle 

do. 

The  thermometer  of  Newport,  .R.J.  stomal,  fiv 
below  zero,  on  the  8th  inst. 


104 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  24,  1831. 


COMMUNICATIONS 


FOR  THE    GENESEE    FARMER. 

>  )N  THE   MEANS  OF  INDUCING  FER 
TILITY  IN  FRUIT  TREES. 

From  Lindley's  "  Quide  to  the  Orthard  and  Kitchen 
Garden"] 

Some  fruits  of  excellent  quality  are  bad 
bearers:  this  defect  is  remedied  by  a  variety  ] 
of  different  methods,  soeh  as.  !.  By  ringing 
Ike  back ;  i.  by  bending  branches  downwards  ; 
3.  by  training  ;  and  4.  by  the  use  of  different 
kinds  of  stocks.(a)  All  these  practices  are 
intended  to  produce  exactly  the  same  effect ! 
by  different  ways.  Physiologists  know  that 
whatever  tends  to  cause  a  rapid  diffusion  of 
sap  and  secretions  of  any  plant,  causes  also 
the  formation  of  leaf  buds  instead  of  flower 
buds;  arid  that  whatever,  on  the  contrary 
tends  to  cause  an  accumulation  of  sap  and 
secretions,  has  the  effect  of  producing  flow- 
er buds  in  abundunce.(i)  This  circum- 
stance.which  at  first  sight  seems  to  be  difficult 
to  account  for  physiologically,  is  no  doubt  to 
be  explained  in  the  difference  between  leaf 
buds  and  fruit  buds  themselves.  In  a  leaf 
bud,  all  the  appendages  or  leaves  are  in  a 
high  state  of  development,  and  the  central 
part  or  axis,  around  which  they  are  arran- 
ged, has  a  tendency  to  extend  itself  in  the 
form  of  a  branch  as  soon  as  the  necessary 
stimulus  has  been  communicated  to  the  sys- 
tem, by  the  light  and  warmth  of  spring.  In 
a  flower  bud,  'he  appendages  or  leaves  are  in 
that  imperfectly  formed,  contracted  state, 
which  we  name  calyx,  corolla,  stamens  and 
pistilla ;  and  the  central  part  around  which 
they  are  arranged,  has  no  tendency  to  elon- 
gate under  the  influence  of  the  usual  stimu 
his.  Hence,  a  flower  bud,  or  a  flower,  is 
nothing  but  a  contracted  branch  ;  as  is  pro- 
ved by  the  occasional  elongation  of  the  axis 
in  flowers  that  expand  during  unusually  hot 
damp  weather  late  in  the  spring,  becoming 
branches,  bearing  sepals  and  petals  instead 
of  leaves.  It  is,  therefore,  easily  to  be  un- 
derstood why,  so  long  as  all  the  motions  and 
secretions  of  a  tree  goon  rapidly,  with  vigor, 
and  without  interruption,  only  rudiments  of 
branches,  or  leaf  buds,  should  be  formed  ; 
and  why,  on  the  other  hand,  when  the  for- 
mer become  languid,  and  the  parts  are  for- 
med slowly,  bodies  of  a  contracted  nature, 
with  no  disposition  to  extension  (or  flower 
buds)  should  appear. 

It  will  be  found  that  the  process  of  the 
practices  above  enumerated,  to  which  the 
gardener  has  recourse,  in  order  to  increase 
the  feiiility  of  his  fruit  trees,  is  to  be  ex- 
plained by  what  has  just  been  said.  In  ring- 
ing fruit  trees,  a  cylinder  of  bark  is  cut  from 
the  branch,  by  which  means  a  return  of  the 
elaborated  juices  from  the  leaves  down  the 
bark  is  cut  off,  and  all  that  would  have  been 
expended  below  the  annular  incision  is  con- 
fined to  the  branch  above  it.  This  produces 
an  accumulation  of  proper  juice:  and  flower 
buds,  or  fertility,  are  the  result,  c)  But 
there  is  a  defect  in  this  practice,  to  which 
want  of  success  in  many  cases  is  no  doubt 
to  be  attributed.  Although  the  returning 
fluid  is  found  to  accumulate  above  the  annu- 
lar incision,  yet  the  ascending  sap  flows 
along  the  alburnum  into  the  buds  with 
nearly  as  much  rapidity  as  ever,  so  that  the 
accumulation  is  but  imperfectly  produced. — 
On  this  account,  the  second  practice,  of  ben- 
ding branches  downward,  is  found  to  be  at- 
'nded  with  more  certain  consequences.— 


The  effect  of  turning  the  branches  of  a  tree 
from  their  natural  position,  to  a  pundulous 
or  a  horizontal  one,  is  to  impede  both  the  as- 
cent and  descent  of  fluids,  in  a  gradual  but 
certain  manner.  The  tissue  of  which  branch- 
es is  composed  is  certainly  feurneable  to  flu- 
ids in  every  direction ;  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  vital  action  of  the  vessels  of 
a  plant  is  performed  both  in  the  natural  and 
in  an  inverted  position.  So  long  as  that  e- 
rect  direction  of  the  branches  which  is  nat- 
ural to  them  is  exactly  maintained,  the  flow 
of  their  fluids,  being  subject  to  no  interrup- 
'ions,  will  take  place  in  the  freest  pjssible 
manner ;  but  the  moment  this  natural  direc- 
tion is  deviated  from,  the  vessels  become 
more  or  less  compressed,  their  a  lion  is  im- 
peded, and  finally,  if  the  inversion  is  perfect, 
it  becomes  so  slow  that  an  accumulation  of 
the  profuse  juices  necessarily  takes  place 
through  every  part  of  the  system. (rf) 

One  of  the  objects  of  training  is  to  pro- 
duce the  same  effect.  Branches  are  bent 
more  or  less  from  their  natural  erect  posi- 
tion; their  motion,  in  consequence  of  the 
action  of  wind  upon  them,  which  is  known 
to  facilitate  the  movement  of  the  fluids,  is 
totally  destroyed  ;  and  hence  arises  the  ac- 
cumulation of  proper  juice  which  is  necessa- 
rv  to  their  fertility.  Nor  is  the  influence  of 
the  stock  of  an  essentially  different  nature. 
In  proportion  as  the  scion  and  stock  ap- 
proach each  other  closely  in  constitution,  the 
less  effect  is  produced  by  the  latter;  and, 
on  the  contrary,  in  proportion  to  the  constitu- 
tional difference  between  the  stock  and  sci- 
on, is  the  effect  of  the  former  important. — 
Thus,  when  pears  are  grafted  or  budded  on 
the  weld  species,  apples  upon  crabs,  plums 
upon  plums,  and  peaches  upon  peaches  or 
almonds,  the  scion  is,  in  regard  to  fertility, 
exactly  in  the  same  state  as  if  it  had  not 
been  grafted  at  all.  While,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  great  increase  of  fertility  is  the  re- 
sult of  grafting  pears  upon  quinces  peaches 
upon  plums,  apples  upon  white  thorn,  and 
the  like.  In  these  latter  cases,  the  food  ab 
sorbed  from  the  earth  by  the  root  of  the 
stock,  is  communicated  slowly  and  unwil- 
lingly to  the  scion  :  under  no  circumstances 
is  the  communication  between  the  one  and 
the  other  as  free  and  perfect  as  if  their  na- 
tures had  been  more  nearly  the  same;  the 
sap  is  impeded  in  its  ascent,  and  the  proper 
juices  are  impeded  in  their  descent,  whence 
arises  that  accumulation  of  secretion  which 
is  sure  to  be  attended  by  increased  fertility. 
No  other  influence  than  this  can  be  exer- 
cised by  the  scion  upon  the  stock.  Those 
who  fancy  that  the  contrary  takes  place — 
that  the  quince,  for  instance,  communicates 
some  portion  of  its  austerity  to  the  pear, 
can  scarcely  have  considered  the  question 
physiologically,  or  they  would  have  seen 
that  the  whole  of  the  food  communicated 
from  the  alburnum  of  the  quince  to  that  of 
the  pear,  is  in  nearly  the  same  state  as  when 
it  entered  the  roots  of  the  former.  What- 
ever elaboration  it  undergoes  must  take  place 
in  the  foliage  of  the  pear;  where,  far  from 
the  influence  of  the  quince,  secretions  natu- 
ral to  the  variety  go  on  with  no  more  inter- 
ruption than  if  the  quince  formed  no  part  of 
the  system  of  the  individual.(c) 

(a)  Transplanting,  and  diminishing  the  sys 
tem  of  roots,  have  also,  by  lessening  the   flow  of 
sap,  a  tendency  to  induce  fruit  buds.    A  sizeable 
tree  often  shows  blossoms  the  second  vcav  after 


being  tiansploited,  though   subsequently  it  rnaj 
not  bear  for  some  years.  J.  B. 

(4)  Knight's  opinion  in  regard  to  the  formation 
of  wood  and  fruit  buds,  is  this:  That  the  natural 
efforts  of  the  mother  tree  are  directed,  1.  to  the 
nourishment  and  perfection  of  her  progeny,  th( 
fruit;  2.  to  the  production  of  new  wood  buds,  es- 
sential to  the  elaboration  of  food  the  coining  year : 
and  (these  labors  being  finished)  3.  to  the  pro 
duction  of  fruit  buds  for  another  crop.  But  as 
our  seasons  do  not  afford  time  toprrfectall  these 
labors,  it  happens  that  many  varieties,  particular 
ly  those  which  produce  great  crops,  and  earn 
their  fruit  late,  produce  fruit  only  every  other 
year ;  and  hence,  too,  varieties  brought  from  a 
higher  latitude,  where  the  seasons  are  longer,  as 
the  Siberian  crab,  and  the  process  of  vegi 
d  velopment  more  rapid,  become  in  wanner  cli- 
mates, annual  bearers.  The  varieties  that  ripen 
their  fruits  early,  as  most  of  the  cherries,  plums. 
i£c.  produce  fruit  every  year;  except  that  win .r 
the  crop,  is  heavy,  a  barren  year,  and  often  tin 
death  of  the  tree  succeeds.  J.  B. 

(c)  I  dislike  this  method.  It  is  robbing  one 
part  of  the  tree  of  its  food  to  pamper  a  pet  branch 
Several  branches  of  the  plum,  experimented  upon, 
died  the  following  year ;  and  branches  of  the  ap 
pie  broke  off  with  the  weight  of  fruit.        J.  B. 

(d)  These  axioms  in  vegetable  physiology  will 
find  a  confirmation  in  our  orchards  and  gardens. 
The  pendulous  and  horizontal  branches  will  be 
found  to  abound  most  in  blossoms,  and  others 
much  in  the  ratio  of  their  departure  from  an  up 
right  position — those  growing  erect  producing 
ihe  last.  Hence  a  crooked  tree  (particularly  the 
apple)  bears  better  than  a  straight  tree ;  and  a  fial 
spreading  top  is  more  beautiful  than  a  tall  pyra 
midical  one.  Hence  too  the  practice  of  nursery- 
men, of  removing  the  centre  shoot  of  the  apple 
when  it  has  attained  a  sufficient  height  to  form  a 
head.  J.  B. 

(c)  In  the  cultivation  of  the  pear  in  the  London 
and  Edinburgh  Horticultural  Gardens,  advantagi 
is  taken  of  both  of  these  last  methods,  for  a  three- 
fold purpose,  of  inducing  precosity  and  fruitful- 
ness,  and  of  saving  ground.  Such  of  this  fruit 
as  takes  freely,  is  worked  upon  the  quince,  and 
trained  en  quenoille,  that  is,  the  branches,  which 
are  suffered  to  grow  low,  are  thinned  out,  and 
those  left  bent  down  so  as  to  assume  the  form  of 
a  distaff,  and  there  fastened.  Trained  in  this 
way  trees  are  planted  four  feet  apart ;  and  the  pro- 
duct of  a  given  area  of  ground  is  said  to  be  great- 
er, from  dwarfs,  in  this  way,  than  from  stand 
ards,  at  the  usual  distance  of  planting. 

After  all,  it  would  seem  to  be  a  law  of  nature 
that  the  food  of  the  young  plant,  ns  well  as  of  thr 
young  animal,  shall  go  exclusively  to  enlarge  and 
develope  the  individual,  until  it  has  attained  tr> 
natural  puberty,  and  that  the  contrivances  of  ait 
to  counteract  this  law,  in  inducing  precosity,  or 
unnatural  fruitfulness,  shortens  the  period  of 
their  existence.  This  also  seems  to  be  the  tenden  : 
cy  of  very  high  feeding  and  very  rich  manuring 
Temperance  is  as  essential  to  the  vegetable  as  the 
animal.  The  great  art  of  managing  plants  is  U- 
conform  them  to  their  natural  soil,  temperature  and 
habits.  The  practice  which  I  would  urge,  from 
the  consideration  of  the  preceding  facts,  is,  that 
men  should  plant  both  dwarf  and  standard  trees 
— the  first  for  themselves  and  the  last  for  thei 
posterity  J.  B 


Vol.  1.— No.  51. 


AND  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


FOR   THE  GENESEE   PARMER. 

WEBS  rER'S  DIC  HONARY. 
I  had  just  purchased  Webster's  American  Dic- 
abriSged,  price  six  dollars,  when  1  took 
up  a  newspaper  which  referred  to  some  strictures 
on  this  work,  made  separately  by  A.  B.  Johnson 
ami  Lyman  Cobb.  The  latter,  who  is  well  known 
as  the  author  ofaspelling  hook,  directed  the  weight 
of  his  objections  against  Webster's  orthography  ; 
and  the  former,  against  the  introduction  of  so  ma- 
ny words  which  are  not  found  in  Johnson's  Dic- 
tionary,—insisting  that  oneot  Dr.  Johnson's  g  v  i 
objects  was  to  exclude  all  unnecessary  and  imp:  op- 
er  words,  and  bj  so  doing  to  render  our  language 
more  classical  and  pure. 

I  laid  down  the  newspaper,— feltthaX  I  hod  be.  n 
too  hasty  in  making  the  purchase, — and  wished 
that  the  Dictionary  was  again  on  the  booksellers 
shelf,  and  th  1 1  the  six  dollars  were  safe  in  my  pock- 
et-book. It  was  too  late,  however ;  and  I  brought 
my  bargain  home,  endeavoring  to  encourage  my- 
self with  the  hope  that  the  definitions,  which 
must  be  better  adapted  to  the  oresent  state  of  the 
language  than  those  of  former  lexicographers, 
..tone  in  some  measure  for  the  barbarisms. 
On  reaching  home,  1  was  presented,  from  a 
scrap  book,  with  the  following  article  :  "  Orlhu- 
"raphy.  A  writer  in  the  Cattskiil  Recorder  has 
been  at  considerable  pains  to  make  up  the  follow 
ing  paragraph,  to  exhibit  Mr.  Webster's  style  of 
s  pelling.  °  lie  states  it  to  he  in  strict  accordance 
with  trTe  spelling  of  the  aoAKTO^.J  edition  : 

"  The  suteran  remedy  for  unpopularity  is  to 
Hoke  your  own  errors ;  and  if  you  procede  steddy, 
and  inlist  the  admirers  of  pretense  you  may  make 
even  a  nusance  tolerable.  A  traveller  when  he 
.  ishes  to  succede  with  the  ignorant,  makes  his 
lung  fly  like  a  j ether,  aad  an  encyclopedy  is  like  a 
7  tin  of  twist  to  him.  He  will  tell  you  that  in 
his  last  cruse,  he  came  near  a  catastrophy  from 
a,  Turkish  cutlas  ;  that  he  has  killed  ranedcer  in 

Nova  Zembla ;  that  he  saw  a  chtmist  in 

'  n  Holland  who  could  cure  the  toothake  by  the 
touch  of  his  thum  ;  that  the  highth  of  the  moun- 
tains in  Switzerland  set  his  head  aking  by  looking 
at  them  from  a  clif  in  r  ranee  ;  that  the  Turk 
lead  their  horses  by  artAmwhent'icygotoamosi; 
and  that  the  bridgegroom  is  fastened  to  his  bride 
by  a  thong  of  lether  in  certain  other  countries.  He 
will  praise  the  Chinese  tarif,  and  compare  the 
mandarin  to  our  skerif.  He  will  let  out  such  a 
sluse  of  words  upon  you  as  to  ienitmyour  senses. 
His  clack  is  like  a  plow  that  overturns  all  your  at- 
tempts to  reply,  and  you  can  get  no  furlow  from 
his  service ;  even  if  you  have  tire  hcadakc  to  kill, 
not  a  crum  of  comfort  can  you  get  from  him" 

This  was  bad  enough;  but  the  Irish  say,  "Fair 
play  is  a  jewel,"  and  I  determined  to  examine  for 
myself.  On  turning  to  the  Dictionary,  I  found 
those  objectionable  words  arranged  in  the  octa- 
voJpl  edition  as  follows : 

sovereign  )  proceed  *  steady  >  nuisance  }  succeed 
suveran    )  procede  )  steddy  J  nusance   J  succede 
feather  )  catastrophe  )  chimist  )  thumb  )  ribbon 
fcther   )  catastrophy  J  chemist  J  thum    $  ribin 

highth  f  mosk      (  leather  )  tariff 


he  circumstances  is  therefore,  an  unfair  witness »' 
unless  indeed,  the  arrangement  and  orthography 
of  these  words,  differ  in  the  quarto  edition,  which 
is  not  now  before  me.  It  must  be  remarked  how- 
ever that  Webster  prefers  both  "  mosque"  and 
chemical"  to  the  other  forms  of  these  words  with 
which  he  has  been  charged. 

It  is  also  to  be  noticed  that  Webster  has  not 
been  betrayed  into  the  proposed  alterations,*  by  a 
desire  to  write  these  words  as  they  are  pronounc- 
ed, and  thus  destroy  all  the  etymological  land- 
marks of  the  language, — but  to  correct  those  de- 
partures from  the  true  spellingofthe  primitive  words 
which  were  made  in  more  modern  but  barbarous 
ages,  when  every  pedant  was  ambitious  to  fortify 
his  writing  by  a  redundancy  of  letters.  Many  in- 
stances of  this  kind  might  be  given  in  addition  to 
the  words  already  introduced ;  but  perhaps  none 
is  more  remarkable  than  the  old  spelling  of  wood- 
ruff, woodde-rowffc,  or  the  modern  spelling  of 
'  tongue.'  The  following  etymologies  are  from 
the  Dictionary  under  review  : 

procede  from  the  Latin  procedo 

steddy        -         Saxon  stedig 

pretense  -  Latin  prajtensus — gjf  Within 
the  last  century  cxpence  has  been  changed  to  ex- 
pense, from  the  Latin  expensum. 

succede  from  the  Latin  succedo 


•  also 


flight 


mosque 


i  leather  ) 
ue  )  lether   ) 


tarif 


Iicight 

hight 

highth 

sheriff  I  benum,  corruptly  )  plough 

sherif  $  benumb  $  plow 

In  the  above  eases,  the  alteration  proposed  is 
modestly  placed  below  the  word  as  it  is  commonly 
spelled,  and  occurs  in  no  other  place,  so  that  no  in- 
convenience can  accrue  to  the  reader.  Yet  we  are 
not  told  that  this  position  of  a  word  always  marks 
his  preference,  and  it  is  likely  that  plow  is  one  ex- 
ception. 

inlist  f  i™n,  „•„„„    „„„.„(„i„   skain,  Webster  t 
enlist  J  both  given  separately  ^  ^^  J 

reindeer  )  and  ranedcer  )  pretense,  Webster  ) 
ranedeer  $      separately    $  pretence,  Walker  ) 
cutlas,  Webster  )  cruse  is  not  found  )  clif  is  not 
cutlass,  Walker  J      in  that  sense.      J     found, 
encyclopedia  or  }  sluice  )  occurs  )  furlough  }  ocr 

encyclopedy  $  sluse  )  twice  )  furlow  J  tw 
crum,  Webster  }  tongue  )  tung  also  occurs  ) 
.rum  \WalkcT  >tung  $  separately.  $ 
crumb  $    '  )  ake  is  preferred   to  ache  but 

lOthake  is  not  found. 

The  Cattskiil  writer  by  suppressing  a  part  of 


tarif  -        French  tarif 

sluse  -        Danish  sluse 

tung  -        Saxon  ti   ig 

fether         —        Saxon  fether 
skain  -        French  eseaigne 

cutlas  —        French  coutelas 

thum  -        Saxon  thuma 

ribin  -        Welsh  rhibin 

lether  -        Saxon  lether 

iienum        -        Saxon  benumen 
crum  -        Saxon  cruma 

Numerous  as  arc  the  wordst  which  this  Diction- 
ary contains,  I  observe  some  omissions  which 
ouoditto  be  supplied.  For  oviposilion  and  ovipos 
iling  I  give  Say,  and  Kirbv  and  Spence  as  au- 
thorities; and  for  spathose  Phillips  and  Cleave- 
land — but  I  have  had  little  time  to  search  for  o- 
missions. 

Massacer  has  been  proposed  instead  of  Massa 
ere.  I  dislike  this  innovation,  and  every  other 
that  requires  c  followed  by  e  to  sound  like  k.  Cy- 
anite  pronounced  kyanite,  is  a  modern  barbarism, 
however,  which  Webster  has  not  followed. 

The  best  thing  I  can  say  of  the  claim  preferred 
by  A.  B.  Johnson  in  favor  of  his  namesake,  is  that 
it  is  singular.  From  a  Dictionary  we  want  th 
definitions  of  such  words  as  are  used,  whether 
classical  or  not ;  and  that  author  who  would  refer 
to  Johnson's  Dictionary  rather  than  to  the  Ram 
bier  or  Idler  to  learn  whether  a  word  might  be  ad- 
mitted into  elegant  composition,  had  better  burn 
his  pen  and  spill  his  ink.  Some  of  the  vilest  writ- 
ings of  the  present  day  may  be  found  word  by 
word  in  Johnson's  Dictionary ;  and  in  it  may  also 
be  found  several  words  which  no  gcntlemanv/o\u<i 
dare  to  use  in  the  company  of  gentlemen. 

Jn  the  whole  I  am  well  pleased  with  Webster's 
(and  Worcester's)  Dictionary,  and  am  fully  and 
entirely  satisfied  that  my  six  dollars  were  well  laid 
out.  Yet  1  am  not  prejudiced  in  favor  of  Noah 
Webster.  He  has  shown  a  want  of  taste  in  in 
traducing  his  strictures  on  the  late  Lindley  Mur- 
rayinto  hisquar  to  edition, and  as  the  charges  are  ut 
terly  unfounded,  I  regret  that  so  enduring  a  record 
of  them  has  been  made.  Apart  from  suchsniallmat 
ters  however,  Noah  Webster  is  a  great  man ;  and 
he  will  be  known  to  posterity  as  a  bright  ornament 
of  his  age  and  country.  A  FARMER 


*  With  some  exceptions  such  us  nusance  from 
tlit  Freuch  nuisance,  pictoresk  from  the  French  pittores 
que,  &c 

t About  sixteen  thousand  more  tlmn  in  any  other.  It  al 
60  contains  between  thirty  and  forty  thousand  defmi 
tions  not  found  in  any  similar  work.  One  example  o 
the  nature  of  these  may  be  given  :  "  Mill-  An  engine 
or  fabhefr  in  which  com  is  ground,  or  an;'  other  body 
is  comminuted."  Walker's  Dictionary.  It  will  be  per 
ceived  that  this  de6nition  (taken  from  Johnson,)  is  very 
imperfect,  for  it  will  not  include  asaw-mill,  elittiDgmill 
a  hemp  mill,  a  fulling  mill,  and  sevoral  others.  Webster 
gives  the  following;  "  Mill.  1.  A  complicare.f  engineor 
machine  for  grinding  aDd  reducing  to  fine  particles, 
grain,  fruit,  or  other  substance,  or  for  performing  ether 

operations  by  means  of  wheels  and  a  circular  motion 

2.  The  houseorbuildingthatcontainsthemachinervfor 
grinding,  &c. 


FOR   THE   GENESEE    PARMER. 

THE   MILITIA. 

Mr.  Editor — I  have  noticed  several  elaborate: 
attempts  by  a  writer  in  your  paper,  to  induce  ;■ 
belief,  that  the  abolition  of  our  Militia  System,  is 
necessary  and  proper  His  theory  andargum 
are  plausible;  but  facts,  stubborn  facts,  are  worth 
all  the  theories  in  the  Universe.  The  histoi  y  of 
all  nations,  and  especially  of  Republics,  prove. 
that  whenever  the  great  body  of  the  people  have 
ever  considered  it  too  burthensome  to  cultivate 
military  discipline,  keep  arms  in  their  hands,  and 
know  how  to  use  them,  their  liberties  have  soon 
been  lost. 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  were  convinced  by 
their  demagogues,  that  it  was  an  unnecessary 
waste  of  time,  and  too  toilsome  to  go  on  with  the 
martial  exercises  of  their  ancestors ;  and  the  con- 
sequence has  been,  that  the  Greeks  have  groaned 
under  the  bondage  of  the  Turks  for  four  hundred 
years,  and  the  other  were  overrun  and  nearly  ex- 
terminated by  hordes  of  barbarians. 

It  is  easy  to  convince  the  unreflecting  in  time 
of  peace,  that  no  danger  is  near,  and  that  it  is 
unnecessary  to  guard  against  anarchy,  insurrec- 
tions, usurpation,  or  foreign  aggression.  So,  in 
those  ancient  republics,  danger  from  those  sources 
in  the  heighth  of  their  prosperity  appeared  more 
remote  than  it  now  does  to  us ;  yet  the  false  theo- 
ries of  sophists  and  religious  enthusiasts  were 
not  listened  to,  till  centuries  after  the  establish- 
ment of  those  Republics.  But  here,  in  about  half 
century  since  the  foundation  of  our  Republic, 
we  find  men,  who  from  their  language  and  wri- 
tings ought  to  know  better,  endeavoring  to  per- 
suade the  people  to  lay  aside  their  arms,  or  what 
is  the  same  thing,  render  our  Militia  system  less 
efficient  than  what  it  now  is. 

Officers  of  experience,  of  from  twenty  to  thirty 
years,  who  met  at  the  military  convention  at  Uti- 
ca,  last  winter,  allege  that  any  less  service  than 
now  exists,  would  prove  the  utter  destruction  of 
the  militia  system.  Yet  we  see  daily  attempts 
in  the  papers,  to  induce  a  more  lax  system  than 
the  present,  and  to  convince  us  that  all  that 
is  necessary  is  to  have  arms,  and  that  company 
and  regimental  trainings  are  useless.  It  is  easy 
to  cut  down  a  valuable  fruit  tree  that  our  ances 
tors  have  planted  for  us,  but  it  may  take  an  age 
to  substitute,  rear  and  bring  to  maturity  one  as 
;ood  in  its  place.  It  '  is  easier  to  extin- 
guish a  martial  spirit  and  habits,  than  to  excite 
them  after  they  are  abandoned.  Look  at  the  mis- 
erable, degenerate  Italians,  and  the  poor,  oppress- 
ed, ignorant,  and  distracted  state  of  the  Greeks, 
and  we  may  well  sigh,  "How  are  the  mighty 
fallen ! !"  No  considerate  man,  who  views  their 
condition,  and  has  any  regard  for  the  future  char- 
acter and  condition  of  his  country,  would  be  wil- 
ling to  intermit  any  precaution,  nor  begrudge  two 
days'  service  for  a  fewyears,  in  keeping  up  a  mil- 
itary spirit  and  organization  among  the  people. 
Break  down  this  system,  and  in  a  few  years  you 
must  have  a  large  standing  army  to  support,  and 
the  expense  to  each  man  would  be  greater,  than  to 
take  his  present  term  of  duty.  To  most  who  per- 
form it,  the  duties  of  a  citizen  soldier  are  not  con 
sidered  burthensome ; — they  are  considered  as 
manly  recreations  from  labor,  and  the  ordinary 
business  of  life.  And  as  the  people  must  have 
some  amusements,  public  meetings  and  military 
exercises  and  displays,  are  assuredly  more  reptib 


106 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  24,  Iffli- 


rican,  innocent  and  useful,  than  horse  races,  bull 
rights,  festivals  and  shows,  &c..  that  are  substitu- 
ted in  monarchies  as  recreations  from  the  labor  of 
their  masters.     .No,  the  intelligent  American  mi- 
litiaman despises  the  proffered  aid  of  those  who 
have  done  little  or  no  duty,  and  who  are  so  ready 
with  their  help  to  rid  him  of  it.     He  knows  that 
if  he  parts  with  the  organization  and  physical  a 
bility  to  assert  his  rights,  they   would  like  many 
other  nations,  soon  vanish  as  a  shadow.     He  has 
seen  his  brethren  in  arms  at  Platsburg,  at   Erie, 
at  Baltimore,    New  Orleans,  and  other   places, 
Save  our  regular  armies,  and  preserve  the  charac- 
ter of  our  country,  in  repelling  a  foreign  foe      He 
has  read  of  the  spirit  displayed  by  our  militia  in 
the  Revolutionary  war,  at  Bunker  hill,  at  Ben- 
nington, at  Saratoga,  and  throughout  that  momen- 
tous struggle.     He  has  lately  witnessed  the  deso- 
lating effects  of  a  few  regulars  led  by  unprinci- 
pled officers   among  the  South  American  Repub- 
lics, when  they  had  no  organized  militia  to  check 
their  career,  or  preserve  the  liberties  of  the  people. 
He  lias   admired  the  wisdom  of  the  French  Liber- 
als, who  by  an  organization  of  the  militia  or  Na- 
tional Guard,  have  saved  tiiat  fine  country  from 
the  horrors  which  the  enemies   of  all  order  as 
heretofore,   would    have  involved   it.       And   he 
would  advise  all  those  who  think  our  militia  sys- 
tem too  burthensome,  instead  of  endeavoring  to 
Undermine  this   pillar  which  our  ancestors  have 
placed  for  the  support  of  our  Liberties,  to  quit  this 
for  some  other  country  where  they  have  no  such 
burthens  to  bear.  A  MILITIAMAN. 


SELfcK  TIOMS. 


From  the  New  Yorrk  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  XII. 

On  the  choice  of  suitable  Land  for  Farming 
Mb.  Fleet — The    lemark    will,    at   first 
view,  strike  most  pei sons  as  a   kind  of  con- 
tradiction in   terms,   that   the    very    richest 
land,  is  not  that  on  which  Fai  hums  have  the 
best  success,  and    vet  nothing  is    more  cer- 
tain-    The  first  quality  of  land,  is  generally 
considered  to  be  river  alluvion;  next  to  this, 
the  richest  upland,    such  as  a  fat  and  tena- 
cious loam  ;  then  a  sandy  loam,  or  saird  and 
clay;    and    finally    a   dry    gravel.      Of  all 
these  descriptions  of  soil,    1st,   2d,  iid,  and 
1th,  the  last   is  that  on  which  we  generally 
find  the  best  Farmers,  not  onlv   but  the  most 
succeisful  Farming      I   have  traversed  most 
parts  of  the   United   States,  from  Maine  to 
North  Carolina,  and  between  the  great  west- 
ern Lakes  and   the  Atlantic,  and  have  ef   v 
where  seen  prool  of  the  correctness  of  thesi 
remarks.     The    first  choice   of  land  in  the 
settlement  of  every  new  country,  taking  the 
qualities   as  designated   above,   is  always  in 
the  numerical  order,  as  they  stand  ;  and  the 
4th,  after  some  "20  to  50  years,  always  be- 
comes, except   in    some  very  rare   cases  of 
river  alluvion,  the  first,  and  the  whole  order 
is  reversed  !     There  may   be   particular  ex- 
ceptions, but  as  a  general  remark,  the  above 
observations  will  be  found,  on  the  strictest 
examination,  to    be  sanctioned  by  general 
facts.     Such  was  the  case,   in  the  early   his- 
tory of  the  settlement  of  this  continent,  such 
it  lias  bi-cn,  ineyery  part  of  the  country,  and 
such  it  still  is,  as  settlements  advance,  every 
where.     One  generation  succeeds  another, 
he    second    invariably    adopting    different 
views  from  the    first,   ii'  continuing  to  reside 
on  the  same  land;  and  yet  all  others,  all 


of  those  who  are  uninstructed  by  personal 
experience  and  observation,  or  very  nearly 
11,  advance  to  the  wilds  wilh  the  old  fash- 
ioned errors  of  opinion  !  Were  we  to  omit 
taking  into  consideration  the  grounds  of 
this  mistake,  the  general  perseverance  in  it. 
would  seem  to  imply  a  strange  want  of  pru- 
dent foresight,  or  even  a  want  of  common 
understanding.  Let  us  examine  this  matter 
a  little,  for  it  is  one  of  very  general  import- 
ance. 

Lands  in  a  state  of  nature,  wild  lands,  to 
which  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  young 
men  resort,  for  future  Farms,  if  clothed  with 
timber,  forest  trees,  present  very  delusive 
appearances,  such,  xactlv.as  would  be  like- 
ly to  mislead  the  judgment.  Excepting  only 
the  river  alluvion,  universally  sought  as  of 
the  first  quality,  almost  without  looking  at 
the  soil,  the  three  other  qualities  are  found, 
the  second  and  thiid.  covered  with  a  thick 
deposite  of  vegetable  matter,  leaves,  partly 
decayed.  '  soft  as  an  under  bed,'  '  black  as  my 
shoe.''  Such  is  the  surface.  On  tearing  up 
some  handfuls  of  the  ground,  this  is  well 
blaekened  of  course,  and  little  is  thought  of 
looking  for  the  sub-soil,  as  those  invariably 
do,  who  have  once  been  deceived  by  black 
muck,  and  these  soft  beds  of  leaves.  Brooks 
are  plenty,  in  such  woods  though  they  will 
be  scarce,  on  the  same  land,  when  opened 
to  the  sun,  and  the  blankets  and  bed  of 
leaves  are  removed,  so  as  to  dry  the  surface 
of  the  ground. 

On  the  4th  quality  of  land,  the  dry  and 
warm  gravel,  there  is  none  of  this  great 
store  of  slowly  rotting  leaves,  because  they 
rot  rapidly,  and  fires  often  burn  them  up, 
the  land  being  dry  ;  and  brooks,  and  springs, 
are  even  more  scarce  than  they  will  be 
when  the  woods  are  destroyed.  The  ground. 
having  its  surface  uncovered,  and  the  woods 
generally  more  open,  presents  an  appear- 
ance of  nakedness,  especially  after  having 
passed  over  black  muck  lands,  shrouded  in 
leaves.  With  on  allowance  for  the  far 
greater  frequency  of  fires,  to  burn  oil"  the 
leaves,  and  to  destroy  much  of  the  growth 
of  wood,  keeping  the  woods  more  open,  this 
land  is  condemned  for  barrenness,  and  the 
lancl  of  muck  is  chosen,  all  blanketed  and 
carpeted  wth  leaves.  We  may,  on  reading 
this,  admitting  it  to  be  a  true  and  faithful 
outline  or  delineation,  all  aiiee  that  we 
would  act  more  wisely,  and  yet  99  rn  a  hun- 
dred of  us,  uninstructed  by  experience, 
would  probably  choose  the  carpeted  land,  as 
99  in  a  hundred  have  done  before,  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  States.  I  would  not. 
and  did  not,  but  my  Either  did,  much  to 
lis  regret,  and  I  had  the  benefit  of  his  ex- 
perience, as  well  as  my  own,  having  been 
born  and  bred  on  one  of"  those  carpeted 
Farms. 

Land,  that  is  cold  and  wet,  may  bear  im- 
mense growths  of  trees,  as  of  the  elm,  ash, 
basswood,  birch,  beach,  maple  and  hemlock  ; 
and  having  a  very  thick  shade,  the  ground 
will  be  cold,  and  wet,  and  the  leaves  must, 
of  course,  decay  very  slowly.  Hence  the 
carpeting,  which  is  invariably,  a  sure  inai- 
cation  of  either  cold,  or  wet  land)  or  of  both. 
If  of  both,  it  never  will  make  alarm  lor 
grain;  and  grass,  for  pasture,  and  for  hay, 
which  grows  on  such  land,  is  always  very 
inferior  in  richness,  to  that  grown  on  land 
that  is  warm  and  dry.  The  difference  is  ve- 
ry grear.  The  most  nutritious  grass,  grows 
only  where  the  land  is  so  dry,  and  warm, 
that  it  must  be  sown  frequently  with  seed,  in 


order  to  keep  up  the  sward.  This  is  what  I 
call  a  medium  soil,  good,  alike  for  grass  and 
grain,  on  which  I  should  no  more  expect 
crops  of  grass,  except  from  seed,  than  of 
grain.  One  acre  of  such  ground,  in  pasture, 
or  meadow,  will  keep  as  much  stock  as  one 
"and  a  half,  or  even  two,  or  three,  of  your 
black  muck  cold  and  wet  grass  land.  The 
appearance,  to  be  sure,  in  pasture,  will  be 
very  different.  The  grass  may  be  very  long. 
in  your  wet,  cold  land  pasture,  but  very  poor 
feed ;  in  the  other,  it  will  be  far  more  nu- 
tritious, short  and  sweet,  like  a  well  told  sto- 
ry. 

With  land  that  is  dry  and  warm,  the  good' 
Husbandman,  may  always  succeed  ingetiin" 
good  crops.  He  may  even  make  the  soil  as 
fertile  as  that  of  the  very  richest  of  land, 
and  far  more  sure  in  its  crops.  Good  litis 
bandry,  constantly  enriches  the  soil.  But  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  do  this,  with  land 
naturally  cold,  and  wet.  It  has  not  warmth 
enough,  of  temperament,  to  be  sensitive  to 
kind  treatment,  but  is  like  some  men,  so 
phlegmatic,  as  to  offer  no  principle  of  life 
to  act  upon.  Heat,  and  cold,  are  always 
antipodes.  You  cair  never,  by  the  utmost 
kindness,  overcome  natural  antipathies. — 
The  very  cause  of  the  muck,  which  misleads 
so  many  in  the  choice  of  lands,  is  a  natural 
coldness  in  the  soil,  where  leaves  are  yrestrX 
ved  from  decay,  by  cold,  and  by  wet,  not 
moisture,  but  an  excess  of  wetness.  Such 
lands,  when  cleared,  will  produce  grain 
crops,  while  the  muck  lasts,  and  is  rotting 
by  the  power  of  the  sun,  but  is  sterile,  ever 
afterwards,  unless  covered  with  a  new  soil, 
made  artificiallv  and  at  more  expense  than 
the  cost  of  warm  and  good  land.  This  can 
be  effected  by  trench-ploughing,  under- 
draining,  quick  lime  as  ;r  manure,  bringing 
up  the  haid-pan,  almost  always  the  only  sub- 
soil of  mucky  lands,  but  the  cost  is  too 
great  for  any  thing  but  t  xperiinent.  and  on  a 
small  scale.  It  will  he  done,  when  lands, 
from  being  scarce,  shall  be  worth  50  dollars 
an  acre,  but  that  time  is  far  distant. 

This  is  a  long  story,  Mr.  Editor,  as  it  will 
seem  to  those  of  your  readers,  if  any  such 
there  be,  who  take  no  interest  in  knowing 
how  to  appreciate  the  different  quaities  of 
land,  for  Farming.  I  venture  to  say,  how- 
ever, that  no  topic  yet  embraced  in  these  pa- 
pers, is  of  more  general  interest,  to  your  Ag- 
ricultural and  Horticultural  readers,  and 
that  none  of  the  Nos.  will  be  more  exten- 
sively and  attentively  read  by  them,  particu- 
larly the  Fanners,  than  this  and  the  three 
next,  which  1  mean  to  devote  to  the  same 
subject. 

1  shall  not  attempt  to  speak  of  soils  of  all 
descriptions,  land  of  every  quality,  but  dwell 
principally  on  the  two  leading  characteris- 
tics, of  cold  and  wet  lana,  underlaid  by  hard- 
pan;  and  warm  and  dry  land,  properly  the 
medium  soils,  however  constituted,  closing 
with  some  observations  on  good  grazing  and 
meadow  land,  for  dairy  and  stock  Farms. 

Sept.   16,  1831. 

From  the  NeW»fcnfcl»nd   Farmer. 

MR.  COBB'S  MANUAL. 

We  have  been  favored  with  a  small  trea- 
tise entitled  '  A  Manual  containing  informa- 
tion respecting  '■'"  j  row  h  of  the  Mulberry 
Tree,  with  suitublt  uirtctiojis  for  the  culture 
of  silk,  in  three  parts.  Jiy  J.  H.  Cobb,  A. 
Si.  Published  by  direction  of  his  excellency 
Gov.  Lincoln,  agretably  to  a  resolve  of  the 
Commonwealth.      Osttndcns  hujua   munem 


Vol.  1.— No.  51. 


A1VD  GARDFIVER'S  JOURNAL. 


4^7 


usum.     I'i.da  in  Bomuyx.     boston.     Carter, 
Hmd  e  and  Bubcock. 

This  Treatise  is  introduced  by  an  able  re- 
jiort  of  a  Committee  of  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature,  of  which  Mr.  Abel  Wheeler 
was  Chairman  (published  in  N.  E.  Farmer, 
vol.  ix.  page  i6£)  and  a  resolve  'That  his 
excellency  the  Governor  be  requested  to 
cause  to  be  compiled  and  printed  a  concise 
Ma.mtal  to  coin. un  the  best  information  res 
pecting  the  growth  of  the  AIucueury  Tk  .:, 
with  suitable  directions  for  the  culture  of 
Silk,  and  that  this  manual  be  distributed 
in  suitable  numbers  in  tlie  city  of  Boston, 
and  to  every  town  in  .he  Commonwealth. — 
That  to  defray  the  expense  thus  incurred  he 
be  authorized  to  draw  nis  warrant  on  the 
treasury  for  a  sum  not  exceeding  six  hun- 
dred dollars.' 

The  importance  ol  the  silk  culture  in  a 
national  point  of  view,  as  well  as  a  useful 
and  profitable  pursuit  of  individual  industry, 
is  now  so  well,  and  so  universally  apprecia- 
ted, that  remarks  on  this  head  would  be  su- 
perfluous. We  shall,  theref  re,  confine 
ourselves  to  the  indications  of  the  claims  of 
the  treatise  before  us  to  confidence  and  pat- 
ronage. 

The  author  remarks  in  his  preface  that 
'  In  preparing  this  manual  he  has  been  gui- 
ded by  the  personal  experience  which  he 
has  had  for  several  years  in  the  culture  oil 
the  mulberry  tree,  and  rearing  ot  silk  worms 
in  the  state  ol  Massachusetts.'  lie  also 
gives  a  list  of  the  works  which  he  has  made 
use  of  in  compiling  his  manual,  and  subjoins 
the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Peter  S.  Du 
Ponceau,  and  Dr.  Felix  Pascal}',.  Mr.  Du 
Ponceau  observes  that  'the  works  of  foreign 
writers  on  the  cultivation  ol  mulberry  trees 
and  raising  of  silk  worms,  particularly  in  the 
latter,  are  by  no  means  suited  to  the  ineridi-  j 
an  of  this  country,  and  are  rath  r  calcula- 
ted to  discourage  than  instruct  our  farmers.' 
You  have  with  great  propriety  discarded 
their  artificial  heat,  thermometers,  barome- 
ters, hygrometers,  and  all  these  varieiy  of 
troublesome  ineihods,minute  regulations  and 
useless  implements,  which  make  the  culture 
of  silk  a  difficult  and  intricate  science.  I 
see  no  more  difficulty  in  cultivating  the  mul- 
berry than  any  other  fruit  tree:  and  the  art 
of  raising  silk  worms  seems  to  reduce  itself 
to  a  few  simple  rules  easy  of  observance. — 
I  know  but  of  one  European  author  who  has 
had  the  courage  to  break  through  the  fetters 
of  habit  and  prejudice;  and  in  a  late  work 
on  the  culture  ol  silk,  published  in  the  Ger- 
man language  at  Vienna  in  1829,  adopted 
what  I  call  the  American  System,  the  same 
which  your  manual  recommends,  and  which 
in  fact  nas  been  followed  in  ibis  country  for 
more  than  70  years.  "  The  author  is  the 
Chevalier  Von  Ileint,  an  Austrian  noble- 
man, the  owner  of  large  estates  in  the  impe- 
rial dominions.  He  appears  to  have  com- 
pletely succeeded  by  following  this  simple 
American  method,  and  he  even  ventured  to 
raise  silk  worms  on  mulberry  trees  in  the 
open  air  on  the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  44 
deg.  N.  Lat. ;  and  he  assures  us  that  he  met 
with  the  same  success.' 

Dr.  Pascalis  observes  'I  have  read  the 
work  of  Mr.  Jonathan  H.  Cobb  on  the  cul- 
ture of  silk,  which  is  intended  by  him  as  a 
popular, manual  of  instruction,  and  hare 
been  much  pleased  to  find  that  it  unites  brev- 
ity with  all  the  most  important  precepts  re- 
quired, in  that  valuable  branch  o(  domestic 
produce.     It  is  also  clear  and  lucid,  and  free 


of  all  unnecessary  details  little  to  be  c.'led  for 
within  the  short  peiiod  of  tune  necessary  to 
make  a  silk  crop.  It  is  evident  that  Mr. 
Cobb  has  been  for  many  years  a  practical 
culturist,  and  could  also  embrace  the  inter 
esting  cares  of  the  filature,  even  farther  than 
that  of  making  marketable  raw  si.k,  which 
is  not  frequently  attended  to  by  the  grow- 
ers.'        *         *         * 

'I  conclude  with  observing  that  the  work 
of  Mr.  Jonathan  H.  Cobb  deserves  the  con- 
fidnce  of  the  public,  and  its  circulation  should 
be  encouraged. 

ON    RAISING     GRAIN    ON     LIGHT 

SOIL..-.. 
Eastern  Pa.  Nov.  8,  1831. 
Mr.  Smith  : — A  correspondent  in  your 
last  "  Farmer"  wishes  to  be  informed  wheth- 
er any  thing  has  been  done  at  raising  giain 
on  light  sandy  soils  manured  with  marsh 
mud,  plastei  of  Pans,  or  lime,  and  if  so  wish- 
es a  detail.  Sic.  with  the  results.  1  will  give 
him  what  has  come  under  my  observation. 
Some  years  since  1  bought  a  lot  of  la  id  which 
contained  14  or  15  acies  of  river  bottom  of 
very  light  sandy  soil-  the  rest  upland,  which 
was  stony.  The  bottom  beint,  easier  far- 
med, had  been  completely  worn  out  by  the 
tenants,  who,  under  the  former  owner,  had 
used  it  for  years  without  any  manure.  The 
firsi  year  of  my  owning  it  I  tried  a  part  with 
50  bustiels  of  lime  to  the  acre,  put  on  in  the 
spring  alter  breaking  it  up  for  com — it  pro- 
duced a  good  crop  of  corn  and  subsequently 
one  of  the  best  crops  of  winter  gram  in  the 
township;  it  was  then  sown  with  clover  and 
timothy,  and  plastered,  (i.  e.  sown  with 
ground  gypsum)  and  produced  me  two  tons 
of  hay  to  the  acre;  I  continued  the  same 
course  of  trearment  on  the  whole  flat,  with 
equal  success,  adding  to  ihe  lime  as  much 
stable  manure  as  we  had  made  on  the  lot. 
it  may  be  proper  to  say  that  perhaps  previ- 
ous to  my  owning  it,  the  lot  had  never  had  a 
bushel  of  plastei  sown  on  it,  and  perhaos 
never  had  been  limed  or  manured  to  any  ex- 
tent, and  that  when  broken  up  after  I  got  it, 
I  caused  it  to  be  ploughed  very  deep  ;  deep 
ploughing  answers  very  well  except  on  stiff 
clay  soils.  The  crops  oi  ilus  part  f  the 
world  have  been -j       ''.  .oved  within  the 

lastt.n  or  fifteen  n   use  of  lime  as 

a  manure.  For,,  une  after  the  introduction 
of  gypsum,  many  of  our  fanners  relied  on 
it,  and  clover  alone  ;  other  manures  were 
neglected,  and  although  much  good  was  done 
by  the  introduction  of  clover,  yet  the  pro- 
cess of  cropping  exhausted  ihe  land,  and 
gypsum,  wnicli  I  lielieve  is  only  a  stimulus, 
ceased  to  produce  any  beneficial  effects  on 
the  lands.  Recourse  was  ihen  had  to  li.ne; 
that  has  been  successfully  continued  evei 
since,  and  our  millers  inform  me  mat  the  re 
suit  has  been  an  increase  of  ai  least  50  per 
cent,  inihe  quantity  of  gr  un  produced  in  the 
same  district  of  country.  Lime,  I  believe, 
operates  as  a  manure  by  its  caustic  properties 
neutralizing  the  acids  in  the  soil.  I  have 
also  observed,  wire  i  several  years  Ir  veelaps. 
ed  without  the  application  of  gypsum,  that 
on  renewing  it  its  e.lects  ire  ;  gain  very  ,.  n- 
ifest,  espec  ally  in  ihe  grass  crops  in  the 
little  farming  I  have  recently  done  1  have 
combined  the  application  ol  stable  manure 
and  lime,  and  when  I  manure,  I  do  it  in  ear 
nest  and  it  pays  well.  On  an  out  lot  of  five 
acres  near  tins  borough,  which  had  been  suf- 
fered to  become  exhausted  because  the  foi 
mer  owner  said  he  could  not  afford  to  buy 
lime  and  manure,   he  was  unable   to  raise 


wheal,  and  ihe  grass  crop  was  very  indiffers 
ent.  I  broke  it  up  early  in  the  summer-- 
put  on  it  250  bushels  of  lime,  and  41  horses 
loads  of  manure,  gave  it  three  ploughings  and 
sowed  white  wheal.  The  next  season  I  gor 
51  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre;  1  sowed 
clover  and  timothy  among  ihe  wheat.  1 
sold  the  crop  of  grass  standing  the  next  sea- 
son for  gtO,  and  got  ©tO  for  the  fall  pastur- 
age ;  ttiis  vear  I  made  upwards  of  ten  tons 
of  hay  off  it,  and  have  again  gotten  $  ,0  for 
the  fall  pasturage. 

The  effect  of  lime  is  visible  for  a  greater 
or  less  length  of  time  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  soil.  I  have  seen  it  distinctly  visible 
twelve  years  after  n  h  id  been  applied. 

In  this  country  it  is  generally  put  on  after 
the  land  is  ploughed,  and  then  harrowed  and 
ploughed  in.  If  the  season  be  not  too  dry 
its  beneficial  effects  will  be  visible  in  the 
summer  crop  following  iis  application  in  the 
spring.  But  if  land  be  limed  for  the  sum- 
mer crop  and  a  dry  summer  succeed,  it  some- 
times injures  that  crop  that  season,  although 
its  beneficial  effects  will  be  seen  the  next 
and  succeeding  yeais ;  lime  never  is  fully 
felt  in  its  effects  until  a  winter  has  passed  af- 
ter its  application.  On  poor  or  thin  land  I 
think  an  application  of  the  lime  on  'he  sur- 
face or  sod  in  the  fall  the  most  advisable  ; 
spread  it  and  let  it  lie  till  spring.  1  think 
any  land  will  bear  40  bushels  to  the  acre  thus 
applied,  and  that  the  difference  of  the  corn 
crop  the  next  season  will  nearly  if  not  quite 
pay  the  price  of  the  lime,  if  il  can  be  procur- 
ed at  a  reasonable  price,— Am.  Farmer. 

Strange  Affection. — A  foxhound  bitch 
the  property  of  Mr.  A.  Thornton,  of  Caro- 
line county",  Va.  was  in,  last  spring,  at  the 
death  of  a  she-fox.  Soon  after,  she  was 
found  baying  at  a  hollow  tree,  which  being 
cut  open,  was  found  to  have  been  the  den 
of  the  she-fox,  and  to  contain  seven  fox 
whelps,  quite  young.  On  being  taken  out, 
the  hound  bitch  coiled  her  elf  about  them, 
and  eagerly  gave  them  suck.  Her  own 
!  pups  were  put  with  a  foster  mother,  and 
she,  with  maternal  care,  nursed  the  young 
foxes,  on  the  farm,  where  there  were  seve- 
ral other  .  dogs,  and  where  they  remained 
unmolested,  until  tit  to  wean,  i  hey  were 
then  put  in  the  neighboring  wood,  but  per- 
sisted in  rit, unmg  occasionally  to  the 
jho  uestead,  where,fiue  to  their  nature  they 
depredated  on  the  poultry  yard  until  it  be- 
came necessary  to  destroy  them.  Many 
are  the  morals  that  might  be  drawn  iiom 
this  incident,  w  rich  is  no  fable.  No  virtue 
more  beautiful  than  offering  shelter  to  the 
fatherless — (he  more  sinkina,  when  exer- 
Icised  in  despite  of  country  and  family  pre- 
judices. But  the  con  luct  of  the  fox  ,-hows 
how  far  beyond  the  force  of  education  is 
that  of  nature!  Is  if  not  so  with  some  ani- 
mals that  are  not  ferce  natura? — American 
Turf  Reg. 

On  Friday  evening  last,  a  colored  wo 
man,  by  the  name  of  Lliza  Freeman,  »vas 
committed  to  ji  il  in  Mount  Holly,  N.  3.  o» 
a  charge  or  murdering  lier  husband,  David 
Freeman,  the  pre<  eding  night,  by  cutting 
his  throat  with  a  razor. 


sh 


Lower  Cauda. — TJk-  census  of  Lower  Canad,* 
Ws  a  population  of  near  500,000  souls. 


408 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  24,  lSSl. 


From  the  Alabama  Inleliigencer. 

Alabama  Madeira  Wine,  tyc. — We  ac- 
knowledge the  receipt  from  our  esteemed 
and  enterprising  fellow-citizen,Mr.  Cornel- 
Ie  Roudet,  of  three  bottles  of  Wine,  two  of 
last  year's  vintage,  and  one  of  the  present ;  i 
and  also,ofsome  choice  and  valuable  spec- 
imens of  fruits,  such  as  Pears,  Pomegran- 
ates, &  Quinces,  products  of  his  vineyard, 
in  Green  county.  The  wine,  which  is  de- 
signated the  Alabama  J\<Iaderia,is  pronoun- 
ced by  good  judges  to  be  of  an  excellent 
quality,  and  ortly  requires  age  to  render  its 
flavor  equal  to  the  choicest  imported  Ma- 
deria.  In  making  this  wine,  Mr.  R.  in- 
forms us,  he  found  it  necessary  to  depart 
in  some  measure  from  the  established  Eu- 
ropean theory;  but  the  process  has  been 
obtained  from  repeated  practical  experi- 
ments, calculated  for,  and  adapted  to,  the 
grapes  of  our  own  climates. 

Much  doubt  has  been  entertained,  wheth- 
er the  pear  and  apple  could  be  brought  to 
any  degre  of  perfection  in  a  southern  lati- 
tude; and  at  the  commencement  of  the  un- 
dertaking, doubts  were  entertained  by  Mr. 
R.  himself  of  their  ultimate  success.  He 
was  of  opinion  that  the  fruit  would  be  stony, 
and  the  peal  of  a  rough  and  coarse  nature; 
but  his  experiments  have  furnished  incon 
testible  evidence  that  with  proper  manage 
ment  they  may  be  brought  to  the  highest 
deg.ee  of  perfection.  They  are  of  the 
species  known  as  the  fall  bergamot,  the 
product  of  the  third  year  since  the  trees 
were  planted.  In  point  of  size  (some  be- 
ing twelve  inches  in  circumference)  they 
far  surpass  the  European  growth,  or  those 
of  the  Northern  States  in  our  own  country; 
and  it  is  said  the  climate  and  soil  of  Alaba- 
ma ib  so  weil  adapted  to  their  own  growth, 
that  the  quality  of  the  fruit  has  been  great- 
ly improved.  VV  e  learn  from  Mr.  Roudet 
that  he  has  at  present  thirty  different  kinds 
of  the  pear  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation  ; 
among  which  are  the  one  above  described, 
the  Butter  Pear,  the  Rosselin,  Seckel,  ccc. 
The  Pomegranates  are  supposed  to  be  e- 
qual  to  those  of  the  West  Lidies  and  Spain. 
The  qui. ices  are  very  ruie  and  large,  meas- 
uring 13  inches  in  circumference. 

*t  is  a  well  known  fact  that  the  soil  and 
climate  of  our  State  is  peculiarly  adapted 
to  the  production  of  almost  every  thing 
which  can  contribute  to  the  wants  of  man. 
Not  only  the  comforts,  but  the  luxuries  of 
life  can  be  obtained  in  the  richest  profusion 
by  bestowing  a  little  attention  to  their  cul- 
ture; and  we  are  confident  that,  if  the  im- 
pulse were  once  given,  instead  of  a  contin- 
ued prospect  of  wide  spread  cotton  fields, 
we  -hould  then  behold  the  scene  intersper- 
sed and  enlivened  with  beautiful  vineyards 
and  orchards. 

Second  crop  of  Apples  and  third  crop  of 
Blossoms  ! — We  have  before  us  a  second 
crop  of  Apples  and  a  third  crop  of  Blos- 
soms, taken  from  an  A  pple  Tree  in  Cum- 
berland, It.  1.  on  land  formerly  belonging 
to  Stephen  Cook  of  Mendon,  Mass.  The 
tree  after  bearing  and  bringing  to  maturity 


one  crop,  blossomed  the  second  time,  du- 
ring the  second  week  in  September,  as  full 
as  t^ees  generally  do  in  the  Spring.  Some 
of  the  Apples  when>the  frost  checked  theii 
growth  measured  over  three  inches  in  cir- 
cumference, but  they  are  generally  of  the 
size  of  full  grown  crab  apples.  What  is 
still  more  remarkable  is,  that  the  tree  blos- 
somed for  the  third  lime  about  the  second 
week  in  November.  Some  of  the  last  crop 
of  blossoms  were  brought  into  this  office. —  j 
The  apples  and  blossoms  were  brought  to  i 
this  town  by  David  Aldrich,  Esq.  of  Cum- 1 
berland  who  offers  to  produce  evidence  of 
the  truth  of  the  above.  Josiah  F.  Fish, 
Esq.  of  Wrentham,  collected  some  of  the 
apples  and  blossoms  ,and  a  number  of  oth- 
eas  have  evidence  of  the  fact.  The  apples 
were  the  common  pearmain. — jR.  /.  Amer. 

[From  the  Juvenile  Forget  Me  Not.] 
EVENING  PRAYER — a  girl  praying. 
Alone,  alone  ! — no  other  face 

Wears  kindred  smile,  or  kindred  line ; 
And  yet  they  say  my  mother's  eyes — 

They  say  my  father's  brow  is  mine  : 
And  either  had  rejoiced  to  see 

The  other's  likeness  in  my  face; 
But  now  it  is  a  stranger's  eye 

That  finds  some  long-forgotten  trace, 

I  heard  them  name  my  father's  death, 

His  home  and  tomb  alike  the  wave ; 
And  I  was  early  taught  to  weep 

Beside  my  youthful  mother's  grave. 
I  wish  1  could  recall  one  look — 

But  only  one  familiar  tone: 
If  I  had  aught  of  memory, 

I  should  not  feel  so  all  alone. 

My  heart  is  gone  beyond  the  grave, 

In  search  of  love  I  cannot  find, 
Till  I  could  fancy  soothing  words 

Are  whispered  by  the  evening  wind. 
I  gaze  upon  the  watching  stars, 

So  clear,  so  beautiful  above, 
Till  I  could  dream  they  looked  on  me. 

With  something  of  an  answering  love. 

My  mother,  does  thy  gentle  eye 

Look  from  those  distant  stars  on  me1? 
Or  does  the  wind  at  evening  bear 

A  message  to  thy  child  from  thee  ? 
Dost  thou  pine  for  me,  as  I  pine 

Again  a  parent's  love  to  share1? 
I  often  kneel  beside  thy  grave, 

And  pray  to  be  a  sleeper  there. 

The  vesper  bell ! — 'tis  eventide ; 

I  will  not  weep,  but  I  will  pray — 
God  of  the  fatherless, 'tis  Thou 

Alone  can  be  the  orphan's  stay  ! 
Earth's  meanest  flower,  Heaven's  mightiest  star, 

Are  equal  in  their  Maker's  love, 
And  I  can  say,  Thy  will  be  done, 

With  eyes  that  fix  their  hope  above. 


An  Indiana  Editor  says,  that  radishes 
have  been  left  at  his  office  somewhat  large- 
er  than  a  man's  leg.  AY  e  wonder  how 
large  the  Editor's  leg  can  be.  We  pre- 
sume him  to  bo  a  relative  of  the  gentleman, 
to  whom  a  pedlar  once  offered  a  couple  of 
candlemoulds  to  serve  him  as  a  pair  of  boots. 
— Lotusvillle  Journal. 


pate.si  zimc  hollow-War::, 

MANUFACTURE].,   by  John  Westfield  & 
Co.,  No.  163,  Alott  street,  New-York. 

ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  No.  3,  Buffalo  street 
Rochester,  having  been  appointed  agents  I  ir  the 
sale  of  the  above  ware,  are  now  receiving  an  tddi 
tional  supply,  wi  ueh  they  otier  for  sale  at  the  man- 
ufacturers' price. 

This  ware  will  be  found  not  materially  to  exceed 
in  price  Tin  and  Iron;  yet  as  durable  as  Iron,  not 
subject  to  rust,  giving  the  article  cooked  or  kept  in 
it  no  unpleasant  taste,  not  containing  in  itself,  nor 
forming  with  the  materials  cooked  in  it,  any  dele- 
terious properities.  as  do    topper,  Brass  or  Le  id. 

Zinc  Kettles,  for  coi  king  Rice,  Homm'mv,  and 
all  kinds  Sweet  Meat-.  -  ill  be  found  well  adapt 
ed,  neither  discoloring,  nor  varying  the  flavor  ol 
the  substance  cooked  ;  tor  these  purposes,  and  t" 
avoid  the  corrosions  of  Copper,  llrass  and  Lead,  il 
will  long  be  substituted  for  these  metals. 

Zinc  Pans  fi.r  the  Dairy,  will  be  found  an  ob 
ject  worthy  of  attention  from  the  following  consi- 
derations; that  Milk  in  Zinc  Pans  of  the  same 
size,  will  produce  from  20  to  25  per  cent  more 
cream  or  butter,  and  that  of  superior  flavor  ;  will 
keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  of  hours,  af- 
fording the  cream  more  time,  besides  its  chymical 
effect,  to  separate  from  the  milk,  (for  this  reason, 
cream  from  those  pans  will  not  admit  ot  bein<i 
churned  as  soon  as  that  from  other  pans,  in  a 
much  as  no  cream  should  lie  churned  till  it  is 
soured,)  and  greatly  outlast  any  pans  in  use. 

Zinc  Jars  and  Firkins  for  preserving  butter 
sweet  for  family  use,  possess  equally  superior  ad 
vantage  for  butter,  as  do  the  pans  for  milk.  Ex- 
periment and  results  safely  warrant  the  above 
statement;  and  the  orders  of  wholesale  and  retail 
ing  merchants  as  well  as  those  of  families  anil 
large  dairies  daily  supplying  from  different  parts 
of  the  country,  are  the  consequence  of  successful 
results  in  the  use  of  this  ware. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  with  Brick  Dust,  with 
Soap  and  Sand,  or  with  Hot  Ashes. 

Notice. — Letters  patent  for  manulactnring 
these  articles  exclusively  by  the  subscribers,  hav- 
ing been  obtained,  we  would  advise  the  Public  a 
gainst  any  encroachment  of  the  Patent  Right ; — 
and  the  person  who  shall  give  information  of  anj 
violation  of  this  Patent  Right,  will  be  liberally  re 
warded,  by      JOHN  WESTFIELD  &  CO. 

The  following  recommendation  from  ihespro 
prietor  of  one  of  the  largest  houses  of  Ref  reh. 
ment  in  the  United  States,  must  be  perfectly  sat- 
isfactory as  respects  the  utility  and  advantage  Oj 
using  the  Zinc  Hollow  Ware 

To  J.  Westfield  &     o. 

Gentlemen,     I  hare  for  some  time  pas!, 
my  establishment,  made  use  of  your  Hollow  Ware, 
\  manufactured  from  Zinc,  and  Ikaveno  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  they  completely  answer  my  ex- 
pectations, being  fully  as  durable  as  iron  or  cop- 
per, and  not  a.      as       corroded   by  rust,   « 
the  articles  cooked        themno  unpleasant  taste, 
and  being    more    beautiful  in  appearance,    ami 
much  more  easily  cleaned  than  utensils  manufac- 
tured from  any  other  metal  at  present  made  use 
of  in  cooking  apparatus.    1  with  pleasure  > 
mend  them  for  general  use,    and  hare  no  doubt 
that  whoever  will  give  them  a  fair  trial  will  find 
that  they  fully  answer  his  expectations. 

STE  'HEN  HOLT. 

We  have  also  received  Ike  -ing  recommen- 

ilaliiin  from  Dr.  A.  G.  II; 

J    Westfield  &  Co. 
Gentlemen, —  With  great  pleasure  I  can  a 
you  of  my  entire  satisfaction,  as  to  the  superiority 
of  your    Zinc  Hollow  Ware,   fur  the  purposes  of 
the  Diary  and  Kitchen. 

The  perfect  preservation  of  Milk  in  my  Dial 
during  the  warmest  days  of  the  past  season,  in- 
duces me  to  give  yours  a  decided  preference  to  a- 
ny  others  previously  used,  and  recommend  their 
as  a  happy  combine: 
ty.     Yours,  <pe.         A.  G.  HULL,  132  Fulton 

nov  '23  street,  New-  York. 

Comstock's  Elements  of  Chemisty, 

IN  which  the  recent  discoveries  in  the  scianci 
are  included,  and  its  doctrines  familiarlj  ex 
Slained  :  illustrated  by  numerous  rn^raxitiL's,  and 
csigncd  for  the  use  of  schools  and  academies. 
f\  18    For  sale  l>y       HoTr,  Porter  S&O 


VOL     I. 


ROCHESTER,  DEC.  31,  1831. 


NO.  52. 


PUBLISHED  BY  L.  TUCKER  <to  CO. 

At  the  Office  of  the  Daily  Advertiser. 
Terms — S-.51  per  milium,  or 

$-2  00  if  paid  in  advance. 

N.  GOODSELL,  EDITOR 


THE  VINE. 

Many  of  the  farmers  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  of  Upper  Canada,  are  discouraged  concerning 
the  cultivation  of  the  Grape,  being  under  the  im- 
pression, that  they  are  in  a  more  northern  lati- 
tude than  those  parts  of  France  where  the  grape 
and  vine  are  made  the  staple  productions  of  the 
country.  As  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  every 
young  farmer  is  provided  with  maps  of  Europe 
or  that  he  is  so  familiar  with  the  geography  of 
different  countries,  that  their  location  in  regard  to 
tatitude,  is  recognised  on  heaving  them  named,  we 
will  make  some  comparison  between  some  of  the 
vine-growing  departments  of  France,  and  corres- 
ponding latitudes  in  America. 

France  is  located  between  the  42d  and  51st  de- 
crees of  north  latitude,  and  between  the  7th  degree 
of  west,  and  5th  degree  of  east  longitude,  from 
London.  It  is  divided  into  eighty-eight  depart- 
ments, corresponding  somewhat  in  extent  to  our 
counties.  The  south  of  France  corresponds  in 
latitude  with  the  northern  boundary  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  her  northern  boundaries  extend  to  a 
"latitude  that  would  not  only  include  every  part  of 
the  United  States  north  of  Pennsylvania,  but  the 
most  of  Upper  Canada  also.  But  the  northern 
boundaries  of  France,  are  not  the  northern  boun 
ilaries  of  the  cultivation  of  the  grape.  The  wines 
of  Moselle  are  celebrated  in  Europe,  and  those 
made  in  the  neighborhood  of  Coblentz,  situated 
upon  the  Rhine,  between  the  fiftieth  and  fifty-first 
degrees  of  north  latitude,  are  considered  excel- 
lent. 

In  judging  of  the  temperature  of  a  country,  lat 
itude  is  not  only  to  be  attended  to,  but  the  altitude 
or  its  height  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  600  fee! 
altitude  being  considered  equal  to  one  degree  of 
latitude,  and  the  difference  in  the  mean  tempera- 
ture of  the  same  latitude,  either  in  Europe  and 
America,  is  supposed  to  be  ten  degrees  in  favor  of 
Europe.     But  the  mean  temperature  of  a  country 
does  not  determine  what  vegetables  may  be  suc- 
cessfully cultivated  in  it ;  for  although  our  win- 
ters in  the  state  of  New-York  are  colder  than  in 
the  soudi  of  France,  yet  our  summers  are  much 
Warmer;  therefore,  die  temperature  of  the  sum- 
mer, which  is  important  to  the  successful  cultiva- 
tion of  the  grape,    should  be  compared  by  the 
growth  of  other  plants.     If  we  take  Indian  corn 
for  example,  we  shall  find  that  the  grape  is  culti- 
vated three  hundred  miles  farther  north  than  corn 
will  perfect  itself,  and   as  that  is  cultivated  to  the 
northern  boundaries  of  the  United  States,  and  al- 
so in  the  Canadas,  it  will  be  difficult  to  define  the 
northern  boundaries    of  the   cultivation  of  the 
grape,  in  America.     We   were  told  by  a  gentle 
man  at  Montreal,  that  grapes  ripened  well  in  hi; 
garden,  but  that  they  needed  covering  in  th  e  win- 
ter: tins  is  practiced  in  many  vineyards  hi  Swit- 
zerland, and  in   the  north  of  France.     Having 
these  data,  and  knowing  the  difference  of  latitude 
and  altitude,  we  shall  be  enabled  to  make  more 


There  is  a  great  variety  in  regard  to  elevation  in 
different  parts  of  France.     On  the  south  and  west 
she  is  bounded  by  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
on  the  south-east  by  those  of  the  Mediterranean 
Although  a  part  of  the  southern  boundary  is  the 
chain  of  the  Pyrenees,  which  divides  France  from 
Spain,  yet  these  are  abrupt,  and  do  not  extend  far 
into  the  country,  so  that  France  may  be  consider 
ed  a  vast  inclined  plane,  rising  from  a  level  of  the 
sea  on  the  west,  to   the  summits  of  the  Alps  on 
the  east,   which  may   be  considered  its   eastern 
boundary.     Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  ele- 
vation of  that   part  denominated  Framclie  Comte, 
lying  mostly  between  the  forty-seventh  and  forty- 
eighth  degrees  of  north  latitude;  when  we  con- 
sider it  is  there  that  the  following  rivers  take  their 
rise,  viz.  the   Rhine,   which    after  running  in  a 
northerly  direction  more  than  three  hundred  miles 
takes  a  westerly  course,   and  empties   itself  near 
Roterdam.       The  Seine  takes   a    northwesterly 
course,  and  after  passing  through  Paris,  empties 
itself  at  Havre  de  Grace,  more  than  three  hun- 
dred miles  from   its  source.     The  Loire,  after  a 
westerly  course  of  five   hundred   miles,  empties 
itself  at  Nantes,  and  the   Rhone  running   nearly 
south  rbr  more  than  three  hundred  miles,  puts  into 
the  Mediteiranean,  near  Marseilles.     The  height 
of  some  of  the  mountains,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Franche  Comte,  is  so  great,   that  they   are  capt 
with  perpetual  snow,   and  are  found  to  be  6300 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     It  is  in  this  eleva- 
ted part  of  France,  that  the  celebrated  champagne 
wines  are  manufactured.     In  the  department   of 
Marne  (so  named  from  a  stone  called    Marne, 
which  is  dug  out  of  the  earth  and  used  as  a  ma- 
nure) which  crosses  the  49th  degree  of  latitude, 
about  fifty-three  thousand  acres  of  land  are  cov- 
ered with  vineyards,   which  produce  on  an  aver- 
age about  seventeen  millions  of  gallons  of  wine, 
annually,  worth  about  five  and  an  half  millions  of 
dollars;  and  the  total  amount  of  wine   manufac- 
tured in  France  yearly,  is  valued  at  three  hundred 
millions  of  dollars.     It  may  be  said  by  seme  that 
the  winters  in  the  north  of  France  arc  not  so  long 
or  severe  as  in  the  United  States  in  the  same  lati 
tude,  and  of  course  their  summers  are  longer  than 
ours.     In  looking  over  a  work  published  in  18-36 
by  Dupour,  a  Swiss  Vigneion,  who  emigrated  to 
this  country,  we  find  some  data  by  which  we  may 
compare  the  precosity  of  vegetation,  in  the  differ- 
ent countries.    Under  date  of  2d  July,  1816,  we 
find  the  following  as  taken  from  his  journal.  "  We 
continued  to  descend  the  Rhone  with  great  rapidi- 
ty.   We  are  passing  Cateroties,  where  a  very  re- 
nowned wine  is  made.    the  season  hav- 


ing been  this  year  extraordinarily  late ;  the  grapes 
being  only  now  in  bloom  about  Lyons."  Lyons 
is  about  three  degrees  and  an  half  south  of  the  de- 
partment of  Marne.    In  looking  over  our  Floral 

alendar  for  June  7th,  contained  in  23d  No.  vol. 
1.  page  179,  we  find  the  following:  "  Roses,  Lil 
lies,  Pinks,  and  Grapes  are  now  in  flower  in  the 
gardens." — By  this  it  seems  there  was  a  differ- 
ence of  about  thirty  days  between  the  flowering  of 
grapes  in  Lyons,  1816,  and  those  of  Rochester, 

1831.    Now  if  we  allow  that  season  to  have  been 


three  weeks  later  than  usual,  which  all  will  ac- 
curate calculations  than"  we  should  otherwise.!  [knqwleage  would  make  the  season,  as  the  qtj(W  |ttc.:! 


observes,  "extraordinarily  late," there  would  h 
left  one  week  in  favor  of  Rochester  for  early  ve- 
getation. 

Another  argument  in  our  favor  as  to  the  certain 
ty  of  cultivating  grapes  with  success,  is,  that  we 
have  native  grapes  which  are  perfectly  hardy, 
and  are  greater  bearers  than  the  European  grapes, 
and  which  are  found  to  possess  the  necessary 
qualities  for  making  good  wine. 

The  greatest  obstacle  which  will  be  met  within 
the  cultivation  of  grapes,  for  making  wine,  or 
rather  in  the  sale  of  wine  after  it  is  made,  is,  that 
there  is  a  set  of  men  among  us,  who  may  justly 
be  termed  wine  bibbers,  and  who  claim  the  right 
of  giving  character  to  every  kind  of  wine  offered 
to  the  public.  Many  of  these  have  been  wine  tas- 
ters for  a  long  time,  and  have  accustomed  them- 
selves to  drink  Old  Madeira,  which  is  a  mixture 
of  wine  and  Brandy :  to  such,  after  having  drank 
strong  Madeira,  pure  wines,  of  whatever  quality 
they  are,  will  taste  insipid,  and  would  be  condem- 
ned, as  old  Madeira  would  in  wine  countries,  or 
in  this,  by  those  who  have  never  been  in  the  hab- 
it of  using  strong  drink. 

But  it  should  be  remembered  that  wines  in 
France  and  Spain,  are  not  used  for  promoting  in- 
toxication, but  to  allay  thirst  and  promote  health  ; 
and  for  these  purposes  they  are  evidently  better 
calculated  than  strong  beer,  cider,  or  alcohol  and 
water.  Mr.  Prince  concludes  his  preface  to  his 
History  of  the  Vine,  in  the  following  manner. — 
"  Already,  for  years,  has  the  vine  been  most  suc- 
cessfully cultivated  on  the  Rhine ;  and  in  latitude 
50"  the  most  choice  Rhenish  wines  are  made — 
Recent  accounts  tell  us  of  Vineyards  having  been 
established  in  the  more  northern  parts  of  Germa 
ny,  and  in  high  latitudes  in  Russia;  and  the 
Swiss  have  been  for  a  course  of  years,  most  plen- 
tifully supplied  with  wine  from  their  own  soil 

Shall  then  America  alone  be  debarred  from  this, 
one  of  the   bountiful  gifts  of   nature"?     Shall   a 
country  possessing  every  variety  of  climate  which 
is  combined  in  all  the  wine  countries  of  Europe, 
and  extending  through  all  the  degrees  of  latitude 
which  are  there  deemed  the  most  general  to  its 
growth  and  produce,  be  said   to  be  totally  inap 
propriate  to  its  success?     Shall  it  be  said  that  a 
plant  which  culture  has  accommodated  to  almost 
every  clime  to  which  it  has  been  introduced,  can 
find  no  spot  whereon  to  flourish,  in  a  country  ex 
tending  from  the  25th  to  the  47th  degree  of  lati 
tude;  and  that  we  can  boast  of  no  such  congenial 
soil  in  an  empire,  whose  bounds  are  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  whose  settle- 
ments already  extend  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri?      It  is  high  time  such 
delusions  of  blinded  theorists,  should  give  way  to 
the  lights  of  reason,   and  of  judgment,  and  that 
the  culture  of  the  vine,  to  every  variety  of  which 
we  have  a  soil  and  climate  suitable  to  offer,  should 
assume  that  importance  to  which  it  has  already 
attained,   in  countries    possessing  comparatively 
few  advantages.    Let  then  the  beams  of  intelli- 
gence, which  are  imparting  so  much  benefit  tv 
mankind  by  their  wide  diffusion,  disperse  these, 
clouds  of  ignorance  and  error,  from  the.  enlig'lv. 
ened   Horticulturists  of  the    American.    Repulv 


tio 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER 


December  31,  1831. 


CORN  PLOUGH. 


We  observed  in  front  of  one  of  our  hard  ware 
stores  in  this  village,  a  few  days  since,  an  instru- 
ment for  weeding  corn  called  a  shovel  plough  ;\ 
which  is  an  improvement  on  the  article  of  the 
same  name,  (much  used  by  the  farmers  for 
sum  years  past.)  It  combines  the  advantages  of  a 
weeding  plough,  with  that  of  a  hilling  plough, 
by  the  simple  contrivance  of  a  portable  double 
mould  board;  which  may  be  removed,  and  repla 
red  in  a  half  minute  at  any  time..  The  whole 
apparatus  appears  well  constructed,  strong  and 
simple  in  all  its  parts,  and  cannot  faill  of  being 
a  desideratum  of  no  small  import  to  the  corn  and 
potato  grower,  nurseryman,  vigneron,  &c.  It  can 
be  seen  at  the  store  of  Messrs.  Allcott,  Watts 
and  Langworthy,  who  we  understand  will  have 
them  for  sale,  early  in  the  next  season. 

^coRrTcROP. 

It  is  a  subject  of  general  remark  by  intelligent 
farmers  from  the  east,  that  our  farmers,  particular- 
ly those  of  the  Genesee  Country,  pay  but  little 
attention  to  the  corn  crop ;  and  we  have  often  ad- 
mired ourselves,  that  so  little  account  is  made  of 
so  important  an  item  in  the  system  of  good  hus- 
bandry, as  is  generally  manifested  throughout 
this  whole  western  wheat  growing  region. 

It  may  be  a  fact,  that  a  bushel  of  wheat  is  rais- 
ed easier  than  a  bushel  of  corn  ;  nevertheless,  that 
bushel  of  corn  may  be   made,  when  the  wheat 
crop  needs  no  care,  and  if  the  spare  time  is  not 
employed,  it  is  lost.     An   old  proverb  says,  half 
a.  loaf  is  better  than  no  bread;  so  is  a  big  Rhode 
Island  Johnny  cake  better  than  a  little  wheaien 
loaf.    The  wheat  crop  may  be  cut  off  with  very 
brief  notice,  by  insects,  storms,  rust,  blast,  and 
the  thousand  ills  that  [vegetable]  life   is  heir  to 
The  wise  man  says  there  is  a  time  for  all  things. 
and  the  prudent  and  industrious  farmer  will  al- 
ways endeavor  to  so  manage  his  time,  and  labor, 
as  to  have  a  seed  time  for  every  kind  of  crop,  that 
the  climate  and  his  soil    is  congenial  to ;  even 
those  of  almost    seeming  insignificance,   as   the 
Buckwheat,  Peas,  Beans   and  Turnip  crop,  &c 
which  with  his  Wheat,  Rye,  Corn,  Oats  and  Po- 
tatoes, he  makes  to  himself  a  rational  guarranty 
a°-ainst  the  ordinary  casualties  that  often  threaten 
destruction  to  the  farmer's  prospects, — and  he  has 
the  consolation  that  nothing  short  of  general  de 
vastation — nothing  short  of  "  war,  pestilence  and 
famine"  in  all  his  borders,  can  cut   him   short  of 
the  necessaries  of  life,  and  something  to  spare  for 
market. 

It  is  certainly  good  doctrine,  that  if  a  common 
laborer  cannot  get  six  shillings  a  day,  he  had  bet- 
ter work  for  four  shillings,  than  do  nothing :  the 
same  principles  will  apply  in  all  cases,  where  la- 
bor is  an   important  item  in   the  productive  sys 
tern.     A  bushel  of  wheat  and  a  bushel  of  corn  i: 
worth  more  than  a  bushel  of  wheat  alone.     The 
industrious  farmer  will  not  stand  idle  because  the 
second  day  cannot  be  as  profitably  employed  as 
the  first.     Many  a  little  makes  a  mncklc,  and  the 
whole  produce  of  the  farm  when  averaged 
not  fail  when  properly  managed,  to  render  a  fair 
and  generous  profit  for  the  investment. 

i  In  the  same  principle,  sound  and  economical 
farmers,  will  cause  to  be  made  linen  cloth,  at  a 
cost,  counting  labor  at  a  fair  price,  of  eighteen 
cents  per  yard  :  when  cotton  equally  good,  can  be 
purchased  with  cash  at  eight  cents:  by  which 
means,  at  least  the  eight  cents  arc  saved,  as  other 


ways,  the  laborers  pn 


mid 


nave  oeen 


in  the  final  summing  up  of  productive  iudustry. 


LIFE  PRESERVER. 
From  late  London  papers  it  appears  that  exper- 
iments have  been  made  there,  to  test  the  efficacy 
of  a  sheet  of  canvass,  when  stretched,  for  recei- 
ving people  from  upper  stories  of  buildings  when] 
on  fire,  which  are  said  to  have  proved  beyond  a 
Idoubt,  that  of  all  inventions  for  that  purpose,  the1 
(canvass  is  the  most  safe  as  well  as  the  most  sim- 
Iple.     For  the  purpose  of  the  experiment,  a  can- 


vass sheet  was  prepared  with  leop  holes  in  tin- 
edges,  which  served  for  receiving  the  hands  of 
the  assistants.  Several  people  jumped  from  win- 
dows and  roofs  upon  this  sheet,  without  receiving 
the  least,  injury.  Now  it  may  be  well  to  remem 
ber  this  fact,  and  as  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that 
every  house  or  neighborhood  will  be  provided 
with  a  sheet  of  canvass,  prepared  expressly  for 
this  purpose,  yet,  we  may  expect  that  they  ha 
sheets  of  some  kind,  and  as  we  Yankees  find  out 
many  ways  ofsimplifying  things,  why  not  stretch 
a  number  of  sheets,  or  blankets  either,  by  the 
corners,  one  above  another,  which  would  be 
equally  efficacious  as  one  of  canvass,  and  might 
in  most  cases  be  readily  procured. 


chanical   operations  of  out  ■■'■■._      from  an  indi 
vidual  whose  attention  was   drawn  to  the  subjec 
for  a  different  object  than  publication  in  the  news 
papers  :  he  has,  however,  permitted  us  to  use  the 
information  as  we  please,  and  we   think  that  we 
cannot  use  a   more  forcible   argument  in  favor  oe 
the  prosperity  of  our  place,  than  the  publication  of 
these  facts,   which  may   be  confidently  relied  on. 
The  individual  procuring  them,  we   believe,  has 
no  direct  interest  in  the  matter. 

The  schedule  shows  a  judicious  estimate  of  the 
money  invested  in  the  real  estate,  buildings  &  ma- 
chinery, of  the  various  manufacturing  and  me- 
chanical establishments,  and  their  produce  per 
annum.  The  paragraph  in  relation  to  the  busi- 
ness of  Rochester  the  past  year,  is  sufficiently  ex- 
planatory: — 

Investment 
$281,000 
50,000 


PERCUSSION  POWDER. 
The  best  proportions  for  percussion  priming 
for  guns,  is  found  to  be  100  parts  of  oxymuriate 
of  potash,  12  of  sulphur,  and  10  of  charcoal 
ground  together  while  moist,  and  for  the  purposi 
of  graining,  pressed  through  small  holes  in  the 
bottom  of  a  cylinder,  after  which  they  are  rolled 
and  dried.  Those  intended  for  water  proof  ar 
covered  with  an  alcohol  varnish.  There  are  ma- 
ny advantages  which  such  priming  possesses  o- 
ver  that  of  common  powder ;  the  charge  in  tin 
gun  is  ignited  sooner,  and  through  a  smaller  as 
perture :  and  as  this  aperture  is  closed  by  the  ham 
mer,  the  quantity  of  powder  within  'lie  barrel  of 
the  gun  may  be  reduced  one  third,  and  communi 
cate  the  same  projectile  force  to  the  shot.  Wheth 
er  this  priming  is  used  in  caps  or  in  grains,  it  is 
not  easily  affected  by  moisture. 


Factories,  <$-c. 
Flouring  Mills, 
Cotton  Goods, 

Woollen  do.,  70,000 

Lfather,  &c,  25,000 

Iron  Work,  24,000 

Rifles,  &c.  3,000 

Soap  &  Candles,  6,000 

Groceries,  &c,  21,000 

Tobacco^  4,500 

Pails ,  Sash,  &e  2,500 

Boat  Building,  11,000 

Linseed  Oil,  3,000 
Globe  building  factories,  10,000 


Annual  Ami 

$lj331,0*0 

30,000 

112,000 

lGb\000 

46,000 

5,000 

45.000 

32  800 

18,000 

12,000 

40,200 

4,000 

15,000 


$1,857,000 


Hats. — The  report  of  the  committee,  appoint- 
ed by  the  friends  of  domestic  industry,  states, that 
the  manufacture  of  hats,  amounts,   annually, 
$10,500,000,  of  which  $500,000  is  exported. 
8,000  men  are  daily  employed, 
7,000  boys  and 

3,000  women.  That  the  meney  paid  in  wages 
about  $1,200,000,  which  goes  to  support  from  50 
to  70,000  individuals.  The  American  hats  are 
better  manufactured,  and  cheaper  than  the  foreign 
:  rticle.  A  foreign  hat  is  rarely  seen  in  the  Uni- 
ted States.  It  is  about  30  years  since  the  first  du- 
ty was  laid  on  hats. 

Caps. — This  article  has  greatly  improved  in 
its  manufacture  of  late  years.  The  American 
far  the  neatest  and  most  tasty  article.  There 
one  factory  of  caps  in  Albany,  which  employs 
daily,  about  000  individuals,  in  dressing  skins 
and  making  caps,and  pays  out  rising  of  $100,000 
a  year  in  wages.  The  amount  made  yearly  in 
the  United  States,  is  estimated  at  from  4  to  $5,- 
000,000.  

Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Opera 
tions  at  Rochester. — Wchave  received  the  l'ol 
lowing  estimate  of  the  manufacturing  and  me 


511,000 

In  addition  to  the  above,  it  may  not  be  improp- 
er here  to  mention,  that  the  trade  of  this  place  in 
lumber,  beef  and  pork,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  butter, 
cheese,  lard,  wool,  consumed  here  aud  shipped  : 
business  done  by  the  various  transportation  com 
panies;  building;  &c,  amount  perhaps  to  more 
than  half  a  million  of  dollars.  Thereare  also,  a- 
hout  100  wholesale  and  retail  stores,  (not  inclu- 
ding small  retailers,)  doing  a  safe  and  in  many 
instances  an  extensive  business  in  dry  goods, 
clothing,  hats,  groceries,  hardware,  drugs,  paints 
produce,  tin,  copper,  sheet-iron, /brass  foundery. 
jewelry,  &c.  &c.     We  will  not  hazard  a  conjee. 

are  on  the  amount  of  business  done  in  this  way, 

COMETS,- 
Iv 


Two  of  these  eccentric  Heaven- 
bodies  return  the  present  year  to  their  perc- 
helion,  (nearest  possible  distance  from  the  sun.) 
These  are  Encke's,  whose  passage  is  the  6tb  of 
May,  and  Biela's,  whose  passage  is  on  the  28th  of 
November.  Halley's  periodical  return  will  be 
1835. 

There  are  about  130  comets  which  have  had 
their  elements  computid.  but  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lution round  the  sun  of  only  the  above  three  are 
considered  as  known. 

The  periodical  leturnof  Encke's  is  1212  days 
that  of  Biela's,  2460  do. 

hat  of  Halley's,  about  76  years. 

Encke's  comet  will  be  visible  in  South  America 
— Biela's  visible  in  all  parts  of  N.  America. 

Some  have  feared  that  the  eccentric  movements 
of  these  bodies  would,  perhaps,  come  across  the 
earth's  orbit,  and  possibly  affect  the  earth  in  their 
transit :  but  we  believe  the  fears  of  such  as  had 
honestly  entertained  them,  must  vanish  when  the 
learned  astronomer  tells  them  that  Biela's  comet 
will  be,  at  its  nearest  approach  to  this  planet,  51, 
000,000  of  miles  off.  The  sun  is  95,000,000  of 
miles  from  the  earth. 


Vol.  1.— No.  52. 


AMD  GARDENER'S  JOURNAL. 


411 


Shkep. — [t  appears  from  the  returns  made  t. 
the  Valuation  Committee,  that  there  are  300,682 
sheep  in  Massachusetts,  and  that  each  county 
owns  of  them  as  follows 


Berkshire,  99,353 

hire,  51,711 
Franklin,  46,373 
Worcester,  41,100 
Hampden,  34,320 
Bristol,  17,099 
Plymouth,  14,603 


Dukes,  11,692 
Barnstable,  10,868 
Middlesex,  10,777 
Essex,  9,200 
Nantucket,  6,134 
Norfolk,  3,639 
Suffolk  520 


jiib  flow  from  day  to  day,  the  business  be- 
comes a  mere  chaos,  frequently  shifting,  and 
sometimes  at  a  stand,   for  want  of  knowing 

hat  to  do,  or  the  manner  of  doing  it.    Thus 
ts  occasioned  a  waste  of  nine,  which  is 
more  importance  than  is  generally  imagin 
ed. 

"  Nothing  can  so  effectually  obviate   H 
evil,  as  an   established  system,  made  knowi 
to  all  who  are  actors  in  it,  Wat  all   may    !>• 

nabled  thereby  to   do  their  parts  to  advani 
age.     This  gives  ease  to  the  principal,  coi. 

uctor  of  the  business,  and  is  more  satisfac 


Froin  ihe  s>w-York  Firmer. 

CONVENTION 

In  the  City  of  Albany,  fur  the  Organization 
of  a  Stale  Agricultural  Society. 
Sir— In  your  paper  of  the  17th  inst.,  1 
am  pleased  to  ohseive  renewed  intimation; 
of  the  expediency  of  organizing  Slate  ami 
County  Agriculture  Societies.  As  this  sub- 
ject has  been  too  little  attended  to  amid  tin 
many  associations  having  for  their  object 
the  advancement  of  the  Country's  good,  I 
hope  some  public  spirited  and  experienced 
minds  will  revise  and  mature  a  sensible, 
practical  and  popular  plan,  which  shall  tend 
to  concentrate  some  of  the.  agricultural  tal- 
ent, experience  and  enterprise  of  this  grea' 
State — we  are  behind  the  age  and  behind 
some  of  our  sister  States  in  our  agriculture, 
while  soil  and  facilities  are  such  as  offer  ev 
ery  encouragement  to  the  cultivator. 

I  am  opposed  to  asking  the  State  for  any 
aid,  whatever,  for   the   support   of  an  Agri 
cultural  Society,  believing  that   there  issuffi 
dent  public  spirit  in  the  community  to  main- 
tain  such   an   organization   as  is    required, 
without  any  foreign  assistance.  As  you  have 
solicited  correspondents   to  lend   you   their 
views   on  this   subject,  I  will    briefly   state 
mine,  that,  it  is  highly  expedient  that  a  con 
vention  be  held   the    present   winter,  in  the 
City  of  Albany,  being  central,  composed  of 
individuals  from  the  various  counties  of  tin 
State,  engaged  or  interested    in  agriculture 
whose   business  it  shall  be  to  form  a    Stale 
Agricultural   Society.     I   therefore  propose 
that  such    a    Convention    be  announced  ii 
your  paper,  to  take   place  at  the  City  of  Al- 
bany, on     the  fourteenth  day  of   February 
next,  1832. 
Saratoga  County,  Dec.  \st,  1S51. 

Remarks: — The  above  is  from  a  very  re 
spectable  source.  We  hope  Editors  in  eve 
ry  county  of  the  State  will  notice  the  day 
and  use  their  influence  to  have  delegates 
sent  to  Albany.  In  some  instances,  perhaps 
it  will  be  found  expedient  to  appoint  mem 
bersof  the  Legislature  to  the  Convention. 

We  should  be  pleased  to   have  not  only  a 
"sensible,  practical  ;,ud  popular  plan,"  but 
hints  and  suggestions  on    the  formation  o 
State  and  County  Societies. — Ed. 


ry  to  the    persons  who   immediately   ovei 
look   it,  less   harrassing   to  the  laborers,  a 
well  as  more  beneficial  to  the  e.mployer."--- 
[VVashington's  Agricultural  Notes. 


System  in  farming  ---A  system  closely 
pursued,  although  it  may  not  in  all  its  parts 
be  the  best  that  could  be  devised,  is  attended 
with  innumerable  advantages.  The  eon- 
iluctor  of  the  business,  in  this  case,  can  nev- 
er be  under  any  dilemma  in  his  proceedings. 
The  overseers,  and  even  the  laborers,  know 
what  is  to  be  done,  and  what  they  are  capa 
ble  of  doing,  in  ordinary  seasons.  The 
(bice  to  be  employed  may  be  in  due  propor- 
tion to  the  work  which  is  to  be  performed 
and  a  reasonable  and  tolerably  accurate  es 


SAYINGS  FOR  FARMERS. 

BY  DR.  FRAK.LIN. 

1.  Sloth  like  rust,  consumes  faster  than 
labor  wears,  whilst  the  used  key  is  always 
bright. 

2.  Dost  thou  loie  life?  Then  do  n«i 
squander  fime.for  that  is  the  stuff  lile  is  made 
of. 

8.  The  sleeping  fox  catches  no  poultry. 

4.  He  that  riseth  late  must  trot  all  day 
and    shall  scarec  overtake    his    business   a 

ight. 

5.  Early  to  bed  and  early  to   rise, 
Makes  a  man  healthy,  and  wealthy,  and 

wise. 

6.  He  that  lives  upon  hope  will  die  faint 
ing — industry  need  not  wish. 

7.  There  are  no  gains  without  pains, 
it.  At    the  working    man's  house   (lunge 

looks  ni,  but  never  enters. 

9.  Plough  deep,  while  sluggards  sleep, am 
yon  shall  have  corn  to  sell  or  keep 

10.  One  to-day  is  worth  two  to-morrows. 

11.  Handle  your  tools  without  mitten — s: 
cat  in  gloves  catches  no  mice. 

12.  He  that  by  the  plough  would  thrive, 
Himself  must  either  hold  or  drive. 

13.  The    eye   oi  a  masier   will  do  mor 
work  than  both  his   hands.     Not  to  oversee 
workmen  is  to  leave  them  your  purse  open. 

14.  A  little  neglect  may  breed  a  grea 
nischief — for  want  of  a  nail  Ihe  shoe  wa 
lost,  and  for  want  of  a  horse  the  rider  w  i 
lost. 

15.  A  fat  kitchen  makes  a  lean  will. 

16.  If  you  would  be  rich,  think  of  saving 
as  well  as  getting. 

17.  What  maintains  one  vice  would  briin 
tip  two  children. 

18.  Beware  of  little  expenses — a  smal 
leak  will  sink  a  great  ship. 

19.  If  you  would  know  the  want  of  mon 
ey,  go  and  try  to  borrow  some — for  he  tha 
goes  a  borrowing  goes  a  sorrowing. 

20.  Pride  is  as  loud  a  beggar  as  want,  and 
a  great  deal  more  saucy. 

21.  Pride  breakfasted  with  plenty,  dined 
with  poverty,  and  supped  with  infamy. 

22.  Lying  rides  on  debt's  back. 
_      It  is   hard  for  an  empty  bag  to  stand 

upright. 

21.  Creditors  have  better  memories  than 
debtors. 

25.  For  age  and  want  save  what  you  may. 
No  morning's  sun  lasts  the  whole  day. 

2C.  Rather  go  to  bed  supperless  than  rise 
in  debt. 

27.  If  you  do  not  hear  reason,  she  will 
surely  rap  your  knuckles. 

28.  He  that  hath  a  trade  hath  an  estate 


profit  and  honor.     A   plowman  on  his  legs  is 
higher  than  a  gentleman  on  his  knees. 

'Knowledge  for  the  People.'1 — Lilly  and 
Wait,  and  Carter  and  Hendee,  have  just  re- 
published the  fourth  number  of  this  delight- 
ful little  work.  It  is  devoted  to  zoology  ; 
the  modes  and  habits  of  life  of  birds,  expla- 
nations of  the  phenomena  of  their  flight, 
migrationa  fcc.  W  e  consider  this  one  of  the 
nost  popular  and  truly  useful  publications 
of  the  day.  The  following  extract  it  taken 
from  the  present  No. — N.  E.  Farmer. 

Birds  are  extremely  important  creatures 
in  the  economy  of  Nature   in  general  ;  al- 
though their  immediate  utility  to  mankind  is 
.  finitely   less   than  th^t  of  mammifera. — 
1'ney  destroy  innumerable  insects;  and  the 
thoughtless  extripation  of  some  birds,  suppo- 
sed   to  be   noxious,  as  sparrows,  crows,  &c, 
in  many  districts,  has  generally  given  rise  to 
an  infinitely  more  prejudicial  multiplication 
of  vermin.     Other  birds  destroy  larger  ani- 
n. ds,  as  field-mice,  snakes,  frogs,  lizards,  or 
sonsume  carrion.     Many   extripate    weeds. 
On  the  other  hand,  they  assist  the  increase 
nd  propogation  of  animals  as  well  as  plants. 
For   instance,  it   is  known   that  wild-ducks, 
in    their    emigrations,     carry    impregnated 
pawn  into  the  remote  ponds,  he,  and  thus 
tock    them  with    fish.     [Insects  have    also 
been  known  to  stock  ponds  on  hills  with  fish. 
The   large  water-beetle,    which   feeds   upon 
the  spawn  of  fish,  occasionally  in  the  eve- 
ina,  climbs  up  the  steins  of  rushes,  kc.  out 
f  the    water,  so  as  to  take  wing  ;   in  these 
circumstances  it   has   been  caught,  and,  on 
being  put  into  water,  has  ben  found   to  give 
int  the  spawn   with  which   it  h;  d  gorged   it- 
;elf  previous  to  taking   flight,  both  in  a    di- 
;ested  and  undigested  state;  so  that,  on  tri- 
il,  it  has  been  found  to  produce  fish  of  vari- 
ous kinds — Jameson. J     Many  birds  swallow 
ds      which      are     subsequently    expelled 
whole,   and   thus   extensively   dispersed;  as 
p  doves  of  Banda,  with    be  nutmeg.     The 
excrement   of  sea-birds   manures   bare  cliffs 
nd  coasts,  so   as  to  rtnder  them  capable  of 
producing   useful    plants.     Many  species  of 
falcons  may  he  taught  for  the  cnase,  as  well 
as   the   cormorant  for   taking  fish.      Many 
fds,    together    with  their  eggs,    fat.    &c, 


fiinate  may  be  made  of  the  product. 
But  when   no  plan  is  fixed,   when  direc-  and  he  that  hath  a  calling  hath  a  place  of 


serve  for  food  ;  the  entire  skins  of  sea-birds 
for  the  clothing  of  many  Northern  nations  ; 
ihe  feathers  for  stuffing  eds,  for  writing,  for 
va  ions  and  often  costly  ornaments;  in 
which  respect,  also,  they  form  an  important 
article  of  trade  among  many  savage  people, 
particularly  the  islanders  of  the  Pacific  O- 
eean . — Blumenbach. 

Horrid  case  of  Intemperance. — The  Port- 
land Courier  of  Wednesday  says,  yesterday 
asmoke  was  issuing  from  a  house  in  Centre 
street  which  showed  it  to  be  on  fire.  An 
alarm  was  given  and  people  went  in.  The 
chamber  from  which  the  smoke  came  was 
fastened,  and  the  inmates  could  not  be  pre- 
vailed upon  to  open  it.  The  door  was  forc- 
ed open,  when  a  sight  most  shocking  was 
presented.  A  man  was  lying  on  the  bed  so 
drunk  as  to  be  unable  to  move,  the  woman 
was  also  intoxicated  and  raving  about  the 
room,  cursing  and  swearing  like,  a  ma.iiac, 
and  in  the  cradle  was  a  little  child  burning  to 
diath." 

The  clothes  and  pillow  in  the  cradle  were 
much  burnt,  and  the  physician  who  was  call- 
ed in  considered  it  doubtful  whether  the 
child  would  recover.  The  family  was  given 
in  charge  to  the  overseers  of  the  pool;. 


112 


THE  GENESEE  PARMER 


December  31,  1SSJ 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

'VlORUS  MULTICAULIS,  CATALPA,  &c- 
If  I  recollect  right,  J.  Buel,  Esq.  stated  tha1 
■he  Moras  multicaulis  did  not  stand  the  open 
-.vinter  at  his  nursery  grounds  near  Albany. — 
Last  summer,  a  year  ago,  I  received  three  trees  of 
that  description  from  the  nursery  of  Mr.  Par- 
mentier,  on  Long  Island.  It  being  \ery  late,  and 
not  at  the  moment  having  time  to  set  them  out,  I 
put  them,  with  some  other  trees,  into,  or  rather 
on  to  the  ground,  setting  them  at  an.  angle  of  per- 
haps 40  degrees,  and  covered  the  roots  and  stems 
about  one  foot  with  earth.  In  the  spring  I  set 
Uiem  out :  they  grew  well  and  are  now  alive.  I 
-ivill  try  to  give  you  an  account  of  them  next  sum- 
mer if  they  live.  As  an  ornamental  tree,  I  think 
them  worthy  of  attention.  Their  large,  deep 
green  leaf  is  particularly  grateful  for  shade,  while 
their  rapid  growth  quickly  supplies  it.  Even  the 
•;ommon  white  mulberry,  such  as  is  used  for  feed- 
ing the  silk  worm,  is  a  tree  of  great  ornament. — 
1 1  leaves  out  very  late  in  the  spring  like  the  Lo- 
cust, but  retains  a  fine  green  foliage  late  in  Octo- 
ber, when  all  other  trees  are  in  the  "  sear  and  yel- 
low leaf,"  or  stripped  entirely  of  their  verdure. 
It  is  also  very  easily  propagated,  growing  in  ma- 
ny instances  from  the  slips. 

The  Catalpa  has  with  many  in  this  latitude, 
died  in  the  winter  to  the  ground.  I  have  several 
in  my  grounds  that  have  stood  through  the  two 
past  winters,  and  very  severe  ones  too,  with  no 
protection  at  all.  They  grow  vigorously,  and  as 
yet  appear  well  adapted  to  the  climate;  but  I 
much  doubt  whether  they  will  attain  that  deep  and 
full  luxuriance  in  this  country,  that  they  do  in  the 
climate  of  Philadelphia  and  Cincinnati. 

As  I  may  have  occasion  to  again  speak  of  the 
growth  or  situation  of  vegetation,  under  my  own 
observance,  I  will  remark  that  all  my  trees,  plants, 
shrubs  and  flowers,  together  with  my  garden  and 
orchard,  are  situated  on  an  eminence  in  full  view 
of  Lake  Erie,  and  elevated  about  sixty  feet  above 
.{;  receiving  of  course,  the  full  force  of  all  the 
winds  that  sweep  over  it  from  the  south  west. — 
The  soil  is  a  fine  sandy  loam,  of  exceeding  fertil- 
ity, and  throws  out  a  luxuriance  of  vegetation 
equal  to  any  I  have  ever  seen.  The  level  of  Lake 
Erie  is  568  feet  above  the  Hudson  River,  at  Alba- 
ny, and  about  68  feet  above  the  canal  at  Roches- 
ter; and  although  vegetation  at  Buffalo,  is  about 
$  week  or  ten  days  later  in  the  spring  than  at 
Rochester,  caused,  no  doubt,  by  the  low  tempera 
I  are  of  Lake  Erie,  it  is  nearly  the  same  as  at  Al- 
bany, and  earlier  than  at  Utica.  The  thermome- 
ter ranges  on  an  average,  ten  or  twelve  degrees 
higher  in  the  coldest  weather  than  at  Utica,  or 
Albany ;  and  usually  higher  than  at  Rochester. 
But  in  the  summer  the  average  is  considerably 
lower  than  at  either  place,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the 
cool  and  refreshing  air  of  the  Lake.  These  facts 
might  be  of  little  consequence  otherwise  than  in 
comparing  notes,  as  may  with  much  advantage 
be  occasionally  done,  with  other  of  your  distant 
c.ovrespendenls,  for  which  purpose,  such  notes  are 
necessary  to  arrive  at  correct  conclusions. 

Ulmus. 


fj»  Ten  bales  of  American  sliirtings  were  sold  at 
auction. at  Calcutta,  on  the  27th  of  May  last. 


FOR  THE  GENESEE  FARMER. 

VARIETIES  OF  THE  VINE. 

The  Muscadine,    Sweet  water,    or    Chasselas 
Grape — (for  I  consider  them  all  the  same,  as  I 
have  never  yet  been  able  to  see  any  difference; 
notwithstanding  the  parade  of  the  nurserymen  in 
holding  forth  some  dozen  varieties  for  sale) — has 
been  exposed  to  the  open  air  through  the  winter 
here  for  several   years  without  detriment.     It  is 
usually  a  profuse   bearer,  and  yields  witli  little 
trouble  much  better  fruit  than  is  .now  selling  at 
our  shops,  imported  from  France,   for   forty-two 
cents  a  pound.    I  have  never  yet  known  any 
description  of  the  grape  here  to  blast  or  mildew. 
Whenever  the  fruit  forms,  it  grows  to  full  maturi- 
ty.    And  whenever  we  have  bloom,    we  have 
fruit;  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  vegetation  being 
retarded  so  long  in  the  spring,  as  to  be  out  of  dan- 
gerof the  late  frosts.  I  have  neverseen  finer  Chas- 
slas,   Black    Hamburg,    Munier  (or  Miller,)  or 
Isabella  Grapes,  than  here :  and  never  do  I  recol- 
lect seeing  a  blasted  berry,  or  one  injured  by  the 
sting  or  puncture  of  an  insect.    In  a  garden  at 
Brooklyn,  on  Long   Island,  last  summer,  I  saw  a 
number  of  very  fine  Isabella  vines,  with  a  prodi- 
gious quantity  of  fruit  upon   them,  and   in  many 
instances,  nearly  one  half  the  berries  had  wither- 
ed and  turned  brown,  showing  the  appearance  of 
having  been  stung  by  some  insect.    Indeed,  the 
old  gentleman  who  owned  them,  a  very  kind  man, 
of  much  practical  knowledge  on  the  subject,  alleg- 
ed that  to  be  the  fact,  but  was  entirely  ignorant  of 
the  insect  causing  it ;  having,  as  he  told  me,  never 
suffered  so  before.     This  was  about  the  middle  of 
August.    Whether  those  noxious  insects  have  not 
yet  reached  us,  or  our  atmosphere  is  more  friendly 
to  the  growth  of  the  grape  than  on  the   sea  board, 
I  am  not  yet  able  to  say :  but  our  fruits  generally, 
are  fairer  and  freer  from   the  annoyance   of  such 
animals.     I  never  yet  saw  a  wormy  apple  in  this 
county  but  once,  which  was  in  an  apple  from  Can- 
ada, on  Niagara  river. 

Speaking  of  Grapes,  Mr.  Prince,  in  his  work 
on  Horticulture,  published  in  1828,  at  page  51,  in 
describing  the  Isabella  Grape,  says:  "this  grape 
of  which  but  a  single  vine  existed  in  1816,  and 
which  I  at  that  time  met  with  in  the  possession 
of  the  gentleman  before  mentioned  (Col.  Gibbs,) 
and  deemed  worthy  of  notice,  and  a  name,  &c." 
Mr.  Prince  speaks  what  he  no  doubt  believed ; 
but  the  same  grape,  not  known  by  that  name,  was 
introduced  into  his  garden  at  Norwich,  Connecti- 
cut, as  early  as  the  year  1804  or  5,  by  a  French 
gentleman,  named  Vernet,  where  it  has  been  cul- 
tivated ever  since,  and  the  original  vine  is  yet  in 
the  garden  where  it  was  planted,  now  owned  by 
Oapt.  Bela  Peck.  Where  Mr  Vernet  obtained 
the  grape,  I  am  unable  to  say.  It  was  called  in 
Norwich,  the  Lisbon  Grape,  and  was  supposed  to 
have  been  brought  by  Mr.  V.  from  France  or  Cu- 
ba, where  he  had  a  plantation.  That  grape  I 
know  to  be  the  identical  Isabella,  as  I  now  have 
them  growing  side  by  side,  and  can  never  discover 
the  difference  in  stem,  fruit,  or  leaf.  One  I  raised 
from  a  slip  from  the  original  vine  at  Norwich, 
and  the  other  was  obtained  from  the  genuine 
stock  at  Long  Island. 

The  above  quoted  remark  of  Mr.  Prince,  I 
deem  of  but  little  consequence,  other  than  a  mis- 
apprehension of  the  true  history  of  that  most  ex- 
cellent fruit,  about  which  much  has  been  said,  and 


generally  supposed  to  be  a  native  American  frui! 
That  it  is  a  native  of  our  country,  of  original 
stock,  I  do  not  believe ;  as  all  the  indigenous 
grapes  that  I  have  ever  yet  seen,  possess  the  same 
acid,  hard  pulp,  and  thick  leathery  skin  of  the  or- 
dinary Fox  or  Bullet  Grape. 

It  would  be  a  matter  of  much  satisfaction,  if 
not  instruction,  to  know  from  either  professor 
Gimbrede,  Mr.  Adlum,  or  other  experienced 
vignerons,  whether  any  native  grape  has  yet  been 
produced  from  the  seed  of  native  grapes,  not 
crossed  with  the  pollen  of  foreign  varieties,  which 
is  free  from  those  qualities  of  skin  and  pulp  be  ■ 
fore  mentioned.  So  far  as  my  own  observations 
have  extended,  the  native  American  grape,  inclu- 
ding the  Isabella,  (if  it  be  one)  in  its  varieties,  is 
by  far  the  most  certain  and  prolific  of  any  yet 
cultivated.  I  have  now  under  cultivation,  seven 
varieties  of  the  native  and  ten  or  twelve  foreign 
varieties.  I  expect  most  of  them  will  bear  the 
next  season,  and  I  shall  compare  and  note  them 
impartially.  So  far,  with  the  same  soil  and  cul- 
ture, which  is  not  extraordinary,  the  natives  are 
from  two  to  five  times  the  size  of  the  others.  The 
Miller,  Burgundy,  and  Black  Hamburgh,  howev- 
er, come,  nearer  to  the  natives  than  any  others  in 
thrifty  growth  and  hardy  quality.  Ulmcs. 


FOR  THE  OENESEE  FARMER. 

1  would  sooner  borrow  the  purchase  money  at: 
interest  than  be  without  Webster's  American  Die 
tionary  abridged  by  Worcester. 

In  order  to  test  the  value  of  this  work.  I  took  tip 
the  last  number  of  Silliman's  Journal,  and  open 
ing  at  page  1, 1  read  on  to  page  14,  noticing  such 
words  as  are  not  found  in  Walter  (and  Johnson's) 
8vo.  Dictionary.  These  pages  chiefly  consist  of 
an  extract  from  Ph ill ip's  Geology  of  Yorkshire. 
1809 ;  and  all  these  words  except  tile  first,  arc 
used  by  an  Englishman  in  England.  W.  indi- 
cates such  of  the  words  as  are  in  Webster. 
critique,  W.        page  1  radiaria,  page  10 

intermutation,  W.        3  mollusea,  W.  10 

Wernerian,  W.  3  mammiferous,  W.        10 

oolitte  (oolite,  W.)       5  subaqueous,  W.  13 

stratification,  W.         6  dyke  (dike,  W.)  13 

superimposed,  W.        6  faults,  W.  13 

sienite,  W.  9  coal-measures,  14 

Again,  I  opened  Good's  Book  of  Nature,  and 
(without  any  particular  choice)  examined  his  13th 
Lecture,  from  which  I  took  the  following  words 
which  arc  not  in  Walker. 


mammals,  W. 

oxygen,  W. 
nitrogen,  W. 
caloric,  W. 
azote,  W. 
gaseous — gas 
carbonic,  W. 
carbon,  W. 
modena  hue, 
hydrogen,  W. 
carbonaceous, 
aroma,  W. 
fibrine,  W. 
albumen,  W. 


crassament,  W. 

oxyd,  W 

phosphorescent,  W. 

amphibials,  W. 

stigmata,  W. 

trachea,  W. 

molluscous,  W 

primordia, 

aura,  W. 

fetor,  W. 

pabulum,  W. 

harmattan,  W, 

septics,  W. 

adipocire  (adipoccre  W-) 
In  Good's  Medicine,  I  found  the  following: 
infusory,  W-       page  1  caicum,  page  3 

parietes,"  1  mammalia,  3 

medusa-  .1  nomadic,  W.  4 

actinia-,  2  mollusea,  W.  G 

vulva,  3  a^otfr—azotic,  W.       -6' 


s — gas,  W 


W 


Vol.  1— No.  52. 


AND  GARDINER'S  JOURNAL. 


411 


This  list  shows  some  of  tPebster's  deficiencies, 
which  ought  to  be  supplied  in  the  next  edition,  for 
are  used  as  English  v:ords. 

Steamer,  the  fashionable  name  in  England  for 
a  steam-boat  is  not  inserted. 

Polianthes  tuberosa  (the  tuberose)  is  a  well 
known  flower  of  the  lily  kind.  The  English 
name  is  derived  from  the  Latin  word  tuberosa  sy- 
nonymous with  tuberous,  but  common  usage  has 
"iven  it  the  form  of  tuberose  ;  and  in  Walter,  the 
•climax  of  barbarism  appears  in  the  pronunciation 
■  tube-roze,"  as  if  it  were  a  rose  with  a  tube.instead 
•of  a  lily.  Webster's  superior  learning  is  well  ap- 
plied in  correcting  this  popular  blunder:  "  Tuber- 
ose [shard]  a  plant  with  a  tuberous  root  and  a  li- 
ous  flower.'' 

The  following  extract  from  the  preface  may  be 
useful  to  those  who  are  in  search  of  the  most 
complete  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language : 

"  No  efforts  have  been  spared  to  make  it  a  com- 
plete defining  and  pronouncing  dictionary  for  gen- 
eral use.  About  sixteen  thousand  words,  and  be- 
tween thirty  and  forty  thousand  definitions  are 
contained  in  this  dictionary,  which  are  not  to  be 
found  in  any  similar  work  within  the  author's 
knowledge.  These  additions  do  not  principally 
consist  of  obsolete  terms,  or  uncommon  and  unim- 
portant significations  of  words.  In  most  cases, 
on  the  contrary,  they  arc  terms  and  significations 
which  are  in  constant  use  in  the  various  depart- 
ments of  science  and  the  arts,  in  commerce,  manu- 
factures, merchandise,  the  liberal  professions,  and 
i  he  ordinary  concerns  of  life.  They  mark  the 
progress  which  the  English  Language  has  made 
during  the  seventy  years  which  have  elapsed 
since  the  publication  of  Dr.  Johnson's  Dictionary. 
Within  that  period,  a  complete  revolution  has  ta- 
ken place  in  almost  every  branch  of  physical  sci- 
ence. New  departments  have  been  created,  new 
principles  developed,  new  modes  of  classification 
and  description  adopted.  More  rigid  principles 
of  definition  have  been  gradually  introduced  into 
almost  every  department  of  human  knowledge. 
fn  these  respects,  however,  our  dictionaries  ha'-" 
remained  almost  stationary.  The  labors  of  our 
lexicographers,  since  the  time  of  Johnson,  have 
been  cheifly  confined  to  the  introduction  of  new 
words  into  the  vocabulary.  In  the  wort  of  which 
this  is  an  abridgment,  the  words  have  all  been  de- 
fined anew.  The  explanations  given  are  adapted 
to  the  advanced  state  of  knowledge  at  the  present 
day,  and  to  the  changes  which  seventy  years 
have  made  in  theuse  of  terms.  In  the  definitions 
of  the  leading  and  important  words,  the  significa- 
tion is' explained  by  enumerating  the  properties  of 
the  object  in  question,  and  not  merely  by  a  refer- 
ence to  other  words  of  a  similar  import.  In 
numerous  instances,  the  distinctions  between 
words  which  are  apparently  synonymous  are  tra- 
ced with  great  minuteness;  and  it  is  hoped  that 
the  present  work  may  supply  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, the  place  of  a  regular  treatise  on  English  sy- 
nonyms."  A  Farmer. 

FOR   THE   G«,NESEE    FARMER. 

Iii  Morse's  Gazetteer  printed  in  1823,  the  pro- 
nunciation of  Wabash  is  given  Worbash.  If  the 
authors  had  been  as  particular  in  other  cases,  we 
should  have  had  for  London,  Lunnon ;  for  Vir 
ginia,  Fejinncy  ;  for  Philadelphia,  Fihlclfcy ; 
for  Aivburn.  Orbun;  for  Birmingham,  Bntmme 


gem  ;  and  we  should  have  been  among  the  most 

fashionable of  the  illiterate  vulgar. 

The  writer  of  this  article  has  conversed  with 
many  of  the  most  respectable  inhabitants  in  the 
vicinity  of  that  river,  and  he  never  heard  such  a 
sound  as  Worbash  from  any  of  their  lips. 

A  Travfxler. 


SELECTIONS. 


Fiom  the  Daily  Albany  Argus. 
STATE  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 
The  proposition  for  a  State  Society,  with 
branches,  or  auxiliary  associations,  if  deem- 
ed advisable,  for  the  promotion  of  agricultu- 
ral and  horticultural  improvement,  has  been 
often  suggested,  particularly  in  the  New- 
York  Farmer,  and  in  the  last  number  by  a 
writer  who  dates  from  Saratoga,  in  whom,  if 
I  mistake  not,  I  recognise  one  of  the  most 
enterprising  and  intelligent,  as  well  as  one  of 
the  best  practical  farmers  of  our  country, 
and  whose  zeal  I  know  is  prompted  by  an 
ardent  desire  to  promote  the  public  interest. 
This  writer  has  proposed,  that  a  meeting  be 
held  at  Albany,  on  the  14th  day  of  February 
next,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  such  a 
society. 

I  freely  accord  to  the  utility  of  such  an 
association,  if  its  objects  are  limited  to  what 
is  attainable  and  proper  ;  and  I  commend  the 
subject  to  the  attentive  consideration  of  all 
who  appreciate  the  importance  of  these  great 
branches  of  industry,  and  who  are  desirous 
of  seeing  them  thrive  among-  us. 

Without  being  apprised  of  the  views  of 
the  gentlemen  who  have  proposed  the  con- 
vention, I  take  the  liberty  of  suggesting  some 
of  the  advantages  which  I  think  may  result 
from  the  formation  of  the  proposed  associa- 
tion.     And 

£.  By  an  interchange!  of  opinions  upon 
the  different  branches  of  husbandry  and  ru- 
ral improvement, which  the  association  would 
give  rise  to,  the  knowledge,  experience  and 
skill  of  individual  members,  would  at  once 
be  rendered  subservient  and  beneficial  to  all. 
The  practice  of  one's  life  is  insufficient  in 
any  business,  without  drawing  upon  the  expe- 
rience of  others.  The  greater  the  facilities 
of  obtaining  this  auxiliary  aid,  the  more  rap- 
id is  our  progress  in  improvement.  Im- 
provements in  husbandry  depend  on  the 
progress  of  knowledge,  and  the  opportuni- 
ties of  intercourse  among  practical    men. — 

The  people  of  Asia,  borne  down  for  ages 
by  the  weight  of  despotism,  and  ignorant  of 
the  means  which  science  and  skill  are  else- 
where bringing  to  the  aid  of  labor,  retain 
generally  the  rude  implements  and  practices 
of  the  primitive  ages.  And  in  Europe,  en- 
lightened Europe,  the  agriculture  of  many 
districts  has  been  but  very  little  improved  for 
centuries.  In  Spain,  some  of  the  states  of 
Italy,  Russia,  Sweden,  &,c,  the  condition  of 
husbandry,  and  husbandmen,  is  deplorably 
wretched.  And  it  is  not  long  since  I  read  of 
the  plough  having  been  introduced,  for  the 
first  time,  into  one  of  the  secluded  districts 
of  Ireland.  It  is  intelligence — it  is  inter- 
course— and  above  jail,  it  is  societies  formed 
for  reciprocating  and  diffusing  agricultural 
information,  which  have  made  the  earth  to 
teem  with  new  riches :  which  have  imparted 
energy  to  the  mind,  and  efficiency  to  the 
arm,  of  the  agriculturist,  wherever  improve- 
ment has  advanced  ;  and  which,  with  the  im- 
provement of  the  soil,  have  raised  the  hus- 
bandman to  fits  proper  rank;  in  the  moral 


and  political  scale  of  society.  To  illustrate 
my  position,  I  need  but  point  to  the  oxamplr 
of  Scotland.  From  being  one  of  the  most 
unproductive,  she  has  become,  through,  her 
societies,  her  publications,  and  the  enter- 
prize  of  a  few  patriotic  men,  rich  in  the  va- 
ried products  of  her  Agriculture.  These 
products  principally  by  these  means,  have 
been  increased  seven  fold,  if  not  tenfold, 
within  the  last  fifty  years.  The  improve- 
ment in  intellect  has  kept  pace,  as  a  conse- 
quence, with  the  improvement  of  husbandry, 
as  is  evinced  by  the  talents,  the  probity  and 
industry  of  her  sons. 

2.  An  association  of  the  kind  contemplat- 
ed might  become  useful,  by  establishing  and 
regulating  periodical  fairs,  for  the  purchase 
and  sale  of  live  stock,  farming  implements, 
grains  and  other  seeds.  The  partial  trials 
which  have  been  made  in  the  environs  of  our 
great  towns,  of  appointing  particular  days 
for  the  sale  and  purchase  of  cattle,  sheep  and 
swine,  not  only  for  the  shambles,  but  as  farm 
stock,  as  well  as  the  long  established  utility 
of  fairs  in  Great  Britain,  and  elsewhere,  af- 
ford the  strongest  reason  to  believe,  that  they 
would  prove  highly  beneficial  ;  andcontiib- 
ute  more  rapidly  than  any  other  means,  to 
disseminate  the  best  breeds  of  animals,  the 
most  improved  implements,  and  the  choicest 
varieties  of  seeds.  Products  of  the  farm, 
like  every  other  commodity,  are  to  be  judged 
of  relatively ;  and  it  is  impossible  to  say 
what  is  best,  until  it  has  been  compared  with 
other  products  of  its  kind.  The  more  nu- 
merous the  subjects  of  •  competition,  the 
greater  the  value  of  that  which  is  found  to 
excel.  A  farmer  may  for  years  entertain  an 
honest  belief,  that  his  stock,  and  his  grain, 
and  his  implements,  are  supetioi  to  all  oth- 
ers; and  yet  he  might  become  satisfied,  from 
the  exhibitions  at  a  fair,  that  he  had  labored 
under  a  sad  mistake,  and  that  what  he  had 
so  long  considered  first,  were  really  of  infe- 
rior grade.  So  in  regard  to  the  kinds  and 
profits  of  his  crops,  and  the  manner  of  man- 
aging them.  I  have  seen  this  remark  often 
verified  in  regard  to  fruit.  Every  one  gradu- 
ates his  ideas  of  the  cost,  from  what  he  has 
individually  witnessed.  Individuals  have 
often  expressed  their  surprise  at  the  excel- 
lence of  a  bergamot  or  vergalouse  pear,  or 
of  a  green  or  other  gage  plum,  which  they 
have  the  first  time  seen  or  tasted  ;  and  when 
they  were  told  that  pears  of  equal  excellence 
might  be  raised  by  every  farmer,  and  so  rip- 
ening in  succession  as  to  be  brought  upon 
his  table  almost  every  day  in  the  year,  the 
declaration  has  probably  been  doubted,  tho' 
literally  true.  By  congregating  the  buyers 
'and  sellers  at  a  point,  a  salutary  rivalship 
would  be  produced,  fair  dealing  promoted, 
something  like  a  regular  scale  of  prices  es- 
tablished, and  the  husbandman  be  sure  of  a 
ready  sale  and  fair  reward  for  his  labor. — 
The  lean  stock  of  Great  Britain,  as  well  as 
that  which  has  been  fitted  for  the  butcher,  is 
principally  sold  at  their  established  fairs, 
which  it  is  conceded  afford  great  advantages 
to  both  buyer  and  seller. 

3.  Such  a  society  might  derive  much  ben- 
efit to  its  members,  and  very  much  subserve 
the  interests  of  the  state  at  large,  (and  1 
think  an  article  of  the  association  should  ex- 
act the  performance)  if  its  members  would 
attentively  note  down  whatever  would  occur 
in  their  practice  calculated  to  enlarge  the 
sphere  of  useful  knowledge  whether  there- 
suit  be  propitious  to  their  expectations  or 
not;  and  communicate  these  dates  to  some 


414 


THEXJENESEE  FARMER 


December  31.  1831 


central  point, under  the  authority  of'liis  name 
where  they  should  be  collated,  arranged  and 
published,  in  such  form  and  manner  as 
should  be  deemed  advisable.  Such  a  body 
of  facts,  deduced  from  the  practice  of  our 
most  intelligent  farmers,  and  sold  so  as 
merely  to  cover  the  expense  of  publication, 
would  be  invaluable.  Besides, new  products 
are  continually  coming  into  culture  among 
us.  The  culture  of  cotton  which  now  con- 
stitutes an  article  of  greater  value  than  any 
other  of  our  exports,  is  of  but  recent  origin 
in  the  south.  The  production  of  silk,  and 
the  manufacture  of  wine  from  our  indige- 
nous grapes,  promise  to  become  great  branch- 
es of  national  industry,  and  sources  of  indi- 
vidual wealth.  The  dissemination  of  cor- 
rect practical  information  upon  these  subjects 
might  be  greatly  facilitated.  The  progress 
of  our  manufactures  is  also  suggesting  new 
objects  of  culture,  and  new  stimuli  to  agri- 
cultural enterprise.  Madder,  woad  and  weld 
are  articles  of  prime  necessity  in  the  thing 
and  coloring  of  ourcotton  and  woollen  goods;  \ 
and  they  are  all  susceptible  of  being  profita- 
bly, produced  from  our  soil.  The  demand 
for' them  is  already  extensive,  and  must  in- 
crease for  years  to  come.  The  value  of  the] 
madder  alone,  imported  last  year  I  have 
been  credibly  informed,  exceeds  one  million 
of  dollars. 

This  would  add  no  contemptible  item  to 
our  agricultural  products.  How  important 
is  it  then,  that  we  should  be  in  the  early  pos- 
session of  all  the  information  necessary  to 
its  culture  and  management,  and  to  enable 
tisto  form  an  estimate  of  the  product  and 
profit  of  the  nop.  Our  forests,  too,  are  rap- 
idly giving  way  to  the  increase  of  population. 
In  many  distiicts.  destitute  of  stone,  resort 
must  ere  long  be  had  to  substitute  for  dead, 
fences.  We  have  much  to  learn,  and  mnchj 
more  to  practice,  in  regard  to  the  nature,  ap- 
plication and  economy  of  manures. 


From  Uie  \<>w  Vnrrk  Farmer. 

THE  COUNTRY  FARMER— NO.  XIII. 

On  the  choice  of  suitable  Land  for  Farming. 

Mr.  Flf.et — The  coldness,  of  some  land, 
with  excess  of  water,  on  which  certain  binds 
of  trees,  adapted  to  such  circumstances, 
will  still  grow  to  enormous  stature,  preserves 
their  cast-off  leaves  from  decay,  the  accu- 
mulation of  which  forms  black  muck,  that 
deceptive  covering  of  the  soil, already  noti- 
ced :  or  rather  of  the  surface,  for  such  lands 
on  a  close  examination,  hardly  ever  have  a- 
ny  soil,  strictly  speaking,  or  only  in  patches, 
in  a  few  places.  The  sub-soil,  is  almost  in- 
variably hard-pan,  or  clay,  neither,  of  which 


settlers  of  regions  of  mucky  lands,  the  whole 
order  of  valuation  is  reversed,  as  above  des- 
cribed ;  and  that  which,  at  the  first  settle- 
ment of  the  country,  was  esteemed  only  as 
the  third  or  fourth  quality  of  land,  comes  to 
be,  by  general  consent,  considered  the  very 
best,  the  first  quality.  If  we  now  seek  an 
explanation  of  this,  the  ready  answer,  is; 
warm  and  dry  soils  afford  crops  much  more 
certainly,  being  less  affected  by  extremes  of 
all  sorts,  as  of  excess  of  rain,  of  drought. 
heat  and  cold  ;  may  be  worked  earlier  in 
spring,  and  later  in  autumn  :  heave  less,  by- 
winter  freezing;  and  the  crops  are  much 
less  liable  to  injury  by  early  and  late  frosts. 
Take  the  sum  of  all  these  into  amount,  and 


are    penetrated    by    the  roots  of  the   trees,  i  it  amounts  to  a  very  great  difference.     But. 


which  run  upon  their  surface,  as  they  would 
upon  that  of  a  rock.  It  is  a  good  plan,  in 
selecting  a  lot  of  wild  la'nd  for  a  future 
Farm,  to  examine  the  roots  of  such  tn  es  as 
have  been  blown  down  by  the  winds,  with  the 
ground  adhering  to  their  roots.  On  mucky 
lands,  these  will  generally  be  found,  on  ex- 
amining what  was  the  under  side,  while 
standing,  as  fiat  as  a  pan-cake.  See,  also, 
if  the  roots,  of  the  standing  trees,  are  afraid 
of  the  ground,  extending  off  horizontally, 
or  whether  they  stretch  downward,  deeply 
buried  in  the  soil,  as  roots  should  be. 

On  warm  lands,  the  dry  gravel,  the  4th 
quality,  in  new  countries,  and  the  1st  in  old, 
or  on  a. I  warm  and  dry  soils.there  is  so  much 
warmth,  that  the   leaves  are  soon   putrefied. 


besides  all  this,  warm  soils  are  sensitive  to 
the  kind  treatment,  to  the  care  and  skill  of 
the  Husbandman;  and  cold  anil  wet  ones, 
are  not.  Mother  Earth,  like  all  other  La- 
dies, loves  a  little  assiduity  of  attention,  and 
rarely  bestows  her  bounties  without  some 
coaxing.  Warm  soils  invite  this,  but  cold 
ground  repels  all  such  advances.  Hence  it 
is,  that,  as  men,  Husbandmen,  love  to  be  in 
this  humor  of  coaxing,  so  a  warm  soil,  by  in- 
viting it,  makes  gootl  Husbandry,  and  is  the 
better  taken  care  of,  when  made  fertile,  for 
having  been,  in  good  part,  made  so,  by  the 
assiduity  of  the  cultivator.  They  who  re- 
side on  land  of  the  greatest  natural  richness, 
even  if  fertile,  or  not,  rarely  use  much  of 
this  kind  of  assiduity,  rarely  are  good  Farm- 


perfectly  rotted,   forming,  at   first,  vegetable  !]ers,  or  grow  fat  by  Farming,  fal  as  Farmers, 
mold,  then  soil,  or   earth,  with  more  or  less   that  is,  rich  in  purse,  and  in  mind.      Men  of 


the 


business  of  draining,  and  in  other  important 
branches  of  labor,  essential  to  neat  and  profi- 
table husbandry.     Nor   is  a   knowledge   of] 
the  fruits  and  vegetables  which  are  daily  bro't 
to  our  tables,   and   which   make  up  a    large! 
portion  of  our  food,  and  of  improved  modes 
of  culture,    of  trivial  account.     The   condi-i 
tion  of  our   gardens    has    not   only    a   great 
bearing  upon  our  health  and  comfort,   but  is 
no  bad   indication   of  our  intellectual   taste 
and  refinement.     Upon  all  these  subjects  of 
labor  and  taste,  the  result  of  the  observations 
and  experience  of  the    members  could   not 
fail  to  be  of  great  public  benefit. 

I  have  thusendeavored  to  point  out  some 
of  the  benefits  which  might  accrue  from  the 
labors  of  a  state  suciety,  devoted  to  the  im- 
provement of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture. 
Whether  these  benefits  will  ensue,  I  pretend 
not  to  judge.  It  will  depend  much  upon  the 
liberality  and  public  spirit  of  those  who  en- 
gage in  it.  And  it  ought  to  be  premised, that 
noonesnoukl   b  ■      a   member    from    an 

idea  of  mercen  .  gain:  for  I  suspect  there 
will  be  neither  premiums,  salaries  noi  stock 
to  speculate  upon.  The  only  reward  ex- 
pected must  be,  the  new  facilities  to  useful 
knowledge  which  it  premises,  connected  with 
a  consciousness  (one  of  the  noblest  feelings 
that  dignities  our  uatnre)  of  laboring  to  ad- 
vance the  happiness  of  man.  And  1  ardent- 
ly hope,  that  enough  may  be  found,  upon 
these  terms,  to  organize  the  association  at 
the  time  and  place  designated.  B. 

Albany,  Dec.  1831. 


of  vegetable  remains.  Hence  there  can  be 
no  carpeting  of  muck,  but  a  real  soil,  cover- 
ing the  sub-soil,  occupying  the  surface.  In 
walking  ovei  such  giound.  you  never  tread 
on  the  horizontally  extended  roots,  for  they 
lie  deep,  exactly  the  reverse  of  their  position 
in  inuckv  land;  and  the  trees  torn  up  by  the 
roots,  leave  a  deep  pit  underneath,  from 
which  the  roots  have  brought  up  the  soil,  in 
this  case.  When  such  land  is  cleared  of  its 
trees,  you  may  see  the  furrows  close  to  the 
stumps,  even  so  as  to  tear  off  the  bark  with 
the  land   side  of  the  plough      It  is  always  a 


this  cast,  who  increase  in  substance  by  Far- 
Iming,  and  live  as  Farmers  should,  are  found 
on  this  4th  quality  of  land,  now  become  the 
first,  in  all  parts  of  the  northern  and  western 
states,  whatever  may  be  the  case  with  the  re- 
gions of  cotton,  rice,  and  the  sugar  cane. 

The  richest  Farmers,  then,  are  not  on  tin 
poorest  land,  but  on  such  as,  in  all  newly 
settled  countries,  had  been  thought  such. — 
Farming  wealth,  has  thus  been  made  to 
change  hands  :  and  the  industrious,  hard  la- 
boring, and  economical  Husbandman,  lias 
succeeded  to  the  enjoyment  of  what  was  in- 


very  bad  symptom  to  find  the  roots  naked,  as,  ticipated,  and  meant  to  be  secured,  by  those 


if  afraid  of  the  ground,  but  this  never  hap 
pens  on  any  but  cold  and  wetland,  except  on 
solid  rock.  Young  Farmers,  themselves  in- 
experienced, would  do  well  to  consider  the 
roots,  as  giving  more  indications  of  the  qual- 
ities of  tin-  land,  and  that  the  trees,  as  to  their 
size,  and  often  as  to  their  kinds,  afford  little 
by  which  to  form  a  correct  judgment.  The 
groves  of  the  sugar  maple,  beech,  and  hem- 
lock, in  the  northern  part  of  the  United 
States,  are,  except  on  some  sandy  river  allu- 
vions, confined  to  cold  and  wet  mucky  lands; 
while  on  the  Ohio,  the  beech  and  maple 
groves  are  often  found  on  the  very  warmest 
soil,  the  roots  all  hidden,  and  deeply  buried. 
Such  is  the  case,  also,  with  other  kinds  of 
trees,  affecting  widely  different  soils  in  dif- 
ferent dim  lies,  and  countries,  in  which  the 
altitude  has  more  concern  than  mere  latitude. 
The  white  beech,  of  the  north,  is  a  very  dif- 
ferent tree,  however,  from  the  red  beech  of 
the  Ohio  valley,  that  always  preferring  a 
cold  and  wet  loeation,  and  this  generally  a 
warm  and  dry  one,  where  muck  is  rarely 
found. 

Such,  Mr.  Editor,  is  a  general  outline  of 
the  result  of  my  observation  and  experi- 
ence, on  the  selection  of  suitable  lands  for 
Farming.  By  the  time  of  the  second  gen- 
eration, and  often  dining  the  lives  of  the  first 


who  had  secured  the  first  choice.  They  call 
it  the  '  cream  of  the  country,'  but  it  has  tur- 
ned out  sour  milk,  or  even  loppered  butter- 
milk. Ttavel  wherever  we  may,  among  the 
Farmers  of  the  Northern  and  Western 
states,  or  in  the  Canadas,  through  settle- 
ments of  30,  40,  50,  to  100  or  more  years 
old;  from  Canada  to  N.  Carolina,  along 
the  Atlantic,  or  the  regions  of  the  gnat 
Lakes,  or  through  the  Ohio  Valley,  embra- 
cing its  thousand  tributaries,  and  the  truth 
of  these  remarks  will  be  confirmed  at  every 
step.  If  such  be  the  case,  the  vast  import- 
ance of  the  subject  proportioned  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  field  and  to  the  number  of  par- 
sons interested,  may  well  excuse  a  rather 
prolonged  discussion.  It  is  often  a  hard 
matter  to  correct  a  single  error,  or  to  reme- 
dy a  single  fault,  of  judgment,  or  action  ; 
and  I  hazard  nothing  in  saying,  that,  thous- 
ands of  actual  Farmers,  men  of  good  stand- 
ing for  sense,  too,  will  be  ready  to  acknowl- 
edge their  obligations  to  these  summary  re- 
marks. I  have  known  Farmers,  and  know 
such,  now,  who  have  fallen  into  the  very 
common  delusion  as  to  black  muck  lands, 
and  have  paid  deady  for  it,  to  whom  this  ad- 
vice, seasonably  given,  would  have  saved 
many  years  of  regret. 
The  County  of  Putchess,  N-  Y.,  now  ac- 


Vol.  1.— No.  52. 


AND  GAUDE\ER'S  JOURNAL. 


4  1 .', 


tualh  one  if  tlijj  last  productive  in  the 
State,  was  almost  ill  of  tliis  undervalued 
kind  of  land,  having  but  very  little  of  the 
carpeted  sort,  covered  with  muck,  or  of  fat 
clay,  or  recent  river  alluvion.  What  there 
was,  was  soon  seized,  as  the  cream  of  ihe 
whole,  leaving  the  dry  ridges  to  the  slow 
coming  '  Interlopers,'  who  have  long  since 
enjoyed  the  cream,  leaving  the  soui  milk  to 
their  lopper-loving  neighbors.  The  eastern 
part  of  Columbia  county,  also,  timbered 
with  oak  and  chesnut,  among  which  muck 
lately  is  found  consisting  of  dry  '  ridges 
and  barren  vales,' as  they  were  then  though!, 
was  like  the  lands  of  Dutchess,  regarded  in 
the  same  light.  Some  70  years  ago,  those 
lands  were  '  taken  vp,'  as  it  was  called,  on 
paying  a  trifling  fee  of  office,  and  a  title 
was  soon  acquired,  of  possession,  by  occu- 
pancy as  a  Farm,  and  a  muckery  of  a  brush 
fence  inclosure.  Farms,  thus  acquired,  are 
yet  in  possession  of  the  families  of  the  first 
occupants,  and  good  Farms,  with  good  titles. 
Yet  all  these  inducements  could  not  keep 
the  Salisbury  men,  Yankees,  just  over  the 
line  of  •  York  State'  from  participating  in 
the  rage  for  carpeted  lands,  the  beech  and 
maple  and  basswood  and  ash  and  elm  groves 
of  the  '  New  Statu,'  as  Vermont  was  called. 
They  sold  their  Farms,  in  Salisbury  and  laid 
out  the  availsin  the  mucky  wilds  of  Vermont 
much  to  their  subsequent  loss,  mortification 
and  regret. 

My  Father,  one  of  those,  with  several 
brothers,  who  had  been  bred  to  Farming, 
on  hard  land,  sold  the  old  Farm,  a  very 
large  and  good  one,  to  become  Farmers  on 
soft  land,  most  abundantly  carpeted,  'over 
shoe'  in  black  muck  When  first  cleared, 
it  produced  great  crops  of  grain,  or,  rather, 
a  great  crop, — for  it  very  soon  began  to  wear 
out,  though  managed  by  good  Husbandry 
and  in  10,  15,  to  20  and  30  years,  would 
produce  nothing  but  grass,  coarse,  wet-Ian 
sedge,  or  wild  grass,  because  the  turf  could 
never  be  subdued  so  as  to  make  it  take  seed 
ing.  As  to  grain  for  bread  for  the  family, 
that  we  had  to  purchase  from  otiiers,  after  a 
few  years,  raised  on  land  more  recently 
cleared,  as  the  occupants  of  those  lands  have 
iiad  to  do,  in  their  turn.  Grass,  grass,  al 
grass,  and  yet  poor  feed,  as  pasture,  or  hay 
Land  that  will  produce  but  one  kind  of  pro 
duct,  makes  hard  living  for  Farmers,  like  the 
shingles  of  Sasandaga.  The  only  resource 
of  the  occupants  of  those  lands,  now,  (who 
cannot  get  away,)  is  the  dairy  and  the  rais 
ing  of  young  cattle,  for  the  Farmers  of 
Dutchess,  Columbia  and  VVesthcester,  livini 
on  lands  that  were  never  carpeted.  Land 
moderately  moist,  and  cool,  will  answer  wel 
for  dairy  and  stock-farming,  but  wet,  and 
cole!  land,  contrasted  with  warm  and  dry,  as 
above,  makes  tough,  cold,  and  sour  pasture 
or  hay,  miserable  feed,  long  and  sour,  like  a 
tedious  and  ill  told  story. 

Sipt.ll,  1831, 


HOUSEKEEPING. 

The  true  economy  of  housekeeping  i: 
simply  the  art  of  gathering  up  all  the  frag 
ments,  so  that  nothing  be  lost.  1  mea,. 
fragments  of  Vint,  as  well  as  materials. — 
Nothing  should  be  thrown  away,  so  long  as 
it  is  possible  to  make  any  use  of  it,  however 
trifling  it  may  be  ;  and  "whatever  be  the  size 
of  a  family,  every  member  should  be  em- 
pi  >yed  either  in  earning  or  saving  money. 

If  you  have  a  greater  qaantity  of  cheeses 
in  the  house  than  is  likely  to  be  soon  used 

'  A 


covet   them    carefully  with    paper,  fastene 
with  flour  paste  so  as  to  exclude  the  air.     I ■ . 
this  way  they  may  be  kept  free  from  ins  cts 
for  years.  They  should  be  kept  in  a  dry  coo! 
place. 

Instead  of  covering  up  your  glasses  and 
pictures  with  muslin,  cover  the  frames  onl\ 
with  cheap  yellow  cambric,  neatly  put  on. 
nd  as  near  the  color  of  the  gilt  as  you  cai 
procure  it.  This  looks  better,  leaves  the 
glass  open  for  use,  and  the  pictures  for  oi 
iiament,  and  is  an  effectual  barrier  to  dust  as 
well  as  flies.  It  can  easily  be  re-colorei. 
with  saffron  tea,  when  it  is  faded. 

i'he  fumes  of  brimstone  are  useful  in  re- 
moving stains  from  linen,  &c. :  thus,  if  a 
ed  rose  be  held  in  the  fumes  of  a  brimstone 
match,  the  color  will  soon  begin  to  change 
and  at  length  the  flower  will  become  white 
By  the  same  process,  fruit  stains  or  iroi 
lonlds  may  be  removed  from  linen  or  cot 
ton  cloths,  if  the  spots  be  previously  moist 
ened  with  water. 

When  plain  tortoise  shell  combs  are  deist 
ced,  the  polish  may  be  renewed  by  rubbing 
them  with  pulverized  rotten  stone  and  oil. 
The  rotten  stone  should  be  sifted  through 
muslin.  It  looks  better  to  be  rubbed  on  \>\ 
the  hand.  The  jewellers  afterwards  polisi 
them  by  rubbing  with  dry  rouse  powder,  but 
sifted  magnesia  does  just  as  well;  and  if  the 
ladies  had  rouge,  perhaps  they  would,  by 
mistake,  put  it  upon  their  cheeks,  instead  ol 
their  combs :  and  thereby  spoil  their  com- 
plexion. Frugal  Housewife. 


A  Farm  School  for  the  Poor. — We  ve 
ry  much  doubt  whether  a  more  really  benefi 
cent  will,  can  be  found  on   record  than  the 
one  we  are  about  to  mention.     We  have  no 
information  of  the  character  of  the  deceas 
ed,  nor  of  his  wealth  or  will,  but  what  is  con 
tained  in  an  advertisement,  which  we  find  it 
i  South  Carolina  paper.     By  this  advertise 
inent  it  appears  that  provision  is  made  in  the 
will  of  the  late  John  de  la  Howe  for  the  edu- 
cation of  twenty  four   poor  children,  twelvi 
boys  and  twelve  girls.     The  trustees  appoint- 
ed to  carry  the  will  into  effect,  advertise  f 
a  teacher  to  superintend  a  farm  school  as 
planned  and  provided  for  in  the  will  of  th< 
deceased.  They  have  provided  a  good  farm 
suitable  buildings,  utensils,   provisions    and 
the  necessary  stock,  and  offer  a  liberal  salary 
for  a  teacher.     According  to  the  plan  of  the 
school  in  the  will,  the  children  will  live  to 
gether  as  one  family,  and  the  expenses  are 
lo  he  defrayed  out  of  the  funds  of  the  estat 
with  the   addition  of  the  labor  of  the  chil- 
dren on  the  farm.    The  qualifications  requ 
red  in  the  teacher  shew  that  the  intention  of 
•  he  liberal   testator  are  to  be  carried  into  ef- 
fect to  their   full  extent.     He  must  posses 
an  unimpeachable  moral  character,  and  suit 
able  habits  and  attainments  to  instruct  in  all 
the  branches  of  English  and   scientific  liter- 
ature, subservient  to  agriculture  and  house 
wiiery.     We  consider  such  a  disposition  of 
property  by    last   will  and  testament,    more 
honorable  to  the  testator  than  monuments  of 
brass   or   stone  in    cotnemmoration    of  the 
deeds  of  the  warrior,  the    statesman,  or  the 
philosopher.     It  is,   indeed,  doing  the  most 
good  in  one's  power  with  the  least  possible 
harm  to  our  fellow  beings— and  this   is  the 
acme  of  human  greatness. 


A  Slap  at  a  King. — The  following  par 
agraph  from  an  English  paper  is  intended 
as  a  slap  at  the  present  King,  who  has  giv 


en  the  title  of  Earl  of  Munster,  to  one  o' 
his  natural  sons. 

"A  sermon  has  been  published  in  the 
Preacher,  as  delivered  by  a  Rev.  Mr.  M'- 
Niel  on  behalf  of  the  Reformation  I  ocie- 
ty,on  the  3lst  May  last:  and  in  the  course 
of  which  that  gentleman  uttered  the  follow- 
ing words : — '  I  must  not  hold  my  tongue 
against  one  of    the  most  awful,  one  ol  the 

ost  fearful  affronts  that  was  ever  put  in 
the  history  of  man,  upon  the  morals   of  a 

hristian  nation.  My  car  brethren,  may 
1  not  say,  must  I  not  say,  can  I  an^v  er  lor 
myself  before  God,  if  I  sayjit  not  in  connex- 
ion with  such  a  portion  of  Scripture  as  this? 
'  hold  that  we,  as  a  righteous  nation,  ought 
to  rise  in  indignation  against  it .  I  hold  that 
the  church  in  this  nation  should  protest  a- 
gainstit;  I  hold  that  the  bishops  in  the 
church,  if  they  have  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Peers,  ought  to  bring  before  the  public — 
to  bring  into  public  notice,  the  putting  into 
the  Gazette — the  putting  into  honorable 
dignity  of  station — what  shall  I  say  ?  i  iiild- 

en  that  are  the  fruit  of  fornication ;  that 
are  the  fruit  of  ungodliness  in  the  land.' 

The  CHOLERA  sweeps  westward  thro 
Europe  with  fearful  rapidity.  It  has  reach- 
ed Hamburgh  and  probably  the  other  com- 
mercial cities  of  the  German  Sea.  They 
begin  to  expect  it  at  Paris  ;  and,  we  are  in- 
ormed,  extensive  provision  against  it  is  com- 
menced. It  will  probably  visit  England. — 
Will  it  stop  there?  Will  the  ocean  be  a 
narrier  against  it;  Will  it  walk  in  desolation 
aver  our  land  ? 

A  medical  writer  at  Moscow,  of  some  cred- 
it, assures  us  of  his  conviction  that  it  will 
pass  onward  over  the  whole  earth.  Accord- 
ing to  him,  it  is  not  contagious;  which  opin- 
.  ai  is  formed  from  the  dissection  without  in- 
jury, by  himself,  of  more  than  one  hundred 
iieisons  who  have  died  of  it.  He  tells  us,  it 
is  disseminated  through  the  air  by  some  mys- 
terious process  ;  against  which  cordons  sani- 
taries  and  quarantines  are  no  protection. 

The  London  Sun  states,  that  it  appears 
b)  an  article  from  a  German  paper,  that  a 
plague,  called  the  "  Black  Death,"  which 
lesolated  Asia  and  Europe,  from  1346  to 
1350,  was  similar  in  movements  and  effects 
to  the  cholera,  and  arose  in  the  regions  of 
India  and  China.  Within  a  year  it  passed 
over  a  third  part  of  Asia,  and  penetrated 
southwardly  to  the  Mediterranean  sea,  then 
northwardly,  through  the  Greek  empire  to 
Russia.  In  1348,  it  reached  Italy  and 
Prance;  in  1349.  Spain,  England,  and  Scot- 
land;  in  1350,  all  the  other  nations  of  north- 
ern Europe.  More  than  three-fifths  of  the 
population  perished. 


Important  lo  Underwriters. — By  the 
Act  of  Edward  Leap.  4,  and  4th  ol  he 
same  King  cap.  2,  it  is  enacted,  \\  .  a 
man,  a  dog,  or  a  cat,  escape  alive  out  of  a- 
ny  ship,  suth  ship  shall  not  be  deemed  a 
wreck.     Onthe(i'h:  hi,  the 

ship  Dart,  of  Sunderland,drifted  into  Ports- 
mouth without  a  soul  on  board '  a  live  cat, 
however,  being  found  in  the  cabin,  Ihe  ves- 
sel escaped  becoming  a  droit  of  the  Admi- 
ralty, and  was  given  sn  ciiasge  oi  the  her- 
'  io  be  delivered  to  the  owners. — London 
paper. 


tlG 


THE  ftENESEE  PARMER 


December  31,  183  j 


From  tlie  New-  York  American. 
CENSUS. 
The  official  returns  of  the  United  States  present, 
according  to  the  National  Intelligencer,  the  follow- 
ing results: — 
Recapitulation,  exhibiting  th»    General  Aggregate 
of  each  description  of  persons  in  the  United  States, 
by  classes. 

FREE  WHITE  PERSONS. 

Males — under  5  years  of  age,  972,194 
of  5  and  under  10,  782,637 


of  10 

15,  671,688 

of  15 

20,  575,614 

of -20 

30,  952,902 

of  30 

"       4.i,  592,596 

of  40 

50,  369,370 

of  50 

60,  .30,500 

of  60 

70,  134,910 

of  70 

80     58,136 

of  80 

90,    15,945 

of  90 

"      100,      1,993 

o.  100 

and  upwards,       274 — 5,353.759 

Fetnales-under  5  years,          920,104 

of  5  and  under  10.  751,649 

of  10 

of  15 

15,  939,063 

20,  597,713 

of  20 

"        30,  915,692 

of  30 

"        40,  555,565 

of  40 

50,  355,425 

of  50 

60,  225,928 

of  60 

70,  130,866 

of  70 

80,    58,034 

of80 

90,    17,672 

of  90 

"      100,      2,484 

of  100  and  upwards,      234—5,167,299 

Total  number  of  Free  Whites,  10,526,058 

SLAVES. 

Males— under  lOyears  of  age,  353,845 
of  10  and  under  24, 
of  24  "  36, 
of  33  "  55, 
of  55  "  100, 
of  100  and  upwards,       718—1,014,345 

Females— under  10  years  ^7,566 
of  10  and  under  24,  308,793 
of  24  "  36,  18 1,082 
of  36  '■  55,  111,753 
of  55  "  100,  41,422 
of  100  and  upwards,       688—   996,284 


313,676 

185,654 

118,996 

41,456 


Total  number  of  Slaves, 2,010,629 

FREE  COLORED  PERSONS. 

Males — under  10  years  of  age,  48,737 
of  10  and  under  24,  43,126 
of24  -  36,  27,Ov>:> 
of  36  "  55,  22,262 
of55  "  100,  11,475 
of  100  and  cpwards,       266—155,495 

F.Cmales — under  10  years,  47,347 
of]0  and  under  24,  48,125 
of  24  "  36,  32,504 
of36  "  55,  24,266 
of55  "  100,  13,369 
of  100  and  upwards,        361—165,962 


Total  number  of  Free  Colored  Persons,.  ...319,467 
Total  aggregate  of  the  U.  States 12,856,154. 

The  facts  that  strikes  us  at  the  first  glances  in 
this  statement,  is  the  immense  disproportion  of 
aged  colored  people,  to  aged  white  people.  Take 
this  extreme  case  for  instance : — there  are  of 

White  males,  over  100  years,     -    -    274 
do.    females,    "        "...      234 

— 508 
out  of  a  population  of  ten  and  a  half  millions  !  or 
about  one  centenarian  for  every  20,000  souls. 

Of  male  slaves,  over  100  years,    -    -    718 

female  do.         "       "  -    -    -    668—1386 

out  of  a  population  of  little  over  two  millions,  or  one 
centenarian  for  every  fourteen  hundred  souls  ! 

But  the  free  colored  persons  give  a  result  still 
more  incredible : — there  are 

Of  males  over  100  years,  -     -     266 

females     "        ••         ....   361—627 
'i.ut  of  a  population  of  three  hundred  and  nineteen 
iltaasani  person?,  or  a  cente,n,ariau  for  'every  500  ' 


HOME. 
*    *    *    "  What  so  sweet — 
So  beautiful  on  earth,  and  oh  !  so  rare, 
As  kindred  love  and  family  repose." 

"  The  busy  world 
With  all  the  tumult  and  the  stir  of  life, 
Pursues  its  wonted  course ;  on  pleasure  sonic, 
And  some  on  commerce,  and  ambition  bent, 
And  all  on  happiness  ;  while  each  one  loves 
One  little  spot,  in  which  his  heart  unfolds 
With  nature's  holiest  feelings,  one  sweet  spot, 
And  calls  it  Home  :  If  sorrow  is  felt  there, 
It  runs  through  many  bosoms,  and  a  smile 
Lights  up  in  eyes  around  a  kndred  smile ; 
And  if  disease  intrudes,  thei  sufferer  finds 
Rest  on  the  breast  beloved." 


THE  GENESEE  FARMER  and  Garden 
er's  Journal.— L.  TUCKER  &  Co..  Pub. 
Iishers— N.  GOODSELL,  Editor. 

In  issuing  proposals  for  the  second  volume  of 
the  Farmer,  which  will  commence  on  the  first  of 
January,  1832,  the  Publishers  have  the  pleasure  of 
stating  i  hat  the  work  has  met  the  decided  appro- 
bation of  that  class  of  the  community  for  whom 
it  is  intended,  and  has  had  the  salutary  effect  of 
calling  out  many  writers,  whose  experience  would 
otherwise  have  been  unavailable;  and  they  are  al- 
so induced  to  believe  it  has  been  the  means  of  a- 
wakeningmany  of  our  Farmers  to  the  importance 
of  extending  their  information  upon  the  subject  of 
their  daily  pursuits,  and  convincing  them  of  the 
utility  and  necessity  of  a  paper  devoted  especially 
to  "  the  tillers  of  the  ground."  The  public  papers, 
and  the  judgment  of  many  of  our  most  enlight- 
ened husbandmen,  concur  in  the  opinion  that  Mr. 
Goodsell,  the  Editor,  has  fulfilled  his  duties  with 
such  ability,  as,  with  the  aid  of  his  correspondents, 
to  have  placed  the  Genesee  Farmer  on  a  level 
with  the  best  Agricultural  journals  of  our  coun- 
try. It  has,  as  yet,  enlisted  the  good  feelings  and 
contributions  of  but  a  small  part  of  that  portion  of 
our  agriculturists  who  are  well  qualified  to  impart 
an  interest  and  value  to  its  columns.  We  shall, 
therefore,  commence  the  publication  of  the  second 
volume  with  the  hope  and  the  assurance,  that  ma- 
ny names  will  be  added  to  the  list  of  contributors 
in  the  course  of  another  year,  and  we  may  ven- 
ture to  predict  that  the  second  volume  will  at  least 
equal,  if  it  docs  not  excel,  the  first. 


Its  leading  object  has  been,and  will  be,  to  impar 


r» 

that  information  which  will  tend  in  the  greates1 
degree  to  the  improvement  of  the  Agriculture, 
Horticulture,  and  Domestic  Economy,  of  our  coun- 
try. 

The  first  volume  can  be  supplied  to  all  new  sub- 
scribers, and  bound  in  a  neat  manner  to  such 
as  desire  it.  In  soliciting  the  patronage  of  the 
public,  and  especially  of  Agricultural  ami  Horti- 
cultural Societies,  we  ask  aid  no  further  than  an 
intelligent  farming  public  may  think  we  deserve  it. 

CONDITIONS — The  Farmer  is  printed  ev- 
ery Saturday  in  a  quarto  form,  on  fine  paper  and 
fair  type,  with  a  Title  Page  and  Index,  making 
416  pages  a  year,  at  S3  50,  payable  in  six  months, 
or  S3,  if  paid  in  advance'. 

3j>  Gentlemen  who  procure  five  subscribers, 
and  forward  the  payment  for  the  same,  will  be 
allowed  a  sixth  copy  gratis. 

LUTHER  TUCKER  &  CO. 

'Ifockstcr,  "Dec.  %%l. 


PATEN!  ZINC  HOLLOW-WANE 

MANUFACTURED  bv  John  Westfidd  & 
Co.,  No.  163,  Mott  street,  New- York 
ROSSITER  &  KNOX,  No.  3,  Buffalo  street 
Rochester,  having  been  appointed  agents  for  the 
sale  of  the  above  ware,  are  now  receiving  an-  addi- 
tional supply,  whieh  they  offerforsale  afthe man- 
ufacturers'price. 

This  ware  will  be  found  not  materially  to  exceed 
in  price  Tin  and  Iron;  yet  as  durable  as  Iron,  not 
subject  to  rust,  giving  the  article  cooked  or  kept  in 
it  no  unpleasant  taste,  not  containing  in  itself,  nor 
forming  with  the  materials  cooked  in  it,  any  dele- 
teriousproperities,  as  do  Copper,  Brass  or  Lead. 

Zinc  Kettles,  for  cooking  Rice,  Hommim .  anfl 
all  kinds  Sweet  Meats,  will  be  found  well  adapt- 
ed, neither  discoloring,  nor  varying  the  flavor  of 
the  substance  cooked  ;  for  these  purposes,  and  to 
avoid  the  corrosions  of  Copper,  Brass  and  Lead,  ii 
will  long  be  substituted  for  these  metals. 

Zinc  Pans  for  the  Dairy,  will  be  found  an  ob- 
ject worthy  of  attention  from  the  following  consi- 
derations ;  that  Milk  in  Zinc  Pans  of  the  same- 
size,  will  produce  from  20  to  25  per  cent  more 
cream  or  butter,  and  that  of  superior  flavor  ;  will 
keep  milk  sweet  longer  by  a  number  of  hours,  af- 
fording the  cream  more  time,  besides  its  chymieal 
effect,  to  separate  from  the  milk,  (for  this  reason, 
cream  from  those  pans  will  not  admit  ot  bein<J 
charned  as  soon  as  that  from  other  pans,  in  as 
much  as  no  cream  should  be  churned  till  it  is 
soured,)  and  greatly  outlast  any  pans  in  use. 

Zinc  Jars  and  Firkins  for  preserving  butter 
sweet  for  family  use,  possess  equally  superior  ad- 
vantage for  butter,  as  do  the  pans  for  milk.  Ex- 
periment and  results  safely  warrant  the  above 
statement ;  and  the  orders  of  wholesale  and  rtail-e 
ing  merchants  as  well  as  those  of  families  and 
large  dairies  daily  supplying  from  different  parts 
of  the  country,  are  the  consequence  of  successful 
results  in'the  use  of  this  ware. 

Zinc  ware  is  cleansed  with  Brick  Dust,  with 
Soap  and  Sand,  or  with  Hot  Ashes. 

Notice. — Letters  patent  for  manufacturing 
these  articles  exclusively  by  the  subscribers,  hav- 
ing been  obtained,  we  would  advise  the  Public  a- 
gainstany  encroachment  of  the  Patent  Right ; — 
and  the  person  who  shall  give  information  o) 
violation  of  this  Patent  Right,  will  be  liberally  re- 
warded, by      JOHN  AVESTFIEl.h  &CO 

The  following  recommendation  from  thespro 
prietor  of  one  of  the  largest  houses    of   Refreh 
the  United  States,  must  be  perfectly  sat- 
isfactory as  respects  the  utility  and  advantage  oj 
using  the  Zinc  Hollow  Ware 
To  J.  Westfield  &  Co. 

Gentlemen,  J  have  for  some  time  past, 
my  establishvu  nt,  made  use  of  your  Hollow  Ware 
manufacturedfrom  Zinc,  and  I  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  they  completely  answer  my  ex- 
pectations, being  fully  as  durable  as  iron  or  cop- 
per, and  not  as  easily  corroded  'by  rust,  giving 
the  articles  cooked  in  them  no  unpleasant  taste, 
and  being  more  beautiful  in  appearance,  and 
much  more  easily  cleaned  than  lufac- 

turedjrom  any  other  metal  at  present  mad 
of  in  cooldng  apparatus.    I  with  pleasure  recom- 
mend them   for  genera!  use,    and  have  no  doubt 
that  whoever  will  give  them  a  fair  trial  will  fntl 
that  they  fully  answer  his  c.rpectal  ions. 

STEPHEN  HOLT. 
We  have  aho  received  the  following  recommen- 
dation from  Dr.  A.  G.  Hull. 

.1.  Westfield  &  Co. 
Gentlemen, —  With  great  pleasure  I  can  assure 
youof  my  entire  satisfaction,  as  to  the  superiority 
of  your    Zinc  Hollow  Ware,  for  the  purposes  of 
the  Diary  and  Kitchen.. 

The  perfect  preservation  of  Mi!!:  in  my  Diary 
during  the  warmest  days  of  the  past  season,  in- 
duces me  to  give  yours  a  decided  preference  to  a- 
ny  others  previously  used,  am!  recommend  them, 
as  a  happy  combination  of  neatness  and  durabili- 
ty. Yours,<f-e.  A.  G. BULL,  132 Fulton 
7ioi)23  street.  New-York. 


AMERICAN  ALMANAC 

AND  Repository  of  Useful  Knowledge  forljSS 
inst  received  and  for  sale  by 
dec  ■:■}  HOY T,  PQRTER  &  CO.