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30-0  V' 


ENTLEMAN'S     MAGAZINE 


HISTOBICAL     EEVIEW. 

By  SYLVANUS  URBAN,  Gent. 


MDCOCLVI. 
JULY  TO  DECEMBEE  iNCLDSi-ra, 

BEING  VOI.rMK  I.  OF  A  SVW  SERIES. 
AKD  TB£  TWO-HWUBSn-MID-tlltST  SINCE  THE  COHHENCEUENT. 


(  ''oO 


i.o  N  nox 

JOHN    HENET    AND    JAMES    PAKKEE. 

1856. 


PKEFACE. 


Of  the  time-honoured  customs  which  have  reached  the  present 
day  unimpaired^  there  are  two  that  may  be  considered  especially 
important^  because  both  are  so  closely  connected  with  the  British 
constitution,  which  will  probably  cease  to  exist  when  either  of 
the  customs  I  allude  to  are  broken  through.  One  ^  associated 
with  the  Lower  House  of  Parliament,  the  other  with  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.  In  the  first  it  is  necessary,  when  her  most 
gracious  Majesty  selects  a  member  for  Prime  Minister  or  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  that  he  should  go  back  to  his  constituency 
for  re-election,  and  at  the  same  time  give  some  accoimt  of  his  past 
stewardship,  and  an  outline  of  his  future  intentions.  The  other 
custom  is  very  similar ;  but  instead  of  being  occasional,  it  is 
periodical,  and  occurs  twice  every  year.  It  compels  me  to  appear 
before  my  readers,  and,  like  the  Premier,  give  some  reasons  why 
I  should  again  be  placed  at  the  head  of  the  government. 

During  the  last  six  months  I  have  been  enabled  to  bring  before  the 
reader  much  that  is  curious  and  interesting  in  the  literary  history 
of  the  past, — including  my  own  Autobiography,  The  History  of 
the  Society  for  the  Difiusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  Of  a  Blue 
Book,  Privately  Printed  Books,  Chatterton,  John  Marston,  Sir 
Thomas  Browne,  The  Stephenses,  Cornelius  Agrippa,  Perthes, 
The  Greek  Epigram,  Professor  Wilson,  and  the  Public  Records. 
In  General  History  and  Biography  I  may  with  some  pride  refer 
to  the  articles  on  the  War  and  the  Peace,  the  Lives  of  Washington, 
Peel,  The  Two  Gustavi,  and  Cockbum,  The  Saracens,  The  Danubian 
Principalities,  The  Character  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  The  Tudor 
Statute-book ;  while  on  the  subject  of  Local  History,  Architecture, 
Topography,  and  Antiquities,  the  articles  on  St.  David^s,  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's  Handbook  of  Architecture,  Mr.  Denison's  Lectures  on 
Church  Building,  on  Chester,  Yarmouth,  Tenby,  The  Kentish  Coast, 
Carved  Ivories,  The  Faussett  Collection  of  Antiquities,  &c.,  &c., 
will  shew  that  those  favourite  subjects  of  study  have  not  been 
overlooked.  My  correspondents  have  been  numerous,  and  their 
communications  important — all  evincing  continued  good  feeling 
towards  the  Magazine. 


IV  PREFACE. 

In  the  Biograpliical  department  will  be  found  memoirs  of  most 
persons  of  celebrity  whose  decease  we  have  had  to  lament.  This 
has  always  been  &  conspicuous  feature  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, and  to  some  extent  depends  upon  the  contributions  of  the 
relatives  of  the  departed ; — readers  will  do  well  to  bear  this  in 
mind.  I  do  not  want  panegyrics,  but  facts :  if  they  will  supply 
me  with  these,  they  will  be  conferring  a  favour  upon  others. 

The  future  will,  I  hope,  present  no  falling  off.  Arrangements 
have  been  made  for  the  supply  of  articles  of  interest  equal  to  those 
which  have  already  appeared.  Many  accessions  have  been  made 
to  my  cabinet — ^none  have  withdrawn ;  my  readers  will  therefore 
have  the  benefit  of  a  strong  and  united  ministry. 

The  pleasing  duty  remains  of  thanking  those  who  have  so  ably 
assisted  in  storing  the  Magazine.  All  have  so  cheerfully  rendered 
their  services,  that  it  would  be  invidious  to  specify  any;  but  all 
will  agree  with  me  in  making  one  exception  in  favour  of  a  gentle- 
man who  for  many  years  was  chief  storekeeper  and  manager,  with- 
out whose  aid  it  would  have  been  difficult  to  conduct  the  work,  and 
whose  contributions  will,  I  hope,  for  many  years  continue  to  in- 
struct and  amuse  my  readers. 

Such,  then,  are  my  claims.  You  have  now  before  you  the  first 
of  my  Second  Series  of  Two  Hundred  Volumes.  If  you  think  it 
worthy  of  my  past  fame  and  name,  let  me  receive  your  support 
and  recommendation. 

SYLVANUS    URBAN. 


E  PLURIBUS  UNUM. 


I 


L**" 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

JULY,  1856, 


CONTENTS. 

VAam 

MINOR  OOBSESPONDENCE.— Grave  of  Jane  Stuart-Derivation  of  "  Cold  Harbonr*'— The 

Meade  Famity— Assumption  of  Arms— Dr.  Nicholas  Bernard  3 

Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban 8 

History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  David's 10 

8ir  Robert  Fed    17 

Cockbom's  Memorials  of  his  Times    27 

Stanzas  written  at  Hastings   82 

FergusBon's  lUastrated  Handbook  of  Architecture   88 

Privately  printed  Books  58 

The  Dannbian  Principalities    57 

Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.    No.  I.  Bichborough  and  Sandwich 64 

The  kte  M.  Augustme  Thierry  70 

Adand's  Memoir  on  the  Cholera  at  Oxford   74 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN.— The  site  of  Anderida— The  Craven  Estate, 

Bayswater— Israel  Silvestre— Proceedings  of  Cromwell's  Army  in  Ireland T7 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS.— Voyage  of  Sir  Henry  Middleton,  86 ; 
Works  ot  Philo-Judseus,  Lee's  Pictures  of  Nature  near  Malvern,  88 ;  Blair's  Chrono- 
logical Tablet;  90 ;  Description  of  Folkestone,  by  S,  J.  Mackie,  F.S.A.,  91 ;  Analysis  of 
Thucydides,  92 ;  Blight's  Cornish  Crosses,  Hardwicke's  Annual  Biography,  Cotterill's 
Public  Granaries  and  Civil  Freedom  of  Trade,  Notes  to  Sophocles,  Ups  and  Downs  of 
a  Wykehamist,  The  Great  Arctic  Mystery,  93  ;  M'Neill's  Appellate  Jurisdiction,  Man- 
eel's  Lecture  on  Kant,  Gassiot's  Present  Crisis,  Croker's  Answer  to  Macaulay,  Boyce's 
Adversity.  Oough's  New  Testament  Quotations,  Blunt's  Duties  of  a  Parish  Priest,  94 ; 
Cummingon  Deuteronomy,  Slack's  Old  Truths,  Monro's  Parochial  Papers,  PhiUimore's 
Sernums,  Commentary  on  the  Psalms 09 

ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES.— Society  of  Antic^uaries,  95 ;  Archoeological  Institute,  97  ; 
Areheological  Association,  99 ;  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  99 ;  Ox- 
ford Ar^tectural  Society,  100 :  Surrey  Archteological  Society,  103 ;  Yorkshire  Arohi- 
tectoral  Society,  107  ;  Antiquities  of  India,  108 ;  Wall-Painting  at  Hadleigh  Church  118 

NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH.— Oxford  Universitv— Cambridge  University— London  Univer- 
sity-Lille Cathedral,  109.— Franklin's  remains— White  Horse,  Fetter-lane 110 

HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE.— Foreign  News,  110;  Domestic  Occurrences  1 13 

PromotionB  and  Preferments  118 

OBITUARY ;  with  Memoirs  of  Earl  Digby— Countess  of  Shrewsbury— Lord  Adolphus  Fitz- 
clarence,  K.C.H.— Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol— Sir  Wn.  Ogle  Carr— Sir  Edmund 
Tiemey,  Bart.— Sir  Alexander  Crichton,  F.R.8.— Sir  M.  H.  Nepean,  Bart.— Gen.  Sir 
G.  P.  Adams,  K.C.U.— Sir  George  Duckett,  Bart.— Capt.  Thompson,  C.B.— Hon.  Ogden 
Hoffman— Lt.-Gen.  Macdonald,  C.B.— George  Bennett,  Esq.— Mr.  George  Watts- 
James  Gates  Perdval  114—121 

Cl.EaOT  DXCXASU)  121 

DxATHS,  arranged  in  Chronological  Order 122 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  in  th^  Metropolis— Markets,  127 ;  Meteorol(^eal 

Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks  126 


By  sylvanus  UKBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Mb.  Ubban, — In  your  Minor  Corre- 
spondence  for  February  in  the  present 
yaar,  appears  a  paragraph,  quoted  from 
the  Life  of  the  Rev.  J.  Q.  Pike,  giving  an 
account  of  Jane  Stuart,  an  illegitimate 
daughter  of  James  II.,  who  became  a 
Qus3cer.  The  story  I  h"  frequently 
heard;  but  I  believe  the  puce  of  her 
burial  is  wrongly  given.  My  mother,  a 
native  of  Wisb€»u:h,  in  Cambridgeshire, 
has  often  told  me  that  she  has  seen  the 
grave  of  Jane  Stuart  in  the  burial-ground 
belong^g  to  the  Quakers  of  that  town ; 
and  that  the  box-plants  and  grave  were 
cireftdly  preserved  by  the  Friends,  who, 
with  some  inconsistency,  were  rather  proud 
of  their  singular  connection  with  royalty. 
I  fimcy  the  substitution  of  Derby  must 
have  been  a  mistake  for  Wisbeach,  by  one 
of  Mr.  Hke's  sons.  Mr.  P.,  sen.,  who  was 
a  dissenting  minister  of  the  General  Bap- 
tist persuasion,  had  very  probably  been 
preaching  at  Wisbeach ;  and,  becoming 
acquainted  with  a  story  which  would  natu- 
raUy  interest  his  mother,  he  wrote  to  her 
from  Wisbeach,  and  used  the  word  "  here" 
correctly.  This  I  imagine  to  be  the  origin 
of  the  mistake;  for  I  never  heard  that 
James  II.  had  a  daughter  buried  at  Derby, 
or  more  than  one  who  turned  Quaker; 
and  I  am  satisfied  of  the  correctness  of  my 
statement,  having  heard  the  story  from 
other  Wisbeach  people  besides  my  mother. 
Yours,  &c.  J.  S.  S. 

Mr.  Ubban, — ^There  is  a  "  CoUy  or  Cold 
Ba/rbour**  too,  at  Rhydlan  here, — spelling 
of  the  word  amounts  to  nothing — that  is 
the  sound  g^ven  out;  the  correct  etymo- 
logy of  it  must  be  found,  and  you.  Sir, 
should  be  the  medium.  I  remember  the 
Cold  Harbour,  a  green  croft  on  the  bank 
of  the  Clwyd ;  it  is  now  half  covered  over 
with  a  coa/-yard  and  warehouses,  and  this 
(the  coal)  wUl  serve  with  the  rising  genera- 
tion of  the  neighbourhood  for  an  etymology. 
Always,  Mr.  urban,  spell  Rhydlan  same  as 
I  do, — it  means  ford  of  the  church.  On 
the  ford  came  the  bridge  Pont  Rhydlan. 
The  Clwyd  is  fordable  in  two  places  close 
by,  bearing  the  names  For-ryd-Seaford, 
and  Rhyd-y-ddanddwr,  or  the  ford  of  the 
two  waters — Clwyd  and  Elwy.  This  is 
original.  Sir,  and  better  than  the  fisu*- 
fetched  derivations  which  we  read  from 
Camden  upwards,  of  Rhudd-led,  Xhudd- 
free,  Ac. — rubbish. 

Dinorben.  J.  S. 


Mb.  Urban, — Among  the  Lord  Chief 
Justices  whose  Lives  have  been  written 
by  Lord  Campbell,  there  is  none  of  Judge 
Meade,  of  Essex,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
Can  any  of  the  readers,  or  any  savant  of 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  frimish  a 
brief  account  of  him ;  of  his  parentage  and 
descent,  armorial  bearings,  marriage,  and 
death,  &c.;  indeed,  any  history  of  his  lord- 
ship ?    It  w'll  oblige  many  more  than 

Derby.  Ostrich. 

Our  correspondent  probably  refers  to 
Sir  Thomas  Meade,  who  purchased  the 
estate  of  Wendon  Lofts.  He  was  ser- 
geant-at-law  in  1567,  and  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  King*s  Bench  in  1578. 
He  married  Bridget,  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Brograve,  Knight,  of  Herts,  and 
had  issue,  Thomas  who  died  young,  John, 
who  succeeded  him,  two  other  sons  and 
five  daughters.  His  father,  Thomas 
Meade,  was  the  first  of  the  family  who 
settled  at  Elmdon  in  Essex;  he  married 
Joan  Clamp,  of  Huntingdon,  and  died  in 
1585,  leaving  issue  three  sons  — Thomas, 
Robert,  and  Matthew.  The  estate  of 
Elmdon  was  in  Sir  Thomas'  possession 
when  he  died,  in  1617. 

Arms.  Gu.  a  chev.  erm.  between  three 
trefoils  slipped  ar. 

Assumption  of  Abms. — Are  there  any 
laws  in  existence,  unrepealed,  which  render 
it  unlawfrd,  or  subject  the  ambitious  tyro 
in  heraldry  to  degradation  and  penalty, 
for  such  vanity  and  presumption  ?  There 
is  no  necessity,  I  believe,  for  the  confirma- 
tion  of  a  grant  to  each  descent,  or  party 
entitled  to  the  use  of  a  coat,  within  the 
original  patent.  And  may  not  a  person 
related  to  a  grantee,  of  the  same  name, 
assume  his  coat,  to  shew  his  common  stock, 
without  going  to  the  expense  of  70  or  £80 
for  a  fresh  grant  ?  H.  W.  G.  R. 

If  a  person  can  prove  undoubt<Mi  de- 
scent from  the  original  grantee,  he  may 
assume  the  arms  grranted;  no  fresh  con- 
firmation is  required. 

Mb.  Ubban, — In  my  article  on  Lord 
Roscommon,  in  your  Magazine  for  De- 
cember last,  mention  is  made  of  a  friend 
of  his  Lordship  who  was  miraculously 
saved  at  the  taking  of  Drogheda.  I  liave 
since  ascertained  that  this  person  was 
Dr.  Nicholas  liemard,  who  was  left  un- 
molested by  the  soldiers  on  their  finding 
him  engaged  in  prayer.  See  Lloyd^i  Me- 
moirs, 701. 

Cambridge.  Thomas  Cooper. 


THE 


GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    RE^^IEW. 


THE  AXJTOBIOGEAPHY  OF  SYLVAJSTTJS  UEBAN. 

CHAPTER  I. 

MY  BIBTH  AND  FABENTAGB. 

With  some  Notice  of  my  CotUemporariee. 

Few  will  require  to  be  informed  who  or  what  I  am.  The  favourite  of 
past  generations,  I  have  still  a  host  of  friends  in  the  present.  Many  of 
these  know  me  thoroughly,  and  date  their  affection  for  me  from  their 
earliest  recollections ;  others  will  recognise  me  as  their  occasional  asso- 
ciate in  the  club  or  reading-room,  if  not  invited  to  their  closet  or  library ; 
whilst  all  who  have  attained  to  any  acquaintance  with  the  fields  of  general 
literature  must  own  to  somewhat  more  than  a  casual  knowledge  of  my 
name.  But  as  I  have  long  survived  my  original  comrades  and  competitors, 
and  am  by  far  the  senior  of  my  living  contemporaries,  I  think  it  may  not 
be  unacceptable  if  I  now  offer  to  the  world  some  memorials  of  my  past 
history  and  experience.  To  have  survived  the  term  of  more  than  a  cen- 
tury and  a  quarter  is  indeed  no  common  lot ;  and  it  carmot  be  un- 
interesting to  inquire  to  what  causes  so  extraordinary  a  fortune  may  be 
attributed. 

On  these  Sylvanus  Urban  hopes  to  speak  with  his  wonted  modesty, 
whilst  it  is  impossible  to  regard  the  fact  itself  without  a  conscious  pride. 
Much,  no  doubt,  is  due  to  the  happy  idea  to  which  he  originally  owed  his 
birth,  to  the  large  room  and  wholesome  atmosphere  in  which  he  was  first 
placed  to  use  his  limbs  and  exert  his  manly  vigour ;  much  to  the  care  of 
his  early  nurture  ;  and  much  to  the  patriotism,  the  loyalty,  and  the  modera- 
tion that  have  generally  characterized  his  counsellors  and  supporters.  He 
has  often  pleased  himself  by  the  fancy  that  there  was  something  prophetic 
in  the  name  that  was  given  him.  Like  a  sapling  oak,  he  was  planted  in 
the  British  soil ;  and.  like  an  oak,  his  roots  still  keep  a  firm  hold  of  that 
congenial  element.  Though  himself  resident,  for  the  most  part,  within  the 
city  walls,  his  friendships  have  spread,  far  and  wide,  over  valley  and  hill, 
in  every  quarter  of  the  country.  His  visits  have  been  welcomed  at  the 
provincial  club,  at  the  mansion  of  the  squire,  and  more  especially  at  the 
fireside  of  the  parson.  Meanwhile  the  volumes  of  his  past  labours  have 
grown  on  from  year  to  year,  until  their  array  is  no  longer  in  files,  but  in 
battalions  ;  from  a  goodly  grove  they  have  increased  into  a  forest, — 
a  forest  that  is  not  to  be  disregarded  in  the  wide  map  of  English  literature. 
"  The  ancients,''  as  Ben  Jonson  tells  us  in  the  introduction  to  his  Under' 


4  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [July, 

woods,  "  called  that  kind  of  body  Sylva,  or  ^YXiy,  in  which  there  were  works 
of  divers  nature  and  matter  congested."  Thus  truly  has  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  fulfilled  the  character  of  a  Sylva,  both  in  the  variety  and  the 
extent  of  its  productions ;  and  therefore  it  is  that  I  assert  that  the  name 
of  Sylvanus  was  bestowed  upon  me  with  great  propriety. 

I  have  not  to  weary  the  reader  with  any  prolonged  disquisition  upon 
the  antiquity  of  my  family,  or  the  details  of  my  genealogy.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  I  was  born  a  "  Gentleman," — a  designation  which,  whilst  it  has 
lost  in  a  great  measure  the  distinctive  sense  which  it  possessed  at  the  time 
of  my  birth,  as  denoting  a  particular  grade  in  society,  has  gained  in  a 
higher  degree  in  what  may  be  termed  its  moral  character ;  for  it  is  ob- 
servable that  all  ranks,  from  an  emperor  downwards,  have  now  no  higher 
or  worthier  ambition  than  to  be  esteemed  perfect  gentlemen  ;  and  the 
flatterers  of  one  of  our  late  monarchs  thought  they  could  not  compliment 
him  more  highly  than  by  styling  him — how  deservedly  we  will  not  now 
question — '*  the  first  gentleman  in  Europe."  So  that,  we  see,  whatever  of 
the  spirit  of  chivalry  is  kept  alive  in  this  nineteenth  century,  is  transferred 
in  imagination  from  the  ancient  Knight  to  the  modem  Gentleman.  Sylva- 
nus Urban  is  therefore  proud  that  he  is  now  a  gentleman  of  no  modem 
origin*.  He  has  always  aimed  to  behave  himself  in  accordance  with  his 
rank,  and  its  true  characteristics ;  and  it  is  to  gentlemen  and  gentlewomen 
that  his  labours  ever  have  been,  and  still  are,  devoted. 

But  though  I  have  nothing  to  tell  of  remote  progenitors,  there  were 
certain  personages  of  my  own  character  existing  at  my  birth,  and  shortly 
before,  of  whom  the  reader  may  be  glad  to  know  somewhat. 

One  of  the  most  celebrated  of  these  was  Isaac  Bickerstaff^  Esquire,  who 
was  ushered  into  the  world  towards  the  end  of  1707,  by  the  great  Doctor 
Swift**,  when  he  wrote  his  **  Predictions  for  the  Year  1708."  He  was  bom 
to  a  higher  degree  than  mine ;  and  yet  it  was  his  fate  to  be  told  that 
"  there  is  one  John  Partridge  can  smell  a  knave  as  far  as  Grub-street, 
although  he  lies  in  the  most  exalted  garret,  and  calls  himself '«^Mirtf .' " 
But  Mr.  Bickerstaff  stood  his  ground  for  some  years,  not  only  in  many 
a  skirmish  with  that  redoubted  almanac-maker  and  astrologer,  the  said 
John  Partridge,  btrt  further  in  the  more  classic  pages  of  The  Taller,  where 
he  was  the  conjoint  personification  of  Swift  and  Steele*'. 

But  the  far-famed  Mr.  Bickerstaff  was  deceased  before  I  came  into  the 
world.  He  had  been  succeeded  by  Caleb  Danvers,  of  Grays  Inn,  Esquire, 
the  author  of  The  Craftsman^, — by  Sir  Isaac  Ratcliffe,  of  Elbow -lane,  the 

*  Those  who  are  curious  in  this  matter  will  find  the  question, "  Can  the  Queen  create 
a  Gentleman?"  discussed  by  my  ingenious  and  worthy  yoimg  kinsman,  Note*  and 
Queries. 

^  **  It  is  siud  that  his  choice  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff — a  name  since  so  well  known — was 
owing  to  his  finding  the  surname  upon  a  locksmith's  sign.'' — StmfVt  Work*,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  vui.  454. 

«  "  It  happened  very  luckily,"  (writes  Steele,)  "  that  a  little  before  I  had  resolved 
upon  this  design,  a  gentleman  had  written  Predictions,  and  two  or  three  other  pieces, 
til  my  name,  which  rendered  it  famous  through  all  parts  of  Europe,  and,  by  an  inimitable 
■pirit  and  humour,  raised  it  to  as  high  a  pitch  of  reputation  as  it  could  possibly  arrive  at. 
By  this  good  fortune  the  name  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff  gained  an  audience  of  all  who  had 
any  taste  of  wit." 

Again,  on  Oct.  16, 1727,  appeared  No.  I.  of  The  Tatler  revived,  by  Isaac  Bickerstaff, 
Esquire. 

•■  The  first  number  of  this  work  appeared  under  the  title  of  The  Country  Journal  / 
or.  The  CraJUman,  Dec  7.  1726.  ^ 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  SylvanuB  Urban.  5' 

aothOT  of  The  Hyp-Doctor^,  and  others  of  like  designation ;  of  whom  the 
following'  were  those  who  were  fretting  their  hour  upon  the  stage  when 
I  made  my  first  appearance : — 

Tie  TITLES  0/ PAPERS  and  their  nominal  Authors. 

The  Craftsman,  by      [f^.oiJcustU         ^ 
London  Journal,  Francis  Osborne^  Efq; 

Universal  Spectator,     Henry  Stonecastle^  Efq ; 
Applebee's  Journal,         Philip  Sydney^  Efq; 
Read's  Journal,  Crato 

Free  Briton,  Francis  Walsingham^  Efq ; 

Hyp-Doctor,  Sir  Isaac  Ratcliffe, 

Mr.  S^idnunc. 

Mr.  Conundrum. 


Mr.  Ba*vius. 
Mr.  Dactyl, 


Mr.  Orthodoxo, 
Dr.  ^ibus. 


These  are  the  persons  whose  lucubrations  are  quoted  and  abstracted  in 
the  early  volumes  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine.  And  here,  before  pro- 
ceeding further,  allow  me  to  remark  that  I  purposely  employ  the  word 
Author  above,  instead  of  Editor,  because  the  latter  was  unknown  at  the 
time  of  my  birth,  and  was  first  introduced  at  a  subsequent  period. 

It  was  in  January,  1731 — the  historical  year,  but  1730,  or  1730-1,  as  it 
was  then  customarily  written — that,  like  Pallas  from  the  head  of  Jupiter, 
I,  Sylvanus  Urban,  sprang  into  life  from  the  teeming  brain  of  Edward  Cave. 

This  gentleman,  who  had  then  nearly  reached  the  mature  age  of  forty, 
was  an  inveterate  and  indomitable  projector ;  but  the  only  project  in  which 
he  was  known  to  succeed  was  that  in  which  I  was  concerned  8?.  He  had 
been  bred  a  printer,  and  subsequently  held  a  place  in  the  Post-office. 
Both  employments  had  brought  him  into  connection  with  journalism. 
While  still  the  apprentice  of  Mr.  Deputy  Collins,  he  had  been  sent  to 
Norwich  to  conduct  a  weekly  paper ;  whilst  the  journeyman  of  Mr.  Barber, 
he  had  written  in  Mist's  Journal ;  and  whilst  in  the  Post-office  he  had 
collected  the  country  newspapers,  through  the  facilities  of  his  position,  and 
made  a  guinea  a-week  by  the  sale  of  their  intelligence  to  a  journal  in 
London.  With  the  profits  of  his  literary  labours  he  had  set  up  a  small 
printing-house,  which  he  carried  on  under  the  name  of  R.  Newton,  in  the 
venerable  gate-house  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  beyond  Smithfield.  This 
edifice,  of  massive  and  ample  dimensions,  is  still  standing,  almost  the  sole 
existing  relic  of  the  once  magnificent  conventual  buildings  of  the  city  of 
London^  :  here,  and  in  the  adjoining  house,  Cave  lived  and  died ;  and  here 
was  the  place  of  my  birth ;  but,  like  the  worthy  gentlemen  already  named, 
I  had  a  residence  provided  for  me  in  a  more  frequented  part  of  the  city, 

«  The  firgt  number  of  The  Hyp-Doctor,  Dec  15,  1730. 

'  As  given  at  the  back  of  the  title  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  voL  I.,  in  the 
fint  edition. 

V  "  The  fortune  which  he  left  behind  him,  though  large,  had  been  yet  larger,  had  he 
not  rajahly  and  wantonly  impaired  it  by  innumerable  projects,  of  which  I  know  not  that 
even  one  succeeded." — Dr.  Johnson's  Life  of  Cave,  first  published  in  the  Magazine  for 
Feb.  1754. 

^  In  the  imme<fiate  neighbourhood  is  a  portion  of  the  priory  church  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, of  much  higher  antiquity.  St.  John's  Gate,  at  the  Dissolution,  was  a  compara- 
tively modem  structure.  Erected  about  1506,  it  had  seen  two  centuries  and  a  quarter 
at  the  birth  of  Sylvanus  Urban ; — another  century  and  a  quarter  have  since  elapsed. 


C  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [July, 

and  for  some  time  I  bore  the  designation  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  of  Alder- 
manhury,  Gent,  *  My  father,  however,  grew  so  fond  of  me  that  he  soon  took 
me  home  to  share  his  own  residence,  and  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  he 
made  me  his  constant  friend  and  companion ;  and  I  have  the  happiness  to 
know  that  I  repaid  his  love  by  materially  increasing  the  fortunes  of  himself 
and  family.  Indeed,  he  so  far  identified  himself  with  me,  that  for  three- 
and-twenty  years  my  history  is  only  to  be  told  in  connection  with  his. 

My  growth  was  fast,  and  exceeded  his  expectations,  and  the  more  so 
because  my  birth  had  been  difficult,  and  preceded  by  evil  forebodings  from 
all  the  monthly  nurses  of  Paternoster-row^.  Nor  was  this,  as  might  be 
thought,  because  the  scheme  was  new  and  untried ;  for  that,  it  must  be 
admitted,  was  not  exactly  the  case  ^  Mr.  Cave  was  the  inventor  of  the 
name  of  Magazine,  but  not  of  the  thing  itself.  The  earliest  work  in 
England  of  this  nature  appears  to  have  been  "  The  Monthly  Recorder  of  all 
True  Occurrences,  both  Foreign  and  Domestick,"  the  first  number  of  which 
belonged  to  the  month  of  December,  1681.  The  plea  upon  which  this  was 
set  on  foot  was  "  the  haste  in  which  the  Weekly  Gazettes^  Intelligences, 
Mercuries,  Currants,  and  other  News-books,  were  put  together,  to  make 
their  News  sell  °*." 

In  1692,  Peter  Motteux  ",  a  clever  French  refugee,  started  The  Gentle^ 
man* s  Journal;  or ^  the  Monthly  Miscellany :  consisting  of  News,  History, 
Philosophy,  Poetry,  Musick,  Translations,  &c.  ®,  and  this,  which  lasted  for 


'  Title-page  of  No.  IX.  Sept.  1731,  and  title-page  of  vol.  I.,  original  editions. 

^  "  Mr.  Cave,  when  he  formed  the  project  of  the  Magazine,  was  far  from  expecting 
the  success  which  he  found ;  and  others  had  so  little  prospect  of  its  consequence,  that 
though  he  had  for  several  years  talked  of  his  plan  among  printers  and  booksellers,  none 
of  them  thought  it  worth  the  trial.  That  they  were  not  restrained  by  their  virtue  from 
the  execution  of  another  man's  design,  was  suiTiciently  apparent  as  soon  as  that  design 
began  to  be  gainful ;  for  in  a  few  years  a  multitude  of  Magazines  arose,  and  perished : ' 
only  the  London  Magazine,  supported  by  a  powerful  association  of  booksellers,  and 
drculated  with  all  the  art  and  all  the  cunning  of  the  trade,  exempted  itself  from  the 
general  fate  of  Cave's  invaders,  and  obtained  for  some  years,  though  not  an  equal,  yet 
a  considerable  sale."  This  passage  is  from  Dr.  Johnson's  Life  of  Cave ;  and  the  state- 
ment that  Cave  "  had  for  several  years  talked  of  his  plan,"  is  confirmed  by  one  probably 
written  by  himself,  which  occurs  in  his  project  for  county  maps  in  the  Supplement  to 
the  volume  for  1747,  where  he  says,  "  As  he  talked  of  the  Magazine  above  four  years 
before  he  began  it,  so  this  scheme  was  no  secret.*' 

*  **  After  many  trials  without  success, — after  Monthly  Mercuries,  Chronicles,  Regit- 
ters.  Amusements,  &c.,  had  been  tried  in  vain, — a  monthly  Magazine  at  last  appear'd, 
which,  from  the  industry  and  influence  of  the  proprietor,  soon  met  with  encouragement ; 
the  variety  of  which  it  consisted,  and  the  unusual  quantity  it  contain'd,  yielding  satis- 
faction to  all  who  gave  it  a  perusal." — Preface  to  vol.  I.  of  The  Scots  Magazine,  1739. 

"  Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  vol.  iv.  p.  70. 

■  Some  account  of  Motteux  will  be  found  in  Chalmers'  Biographical  Dictionary, 
and  in  the  Biographia  Dramatica.  Though  a  foreigner,  he  \iTute  some  successftd 
pieces  for  the  English  stage.     He  also  translated  Don  Quixote  into  our  language. 

**  "  The  Oentleman*s  Journal ;  or  the  Monthly  Miscellany.  By  way  of  Letter  to 
a  Gentleman  in  the  Country.  Consisting  of  News,  History,  Philosophy,  Poetry,  Musick, 
Translations,  &c.  January,  169J.  Published  by  R.  Baldwin,  in  Warwick -lane."  Small 
quarto,  pp.  64.  It  was  continued  monthly  throughout  1692  and  1693.  The  first  num- 
ber in  1694  was  for  January  and  February  together ;  it  then  went  on  monthly  from 
March  to  July  incluuve ;  the  next  number  was  for  August  and  September,  then  one 
for  October,  and  the  last  for  November  and  December.  There  is  a  de^cation  in  each 
volume, — of  the  first  to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  of  the  second  to  Charles  Montague, 
Esq.,  Commissioner  of  the  Treasury,  and  of  the  third  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  ;  the 
first  signed  P.  M.,  and  the  two  latter  at  lull  length — Peter  Motteux.  (Sets  are  often 
unfairly  made  up  by  repeating  certain  numbers,  whilst  others  are  deficient.) 


1856.]  Autobioffraphy  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  7 

three  years,  was  in  various  respects  the  prototype  of  The  Gbntlbman's 
Magazine  ;  but  my  honoured  parent  appears  to  have  had  also  in  his  eye  a 
later  Gentleman's  Journal,  and  Tradesman's  Companion,  a  weekly  paper, 
commenced  in  April,  1721  P.  This  is  probable,  because  his  work  was  at 
first  entitled.  The  Gentleman's  Magazine;  or.  Trader* s  Monthly  Intelli- 
gencer :  the  prices  of  goods  and  stocks,  a  list  of  bankrupts,  and  other  com- 
mercial matters,  being  included  in  his  design. 

In  Jan.  1700-1  first  appeared  another  Monthly  Miscellany ;  or.  Memoirs 
for  the  Curious;  in  Jan.  1708-9,  Monthly  Transactions,  published  by  Dr. 
William  King;  and  in  1709,  The  Monthly  Amusement,  by  John  Ozell. 

In  Jan.  1724-5,  the  New  Memoirs  of  Literature  were  started  by  Michael 
de  la  Roche;  they  were  continued  monthly  to  Dec.  1727,  when  they 
formed  six  volumes  octavo. 

At  the  same  time  was  commenced  **  The  Monthly  Catalogue ;  being  a 
General  Register  of  Books,  Sermons,  Plays,  and  Pamphlets,  printed  and 
published  in  London  or  the  Universities:'*  and  of  like  composition  was 
The  Monthly  Chronicle,  commenced  in  Jan.  1728,  and  continued  to  March, 
1732,  when  it  was  discontinued  to  make  way  for  The  London  Magazine. 

Except  this  Chronicle  of  new  publication;*,  all  the  monthlies  above  named 
bad  passed  away  before  Cave  started  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  ;  and 
the  only  other  works  which  then  appeared  monthly  were  two  resembling 
the  modem  Court  Calendar, — one  of  which  was  called  The  Old  Political  State 
of  Great  Britain,  and  the  other  The  New  Political  State  of  Great  Britain  ; 
and  a  similar  book  called  Tlie  Present  State  of  Europe. 

The  idea  of  epitomizing  the  contents  of  the  newspapers  was  one  which 
also  had  been  carried  partially  into  effect, — in  a  paper,  not  a  pamphlet, 
before  the  time  of  Cave.  The  General  Postscript,  published  on  Mondays, 
Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  in  the  year  1709,  is  described  as  "being  an 
Extract  of  all  that  is  most  material  from  the  Foreign  and  English  News- 
papers ;  with  Remarks  upon  the  Observator,  Review,  Tatlers,  and  the  rest 
of  the  Scribblers;  in  a  Dialogue  between  Novel  and  Scandal.*'  Another 
paper,  called  7%e  General  Remark,  of  contemporary  issue,  was  very  pro- 
bably of  like  character  *i. 

Cave's  scheme  was  unfolded  in  the  following 

ADVERTISEMENT. 

IT  has  been  unexceptionably  advanced,  that  a  good  Abridgment  of  the  Law  is  more 
intelligible  than  the  Statutes  at  large;  so  a  nice  Model  is  as  entertaining  as  the 
Original^  and  a  true  Specimen  as  satisfactory  as  the  whole  Parcel :  This  mag  serve 
to  illustrate  the  Reasonableness  of  our  present  Undertaking,  which  in  the  first  place  is 

P  "The  Gentleman's  Journal,  and  Tradesman's  Companion;  containing  the  News, 
Foreign  and  Domestick,  the  Price-Current  of  Goods  on  Shore,  tlie  Exports  and  Imports, 
the  Prices  of  Stocks,  and  a  Catalogue  of  the  Books  and  Pamphlets  published  in  the 
Week.  April],  1721" 

1  In  No.  12  of  the  General  Postscript,  for  Oct.  24,  1709,  is  given  a  list  of  all 
the  papers  then  published:— on  Monday  6,  on  Tuesday  12,  on  Wedne^ay  6,  on  Thursday 
12,  on  Friday  6,  on  Saturday  13 ; — in  all,  55  weekly  sheets.  There  was  then  but  one 
diurnal  paper,  the  Daily  Courant,  which  had  commenced  in  1703.  Nearly  all  the 
rest  were  published  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  viz.  the  London  Gazette, 
the  Post-Man,  Post-Boy,  Flying  Post,  The  Review,  The  Tatler,  the  Rehearsal  revived, 
the  Evemng  Post,  the  WJusperer,  the  Post-Boy  Junior,  and  the  City  Intelligencer. 
On  Mondays,  We<^e8day8,  and  Fridays  appeared  the  Supplement,  the  General  Remark, 
the  General  Postserift,  and  the  Female  Tatler, — ^the  Supplement  oorretpondinff  to 
the  Pott-Boy  of  the  mtermediate  days,  as  the  Observator  on  Wednefday  and  Fmay 


8  Autobiography  of  Sylvanm  Urban,  [J^y> 

io  give  Monthly  a  View  of  all  the  Pieces  of  Wit,  Humour,  or  Intelligence,  daUy  offered 
to  the  Pub  lick  in  the  Newt- Papers,  (which  of  late  are  so  multiply*  d,  as  to  render  U 
impossible,  unless  a  man  makes  it  a  business,  to  consult  them  all,)  and  in  the  next  place 
we  shall  join  therewith  some  other  matters  of  Use  or  Amusement  that  will  be  communi' 
cated  to  us. 

Upon  calculating  the  Number  of  News- Papers,  'tis  found  that  (besides  divers  written 
Accounts)  no  less  than  200  Half-sheets  per  Month  are  thrown f-om  the  Press  only  in 
London',  and  about  as  many  printed  elsewhere  in  the  Three  Kingdoms :  a  considerable 
Part  of  which  constantly  exhibit  Essays  on  various  Subjects  for  Entertainment ;  and 
all  the  rest  occasionally  oblige  their  readers  with  matters  ofPublick  Concern,  commu- 
nicated to  the  World  by  Persons  of  Capacity  thro*  their  Means :  so  that  they  are 
become  the  chief  Channels  of  Amusement  and  Intelligence,  But  these  being  only  loose 
Papers,  uncertainly  scattered  about,  it  often  happens,  that  many  things  deserving 
Attention,  contained  in  them,  are  only  seen  by  Accident,  and  others  not  sufficiently 
published  or  preserved  for  universal  Benefit  and  Information, 

This  consideration  has  induced  several  Gentlemen  to  promote  a  Monthly  Collection, 
to  treasure  up^  a^  in  a  Ma^zine,  the  most  remarkable  Pieces  on  the  Subjects  above- 
mentioned,  or  at  least  impartial  Abridgments  thereof  as  a  Method  much  better  eaten* 
lated  to  preserve  those  things  that  are  curious,  than  that  of  transcribing. 

Such  was  the  scheme  formed  by  Mr.  Edward  Cave,  and  which  with 
almost  unexampled  perseverance  and  industry  he  carried  out  and  perfected. 
His  work  was  to  be  the  Magazine  or  Storehouse,  into  which  were  to  be 
garnered  all  the  treasures  of  **  Wit,  Humour,  or  Intelligence"  that  could 
be  gleaned  from  the  whole  ephemeral  press.  The  term  Magazine,  which 
he  thus  originated,  in  its  literary  sense,  was  undeniably  a  happy  expression 
of  his  object.  It  had  once  figuratively  been  used  by  Mr.  Locke,  much  in 
the  sense  that  my  respected  parent  hoped  it  would  be  applicable  to  myself : 
— "  His  head  (he  remarked,  speaking  of  a  man  of  varied  talents,)  was  so 
well- stored  a  Magazine,  that  nothing  could  be  proposed  which  he  was  not 
master  of."  Originally  derived  from  the  Arabic  machsan,  signifying 
"  treasure,"  the  term  had  come  to  us  from  the  French",  and  was  applied,  as 
Dr.  Johnson  informs  us,  commonly  to  an  arsenal  or  armoury,  or  repository 
of  provisions.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  speaks  of  "  a  magazine  of  all  necessary 
provisions  and  munitions,"  and  in  England  the  word  had  generally  been 
adopted  in  a  military  sense.  Thus  the  gate-house  of  the  Newarke  at 
Leicester  was,  and  still  is,  called  the  Magazine,  from  its  having  been  made 
the  depository  of  the  arms  for  the  county  trained-bands.  In  Bailey*8 
Dictionary  of  1736,  a  preference  is  given  to  that  sense'  for  which  we 
now  generally  employ  the  word  **  arsenal ;"  but  it  was  my  friend  Dr. 
Johnson  who  was  the  first  to  recognise  the  new  acceptation  the  word  had 
acquired.  This  act  of  grateful  justice  he  thus  performed,  assigning  to  the 
word  two  significations :  — 


did  to  the  Flying  Post.  On  Wednesday  and  Friday  also  appeared  the  British  Apollo, 
making,  in  all,  seventeen  different  publications.  A  copy  of  the  list  will  be  found  in 
Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes,  iv.  84. 

'  In  this  case  they  bad  not  actually  increased  since  1709,  when,  as  we  have  seen, 
there  were  55  per  week. 

•  The  French,  as  is  well  known,  still  apply  the  term  very  generally  to  storehouses  of 
all  descriptions.  In  England  a  magazine  has  usually  a  public  character ;  and  now — ex- 
cept in  its  literary  sense — it  is  almost  limited  to  depositories  of  gunpowder :  but  in 
France  it  has  been  used  whenever  we  say  warehouse,  and  our  American  cousins  store, 

*  "  MAOAznvE  \_magazin,  F.,  magazzino.  It.],  is  a  publick  store-house;  but  it  is  most 
commonly  used  to  signify  a  place  where  all  sorts  of  warlike  stores  are  kept ;  where  guns 
•re  cast ;  smiths,  carpenters,  and  wheel*wrights,  &c.  are  constantly  employed  in  making 
■11  things  belonging  to  an  artillery ;  as  carriages,  wagons,  &c" — Bailees  Dietionmrinm 
Briianmenm,  1786,  foL 

1 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanu^  Urban.  9 

"  1.  A  storehouse,  commonly  an  arsenal  or  armoury,  or  repository  of 
provisions. 

*'  2.  Of  late  this  word  has  signified  a  miscellaneous  pamphlet,  from  a 
periodical  miscellany  named  the  Gentleman* s  Magazine,  by  Edward  Cave^ 
\john8on*s  Dictionary y  first  edition,  in  folio,  1755.) 

The  Magazine,  in  its  early  days,  was  not  published  at  the  end  of  the 
month  to  which  it  belonged,  nor  on  the  first  day  of  the  following  month, 
but  a  few  days  later  still,  so  that  it  might  embrace  as  far  as  possible  the 
whole  that  belonged  to  the  month  whose  name  it  bore  ". 

When  the  year  1731  was  complete,  Mr.  Cave  took  care  to  supply 
adequate  indexes  to  his  first  volume,  and  a  title-page  was  given,  which 
set  forth  the  contents  of  the  Miscellany,  as  comprised  under  the  following 
heads : — 

I.  An  impartial  View  of  the  various  Weekly  Essays,  Controversial, 
Humorous,  and  Political ;  Religious,  Moral,  and  Satirical. 

II.  Select  Pieces  of  Poetry. 

III.  A  concise  Relation  of  the  most  remarkable  Transactions  and  Events, 
Domestick  and  Foreign. 

IV.  The  Prices  of  Goods  and  Stocks,  Bill  of  Mortality,  Bankrupts 
declared,  &c. 

V.  A  Catalogue  of  Books  and  Pamphlets  published. 

VI.  Observations  on  Gardening,  and  a  List  of  Fairs. 

The  whole  acknowledged  to  be  *'  Collected  chiefly  from  the  Public  Papers, 
hy  Sylvanus  Urban."  A  typical  device  was  added,  being  a  hand  holding 
a  nosegay  of  flowers,  with  the  motto  *'e  pluribus  unum," — which  device,  I 
may  inform  you,  was  directly  copied  from  the  bouquet  which  Peter  Motteux 
had  displayed,  with  the  same  motto,  in  his  Gentleman's  Journal.  The 
motto  of  each  monthly  Magazine  had  previously  been  **  Prodesse  et  Delec- 
tare,^*  Both  these  mottoes  have  been  retained  in  more  recent  times,  as  thev 
have  never  ceased  to  be  appropriate  to  the  objects  and  contents  of  the 
miscellany. 

I  have  now  related  the  main  particulars  and  circumstances  of  my  birth 
and  parentage.  The  history  of  my  early  life  and  my  early  friends  will 
unfold  some  matters  equally  curious,  and  introduce  some  personages  of 
greater  importance  in  the  literary  annals  of  the  last  century. 

{To  be  continued.) 


°  Thus,  ill  1731,  the  Magnzine  for  February  was  published  March  6 ;  that  for  March, 
April  5 ;  for  April,  May  7 ;  for  May,  June  5 ;  for  June,  July  5 ;  for  July,  Aug.  5 ;  for 
August,  Sept.  3 ;  for  September,  Oct.  5 ;  for  November,  Dec.  3.  It  was  not  until  the 
year  1834  that  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  ceased  to  be  named  ntler  the  month  that 
had  passed.  At  that  time,  all  the  other  Magazines  were  named  after  the  month  on 
the  Ist  of  which  they  were  ready  for  the  public ;  and,  as  this  gave  Sylvanus  Urban  the 
disadvantage  of  appearing  to  be  a  month  behind  his  fellows,  he  then  thought  it  neces- 
sary to  follow  their  example. 


Gen't.  Mao.  Vol.  XL VI. 


10  [July, 


HISTORY  AND  AXTIQIHTIES  OP  ST.  DAVID'S*. 

We  have  before  given  a  passing  notice  of  this  learned  work,  as  it  issued 
from  the  press  in  parts,  but  deem  no  apology  necessary  for  bringing  it  once 
more  before  our  readers  in  its  complete  state. 

The  place  which  it  undertakes  to  describe  is  so  little  known,  and  was 
until  of  late  so  utterly  inaccessible,  that  the  authors  are  entitled  to  the  merit 
(which  indeed  they  claim)  of  having  added  a  new  territory  to  the  domains 
of  archseology.  Not  only  is  it  quite  removed  from  the  route  of  ordinary 
tourists  and  travellers,  but  it  presents  moreover  such  positive  difficulties  of 
access  as  appear  to  have  checked  even  the  zeal  of  the  antiquary.  Certain 
it  is,  that  although  few  places  are  so  rich  in  antiquities,  none  have  been  so 
neglected  by  the  antiquary ;  and  we  are  naturally  led  to  explain  this  neg- 
lect by  the  fact  recorded  in  the  volume  before  us,  that  even  at  the  present 
day,  in  this  locomotive  age,  *'  the  only  '  public'  conveyance  which  ever  ven- 
tures within  the  sacred  limits  of  Davisland,  is  a  slow  omnibus  which  plies 
twice  a-week"  between  St.  David's  and  Haverfordwest,  sixteen  miles  dis- 
tant. Having  described  the  geographical  position  of  the  see,  the  authors 
proceed : — 

"A  position  so  singular,  especially  with  reference  to  the  diocese  of  which  it  was 
designed  to  be  the  religious  centre,  has  necessarily  produced  most  important  results  in 
the  past  and  present  condition  of  St.  David's.  It  w^ill  therefore  be  impossible  fairly  to 
elucidate  its  history,  without  considering  one  among  the  most  active  causes  of  the  events 
which  we  shall  have  to  chronicle ;  and  it  may  be  added,  that  the  reader  will  form  a  very 
inadequate  conception  of  the  wonderful  remains  existing  there,  without  having  attempted 
to  realise  the  strange  and  desolate  scenery  by  which  they  are  surrounded." — (p.  1.) 

Of  this  scenery,  the  chief  feature  is  undoubtedly  the  utter  absence  of 
wood,  especially  of  hedge-row  timber,  and  even  of  a  quickset  hedge,  in  the 
extreme  west,  which  gives  an  appearance  of  wild  barrenness  and  desolation, 
even  greater  than  it  really  deserves.  On  this  account,  nothing  can  be  more 
striking  than  the  first  glimpse  of  the  magnificent  cathedral,  or  more  in  har- 
mony with  the  surrounding  desolation  :— 

"  The  peculiar  position  of  St.  David's  Cathedral  necessarily  hinders  it  from  being  at  all 
a  prominent  object  in  any  distant  view.  Lying  in  a  deep  hollow  immediately  below  the 
town,  from  most  points  of  view  the  body  of  the  church  is  hardly  visible,  the  upper  part 
of  the  tower  alone  indicating  its  existence.  And  consequently,  even  the  tower  itself  is 
not  seen  to  the  same  distance,  nor  does  it  form  the  same  central  point  in  the  landscape, 
as  is  the  cnse  with  those  churches  which  possess  a  greater  advantage  of  position.  Yet 
the  situation  of  this  cathedral  can  hardly  be  esteemed  a  disadvantage.  It  seems  almost 
essential  to  the  general  idea  of  the  place  that  the  church  and  its  surrounding  buildings 
should  be  hardly  discernible  until  the  spectator  has  approached  quite  close  to  them.  This 
circumstance  certainly  tends  to  increase  the  general  feeling  of  wonder  which  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  place  excites.  The  character  of  St.  David's  is  altogether  unique,  unless 
Llandafi*  may  be  allowed  to  approach  it  in  a  very  hiferior  degree.  Both  agree  in  being 
cathedral  churches  whose  surrounding  cities  claim  no  higher  rank  than  that  of  mere 
villages.  But  Llandaff — a  fabric  on  the  whole  far  less  striking  than  St.  David's,  and 
still  more  deficient  in  the  vast  extent  of  episcopal  and  collegiate  buildings  which  go  so 
far  to  produce  the  general  effect  of  the  latter— has  nothing  of  the  strangely  awfiil  cha- 
racter derived  from  the  position  of  St.  David's.  Without  the  utter  desolation  of  the 
surrounding  country,  and  the  entire  separation  from  all  traces  of  man  besides  its  own 
narrow  world,  a  large  portion  of  the  stem  charm  of*  Ancient  Menevia'  would  be  coni- 

■  "  Tlie  History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  David's.  By  William  Basil  Jones,  M.A.,  Fellow 
of  University  College,  and  Edward  Augustus  Freeman,  M.A.,  late  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford."     (Tenby  :  R.  Mason.   London :  J.  H.  and  J.  Parker.     4to.) 


1856.]  History  and  Antiquities  of  St,  DaviePs.  11 

pletely  lost.  The  effect  of  Llandaff  U  a  mixture  of  that  of  a  mined  abbey  and  that  of 
an  ordinary  parish  church.  St.  David's,  standing  erect  aniid  desolation,  alike  in  its  fabric 
and  its  estabUshment — decayed,  but  not  dead — neglected,  but  never  entirely  forsaken — still 
remaining  in  a  comer  of  the  world,  with  its  services  uninterrupted  in  the  coldest  times, 
its  ecclesiastical  establishment  comparatively  untouched — is,  more  than  any  other  spot,  a 
link  between  the  present  and  the  past :  nowhere  has  the  present  so  firm  and  true  a  hold 
upon  the  past.  Ruin  and  desolation  speak  of  what  has  been,  but  not  ruin  and  desola- 
tion  alone ;  it  still  lives  its  old  life,  however  feebly :  all  is  uninterrupted  retention,  without 
change  or  restoration." — (p.  48.) 

But  these  wonderful  mediaeval  remains  are  not  the  only  treasure  of  which 
St.  David's  can  boast.  The  neighbourhood  is  also  extremely  rich  in  pri- 
meval antiquities,  the  account  of  which  is  highly  interesting.  These  include 
'*  meini  hirion"  (long  stones),  cromlechs,  tumuli,  camps,  "  cyttiau,*'  (traces 
of  the  foundations  of  circular  huts,)  and  ancient  roads,  one  of  which,  known 
as  the  •*  Ffos-y-myneich,"  was  traced  several  miles  by  Archdeacon  Payne  in 
1816.  Cromlechs  in  particular  abound  in  Pembrokeshire.  The  authors 
of  this  work,  supported  by  Worsaae,  are  of  opinion  that  cromlechs  "  were 
erected  by  a  people  unacquainted  with  metals,"  (p.  25).  Many  of  the 
stones  of  which  they  are  formed  have  evidently  been  quarried,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  conceive  how  stones  of  this  magnitude  could  have  been  detached 
from  the  original  rock  without  the  aid  of  metal.  The  Archdeacon  of  Car- 
digan, in  the  last  number  of  the  **  Cambrian  Quarterly  Journal,**  observes 
that  "  it  was  a  religious  institute  common  to  many  of  the  primeval  nations, 
both  to  erect  their  altars  and  temples  of  unhewn  stone ; — in  ancient  lan- 
guage, *  stones  unpolluted  by  iron,"*  (vol.  iii.  p.  89).  Certainly,  when 
the  immense  size  of  many  of  these  stones  is  considered,  it  renders  the 
Archdeacon's  theory  extremely  probable,  that  it  was  not  from  the  want  of 
metal,  but  from  a  religious  scruple,  that  these  megalithic  monuments  were 
unhewn. 

Returning  to  the  cathedral,  we  recognise'in  the  architectural  history,  the 
descriptive  powers  of  the  author  of  the  '*  History  of  Architecture.**  It  is 
admitted  that  the  cathedral,  viewed  as  a  work  of  art,  presents  externally  no 
display  of  architectural  magnificence ;  yet  by  its  intermixture  of  ruined  with 
perfect  buildings,  combined  with  the  bold  and  striking  character  of  its  out- 
line, the  effect  produced  exceeds  that  of  many  other  edifices  of  far  greater 
pretensions.  But  the  absence  of  external  ornament,  which  is  only  the 
natural  result  of  its  exposed  position,  is  more  than  compensated  for  by  the 
richness  of  decoration  which  has  been  lavished  on  the  interior.  Into  the 
details  of  this  it  is  not  our  intention  to  enter,  for  the  simple  reason  that 
within  our  limits  it  would  be  impossible  to  do  them  anything  like  justice. 
For  these,  we  refer  our  readers  to  the  work  itself,  where  they  will  have  the 
advantage  of  numerous  engravings,  not  only  excellent  in  an  artistic  point  of 
view,  but  also  remarkably  accurate  in  detail.  We  can  only  note  here  one  or 
two  of  the  most  striking  features.  We  notice  first  the  remarkable  richness 
of  the  internal  architecture  of  the  Norman  nave,  together  with  its  singular, 
if  not  unique,  roof  of  late  Perpendicular  (if  not  Debased)  date. 

The  latter 


"  In  its  oonstmction,  nmply  a  flat  ceiling  of  timber  laid  upon  the  walls ;  but  by  some, 
certainly  anjostifiable,  violation  of  the  laws  of  architectural  reality,  such  as  are  not  un- 
common even  in  the  stone  roofs  of  that  period,  it  is  made  to  assume  a  character  wholly 
its  own,  and  which  it  is  very  difficult  to  describe  in  an  intelligible  manner.  By  the 
employment  of  vast  pendants,  which  at  the  sides  take  the  form  of  immense  overlapping 
capitals  to  the  small  shafts  already  mentioned,  the  ceiling  appears  to  be  supported  by  a 
system  of  segmental  arches  effecting  a  threefold  longitudinal  division  of  the  roof,  and 
CTtMsed  by  a  similar  range  springing  from  the  walls.     Of  course  these  arches  in  reality 


12  History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  David* s.  [July, 

support  uotliiug,  but  are  in  fact  borne  up  by  what  appears  to  rest  on  them.  Notwith- 
standing this  unreality,  and  the  marked  inconsistency  of  this  roof  with  the  architecture 
below — notwithstanding  that  its  general  character  would  have  been  much  more  adapted 
to  some  magnificent  state  apartment  in  a  royal  palace,  still  the  richness  and  singularity 
of  such  an  interminable  series  of  fretted  lines  renders  this,  on  the  whole,  one  of  the 
most  attractive  features  of  the  cathedral.  Both  the  arches  themselves,  and  the  straight 
lines  which  divide  the  principal  panels,  drip  with  minute  foliations  like  lace-work  in  a 
style  of  ahnost  Arabian  gorgeousness.*' — (p.  59.) 

The  internal  view  of  the  choir  next  excites  our  admiration,  but  the 
description  is  too  long  for  quotation  : — 

,  "  Bishop  Vaughan*8  Chapel  is  an  extremely  fine  specimen  of  late  Perpendicular,  and 
that  of  the  best  kind,  and  is  the  more  conspicuous  as  being  the  only  portion  of  the 
cathedral  of  any  merit  or  importance  belonging  to  that  style.  It  exhibits  the  same 
chasteness  of  design  and  delicacy  of  execution  which  distinguishes  King's  College 
Chaj)el,  opposed  alike  to  the  meagreness  of  Bath  Abbey,  and  the  corrupt  forms  and 
overdone  ornament  of  Henry  the  Seventh's  Chapel." — (p.  70.) 

Jhe  parclose  dividing  the  choir  from  the  presbytery — 

.  "Deserves  great  attention  fropi  its  remarkable,  and,  in  this  country  at  least,  we 
believe  unique,  position ;  and  as  bearing  the  most  distinct  testimony  to  the  threefold 
ritual  division  spoken  of  above.  This  division,  although  commonly  marked  in  the  con- 
struction of  large  churches,  was  not,  so  far  as  we  know,  ordinarily  denoted  by  any 
actual  separation;  at  all  events,  this  is  the  only  remaining  instance  that  has  fallen 
within  our  obsei'vation.  It  is  perhaps  the  more  important,  as  the  present  screen 
appears  to  have  occupied  a  corresponding,  though  not  identical,  position  from  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  to  have  been  designedly  retained,  when  removed 
to  make  room  for  Bishop  Morgan's  throne." — (p.  89.) 

In  the  chapel  of  St.  Thomas,  now  the.  chapter-house,  there  is  a  beautiful 
Early  English  piscina  in  the  usual  place,  consisting  of  two  pointed  trefoil 
arches  under  a  square  head,  having  the  spandrils  filled  up  with  extremely 
rich  foliage.  In  one  of  the  spandrils  is  a  curious  group  representing  a 
combat  between  a  man  and  a  monster  in  the  act  of  swallowing  another 
man. 

.  Into  one  of  several  altar-stones  which  have  been  laid  in  the  pavement 
near  the  high  altar,  a  small  one  of  a  different  material  has  been  inserted. 
It  is  fifteen  inches  in  length  by  nine  in  breadth,  and  is  thought  to  be 
unique ; — the  authors  suggest  that  this  may  have  been  consecrated  at  a  dis- 
tance, by  a  non-resident  bishop,  and  inserted  in  an  unconsecrated  stone  in 
order  to  bring  it  into  compliance  with  the  requirements  of  the  rubric. 

We  regret  our  inability  to  follow  the  authors  in  their  description  and 
other  interesting  matters,  but  pass  on  to  the  architectural  history  of  the 
cathedral.  The  earliest  portions  of  the  existing  buildings  are  attributed  to 
Peter  de  Leia,  the  third  of  the  Norman  prelates,  c.  1180.  Of  his  work, 
the  nave  and  the  western  arch  of  the  lantern  yet  remain.  Subsequently, 
as  circumstances  required,  or  devotion  prompted,  it  underwent  various 
repairs,  alterations,  and  additions,  Transitional  and  Early  English,  down  to 
the  time  of  Bishop  Gower,  1328 — 1347,  whose  alterations  in  the  complete 
Decorated  style  extend  nearly  throughout  the  whole  building,  and  appear 
to  have  been  carried  on  from  one  uniform  design.  After  him,  a  few  alter- 
ations in  early  and  late  Perpendicular  bring  us  down  to  Bishop  Vaughan, 
1509 — 1522,  who,  more  than  any  other  prelate,  may  be  said  to  have  com- 
pleted  the  present  structure ;  all  subsequent  efforts  having  been  limited  to 
simple  preservation  or  restoration.  In  1630  Bishop  Field  held  a  visitation, 
and,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  chapter,  decreed  that  his  cathedral 
should  be  whitewashed ! 


183G.]  History  and  Antiquities  of  St,  David's.  l3 

It  is  questionable  whether  more  harm  occurred  to  the  cathedral  during 
the  eventful  era  of  the  civil  war  or  at  the  Reformation  ;  probably  the  work 
of  spoHation  may  be  fairly  divided  between  the  two  periods.  To  Bishop 
Horsley  is  due  the  credit  of  taking  the  lead  in  the  work  of  restoration,  who 
set  on  foot  a  subscription  for  the  purpose,  and  under  whose  direction  the 
sum  of  £2,015  was  expended.  This  was  in  1804,  since  which  time  various 
repairs  have  been  effected. 

St.  David's  ranks  high  in  the  extent  of  its  subordinate  ecclesiastical 
buildings.  The  chapel  of  St.  Mary's  College,  founded  by  Bp.  Adam 
Houghton  in  1377,  forms  a  prominent  object  in  viewing  the  cathedral  from 
the  north.  Even  in  its  present  complete  state  of  ruin  it  is  easy  to  recog- 
nise traces  of  high  architectural  excellence.  There  is  a  small  but  very 
plain  tower  standing  at  the  north-western  corner,  with  a  singular-looking 
buttress,  which  appears  to  have  been  added  as  an  afterthought,  to  strengthen 
the  tower,  which  was  originally  crowned,  or  intended  to  be  crowned,  with  a 
spire.  The  chapel  is  roofless,  and  no  vestige  whatever  of  any  internal 
arrangement  remains,  the  whole  building  having  been  thoroughly  gutted. 
Even  Bp.  Houghton's  tomb,  which  must  have  been  an  immense  structure, 
is  only  to  be  traced  by  marks  against  the  wall  where  its  ashlar  has  been 
torn  away. 

While  many  churches,  even  of  inferior  ecclesiastical  rank,  surpass  St. 
David*s  in  extent  and  beauty,  of  the  palace,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
authors  affirm  that  it  is  unsurpassed  by  any  existing  English  edifice  of  its 
own  kind.  Standing  within  a  fortified  close,  it  required  no  defences  of  its 
own ;  but  its  prominent  features  are  the  superb  rose-window  of  the  hall, 
and  the  graceful  spire  of  the  chapel,  importing  an  abode,  not  of  warfare, 
but  of  hospitality  and  religion. 

The  palace,  like  the  college,  has  the  advantage  of  being  a  structure  of  a 
single  date  and  style,  erected  from  one  harmonious  design.  The  founder 
was  Bishop  Gower,  who  held  the  see  from  1328  to  1347,  and  the  date  of 
1 342  may  be  assigned  to  the  building,  which  is  a  beautiful  example  of 
Decorated  work.  The  general  form  of  the  palace  is  quadrangular,  but  so 
broken  up  by  numerous  projections,  some  at  right  angles  to  the  main 
fabric,  others  assuming  the  form  as  it  were  of  aisles,  that  the  monotony 
of  the  square  form  is  altogether  lost,  and  a  most  varied  and  picturesque 
efl^ect  produced.  The  most  striking  feature  is  the  very  rich  and  singular 
form  of  the  parapet;  it  consists  of  open  arches  resting  on  octagonal  shafts 
corbelled  of^  a  little  way  down  the  wall.  Over  the  arcade  is  a  corbel-table  ; 
over  which,  again,  is  a  battlement  with  extremely  narrow  embrasures  and 
loopholes.  The  arcade  remains  perfect,  and  is  shewn  in  the  plate  annexed, 
which,  by  the  kindness  of  the  proprietors  of  the  work,  we  are  enabled  to 
present  to  the  readers  of  our  magazine.  This  parapet,  it  should  be  ob- 
served, is  mainly  indebted  for  its  beauty  to  the  roofless  condition  of  the 
building  it  surrounds, — otherwise  its  eflect  would  be  lost. 

From  the  cathedral  close,  with  its  remarkable  gate-tower,  the  authors 
proceed  to  the  neighbourhood,  in  which  there  were  formerly  seven  district 
chapels  ;  —  one  only  remains,  and  that  in  a  ruined,  roofless  condition.  Wells, 
ancient  houses,  crosses  and  stones,  engage  their  attention,  as  doubtless  they 
will  also  engage  the  attention  of  many  of  our  readers,  now  that  their 
curiosity  has  been  attracted  to  this  singular,  but  hitherto  unexplored,  region. 
We  now  pass  on  to  the  general  history  of  the  church  and  see,  where,  of 
course,  the  founder  and  patron-saint,  St.  David,  occupies  the  foremost  place. 
After  a  thorough  sifting  of  the  fabulous  legend,  the  authors  consider  the 


14  History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  David* s.  l^^^y> 

following   to    be   the   "residuum   of  historical   truth"    to    be    extracted 
from  it ; — 

"  That  St.  David  established  a  see  and  monastery  at  Menevia  early  in  the  seventh  cen- 
tury, the  site  being  chosen  for  the  sake  of  retirement;  that  his  diocese  was  regarded  as 
co-extensive  with  the  territory  of  the  Demetae ;  but  that  he  had  no  archi episcopal  juris- 
diction ;  that  a  synod  of  the  British  Church  was  held  at  Llanddewi-Brefi,  near  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Loventium,  in  which  it  is  probable  that  St.  David  played  a  conspicuous 
part,  but  that  of  the  objects  of  this  convention  nothing  certain  is  known ;  that  no 
further  particulars  of  the  life  of  St.  David  are  ascertained ;  and  that  of  his  immediate 
successors  nothing  whatever  is  recorded." — (p.  257.) 

These  are  conclusions  which,  if  they  do  not  satisfy  the  old  Welsh  school, 
who  insist  on  tracing  their  pedigree,  will  probably  find  many  supporters 
among  our  English  antiquaries.  As  a  specimen  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
authors  conduct  the  '•  sifting,"  we  subjoin  their  reasons  for  deciding  as  they 
have  done  the  question  *'  whether  St.  David,  from  a  misguided  asceticism, 
fixed  his  seat  in  the  least  eligible  spot  of  his  diocese ;  or  whether,  under 
circumstances  then  existing,  the  position  was  more  convenient  and  reason- 
able at  that  time  than  at  present.**  Considering  that  the  question  turns 
upon  the  point  whether  or  not  there  was  ever  a  Roman  station  at  Menevia, 
they  argue  thus : — 

"  We  have  no  contemporary  written  evidence  to  prove  that  the  Romans  penetrated 
to  this  extremity  of  the  island ;  and  it  is  certain  they  have  not  left  extensive  traces  of 
their  dominion.  The  principal  towns  of  the  Demetae  were  apparently  converted  into 
Roman  stations,  but  these  were  situated  at  a  considerable  distance  from  Menevia.  It  is 
stated,  however,  in  the  work  which  bears  the  name  of  Richard  of  Cirencester,  that  the 
great  Roman  road  which  penetrated  South  Wales,  the  Via  Julia,  was  carried  on  from 
Muridunum  (Caermarthen)  to  a  point  on  the  western  coast,  irom  which  there  was  a 
short  passage  of  thirty  miles  to  the  shores  of  Ireland.  There  is  no  part  of  St.  George's 
Channel  so  narrow  as  thirty  miles,  but  the  narrowest  part  is  immeiiiately  opposite  to 
St.  David's  Head,  which  is  distant  about  five-and -forty  miles  from  the  Irish  coast.  To 
this  station  the  writer  gives  the  name  of  Menapia,  and  the  existence  of  such  a  place 
rests  on  his  unsupported  authority.  The  value  of  that  authority  has  been  keenly  con- 
tested ;  but  in  spite  of  the  serious  difficulties  attending  the  supposition  that  the  work  is 
genuine,  it  is  undeniable  that  some  of  its  statements  have  been  verified  by  subsequent 
discoveries." —  (p.  238.) 

"  But  it  must  be  observed  that  the  Roman  station  of  Menapia,  granting  its  existence 
under  that  or  any  other  name,  cannot  have  been  a  very  important  one,  as  it  is  not  men- 
tioned either  by  Ptolemy  or  Antoninus ;  and  that  St.  David,  had  he  acted  upon  the 
principle  observed  in  England,  and  still  more  on  the  continent,  would  probably  have 
fixed  his  seat  at  Caermarthen,  which  has  been,  from  the  days  of  Ptolemy  to  the  present 
time,  the  most  important  place  in  Demetia,  and  which  has  since  become,  for  all  practical 
purposes,  the  bishop's  see." — (pp.  239-40.) 

"  Why  did  St.  David  go  to  Menevia  ?  It  has  been  already  shown  that  we  need  not 
suppose  it  to  have  been  a  place  of  importance  before  his  time.  Tlie  inquirer  therefore 
is  forced  back  upon  the  ordinary  answer,  namely,  that  he  chose  it  as  a  place  of  religious 
retirement.  And  whatever  may  be  the  difficulty  in  reconciling  such  a  motive  with  that 
which  ought  to  regulate  a  bishop  in  the  choice  of  his  seat,  a  solution  is  supplied  to  a 
certain  extent  by  the  account  given  in  the  legend ;  namely,  that  St.  David  combined  the 
functions  of  a  bishop  with  those  of  an  abbot,  as  it  is  all  but  certain  that  his  successors 
did  in  the  seventh  and  eighth  centuries,  and  as  it  is  known  from  contemporary  evidence 
that  they  did  in  the  ninth.  Such  a  practice,  however  alien  from  that  of  the  Church  in 
general,  was  common  enough  in  Britain." — (p.  251.) 

From  St.  David  we  have  a  succession  of  Welsh  prelates  down  to  the  com- 
mencement of  the  twelfth  century.  In  1115  the  see,  which  had  been 
gradually  losing  its  independence  of  the  metropolitan  powers  of  Canterbury, 
even  to  the  suspension  of  Bishop  Wilfred  by  Archbishop  Anselm,  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Norman, — Bernard,  chancellor  to  Matilda,  being  the 
first  Norman  bishop. 


1856.]  History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  David's.  15 

The  first  era  of  Norman  prelates,  1115 — 1280,  is  designated  by  the 
authors  the  era  of  small  bishops,  and  is  thus  contrasted  with  the  second 
era,  1280 — 1414,  the  era  of  great  bishops: — 

"  In  passing  from  Bishop  de  Carew  and  his  predecessors  to  the  line  of  prelates,  who 
soccesdvely  occupied  the  see  during  the  remainder  of  the  thirteenth  centmy,  and  the 
whole  of  the  fourteenth,  we  are  at  once  struck  by  the  remarkable  contrast  subsisting 
between  them.  Instead  of  the  ambitious  and  unscrupulous  ecclesiastics  who  were  in- 
tnided  into  the  bishopric  during  the  first  century  after  the  conquest,  or  the  active  and 
vi^lant,  but  otherwise  undistinguished,  pastors  who  succeeded  them,  we  suddenly  meet 
with  a  series  of  bishops  apparently  no  less  sedulous  in  their  official  duties,  but  differ- 
enoed  (?)  from  them  by  their  prominent  civil  positions,  and  evincing,  both  by  that  fact 
and  by  other  indications,  the  higher  reputation  to  which  the  see  had  at  this  time 
attained."— (p.  298.) 

"  Of  the  prelates  included  in  the  second  era,  one  is  said  to  hare  been  a  cardinal,  two 
became  archbishops ;  two,  perhaps  three,  held  the  office  of  Lord  Chancellor ;  three,  that 
of  Lord  Treasurer — two  of  them  more  than  once ;  three  were  Keepers  of  the  Privy  Seal ; 
one  was  Master  of  the  Rolls ;  three  were  Chancellors  of  the  University  of  Oxford.  All 
but  two  held  distiuguished  civil  positions  of  one  kind  or  another ;  most  of  them  are 
among  the  principal  benefactors  of  their  church  and  diocese;  more  than  one  have 
a  historical  reputation.  It  is  evident  that  the  see,  from  some  cause  or  other,  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  highest  ecclesiastical  positions  in  the  realm ;  and  it  would  seem, 
among  other  things,  that  its  endowments  had  considerably  increased  in  value  since  the 
time  that  Giraldus  regarded  it  as  unworthy  of  his  acceptance  in  a  pecuniary  point  of 
view,  and  even  since  the  days  of  Thomas  Wallensis,  when  it  was  considered,  accordhig 
to  Browne  Wallis,  *  a  miserable  poor  thing.' " 

Similarly,  the  great  bishops  are  contrasted  with  those  of  the  third  era, 
1414—1536:— 

"  During  the  next  122  years  not  less  than  fourteen  bishops  held  the  see  in  succession. 
One  of  these  was  translated  to  it,  and  four  were  translated  hence  to  other  places ;  three 
or  four  more  enjoyed  it  for  so  extremely  short  a  penod,  that  we  must  conclude  some  of 
them  to  have  been  appointed  in  extreme  old  age.  Among  these  was  the  only  one  who 
ever  acquired  any  general  celebrity,  which  was  earned  previously  to,  and  quite  inde- 
pendently of,  his  connexion  with  the  diocese.  We  speak  of  the  great  canonist  Lynd- 
wood."— (p.  306.) 

*'  We  can  do  no  more  than  point  out  the  contrast  between  this  and  the  preceding  era, 
as  we  have  already  indicated  that  existing  between  the  latter  and  the  one  which  went 
before  it.  To  explain  either  is  beyond  our  power.  We  have  already  intimated  our 
belief  that  the  see  advanced  in  wealth  towards  the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century ;  it 
must  certainly  have  declined  in  puhlic  estimation  about  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth. 
One  fact  only  we  will  notice  as  a  curious  coincidence,  without  attempting  to  trace  any 
connection  between  it  and  a  problem  which  we  confess  ourselves  unable  to  solve.  The 
tnuisition  from  the  first  to  the  second  era  nearly  synchronizes  with  the  final  subjugation 
of  the  principality  by  Edward  I. ;  while  the  third  commences  soon  after  the  complete 
degradation  of  the  Welsh  people,  in  consequence  of  the  rebellion  of  Owen  Glyndwr, 
winch  lasted  until  their  emancipation  in  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  Henry  VIII." 
—ipV'  306-7.) 

The  Reformation  gives  us  a  new  era — one  which  is  most  conspicuously 
marked  as  that  at  which  the  bishops  ceased  to  have  the  same  local  connec- 
tion with  the  see  as  heretofore.  In  the  history  of  the  first  era  is  included 
an  interesting  account  of  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  and  his  appeal  from  the 
archbishop  to  the  pope  ;  but  although  extremely  interesting,  there  is  nothing 
novel  to  call  for  particular  notice. 

In  discussing  the  changes  which  took  place  at  the  time  of  the  Norman 
succession,  and  the  previous  condition  of  the  Welsh  Church,  occur  some 
remarks  on  the  celibacy  (?)  of  the  Welsh  clergy,  which  we  subjoin,  as  re- 
vealing a  strange  and  startling  state  of  things  : — 

"  One  of  the  most  striking  characteristics,  as  compared  with  the  mediaeval  system,  is 
the  apparently  general  absence  of  clerical  celibacy.  Bishop  Sulien,  as  we  have  seen,  had 
a  large  family,  and  was  succeeded  by  one  of  his  sons,  according  to  what  we  are  mfornied 


16  History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  DavicTs,  [July, 

was  the  general  practice  of  the  clergy.  For  the  benefices  appear,  in  many  instances,  to 
have  passed  regularly  from  father  to  son,  not  only  in  the  parochial  cures,  whicti  must 
have  had  very  much  the  character  of  a  modem  family  living,  but  even  in  the  cathedral 
itself.  Against  this  system  Giraldus  inveighs  most  vigorously.  The  canons*  sons,  he 
tells  us,  married  the  canons*  daughters,  and  the  cathedral  had  altogether  the  appearance 
of  a  family  party.**— (p.  273.) 

"  It  seems  clear  from  the  open  and  avowed  character  of  the  succession-system, 
which  would  seem  to  have  existed  from  a  very  early  date  in  the  British  Church,  that 
these  liaisons  of  the  clergy  were  regarded  as  real  and  legitimate  marriages  previous  to 
the  change  which  we  are  now  contemplating.  Yet  it  appears  to  have  been  discouraged 
by  the  laws  of  the  country,  as  the  son  of  a  priest,  bom  after  his  ordination,  was  regarded 
as  illegitimate,  and  had  no  share  of  his  father's  property.  In  the  time  of  Giraldus, 
marriage  indeed  was  altogether  forbidden,  but  concubinage  was  extremely  common. 
That  author  gives  vent  to  a  great  amount  of  pious  indignation  against  the  state  of 
tlmigs  which  he  found  in  existence.  They  have  midwives,  he  says,  and  nurses,  and 
cradles,  under  the  very  shadow  of  the  cathedral.  But  it  may  be  questioned  whether, 
even  at  that  time,  the  so-called  concubines  of  the  Welsh  clergy  were  not  legally  and  for- 
mally, as  they  certainly  were  in  every  practical  sense,  their  wedded  wives. 

"  This  license  was  by  no  means  confined  to  the  inferior  clergy,  but  was  assumed  by 
more  than  one  of  the  Norman  bishops  of  St.  David's,  though  doubtless  under  a  less  re- 
spectable name  than  that  of  wedlock.** — (Ibid.) 

It  is  worthy  of  observation  that  considerable  attention  appears  to  have 
been  devoted  by  the  Chapter  to  the  Cathedral  School.  Some  extracts  from 
original  documents,  appended  as  notes,  are  very  curious.  In  these  the 
prebendaries  have  the  prefix  of  **  Mr.,**  yet  some  of  them  could  not  have 
been  Masters  of  Arts  ;  and  the  inferior  clergy  have  the  usual  clerical  prefix 
of  "  Sir.'* 

Some  interesting  notices  of  the  church  furniture  and  literature  are  also 

given,  (p.  343)  — 

"  It.  for  3  sawter  bocks  for  v*^  church  4s.  8d. 
It.  for  3  bocks  of  Jenevia  salmes  —  6s.** 

This  was  in  1565.     Six  years  later  we  find  : — 

"  EUs  ap  Howel,  Because  he  being  Scxtene  in  the  Cath*  churche  of  S.  Dauids,  of  long 
tyme  did  conceall  certain  vngodly  popish  lKX)ks:  as  masse  books,  hympnuUs,  (irailes, 
Antiphon's,  and  suche  like  (as  it  were  loking  for  a  day) :  m""  Chuutor  dep'"vid  hym  of 
the  sextenship  and  the   flees  thereunto   belonging,    Jn   the  phs  of  m""  Richard  Ed 

chaucellour  and  other  &c.     And  the  said  m'  Chanter  on  the day  of  this 

instant  July,  caused  the  said  ungodly  books  to  Ix^  canccld  and  torne  in  pieces  in  the 
Vestrie  before  his  face,  Jn  the  pfts  of  m'  Chaucell"  &  other  vt  supra.  &c.** 

Probably  our  readers  will  agree  with  us  in  wishing  that  the  indignation 
of  the  worthy  m'  Chaiicellour  had  been  vented  upon  the  Jenevia  salmes, 
even  if,  to  save  his  conscience,  he  had  locked  up  the  "  ungodly  books,"  and 
left  them  for  the  present  age  to  judge  of  their  value. 

We  close  our  notice  with  a  glance  at  the  Liber  Communis,  from  the 
archives  of  the  chapter,  part  of  which  is  appended  in  exfenso,  and  throws 
much  light  on  the  daily  life  of  the  olden  time.  From  it  we  learn  that  in 
1384  the  wages  of  a  labourer  ranged  from  2d.  to  3d.  per  day;  masons  had 
4d. ;  carpenters,  4^d.  to  6d.  From  the  occurrence  of  such  names  as  Jak. 
Hakker,  and  Job.  Carpentarius,  carpenters;  Henry  Smyth,  blacksmith; 
Jak.  Lokyer,  locksmith  ;  and  the  imposing  title  of  Christianus  Glaziarius, 
glazier — it  would  appear  as  if  hereditary  surnames  had  not  yet  completely 
established  themselves. 

It  is  impossible  to  speak  too  highly  of  the  manner  in  whicb  the  authors 
have  done  their  work.  Besides  the  learning  and  ability  which  they  so  emi- 
nently possess,  they  have  brought  to  bear  on  the  subject  an  amount  of  in- 
dustry and  patient  research  such  as  we  have  seldom  seen  equalled,  and  the 
result  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  interesting  works  of  the  kind  published. 
2 


1856.]  17 


SIR  ROBERT  PEEL». 

The  late  Sir  Robert  Peel,  anxious  that  his  public  conduct  in  connection 
with  certain  important  questions  should  stand  right  in  his  country's  history, 
thought  it  necessary  to  bequeath  to  posterity  the  materials  by  which  it 
might  arrive  at  an  independent  and  impartial  verdict. 

By  a  codicil  dated  24th  March,  1849,  he  devised  to  Lord  Mahon  and 
Edward  Cardwell,  Esq.,  M.P.,  all  the  unpublished  letters,  papers,  and  docu- 
ments, whether  of  a  private  or  of  a  public  nature,  in  print  or  in  manuscript, 
of  which  he  died  possessed.     He  says : — 


"  Considering  that  the  collection  of  letters  and  papers  referred  to  in  this  codicil  in- 
dudes  the  whole  of  my  confidential  correspondence  for  a  period  extending  from  the 
year  1812  to  the  time  of  my  decease ;  that  during  a  considerable  portion  of  that  period 
I  was  employed  in  the  service  of  the  crown ;  and  that  when  not  so  employed  I  took  an 
active  part  in  parliamentary  business, — it  is  highly  probable  that  much  of  that  corre- 
spondence will  be  interesting,  and  calculated  to  throw  light  upon  the  conduct  and  cha- 
racter of  public  men,  and  upon  the  political  events  of  the  time." 

Among  the  numerous  MSS.  thus  committed  to  the  charge  of  the  trustees, 
those  which  engaged  their  earliest  and  most  especial  attention  were  two 
narratives  or  memoirs  drawn  up  by  Sir  Robert  Peel,  in  his  own  handwriting, 
and  placed  together :  the  first  on  the  Roman  Cathohc  Question,  the  other 
on  the  Corn-Laws.  Besides  these  two  there  is  a  third,  which  in  the  order 
of  time  stands  between  them, — a  Memoir  drawn  up  probably  at  a  much 
earlier  period,  and  though  of  no  great  length,  yet  of  high  interest  and  value. 
It  relates  to  the  circumstances  that  attended  the  formation  of  his  first  mi- 
nistry in  1834  and  1835,  and  comprises  the  letters  that  were  despatched  to 
him  at  Rome. 

The  volume  now  published  is  occupied  with  the  Roman  Catholic  QueS' 
tion  ;  that  is,  the  removal  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Disabilities,  or,  as  it  was 
popularly  termed.  Catholic  Emancipation.  The  materials  consist  of  con- 
fidential documents  and  correspondence,  connected  by  memoranda  and  a 
narrative,  by  which  Sir  Robert  Peel  proposed  to  connect  these  documents, 
&c. ;  it  is  upon  the  latter,  however,  and  not  upon  the  narrative  or  memo- 
randa, that  he  relies  for  the  explanation  of  his  motives  and  the  vindication 
of  his  conduct.     He  says : — 

"  It  is  my  firm  conviction  that  not  one  of  these  documents  was  written  with  a  view  to 
pubUcation.  They  relate  and  observe  upon  occurrences  as  they  took  place  from  day  to 
day,  and  they  faithfiilly  reflect  the  feelings  and  impressions  to  which  such  occurrences 
gave  rise.** 

Such  a  statement  is  calculated  to  excite  more  than  ordinary  interest  in 
this  publication,  since  it  is  but  seldom  that  we  are  permitted  to  enjoy  the 
confidence  of  the  great  movers  and  actors  in  such  important  matters ;  and 
the  interest  thereby  excited  is  not  personal  merely,  but  assumes  a  high  his- 
torical importance,  which  nothing  less  than  the  extreme  anxiety  of  the 
author  to  vindicate  himself  from  calumny  could  have  afforded  us. 

To  correctly  appreciate  what  follows,  we  must  consider  the  position  in 
which  Sir  Robert  Peel  stood  at  the  time  this  volume  opens.     He  had  en- 

•  "  Memoirs  by  the  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  Bart.,  M.P.,  &c.  PubUshed  by  the 
Trustees  of  his  Papers,  Lord  Mahon  (now  Lord  Stanhope),  and  the  Rt.  Hon.  Edward 
Cardwell,  M.P.  Part  I.,  The  Roman  Catholic  Question,  1828-9.**  (London:  John 
Murray,  1856.) 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  d 


18  Sir  Robert  Peel.  [July, 

tered  the  House  of  Commons  in  1809,  when  scarcely  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  as  a  decided  champion  of  Toryism.  We  all  know  what  Toryism  was 
at  that  time.  Under  Mr.  Percevars  administration  he  was  appointed  to  the 
post  of  Under-Secretary  for  the  Colonies,  and  in  1812  he  became  Under- 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  in  Lord  Liverpool's  ministry.  In  1821  he  was  made 
Home  Secretary,  and  continued  in  office  until  the  fall  of  that  ministry  in 
1827.  Thus,  during  a  period  of  seventeen  years  he  was  an  active  member 
of  the  Government,  and  its  constant  defender. 

In  1817  he  had  been  elected  member  for  the  University  of  Oxford ;  and 
in  the  great  debate  on  Catholic  Emancipation  he  defended  the  exclusive 
right  of  the  Protestants  to  rule  in  Ireland,  and  the  domination  of  the 
Anglican  Church  also.  Yet,  notwithstanding  the  uncompromising  attitude 
he  assumed  as  the  Protestant  champion,  he  had  always  shewn  himself 
liberal  and  impartial  towards  the  Roman  Catholics.  He  manifested  a  lively 
and  steady  interest  for  the  promotion  of  education  in  Ireland,  by  encourag- 
ing the  establishment  of  schools,  &c.  In  the  debates  he  always  spoke  of 
the  Irish  people  with  generous  esteem. 

To  any  question,  then,  relating  to  the  welfare  of  Ireland,  so  momentous 
as  Catholic  Emancipation,  he  could  not  have  been  indifferent ;  and  the  mere 
consideration  of  it  must  have  caused  a  violent  struggle  in  his  mind  between 
generous  inclination  and  the  dictates  of  his  conscience,  coupled  with  wbat 
he  considered  to  be  his  stem  dutv. 

With  respect  to  the  removal  of  the  Catholic  Disabilities,  he  says : — 

"  To  that  removal  I  had  offered,  from  my  entrance  into  Parliament,  an  unvarying  and 
decided  opposition, — an  opposition  which  certwuly  did  not  originate  in  any  views  of  per- 
sonal political  advantage.  When  in  the  year  1812  I  voted  against  the  resolution  in 
fevoup  of  concession — moved  by  Mr.  Canning  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Perceval,  and  car- 
ried by  a  majority  of  235  to  106 — I  could  not  expect  that  by  that  vote  I  was  contribut- 
ing to  my  political  advancement.  The  grounds  on  which  my  opposition  was  rested  are 
fuUy  developed  in  a  speech  delivered  by  me  in  the  year  1817." 

These  were,  that  the  question  was  more  complicated  and  extensive  in  its  bear- 
ings than  it  was  considered  to  be  by  the  greater  part  of  those  who  supported 
the  claims  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  Adverting  to  the  past  history  of  Ireland 
— her  geographical  position — her  social  state  in  respect  to  the  tenure  of  pro- 
perty, and  the  number  and  religious  denominations  of  her  people,  he  thought 
it  would  be  extremely  difficult  to  reconcile  the  perfect  equality  of  civil  privi- 
lege, or  rather  the  honajide  practical  application  of  that  principle,  with  those 
objects  on  the  inviolable  maintenance  of  which  the  friends  and  the  opponents 
of  Catholic  Emancipation  were  completely  agreed, — namely,  the  Legislative 
Union,  and  the  Established  Church  in  Ireland,  as  guaranteed  by  the  Act  of 
Union.  With  the  opinions  and  anticipations  upon  which  Mr.  Grattan's 
Relief  Bill  was  introduced  in  1813  he  did  not  participate.  He  was  not 
insensible  to  the  manifest  evil  of  subjecting  to  incapacity  and  disqualification 
a  class  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth,  numbers,  and 
importance,  and  constituting  the  vast  majority  of  one  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  He  was  fully  aware,  also,  that  that  evil  had  been  aggravated  by 
the  inconsiderate  arrangement  made  in  1793,  when  the  elective  franchise 
was  lavishly  confeired  on  the  pauper  tenantry  of  Ireland.  But  there  were, 
on  the  other  hand,  many  considerations  which  appeared  to  him  not  suffi- 
ciently weighed  by  the  advocates  of  concession.  Then  there  was  the  danger 
of  abolishing  tests  which  had  been  established  for  the  express  purpose  of 
giving  to  the  Legislature  a  Protestant  character, — tests  which  had  been  es- 
tablished, not  upon  vague  constitutional  theories,  but  after  practical  expe- 


1856.]  Sir  Robert  Peel  19 

rience  of  the  evils  which  had  been  inflicted  and  the  dangers  which  had  been 
incurred  by  the  struggles  for  ascendancy  at  periods  not  remote  from  the 
present.  There  was  the  danger  that  the  removal  of  civil  disabilities  might 
materially  alter  the  relations  in  which  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  stood  to 
the  State.  He  saw  no  satisfactory  solution  of  the  difficulties  with  which 
those  relations  were  encompassed  under  the  existing  state  of  the  law,  but  he 
apprehended  that  they  might  be  materially  increased  by  the  total  removal 
of  political  incapacities  from  the  professors  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion. 
His  apprehensions  were  strengthened  by  the  admissions  made  from  time 
to  time  by  the  most  able  and  eminent  advocates  of  concession,  particularly 
those  of  Mr.  Pitt  (1805),  and  Mr.  Plunket  (1824).  But  the  opposition  Sir 
Robert  Peel  had  uniformly  offered  on  general  grounds  to  the  repeal  of  the 
disabling  laws,  was  steadily  declared  by  him  to  be  limited  to  the  walls  of 
Parliament.  He  never  attempted  to  control  the  free  discretion  of  Parlia- 
ment on  a  question  demanding  the  exercise  of  the  calmest  judgment,  by 
external  appeals  to  passions  and  prejudices  easily  excited  on  religious 
matters,  and  especially  on  that  subject.  He  entered  into  no  cabals  against 
those  from  whom  he  differed  on  the  Catholic  question.  He  contracted  no 
political  engagements  with  those  with  whom  he  concurred,  except  that  sort 
of  tacit  and  implied  engagement  which  is  the  natural  consequence  of  a 
prominent  part  taken  in  debate  for  a  long  period  of  time.     He  says : — 

"  I  make  the  fuU  admission  that,  from  the  part  I  had  miiformly  taken  on  the  Catholic 
question — from  the  confidence  reposed  m  me  on  that  account — from  my  position  in  the 
Government — from  my  position  in  parliament  as  the  representative  of  the  University  of 
Oxford — that  interest  which  I  will  call  by  the  comprehensive  name  of  the  Protestant 
interest  had  an  espedal  claim  upon  my  devotion  and  my  faithful  service ;  and  if  the 
duty  which  that  ad&nowledged  claim  imposed  upon  me  were  this, — ^that  in  a  crisis  of 
extreme  difficulty  I  should  calmly  contemplate  and  compare  the  dangers  with  which  the 
Protestant  interest  was  threatened  from  different  quarters — that  I  should  advise  the 
course  which  I  believe  to  be  the  least  unsafe — that,  having  advised  and  adopted,  I  should 
resolutely  adhere  to  it — that  I  should  disregard  every  selfish  consideration — ^that  I  should 
prefer  obloquy  and  reproach  to  the  aggravation  of  existing  evils,  by  concealing  my  real 
opinion,  and  by  maintaining  the  false  show  of  personal  consistency, — if  this  were  the 
duty  imposed  upon  me,  I  fearlessly  assert  that  it  was  most  faithfully  and  scrupu- 
lously discharged. 

"  It  will  be  for  those  who  dispassionately  review  the  documentary  evidence  incorpo- 
rated into  this  Memoir  to  determine  whether  the  assertion  thus  confidently  made  be 
fully  borne  out  or  not.  It  will  be  for  them  to  determine  whether  that  evidence  does  not 
throw  light  upon  much  that  has  hitherto  i*emained  obscure— whether  it  does  not  account 
for  the  apparent  abruptness  of  the  change  of  counsel,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  that 
reserve  which  was  apparently  unnecessary  after  the  course  to  be  taken  had  been  actually 
resolved  upon. 

"  It  will  be  seen  from  that  evidence  whether  there  was  any  disposition  on  my  part  to 
truckle  to  or  to  coquet  with  agitation,  or  to  shrink  from  the  responsibility  of  using  any 
legal  power  which  could  be  rendered  available  for  the  repression  of  disorder  in  Irelana, 
or  for  the  control  of  that  dangerous  influence  which  it  was  sought  to  establish  by 
means  of  political  confederacies,  and  of  an  organized  excitement  of  the  public  mind." 

This  vindication  of  himself  is  fully  borne  out  by  the  documentary  evidence 
adduced.  Assailed  as  all  men  are  who  venture  to  differ  in  opinion  or  con- 
duct from  their  fellows  or  party,  the  measure  of  abuse  heaped  upon  Sir 
Hobert  Peel  was  perhaps  greater  than  that  bestowed  upon  any  other  modem 
statesman.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  Catholic  Emancipation  was  made, 
not  only  a  political,  but  a  religious  question,  and  consequently  excited  the 
bitterest  passions  that  deform  the  human  mind.  Yet  opinions  on  this  ques- 
tion were  equally  divided  ;  and  while  on  the  one  side  there  were  found  those 
who  stigmatized  Peel  as  an  apostate^  there  were  others  who  regarded  him  as 


20  Sir  Robert  Peel.  [July, 

a  bulwark  against  a  grievous  calamity.  Many  of  the  zealous  but  intem- 
perate theologians  of  his  day  denounced  him  with  more  than  their  ordinary 
intensity  of  bitterness.  The  scholar  found  parallels  in  the  wretched  Thessa- 
lian  who  disgracefully  led  the  enemies  of  his  country  through  passes  to 
their  melancholy  triumph,  or  commiserated  him  as  **  an  Actaeon,  whose 
hounds  were  ready  to  devour  him,  and  for  the  same  offence — opening 
his  eyes." 

But  the  position  of  a  public  man  must  ever  be  one  of  conflict — one  in 
which  his  purest  motives  and  best  intentions  are  sure  to  be  misrepresented 
or  misunderstood^ ;  and,  as  such,  painful  in  the  extreme  to  the  honest  mind. 
He  has  no  alternative  but  to  leave  it  to  time  to  remove  the  aspersions  cast 
upon  him  by  a  blind  hostility,  and  make  posterity  heirs  of  his  reputation. 
Sooner  or  later,  justice  to  the  memory  of  the  great  is  awarded  :  if  it  be  ren- 
dered less  tardily  than  common  in  the  case  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  it  will  be 
due  to  the  care  and  foresight  by  which  he  has  himself  supplied  the  materials 
for  his  vindication.  The  present  memoir  shews  that  he  was  keenly  alive  to 
the  necessity  and  importance  of  this  apology,  and  a  careful  perusal  of  it 
confirms  the  high  estimate  we  had  previously  formed  of  his  conscientious- 
ness, integrity,  and  virtue. 

The  correspondence  opens  with  a  letter  from  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
dated  January  9,  1828,  inviting  Sir  Robert  Peel  to  join  him  in  a  ministry 
then  about  to  be  formed,  consequent  upon  the  break-up  of  the  inglorious 
Goderich  Administration '^ ;  but  Peel  had  no  desire  whatever  to  resume 
ofiice,  foreseeing  great  difiiculty  in  the  conduct  of  public  affairs,  on  account 
of  the  state  of  parties,  and  the  position  of  public  men  in  reference  to  the 
state  of  Ireland  and  the  Catholic  question.  The  attempt  to  form  an  united 
government,  on  the  principle  of  resistance  to  the  claims  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
thoHcs,  appeared  to  him  perfectly  hopeless,  for  in  the  preceding  year  (1827) 
the  measure  of  concession  had  been  negatived  in  the  House  of  Commons  by 
a  majoritv  of  four  votes  only,  in  a  very  full  house,  —the  numbers  being  276 
to  272. 

In  his  memorandum  of  a  communication  made  bv  him  to  the  Duke  on 
this  occasion,  he  says  : — 

"  I  see  no  alternative  but  an  attempt  to  reunite  the  most  efficient  members  of  Lord 
Liyerpool's  Administration,  calling  to  their  aid  the  abilities  of  others  who  are  willing 
cordially  to  co-operate  with  them  in  an  administration  of  which  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
shall  be  the  head I  will  decline  all  offers  of  office  for  myself." 

In  his  letter  to  Mr.  Gregory,  Under-Secretary  to  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  dated  Feb.  1,  1828,  was  enclosed  a  memorandum  to  this  effect : — 

**  What  must  have  been  the  inevitable  fate  of  a  Government  composed  of  Goulbum, 
Sir  John  Beckett,  Wetherell,  and  myself?  Supported  by  very  warm  friends,  no  doubt, 
but  those  warm  friends  being  prosperous  country  gentlemen,  foxhunters,  &c.,  &c.,  most 
excellent  men,  who  will  attend  one  night,  but  who  will  not  leave  their  favourite  pursuits 
to  sit  up  till  two  or  three  o'clock  fighting  questions  of  detail,— on  which,  however,  a 
Government  must  have  a  majority, — we  could  not  have  stood  creditably  a  fortnight.  I 
say  this  as  a  raison  de  plus.    I  for  one,  on  other  grounds,  could  not  be  a  party." 

^  "  Do  not  take  it  (office)  unless  you  can  make  up  your  mind  in  the  first  place  to  brave 
every  species  of  abuse  and  misrepresentation,  and  the  imputation  of  the  most  sordid  and 
interested  motives ;  in  the  second  place,  go  through  with  it  if  you  undertake  it,  and  not 
be  dispirited  by  any  difficulties  or  annoyances  you  may  find  in  the  office,  and  which  you 
may  depend  upon  it  no  office  is  free  from." — Extract  of  letter  Jf-om  Lord  Melbourne  to 
Lord  Dudlet/  and  Ward,  Sept.  29,  1822. 

<"  It  lasted  but  168  days. 


1856.]  Sir  Robert  Feel.  21 

On  the  29th  of  January,  however,  he  resumed  office,  succeeding  Lord 
Lansdowne  as  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Department. 

Of  questions  that  related  to  Ireland,  requiring  immediate  consideration 
and  decision,  the  most  important  one  was  as  to  the  policy  of  continuing  the 
Act  passed  in  1825  relating  to  unlawful  societies  in  Ireland;  which,  unless 
continued,  would  expire  at  the  end  of  the  session  of  1 828.  The  main  ob- 
ject of  this  Act  was  the  suppression  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Association, 
and  the  prevention  of  similar  confederacies  in  Ireland.  It  had  not,  how- 
ever, eflfected  its  purpose,  either  through  tacit  acquiescence  in  its  enact- 
ments, or  by  the  practical  non-enforcement  of  them  by  the  Government. 
Although  the  law  had  been  on  the  statute-book  three  years,  the  Catholic 
Association  existed  apparently  in  defiance  of  it,  without  any  abatement  of 
violence,  and  without  the  discontinuance  of  any  proceeding  that  was  before 
deemed  dangerous,  except  perhaps  that  there  was  less  of  interference  in  the 
prosecution  or  defence  of  criminal  cases. 

The  result  of  various  communications  with  the  Irish  Government  was  a 
decision  on  the  part  of  the  Cabinet  not  to  seek  from  Parliament  a  continu- 
ance of  the  Act  of  1825.  This  Act  had  been  passed  with  the  sanction  and 
approbation  of  an  Administration,  the  chief  members  of  which  were  divided 
in  opinion  on  the  Catholic  question.  Imperfect  as  it  was,  it  only  passed 
with  considerable  difficulty.  If  it  ought  to  have  been  much  more  stringent 
in  its  provisions,  and  if  legal  astuteness  could  have  readily  devised  the 
means  of  making  those  provisions  more  effectual  for  their  purpose,  that 
very  fact  establishes  the  decisive  proof  of  the  evil  which  resulted  from  the 
necessity  of  uniting  in  the  same  Government  public  men  opposed  to  each 
other  in  opinion  on  the  main  question. 

Yet,  on  the  other  hand.  Sir  Robert  points  out  the  difficulties  that  stood  in 
the  way  of  forming  a  Government  united  on  the  principle  either  of  conces- 
sion or  resistance, — difficulties  which  he  thought  there  was  a  tendency  to 
underrate.  He  passes  in  review  the  eminent  men  who  would  have  been 
excluded  from  the  service  of  the  Crown  at  very  critical  periods  of  public 
affiEiirs,  and  ranged  in  opposition  to  a  Government  formed  on  the  basis 
of  united  and  decisive  opposition  to  concession,  and  at  the  same  time  capa- 
ble of  conducting  with  vigour  and  success  the  general  administration  of 
public  affairs,  foreign  and  domestic. 

Difference  of  opinion  in  the  Cabinet  on  the  Catholic  question  was  doubt- 
less a  great  evil ;  but  in  the  position  of  public  affairs,  and  public  men,  it 
appears  to  have  been  an  evil  which,  for  a  time  at  least,  did  not  admit  of  a 
remedy.  It  was  an  evil  submitted  to  by  the  Government  of  which  Mr.  Fox, 
Lord  Grenville,  and  Lord  Grey  were  members,  in  1806  and  1807,  as  well 
as  by  the  Governments  of  Mr.  Perceval,  Lord  Liverpool,  and  the  Duke  of 
Wellington. 

In  1826  Parliament  was  dissolved,  and  in  the  elections  Catholic  Eman- 
cipation was  the  dominant  and  exciting  question  with  all  constituencies.  It 
also  assumed  more  of  a  political  aspect,  for  it  was  seen  to  involve  the  ex- 
tension of  equality  of  civil  rights  to  all  religious  persuasions.  The  new  Par- 
liament was  decidedly  more  liberal  than  any  that  had  existed  before.  On 
the  26th  of  February,  1828,  the  House  of  Commons  declared  in  favour  of 
the  repeal  of  the  Test  and  Corporation  Acts  by  a  majority  of  44.  This 
decision  was  adverse  to  the  views  of  the  Administmtion,  but  all  things  con- 
sidered, the  advisers  of  the  Crown  did  not  deem  themselves  justified  in 
abandoning  office,  and  exposing  the  king  to  the  embarrassment  resulting 
from  resignation  at  such  a  period,  and  under  such  circumstances. 


22  -Sir  Robert  Peel  [July, 

The  repeal  of  the  Test  and  Corporation  Acts  was  an  event  of  considerable 
importance  in  its  bearing  upon  the  Catholic  question.  Previous  to  the  de- 
bate on  this  question,  a  correspondence  passed  between  Sir  Robert  Peel  and 
his  former  private  tutor,  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  (Lloyd,)  which,  although  of 
a  purely  private  and  confidential  nature,  is  given  in  full.  They  both  agreed 
that  th^  sacramental  test  must  be  given  up  ;  and,  according  to  Bishop  Lloyd, 
a  very  large  majority  of  the  Church  and  the  University  were  against  a 
sacramental  test ;  while  Sir  Thomas  Acland,  Lord  Sandon,  and  many  of  the 
staunchest  Churchmen,  formed  part  of  a  majority  which  supported  Lord 
John  Kussell's  motion,  and  even  some  of  the  most  influential  bishops  wished 
for  a  permanent  adjustment  of  the  question.  The  discussion  excited  by  this 
question  was  an  admirable  preparation  for  the  coming  discussion  on  the 
Roman  Catholic  question  :  it  induced  many  to  examine  the  conditions  and 
**  securities"  offered,  who  without  this  preliminary  enquiry  would  doubtless 
have  abruptly  set  their  faces  against  emancipation,  and  opposed  it  without 
examining  it. 

For  how  long  a  time  this  question  of  Catholic  Emancipation  had  been 
looming  in  the  political  horizon,  it  is  needless  to  enquire ;  but  the  condition 
of  Ireland  in  1828  shews,  in  the  strongest  manner,  that  the  agitation  for 
repeal  was  increasing  in  strength  and  danger  from  year  to  year,  and  if 
much  longer  opposed,  would  burst  over  the  heads  of  its  opponents  in 
anarchy  or  rebellion.  A  time  always  arrives  when  men  grow  impatient  of 
their  chains,  be  they  physical  or  political.  Writhing  under  the  injustice 
inflicted  upon  them  by  timid  yet  powerful  bigotry,  the  oppressed  Roman 
Catholics  of  Ireland  sought  to  obtain  by  means  of  intimidation  what  they 
could  not  acquire  by  force  of  argument.  They  were  encouraged  in  thia 
course  by  the  fact,  that  among  Protestants  there  were  many  favourable  to 
concession.  But  the  Government,  in  conformity  with  traditional  tactics, 
knew  no  better  method  of  adjusting  the  difficulty  than  that  of  opposing 
disagreeable  arguments  by  force.  The  number  of  troops  sent  to  Ireland  to 
"keep  the  peace'*  exceeded  that  retained  at  home.  And  not  until  a  bloody 
crisis  became  inevitable  were  the  concessions  sought  for  obtained. 

On  the  8th  of  May,  1 828,  the  Roman  Catholic  question  was  brought 
forward  by  Sir  Francis  Burdett,  who  moved  a  resolution  in  favour  of  con- 
cession, which  was  affirmed  in  committee  of  the  whole  House,  by  a  majority 
of  272  to  266.  This  was  the  first  time,  in  that  Parliament,  a  majority  of 
the  House  of  Commons  had  been  obtained  in  favour  of  Catholic  claims. 
The  Bill  for  the  repeal  of  the  Corporation  and  Test  Acts  had,  previously 
to  this  vote,  been  assented  to  by  the  House  of  Lords,  and  passed  into  a 
law.  It  was  evident  that  great  progress  in  this  question  of  Emancipation 
had  been  made,  both  in  Parliament  and  out  of  doors ;  and  it  is  worthy  of 
notice  that  many  of  the  younger  members  of  the  House  of  Commons  who 
had  hitherto  taken  part  against  concession  confessed  to  a  change  of  opinion, 
and  it  very  rarely,  if  ever,  happened  that  the  list  of  speakers  against  con- 
cession was  reinforced  by  a  young  member  of  even  ordinary  ability. 

Shortly  after  the  vote  on  Sir  Francis  Burdett's  motion,  a  discussion  took 
place  on  the  Bill  for  the  disfranchisement  of  East  Retford,  which  led  to  the 
retirement  from  office  of  Mr.  Huskisson,  Lord  Dudley,  Lord  Palmerston, 
Mr.  Grant,  and  Mr.  W.  Lamb  ;  Sir  Robert  also  wished  to  retire,  being  in  a 
minority  on  the  most  Important  domestic  questions,  but  the  threatened 
danger  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington's  Government  from  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  Huskisson  and  his  friends,  and  the  difficulty  of  constructing  any  other 
Government,  induced  him  not  to  insist  upon  retirement  at  that  moment 


1856,]  Sir  Robert  Peel  23 

We  now  arrive  at  the  tumiDg-point  in  the  progress  of  the  question. 
The  office  of  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  had  become  vacant.  It  was 
offered  to,  and  accepted  by,  Mr.  Vesey  Fitzgerald.  As  a  necessary  conse- 
quence of  this  appointment,  his  seat  for  the  county  of  Clare  became  vacant. 
At  the  election  Mr.  O'Connell  opposed  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  and  defeated  him. 
This  result  was  of  vast  importance.  Lord  Eldon,  in  a  letter  to  his  daughter 
soon  after  this  event,  states,  "  Nothing  is  talked  of  now  which  interests 
anybody  the  least  in  the  world,  except  the  election  of  Mr.  O'Connell," 
and  makes  these  memorable  remarks : — 

«  As  Mr.  (yConnell  will  not,  though  elected,  be  allowed  to  take  his  seat  in  the  House 
of  Commoiis,  unless  he  will  take  the  oaths,  &c.,  (and  that  he  won't  do,  unless  he  can  get 
absolution,)  his  rejection  from  the  Conunons  may  excite  rebellion  in  Ireland.  At  all 
events,  this  business  must  bring  the  Roman  Catholic  question,  which  has  been  so  often 
discussed,  to  a  crisis  and  a  conclusion.  The  nature  of  that  conclusion  I  do  not  think 
likely  to  be  &vourable  to  Protestantism.'' 

The  Clare  election  proved  the  existence  of  an  unusual  condition  of 
the  public  mind  in  Ireland : — 

"  That  the  sense  of  a  common  grievance,  and  the  sympathies  of  a  common  interest, 
were  loosening  the  ties  which  connect  different  classes  of  men  in  friendly  relations  to 
each  other,  to  weaken  the  force  of  local  and  personal  attachments,  and  to  unite  the 
scattered  elements  of  society  into  a  homogeneous  and  disciplined  mass,  yielding  willing 
obedience  to  the  assumed  authority  of  superior  intelligence  hostile  to  the  law  and  to  the 
government  which  administered  it." 

The  evil  to  be  feared  from  the  result  of  the  Clare  election  was  not  force, 
or  violence,  or  any  act  of  which  the  law  could  take  cognizance,  but  in  the 
peaceable  and  legitimate,  but  novel  exercise  of  a  franchise  according  to  the 
will  and  conscience  of  the  holder.  "  All  the  great  interests  of  the  country 
were  broken  down/'  writes  Mr.  Fitzgerald ;  that  is,  the  serf  had  thrown 
off  the  landlord's  chains,  and  dared  to  exercise  a  right  that  had  been  in- 
considerately given  to  him.  The  Government  thought  of  a  remedy — the 
abrupt  extinction  of  the  forty-shilling  franchise  in  Ireland,  and  the  con- 
tinuance of  civil  disability  ;  but,  from  the  well-known  temper  of  Parliament, 
they  knew  it  could  not  for  a  moment  be  entertained. 

The  correspondence  connected  with  the  Clare  election,  between  the  Lord- 
Lieutenant  (Anglesey)  and  Peel,  shews  the  height  of  excitement  pre- 
vailing, and  the  danger  to  be  apprehended  from  it.  Lord  Anglesey,  a 
military  man,  prepares  for  resistance.  Peel's  resolution  wavers — he  in- 
clines to  concession.  At  this  time  Lord  Lansdowne  moved  that  the  House 
of  Lords  should  concur  with  Sir  Francis  Burdett's  motion  in  the  Commons, 
and  although  the  motion  was  rejected,  it  was  admitted  that  the  Catholic 
question  had  reduced  the  country  to  a  state  of  great  difficulty,  and  the 
opposition  of  the  Lords  to  concession  appeared  to  be  giving  way  ;  and  in 
July,  at  the  close  of  the  session  of  1828,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  entered 
upon  the  whole  subject  with  Sir  Robert  Peel.  **  But  the  chief  difficulty 
was  with  the  king."  The  difficulties  of  the  case  appeared  insuperable.  The 
Duke  consulted  certain  bishops,  hoping  that  by  obtaining  their  consent  to 
an  adjustment  of  the  question,  the  obstacles  on  the  part  of  the  king  might 
be  removed.  But  the  bishops  were  disinclined  to  concession.  Fearing  his 
secession  from  the  Cabinet  might  obstruct  the  measures  entertained  by  the 
Duke,  Peel  expressed  his  willingness  to  remain  in  it,  in  spite  of  his  desire 
to  withdraw.  He  thought  "  his  support  to  concession  would  be  more  useful 
out  of  office  than  in  it."  Here  we  find  him  an  advocate  and  promoter  of 
concession ;  how  he  arrived  at  this  position  is  best  learned  from  his  own 
apology : — 


24  Sir  Robert  Peel  [July, 


« 


At  the  close  of  the  session  of  1828  it  became  incnmbent  upon  me  to  decide  without 
delay  on  the  course  which  I  ought  to  pursue.  It  was  open  to  me  to  retain  office,  or  to 
relinquish  it — persisting,  in  either  case,  in  offering  continued  resistance  to  concession. 
There  could  be  little  doubt  (considering  that  the  king  was  opposed  to  concession,  and 
that  a  clear  majority  of  the  House  of  Lords  was  opposed  to  it,)  that,  notwithstanding 
the  recent  vote  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  its  favour,  resistance  to  concession  would 
for  a  time  prevail.  It  would  so  far  prevail  as  to  obstruct  the  final  settlement  of  the 
Catholic  question,  but  the  same  sad  state  of  things  must  continue ;  a  divided  Cabinet, 
a  divided  Parliament,  the  strength  of  political  parties  so  nicely  balanced  as  to  preclude 
any  decisive  course,  either  of  concession  on  the  one  hand,  or  the  vigorous  assertion  of 
authority  on  the  other. 

"  I  maturely  and  anxiously  considered  every  point  which  required  consideration,  and 
I  formed  a  decision  as  to  the  obligation  of  public  duty,  of  which  I  may  say  with  truth, 
that  it  was  wholly  at  variance  with  that  which  the  regard  for  my  own  personal  interests 
or  private  feelings  would  have  dictated. 

"  My  intention  was  to  relinquish  office ;  but  I  resolved  not  to  relinquish  it  without 
previously  placing  on  record  my  opinion,  that  the  public  interests  required  that  the 
principle  on  which  the  then  existing  and  preceding  governments  had  been  formed, 
should  no  longer  be  adliered  to ;  that  the  Catholic  question  should  cease  to  be  an  open 
question ;  that  the  whole  condition  of  Ireland,  political  and  social,  should  be  taken  into 
consideration  by  the  Cabinet  precisely  in  the  same  manner  in  which  every  other  question 
of  grave  importance  was  considered,  and  with  the  same  power  to  oifer  advice  upon  it  to 
the  sovereign. 

"  I  resolved  also  to  place  on  record  a  decided  opinion  that  there  was  less  of  evil  and 
less  of  danger  in  considering  the  Catholic  question  with  a  view  to  its  final  adjustment, 
than  in  ofiering  continued  resistance  to  that  adjustment,  and  to  give  every  assurance 
that  after  retirement  from  office  I  would,  in  a  private  capacity,  act  upon  the  opinion 
thus  given.' 


** 


The  impressions  under  which  he  came  to  the  resolution,  and  the  motives 
for  the  advice  he  gave,  are  contained  in  the  confidential  correspondence 
which  took  place  with  the  Duke  of  Wellington  at  this  time.  In  a  letter 
to  the  Duke,  dated  Aug.  11,  1828,  he  states: — 

"  I  have  uniformly  opposed  what  is  called  Catholic  Emancipation,  and  have  rested  my 
opposition  upon  broad  and  uncompromising  grounds.  I  wish  1  could  say  that  my  views 
upon  the  question  were  materially  changed,  and  that  I  now  believed  that  full  concessions 
to  the  Roman  Catholics  could  be  made,  either  exempt  from  the  dangers  which  I  have 
apprehended  from  them,  or  productive  of  the  full  advantages  which  their  advocates 
anticipate  from  the  grant  of  them.  But  whatever  may  be  my  opinion  upon  these  points, 
I  cannot  deny  that  the  state  of  Ireland  under  existing  circumstances  is  most  unsatis- 
factory ;  that  it  becomes  necessary  to  make  your  choice  between  different  kinds  and 
different  degrees  of  evil,  to  compare  the  actual  danger  resulting  from  the  union  and 
organization  of  the  Roman  Catholic  body,  and  the  incessant  agitation  in  Ireland,  with 
prospective  and  apprehended  dangers  to  the  constitution  or  religion  of  the  country; 
and  maturely  to  consider  whether  it  may  not  be  better  to  encounter  every  risk  of  con- 
cession than  to  submit  to  the  certain  continuance,  or  rather  perhaps  to  the  certain 
aggravation,  of  existing  evils. — Whatever  be  the  ultimate  result  of  concession,  there 
would  be  an  advantage  in  the  sincere  and  honest  attempt  to  settle  the  question  on 
just  principles,  which  it  is  difficult  to  rate  too  highly  in  the  present  state  of  affairs.'' 

Further  on  he  says  : — 

"  No  false  delicacy  in  respect  to  past  declarations  of  opinions,  no  fear  of  the  imputation 
of  inconsistency,  will  prevent  me  from  taking  that  part  which  present  dangers  and  a 
new  position  of  affairs  may  require.  I  am  ready,  at  the  hazard  of  any  sacrifice,  to 
maintain  the  opinion  which  I  now  deliberately  give, — that  there  is  upon  the  whole  less 
of  evil  in  making  a  decided  effort  to  settle  the  Catholic  question,  than  in  leaving  it,  as  it 
has  been  left,  an  open  question ;  the  Government  being  undecided  with  respect  to  it,  and 
paralysed  in  consequence  of  that  indecision  upon  many  occasions  peculiarly  requiring 
promptitude  and  energy  of  action. 

"  I  put  all  personal  feelings  out  of  the  question.  They  are,  or  ought  to  be,  very  sub- 
ordinate considerations  in  matters  of  such  moment,  and  I  give  the  best  proof  that  I  dis- 
regard them  by  avowing  that  I  am  quite  ready  to  commit  myself  to  the  support  of  the 
3 


1856.]  Sir  Robert  Peel,  25 


principle  of  a  measure  of  ample  concession  and  relief,  and  to  use  every  eflTort  to  promote 
the  final  arrangement  of  it." 

Sir  Robert  Peel  clearly  foresaw  the  penalties  to  which  he  was  exposed  in 
taking  this  course, — such  as  the  rage  of  party — his  rejection  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford — the  alienation  of  private  friends — the  interruption  of 
family  affections ;  and  others — such  as  the  loss  of  office  and  of  royal  favour — 
much  heavier  in  the  estimation  of  vulgar  and  l6w-minded  men,  incapable 
of  appreciating  higher  motives  of  public  conduct. 

The  drama  was  now  hastening  to  its  close :  the  King  had  a  separate 
interview  with  each  of  his  ministers,  at  which  they  expressed  conformity 
of  opinion  with  a  memorandum  of  Sir  Robert's  communicated  to  the  King 
by  the  Duke.  The  Cabinet  received  from  his  Majesty  a  general  permission 
to  take  into  consideration  the  whole  condition  of  Ireland,  and  to  offer  their 
advice  upon  it ;  and  a  royal  speech,  vaguely  worded  in  accordance  with  this 
permission,  was  reluctantly  consented  to. 

Meanwhile,  Sir  Robert  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  his  constituents  to  resign 
his  seat  for  the  University  of  Oxford,  On  offering  himself  for  re-election, 
he  was  defeated  by  Sir  Robert  Inglis ;  but  was  elected  for  Westbury,  and 
took  his  seat  on  the  3rd  of  March.  Being  anxious  that  there  should 
not  be  a  moment  of  unnecessary  delay,  he  gave  notice  on  the  same  day 
that  he  would  on  Thursday,  the  5th,  call  the  attention  of  the  House  of 
Commons  to  that  part  of  the  speech  from  the  throne  which  related  to  the 
state  of  Ireland,  and  the  removal  of  the  civil  disabilities  under  which  the 
Roman  Catholics  laboured. 

In  the  interim,  circumstances  wholly  unforeseen  occurred,  which  appeared 
for  a  time  to  oppose  an  insuperable  barrier  to  any  further  progress  with  the 
measures  of  which  the  actual  notice  had  been  thus  given. 

On  the  very  evening  when  the  above  notice  was  given,  the  King  com- 
manded the  Duke  of  Wellington,  the  Lord-Chancellor,  and  Sir  Robert  to 
attend  his  Majesty  at  Windsor  at  an  early  hour  on  the  following  day  : — 

**  We  went  there  accordingly,  and  on  our  arrival  were  ushered  into  the  presence  of  the 
King,  who  received  us  with  his  usual  kindness  and  cordiality. 
"  He  was  grave,  and  apparently  labouring  under  some  anxiety  and  uneasiness." 

The  King  objected  to  the  Oath  of  Supremacy.  Upon  reference  being 
made  to  it,  he  seemed  much  surprised,  and  said  rapidly  and  earnestly, 
"  What  is  this  ?  You  surely  do  not  mean  to  alter  the  ancient  Oath  of 
Supremacy !"  He  appealed  to  each  of  his  Ministers  on  this  point.  They 
explained  that  they  proposed  the  oath  should  be  administered  in  its  present 
form  to  all  his  subjects  except  the  Roman  Catholic8,who  should  be  required 
to  declare  on  oath  their  belief  that  no  foreign  prince  or  prelate  hath  any 
temporal  or  civil  jurisdiction,  power,  superiority,  or  pre-eminence,  directly 
or  indirectly,  in  this  realm.  That  if  the  Roman  Catholic  was  still  required, 
before  his  admission  to  office  or  Parliament,  to  declare  his  belief  that  no 
foreign  prelate  hath  or  ought  to  have  any  spiritual  or  ecclesiastical  jurisdic- 
tion, power,  or  pre-eminence  within  the  realm,  the  measure  of  relief  would 
be  unavailing ;  that  an  effectual  impediment  to  the  enjoyment  of  civil  pri- 
vileges  would  remain  unremoved : — 

"  The  King  observed,  that  be  that  as  it  might,  he  could  not  possibly  consent  to  any 
alteration  of  the  ancient  Oath  of  Supremacy ;  that  he  was  exceedingly  sorry  that  there 
bad  been  any  misunderstanding  upon  so  essential  a  point;  that  he  did  not  blame  us  on 
account  of  that  misunderstanding;  that  he  did  not  mean  to  imply  that  in  the  exi)lana- 
tion  which  we  had  previously  given  to  him  in  writing,  there  had  been  any  concealment  or 
rescn'e  on  this  point :  still  the  uuduubted  fact  wus,  that  he  had  given  hissaucliou  to  our 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  e 


26  Sir  Robert  Peel  [July, 

jpTOceedings  under  misapprehension  with  regard  to  one  particular  point,  and  that  a  most 
important  one,  namely,  the  alteration  of  the  Oath  of  Supremacy ;  and  be  felt  aasored 
that  our  opinions  would  be  in  concurrence  with  his  own, — that  a  sanction  so  giTen  onght 
not  to  be  binding  upon  the  Soyereign,  and  that  his  Miyeaiy  had  no  alternative  bat  to 
retract  his  consent,  if  the  measure  to  which  it  had  been  given  under  an  erroneous  im- 
pression were  bond  fide  disapproved  of  by  his  deliberate  and  conscientious  judgment." 

Expressing  their  concern  that  there  had  been  any  misunderstanding  on 
so  important  a  matter,  the  Ministers  entirely  acquiesced  in  the  King's 
opinion  that  his  Majesty  ought  not  to  be  bound  by  a  consent  unwarily 
given  to  important  public  measures  under  a  misapprehension  of  their  resJ 
character  and  import : — 

"  After  a  short  lapse  of  time,  his  Majesty  then  said,  '  But  after  this  explanation  of 
my  feelings,  what  course  do  you  propose  to  take  as  my  Ministers  V  He  observed  that 
notice  had  been  given  of  procee^gs  in  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  following  day  ; 
and  addressing  himself  particularly  to  me,  who  had  charge  of  those  proceedings,  said, 
*  Now,  Mr.  Peel,  tell  me  what  course  you  propose  to  take  to-morrow.*  I  replied,  that 
with  all  deference  and  respect  for  his  Majesty,  I  could  not  have  a  moment's  hesitation 
as  to  my  course ;  that  the  speech  from  the  throne  had  justified  the  universal  expecta- 
tion that  the  Gk)vemment  intended  to  propose  measures  for  the  complete  relief  of  the 
Roman  Catholics  from  civil  incapacities ;  that  I  had  vacated  the  seat  for  Oxford  on  the 
assumption  that  such  measures  would  be  proposed ;  that  the  consent  of  the  House  of 
Commons  had  been  given  to  the  Bill  for  the  suppression  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Associa- 
tion, if  not  on  the  express  assurance,  at  least  with  the  full  understanding,  that  the 
measure  of  coercion  would  be  immediately  followed  by  the  measure  of  rehcf ;  that  I 
must  therefore  entreat  his  Mtycsty  at  once  to  accept  my  resignation  of  offioe>  and  to 
permit  me  on  the  following  day  to  inform  the  House  of  Commons  that  unforeseen  im- 
pediments, which  would  be  hereafter  explained,  prevented  the  King's  servants  from 
proposing  to  Parliament  the  measures  that  had  been  announced ;  that  I  no  longer  held 
the  seals  of  the  Home  Department,  and  that  it  was  my  painftil  duty  to  withdraw  the 
notice  which  had  been  given  in  my  name.'* 

To  a  similar  question,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  expressed  his  desire  to  re- 
tire from  office,  and  to  make  to  the  House  of  Lords  an  announcement  to 
the  same  effect  with  that  Sir  Robert  Peel  wished  to  make  to  the  House  of 
Commons ;  and  the  Chancellor  intimated  his  entire  acquiescence  in  the 
course  which  the  Duke  and  Sir  Robert  proposed  to  pursue. 

This  interview  lasted  five  hours.  After  expressing  his  deep  regret  that 
they  could  not  remain  in  his  service  consistently  with  their  sense  of  honour  and 
public  duty,  his  Majesty  accepted  their  resignation  of  office, "  and  took  leave 
of  them  with  great  composure  and  kindness/'  and  they  returned  to  London 
under  the  full  persuasion  that  the  Government  was  dissolved ; — joining  their 
colleagues  at  a  Cabinet  dinner,  they  announced,  to  their  infinite  astonish- 
ment, that  they  had  ceased  to  be  members  of  the  Government : — 

**  A  sudden  change,  however,  took  place  in  the  King's  intentions.  At  a  late  hour  on 
the  evening  of  the  fourth  of  March,  the  King  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
informing  him  that  his  Majesty  anticipated  so  much  difficulty  in  the  attempt  to  form 
another  administration,  that  he  could  not  dispense  with  our  services;  that  be  must 
therefore  desire  us  to  withdraw  our  resignation,  and  that  we  were  at  liberty  to  proceed 
with  the  measures  of  which  notice  had  been  given  in  Parliament." 

Sir  Robert  Peel  accordingly  proceeded  with  his  measure,  and  on  the 
10th  of  April  the  Bills  for  the  removal  of  the  civil  incapacities  of  the  Roman 
Catholics,  and  for  the  regulation  of  the  franchise  in  Ireland,  were  each  read 
a  third  time,  and  passed  the  House  of  Lords.  Thus  terminated  the  par- 
liamentary conflict  on  these  important  measures.  Sir  Robert  concludes  his 
Memoir  by  a  *'  solemn  affirmation*'  that,  in  advising  and  promoting  the 
measures  of  1829,  he  was  swayed  by  no  fear  except  the  fear  of  public 
calamity,  and  that  he  acted  throughout  on  a  deep  conviction  that  those 


1856.]  Sir  Robert  Peel  27 

measures  were  not  only  conducive  to  the  public  welfare,  but  that  they  had 
become  imperatively  necessary  in  order  to  avert  from  interests  which  had 
a  special  claim  upon  his  support — the  interests  of  the  Church,  and  of  insti- 
tutions connected  with  the  Church — an  imminent  and  increasing  danger  : — 


*'  It  may  be  that  I  was  anconsciously  influenced  by  motives  less  pore  and  disinterested 
— ^by  the  secret  satis&ction  of  being 

' when  the  waves  went  high, 

A  daring  pilot  in  extremity.* 

**  But  at  any  rate  it  was  no  ignoble  ambition  which  prompted  me  to  bear  the  brunt  of 
a  desperate  conflict,  and  at  the  same  time  to  submit  to  the  sacrifice  of  everything  dear 
to  a  public  mail,  excepting  the  approval  of  his  own  conscience,  and  the  hope  of  ultimate 
justice." 

With  these  words  ends  the  secret  history  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Ques- 
tion. We  cannot  say  that  the  expectations  raised  upon  opening  the  volume 
were  realised  upon  closing  it.  Some  addition,  it  is  true,  is  made  to  our 
previous  knowledge  of  the  subject,  yet  the  materials  appear  to  be  contracted 
within  very  narrow  limits,  and  we  cannot  but  think  that  much  belonging  to 
the  history  of  the  question  has  been  suppressed.  The  names  of  many 
statesmen  who  took  a  prominent  part  in  public  aflfairs  at  the  date  of  the 
Catholic  Question  are  not  even  alluded  to ;  and  it  also  appears  to  us  that 
Sir  Robert  Peel,  in  his  anxiety  to  avoid  wounding  the  feelings  of  many  of 
his  contemporaries,  or  of  their  connections,  has  been  careful  even  to  timidity 
in  expressing  his  opinions. 


MEMORIALS  OF  HIS  TIMES.    BY  HENRY  COCKBURN*. 

Lord  Cockburn's  name  is  conspicuous  among  those  of  his  country- 
men who  are  eminent  for  private  worth  and  public  spirit.  It  appears 
in  the  annals  of  Scotland,  and  in  those  of  Edinburgh,  his  native  town, 
in  connection  with  the  events  of  the  first  half  of  the  present  century. 
As  a  lawyer  and  judge  he  was  eminently  distinguished,  while  his  private 
character  commanded  universal  respect.  In  1821,  being  then  nearly 
sixty  years  of  age,  he  was  seized  with  a  desire  to  place  on  record  the 
various  events  that  had  occurred  within  his  own  recollection,  thinking 
it  "  a  pity  that  no  private  account  should  be  preserved  of  the  distin- 
guished men  or  important  events  that  had  marked  the  progress  of  Scot- 
land, or  at  least  of  Edinburgh,  during  his  day."  He  had  never  made  a 
single  note  with  a  view  to  such  a  record,  but  he  now  began  to  recollect 
and  inquire.  His  task  occupied  him  some  nine  years,  bringing  his 
'*  Memorials"  down  to  the  year  1830,  at  which  date  he  was  made 
Solicitor- General  for  Scotlana.  Mingling  largely  in  the  events  of  his 
time,  he  enjoyed  ample  facilities  for  the  task  he  imposed  upon  himself, 
and  has  done  ample  justice  to  his  subject,  contributing  to  contem- 
porary history  such  a  work  as  rarely  comes  under  the  notice  of  the 
historian.  Full  of  anecdote,  portrait-sketches  of  well-known  men,  and 
other  entertaining  matter,  related  in  a  quiet,  easy  style,  marked  by  keen 

•  "  Memorials  of  His  Times.    By  Henry  Cockburn."    (Ediiibm-gb :  A.  and  C.  Black, 
1856.     8vo.  470  pp.) 


28  Cockburn's  Memorials  of  his  Times.  [July, 

observation  and  decided  opinions,  enlivened  with  a  vein  of  genial,  sub- 
dued humour,  he  has  rendered  his  volume  of  "  Memorials'*  one  of  the 
most  entertaining  books  we  ever  met  with. 

Lord  Cockburn  was  born  in  1779.  At  that  time  his  father  was 
sheriff  of  Midlothian, — "  A  man  of  strong  sense,  and  with  no  aversion 
to  a  joke,  whether  theoretical  or  practical.  He  was  one  of  the  many 
good  fathers  who,  from  mere  want  of  consideration  and  method,  kept 
his  children  at  a  distance."  His  mother,  Janet  Bannie,  was  the  best 
woman  he  had  ever  known.  He  says, — "  If  I  were  to  survive  her  for  a 
thousand  years,  I  should  still  have  a  deep  and  grateful  recollection  of 
her  kindness,  her  piety,  her  devotion  to  her  family,  and  her  earnest, 
gentle,  and  Christian  anxiety  for  their  happiness  in  this  life  and  in  the 
life  to  come." 

When  eight  years  of  age,  he  was  sent  to  the  High  School,  and  sub- 
jected to  the  uncontrolled  discipline  of  "  as  bad  a  schoolmaster  as  it  is 
possible  to  fancy,"  enduring  for  four  years  a  life  of  torture  and  idleness. 
Brougham  and  Homer  were  both  schoolfellows  with  Cockburn,  although 
not  of  the  same  class.  Horner  he  describes  as  "grave,  studious,  honour- 
able, kind ;  steadily  pursuing  his  own  cultivation ;  everything  he  did 
marked  by  thoughtfulness  and  greatness."  He  thought  Homer  a  god, 
"  and  wondered  what  it  was  that  made  such  a  hopeless  difference  be- 
tween him  and  me."  Horner's  splendid  career  is  frequently  alluded 
to  ;  his  premature  death  in  1817  calls  forth  the  following  remarks : — 

"  The  valuable  and  peculiar  light  in  which  Homer  stands  out,  the  light  in  which  his 
history  is  calculated  to  inspire  every  right-minded  youth,  is  this : — He  died  at  the  age  of 
tliirty-eight,  possessed  of  greater  public  influence  than  any  other  private  man,  and 
admired,  beloved,  trustetl,  and  deplored  by  all  except  the  heartless  or  the  base.  No 
greater  homage  was  ever  paid  in  Parliament  to  any  deceased  member.  Now  let  every 
young  man  ask,  how  was  this  attained  ?  By  rank  ?  He  was  the  son  of  an  Edinburgh 
merchant.  By  wealth  ?  Neither  he,  nor  any  of  his  relations,  ever  had  a  superfluous 
8*X')ence.  By  office  ?  He  held  but  one,  and  only  for  a  few  years,  of  no  influence  and 
with  very  little  pay.  By  talents?  His  were  not  splendid,  and  he  had  no  genius. 
Cautious  and  slow,  his  only  ambition  was  to  be  right.  By  eloquence  ?  He  spoke  in 
calm  good  taste,  without  any  of  the  oratory  that  either  terrifies  or  seduces.  By  any 
fascination  of  manner  ?  His  was  only  correct  and  agreeable.  By  what  then  was  it  ? 
Merely  by  sense,  industry,  good  principles,  and  a  good  heart — qualities  which  no  well- 
constituted  mind  need  ever  despair  of  attuning.  It  was  the  force  of  his  character  that 
raised  him ;  and  this  character  not  impressed  upon  him  by  nature,  but  formed,  out  of 
no  peculiarly  fine  elements,  by  himself.  There  were  many  in  the  House  of  Commons  of 
far  greater  ability  and  eloquence,  but  no  one  surpassed  him  in  the  combination  of  an 
adequate  portion  of  these  with  moral  worth.  Horner  was  born  to  shew  what  moderate 
powers,  unaided  by  anything  whatever  except  culture  and  goodness,  may  achieve,  even 
when  these  powers  are  displayed  amidst  the  competition  and  jealousy  of  public  life." 

Of  Brougham  he  gives  this  characteristic  anecdote  : — 

"  Brougham  was  not  in  the  class  with  me.  Before  getting  to  the  rector's  class,  he 
had  l)een  under  Luke  Fraser,  who,  in  his  two  immediately  preceding  courses  of  four 
yeai-8  each,  had  the  good  fortune  to  have  Francis  Jeffrey  and  Walter  Scott  as  his  pupils. 
Brougham  made  his  first  public  explosion  while  at  Fraser's  class.  He  dared  to  differ 
from  Fras?r,  a  hot  but  good-natured  old  fellow,  on  some  small  bit  of  Latinity.  The 
master,  like  other  men  in  power,  maintained  his  own  infallibility,  punished  the  rebel, 
and  flattered  himself  that  the  affair  was  over.  But  Brougham  reappeared  next  day, 
loaded  with  books,  returned  to  the  charge  before  the  whole  class,  and  compelled  honest 
Luke  to  acknowledge  that  he  had  been  wrong,  lliis  made  Brougham  famous  through- 
out the  whole  school.  1  rememl)er,  as  well  as  if  it  had  been  yesterday,  having  had  him 
pointed  out  to  me  as  'the  fellow  who  had  Ijeat  the  master.'  It  was  then  that  I  flrst 
saw  him." 


1856.]  QockhurrCs  Memorials  of  his  Times.  29 

He  was  sent  to  the  College  of  Edinburgh  in  1793.     He  says : — 

*'  After  being  kept  about  nine  years  to  two  dead  languages,  which  we  did  not  learn, 
the  intellectoal  world  was  opened  to  as  by  Professor  Finlayson's  lectures  on  what  was 
styled  logic  . .  .  Though  no  speaker,  and  a  cold,  exact,  hiurd  reader,  he  surprised  and 
delighted  us  with  the  good  sense  of  his  matter.  Until  we  heard  him,  few  of  us  knew 
that  we  had  minds.  He  next  advanced  to  the  Moral  Philosophy  of  Dugald  Stewart, 
which  was  the  great  era  in  the  progress  of  young  men's  minds.  His  philosophy,  and 
the  general  cast  of  his  style  and  powers,  are  attested  by  his  published  works.  His 
merit  as  a  lecturer  must  depend  on  the  recollection  of  those  who  heard  him.  His  ex- 
cellence in  this  very  difficult  and  peculiar  sphere  was  so  great,  that  it  is  a  luxury  to 
recal  it. 

"  He  was  about  the  middle  size,  weakly  limbed,  and  with  an  appearance  of  feebleness 
which  gave  an  air  of  delicacy  to  his  gait  and  structure.  His  forehead  was  large  and 
bald,  his  eyebrows  bushy,  his  eyes  grey  and  intelligent,  and  capable  of  conveying  any 
emotion,  from  indignation  to  pity,  from  serene  sense  to  hearty  humour,  in  which  they 
were  powerfiilly  aided  by  his  lips,  which,  though  rather  large,  perhaps,  were  flexible  and 
expressive.  The  voice  was  singularly  pleasing ;  and,  as  he  managed  it,  a  slight  burr 
only  made  its  tones  softer.  His  ear,  both  for  music  and  for  speech,  was  exquisite,  and 
he  was  the  finest  reader  I  ever  heard.  His  gesture  was  simple  and  elegant,  though  not 
free  from  a  tinge  of  professional  formality ;  and  his  whole  manner  that  of  an  academical 
gentleman.  Without  genius,  or  even  originality  of  talent,  his  intellectual  character  was 
marked  by  calm  thought  and  great  soundness.  His  training  in  mathematics,  which  was 
his  first  college  department,  may  have  corrected  the  reasoning,  but  it  never  chilled  the 
warmth,  of  his  moral  demonstrations.  Besides  being  deeply  and  accurately  acquainted 
with  his  own  subject,  his  general  knowledge,  particularly  of  literature  and  philosophical 
history,  was  extensive,  and  all  his  reading  well  meditated.  A  strong  turn  for  quiet 
hamoor  was  rather  graced,  than  interfered  with,  by  the  dignity  of  his  science  and 
habits.  Knowledge,  intelligence,  and  reflection,  however,  will  enable  no  one  to  reach 
the  highest  place  in  didactic  eloquence.  Stewart  exalted  all  his  powers  by  certain  other 
qualifications  which  are  too  often  overlooked  by  those  who  are  ambitious  of  this  emi* 
nence,  and  wonder  bow  they  do  not  attain  it — an  unimpeachable  personal  character,  de- 
votion to  the  science  he  taught,  an  exquisite  taste,  an  imagination  imbued  with  poetry 
and  oratory,  liberality  of  opinion,  and  the  loftiest  morality. 

"  To  me,"  adds  Cockburn,  "  his  lectures  were  like  the  opening  of  the  heavens, — I  felt 
I  had  a  soul :  they  changed  my  whole  nature." 

At  this  period  debating  societies  were  much  in  vogue  in  Edinburgh, 
and  the  intellectual  excitement  caused  by  Dugald  Stewart's  lectures  was 
stimulated  by  the  exercises  of  one  of  them,  called  the  "  Speculative,'* 
which  he  joined  in  1 799.  JeflTrey,  Horner,  and  Brougham  were  mem- 
bers, taking  a  regular  and  active  part,  and  considered  by  Cockburn  as 
good  speakers  and  writers  at  that  time  as  at  any  subsequent  period  of 
their  lives,  and  each  in  the  same  style  he  afterwards  retained. 

The  sketches  of  Scottish  society  given  by  Cockburn  are  by  no  means 
flattering  specimens  of  the  refinement  of  a  "  Modem  Athens."  Edin- 
burgh had  at  that  time  a  truly  grand  array  of  intellects, — philosophers, 
historians,  poets,  and  wits, — but  the  wit  was  strongly  tainted  by  whiskey, 
and  the  latter,  circulating  too  freely,  engendered  coarseness.  Happilv, 
the  picture  does  not  hold  good  at  the  present  day,  so  that  even  a  Scotcn- 
man  may  read  the  details  of  drunkenness  and  indecorum  with  a  feeling 
of  satisfaction  that  "we  are  not  so  bad  as  here  painted."  England  at 
that  date,  however,  could  show  scenes  of  debauchery,  different  in  quality, 
but  no  less  disgusting.  But  we  have  changed  all  that,  and  have  be- 
come decorous  and  dull. 

The  portrait-sketches  of  many  of  the  celebrities  of  the  day,  men  and 
women,  are  exceedingly  interesting.  There  is  Adam  Eerguson,  who 
wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Eoman  liepublic,"  looking  like  a  philosopher 
from  Lapland ;  and  Principal  Robertson,  a  pleasant-looking  old  man, 
with  an  eye  of  great  vivacity  and  intelligence;  others  less  known  to 


30  CockburrCs  Memorials  of  his  Times,  [July, 

fame,  as  Dr.  Carlyle,  Professor  Eobison,  Dr.  John  Erskine,  Henry  the 
historian,  are  graphically  depicted. 

The  recollections  of  the  bench  and  the  bar  occupy  a  very  large  space 
in  the  "  Memorials,"  as  might  be  anticipated.  Of  the  fifteen  judges  of 
those  days,  some,  of  course,  were  "  heads  without  a  name."  The  pecu- 
liarities of  Monboddo  were  classical  learning,  good  conversation,  excel- 
lent suppers,  and  ingenious,  though  unsound,  metaphysics.  Lord  Swin- 
ton  was  a  very  excellent  person — dull,  mild,  solid,  and  plodding.  It  is 
only  a  subsequent  age  that  has  discovered  his  having  possessed  a  degree 
of  sagacity  for  which  he  did  not  get  credit  while  he  lived.  So  far  back 
as  1765  he  published  an  attack  on  our  system  of  entails ;  in  1779  he 
explained  a  scheme  for  a  uniform  standard  of  weights  and  measures. 
But  the  giant  of  the  bench  was  Braxfield : — 


"  His  very  name  makes  people  start  yet.  Strong-built  and  dark,  with  rough  eye- 
brows, powerful  eyes,  threatening  lips,  and  a  low  growling  voice,  he  was  like  a  for- 
midable blacksmith.    His  accent  and  his  dialect  were  exaggerated  Scotch ;  his  language, 

like  his  thoughts,  short,  strong,  and  conclusive. 

•  •••••• 

"  With  this  intellectual  force,  as  applied  to  law,  his  merits,  I  fear,  cease.  Illiterate, 
and  without  any  taste  for* refined  enjoyment,  strength  of  understanding,  which  gave 
him  power  without  cultivation,  only  encouraged  him  to  a  more  contemptuous  disdain  of 
all  natures  less  coarse  than  his  own.  Despising  the  growing  improvement  of  manners, 
he  shocked  the  feelings  even  of  an  age  which,  with  more  of  the  formality,  had  far  less  of 
the  substance,  of  decorum  than  our  own.  Thousands  of  his  sayings  have  been  preserved, 
and  the  staple  of  them  is  indecency ;  which  he  succeeded  in  making  many  people  enjoy, 
or  at  least  endure,  by  hearty  laughter,  energy  of  manner,  and  rough  humour.  Almost 
the  only  story  of  him  I  ever  heard  that  had  some  fun  in  it  without  immodesty,  was 
when  a  butler  gave  up  his  place  because  his  Lordship's  wife  was  always  scolding  him. 
'  Lord !'  he  exdaimed,  '  ye've  little  to  complain  o' ;  ye  may  be  thankfu'  ye're  no  mar- 
ried to  her.*  »»#»»# 

**  It  may  be  doubted  if  he  was  ever  so  much  in  his  element  as  when  tauntingly  re- 
pelling the  last  despairing  claim  of  a  wretched  culprit,  and  sending  him  to  Botany  Bay 
or  the  gallows  with  an  insulting  jest ;  over  which  he  would  chuckle  the  more  from  ob- 
serving that  correct  people  were  shocked.  Yet  this  was  not  from  cruelty,  for  which  he 
was  too  strong  and  too  jovial,  but  from  cherished  coarseness." 

When  Lord  Cockbum  first  entered  the  Outer  House,  David  Eae,  Lord 
Eskgrove,  was  the  most  prominent  judge.  "  When  I  first  knew  him," 
he  says,  "he  was  in  the  zenith  of  his  absurdity, — a  more  ludicrous  per- 
sonage could  not  exist."  Brougham  tormented  him ;  he  revenged  him- 
self by  sneering  at  Brougham's  eloquence,  calling  it,  and  the  orator  too, 
the  Harangue,  "  Well,  gentlemen,  what  did  the  Harangue  say  next  ?" 
"  Why,  it  said  this,"  (mis-stating  it ;)  "  but  here  the  Harangue  was  most 
plainly  wrong,  and  not  intelligible."  In  the  trial  of  Glengarry  for 
murder,  one  of  the  witnesses  was  a  lady  of  great  beauty,  who  came  into 
court  veiled.  The  judge  thus  addressed  her: — "Young  woman,  you 
will  now  Consider  yourself  as  in  the  presence  of  Almighty  God,  and  of 
this  High  Court.  Lift  up  your  veil,  throw  off*  all  modesty,  and  look  me 
in  the  face." 

Of  the  intemperate  habits  of  the  Scotch  people  at  this  date,  we  have 
many  instances,  but  none  so  shocking  as  this : — 

"  At  Edinburgh,  the  old  judges  had  a  practice  at  which  even  their  barbaric  age  used 
to  shake  its  head.  They  had  always  wine  and  biscuits  on  the  bench,  when  the  business 
was  clearly  to  be  protracted  beyond  the  usual  dinner-hour.  The  modem  judges— those, 
I  mean,  who  were  made  after  1800 — never  gave  in  to  this ;  but  with  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding generation,  some  of  whom  lasted  several  yean  after  1800,  it  was  quite  oommon. 


1856.]  Cockbum's  Memorials  of  his  Thnes.  31 

Black  bottleB  of  strong  port  were  set  down  beside  them  on  the  bench,  with  glasses, 
caraffes  of  water,  tumblers,  and  biscuits ;  and  this  without  the  slightest  attempt  at  oon» 
oealment.  The  refreshment  was  generally  allowed  to  stand  untouched,  and  as  if  despised, 
for  a  short  time,  during  which  their  lordships  seemed  to  be  intent  only  on  their  notes. 
3ut  in  a  little  time,  some  water  was  poured  into  a  tumbler,  and  sipped  quietly  as  if  merely 
to  sustain  nature ;  then  a  few  drops  of  wine  were  ventured  upon,  but  only  with  the 
water,  till  at  last  patience  could  endure  no  longer,  and  a  full  bumper  of  the  pure  black 
element  wbs  tossed  over ;  after  which  the  thing  went  on  regularly,  and  there  was  a  com- 
fortalde  munching  and  quaffing,  to  the  great  envy  of  the  parched  throats  in  the  gallery. 
The  strong-headed  stood  it  tolerably  well,  but  it  told  plainly  enough  upon  the  feeble. 
Not  that  the  ermine  was  absolutely  intoxicated,  but  it  was  certainly  sometimes  affected. 
This^  however,  was  so  ordinary  with  these  sages,  that  it  really  made  little  apparent 
chai^^e  upon  them.  It  was  not  very  perceptible  at  a  distance ;  and  they  all  acquired  the 
habit  of  sitting  and  looking  judicial  enough  even  when  their  bottles  had  reached  the 
lowest  ebb.  This  open-court  refection  did  not  prevail,  so  far  as  I  ever  saw,  at  circuits. 
It  took  a  different  form  there.  The  temptation  of  the  inn  frequently  produced  a  total 
stoppage  of  business,  during  which  all  concerned — ^judges  and  counsel,  clerks,  jurymen, 
and  provosts,  had  a  jolly  dinner;  after  which  they  returned  again  to  the  transportations 
and  hangings.  I  have  seen  this  done  often.  It  was  a  common  remark,  that  the  step  of  the 
evening  procession  was  far  less  true  to  the  music  than  that  of  the  morning." 

The  extracts  we  have  given  from  this  amusing  book  convey  but  a  very 
inadequate  idea  of  the  history  of  the  growth  of  public  opinion,  or  of  the 
growth  of  political  life  in  Scotland ;  nor  could  this  be  fairly  accomplished 
without  quoting  the  greater  portion  of  the  volume.  Enough,  however, 
has  been  given  to  shew  the  nature  of  the  work,  and,  we  hope,  to  excite 
the  reader  to  its  perusal.  Of  current  events  Lord  Cockbum*s  descrip- 
tion is  just  as  vivid  as  of  individuals  and  of  character.  We  give  as  a 
specimen  his  account  of  the  great  fire  of  1824 : — 

"  About  noon  next  day  an  alarm  was  given  that  the  Tron  Church  was  on  fire.  We  ran 
out  finom  the  court,  gowned  and  wigged,  and  saw  that  it  was  the  steeple,  an  old  Dutch 
thing,  composed  of  wood,  iron,  and  lead,  and  edged  all  the  way  up  with  bits  of  orna- 
ment. Some  of  the  sparks  of  the  preceding  night  had  nestled  in  it,  and  had  at  last 
blown  its  dry  bones  into  flame.  There  could  not  be  a  more  beautiful  firework ;  only  it 
was  wasted  on  the  daylight.  It  was  one  hour's  brilliant  blaze.  The  spire  was  too  hi^h 
and  too  combustible  to  admit  of  any  attempt  to  save  it,  so  that  we  had  nothing  to  do 
but  to  admire.  And  it  was  certainly  beautiful.  The  fire  seized  on  every  projecting 
point,  and  played  with  the  fretwork,  as  if  it  had  been  all  an  exhibition.  The  outer 
covering-boards  were  soon  consumed,  and  the  lead  dissolved.  This  made  the  strong  up- 
right and  cross-beams  visible ;  and  these  stood,  with  the  flame  lessened,  but  with  the 
r^  fire  increased,  as  if  it  had  been  a  great  burning  toy.  The  conflagration  was  long 
presided  over  by  a  calm  and  triumphant  gilded  cock  on  the  top  of  the  spire,  which  seemed 
to  look  on  the  people,  and  to  listen  to  the  crackling,  in  disdain.  But  it  was  under- 
mined at  last,  and  dived  down  into  the  burning  gulph,  followed  by  the  upper  half  of 
the  steeple.  The  lower  half  held  out  a  little  longer,  till,  the  very  bell  being  melted, 
this  half  came  down  also,  with  a  world  of  sparks.  There  was  one  occurrence  which 
made  the  gazers  start.  It  was  a  quarter  before  twelve,  when  the  minute-hand  of  the 
clock  stood  horizontally.  The  internal  heat — for  the  clock  was  untouched  outwardly — 
cracked  the  machinery,  and  the  hand  dropped  suddenly  and  silently  down  to  the  per- 
pendicular. When  the  old  time-keeper's  ftmction  was  done,  there  was  an  audible  sigh 
over  the  spectators.  When  it  was  all  over,  and  we  were  beginning  to  move  back  to  our 
clients,  Scott,  whose  father's  pew  had  been  in  the  Tron  Church,  lingered  a  moment,  and 
said,  with  a  profound  heave,  '  £h  Sirs !  mony  a  weary,  weary  sermon  hae  I  heard  be- 
neath that  steeple !'  About  nine  that  evening  I  went  over  to  the  old  town  to  see  whnt 
was  going  on.  There  were  a  good  many  people  on  the  street,  but  no  appearance  of  any 
new  danger.  I  had  not  been  home  again  above  half  an  hour,  when  it  was  supposed 
that  the  sky  was  unnaturally  red.  In  spite  of  Hermand's  remonstrances,  whose  flrst 
tumbler  was  nearly  ready,  I  hurried  back,  and  found  the  south-east  angle  of  the  Parlia- 
ment Close  burning  violently.  This  was  in  the  centre  of  the  same  thick-set  population 
and  buildings;  but  the  property  was  far  more  valuable.  It  was  almost  touching  Sir 
William  Forbes*  Bank,  the  Libraries  of  the  Advocates  and  of  the  Writers  to  the  Signet, 
the  Cathedral,  and  the  Courts.  Of  course  the  alarm  was  very  great ;  but  this  seemed 
only  to  increase  the  conAinon." 


32  Stanzas  written  at  Hastings.  ['^uly, 

We  conclude  with  a  sketch  taken  of  Sir  "Walter  Scott  at  Abbotsford, 
in  1828  :— 

"  His  habits  at  this  time  were  these.  He  rose  about  six ;  wrote  from  about  half-past 
six  till  nine — the  second  series  of  the  '  Tales  of  a  Grandfather'  being  then  the  work ; 
breakfasted  and  lounged  from  nine  to  eleven ;  wrote  from  eleven  till  about  two ;  walked 
till  about  four ;  dined  at  five,  partaking  freely,  but  far  from  immoderately,  of  various 
wmes ;  and  then,  as  soon  as  the  ladies  withdrew,  taking  to  cigars  and  hot  whiskey -toddy ; 
went  to  the  drawing-room  soon,  where  he  inspired  everybody  with  his  passion  for  Scotch 
music,  and,  if  anxiously  asked,  never  refused  to  recite  any  old  ballad  or  tell  any  old 
tale.  The  house  was  asleep  by  eleven.  When  fitted  up  for  dinner  he  was  like  any 
other  comfortably  ill-dressed  gentleman.  But  in  the  morning,  with  the  large  coarse 
jacket,  great  stidc,  and  leathern  cap,  he  was  a  Dandy  Dimmont,  or  Dirk  Hatteraick — a 
smuggler  or  a  poacher." 


STANZAS  WllITTEN  AT  HASTINGS. 

I. 
When  the  shadows  of  night 
Gather  fast  from  the  land, 
And  the  moon  sheds  her  light 
On  Ihe  surf-beaten  strand ; 
When  no  step  can  follow. 

And  no  eye  is  near, 
To  remark  on  our  sorrow. 
Or  witness  a  tear, — 
O'er  some  broken  vision  what  heart  may  not  mourn, 
0*er  some  dream  of  its  youth  that  can  ne'er  return  ! 

II. 
The  world  may  applaud  us, — 

It  sees  our  success ; 
Earth's  honours  reward  us. 

E'en  envy  caress ; 
But  the  dim  realms  of  Thought 

Deep  and  silent  remain. 
And  their  dreamings  are  sought 
By  the  wise  world  in  vain  ; — 
*Tis  at  night,  when  alone,  their  sad  impress  we  feel, 
Then  we  weep  over  thoughts  we  may  never  reveal. 

III. 

Some  bitter  regret 

Will  come  o'er  the  feeling, 
Some  hope  that  has  set. 

To  remembrance  appealing, 
Some  hours  that  were  blest. 

But  ah !  fleeting  they  prov'd ! 
Some  wish  of  the  breast. 

Or  some  voice  that  was  lov'd. 
Will  moan  thro'  the  heart,  like  the  tones  of  a  lute, 
That  once  echo'd  with  joy,  but  that  long  has  been  mute. 

C. 


1856.]  33 


FERGUSSOFS  ILLUSTRATED  HANDBOOK  OF 

ARCHITECTURE  \ 

Thb  public  are  much  indebted  both  to  the  author  and  to  the  publisher 
of  this  work :  to  the  former,  for  the  diligence  with  which  he  has  collected 
and  digested  an  immense  mass  of  materials ;  to  the  latter,  for  the  spirit  and 
liberality  with  which  he  has  illustrated  them  by  an  extraordinary  number 
of  very  beautiful  woodcuts,  without  the  help  of  which  Mr.  Fergusson's 
labours  could  scarcely  have  been  made  intelligible  to  the  general  reader. 
It  was  indeed,  a  noble  undertaking  to  illustrate  the  architecture  of  the 
whole  world,  by  digesting  an  entire  library  of  architecture  into  a  single 
work  of  moderate  dimensions.  We  hardly  go  too  far  in  saying,  that  most 
of  the  best  plates  in  the  best  works  upon  architecture  that  have  ever  been 
published,  are  here  copied  on  a  reduced  scale,  but  large  enough  to  be  per- 
fectly clear  and  distinct,  and  sufficient  for  the  purpose  of  study.  The  idea 
of  giving  ground-plans  of  all  the  principal  buildings  in  the  world  reduced 
to  one  scale,  (100  feet  to  an  inch,)  is  also  an  excellent  one,  and  enables  us 
more  clearly  to  understand  the  relative  proportions,  and  many  other  points 
which  were  not  to  be  ascertained  without  great  difficulty  and  long  study  in 
previous  works. 

The  works  which  Mr.  Fergusson  has  previously  published  all  relate  to 
the  architecture  of  Eastern  countries,  and  this  would  lead  us  to  expect — 
what  we  find  to  be  the  case — that  those  countries  which  are  in  general  the 
least  known  to  Europeans  are  here  most  fully  illustrated,  and  their  archi- 
tectural history  the  most  clearly  developed.  This  gives  the  work  a  novelty 
and  freshness  to  the  general  reader.  The  whole  of  the  first  volume  relates 
to  what  may  be  called  the  Pagan  styles,  including  the  ancient  Greek  and 
Roman,  but  treating  with  equal  fulness  of  the  Buddhist,  the  Hindu,  the 
Chinese,  the  Egyptian,  the  Sassanian  or  Persian,  and  the  Saracenic.  The 
very  existence  of  some  of  these  styles  of  architecture  is  scarcely  known  to 
the  greater  part  of  English  readers  of  ordinary  education.  The  second 
volume  relates  entirely  to  Christian  architecture,  and  this  portion  is  less 
complete  and  satisfactory.  Probably  owing  to  the  long  residence  of  the 
author  in  the  East,  he  is  less  familiar  with  the  architecture  of  Western  Eu- 
rope, and  is  not  aware  of  the  rapid  progress  which  has  been  made  in  its 
study  during  the  last  twenty  years.  He  is  either  not  acquainted  with, 
or  purposely  ignores,  the  school  of  Rickman,  such  as  Pugin,  Whewell, 
Willis,  Hussey,  Petit,  and  others,  the  result  of  whose  observations  he 
could  readily  have  obtained  by  only  asking  for  them.  He  follows  too  im- 
plicitly the  foreign  local  antiquaries,  who  are  seldom  safe  guides  as  to  the 
dates  of  the  buildings  they  describe.  Each  local  antiquary  naturally  wishes 
to  prove  the  church  of  his  own  town  to  be  the  finest  or  the  most  ancient  in 
the  country,  or  in  the  world.  Mr.  Fergusson  should  have  sifted  their 
evidence,  and  examined  their  authorities  more  carefully  than  he  has  done, 
and  he  would  thereby  have  saved  himself  from  several  gross  blunders. 
Such  an  enthusiast  as  M.  Blavignac,  of  Geneva,  for  instance,  is  a  very  un- 
safe guide  for  the  dates  of  the  buildings  he  has  described ;  but  as  he  is  a 


a    «< 


The  niostrated  Handbook  of  Architectare ;  being  a  Concise  and  Popular  Account 
of  the  Different  Styles  of  Architecture  prevailing  in  all  Ages  and  Countries.     By  James 
Fergusson,  M.R.I.B.A.,  Author  of  *  Palaces  of  Nineveh  and  Persepolis  restored,'  &c" 
(London :  Murray.    2  vols.  8vo.,  1004  pp.,  with  850  Illustrations  on  wood.) 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  p 


34  ^Fergusson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.      [July, 


very  honest  enthusiast,  the  authorities  he  quotes  in  the  notes  to  his  own 
work  supply  sufficient  data  for  upsetting  his  theories,  and  shewing  the  real 
dates  of  the  huildings.  Mr.  Fergusson  may  not  have  had  the  opportunity 
of  examining  the  buildings  themselves  with  the  help  of  M.  Blavignac,  as  we 
have  done ;  but  when  he  found  that  the  theories  of  that  gentleman  involved 
him  in  the  necessity  of  considering  such  buildings  as  the  cathedrals  of 
Geneva  and  Lausanne  as  belonging  to  the  eleventh  century,  which  to  the 
eyes  of  any  experienced  traveller  are  palpably  of  the  thirteenth,  he  should 
have  learned  to  mistrust  such  a  guide,  and  not  have  followed  him  implicitly, 
as  he  has  done. 

Mr.  Fergusson  also  betrays  upon  many  occasions  a  prejudice  against  the 
Gothic  styles  and  the  pointed  arch,  which  he  commonly  calls  the  broken 
arch  !  But  it  is  time  that  we  allowed  our  author  to  speak  for  himself;  and 
though  we  cannot  agree  with  all  that  he  says,  he  is  at  least  entitled  to  a 
patient  hearing  and  our  best  attention.  With  the  greater  part  of  his  pre- 
face we  can  cordially  agree  : — 


"There  are  few  branches  of  artistic  or 
scientific  research  which  have  made  such 
rapid  and  satisfactory  pr(^ess  during  the 
last  fifty  years  as  those  which  serve  to 
illustrate  and  elucidate  the  arts  and  archi- 
tecture of  bygone  ages.  Not  only  has  an 
immense  mass  of  new  materials  been  col- 
lected, but  new  principles  of  criticism  have 
been  evolved,  and  studies  which  in  the 
last  century  were  the  mere  amusement  of 
the  amateur,  and  cultivated  only  as  mat- 
ters of  taste,  are  now  becoming  objects  of 
philosophical  inquiry,  and  assuming  a  rank 
among  the  most  important  elements  of 
historical  research.  Beyond  this,  which  is 
perhaps  the  most  generally  attractive  view 
of  the  matter,  there  is  every  reason  to 
hope  that  the  discovery  now  being  made 
of  the  principles  that  guided  architects  in 
the  production  of  their  splendid  works  in 
former  days,  may  ultimately  enable  us  to 
equal,  if  not  to  smpass,  all  that  has  been 
hitherto  done  in  architectural  design. 

"  With  these  inducements,  added  to  the 
inherent  beauty  and  interest  which  always 
attach  themselves  more  or  less  to  the  ob- 
jects of  architectural  art,  the  study  of  it 
ought  to  be  one  of  the  most  useful  as  well 
as  one  of  the  most  attractive  which  can 
occupy  the  attention  of  the  public,  and  no 
doubt  would  be  much  more  extensively 
cultivated,  were  it  not  for  the  difiiculties 
attending  its  pursuit." — (p.  v.) 

"  The  object  of  the  present  work  is  to 
remedy  to  some  extent  these  inconveni- 

The  Introduction  is  a  clever  sketch  of  the  general  subject,  which  hardly 
admits  of  extract  or  further  condensation :  there  are  some  few  passages 
from  which  we  should  be  disposed  to  differ  in  opinion,  but  this  would  in- 
volve too  long  a  discussion.  The  following,  however,  strikes  us  as  a  very 
questionable  and  dangerous  doctrine  to  inculcate  on  a  young  architect :  — 

"It  is  not  necessary  that  the  engineer  though  it  certainly  would  be  better  in 
should   know    anything   of  architecture,     most  instances  if  he  did;    but,  on  the 


ences,  and,  by  supplying  a  succinct  but 
popular  account  of  all  the  principal  build- 
ings of  the  world,  to  condense  within  the 
compass  of  two  small  volumes  the  essence 
of  the  information  contained  in  the  pon- 
derous tomes  composing  an  architectural 
library ;  and  by  generalizing  all  the  styles 
known,  and  assigning  to  each  its  relative 
value,  to  enable  the  reader  to  acquire  a 
more  complete  knowledge  of  the  subject 
than  has  hitherto  been  attainable  without 
deep  study. 

"Up  to  the  present  time  it  has  been 
hardly  possible  to  accomplish  this,  and 
even  now  very  much  more  information  is 
required  before  it  can  be  done  satisfac- 
torily for  all  styles ;  but  on  comparing  this 
work  with  any  of  the  older  productions  of 
its  class,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  much  pro- 
gress has  been  made,  and  how  much  nearer 
we  are  to  completeness  than  we  ever  were 
before." — (p.  vi.) 

"  One  object  that  has  been  steadily  kept 
in  view  in  this  work  has  been  to  shew  that 
architecture  may  be  efficiently  illustrated 
by  plates  on  a  small  scale,  yet  sufiiciently 
clear  to  convey  instruction  to  professional 
architects.  Every  pains  has  been  taken  to 
secure  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  ac- 
curacy, and  in  all  instances  the  sources 
from  which  the  woodcuts  have  been  taken 
are  indicated.  Many  of  the  illustrations 
are  from  original  drawings,  and  of  buildings 
never  before  published." — (p.  x.) 


1856.]     Fergtttson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture. 


35 


other  hand,  it  is  indispensably  necessary 
that  the  architect  should  understand  con- 
struction. Without  that  knowledge  he 
cannot  design ;  but  it  would  be  well  if,  in 
most  instances,  he  could  delegate  the  me- 
chanical part  of  his  task  to  the  engineer, 
and  so  restrict  himself  entirely  to  the  ar- 
tistic  arrangement  and  the  ornamentation 
of  his  design.    This  division  of  labour  is 


essential  to  success,  and  was  always  prac- 
tised where  art  was  a  reality;  and  no 
great  work  should  be  undertaken  without 
the  union  of  the  two.  Perfect  artistic 
and  perfect  mechanical  skill  can  hardly  be 
found  combined  in  one  person,  but  it  is 
only  by  their  joint  assistance  that  a  great 
work  of  architecture  can  be  produced." — 
(p.  xxix.) 


It  appears  to  us,  that  when  the  architect  "  delegates  the  mechanical  part 
of  his  task  to  the  engineer/'  he  simply  abdicates  his  office  and  becomes  the 
mere  decorator :  if  Mr.  Fergusson's  principle  is  generally  believed  and 
acted  upgn  by  his  profession,  as  we  fear  is  too  often  the  case,  there  is  no 
wonder  that  our  modern  architects  have  produced  so  many  wretched  failures, 
and  that  as  a  body  our  civil  engineers  are  so  much  in  advance  of  our  archi- 
tects. The  proper  business  of  the  architect  is  to  construct,  and  to  make 
all  ornament  or  decoration  subsidiary  and  subordinate  to  the  construction. 
The  great  fault  of  modem  architects  is  that  they  make  a  pretty  drawing  of 
the  exterior  facade  of  a  proposed  building,  and  then  make  the  internal  ar- 
rangements fit  in  with  their  "  design'*  as  well  as  they  can,  often  at  the 
sacrifice  of  every  kind  of  comfort,  or  propriety,  or  convenience.  This  is 
exactly  the  opposite  of  the  course  pursued  by  the  ancient  architects  ;  they 
attended  first  to  the  requirements  of  the  interior  and  the  construction,  and 
left  the  exterior  to  take  care  of  itself;  or,  at  least,  made  the  appearance  of 
it,  and  all  ornament,  entirely  secondary ;  they  ornamented  what  was  useful, 
and  did  not  build  mere  ornament. 

The  section  on  ethnography  is  so  good  and  true  that  we  quote  it  en- 
tire : — 


"  It  is  the  circumstance  mentioned  in 
the  last  section,  of  the  perfectly  truthftil 
imitation  of  Nature  in  all  true  styles  of 
art,  that  gives  such  a  charm  to  the  study, 
and  raises  the  elaboration  of  these  princi- 
ples to  the  dignity  of  a  science.  It  leads 
also  to  one  further  conclusion :  when  men 
expressed  their  knowledge  so  truthfully, 
they  expressed  also  their  feelings,  and  with 
their  feehngs  their  nationality.  It  is  thus 
that,  looking  on  an  ancient  building,  we 
can  not  only  teU  in  what  state  of  civilization 
its  builders  lived,  or  how  far  they  were 
advanced  in  the  arts,  but  we  can  almost 
certainly  say  also  to  what  race  they  be- 
longed, and  what  their  affinities  were  with 
the  other  races  or  tribes  of  mankind.  So 
far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  I  do  not 
know  a  single  exception  to  this  rule ;  and, 
as  far  as  I  can  judge,  I  believe  that  archi- 
tecture is  in  all  instances  as  correct  a  test 


of  race  as  language,  and  one  far  more 
easily  applied  and  understood.  Languages 
alter  and  become  mixed,  and  when  a 
change  has  once  been  established  it  is 
extremely  difficult  to  follow  it  back  to  its 
origin,  and  unravel  the  elements  which 
compose  it;  but  a  building  once  erected 
stands  unchanged  to  testify  to  the  time 
when  it  was  built,  and  the  feelings  and 
motives  of  its  builders  remain  stamped  in- 
delibly upon  it  as  long  as  it  lasts. 

"  Owing  to  the  conftision  of  styles  which 
has  prevailed  since  the  Renaissanee,  this 
branch  of  the  subject  has  been  little  un- 
derstood or  followed  out;  but  it  is  the 
characteristic  which  lends  to  the  study  of 
ancient  architecture  its  highest  value,  and 
which,  when  properly  understood,  will 
elevate  what  has  been  considered  as  a 
merely  instructive  pastime  into  the  dignity 
of  an  important  science." — (p.  lii.,  liii.) 


With  Mr.  Fergusson's  ideas  of  a  new  style  we  cannot  entirely  agree,  but 
there  is  a  good  deal  in  them  deserving  of  consideration,  especially  in  his 
preliminary  remarks : — 

"  There  is  still  one  other  point  of  view  questions,  nearly  as  often  asked  as  those 
from  which  it  is  necessary  to  look  at  this  proposed  at  the  beginning  of  this  Intro- 
question  of  architectural  design,  before  any  duction.  *  Can  we  ever  again  have  a  new 
just  conclusion  can  be  arrived  at  regarding  and  original  style  of  architecture  ?* — *  Can 
it.     It  is  in  &ct  necessary  to  answer  two  any  one  invent  a  new  style  ?'     Reasoning 


36 


Ferfftisson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.      [July, 


from  experience  alone,  it  is  ea^y  to  answer 
these  questions.  No  individual  has,  so 
far  as  we  know,  ever  invented  a  new  style 
in  any  part  of  the  world.  No  one  can 
even  be  named  who  during  the  prevalence 
of  a  true  style  of  art  materially  advanced 
its  progress,  or  by  his  individual  exertion 
did  much  to  help  it  forward;  and  we  may 
safely  answer,  that  as  this  has  never  hap- 
pened before,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  it 
will  ever  occur  now." — (p.  liii.) 

"  In  the  concision  of  ideas  and  of  styles 
which  now  prevails,  it  is  satisfactory  to  be 
able  to  contemplate,  in  the  Crystal  Palace 
at  Sydenham,  at  least  one  great  building 
carried  out  wholly  in  the  principles  of 
Gothic  or  of  any  true  style  of  art.  No 
material  is  used  in  it  which  is  not  the  best 


for  its  purpose,  no  constructive  expedient 
employed  whidi  was  not  absolutely  essen- 
tial, and  it  depends  wholly  for  its  effect  on 
the  arrangement  of  its  parts  and  the  dis- 
play of  its  construction.  So  essentially  is 
its  principle  the  same  which,  as  we  have 
seen,  animated  Gothic  architecture,  that 
we  hardly  know  even  now  how  much  of 
the  design  belongs  te  Sir  Joseph  Paxten, 
how  much  to  the  contractors,  or  how  much 
to  the  subordinate  officers  employed  by  the 
Company.  Here,  as  in  a  cathedral,  every 
man  was  set  to  work  in  that  department 
which  it  was  supposed  he  was  best  quali- 
fied to  superintend.  There  was  room  for 
every  art  and  for  every  intellect,  and 
clashing  and  interference  were  impossible." 
— (pp.  IvL,  Ivii.) 


The  remainder  of  the  first  volume,  or  of  Pagan  architecture,  we  must 
on  the  present  occasion  pass  over  for  want  of  space.  We  will  only  observe 
in  passing,  that  Mr.  George  Williams  and  Professor  Willis,  in  their  elabo- 
rate work  on  the  architecture  of  Jerusalem,  are  altogether  at  variance  with 
Mr.  Fergusson  respecting  the  Temple. 

The  second  volume  commences  with  the  Romanesque  style.  We  cannot 
help  expressing  our  regret  that  Mr.  Fergusson  has  used  this  term  in  a  dif- 
ferent sense  from  that  which  has  been  commonly  applied  to  it  for  the  last 
twenty  years ;  it  had  become  appropriated  to  the  imitations  of  the  Roman 
style  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries ;  Mr.  Fergusson  appUes  it  to  the 
later  Roman  buildings : 

"  The  first  chapter  in  this  history  must     Christian  architecture  took  on  emancipate 
necessarily  be  devoted  to  the  Romanesque,     ing  itself  entirely  from  Pagan  influence." 
or  debased  Roman — the  first  form  which 

It  is  true  that  the  word  might  originally  have  heen  equally  applicable  to 
either  of  these  classes  of  buildings,  or  might  include  them  both ;  but  when 
we  have  it  established  and  in  common  use  for  buildings  of  one  period,  it  is 
needlessly  puzzling  to  use  the  same  term  in  a  technical  sense  for  another 
group  of  buildings  some  hundred  years  earlier.  Nor  does  Mr.  Fergusson's 
essay  on  Nomenclature  reconcile  us  to  his  own  practice.  His  proposal  to 
distinguish  the  different  styles  of  English  architecture  by  dynastic  names 
entirely,  appears  to  us  to  add  one  more  puzzle  as  a  stumbling-block  for  the 
tyro.  The  French  mode  of  using  the  dates  only,  distinguishing  the  styles 
by  centuries,  is  perhaps,  after  all,  the  most  simple  and  easy.  Only,  as  the 
change  of  style  began  soon  after  the  middle  of  each  century,  this  division 
is  apt  to  mislead :  the  last  twenty  years  of  each  century  belong  in  style  to 
the  century  following.  Mr.  Fergusson's  remark,  that  the  reigns  of  "  the 
three  Richards  by  a  singular  coincidence  mark  three  ages  of  transition," 
is  worthy  of  notice ;  and  the  observation  is  perhaps  sufficiently  near  the 
truth  to  make  it  useful  to  assist  the  memory,  although  the  change  of  style 
did  not  take  place  exclusively  in  those  reigns.  The  first  change  began  in 
the  time  of  Henry  H.,  the  second  change  began  in  the  latter  part  of  Henry 
HI.,  and  the  third  in  the  latter  part  of  Edward  HI.  Still  the  remark  is  a 
happy  one,  and  more  accurate  than  such  coincidences  usually  are.  Mr. 
Fergusson  seems  particularly  fond  of  applying  new  senses  to  terms  of  long- 
established  usage  in  a  dififerent  sense :  having  given  his  own  meaning  to 


38 


Fergu88on^8  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture,      [July, 


the  term  Romanesque^  he  next  proposes  a  new  sense  for  the  term  Gothic  ; 
applying  it  to  the  rude  buildings  of  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  although  in 
the  previous  paragraph  he  had  correctly  informed  us  that  in  the  west  of 
Europe  the  Romanesque  style  continued  to  be  practised  down  to  the  eleventh 
or  twelfth  century.  How  is  the  tyro  to  distinguish  between  Romanesque 
and  Gothic,  according  to  Mr.  Fergusson's  definition  ? — 

be  practised  to  a  much  later  date  than  the 
seventh  century, — in  Ravenna  and  Venice 
down  to  the  tenth  or  eleventh  century, 
with  the  solitary  but  important  exception 
of  St.  Mark's  of  Venice,  the  design  of 
which  certainly  belongs  to  the  East,  with 
which  that  city  was  at  that  age  more 
closely  connected  than  with  Rome.  On 
the  west  coast,  at  Florence  and  Pisa, 
it  continued  to  at  least  as  late  a  date, 
and  in  the  south  of  France  it  was  prac- 
tised till  the  twelfth  century  at  least, 
though  with  a  difference  sufficiently  mark- 
ed to  obtain  for  it  the  distinguishing  name 
of  Romance  or  Proven9al.  In  Spain,  too, 
it  continued,  I  believe,  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean shore  to  as  late  a  period ;  but  that 
land  is  still  architecturally  almost  un- 
known. 

"  With  the  age  of  Charlemagne  a  new 
form  of  art  arose,  to  wliich  the  general 
name  of  Gothic  may  be  correctly  applied ; 
meaning  thereby  all  those  styles  which 
were  introduced  by  the  barbarians  who 
overthrew  the  Roman  empire.  Acting  at 
first  under  the  direct  influence  of  Rome, 
and  afterwards  guided  by  their  own  ex- 
perience, they  brought  the  style  to  that 
pitch  of  perfection  which  we  still  admire." 


"  The  first  is  most  properly  designated 
Romanesque,  or  mo^fied—  in  this  instance, 
unfortunately,  debased  —  Roman.  From 
the  time  of  Constantine  to  that  of  Justi- 
nian it  pervaded  the  whole  empire,  and  no 
distinction  can  be  drawn  between  the 
East  and  West  sufficient  to  warrant  tlieir 
separation.  Minute  differences  may  be 
olwerved,  constituting  varieties; — these  are 
easily  marked  by  secondary  titles. 

"With  Justinian  a  distinct  separation 
takes  place,  the  limits  of  which  may  be 
generally  defined  as  follows  : — If  a  line  be 
drawn  from  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic  to 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  say  from  Fiume 
to  Konigsberg,  it  will  divide  Europe  into 
two  nearly  equal  portions :  of  these,  the 
eastern  half  is  inhabited  by  Slaves,  Huns, 
Servians,  and  other  races,  differing  con- 
siderably from  those  to  the  westward, 
generally  adhering  to  the  Greek  Church, 
and  practising  a  style  of  architecture  cor- 
rectly called  the  Byzantine,  which  neither 
influenced  nor  was  influenced  by  that  of 
the  West,  after  the  age  of  Justinian.  To 
the  westward  of  this  line  the  case  was 
very  ditferent:  in  those  countries  which 
had  been  the  most  populous,  and  were 
most  completely  civilized  under  the  Roman 
rule,  the  Romanesque  style  continued  to 


We  are  glad  to  see  that  Mr.  Fergusson  does  full  justice  to  the  Roman 
Basilicas  as  the  foundation  of  all  the  modern  styles,  and  to  the  buildings  of 
Ravenna  and  Torcello  as  very  valuable  connecting  links : — 

"During  the  whole  period  when  the 
Romanesque  style  was  most  flourishing, 
the  city  of  Ravenna  almost  rivalled  in 
importance  the  old  capital  of  the  world. 


from  the  city,  commenced  A.D.  538,  and 
dedicated  549.  They  are  both  similar  in 
plan,  in  as  far  at  least  as  their  naves  are 
concerned,  and  apparently  so  in  dimen- 
sions  (See  page  37.) 


and  her  churches  were  consequently  hardly 
less  important,  either  in  num- 
ber or  in  richness,  than  those 
we  have  just  been  describ- 
ing  

"  Besides  a  considerable 
number  of  other  churches, 
which  have  either  been  lost 
or  destroyed  by  repair,  Ra- 
venna still  possesses  two  first- 
class  three-aisled  basilicas — 
the  San  Apollinare  Nuovo, 
orijirinally  an  Arian  church, 
built  by  Theodoric,  king  of 
the  Goths,  (a.d.  493—526) ; 
and  the  San  Apollinare  ad  Classem,  at  the  "  Scarce  less  interesting  is  the  basilica 
Port  of  Ravemia,  situated  about  three  miles     of  Torcello,  in  the  Venetian  Lagunc,  built 


PLAN  OF  THB  CHURCH  AT  TORCELLO. 


1856.]     Fergtuson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture. 


89 


in  the  first  yean  of  the  eleventh  century. 
Like  Fftrenzo,  it  is  one  of  those  buildings 
that  neither  artists  nor  architects  will 
locds  at.  No  church,  however,  of  its  age, 
probably  possesses  in  such  perfection  the 
bttffilican  arrangement  as  this — at  least,  at 
so  late  an  age.  As  will  be  seen  from  the 
woodcut  (from  Aginoourfs  work),  it  is  a 
ample  basilica,  with  nine  pillars  on  each 
side  of  the  nave,  and  three  apses;  the 
two  smaller  on  each  side  of  the  larger 
one  being  the  only  thing  that  can  be 
called  an  innovation  on  the  old  arrange- 
ment. Its  most  striking  peculiarity,  how- 
ever, is  the  position  of  the  baptistery, 
which,  instead  of  being  separated  from 
the  church  by  an  atrium,  as  was  usually 
the  case,  is  only  divided  from  it  by  a  nar- 
row passage.  It  is  evident  that  it  only 
required  one  slight  step  further  to  convert 
this  into  a  double  apse  cathedral,  such  as 
are  found  so  commonly  in  Germany. 

"The  most  interesting  part  of  this 
church  is  the  interior  of  its  apse,  which 
still  retains  the  bishop's  throne,  surrounded 
by  six  ranges  of  seats  for  his  presbytery, 
arranged  Ilkc  those  of  an  ancient  theatre. 
It  presents  one  of  the  most  extensive  and 
best  preserved  examples  of  the  fittings  of 
the  apse,  and  g^ves  a  better  idea  of  the 


mode  in  which  the  apses  of  churches  were 
originally  arranged,  than  anything  that  is 
to  be  found  in  any  other  church,  either  of 
its  age  or  of  an  earlier  period.  (See  p.  37.) 
"The  architectural  history  of  Italy  is 
nearly  a  blanl^  during  the  four  centuries 
that  elapsed  between  the  building  of  the 
basilicas  of  Parenzo  and  Torcello.  This 
is  only  too  easily  to  be  accounted  for  from 
the  irruption  of  the  barbarians,  and  the 
troubled  state  of  all  political  relations 
during  these  truly  dark  ages.  This  may 
account  for  the  style  reappearing  at  Tor- 
cello  with  so  little  change  from  what  is 
found  at  Ravenna  and  Parenzo,  after  so 
long  a  lapse  of  time,  and  side  by  side  with 
the  celebrated  church  of  St.  Mark's  of 
Venice,  which  alone  of  all  Italian  churches 
can  fairly  be  called  a  direct  importation 
from  the  East.  Still  we  should  by  no 
means  despair  of  being  able  to  fill  up  the 
gap  to  a  considerable  extent  from  among 
the  smaller  and  more  obscure  churches  of 
towns  lining  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic : 
no  systematic  survey  has  yet  been  at- 
tempted for  this  purpose,  and  the  slight 
glimpses  of  knowledge  that  we  here  and 
there  possess,  serve  only  to  indicate  the 
permanence  of  the  forms  throughout  the 
whole  of  that  dark  period.' 


y> 


In  the  next  chapter,  on  "  Lombard  and  Rhenish  Architecture,"  Mr. 
Fergusson  has  endeavoured  to  throw  some  light  on  an  obscure  subject ; 
but  we  do  not  quite  understand  how  the  various  changes  he  narrates  are 
to  be  tr£lced  in  existing  buildings,  when  the  genuine  remains  of  this  period 
are  so  extremely  small,  few,  and  far  between  : — 

formative  principle  of  the  whole  Gothic 
style,  and  as  essentially  its  characteristic 
as  the  pillars  and  entablati#es  of  the  five 
orders  were  the  characteristics  of  the 
classical  styles  of  Greece  and  Rome.  It 
is  essential  to  remark  this,  and  to  bear 
it  in  mind  even  here ;  for  in  all  the  sub- 
sequent remarks  on  Gothic  Architecture, 
it  is  this  necessity  for  a  stone  roof  that 
was  the  problem  to  be  solved  by  the 
architects,  and  to  accomplish  which  the 
style  took  almost  all  those  forms  which 
arc  so  much  admired  in  it. 

"From  this  example  <rf  the  Carlovin- 
gian  era  we  are  obhged  to  pass  to  the 
eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  the  great 
building  age  of  the  Gk)thic  nations.  It 
is  true,  nevertheless,  that  there  is  scarcely 
a  single  important  church  in  Pavia,  in 
Verona,  or  indeed  in  any  of  the  cities  of 
Lombardy,  whose  original  foundation  can- 
not be  traced  back  to  a  much  earlier 
period.  Before  the  canons  of  architec- 
tural criticism  were  properly  understood, 
antiquaries  were  inclined  to  believe  that 
in  the  edifices  now  existing  they  saw  the 


"  It  is  easy  to  trace  the  general  out- 
line of  these  changes,  but  very  difiicult 
to  fix  and  settle  either  the  date  in  which 
they  took  place  or  the  mode  in  which 
they  were  effected,  owing  to  the  singular 
paucity  of  authentic  monuments  of  the 
strictly  Lombard  period. 

"  Indeed,  except  one  little  chapel  at 
Friuli,  there  is  scarcely  a  single  building 
belonging  to  this  style  which  remains 
unaltered  to  the  present  day,  and  whose 
date  is  anterior  to  the  eleventh  century. 

"  The  chapel  at  Friuli,  though  extremely 
small,  being  only  18  ft.  by  30  inside  the 
walls,  is  interesting,  as  retaining  all  its 
decorations  almost  exactly  as  they  were 
left  by  Gertrude,  duchess  of  Friuli,  who 
erected  it  in  the  eighth  century.  It 
shews  considerable  elegance  in  its  details, 
and  the  sculpture  is  far  better  than  it 
afterwards  became,  though  perhaps  its 
most  remarkable  peculiarity  is  the  inter- 
secting vault  that  covers  it,  (pulchre  tes- 
tudinatumy  as  the  old  chronicle  terms  it,) 
shewing  how  early  was  the  introduction 
of  a  feature  which  afterwards  became  the 


40  Ferguason's  Illvsirated  Handbook  of  JrchUecture.      [July, 

identical  edifices  erected  danng  the  unprorements  wbich  the  eiperience  c^ 
period  of  the  Lombard  away  Either  centimes  had  introduced  into  the  con- 
however,  in  conBequem^  of  the  rude  con  8trDd:ioii  of  religious  edtflcee. 
Btruction  of  the  earher  buildings  or  be  Judging  iroiti  the  rudeneu  of  the 
csnse  they  nere  too  small  or  too  poor  earliest  churches  whicli  we  meet  with 
for  the  increased  population  and  wealth  erected  in  the  eleventh  century,  it  is 
of  tlie  citiea  at  a  later  penod  e\  ery  one  e\  ident  that  the  process  that  1^  been 
of  those  original  (hurches  has  duappeared,  made  up  to  that  iieriod,  was  by  no 
and  been  replaced  b>  a  larger  and  better  means  equal  to  wliat  was  accompUahed 
constructed  edifice,  adorned  with  all  the  during  the  neit  two  centuries." 

We  are  obliged  to  pass  over  Pncenza  No\  ara,  and  Pdvia,  where  no  early 
work  rem ama  and  come  to  Milan  nhere  there  ie  a  little:; — 

"Though  Milan  must  hB\o  been  nth  singularity.  Historical  evidence  shews 
in  churches  of  this  age  th(  onl>  one  that  a  church  did  exist  here  from  a  very 
that  now  remains  tnlerahlj  entire  is  San  earU  age.  This  was  rebuilt  in  the  ninth 
Amhrogio,  whiLb  m  so  interesting  a  century  by  Anspertue,  a  bishop  of  the 
church  as  almost  to  make  ameiids  for  its      time    aided  by  the  munificence  of  Louis 


the  Koua;  but  except  the  apse  and  the  the  work  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

older  of  the  two  towers  —  that  of  the  "The  dinpusition  of  this  church  will  bo 

canons  —  nothing  remuns  of  even  that  understood  from  the  following  plan,  which 

church,  all  the  rest  having  been  rebuilt  in  shews  the  atrium  as  well  as  the  chnnji, 

the  twelfth  century.    The  vaulting  of  the  the  former  being  virtually  the  nave.     In 

church,  which  is  ungularly  clumsy,  and  other  words,  had  the  church  been  erected 

clumsily   fitted   to   the   substructure,   is  on  the  colder  and  stormier  side  of  the 


1856."1     Fergusson's  Rlustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.  41 

Alps,  &  clerestory  wonld  have  been  adciad  bo  are  aome  of  ite  old  tombs  of  the  earliert 
to  the  atriom,  and  it  would  have  been  Christiun  workinanahip.  Its  moeaics.  ita 
roofed  over ;  and  then  the  plan  would  pulpit,  and  the  bronze  doors,  not  to  men- 
have  been  nearly  identical  with  that  of  tion  the  brazen  serpent,  sajd  to  be  the 
one  of  our  northern  cathedrale.  If,  be-  very  one  erected  by  Moses  in  the  wilder- 
sides  this,  there  had  been  a  baptistery  ness,  and  innumerable  other  relicn,  make 
at  the  western  entrance,  as  at  Novara,  this  church  one  of  the  most  interesting 
IMacenza,  or  Torcello,  we  should  then  in  Italy,  if  not  indeed  of  all  Europe. 
have  had  a  building  with  two  apses — a  "  Oenerally  speaking,  the  most  beautiM 
complete  German  cathedral.  As  it  is,  part  of  these  Lombard  churches  is  theb- 
the  atrium  is  a  singularly  pleasing  ad-  eastern  ends.  The  apse,  with  its  gallery, 
jnnct  to  the  fii^ade,  removing  the  church  the  transepts,  and,  above  aU,  the  dome 
back  from  the  noisy  world  outwde,  and  that  almost  invariably  surmounts  thdr  in- 
by  its  qaiet  seclusion  tending  to  produce  tersection  with  the  choir,  constitute  a 
that  devotional  feeling  so  suitable  to  the  group  which  always  has  a  pleaung  effect, 
entrance  of  a  church.  The  fbqade  of  the  and  vcr^  oflen  is  highly  artistic  and  beau- 
bnilding  itself,  though,  like  the  atrium,  tiiul.  The  sides,  too,  of  the  nave,  are  often 
only  in  brick,  is  one  of  the  best  designs  well  designed  and  appropriate ;  but,  with 
of  its  age,  the  upper  lo^ia  or  open  scarcely  a  single  exception,  the  west  end. 
gallery  of  five  bold  bnt  unequal  arches,  .■      .    - 


spaced  equally  with  those  below,  pro- 
ducing more  shadow  than  the  facade  at 
l^isa,  without  the  multitude  of  small 
parts  there  crowded  together,  and  with 
fbr  more  architectural  propriety  and 
grace.  As  seen  th>m  the  atrium  with  its 
two  towers,  one  on  either  flank,  it  forms  a 
composition  which  is  not  Hur])BS8ed  by  any 
other  in  this  style. 


-front,  is  comparatively  mean. 
The  building  seems  to  be  cut  otf  at  a  cer- 
tain length  without  any  appropriate  finish, 
or  anytlung  to  balance  the  bold  projections 
towards  the  east.  The  French  cathedrals, 
on  the  contrary,  while  they  entirely  es- 
cape this  defect  by  means  of  their  bold 
western  towers,  are  generally  deficient  in 
the  eastern  ports,  and  almost  always  waut 
the  control  dome  or  tower.     The  English 


■'  Owing  to  the  bad  arrangement  of  the  Gothic  architects  alone  understood  the  pro- 
vaulting,  the  internal  architecture  of  the  per  combination  of  the  three  parts.  The 
church  is  hardly  worthy  of  that  of  the  ei-  Italians,  when  they  introduced  a  tower, 
terior;  but  it  is  a  perfect  museum  of  ec-  almost  always  used  it  as  a  detached  object, 
clesiological  antiquities  of  the  best  class,  and  not  as  a  part  of  the  de«gn  of  the 
The  silver  altar  of  Angilbertus  (a.d.  635.)  church.  In  consequence  of  this,  the  fagodes 
is  unrivalled  either  for  richness  or  beauty  of  their  churches  are  frequently  the  least 
of  design  by  anything  of  the  kind  known  happy  parts  of  the  composition,  notwlth- 
to  eiiat  elsewhere  and  the  baUaeiiHo  that  standing  the  pains  and  amount  o" 
surmonnts  it  is  also  of  singular  beautv        lavished  upon  them." 

We  pa68  on  to  Switzerland  wliere  aa 
Fergusson  has  placed  too  much  rclianc* 
_BlavignBC  — 

Among  the  churches  illustrated  in  this 
w  orit  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  inter- 
esting IS  that  of  Uonmin-Motier,  the  body 
of  which  certainly  remains  as  it  was  when 
consecrated  in  the  year  753.  The  narthei, 
which  IS  in  two  stories,  may  be  a  century 
or  two  later,  and  tlie  porch  and  east  end 
are  of  the  pointed  style  of  the  twelfth  or 
thirteenth  centuries.  The  vaulting  of  the 
nave  also  can  liardly  be  coeval  with  the 
original  building. 

t  rom  other  examples  in  the  neighboiir- 
houd  we  may  safely  infer  that  it  originally 
Icrinmated  castwunl  in  three  apses-  Sup- 
posing these  to  be  restored,  we  have  a 
thnrch  of  abont  150  feet  iu  length  by  55 
in  width  across  the  nave,  with  trans«>ts,a 
towir  at  the  intersection,  and  nearly  all 
the  arrangements  found  at  a  much  later 
a^i.  and  with  scarcely  any  details  of  the 
Romanesque  style.  The  external  mode  of 
GtMr.  Mag.  V 


FerffU93on's  lUualrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.      [July, 


decoration  ia  very  inudi  thnt  of  the  two 
churelica  of  San  ApoUinare  nt  Raveiuui, 
bat  earried  one  step  furtlicr,  inastiiuch  ax 
In  the  upper  story  of  the  nave  each  com- 
partment is  divided  into  tnu  arches,  with 
no  central  lupport  j  in  the  tower  there  arc 
three  such  little  arches  in  each  buy,  in  the 
narthex  five.  Tliia  afterwardti  be«ime,  in 
Germany  and  Italy,  the  tavouritc  ntriiig- 
courxe  moulding. 

"  The  church  of  Oranson,  on  the  borders 
of  the  lake  of  Neufchotel,  thongh  much 
smaller,  a  scarcely  less  interesting.  It  be- 
longs to  the  Carlovingianera,and,  like  many 


churches  of  that  age,  has  borrowed  its  pil- 
lars and  many  of  its  ornaments  from  earUer 
monuments.  Its  most  remarkable  peculi- 
arity is  the  vault  of  the  nave,  which  shews 
how-  timidly  at  that  early  period  the  archi- 
tects undertook  to  vault  even  the  narrowest 
spans,  the  wliule  nave  being  only  30  feet 
wide.  It  is  the  earliest  specimen  we  pos- 
sess of  a  mode  of  vaulting  which  aubse- 
qucntly  became  very  common  in  the  south 
of  France,  and  which,  aa  we  diall  see  here- 
after, led  to  most  of  the  tonus  of  vaulting 
aflerwonls  introduced." 


We  much  doubt  the  fact, 
main-Motier  certainly 
church,  when  examined  or 
only,  is  evidently  of  two  o 
tral  tower,  with  its  vault, 
dently  older  than  the  rest 
teriflls,  and  probably  are  ol 
church  is  very  different,— 
dently  later,  and  the  narthi 


stated,  that  the  body  of  the  church  of  Ro- 
as  it  was  consecrated  in  the  year  753.  The 
the  spot,  and  not  in  M.  Blavignac'a  drawings 
■  three  different  perioilB  :  the  arches  of  the  cen- 
ane  transept,  and  one  bay  of  the  choir,  are  evi- 
and  these  oldest  parts  are  built  of  lloraan  ma- 
the  eighth  century,  aa  stated.  The  body  of  the 
much  ruder  and  more  clumsy  work, — but  evi- 
stem  porch,  of  two  stories,  i 


appear  to  he  earlier  than  the  tower  of  St.  Maurice, 
ig  of  the  eleventh  century, 
remarks  on  the  churches  of  Cologne  are  valuable  and 


The  outer  walls  do 
which  is  of  the  begii 

Mr.  Fergi 
interesting ; — 

"Of  the  other  churches,  that  of  Sta,  siderably  altered.  The  three  noble  apsel 
Maris  in  Ca]iitnlo  is  apparently  the  oldest ;  tliat  adorn  the  east  end  bekmg  t«  the 
but  of  the  church  erected  'm  the  tenth  cen-  twelfth,  or  perhaps  to  the  thirteenth,  cen- 
tury only  the  nave  remains,  and  that  coii<  tiiry.     In  plan  these  npsee  are  mora  spa- 


44  Ferffusson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.      [July, 


cioos  than  those  of  the  Apostles*  Church, 
or  of  that  of  St.  Martin ;  this  alone  having 
a  hroad  aisle  running  round  each,  which 
gives  great  hreadth  and  variety  to  the 
perspective.  The  apse  of  the  church  of 
the  Apostles  (erected  a.d.  1035)  is  far  more 
beautiful  externally.  This  building  is  per- 
haps, taken  altogether,  the  most  pleasing 
example  of  its  class,  though  it  has  not  the 
loftiness  of  the  great  church  of  St.  Martin, 
which  competes  more  directly  with  the 
aspiring  tendencies  of  the  pointed  style. 
These  three  churches,  taken  tc^ether,  illus- 
trate sufficiently  the  nature  and  capabilities 
of  the  style  which  we  are  describing.  The 
arrangement  with  three  apses  possesses  the 
architectural  propriety  of  terminating  nobly 
the  interior  to  which  it  is  applied.  As  the 
worshipper  advances  up  the  nave,  the  three 
.  apses  open  gradually  upon  him,  and  form 
a  noble  and  appropriate  climax,  without 
the  effect  being  destroyed  by  something 
less  magnificent  beyond.  But  their  most 
pleasing  effect  is  external,  where  the  three 

We  come  now  to  the  architecture  of  France,  which,  from  its  closer  con- 
nection with  our  own  country,  is  generally  the  most  interesting  to  English- 
men of  any  foreign  styles  ;  and  we  are  sorry  to  observe  that  this  is  the 
least  satisfactory  portion  of  Mr.  Fergusson's  work, — he  has  followed  his 
local  guides  too  implicitly.  The  division  of  the  subject  is,  on  the  whole, 
the  best  that  can  be  adopted,  and  the  small  archaeological  map  of  France, 
after  De  Caumont,  is  very  useful  for  giving  a  general  idea  of  the  division 
of  styles  : — 


simple  circular  lines  combine  gracefully  to- 
gether, and  form  an  elegant  basement  for 
the  central  dome  or  tower.  Compared  with 
the  confused  buttresses  and  pinnacles  of 
tlie  apses  of  the  French  ]X)inted  churches, 
it  must  certainly  be  aduiitted  that  the 
German  designs  are  fur  nobler,  as  possess- 
ing more  architectural  propriety,  and  more 
of  the  elements  of  true  and  simple  beauty. 
They  are  small,  it  is  true,  and  consequently 
it  is  not  fair  to  compare  them  with  such 
imposing  edifices  as  the  great  and  over- 
poweringly-magnificent  cathedral  of  the 
same  town  ;  but  among  buildings  on  their 
own  scale  they  stand  as  yet  unrivalled.  As 
they  now  are,  perhaps  their  greatest  defect 
is  that  the  apses  are  not  sufficiently  sup- 
ported by  the  naves.  Generally  these  are 
of  a  different  age  and  less  ornate  style,  so 
that  the  complete  effect  of  a  well-balanced 
composition  is  wanting ;  but  this  does  not 
suffice  to  overpower  the  great  beauties  they 
undoubtedly  possess." 


"The  first  and  most  obvious  subdivision  of 
France  is  that  into  the  provinces  of  North 
and  South,  by  a  line  passing  through  the 
vaUey  of  the  Loire.  To  the  north  of  it,  the 
FrafiJcs,  Burgundians,  and  Normans — all 
German  races,  or  closely  allied  to  them — 
settled  in  such  numbers  as  nearly  to  obli- 
terate the  original  Celtic  and  other  races, 
introducing  their  own  feudal  customs,  and 
a  style  of  architecture  not  only  essentially 
Gothic,  but  virtually  the  Gothic  par  ex- 
cellence. 

"  To  the  south  of  this  line  the  Teutonic 
races  never  settled,  nor  did  they  gain  the 
ascendancy  here  till  after  the  campaigns  of 
Simon  de  Montfort,  before  alluded  to,  when 
the  sword  and  the  faggot  extinguished  the 
Protestantism  of  the  races,  and  introduced 
a  bastard  Gothic  style  into  the  land.  Before 
that  time  the  llomanesque  style,  derived 
from  the  Romans,  had  gradually  been  un- 
dergoing a  process  of  change  and  natural- 
ization, taking  a  fonn  in  which  we  can 
trace  the  gradually  rising  infiuence  of  the 
Northern  styles.  It  was,  like  the  German 
Round  Gothic,  a  distinct  and  separate  style, 
till  superseded  by  the  all -pervading  Gothic 
from  the  north  of  France. 

"  As  will  be  observed  on  the  map,  the 


line  dividing  these  two  provinces  includes 
both  banks  of  the  Loire  as  high  as  Tours, 
dividing  Brittany  into  two  equal  halves. 
It  then  follows  the  course  of  the  Cher  to 
the  northern  point  of  Auvergne,  leaving 
Bourges  and  Bourbon  to  the  north ;  thence, 
by  a  not  very  direct  line,  it  passes  east, 
tUl  it  reaches  the  Rhone  at  Lyons.  It 
follows  that  stream  to  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
and  leaves  the  whole  valley  of  the  Sa6ne 
to  the  Bui^undians ;  thus  dividing  France 
into  two  nearly  equal  and  well-defined  eth- 
nographic and  architectural  provinces. 

"As  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  the 
styles  of  these  provinces  by  names,  I 
should  propose  to  call  that  of  the  southern 
the  Romance,  and  that  of  the  northern 
Frankish. 

"  Turning  first,  then,  to  the  south,  it  is 
necessary  to  subdivide  that  province  into 
at  least  four,  or  perhaps  more  correctly 
six,  subdivisions.  The  first  of  these  is 
Provence,  and  the  style  the  Provencal, — 
a  name  frequently  used  by  French  archae- 
ologists, and  familiar  to  them.  It  occupies 
the  whole  valley  of  the  Rhone  as  far  as 
Lyons,  and  along  the  coast  between  the 
hills  and  the  sea  to  the  Pyrenees.  Within 
these  Umits  there  is  not,  so  fiw  as  I  know. 


1856.]     Pergusson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture, 


45 


a  single  dmrch  or  building  that  can  lay  a 
fair  claim  to  the  title  of  Gothic.  All  are 
Romanesque,  or,  more  properly,  Romance, 
the  earliest  examples  with  a  native  element 
timidly  peering  through,  which  afterwards 
displays  itself  more  boldly.  What  instances 
there  are  of  late  Gothic  are  so  bad,  and  so 
evidently  importations,  as  to  deserve  no 
mention. 

"  The  next  province  may  be  called  the 
Aquitanian,  comprising  the  whole  of  the 
valley  of  the  Garonne  and  its  tributaries — 
all  that  country,  in  fact,  where  the  names 
of  towns  end  in  the  Basque  article  ac. 
Its  style  is  not  nearly  so  closely  allied  to 
the  Romanesque  as  that  of  Provence ;  and 
though  tending  towards  a  Gothic  feeling, 
is  always  so  mixed  with  the  native  element 
as  to  prevent  that  style  from  ever  pre- 
▼wling,  till  forcibly  introduced  by  the 
Franks  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries. 

"  The  third  is  designated  that  of  Anjou, 
or  the  Angiovine,  from  its  most  distin- 
guished province.  This  includes  the  lower 
part  of  the  Loire,  and  is  bounded  on  the 
north-east  by  the  Cher.  Between  it  and 
the  sea  is  a  strip  of  land,  including  the 
Angoumois,  Saintonge,  and  Vendee,  which 
it  is  not  easy  to  know  where  to  place.  It 
may  belong,  so  far  as  we  yet  know,  to 
either  Aquitania  or  Anjou,  or  possibly 
may  deserve  a  separate  title  altogether; 
but  in  the  map  it  is  annexed  for  the 
present  to  Poitou  or  the  Angiovine  pro- 
vince. 

"  In  Brittany  the  two  styles  meet,  and 
are  so  mixed  t(^ether,  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  separate  them.  There  is  neither 
pure  Romance  nor  pure  Frankish,  but  a 
style  partaking  of  the  peculiarities  of  each 
without  belonging  to  either. 

"  Besides  these,  there  is  the  small  and 
secluded  province  of  Auvergne,  having  a 
style  peculiarly  its  own,  which,  though 
certainly  belonging  to  the  southern  pro- 
vince, is  easily  distinguished  from  any  of 
the  neighbouring  styles,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  pleasing  to  be  found  of  an  early  age 
in  France. 

"Taking,  then,  a  more  general  view 
of  the  southern  province,  it  will  be  seen 
that  if  a  line  were  drawn  from  Marseilles 
to  Brest,  it  would  pass  nearly  through 
the  middle  of  it.  At  the  south-eastern 
extremity  of  such  a  line  we  should  find  a 
style  almost  purely  Romanesque,  passing 
by  slow  and  equal  gradations  into  a  Gothic 
style  at  its  other  extremity. 

"  On  turning  to  the  Fiinkish  province, 
the  case  is  somewhat  different.  Paris  is 
here  the  centre  from  wliich  everything 
radiates,  and  though  the  Norman  invasion, 
and  other  troubles  ot  those  times,   with 


the  rebuilding  mania  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  have  swept  away  nearly  all  traces 
of  the  early  buildings,  still  it  is  easy  to  see 
how  the  Gothic  style  arose  in  the  Isle  of 
France,  and  thence  spread  to  all  the  neigh- 
bouring provinces. 

"  Not  to  multiply  divisions,  we  may  in- 
clude in  the  Northern  province  many  va- 
rieties that  win  afterwards  be  marked  as 
distinct  in  maps  of  IVench  architecture, 
especially  at  the  south-east,  where  the 
Nivernois  and  Bourbonnois,  if  not  deserv- 
ing of  separate  honours,  at  least  consist  of 
such  a  complete  mixture  of  the  Frankish, 
the  Burgundian,  with  the  Southern  styles, 
that  they  cannot  strictly  be  said  to  belong 
to  any  one,  and  yet  partake  of  all.  The 
northern,  however,  is  certainly  the  pre- 
dominant element,  and  with  that  therefore 
they  should  be  classed. 

"Beyond  this  to  the  eastward  lies  the 
great  Burgundian  province,  having  a  well- 
defined  and  well-marked  style  of  its  own, 
influenced  by  or  influencing  all  those 
around  it,  but  possessing  more  similarity 
to  the  German  styles  than  to  those  of 
France,  though  the  Roman  influence  is 
here  strong  enough  to  give  it  an  apparent 
affinity  with  the  Proven9al.  This  is,  how- 
ever, an  affinity  of  form,  and  not  of  spirit ; 
for  no  style  is  much  more  essentially 
Gothic  thsm  that  of  Burgundy. 

"  To  the  westward  lies  the  architectural 
province  of  Normandy,  one  of  the  most 
vigorous  offshoots  of  the  Frankish  style; 
and  from  the  power  of  the  Norman  dukes 
in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  and 
the  accidental  circumstance  of  its  pros- 
perity in  those  centuries  when  the  rest  of 
France  was  prostrate  from  their  ravages 
and  torn  by  internal  dissensions,  the  Round 
Gothic  style  shews  itself  here  with  a 
vigour  and  completeness  not  found  else- 
where. It  is,  however,  evidently  only  the 
Frankish  style  based  remotely  on  Roman 
tradition,  but  which  the  barbarians  used 
with  a  freedom  and  boldness  which  soon 
converted  it  into  a  purely  national  Gothic 
art.  This  soon  ripened  into  the  complete 
Gothic  style  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
which  was  so  admired  as  soon  to  spread 
itself  over  the  whole  face  of  Europe,  and 
which  became  the  type  of  all  Gothic  archi- 
tecture. 

"  Alsace  is  not  included  in  this  enume- 
ration, as  it  certainly  belongs  wholly  to 
Germany.  Lorraine  too  is  more  Gter- 
man  than  French,  and  if  included  at  all, 
must  be  as  an  exceptional  transitional  pro- 
vince. French  Flanders  belongs,  in  the 
age  of  which  we  are  now  speaking,  to  the 
Belgian  provinces  behind  it,  and  may 
therefore  also  be  disregarded  at  present; 
but  even  after  rejecting  all  these,  enough 


Fergutaon'a  Hhutrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.      [July, 


46 

is  still  left  to  render  it  difflenlt 
ber  and  follow  all  the  changes  1 
troduced    by    these  dilTeretit  ntces,   ani 
which  marked  not  onlj  the  artistic,  but  tli 
palitieal,  state  of  Franee  during  the 
»gea, 


,  Btjle  in. 


iddle 


provinces  of  the  kingdom,  under  their 
suzerMn,  the  Count  or  King  of  Paris. 
These  very  divisions  might  now  be  taken 
l«  represent  the  architectural  distinctions, 
;  that  the  pre-eminence  of  these 


Titorwl  peers  of  great  princes  belongs  to  a  later  epoch  than 
France,  the  counts  of  Toulouse,  Flanders,  the  architectural  divisions  which  we  have 
Aquitania,  Normandy,  Burgundy,  and  piinted  out,  and  which  we  must  now  de- 
Champagne,  represented  the  six  principal  acrihe  somewhat  more  at  length." 


The  style  of  Provence  is  certainly 
and  it  does  appear  to  be  clearly  made 
monly  used  there  in  vaulting  as  early  a 
or  about  a  hundred  years  before  it  wai 
England ;  but  this  did  not  lead  to  the 
may  be  that  some  northern  architects 
at  a  subsequent  period : — 

"  The  church  of  FontUVoide,  near  Nar- 
bonne,  shews  the  style  in  its  coropleteneas, 
perhaps  better  than  any  other  example. 
There  not  only  the  roof  is  pointed,  but  all 
the  constructive  openings  have  assumed  the 
The  windows  and  doorways. 


very  marked,  and  peculiar  to  itself; 
out  that  the  pointed  arch  was  com- 
e  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century, 
I  used  in  the  north  of  France,  or  in 

Gothic  style — at  least,  not  then ;  it 
took  up  the  idea,  and  made  use  of  it 

it  is  true,  still  retain  their  circular  heads, 
and  did  retain  them  as  long  as  tlie  native 
style  flourished,  the  pointed-headed  open- 
ing  being  only  introduced  by  the  Franks 
under  Simon  de  Montfort. 


fbrm  of  the  central  vault,  which  the  other 
section  shews  to  be  a  plain  tunnel-vault, 
unbroken  by  any  intersection  through- 
out the  whole  length  of  the  nave.  The 
■ide-usles  are  roofed  with  half-vaulta, 
forming  abutments  to  the  central  archis, 
—  the  advantage  of  this  constniction 
being,  as  before  explained,  that  the  tiles 
or  pBving-stonea  of  the  roof  rest  directly 
on  the  vault,  without  the  intervention  of 
any  carpentry.  Internally  also  the  build- 
ing displays  an  elegant  simplicity  and 
constructive  propriety.  Its  chief  defect 
is  the  darkness  of  the  vault,  from  the 
absence  of  a  clerestory,  which,  though 
tolerable  in  the  bright  sunshine  of  the 
South,  could  not  be  borne  in  the  more 


gloomy  North.  It  was  to  correct  this, 
as  we  shall  afterwards  perceive,  that  in 
the  North  the  roof  of  the  usiee  was  first 
raised  to  the  height  of  that  of  the  central 
nave,  light  being  admitted  through  a 
gallery.  Neit,  the  upper  roof  of  the  ualea 
was  cut  away,  with  the  eiception  of  mere 
strips  or  ribs  left  as  flying  battreiBes. 
Lastly,  the  central  vault  was  cut  up  by 
intersections.  Bo  as  to  obtain  space  for 
windows  to  the  very  height  of  the  ridge. 
It  was  this  last  expedient  that  neceasi- 
tatcd  the  adoption  of  the  pointed-headed 
window ;  which  might  never  have  been  in- 
troduced, but  for  the  invention  of  punted 
glass,  which,  requiring  larger  openings, 
compelled  the  archit«vt>  to  bring  tbeae 


48 


FergiLSSon's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.      [July, 


windows  close  up  to  the  lines  of  the  con- 
structive vaulting,  and  so  follow  its  forms. 
In  the  South,  however,  painted  glass 
never  was,  at  least  in  the  age  of  which 
we  are  now  speaking,  a  favourite  mode 
of  decoration,  and  the  windows  remained 
so  small  as  never  to  approach  or  inter- 
fere in  any  way  with  the  lines  of  the 
vault,  and  they  therefore  retained  their 
national  and  more  beautiful  circular- 
headed  termination.  Tlie  arrangements 
for  lighting  are,  however,  undoubtedly 
the  most  defective  part  of  the  arrange- 
ments of  the    Provencal  churches,   and 


have  given  rise  to  its  being  called  a 
*cavem-like  Gothic,'  from  the  gloom  of 
their  interiors,  as  compared  with  the  glass 
walls  of  their  Northern  rivals.  Still  it  by 
no  means  follows  that  this  was  an  in- 
herent characteristic  of  the  style,  which 
could  not  have  been  remedied  bv  fiirther 
experience;  but  it  is  probable  that  no 
ingenuity  would  ever  have  enabled  this 
style  to  display  these  enormous  surfaces 
of  painted  glass,  whose  introduction  was, 
if  not  the  only,  at  least  the  principal, 
motive  of  all  those  changes  which  took 
place  in  the  Frankish  provinces.' 


» 


In  Aquitaine  we  have  two  distinct  styles  carried  on  side  by  side  and 
simultaneously ;  the  one  entirely  Byzantine,  the  other  as  clearly  of  Roman 
origin.  Of  the  first,  St.  Front  at  Perigeux,  is  the  type ;  and  this  has  been 
shewn  by  Mr.  Verneilh  to  be  an  exact  copy  of  St.  Mark's  at  Venice,  or 
that  both  are  copied  from  a  common  original ;  but  we  cannot  follow  him 
in  his  dates  as  implicitly  as  Mr.  Fergusson  does.  It  is  now  pretty  well  as- 
certained that  the  existing  church  of  St.  Mark's  is  the  one  that  was  rebuilt 
in  the  eleventh  century,  and  ornamented  with  mosaics  as  soon  as  it  was 
completed  ;  to  which  a  series  of  porches,  forming  a  sort  of  external  aisle, 
was  added  about  fifty  years  afterwards.  If  St.  Front  is  copied  from  St.  Mark's, 
it  was  before  the  porches  were  added,  or  in  the  first  half  of  the  twelfth 
century ;  and  this  agrees  with  the  rebuilding  after  the  great  fire,  and  with 
the  recorded  date  of  Angouleme.  Of  the  Roman  style,  St.  Sernin  at  Tou- 
louse is  the  finest  example  : — 

such  as  to  accord  most  happily  with  the 
older  structure  on  which  they  are  placed. 

"  The  form  of  the  spire  being  octagonal, 
admits  of  its  including  the  width  of  the 
side-aisles  as  well  as  of  the  nave  in  its 
base,  and  thus  gaining  that  breadth  in 
which  all  pointed  Gothic  spires  of  this 
class  are  so  deficient,  and  which  was  only 
attained  in  the  domes  of  the  Renaissance, 
and  then  at  the  expense  both  of  truth- 
fulness of  construction,  and  by  concealed 
mechanical  expedients  that  almost  cer- 
tainly ensure  their  early  destruction. 

''In  this  example  there  is  a  sameness 
of  design  in  placing  so  many  similar 
stories  one  over  the  other,  merely  dimi- 
nishing in  size.  Tlie  general  effect,  how- 
ever, is  good,  and  for  a  central  object  it 
is,  if  not  the  finest,  certainly  one  of  the 
very  best  which  France  possesses." 


"  The  solidity  with  which  these  churches 
were  built,  and  the  general  narrowness  of 
their  proportions  as  compared  with  the 
domical  churches  of  the  same  time  and 
district,  enabled  the  architects  to  attempt 
some  splendid  erection  on  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  nave  and  transepts,  which  is 
the  spot  where  height  should  always  be 
aimed  at.  The  dome  at  Cruas,  in  the 
Proven9al  district,  has  already  been  de- 
scribed. The  church  at  Conques  has  one 
as  important,  though  dissimilar;  but  the 
finest  is  that  of  St.  Sernin  at  Toulouse, 
which  rivals,  if  indeed  it  does  not  in 
some  respect  surpass,  our  spires  at  Salis- 
bury, Norwich,  and  elsewhere.  The  three 
lower  stories  only  are  of  the  age  of  the 
church;  the  two  upper  were  added  long 
afterwards,  but  adapted  with  remarkably 
good  taste.  Though  differing  in  design  and 
detail,  their  general  form  and  outline  is 


The  style  of  Anjou  is  passed  over  much  more  rapidly  and  slightly  than 
it  deserves.  It  was  in  this  district  that  the  styles  of  the  north  and  of  the 
south  came  directly  into  collision,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  from  this 
collision  the  Gothic  style  arose.  The  public  hospital  at  Angers,  foimded, 
endowed,  and  built  as  it  stands,  by  Henry  II.  of  England,  is  materially  in 
advance  of  anything  of  the  same  age  in  Paris  or  elsewhere,  so  far  as  we 
have  been  able  to  learn.  Mr.  Fergusson  follows  his  French  guides  im- 
plicitly in  this  part  of  his  work ;  and  the  ahle  architects  of  Paris,  though 
6 


1856.]     Fergusson's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture. 


49 


perhaps  the  most  able  men  of  the  day,  and  the  safest  guides  he  can  have  on 
the  whole,  are  liable  to  local  prejudices  as  much  as  other  people.  It  is  a 
well-known  article  of  the  Paris  creed,  that  Notre  Dame  and  St.  Dennis  arie 
in  advance  of  every  other  building  in  the  world  of  their  day ;  but  facts  and 
dates  do  not  appear  to  us  to  bear  out  this  theory.  It  may  be  true,  but  the 
proofs  of  it  have  never  yet  been  laid  before  English  readers ;  and  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson  merely  takes  it  for  granted,  without  attempting  to  prove  it,  or  to  sift 
the  evidence.  We  are  disposed  to  allow  that  in  the  time  of  St.  Louis,  or 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  when  the  Sainte  Chapelle  was  built, 
Paris  had  attained  the  pre-eminence  in  art  as  in  political  importance ;  but 
in  the  time  of  Philip  Augustus,  or  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  when  the 
great  change  took  place,  this  is  very  questionable ;  and  we  are  disposed  to 
give  the  precedence  of  style  at  that  period  both  to  Angers  and  to  Caen,  and 
probably  also  to  Soissons  and  to  Canterbury.  But  we  hope  to  have  many  op- 
portunities of  discussing  the  interesting  questions  belonging  to  this  period. 
Auvergne  presents  another  singular  style  of  its  own — formed,  perhaps, 
also  by  the  mixture  of  the  two  styles ;  but  it  seems  to  have  been  entirely 
isolated,  and  tc  have  had  little  influence  beyond  the  borders  of  the  province 
itself.  Normandy  and  Burgundy  are  passed  over  in  the  same  summary 
manner ;  and  as  our  present  object  is  to  do  justice  to  Mr.  Fergusson*s  book, 
not  to  write  an  essay  on  French  Gothic,  we  must  be  content  to  follow 
his  example,  and  pass  on  to  the  glory  of  the  art,  the  French  Gothic 
Cathedrals  : — 


tti 


The  great  difficiJty  in  attempting  to 
describe  the  architecture  of  France  durmg 
the  glorious  period  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury is  really  the  embarras  de  richesse. 
There  are  even  now  some  thu^y  or  forty 
cathedrals  of  the  first  class  in  IVauce,  aU 
owing  their  magnificence  to  this  great  age. 
Some  of  these,  it  is  true,  were  commenced 
even  early  in  the  twelfth,  and  many  were 
not  completed  till  after  the  fourteenth 
century;  but  all  their  principal  features, 
as  well  as  all  the  more  important  beauties, 
belong  to  the  thirteenth  centiuy,  which, 
as  a  building  epoch,  is  perhaps  the  most 
brilliant  in  the  whole  history  of  architec- 
ture. Not  even  the  great  Pharaonic  era 
in  Egypt,  the  age  of  Pericles  in  Greece, 
nor  the  great  period  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire, will  bear  comparison  with  the  thir- 
teenth century  in  Europe,  whether  we 
look  to  the  extent  of  the  buildings  exe- 
cuted, their  wonderful  variety  and  con- 
structive elegance,  the  daring  imagination 
that  conceived  them,  or  the  power  of 
poetry  and  of  lofty  religious  feelings  that 
is  expressed  in  every  feature,  and  in  every 
part  of  them. 

"  During  the  previous  age  almost  all  the 
greater  ecclesiastical  buildings  were  abbeys, 
or  belonged  exclusively  to  monastic  esta- 
blishments— were  in  fact  the  sole  property, 
and  built  only  for  the  use,  of  the  clergy. 
Tlie  laity,  it  is  true,  were  admitted,  but 
only  on  sufferance.  They  had  no  right  to 
be  there,  and  no  part  in  the  ceremonies 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


performed.  During  the  thirteenth  century 
almost  all  the  great  buildings  were  cathe- 
drals, in  the  erection  of  winch  the  laity 
bore  the  greater  part  of  the  expense,  and 
shared,  in  at  least  an  equal  degree,  in 
their  property  and  puri)oses.  In  a  subse- 
quent age  the  parochial  system  went  far 
to  supersede  even  the  catheihul,  the  people's 
church  taking  almost  entirely  the  place  of 
the  priest's  church — a  step  which  was  sub- 
sequently carried  to  its  utmost  length  by 

the  Reformation 

"  The  lower  part  of  the  facade  at  Char- 
tres  is  older  than  that  of  Paris,  and  so 
plain  (it  might  almost  be  called  rude)  as 
hardly  to  admit  of  comparison  with  it ;  but 
its  two  spires,  of  difierent  ages,  are  unsur- 
passed in  France.  Even  in  the  southern 
or  older  of  the  two,  which  was  probably 
finished  in  the  twelfth  century,  we  find 
all  the  elements  which  were  so  fully  de- 
veloped in  Germany  and  elsewhere  in  the 
following  centuries.  The  change  from  the 
square  to  the  octagon,  and  from  the  per- 
pendicular part  to  the  sloping  sides  of  the 
spire,  are  managed  with  the  most  perfect 
art;  and  were  not  the  effect  it  produces 
destroyed  by  the  elaborate  richness  of  the 
other  spire,  it  wovdd  be  considered  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  its  class.  The  new 
or  northern  spire  was  erected  by  Jean 
Texier,  between  the  years  1507  and  1514. 
Notwithstanding  the  lateness  of  its  date, 
this  must  be  considered  as  on  the  whole 
the  most  beautiful  spire  on  the  continent 

H 


1856.]      Fergusson^s  lUtistrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.  51 


of  Europe — certainly  fkr  surpassing  those 
at  Strasburg,  Vienna,  or  Antwerp.  If  it 
has  a  rival,  it  is  that  at  Freiburg,  or  those 
designed  for  the  cathedral  at  Cologne :  but 
with  det^ls  of  the  same  date,  I  have  no 
doubt  that  this  would  be  considered  the 
finest  spire  of  the  three. 

**The  transepts  at  Chartres  have  more 
projection  than  those  of  Paris,  and  were 
originally  designed  with  two  towers  to 
each,  and  two  others  were  placed  one  on 
each  side  of  the  choir ;  so  that  the  cathe- 
dral would  have  had  eight  towers  alto- 
gether, if  completed ;  but  none  except  the 
western  two  have  been  carried  higher  than 
the  springing  of  the  roof;  and  though  they 
serve  to  vary  the  outline,  they  do  not  re- 
lieve, to  the  extent  they  might  have  done, 
the  heavy  mass  of  the  roof.  In  other  re- 
spects, the  external  beauty  of  the  cathe- 
dral is  somewhat  injured  by  the  extreme 
massiveness  of  the  flying  buttresses,  which 
were  deemed  necessary  to  resist  the  thrust 
of  the  enormous  vault  of  the  central  nave ; 
and,  though  each  is  in  itself  a  massive 
and  beautiftd  object,  they  crowd  to  an  in- 
convenient extent  the  clerestory  ;  the 
effect  of  which  is  also  somewhat  injured 
by  the  imperfect  tracery  of  the  windows, 
each  of  which  is  more  like  separate  open- 
ings grouped  t<^ether  than  one  grand  and 

simple  window 

"  The  church  of  St.  Ouen,  at  Rouen, 
was  beyond  comparison  the  most  beautiftd 
and  perfect  of  the  abbey  edifices  of  France. 
This  was  commenced  by  Marc  d*  Argent 
in  the  year  1318,  and  carried  on  inter- 
ruptedly for  twenty -one  years.  At  his 
death  the  choir  and  transepts  were  com- 
pleted, or  very  nearly  so.  Tlie  English 
wars  interrupted  at  this  time  the  progress 
of  this,  as  of  many  other  buildings,  and 
the  works  of  the  nave  were  not  seemingly 
resumed  till  about  1490,  and  twenty -five 
years  later  the  beautiful  western  front 
was  commenced. 

"  Except  that  of  Limoges,  the  choir  is  al- 
most the  only  perfect  building  of  its  age,  and 
being  nearly  contemporary  with  the  choir 
at  Cologne  (1276  to  1321),  affords  a  means 
of  comparison  between  the  two  styles  of 
Germany  and  France  at  that  age,  and 
entirely  to  the  advantage  of  the  French 
example,  wliich,  though  very  much  smaller, 
avoids  all  the  more  glaring  faidts  of  the 
other. 

"  Nothing  indeed  can  exceed  the  beauty 
of  proportion  of  this  most  elegant  church  ; 
aad  except  that  it  wants  the  depth  and 
earnestness  of  the  earlier  examples,  it  may 
Imj  considered  as  the  most  beautiful  thing 
of  its  kind  in  Europe.  The  proportion 
too  of  the  nave,  transepts,  and  choir,  to 
one  another,  is  remarkably  happy,  and  a 


most  striking  contrast  to  the  very  imper- 
fect proportions  of  Cologne.  Its  three 
towers  also  would  have  formed  a  perfect 
group  as  originally  designed,  but  the  cen- 
tral one  was  not  completed  till  so  late, 
that  its  details  have  lost  the  aspiring 
character  of  the  building  on  which  it 
stands,  and  the  western  spires,  as  rebuilt 
within  the  last  ten  years,  are  incongruous 
and  inappropri^ ;  whereas,  had  the  ori- 
ginal design  been  carried  out  according 
to  the  drawings  which  still  exist,  it  would 
have  been  one  of  the  most  beautiful  fa- 
cades known  anywhere.  The  diagonal 
position  of  the  towers  met  most  happily 
the  difficulty  of  giving  breadth  to  the 
facade,  without  placing  them  beyond  the 
line  of  the  aisles,  as  is  done  in  the  cathedral 
of  Rouen,  and  at  the  same  time  gave  a 
variety  to  the  perspective  which  must  have 
had  a  most  pleasing  effect.  Had  the  idea 
occurred  earlier,  few  western  towers  would 
have  been  placed  otherwise;  but  the  in- 
vention came  too  late,  and  in  modem  times 
the  very  traces  of  the  arrangement  have 
been  obliterated 

"  It  would  be  easy  to  select  numerous 
examples  from  the  coll^iate  and  parish 
churches  of  France  to  extend  this  series. 
Our  limits  will  not,  however,  admit  of  the 
mention  of  more  than  one  other  instance. 
The  sepvdchral  church  of  Brou  en  Bresse 
was  erected  from  1511  to  1536,  by  Mar- 
garet of  Austria,  daughter  of  Maximilian, 
and  aunt  of  Charles  V.,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many. It  was  therefore  nearly  contem- 
porary with  Henry  Vllth's  chapel  at  West- 
minster, and  thus  affords  a  means  of  com- 
parison l)etween  the  English  and  French 
styles  of  the  day,  which  is  wholly  in  favour 
of  oui  own :  both  are  the  most  florid 
specimens  of  their  class  in  either  country ; 
but  at  Brou,  both  externally  and  internally, 
all  majesty  of  form  and  constructive  pro- 
priety are  lost  sight  of;  and  though  we 
wonder  that  stone  could  be  cut  into  sach 
a  marvellous  variety  of  lace-like  forms, 
and  are  dazzled  by  the  splendour  of  the 
whole,  it  is  with  infinite  pleasure  that  we 
turn  from  these  elaborate  specimens  of 
declining  taste  to  an  earlier  and  purer 
style.  Fascinating  as  some  of  these  late 
buildings  undoubtedly  are,  from  the  rich- 
ness of  decorative  fancy  that  reigns  in  every 
detail,  still  they  can  only  be  regiu*ded  as 
efforts  of  the  arts  of  the  cancer  and  stone- 
mason, and  not  of  the  architect  or  sculptor 
properly  so  calletl. 

"In  the  city  of  Rouen  we  also  find  the 
beautiful  church  of  St.  Maclou  (1432—- 
1500),  a  gorgeous  specimen  of  the  later 
French  style,  presenting  internally  all  the 
attenuation  and  defects  of  its  age ;  but  in 
the  five  arcades  of  its  beautiful  western 


1856.]     FergussofCs  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture.  53 

front  it  digplays  one  of  the  richest  and  most  lace-like  beauty   of  detail   and  elaborate 

elegant  specimens  of  Flamboyant  work  in  finish,  which  charms  in  spite  of  soberer 

France.     It  also  shews  what  the  facade  of  reason,  that  tells  us  it  is  not  in  stone 

St.  Ouen  would  have  been  if  completed  as  that  such  vagaries  should  be  attempted, 

designed.     This  church  once  possessed  a  Abbeville,  St.  Riquier,  and  all  the  princi- 

noble  central  tower  and  spire,  destroyed  pal  towns  throughout  that  part  of  France, 

in  1794.     When  all  this  was  complete,  are  rich  in  specimens  of  the  late  Qothic,  of 

few  churches  of  its  age  could  have  com-  which  we  are  now  speaking.    These  sped- 

peted  with  it.  mens  are  beautiful  in  many  respects,  but 

"  St.  Jacques  at  Dieppe  is  another  church  in  almost  all  inferior  to  those  of  the  glori- 

of  the  same  age,  and  possessing  the  same  ous  epoch  whicH  preceded." 


PEIVATELY  PRINTED  BOOKS. 

About  twenty  years  ago  Mr.  John  Martin  published  a  Catalogue  of 
Privately  Printed  Books,  extending  from  the  time  of  Elizabeth  to  the  year 
1833.  He  limited  his  list  to  such  as  were  not  intended  for  sale,  and  of 
which  in  general  very  few  copies  were  printed.  From  the  following  brief 
summary  of  the  contents  of  his  work,  it  might  be  thought  that  he  had  ex- 
hausted the  subject,  but  such  is  not  the  case,  as  he  has  omitted  all  mention 
of  one  most  remarkable  class,  the  interest  and  importance  of  which  are  of 
the  highest  order ;  which  has  never  yet  been  met  with  at  tbe  sale  of  the 
most  ardent  collector,  and  of  which  every  copy,  judging  by  the  cost  of  its 
production,  may  be  fairly  said  to  be  worth  its  weight  in  gold. 

Mr.  Martin's  Catalogue  commences  with  the  work  (•*  De  Antiquitate 
Ecclesise  Britannicse*')  printed  by  Archbishop  Matthew  Parker,  (but  pro- 
bably written  by  his  secretary,  John  Josseline,)  to  record  the  sayings  and 
doings  of  his  sixty-nine  predecessors  at  Canterbury.  The  learned  prelate 
amused  bis  leisure  in  so  adding  to  and  altering  the  book,  that  no  two  of 
the  twenty  or  more  copies  known  to  exist  are  in  all  respects  alike ;  he  also 
printed  his  own  Life,  no  doubt  intending  to  have  it  kept  secret  for  a  con- 
venient season,  but  an  impression  of  the  precious  tract  somehow  came  into 
the  hands  of  a  Puritan,  who  translated  and  published  it  with  the  good- 
natured  remark,  that  the  number  of  seventy  thus  made  up  was  so  complete 
"  as  it  is  great  pitie  ther  shold  be  one  more ;  but  that  as  Augustin  was  the 
first,  so  Matthew  might  be  the  last." 

The  times  of  the  Stuarts,  when  the  press  was  under  the  care  of  a 
Licenser,  afforded  a  plentiful  harvest  of  books,  printed  privately  enough, — 
the  ears,  if  not  the  lives,  of  the  parties  concerned  being  in  danger ;  but  Mr. 
Martin  considered  them  not  within  the  scope  of  his  work,  as  being,  like  the 
Yorkshireman's  razors,  *'  made  to  sell."  He  accordingly  passes  them  over, 
and  proceeds  to  the  great  feature  of  his  book — the  private  printing  of  more 
modern  days,  but  in  this,  as  before  remarked,  he  is,  perhaps  intentionally, 
deficient. 

In  recording  the  achievements  of  amateur  printers,  he  catalogues  the 
works  of  the  Newcastle  Typographical  Society,  and  also  details  at  length 
the  amusements  in  that  way  of  Horace  Walpole  at  Strawberry-hill,  of  Sir 
Egerton  Brydges  at  Lee  Priory,  of  Sir  Alexander  Boswell,  of  Auchinleck, 
who  fell  in  a  duel  thirty  years  ago,  and  the  graver  labours  of  Sir  Thomas 
Philiipps,  who  still  lives  and  prints  Cartularies,  and  pedigrees,  and  Heralds' 
Visitations. 


54  Privately  Printed  Books,  [July, 

The  works,  good,  bad,  or  indifferent,  produced  by  the  Roxburghe,  Ban- 
natyne,  Maitland.  and  other  clubs,  the  predecessors  of  the  publishing 
societies  of  the  present  day,  are  likewise  passed  in  review ;  even  the  pri- 
vate press  of  Louis  XVIII.  at  Hartwell  is  noticed,  though  that  of  his 
**  good  cousin"  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  (afterwards  king  Louis  Philippe,) 
at  Twickenham,  is  not;  but  if  he  had  extended  his  researches  to  a  large 
building  in   Downing-street,  he    might   have    discovered   a   place  where 

laborious  men 

"  Add  night  to  day,  and  Sunday  to  the  week," 

in  printing  works  not  for  sale,  though  the  nation  pays  handsomely  for 
them.  They  contain,  not  formal  reports,  but  the  *'  private  and  confidential*' 
communications  of  ministers,  ambassadors,  and  lower  employes,  often 
couched  in  a  style  as  unofficial  as  Clive's  note  from  the  card-table  to 
Colonel  Lawrence : — "  Attack  the  Dutch  at  once,  and  1*11  send  you  an 
order  in  council  to-morrow."  Small  as  the  number  of  copies  printed  usually 
is,  the  dispersion  of  the  library  of  a  minister  or  a  chief  clerk  will  now  and 
then  bring  to  light  a  few  of  these  genuine  "  materials  for  history,"  and  they 
then  become  fair  subjects  for  public  notice,  although  their  mere  titles  when 
fresh  from  the  press  would  sometimes  cause  as  much  uneasiness  to  persons 
high  in  office,  as  ever  Archbishop  Parker  experienced  from  his  Puritan 
friend. 

This  Government  press,  which  formerly  occupied  a  couple  of  garrets 
in  the  Foreign  Office,  is  now  transferred  to  a  kitchen  in  Fludyer-street, 
under  the  same  roof.  We  will  not  "pry  into  the  secrets  of  the  State" 
so  far  as  to  inquire  what  is  printed  there  now,  though  we  know  the 
press  to  be  in  full  activity,  lest  we  should  discover  anything  that  might  put 
either  the  war  that  we  have  just  closed  or  the  peace  that  we  have  so  re- 
cently celebrated  according  to  order,  in  a  light  not  warranted  by  the  news- 
papers. Instead  of  this  we  will  give  a  brief  notice  of  some  few  of  its  pro- 
ductions ten  or  fifteen  years  ago,  which,  as  they  relate  to  matters  long  since 
settled,  cannot  now  well  be  "embarrassing"  to  anybody. 

We  commence  with  a  very  distant  dependency.  The  government  of 
British  India,  as  is  well  known,  is  nominally  in  the  Courts  of  Directors  and 
Proprietors,  but  its  affairs  are  in  reality  managed  by  a  Secret  Committee, 
whose  Instructions  to  each  presidency  are  printed  in  occasional  pamphlets, 
of  which  but  twenty-five  copies  are  struck  off,  "  solely  for  the  use  of  the 
Cabinet."  They  are  mainly  the  rough  notes  (literally  marginal,  and  authen- 
ticated by  initials,)  which  the  members  have  made  on  the  despatches  from 
India,  and  are  usually  couched  in  brief  and  unceremonious  terms.  Thus, 
on  March  31,  1841,  the  committee  wrote,  among  other  things,  to  the 
Governor- General  in  Council : — 


(( 


We  altogether  concur  in  the  censm-e  on  Mr.  B and  Major-General  B 


expressed  in  your  Secretary's  letter  of  the  4th  of  January,  with  reference  to  their 
opinions  unnecessarily  obtruded  upon  Government ;  and  we  are  far  from  pleased  with 
a  portion  of  their  subsequent  proceedings.  They  do  not  appear  to  conduct  themselves 
in  a  8])irit  and  temper  suitable  to  their  responsible  situations ;   and  we  think  it  highly 

inexpedient  to  employ  a  functionary  in  so  important  a  staticm  as  that  of  Mr.  H , 

with  whose  conduct  government  is  repeatedly  compelled  to  find  fault.     We  also  concur 

in  your  disapprobation  of  the  joint  connnunications  of  Mr.  B and  General  B , 

as  being  informal  and  in  every  respect  inexpedient." 

■    I  he  names  are  of  course  given  in  full,  but,  being  those  of  living  individuals,  they 
are  here  reduced  to  an  initial. 


1856.]  Privately  Printed  Books,  55 

To  the  same,  June  3,  1841. 

'*  We  deplore  the  casualties  occasioned  by  what  appears  to  us  the  ill-advised  attack  on 
Kujjuck,  of  which  we  have  been  informed  by  the  Bombay  Government.  The  chief 
officer  in  command  seems  to  be  responsible  for  the  lamented  result." 

"  With  reference  to  the  conduct  of  the  late  Lieut.  Ij ,  we  are  sorry  to  observe 

that  the  choice  of  political  agents  appears  to  have  been  in  many  instances  unfortunate." 

"  We  have  no  remarks  to  make  on  the  letter  of  Captain  C ,  except  that  it  is 

ill-judged  to  meet  a  comment  by  superior  authority,  in  regard  to  his  conduct,  by  saying 
that  he  objects  to  his  character  as  a  gentleman  being  impugned." 

Other  names,  ranking  high  in  the  Indian  service,  and  "  a  Mr.  Layard,'' 
are  at  other  times  mentioned  in  anything  but  flattering  terms.  A  general 
is  censured  for  sending  to  a  newspaper  the  report  of  a  court  of  inquiry  be- 
fore it  had  been  submitted  to  the  Government,  "for  purposes  of  private 
spite  ;"  and  a  political  agent  is  charged  with  impeding  the  public  service, 
and  a  hope  is  expressed  that  he  may  be  placed  in  a  post  where  he  will  be 
able  to  do  less  harm.  The  general  was  removed,  but  the  Political  had 
friends  at  court,  who  declined  to  listen  to  anything  against  him,  and  the 
committee  gave  way  to  the  wishes  of  his  protectors,  observing  (Aug.  4, 
1841)  to  the  Governor-General : — 

**  We  are  always  willing  to  grant  to  you  that  discretion  which  is  indispensable  for  the 
exercise  of  your  many  important  duties ;  and  if,  after  the  instances  in  which  you  have 
disapproved  of  the  conduct  of  Mr.  B ,  and  which  we  perceive  by  your  last  de- 
spatches have  been  recently  very  numerous,  you  still  continue  to  think  that  Mr.  B 

is  well  qualified  for  his  post,  we  shall  acquiesce  in  that  decision." 

To  the  Governor  of  Bombay,  June  5,  1841  : — 

**  The  proceedings  of  Ameer  Khalid  should  be  watched,  but  no  force  is  to  be  used 
against  him  j  and  we  are  not  sure  that,  if  used,  it  would  be  effectual." 

"  You  have  determined  right  in  not  strengthening  the  fortifications  of  Karrak." 

"  We  have  no  orders  to  give  in  regard  to  Mocha." 

"The  explanation  in  reg-ard  to  the  omission  to  inform  Commander  L of  his 

allowances  is  far  from  satisfactory." 


To  the  same,  July  5,  1841  : — 

**  Nusseer  Khan  can  only  be  regarded  as  an  enemy,  and  ought  to  be  treated  accord- 
ingly." 

**  We  do  not  approve  of  attacking  Mocha  by  a  naval  force  in  conjunction  with  the 
Imanm  of  Senna." 

The  following  passages  from  a  letter  to  the  Govern  or- General  (Dec.  31, 
1840)  shew  that,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  things  had  been  mis- 
managed in  Affghanistan : — 

"  Were  we  to  place  implicit  belief  in  the  statements  made  by  Sir  Alexander  Bumes,  in 
his  letter  of  the  7th  August,  1840,  to  Sir  W.  Macnaghten,  we  should  be  forced  to  the 
p^ful  conclusion  that  all  your  efforts  to  establish  a  permanent  influence  in  those 
countries  had  not  only  signally  failed,  but  had,  to  a  certwn  extent,  compromised  the 
British  character.  Fortunately,  however,  the  comments  made  by  Sir  W.  Macnaghten 
on  those  sentiments  justify  us  in  hesitating  to  rely  altogether  on  them ;  and,  much  as 
we  are  disposed  to  applaud  the  zeal  and  energy  of  Sir  A.  Bumes,  we  must  refrain  from 
admitting  some  of  his  facts,  and  from  subscribing  to  several  of  his  conclusions.  There  is, 
however,  in  his  remarks,  uncontradicted  as  many  of  them  are,  and  indeed  confirmed,  by 
Sir  W.  Macnaghten,  quite  sufficient  evidence,  in  our  opinion,  to  shew  that  serious  mis- 
takes have  been  made  in  the  administration  of  affairs,  both  civil  and  military,  in  the 
restored  Afighan  monarchy,  and  in  the  immediately  contiguous  states."  .  .  .  "To 
w^hatever  quarter  we  direct  our  attention,  we  behold  the  restored  Aftghan  monarchy 
menaced  by  danger  which  cannot  possibly  be  encountered  by  the  military  means  at  the 
disposal  of  your  minister  at  the  Court  of  Shah  Shooja ;  and  we  again  desire  you  to  con- 
sider seriously  which  of  the  alternatives  (a  speedy  retreat  from  Affghanistan,  or  a  con- 


56  Privately  Printed  Books,  [J^y> 

siderable  increase  of  your  military  force  in  that  country)  you  may  feel  it  to  be  your  duty 
to  adopt.  We  are  convinced  you  have  no  middle  course  to  pursue  with  safety  or  with 
honour." 

The  committee  then  set  forth  the  happy  estate  of  the  restored  and  pro- 
tected sovereign : — 

"  The  high  opinion  entertained  of  him  (Shah  Shooja)  by  Sir  W.  Macna^hten  is  a  suffi- 
cient refutation  of  the  calumnious  libels  which  have  denounced  his  character  and  con- 
duct as  unworthy  of  your  protection.  We  trust  that  his  Majesty  will  have  the  good 
sense  to  perceive  that  he  cannot  be  treated  altogelker  as  an  independent  sovereign ;  and 
that  it  is  only  by  implicit  deference  to  the  advice  of  your  minister  at  his  court  that  he 
can  maintain  his  position.  .  .  .  We  do  not  attach  much  importance  to  the  selection 
which  the  Shah  may  make  of  his  ostensible  chief  minister,  concluding,  as  we  do,  that 
both  the  sovereign  and  the  subject  must  be,  in  reality,  under  the  control  of  your  Envoy. 
It  will  be  sufficient  that  his  choice  should  fall  on  a  person  of  respectable  character  and 
conduct." 

The  instructions  of  the  committee  seem  usually  precise  enough,  but  the 
zeal  of  their  subordinates  occasionally  needs  to  be  checked.  What  would 
the  Indian  press  have  said  had  they  known  that  something  like  a  censor- 
ship was  once  contemplated  by  their  local  rulers,  but  prevented  by  instruc- 
tions from  England  ?  The  committee  write  to  the  Governor  of  Bombay, 
(Dec.  28,  1840):— 


"  With  respect  to  your  letter  of  the  31  st  of  October,  No.  91,  we  have  to  inform  you, 
that  our  notice  of  the  conduct  of  the  Indian  press  had  no  reference  to  any  restrictive 
measures,  but  to  what  appeared  to  us  the  neglect  of  the  Government  to  find  some  means 
of  contradicting  the  malignant  falsehoods  of  the  newspapers." 

It  is  rather  amusing  to  find  these  rulers  of  a  hundred  millions  descending 
from  their  high  estate  to  lecture  their  great  otficers  about  the  blunders  of 
their  clerks.  They  tell  the  Governor- General  (July  30,  1841)  that  a  cer- 
tain letter  "  ought  to  have  been  addressed  to  us,  and  not  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Court  of  Directors ;  and  we  desire  that  you  will  issue  such  instructions 
as  may  prevent  the  same  mistake  being  again  made.**  And  to  the  Governor 
of  Bombay,  respecting  a  wrong  indorsement  of  a  despatch,  they  say  (Dec. 
28,  1840),  "We  must  desire  that  the  clerks  who  are  continuaJly  guilty  of 
these  egregious  blunders  shall  not  be  employed.'' 

To  turn  to  another  subject.  In  1844  a  project  was  set  on  foot  for  a  Colo- 
nial Order  of  Knighthood,  and,  as  a  groimdwork,  the  Statutes  of  the  most 
distinguished  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  (founded  in  1818  for 
the  Ionian  Islands  and  Malta)  were  printed,  from  which  we  will  take  the 
description  of  the  habit  of  a  Knight  Grand  Cross : — 

"  The  Knights  Grand  Cross  shall  at  investitures  of  the  Order,  and  upon  all  great  and 
solemn  occasions,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Sovereign,  wear  mantles  of  Saxon  blue  satin, 
lined  with  scarlet  silk,  and  tied  with  two  cordons  of  blue  and  scarlet  silk  and  gold,  on 
the  left  side  of  which  mantle  shall  be  embroidered  a  representation  of  the  star  of  a 
Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  order,  which  shall  be  composed  of  seven  rays  of  silver,  be- 
tween each  of  which  shall  issue  a  small  ray  of  gold;  over  all,  the  cross  of  St.  Geoi^e, 
gules ;  and  in  the  centre  of  the  said  star,  within  a  circle,  azure,  w^hereon  is  inscribed  in 
letters  of  gold  the  motto  *  Auspicium  melioris  iEvi,*  a  representation  of  the  archangel 
St.  Michael,  holding  in  his  dexter  hand  a  flaming  sword,  and  encountering  Satan.  The 
Knights  Grand  Cross  shall  on  those  solemn  occasions  also  wear  a  round  chapcau,  which 
shall  be  of  blue  satin,  lined  with  scarlet,  turned  up  in  front,  and  embroidered  thereon 
the  star  of  the  Order  hereinbefore  described,  which  chapeau  shall  be  adorned  and  sur- 
mounted  by  three  white  ostrich  feathers,  and  in  the  centre  one  large  black  ostrich 
feather.  And  we  do  further  command  that  on  all  other  occasions  whatsoever,  the 
Knights  Grand  Cross  shall  wear  the  star  of  the  said  Order  embroidered  upon  the  left 
side  of  their  coats  or  outer  garments." 

7 


1856.]  Privately  Printed  Books.  57 

The  figare  that  would  he  presented  hy  a  thriving  Backwoodsman,  a  South 
African  hoer,  or  an  Australian  stock-keeper,  thus  attired,  either  on  solemn 
or  any  other  occasions,  probably  led  to  the  abandonment  of  the  project, 
though  it  was  favourably  received  by  most  of  the  Governors,  and  some 
even  recommended  a  colonial  peerage. 

With  the  official  description  in  the  Regulations  for  the  guidance  of 
Foreign- Service  Messengers  (Aug.  1843),  of  the  costume  of  a  more  useful 
public  servant  than  some  who  have  worn  the  above  sumptuous  dress,  we 
will  conclude  this  notice  : — 

"  The  uniform  of  a  messenger  is  a  dark  blue  military  surtout,  with  scarlet  collar  and 
cufk,  and  a  j-inch  edging  of  gold  lace ;  a  blue  waistcoat  edged  in  like  manner ;  gprey 
trowsers  with  scarlet  cloth  over  the  outer  seams ;  embossed  gilt  buttons,  with  the  royal 
cipher  encircled  by  the  garter,  and  surmounted  by  the  crown ;  and  a  blue  cloth  cap, 
with  a  gold  lace  band  of  an  inch  and  a  lialf  broad.  The  badge  is  to  be  suspended  fh)m 
the  neck  by  a  dark  blue  ribbon.  No  part  of  the  uniform  is  to  be  worn,  except  upon 
actual  service." 

On  another  occasion  we  may  perhaps  shew  how  the  raw  material  of  Or- 
dinary, Separate,  Confidential,  Most  Confidential,  Secret  and  Most  Secret 
Despatches,  and  private  letters,  is  dressed  up  and  made  presentable  in  the 
form  of  a  Blue  Book. 


THE  DAISniBIAN  PBINCIPALITIES. 

The  great  war  in  which  we  have  been  recently  engaged  has  had  the 
effect  of  exciting  an  interest  in  countries  and  people  with  which  we  had 
previously  only  a  very  slight  and  imperfect  knowledge,  yet  whose  history, 
condition,  and  future  destiny  are  well  deserving  our  most  careful  study  and 
earnest  regard.  In  a  historical,  philological,  and  commercial  point  of 
view,  the  Danubian  Principalities  are  of  no  ordinary  interest ;  they  display 
manners,  customs,  governments,  together  with  vast  natural  resources,  that 
must  sooner  or  later  force  themselves  upon  our  attention,  and  it  therefore 
becomes  exceedingly  desirable  that  our  previous  vague  and  indistinct 
notions  should  give  way  to  full  and  accurate  knowledge.  Our  own  litera- 
ture has  at  present  added  little  or  nothing  of  value  to  the  common  stock  of 
knowledge  on  this  subject ;  yet  other  sources  of  information  are  by  no  means 
scanty.  It  is,  however,  to  M.  Ubicini,  the  author  of  a  work  of  the  highest 
authority  on  Turkey  *,  recently  published,  that  we  commit  ourselves  for 
guidance  in  Eastern  history  and  statistics.  He  has  added  to  the  obligation 
literature  is  under  to  him  by  the  publication  of  a  volume  devoted  to  the 
provinces  of  Roumanyo  origin  ^,  in  which  he  sketches  the  history  of  the 
populations  of  the  Principalities  from  the  time  of  their  subjection  under 
Trajan  to  the  present  day;  the  vicissitudes  they  have  passed  through, 
their  government,  geographical  and  natural  advantages,  their  religion,  com- 
merce, antiquities,  finance,  wars, — everything  is  passed  in  review,  and 
treated  in  a  clear  and  concise  manner  : — 

"  At  the  eastern  extremity  of  Europe,  between  the  Dneister,  the  Carpathians,  the 
Theiss,  Danube,  and  Black  Sea,  there  extends  a  country  upon  which  all  the  peoples  of 


a   t* 


Turkey  and  its  Inhabitants,  translated  by  Lady  Easthope."     (London :   John 

Murray). 

»»  "Provinces  IVOrigine  Roumaine:  Valachie,  Moldavie,  Bukovine,  Transylvanie, 
Bessarabie ;  par  M.  Ubicini.     Univers  Pittoresque."    (Paris ;  Didot.) 
Gekt.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  i 


58  The  Danubtan  PHncipalities.  [J^aIv, 

Eastern  Europe — Russinnfl,  Poles,  Turks,  Hungarians,  Germans — have,  during  five  cen- 
turies, met  as  upon  a  vast  battle-field. 

"This  country,  the  Dacia  of  the  ancients,  is  at  present  divided  between  Russia, 
Austria,  and  Turkey,  and  inhabited  by  a  compact  and  homogeneous  population  number- 
ing upwards  of  seven  millions,  whose  physiognomy,  language,  monuments,  customs,  and 
even  name^  denote  a  Roman  origin." 

The  title  of  Wallacliians  **,  given  by  geographers  to  the  inhabitants  of 
this  country,  does  not  exist  in  their  natural  idiom.  Thev  call  themselves 
Rumanyosj  or  Roman,  in  remembrance  of  their  ancestors  whom  Trajan 
brought  from  Italy  and  other  parts  of  the  empire  to  re-people  Dacia,  after 
the  dispersion  of  the  indigenous  race,  and  bestowed  upon  their  country  the 
name  of  Roman  land, — Roumania. 

But  if  Roumania  is  united  by  origin,  language,  religion,  manners,  and 
geography,  it  is  divided  politically  into  three  parts, — Turkish  Roumania, 
Austrian  Roumania,  and  Russian  Roumania. 

Austrian  Roumania  is  formed  of  Transylvania,  of  Bukovina,  of  the  Banat 
of  Temesvar,  and  adjacent  countries.  The  Carpathian  chain,  after  sepa- 
rating Hungary  from  Gallicia,  in  following  a  direction  from  the  north-west 
to  the  south-east,  descends  in  a  straight  line  towards  the  south,  perpen- 
dicularly to  the  Danube ;  it  then  turns  suddenly  to  the  west,  parallel  to 
this  river,  until  it  rejoins  the  Hungarian  territory.  The  space  comprised 
between  this  arm  of  the  Carpathians  forms  Transylvania. 

Open  to  the  north  and  the  west,  on  the  side  of  Hungary,  it  has  for 
neighbours  beyond  the  Carpathians ;  on  the  east,  Moldavia ;  on  the  south, 
Wallachia.  Its  superficial  extent  is  estimated  at  1,103,000  square  miles; 
its  population  is  upwards  of  2,000,000.  This  population  belongs  to  various 
distinct  races,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Hungarian,  the  Szecklers,  or 
Siculas,  and  the  Saxons.  Each  of  these  three  nations  has  its  own  territory 
assigned  to  it  by  law :  the  first  to  the  west  and  the  centre,  the  second  to 
the  east,  the  third  to  the  south  and  the  north; — each  figures  on  its  own 
account  in  the  Diet  which  represents  what  is  called  the  Transylvanian 
Trinity,  solemnly  instituted  in  1545,  at  the  Diet  of  Torda. 

The  Hungarians  stand  the  first,  having  conquered  the  land  in  the  tenth 
century.     Next  come  the  Siculas,  a  fraction  of  the  Magyar  people,  who 


*  This  name  RoumanyOf  by  which  a  Wallachian,  a  Moldavian,  or  a  Bessarabian,  desig- 
nates himself,  according  to  Dr.  Latham,  in  his  "  Native  Races  of  the  Russian  Em- 
pire," is  a  name  we  find,  in  some  shape  or  other,  widely  spread  in  a  variety  of  forms, 
and  with  a  wide  latitude  of  meaning.  It  is  the  name  of  the  modem  Greek  language — 
Romaic ;  the  modem  Greeks  identifying  themselves  with  the  Romans  of  the  Eastern 
Empire.  It  is  the  gipsy  Rommani.  It  is  the  name  of  the  language  of  the  Grisons, 
which  is  Rumonsch ;  and  of  the  old  Romance  language  of  France.  It  is  the  name  of 
that  part  of  European  Turkey  which  corresponds  with  ancient  Thrace,  and  of  which 
Constantinople  is  the  capital, — Rumelia ;  and  also  the  name  of  a  lai^e  portion  of  Asia 
Minor — Roum.  It  is  a  name  as  honourable  as  it  is  widely  spread ;  for  wherever  we 
find  it,  it  reminds  us  of  the  old  sovereignty  of  Rome. 

The  claim  of  the  Wallachians  to  so  honourable  a  name  is  fully  attested  by  their  lan- 
guage, which  is  a  descendant  of  the  Latin ;  as  truly  as  the  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
guese, and  French.  But  although  the  blood  they  boast  is  good,  it  is  far  from  unmixed. 
Their  language,  separating  them  from  the  Slavonians,  connects  them  with  the  most 
civilized  countries  of  Western  Europe,  though  it  is  nearly  unintelligible  beyond  the 
boundaries  of  the  ancient  Dacia.  There  it  is  strangely  disguised  in  the  writing  and 
printing,  inasmuch  as  the  Roumanyo  alphabet  is  Russian*  This  is  as  if  Latin  were 
written  in  Greek  characters. 

^  Wallachian  is  a  term  of  Slavic  origin,  which,  by  a  common  proems  of  aaaimilatioo, 
translates  the  word  Roman  (strong,  robnst,)  by  Flak,  or  Vlokff. 


1856.]  The  Danubiaa  Principalities.  59 

occupied  it  long  before  them.  Lastly  come  the  Saxons,  admitted  as  co- 
lonists in  the  twelfth  centary. 

Besides  the  three  nations  are  the  Wallachians,  formerly  masters  of  the 
soil,  and  the  most  numerous  inhabitants,  who  possess  no  territory  of  their 
own,  and  who,  dispersed  over  the  whole  extent  of  the  country,  preserve  a 
deeply-impressed  sentiment  of  their  nationality.  Their  number  has  been 
variously  estimated  from  570,000  to  1,486,000,  but  about  800,000  appears 
near  the  truth. 

Bukovina,  comprised  between  Gallicia  and  Podolia  on  the  north,  Mol- 
davia to  the  east  and  the  south,  and  Transylvania  on  the  west,  has  a  terri- 
tory of  about  189,000  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  nearly  280,000 
inhabitants,  almost  exclusively  Roumanian.  Bukovina  formerly  made  part 
of  the  Moldavian  territory,  from  which  it  was  dismembered  in  1 774,  shortly 
after  the  peace  of  Kainardji,  by  the  crafty  diplomacy  of  Austria,  which, 
profiting  by  its  alliance  with  Russia,  made,  at  the  expense  of  the  Porte,  the 
acquisition  of  a  district  possessing  a  surface  of  198,000  square  miles,  and  a 
population  of  132,000  souls. 

The  Banat  and  adjacent  countries  upon  the  Hungarian  territory  comprise 
another  group  of  Roumanyos,  estimated  to  contain  at  least  1 ,200,000  souls. 

Russian  Roumania  is  formed  of  the  province  of  Bessarabia,  which  also 
makes  part  of  Moldavia,  this  the  treason  of  Demetrius  Morousi  gave  to 
the  Russians  in  1812.  Bessarabia  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Danube, 
on  the  north  and  the  east  by  the  Dneister  and  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  west 
by  the  Bukovina  and  the  Pruth,  which  separate  it  from  Moldavia.  It  thus 
forms,  between  this  river  and  the  Dneister,  a  narrow  belt  of  inhospitable 
country,  many  miles  in  extent.  This  belt,  which  gradually  widens  as  we 
approach  the  sea-shore,  divides  itself  into  two  countries  totally  distinct 
from  each  other,  both  by  the  nature  of  their  population  and  their  topo- 
graphical constitution.  The  southern  part  is  a  flat  country,  resembling 
the  steppes  of  Russia,  possessing  but  a  few  meagre  unimportant  streams, 
and  is  favourable  only  for  grazing  ;  agriculture  is  unproductive,  except 
in  some  few  places  beside  the  stream,  where  numerous  colonies  of  Ger- 
mans and  Bulgarians  have  established  themselves.  The  northern  part, 
bordering  on  Austria,  presents,  on  the  contrary,  a  country  of  hills  and 
valleys  covered  with  magnificent  forests,  and  rich  in  all  the  products  of  the 
most  favoured,  temperate  climates. 

The  superficial  extent  of  the  whole  country  is  estimated  at  2,148,584  hec- 
tares, of  which  one  half  is  arable  and  the  other  meadow.  The  population 
is  estimated  at  800,000  inhabitants. 

Turkish  Roumania  consists  of  the  two  Principalities  of  Wallachia  and 
Moldavia,  to  which  we  shall  confine  the  following  remarks  : — 

Moldavia  and  Wallachia  are  abundantly  favoured  by  nature.  They  pos- 
sess wonderfully  fertile  plains,  splendid  pasturage,  noble  forests  of  timber, 
salt-mines  of  the  finest  quality,  and  the  most  enchanting  scenery.  Plains, 
mountains,  and  forests  are  combined  on  this  territory,  which  abounds  in 
vegetable  productions  of  every  kind  ;  the  olive  and  the  orange  only,  of 
European  plants  excepted.  Their  vineyards  furnish  wines  which  might  be 
made  to  rival  those  of  France.  There  are  no  barren  lands ;  rivers  al)Ound. 
The  mountains  contain  unworked  mines  of  mercury,  iron,  copper,  bitumen, 
sulphur,  coal,  &c.  Wax,  honey,  tobacco,  butter,  cheese,  skins,  leather, 
grain,  wool,  silk,  cattle  and  sheep,  game,  poultry,  all  contribute  to  the 
natural  richness  of  these  countries.  All  the  cereals  abound ;  no  artificial 
means  to  stimulate  production  are  needed.    Wheat  yields  sixteen  to  twenty- 


60  The  Danubian  Principalities,  [July, 

fold,  rye  thirty,  millet  three-hundred-fold.  Forests  of  fruit-trees,  such  as 
pears,  apricots,  and  cherries,  abound.  In  variety  and  richness  of  their  pro- 
ductions, the  greater  part  of  the  mountains  resemble  our  most  beautiful 
gardens. 

The  principal  cities,  few  in  number,  are  Bucharest,  Giurgevo,  Braila,  in 
Wallachia,  and  Jassy  and  Galatz  in  Moldavia.  The  population  of  these  two 
Principalities  is  altogether  between  three  and  four  millions. 

The  population  of  the  Principalities  divides  itself  ethnographically  into 
two  great  classes, — the  Roumanyo,  or  indigenous  race,  and  the  races  gra- 
dually emigrating  and  combining  with  them,  such  as  the  Greeks,  Bulga- 
rians, Armenians,  Jews,  Gipsies,  &c. 

The  first,  sprung  from  the  mixture  of  the  ancient  Dacians  and  the  nume- 
rous Roman  colonies  that  Trajan  imported  into  the  country  after  he  had 
conquered  it,  forms  about  nine-tenths  of  the  total  population,  large,  robust, 
intelligent,  with  handsome  features ;  the  Roumanyos,  with  their  costume 
resembling  that  seen  on  the  column  of  Trajan,  remind  us  of  the  brave  war- 
riors from  whom  they  are  descended.  But  an  air  of  sadness  and  resigna- 
tion, resulting  from  the  long  sufiering  they  have  endured,  replaces  the  manly 
expression  of  their  ancestors.  For,  as  it  is  said  by  Lavallee,  "  there  are 
few  countries,  few  people,  who  have  been  more  maltreated,  plundered,  and 
tortured ;  their  history  is  one  long  martyrdom  ;  and  when  we  have  read  the 
monstrous  recital  of  the  devastations  and  massacres  to  which  they  have  been 
subjected,  we  are  astonished  that  any  inhabitants  are  left  to  cultivate  the 
soil." 

The  reglement  organique  of  1831  divided  the  population  of  the  Princi- 
palities into  two  great  categories :  the  privileged,  and  the  contributors  or 
tax-payers.  The  first  is  composed  of  all  those  individuals  who  are  exempt 
from  taxation,  whatever  may  be  their  rank  or  position  in  the  state,  such  as 
the  boyards,  priests,  monks,  and  others  devoted  to  religion,  employes  of 
every  kind,  soldiers,  domestics,  Taiganes  of  monasteries,  &c.  The  total 
number  of  the  exempts  is  reckoned  at  680,000  for  the  two  Principalities. 

The  class  of  contributors  comprehends,  I^.  merchants  and  artizans, 
designated  under  the  qualification  of  patentees ;  they  are  divided  into  three 
categories,  according  to  the  extent  of  their  business,  or  the  nature  of 
their  industry,  and  pay  an  annual  tax  varying  in  amount  from  15  to  16 
shillings  a-year.  They  number  about  120,000,  of  which  50,000  belong  to 
Moldavia.  IP.  The  peasant  cultivators,  estimated  at  640,000  families,  or 
3,200,000  for  the  two  Principalities.  About  one-sixth  of  the  population 
of  Moldo-Wallachia  is  exempt  from  taxation.  The  disherited  labourers, 
those  who  have  no  rights  in  the  state,  alone  support  its  charges. 

It  is  necessary  to  explain  more  fully  this  inequality.  What  are  called  the 
boyards  were  established  in  the  Principalities  only  towards  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  Every  master  of  an  armed  chariot  was  called  boyar 
{bovis  herus),  as  every  owner  of  an  equipped  horse  called  himself  cavalier 
{cavali  herus).  While  war  continued,  this  title  bore  exemption  from  all 
personal  tax.  The  grades  to  which  they  rose  in  the  mihtary  hierarchy 
were  personal.  The  son  could  not  inherit  the  paternal  title,  and  as  every 
lloman  was  a  soldier,  so  every  citizen  served  the  state ;  the  judge,  like 
the  civil  employ e^  receiving  a  military  title. 

Radu  or  Rodolph  IV.,  prince  of  Wallachia  at  the  end  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  conceived  the  first  idea  of  creating  a  nobility,  upon  the 
Byzantine  model,  by  converting  the  court  offices  into  titles.  These 
titles  are  nineteen  in  number,  and  give  rise  to  three  classes  of  boyards. 


1856.]  The  Danubian  Principalities.  61 

But  the  boyardery,  as  established  by  the  reglement  organiqits^  after  the 
constitutions  of  Peter  the  Great  concerning  the  Russian  nobility,  consists 
less  of  titles  than  of  ranks  assimilating  with  military  grades.  The  ranks 
are  bestowed  by  the  hospodars,  or  heys.  Whoever  occupies  a  post  in  the 
state  has  a  rank,  and  consequently  is  a  boyard.  The  boyardery,  then, 
forms  only  a  close  caste,  which  is  unceasingly  renewed  from  its  base.  The 
soldier,  in  becoming  officer,  the  scribe  who  has  passed  some  years  in  the 
service  of  the  state,  become  nobles,  and  their  progeny  also,  to  the  second 
generation.  In  Wallachia  there  are  about  3,200  families  of  boyards, 
and  2,800  in  Moldavia,  presenting  a  total  of  30,000  individuals.  These 
are  divided  into  two  categories— great  and  small  boyards.  The  great 
boyards  are  70  in  number  in  Wallachia,  and  300  in  Moldavia,  composing 
an  oligarchy  which  concentrates  all  the  power  of  the  state  in  its  hands. 
This  distinction  was  introduced  by  the  reglement  organiqtie;  up  to  that 
date  there  was  no  difference  between  boyard  and  boyard,  as  to  exercise  of 
political  rights.  An  intermediate,  or  middle  class,  it  may  be  said,  has  no 
existence  in  the  Principalities.  The  patented  merchants  and  artizans,  who 
represent  what  may  be  called  the  Roumanyo  bourgeoises  until  lately  con- 
founded with  the  proletaries,  are  reckoned  as  nothing  in  the  state.  Yet 
this  class — the  only  one  that  really  makes  any  progress,  in  spite  of  the  im- 
pediments to  its  development — has  acquired  a  certain  political  importance 
since  the  events  of  1848. 

The  peasant  cultivators  next  demand  attention;  they  are  divided  into 
two  categories :  the  mosneni,  or  small  proprietors,  to  the  number  of  70,000 
in  Wallachia,  and  500,000  in  Moldavia ;  and  the  peasants,  who  render  com- 
pulsory service,  numbering  upwards  of  3,000,000. 

The  conditions  afforded  to  the  Moldo-Wallachian  peasant  by  the  regle- 
ment organique,  and  previous  regulations,  as  well  as  the  constitution  even 
of  property,  and  the  laws  which  govern  it,  have  no  precise  analogy  in  any 
other  country  of  Europe.  The  peasant,  without  being  attached  to  the 
glebe,  yet  cannot  quit  the  soil  without  the  authority  of  the  proprietor ;  he, 
on  his  part,  can  only  dispose  of  that  portion  of  his  land  which  the  peasant 
has  not  used,  and  which  the  law  limits  to  one-third  of  the  estate. 

The  reglement  established  three  classes  of  peasants.  Each  peasant  re- 
ceives from  the  proprietor  in  Wallachia  a  given  portion  of  cultivable  land, 
for  house,  garden,  meadow,  arable,  and  pasturage.  In  return  for  this  land, 
the  peasant  must  give  to  the  proprietor,  1.  the  equivalent  of  twelve  days' 
labour,  one  day  for  drawing  wood,  and  fourteen  days  of  ohatchie,  or  com- 
pulsory service  ;  2.  the  tenth  of  all  his  produce ;  3.  a  right  of  mono- 
poly of  every  article  of  consumption,  including  articles  of  the  first  necessity, 
such  as  bread,  wine,  brandy,  &c.  These  conditions,  apparently  light,  are, 
owing  to  numerous  causes,  not  only  very  onerous,  but  really  disastrous,  since 
the  peasant  alone  bears  the  expenses  of  the  State,  and  pays  for  the  use  of 
the  land  a  charge  equal  to  four  times  the  interest  at  5  per  cent,  on  its  value ! 

The  Principalities  enjoying  by  treaty  an  independent  internal  administra- 
tion and  legislation,  are  governed  by  a  regulation  known  under  the  title  of 
reglement  organique,  which  was  promulgated  in  1831,  according  to  the 
stipulations  of  the  separate  act  of  the  Convention  of  Ackerman. 

Each  Principality  is  governed  by  a  prince,  or  hospodar,  elected  for  life  by 
the  extraordinary  general  assembly ;  he  is  the  representative  of  executive 
power,  and  shares  with  the  ordinary  general  assembly  in  the  legislative 
power.  He  appoints  all  his  employes,  and  selects  his  own  ministers,  who 
are  five  in  number,  viz.  a  minister  of  the  interior;  a  minister  of  justice;  a 


62  The  Daaubian  Pmwipalities,  [July, 

minister  of  public  instruction  and  worship ;  a  minister  of  finance,  and  a 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs.  There  is  also  a  second  council, 
termed  the  ordinary  administrative  council,  composed  of  the  secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs,  of  the  minister  of  finance,  and  of  the  minister  of 
the  interior,  who  is  president. 

The  extraordinary  general  assembly,  who  elect  the  prince  in  Wallachia, 
is  composed,  1.  of  the  metropolitan  of  Bucharest,  and  of  the  three  bishops 
of  Bouzes,  Rimnik,  and  Argis ;  2.  of  fifty  boyards  of  the  first  rank ;  3.  of 
seventy-three  boyards  of  the  second  rank ;  4.  of  the  deputy  nobles  from 
the  districts,  each  district  sending  two ;  5.  of  twenty-seven  deputies  from 
the  corporations :   190  members  in  all. 

The  extraordinary  general  a8semt)ly  of  Moldavia  numbers  only  132 
members,  recruited  in  the  same  manner. 

The  ordinary  general  assembly  of  Wallachia  is  composed  of  forty-three 
deputies ;  that  of  Moldavia  of  thirty-five  only.  The  police  is  under  a  chief, 
who  enjoys  the  title  of  aga» 

For  administrative  purposes,  each  Principality  is  divided  into  districts,  or 
departments,  subdivided  into  arrondissements ;  these  latter  are  composed 
of  communes. 

The  judiciary  administration  of  the  Principalities  comprehends  two  su- 
preme courts,  sitting  at  Bucharest  and  Jassy ;  three  courts  of  appeal ; 
thirty- one  primary  tribunals,  and  three  tribunals  of  commerce,  at  Bucharest, 
Crayova,  and  Galatz. 

There  is  also  in  every  village  a  kind  of  jury,  whose  attributes  are  similar 
to  those  of  our  justices  of  the  peace,  and  is  composed  of  three  villagers 
elected  annually  by  the  commune.  Their  sittings  are  held  on  Sunday,  after 
leaving  church,  in  the  house  and  under  the  presidency  of  the  priest. 

In  religion,  the  Roumanyos  belong  to  the  Greek  Church.  Each  of  the 
two  provinces  is  spiritually  governed  by  a  metropolitan  dependant  on  the 
patriarch  of  Constantinople.  Generally,  this  subjection  is  merely  nominal, 
and  is  limited  to  an  almonry  which  the  metropolitans  send  to  the  patriarch 
upon  their  installation.  The  two  metropolitans  preside  over  the  assemblies, 
of  which  the  bishops  make  part.  An  ecclesiastical  tribunal,  acting  under 
their  direction,  judges  of  the  differences  between  man  and  wife,  and  has  the 
power  of  granting  divorce.  The  clergy,  as  throughout  the  Greek  Church, 
is  divided  into  two  orders, — the  caloyers^  or  monks  of  St.  Basil,  who  are 
subjected  to  celibacy,  and  the  secular  priests,  who  may  marry  before  taking 
orders.  Only  the  first  can  attain  to  the  highest  dignities  of  the  Church. 
The  secular  priests  are  entrusted  with  the  ordinary  duties  of  worship  in  the 
parishes,  and,  as  well  as  the  caloyers^  are  exempt  from  taxation. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Mussulman,  all  other  religions  are  tolerated  in 
Moldo- Wallachia,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  capitulations.  Turks  can 
neither  dwell  in  the  country  nor  maintain  mosques. 

In  spite  of  the  obstacles  thrown  in  the  way  by  Russia  during  the  last 
fifteen  years,  the  commerce  of  the  Principalities  has  increased  tenfold,  and 
it  is  particularly  with  this  country  that  the  increase  has  been  greatest, 
having  doubled  during  the  last  ten  years. 

Moldo- Wallachia,  although  incessantly  overrun  and  ravaged  by  barba- 
rians, is  still  rich  in  remains  of  the  middle  ages,  which  are  mostly  unknown 
to  the  antiquary.  They  belong  to  three  different  epochs — the  Dacian,  the 
Roman,  and  the  Domni,  or  voyvodes.  To  the  first  period  belong  the  re- 
mains of  intrenchments,  the  so-called  rampart  of  Trajan,  an  earthen  em- 
bankment of  considerable  extent,  but  exhibiting  no  traces  of  Roman  con- 


185G.]  The  Danubian  Principalities,  63 

struction.  In  the  environs  of  Kosia  we  find,  in  the  ancient  Castra  Trajani, 
vestiges  of  Cyclopean  or  Pelasgic  monuments.  In  Little  Wallachia  are 
numerous  traces  of  mining  operations,  the  aspect  of  which  differs  from 
Roman  works  of  the  same  kind.  In  1846  a  relievo  was  found  in  a  field  in 
Little  Wallachia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube  ;  it  represented  a  sacrifice  to 
the  god  Mithra,  composed  of  six  figures,  whose  costume  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  Dacians  on  the  column  of  Trajan  and  other  Roman  monuments. 
The  Dacian  numismata  is  much  richer  than  the  monumental  archaeology. 

As  may  be  supposed,  Roman  remains  abound  in  the  Principalities.  Be- 
sides roads,  which  intersect  the  soil  in  almost  every  direction,  we  find  the 
remains  of  the  bridge  of  Trajan,  one  of  the  most  gigantic  constructions 
ever  formed  by  the  hands  of  the  Romans ;  the  towers  of  Severin,  Cara- 
calla,  Romano,  and  many  other  cities ;  numerous  works  of  the  ancient 
masters  of  the  world  abound,  and,  although  an  artistic  exploration  into  the 
Principalities  has  not  yet  been  undertaken,  their  museums  are  being  con- 
stantly enriched  with  the  fruits  of  accidental  discoveries. 

The  first  domni^  or  voyvodes,  built  a  great  number  of  castles,  churches, 
monasteries,  and  fortresses,  most  of  which  are  now  in  ruins,  or  have  left 
slight  traces  of  their  existence.  Of  the  ancient  chateau  of  Rudolph  the 
Black,  at  Campu-Lungii,  only  two  battlemented  towers  exist,  but  the 
church  built  by  this  prince  remains  intact.  When  he  afterwards  trans- 
ferred his  residence  to  Curta  Argis,  he  built  there  a  new  chateau  and  a 
church,  which  is  justly  esteemed  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  edifices  of  the 
Renaissance  in  the  world.  Most  of  the  monasteries  in  Roumania  belong 
to  the  period  of  the  first  voyvodes,  and  are  equally  interesting  to  the  artist, 
arch  geologist,  and  traveller :  that  of  Niamtzo,  in  Moldavia,  is  particularly 
remarkable ;  it  possesses  a  printing-office,  library,  hospital,  elementary 
school,  and  a  manufactory  of  serges ;  to  which  it  is  proposed  to  add  in- 
struction in  agriculture  and  the  veterinary  art : — 


« 


The  ignorant  Roumain  is  not  aware,  nor  does  educated  Europe  know  any  more 
than  he  does,  that  beyond  the  stream  (the  Pruth)  which  he  has  cursed,  there  are  to  be 
found  people  of  the  same  blood  as  himself;  that  Roumania  does  not  terminate  with  the 
mountains  which  bound  his  view ;  that  at  the  other  side  of  these  moimtains,  and  even 
in  the  very  heart  of  Hungary,  beyond  the  narrow  stream  which  separates  him  from  the 
Bukawina,  as  also  beyond  the  Danube  and  as  far  as  the  limits  of  Macedonia,  beyond  the 
Pruth  to  the  Dneist«*,  the  mountains  and  valleys,  the  plains  and  banks,  are  found  men 
of  the  same  race,  whose  language,  religion,  and  customs  are  the  same  as  his ;  and  who, 
whatever  be  the  rule  under  which  they  live,  reply  to  the  traveller  who  questions  them, 
*  8^nt  Roman* — *  I  am  a  Roman/  Thus  we  have  over  eight  millions  of  Roum^ns  col- 
lected in  one  mass  in  Moldo- Wallachia,  Hungary,  Bessarabia,  and  the  a^acent  countries, 
without  speaking  of  the  colonies  scattered  in  groups  beyond  the  Danube  and  the  Dneis- 
ter ;  eight  millions  of  Roumains  whose  ancestors,  stationed  as  advanced  sentinels  against 
the  barbarians,  sustained  for  a  century  and  a  half,  without  flinching,  the  shock  of  invasion, 
and  who  served  as  a  rampart  to  the  Roman  empire.  What  is  there  to  prevent  the  re- 
vival in  our  days  of  that  policy  by  preparing  the  Danubian  Principalities  for  the  task 
which  Dacia  performed  after  Trajan's  time  ?  The  circumstances  are  the  same ;  there  ia 
nothing  changed  but  the  names  and  dates.  What  resistance  might  not  be  opposed  to 
the  encroachments  of  Slavism  by  a  compact  mass  of  8,000,000  people,  all  of  Latin  origin, 
if  the  nations  of  the  west  boldly  recognised  the  community  of  race  and  interests  which 
connect  their  destinies  with  theirs  ?  What  a  guarantee  of  stability  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  equilibrium  of  Europe  might  not  be  given  by  that  Roumania,  so  richly  endowed 
by  Providence,  if,  to  borrow  the  poetic  image  of  its  people,  *  the  various  branches  of  the 
oak,  strewn  around  its  old  trunk,  resumed  their  primitive  places,  to  reconstruct  the 
majestic  tree — ^the  noble  monarch  of  the  forest  V 


f> 


61  [Julj^, 


STROLLS   ON   THE   KENTISH   COAST. 

No.  I.— RICHBOROUGH  AND  SANDWICH. 

Easy  access  both  by  land  and  by  water,  a  choice  of  modes  of  travelling, 
all  pleasant  and  all  cheap,  and  arranged  purposely  to  economise  time,  unite 
with  picturesque  scenery  and  summer  weather  to  draw  thousands  annually 
from  smoky  London  to  the  coast  of  Kent.  They  have,  it  is  true,  only  to 
look  around  them  to  feel  that  they  have  made  a  desirable,  even  if  a  very 
temporary  exchange,  but  their  rational  pleasure  will  surely  be  heightened 
by  reflecting  that  Roman  and  feudal  fortresses.  Cinque  Ports,  abbeys,  and 
one  of  our  noblest  cathedrals,  are  within  a  summer  day's  journey,  and  that 
a  visit  to  some  of  these  may  both  pleasantly  and  profitably  alternate  with 
ascents  of  the  clifis  and  idle  lounges  on  the  sands. 

We  will  suppose  a  man,  then,  who  feels  a  desire  to  visit  the  scenes  of 
some  of  the  great  events  in  the  history  of  his  country,  and  who  does  not 
think  a  walk  of  a  dozen  miles  or  so  too  heavy  a  price  to  pay  for  its  grati- 
fication. Such  an  one  we  will  ask  to  accompany  us  from  Ramsgate  on  a 
visit  to  a  Roman  fortress  and  a  Cinque  Port.  Both  have  suflfered  severely 
from  the  tooth  of  time,  but  the  journey,  we  think,  is  well  worth  making. 

We  have  named  Ramsgate  as  our  starting-point,  as  it  is  the  most  fre- 
quented spot  on  the  coast,  and  the  railway  passing  through  it  will  enable  us 
readily  to  reach  Sandwich,  Deal,  and  Walmer  on  the  south,  Canterbury  on 
the  west,  and  Reculver  and  Heme  Bay  on  the  north-west. 

Ramsgate,  Broadstairs,  St.  Peter's,  and  Margate  have  been  described 
often  enough  already,  and  they  can  boast  of  no  important  historical  recol- 
lections ;  so  they  may  be  advantageously  forgotten  for  a  while,  and  having 
bargained  for  a  pedestrian,  we  start  betimes  in  cheerful  mood  for  the  old 
town  of  Sandwich,  not  at  all  daunted  by  the  seven  miles*  walk  before  us. 

We  proceed  along  Queen-street  in  Ramsgate,  pass  the  Vale,  and  reach 
West  Cliff'-terrace,  with  the  sea  on  our  left  hand — the  view  always  including 
Deal  Point,  and  sometimes  the  clifi^s  bv  Calais.  We  soon  descend  a  hill  into 
the  very  small  village  of  Pegwell,  with  its  tea-gardens,  its  rival  "  original 
inventors  of  the  essence  of  shrimps,"  and  its  rough  and  crazy  ladder-hke 
stairs,  to  the  beach.  The  carriage-road  bends  inland,  therefore,  if  the  tide 
will  allow,  we  descend  the  ladder,  and  make  our  way  under  the  clifl«.  If  this 
is  not  practicable,  we  take  the  foot-path  near  the  edge,  pass  two  coast-guard 
stations  very  near  each  other,  and  just  beyond  the  second  we  have  a  choice 
of  ways,  none  so  steep  as  to  be  dangerous,  which  lead  us  to  an  Undercliff, 
of  limited  extent  certainly,  and  not  to  be  compared  with  that  at  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  or  that  which  the  railway  has  destroyed  at  Dover,  but  still,  with  its 
graceful  trees,  its  gay  flowers,  its  countless  shells,  polished  pebbles,  and  its 
Btones  and  pieces  of  wreck  perforated  by  marine  animals,  sufficiently  attrac- 
tive to  one  who  sees 

**  Leaves  in  the  running  brooks. 
Sermons  in  stones,  and  good  in  everything." 

We  have  too  the  satisfaction  of  thus  saving  a  mile  of  our  journey  over  the 
less  picturesque  turnpike-road,  on  which  we  emerge  at  a  point  opposite  a 
lonely  but  exceedingly  neat  house  of  entertainment,  called  the  "  Sports- 
man,*' and  less  than  four  miles  from  Sandwich. 

We  have  now  left  the  clifiFs  behind  us,  and  we  pass  along  the  low  shore 
of  Pegwell-bay.     The  water  is  evidently  shallow,  and  we  observe  lines  of 
8 


1856.]  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast,  65 

stakes  which  point  out  the  chanuel  of  Sandwich  haven,  once  navigated  by 
tall  barks,  but  approached  by  them  no  longer.  We  are  now  on  historic 
ground.  We  pass  Ebbsfleet  gate,  a  turnpike,  which  preserves  the  name  of 
the  landing-place  of  the  traditionary  Hengist  and  Horsa  and  the  real  Augus- 
tine and  Wiflrid ;  and  the  ground  behind  rises  in  hills,  which,  when  recently 
cut  through  for  the  railway,  yielded  a  plentiful  crop  of  relics  of 

**  Man  and  steel,  the  soldier  and  his  sword," — 

the  certain  indications  of  some  great  battle,  the  name  of  which  has  not  come 
down  to  us. 

Half-an-hour's  walk  brings  us  to  Stonar-cut,  a  canal  intended  to  shorten 
the  navigation  of  the  winding  Stour,  but  which  appears  to  be  little  used,  as  it 
is  overgrown  with  weeds ;  and  we  now  see  before  us,  upon  a  bold  hill  to  the 
right,  Richborough  Castle.  But  to  reach  it  we  must  turn  out  of  the  road, 
be  ferried  over  the  river,  and  then  walk  a  good  distance  through  fields  more 
full  of  horned  cattle  than  a  non- agriculturist  may  think  agreeable ;  we  there- 
fore keep  along  the  high  road  for  another  two  miles,  having  on  the  left  hand 
a  belt  of  open  land,  on  which  we  may  pass  without  any  fear  of  being  con- 
sidered trespassers.  The  great  Norman  tower  of  St.  Clement,  Sandwich,  soon 
rises  before  us  on  the  left ;  shortly  after  we  see  in  the  centre  the  lower 
tower,  half  stone,  half  brick,  of  St.  Peter's,  and  on  the  right  hand  the  ugly 
modem  turret  of  St.  Mary's.  We  observe  that  the  Stour  sometimes  ap- 
proaches the  road,  sometimes  recedes  from  it,  flows  by  a  single  house  called 
the  **  Canteen,"  which  now  represents  the  town  of  Stonar,  once  the  com- 
mercial rival  of  Sandwich,  and  then  bends  sharply  to  the  west,  where  we 
cross  it  by  a  very  useful  but  not  elegant  swing-bridge,  and  enter  the  good 
old  town. 

The  landscape  around,  as  we  pause  on  the  Quay  for  a  few  minutes,  and 
exchange  a  civil  greeting  with  a  custom-house  officer  on  duty  at  the  bridge, 
has  much  of  a  Dutch  or  Flemish  aspect.  Fertile  meadows  spread  around, 
ditches  divide  the  fields  instead  of  hedges,  poplars  are  the  chief  trees,  and  a 
district  adjoining  we  learn  bears  still  the  name  of  the  "  Polders,"  as  do 
meadows  similarly  girt  with  sluggish  streams  and  fringed  with  trees  in  the 
Low  Countries  ;  another  point  of  resemblance  is  the  numerous  and  neatly- 
kept  garden-patches  which  are  to  be  seen  intermingled  with  tall  black  or 
red  wooden  storehouses,  and  the  single  small  shipbuilding-yard. 

But  we  are  anxious  to  reach  Richborough,  and  therefore  we  postpone 
anything  beyond  a  hurried  glance,  intending  to  return  to  Sandwich  a  few 
hours  hence,  and  then  avail  ourselves  of  the  railway  to  Ramsgate. 

Accordingly  we  pass  through  the  Barbacan,  opposite  the  bridge ;  it  is  a 
gateway  of  rough  chalk  and  black  flints,  ornamented  with  the  arms  of 
the  Tudors,  painted  and  gilt ;  soon  we  turn  to  the  right,  along  Strand- 
street,  and  see  St.  Mary's  Church,  which  occupies  the  site  of  one  founded, 
as  well  as  that  of  Minster,  by  Egbert  of  Kent,  in  the  seventh  century,  in 
expiation  of  the  murder  of  his  young  nephews.  It  was  once  large  and 
handsome,  but  the  tower  fell  200  years  ago,  and  ruined  one  of  the  aisles, 
which  has  never  been  rebuilt ;  but  a  mean  wooden  turret  has  been  raised 
on  the  roof.  A  little  further  on  we  observe,  almost  hidden  bv  trees,  the 
old  Free-school,  of  which  KnoUys,  the  historian  of  the  Turks,  was  once 
master,  and  we  then  find  ourselves  again  in  the  open  country,  with  Rich- 
borough once  more  in  view. 

A  walk  of  a  mile  beside  the  Stour,  running  between  lofty  banks,  on 
which  stand  several  windmills  of  grotesque  shape,  and  of  various  colours, 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  k 


66  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast,  [July, 

(intended  as  sea-marks,)  and  surrounded  by  flower  and  vegetable  gardens, 
brings  us  to  the  railway ;  we  cross  it  on  the  level,  and  begin  to  ascend  the 
long  hill  on  which  stands  our  Roman  fortress. 

We  reach  the  top,  and  find  ourselves  in  a  corn-field,  of  about  six  acres, 
inclosed  on  three  sides  by  walls  12  feet  thick,  more  than  20  feet  high,  and 
600  feet  long.  The  eastern  wall  has  disappeared,  except  some  huge 
masses  which  lie  far  below,  beside  the  railway,  and  overgrown  with  shrubs 
and  grass  and  wild  flowers ;  part  of  the  southern  wall  has  also  gone,  but 
the  north  and  west  walls  appear  almost  perfect,  and  the  eflect  is  magnifi- 
cent. There  are  the  remains  of  a  round  tower  at  each  angle,  and  of  two 
square  towers  in  each  face,  with  a  gateway  between  opening  to  the  car- 
dinal points.  The  earth  has  been  washed  away  in  some  places,  and  scooped 
away  in  others  to  make  recesses  for  implements  of  husbandry,  and  we  see 
that  the  wall  is  raised  on  rough  boulders  and  blocks  of  chalk  laid  together 
without  cement ;  these  are  succeeded  by  a  cemented  course  of  like  materials, 
on  which  is  raised  the  shapely  wall  of  cut  stone,  garnished  with  string- 
courses of  coloured  tiles,  after  the  Roman  method.  The  walls  are  crowned 
with  ivy,  but  it  does  not  flourish  so  well  on  the  inner  as  on  the  outer  face ;  its 
place  is  supplied  by  wild  flowers  innumerable,  of  which  we  proceed  to 
gather  a  handful.  We  select  the  bright  yellow  wall-flower  and  the  yellow 
and  orange  and  red  antirrhinums;  the  monkshood,  verbascum,  and  foxglove, 
of  deep  blue,  yellowish  white,  and  pink ;  saxifrages,  with  heads  of  dazzling 
white  flowers  which  shame  their  garden  compeer,  London  Pride ;  wild 
mignonette,  and  vetches,  and  sea- pink,  and  periwinkle,  glowing  with 
colour,  but  scentless ;  bright  blue  centaury,  and  brighter  toadflax ;  but 
above  all,  the  gorgeous  viper's  bugloss,  with  its  profusion  of  large  dark- 
blue  flowers  ribbed  with  the  richest  red.  We  might,  perhaps,  find  as  many 
more,  but  these  will  do  for  a  specimen  of  the  floral  wealth  of  Rich- 
borough. 

We  have  now  traversed  the  area,  and  we  pass  to  the  outside,  and  turn 
westward.  A  noble  sheet  of  ivy  covers  the  south  and  the  west  walls,  and 
divides  our  attention  with  the  pleasant  fields  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  in  which 
we  mark  toward  the  south-west,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  ofl^,  some  remains 
of  a  Roman  amphitheatre ;  just  over  it  appears  the  tapering  spire  of  the 
church  of  Ash-next-Sandwich,  a  well-known  sea-mark.  As  we  proceed 
along  the  western  wall  we  see  the  few  farm-houses  of  the  village  at  a  short 
distance,  and  we  observe  that  the  roadway  of  the  Decuman  gate  is  occupied 
by  a  patch  of  potatoes.  But  the  northern  face  of  Richborough  is  em- 
phatically its  noblest  feature.  A  narrow  cart-road  leads  close  beside  it, 
with  rather  a  steep  descent,  to  a  quiet-looking  cottage  on  the  verge  of  the 
railway ;  we  pass  down,  and  then,  to  obtain  a  favourable  view,  we  proceed, 
say  fifty  yards  northward.  We  now  see  the  famous  Rutupium,  placed  high 
on  a  hill,  apparently  as  stately  as  in  the  days  of  Vespasian,  and  undoubtedly 
more  picturesque,  for  this  one  wall  presents  a  covering  of  ivy  so  compact, 
that  it  seems  to  have  but  a  single  stem,  yet  is  near  30  feet  high,  and  full 
600  feet  long. 

"  When  Contemplation  has  her  fill," 

and  we  cannot  hurry,  we  re-pass  the  cottage,  re-enter  the  enclosure  at  the 
north-east  corner,  and  as  we  make  our  way  to  the  opposite  side,  observe 
that  the  wheat  grows  thinly  on  one  spot.  Just  under  the  surface  there  is  a 
stone  platform  of  above  1 00  feet  each  way,  on  which  extends  a  vast  cross,  and 
close  by  is  a  subterranean  building  of  great  solidity,  as  many  eflbrts  to 
mine  through  its  walls  have  been  inefl^ectual ;  and  until  that  shall  be  ac- 


1856.]  Slroiis  on  the  Kentish  Coast.  67 

complished,  any  speculation  as  to  its  origin  or  purpose  must  be  useless. 
Before  we  descend  the  hill  we  look  around :  to  the  south  lies  Sandwich,  to 
the  east  the  open  sea,  and  to  the  north-east,  Ramsgate,  Broadstairs,  and 
the  North  Foreland. 

We  again  cross  the  railway,  wishing,  for  the  convenience  of  frequent 
visits  to  Richborough,  that  the  train  stopped  at  the  level  crossing  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  pass  again  between  the  black  and  the  white  mills,  the 
Datch  gardens,  and  the  river,  and  once  more  find  ourselves  in  Sandwich. 

Some  rest  and  refreshment  procured  at  the  ''Bell"  Inn,  on  the  Quay,  from 
the  door  of  which  we  again  see  Richborough,  we  set  about  a  survey  of  the 
town.  We  find  the  streets  very  narrow,  but  very  clean,  paved,  and  lighted 
with  gas ;  the  houses  are  in  general  modem,  the  town  having  been  burnt 
by  the  French  at  one  time,  and  ravaged  by  accidental  fires  frequently 
since.  The  quaint  appellations  of  Lucksboat- street  and  Galliard*s-bridge 
remind  us  that  we  are  in  a  seaport ;  Fisher-gate,  and  St.  Mary-gate,  and 
portions  of  wall,  all  of  chalk  and  black  flint,  take  us  back  to  the  time  when 
Edward  IV.,  in  gratitude  for  his  reception  at  his  return  from  Calais  in  the 
summer  of  1460,  granted  the  customs  of  the  port  to  the  mayor  and  cor- 
poration for  repairing  their  fortifications.  The  Free-school  is  of  the  age  of 
Elizabeth,  and  the  names  that  we  see  on  the  doors  and  shop-fronts  prove 
that  the  descendants  of  the  Protestant  refugees  to  whom  she  gave  shelter 
are  not  extinct :  take,  for  instance,  Crosoer,  De  Bock,  Famariss,  Greey, 
Lello,  Monti,  Mourilyan,  Omer. 

Sandwich  is  almost  insulated.  The  Haven  stretches  along  the  north 
side,  receiving  the  Mill-stream  on  the  west  and  the  Town-ditch  on  the 
east,  near  which  runs  another  stream  called  the  Guestling ;  while  the 
Delf,  a  canal  cut  in  the  time  of  Edward  I.  to  supply  the  town  with  water, 
flows  on  the  south,  in  one  place  fringed  by  poplars,  which  form  a  con- 
spicuous object  from  Pegwell-bay,  at  another  overhung  with  more  graceful 
trees,  and  in  still  another  bounded  by  a  brilliant  flower-garden,  which  is 
backed  by  a  fragment  of  a  black  flint  wall,  and  afl^ords  an  excellent  proof  of 
the  skill  of  a  Sandwich  horticulturist. 

Beside  the  three  churches  and  the  hospital  of  St.  Bartholomew,  which 
still  remain,  Sandwich  once  possessed  numerous  religious  and  charitable 
foundations,  which  have  all  been  swept  away :  of  these  we  know  that  the 
Carmelite  friary  was  granted  to  a  familiar  name,  Arderne  of  Feversham. 
It  had  also,  as  became  its  position  as  a  flouriehing  seaport,  more  commonly 
used  in  early  times  for  passage  to  the  Continent  than  Dover,  a  strong  Castle, 
which  has  now  disappeared,  and  well-armed  burgesses,  who  repulsed  more 
than  one  attack  from  the  French,  and  also  captured  many  of  the  followers 
of  the  unfortunate  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Perkin  Warbeck.  Then 
its  haven  had  fifty  or  more  vessels  in  it  at  one  time,  now  it  is  rare  to 
see  two,  but  on  one  such  occasion  we  were  glad  to  observe  that  the  name 
of  one  of  them  was  "  The  Sandwich,  of  Sandwich,*'  as  shewing  that  the 
people  are  still  proud  of  their  old  town,  though  half-a-dozen  vessels  now 
comprise  its  whole  navy,  including  a  little  steam-tug,  **  the  Stour,"  which 
the  railway  traveller  may  sometimes  notice  as  high  up  the  river  as  Slurry, 
near  Canterbury. 

We  find  in  Sandwich  a  Mechanics'  Institute,  and  even  a  theatre;  a 
town -hall,  ornamented  with  the  Cinque  Ports'  arms,  "  the  half  lyon  and  the 
half  shippe,"  and  containing  several  antique  weapons,  as  halbert-heads,  and 
matchlocks ;  a  market-place,  where  the  grass  springs  freshly,  and  a  raised 
bank  called  the  Mill- wall,  which  aflbrds  a  pleasant  walk  towards  the  sea- 


68  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast,  [July> 

shore,  having  the  railway  station  on  the  right,  and  St.  Clement's  Church  on 
the  left.  We  step  over  a  stile,  proceed  along  Paternoster-row,  where  the 
grass  grows  high  indeed,  and  in  a  few  minutes  find  ourselves  in  front  of 
the  great  Norman  tower. 

We  are  painfully  struck  with  the  air  of  desolation  around.  The  church- 
yard is  overrun  with  weeds,  many  of  the  tombstones  have  fallen,  and  the 
rest  seem  about  to  follow.  The  church  is  of  good  size,  but  the  walls  are 
here  covered  with  a  crop  of  rank  herbage,  there  vilely  patched  with  plaster 
or  brick ;  windows  are  some  half  closed  up,  others  wholly  so ;  unsightly 
clumps  of  brickwork  alone  seem  to  sustain  some  parts  of  the  fabric ;  the 
tower  is  weather-worn,  and  the  stone  is  decaying,  but  it  still  looks  solid, 
and  we  may  hope  it  will  endure  until  better  times  shall  restore  some  de- 
gree of  comeliness  to  the  whole.  The  interior,  which  we  enter  by  the 
heavy  iron-studded  north  door,  looks  bare  and  comfortless  as  the  exterior ; 
the  pavement  is  a  confused  mass  of  gravestones,  glazed  and  common  tiles, 
bricks,  and  triangular  pieces  of  stone,  apparently  once  the  floor  of  some 
other  edifice.  There  are,  however,  an  ancient  font,  ornamented  with 
armorial  bearings  and  fanciful  sculptures,  a  raised  chancel  with  stalls,  and 
a  panelled  oak  roof;  but  no  painted  glass,  no  stately  monuments. 

At  a  very  short  distance  from  St.  Clement's  we  find  St.  Peter's  Church, 
its  square  stone  tower  finished  off  with  bricks  in  an  indescribable  fashion. 
The  churchyard  is  kept  with  comparative  decency,  and  the  interior  has 
still  a  few  fine  monuments,  as  of  a  knight  and  lady  supposed  to  represent 
the  founders  of  St.  Thomas*  Hospital  adjoining,  and  of  Sir  John  Grove,  a 
Kentish  magnate  of  the  time  of  Henry  VI.,  whose  Ferry  is  now  a  pleasure 
resort  from  Ramsgate.  The  church  was  in  1563  or  1564  allotted  to  the 
Dutch  settlers.  In  1661  the  tower  fell  and  crushed  the  south  aisle;  with 
Puritan  parsimony,  the  latter  was  left  in  ruin,  while  the  former  was  re- 
built with  the  rubbish,  eked  out  to  such  a  height  as  to  serve  for  a  sea- 
mark, with  bricks  made  from  the  mud  of  the  harbour. 

Hard  by  St.  Peter's  stands  the  gaol  for  the  Liberties  of  the  town,  which 
areextensive,  the  gay  watering-places  around,  as  well  as  the  hardly-known 
corporate  town  of  Fordwich  (near  Canterbury),  being  **  limbs"  of  the 
old  Cinque  Port,  and  its  tributaries.  The  trustees  of  the  Royal  Harbour  of 
Ramsgate  pay  a  yearly  sum  towards  the  maintenance  of  Sandwich-bridge, 
and  are  thus  by  agreement  exempted  from  a  supremacy  which  might  clash 
with  the  duties  that  parliament  has  thought  fit  to  impose  on  them  •. 

We  have  already  noticed  St.  Mary's,  and  we  now  proceed  beside  the 
Delf  to  an  institution  which  has  somehow  escaped  the  suppression  of  hos- 
pitals, and  has  perhaps  a  better  claim  to  the  appellation  of  the  '*  Almshouse 
of  Noble  Poverty"  than  the  Hospital  of  St.  Cross  at  Winchester.  This  is 
the  Hospital  of  St.  Bartholomew,  which  affords  a  neat  house,  and  some- 
thing like  £50  a-year  each,  to  sixteen  brethren  and  sisters,  whose  names 
we  learn,  without  much  surprise,  are  in  many  cases  the  same  as  those  of 
substantial  inhabitants  of  the  town.  The  old  gatehouse,  of  brick  and 
glazed  tiles,  has  disappeared,  and  the  houses  are  modem  neat  cottages. 


*  Ramsgate  harbour  was  commenced  about  1748,  mainly  on  the  recommendation  of 
some  London  merchants,  and  after  a  hundred  years'  trial  is  seen  to  be  little  more  than 
an  expensive  toy.  People  on  the  coast  think  it  would  have  been  a  wiser  proceeding  to 
restore  Sandwich  Haven,  by  making  a  ship-canal  to  the  Downs  (about  two  miles  in 
length),  as  has  been  repeatedly  proposed  since  the  time  of  Elizabeth ;  an  act  of  parlia- 
m«^nt  was  passed  for  that  purpose  in  1847,  and  it  may  yet  be  accomplished. 


1836.]  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast,  69 

with  the  name  of  "  Brother  A."  or  "  Sister  B."  painted  over  the  door ; 
but  the  small  chapel  remains,  and  contains  a  fine  aJtar-tomb  of  Sir  Henry 
de  Sandwich,  an  early  benefactor,  if  not  the  founder  of  the  charity,  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Henry  III.  We  see  by  a  small  gravestone  that  there  was 
once  a  school  attached  to  the  foundation,  but  it  exists  no  longer,  and  in- 
deed the  chapel  itself  is  only  open  for  divine  service  one  Sunday  in  the 
month,  and  on  St.  Bartholomew's  Day.  The  little  graveyard  is  neatly  kept, 
and,  from  the  ages  inscribed  on  the  headstones  of  the  brethren  and  sisters, 
we  see  that  the  marshy  situation  of  Sandwich  has  not  been,  in  their  case  at 
least,  prejudicial  to  longevity.  Opposite  the  hospital  the  clear  stream  of 
the  Delf  flows  into  the  town,  bordered  by  the  row  of  poplars  already  men- 
tioned ;  close  to  which  stands  the  railway  station,  to  which  it  is  now  time  to 
repair. 

But  whilst  we  wait  for  the  train,  which  is  soon  to  arrive  from  Deal,  we 
will  briefly  run  over  the  history  of  the  places  we  have  been  visiting. 

The  Rutupine  shore  is  mentioned  by  Lucan  in  the  first  century  of  the 
Christian  era,  and  we  know  that  Augustine  and  Wilfrid  landed  there  in  the 
sixth  and  seventh.  Richborough  certainly  then  existed,  and  probably 
Sandwich  also,  but  we  hear  nothing  of  the  former,  though  much  of  the 
latter,  during  the  wars  of  the  Saxons  and  the  Northmen.  Sandwich  had 
become  a  place  of  importance  before  the  time  of  the  Domesday-book ;  it 
had  then  383  houses,  and  it  has  now  httle  more  than  600.  The  town  was 
given  in  975  to  the  priory  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  but  the  abbot  of 
St.  Augustine  founded  a  rival  town  at  Stonar,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
haven;  and  disputes  between  them  arose,  which  endured  for  centuries. 
The  men  of  Sandwich,  however,  established  a  superiority  over  Stonar,  and 
that  '*  viir*  has  now  almost  disappeared.  It  was  inundated  in  1365  by  the 
sea,  and  in  1385  was  burnt  by  the  French.  Meanwhile  Sandwich  was  a 
port  of  high  repute.  The  courts  for  the  Cinque  Ports  were  held  in  it, 
armies  embarked  and  disembarked,  and  royal  visits  were  frequent  •*.  It, 
however,  sufi^ered  from  war  and  from  fire,  and,  worse  than  both,  its  har- 
bour began  to  fill  up ;  it  was  thus  at  a  low  ebb  when  the  Netherland  settlers 
arrived  early  in  the  reign  of  Ehzabeth,  and  gave  a  Puritan  character  to  the 
place,  one  effect  of  which  is  painfully  seen  in  the  neglect  and  desecration  of 
the  churches.  In  the  time  of  Charles  I.  the  sum  of  £285  was  demanded 
of  the  town  for  ship-money,  and  the  mayor  was  committed  to  Dover  Castle 
for  refusing  to  assess  it  on  the  inhabitants ;  in  1697  Deal,  the  most  import- 
ant 'Mimb,'*  which  had  risen  as  Sandwich  decayed,  was  formally  withdrawn 
from  its  allegiance,  and  fifty  years  after  the  rival  harbour  of  Ramsgate  was 
commenced  ;  since  which  time  the  ancient  Cinque  Port  has  had  no  important 
event  to  record. 

But  now  the  train  has  arrived  from  thriving  Deal.  We  sweep  at  a  good 
pace  past  St.  Bartholomew's,  over  the  Polders,  and  pass  under  the  walls  of 
Richborough ;  and,  if  we  look  out  at  the  right  moment,  have  a  farewell 
glance  at  its  noble  north  wall.  We  find  by  the  rattle  of  the  train  that  we 
pass  at  every  few  minutes  over  some  pool  or  stream,  pause  a  minute  at  the 
pretty  flower-decked  station  of  Minster,  and  occupy  our  thoughts  rather 


**  Of  these,  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  is  that  of  Richard  I.,  who  landed  here  on 
his  return  from  captivity,  and  proceeded  on  foot  to  Canterbury,  to  return  thanks  in  the 
cathedral.  Edward  III.  was  often  here ;  Elizabeth  was  a  visitor  in  1572,  and  in  1670 
Katherine  of  Braganza,  but  she  did  not  alight,  though  she  partook  of  a  banquet 
seated  in  her  coach  at  the  mayor's  door. 


70  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast,  [July, 

with  the  repentant  founder  of  the  handsome  church  before  us,  than  with 
its  Puritan  desecrator,  Richard  Culmer.  Then  we  start  again,  pass  by  a 
deep  cutting  through  the  scene  of  some  great  battle,  where  bones  and  spear- 
heads have  been  found  in  abundance,  hurry  by  the  square  tower  of  St.  Law- 
rence, and  jump  out  at  the  station,  if  somewhat  tired,  yet  gratified  by  our 
day's  stroll,  and  hasten  to  our  lodgings  to  compare  our  bunch  of  wild 
flowers  with  the  sea-weed,  and  shells,  and  pebbles  which  the  juveniles  have, 
in  our  absence,  gathered  on  the  beach. 


THE  LATE  M.  AUGUSTIN  THIERRY. 

In  M.  Thierry,  whose  death  occurred  at  Paris  on  the  22nd  of  May, 
not  France  only,  but  the  world  of  letters,  has  lost  a  great  ornament,  and 
Parisian  society  feels  a  blank  which  it  will  be  difficult  to  fill  up. 

M.  Augustin  Thierry  was  bom  at  Blois,  on  the  20th  of  May,  1795,  of 
poor  and  humble  parents.  The  family,  however,  is  one  which  at  all 
events  was  once  of  note  in  France.  One  of  that  name  published,  in 
1576,  the  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,  and  the  "  Works  of  St.  Jerome ;"  his 
nephew,  Rolin  Thierry,  gave  to  the  world  the  "  Summa  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas,"  and  this  nephew's  son  and  grandson  were  authors  in  their 
day.  We  find,  again,  one  Marc  Anthony  Thierry,  of  Ville  d*Avray, 
holding  the  post  of  valet  de  chambre  to  Louis  XVI.,  remaining  faithful 
to  his  royal  master  when  all  other  friends  forsook  him,  and  perishing  in 
the  massacre  of  1792. 

It  may  possibly  have  been  through  the  effects  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion that  M.  Thierry  ranked  himself  throughout  life  as  a  plebeian.  Be 
this,  however,  as  it  may,  it  is  certain  that  he  was  at  an  early  age  sent 
to  the  college  of  his  native  town,  where  he  passed  through  his  studies 
with  marked  success.  His  earliest  productions  (since  reproduced  in  his 
Dix  Ans  d'£tudes  Historiques)  shew  him  to  have  been  even  at  that 
time  a  person  of  singular  energy  and  enthusiasm,  gifted  with  an  extreme 
sensibility,  a  fondness  for  theory  and  speculation,  and  a  vivid  and  poetic 
imagination.  In  the  preface  to  his  Becits  du  Temps  Merovin^iens^ 
M.  Thierry  himself  relates  how  the  author  of  Les  Martyrs  gave  the 
first  impetus  to  his  future  vocation — how,  having  lit  upon  a  dramatic 
picture  of  a  battle  between  the  Franks  and  Romans,  the  young  student 
felt  within  him,  as  it  were,  a  revelation  of  historic  truth  disfigured  by 
classic  historians  and  restored  by  the  powerful  genius  of  a  great  poet- 
how  he  rose  from  his  seat  and  made  the  apartment  resound,  as  he 
inarched  up  and  down  it,  with  the  war-song  of  the  terrible  Franks, 
"Pharamond!  Pharamond!  we  have  fought  with  the  sword!" — and 
lastly,  how  the  memory  of  this  electric  impression  remained  stamped 
on  his  mind  in  indelible  characters.  The  genius  of  Chateaubriand  is 
the  parent  to  which  France  owes  Thierry. 

In  1811  Augustin  Thierry  quitted  college  and  entered  the  Normal 
School ;  and,  after  passing  two  years  there,  was  appointed  professor  in 
a  provincial  college.  The  events  of  the  year  1814  brought  him  to  Paris. 
He  hated  military  discipline  and  imperial  regime^  yet  was  equally  averse 
to  the  tyranny  of  revolutionists.     Without  a  decided  preference  for  any 


1856.]  The  late  M.  Augttstin  Thierry.  71 

particular  form  of  Government,  and  with  a  great  contempt  for  the  pre- 
valent idea  of  aping  the  English  constitution — to  use  his  own  words — 
he  "  yearned  for  a  future,  he  knew  not  exactly  what ;  for  a  liberty  such 
as  the  following : — a  Government  with  the  greatest  amount  of  individual 
guarantees,  and  the  least  possible  amount  of  administrative  action." 

Such  was  the  leading  idea  of  his  mind  at  the  age  of  twenty.  At  this 
time  the  celebrated  political  economist,  St.  Simon,  was  living  in  Paris,  and 
to  him  M.  Thierry  attached  himself  as  secretary  and  disciple.  The  con- 
nexion, however,  was  of  short  duration.  Against  the  gloomy,  narrow, 
and  despotic  tendencies  of  St.  Simon's  sectarianism  the  lofty  mind  of 
his  pupil  rebelled,  and  in  1817  the  latter  quitted  the  society  of  that 
g^at  and  original  genius.  Henceforth  he  gave  himself  up  to  journalism. 
He  first  joined  the  Censeur  EuropeeUy  which,  under  the  editorship 
of  Conte  and  Dunoyer,  enjoyed  the  reputation  of  being  the  first  liberal 
journal  of  the  day.  Here  he  was  the  first  to  move  out  of  the  beaten 
track  of  traditionary  records,  and  to  deal  with  the  early  history  of  France 
as  Niebuhr  dealt  with  that  of  Rome.  Carried  along  in  the  torrent  of 
youthful  fervour,  Thierry  soon  began  to  revel  in  the  regions  of  paradox, 
and  when  Montlosier  propounded  his  aristocratic  theory  of  the  French 
nation  as  composed  of  two  distinct  races,  the  conquerors  and  the  con- 
quered, and  claimed  superiority  for  the  former,  M.  Thierry  came  forward 
into  the  field  of  controversy  as  a  plebeian,  and  proud  of  his  plebeian 
origin — much  as  the  Abbe  Dubos,  a  century  before,  had  come  forward  to 
combat  the  Count  de  Bouanvilliers.  Admitting  the  historical  truth  of 
Montlosier's  distinction,  he  "  combated  his  menaces  with  menace,  and 
paradox  with  paradox;"  declaring,  "we  are  one  nation,  yet  two  nations 
in  the  same  land  ;  two  nations,  hostile  in  our  recollections  of  the  past, 
and  irreconcilable  in  our  future  projects."  Once  engaged  in  solving 
this  enigma  in  France,  the  active  mind  of  M.  Thierry  undertook  to  follow 
it  into  other  countries,  and  to  combat  it  wherever  he  could  find  it.  He 
commenced  this  philosophic  war  by  giving  in  the  Censeur  a  sketch  of 
the  English  revolutions  Irom  the  Norman  invasion  dow^n  to  the  death  of 
Charles  I.  In  this  sketch,  says  Hazlitt,  **  not  content  with  metamorpho- 
sing the  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads  into  Normans  and  Saxons,  he  carried 
the  theory  of  the  conquest  and  the  subjection  of  one  race  to  the  other 
even  beyond  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  At  length  he  saw,  and  frankly 
confessed  that  he  saw,  himself  carried  away  by  a  theory  beyond  the 
bounds  of  fact.  Puzzled  as  to  his  future  calling,  he  paused  for  a  time, 
and,  like  Gibbon  meditating  on  the  dismemberment  of  the  great  Roman 
empire,  he  resolved  to  aim  high  and  become  an  historian." 

After  the  public  censorship  had  put  a  stop  to  the  Censeur  Eu- 
ropeen,  M.  Thierry  began  to  contribute  to  the  Courier  Frangais  a 
series  of  letters  which  contained  an  outline  of  his  plan  for  reform- 
ing the  study  of  historv;  and  when  the  polemics  of  the  day  ex- 
cluded the  publication  of  his  theories,  he  withdrew  himself  from  the 
world  and  society,  and  gave  himself  for  some  five  years  to  an  intense 
study  of  historic  facts,  which  resulted  in  the  publication  of  two  works, 
which  Hazlitt  rightly  terms  books  "destined  to  a  permanent  existence 
among  the  proudest  annals  of  learning," — **  two  masterpieces  of  litera- 
ture, in  which  the  erudition  of  a  Benedictine  is  combined  with  the 
glowing  style  of  a  poet.'*  These  where  his  "  Conquest  of  England  by 
the  Normans,"  and  his  "  Letters  on  the  History  of  France."  An  im- 
mense sensation  was  produced  by  these  works,  coming  from  an  author 


72  Tiie  late  M,  Augustin  Thierry.  [J^^y^ 

scarcely  thirty  years  of  age.  But  the  reputation  which  he  gained  was 
dearly  purchased  by  a  temporary  loss  of  health,  and  a  loss  of  sight  which 
unhappily  proved  permanent.  Armand  Carrel,  however,  became  his 
secretary,  and  the  mind  of  Thierry  grew  almost  more  vigorous  than 
ever.  He  formed  at  one  time,  in  conjunction  with  M.  Mignet,  the 
design  of  writing  a  great  national  history,  but  was  obliged  by  circum- 
stances to  abandon  the  attempt.  Still  his  pen  was  not  idle.  In  the  early 
part  of  1830  appeared  his  Lettres  sur  I'Histoire  de  France,  already 
mentioned,  on  the  publication  of  which  the  Institute  elected  him  a 
member  of  the  Academic  des  Belles  Lettres  Attacked  soon  afterwards 
by  a  nervous  disorder,  he  was  forced  to  leave  Paris,  and,  what  was  still 
more  painful,  his  favourite  studies.  From  1831  to  1836  he  spent  his 
time  between  the  baths  of  Luxeuil  and  Vesoul.  At  Luxeuil  he  became 
acquainted  with  his  wife,  then  Mademoiselle  Julie  de  Querangal,  a  lady 
of  a  distinguished  Breton  family,  who  for  twenty  years  watched  over  his 
ailing  health,  and  '*  guarded,"  to  use  the  words  of  William  Hazlitt, "  the 
great  soul  imprisoned  in  a  suffering  body."  Madame  Thierry,  we  may 
here  remark,  is  well  known  in  French  literary  circles  for  pieces  from  her 
pen  which  have  appeared  in  the  Hevue  des  Deux  Mondes,  under  the  nom 
de  guerre  of  Philippe  de  Morvelle,  and  for  another  charming  production 
entitled  Adelaide,  ou  Memoires  dune  Fdle,  M.Thierry's  brother,  Amadee, 
also  is  a  great  historian ;  his  best  work  is  his  Histoire  des  Qaulois.  A 
visit  to  the  blind  historian,  surrounded  by  his  wife  and  family,  in  his 
retreat  at  Luxeuil,  in  which  his  position  is  beautifully  compared  with 
that  of  our  own  Milton  in  similar  circumstances,  is  admirably  related 
by  Hazlitt  in  a  biographical  notice  prefixed  to  his  translation  of  the 
"  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest." 

But  to  return  to  our  story.  In  the  intervals  of  repose  stolen  from  a 
life  of  suffering,  M.  Thierry  still  from  time  to  time  resumed  the  pen  of 
an  historian  with  unabated  ardour.  He  not  only  revised  his  "  History 
of  the  Anglo-Norman  Conquest,"  but  also  republished  the  various  pro- 
ductions of  his  youth,  under  the  title  of  Dix  Ans  ^Etudes  Historiques, 
already  mentioned.  Not  content  with  this  work,  he  commenced  some 
twenty  years  since,  a  series  of  letters  in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes, 
giving  an  exact  picture  of  the  civil,  political,  and  religious  life  of  France 
in  the  sixth  century.  These  articles,  collected  into  a  volume,  and  pub- 
lished in  1835  under  the  title  of  Recits  du  Temps  Merovi/ngienSy  ob- 
tained for  their  author  the  prize  of  £400.,  founded  by  the  Baron 
Gobert,  and  awarded  by  the  AcadSmie  Frangaise.  In  the  autumn  of 
the  same  year,  Mons.  Guizot  recalled  M.  Thierry  from  Montmorency  to 
Paris  to  superintend  a  national  undertaking— nothing  less  than  that  of 
sifting  the  archives  of  every  French  town  and  parish,  for  the  purpose  of 
extracting  all  the  materials  bearing  on  the  history  of  the  "  Third  Estate," 
so  as  to  form  a  collection  which  should  rival  the  great  Benedictine  com- 
pilations, and  to  supply  materials  for  a  gigantic  work  to  be  hereafter 
written — a  complete  history  of  the  French  nation  and  people,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  nobility  and  clergy,  and  the  reigning  family. 

Out  of  the  many  testimonies  which  we  could  adduce  to  the  consum- 
mate ability  of  M.  Thierry  as  an  historian,  we  venture  to  select  the 
following  remarks  from  the  writings  of  Edward  Gans,  the  great  philoso- 
pher whose  loss  Germany  still  deplores,  and  who  thus  touchingly  speaks 
of  his  friend: — 

"  It  is  he  who  has  triumphantly  demonstrated  the  fallacy  of  those  historical  systems 
which  refi^ard  all  France  as  a  mere  collection  of  Prankish  trilie?,  which  pass  over  in 

9 


1856.]  The  late  M,  Augvstin  Thierry.  73 

silence  the  element  imported  from  the  south,  and  forgret  that,  up  to  the  beginninj?  of  the 
tliirteenth  century,  the  liniita  of  the  Prankish  empire  did  not  extend  beyond  the  Is^re. 
...  In  a  word,  it  is  Thierry  who  has  taught  us  to  appreciate  the  true  signification  of 
what  is  called  the  fourteen  centuries  of  the  French  monarchy. 

"  I  will  add,"  he  continues,  "  that  it  is  M.  Augustin  Thierry  who,  by  hi«  efforts  to  re- 
store to  proper  names  under  the  first  two  races  their  true  orthography,  has  succeeded  in 
fixing  the  moment  of  the  meUmorphosis  of  Franks  into  French ;  and  it  is  Mons.  Thierry 
who  has  demolished  to  its  foundations  the  historical  axiom  inscribed  at  the  head  of  the 
charter  of  1814— namely,  the  pretended  enfranchisement  of  the  communes  by  Louis  le 
Gros.  In  a  word,  he  has  created  in  our  annals  a  glorious  trace  that  will  never  be  effaced ; 
no  historian,  ancient  or  modern,  has  exhibited  in  a  higher  degree  than  he  that  human 
wense  which  is  the  soul  of  history," 

The  chief  merit  of  M.  Thierry  as  an  historian  lies  in  the  fact  that  he 
pursued  a  method  the  reverse  of  that  which  all  modern  writers  have 
adopted :  of  all  authors  of  the  nineteenth  centiu'y,  he  could  most  truly 
repeat  the  boast  of  Horace, — 

•*  Libera  per  vacuum  posui  vestigia  princeps." 

Almost  all  authors,  following  what  seems  to  them  the  natural  path,  go 
from  the  conquerors  to  the  conquered ;  they  view  the  latter  only  through 
dim  reference  to  the  former :  they  take  their  stand  in  the  camp  of  the 
Tictors  rather  than  that  of  the  vanquished,  and,  dating  the  conquest 
from  the  day  of  victory,  forget  the  existence  of  the  defeated  party.  Thus, 
as  Thierry  himsell'  most  justly  remarks, — 

"  For  all  those  who  until  recently  have  written  the  History  of  England,  there  are  no 
Saxons  at  all  aAer  the  battle  of  Hastings  and  the  coronation  of  William  the  Conqueror. 
—A  romance- writer,  a  man  of  genius,  and  not  an  Englishman,  but  a  Scotchman,  was  tlie 
first  to  teach  the  modern  English  that  their  ancestors  of  the  eleventh  century  were  not 
all  utterly  defeated  and  crushed  in  one  single  day." 

It  was  otherwise  with  Augustin  Thierry.  The  hidden  but  energi^sing 
power  of  the  Saxon  element  m  England  for  a  century  and  a  half  after  tlie 
Norman  Conquest,  was  as  fully  recognised  by  him  as  by  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
He  draws  an  interesting  comparison  between  the  Greeks  of  the  present 
day  under  Turkish  rule,  and  the  English  Saxons  under  their  Norman 
lords ;  and  it  was  his  intention,  had  his  life  been  spared,  to  follow  up  his 
researches,  and  to  aid  the  progress  of  science  bv  drawing  out  in  a  similar 
way  the  history  of  the  Welsh,  of  tlie  Irish  Celts,  of  the  Scots,  both  pri- 
mitive and  of  mixed  race,  of  the  continental  Bretons  and  Normans,  and 
more  especially  of  the  numerous  population  then,  as  now,  inhabiting  the 
southern  parts  of  France. 

We  may  add  that  Thierry's  "  Conquest  of  England  by  the  Normans*'  is 
justly  called  by  his  editor,  William  Hazlitt,  "  the  noblest  of  his  noble  pro- 
ductions.'* It  carries  the  history  of  our  own  land  through  five  successive 
epochs  of  territorial  and  political  usurpation,  down  to  the  final  extinction 
of  parties  in  the  Norman  regime,  and  the  coji sequent  loss  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  element  as  a  distinguishing  feature  in  the  national  character, — in 
other  words,  down  to  a  little  previous  to  the  year  A.n.  1200. 


Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


74  [July, 


MEMOIE  ON  THE  CHOLERA  AT  OXFORD'. 

The  sad  lesson  taught  the  city  of  Oxford  by  its  cholera  visitations  can- 
not be  without  profit  to  other  cities  ;  for  as  the  appearance  of  the  epidemic 
may  be  traced  everywhere  to  the  same  causes,  so  may  the  same  hygienic 
measures  for  its  prevention  or  removal  as  were  adopted  at  Oxford,  be  ap- 
plicible  to  other  places.  Exf e:ience  and  observation  have  clearly  shewn 
that  the  sources  of  this  dread  disease  may  be  found  in  the  nature  of  the 
soil,  imperfect  drainage,  impure  water,  ill-constructed  dwellings,  together 
with  insufficient  food,  intemperance,  and  want  of  cleanliness. 

The  powerful  influence  of  these  noxious  agents  upon  life  and  health  is 
now  so  generally  admitted,  that  we  may  pass  over  the  details  which  form 
the  first  portions  of  Dr.  Acland's  book,  and  proceed  at  once  to  the 
**  lesson**  enshrined  in  his  Memoir. 

While  the  laws  of  hygiene  have  for  many  years  past  occupied  the  atten- 
tion of  continental  governments,  England  has  only  recently  established 
sanitary  regulations  for  towns  and  cities.  That  they  are  imperfect  and 
inadequate,  owing  to  a  merciless  prudery,  and  a  fear  of  infringing  the 
liberty  of  the  subject,  cannot  be  denied.  But  the  mere  recognition  of  the 
necessity  for  sanitary  regulations  is  a  great  step  gained,  and  we  indulge 
the  hope  that,  whatever  deficiencies  experience  may  shew  the  existence 
of,  they  will  in  due  time  be  remedied. 

The  laws  of  hygiene  involve  questions  of  great  political  and  religious 
importance.  The  problem  of  how  a  civilized  people  should  strive  to  live 
in  obedience  to  these  laws,  is  better  understood  at  the  present  day  than 
formerly.  But  the  continental  nations  have  in  this  matter  been  far  in  ad- 
vance of  us,  both  in  activity  and  efficiency.  They  have  also  boldly  and 
elaborately  treated  certain  phases  of  the  question  which  we  have  not  yet 
dared  to  touch.  Thus,  wiser  in  their  generation,  they  have  shewn  a  deeper 
regard  for  the  interests  of  humanity,  from  which  we  might  gather  a  pro- 
fitnble  lesson. 

In  matters  of  administration,  formality  and  routine  appear  to  be  infir- 
mities of  the  English  mind,  choking,  like  weeds,  the  stream  of  benevolence 
and  charity.  Thus,  in  cases  of  urgent  need  in  cholera,  the  formalities  to 
be  obser^^ed  in  obtaining  aid  were  often  so  cumbrous,  that  frequently  the 
patients  died,  before  they  were  half  performed.  In  most  of  our  towns  and 
cities  there  is  no  permanent  provision  for  the  treatment  of  epidemic 
diseases,  consequently  the  mortality  is  increased  greatly  beyond  the 
average,  whenever  disease  makes  its  appearance,  and,  not  un frequently, 
it  exhausts  itself  before  adequate  provision  is  made  for  its  amelioration. 

"Prevention  is  better  than  cure," — yet  no  maxim  is  more  disregarded 
than  this.  The  cost  of  sanitary  precaution  weighs  as  nothing  in  the  ba- 
lance against  the  penalties  of  disease, — bodily  suffering,  death,  impoverish- 
ment of  families,  widowhood,  orphanhood,  and  the  host  of  evils,  moral  and 
physical,  attendant  upon  poverty.  **  Life,"  says  Dr.  Acland,  **  is  a  holy 
thing,  and  if  communities  throw  away  the  lives  of  the  individuals  who  com- 
pose them,  or  make  these  sickly,  short,  and  miserable,  the  community  will 


'  "  Memoir  on  the  Cholcm  at  Oxford,  in  the  year  1854s  witli  Considerations  8ug)?e8tcd 
bv  the  Epidemic.     By  Henry  Wentwobtu  Acland,  M.D."    (London  :  ChorchiU.) 


1856.]  Memoir  on  the  Cholera  at  Oxford.  75- 

in  some  manner  *  pay  for  it.'  It  will  have  work  done  badly  by  the  crushed 
artizan  while  he  lives  ;  it  will  maintain  him  for  years  in  his  sickness,  and 
his  children  on  his  death." 

*'  That  the  health  of  individuals  is  inflaenced  by  their  mode  of  life  no  one  doubts ;  a  man 
may  drink  himself  into  hopeless  dropsy,  induce  heart-disease  by  over-labour,  destroy  the 
integrity  of  his  nervous  system  by  mental  excitement  and  late  hours,  induce  disease  of  the 
lungs  by  imprudent  labour,  or  shorten  his  days  by  ever  working  at  work  for  which  he  is 
by  nature  unfitted.  Instances  of  individufd  self-destruction  from  avoidable  circum- 
stances might  be  multiplied  without  end.  But  with  these  individual  cases  we  have  not 
here  to  deal.  Each  man  has  a  free  will,  and  he  must  make  his  choice  according  to  the 
knowledge  he  possesses.  But  with  communities  it  is  not  so ;  they  have  law-givers  and 
laws ;  these  may  be  good,  or  they  may  be  bad :  it  is  not  to  be  doubted  that  comtnu- 
fUHes,  as  well  as  individuals,  may  violate  the  sanitary  laws  which  our  Creator  has  im- 
posed on  us,,  bringing  punishment  to  the  community  for  its  common  crime,  as  well  as  to 
the  individual  for  his  individual  crime." 

The  subject  of  "  dwellings  for  the  labouring  classes"  has  occupied  a  good 
deal  of  attention  of  late  years,  and  very  judiciously  so,  for  it  lies  at  the 
root  of  all  social  and  moral  progress  of  a  very  large  portion  of  the  com- 
munity. The  building  of  houses  is  for  the  most  part  a  matter  of  specula- 
tion, and  as  those  by  whom,  or  for  whom,  they  are  built  are  under  no  control 
but  that  of  cupidity,  that  truly  unfortunate  class  —tenants,  are  perforce  com- 
pelled to  take  what  is  provided  for  them.  Houses  are  for  the  most  part 
built  with  the  view  of  being  occupied  by  only  one  family,  and  the  conve- 
niences are  arranged  in  conformity  with  that  view.  But  they  invariably 
come  to  be  occupied  by  two  or  more  families,  and  there  follows  an  amount 
of  inconvenience  and  discomfort  incredible  to  those  who  have  not  expe- 
rienced it.  The  only  remedy  for  these  evils  is  in  the  erection  of  houses 
"  in  flats;"  and  those  who  have  the  welfare  of  the  labouring  classes  truly 
at  heart  will  use  every  effort  in  their  power  to  promote  the  erection  of  such 
houses.  A  good  work  has  been  begun  in  the  erection  of  baths  and  wash- 
houses  ;  it  only  requires  to  be  continued  by  the  erection  of  the  kind  of 
dwellings  we  have  indicated,  when  as  much  will  have  been  accomplished 
for  the  classes  in  question  as  the  philanthropist  can  desire. 

One  of  the  chief  defects  in  our  dwellings  as  at  present  constructed  is  the 
entire  absence  of  any  provision  for  ventilation  :  there  is  abundant  evidence 
to  shew  that  this  is  a  fruitful  source  of  disease.  An  examination  of  most 
of  the  dwelling-houses  erected  within  our  sphere  of  observation  during  the 
last  five-and-twenty  years  goes  to  shew  that  provision  for  ventilation  forms 
no  part  of  a  builder's  calculation  ;  if  a  tenant  requires  it,  he  must  provide 
it  for  himself  as  he  best  can,  and  frequently  at  no  little  cost  and  incon- 
venience. 

Disease  of  every  kind  is  so  expensive  a  guest,  that  our  best  efforts 
should  be  directed  to  its  prevention  or  speedy  removal.  It  is  a  question 
of  public  economy,  and  medical  aid  should  at  all  times  be  accessible  to 
those  who  need  it,  without  cost ;  it  would  be  wiser  and  more  economical 
to  save  a  man's  life  by  the  expenditure  of  a  few  shillings  in  timely  aid, 
than  by  denying  it,  to  incur  the  charge  of  supporting  his  widow  and 
children,  perhaps,  for  years.  Free  dispensaries,  then,  are  institutions  wa 
should  desire  to  see  multiplied,  accessible  at  all  hours  to  those  requiring 
medical  aid,  without  any  formality  whatever.  Every  encouragement 
should  be  given  to  the  working  classes  to  obtain  medical  aid  as  promptly 
as  possible ;  the  progress  of  disease  would  thereby  be  stayed ;  much 
suffering  be  spared  to  those  who  can  ill  afford  to  endure  it,  and  a  great 
pecuniary  gain  accrue  to  the  community. 


76  Memoir  on  the  Cholera  at  Oxford.  [July, 

On  the  necessity  for  providing  nurses  for  the  poor,  Dr.  Acland  says, — 

'*  There  is  no  object  more  requiring  the  energy  of  the  benevolent,  none  more  certain 
to  repay  their  exertions,  none  more  easy  of  execution,  than  that  of  obtidning  nurses 
tnuned  and  qualified  to  attend  the  poor  at  their  own  houses.  A  very  moderate  sub- 
scription, the  co-operation  of  guardians,  the  consent  of  the  governors  of  hospitals,  with 
the  aid  of  the  parochial  clergy,  might  at  once  obtun  for  every  town  a  corps  of  nurses, 
such  as  we  had  at  Oxford  at  the  time  of  the  cholera.  A  body  of  more  or  less  competent 
women  would  then  be  ready  at  all  times  to  wait  on  the  sick  poor.  They  might  at  once 
effect  good  in  various  ways.  Their  knowledge  of  cooking  alone  would  be  a  positive 
boon,  supposing  always  they  had  been  properly  instructed,  as  has  been  proposed,  at  the 
hospital.  The  more  able  of  them  would,  in  time,  become  trained  nurses  for  all  classes ; 
they  would  be  known  and  certified.  This  would  probably  have  been  attempted  here, 
had  not  the  cholera  nurses,  for  the  most  part,  gone  out  to  tiie  Crimea,  and  had  not  other 
circumstances  delayed  the  public  proposal  of  this  plan.... In  connexion  with  every  hos- 
pital through  the  kingdom,  such  an  institution  might  soon  exist,  to  the  great  advantage 
of  every  class  in  society,  and  to  the  maintenance  of  many  respectable  women,  and  cspe- 
dally  widows." 

The  author's  remarks  "  on  certain  relations  between  moral  and  physical 
improvement,"  are  suggestive,  and  full  of  interest,  which  we  would  gladly 
quote,  if  our  space  permitted ;  but  as  they  have  been  published  separately 
as  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "  Health,  Work,  and  Play,"  we  refer  the  reader 
to  it. 

The  perusal  of  Dr.  Acland's  work  has  been  attended  with  a  pleasurable 
interest  which  the  title  did  not  lead  us  to  expect.  It  is  alike  honourable 
to  his  head  and  heart,  and,  we  think,  cannot  but  exert  a  favourable  in- 
fluence upon  society,  wherever  it  becomes  known.  Dr.  Acland  looks 
below  the  surface  of  things,  with  a  sympathetic  eye  for  human  suffering, 
and  takes  a  clear  view  of  the  best  means  of  alleviating  it.  Cholera  has 
proved  itself  a  dire  teacher,  and  humiliating  indeed  must  it  appear  to  every 
hopeful  mind,  that  certain  great  truths  can  only  find  audience  under  the 
pressure  of  calamities  which,  by  an  exercise  of  the  knowledge  we  possess, 
might  have  been  avoided.  How  strange  the  anomaly,  that  in  a  city 
which  for  so  many  centuries  has  been  the  proud  seat  and  centre  of  English 
learning,  the  very  fountain-head  of  knowledge  should  have  shewn  itself 
no  better  prepared  to  stay  or  cope  with  the  great  epidemic  than  other 
places  where  no  such  intellectual  advantages  are  found.  Sad  indeed  to  see 
man  so  indifferent  to  the  duty  that  lies  nearest  to  him ;  to  see  the  wealthy 
so  indifferent  to  the  welfare  of  their  poorer  brethren  ;  to  see  the  extremes 
of  wealth  and  poverty,  of  comfort  and  misery,  of  repletion  and  pining  want, 
in  the  midst  of  a  city  containing  the  great  school  of  Christian  philosophy  : 
such  things  shock  the  humane  observer,  and  mock  his  hopes  of  ameliorating 
the  condition  of  those  who  have  it  not  in  their  power  to  help  themselves. 


1856.] 


77 


CORRESPOXDEXCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN. 

me  site  of  Anderida— The  CniTen  Estate,  Barnratcr— Israel  SUvestre— Proceetluijrs  of  Croravroirs 

Army  in  Ireland. 

The  Site  op  AyDKRiDA. 


Mb.  Urbix. — Your  Magazine  for  Janu- 
ary last  contains,  p.  35,  a  letti^*,  signed 
H.  L.  L.,  upon  the  intenninable  subject 
of  the  "Site  of  Anderida,"  which  letter 
oertiunly  possesses  the  merit  of  originality, 
finr  I  apprehend  the  most  diligent  investi- 
gator  into  the  antiquities  of  Rye  will  be 
as  much  surprised  as  any  one  else  (or  more 
8o)  by  the  suggestion  of  your  correspon- 
dent, that  that  town  occupies  the  spot 
whidi  has  occasioned  so  much  controversy. 
H.  L.  L.  admits  that  he  has  no  ground 
beyond  mere  coigecture  for  the  hypothesis 
lie  advances,  and  I  would  submit  to  his 
own  deliberate  judgment  whether  the 
style  of  arrangement  he  has  adopted  does 
not  better  become  an  antiquary  of  the 
period  and  class  of  Scott's  "Jonathan 
Oldbuck"  than  one  of  the  present  day. 

The  foundation  of  this  new  theory  is, 
that  the  situation  of  Rye,  according  to 
JET.  X.  L.*9  opinion,  is  more  suitable  for  a 
Roman  military  station,  such  as  Anderida 
is  recorded  to  have  been,  than  any  other 
place  hitherto  advocated  as  the  disputed 
site.  This  opinion,  however,  can  hardly 
by  possibility  have  been  formed  with  any 
personal  knowledge  of  the  locality.  Be- 
cause,— 1.  the  town  of  Rye,  at  least  the 
ancient  portion  of  it,  is  erected  upon 
the  summit  and  »dc  of  an  insulated  hill, 
which  terminates  more  or  less  abruptly 
toward  the  sea,  (where,  however,  the  face 
is  not  straight,  but  curves  inw}u*d  at  the 
extremities,)  the  landward  side  being  a 
gradual,  but  steep,  slope.  The  perpen- 
dicular height  of  this  hill,  though  not 
great,  is  far  above  the  reach  of  any  irrup- 
tion of  the  sea,  from  which  it  is  distant 
about  three  miles,  I  believe;  while,  as  I 
myself  have,  formerly,  seen  the  water  at 
high-tide  nearly  or  quite  washing  (at 
least)  the  north-eastern  base  of  the  hill, 
I  cannot  credit  the  possible  existence  at 
any  date  of  important  habitable  buildings 
upon  the  low  land, — not  to  urge  the  very 
nnmilitary  character  of  such  a  position. 
The  above  statement  of  facts  appears  to 
dispose  of  H.  L.  L.'s  supposition,  that  Ro- 
man remains  may  have  been  "submerged" 
where  Rye  now  stands. 

2.  K  one  of  the  Roman  coast  fortresses 
was  planted  at  (or  near)  Rye,  there  must 
have  been  some  provision  for  easy  and  safe 


communication  with  the  next  st^ttion  in 
KenU  This,  it  is  conceivetl,  H.  L.  L.  will 
grant:  but  what  line  will  he  select  for 
tne  military  road  from  Rye  to  Limne? 
He  has  referred  to  Mr.  James  EUliott*a 
coi\jectural  plan  of  ancient  Romney  Marsh, 
in  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith's  "  Report  of  Kxca- 
vataons  at  Lymne,*'  which  plan  even, 
slight  as  the  luiLetch  is,  might  remind  liim 
(most  correctly,  I  am  firmly  persuaded) 
that  in  early,  tliat  is,  in  Roman,  times  the 
valley  divi^ng  Kent  and  Sussex,  through 
which  the  RoUier  now  runs  till  it  readies 
the  Marsh,  was  an  open  estuary;  while 
the  river,  after  passing  what  is  now  New- 
enden,  diverged  to  the  left,  or  north-east- 
ward, skirting  the  high  ground  as  fkr  as 
Lunne%  when  it  turned  again  to  the  right 
in  order  to  join  the  sea,  this  channel  being 
in  fact  a  second  estuary  branching  on 
from  that  first  named,  and  constantly  ox- 
posed  to  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  tides. 
Tlie  most  direct  route  from  Rye  to  Limno 
would  be  tlirough  the  Isle  of  Oxney,  but 
this  would  involve  the  necessity  of  cross- 
ing at  least  two  spots  subject  to  be  over- 
flowed from  the  sea  twice  in  every  twenty- 
four  hours.  So  tliat,  admitting  the  prac- 
ticability of  forming  "  hards"  tlirough  the 
mud  (no  light  undertaking  in  that  soil) 
for  travelling  upon  at  low  water,  it  is  not 
easy  to  imagine  the  Romans  relying  upon 
this  line  of  communication.  If  it  should 
be  proposed  to  "turn"  the  above  de- 
scribed fork  of  the  two  estuaries,  the 
nearest  point  at  which  this  could  be 
done  is  Newenden,  about  eight  miles  by 
any  road  from  Rye,  and  even  there  the 
vaUey  could  be  passed  only  by  some  cause- 
way similar  to  that  which  carries  the  pre- 
sent turnpike  road.  This  causeway  I  have 
myself  traversed  during  a  great  flood, 
when  the  water  reached  the  margin  of 
the  road  on  both  sides,  and  there  were 
evident  marks  that  it  had  even  partially 
covered  the  road  but  a  very  few  hours  pre- 
viously. And  if  such  an  occurrence  could 
be  [witnessed  within  the  last  forty  or 
forty-flve  years,  wliat  was  the  probable 
conation  of  that  locality  some  1,500  years 
ago,  when  the  sea  had  unrestrictea  ad- 
mission, and  appears  to  have  flowed  into 
the  country  far  above  Newenden  P 

Your  correspondent,  Mr.  Urban,  seems 


•  This  refers  to  the  original  course  of  the  Rother,  before  its  mouth  at  Ilithe  was  choked  up. 


78 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[July, 


to  imagine  he  has  disposed  of  the  preten- 
sions of  the  old  walls  at  Pevenscy  to 
he  the  relics  of  Anderida  hy  a  quotation 
from  King's  "Mmiimenta  Antiqua;"  which 
quotation,  short  as  it  is,  contains  two 
misstatements !  If  H.  L.  L.  had  written 
after  a  personal  examination,  he  would 
have  known  it  is  not  true  that  the  bond- 
ing-courses ("  themelii,  '*  King)  of  the 
Pevensey  walls  are  "not  placed  horizon- 
tally,   but  more  like  Saxon  herring- 
bone," and  that  they  are  laid  precisely 
according  to  the  usual  practice.  Of  any- 
thing resembling  what  is  commonly  term- 
ed "herring-bone  work,"  these  ruins  (so 
far  as  I  have  noticed  or  can  learn)  exhibit 
only  one  small  portion,  namely,  in  the 
outer  face  of  the  north-eastern  tower,  and 
this  a  very  little  moderately -careful  ob- 
servation will  prove  to  be  simply  the  re- 
pair of  dilapidation  in  the  original  waU, 
inasmuch  as  the  red  Roman  mortar  "crops 
out"  from  beneath  the  patch  of  so-called 
**  herring-bone"  masonry,  of  which  latter 
the  mortar,  on  comparison,  indicates  that 
it  is  coeval  with  a  Norman  addition  to 
the  upper  part  of  the  same  tower''. 

The  second  error  I  have  alluded  to  in 
the  quotation  from  the  "  Munimenta  An- 
tiqua"  b,  that  "herring-bone"  work  is 
a  peculiarity  of  "  Saxon"  architecture ; 
whereas  what   is  so  styled  occurs  occa- 


sionally in  masonry  of  every  era,  from  the 
Romans  down  to  the  present  day.  Even 
now  it  is  practised  sometimes  in  walls  of 
coarse  slight  construction,  as  was  to  be 
expected  from  the  rational  explanation  of 
the  subject,  such  as  will  be  found  in  the 
"  Glossary  of  Archited;ure." 

As  to  the  suggestion  in  the  concluding 
paragraph  of  H.  L.  L.'s  letter,  that  his 
theory  of  the  identity  of  the  site  of  Ande- 
rida and  Rye  may  derive  support  from  the 
similarity  of  the  third  syllable  of  the  name 
AndeBicbi  with  the  other  name.  Rye !  I 
shall  only  remark,  that  it  seems  a  strange 
hallucination  for  such  a  fancy  to  be  se- 
riously propounded,  even  when  introduced 
with  "  I  do  not  attach  much  importance 
to  the  circumstance." 

I  wished,  Mr.  Urban,  to  have  offered  you 
the  substance  of  the  foregoing  observations 
some  two  months  ago,  but  when  I  first 
saw  your  Magazine  for  January,  I  found 
myself  quite  unequal  to  what  I  then  con- 
templated and  attempted.  However,  upon 
the  principle  that  "Better  late  than  never," 
I  have  ventured  even  now  thus  briefly  to 
particularize  what  appear  to  me  the  weak- 
est points  of  your  correspondent  H.  L.  L.'s 
speculations,  but  which  I  am  still  unable 
to  discuss  so  fully  as  I  might  have  done 
formerly.  Yours,  &c., 

6  June  1856.  Aktuub  Hussby. 


THE  CRAVEN  ESTATE,  BAYSWATER. 
Notes  sslating  to  thb  Plagub  of  Loitdon,  and  the  Rapid  Incbbase 

OF  THE  MeTBOPOLIS. 

Mr.  Urban, — The  following  may  not  be  unworthy  of  record  among 
the  valuable  materials  collected  in  your  Magazine  for  future  topographers 
and  historians. 


It  is  well  known  that  the  ravages  of 
the  plague  were  most  severely  felt  in  the 
parishes  of  St.  Mart in-in- the- Fields,  and 
St.  Paul,  Covent  Oarden,  and  that  many 
thousand  corpses  were  buried  in  the  fields 
now  covered  by  the  houses  of  Golden-square 
and  the  neighbouring  streets ;  —  a  fietct 
lately  recalled  to  public  attention  by  the 
fatality  which  prevailed  in  the  same  dis- 
trict during  the  visitation  of  the  metropolis 
by  cholera,  in  the  year  1854,  and  which  was 
attributed  to  the  accidental  throwing  open 
of  drains  contaminated  with  the  organic 
remuns  of  the  corpses  so  buried  in  1665. 

It  is  not,  however,  commonly  known 
that  William  Earl  of  Craven  m  1687  pur- 
chased a  piece  of  ground  in  the  parish  of 


St.  Martin-in-the-Fields  of  three  acres  in 
extent,  and  then  called  the  Pest-house 
Field, — now  the  site  of  Camaby-market 
and  the  surrounding  streets, —  and  by  a 
deed  dated  7th  December  in  that  year, 
conveyed  it  to  a  trustee,  for  his  own  use 
for  life,  and  after  his  death  upon  the 
charitable  trust  presently  mentioned. 

The  deed  recited  that  the  grantor,  call- 
ing to  mind  "the  sad  and  lamentable  visita- 
tion of  Almighty  Gk)d  upon  the  kingdom, 
but  more  especially  upon  the  cities  of 
London  and  Westminster,  in  the  years 
1665  and  1666,  by  the  pestilence  and 
mortality,  and  the  great  necessity  that 
there  was  for  providing  a  pest-house  for 
the  sick,  and  a  burying-place  for  the  dead ; 


*  Not  havinf^  vinited  Pevensey  for  between  four  and  five  yearn,  I  would  not  trust  to  my  own  recol- 
lection, but,  before  penning  anv  strictures  on  H.  L.  L.'s  letter,  applied  to  a  fHend  who  Is  far  more 
familiar  than  myself  with  the  place,  and  he  unequivocally  conflrms  what  from  the  first  was  my  own 
impression— that  the  facts  are  as  above  stated. 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanics  Urban, 


d 


and  having  then  for  the  said  purposes 
hired  and  since  purchased  a  certain  field, 
and  applied  the  same  to  the  same  ends 
and  purposes,  then  called  the  Pest-house 
Field;  and  heing  charitably  designed  to 
settle  and  secure  the  said  field  to  continue 
for  ever  thereafter  for  the  same  ends  and 
purposes,  for  putting  in  execution  his 
charitable  intent  conveyed  the  aforesaid 
piece  of  ground  containing  by  estimation 
three  acres,  unto  Sir  William  Craven,  his 
heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  in  trust  irom 
and  after  the  death  of  himself  the  said 
Earl  Craven,  out  of  the  rents,  issues,  and 
profits  thereof  to  maintain,  support,  and 
keep  in  good  and  tenantable  repair  the 
houses  and  buildings  in  and  upon  the  said 
fields  erected  and  being,  and  the  walls  and 
fences  thereof,  to  be  preserved  and  main- 
tained for  the  relief,  support,  comfort,  use 
and  convenience  of  such  of  the  poor  in- 
habitants of  the  parishes  of  St.  Clement 
Danes,  St.  Martin-in- the- Fields,  St.  James, 
Westminster,  and  St.  Paul,  Covent  Garden, 
as  should  thereafter  at  any  time  happen  to 
be  visited  with  the  plague,  as  a  pest-house 
or  a  place  set  apart  for  their  relief,  and  for 
severing  them  from  the  well  and  unin- 
fected ;  for  their  use  and  relief  during  their 
sickness  and  till  their  recovery,  and  no 
longer,  and  for  a  burying-place  for  the 
dead  of  the  said  parishes  dying  in  such 
sickness,  and  to  and  for  no  other  use,  in- 
tent, or  purpose  whatsoever.  And  from 
time  to  time,  for  and  during  such  time  as 
the  said  parishes  or  any  of  them  should  be 
visited  with  the  plague,  to  permit  and 
suff*er  the  churchwardens  and  overseers  of 
the  said  poor  of  the  said  parishes,  and  each 
of  them  for  the  time  being,  to  apply  and 
convert  the  premises  and  aU  the  buildings 
then  erected  or  which  should  thereafter  be 
erected  upon  the  same,  to  the  use  of  such 
poor  inhabitants  as  should  be  so  infected, 
and  for  a  burying-place  for  such  as  should 
die  infected,  but  subject  always  to  the 
government,  oversight,  and  direction  of 
the  trustee  (Sir  William  Craven),  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  for  the  ends  aforesaid." 

So  early  as  the  year  1732  the  field  so 
appropriated  became  surrounded  by  houses, 
and  the  trust  estate  having  devolved  on 
William,  third  Baron  Craven,  who  was 
desirous  of  building  over  it,  but  was 
threatened,  in  case  he  should  attempt  to  do 
so,  with  a  bill  of  injunction  by  the  parishes 
included  in  the  gift  of  his  ancestor;  he 
entered  into  a  compromise,  which  was 
carried  into  effect  by  an  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment, 7  G^eo.  II.  c.  11,  whereby  three 
acres  of  land  at  Craven -hill.  Bays  water, 
were  substituted  for  the  site  originally  de- 
voted to  the  charitable  object. 

The  act  was  entitled  "  An  act  for  dis- 


charging a  certain  piece  of  ground  called 
the  Pest-house  Field  from  certain  charit- 
able trusts,  and  for  settling  another  piece 
of  ground  of  equal  extent  and  in  a  more 
convenient  place  upon  the  same  trusts;" 
and  after  reciting  the  indenture  of  the 
7th  of  December,  1687,  "  and  also  that 
since  that  time  it  had  so  pleased  God  that 
there  should  not  have  been  any  occasion 
for  a  Pest-house  in  the  said  field,  or  the 
burying  of  any  person  or  persons  visited 
with  or  dying  of  the  plague,  and  all  the 
lands  adjoining  to  and  lying  about  the 
said  field  were  then  built  into  tenements, 
generally  inhabited  bt/  persons  of  quality  ; 
so  that  if  it  should  please  God  that  any 
such-like  visitation  should  come  to  pass, 
the  continuing  or  making  a  pest-house 
or  burial-place  in  the  premises  for  persons 
so  infected,  might  probably  be  a  great 
terror  and  annoyance,  and  of  dangerous 
consequence  to  the  inhabitants ;  and  if 
the  field  should  continue  (as  it  was  at  the 
time  of  the  Act)  partly  unbuilt  upon,  it 
would  be  a  great  prejudice  and  nuisance 
to  the  neighbourhood,  by  harbouring  evil 
and  disorderly  persons,  and  furnishing 
occasions  of  robberies,  murders,  and  other 
nuisances  thereabouts;  and  reciting  that 
William  Earl  Craven  and  Sir  Wm.  Craven 
(the  original  grantor  and  trustee)  were 
long  since  dead,  and  that  the  legal  estate 
in  the  Pest-house  Field  had  become  vested 
in  William,  tliird  Baron  Craven,  who  was 
desirous  that  two  messuages,  part  of  the 
manor  of  Tyburn,  called  Bayard* s  Water- 
ing-placey  situate  in  the  parish  of  Pad- 
dington,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  and 
a  part  of  nine  acres  of  land  lying  in  the 
common  field  of  Westboume  adjoining 
the  said  messuages,  should  be  settled  and 
assured  for  the  charitable  uses  mentioned 
in  the  deed  of  1687,  upon  the  conditions 
that  the  Pest- House  Field  should  be  dis- 
charged of  all  the  trusts  of  the  conveyance, 
and  that  he.  Lord  Craven,  had  proposed 
to  the  respective  churchwardens  and  over- 
seers of  the  poor  of  the  several  parishes 
intended  to  be  assisted  and  relieved  by 
the  said  charity,  to  set  out,  assign,  and 
allot  part  of  the  premises  in  the  parish  of 
Paddington,  of  equal  dimensions  with  the 
Pest-house  Field,  for  that  purpose,  and 
the  said  churchwardens  and  overseers  had 
accepted  the  proposal,  and  were  desirous 
that  the  same  might  be  put  into  execu- 
tion, which  could  not  be  done  without  the 
aid  of  Parliament, — it  was  enacted  that 
the  messuages  or  tenements  called  Bay- 
ard's Watering-place  and  the  gardens 
thereto,  and  all  that  piece  of  ground  ad- 
joining the  same,  and  containing  by  ad- 
measurement, together  with  the  site  of 
the  house  and  garden,  three  acres,  with 


80 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[July, 


the  appurtenances,  should  he  vested  in 
and  remain  to  the  use  of  Fulwar  Craven 
and  William  Craven,  their  heirs  and  as- 
signs, upon  trust  to  permit  William,  third 
Baron  Craven,  and  his  heirs,  at  his  and 
their  own  costs  and  charges  to  erect  and 
bmld  upon  some  convenient  part  of  the 
premises  one  or  more  good  substantial 
brick  messuage  or  messuages,  of  as  great 
dimensions  and  to  consist  of  as  many  com- 
partments or  rooms  and  offices  as  were 
delineated  and  described  in  a  plan  agreed 
on  for  that  purpose,  and  signed  by  Wil- 
liam, third  Baron  Craven,  and  aU  or  the 
major  part  of  the  churchwardens  and  over- 
seers of  the  poor  for  the  time  being  of 
each  of  the  parishes  of  St.  Clement  Danes, 
St.Martin's-in-the-Pields,  St.  James,  West- 
minster, and  St.  Paul,  Covent  Garden,  and 
left  in  the  vestry -rooms  or  houses  of  these 
parishes  respectively,  and  also  to  enclose 
the  said  piece  of  ground  with  a  good  sub- 
stantial brick  wall :  and  also  that  the 
trustees  should  permit  and  suffer  the 
buildings  so  to  be  erected  and  built,  and 
the  ground  and  premises  so  intended  to 
be  inclosed,  to  be  used,  occupied,  applied, 
and  disposed  of  as  a  pest-house,  for  the 
relief,  support,  comfort,  use,  and  conve- 
niency  of  such  of  the  poor  inhabitants  of 
the  said  parishes  as  should  at  any  time 
thereafter  be  visited  with  the  plague,  and 
to  the  intent  that  they  might  be  severed 
from  the  well  and  uninfected  during  their 
sickness  and  until  their  recovery,  and  no 
longer,  and  for  a  burial-place  for  the  dead 
of  the  said  parishes  dying  of  such  sickness, 
and  for  no  other  use,  intent,  or  purpose 
whatsoever ;  and  also  in  trust  to  permit 
and  suffer  the  sfud  messuage  called  Bay- 
ard's Watering-place  to  be  from  time  to 
time  used  and  occupied  by  such  person 
and  persons  as  should  attend  the  persons 
80  infected  during  the  time  of  such  in- 
fection ;  and  also  that  the  trustees  should 
for  ever  thereafter  during  such  time  as 
the  said  parishes  or  any  of  them  should 
be  visited  and  infected,  permit  and  suffer 
the  churchwardens  and  overseers  of  the 
poor  of  the  said  parishes  so  visited  and 
infected  respectively  for  the  time  being, 
to  apply  and  convert  the  premises  and  all 
the  buildings  erected  and  built,  or  which 
should  be  thereafter  erected  and  built 
upon  the  same,  for  the  use  and  benefit  of 
such  poor  inhabitants  as  should  be  so  in- 
fected as  aforesaid,  and  for  a  burial-place 
for  such  as  should  die  of  the  said  infection, 
but  subject  always  to  the  government, 
oversight,  and  direction  of  the  said  trus- 
tees; and  also  upon  trust  that  they  the 
said  trustees  should,  out  of  the  rents  and 
profits  of  the  premises  so  vested  in  them, 
maintain,  keep,  and  support  the  messuages, 
10 


tenements,  buildings,  and  walls  to  be  built 
as  aforesiud,  in  good  and  tenantable  re- 
pair. And  thereupon  the  Pest-house  Field 
in  the  city  of  Westminster  was  vested  in, 
and  became  the  property  of.  Lord  Craven, 
who  was  thus  discharged  of  the  trust  im- 
posed by  his  ancestor." 

Aft^r  the  passing  of  this  act  Bayard's 
Watering-place  and  the  piece  of  land  ad- 
joining remained  for  many  years  an  open 
piece  of  ground,  but  upon  the  decease  of 
William,  the  seventh  Baron  Craven,  in 
1825,  the  premises  were  taken  possession 
of  by  the  parties  entitled  to  his  estates  in 
Middlesex,  which  were  settled  in  strict 
settlement,  and  they  were  treated  by  them 
as  part  of  such  settled  estate,  without  re- 
*gard  to  the  charitable  trusts  affecting  this 
property,  and  building-leases  were  granted 
of  parts  of  the  premises,  upon  which  dwell- 
ing-houses have  since  been  erected  of  a 
superior  description. 

In  these  building-leases  the  lessors  in- 
serted for  their  protection  against  any 
ftiture  liability  to  fulfil  the  charitable 
trust  to  which  the  property  was  dedi- 
cated, a  covenant  by  the  lessee  to  deliver 
up  the  land  demised,  if  and  when  the 
same  should  be  hereafter  required  for  the 
purpose  of  a  pest-house.  It  was  the  in- 
sertion of  this  covenant  in  an  underlease 
of  a  house  recently  built  on  part  of  the 
site,  and  now  calleid  Craven-hiU  Gardens, 
that  led  the  present  writer  to  inquire 
into  the  reason  of  the  introduction  of  so 
singular  a  clause. 

However  remote  from  town  the  village 
of  Paddington  and  manor  of  Westboume 
might  have  appeared  in  1737  to  the 
parties  through  whom  the  arrangement 
w[U9  made  for  transferring  the  trusts  of 
the  deed  of  1687  to  that  district,  the 
lapse  of  another  century  and  a  quarter 
has  sufficed  to  bring  it  within  the  ever- 
widening  circumference  of  the  metro- 
polis. Fashion  and  quality  have  long 
ceased  to  inhabit  the  site  from  which  the 
reminiscences  of  the  plague  and  its  hor- 
rors in  1732  were  not  sufficiently  power- 
ful to  frighten  them  away.  It  has  come 
to  pass  that  the  new  site  so  set  apart  for 
the  isolation  of  the  infected  from  the  rest 
of  the  community,  is  sought  to  be  in- 
habited by  persons  of  quality  of  the  pro- 
sent  day. 

A  proposal  was  lately  made  by  the 
Craven  family  to  agun  transport  the 
charity  to  a  suburban  locality, — by  which 
removal  the  descendants  of  the  founder 
would  acquire  the  increased  value  of  the 
present  site ;  a  proposal  which  they  justi- 
fied by  the  improbability  of  the  reappear- 
ance of  the  plague  in  this  country,  and 
therefore  the  extreme  remoteness  of  land 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


81 


being  hercaft^jr  required  for  the  original 
donor's  benevolent  purpose. 

A  different  view  was  taken  by  the 
Charity  Commissioners,  and  an  informa- 
tion was  lately  filed  at  their  instance  by 
the  Attorney -general  against  the  persons 
interested  in  the  estates  of  the  late  Earl 
Craven,  to  which  also  the  churchwardens 
and  overseers  of  the  before-mentioned 
parishes  were  parties,  to  obtain  the  de- 
claration of  the  Court  of  Chancery  that 
the  premises  vested  in  trustees  by  the 
act  of  1732  were  subject  to  the  original 
charitable  trusts,  and  to  settle  a  scheme 
for  their  ftiture  administii\tion.  This  in- 
formation was  heard  by  the  present 
Master  of  the  Rolls,  Sir  John  Romilly, 
who  on  the  11th  of  February  last  pro- 
nounced a  decree  declaring  that  the 
interest  of  the  Craven  family  in  the  pro- 
perty had  ceased  immediately  upon  the 
pnjBsing  of  the  act,  and  that  the  whole 
was  then  and  now  devoted  to  charity; 
and  referred  it  to  future  consideration 
by  himself  in  CTiambers,  in  what  manner 
the  trusts  of  the  founder  can  be  best 
carried  out  in  future,  or  as  near  thereto 
as  can  be.  In  making  this  decree,  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls  expressed  himself  in 
the  following  terms : — 

"This  is  a  charitable  trust  capable  of 
being  now  performed :  it  is  to  preserve 
land,  with  an  haspital  upon  it,  in  such 
a  state  that  it  shall  be  fit  for  the  recep- 
tion of  persons  ill  of  the  plague,  if  it 
should  ever  occur  again.  If  the  plague 
had  occurred  as  frequently  subsequent  to 
1665  as  it  had  done  previously,  or  if  it 
had  occurred  more  frequently,  or  at  in- 
tervals of  every  twenty  years,  no  ques- 
tion whatever  would  have  arisen  but  the 
land  would  always  have  been  preser\'ed 
in  a  state  for  the  reception  of  persons  in- 
fected, and  when  the  plague  arose  they 
would  immediately  have  been  taken  to 
this  place.  It  is  only  the  interval  or 
lapse  of  180  years  since  its  last  appear- 
ance in  this  country  that  has  raised  any 
question.  Wlio  can  say  that  the  plague 
may  not  occur  again,  or  that  the  disease 
— properly  speaking,  called  the  Oriental 
plague,  or  black  fever  —  may  not  occur 
again?  It  is  not  wise  to  go  into  specu- 
lations of  what  is  or  is  not  j^lague.  I 
assume  it  to  mean  the  Oriental  plague 
which  afflicted  this  country  in  1665. 
Tlie  first  trust,  therefore,  has  been  com- 
pletely neglected:  it  would  be  utterly 
impossible  at  the  present  moment,  if  the 
plague  were  to  break  out  instantaneously. 


to  convey  a  set  of  infected  persons  to  any 
place  on  this  ground,  and  to  receive  them 
there  and  have  them  properly  attended. 
Tlie  proposal  which  has  been  made  by 
the  Craven  family  to  again  transfer  the 
charity  to  Harlesdon  would  not  satisfy 
that  condition  at  all.  Is  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  fresh  piece  of  land  to  be  made 
so  soon  as  it  may  be  advantageous  to 
cover  the  land  previously  allotted,  pro- 
fitably with  buildings?  If  so,  it  would 
be  merely  giving  a  piece  of  land  nomi- 
nally, which  would  be  gradually  getting 
further  oft'  from  Westminster  as  build- 
ings progressed,  and  there  never  would 
be  a  piece  of  land  in  a  state  in  which  it 
could  be  applied  for  the  reception  of  the 
infected  poorj — and  to  tell  persons  who 
take  houses  built  on  this  land  in  Bays- 
water  that  they  are  to  go  out  at  a  mo- 
ment's notice,  if  persons  are  brought 
there  infected  with  the  plague,  is  idle, 
as  there  could  be  no  possible  means  of 
enforcing  the  execution  of  such  a  requi- 
sition. ITie  whole  of  the  land,  there- 
fore, was  devoted  to  charity  from  the 
termination  of  the  life  of  the  first  Lord 
Craven,  and  it  is  so  devoted  at  this  mo- 
ment. Tlie  interest  of  the  Craven  family 
in  the  land  is  nothing,  they  are  entitled 
to  no  benefit  in  it  whatever, — the  whole 
benefit  belongs  to  the  charity.  It  re- 
mains therefore  to  consider  how  it  is  to 
be  disposed  of,  and  how  the  objects  of 
the  founder  am  best  be  caiTicd  into 
effect,  and  whether  it  will  be  best  to  re- 
store the  ground  to  what  it  was  by 
making  a  waste  of  the  three  acres  at 
Craven-hill,  Bayswatcr,  and  erect  a  pest- 
house  in  the  middle,  or  whether  it  will 
be  better  employed  for  the  real  purpose 
of  the  founder  by  taking  the  produce  of 
the  property  and  employing  it  for  the 
erection  and  foundation  of  an  hospital  in 
some  convenient  situation,  for  the  recep- 
tion of  persons,  if  any  there  should  be  in 
time  to  come,  who  may  be  infected  with 
the  plague,  and  in  the  meantime  for  per- 
sons who  are  afflicted  with  any  infectious 
or  contagious  disorder*^." 

There  is  little  doubt,  therefore,  that 
the  future  rents  and  profits  of  the  pro- 
perty built  on  Craven-hill  will  be  applied 
under  the  direction  of  the  Court  of  Chan- 
cery in  the  endowment  of  a  hospital  ac- 
cessible to  the  parishioners  of  the  district 
included  in  the  original  founder's  gift, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  charity 
will  be  so  administered  as  to  be  of  great 
public  advantage.  C.  P.  T. 


«  Sec  the  case  of  the  Attomcv-Geiicral  c.  Earl  Craven,  rciwrtcd  iu  the  **  Law  Journal,"  vol.  xxv. 
p.  291. 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI.  m 


82 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[July, 


ISRAEL   SILVESTRE. 

No.  III. — Royal  Chateaux. 
{Concluded  from  the  Magazine  for  June.) 


TirEEE  are  only  two  views  of  Versailles 
by  Silvcstre  which  I  can  now  call  to  mind, 
though  possibly  there  may  be  others  in  the 
Biblioth^que  Imporiale.  The  iirst  shews, 
not  indeed,  the  original  Rendezvous  du 
Chasse  of  Henri  FV.,  at  the  windmill  on 
the  hill — since  crowned  by  the  most  mag- 
nificent palace  in  France, — but  the  small 
Maison  de  Campagne,  complaisantly  styled 
a  cliatcau,  erected  on  the  same  spot,  by 
Louis  XIII.  The  title  of  the  plate  runs 
thus : — "  Veue  du  Chasteau  Roy  ale  de  Ver- 
saille,  on  le  Roy  se  va  souuent  diuertir 
k  la  chasse."  It  consisted  of  a  small  corps 
de  logis  of  nine  windows  in  line,  with  two 
wings  at  the  ends,  and  lucame  windows 
in  the  roof,  alternately  pedimented  and 
round.  This  building  stood  exactly  in  the 
centre  of  the  front  of  the  present  Cour  de 
MarhrCy  and  the  original  idea  of  its  archi- 
tect may  be  traced  as  repeated  through  all 
the  facades  of  the  small  eastern  courts  of 
the  actual  palace.  The  second  plate,  of 
many  years'  later  date,  shews  the  grand 
central  mass  of  the  chateau,  as  seen  from 
the  garden  of  the  orangery,  nearly  as  we 
now  find  it ;  that  is  to  say,  it  shews  the 
south  front  of  the  central  mass,  containing 
the  appa/rtemenU  de  la  Seine ;  but  the 
south  wing,  containing  the  residences  of 
the  younger  princes  of  the  blood,  was  not 
then  erected.  Israel  Silvestre  did  not 
live  to  witness  the  ftill  splendour  of  Ver- 
sailles ! 

There  are  in  my  collection  five  views 
of  the  old  or  upper  chAteau  of  St.  Germain 
en  Laye,  and  four  of  the  new  or  lower 
cluLteau,  though  two  of  the  latter  do  not 
bear  Silvestre's  signature,  and  I  am  there- 
fore doubtful  whether  they  are  from  his 
studio.  The  former  series  is  valuable, 
fr^m  its  shewing  the  con(Ution  in  the 
seventeenth  century  of  tliat  stately  old 
palace,  as  built  by  Charles  V.  and  enlai^ed 
by  Francis  I.,  before  the  five  angular  pavi- 
lions were  added  in  the  time  of  Louis 
XIII.  One  plate  represents  a  kind  of 
barbican  before  the  great  gateway,  and 
they  all  shew  the  cAemin  de  ronde^  or  cor- 
ridor, supported  on  bold  machicolations, 
which  runs  under  the  principal  apart- 
ments all  round  the  central  part  of  the 
edifice.  The  new  ch&teau  has  long  since 
disappeared,  with  the  exception  of  two  of 
the  pavilions  at  each  of  its  four  comers, 
and  a  portion  of  the  arcadt»s  which  sup- 
ported tlie  magnificent  fiights  of  steps  that 
led  up  from  the  river. 


The  palace  of  St.  Germain  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  of  all  that  belonged  to 
the  French  crown ; — it  was  so  grandly 
built,  so  finely  situated, — it  was  so  com- 
pletely the  Windsor  of  France,  that  it 
causes  no  small  surprise  to  think  that 
Verswlles  should  have  unnecessarily  arisen 
within  a  few  leagues  of  its  precincts.  The 
plates  give  an  excellent  idea  of  what  it 
was  in  it«  glory,  before  Loms  XIV.  had 
entirely  deserted  it,  and  while  the  French 
court  still  retained  the  grand  though 
sombre  traditions  of  Richelieu,  and  the 
gayer  ones  of  Henri  IV.  We  do  not  find 
m  these  plates  the  delineation  of  that  part 
of  the  ch4teau  which  has  since  become 
sacred  to  the  English  royalist  frova.  the 
memory  of  James  II.,  his  admirable  Queen, 
Mary  Beatrice,  his  young  lovely  daughter 
the  Princess  Louisa,  cut  off"  so  prematurely 
by  small -pox;  and  afterwards  from  the 
changing  fortunes  of  James  III.,  and  the 
earlier  days  of  Charles  Edward.  There  is 
a  good  view  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
chapel,  the  only  medieval  part  of  the 
building,  erected  by  Charles  V.;  but  un- 
fortunately we  have  nothing  of  the  curi- 
ous interior  court,  with  its  Renaissance 
cloister,  built  in  the  form  of  a  D,  to  give 
honour  to  the  fair  Diane  de  Poitiers.  How 
sadly  this  palace  is  degraded  !  how  strange 
that  the  present  imperial  ruler  of  France 
should  not  hasten  to  rescue  it,  and  Fonte- 
vrault  and  the  Mont  St.  Michel,  from  being 
used  as  a  military  prison !  How  carefully 
should  all  the  historical  buildings  of  a 
country  be  preserved  from  the  remotest 
idea  of  degradation !  The  present  condition 
of  St.  Germain  is  what  that  of  Hampton 
Court  or  Windsor  would  be,  if,  in  some 
fnture  revolution  of  England,  they  should 
be  made  to  supersede  Millbank  or  the 
Queen's  Bench ! 

Among  these  plates  occurs  one  of  con- 
siderable rarity — a  view  of  the  ruined 
ch&tean  of  La  Muette,  in  the  forest  of 
St.  Germain ; — not  a  trace  of  which  can 
now  be  found  !  There  is  also  ui  interest- 
ing small  plate  of  the  old  parish  church  of 
St.  Germain,  with  two  towers  and  spires, 
north  and  south  of  the  choir,  and  a  large 
truncated  square  tower  at  the  south-west 
angle  of  the  nave.  In  front  of  the  church 
was  a  circular  basin  with  a  marble  obelisk 
standing  in  the  midst,  surmounted  by  a 
crowned  globe. 

We  now  come  to  a  scries  of  six  of  the 
best  plates  ever  eng^ved  by  Silvestre,  on 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanua  Urban. 


83 


which  no  doubt  he  was  encouraged  and 
enabled  to  spend  great  tune  and  care  by  a 
generous  patron, — those  of  the  "  Maison 
de  Gondy  k  Sainct  Cloud,"  "Maison  de 
plaiaance  de  Messire  Jean  Fran9ois  de 
Gondy,  premier  archevesque  de  Paris," — 
now  known  to  all  the  world  as  the  Palace 
of  St.  Cloud.  These  plates  refer  more  to 
the  terraces  and  gardens  than  to  the 
buildings ;  and  the  extremely  careful  han- 
dling of  the  trees,  &c.,  leads  to  the  supposi- 
tion that  Silvestre  must  have  sketched 
them  in  most  faith^lly.  We  arc  quite  un- 
able to  recognise  any  of  these  views  in 
the  present  arrangement  of  the  gardens 
or  the  ch&teau;  they  have  all  been  ab- 
sorbed by  their  royal  and  imperial  suc- 
cessor. The  original  was  not  large  nor 
r^ular ;  it  liad  at  least  three  square  pavi- 
lions, of  different  altitudes,  all  in  the  style 
of  Louis  XIII. ;  and  on  one  of  those  look- 
ing south  was  an  enormous  sun-dial  affixed 
to  the  wall.  Here  too,  as  at  St.  Germain- 
en- Laye,  the  English  royalist  feels  an  his- 
torical interest,  though  a  melancholy  one, 
attaching  to  the  tragic  story  of  the 
Stuarts ;  for  it  was  within  the  precincts  of 
this  palace,  after  it  had  become  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  that  the 
unfortunate  Henrietta,  the  last  surviving 
daughter  of  Charles  the  Martyr,  was 
poisoned, — ^not,  however,  before  she  had 
transmitted  the  royal  descent,  with  the 
subsequent  rights  of  his  house,  to  the 
Italian,  now  the  elder,  branch. 

There  is  in  this  collection  a  single  plate 
of  the  village  of  St.  Cloud,  taken  from 
where  the  Pont  de  Sevres  now  stands, 
highly  artistical  and  picturesque.  Two 
things  then  existed  which  would  astonish 
a  Parisian  hadaud  of  the  present  day :  one 
the  enormously  lofty  spire  of  the  church 
of  St.  Cloud,  shooting  up  far  above  the 
highest  roof  of  the  chateau ;  and  the  other 
a  large  island,  with  sheep  grazing  on  it,  just 
in  mid-stream  between  the  two  bridges, 
where  now  the  river  is  deepest !  The 
bridge  of  St.  Cloud  shews  twenty-two 
arches  before  they  are  counted  out  on  the 
right-hand  side  of  the  plate,  extending 
towards  Paris!  The  fifth  arch  from  the 
village  had  been  broken  down, — in  the  civil 
wars,  no  doubt, — and  was  made  of  wood 
when  Silvestre  drew.  In  the  distance  on 
its  hill  stands  the  Mont  Calvaire,  with  not 
a  stick  about  it;  there,  where  now  the 
citadel  of  Mont  Val^en  forms  the  strong- 
est defence  of  the  gay  capital !  This  plate 
would  form  an  admirable  subject  for  a 
punter  who  could  combine  the  leading 
ideas  of  a  Claude  Lorraine  and  a  Gaspar 
Poussin,  though  there  is  a  remarkable  ab- 
sence in  it  of  all  the  trees  that  now  enrich 
the  banks  of  the  Seine.     We  take  it,  in- 


deed, to  be  a  circumstance  honourable  to 
the  age  of  the  Grand  Monarque,  that  the 
planting  of  parks  and  gardens  should  have 
been  so  much  encouraged  in  it; — those 
times  produced  not  only  Mansart,  and  Le- 
sueur,  and  Perrault,  but  they  were  happy 
in  the  picturesque  genius  and  strong  love 
of  green,  leafy,  tiowery  nature,  that  distin- 
guished Le  N6tre. 

Two  views  of  the  ChAteau  de  Madrid, 
built  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne  by  Francis 
I.,  (in  sad  recollection  of  his  Spanish  cap- 
tivity after  the  battle  of  Pavia,)  are  in  my 
collection.  It  was  a  magnificent  oblong 
building  of  four  stories,  without  lucames 
(or  "mansards,"  as  they  were  ultimately 
termed,  in  honour  of  the  great  architect,) 
and  with  the  ground  and  first  stories  laid 
out  in  open  arcades  (equivalent  to  a  piazza 
and  a  covered  balcony)  all  along  it.  Four 
quadrangular  towers  decorated  the  longer 
&9ades,  a  circular  one  projected  from  the 
middle  of  the  shorter  side,  a  deep  fosse 
and  drawbridge  kept  off  the  profantMn  vul- 
gu8.  Not  a  stone  now  remains  of  this 
fine  monument  of  the  Renaissance ! 

The  chUteau  of  Fontainebleau,  with  its 
gardens,  fountains,  canals,  &c.,  is  deli- 
neated in  eighteen  plates  in  this  collec- 
tion;— there  are,  I  believe,  more  in  the 
Biblioth^que  Imp^riale :  they  are  some  of 
the  most  interesting  and  best-known  of 
those  executed  by  our  artist.  One  forms 
a  kind  of  frontispiece  to  the  rest ;  it  is  a 
view  of  the  "Bastiment  de  la  cour  des  fon- 
taines  et  du  jardin  de  Testan;"  another 
is  also  a  kind  of  frontispiece  to  a  series  of 
pictur^que  views,  (but  aU  Silvestre's  works 
are  eminently  picturesque,  a  very  mine  for 
landscape-painters!)  and  shews  the  estan 
itself,  with  boats  and  water-fowl  upon 
it.  Tlie  series  comprises,  besides  these, 
views  of  the  entrance  gateway,  the  prin- 
cipal chapel,  (there  were  three  in  this 
chateau !)  the  great  staircase  called  the 
"  Escalier  du  fer  k  cheval,"  in  what  is  now 
termed,  with  historic  reason,  the  "Cour 
des  adieux;"  some  capital  water-pieces, 
especially  of  the  Fontaine  du  Tibre,  (a 
well-known  plate  of  common  occurrence) ; 
and  a  large  hunting-piece  eighteen  inches 
by  twelve  inches,  one  of  Silvestre's  most 
important  works.  Here  we  have  the 
whole  eastern  fa9ade  of  the  ch&teau  fully 
developed,  and  in  front  the  finale  of  a 
grande  chaise  au  cerf.  We  see  the  royal 
carriage  with  eight  horses  drawn  up,  and 
a  squadron  of  guards  all  in  line ;  the  k'n^ 
and  queen  (?),  followed  by  six  noblemen  on 
horseback,  pressing  hard  with  six  hounds 
only,  on  the  poor  exhausted  stag,  who  is 
just  under  the  nose  of  her  majesty's  horse ; 
while  from  all  sides  of  the  scone  are  rush- 
ing to  him,  as  towards  a  centre,  horsemen, 


84 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[July, 


footmen,  and  clogs,  so  that  the  curee  can- 
not long  be  delayed.  Tliis  was  tlie  courtly 
fashion  of  those  days: — the  animal  was 
well  Imnt^l  first  in  the  forest,  and  then 
gradually  headed  and  driven  towards  the 
palace,  where  the  royal  party  could  take  a 
canter  of  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  and  enjoy 
as  mueli  of  the  excitement  and  labour  of 
the  chase  as  was  consistent  with  their 
dignity  and  comfort.  This  is  a  masterly 
plate,  done  with  the  full  verve  and  genius 
of  the  artist':  the  chateau  is  drawn  with 
a  precision  and  spirit,  and  full  intelligence 


of  detail,  that  marks  an  architect  rather 
than  an  engraver  j  the  perspective  is  ad- 
mirable, the  numerous  figures  that  ani- 
mate the  whole  scene  spirited  and  varied 
in  the  highest  degree.  Vandermeulen 
ought  to  have  put  this  upon  canvas !  It 
would  be  a  capital  speculation  for  some 
young  French  artist  of  sufficient  talent  to 
attempt  its  translation ;  it  is  a  most  valu- 
able sketch  of  the  courtly  diversions  that 
once  enlivened  the  stately,  sombre  groves 
and  alleys  of  Fontainebleau. 

H.  LONGUKVILLE  JONES. 


PROCEEDINGS  or  CROMWELUS  ARMY  IN  IRELAND, 

From  Sept.  22, 1649,  to  July  5, 1650. 

[Copied  from  Dr.  Henry  Jones's  Private  Notes  of  the  march,  as  certified  in  a 
Manuscript  of  IVinity  College,  Dublin,  F.  iv.  16.] 

{Concluded  from  our  Magazine  for  June.) 


1649.  Nov.  19th.  We  marched  toward 
Ross;  the  foot  were  quartered  at  Kos- 
bercon,  the  horse  dispersed  in  quartera 
thereabouts. 

20th.  Colonel  Reynolds,  with  a  party 
of  horse  and  dragoons,  possessed  the  town 
of  Carrig  over  the  river  of  the  Suir,  where 
they  took  seven  foot  colours  and  some 
prisoners,  the  rest  taking  the  river  and 
escaping. 

2l8t.  Tlie  Lieutenant-Qeneral  with  the 
army  left  Ross,  yet  without  carriages  or 
train,  thereby  removing  all  obstruction  to 
our  speedy  marching.  Tliis  night  we 
quartered  at  Carricknesore,  a  fair  house 
belonging  to  Walsh  of  the  mountains,  six 
miles  from  Ross  on  the  way  to  Carrig. 

22nd.  We  came  to  Carrignesure,  twelve 
miles  from  Ross,  when  most  of  the  army 
that  day  passed  the  river  of  the  Suir  towards 
WaterfbrtL  Here  we  heard  of  the  enemy 
besieging  our  garrison  of  Knotrktogher, 
eight  miles  from  us,  thereby  diverting  us 
fnnn  other  our  designs,  where  yet  they 
continued  not.  Tlie  Lord- Lieutenant '' 
and  the  general  officers,  and  part  of  the 
army,  quartered  in  the  town. 


23rd.     The  army  marched  and  quar* 

tercd  at ,  which  is  four  miles  of 

Waterford  and  eight  from  Carrig. 

24th.  We  came  before  Waterford.  We 
had  many  great  shot  made  at  us.  They 
burned  their  own  suburbs.  The  Lord- 
Lieutenant  summoned  the  place.  Tlie 
Lieutenant-General  sent  with  six  troops 
of  horse  and  three  of  dragoons  for  taking 
Passage  <",  which  we  took  after  some  dis- 
pute, giving  quarter  for  lives.  There  wo 
found  five  guns.  This  night  Ormonde's 
army,  having  besieged  Carrig  on  both 
sides  of  the  water,  they  attempted  the 
storming  of  the  town,  where  was  Colonel 
Reynolds  quarttired  with  his  regiment  of 
horse  and  a  troop  of  dragoons,  and  about 
two  hundred  foot.  Tlie  enemy  was  beaten 
ofi*  with  loss  of  five  hundred  men,  and 
little  loss  of  ours. 

25th.  The  Lieutenant-General,  hav- 
ing settled  the  garrison  at  Passage,  and 
secured  two  guns  planted  by  the  enemy 
upon  the  Point  for  beating  off  our  ship- 
ping, he  this  day  returned  to  the  army. 
Tlience  was  he  sent  out  towards  Carrig, 
with    about horse    and dra- 


•  This  plate  bears  a  double  title,  in  French  and  I^tin  • — "  Veue  du  Chanteau  de  Fontainebleau  du 
coste  des  Jardins."  ♦*  Prospectus  Refrio;  P'ontis  bellaquei  quA  hortos  spectat."  In  some  of  the  titles 
to  the  plates  the  narae  is  spelt  thus, — Fontaine-belhau.  The  ancient  name  of  the  Forest  wa«  the  ForH 
de  Biire.  As  early  as  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  however,  St.  Louis  dated  letters  from 
it  thus :— ••  Donnfe  en  nos  deserts  de  Fontainebleau." 

•»  **  In  this  place," — alluding;  to  Carrick-on-Suir, — wrote  Cromwell  to  the  Speaker,  "la  a  very  ffood 
caMle,  and  one  of  the  ancientest  seats  of  the  Lord  of  Ormonde.  The  same  also  was  rendered  without 
any  loss,  where  was  good  store  of  provisions  for  refreshing  of  our  men." 

«  **  Upon  our  coming  before  Waterford,"  added  Cromwell,  "  I  sent  the  Lieutenant-General,  with 
a  regiment  of  horse  and  three  troops  of  dragoons,  to  endeavour  the  reducing  of  Passage  Fort,  a  very 
large  fort  with  a  castle  in  the  midst  of  it,  having  four  guns  planted  on  it,  and  commanding  the  river 
better  than  Duneannon,  it  not  being  much  above  musket-shot  over  where  this  fort  stands ;  and  we 
ean  bring  up  hither  ships  of  three  hundred  tons,  without  anv  damage  from  Duneannon.  Upon  our 
attempt,  though  oiu-  materials  were  not  very  apt  for  the  baatness,  yet  the  enemy  called  for  quarter, 
and  had  it,  and  we  the  place." 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


85 


goons.  To  the  summons  sent  to  Water- 
ford,  the  mayor  in  turn  desired  a  cessa- 
tion for  fifteen  days,  and  in  the  mean- 
time commissioners  should  treat  of  con- 
ditions for  the  place;  whereunto  it  was 
in  writing  by  a  trumpet  answered,  that 
there  should  be  a  cessation  for  four  or 
five  days;  but  the  Lord  of  Ormonde,  hav- 
ing in  the  meantime  entered  the  town  by 
water,  he  therein  placed  a  garrison  of 
2,000  men,  leaving  Lieutenant-General 
Farrell*^,  late  of  Owen  Roe's  army,  com- 
mander in  Waterford.  By  our  trumpet 
it  was  in  writing  returned  by  the  mayor 
of  Waterford  that  they  were  forbidden  to 
treat  with  us**. 

26th.  The  Lieutenant-General  returned 
from  Carrig,  giving  notice  also  of  the  ene- 
mies towards  Clonmel  or  towards  Munster. 

27th.  A  garrison  settled  on  the  way 
to  Carrig  for  intelligence,  and  also  for 
securing  the  ways. 

28th.  Upon  notice  of  the  enemy's  draw- 
ing again  towards  Can*ig,  the  Lieutenant- 
General  was  again  despatche<l  thitherward 
with  a  supply  of  horse  and  dragoons.  This 
day  the  army  removed  and  encamped  on 
the  side  of  the  town  towards  the  river, 
for  receiving  our  provisions  from  sea  and 
our  guns,  &c.,  from  the  Great  Island. 

29th,  30th.     Continued  as  before. 

Dec.  Ist.  Resolved  to  remove  from 
the  leaguer,  the  enemy  not  being  to  be 
drawn  to  engage,  which  was  the  design 
only  intended;  we  not  being  engaged 
before  the  place  by  breaking  of  ground 
or  planting  guns,  or  so  much  as 


2nd.  The  army  marched  from  Water- 
ford, leaving  Captain  Molyiieux',  Captain 
Frewen,  &c.,  with  their  firelocks  at  the 
Passage,  and  sending  back  the  guns  from 
the  Great  Island.  This  day  Ormonde  went 
to  Waterford  with  some  forces,  lliis  (Liy 
we  marched  to  Kilmac-Tliomas,  twelve 
miles  from  Waterford,  in  the  way  to  Cap- 
poquin. 

3rd.  Tliis  day  for  the  most  part  was 
spent  in  carrying  the  foot  over  the  water 
at  Kilmac-Thomas ;  the  river,  rising  sud- 
denly by  the  great  rains  the  day  before, 
was  this  day  very  violent.  We  marched 
only  three  miles,  and  then  quartered  in 
several  villages. 

4th.  The  army  marched  to  Knock- 
manin,  three  miles  beyond  Dungarvan, 
in  the  way  to  Cappoquin.  All  dismissed 
to  garrisons.  The  Lieutenant-Genera^, 
feverish,  went  to  Dungarvan,  took  to 
bed.  Dungarvan  was  on  the  2nd  instant 
surrendered  to  the  Lord  of  Broghill',  on 
conditions. 

6th.    The  Lieutenant-General  let  blood. 

10th.  Half  an  hour  past  six  at  night 
he  died  at  Dungarvan,  of  a  pestilential 
fever. 

12th.  He  was  brought  to  Youghal,  the 
h«id-quarters,  and  that  night  buried  with 
great  solemnity  b^  in  the  chapel  belonging 
to  the  Earl  of  Cork. 

13th.  A  day  of  general  thanksgiving''. 
This  day  was  the  beating  of  the  enemy 
at  Passage,  relieving  the  place,  killing 
about  200,  and  taking  fifty  prisoners,  of 
whom  were  Colonel  Wogan'  (with  some 


«  This  was  the  disting^uished  officer,  Richard  O.  Ferrall,  mentioned  at  the  memoir  of  that  sept,  in 
the  ••  Illustrations  of  King  James'  Irish  Army  List,"  p.  361. 

d  The  result  evinced  how  seasonable  was  Ormonde's  advice ;  Cromwell  was  baffled  in  all  his  attempts 
on  Waterford,  the  urhs  intacta^  and  left  1,000  of  his  men  dead  of  sickness  before  the  city. 

•  Captain  Adam  MoljTieux  had  in  lGe7  a  confirmatory  grant  of  lands  in  the  county  Longford,  al- 
lotted to  him  theretofore  by  the  usurping  powers.  His  daughter  Alice  was  married  to  John,  son  of 
Colonel  Edward  Phelippse  of  Montacute,  who  suffered  so  much  for  his  attachment  to  the  .royal  cause, 
and  waa  taken  prisoner  in  the  Castle  of  Exeter,  when  its  surrender  was  compelled  by  Gteneral  P'air- 
fax.    All  his  estates  were  subsequently  sequestered  by  the  Parliament. 

'  «*  On  the  murder  of  the  king,  Jan.  3rd,  1648-9,"  (writes  Mr.  Hayman,  "  Annals  of  Youghal,'*  p.  44,) 
••  Lord  Rroghill  deserted  the  cause  of  the  Parliament,  and  giving  up  all  Ireland  for  lost,  he  retired 
into  EngUind,  to  a  small  estate  left  him  by  his  father,  at  Marston  in  Somerteti^hit  e,  where  he  lived 
for  several  months  in  great  retirement.  After  this,  resolving  to  do  something  to  bring  about  the 
restoration  of  the  monarchy,  he  came  to  London  to  obtain  licence  to  go  to  Spa  m  Germany,  as  if  for 
his  health,  but  in  reality  to  see  the  prince  in  cxUe,  and  obtain  a  conmiission  from  him  to  raise  forces 
in  Ireland.  On  his  arrival  Cromwell  sent  an  officer  to  him,  signifjing  that  he  intended  waiting  on 
him  at  hLs  lodgings,  and  in  the  course  of  their  interview  shewed  him  that  all  his  plans  were  known 
to  the  Parliament.  He  had  obtained  leave,  he  said,  from  the  Council  to  make  him  an  offer,  that  if  he 
would  serve  in  the  wars  against  the  Irish,  he  should  have  a  general  officer's  command,  and  should 
have  no  oaths  nor  engagements  laid  on  him,  nor  should  he  be  obliged  to  fight  against  any  but  the 
Irish ;  otherwise  that  they  were  resolved  to  commit  his  lordship  to  the  Tower.  Broghill,  finding 
everything  revealed,  accepted  the  conditions.  He  took  shippin|f  at  Bristol,  and  landed  at  Youghal, 
where  those,  who  had  formerly  served  under  his  command,  repau-ed  to  him,  and  he  soon  had  a  gallant 
company,  with  which  he  hovered  up  and  down  until  Cromwell  landed,  when  he  joined  him  at  Water- 
ford."   Lord  BroghiU,  afterwards  the  first  Earl  of  Osaory,  died  in  1679,  aged  59. 

c  "The  ceremonial,"  adds  Mr. llayman,  p.  45,  "must  have  been  impressive.  We  can  almost 
realize  the  scene ;  the  old  baronial  chapel,  with  its  tombs  and  effigies,  CYomwell,  Ireton,  Broghill, 
the  officers  and  guards  standing  there  in  full  military  equipment ;  in  the  midst  the  hearse,  on  which 
lies  still  and  motionless  the  gallant  soldier  so  much  the  object  of  the  Protector's  dread,  and  beneath 
it  the  open  grave  awaiting  its  silent  deposit." 

*»  That  observation  of  the  day  was  at  Cromwell's  special  instance. 

i  This  appears  to  have  been  Richard  Woffan,  who  had  been  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Council  of 
Kilkenny  in  1W6,  and  was  afterwards  killed  fighting  for  King  James  at  Derry.  See  *♦  Illustrations 
of  King  James's  Irish  Army  List,"  p.  539. 


86 


CoiTespondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


[July, 


of  his  cousins).  Governor  of  Duncannon, 
and  Colonel  Brown  i*.  Governor  of  Bally, 
. .  Major  O'Neill,  Major  Turlough  O'Neill ', 
Lieutenant-General  Farrell  escaped.  Their 
forces  were  1,200  horse,  ours  but  18  horse 
and  140  foot  and  dragoons,  of  whom  but 
thirty  hurt. 

15th.     Lord-Lieutenant  went  to  Cork. 

17th.  The  Scout-maater-general"  died 
at  Youghal. 

18th.     I  went  to  Cork. 

20th.  I  took  shipping  in  Cork  for 
Dublin. 

2l8t.  The  wmd  being  cross  and  high, 
we  lay  at  anchor  in  the  Bay  of  Cork  till 
Tuesday  following. 

25th.  Tlie  wind  veering  about,  we  set 
sail  out  of  the  Bay  of  Cork.  Our  captain 
had  order  to  convey  to  Dublin  two  ships* 
prisoners  to  be  adjudged  there. 


I  have  gratified  my  wish  of  leaving  this 
otherwise  perishable  Diary  in  print.  Six 
years  since  I  proffered  it  to  the  publishers 
of  Mr.  Carlyle's"  Cromwell;"  offering  to  il- 
lustrate the  localities  and  names  that  ap- 
peared upon  it,  as  I  thought  I  jieculiarly 
could,  from  my  manuscript  collections ;  but 
I  fear  my  proposal  was  considered  "too 
Irish"  to  be  accepted.  I  afterwards  opened 
my  project  to  Mr.  Carlyle  himself,  from 
whom  i  received  the  following  graphic 
and  kind  reply  : — 

"  CheUea,  March  6,  1851. 
"  Dear  Sir, 

"  I  reg^t  much  to  answer,  that  I  have 
it  not  in  my  power  to  afford  you  any  help 


in  regard  to  the  MS.  Diary  of  Cromwell's 
Irish  War.  To  all  appearance,  the  piece 
well  deserves  publishing;  but  I  rather 
fear  so  brief  a  paper  could  not  well  carry 
such  a  quantity  of  illustrative  matter  as 
would  be  required  for  making  a  volume. 
At  any  rate,  as  Chapman  and  Hall  decline 
it,  I  am  not  acquainted  with  any  book- 
seller here  who  would  be  likely  to  under- 
take the  enterprise.  If  your  illustrations, 
&c.,  really  are  unusually  interesting,  the 
best  cliance  would  be  to  write  the  book 
first,  or  at  least  a  part  of  it,  and  then  try 
the  booksellers  with  it. 

"  Certainly,  one  way  or  other,  the  Diary 
ought  to  be  sent  forth— secured  in  print. 
.  .  .  Heartily  wishing  I  could  in  any  way 
forward  or  encourage  you  in  your  useful 
labours,  hoping  withal  that  you  can  and 
will  cofitinue  them,  in  spite  of  rfwcourage- 
ment,  (as  is  often  one's  lot  in  this  world), 
"  I  remain  with  many  regards, 
"  Yours  very  sincerely, 

"  T.  Cablyle." 

I  but  beg  leave  to  add,  that  the  illus- 
trations, which  I  proposed  to  have  frimish- 
ed  for  the  above  projected  volume,  were 
such,  as  perhaps,  with  my  peculiiur  nation- 
ality, might  have  overleaped  the  limits 
that  the  discretion  of  an  English  pub- 
lisher would  have  prescribed  for  me.  The 
few  short  notes  I  have  here  subjoined  are 
all  I  could  venture  to  intrude  on  the  pages 
of  this  Magazine,  too  happy  to  have  in- 
terested its  favour  for  securing  the  record 
in  print, — Yours  truly,  John  D* Alton. 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


The  Voyage  of  Sir  Henry  Middleton  to 
Bantam  and  the  Maluco  Islands;  being 
the  second  Voyage  set  forth  by  the  Gover- 
nor and  Company  of  Merchants  trading 
into  the  East  Indies.  From  the  edition  of 
1606.  Annotated  and  edited  by  Bolton 
Cornet,  M.  R.  S.  L.  (Printed  for  the 
Hakluyt  Society.)  8vo. — The  Moluccas, 
as  they  are  now  called,  form  a  cluster  of 
islands  in  the  Indian  archipelago,  dis- 
covered in  1511  by  the  Portuguese;  who 
formed  some  settlements,  but  were  driven 


out  by  the  Dutch  in  1607.  It  was  shortly 
before  the  latter  date,  in  the  year  1604, 
that  the  East  India  Company  of  England 
equipped  and  sent  to  those  seas  the  fleet 
whose  voyage  is  described  in  the  narrative 
before  us.  It  consisted  of  only  four  ships 
(the  same  which  had  made  a  former  voy- 
age to  the  Indies  under  Sir  James  Lan- 
caster in  1601),— the  Red  Dragon,  of  600 
tons,  the  Hector,  of  500,  the  Ascension, 
of  260,  and  the  Susan,  of  240.  The  crews, 
at  starting,  were  superabundant,  but  their 


^  He  most  probably  was  Colonel  William  Browne,  of  the  ancient  line  of  Mulranken,  in  the  county 
Wexford,  whose  name  was  especially  included  in  tlM  Declaration  of  Koyol  Gratitude  embodied  in  the 
Act  of  SettlemeDt  of  1662.    See  Id.  036. 

I  Major  Turlough  was  brother  of  the  celebrated  Sir  Phelim  O'Neill,  a  member  of  the  Supreme 
Council,  and  consequently  denounced  in  Cromwell's  Act  of  1652. 

">  This  notice  of  the  Diary  seems  to  relieve  the  Bishop  of  Cloyne,  who  did  not  die  until  the  year 
1681,  from  the  imputation  which  Ware  would  have  cast  upon  him  (*'  Bishops,"  p.  160,)  of  having 
been  himself  Scout-master-general  to  Cromwell's  army. 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


87 


numbers  are  not  stated.  The  commodore, 
who  bore  the  designation  of  "the  Gene- 
rail,"  was  Captain  Henry  Middleton.  This 
fleet  sailed  fh>m  Gravesend  on  Sunday  the 
25th  of  March,  1604,  the  first  day  of  the 
dvil  year ;  and  proceeded  with  favourable 
winds  until  they  had  passed  the  line,  which 
was  acoompli^ed  on  the  16th  of  May. 
After  that  the  men  suffered  dreadftilly 
from  disease, — "of  the  scurvy,  calenture, 
bloody  flux,  and  the  worms ;  being  left  to 
the  mercy  of  God,  and  a  small  quantity  of 
lenoon-juice  every  morning ;  our  physician, 
shipped  for  that  purpose,  being  as  unwil- 
ling as  ignorant  in  anything  that  might 
hdp  them, — a  great  oversight  in  the  Com- 
pany, and  no  doubt  will  be  better  looked 
to  hereafter."  This  incompetent  person 
was  one  Master  Surfflict,  a  chaplain  as  well 
as  doctor,  who  himself  died  on  the  voyage. 
At  length,  on  the  2l8t  of  December,  "  with 
much  ado,"  from  their  exceeding  weakness, 
they  arrived  in  the  road  of  Bantam,  at  the 
north-western  extremity  of  Java.  Here 
they  found  a  much  more  powerful  Dutch 
fleet,  consisting  of  twelve  ships  (a  total  of 
5,550  tons),  which,  though  it  doubled  the 
Cape  on  the  1st  of  June,  had  arrived  two 
days  before  them.  Bantam  was  then  the 
prmcipal  mart  for  pepper ;  and  there  the 
Hector  and  Susan  were  left  to  lade 
.with  that  commodity.  The  Red  Dragon 
and  Ascension  departed  on  the  16th  Jan., 
to  proceed  to  the  Malucos.  Touching 
at  Amboyna,  they  were  present  when 
the  Porti^^ese  settlement  at  that  place 
was,  from  the  mere  force  of  intimidation, 
surrendered  to  the  Dutch;  and  thence, 
being  in  a  great  degree  forestalled  by  these 
more  flourishing  competitors,  they  pro- 
ceeded, the  Red  Dragon  to  the  Maluco 
islands  to  procure  cloves^  and  the  Ascen- 
aon  to  Banda  for  nutmegs  and  mace.  On 
the  17th  of  March  "we  had  sight  of  all 
the  Clove  islands,  all  of  them  pe^ed  hills 
in  form  of  a  sugar-loaf,"  thereby  achieving 
the  nuun  object  of  their  voyage : — 

••  We  are  arrived  among  the  blessed  islands, 
Where  every  wind  that  rises  blows  perfumes, 
And  every  breath  of  air  is  like  an  incense." 
Fletcher**  Island  Princess. 

But  amidst  those  regions,  so  highly  fa- 
voured by  nature,  the  storms  of  human 
passion  were  then  raging  fiercely.  The 
kings  of  Tidor^  and  TematI  were  at  mortal 
enmity;  while  the  isle  of  Maquian  was 
grievously  depopulated  by  the  contests  of 
both.  At  Tidor^  the  Portuguese  had  a 
factory,  and  they  were  willing  to  trade 
with  the  English.  The  Dutch,  confident 
in  their  superior  strength,  held  themselves 


more  independent,  if  not  hostile.  The 
native  princes  appear  to  have  been  griev- 
ously perplexed  amidst  the  contending  de- 
mands of  their  European  visitors.  The 
Dutchmen  persuaded  the  Rajah  of  Temat^ 
to  unite  his  forces  with  theirs  in  an  attack 
on  Tidor^  and  the  Portuguese  factory  there; 
and  though  the  English  were  too  prudent, 
or  too  much  weakened,  to  take  an  active 
part  in  the  hostilities,  yet  they  did  not 
escape  the  jealousy  of  the  Dutch,  llie 
kmg  of  Temate*  told  Middleton  that "  the 
Hollanders  did  threaten  him  to  forsake  his 
country,  and  to  establish  a  factory  at  Ti- 
dor^,  if  he  did  let  the  English  tarry  in  the 
country  and  establish  a  fiau:tory ;  they  say- 
ing we  were  thieves  and  robbers,  and  so, 
if  he  did  trust  us,  he  should  find  us ;  say- 
ing that  Holland  was  able  to  set  out  twenty 
ships  for  England's  one,  and  that  the 
king  of  Holland  was  stronger  by  sea  than 
all  Christendom  besides;  with  many  un- 
truths of  their  own  people  and  country's 
commendations,  and  the  disparagement  of 
our  people  and  country,  and  of  all  other 
Christian  princes.  If  this  frothy  nation 
(adds  the  writer)  may  have  the  trade  of 
the  Indians  to  themselves,  which  is  the 
thing  they  hope  for,  their  pride  and  inso- 
lence will  be  intolerable."  The  Dutchmen, 
however,  made  good  their  boastings  with 
their  next  fleet,  which  sailed  in  1605,  and 
completed  the  conquest  of  the  Portuguese 
settlements  in  1607. 

To  return  to  our  English  adventurers. 
They  eflTected  the  objects  of  their  voyage, 
but  with  moderate  success,  owing  to  the 
great  disease  and  mortality  which  pre- 
vailed in  their  crews.  The  two  principal 
ships  met  again  at  Bantam;  and  after- 
wards, near  Penguin  Island,  on  the  coast 
South  of  Africa,  they  fell  in  with  the 
Hector  when  suflTering  extreme  distress, 
the  Susan  baing  altogether  lost.  The 
three  surviving  ships  anchored  in  the 
Downs  on  their  return  on  the  6th  of  May, 
1606.  The  East  India  Company  were 
fiilly  satisfied  with  the  Commodore's  ser- 
vices, and  on  the  25th  of  the  same  month 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood 
from  his  sovereign.  The  subsequent  ad- 
ventures of  Sir  Henry  Middleton,  we  are 
told,  would  require  a  volume  for  their  re- 
lation :  and  in  1615  he  is  described  by  Sir 
Dudley  Digges  as  the  "  thrice- worthy 
Generall  who  laid  the  true  foundation  of 
our  long-desired  Cambaya  trade." 

The  present  journal,  which  is  either 
from  Middleton's  pen,  or  that  of  some 
one  in  his  ship  (the  Red  Dragon),  has 
hitherto  existed  in  an  almost  unique  copy 


•  Tidore,  in  p.  66,  is  an  evident  misprint  for  Temat*.    Compare  with  a  passage  in  p.  71,  where  the 
same  threat  is  repeated. 


88 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[July, 


ill  the  library  of  Mr.  Thomas  Grcnville; 
Purchas,  in  his  "  Pilgrimes/'  having 
abridged  it  into  less  than  one-twentieth 
of  its  real  extent.  It  is  now  edited  by 
Mr.  Bolton  Comey,  with  his  characteristic 
care.  In  the  not^s  are  placed  the  cor- 
responding passages  of  the  narrative  of 
ITiomas  Claybome,  who  went  the  same 
voyage  in  the  ship  Ascension,  and  others 
from  the  account  of  the  contemporary 
voyage  of  the  Dutch,  written  by  C.  de 
Renneville.  The  glossarial,  as  well  as  the 
geographical,  notes  are  valuable.  The  ap- 
pendix conttdns  several  important  illus- 
trative documents,  from  the  records  of  the 
East  India  Company  and  the  State  Paper 
Office. 


The  Works  of  Philo  Judaus.  Trans- 
lated by  C.  D.  YoNGE,  B.A.  Vol.  IV. 
(London :  Bohn.  Post  8vo.,  490  pp.) — In 
noticing  the  first  volume*,  we  reserved  our 
remarks  till  the  last,  but  are  now  confined 
for  space,  and  must  restrict  ourselves  to  a 
few  references.  Harles  (Not.  Gr.,  p.  314) 
says, — "  Philonis  opera  conducere  maxim^ 
ad  rectam  utriusque  divini  testamenti  in- 
tclligentiam,  plures  viri  docti  demonstra- 
nmt."  Dr.  Burton,  in  his  "  History  of  the 
Christian  Church,"  (c.  14,)  complains  tliat 
wc  might  almost  suppose  he  did  not  receive 
the  words  of  the  sacred  writers  in  their 
literal  sense  at  all.  Dr.  Adam  Clarke  re- 
gards Ids  fanciful  interpretations  as  the 
prevalent  Kabbiuism,  but  thinks  that 
St.  Paul  was  acquainted  with  his  writings. 
(Sac.  liit.  i.  41.)  Lightfoot,  who  has  a 
long  article  on  Philo,  in  his  commentary  on 
the  Acts,  (Works,  i.  860-2,)  says,  that  for 
language  "Athens  itself  is  not  more  elegant 
and  Athenian,"  but  owns  that  liis  allegories 
"  did  much  soil  the  theology  of  succeeding 
times."  Dr.  Pye  Smith  closes  a  long  note 
(Scripture  Testimony,  i.  38G)  with  Gross- 
mann's  opinion,  that  Sabellianism  and 
Arianism  may  both  be  traced  to  Philo, 
through  different  forms  of  description. 
Some  hints  may  be  gained  from  the  "  His- 
tory of  Doctrines"  by  Hagenbach.  On 
the  whole,  we  may  decide  that  the  value 
of  his  writings  is  not  equal  to  their  bulk, 
but  that  they  liave  their  use;  or,  in 
Mr.  Home's  words,  "  reflect  much  light 
on  the  manners,  customs,  and  opinions" 
of  the  Jews.  There  is  a  general  index 
to  this  translation,  which  increases  its 
utility  for  reference. 


Pictures  of  Nature  in  the  Silurian  Be- 
gion  around  the  Malvern  Hills  and  Vale 


of  Severn :  including  Incidental  Excur- 
sions with  the  Malvern  and  Worcester' 
shire  Naturalists*  Clubs,  and  Notices  of 
the  Natural  History^  Pictorial  Scenert/y 
Botany,  Geologify  Custams,  and  Super- 
stitions, of  many  interesting  localities  in 
Worcestershire  and  Herefordshire.  By 
Edwin  Lees,  F.L.S.  Post  8vo.— With 
one  class  of  writers, — topography  has  con- 
sisted almost  entirely  of  the  descent  of 
manors  and  the  genealogy  of  families, 
enlivened  only  by  occasional  descriptions 
of  the  relics  of  ancient  architecture,  or  the 
splendours  of  the  modem  mansion,  and 
accompanied  by  some  account  of  the  parish 
churches  and  their  sepulchral  monuments, 
with  long  strings  of  epitaplis  and  calendars 
of  incumbents.  The  naturalist  takes  his 
survey  in  a  different  spirit.  His  bound- 
aries arc  not  those  of  hundreds  or  parishes 
but  of  chalk  downs  and  clay  basins.  Hie 
early  possessors  that  he  traces  with  care 
are  the  ancient  forests ;  the  present  occu- 
piers whom  he  most  follows  are  the  peren- 
nial streams;  the  architecture  he  studies 
is  that  exposed  by  an  escarimient  or  a 
quarry,  and  the  art  which  he  admires  is 
that  displayed  by  the  fields,  the  hedge- 
rows, and  the  woods.  He  is  generally 
fond  of  a  spice  of  archa>ology  and  folk- 
lore, but  it  is  of  a  more  poetical  and 
fanciful  kind  than  that  pursued  by  the 
historical  antiquary:  it  soars  into  specu- 
lations, perhaps  somewhat  visionary,  on 
prhneval  antiquities,  dives  into  etymolo- 
gies of  an  apocryphal  complexion,  and 
finds  its  chief  amusement  in  popular 
superstitions  and  usages.  The  last  arc 
matters  of  consideralile  attraction  to  many 
readers ;  and  so  are  the  personal  anecdotes 
in  which  these  watchful  observers  are 
prone  to  indulge.  ITieir  chief  charac- 
teristic, perhaps,  lies  in  the  circumstance 
that  they  draw  their  materials  almost 
entirely  from  observation  or  oral  infor- 
mation, wliilst  the  ordinary  local  histo- 
rian chiefly  depends  upon  written  records. 
If  less  authoritative  or  exact,  they  are 
certainly  more  entertaining,  and  more 
suited  to  continuous  perusals ;  and  in  read- 
ing the  present  work  we  have  been  strongly 
reminded  of  the  late  Dr.  Johnston's  "  Na- 
tural History  of  the  Eastern  Bordei-s," 
to  which  we  ofl'ered  our  tribute  of  ap- 
proval. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Lees  is  fomied  in  great 
measure  from  the  notes  he  has  taken  in 
excursions  with  the  Malvern  Naturalists' 
Club,  or  with  that  of  Worcestershire ;  and 
sometimes  we  read  of  a  more  numerous 
re-union,  when  the  Woolhope  Club  of 
Hcrcfordsliire,  the  Cotteswolil  Club,  as  well 


11 


•  See  April,  1854,  p.  392. 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


89 


as  the  Malvern,  "made  a  grand  mugter 
at  Eastnor,  which  will  not  be  forgotten 
by  any  of  those  who  formed  a  portion  of 
the  pleasant  party."  (p.  49.)  "  Delightful 
and  instractive  as  solitary  musings  are, 
the  pleasures  of  a  ramble  are  much  enhanced 
by  companionship ;  there  is  a  pleasant 
rivalry  even  in  coquetting  with  nature, 
and  adventure  is  hailed  at  the  time,  and 
receives  a  colouring  in  the  memory,  from 
agreeable  society."  (p.  273.)  Under  such 
happy  influences  Mr.  Lees  describes  the 
incidents  of  his  rambles  over  field  and 
flood,  and  we  must  do  him  the  justice  to 
say  that  he  describes  them  so  well  as  to 
make  his  readers  partakers  in  their  exhi- 
larating pleasures.  Did  our  space  permit, 
we  should  extract  at  length  his  visit  to 
Cowleigh  Park, — "a  deep,  shadowy,  and 
romantic  dingle,  well  wooded  upon  its 
boggy  sides,  and  hemmed  in  except  towards 
the  east,  by  dark  mossy  hills,  shaggy  with 
wood.  Even  old  Leland  [but  Mr.  Lees 
need  not  have  smd  *  even  old  Leland,'  for 
that  ancient  tourist  gives  frequent  inti- 
mation of  his  appreciation  of  natural 
beauties,]  pronounced  it  'a  seat  fit  for 
the  Muses.'  I  shall  vindicate  its  claims 
as  a  place  fit  for  the  observations  of  natu- 
ralists. As  we  entered  upon  this  bosky 
dingle,  the  vapours  were  slowly  ascending 
the  acclivities  of  the  hills,  giving  them  a 
dark  mysterious  solemnity,  that  contrasted 
with  the  tender  green  of  the  trees  about 
their  base ;  but  the  rain  had  now  ceased, 
and  the  rising  ground  appeared  clothed 
with  mosses  and  jungcmianniae  sparkling 
with  moisture.  Amidst  this  tufbcd  ground 
lichened  rocks  of  syenite  arise,  with  spread- 
ing scattered  oaks  among  them ;  while, 
fiur  exceeding  them  in  altitude,  the  Caradoc 
domes  of  the  Rough  Hill,  densely  wooded, 
hem  in  the  deep  glen  to  the   north   in 

almost  savage  wildness Cowleigh 

Pftrk  is  a  favourite  spot  with  me,  for  it  is 
one  of  those  little  wild  oases  of  beauty 
amidst  the  deformities  that  the  trim  hand 
of  cultivation  spreads  around,  that  the 
contemplative  mind  delights  to  trace. 
Man  too  often  spoils  nature  with  his  im- 
provements ;  rank  weeds  and  thistles,  net- 
tles and  wormwood,  henbane  and  night- 
diade,  mark  his  track  everywhere.  Yet 
here  and  there,  amidst  the  desecrated 
country,  a  few  spots  remain  in  nature's 
wUdness,  traces  of  a  Master-hand,  and 
mementos  of  a  lost  paradise.  They  are  so 
many  scattered  gems  of  poesy,  like  the 
faint  traces  of  recollection  in  a  mind  dis- 
eased or  broken  up."     Such  are  the  plea- 


sant rhapsodies  of  the  naturalists,  when 
they  wander  fancy-free.  At  other  times, 
their  researches  have  a  more  practical 
value,  when  their  geology  checks  an  im- 
provident speculation,  like  the  vain  at- 
tempt to  find  coal  at  Cradley  (p.  130),  or 
where  they  illustrate  the  history  and 
manners  of  the  past,  as  is  the  case  in 
numberless  instances. 

In  Worcestershire  there  are  many  an- 
dent  yews,  and  various  interesting  notices 
of  those  venerable  objects  occur  in  the 
pages  of  Mr.  Lees : — "  A  resident  at  Crad- 
ley remarked  that  the  yew  was  a  genuine 
native  of  the  woods  there,  and  several  old 
trees  mark  the  boundaries  of  property  in 
that  parish."  (p.  133.)  Mr.  Lees  rightly 
remarks  that  this  tree  was  cultivated,  not 
only  for  the  sake  of  our  English  bow-men, 
but  also  because,  "like  the  cypress  in  the 
East,  it  was  considered  an  emblem  of  im- 
mortality, fit)m  its  perennial  verdure,  and 
so  used  in  the  rites  of  the  Catholic 
Church."  This  is  why  so  many  aged  yews 
are  still  found  in  our  churchyards : — "  In 
fact,  at  this  very  time  the  interior  of 
Cradley  church  was  decorated  with  yew- 
branches,  in  honour, of  Palm  Sunday." 

The  miracles  and  prodigies  of  former 
ages  are  dispelled  by  such  inquirers.  We 
may  instance  a  remarkable  phenomenon  to 
which  the  attention  of  Mr.  Lees  was  di- 
rected in  Sept.  1854.  In  the  parish  of 
Mathon  a  pool  was  covered  with  such  a 
bright  vermilion  film  all  over  its  surface, 
as  to  render  it  a  very  remarkable  and  re- 
splendent object.  Such  must  have  been 
the  "pool  of  blood"  which  appeared  in 
Chamwood  Forest,  in  Leicestershire,  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.,  and  was  presumed  to 
indicate  the  threatened  judgments  of  the 
Almighty  upon  the  sins  of  the  country  •». 
At  Mathon  it  was  at  first  thought  that 
the  village  wheelwright,  always  a  great 
patron  of  red  lead,  had  been  emptying  his 
colours  into  the  pool ;  but  this  proving  not 
to  be  the  case,  a  committee  of  natiu^lists 
assembled  to  investigate  the  mystery.  "  In 
the  meantime,  however,  a  change  had 
occurred,  and  the  water  of  the  pool  had 
resumed  its  usual  aspect;  but  in  a  few 
places  I  found  the  margin  of  the  mud,  and 
some  dead  leaves  embedded  in  it,  still 
covered  with  a  slimy  substance  that  looked 
very  much  like  clotted  blood  or  effused 
crimson  jelly.  On  taking  specimens  home, 
and  examining  the  seemingly  coagulated 
blood  carefully,  I  found  the  substance  to 
consist  of  a  multitude  of  very  small  glo- 
bules closely  agglomerated  together,  sur- 


*  It  was  the  subject  of  a  contemporary  pamphlet :— "  The  most  strange  and  wonderful  apparition 
of  Blood  in  a  Pool  at  Garraton  [now  Garendon]  in  Leicestershire ;  which  continued  for  the  space  of 
four  days.  1645,  4to."    Reprinted  in  Nichols's  "  Leicestershire,"  iiL  800. 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  n 


90 


Miscellaneous  Revieios. 


[July, 


rounded  with  a  red  mucus  that  seemed  to 
have  exuded  from  them.  Many  had  the 
colouring  matter  or  fructification  still 
within  them;  but  numerous  pale  grey 
empty  cases  lay  in  continuity  with  them, 
and  finally  these  last  became  diflused  into 
a  grey  clothy  scum.  So  very  minute  were 
the  globules,  that  I  found  that  nearly 
6,000  of  them  were  contained  within  a 
superficial  space  of  an  inch  square.  This 
little  plant,  then,  must  be  an  alga  be- 
longing to  the  group  Nostochiurce,  which 
comprises  'plants  more  or  less  globose, 
gelatinous,  or  camose,  including  granules 
scattered  through  them,  or  arranged  in 
monoliform  series.*  It  is  doubtless  akin 
to  the  celebrated  red  snow  {Protococcus 
nivalis) ; — *  usually  found  in  the  form  of  a 
thin,  stain-like  stratum  on  the  surface  of 
rocks,  or  investing  decayed  vegetable  sub- 
stances with  a  purple  crust,'  (Hooker's 
'British  Flora*);  and  I  have  styled  this 
production,  which  I  believe  to  have  been 
previously  undescribed,  as  UtBtnotococcua 
mirabilisy  from  its  brilliant  appearance, 
but  transient  endurance." 

At  p.  135  is  a  notice  of  another  marvel, 
upon  which  our  space  permits  us  to  make 
only  one  brief  remark : — "  In  the  garden 
at  Redmarley  Farm  is  a  curious  periodical 
spring y  which  has  escaped  the  notice  of  the 
topographer,  though  in  the  vicinity  it  has 
obtained  the  name  of  the  Roaring  Water, 
from  the  noise  it  makes  when,  at  uncertain 
intervals,  it  bursts  forth  from  the  side  of 
the  hill.**  On  Mr.  Lees*  visit,  the  cavity 
from  which  the  water  bursts,  called  Hun- 
ger-hole, was  dry.  At  the  previous 
Michaelmas  it  had  burst  forth  during  the 
night,  and  then  poured  forth  its  stream  for 
a  week.  We  wish  to  point  out  the  simi- 
larity of  the  name  of  Hunger-hole  to  that 
of  another  intermittent  spring  mentioned 
in  Wark worth's  Chronicle,  situate  "  vij. 
mile  on  this  syde  the  castelle  of  Dodley,  in 
the  place  called  Hungere-vale.**  On  this 
subject  we  may  refer  to  the  interesting 
memoir  on  the  Bourne  at  Croydon,  by 
Cuthbert  W.  Johnson,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  in 
our  Magazine  for  July,  1853. 

Blair's  Chronological  Tables,  revised 
and  enlarged :  comprehending  the  Chro- 
nology and  History  of  the  World  from 
the  JKarliest  Times  to  the  Russian  Treaty 
ofPeacey  April,  1856.  By  J.  Willoughbt 
RossE.  (London:  H.  G.  Bohn.)  —  This 
forms  a  "double  volume*'  of  Mr. Bohn*s 
Scientific  Library.  It  is  confessedly  formed 
upon  the  foundation  of  previous  compi- 
lations of  the  kind ;  but  the  editor  states 


in  his  prefiice  that,  although,  in  compliance 
with  the  wish  of  the  publisher,  the  title  of 
"  Blair's  Chronological  Tables*'  is  adopted, 
all  that  remains  of  Blair  is  the  general 
outline.  "The  work  has  been  entirely 
reconstructed,  and  every  line  tested  by  an 
examination  with  later  and  better  autho- 
rities." For  the  earlier  ages,  the  old 
chronologers  have  been  corrected  by  the 
Fasti  of  Clinton ;  for  the  Roman  times, 
by  Niebuhr;  and  for  our  own  history, 
the  Oxford  Chronological  Tables  are  ap- 
pealed to,  and  "  deservedly  exempted 
from  our  general  censure.**  'ITiis  "  gene- 
ral censure"  is  supported  by  exhibiting  in 
the  preface  a  long  string  of  errors  com- 
mitted in  other  (unnamed)  books  of  this 
class  :  as,  for  example,  the  Marquess  of 
Londonderry  committed  suicide  in  1822, 
"  yet  two  of  our  highest  authorities  place 
it  in  1824."  One  chronology  gives  1751 
for  the  birth  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  an- 
other 1769,  though  he  was  really  bom  in 
1771;  and  so  on.  We  confess  we  do 
not  think  the  better  of  the  book  for  this 
display ;  and  we  fear  it  would  not  be  diffi- 
cult to  make  out  a  much  longer  catalogue 
from  Mr.  Rosse's  own  pages,  notwith- 
standing the  "  testing"  of  which  he  boasts. 
The  most  prevalent  iault  of  the  compila- 
tion seems  to  consist  in  placing  a  number 
of  events  under  the  year  they  belong  to, 
without  regard  to  their  inter-relative 
order.  We  turn  to  1554,  the  first  year 
of  Queen  Mary,  and  find  it  is  free  from 
this  fault;  but  it  is  far  otherwise  with 
1483,  the  first  of  Richard  III.  :— 

"  1483.  Death  of  Edward  IV.,  April  9, 
set.  42;  accession  of  his  son,  Edwfuxl  V., 
set.  13.  Usurpation  of  Richard  III.,  June 
26.  Murder  of  Edward,  and  his  brother 
the  Duke  of  York,  in  the  Tower;  their 
mother,  with  her  daughter,  takes  refrige 
in  the  sanctuary  at  Westminster;  her 
brother.  Earl  Rivers,  and  other  members 
of  the  Woodville  family,  put  to  death, 
June  13.  Lord  Hastings  beheaded." 
These  events  are  neither  in  chronological 
sequence,  nor  in  all  respects  correctly 
stated.  The  queen-mother  took  sanc- 
tuary at  Westminster  on  the  1st  of  May, 
not  with  one  daughter  only,  but  with 
the  Duke  of  York  and  probably  all  her 
daughters;  and  her  subsequent  parting 
with  her  younger  son  is  among  the  best- 
known  incidents  of  our  history.  But  the 
fact  of  the  murder  of  the  two  princes  in 
the  Tower  is  one  upon  which  there  are 
grave  historic  doubts;  of  the  existence 
of  which  some  intimation  at  least  should 
be  given  ^.    Then,  Earl  Rivers  was  not 


'  In  "  The  Annaln  of  Enfirland."  noticed  in  our  last  Magazine,  it  is  more  Justlr,  aa  well  as  cautiooaly, 
stated,  that  the  princes  **  both  disappeared,  and  nothing  is  known  as  to  their  ute." 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


91 


put  to  death  on  the  13th  of  Jane.  Lord 
Hastings  was  so.  The  execution  at  Ponte- 
fi-act  of  the  Earl  Rivers,  Lord  Richard 
Grey,  Sir  Thomas  Vaughan,  and  Sir 
Richard  Haute,  was  probably  accom- 
plished on  the  25th  of  that  month.  (See 
Introduction  to  Grants,  &c.  of  King  Ed- 
ward the  ¥\Sth,  p.  xix.) 

Under  the  year  1553  an  old  error  is  re- 
peated. In  reference  to  the  settlement  of 
the  crown  made  shortly  before  the  death 
of  Edward  VL,  it  is  stated, — "  Sir  James 
Hales  refuses  to  sign  the  patent;  Cecil, 
Secretary  of  State,  attests  the  king's  sig- 
nature." This  is  untrue:  Cecill  signed 
as  a  principal,  among  the  rest  of  the 
council;  and  the  whole  state  of  the  case 
is  fully  shewn  by  Mr.  Tytler,  in  his  Ed- 
ward VI.  and  Mary,  ii.  171 — 175. 

Under  1588  an  error  that  has  been  more 
frequently  exposed  is  still  retained,  in  the 
following  entry: — "The  Spanish  Armada 
is  totally  defeated  and  ruined.  To  make 
its  dirasters  more  widely  known.  Lord 
Burleigh  establishes  the  first  newspaper. 
The  English  Mercury^  Aug.  10."  It  is 
really  astonishing  to  see  the  amount  of 
contradicting  these  ancient  errors  require, 
even  when  they  are  most  unfounded  and 
absurd ;  but  one  would  have  thought  that 
the  memorable  fabrication  of  "the  first 
English  newspaper"  was  now  familiar  to 
everybody.  In  the  above  and  several  other 
passages  the  great  Cecdirs  title  is  wrongly 
given,  until  at  last,  on  his  death,  it  is  cor- 
rect— Lord  BurgMey.  Cardinal  Pole  is 
repeatedly  misnamed  de  la  Pole,  thus  con- 
founding his  family  with  the  wholly  dif- 
ferent race  of  the  Dukes  of  Suffolk.  We 
cannot  assent  to  the  position  taken  in  the 
preface,  that  "  slight  variations  in  the 
names  of  persons  or  places"  are  matters 
of  indifference,  when  there  can  be  "no 
mistake  in  identity."  We  admit  that  it 
may  be  difficult,  and  perhaps  impossible, 
to  insure  complete  uniformity  of  spelling, 
(as  it  admittedly  is  in  the  name  of  our 
greatest  dramatic  poet)  ;  still  accuracy 
should  be  aimed  at.  It  is  as  inaccurate 
to  write  Lord  Bur/Wj/A,  as  it  would  be  to 
write  William  Pit,  George  Tovfiisendf  or 
Sir  Robert  Peele.  Just  such  an  error 
occurs  in  p.  737,  of  Capel  Loft  for  Lofflb. 

In  1585  it  is  said  that  the  Duke,  in- 
stead of  the  Earl,  of  Northumberland  com- 
mitted suicide  in  the  Tower. 

In  1603,  "  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  Secretary 
of  State,  created  Earl  of  Salisbury ;"  but 
in  that  year  he  was  only  created  a  Baron, 
in  1604  Viscount  Cranboum,  and  Earl  of 
Salisbury  in  1605. 

In    1675,   Sir    Edmundhury    Godfrey 
should  be  Sir  Edmund  Berry  (rmlfrey. 

In  more  modem  times,  the  statements 


under  1728,  "  Ephraim  Chambers  publishes 
his  Cyclopaedia,"  and  under  1730,  "  Com- 
mencement of  the  publication  of  Zedler's 
Lexicon,  the  first  complete  Encyclopaedia," 
require  at  least  some  explanation,  as  all 
completeness  in  such  works  must  be  com- 
parative. 

We  will  make  one  further  remark,  and 
then  have  done.  The  obituary  of  recent 
years  is  very  copiously  given,  but  too  fre- 
quently by  a  mere  name,  without  specify- 
ing for  what  reason  the  person  is  memo- 
rable. Thus,  in  the  last  year  we  find  the 
names,  among  others,  of  "  Gen.  Huskisson, 
Joseph  Hume,  Lieut.-col.  Graham,  Samuel 
Rogers,  J.  S.  Buckingham,  Phil.  Pusey, 
Dr.  GiUy,  Francis  Majendie,  the  Rev. 
Robert  Montgomery,"  &c.,  without  stat- 
ing that  R<^ers  and  Montgomery  were 
poets,  MajencUe  a  chemist  and  a  French- 
man, Joseph  Hume  the  economical  states- 
man, and  so  forth;  whilst  to  others  not 
even  a  Christian  name  is  attached,  to  help 
to  identify  them.  There  is  also  a  number 
of  peers  named  as  deceased  in  1855,  many 
of  whom  were  distinguished  only  by  their 
rank;  and  so,  in  the  present  year,  the 
Marquess  Townshend  and  the  Earl  of 
Caithness,  to  whom  that  remark  com- 
pletely applies. 

On  looking  back,  we  find  the  like  in- 
completeness in  former  years,  and  oh 
serve  many  entries  requiring  the  reader 
to  supply  the  better  part  of  the  informa- 
tion himself; — we  mean  in  such  entries  as 
this  of  1807:  — "Execution  of  Holloway 
and  Haggerty,"  illustrious  individuals  who 
are  presumed  to  be  as  well  known  as  Guy 
Fawkes  or  Ravaillac,  if  not  as  Raleigh 
and  William  Lord  Russell. 

On  the  whole,  we  cannot  entirely  deem 
this  book  to  be  one  immeasurably  in  ad- 
vance of  its  predecessors,  notwithstanding 
the  comparisons  attempted  in  the  preface. 
But  any  book  dealing  with  so  many  thou- 
sand facts  must  be  regarded  as  one  of 
enormous  labour ;  and  we  willingly  grant, 
both  to  the  editor  and  publisher,  that  they 
have  endeavoured  to  do  their  best.  Mr. 
Bohn  admits  that  he  considers  it  incom- 
plete without  an  index ;  and  it  is  there- 
fore his  intention  to  form  "a  companion 
volume  of  equal  dimensions,  to  be  entitled, 
'A  Complete  Index  of  Dates,'  in  which  all 
that  is  contained  in  the  Tables,  with  much 
that  has  necessarily  been  omitted,  will  be 
included  in  an  alphabetical  form."  Such 
an  index  will  certainly  be  of  incalculable 
value,  as  it  will  furnish  a  key  to  so  many 
other  historical  volumes  as  well  as  his 
own. 


A  Descriptive  and  Historical  Account 
of  Folkestone  and  its  Neighbourhcod.    By 


92 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[July, 


S.  J.  Mackie,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  F.^.A.  12mo. 
— Folkestone  owes  this  book  to  its  new- 
bom  prosperity,  and  that  prosperity,  as  is 
well-known,  to  steam  navigation.  It  is 
not  yet  fifteen  years  ago  since  Mr.  Charles 
Knight,  in  his  "  Journey -book  of  Kent," 
reported  of  the  place, — "  The  trade  of  the 
town  is  dull;  fishing  and  smu^ling  are 
both  on  the  decline.  The  harbour,  owing 
to  the  accumulation  of  shingle,  is  not 
capable  of  affording  anchorage  to  many 
vessels."  It  was  not  then  noticed  that 
this  harbour  was  a  modem  work,  com- 
menced in  1807,  and  designed  by  the  cele- 
brated Telford.  But  it  was  just  after  the 
compilation  of  Mr.  Knight's  book  that 
Folkestone  harbour  was  purchased  by  the 
South-Eastem  Railway  Company;  and 
nnce  that  time  a  little  engineering,  judi- 
ciously applied,  has  converted  a  desolate 
mud-bank  into  a  busy  port.  Now,  as  old 
Leland  wrote  of  Hythe,  "  The  haven  is  a 
praty  rode,  and  lieth  meatly  strayt  for 
passage  out  of  Bologne."  The  present 
historian  tells  a  very  different  tale  to  the 
last:— "Possessing  the  greater  portion  of 
the  French  fancy -trade  with  Britain,  the 
favourite  port  of  travellers,  and  the  resort 
of  invalids  recommended  by  the  first  phy- 
sicians to  inhale  its  health -giving  breezes ; 
situated  on  a  fine  dry  sandy  soil,  with  an 
abundant  supply  of  the  purest  water ;  with 
excellent  bathing,  fine  views  and  walks, 
and  numerous  haiidsome  houses ;  and  with 
an  increasing  commerce  and  reputation, 
Folkstone  must  become  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal, if  not  the  most  important  town  in 
Kent."  On  what  is  left  of  the  old  town, 
Mr.  Mackie  is  somewhat  jocose  and  satiri- 
cal: he  describes  it  as  full  of  ups  and 
downs,  narrow  and  irregular  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  by  no  means  admirable  for  archi- 
tectural beauties,  but  chiefiy  interesting 
on  account  of  the  curious  way  in  which  it 
was  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  smuggling, 
to  which  art,  from  the  propinquity  of  the 
French  coast,  the  inhabitants  were  espe- 
cially given : — "  High  steps  are  found  lead- 
ing down  through  back  parlours,  narrow 
lanes  and  alleys  traversing  ordinary  dwell- 
ings, crooked  and  labyrinthine  passages, 
trap-doors  and  wells, — in  fact,  doi^es  of  all 
sorts."  Mr.  Mackie  pursues  his  work  in  a 
sketchy  and  agreeable  way,  with  no  great 
depth  of  antiquarian  lore,  and  perhaps 
with  too  great  a  fear,  for  a  "  F.S.A.,"  lest 
that  accomplishment  should  be  unjustly 
imputed  to  him.  He  deserves  credit  for 
the  performances  of  his  pencil  as  well  as 
his  pen ;  and  the  woodcuts  with  which  his 
pages  are  abundantly  illustrated,  are  of  a 
superior  character  for  a  book  of  this  class. 


The  frontispiece  is  a  well-executed  portrait 
of  Dr.  William  Harvey,  the  discoverer  of 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  who  was  bom 
at  Folkestone,  in  1578.  The  elder  Phili- 
pot,  Somerset  Herald,  and  the  supposed 
author  of  "  Villare  Cantianum,"  (which  was 
published  by  his  son,)  was  also  bom  in 
this  town.  Mr.  Mackie  states  that  in  1637 
Philipot  published  an  edition  of  his  first 
patron  Camden's  book,  but  what  book  is 
not  specified.  It  was  not  Camden's  great 
work,  the  "  Britannia,"  but  the  "  Re- 
maines."  Among  the  priors  of  Folke- 
stone, (p.  136,)  "Jacob  de  Suessinione" 
will  have  been  of  Soissons ;  and  "  Sampson 
Senionen,  or  Sennys,"  of  Sens,  near  which 
city  was  the  Norman  abbey  of  Lolley,  or 
LiOnlay,  to  which  Folkestone  priory  was 
appurtenant.  "Thomas  Barrett  Bassett" 
means,  no  doubt,  Barrett  or  Bossett.  Re- 
specting the  name  of  Folkestone  itself, 
though  some  of  the  ancient  writers — who 
were  always  bad  etymol(^ists — introduce 
the  word  lapis,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that,  as  with  Brighthelmston,  the  final 
syllable  is  not  stone,  but  the  Saxon  tun. 
As  Brighthelmston  was  the  tun  of  Bright- 
helm,  this  was  the  tun  of  Fulke;  unless 
the  name  Pleghelmstun,  which  occurs  in 
a  charter  to  the  neighbouring  church  of 
Lyminge  in  the  year  697,  belongs  to  this 
place, — in  which  case  we  have  an  abbrevia- 
tion resembling  that  which,  in  more  recent 
times,  has  converted  Brighthelmstun  into 
Brighton. 


An  Analysis  and  Summary  of  Thucy- 
dides.  (Bohn's  Philological  Library.  Post 
8vo.,  xvi.,  413  pp.) — Tins  work  is  compiled 
by  the  same  author  (Mr.  J.  T.  Wheeler), 
and  on  the  same  plan,  as  the  "  Analysis  of 
Herodotus,"  which  has  been  already  no- 
ticed in  our  pages'.  It  contains  a  sum- 
mary of  the  history,  and  a  condensed  para- 
phrase of  the  speeches,  with  a  chronological 
table  of  the  principal  events,  and  an  out- 
line of  the  ge(^raphy  of  Greece.  The 
Greek  weights,  money,  and  measurements 
are  also  reduced  to  corresponding  English 
terms,  in  round  numbers,  as  most  suitable 
for  the  present  work.  An  index  is  added, 
which  will  save  the  trouble  of  turning  to 
other  volumes  for  reference.  This  book 
will  thus  assist  the  reader  in  recalling  and 
methodising  his  former  studies,  on  Jaquin's 
principle,  that  "  Lea  abr^^  ne  sont  ordi- 
nairemcnt  utiles  qu'^  ceux  qui  savent  d6]k 
les  choses."  Indeed  a  more  useful  com- 
pendium for  that  purpose  could  not  have 
been  made,  and  it  is  quite  an  exception  to 
the  aforenamed  writer's  rule, — "  Un  abr^g^ 


^  Eee  May,  1853,  p.  523,  where  danical  is  a  misprint  for  phUological, 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


93 


est  assez  or^nairement  an  mauYais  livre." 
(Lea  Pr^jng^  1759,  p.  3,  art.  Abbeoe.) 
We  are  glad  to  see  the  "  Classical  Library" 
thus  reinforced  by  subsidiary  works, 
(though  the  reason  for  calling  this  de- 
partment "  Philological"  is  not  very  clear,) 
and  we  trust  that  the  series  will  be  judici- 
ously formed. 

Ancient  Crosses  and  other  Antiquities  in 
the  West  of  Cornwall.  Drawn  and  engrav- 
ed by  J.  T.  Blight.  (Penzance  :  P.  T.  Vi- 
bert.  4to.,  viiL,  68  pp.) — The  author  states 
as  his  reason  for  collecting  the  materials  and 
publishing  this  handsome  little  volume, 
that  "  the  destruction  of  many  monuments 
of  remote  antiquity  which  formerly  existed 
in  the  West  of  Cornwall,  and  the  mutila- 
tion which  several  others  have  sustained 
by  mischievous  and  ignorant  persons,  have 
induced  him  to  attempt  the  present  work, 
in  order  to  preserve  the  forms  of  those 
remains  so  valuable  to  the  antiquary  and 
in  the  historian."  Mr.  Blight  has  done  this 
an  exceedingly  creditable  manner.  Pirst, 
as  a  vignette,  we  have  the  market-cross 
of  Penzance  as  it  stood  in  1825;  then 
oomes  a  number  of  other  crosses,  from 
diurchyards,  road-sides,  and  private  gar- 
dens ;  also  a  list  of  crosses  which  still  exist, 
but  which  are  not  engraved.  We  have  next 
some  sketches  of  holy  wells,  seals,  crom- 
lechs, and  holed  and  inscribed  stones.  Ac- 
companying each  are  some  descriptive  re- 
marks, noticeable  alike  for  their  modesty 
and  good  sense. 


HardwieJee's  Annual  Biogra/phy  for 
1856 ;  containing  original  and  selected  Me- 
moirs of  Celebrated  Characters  who  have 
died  during  the  year  1855.  By  Edwakd 
Walpobd.  (London:  Hardwicke.  12mo., 
^^  PP*) — T^  useful  little  volume  pre- 
sents us  with  short  memoirs  of  nearly  all 
the  departed  celebrities  of  last  year, 
compiled  from  various  sources,  our  own 
pages  yielding  a  fair  share  of  the  ma- 
terials. The  compiler  evidently  felt  him- 
self cramped  for  space,  or  he  would 
have  enlaz^ed  some  of  the  memoirs.  We 
may  instance  Admiral  Boxer:  it  should 
have  been  stated  that  he  rose  from  before 
the  mast.  More  space  should  have  been 
allotted  to  Dr.  Wameford,  whose  bio- 
graphy occupies  less  than  that  of  the 
anonymous  bishop  of  Nismes.  The  printer 
also  should  have  been  careftil  not  to  make 
Dr.  Johnston  (p.  246)  an  M.P.,  nor 
^.  279)  transform  Mr.  Shoberl  into  Mr. 
Shobert.  Mr.  Walford  does  not  designate 
Mr.  Colbum  correctly  when  he  terms  him 
**the  chief  publisher  of  novels  and  light 
literature."     Miss   Strickland's    "Queens 


of  England,"  "  The  Diaries  of  Evelyn  and 
Pepys,"  Burke's  "Landed  Gentry,"  Ac., 
a  liu^e  number  of  biographies,  memoirs, 
collections  of  hbtorical  correspondence, 
travels,  &c.,  &c.,  were  all  published  by  Mr. 
Colbum,  and  however  interesting,  they  are 
not  novels,  and  do  not  come  under  the 
denomination  of  light  literature.  These 
are  trifling  faults;  nevertheless,  as  we  do 
not  take  up  the  work  to  read  continu- 
ously, but  for  each  separate  life,  its  value 
depends  upon  the  accuracy  of  every  little 
fact  narrated. 


Public  Oranaries  and  the  Cycle  of  the 
Seasons,  in  connection  with  Trade  and 
Agriculture^  and  the  Policy  of  the  English 
and  French  GhvemmentSf  Sfc,  <j*e.  A 
Letter  to  Lord  John  Russeli, — Tf^e  Civil 
Freedom  of  Trade;  or,  the  Sights  and 
Duties  of  Ghvemments  in  their  relation  te 
the  natural  Freedom  of  Private  Enter- 
prise.  By  Chablss  Fostbb  Cottebill. 
(London :  Effingham  Wilson.  70  and  159 
pp.)  —  In  the  former,  Mr.  Cotterill  re- 
commends the  Government  to  do  what 
would  be  most  mischievous,  viz.  erect 
public  granaries,  and  store  them  with  grain 
in  plentiful  seasons.  In  the  latter  work 
we  are  presented  with  some  very  interest- 
ing facts  relative  to  the  ms  inerticB  by 
which  all  real  improvements  have  been 
met. 


The  Trachini<B  of  Sophocles,  with  Short 
English  Notes  for  the  Use  of  Schools, 
Short  Notes  to  the  Seven  Plays  of  Sopho' 
eles.  16ino. — Messrs.  Parker  are  publish- 
ing a  useful  series  of  short  English  notes 
to  their  valuable  series  of  Oxford  Pocket 
Classics.  Unlike  many  annotated  Classics, 
these  are  real  helps  to  the  scholar,  not  by 
lifting  him  over  bodily,  but  by  shewing 
the  stepping-stones  they  enable  the  willing 
learner  to  get  over  his  difficulties  by  the 
assistance  they  offer. 


Ups  and  Downs  of  a  Public  School, 
by  a  Wykehamist.  (W.  and  P.  G.  Cash. 
12mo.  81  pp.) — This  lively  brochure  is  de- 
dicated omnibus  Wykehamicis,  who  will 
doubtless  recognise  many  an  old  scene, 
character,  and  story. 


The  Cheat  Arctic  Mystery.  By  ♦iAoi 
Su/i/Sot/XcvoMCfoi.  (Chapman  and  Hall. 
8vo.,  16  pp.) — While  the  author  agrees 
in  the  generally  received  opinion  that 
Franklin  and  his  companions  have  fallen 
a  sacrifice  to  their  ardour  in  trying  to 
discover  the  North- West  Passage,  he 
urges  that  there  may  still  be  a  possibility 


91 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[July, 


of  their  existence,  on  the  ground  that 
wherever  tlie  aborigines  live  there  Eng- 
lishmen also  may  live.  On  this  gromid, 
he  objects  to  the  payment  of  £10,000  by 
the  Government  to  Dr.  Rae  for  discover- 
ing Franklin's  fate; — a  feet  which  the 
author  says  is  not  yet  fully  ascertained. 


The  Appellate  Jurisdiction  of  the  House 
of  Lords  in  Appeals  from  Scotland.  A 
Letter  to  the  Lord- Chancellor.  By  Alex. 
M'^Neill,  Esq.  (London:  Butterworth. 
8vo.,  28  pp.)  —  The  writer  exhibits  a 
thorough  acquaintance  with  his  subject. 


Adversity :  a  Poem.  By  the  Rev.  John 
C.  BoTCE.  (London:  Simpkin  and  Co. 
Bvo.,  24  pp.) — Mr.  Boyce  has  fortunately 
saved  us  the  trouble  of  criticising  his  per- 
formance, for  he  mentions  that  the  MS. 
was  perused  and  favourably  noticed  by  Mr. 
Rogers,  Justice  Talfourd,  and  the  Oxford 
Reg.  Prof,  of  Poetry.  To  differ  from  any 
one  of  these  eminent  judges  would  be  im- 
pertinent, and  any  praise  from  us  would  be 
superfluous. 


A  Lecture  on  the  Philosophy  of  Kant, 
delivered  at  Magdalen  College.  By  Hknkt 
LoNGUEViLLE  Mansel,  B.D.  (Oxford: 
J.  H.  and  J.  Parker.  Bvo.,  45  pp.) — We 
record  the  publication  of  this  pamphlet 
with  mixed  feelings  of  pleasure  and  re- 
gret,—  of  pleasure,  because  it  exhibits 
thoughtfulness  and  sound  reasoning;  of 
r^ret,  because  it  reveals  the  low  state  of 
philosophical  knowledge  at  Oxford.  This 
lecture  is  only  one  of  a  series,  to  which 
it  forms  the  supplement.  And  Mr.  Man- 
gel states  as  his  reason  for  publishing  it, 
that  he  does  so  hoping  that  its  brevity 
may  attract  readers  who  would  be  de- 
terred by  a  more  elaborate  exposition. 


The  present  Crisis  in  Administrative 
Beform.  By  John  P.  Gassiot,  F.R.S. 
(London:  Smith,  Elder,  and  Co.  8vo., 
24  pp.) — Strongly  recommending  compe- 
titive examination  before  nominating  any 
person  to  office  in  the  civil  service. 


Answers  to  Mr.  Macaulay*s  Criticism 
in  the  **  Edinburgh  Review"  on  Mr.  Cro- 
ker^s  Edition  of  "  BoswelVs  Life  of  John- 
son" selected  from  "  Blackwood* s  Maga- 
zine." Second  Edition.  (London :  John 
Murray.  8vo.,  16  pp.) — Fortunately  John- 
son himself  is  not  attacked,  or  we  would 
have  buckled  on  our  armour  in  his  defence, 
and  demolished  his  adversaries.  As  it  is, 
it  only  adds  another  chapter  to  the  "  Quar- 
rels of  Authors,*'  and  we  are  not  sure  that 
we  do  not  rather  relish  it.  Both  the  com- 
batants are  so  well  skilled  in  the  use  of 
their  weapons,  and  each  knows  so  well 
how  to  puncture  his  adversary's  harness 
and  draw  blood  without  inflicting  a  deadly 
wound,  that,  like  the  spectators  at  an  an- 
cient tournament,  we  are  not  unwilling 
to  look  on  and  profit  by  the  entertain- 
ment. 


The  New  Testament  Quotations.  By 
Henbt  Gough.  (London:  Walton  and 
Maberly.  8vo.,  viii.,  338  pp.) — This  work 
is  obviously  a  production  of  great  labour. 
It  comprises  a  collection  of  quotations  in 
the  New  Testament  from  the  Old,  as  well 
as  those  alleged  to  be  taken  from  Apocry- 
phal, Talmudic,  and  Classical  writings. 
The  subject  has  not  been  neglected,  for 
Robert  Stevens  prefixed  a  list  to  his  Greek 
Testament  (1550),  but  no  such  copious  col- 
lection had  hitherto  appeared.  Its  value, 
as  the  author  justly  observes,  must  be  pro- 
portionate to  the  facility  it  affords  for  the 
study  of  scriptural  parallels.  The  text  of 
the  LXX.  is  contrasted  with  the  Hebrew, 
and  such  notes  are  given  as  appear  to  be 
requisite.  Although  the  author  has  added 
other  kinds  of  alleged  quotation,  he  does 
not  insist  on  the  fact,  though  the  coinci- 
dences of  expression  are  sometimes  remark- 
able; and  we  are  the  more  particular  in 
mentioning  this,  to  obviate  any  partial  ob- 
jection to  the  nature  of  the  work.  A  sup- 
plement of  annotations  is  subjoined,  con- 
taining some  important  remarks,  and  some 
in  which  we  do  not  at  once  concur.  An 
Index  of  Texts  is  given,  which  makes  the 
work  the  more  available  for  consulting. 
On  the  whole,  we  regard  this  volume  as 
an  addition  to  our  apparatus  for  theologi- 
cal study,  the  value  of  which  will  not  be 
learned  in  a  day,  but  by  long  experience. 
The  modesty  with  which  the  author  speaks 
of  his  labours  in  the  prefece  is  an  addi- 
tional recommendation. 


The  Duties  of  the  Parish  Priest. ^The 
Acquirements  and  principal  Obligations 
and  Duties  of  the  Parish  Priest.  Being  a 
Course  of  Lectures  delivered  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  to  the  Students  in 
Divinity.  By  the  Rev.  J.  J.  Blunt,  B.D., 
Lady  Margaret  Professor  of  Divinity. 
(London  :  John  Murray.    8vo.,  381  pp.) 

This  is  a  posthumous  work,  the  learned 
and  pious  author  having  been  called  to  his 
rest  in  June,  1855'.     It  consists  of  nine 


*  A  memoir  of  Prof.  Blnnt  will  be  found  in  our  Magazine  for  August  1855,  p.  206. 


1856.] 


Miscellaneotis  Reviews. 


95 


lectures,  three  of  which  are  devoted  to  the 
reading  recommended  to  clergymen,  of 
which  the  systematic  and  consecutive 
reading  of  the  holy  Scripture  forms  a  con- 
fdderable  part.  The  instances  of  War- 
burton,  Waterland,  Bochart,  J.  Taylor, 
Sanderson,  Davison,  Jebb,  and  Ueber,  are 
given,  as  of  readers  for  a  special  object,  but 
who  by  this  means  gained  an  intimate 
general  knowledge  of  the  whole.  The 
Fathers,  and  Church  History,  are  also  re- 
commended. If  these  recommendations 
were  acted  upon  more  generally,  we  should 
have  not  only  a  more  learned  clergy,  but 
a  better  race  of  parish  priests.  The  Com- 
position of  Sermons ;  the  School ;  Pastoral 
Visitation,  Parochial  Ministrations;  Ru- 
brics and  Canons,  and  on  Rituals,  each 
forms  the  subject  of  a  lecture.  The  last- 
named  will,  no  doubt,  be  read  with  interest 
by  those  Dissenters  who  are  engaged  in 
the  formation  of  a  liturgy.  We  strongly 
recommend  the  work  to  all  clergymen, 
and  to  all  who  are  about  entering  upon 
that  sacred  office. 


wrong,  and  we  are  therefore  not  surprised 
at  the  popularity  of  his  works. 


Sabbath  Morning  Readings  on  the  Old 
Testament :  Book  of  Deuteronomy.  By 
the  Rev.  John  Cttmming,  D.D.  (London : 
Shaw.  12mo.,  424  pp.) — Dr.  Cumming  is 
certainly  not  amenable  to  the  charge  of 
idleness,  for  scarcely  a  month  passes  with- 
out some  new  publication  bearing  his  name 
being  presented  to  the  public.  Deep 
thought  and  sound  judgment  can  hardly 
be  expected  from  so  prolific  a  pen,  yet 
there  are  many  striking  expressions  in  all  he 
publishes.  It  may  be  that  we  do  not  agree 
with  him,  yet  what  he  says  is  retained  by 
the  reader ;  e.  g.,  p.  65,  where  he  says — 
"  I  question  whether  the  practice  of  re- 
presenting the  Holy  Spirit  by  a  dove  be 
not  positively  wicked,  ....  there  ought  to 
be  in  churches  no  pictures  of  saints,  or  of 
angels,  or  of  the  Saviour,  or  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  ...  An  image  gives  no  idea  of  God, 
an  image  gives  no  idea  of  the  blessed  Sa- 
viour." There  can  be  no  mistake  about 
Dr.  Cumming's  meaning,  whether  right  or 


Old  Truths  and  Modem  Progress,  By 
RoBEET  Slack,  M.D.  (London:  Hamilton 
and  Co.  8vo.,  442  pp.) — To  describe  this 
work  properly  would  take  up  more  space 
than  we  can  afford;  to  attempt  to  give 
our  readers  an  idea  of  its  contents  in  a 
few  lines  would  be  only  to  mislead  them, 
and  also  be  unfair  to  the  author;  we 
must  therefore  content  ourselves  by  men- 
tioning its  title,  and  recommending  it  to 
the  notice  of  all  who  wish  to  trace  the 
modem  progress  of  "  Old  Truths,"  and,  to 
some  extent,  of  "  Old  Errors"  also. 


Parochial  Papers,  Pt.  I,  By  the  Rev. 
Edwabd  Monbo.  (Riving^ns.)  A  Manual 
of  Prayers  for  the  use  of  Schools.  (J.  H. 
and  J.  Parker.)  —  Two  useful  works  for 
parochial  use.  The  former  contains  read- 
ings  and  reflections  for  Holy  Week;  the 
latter,  prayers  for  every  day  in  the  week, 
and  for  use  on  various  occasions. 


Parochial  Sermons.  By  the  Rev. 
Gbetille  Phillimobe.  (London:  Riv- 
ingtons.  12mo.,  307  pp.) — A  volume  of 
plain,  practical  sermons,  preached  to  vari- 
ous country  congregations  between  the 
years  1847  and  1852. 


A  Plain  Commentary  on  the  Book  of 
Psalms.  Prayer-book  Version.  (Oxford 
and  London :  J.  H.  and  J.  Parker.) — The 
first  portion  of  this  work,  which  is  in- 
tended to  supply  a  gap  in  our  popular 
devotional  literature,  has  just  been  issued. 
It  is  eminently  practical,  and  evangelical 
in  its  tone;  but  would  be  more  useful  if 
it  explained  difficult  passages.  We  natu- 
rally contrast  the  work  with  the  "  Plain 
Commentary  on  the  Gospels,"  fVom  the 
same  publishers,  over  which,  in  a  devotional 
point  of  view,  this  has  a  decided  supe- 
riority. 


ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQU ABIES. 

June  5.     Admiral  Smyth,  V.-P. 

William  Coulson,  M.  D.,  Mr.  Samuel 
Suckley  Bonson,  Mr.  Henry  CunliflTe,  and 
Mr.  David  Noble  Chambers,  were  elected 
fellows. 

Colonel  Harding,  local  secretary  for 
Devonshire,  communicated    a    sketch   of 


some  sculptures  on  the  tympanum  of  the 
door  of  Stokesub  Hampden  Church,  Somer- 
set, representing  a  figure  of  a  centaur 
drawing  a  bow  at  a  lion ;  the  figures  are 
described  as  saoqitabiys  and  leo,  in  uncial 
character;  between  them  are  three  birds 
perched  on  a  tree. 

Mr.  Wynne  Ffoulkes,  local  secretary  for 


96 


A'ltiijUarian  Researches. 


[July, 


Cheshire,  commimicated  some  fiirther  re- 
marks  on  the  old  cemetery  discovered  at 
Chester,  and  presumed  to  be  that  of  the 
monastery  of  the  Blackfiiars. 

Mr.  Bird  presented  a  photograph  of  the 
obelisk  at  Luxor. 

Mr.  Tempest,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  trinket 
of  gold,  enamelled,  in  the  form  of  an  open 
hehnet,  found  by  a  labourer  while  ex- 
cavating for  the  foundations  of  the  central 
tower  of  the  new  church  at  Doncaster. 

The  Rev.  Lambert  Larking,  local  secre- 
tary for  Kent,  exhibited  the  matrix  of  a 
seal,  or,  as  some  suppose,  a  trial-piece  from 
the  die  of  a  matrix,  found  in  the  north 
of  England.  It  bears  on  one  side  the  bust 
of  an  ecclesiastic  holding  a  crozier,  and  on 
the  other  an  eagle  displayed.  It  is  pro- 
bably of  German  origin. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Wylie,  F.S.A.,  communicated 
"Observations  on  Researches  in  Suabian 
Tumuli,"  founded  on  the  explorations  of 
Capt.  Von  Diirrich,  an  officer  of  engineers. 
Some  of  these  tumuli  were  formed  like  that 
explored  at  EUenborough,  in  Cumberland, 
in  the  last  century,  and  the  barrow  called 
"  Canute's  Barrow,"  at  Wallop,  in  Hamp- 
shire, opened  in  1854  by  Mr.Akerman. 
Drawings  of  objects  discovered  in  the 
Suabian  Tumuli  were  exhibited.  Mr. 
J.  M.  Kemble,  who  was  present,  questioned 
the  Celtic  origin  of  these  tumuli,  but 
Capt.  Von  Dfirrich  and  Mr.  Wylie  were  of 
a  different  opinion. 

June  12.     Mr.  Edward  Hawkins,  V.-P. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Hugo,  F.S.A.,  ex- 
hibited four  pilgrims'  sig^,  found  in 
London  during  the  present  year,  two  of 
them  representing  a  crowned  head,  sup- 
posed to  represent  Saint  Edmund  the 
King. 

Mr.  Evelyn  Shirlev,  M.P.,  local  secretary 
for  Warwickshire,  exhibited  an  embroidered 
purse,  the  framework  of  steel,  inlaid  with 
gold,  probably  the  work  of  the  early  part 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  Mr.  Shirley 
remarked  that  the  old  family  of  Tasburgh 
bore  three  purses  sable. 

A  communication  was  read  f¥om  the 
Earl  of  Clarendon,  accompanying  a  report 
from  Lord  Stratford  de  Kedcliffe,  on  ex- 
cavations made  on  the  site  of  the  Hippo- 
drome at  Stamboul,  in  the  present  year. 
These  operations  had  not  led  to  the  dis- 
covery of  any  ancient  remains  previously 
unknown  to  the  traveller  and  the  anti- 
quary. Shafts  had  been  sunk  in  several 
places,  and  the  three  well-known  columns 
standing  in  the  area  of  the  Hippodrome 
bad  been  laid  bare  to  their  bases.  A  plan 
of  the  excavations  and  elevation  of  the 
columns  accompanied  this  report. 

The  thanks  of  the  society  were  voted  to 
12 


Lord  Clarendon  and  to  Lord  Stratford  de 
Redcliffe,  for  this  communication. 

A  translation  was  read,  furnished  by 
Mr.  Wylie,  of  a  communication  of  ftirther 
researches  by  the  Abb^  Cochet  in  the  ruined 
cemetery  of  Bouteilles,  near  Dieppe.  Other 
leaden  crosses  were  discovered  by  the 
Abb^,  some  of  them  bearing  the  usual 
formula  of  absolution,  and  others,  leonine 
verses,  with  the  name  of  the  deceased. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Parker,  F.S.A.,  read  "Remarks 
on  some  early  Churches  in  France  and 
Switzerland,  partly  of  the  time  of  Charle- 
magne." The  church  of  Germigny-sur- 
Loire  is  a  very  curious  example  of  the 
time  of  Charlemagne,  having  an  inscrip- 
tion recording  the  date  of  806.  It  is  in 
the  Byzantine  style,  with  a  mosaic  on  the 
vault  of  the  eastern  apse,  and  a  singular 
central  lanteni.  The  Abbey  Church  of 
Toumus,  on  the  Sa6ne,  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  in  France,  having  the  vaults 
placed  transversely  across  the  nave,  instead 
of  longitudinally,  as  usual;  and  at  the  west 
end  a  galilee,  or  large  porch,  with  u  chapel 
over  it  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  also  two 
staircases  for  the  worshippers  to  ascend 
and  descend  on  festivals,  when  the  relics 
were  exhibited.  Mr.  Parker  considered 
this  church  to  be  of  the  eleventh  century. 
The  other  churches  described  are  in  Swit- 
zerland. The  tower  of  S.  Maurice,  on  the 
Rhone,  above  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  is  built 
of  the  fragments  of  a  Roman  temple,  but 
the  date  of  the  actual  construction  of  the 
present  edifice  is  1010 ;  and  this  serves  as 
a  key  to  the  date  of  the  Cathedral  of  Sion, 
and  several  other  churches  in  Switzerland. 
The  church  of  Romiun-Motier  is  partly  also 
built  of  Roman  materials,  and  a  small  por- 
tion in  the  centre,  consisting  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  tower,  one  bay  of  the  choir, 
and  one  transept,  probably  belongs  to  the 
time  of  Charlemagne;  the  rest  of  the 
church  is  of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  cen- 
turies. The  church  of  Grandson,  on  the 
lake  of  Neufchatel,  is  also  built  of  Roman 
materials,  but  the  construction  is  of  the 
eleventh  or  twelfth  century.  It  is,  how- 
ever, a  very  curious  ex<)mple.  This  com- 
munication was  accompanied  by  the  ex- 
hibition of  a  number  of  very  beautiful 
drawings  executed  by  M.  Bouet. 

June  19.     Mr.  Joseph  Hunter,  V.-P. 

Dr.  Pantaleoni,  of  Rome,  and  Monsieur 
Charles  Remusat,  were  elected  foreign 
members,  and  Dr.  Wm.  Charles  Hood,  of 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  and  Mr.  Richard  Cull, 
honorary  secretary  of  the  Ethnological 
Society,  were  eled^  fellowi. 

Mr.  Ouvry,  the  treasurer,  presented  an 
engraving  called  *'  A  Deer-hunter  of  the 
Last  Age  in  Cap  and  Jack,"  exhibiting  at 


1856.] 


ArchcBoloffical  Institute. 


97 


the  same  time  what  is  supposed  to  be  the 
original  picture  from  which  the  engrav- 
ing was  made.  Mr.  Ouvry  stated,  he  had 
been  informed  that  an  account  of  this 
picture  would  be  found  in  Chafin's  "  His- 
tory of  Cranboume  Chase,"  but  he  had 
not  been  able  to  obtain  a  reference  to  that 
work.  The  painting  is  stated  to  be  by 
Byng,  a  name  not  found  among  our  list  of 
artists. 

Mr.  Joseph  Mayer  exhibited  a  large  col- 
lection of  early  clocks  and  watches. 

Mr.  Pettigrew,  F.S.A.,  then  read  a  com- 
munication on  an  unrecorded  contract 
entered  into  between  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella, King  and  Queen  of  Castille  and 
Leon,  and  Ferdinand,  King  of  Sicily,  for 
the  marriage  of  Isabella,  eldest  daughter 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  with  Ferdinand, 
Prince  of  Capua,  May  21,  1476. 

The  original  document,  bearing  the 
signatures  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  &c., 
was  exhibited.  It  is  singular  that  its 
existence  appears  to  have  been  unknown 
to  the  historians  of  this  reign. 

The  society  then  adjourned,  over  the 
recess,  to  Thursday,  November  20. 


ABCHfOLOOICAL  INSTITTTTE. 

June  6.  The  Hon.  R.  C.  NevUle,  V.P., 
in  the  chair. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Wynne,  M.P.,  gave  an  ac- 
count of  a  singular  wooden  font  of  great 
antiquity,  and  bearing  an  inscription  which 
has  not  been  satisfactorily  explained,  found 
in  a  turbary  in  Merionethshire.  He  pro- 
duced a  drawing  of  this  curious  object : 
the  font  is  of  knotty  oak,  rudely  fashioned 
with  the  axe,  and  formed  with  two  cavi- 
ties,— one  of  large  dimensions,  capable  of 
containing  about  six  quarts ;  the  other  is 
at  one  side,  of  small  diameter,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  wTeath  of  foliage  coarsely 
carved  on  the  margin ;  near  this  also  is  to 
be  decyphered  the  word  ATHRYWYN, 
which  has  been  interpreted  discordantes 
tejungere,  which  may  signify  the  cessation 
of  the  conflict  between  Christianity  and 
Paganism,  or  the  separation  of  the  lusts 
of  the  flesh  from  the  purity  of  the  spirit 
by  virtue  of  the  holy  Sacrament.  The 
word  may  also  signify  happiness,  paciji' 
cation,  or,  as  a  verb,  to  reconcile.  This 
primitive  relique  is  now  preserved  in  the 
hall  at  Pengwem,  the  seat  of  Lord  Mostyn. 
Mr.  Wynne  observed,  that  a  wooden  font 
exists  in  the  church  of  Ffenechtyd,  near 
Ruthin.  At  Chobham,  Surrey,  there  is  a 
font  of  wooden  panels,  lined  with  lead.  A 
wooden  vessel  resembling  a  font,  and  of 
great  antiquity,  is  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  at  Edinburgh. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Kemble,  in  continuation  of 

Gfnt.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


his  important  elucidation  of  the  mortuary 
customs  of  Scandinavia,  offered  some  ob> 
ser\'ations  upon  the  various  fruits  and 
plants  found  in  connexion  with  the  inter- 
ments of  northern  nations,  chiefly  in  pagan 
times ;  also  upon  their  stone- worihip.  He 
mentioned  that  the  hazel-twig  was  em- 
ployed in  antiquity,  and  may  be  recognised 
even  in  our  own  times,  as  the  divining-rod 
actually  used  in  Cornwall  and  other  parts 
for  discovering  water,  or  veins  of  metal. 
Hazel-nuts  had  been  found  in  the  hands  of 
buried  skeletons,  and  in  two  instances 
which  had  come  under  Mr.  Kemble's  own 
observation,  walnuts  had  been  found  thus 
deposited.  A  lai^e  ring  of  stones  enclosed 
a  place  of  comluit  or  of  judgment,  and 
connected  with  it  was  a  great  stone — ^the 
stone  of  ITior,  god  of  thunder,  upon  which 
criminals,  and  the  vanquished  combatant, 
were  slain  or  sacrificed,  by  having  the  spine 
broken.  Large  stones  were  regarded  in 
the  north  as  abodes  of  the  gods,  and  Mr. 
Kemble  quoted  many  legends  in  illustra- 
tion of  the  superstition.  Large  circles  of 
stones  were  considered  to  be  persons :  for 
instance,  a  nuptial  procession  turned  into 
stone  during  a  violent  thunderstorm.  He 
concluded  his  eloquent  discourse  by  ear- 
nestly advocating  the  careful  collection  of 
the  various  materials  tending  to  throw 
light  upon  the  customs  of  the  earlier 
periods,  still  involved  in  so  much  ob- 
scurity ;  and  by  such  means  to  establish 
our  knowledge  and  opinions  upon  a  secure 
basis. 

Mr.  Neville  gave  a  short  account  of  the 
discovery  of  several  glass  unguentaries,  a 
bronze  armlet,  a  pin  of  bone,  and  a  coin  of 
Cunobelin,  in  a  square  leaden  cist,  at 
Meldreth,  Cambridgeshire,  in  1816.  He 
brought  these  Roman  reliques  for  exami- 
nation. The  discovery  occurred  in  lower- 
ing a  natural  tumulus  known  as  Metal 
Hill.  He  compared  that  name  with  that 
of  a  place  of  sepulture  on  the  Fleam  Dyke, 
excavated  in  1852  under  his  directions. 
It  is  called  Muttilow  Hill.  Myrtle  Hill, 
now  so  called,  at  Wenden,  Essex,  is  pro- 
perly Muttilow.  Ihe  name  Metal  may 
possibly  have  arisen  from  some  popular 
tradition  of  concealed  treasure.  Certain 
low  hillocks  within  the  entrenchments  at 
Stanwick,  Yorkshire,  are  known  as  the 
Gold  HUls. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Carrington  read  a  detailed 
memoir  on  the  Brank,  or  Scold's  Bridle, 
which  he  stated  to  have  been  in  use  in 
England  from  the  time  of  the  Common- 
wealth to  the  reign  of  William  III.;  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  it  was  ever  sanc- 
tioned by  legal  authority, — the  ancient 
punishment  by  law  for  scolds  having 
been  the    cucking-stool.      Amongst    tb# 


98 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[July, 


earliest  published  notices  of  the  brank  may 
be  cited  (Gardiner's  "England's  Griev- 
ance/' printed  in  1655.  In  this  volume  a 
representation  is  given  of  the  punishment 
of  a  woman  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  who 
was  led  through  the  streets  with  a  scold's 
bridle  on  her  head.  Plot,  in  his  History 
of  Staffordshire,  describes  the  branks  used 
at  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  and  at  Walsall, 
in  the  reign  of  James  II.  Mr.  Carrington 
noticed  various  instances  of  this  punish- 
ment being  used  at  Worcester,  Maccles- 
field, and  other  places.  Specimens  of  the 
braidcs  exist  at  Shrewsbury,  Lichfield, 
Walton-upon-Thames,  in  the  Ashmoleau 
Museum,  and  at  several  other  places. 
.  Mr.  R.  Caton  gave  a  description  of  a 
sun-dial  of  very  remarkable  construction, 
existing  on  the  garden-terrace  at  the  cu- 
rious old  timbered  mansion  of  Park  Hall, 
near  Oswestry,  where  the  Institute  had 
been  most  hospitably  welcomed  by  Mr. 
Kinchant,  at  the  Shrewsbury  meeting. 
The  house  is  one  of  the  best  existing  ex- 
amples of  the  Salopian  "  black  and  white" 
work.  Mr.  Caton  sent  also  for  examina- 
tion a  singular  key  of  bright  gold-coloiu*ed 
metal,  lately  found  in  the  parish  of  Se- 
lattyn,  near  Watts'  Dyke,  and  in  a  field 
known  as  Norman's  Field,  where,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  a  battle  was  fought  be- 
tween King  Norman  and  the  Welsh.  The 
space  between  Ofia's  Dyke  and  Watts' 
Pyke  was  considered  neutral  ground,  and 
the  name  may  be  a  corruption  of  No- 
man's  Field. 

Mr.  Randal,  of  Shrewsbury,  presented  a 
cast  from  the  hexagonal  piece  of  Purbeck 
marble  lately  found  in  Castle-street,  in 
that  town,  as  noticed  in  this  magazine, 
June,  p.  606.  It  bears  an  inscription  in 
remarkably  bold  cliaracter  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  promising  a  hundred  days 
of  pardon  to  those  who  should  pray  for 
%  lady  named  Alice  Lcstrange.  llie  frag- 
ment in  form  resembles  a  mulUon,  and 
probably  formed  part  of  the  canopy  of  a 
tomb,  or  of  a  chantry  chapel.  Mr.  Albert 
Way  communicated  a  note  of  the  discovery 
of  several  gold  armlets,  with  an  equal 
number  of  singular  penannular  ornaments 
of  gold,  at  Gaerwein,  Anglcsea.  Orna- 
ments of  the  same  type  have  been  found, 
Vut  very  rarely,  in  Ireland,  and  the  mode 
of  using  them  is  unknown.  The  Irish,  it 
IB  well  known,  liad  frequent  intercourse 
with  Anglesea  in  early  times.  These 
reliques  had  been  brought  to  Newcastle 
by  an  itinerant  dealer  in  the  watchmaking 
trade;  they  were  purchased  by  Dr.  Col- 
lingwood  Bruce,  in  whose  possession  they 
now  are. 

Amongst  antiquities  exhibited  were  two 
tnrious  silver  fragments  of  diased  work* 


probably  Anglo-Saxon,  found  in  Norfolk, 
and  sent  by  Mr.  Carthew.  They  are  pro- 
bably portions  of  girdles,  and  in  one  is  set 
as  an  ornament  a  Roman  coin  of  the  Lu- 
cretia  family.  Mr.  Brackstone  sent  some 
bronze  statuettes,  found  in  tombs  in  Egypt; 
a  necklace  of  beads  of  vitrified  paste  of 
various  colours,  found  in  a  barrow  at 
Northwold,  Norfolk:  they  are  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  date.  Also  a  very  fine  bronze 
spear,  from  Ireland,  of  unusual  length; 
and  two  basket-hilted  swords,  good  ex- 
amples of  the  powerful  weapons  used  in 
the  civil  wars ;  one  of  them  from  Stanton 
Harcourt,  the  other  found  near  Worcester, 
and  formerly  in  the  collection  of  the  late 
Dr.  Turley  of  that  city.  Mr.  Evelyn  Shir- 
ley, M.P.,  brought  the  bronze  mountings 
of  two  ancient  pails,  found  in  co.  Mona- 
ghan,  and  some  documents  connected  with 
the  Gorges  family.  The  Rev.  W  Sneyd 
exhibited  a  silver-mounted  cup,  supposed 
to  be  of  the  horn  of  the  rhinoceros,  which 
was  regarded  as  of  virtue  against  poison. 
It  belonged  to  Helena,  daughter  of  the 
second  Viscount  Mountgarret,  and  wife  of 
Walter,  eleventh  Earl  of  Ormonde,  who  suc- 
ceeded in  1614.  Mr.  W.  J.  Bemhard  Smith 
brought  an  urn  of  the  fine  black  ware 
manufactured  in  Roman  times  at  Up- 
church,  Kent.  Mr.  J.  Rogers  brought  a 
rubbing  from  a  sepulchral  brass,  scarcely 
known  to  collectors,  at  St.  Ives,  Cornwall ; 
date,  1467.  Miss  Kymcr  sent,  through 
Mr.  Scharf,  an  interesting  portfolio  of 
drawings  of  painted  glass,  sculptures,  the 
font,  and  other  details  of  Fairford  Church, 
Gloucestershire.  Mr.  W.  Burges  brought 
a  betrothal  ring,  parcel-gilt,  with  the  de- 
vice of  a  heart  crowned — date,  fourteenth 
century;  also  representations  of  the  an- 
cient leaden  crest  of  the  roof  of  Exeter 
Cathedral,  and  of  the  modem  imitation. 
Mr.  Octavius  Morgan  brought  a  one-han- 
dled porringer  of  silver,  or  probably  the 
barber's  eight-ounce  blceding-baaon ;  the 
assay-letter  shews  its  date  to  be  168  k 
Also  a  gothic  reliquary  of  gilt  copper,  with 
a  knop  ornamented  with  enamel,  and 
around  the  stem  the  talismanic  inscrip- 
tion, "Jesus  autem  per  medium  transibat," 
which  occurs  on  the  gold  coinage  of  Henry 
VI.,  and  some  other  sovereigns.  Mr.  Mor- 
gan produced  also  a  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical and  other  foreign  rings:  amongst 
these  is  one  enclosing  a  diminutive  squirt, 
which  was  contrived  to  throw  a  jet  of 
water  into  the  eye  of  any  one  examining 
it.  Mr.  Yates  brought  a  carved  box  of 
box-wood,  covered  with  sacred  devices,  em- 
blems of  the  Passion,  &c.,  probably  in- 
tended as  a  depository  for  the  wafers  used 
in  the  services  oi  the  Church.  Mr.  H.  W, 
King  sent  intimation  to  the  Society  of  the 


1856.] 


Archaological  Association. 


do 


recent  discovery  of  mural  paintings  of  con- 
siderable interest  in  the  church  of  Had- 
leigh,  Essex.  They  are  of  various  periods, 
and  represent  St.  George  and  other  sub- 
jects of  curious  character.  "  The  conclusion 
of  the  meetings  of  the  session  was  then 
announced:  the  annual  meeting  at  Edin- 
burgh commences  on  Tuesday,  July  22 ; — 
the  National  Gallery  in  that  city  has  been 
granted  by  the  Treasury  for  the  temporary 
museum,  for  which  extensive  preparations 
are  in  progress ;  and  a  large  assemblage  of 
Scottish  antiquities  and  historical  reliques 
win  give  an  unusual  local  interest  to  the 
collections. 


AECHiEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

May  28th.— S.  R.  SoUy,  F.R.S.,  in  the 
chair.— Thomas  Wills,  Esq.,  F.  B.  Tus- 
saud,  Esq.,  and  F.  Howard  Taylor, 
Esq.,  were  elected  associates.  Mr.  Wills 
exhibited  a  variety  of  Roman  antiquities 
from  his  museum,  which  had  been  found 
at  Dorchester,  and  read  a  short  paper 
descriptive  of  them.  They  were  chiefly 
discovered  near  Maiden  Castle,  about  a 
mile  to  the  south-west  of  Dorchester. 
They  consisted  of  a  bronze  oscillum,  re- 
presenting a  full-faced  male  bust,  wearing 
a  pointed  pileus,  or  cap  surmomited  by  a 
loop;  a  vine-leaf  in  bronze,  being  pro- 
bably part  of  a  votive  oft'ering  to  Bac- 
chus ;  a  dragon,  which  was  thought  to  be 
of  late  Saxon  or  early  Norman  workman- 
ship; a  bow  of  a  Roman  fibula;  various 
coins,  &c.,  &c.  Mr.  Wills  also  exhibited 
a  mask  of  Diana,  of  very  fine  manufac- 
ture, found  in  a  sewer  on  Holbom-hill, 
on  the  16th  of  May  last.  Capt.  Tupper 
exhibited  a  carved  ivory  presidential  ham- 
mer of  the  time  of  Charles  II.  It  had 
the  arms  of  the  Merchant  Taylors  en- 
graved on  it,  and  had  been  the  gift  of 
Thomas  Roberts  in  1679.  He  also  ex- 
hibited an  iron  key  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  of  English  manufacture,  dug  up 
at  the  Temple  of  Victory  at  Athens. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  read  a  paper  "On 
Offertory  Dishes,"  and  exhibited  some 
fine  specimens  in  illustration  of  his  com- 
munication. The  German  and  Scandi- 
navian archa>ologi8ts  call  them  taufbecken, 
or  baptismal  dishes.  They  were  chiefly 
of  latten,  well  gilt,  and  with  legends  and 
devices.  The  legends  are  mostly  in  Ger- 
man, rarely  in  Latin,  and  are  either  in- 
vocations to  the  Vii^n  and  Saints,  or 
sentences  from  Scripture.  The  devices 
are  principally  representations  of  Adam 
and  Eve,  the  spies  with  the  grapes  of 
Eschol,  the  Crucifixion,  St.  Christopher, 
St.  George,  &c.,  and  a  few  other  sacred 
imd   legendary  lulgects.    Mr.  Wilk  ex- 


hibited a  specimen  found  in  Dorsetshire 
in  1852.  Mr.  Cuming  produced  a  speci- 
men of  the  sixteenth  century  with  a  rare 
device,  being  that  of  a  doe,  currant,  sui»- 
rounded  by  branches  with  bay-leaves  and 
fruit,  intended,  as  he  suspected,  for  a 
punning  rebus  of  the  name  of  Dorcas, 
"full  of  good  works  and  ahnsdeeds." 
Such  a  conceit  appears  in  unison  with 
the  practice  of  the  artists  of  the  time, 
who  introduced  burlesc^ue  designs  in 
church  decorations.  A  beautiful  offer- 
tory dish,  from  one  of  the  city  churches, 
was  brought  as  a  specimen  of  the  time 
of  Charles  I.  It  was  of  brass,  and  stoutly 
plated  with  silver.  In  the  centre  is  it 
medallion,  two-and-a-quarter  inches  in 
diameter,  set  in  a  nused  godroon  circle, 
bearing  the  royal  arms  within  the  gartei^, 
supported  by  the  lion  and  unicorn,  and 
surmounted  by  the  crest  and  C.  R.  The 
devices  are  of  polished  brass,  with  the 
field  and  tinctures  filled  with  coloured 
enamels,  presenting  a  very  chaste  and 
beautiful  appearance. 

Mr.  Eaton  exhibited  a  piece  of  oak 
timber  which  had  been  submerged  up- 
wards of  650  years.  It  was  from  the 
old  bridge  of  Totnes,  and  had  suffered 
but  slight  decay  on  the  exterior  part. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  read  a  paper  "On  the 
Antiquities  of  Cuma,"  and  exhibited  ft 
beautiful  glass  vase,  a  tooth-comb,  and 
other  antiquities,  obtained  from  thence 
by  Mr.  Wansey.  The  object  of  the  pi^er 
was  to  treat  of  the  waxen  heads  found 
in  a  tomb  at  Cuma,  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
of  Syracuse,  of  which  he  exhibited  ft 
drawing.  Mr.  Pettigrew  traced  the  his- 
tory of  moulding  in  wax  among  the  Ro- 
mans, and  considered  the  discovery  as  be- 
longing to  Christian  martyrs  of  the  third 
or  fourth  century.  The  paper  is  to  be 
printed,  with  illustrations.  Mr.  Wansey, 
who  had  attended  the  Prince  in  some  df 
his  excavations,  gave  a  lively  account  of 
the  proceedings. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES,  NEWCA5TLB- 
UPON-TTNE. 

The  monthly  meeting  was  held  on  the 
4th  of  June  instant,  in  the  Castle. 

John  Fenwick,  Esq.,  the  treasurer,  was 
called  to  the  chair. 

Various  presents  to  the  society  lay  on 
the  table,  including  "  Obituary  Notice  of 
the  late  John  Adamson,  Esq.,  the  Senior 
Secretary  of  the  Society,  reprinted  from 
the  &enfleman*s  Magazine." 

A  few  coins  were  exhibited.  Two  of 
them  were  English  hammered  gold.  The 
duunnan,  in  ac({a'jrhig  them,  had  beoi 


100 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[July, 


delighted  with  the  enthusiasm  of  Mr. 
Young,  the  goldsmith,  of  whom  he  had 
purchased.  The  goldsmith  and  another 
gentleman  had  fixed  the  price  for  their 
sale  to  the  latter,  when,  to  the  vendor's 
disgust,  instructions  were  given  to  drill 
holes  through  them,  in  order  that  they 
might  be  suspended  to  a  watch.  "  Sir," 
was  the  reply,  "  Til  drill  no  holes  through 
them,  nor  shall  you  have  them  now  at  any 
price."  It  was^suggested  that  the  "  drill- 
ing*' should  have  been  applied  to  the  van- 
dal's skull. 

An  impression  of  Bishop  Trevor's  pala- 
tine seal  was  presented  through  Dr.  Bruce ; 
and  Mr.  Henry  Murton,  of  Gateshead, 
gave  a  brass  object  of  bason-shape,  which 
had  been  discovered  at  Matfen.  It  is  fur- 
nished with  an  edge  perforated  with  four 
holes,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  nails; 
and  it  was  suggested  that,  if  ancient,  (and 
this  was  considered  dubious,)  it  might 
have  been  the  umbo  of  a  wooden  shield. 

Dr.  Bruce  detailed  the  arrangements 
for  the  country  meeting  at  Finchale  and 
Durham,  on  July  9.  These  will  be  com- 
municated to  the  members,  and  the  meet- 
ing will  be  confined  to  them,  and  to  mem- 
bers of  kindred  societies,  and  ladies  intro- 
duced by  them.  Mr.  Richard  Cail  places 
the  accommodation  of  his  rolling  stock  on 
the  Auckland  Branch  at  the  society's  ser- 
vice; and  Mr.  Robert  White  is  to  ex- 
pound the  Battle  of  Neville's  Cross. 

Mr.  Longstafie  drew  attention  to  the 
apparent  identity  of  the  old  stone  build- 
ing of  the  fourteenth  century,  lately  dis- 
covered behind  the  shop  at  the  Heifui  of 
the  Side,  (which  before  its  destruction  was 
occupied  by  Mr.  Dickenson,  tobacconist,) 
with  a  stone  house  mentioned  by  Gray  in 
the  MS.  corrections  of  his  Chorographia  of 
1649. 

Dr.  Bruce  exhibited  a  drawing  of  an 
altar,  bearing  the  difficult  legend  which 
follows : — 

N  A  V  G 

DIIOVANA 

VNTIAVBEL 

A  R  M  I  O  £  B 

DECPBINC 

The  front  of  the  altar  was  adorned  with 
an  arcade  of  a  pointed  arch  between  two 
round  ones,  the  spaces  between  being  filled 
up  with  the  ordinary  triangular  inden- 
tations of  mediaeval  tracery,  and  alto- 
gether presenting  an  appearance  which 
might  lead  to  grave  doubts  of  the  au- 
thenticity of  the  scidptiu-c.  Mr.  Bell,  of 
the  Nook,  the  transmitter  of  the  drawing, 
describes  the  altar  as  having  been  found 
lately  by  a  ploughman  in  the  High  Holm 
in  Cambeck  Hill  estate,  60  vards  south  of 
tb«  Roman  Wall,  140  ywdi  wett  of  the 


river  Cambeck,  and  about  300  yards  north 
of  Petriana  station.  Mr.  Bell  reads  the 
inscription  as  —  "  Numini  Augusti  Deo 
Vanaunti,  Aurelius  Armiger  Decurio  Prin- 
cipalis {sive  Decurionum  Princeps) ;"  and 
suggests  as  to  "  Vanaunti,"  that  we  have 
here  a  local  deity  who  might  be  tutelar  to 
Petriana  or  Banna.  Mr.  Roach  Smith 
throws  out  a  similar  suggestion,  and  con- 
siders that  Armiger  is  a  proper  name. 
The  chief  decurio,  Mr.  Bell  thinks,  may 
be  the  chief  captain  of  Scripture,  and 
alluded  to  by  Vigetius.  That  writer  says : 
— "  The  Roman  troop  consisted  of  thirty 
men,  of  which  every  ten  had  an  officer 
called  decurio — which,  there  having  been 
three  of  them,  made  up  the  troop  thirty - 
three.  The  captain  himself,  who  had  the 
command  of  the  whole  troop,  went  after- 
wards by  the  same  name." 

W.  R.  Bell,  Esq.,  of  Norton  Grammar 
School,  near  Stockton,  presented,  through 
Mr.  Longstafie,  some  objects  turned  up  in 
the  operations  for  the  new  iron-works  of 
Warner  &  Barrett,  at  Norton, — the  firm 
having  presented  them  to  him. 

Dr.  Bruce  read  the  conclusion  of  Mr. 
Hodgson  Hinde's  paper  on  Roman  North- 
umberland, which  we  abstracted  in  our 
notice  of  the  society's  last  meeting. 

With  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Hinde, 
for  his  elaborate  and  interesting  summary 
of  the  history  of  a  dark  period,  the  meet* 
ing  ended. 


OXFOBD  ABCHITECTUBAL  SOCIETY. 

The  first  meeting  of  this  society  for  the 
present  term  was  holden  in  the  society's 
rooms,  Holywell,  on  Wednesday,  the  2Srd 
of  April,  the  President,  the  Rev.  the  Mas- 
ter of  University  College,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Parker  read  an  elementary  lecture 
on  the  Mediaeval  Architecture  of  the  north 
of  France,  and  especially  of  Normandy. 
He  observed  that  between  the  Roman  Pe- 
riod and  the  eleventh  century  there  were 
very  few  buildings  of  any  importance.  An 
attempt  was  made  by  Charlemagne  to  re- 
vive the  art  in  his  time,  and  of  this  Ger- 
migny  is  a  curious  example — drawings  of 
which  were  shewn.  He  then  described  the 
abbey  church  of  Cerisy,  which  had  a  flat 
timber  roof:  it  was  built  by  the  father 
of  the  Conqueror; — then  the  two  abbey 
churches  at  Caen,  and  several  others  in 
that  neighbourhood,  and  several  drawings 
of  some  bases  at  Caen,  almost  identical 
with  some  of  those  in  the  crypt  of  Worces- 
ter Cathedral,  and  described  the  remarkable 
series  of  early  vaulting  in  Caen  and  its 
neighbourhood,  and  briefly  mentioned  the 
churches  of  Paris  of  that  period; — then 
Sens  and  Soissons,   £u  and  Coatanott, 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


101 


Amiens  and  Mont  S.  Michel,  the  Sainte 
Chapelle  and  the  churches  of  Rouen.  Of 
all  these  a  series  of  engravings  was  exhi- 
bited, in  chronological  order,  and  a  nuinher 
of  very  beautiful  original  drawings  by  Mr. 
G.  Bouet,  of  Caen.  He  pointed  out  the 
chief  differences  between  French  and  Eng- 
lish Gothic,  and  entered  a  liitle  into  the 
question  of  priority  of  date;  considering  that 
in  some  things  one  country  was  in  advance 
a  few  years«  and  in  other  things  the  other 
country,  but  that  there  is  seldom  a  differ- 
ence of  more  than  ten  years  on  either  side  ; 
that  there  was  an  independent  and  simul- 
taneous progress  and  development  in  both 
countries,  each  taking  hints  from  the  other. 
That  the  styles  of  the  two  countries  are  dif- 
ferent ;  each  has  its  merits  and  advantages, 
and  both  are  equally  worthy  to  be  admired 
and  studied. 


Bouet,  0  f  Caen,  who  accompanied  Mr.  Parker 
on  his  tour. 


The  second  meeting  was  held  on  Wed- 
nesday, April  30th,  the  Rev.  the  Master 
of  University  College,  the  President,  in  the 
chair. 

Mr.  Parker  read  a^  lecture  on  the  archi- 
tecture of  France,  south  of  the  Loire.  He 
reminded  the  members  of  the  long  continu- 
ance of  Roman  civilization  in  the  south  of 
France,  and,  as  a  natural  consequence,  the 
large  number  of  buildings  copied  from  Ro- 
man remains;  also  the  early  existence  of  a 
colony  of  Greeks,  who  have  left  numerous 
churches  of  strictly  Byzantine  plan  and 
construction,  and  a  third  class  of  churches, 
which  consist  of  a  mixture  of  the  two. 
This  southern  character  extends  as  far 
north  as  the  Loire,  and  the  cathedral  of 
Angers  is  just  of  that  character.  In  the 
same  town  is  the  Hospital  of  St.  John, 
built  by  Henry  IT.,  which  has  always 
continued,  and  still  is,  a  public  hospital. 
The  hall  of  this  hospital  has  all  the  light- 
ness and  elegance  of  a  pure  Gothic  build- 
ing, and  is  believed  to  be  the  earliest 
building  of  that  style  in  existence  any- 
where. He  pointed  out  the  beauty  of  the 
sculpture  of  the  south  even  as  early  as  the 
eleventh  century,  and  that  the  art  of  sculp- 
ture travelled  from  the  south  northwards; 
but  Gothic  architecture,  though  it  had  at- 
tained to  a  certain  point  there,  so  far  as  the 
common  use  of  the  pointed  arch  in  vault- 
ing at  that  early  period,  afterwards  stood 
still,  and  was  carried  to  much  greater  per- 
fection in  the  north.  He  concluded  by 
calling  the  attention  of  the  junior  members 
of  the  University  to  the  great  utility  of  a 
knowledge  x)f  architecture,  and  the  assist- 
ance it  would  be  to  them  in  the  study  of 
modern  history. 

This  lecture  was  illustrated  by  a  great 
number  of  beautiful  drawings  of  the  build- 
ings and  sculptures  mentioned,  by  Mr^  G. 


The  fourth  meeting  was  held  on  Wed- 
nesday, May  14th,  the  Rev.  the  Master  of 
University  College,  President,  in  the  chair. 

1  he  fourth  of  the  series  of  lectures  on 
Foreign  Architecture  was  read  by  Mr.  James 
Parker.  He  said  that  Brittany  had  ad- 
visedly been  chosen  as  a  subject  for  a  sepa- 
rate paper,  inasmuch  as  it  seems  to  have 
stood  alone,  isolated  from  the  rest  of  France 
in  its  manners,  customs,  history,  and,  to 
some  ^'Xtent,  in  geographical  position.  He 
shewed  that  it  had  always  been,  as  it  is 
now,  behindhand  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
arts  and  sciences.  That  during  the  whole 
of  the  flourishing  epoch  of  architectural 
history  in  other  countries,  Brittany  had 
no  architecture  which  it  could  call  its  own, 
and  that  it  was  dependent  both  on  England 
and  France  for  its  styles  and  architects.  It 
was  not  till  the  sixteenth  century,  when,  on 
the  marriage  of  Anne  of  Brittany,  it  was 
united  to  France,  that  the  country  seems 
to  have  awoke  from  its  sleep.  Then,  when 
in  every  village  they  commenced  building 
churches,  it  struck  out  a  style  different  to 
that  in  any  other  country  of  Europe.  He 
described  Brittany,  always  looking  to  the 
past,  as  battling  with  the  Renaissance  pe- 
riod ;  and  shewed  that  when  the  classical 
styles  did  penetrate,  a  medieval  character 
was  given  to  them.  In  the  course  of  the 
lecture,  Mr.  J.  Parker  dwelt  some  time  on 
the  "  Ossuaires*'  and  *•  Calvaires,"  which 
are  the  characteristic  features  of  the  Breton 
churchyards,  and  he  illustrated  his  subject 
by  mentioning  many  of  the  interesting  cus- 
toms of  the  liretons,  shewing  their  reve- 
rence towards  their  dead,  and  their  respect 
for  their  cemeteries.  He  also  noticed  the 
early  Celtic  remains,  and  suggested  a  con- 
nection between  the  •*  Calvary "  and  the 
"  Menhir,"  each  guarding,  as  it  was  sup- 
posed, the  place  of  the  dead.  In  speaking 
of  Carnac,  he  introduced  some  of  the  wild 
tales  and  legends  which  those  dreary  wastes 
have  given  rise  to ;  but  he  concluded  by 
shewing  that,  amongst  all  the  superstition, 
there  was  much  real  religion  in  the  Breton 
people. 

The  paper  was  illustrated  with  a  large 
number  of  beautiful  drawings  of  the  chief 
architectural  remains  in  the  country  ;  such 
as  Lanleff,  Beauport,  Brelevenez,  the  ca- 
thedral and  the  Kreisker  Church  at  St. 
Pol  de  Leon, — the  latter  with  its  rich  spire 
3P0  feet  high,  the  marvel  of  Brittany, — 
Treguier,  Foljjoat,  &c.,  besides  numerous 
drawings  of  old  houses. 


The  fifth  meeting  was  held  on  Wednes- 
day, May  21st,  the  Master  of  University 
College  iu  the  chair. 


102 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[July, 


Mr.  Street  read  a  paper  on  Germnn 
Pointed  Architecture.  He  entered  at  con- 
siderable length  into  the  question  of  the 
date  of  German  buildings,  and  shewed 
that  they  were  always  much  behind  those 
of  both  France  and  England  in  any  new 
development  A  comparison  of  dates,  he 
proved,  must  at  once  set  aside  any  claim 
of  Germany  to  the  invention  of  the  Pointed 
style :  for  whilst  buildings  whose  whole 
character  was  directly  derived  from  Ro- 
manesque or  Lombard  works  were  being 
built  in  the  one  country,  Amiens  and  West- 
minster, and  a  host  of  churches  of  similar 
style,  were  rising  in  the  other.  He  then 
proceeded  to  shew  the  excessive  peculi- 
arity of  the  ground  plans  of  German 
churches.  Each  country  affected  a  pecu- 
liar arrangement  of  the  ground  plan.  In 
France  the  apsis  was  brought  to  perfec- 
tion ;  in  England  the  square  east  end  was 
all  but  universal ;  whilst  in  Germany, 
though  both  these  plans  were  also  found, 
the  common  plans  were  the  transverse- 
triapsal  or  the  parallel- triapsal.  The  at- 
tempts at  imitation  of  the  Frtnch  Chevet 
were  very  rare,  and  Cologne  Cathedral, 
whose  plan  is  obviously  borrowed  from 
France,  and  entirely  unlike  the  German 
type,  is  a  unique  example  of  this  arrange- 
ment really  well  carried  out  in  a  German 
church.  He  then  entered  into  the  ques- 
tion of  window  tracery,  and  exhibited  a 
large  number  of  drawings  of  German  win- 
dows of  the  most  remarkable  character, 
among  which  tho«e  from  the  cathedral  at 
Minden  were  perhaps  the  most  curious. 
To  give  a  practical  proof  of  the  inferiority 
of  the  best  German  work  to  good  French 
work,  he  exhibited  photographs  of  tlie  west 
doors  of  Amiens  and  of  Cologne  Cathe- 
drals. He  concluded  by  a  description  of 
the  peculiarities  of  the  several  districts 
of  Germany,  and  by  explaining  that  the 
real  value  of  travel  in  Germany  is  rather 
in  an  ecclesiological  than  in  an  architec- 
tural point  of  view  ;  and  he  promised  at 
some  future  day  a  paper  on  this  most 
interesting  branch  of  the  subject.  Mr. 
Street's  paper  was  illustrated  by  an  im- 
mense collection  of  original  sketches  made 
in  different  towns  in  Germany. 


On  Monday,  May  26,  the  members  of 
this  society  visited  the  ancient  and  most 
interesting  city  of  Coventry. 

Arriving  at  their  destination  at  about 
one  o'clock,  they  were  received  by  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  borough  in 
St.  Mary's  Guildhall,  where  refreshments 
had  been  most  liberally  provided  by  the 
mayor.  Indeed,  those  members  of  the 
tociety  who  were  so  fortunate  as  to  join  the 
excursion,  will  never  .fbiget  the  cordiality 


and  good  old  English  feeling  exhibited  on 
this  occasion  by  the  Corporation  of  Coven- 
try. Numerous  toasts  were  proposed  and 
heartily  responded  to,  and  interesting  con- 
versation on  subjects  alike  becoming  Eng- 
lishmen and  Churchmen,  was  never  suf- 
fered to  flag.  Immediately  after  luncheon, 
the  mayor  and  the  aldermen  who  were 
present  accompanied  the  members  of  the 
society  on  their  visit  to  the  ancient  build- 
ings of  this  remarkable  city. 

First,  in  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Mr.  J.  H. 
Parker  called  their  attention  to  the  mag- 
nificent piece  of  tapestry  which  still  re- 
tains its  original  position  under  the  great 
north  window  above  the  dais.  It  is  in 
very  perfect  condition,  and  has  evidently 
always  >  hung  under  this  window,  as  it 
occupies  the  entire  space,  and  the  bor- 
der is  quite  unmutilated.  It  is  Eng- 
lish needlework,  of  the  same  date  as  the 
Hall,  viz.  1450.  After  examining  the 
various  apartments  of  the  Guildhouse,  of 
which  St.  Mary's  Hall  forms  a  portion,  tlw 
members  of  the  society  proceeded  to  St. 
Michael's  Church,  (founded  in  1133,  and 
rebuilt  in  1434,)  which  has  a  beautiful 
tower  136  feet  high,  begun  1372,  twenty- 
three  years  building,  finished  in  1395,  and 
with  the  spire,  300  feet  high;  and  in  the 
fonrty-fourth  of  Henry  III.  it  was  regu- 
larly appropriated  to  the  prior  and  monka, 
together  with  the  church  of  the  Huljr 
Trinity. 

A  noble  restoration  of  this  church  haA 
recently  been  effected,  the  whole  interior 
having  been  filled  with  open  seats  of  oak, 
the  arcades,  ashlar  walls,  &c.,  cleaned,  and 
th.ree  very  large  windows  of  stained  glass, 
by  O'Coimor,  inserted  in  the  eastern  apse. 
The  members  of  the  society  then  repaired 
to  the  site  of  the  ancient  cathedral. 

The  society,  on  leaving  the  ruins  of  the 
cathedra],  proceeded  to  inspect  the  restor- 
ations still  in  progress  in  the  adjoining 
church  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  These  re- 
storations, which  are  in  a  great  measure 
due  to  the  zealous  exertions  and  pious 
Church  feeling  of  the  corporation  of  Coven- 
try, and  especially  of  William  Lynes,  Esq., 
the  excellent  mayor,  are  on  a  very  exten- 
sive and  most  satisfactory  scale,  and  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  G.  Gilbeit 
Scott.  The  members  of  the  society  were 
especially  pleased  with  the  splendour  of 
the  carved  oak  benches,  with  which  the 
body  of  the  church  is  filled.  The  timber 
roof  has  been  richly  coloured  and  gilded, 
and  the  east  window  has  been  filled  with 
rich  stained  glass. 

The  next  church  visited  was  St.  John's, 
the  miserable  condition  of  which  was  de- 
plored by  all. 

Having  visited  Bahlake  and  Ford's  Hos- 
pital, tnd  noticed  (in  passing)  some  of  the 


1856.] 


Antiquanan  Researches, 


103 


ancient  timber  houses  which  yet  remain  in 
a  perfect  state,  the  members  of  t)ie  society 
returned  by  rail  to  the  Milverton  Station, 
and,  liaving  dined  at  Warwick,  returned  to 
Oxford  in  the  evening,  no  less  instructed 
by  the  arcliitectural  beauties  they  had  seen, 
than  by  the  excellent  spirit  and  right* 
iniudedness  displayed  by  the  local  autho- 
rities of  the  city  which  had  been  the  scene 
of  their  excursion  for  1866. 


THE  8T7EREY  ABCH^OLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  general  meeting  of  this  society  for 
the  year  1856  was  held  at  Croydon,  on 
the  12th  June.  The  society's  previous 
meeting  was  held  In  the  town  of  Guildford, 
at  which  the  muster  of  local  visitors  was 
highly  creditable  to  the  folk  of  that  place. 
Here  the  muster  was  equally  good. 

The  collection  of  antiquities  was  shewn 
and  the  essays  were  delivered  in  the  school- 
room attached  to  Croydon  Church,  and 
which,  on  account  of  its  structure  and 
thoroughly  antiquarian  api)earance,  was 
well  suited  for  the  purpose.  The  prin- 
cipal exhibitors  of  antiquities  were  J.  AV. 
Flowers,  Esq.,  Park -hill;  Rev.  James 
Hamilton,  of  Beddington ;  Sir  W.  Hylton 
JoUiffe,  Bart.,  Dr.  Charles  Lashmar,  Jonah 
Cressingliam,  Esq.,  the  Rev.  J.  Knowles,  of 
Croydon;  Mr.  Thomas  Weller,  of  High- 
street,  Croydon;  and  the  Rev.  Cliarles 
Boutell,  M.A.,  &e.  A  stout  liead-picee  and 
formidable  partisan  of  John  Tatnall,  of 
Nethem,  in  the  pai*ish  of  Merstham,  (a 
yeoman  of  the  guard  of  Queen  Elizabeth,) 
WM  exhibited  by  the  President,  Sir  \V. 
Hylton  Jolliffe,  Bart.,  and  attracted  con- 
nderable  attention ;  as  did  also  a  British 
s^^'ord  and  spear  -  heads,  found  in  the 
Thames,  the  property  of  A.  Kirkman,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  and  exhibited,  by  his  permission, 
by  W.  J.  Flowers,  Esq. ;  a  curious  skull, 
the  property  of  Dr.  Clias.  Lashmar,  was 
also  exhibited ;  a  Saxon  shield,  and  several 
arms,  were  shewn  by  the  Rev.  J.  Hamilton, 
uid  a  curious  old  Roman  camp -kettle, 
found  in  Pethwcell  Pen,  Norfolk,  in  the 
year  1850,  under  ten  feet  of  peat,  was 
shewn  by  J.  W.  Flowers,  Esq.  Mr.  Flowers 
also  exhibited  a  very  antiquated -looking 
urn,  taken  up  while  digging  several  feet 
under  the  surface  at  the  Chelsea  water- 
works, now  in  the  course  of  formation  at 
Kingston-upon-Thames ;  a  large  and  very 
fine  Roman  -  British  cinerarium  of  sun- 
baked clay,  found  between  Brandon  and 
Lakenheath,  Suffolk,  near  the  banks  of 
the  Little  Ouse, — more  than  twenty  othere 
being  found  in  the  same  place,  full  of 
bones,  calcined,  and  put  with  the  mouths 
downwards ;  and  an  interesting  collection 


of  ancient  British  dagger-knives,  bronze 
handle  of  a  vase,  ring,  money,  keys,  &c. 
Mr.  Tliomas  AA'^eller  exhibited  an  antique 
pocket -clock,  of  or  about  the  time  of  the 
Commonwealth ;  a  very  pretty  impression 
from  the  silver  seal  of  the  Hospital  of 
Holy  Trinity,  Croydon,  a  History  of  Croy- 
don, &c.  Amongst  the  other  ancient 
curiosities  were  a  piece  of  defensive  ar- 
mour for  a  horse's  mouth  and  nose,  an 
old  key  from  Chertsey  Abbey,  valuable 
coins,  images,  collections  of  seals,  &c.,  &c. 
Amongst  the  books  we  noticed  a  volume 
on  the  Ceremonials  for  the  Healing  of 
Diseases  practised  in  the  time  of  Hem  y 
Vllth,  Anderson's  "  Monuments  and  Anti- 
quities of  CVoydon  Church,"  the  Rev. 
Cliarles  Boutell's  "  Monun  e  atal  Brasses  of 
England,"  and  many  other  valuable  works 
of  antiquity.  Elaborate  and  neatly -iln' shed 
drawings  and  views  were  also  exhibited  in 
different  parts  of  the  room,  and  received 
repeated  and  well-merited  eulogiums.  These 
curiosities  and  specimens  of  art  having 
been  duly  inspected,  the  company  pro- 
ceeded to  the  larger  room,  for  the  pui-pose 
of  taking  [art  in  the  immediate  business 
before  the  society. 

The  President,  Sir  William  Hylto.i 
Jolliffe,  Bart.,  having  taken  the  chair, 
rose,  and,  after  congratulating  the  society 
on  the  large  attendance  of  ladies  and 
gentlemen  that  day,  said,  there  was  every 
prospect  that  the  society  would  accom- 
plish the  purpose  for  which  it  had  been 
established.  There  was  scarcely  a  village 
in  that  county  but  what  possessed  some- 
thing that  was  of  interest  to  archajologists ; 
and  he  had  on  that  occasion  brought 
there  an  equipment  of  a  gentleman-at- 
arms,  vulgarly  called  a  Beef-eater,  of  the 
time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  could  not 
help  being  struck  by  the  superiority  of 
the  equipment  of  those  days  to  that  of 
the  present  days,  and  also  by  the  fact 
that  it  was  the  fashion  of  the  present 
times  to  restore  mediajval  architecture,  (as 
was  instanced  by  the  Palace  of  AVest- 
minster  and  other  buildings).  He  then 
alluded  to  the  equipment — no  doubt  sym- 
bolical of  dignity  and  authority — of  the 
gentlemen-at-arms  in  those  days,  as  con- 
trasted with  the  wretched  equipment  of 
the  gentlemen-at-arms  of  oiu*  own  times, 
and  compared  the  epoch  which  possessed  a 
Shakespei'e,  a  Raleigh,  and  owned  the 
learning  and  philosophy  of  a  Burleigh, 
with  the  condition  which  might  possibly 
exist  five  hundred  years  hence.  He  ex- 
pressed his  belief  that  there  were  many 
rcmahis  of  antiquity  about  us  that  de- 
served the  researches  of  an  archajological 
society,  and  concluded  by  calling  upon  the 
Honorary  Secretary  to  read  the  report. 


104 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[July, 


The  Honorary  Secretary  (Mr.  Webb) 
then  read  the  following — 

BEPOET  OF  THE  COUNCIL. 

"  In  conformity  with  the  rules,  the  council  have 
the  pleasure  of  presenting  a  brief  statement  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  societj'  during  the  past 
year. 

"  Two  general  meetings  have  been  held— one  at 
Guildford,  the  other  at  South wark.  Ample  re- 
ports of  those  meetings  having  been  comprised  in 
the  first  part  of  the  Transactions,  which  has  just 
been  Issued ;  it  becomes  unnecessarj'  to  refer  to 
them  more  particularly  on  the  present  occasion. 

**  It  is  with  great  regret  that  the  council  have 
to  record  the  loss  sustained  by  the  society  by  the 
decease  of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  one  of 
lt«  earliest  patrons,  and  president  of  the  society 
ft>om  its  formation. 

•*  By  the  lamented  decease  also  of  Sir  William 
Moles'worth,  member  for  South  wark,  the  society 
has  sustained  the  loss  of  one  of  its  distinguished 
vice-presidents. 

•♦  The  council  have  the  high  gratification  of  an- 
nouncing that  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge  has  been  pleased  to  honom*  the  so- 
ciety by  becoming  its  patron. 

"  Thirty-one  new  members  have  been  added  to 
our  list  since  the  date  of  the  last  report,  and  the 
number  is  at  present  430,  of  whom  58  are  life 
members  by  composition. 

•*  During  the  year  the  London  and  Middlesex 
Archeeological  Society  and  the  Cambrian  Insti- 
tute have  been  added  to  the  list  of  societies  in 
unison  with  this  society. 

"Several  contributions  of  interest  and  value 
have  been  made  to  our  library  and  museum, 
copious  lists  of  which  are  given  in  the  Trans- 
actions. 

•*  The  council  regret  that  it  becomes  their  duty 
again  to  invite  serious  attention  to  the  large 
amount  of  subscriptions  in  arrear.  They  must 
beg  members  to  bear  in  mind  that  one  of  the  most 
important  of  our  rules  is  that  which  provides  that 
subscriptions  become  due  in  advance  on  the  Ist 
of  January  in  each  year,  and  that  if  the  rule  be 
neglected  to  the  extent  hitherto  prevailing,  the 
prosperity  of  the  society  will  be  greatly  en- 
dangered." 

The  hon.  Secretary  also  read  the  balance- 
gheet  of  the  society  for  the  year  1856,  from 
which  it  appeared  that  the  receipts  were, 
— balance  in  hand,  £70  168.  5d. ;  five  life- 
members,  £25;  252  annual  ditto,  includ- 
ing two  in  advance,  £126;  30  entrance- 
fees,  £15 ;  donation  from  his  Royal  High- 
ness the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  patron,  £5 ; 
dividends  on  stock,  1855,  Oct.,  £3  2s.  4d. ; 
1856,  April,  £3  2s.  4d. :  total,  £248  Is.  Id. 
The  payments  were  £141  7s.  2d. ;  balance 
at  bankers,  £90  6s.  lid. ;  ditto  in  hands 
of  secretary,  £6  17s. ;  total,  £248  Is.  Id. 
The  amount  of  stock  standing  in  the 
names  of  the  trustees  of  the  society, 
£222  14s.  new  3  per  cents.  The  above 
statement,  examined  and  found  correct 
June  6,  1856,  was  signed  by  Edward 
Richardson,  Thomas  Jenner  Sells,  au- 
ditors. 

The  President  then  called  upon  the  Rev. 
Charles  Bontell,  M.A.,  who,  in  the  absence 
of  Mr.  Grifliths,  read  a  paper  entitled, 
"An  Architectural  Notice  of  Archbishop 
Whitgift's  Hospital,  Crovdon,  by  VV.  Pettit 
Griffiths,  Esq.,  F.S.A."  The  essayist  stated 
13 


that  the  hospital  offered  an  example  of 
ancient  domestic  architecture,  illustrating 
the  hospitals,  schools,  and  almshouses  of 
the  middle  ages  in  England ;  and  he  pro- 
ceeded to  give  a  detailed  account  of  the 
building  from  the  time  of  its  foimdation 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  giving 
the  items  of  the  cost  of  land,  the  different 
materials  of  the  work,  and  the  labour  em- 
ployed. The  foundations  of  the  building 
were  begun  in  February  14,  1576,  the  two 
corner-stones,  north  and  south,  were  laid 
by  the  founder  in  March  22,  1596,  the 
first  of  all  the  hospital  was  reared  on  the  6th 
of  September,  and  the  last  of  the  same  was 
reared  on  the  27th  of  September,  and  all  the 
outwork,  tyelinge,  &c.,  was  fully  finished, 
A.D.  1597.  Trees  were  set  in  this  hospital 
outyard  Dec.  1599,  and  in  March,  1603,  32 
elms  and  ashes  were  set.  The  clock,  the  bel  1, 
and  the  different  objects  of  interest  in  the 
hospital  were  then  touched  upon ;  and  the 
essayist  stated  that  there  were  at  present 
in  the  hospital  19  brothers,  18  sisters,  a 
warden,  and  a  schoolmaster;  that  their 
dwellings  were  arranged  on  each  side  of 
the  quadrangle,  and  were  of  good  and 
convenient  size.  After  noticing  the  sti- 
pends given  to  the  inmates  of  the  hos- 
pital, its  management  and  regulations,  in 
former  times,  he  concluded  by  anticipating 
gratifying  results  from  the  management 
and  regulations  of  the  hospital  as  recently 
sanctioned  by  the  Court  of  Chancery. 

Mr.  Bloxam  read  a  most  able  and  in- 
structive paper  "  On  the  Monuments  in 
Croydon  Church,"  by  Edward  Westall, 
Esq ,  and  which  entered  ftilly  into  parti- 
culars respecting  the  monumental  efiigies 
of  Archbishops  Grindal,  Whitgift,  and 
Sheldon,  and  endeavoured  to  shew  that 
the  costumes  in  which  those  most  reverend 
prelates  were  depicted  in  some  measure 
pourtrayed  the  religious  feelings  with 
which  the  people  of  those  times,  the  times 
immediately  succee<Ung  the  Reformation, 
were  imbued. 

W.  Cuthbert  Johnson,  Esq.,  read  an 
exceedingly  able  and  lucidly -written  paper, 
entitled  the  "  Cold  Harbour."  Mr.  John- 
son said  it  was  with  extreme  diffidence 
that  he  ventured  to  address  the  society 
upon  the  "Cold  Harbour"  immediately 
adjoining  the  south-western  side  of  Croy- 
don, and  upon  the  adjacent  traces  of  its 
former  inhabitants  and  their  pagan  priest- 
hood ;  since  he  felt  that  those  indications, 
if  viewed  singly,  were  slight,  being  almost 
confined  to  the  probable  meaning  of  the 
now  corrupted  names  of  places ;  but  at  the 
same  time  he  was  (though  only  an  infant 
archieologist)  impressed  with  the  fact, 
that  these  were  amply  sufficient  in  number 
to  render  them  worthy  of  the  oonsidem- 


1856.] 


Antiqtiarian  Researches, 


105 


tion  of  other  and  more  able  investigators. 
Before  he  proceeded  to  draw  their  atten- 
tion to  these  footprints  of  a  bygone  race, 
he  would  ask  them  to  accompany  him  for 
a  few  minutes,  whilst  he  enquired,  first, 
into  the  probable  state  of  the  district  be- 
fore it  was  discovered  or  inhabited  by  man ; 
and  secondly,  what  were  the  reasons  which 
were  likely  to  induce  some  of  the  first 
settlers  who  migrated  from  the  continent 
intp  Surrey,  to  select  this  place  as  the  site 
of  those  two  or  three  rude  huts  which, 
slowly  increasing  in  number,   at  length 
became  a  village,  and  then  a  town.    First, 
then,  as  to  the  appearance  of  the  district 
in  its  uninhabited  state,  when   the  bear 
and  the  wolf  wandered    unmolested  by 
man  around  the  source  of  the  Wandle, 
whose  rise  was  within  a  few  yards  of  that 
very  room.     Seeking  the  aid  of  the  geolo- 
gist and  naturalist,   he  learnt  from  the 
former  that  this   good  town   stood  near 
the  verge  of  a  great  clay  formation,  called 
the  London  Basin  clay — a  formation  which, 
constituting    the   stratum    of  almost   all 
that  portion  of  the  country  to  the  north 
of  our  Wandle  river,  terminated  its  south- 
em  boundary   at  or   near  to  the   West 
Croydon  station.     Then  commenced  an- 
other curious  and  very  narrow  belt  of  a 
formation  called  the  plastic  clay,  and  on 
this,  which  fringes   that   of  the  London 
Basin,  but  is  never  of  more  than  a  mile  in 
breadth,  we  were  then  assembled.     WTien 
we  made  our  pilgrimage  to  Beddington, 
we  should  soon  leave  the  plastic  clay,  for 
at   Waddon-bridge  we  should  be   at  the 
commencement    of   the    great    southern 
chalk  formation ;  and  these  clay  forma- 
tions the  naturalist  would  tell  us,  would 
in  their  primeval  state  have  been  thickly 
tenanted  by  the  oak,  the  hazel,  the  ash, 
and  the  birch  ;  and  in  fact,  we  learnt  that, 
even    in    historic  times,   a    dense  forest 
covered  the  north  of  Surrey, — small  por- 
tions of  that  great  wood  yet  remaining. 
The  site  of  our  Norwood,  it  was  true, 
now  almost   as  little  reminded  us  of  a 
forest  that  once  existed  there, — the  great 
north  wood  of  our  county, — as  our  own 
Woodside  (close  by  this  town),  which  still 
retained  the  name,  though  the  once  adja- 
cent forest   had  long  since  disappeared. 
We  were    then    weU    assured  that    this 
great  wood  in  former  days  densely  covered 
the  land  between  the  Wandle   and  the 
Thames,  that  its  trees  crowded  the  richer 
soil  of  the  plastic  clay  in  which  the  springs 
of  the  Wandle  rose,  and  that  this  wood, 
not  far  from  the  south  of  our  town,  would 
cease  to  extend   itself,    since  the  chalk 
which  there  commenced  would  not  sup- 
port the  oak  or  other  woodland  trees,  and 
the  frirze   or   other   indigenous    brushes 
Gsyr.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVL 


would  rather  be  its  tenants.     If  any  trees 
were  thinly  scattered  on  the  chalk  downs, 
they  would  probably  be  the  birch  or  the 
beech.      It   was,    the    essayist    observed, 
through  such  a  comparatively  open  coun- 
try that,  after  lancUng  on  the  southern 
or  eastern  shores  of  our  island,  the  first 
families  who  migrated  into  Surrey,  would 
penetrate  over  our  chalk   downs  to   the 
borders  of  that   dense  and  wild  wood  in 
which  close  to  its  southern  verge  rose  the 
copious  and  bright  chalk  waters  of  our 
river;   and  from  its  attractive  site  and 
natural  advanti^es   he  safely  concluded 
that  from  the  earliest  period  when  man 
occupied    our    island,   around  the   head- 
springs of  our  river   at    Croydon    were 
placed  the  dwelling-places  of  the  natives. 
These  aborigines  would  soon  give  simple 
names  to  the  objects  around  them,  (some  of 
which,  he  believed,  yet  remained,)  and  the 
well-drained  land  on  which  we  were  then 
assembled  would  then  abound  with  a  chain 
of  pools,  and  be  irregularly  filled  water- 
channels.    Now,   within   a  few  hundred 
yards  of  that  ancient  room,  we  had  certain 
names  which  seemed  to  refer  to  these 
waters ;  such  as  "  Tain-field,"  which  came, 
he  took  it,   from  the   Celtic  word  tain 
(water),  and  felt  (a  field) ;  and  Duppas, 
or   rather   Dubbers    Hill,    perhaps   from 
the  Celtic  word  Duhudht  (a  pond  or  pool), 
and  hilan  or  helan^   (to  cover) ;    Comb- 
lane,  leading  from  thence  through  a  little 
valley — Cym,  in  old  British  signifying  a 
low  situation  or  valley.     Then  came  the 
period  when  the  increase  of  the  popu- 
lation brought  into   this  neighbourhood 
the  pagan  priesthood,  the  first  rulers  of 
whom  were  perchance  utterly  forgotten; 
then  came  the  Druids,  with  their  dark 
religious  ceremonies,  mixed  up,  however, 
with  much  that  was  excellent ;  and  then 
would  arise  the  pagan  temples,  rude  erec- 
tions, of  which  faint,  yet  pretty  distinct, 
traces  still  existed  within  a  few  hundred 
yards  not  only  of  each  other,  but  of  that 
room.     The   essayist  then   proceeded  to 
illustrate  his  remarks  by  aUud'ng  to  the 
hamlet  of  Waddon,  near  to  modem  Crc  y- 
don,  which  was  marked  in  the  old  maxs 
of  Surrey  as  Wodden  or  Woden,  the  name 
suggesting  that  in  its  neighbourhood  pro- 
bably once  stood  a  temple  or  idol  of  the 
great  god  of  the  northern  men,  and  by 
shewing  that  the  very  name  of  the  Wan- 
del  was  also  a  corruption  of  Woden,  and 
perhaps  also  of  the  old  Saxon  word  for  a 
dell  or  a  little  valley.     It  was  probable, 
then,  that  close  to  the  west  or  south- 
western side  of  the  modem  town  of  Croy- 
don once  stood  some  great  idol  or  temple 
sacred  to  Woden,  and  that  the  religious 
ceremonies  were  there  performed  in  ad- 


106 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[July. 


jacent  woods  and  meads,  the  sight  of 
which  might  be  indicated  by  the  name  of 
Haling,  a  manor  which  was  hardly  half  a 
mile  from  either  Waddon  or  this  place, 
and  whose  name  was  derived  by  Ducarel 
from  the  old  Saxon  word  for  sanctus, 
which  was  Haliz,  (from  whence  also  came 
the  old  English  word  All  Hallows,  for  All 
Saints,)  and  he  deemed  it  not  milikely 
fiat  the  words  Haliz  and  Inge  might 
mean  Holy  Meadow.  It  might  also  be 
worthy  of  notice  that  fit)m  the  very  un- 
usual names  of  two  of  the  fields  at  Haling 
(Great  and  Little  Rangers),  we  might 
conclude  that  circular  stones  or  earth- 
works connected  with  the  Druidical  cere- 
monies once  existed  here, —  "  Ranger"  be- 
ing derived  ft^m  the  Old  British  rhenge^ 
which  came  fr^m  the  German  ring^  a 
circle.  Now,  in  the  interval  between 
Waddon  and  Haling,  short  as  was  the 
distance  in  that  half-mile,  we  passed  a 
little  group  of  two  or  three  houses,  known 
88  "Cold  Harbour,"  a  place  like  almost 
all  the  other  Cold  Harbours  (and  there 
were  many)  dotted  over  England,  of  very 
remote  antiquity ;  but  whether  it  was  the 
place  of  meeting  for  the  old  British 
bards,  antiquarians  were  not  exactly 
agreed.  They  all  seemed,  however,  to 
incline  to  the  conclusion  that  the  name 
of  Cold  Harbour  was  a  gross  corruption, 
and  that  it  marked  the  site  of  transac- 
tions of  very  early  ages.  Mr.  Johnson 
then  investigated  the  meaning  of  the 
words  "Cold  Harbour,"  which  he  was, 
with  several  eminent  authorities,  inclined 
to  think  meant  a  chief  military  lodging 
or  resting-place,  and  pointing  out  the 
objections  to  be  urged  to  the  opinions  of 
several  writers  that  those  words  merely 
meant  a  very  cold  place,  or  harbour 
against  the  cold  in  the  exposed  places  in 
which  they  were  often  found.  But  he 
must  not  omit  to  note  the  existence  of 
that  old  trackway  which  passed  in  a 
southerly  direction  by  Cold  Harbour,  and 
which  in  all  reasonable  probability  the 
early  Britons  made,  and  their  Roman 
and  Saxon  conquerors  afterwards  used. 
If  we  would  wend  our  way  up  that  lane 
from  Cold  Harbour,  we  should  soon  arrive 
at  the  commencement  of  that  portion  of 
it  where  it  was  considerably  sunk  below 
the  surface  of  the  adjacent  ground;  and 
as  when  we  were  nearly  arrived  at  Beg- 
gon  Bush  it  joined  the  "near  bank,"  or 
ancient  raised  ridge  now  dividing  the 
parishes  of  Croydon  and  Bedding^n, 
there  was  little  doubt  that  there  were 
placed  the  old  Saxon  meur  or  mark  stones 
once  commonly  set  up  to  mark  boundaries. 
Thence  descending  the  hill  to  Foleygate, 
this  old  road  (which  from  a  remote  period 


has  here  formed  the  boundary  of  Croydon) 
led  the  way  to  the  still  existing  remains 
of  other  ancient  trackways,  dykes,  and 
banks,  and  the  ancient  British  Ermyn- 
street,  in  fact,  extended  in  this  direction 
from  Pevensey,  on  the  Sussex  coast,  pass- 
ing near  CVoydon,  to  London;  while  the 
Stone-street  of  the  Romans,  which  ex- 
tended from  Chichester  to  London,  passed 
through  Coulsdon.  At  the  entrance  of 
Farlting  Down  were  traces  of  three  dykes; 
on  the  hill  ascending  fr^m  Smitham  Bot- 
tom were  several  small  burrows;  on  the 
top  of  Riddlesdown,  just  beyond  the  sheep- 
pond,  on  the  right-hand  side  as  we  pro- 
ceeded from  Parley  Oaks  were  the  re- 
mains of  two  ancient  banks  and  double 
ditches,  and  the  direction  of  these  pointed 
to  similar  works  at  the  entrance  of  Hool- 
ley-lane  from  Smitham  Bottom.  Our 
Cold  Harbour-lane  too  led  towards  "the 
Oaks"  at  Woodcote,  a  place  which  dis- 
puted with  Croydon  for  the  site  of  the 
Noviomagus,  the  chief  city,  according  to 
Camden,  of  the  Regni. — From  a  retro- 
spect, then,  said  Mr.  Johnson  in  conclu- 
sion, of  the  natural  temptations  which 
this  district  would  assuredly  offer  to  the 
early  visitors  of  our  island,  and  fr^m  the 
number  of  places  around  the  town  with 
names  of  Celtic  origin,  we  might  perhaps 
fairly  conclude  that  here  dwelt  from  the 
earliest  period  when  mankind  inhabited 
our  country,  a  well-pleased  population, 
and  a  numerous  and  an  influential  pagan 
priesthood.  Tlie  mere  print-casts  (as 
the  geologist  would  express  it)  of  their 
footprints  he  had  endeavoured  to  detect, 
with  the  hope  that  his  imperfect  attempts 
would  excite  his  hearers  to  extend  their 
enquiries,  and  to  the  attainment  of  far 
more  satis&ctory  results. 

The  Rev.  Walter  Field,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
read  a  graphic  paper  "  On  the  Antiquities 
of  Streatham,"  giving  in  a  succinct  man- 
ner an  account  of  the  emblems  and  traces 
that  have  been  found  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Streatham  of  bygone  ages. 

John  Wickham  Flowers,  Esq.,  gave  the 
sixth  and  concluding  lecture,  entitled, 
"  Some  Passages  in  the  Life  of  Archbishop 
Laud."  Mr.  Flowers  said,  within  the  last 
twenty -four  hours  he  had  discovered  seve- 
ral valuable  documents  in  the  hospital 
which  related  to  the  management  of  that 
institution,  and  to  several  other  matters 
connected  therewith.  He  then  produced 
the  documents,  and  read  several  of  those 
which,  both  on  account  of  their  antiquity 
and  the  information  th^  contained,  were 
the  most  interesting.  He  read  an  ancient 
charter,  dated  702,  which  would,  he  said, 
gpve  an  idea  of  how  lands  were  in  those 
days  g^ven  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  for  tho 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


107 


benefit  of  the  Church,  llie  charter  began 
with  a  cross,  which  in  all  probability  was 
the  king's  sign-manual,  as  it  was  likely 
that  neither  the  monarch  nor  the  bishop 
were  then  able  to  write.  Mr.  Flowers  did 
not  —  owing,  we  believe^  to  the  lateness 
of  the  hour  —  enter  into  the  immediate 
flubject  of  his  lecture. 

A  vote  of  thanks  to  each  of  the  essayists 
was  proposed  and  unanimously  agreed  to, 
and  at  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Flowers' 
remarks  the  company  proceeded  to  the 
inspection  of  the  old  Palace,  the  Church, 
Whitgift's  Hospital,  Beddington  Church 
and  Hall, — all  of  which  places  afforded 
ample  study  for  the  antiquarian  mind, 
and  ample  materials  for  the  gratification 
of  the  antiquarian  eye. 

The  members  and  friends  then  pro- 
ceeded to  the  "  Greyhound"  Hotel,  where, 
at  half-past  six  o'clock,  a  collation  was 
held,  presided  over  by  Mr.  Cuthbert  W. 
Johnson,  in  the  absence  of  Sir  Wm.  Hyl- 
ton  JolHffe;  after  which  the  meeting  for 
1856  was  concluded. 


YOBESHIBE  ABCHITECTTJBAL  SOCIETY. 

The  general  spring  meeting  of  this  so- 
ciety was  held  at  Helmsley,  June  IQth. 
At  half-past  9  a.m.  the  members  assem- 
bled at  the  parish  church,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  examining  its  architectural  fea- 
tures, which,  in  many  respects,  are  of  pe- 
culiar interest.  The  church  is  cruciform 
in  its  plan,  and  is  mainly  of  Norman  date, 
with  numerous  additions  and  insertions  of 
a  later  period.  Certain  changes,  however, 
which  appear  to  have  been  made  in  the 
plan  almost  immediately  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  original  church,  have  tended 
in  some  measure  to  coniuse  the  first  ar- 
rangements, and  to  give  rise  to  curious 
arclutectural  puzzles.  A  good  tesselated 
pavement,  of  early  date,  still  remains  in 
front  of  the  altar.  An  arcade,  of  the 
transitional  period,  opening  into  the  north 
aisle  of  the  nave,  is  of  singular  beauty,  and 
was  considered  to  bear  evident  marks  of 
foreign  workmanship.  It  was  universally 
regretted  that  the  fine  arch  opening  into 
the  tower  should  at  present  be  blocked  up 
by  the  organ  and  g^ery. 

Leaving  the  church,  the  party  visited 
the  ruins  of  the  Castle,  which  are  beauti- 
fully situated  within  the  limits  of  Dun- 
combe  Park,  and,  like  the  church,  shew 
signs  of  great  antiquity.  The  architec- 
tiiral  features  are  of  every  date,  varying 
from  Norman  to  late  Elizabethan,  and  pre- 
sent many  striking  peculiarities  in  their 
design. 

At  12  o'clock,  a  public  meeting  was 
held  in  the  Comrt-hoose,  which  was  nu- 


merously attended,  and  when  the  follow- 
ing papers  were  read :  —  On  Helmsley 
CMtle,  by  J.  Ness,  Esq.,  coroner  of  Helms- 
ley ;  on  Byland  Abbey,  by  J.  R.  Walbran, 
Esq.,  mayor  of  Ripon ;  and  on  an  inscrip- 
tion on  a  tombstone  discovered  in  the  wall 
of  Kirkdale  Church,  by  the  Rev.  D.  H. 
Haigh,  of  Birmingham,  which  was  com- 
municated by  the  Rev.  J.  Kay,  incumbent 
of  Kirkdale.  A  rubbing  from  the  tomb- 
stone, which  was  supposed  by  Mr.  Haiffh 
to  be  that  of  the  Saxon  king  Ethelwolf, 
and  other  objects  of  archsBological  interest, 
were  exhibited  to  the  meeting. 

Immediately  after  the  meeting,  an  ex- 
cursion was  made  to  Duncombe  Park,  to 
view  the  collection  of  statuary  and  paint- 
ings; and  from  thence  the  party  pro- 
ceeded to  the  romantic  ruins  of  Rievaulz 
Abbey.  They  returned  to  Helmsley  at 
seven  o'clock,  when  they  dined  together 
at  the  "Black  Swan"  Hotel,  the  Rev.  Ca- 
non Dixon  presiding. 

On  the  following  day,  Wednesday,  June 
11th,  the  party  left  Helmsley  at  half-past 
nine,  and  first  proceeded  to  the  rmned 
chapel  at  Grange,  and  thence  to  the 
church  at  Oswaldkirk.  They  then  went 
on  to  Ampleforth,  where,  in  a  church  ap- 
parently poor  and  mean,  are  some  features 
of  singular  interest,  particularly  a  beauti- 
ful north  doorway  of  transitional  character, 
and  a  monumentiBd  effigy  of  unique  design, 
representing  a  knight  of  the  earliest  part 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  in  chain  mail 
and  surcoat,  and  supported  by  a  female 
figure.  This  has,  in  modem  times,  been 
built  up  into  the  west  wall  of  the  tower. 
The  party  next  visited  the  ruins  of  Byland 
Abbey,  where  an  explanation  of  the  build- 
ings was  given  by  Mr.  Walbran ;  and  thev 
then  went  into  Cox  wold,  where  the  15th 
century  church  is  chiefly  remarkable  for 
its  elegant  octagonal  tower.  They  next 
proceeded  to  Newburgh  Park,  where,  in 
the  modern  mansion,  some  remnants  of 
the  old  Austin  Priory  may  still  be  traced, 
and  other  interesting  relics  are  preserved. 
Lastly,  the  party  vbited  the  little  church 
at  Scawton,  built  by  Roger  Abbot,  of  By- 
land,  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  by  no  means  devoid  of  architec- 
tural character.  The  chief  object,  how- 
ever, here,  which  occupied  the  attention  of 
the  members,  was  the  hell.  It  is  related 
in  the  chronicle  of  Byland,  that  at  the 
foundation  of  the  church  at  Scawton, 
Abbot  Roger  sent  thither  the  lesser  bell  of 
the  Abbey  of  Byland,  and  a  small  bell, 
obviously  of  great  antiquity,  still  hanging 
in  the  belfrev,  has  usually  been  stated  to 
be  the  identical  bell  referred  to  in  the 
chronicle.  A  minuto  examination,  how- 
ever, of  its  ornamental  features,  convinced 


108 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[July, 


the  members  of  the  society  that  the  date 
of  the  bell  must  be  at  least  a  century  later 
than  that  of  the  foundation  of  the  chapel. 
The  next  meeting  of  the  society  will,  it 
IB  understood,  be  held  at  Patrington,  during 
the  month  of  August. 


Antiquities  op  India. — ^An  interesting 
pamphlet  has  lately  been  published  by  Mr. 
^ellasis,  collector  of  Hyderabad,  in  Scinde, 
containing  an  account  of  his  excavations 
and  discoveries  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
city  of  Brahininabad,  on  a  branch  of  the 
old  bed  of  the  Indus.  Tradition  affirms 
that  the  city — the  capital  of  a  Hindoo 
kingdom  to  which  the  tide  of  Mahomedan 
invasion  had  scarcely  penetrated  —  was 
destroyed  by  fire  from  heaven  and  by 
earthquake,  on  account  of  the  wickedness 
of  its  niler.  The  investigations  of  Mr. 
Bellasis  seem  to  prove  that  the  place  really 
was  destroyed  by  some  terrible  convulsion 
of  nature,  which  probably,  at  the  same 
time,  completely  changed  the  coiu-se  of  the 
Indus.  On  no  other  supposition  can  a 
ruin  be  accounted  for,  that  was  at  once  so 
sudden  and  so  complete.  Skeletons  were 
found  in  every  house  that  was  opened, 
and  in  the  streets,  some  crouched  together 
in  corners,  and  there  buried;  others 
crushed  fiat  by  a  falling  weight,  the  pieces 
of  stone  or  bnck  still  in  some  cases  buried 
in  the  fractured  skull.  Numerous  coins 
and  other  valuables  have  already  been 
discovered,  carved  figures  in  ivory,  en- 
ffravings  on  cornelian  and  agate,  a  set  of 
ivory  diessmen,  and  the  like.  The  figures 
carved  on  objects  connected  with  religious 
worship  are  Buddhist.  From  the  fact  of 
their  being  unmutilated,  Mr.  Bellasis  con- 
liders  it  clear  that  the  iconoclastic  Mussul- 
man invaders  had  not  reached,  or  at  least 
had  not  permanently  annexed,  Brahmina- 
had  at  the  time  of  its  destruction,  which 


he  conceives  to  have  taken  place  about 
A.D.  1020. 

Roman  Remains  in  Somebsetshibe. 
— In  dlfrging  down  a  bank,  the  foundation 
of  an  old  wall,  in  Lower  Langford,  some 
pieces  of  old  tesselated  pavement  have  been 
exhumed,  and  most  likely  Roman, — the 
more  so,  if  the  camp  on  Mendip,  above 
Rowbery,  is  Roman.  It  is  very  rarely 
that  remains  of  this  kind  are  cUscovered 
in  small  villages,  being  ofbener  found  in 
old  towns,  castles,  &c.  The  pattern  of  the 
pieces,  so  far  as  age  has  left  it  distinguish- 
able, consists  of  lines  of  a  deep  blue,  inter- 
woven with  others  of  what  seems  to  be 
deep  orange  or  red ;  and  appears  to  be  the 
border  of  a  larger  device,  such  as  the 
figure  of  a  dog,  which  was  usually  worked 
on  the  pavement  of  the  entrance-halls  in 
old  Roman  houses.  Several  pieces  of  old 
tiling,  consisting  of  black  between  layers 
of  red,  very  thick  and  hard,  have  also 
been  discovered  in  the  same  place.  This 
may,  perhaps,  give  an  impetus  to  the 
antiquarian  taste  in  Somersetshire,  —  a 
taste,  by  the  way,  which  can  richly  be 
gratified  by  an  examination  of  the  old 
camp,  more  especially  the  Bridgwater  side 
of  it,  at  Rowbery. 

•  Celtic  Remains. — Several  curious  re- 
lics have  been  recently  found  within  the 
town  walls  of  ancient  Dublin,  such  as 
singularly  ornamented  combe,  bronze  and 
iron  fibulse,  and  implements  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  those  curiously  constructed 
wooden  houses,  erected  in  that  ancient 
locality  at  a  very  remote  era.  Amo;ig  the 
articles  enumerated,  is  an  antique-shaped 
signet-seal,  supposed  by  a  distinguished 
heraldic  authority  to  have  belonged  to  the 
Lord-Deputy  Essex, — time  of  Elizabeth. 
Several  of  these  relics  have  been  collected 
by  Mr.  James  Underwood,  well  known  for 
his  former  indefiitigable  exertions  in  amass- 
ing antiquarian  stores. 


1856.] 


109 


NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


Oxford  University. — At  the  commemo- 
ration. His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Albert, 
the  Prince  of  Prussia,  and  the  Prince 
Regent  of  Baden,  attended  by  a  brilliant 
suite,  arrived  in  the  Sheldonian  Theatre  at 

11  A.M. 

The  Chancellor  having  reached  his  chair. 
Prince  Albert  took  up  a  position  on  his 
right  hand,  and  the  Princes  of  Prussia  and 
Baden  on  the  left. 

The  usual  formalities  were  then  ob- 
served in  regard  to  the  other  noble  and 
celebrated  personages  on  whom  the  degree 
was  conferred,  and  who  were  as  follows : — 
His  Excellency  Count  Von  BemstorflF, 
Envoy*^xtraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary from  his  Majesty  the  King  of 
Prussia. 

His  Excellency  Musurus  Bey,  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary from  the  Sultan  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire. 

The  Most  Noble  the  Marquis  of  Aber- 
com,  K.G. 

The  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of 
Clarendon,  K.G.,  G.C.B.,  one  of  her  Ma- 
jesty's Principal  Secretaries  of  State. 

The  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Elgin 
uid  Kincsurdine,  K.T. 

The  Right  Honourable  Lord  Ashburton. 
Admiral    Sir    Edmund    Lyons,    Bart., 
Gr.C.B.,  K.C.H. 

Rear-Admiral  the  Honourable  Sir  R. 
Saunders  Dundas,  K.C.B. 

Sir  Henry  Holland,  Bart.,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 
Major-General  SirColinCampbell,  G-C.B. 
Major-General  Sir  W.  Fenwick  Williams 
of  Kars,  Bart.,  R.A.,  K.C.B. 

Major-General  Sir  Harry  D.  Jones,  R.E., 
K.C.B.,  Governor  of  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst. 

Humphry  Sand  with,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Dr.  Heinrich  Barth. 

General  Sir  W.  F.  Williams  of  Kars,  and 
General  Sir  Colin  Campbell,  were  absent. 

Then  followed  the  recitation  of  the 
Prizes. 

Camhndge. — Tlie  Porson  Prize  for  the 
best  translation  into  Greek,  (subject, — 
Shakspeare's  Henry  VI.,  Part  3,  Act  1, 
Scene  4,  "  She-wolf  of  France,  but  worse 
than  wolves  of  France,"  to  the  words, 
"And  yet  be  seen  to  wear  a  woman's 
face,")  has  been  adjudged  to  Arthur  Holmes, 
St.  John's  College. 

The  Camden  Medal  (subject, — "Arcns 
Coelestis,")  has  been  adjudged  to  Herbert 
Snow,  St.  John's  College. 

An  important  movement  has  been  re- 
cently set  on  foot  in  this  UniverMty  by 


many  leading  members  of  the  Senate,  who 
have  formed  themselves  into  a  committee, 
with  a  view  to  effect  certain  alterations  in 
the  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Great.  About 
3,000^.  are  required  for  the  completion  of 
this  work,  the  nature  of  which  will  be  to 
improve  the  architectural  character  of  the 
interior,  and  to  afford  an  increase  of  250 
sittings  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Uni> 
versity.  The  appeals  of  the  committee  are 
being  most  favourably  responded  to,  1,500/. 
having  been  promLsed  to  them  during  the 
last  month. 

The  London  University. — ^The  Registrar- 
ship  of  the  University  of  London,  vacated 
by  the  death  of  Dr.  Rothman,  has  been 
filled  up  by  the  election  of  Dr.  Carpenter. 
There  were  several  candidates,  and  Dr. 
Carpenter  only  obtained  his  post  by  the 
majority  of  a  single  vote.  This  appoint- 
ment has  made  a  vacancy  in  the  Examiner- 
ship  of  Physiol(^  and  Comparative  Ana- 
tomy, for  wliich  Dr.  Lionel  Beale,  Professor 
of  Physiology  at  King's  College,  and  Mr. 
S.  H.  Huxley,  Fullerian  Professor  of  Phy- 
siology at  the  Royal  Institution,  are 
spoken  of  as  candidates.  A  vacancy  haa 
also  occurred  in  the  Examinership  in  Sur- 
gery at  the  University,  arising  out  of  the 
appointment  of  Mr.  Hodgson,  the  present 
examiner  in  surgery,  to  the  same  post  in 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Royal  Sodety, 
held  on  the  3rd  of  June,  the  following  reso- 
lution was  passed,  on  the  motion  of  Sir 
Benjamin  Brodie,  seconded  by  Professor 
Bell : — "  That  the  council  be  authorized  to 
accept  and  carry  out  the  proposal  of  the 
Government,  as  to  the  occupation  of  Bur- 
lington-house, on  the  understanding  that 
the  hall,  which  it  is  proposed  to  construct 
in  the  west  wing,  and  which  is  to  oontun 
the  portraits  belonging  to  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, shall  be  placed  in  the  custody  of  the 
Royal  Society,  subject  to  the  free  use  of  it 
by  the  senate  of  the  University  of  London 
at  all  times  at  which  it  may  be  required 
for  their  examinations  and  public  meet- 
ings." The  library  of  the  Royal  Society 
now  comprises  45,000  volumes.  The  Lin- 
neau  Society  and  the  Chemical  Society  will 
also  have  accommodation  given  to  them 
in  Burlington-house. 

The  competition  for  the  erection  of  a 
new  Cathedral  at  lAUe  was  thrown  open 
to  all  the  world,  and  of  the  forty -one  com- 
peting architects  fifteen  belonged  to  France^ 
fourteen  to  England,  and  one  to  Scotland ; 
Rhenish  Prussia  sent  three;  the  Grand 
DuchyofBaden,  two;  Austria,  one;  HanoveTf 


110 


Notes  of  the  Month. 


[July, 


one ;  and  Silesia,  one ;  making,  in  all,  eight 
for  Germany.  Hollaiid,  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Luxemburg,  and  Belgium,  were  repre- 
sented each  by  one  project.  It  is  now 
seen  that,  in  the  number  of  competitors, 
France  and  England  were  equal,  and  com- 
pletely rivids,  the  contest  between  whom 
WHS  warmly  discussed.  Various  devices,  ac- 
cording to  usage,  concealed  the  names  of 
the  combatants  The  jury  presented  in  the 
fullest  d^ree  all  the  guarantees  that  could 
be  desired  as  to  enlightenment  and  impar- 
tiality  On  summing  up,  we  find  that 

England  obtained  two  prizes  (the  first  and 
second),  three  silver  medals,  and  three 
honourable  mentions,  being  in  all  eight 
nominations  on  fourteen  candidates.  France 
obtained  one  prize  (the  third),  one  gold 
medal,  one  silver  medal,  and  one  honourable 
mention, — that  is  to  say,  four  nominations 
on  fifteen  candidates.  Germany  obtained 
four  nominations ;  while  Belgium,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxembui^ 
bore  away  one  nomination  each. 

So  far,  the  result  was  satisfactory  to  Eng- 
lishmen, but  we  regret  to  say  that,  owing 
to  some  favouritism  or  other  cause,  a  loop- 
hole has  been  discovered  by  the  commission- 
ers, and  the  successful  architect4S,  Messrs. 
Glutton  and  Surges  have  been  informed 
that  they  will  neither  of  them  be  engaged, 
as  it  is  determined  not  to  employ  any 
foreign  architect. 

British  sculptors,  on  the  other  hand, 
complain  of  favouritism  in  certain  high 
quarters,  whereby,  without  any  competi- 
tion, a  foreigner  is  employed  in  works  which 


Englishmen  feel  they  could  just  as  well  ac- 
complish. The  special  grievance  is  a  Me- 
morial Monument  to  be  erected  at  Scutari, 
for  the  execution  of  which  Baron  Maro- 
chetti  was  selected. 

Remains  of  Sir  John  Franklin.  —  A 
box  has  been  received  at  the  office  of  the 
American  European  Express  Company, 
New  York,  which  contains  a  portion  (per- 
haps all)  of  the  relics  of  the  unfortunate 
expedition  of  Sir  John  Franklin : — One 
piece  of  snow-shoe,  marked  Mr.  Stanley, 
(the  name  is  cut  into  the  wood  with  a 
penknife);  one  piece  of  cane,  apparently 
bamboo ;  one  piece  of  wood,  part  of  a  boat, 
with  copper  binding ;  one  piece  of  wood, 
part  of  a  boat,  with  the  word  "  Erebus" 
cut  into  it ;  two  pieces  bunting ;  one  piece 
cordage;  one  piecb  leather,  the  inside  of 
a  backgammon-board;  one  piece  metal, 
the  graduated  part  of  a  barometer ;  one 
piece  ivory,  part  of  a  mathematical  parallel 
ruler ;  one  piece  ivory,  apparently  part  of 
a  mathematical  instrument.  This  box  was 
received  fVom  the  Hudson's  Bay  House, 
Lachine,  to  be  forwarded  to  the  Hudson's 
Bay  House  in  London. 

The  White  Horse,  FeUer-lane.— These 
premises — so  well  known  in  bygone  times 
as  a  coaching  inn — have  been  opened,  under 
the  auspices  of  a  committee  of  gentlemen, 
as  a  lodging-house  for  sinj^le  men,  on  a 
plan  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  model 
lodging-houses,  but  modified,  as  the  pro- 
moters believe,  to  meet  more  the  wants 
and  feelings  of  the  class  intended  to  be 
benefited  by  the  undertaking. 


HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE. 


FOREIGN    NEWS. 


France. — Most  destructive  floods  have 
occurred  in  various  parts,  especially  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lyons.  The  Emperor 
visited  the  scene  of  desolation,  and  was 
obliged  te  relinquish  his  horse,  and  go 
from  place  to  place  by  boat.  Viewed  firom 
the  tower  of  Arimes,  near  Aries,  the  whole 
country  between  the  city  and  the  sea 
seemed  to  be  under  water.  A  steam-boat 
passed  over  the  Camargue,  a  tract  of  land 
near  Aries,  picking  up  persons  firom  the 
roofs  of  the  isolated  houses — saving  sixty 
lives.  Many  persons  had  been  thirty -six 
hours  without  food.  As  the  water  has 
drained  from  the  low-lying  quarters  of 
Lyons,  "numerous  bodies  have  been  dis- 
oorered  in  a  state  of  decomposition."    At 


the  Orleans  Railway-station  the  waters 
reached  the  fourth  story ;  and  at  a  neigh- 
bouring hotel  travellers  were  compelled  to 
let  themselves  down  by  sheets  into  boats. 
At  Tours,  the  water  was  ten  feet  deep  at 
the  railway-station ;  and  as  fiaur  as  the  eye 
could  reach,  the  adjacent  country  was 
under  water.  Many  bridges  were  broken 
down,  walls  levelled,  dykes  burst,  farms 
submerged.  On  the  high  groimds  round 
Tours,  "  thousands  of  victims  were  grouped 
together  without  shelter  and  without  food." 
The  Rue  Royale  at  Tours  is  "  like  a  cannl, 
and  boats  are  plying  on  it  incessantly;" 
"  the  MaU  is  Uke  a  torrent ;"  *'  all  sorts  of 
things  are  floating  about."  Saumnr  was 
isolated;  the  waters  filled  the  immeiwe 


183G.] 


Foreign  News, 


111 


slate-quarries  at  Angers,  and  threw  ten 
thousand  people  out  of  work.  Whole 
villages  were  swept  away  in  some  places. 

A  meeting,  presided  over  by  the  Lord- 
mayor,  was  held  at  the  Mansion-house, 
London,  when  nearly  £5,000  for  the  relief 
of  the  sufferers  was  subscribed  on  the  spot. 
Her  Majesty  afterwards  forwarded  the  mu- 
nificent sum  of  £1,000,  and  Prince  Albert 
£500,  in  aid  of  the  fund. 

The  baptism  of  the  Imperial  Infant  took 
place  on  June  14.  The  ceremony  was 
attended  with  all  that  magnificence  and 
display  for  which  the  French  people  are  so 
celebrated.  The  solemn  rite  was  per- 
formed by  the  Cardinal-Legate,  Patrizzi, 
who,  amongst  the  presents  for  the  occa- 
■ion,  brought  with  him  "  an  extremely 
valuable  relic,  nothing  less  than  a  frag- 
ment of  our  Samour's  cradle,  studded 
with  diamonds,  for  the  baby." 

Paris  has  been  all  alive  in  consequence 
of  a  cattle-show  on  an  enormous  scale,  at- 
ttfided  by  representatives  from  all  parts  of 
the  world.  England  was  well  represented, 
mnd  carried  off  a  fair  share  of  the  prizes. 

The  Emperor  has  ordered  a  number  of 
copies  of  Mr.  Hewitt's  valuable  work  on 
Armour,  for  the  purpose  of  placing  them 
in  the  principal  public  libraries. 

America. — The  state  of  affairs  in  the 
United  States  is  disgraceful  to  civilization. 
On  the  22nd  of  May  a  murderous  attack 
was  made  by  one  of  the  State  represen- 
tatives in  the  Senate-house,  on  another 
member,  in  the  presence  of  several,  who 
coolly  looked  on  while  Mr.  Sumner,  the 
member  attacked,  was  nearly  murdered. 
The  plea  was,  that  Mr.  Sumner  had  spoken 
disrespectfully,  in  the  Senate,  of  the  State 
represented  by  the  attacking  member. 
The  President  has  recognised  Walker,  the 
filibustering  chief  of  Nicaragua,  who  will 
now,  most  probably,  be  enabled  to  stand 
his  ground.  The  principal  event,  however, 
was  the  dismissal  of  the  British  minister, 
on  the  ground  of  breaking  the  laws  of  the 
States  in  reference  to  recruiting; — the 
real  object,  apparently,  being  to  gain  a 
little  popular  applause  with  the  demo- 
cratical  party.  But  President  Peirce  has 
failed  in  his  object,  and  stands  no  chance 
of  being  re-elected. 

Turkey, — The  Porte  has  resolved  to  re- 
organise its  army,  which  is  to  consist  in 
time  of  peace  of  100,000  men,  of  whom 
85,000  will  be  Christians.  Those  who  do 
not  wish  to  serve,  and  have  the  means, 
will  be  permitted  to  provide  substitutes. 
Part  of  the  personnel  of  the  new  Russian 
Embassy  have  arrived  at  Constantinople. 
The  English  and  French  ambassadors  have 
obtained  from  the  Porte  a  promise  of  severe 
meaBore^  against  the  assassins  of  Marasch, 


who  are  to  be  brought  to  Constantinople. 
The  operations  necessary  for  the  fresh 
demarcation  of  the  frontier  of  Bessarabia 
will  occupy  three  months. 

It  is  proposed  to  erect  a  Church  at  Con^ 
stantinople,  as  a  memorial  of  the  gallant 
men  who  fell  in  the  war,  and  the  com- 
mittee, to  whom  the  business  has  been 
entrusted,  have  invited  architects  to  send 
in  designs.  The  competition  will  be  un- 
limited, and  anonymous.  The  style  to  be 
adopted  is  that  of  the  recognised  eccle- 
siastical Gothic  architecture  of  Western 
Europe,  modified  so  as  to  suit  the  climate. 
The  church  is  to  be  of  sufficient  capacity 
to  hold,  without  galleries,  a  congregation 
of  not  fewer  than  seven  hundred  persons ; 
while  the  cost  must  not  exceed  £20,000. 
The  adjudication  is  intrusted  to  the  follow- 
ing gentlemen : — The  Bbhop  of  Ripon,  Sir 
Charles  Anderson,  Bart.,  the  Dean  of  Ely, 
the  Rev.  Professor  Willis,  and  A.  J.  B.  Hope, 
Esq.  Tlie  judges  will  be  entitled  to  award 
a  first  prize  of  £100,  and  a  second  and  third 
prize  of  £70  and  £50,  or,  in  case  of  equality, 
two  second  prizes  of  £60  each.  The  design 
to  which  the  first  prize  is  adjudicated  will, 
without  some  special  reason  to  the  con- 
trary, be  the  one  carried  out;  and  the 
amount  of  the  prize  will  be  ultimately 
deducted  from  the  architect's  commission. 
After  the  decision,  all  the  designs  will  be 
exhibited. 

Spain.  —  A  conspiracy  has  been  dis- 
covered to  assassinate  the  Queen;  but  it 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  one  of  a 
formidable  description,  or  to  have  created 
any  very  serious  alarm;  although  a  con- 
siderable sensation  was  caused  through- 
out Madrid  upon  the  first  promulgation 
of  the  fact.  An  officer  of  the  National 
Guard  is  believed  to  have  been  the  origi- 
nator of  the  plot,  who  employed  some 
persons  of  the  lower  classes  to  carry  out 
his  plan;  for  which  purpose  a  sum  of 
2,000  piastres  was  to  be  paid  to  the 
assassin  who  should  perpetrate  the  atro- 
cious deed.  The  villain  who  was  to  fire 
the  pistol  has  been  apprehended ;  but  the 
author  of  the  murderous  scheme  has  at 
present  escaped  the  vigilance  of  the  police. 
War  has  been  declared  against  Mexico, 
but  the  good  offices  of  France  as  a  medi- 
atrix have  been  accepted,  so  that  actual 
hostilities  are  not  expected  to  take  place. 

Portugal. — ^The  young  monarch  has 
begun  to  feel,  for  the  first  time,  the 
anxieties  and  responsibilities  of  his  kingly 
office,  the  Duke  of  Saldanha  and  his  col- 
leagues having  given  in  their  ministerial 
resignations.  It  appears  that  a  dispute 
had  arisen  between  his  Majesty  and  the 
Cabinet,  the  latter  urging  the  sovereign 
to  create  a  number  of  peers,  in  order  to 


112 


Foreign  News. 


[July, 


secure  the  passing  of  certain  financial 
measures  that  had  already  obtained  the 
sanction  of  the  Lower  House ;  but  which 
his  Migestj  peremptorily  refused  to  do. 
Upon  this  answer  being  received,  the 
Sfddanha  Ministry,  as  above  stated,  im- 
mediately resign^  Guilio  Oomes  da 
Silva  Sanches,  President  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  has  been  charged  with  the 
formation  of  a  new  administration. 

The  Brazils.  —  His  Imperial  Majesty 
Dom  Pedro  II.  opened  the  Brazilian 
Chambers  on  the  3rd  of  May,  in  a  speech 
from  the  throne.  His  Majesty  congratu- 
lated both  houses  upon  the  satis&ctory 
state  of  public  affairs.  Order  and  tran- 
auillity  became  every  day  more  consoli- 
dated, trade  and  commerce  were  rapidly 
extending,  and  the  revenue  for  the  year 
hod  exceeded  the  anticipations  of  the  Go- 
vernment. His  Majesty  intimated  his 
intention  of  making  considerable  reduc- 
tions in  the  import  duties,  and  had  no 
doubt  the  representatives  of  the  nation 
would  devise  the  means  by  which  the  re- 
ceipts and  expenses  should  be  equalized. 
His  Majesty  condemned,  in  forcible  lan- 
g^nage,  some  attempts  that  had  been  made 
to  restore  the  trade  in  slaves,  but  which 
the  Government  had  completely  frus- 
trated, and  ever  would.  His  Majesty 
then  declared  the  session  opened.  The 
Pemambuco   Railway  has  not  yet  been 


commenced,  but  as  the  necessary  capital 
is  subscribed,  it  is  thought  that  no  Air- 
ther  delay  will  occur. 

Australia  and  Neto  Zealand. — Advices 
from  Melbourne,  via  Ceylon,  have  been 
received  to  the  28th  of  March.  —  The 
price  of  gold  had  risen  to  3/.  I8s.  6d. 
The  gold-fields  were  yielding  more  largely 
than  ever  —  at  the  rate  of  nearly 
20,000,000/.  per  annum.  The  produce 
of  the  first  three  months  of  1856  is 
nearly  double  that  of  the  corresponding 
three  months  of  1855,  being  close  upon 
700,000  ounces.  Trade  continued  steady. 
The  balance  was  in  favour  of  the  colony. 
In  five  weeks  the  value  of  the  exports 
was  1,917,000/.,  ag^nst  1,400,000/.  im- 
ports. The  price  of  the  necessaries  of 
life  was  moderate.  At  Melbourne  they 
had  been  108  days  without  advices  from 
England.  The  Legislature  had  voted 
75,000/.  per  annum  to  re-establish  a 
steam  communication. — In  New  Zealand 
the  natives  of  Taranaki  were  still  unruly ; 
but  that  colony,  like  Australia,  was  gene- 
rally peaceful  and  prosperous.  Papers  re- 
port local  parliamentary  proceedings,  by 
which  it  appears  that  the  growth  of 
thistles  in  that  part  of  the  world  had 
been  so  pestiferous,  that  a  bill  was  pass- 
ing through  the  leg^lature  to  suppress 
the  nuisance ! 


DOMESTIC    OCCrRRENCES. 


Mat  29  having  been  set  apart  as  a  day 
for  the  Celebration  of  Peace,  the  Govern- 
ment provided  for  the  amusement  of  Lon- 
doners such  a  display  of  fireworks  as  was 
never  before  exhibited  in  this  country. 
Hyde-park  and  St.  James'  provided  a 
light  for  the  aristocracy,  Victoria-park 
one  for  the  weavers  and  denizens  of  the 
east,  whi!e  the  mass  of  respectable  middle- 
class  citizens  who  reside  to  the  north- 
west of  London  were  not  forgotten,  but 
were  treated  to  a  display  on  Prinirose- 
hill  similar  to  that  in  the  three  parks. 
All  the  public  buildings,  the  club-houses, 
the  mansions  of  the  nobility,  and  the 
shops  in  the  principal  thorough&res,  were 
illuminated.  It  is  computed  that  up- 
wards of  two  million  spectators  ei\joyed 
the  various  sights  presented  for  the  even- 
ing's amusement.  Within  the  memory  of 
"  the  oldest  inhabitant"  London  was  never 
so  full.  Every  inn  and  hotel  was  crowded, 
and  the  various  railways  were  for  several 
days  previously  engaged  in  bringing  shoals 
of  visitors  up  to  Lonoon. 
14 


The  first  display  of  the  Great  Fountains 
in  the  Crysted  Palace  at  Sydenham^  (which 
took  place  in  the  presence  of  the  Queen 
and  the  royal  family,)  at  the  Palace,  June 
18,  was  attended  with  brilliant  success. 
The  day  was  singularly  auspicious,  the 
company  immense,  not  fewer  than  20,000 
persons  being  present,  and  nothing  could 
exceed  the  gaiety  and  animation  of  the 
scene  in  the  grounds.  Her  Mi^esty, 
Prince  Albert,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the 
Princess  Royal,  and  the  royal  visitors 
arrived  shortly  after  5  o'clock,  and  pro- 
ceeded slowly  round  the  grounds  in  open 
carriages,  accompanied  by  Sir  Joseph 
Pftxton.  As  soon  as  the  royal  party  had 
reached  a  commanding  position,  the  whole 
system  of  water-works,  including,  besides 
the  fountains  on  the  terraces,  the  water- 
temples,  the  cascades,  the  two  large  water- 
fSUls,  and  the  fountains  of  the  grand  lower 
basins,  were  brought  gradually  into  opera- 
tion. The  effect  was  little  less  than  ma- 
gical, and  for  an  hour  afterwards  charmed 
alike  the  eye  and  the  ear  of  the  maltitade 


1856.] 


Promotions  and  Preferments. 


113 


around.  Perhaps  no  better  idea  can  be 
given  of  the  magnitude  of  this  magnifi- 
cent series  of  fountains  and  their  com- 
bined efifect,  which  far  exceed  those  of 
Versailles,  than  by  stating  the  fact  that, 
when  they  are  in  full  operation  there 
are  11,788  jets  plaving,  and  that  the 
quantity  of  water  ilisplayed  simultane- 
ously in  them  is  about  120,000  gallons 
per  minute.  Her  Majesty  seemed  highly 
delighted  at  the  sight;  indeed,  such  a 
spectacle  has  seldom  been  witnessed  by 
any  monarch.  A  vast  dense  mass  of  sub- 
jects, happy,  loyal  and  enthusiastic,  filling 
the  air  with  cheers,  were  assembled  in 
the  most  beautiful  grounds  in  the  world. 
In  the  backgroimd  there  was  the  palace 
itself.  From  the  back  to  the  foreground 
pillars  of  water  were  shooting  up,  festoons 
of  water  were  circling  particular  foun- 
tains, cascades  of  water  were  enveloping 
temples  which  appeared  framed  of  gold 
and  glass,  torrents  of  water  were  ruslung 
over  stone  steeps.  Not  an  accident  oc- 
curred throughout  the  day  to  mar  the 
pleasure  of  the  scene. 

WALL-PArN'TINOSATHADLEIGHCllUBCH. 

— Recent  reparations  in  Hadleigh  Churchy 
J2»j<?j*,  have  been  the  means  of  bringing  to 
light  some  interesting  mural  decorations, 
which,  under  the  care  and  superintendence 


of  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Heygate  and  Mr.  H.  W. 
King,  will  furnish  the  ecclesiastical  anti- 
quary wath  curious  examples  of  the  mod<»8 
of  adorning  our  churches  in  the  middle 
ages,  and  with  examples  of  the  artistic 
skill  of  the  designee  and  decorators.  The 
paintings  in  Hadleigh  Church  are  of  at 
least  four  distinct  periods — the  oldest  and 
the  best  in  style  being  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. The  latest,  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
ujMjn  the  north  wall,  is  a  demi-figure  of  tVe 
"Virgin  Crowned,  and  a  Woman  in  the 
attitude  of  Supplication."  Ke  r  this  is  th  j 
entire  figure  of  "St. James  the  Less,"  t^ 
whom  the  church  is  dedicated.  Among 
the  paintings  of  a  later  date  's  a  very  large 
representation  of  the  legend  of  "  St.  George 
and  the  Dragon,"  with  all  the  accessories 
necessary  to  the  fuU  comprehension  of  the 
stoi'y ;  such  as  the  "  King  and  Queen,  and 
their  beautiful  daughter,  who  was  given  up 
to  be  devoured  by  the  monster,  which  is 
i*eprc8ented  as  pierced  through  the  head  by 
the  spear  of  the  Champion  of  Christen- 
dom." On  the  staircase  leading  to  the 
rood-lofl  is  a  figure  of  Beckett  in  pon- 
tificals, and,  in  Lorn  bardic  characters, 
"  Beatus  Tomas."  It  is  to  be  feared  that 
it  will  be  impossible  to  preserve  all  these 
curious  paintings. 


PROMOTIONS,  PREFERMENTS,  &c. 


Gazette  rREFKRXiEXTs,  &c. 

May  19.  To  be  Rear-Adinirsil  of  the  WHiltc, 
Rear- Admiral  W.  Sandon  of  the  Blue ;  to  be  Rear- 
Admiral  on  the  reserved  list,  Cupt.  C.  H.  Wil- 
liams ;  to  be  Rear-Admiral  of  the  Blue,  Capt. 
C.  H.  Greville ;  to  be  Rear-Admirals  on  tlie  re- 
tired list  without  increase  of  pay,  Capts.  A.  A. 
Vincent,  K.H.  and  S.  Radford,  K.H. 

May  27.  To  be  General,  Lieut. -Gen.  M.  Boyd ; 
to  be  Lieut. -Generals,  Major-Gen.  W.  R.  C.  Cortley 
and  C.  Herbert ;  to  be  Major-Generals,  Cols.  H.  F. 
Caley  and  C.  II.  Dick. 

Jutw  3.  Major-Gen.  Sir  W.  Eyre,  K.C.B.,  to 
have  local  rank  of  Lieut. -General  in  North 
America. 

June  6.  Major-Gen.  CodriuKlon,  K.C.B.,  to  be 
Lieut. -General  in  the  Anny. 

June  2<).  To  be  Knipht  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Bath,  Sir  C.  Wood;  to  be  Commander  of  the 
Bath,  n.  A.  Churchill,  Interpreter  to  Sir  W.  F. 
Williams. 

June  24.  The  Queen  has  directed  letters  patent 
to  be  passed  under  the  Great  Seal,  grranting  the 
dija^iity  of  a  baron  imto  Rear-Admiral  Sir  Edmund 
Lyons,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  by  the  name,  style,  and 
title  of  Baron  Lyons  of  Christchurch,  in  the  county 
of  Southampton,  and  to  the  heirs  male  of  his  body 
lawfully  begotten. 

The  Queen  has  also  been  pleased  to  dii-ect 
letters  patent  to  be  passed  imdcr  the  Great  Seal, 
granting  the  dignity  of  a  baronet  unto  Sir  Bald- 


win Wake  Walker,  of  Oakley-house,  in  tie 
county  of  Suffolk,  K.C.B.,  Captain  in  and  Sur- 
veyor of  her  Majesty's  Navy,  and  to  the  heirs 
nullc  «»f  his  body  lawfully  begotten. 

Lady  Codrington,  wife  of  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  Wm. 
Codririgton,  K.C.B.,  to  be  one  of  the  Bedchamber 
Women  in  Ordinary',  in  the  room  of  Liuly  Digby, 
resigned. 

Viscount  Sidney  to  be  Lord-Lieut  of  Kent. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  to  be  Lord-Lieut,  of 
Dor!*ctshire. 

R.  B.  Williams,  esq.,  to  be  one  of  Iler  Majesty's 
Hon.  Corps  of  Gentlemen-at-Arms,  vice  Grange, 
retired. 

Mr.  Joseph  Fowler  to  be  Acting-Consul  at  New 
York. 

Robert  Boyd  Lamb,  esq.,  to  be  Consul  at  St. 
Thomas'. 

Fletcher  Whitley,  esq.,  to  be  Receiver-General 
and  Treasurer  at  the  Bahamas. 

Rd.  Leavinge  Swift,  esq.,  to  be  Consul  at  Riga. 

John  B.  Williams,  esq.,  to  be  Consul  at  Sevme. 

Wm.  James  Hertslet,  esq.,  to  be  Consul  at 
Konigsberg. 


Members  returned  to  serve  in  Parliament, 
Lichfield. — Lord  Sandon. 
Leiceslei. —iohxi  Biggs,  esq. 


Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


114 


[July, 


OBITUARY. 


Eabl  Digby. 

May  11.  At  his  residence  in  Brook - 
street,  London,  aged  83,  the  llieht  Hon. 
Edward  Digby,  second  Earl  of  Digby,  co. 
Lincoln,  and  Viscount  Coleshill,  co.  War- 
wick (1790),  and  Baron  Digby  of  Sher- 
l)ome,  CO.  Dorset  (1765),  and  eighth  Baron 
Digby  of  Greshill,  in  the  King's  County 
(1620),  Lord -Lieutenant  and  Gustos  Rotu- 
lonun  of  Dorsetshire,  and  D.C.L. 

He  was  born  in  Dover-street,  Middlesex, 
Jan.  6. 1773,  the  eldest  son  of  Henry,  the  first 
earl,  by  his  second  wife  Mary,  daughter  and 
heir  of  John  Knowles,  Esq.  A  few  months 
before  attaining  his  majority  he  succeeded 
to  the  peerage  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
Sept.  25,  1793.  Few,  if  any  members 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  had  longer  pos- 
sessed a  seat  in  that  august  assembly; 
but  his  lordship  never  took  an  active 
jmrt  in  politics.  He  gave  his  vote  to 
the  Tory  party,  and  was  in  the  majority 
which  drove  out  Earl  Grey*s  ministry  on 
the  Reform  BiU,  May  7,  1832. 

His  lordship  was  appointed  Lord-Lieu- 
tenant of  Dorsetshire  by  the  Earl  of  Liver- 
pool in  18 — .  He  was  formerly  Colonel  of 
the  Dorset  Militia. 

His  lordship  never  married,  nor  did 
either  of  his  brothers,  —  the  Hon.  and 
llev.  Robert  Digby,  Rector  of  Sheldon 
and  Vicar  of  Coleshill,  who  died  in  1830, 
and  the  Hon.  Stephen  Digby,  who  died 
in  1795.  His  eldest  sister,  who  died  in 
1807,  married  William  Wingfield,  Esq., 
and  to  her  son,  Mr.  Wingfield,  his  lord- 
ship has  left  his  unentailed  estates. 

The  earldom  has  become  extinct.  Tlie 
Irish  barony  devolves  on  Edward  St. 
Vincent  Digby,  Esq.,  of  Mmtem  House, 
Dorsetshire,  son  of  the  late  Admiral  Sir 
Henrj'  Digby,  G.C.B.,  (by  the  dowager 
Viscountess  Andover,)  and  grandson  of 
the  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  W^illiam  Digby, 
^^L.D.,  Dean  of  Durham,  brother  to  the 
first  earl.  He  married  in  1837  Lady 
Theresa  Fox-Strangeways,  elder  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Ilchester,  and  has  issue. 

The  present  family  is  descended  from  Sir 
Kol)ert  Digby,  elder  brother  of  the  first 
VaiX  of  Bristol  and  Baron  Digby  of  Sher- 
l)ome,  whose  male  line  became  extinct  in 
1698.  Henry  the  seventh  Lord  Digby  of 
Ireland,  was  created  an  English  ])eer,  as 
Baron  Digby  of  Sherborne,  in  1766,  and 
afterwards  Earl  of  Digby,  in  1790. 


The  Countess  of  Shrewsbuht. 

June  4.  At  PiEiris,  aged  61,  the  Rt. 
Hon.  Maria  Theresa,  Countess  of  Shrews- 
bury and  Waterford. 

Her  Ladyship  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Talbot,  Esq.,  of  Castle  Talbot,  in 
the  county  of  Wexford,  by  his  wife  Mary, 
daughter  of  Lawrence  0*Toole,  Esq.,  of 
Buxtown,  in  the  same  county.  She  was 
bom  on  May  21,  1795,  and  was  married 
at  Bath,  on  June  27, 1814,  to  John  Talbot, 
Esq.,  who  became  17th  Earl  of  Shrews- 
biuy  on  the  demise  of  his  uncle  Charles, 
the  16tb  earl,  in  1827.  His  Lordship 
died  at  Naples  suddenly,  Nov.  9,  1852,  a 
memoir  of  whom  will  be  found  in  our 
Magasdne  for  January,  1853.  By  this 
marriage  her  Ladyship  had  issue  a  son, 
who  died  in  infancy,  and  two  daughters ; 
the  elder  of  these,  Maria  Alathea  Beatrix, 
created  a  princess  by  the  King  of  Bavaria, 
was  married  to  Prince  Doria  Pamphilj 
Laudi,  and  has  issue  one  son  and  four 
daughters.  The  Countess'  yoimger  daughter 
was  Catherine  Gwendaline,  married  Mark 
Antony,  Prince  de  Borghese,  who  died  in 
Italy,  October  27,  18^iO,  leaving  an  only 
daughter,  now  the  wife  of  Rodolph,  Prince 
de  Piombino,  Duke  of  Sora. 


ReaB'Admibal  Lobd  Adolfhvs 

FiTZCLABENCE,  K.C.H. 

May  17.  While  on  a  visit  at  Newburgh 
Park,  the  seat  of  Sir  George  Wombwell, 
in  Yorkshire,  to  Right  Hon.  Lord  Adol- 
phus  Fitzclarence,  Rear-Admiral  of  the 
,  aged  54. 

The  deceased,  the  second  son  of  his 
late  Mfgesty  King  William  IV.,  by  the 
celebrated  actress  Mrs.  Jordan,  was  bom 
Feb.  18,  1802,  and  was  the  last  survivor 
of  the  four  brothers. 

He  entered  the  navy  May  26,  1814,  as 
first-class  volunteer  on  boiurd  the  "Im- 
pregnable," 98,  Captains  Blackwood  and 
Adam,  bearing  the  flag  of  H.  R.  H.  the 
Duke  of  Clarence,  in  which  ship  he  shortly 
after  escorted  the  allied  sovereigns  fVom 
Calais  to  Dover.  He  then,  as  midship- 
man, joined  the  "Newcastle,"  50,  Capt. 
Lord  George  Stuart,  on  the  North  Ame- 
rican station,  and  on  his  return  in  1815 
proceeded  to  the  Mediterranean  in  the 
"TaguB,"  from  whidi  he  was  transferred 


1856.]    Obituary. — The  BisJwp  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol.         115 


first  to  the  "  Rochford,"  and  then  to  the 
"  Glasgow,"  till  he  received  his  first  com- 
mission, bearing  date  April  23,  1821.  He 
served  as  lieutenant  in  the  "Euryalus," 
42,  till  he  attained  the  rank  of  Com- 
mander in  1823,  and  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  the  "Brisk"  sloop,  on  the  North 
Sea  station. 

In  1824  he  was  made  Post-Captain,  and 
Feb.  9,  1826,  appointed  to  the  "  Ariadne," 
26,  in  the  Mediterranean;  July  2,  1827, 
to  the  "Challenger,"  28,  in  which  vessel 
he  brought  home  the  Governor- General 
of  Canada,  Lord  Dalhousie,  from  Quebec 
to  England.  Subsequently,  in  the  "  Pal- 
las," 42,  he  was  employed  in  conveying 
Lord  Dalhousie  and  the  Bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta from  Portsmouth  to  Bengal,  and 
Lord  Combermere  from  India,  home. 

When  his  father,  William  IV.,  ascended 
the  throne,  the  command  of  the  "  Royal 
George"  yacht  was  given  to  him.  He 
was  also  made  Groom  of  the  Robes  to  the 
King,  with  the  rank  of  Groom  of  the  Bed- 
chamber, and  shortly  after  he  was  ad- 
vanced, with  the  other  children  of  Mrs. 
Jordan,  to  the  rank  of  a  marquis'  younger 
son.  In  January,  1833,  he  was  made  a 
Lord  of  the  Bedchamber,  and  was  also 
Deputy  Ranger  of  Bushey  and  Windsor 
Home  Parks.  By  the  present  Queen  the 
command  of  the  royal  yacht  "Victoria 
and  Albert"  was  conferred  upon  him,  and 
this  he  continued  to  hold  till  he  attained 
the  rank  of  Rear-Admiral,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Captain  Denman. 

In  1832  King  William  IV.  presented 
a  very  beautiful  miniature  frigate  to  the 
King  of  Prussia,  who  on  that  occasion 
created  Lord  Adolphus  a  Knight  of  the 
Red  Eagle  of  Prussia,  first  class,  for  con- 
veying the  vessel.  Twenty  years  later 
he  was  nominated  a  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Royal  Hanoverian  Guelphic  order.  Sub- 
sequently he  refused  the  ofi*er  of  the 
Lieutenant-Governorship  of  Greenwich 
Hospital. 

He  had  been  for  a  short  time  on  a  visit 
to  Sir  George  Wombwell,  at  his  seat  near 
Easingwold,  when  on  the  15th  of  May  he 
was  seized  with  paralysis,  from  which  he 
never  rallied. 


The  Bishop  of  Gloucesteb  and  Bristol. 

June  6.  At  the  palace,  Stapleton,  near 
Bristol,  aged  72,  the  Right  Rev.  James 
Henry  Monk,  D.D.,  Lord-Bishop  of  Glou- 
cester and  Bristol. 

He  was  the  only  son  of  Mr.  Charles  Monk, 
an  officer  of  the  40th  H^ment,  and  nephew 
of  Sir  James  Monk,  formerly  Chief  Justice  of 
Montreal.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Joshua  Waddington,  vicar  of  Har- 
worth,  Notts,  and  he  was  bom  at  Bunting- 


ford,  Herts,  early  in  the  year  1784.  His 
early  education  he  received  at  Norwich, 
under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Foster,  but  was  removed 
thence  to  the  Charterhouse  in  1798.  Here 
he  remained  about  two  yeara,  and,  under 
the  then  Head  Master,  Dr.  Raine,  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  accurate  scholarship  in  the 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  was  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  hopeful  pupils  in  the  school, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  October,  1800.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  elected  scholar,  and,  after 
gaining  seveml  college  prizes,  came  out  se- 
venth Wrangler.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
Second  Chancellor's  medallist.  On  the  Ist 
of  October,  1805,  Mr.  Monk  was  elected  to  a 
fellowship  at  Trinitv.  In  October,  1807,  he 
became  Assistant  T'utor  of  the  Collie,  and 
commenced  his  classical  lectures,  and  such 
was  the  effect  produced  on  the  minds  of  his 
pupils,  that  during  the  fifteen  years  of  his 
tutorship  they  carried  off  the  greater  part 
of  the  higher  classical  honours  at  Cambridge. 
In  November,  1808,  Professor  Person  died 
suddenly  in  London,  and  so  high  was  the 
opinion  entertained  of  Mr.  Monk's  scholar- 
snip,  that  he  was  put  forward  as  a  candidate 
for  the  vacancy,  and  in  January,  18f  9,  elected 
to  the  Professorship  of  Greek,  at  the  age  of 
25.  In  the  same  year  he  was  ordained  Dea- 
con by  the  Head  of  his  College,  Bp.  Mansel, 
and  Priest  in  1810.  In  1812  he  was  appointed 
to  a  Whitehall  Preachership,  ana  it  was 
here  that  he  first  attracted  the  favourable 
notice  of  the  late  Lord  Liverpool,  at  that 
time  Premier,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
subsequent  advancement. 

In  his  new  position  as  Regius  Professor 
Dr.  Monk  published  several  tracts,  in  which 
he  proposed  to  establish — what  was  sub- 
sequently adopted — a  classical  tripos,  with 
public  examinations  and  honours,  for  which 
those  only  could  bo  candidates  who  had 
obtained  a  place  in  the  mathematical  tripos. 

In  1811  the  then  Professor  of  Greek,  de- 
sirous, no  doubt,  of  shewing  that  the  chair, 
which  had  become  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Person,  had  been  assigned  to  a  successor 
who,  without  pretending  to  his  predecessor's 
gigantic  powei*s  and  attainments  as  a  scho- 
lar, yet  not  only  loved  Greek  himself,  but 
was  anxious  to  instil  a  similar  feeling  into 
the  rising  young  men  of  the  university,  made 
his  first  appearance  as  an  editor  of  the 
"  Ilippolytus"  of  Euripides,  a  selection  which 
was  owing  to  the  fact  of  its  being  in  the 
common  order  of  the  plays  of  that  dram  itist 
next  to  the  Medea,  the  last  that  Porson  had 
published.  Of  this  edition  a  ftill,  fair,  and 
friendly  review  appeared  in  the  "  Quarterly," 
No.  15,  for  Sept.  1812,  written,  it  is  said,  by 
the  present  Bishop  of  London  ;  while,  in 
confirmation  of  the  favourable  opinion  of  the 
reviewer,  it  may  be  stated,  not  only  that  it 
went  through  five  editions,  the  last  of  which 
appeared  in  1840,  but  that  a  Mr.  Yonge,  in 
1846,  translated  into  English  the  I^tin  notes 
of  the  original  edition,  and  abridged  such  as 
were  deemed  too  learned  to  suit  the  taste  of 
the  present  day,  that  rejects  whatever  has 
the  taint  of  antiquity,  just  as  venison,  grouse, 
and  pheasants  are  consigned  to  the  dung- 


116         Obituary. — The  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,     [July, 


hill  when  they  have  been  kept  too  long  for 
the  table. 

To  the  "  Hippolyt\is"  succeeded,  in  1816, 
the  *'Alcestis"  of  Euripides,  of  which  the 
fifth  and  last  edition  appeared  in  1837,  but 
not  before  it  had  been  reprinted  by  one 
Wueatemann,  at  Grotlia,  in  1823,  who  has 
added  a  few  notes  of  not  the  least  value  ; 
and  so  thought  his  former  tutor,  Hermann, 
who,  dissatisfied  with  his  pupil's  doings,  in« 
duced  a  Leipsig  bookseller  to  publish,  in 
1824,  another  edition,  with  a  selection  from 
the  notes  of  the  English  scholar,  and  not  the 
whole  of  them,  as  Wuestcmann  had  done ; 
and,  by  way  of  giving  a  garnish  to  the  re- 
chauffee,  Hermann  thought  proper  to  add 
some  remarks  of  his  own, — "  Quarum,"  says 
the  late  Bishop,  in  the  preface  to  a  subse- 
quent edition,  "  tanta  est  acerbitas,  ut 
Editorem  potius  insectari,  quam  Poota)  prod- 
esse,  sibi  propositum  habuisse  videatur." 

Between,  however,  the  appearanco  of 
these  two  works,  the  Greek '  Professor  was 
employed,  in  conjunction  with  the  present 
Bishop  of  London,  in  publishing,  in  1812, 
Ricardi  Porsoni  Adversaria^  a  work  that, 
although  it  required  nearly  all  the  leisure 
time  of  the  two  editors  for  a  period  of  two 
years,  did  not  prevent  them  from  undertak- 
ing a  periodical  under  the  title  of  "  Mu- 
seum Criticum,  or  Cambridge  Classical  Ke- 
searches."  This  work,  which  first  ap- 
peared in  1826,  was  continued  at  uncertain 
intervals,  and,  after  running  through  eight 
numbers,  was  discontinued.  Amongst  the 
names  ot  its  original  supporters  and  contribu- 
tors, in  the  sliape  of  purse  and  pen,  we  have 
heard  those  of  the  present  Bishop  of  London, 
the  late  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  the  late  Bishop  of 
Gloucester  and  Bristtjl,  the  late  Dr.  Elmsley, 
the  late  Professor  of  Greek,  Dobroe  ;  the  re- 
centl\-  deceased  Rev.  Robert  Walpole,  the  late 
Dr.  Rennell,  the  son  of  the  more  celebrated 
Master  of  the  Temple  ;  and  the  late  V.  E. 
Blom field,  a  Fellow  of  Emmanuel  College, 
and  a  younger  brother  of  the  Bishop  of 
London.  Few  as  wore  the  numbers  through 
which  this  periodical  extende<l,  there  will 
still  bo  found  in  the  whole  work  greater 
proofs  of  learning,  taste,  and  ingenuity  than 
any  other  periodical  of  the  same  kind  can 
lay  claim  to. 

it  was  probably  in  recognition  of  his  ac- 
knowledged merits  as  a  scholar,  that  in  1822 
Lord  Liv«.rpo(.»l,  at  that  time  Pi*emier,  be- 
stowed on  Dr.  Monk  the  deanery  of  Peter- 
borough, vacated  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Kip- 
ling, known  in  earlier  life  as  the  editor  of  the 
Theodnri  Jiezce  Codex  Cantabrigiensis  of  the 
Ne.v  Testament.  In  the  same  year  he  re- 
si^  iio<l  his  professorship,  and  vacated  his 
fe:l  )\vship  by  marrying  Jane,  only  daughter 
of  the  liev.  H.  Hughes,  of  Nuneaton,  and 
rector  of  Hardwicke,  Northamptonshire.  In 
right  of  his  deanery  he  nominated  himself  to 
the  rectory  of  Fiskerton,  Lincolnshire,  valued 
in  the  * '  Clergv  List"  at  £447  a-year.  Hero 
ho  spent  his  leisure  time  in  beautifying  the 
Cathedral  of  Peterborough,  which  suffered 
more  than  its  share  of  injury  in  the  Civil 
Wars,  when  it  was  tunied  into  a  rope-walk 
For  this  purpose  he  contribute*!  liberally 


himself,  and  collected  the  sura  of  £6,000. 
In  1830  a  canonry  at  Westminster  was  adde<l 
to  Dr.  Monk's  other  preferments,  and  in  the 
same  year  the  late  Duke  of  Wellington  re- 
commended him  for  promotion  to  the  see  of 
Gloucester,  then  vacant  by  the  translation 
of  Dr.  Beth  ell  to  the  see  of  Bangor;  and 
accordingly  he  was  consecrated  at  Lambeth 
on  the  11th  of  July  in  that  year.  In  the 
year  1836,  the  see  of  Ely  falling  vacant,  tho 
Government  of  Lord  Melbourne  translated 
Dr.  Allen  thither  from  Bristol,  in  order  to 
carry  into  effect  a  double  purpose  —  the 
amalgamation  of  the  latter  see  with  Glou- 
cester, in  accordance  with  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  JCcclesiastical  Commission  (of 
which  we  may  here  mention  that  Bishop 
Monk  was  an  ori^nal  member),  and  tho 
creation  of  a  new  bishopric  at  Kipon. 

It  was  during  the  period  he  held  tho 
deanery  of  Peterborough  that  he  published 
tho  "Life  of  Bontley,"  in  2  vols.,  4to.,  of 
which  a  favourable  notice  appeared  in  tho 
"  Quarterly  Review"  for  November,  1831  ; 
and  formed  likewise  the  basis  of  a  series  of 
articles,  by  Professor  Wilson,  in  "  Black- 
wood's Magazine,"  written  by  one  who  not 
only  felt,  but  expressed  in  his  usual  energetic 
style,  his  admiration  of  a  man  who,  had  he 
turned  his  attention  to  modem  law,  as  he 
had  done  to  ancient  literature,  would  havo 
shewn  himself  as  acute  a  Lord- Chancellor  as 
he  was  a  critic.  Of  this  remarkable  life,  a 
second  edition,  revised  and  corrected,  ap- 
peared in  1833,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  But  in  neither 
publication,  as  far  as  we  remember,  is  any 
notice  taken  of  an  elaborate  article  on  tho 
same  subject  that  appeared  in  the  "  London 
Magazine  Enlarged"  for  1783,  written  by  a 
person  who  signs  himself  T.  T. ,  the  initials 
probably  of  Thomas  Tyrwhitt. 

It  was  during  the  same  period,  and  short  • 
ly  after  he  had  become  fairly  settled  at  the 
deanery,  that  ho  published,  in  1824,  a  thin 
volume  of  149  Dagos,  8vo.,  under  the  title  of 
*'  Cambridge  Classical  Examinations,"  which 
is  only  remarkable  as  giving  subsequently 
the  clue  to  the  anonymous  editor  of  tho 
**  Iphigenia  in  Aulis"  and  "  Tauris"  of 
Euripides,  published  respectively  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1840  and  1845,  with  English  notes, 
whicn  we  have  reason  to  know  were  trans- 
lated into  Latin  by  the  same  party  as  tho 
writer  of  the  review  of  the  first  "Iphi- 
genia," that  appeare<i  in  this  periodical,  and 
of  the  second,  which  appoared  in  the  defunct 
"Surphce."  We  have  also  heard  that  it 
was  the  intention  of  the  late  Bishop  to  pub- 
lish all  tho  four  plays  of  Euripides  in  an 
uniform  manner  ;  out  whether  any  provision 
has  been  made  in  liis  Lordship's  will,  oi* 
otherwise,  for  such  a  purpose,  we  have  no 
means  of  ascertaining.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  several  tracts,  sermons,  ami 
charges  on  ecclesiastical  subjects,  and  of  a 
concio  ad  clerum  preached  before  Convoca- 
tion in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

The  political  nart  which  Dr.  Monk  took 
in  tho  Upper  House  as  a  member  of  tho 
episcopal  bench  has  been,  upon  the  whole,  by 
no  means  a  prominent  one  :  he  usually  con- 
tented himself  with  giving  a  silent  vote  in 


185G.]     Sir  W.  0.  Carr.—Sir  E.  Tierney.—Sir  A,  Crichton.    117 


favour  of  the  Tory  interest.  In  the  last  de- 
bate on  the  Reform  Bill  he  replied  with  con- 
siderable energy  and  vigour  to  the  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury  ;  but,  with  this  exception,  he 
scarcely  ever  made  a  set  speech.  In  fact, 
though  a  clear  thinker  and  nuent  writer,  he 
was  but  a  second-rate  orator  at  the  best. 
It  should  be  mentioned,  however,  that  he 
was  a  supporter  of  the  proposition  for  dis- 
franchising boroughs,  when  proved  to  be 
corrupt  in  the  exercise  of  their  electoral 
rights. 

In  religious  matters,  though  a  sound  and 
attached  Churchman,  he  observed  a  safe  and 
cautious  line,  as  his  easy  and  open  nature 
probably  inclined  him  ;  his  favour,  however, 
was  generally  shewn  to  the  High  Church 
rather  than  the   Evangelical  party,  whose 
influence  at   Bristol,   Clifton,  Cheltenham, 
and  other  places  in  his  diocese,  occasionally 
proved  to  him  a  source  of  discomfort.     He 
could  be  firm,  however,  when  he  thought 
that  the  occasion  required  it,  as  he  shewed 
when  in  1841  he  severely  censured  Mr.  Wil- 
liams' Tract  for  the   Times  on  "  Reserve  in 
Communicating  Religious  Knowledge."    We 
also  find  his  name  added  to  those  of  several  of 
his  right  rev.  brethren  when  in  1848  they  pre- 
sented a  respectful  protest  to  Her  Majesty 
against  the  proposed  appointment  of  Dr. 
Hampden  to  the  see  of  Hereford.     He  sub- 
sequently gave  a  guarded  and  quaUfied  ap- 
proval to  the  formation  of  the  Bristol  Church 
Union,  though   it   is  well  known  that  he 
deeply  regretted  the  fierce  polemical  line 
which  it  ultimately  adopted.     He  steadily, 
however,  supported  their  demand  for  the 
revival   of  Convocation.      To  all  works  of 
charity  he  contributed  largely,  and  for  many 
years  regularly  devoted  a  tithe  of  his  income 
to  the  augmentaticn  of  small  livings  in  his 
diocese.     He  contributed,  also,  considerable 
sums  towards  the  restoration  of  churches, 
the  building  of  parsonages^  and  of  parochial 
and  diocesan  schools.     For  many  years  bo- 
fore  his  death  he  was  a  sufferer  from  partial 
blindness,  which  of  late  years  he  felt  to  be  a 
sad  impediment  to  him  in  the  discharge  of 
his  episcopal  duties,  and  for  the  last  six 
months  he  had  suffered  under  nlmost  total 
prostration  of  the  physical  energies. 

By  his  wife,  who  survives  him,  hLs  Lord- 
ship has  left  three  daughters  and  an  only 
son,  who  graduated  some  years  since  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  has  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  travels  in  Turkey  and  the 
East,  under  the  title  of  "The  Golden  Horn." 
He  is  a  barrister-at  law,  and  succeeded  the 
late  Dr.  Phillimore  as  Chancellor  of  Bristol 
in  1855. 


Sir  William  Ogle  Cabb 
April  24.      At   Ceylon,   aged  53,   Sir 
W^iliiam  Ogle  Carr,  Knight,  Chief-Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  at  Ceylon. 

He  wa.s  the  third  son  of  William  Thomas 
Carr,  Esq.,  of  Frognal,  Hampstead.  He 
became  a  student  of  Gray*s  Inn  in  1820, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  by  the  society 
of  that  Inn  on  the  26th  of  April,  1826. 


Going  to  Ceylon,  he  was  admitted  King's 
Advocate  there,  and  in  December,  1839, 
he  was  appointed  second  Puisne  Judge  of 
the  colony.  In  April,  1854,  he  was  made 
Chief- Justice  of  Ceylon,  and  created  a 
Knight.  Sir  William  Ogle  Carr  married 
Miss  Clement,  the  daughter  of  Colonel 
John  A.  Clement,  of  the  Royal  Artillery. 

Sib  Edwabd  Tierney,  Bart. 

May  11.  At  Dublin,  aged  76,  Sir  Ed- 
ward  Tiemey,  Bart.,  of  Churchtown  and 
Kanturk,  county  of  Cork,  for  many  years 
Crown  solicitor  tor  the  North- West  Circuit 
of  Ireland. 

Sir  Edward  Tiemey  was  the  second 
baronet,  having  succeeded  his  brother. 
Sir  Matthew  Tiemey,  one  of  the  physi- 
cians of  George  IV.,  and  who  died  with- 
out issue  Oct.  28,  1845.  The  deceased 
was  enormously  wealthy,  his  estates  in 
the  county  of  Cork  and  elsewhere  being, 
it  is  said,  of  the  value  of  16,000^.  a-year. 
He  married  in  1812,  Anna  Maria,  daughter 
of  Henry  Jones,  Esq.,  and  by  her  had  issue 
Matthew  Edward,  the  present  baronet,  who 
succeeds  to  his  title  and  estates,  and  who 
until  very  recently  held  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain and  lientenant-colonel  in  the  Cold- 
stream Guards,  in  wliich  corps  he  served 
during  the  earlier  part  of  the  war  in  the 
Crimea.  Sir  Edward's  only  other  child  is 
a  daughter,  married,  and  residing  in  Eng- 
land. The  late  baronet  held  for  many 
years  the  ofHce  of  Crown  Solicitor  for  the 
North -West  Circuit,  comprising  six  coun- 
ties, the  emoluments  pertaining  to  which 
are  little  short  of  3,000/.  per  annum.  The 
office  is  virtually  in  the  gift  of  the  At- 
torney-General. He  attended  in  his  pro- 
fessional capacity  the  Special  Commission 
at  Cavan,  where  he  caught  a  severe  cold, 
which  ended  in  bronchitis,  from  the  eflFects 
of  which  he  never  wholly  rallied.  The 
office  of  Clerk  of  Assigns,  in  the  Rolls* 
Court,  is  also  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Sir  Edward  Tiemey. 

Sib  Alexander  Crichton,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 

June  4.  At  his  residence,  the  Grove, 
near  Sevenoaks,  aged  93,  Sir  Alexander 
Crichton. 

He  was  the  son  of  Alexander  Crichton, 
Esq.,  of  Newington,  and  grandson  of 
Patrick  Crichton,  of  Woodhouselee  and 
Newington,  Mid- Lothian.  Sir  Alexander 
was  for  many  years  Physician  in  Ordinary 
to  Alexander  I.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  and 
also  physician  to  the  household  of  the  late 
Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  was  one  of  the 
oldest,  if  not  the  oldest.  Fellows  of  the 
Royal  Society,  having  been  elected  in 
1800.     He  was  a  member  of  various  other 


118     Sir  M.  H,  Nepean, — Gen.  Adams, —  Capt,  Thompson,     [July, 


British  and  Foreign  learned  societies,  and 
was  a  Knight  of  one  Prussian  and  two 
Russian  orders;  and  received  permission 
to  wear  those  orders  in  England,  on  his 
return,  in  1820.  He  was  also  created 
a  Knight-Batchelor  in  1820.  Sir  Alexander 
Crichton  was  the  author  of  some  valuable 
medical  works,  particularly  of  a  book  on 
**  Mental  Derangement."  He  married,  in 
1800,  Miss  Dodwell,  only  daughter  of 
Edward  Dodwell,  Esq.,  of  West  Moulsey, 
Surrey. 


Sir  M.  H.  Nepean,  Babt. 

June  4.  At  Lee-hall,  near  Hexham, 
aged  72,  Sir  Molyneux  Hyde  Nepean, 
second  baronet,  of  Bothenhampton,  and 
Loder*s  Court,  in  the  county  of  Dorset. 

He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  first  baro- 
net, the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Evan  Nepean, 
many  years  Under-Secretary  of  State,  and 
M.P.  for  Queensborough  and  Bridport, 
by  his  wife,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain William  Skinner.  He  was  born  Sep- 
tember 20,  1783,  and  succeeded  to  the 
family  title  and  estates  in  Dorsetshire  on 
the  death  of  his  father,  October  2,  1822. 
Sir  Molyneux  was  for  nearly  thirty  years 
clerk  to  the  Supreme  Court  in  Jamaica. 
He  married,  first,  August  30,  1813,  Char- 
lotte, youngest  daughter  of  Philip  Tighc- 
man,  Esq.,  by  whom  (who  died  June  26, 
1838,)  he  had  three  sons  and  six  daugh- 
ters, of  whom  survive  two  sons  and  one 
daughter.  He  married,  secondly.  May  30, 
1852,  Lydia  Clark,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Clark  Wright,  Esq.,  of  Muston- 
house,  Northumberland,  by  his  wife, 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  Joshua  Parr,  Esq., 
of  Pentree  Paer,  Carmarthenshire.  Sir 
Molyneux  by  his  second  marriage  had  one 
daughter,  who  only  survived  her  birth 
a  few  weeks.  Sir  Molyneux  is  succeeded 
by  his  eldest  son,  Molyneux  Hyde,  now 
the  third  baronet,  who  was  bom  July  2, 
1813,  and  married,  April  27, 1841,  Isabella, 
only  daughter  of  Colonel  Geils,  of  Dum- 
buck,  county  Dumbarton. 


General  Sib  Geo.  Pownall  Adams, 
K.C.H. 

June  10.  At  Temple-hill,  East  Bud- 
leigh,  Devon,  aged  77,  General  Sir  George 
Pownall  Adams,  K.C.H.,  Colonel  of  the 
6th  Enniskillen  Dragoons. 

He  entered  the  army  in  1795,  and 
having  shewn  considerable  ability  in  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1803,  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  the  25th  Light  Dragoons,  in  the 
East  Indies.  He  served  in  India  under 
General  Lake,  and  particularly  distin- 
guislicd  himself  at  Mysore  in  1809;  he 
also  received  the  tlianks  of  the  Governor- 


General  in  council  on  more  than  one  oc- 
casion. He  obtained  the  colonelcy  of  the 
6th  Dragoons  in  1840,  and  the  rank  of 
full  general  in  1851.  By  his  second  wife, 
who  was  a  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  William 
Elford,  Bart.,  M.P.  for  Plymouth,  we  be- 
lieve that  he  has  left  a  family. 


Sir  George  Dfckett,  Babt. 

June  15.  In  Gloucester-gardens,  Hyde- 
park,  aged  78,  Sir  George  Duckett,  Bart, 

He  was  the  son  of  Sir  George  Jackson, 
Bart.,  formerly  Secretary  to  the  Admiralty, 
and  Judge-Advocate,  and  many  years 
M.P.  for  Colchester  and  Weymouth.  He 
assumed  the  name  of  Duckett  in  1797, 
after  his  maternal  g^ndfather,  G.  Duckett, 
Esq.  of  Hartham-house,  Wilts.  The  late 
baronet,  who  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title  in  1822,  and  represented  Lymington 
from  1807  to  1812,  was  a  deputy  lieu- 
tenant for  Hertfordshire,  and  at  one  time 
commanded  the  West  Essex  Militia  as 
Colonel.  He  was  s^d  to  be  able  to  trace 
his  descent  in  the  female  line  up  to  Gun- 
dreda,  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  wife  of  the  Earl  Warren.  He  was 
twice  married :  first  in  1810,  to  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Stainbank  Floyd,  Esq. ;  and 
secondly,  in  1846,  to  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  E.  Seymour,  Esq.,  of  Crowood-park, 
Wilts.  He  is  succeeded  in  the  title  by 
his  son,  George  Floyd,  now  third  baronet, 
a  mf^or  in  the  army,  who  is  married  to  a 
daughter  of  General  Sir  Lionel  Smith, 
G.C.B.,  and  is  well  known  in  the  world  of 
letters  as  the  author  of  a  "  Technological 
Dictionary  of  Military  Terms,  in  English, 
French,  and  German,**  for  which  he  re- 
ceived gold  medals  from  the  Emperors 
of  Austria  and  France,  and  the  King  of 
Prussia. 


Captain  Thompson,  C.B. 

June  13.  At  the  residence  of  his  mother, 
in  Gloucester-road,  Pimlico,  Henry  Lang- 
home  Thompson,  one  of  the  noble  de- 
fenders of  Kars. 

He  was  the  son  of  a  gentleman  who 
held  an  important  official  appointment,  as 
Receiver-General  for  CVown  rents  for  the 
northern  counties,  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  in  1845  entered  the  military  pro- 
fession, of  which  he  became  so  early  an 
ornament.  He  was  appointed  to  an  en- 
signcy  in  the  68th  Regiment  of  Bengal 
Native  Infantry  in  that  year.  On  Fe- 
bruary 12,  1850,  he  was  promoted  to  a 
lieutenancy,  and  in  the  second  Burmese 
war  received  a  wound,  fit>m  which  he  had 
not  recovered  when  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, after  nearly  ten  years*  service,  in  the 


1856.] 


Obituary. — Tlie  Hon,  Ogden  Hoffman. 


119 


auttinm  of  1851.  When  the  demand  was 
felt  for  Indian  officers  to  aid  in  the  pro- 
posed campaign  in  Asia  against  the  Rus- 
sians, Lieutenant  'lliompson,  his  wounded 
arm  still  in  a  sling,  volunteered,  and  after 
visiting  the  seat  of  war  in  the  Crimea  re- 
turned to  Constantinople,  and  proceeded 
to  Erzeroum  and  Kars.  In  consequence 
of  his  gallant  behaviour  at  Kars,  he  was 
appointed,  in  the  winter  of  last  year,  a 
captain  (unattached)  of  the  royal  army, 
and  it  recently  pleased  her  Majesty  to 
confer  on  him,  a^  well  as  his  valorous 
comrades,  a  Companionship  of  the  Bath. 

His  conduct  under  the  command  of 
General  Sir  Fenwick  Williams  is  matter 
for  history,  and  must  command  the  eulo- 
gies which  even  history  is  slow  to  pro- 
nounce on  those  not  holcUng  high  com- 
mand. It  is  perhaps  fortunate  for  the 
memory  of  this  brave  young  officer,  cut 
off  in  his  early  prime, — for  he  liad  only 
reached  his  27  ih  year,— that  he  was  one 
of  *•  a  small  band  of  heroes."  His  name 
will  be  for  ever  associated  with  those  of 
Williams  and  Lake,  and  Teesdale  and 
Sandwith,  and  other  gallimt  men.  On 
the  memorable  29th  of  September,  he  suc- 
ceeded with  great  tact  and  energy  to  get 
a  heavy  gun  into  position  on  the  heights  of 
Karadogh,  and  materially  assisted  in  win- 
ning that  victory  by  the  deadly  fire  which 
he  poured  into  the  Russian  ranks.  Between 
him  and  his  brother  officers  there  seems  to 
have  existed  a  feeling  of  more  than  fra- 
ternal friendship. 

On  the  siurender  of  Kars,  Mouravieff 
generously  returned  him  his  sword,  in  ad- 
miration of  his  noble  and  devoted  courage, 
and  as  a  mark  of  honour  and  respect. 
This  will  doubtless  be  preserved  as  a  pre- 
cious heirloom. 

The  following  letter  from  General  Wil- 
liams will  shew  the  estimation  in  which 
he  was  held  by  his  gallant  chief: — 

'*  Tiflis,  Sunday,  March  24. 

"  My  Dear  Thompson, — One  little  line, 
to  beg  you  to  give  my  love  to  Lake,  and 
to  thank  you  for  your  letter  written  en 
route. 

**1  am,  thank  God,  quite  well  again, 
and  start  for  Riazon  on  Tuesday  morning, 
at  10  o'clock,  having  every  hope  that — 
peace  or  war — we  shall  all  meet  at  Moscow 
as  soon  as  I  report  myself  from  Riazon  to 
Petersburg.  Teesdale  sends  love  to  you 
both.  Wherever  my  fortunes  may  fkll, 
there  1  hope  to  see  you  by  my  side. — Af- 
fectionately yours, 

"F.  W.  WILLIAMS." 

Captain  Thompson  reached  Hull  only 
on  the  7th  inst.,  in  company  with  Col. 
Lake,  amid  the  cheers  of  its  citizens.    He 


was  then  suffering  from  sore-throat,  but 
no  fears  were  entertained  till  the  day  pre- 
cedino:  his  lamented  decease.  It  is  pleasing 
to  add  that  her  Majesty,  with  that  kind- 
ness which  is  so  distinguishing  a  feature 
in  her  character,  sent  an  autograph  letter 
to  the  mother  of  Captain  Thompson,  con- 
doling with  her  on  her  bereavement, 
within  very  few  hours  after  the  sad  event 
happened. 


The  Hon.  Oqden  Hoffman. 

May  1.  At  New  York,  aged  62,  the 
Hon.  Ogden  Hoffman,  late  Attorney- 
General  for  the  State  of  New  York. 

He  was  the  son  of  Josiah  Ogden  Hoff- 
man, one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers, 
and  at  one  time  Attorney -General  of  New 
York.  Mr.  Hoffman  graduated  at  Colum- 
bia College  in  the  year  1812,  just  after 
the  declaration  of  the  war  against  Great 
Britain,  and  at  once  enrolled  himself  in 
the  navy  of  his  country.  He  received  a 
midshipman's  warrant,  and  was  attached 
to  the  command  of  Commodore  Decatur 
during  the  period  while  the  United  States 
frigate  "  President,"  which,  after  evading 
the  blockade,  put  out  to  sea  and  was  pur- 
sued by  a  British  fieet.  A  bloody  and 
gallant  rmming  fight,  extending  through 
long  hours,  followed,  which  was  finally 
determined  against  the  American,  and  the 
"President"  was  captured.  The  young 
midshipman,  becoming  thus  a  prisoner  of 
war,  was  taken  to  Bermuda,  and  remained 
there  for  some  months,  until  an  exchange 
of  prisoners  of  war  effected  his  release. 
After  peace  was  declared,  Mr.  HofiVnan 
again  sailed  with  Commodore  Decatur  in 
a  United  States  frigate  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  was  engaged  in  the  brief  and 
bloody  conflict  which  broke  the  Algerine 
power  in  that  sea.  During  his  continu- 
ance in  the  navy,  Mr.  Hofiman  became 
a  great  favourite  with  his  gallant  com- 
mander, who  made  him  one  of  his  aids, 
and  took  great  pride  in  him  as  a  promis- 
ing young  officer.  But  the  peace  service 
of  the  navy  had  not  sufficient  attractions 
for  the  active  spirit  of  young  Hofiman ;  he 
resigned,  and  entered  upon  the  study  of 
the  law.  On  being  admitted  to  the  bar, 
he  practised  in  Goshen,  Orange  county, 
N.  Y., until  the  year  1826,  when  he  removed 
to  New  York  city,  and  in  1828  represented 
it  in  the  Legislature  of  the  State.  He 
afterwards  held  the  office  of  District  At- 
torney for  the  city,  also  District  Attorney 
of  the  United  States  for  the  district  oif 
New  York.  He  also  represented  the  city 
in  Congress  from  1837  to  1841.  In  No- 
vember, 1853,  he  was  elected  Attorney - 
General  of  the  State  of  New  York,  his 


120      Lt.'Gen.  Macdonuld, — G.Bennett, — Mr,  G,  Watts.       [July, 


term  of  office  expiring  last  January.     In 
all  offices  which  he  hiw  filled,  Mr.  Hoff- 
man  shewed,  in   a    marked  manner,  his 
eminent  fitness,  commanding  the  respect 
and  honour  of  political  opponents  as  well 
as  friends,  for  his  unimpeachable  integrity, 
bis  brilliant  talents,  and  the  straightfor- 
ward coiurse  which  he  pursued.     It  was, 
however,  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 
as  a  lawyer  that  Mr.  Hoffman  more  par- 
ticularly shone.     For  years  his  name  had 
been  as  familiar  as  a  household  word,  for 
all  that  is  beautiiul,  harmonious,  and  per- 
suasive in  human  eloquence.    This  reputa- 
tion was  well  deserved.     He  was  a  giant 
before  a  jury,  as  many  of  the  great  cases 
in  which  he  had  been  engaged  luUy  prove. 
As  a  friend  and  companion,  Mr.  Hofhnan 
was  most  attractive,  while  in  the  higher 
relations  of  man,  citizen,  husband,  father, 
he  inspired  the  deepest  affection.     Mr. 
Hoffman  was  twice  married.   His  first  wife 
was   the  daughter  of  Jonathan  Burrall, 
Esq.,  Cashier  of  the  first  United  States 
Bank.    His  second  wife,  who  survives  him, 
is   the   daughter  of  the  late  Samuel  D. 
Southard,  formerly  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
The  funeral  took  place  on  Saturday  last,  at 
the  Cliurch  of  the  Annunciation,  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Seabury  officiating.   The  remains  were 
afterguards  carried  "to  St.  Mark's  Church, 
where  they  were  deixwited  in  a  vault  be- 
longing to  the  family.  Gen.  Wintield  Scott, 
Kobert  Emmet,  l^Vancis  B.  Cutting,  John 
Anthon,  Com.  Matthew  C.  Perry,  Hon. 
Chas.  King,  Hon.  Moses  H.  Grinnel,  Jas. 
Foster,  officiated  as  pall-bearers,  and  the 
hearse  was  followed  by  the  officers  and 
members  of  the  St.  Nicholas'  Society,  with 
badges  of  mourning,  the  family  of  the  de- 
ceased and  chief  mourners,  and  a  large 
concourse  of  friends. 


Paris.     He  received  the  silver  war-medal 
with  eight  clasps. 


Lieut.-Gen.  Macdonald,  C.B. 

May  31.  At  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Macdonald,  Royal  Artillery,  C.B. 

The  deceased  was  present  at  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  1806, 
and  proceeded  thence  on  the  expedition  to 
Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  was  twice  severely 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  He  8er\'ed 
in  the  Peninsula  and  south  of  France 
from  June,  1809,  to  July,  1814,  including 
the  battles  of  the  Coa  and  Busaco,  aflhirs 
of  Redinha,  Pombal,  Condcixa,  and  Foz 
d'Arouce,  battles  of  Fuentes  d'Onor  and 
Salamanca,  affair  of  San  Munos,  battle  of 
Vittoria,  siege  of  San  Sebastian,  Imttles 
of  the  Pyrenees,  affairs  of  the  Gave 
d'  Oleron  and  Aire,  and  battle  of  Toulouse. 
He  also  served  in  the  campaign  of  1815, 
including  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  where 
ho  ^^  as  severely  wounded — and  capture  of 
15 


George  Bennett,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

May  26.  At  his  residence,  Sodylt-hall, 
Shropshire,  aged  77,  George  Bennett, 
Esq.,  Q.C. 

He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  Ireland  in 
1800,  and  became  a  Queen's  Counsel  there 
in  1822.  He  was  a  distinguished  advocate 
during  a  period  when  the  Irish  bar 
abounded  in  great  names:  his  practice 
was  for  many  years  imrivalled,  both  in  the 
equity  and  the  common  law  courts.  He 
was  the  friend  and  intimate  of  nearly  all 
his  illustrious  contemporaries,  and  was 
himself  one  of  the  last  remaining  types 
of  a  great  legal  era.  He  filled  for  a  long 
period  the  office  of  leading  Crown  Prose- 
cutor for  Munster,  and  was  for  some  tune 
the  "father"  of  the  Munster  bar.  In 
politics  he  was  strongly  and  firmly  at- 
tached to  Protestant  principles.  Mr. 
Bennett  quitted  the  bar  about  seven  years 
since,  and  went  to  live  at  his  seat  in  Shrop- 
shire, where  he  spent  the  close  of  his  life 
in  domestic  retirement. 


Mb.  George  Watts. 

Recently,  at  Stoke  Bishop,  near  West- 
bury,  Mr.  George  Watts,  a  person  in 
humble  life. 

He  was  formerly  a  day-labourer  in  tliat 
parish,  but  having,  by  dint  of  his  own 
honest  exertions,  raised  himself  in  the  social 
scale,  he  amassed  sufficient  funds  as  a 
potato-dealer  to  purchase  several  cottages, 
some  situated  in  Stoke  Bishop,  others  in 
the  neighbouring  parish  of  Westbury,  and 
the  remainder  on  Durdham  Downs.  Lat- 
terly Watts  had  retired  from  business,  and 
lived  on  the  income  arising  from  the  rent 
of  his  houses.  Punctually  ever^-^  Monday 
the  old  man  called  on  his  tenants  to  re- 
ceive his  rent,  and  was  always  represented 
by  them  as  a  kind  and  considerate  land- 
lord. He  recently  died,  leaving  neither 
"  kith  nor  kin ;"  and  upon  opening  his  will 
it  was  found  that  each  tenant  had  his  own 
little  cottage  left  to  him  as  a  legacy  from 
his  landlord — a  legacy  which,  we  need  not 
add,  was  exceedingly  welcome,  and  occa- 
sioned much  joyful  suri)rise  to  the  fortu- 
nate recipients. — Bristol  Mirror. 


James  Gates  Pebcival. 

Recently,  in  America,  aged  60,  James 
Gates  Percival,  a  poet  of  some  eminence. 

He  was  bom  in  Kensington,  Connecti- 
cut, on  Sept.  15,  1795,  and  was  the  second 
son  of  Dr.  James  Percival,  a  phjudAU  of 


1856.] 


James  Gates  Pei'dval, — Clergy  Deceased. 


121 


that  place,  who,  dying  in  1807,  left  his 
three  sons  to  their  mother's  care. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  Percival  entered 
Yale  College,  and  in  the  coarse  of  four 
years  was  at  the  head  of  his  class ;  during 
his  course  he  frequently  excited  the  com- 
mendation and  interest  of  President 
Dwight.  At  this  time  he  wrote  a  tra- 
gedy, "  Zamor,"  which  formed  part  of  his 
college  exercises.  He  had  previously  he- 
gun  his  poetical  career  by  the  composi- 
tion of  a  few  fugitive  verses,  and,  it  is 
said,  had  written  a  satire  while  in  his 
fourteenth  year.  In  1820  he  published 
his  first  volume,  containing  the  first  part 
of  "  Prometheus,"  a  poem  in  the  Spen- 
serian stanza,  with  a  few  minor  pieces, 
which  were  well  received.  In  the  same 
year,  having  been  admitted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  he  went  to  Charleston, 
in  South  Carolina,  with  the  intention  of 
following  this  profession.  There  he  en- 
gaged in  literature,  and  in  1822  published 
*'Clio,"  a  pamphlet  of  about  a  hundred 
pages,  made  up  mostly  of  verse,  to  which 
a  ^w  essays  were  added.  A  second  part 
followed,  which  was  entirely  of  verse. 
The  idea  of  this  publication  appears  to 
have  been  borrowed  from  Irving*8 
"  Sketch-book." 

In  1824  Dr.  Percival  was  appointed 
an  assistant -surgeon  of  the  United  States 
Army,  and  I^rofessor  of  Chemistry  at  the 
West  Point  Military  Academy,  which  in 
a  few  months  he  resigned,  as  the  duties 
were  more  onerous  than  he  had  antici- 
pated. He  was  next  appointed  a  surgeon 
in  connection  with  the  recruiting  service. 

The  attainments  of  Percival  were  ex- 
ceedingly varied.  Wliile  at  college  he 
was  inferior  to  none  of  his  classmates  in 
mathematics,  yet  his  inclinations  led  him 
rather  into  the  fields  of  classical  litera- 
ture. He  made  himself  a  profound  phi- 
lologist, and  acquired  a  critical  know- 
ledge of  most  of  the  languages  of  modem 
Europe,  especially  those  of  the  northern 
nations;  he  wrote  poems  in  the  Danish, 
Hungarian,  and  other  tongues.  He  as- 
sisted materially  in  the  compilation  of 
"Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language,"  for  which  his  extensive 
linguistic  and  scientific  knowledge  emi- 
nently fitted  him.  While  engaged  in 
the  study  of  medicine,  he  applied  himself 
with  ardour  to  botany,  and  to  natural 
history  generally.  An  ardent  lover  of 
nature,  in  his  frequent  communings  with 
her  he  became  a  geologist,  and,  in  coi\jimc- 
tion  with  Professor  Shepherd,  made  a 
survey  of  the  mineralogy  and  geology  of 
Connecticut,  his  native  state,  his  report 
of  which  wa«  published  in  1842.  In  1854 
he  was  appomted  State  Geologist  of  Wis- 

GijfT.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


consin,  and  published  his  first  Annurl 
Report  in  1855.  He  translated  "Malte- 
brun's  Geography,"  the  last  portion  of 
which  appeared  in  1843. 

Percival  is  much  less  known  to  fame 
than  he  deserves  to  be,  which  may  be 
attributed  to  the  nature  of  his  studies 
and  the  modesty  of  his  nature ;  he  never 
sought  popular  applause,  but  rather 
shrunk  from  it.  In  manners  simple  ard 
gentle  as  a  child,  he  was  shy  and  timid 
as  a  maiden,  and  could  rarely  be  induced 
to  mingle  in  society.  The  companion- 
ship of  one  congenial  mind  was  all  he 
sought — was  all  he  could  endure.  His 
habits  were  secluded,  and  called  eccentric ; 
his  happiness  seemed  aU  concentrated  in 
the  study  of  nature  and  of  his  favourite 
authors.  Devoted  to  science  and  song, 
his  life  was  passed  in  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge  and  in  poetic  reveries.  Hav- 
ing but  few  personal  acquaintance,  he 
will  scarcely  be  missed  from  the  ranks 
of  living  poets;  for  few  of  his  country's 
authors  were  less  known  to  his  contem- 
poraries. 

Percival  was  a  true  ppet,  endowed  with 
a  profound  sympathy  for  nature  and  hu- 
manity. His  themes  were  liberty,  love, 
and  contemplation  of  nature,  treated  with 
enthusiasm,  tenderness,  truthfulness,  and 
sympathy.  Had  his  lot  been  cast  among 
the  oppressed  peoples  of  Europe,  rather 
than  among  the  more  favoured  of  his 
own  country,  his  genius  would  have  found 
vent  in  effiisions  that  might  have  ranked 
with  those  of  Beranger,  Heine,  or  our 
own  Thomas  Hood.  As  is  usual  in  such 
natures  as  his,  a  delicate  vein  of  humour 
mingled  with  his  tenderness;  while  he 
had  a  tear  for  the  sufiering,  he  had  a 
smile  for  the  mirthfiil.  His  productions 
will  ever  be  popular  with  refined  tastes, 
for  they  appeal  to  the  sources  of  our  best 
feelings,  and  are  unsullied  with  affecta- 
tion or  egotism :  we  could  wish  them 
more  numerous; — ^the  capacity  for  pro- 
duction was  unlimited,  had  the  necessary 
stimulus  been  applied. 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Jan.  9  At  Ballarat,  Australia,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Nash^  Perp.  Curate,  late  Governor  and 
Founder  of  the  Oriental  Reformatory  for  Adult 
Male  CriminalB,  9,  Great  Smith-street,  West- 
minster. 

April  25.  At  Lima,  Peru,  aged  35,  the  Rev. 
Frand*  John  Biddulphf  B.A.  1843,  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  Oiaplain  to  the  British  Le- 
gation and  residents  tiiere. 

May  6.    Aged  67,  the  Rev.  George  Griffith 
Vicar  of  Abemant  ir.  Convil  (1851),  Carmarthen- 
shire. 

»    May  11.    At  BulweU-hall,  Notts,  aged  69,  the 
Rev  Alfred  Fadley. 

May  23.     At  Worcester,  aged  80,  the  Rev. 


122 


Obituary. 


[July, 


William  Henry  Davis,  Curate  of  Beeden,  Berk- 
shire. 

At  Monkton  Rectory,  Dorsetshire,  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Forster,  B.A.  1829,  M.A.  1838,  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  Rector  of  Winterboumc- 
Monkton  (1838),  and  Vicar  of  Abbotsbury  (1832), 
Dorset . 

May  28.  At  Hopton  Castle,  Salop,  aged  70, 
the  Rev.  O.  D.  Pardoe,  M.A.,  for  44  years  Rec- 
tor of  that  parish. 

Aged  74,  Rev.  E.  W.  Estcourtj  M.A.,  Rector  of 
Long  Newton,  Wilts. 

May  29.  Rev.  E.  Harden,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of 
All  Saints,  Norwood. 

May  30.  At  Trevethin  Parsonage,  Pontji)©©!, 
aged  26,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Dnrhs  Jatnes,  B.A., 
Curate  of  Gellygaer,  Glamorganshire. 

May  31.  At  the  Rectory,  near  Shaftesbury, 
Dorset,  after  a  short  illness,  the  Rev.  IF.  Gane, 
Rector  of  Cann,  otherwise  Shaston  St.  Rumbold. 

June  1.  At  Meurice's  Hotel,  Paris,  aged  29, 
the  Rev.  George  Alexander  Junes,  son  of  John 
Innes,  Esq.,  of  48,  Porchester-terrace,  Bavswater. 

At  the  Rectory,  aged  26,  the  Rev.  'William 
Hobert  Roberts,  B.A.,  Rector  of  Panteague  (1855), 
Monmouthshire. 

June  3.  At  Lincoln,  of  typhus  fever,  in  the  28th 

5 ear  of  his  age,  the  Rev.  Charles  William 
loffat,  Michel  Fellow  and  Chaplain  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
MofFat,  of  Lincoln. 

June  5.  At  the  Angel  Hotel,  Tiverton,  the 
Rev.  John  Pitman,  LL.B.  1808,  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  Vicar  of  Broad  Hempston  (1807), 
and  Rector  of  Washfield  (1816),  Devon. 

At  the  Rectory,  the  Rev.  James  Ellice,  B.A. 
1808,  M.A.  1811,  University  College,  Oxford. 
Rector  of  Clothall  (1816),  Herts. 

June  6.  In  the  3Uth  vear  of  his  age,  deeply 
lamented,  the  Rev.  Richard  Pike  Mate,  M.A  , 
Vicar  of  Wvmeswold,  Leicestershire,  and  late 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

June  7.  At  Weymouth,  aged  64,  the  Rev. 
William  Dansey,  B.A.  1814,  M.A.  1817,  B.M. 
1818,  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  Rector  of  Donheud 
St.  Andrew  (1820),  and  Prebendary  of  Salisbury. 
He  was  autnor  of  "HoroD  Decamca)  Rurales;" 
"  An  Attempt  to  illustrate  the  Name,  Title,  Ori- 
gin, Privileges,  &c.  of  Rural  Deans,"  2  vols.  4to., 
1835 ;  also,  ♦♦  A  Letter  to  the  Archdeacon  of 
Barum"  on  the  same  subject,  8vo.  1840. 

At  Caen,  Normandy,  aged  74,  the  Rev.  James 
Suttell  Wood,  B.A.  1805,  MA.  1810,  Clare  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  formerly  BriUsh  Chaplain  at 
Caen. 

June  8.  At  Hummersea,  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Evans, 
formerly  Pastor  of  the  Independent  Chapel,  Loft- 
house,  Yorkshire. 

June  13.  Aged  56,  the  Rev.  Gihhes  Walker 
Jordan,  Rector  of  Waterstock,  Oxon. 

June  17.  At  Langholm  Manse,  N.B.,  the  Rev. 
William  Berry  Shaw,  in  the  82nd  year  of  Ms  age, 
and  the  55th  of  his  ministry. 


DEATHS. 
arra:noed  in  chronological  obdeb. 

Jan.  21.  Aged  67,  at  Port  Macquarie,  Com. 
James  Gordon,  R.N.  He  served  under  Sir 
Samuel  Hood  at  the  reduction  of  the  islands  of 
St.  Lucie  and  Tobago,  and,  we  believe,  in  the  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt  in  1807. 

In  Australia,  M.  Bochsa,  the  celebrated  harpist. 
*•  It  is  some  eight  years  since  he  came  to  this 
country,  accompanied  by  Madame  Anna  Bishop, 
the  wife  of  sir  Henry  Bishop,  the  celebrated 
composer.  Bochsa,  an  old  man,  probably  over 
70  Tears  of  age,  was  a  native  of  Switzerland. 
Maaame  Anna  Bishop's  success  in  this  country 
has  not  been  brilliant ;  and,  after  residing  a 
considerable  time  in  California,  she  went  with 
Bochsa  to  Australia,  where,  we  have  seen  it 
stated,  she  has  been  living  with  her  daughter, 


who  had  married  and  emigrated  to  that  part  of 
the  world."— AVw  York  Herald. 

Jan.  27.  At  Portland,  Victoria,  Capt.  Charles 
Berkelev,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rowland  Berke- 
ley, of  Benefleld. 

March  5.  On  his  voyage  from  Calcutta  to 
London,  Major  the  Hon.  Walter  Hore  Ruthven, 
25th  Bengal  Native  Infantry. 

March  8.  Aged  75,  at  Brislington,  Major- 
Gen.  Jiimes  Cambell,  late  Licut.-Col.  of  the  5l8t 
Regt.  Light  Infantry. 

^farch  12.  Aged*33,  at  Buenos  Ayi'es,  Charles 
William  Simpson,  esq. 

March  19, 1854.  At  Lima,  Peru,  of  yellow  fever, 
in  the  33rd  year  of  his  age,  Frederick,  second  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  James  Tester,  of  Bartlett's-build- 
ings,  Holbom,  leaving  a  widow  and  three 
children. 

March  22.  At  Shanghai,  in  his  o4th  year, 
Henry  Shearman,  esq.,  after  a  few  days'  illnes.s. 

March  31.  At  Capetown,  James  Nathaniel, 
youngest  son  of  Peter  Paterson,  esq.,  of  Park 
Lodge,  Ilibury  New  Park,  Middlesex,  late  of 
Leyton,  Essex. 

Airil  8.  At  Umritsur,  Lahore,  India,  Major 
Anchitel  Fenton  Fleteher  Boughey,  8l8t  Regt., 
son  of  the  late  Sir  John  Fenton  Boughey,  Bart., 
of  Aqualate,  in  the  county  of  Stafford. 

April  10.  At  Calcutta,  aged  39,  Mr.  William 
W^atson,  of  No.  9,  Union-pl.,  Aberdeen. 

April  14.  At  Hynee  Tal,  aged  22,  J.  Murray 
Murray,  Esq.,  Lieut.  6th  Regt.  Light  Cavalry, 
A.D.C.  to  his  Honour  the  Lieut.-Gov.  of  the 
N.W.  Provinces,  Bengal,  and  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Adolphus  Cottin  Murray,  esq.,  and  Lady 
Murray,  of  Ardeley  Bury,  Herts. 

April  18.  At  Kurrachee,  Scinde,  aged  22, 
Maria  Louisa  Keith,  the  beloved  and  onlv  d;iu. 
of  Col.  Hobson,  commanding  Bombay  Fu.siliers. 

April  21.  At  sea,  on  board  the  ship  "  Stebon- 
heath,"  from  Melbourne  to  London,  CajJt.  F. 
Montagu  Hockings,  of  H.M's  40th  Regt. 

At  Sunderland,  aged  76,  Mr.  James  Reed,  mer- 
chant. He  was  one  of  the  founders,  and  for 
some  years  secretary,  of  the  Sunderland  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society.  He  had  a  taste  fur 
literary  and  antiquarian  pursuits,  and  published 
for  private  circulation,  ♦*  Recollections  of  Altera- 
tions in  Hexham  Abbey  Church,  in  a  letter  to 
John  Fenwick,  estj.,  F.S.A."  He  was  a  native 
of  Hexham,  to  which  place  his  remains  were  re- 
moved for  interment. 

April  28.  At  his  residence,  Highgate,  near 
Birmingham,  in  his  86th  year,  Thomas  Colmore, 
esq.,  the  oldest  representative  of  one  of  the  ancient 
War\*ickshire  families. 

April  30.  At  Vittore,  aged  49,  Capt.  (Brevet- 
Major)  Thomas  Longden  Place.  He  was  the 
second  and  last  surviving  of  Ave  sons  of  the  late 
Itev.  John  Conyers  Place,  of  Bamhull,  Dorset. 

At  the  Parsonage  Farm,  Crewkeme,  aged  52, 
Henry  Hooke,  esq. 

May  1.  At  Ferozepore,  North-West  Provinces, 
aged  48,  Lieut.-Col.  John  Free,  commanding  10th 
Bengal  Light  Cavalry. 

May  4.  At  Port  Roval,  Jamaica,  of  yellow 
fever,  William  Orde  Masscy,  Acting-Lieut,  of 
H.M.'s  ship  "Malacca,"  eldest  son  of  William 
Massey,  esq.,  M.P. 

3fay  8.  At  Newmarket,  aged  100  years,  Anne, 
widow  of  Mr.  Thomas  Andrews,  late  of  New- 
market, and  mother  of  Messrs.  Henry  and  Fuller 
Andrews,  of  that  place.  She  was  a  most  extra- 
ordinary woman  for  such  a  great  age,  her  facul- 
ties being  almost  unimpaired  to  the  last. 

May  9.  At  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight,  aged  92,  Grace 
Kent,  widow  of  the  late  Col.  Kent,  and  mother  of 
the  late  Col.  W.  H.  Dennie,  of  H.M.'s  13th  Regt. 
of  Light  Infantry. 

May  10th.  A^ed  101,  Lucy  Turner,  widow  of 
a  labourer  at  Little  Waltham,  Essex,  who  was 
^frozen  to  death  in  the  fields  fifty-six  years  ago. 
Neither  time  nor  disease  had  enfeebled  her  facul- 
ties, and  in  the  harvest  of  1854  she  was  seen  with 
the  rest  of  the  "viUagers  in  the  gleoaing-field. 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


123 


May  13.  At  Plymouth,  aged  69,  Servington 
Siivery,  esq.,  of  Ilayford-hall,  Devon. 

May  14.  At  the  Hermitage,  Pwllheli,  aged  60, 
Lieut.-Col.  William  Roberts,  late  of  the  78th 
Regiment. 

May  14.  Aged  96,  Mrs.  Pick,  of  Withcote  Ix)dge, 
Leiccstersliire.  In  early  life,  deceased  and  her 
parents  were  the  original  makers  of  the  far- 
famed  "Stilton  cheese."  The  secret  of  itnmake 
was  for  some  time  confined  to  the  Pick  family, 
who  were  under  an  engagement  to  sell  all  the 
cheese  they  could  make  to  Mr.  C.  Thomhill,  inn- 
keeper, of  Stilton  ;  and  being  thus  only  to  be  ob- 
tained of  him,  it  received  the  name  of  •*  Stilton 
cheese,"  when  it  would  have  been  more  properly 
called  Withcote  cheese,  being  first  made  in  a  small 
villigc  of  that  name,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
county. 

May  15.  At  Islington,  aged  42,  Edward  E.  D. 
Grove,  esq. ;  and  a  short  time  previous,  Henry 
DunstLTville,  infant  son  of  the  above. 

At  his  seat,  Stoekclsdorf,  in  Ilolstein,  J.  C. 
Blohm,  esq.,  formerly  of  New  Bi'oad-st.,  London. 

May  IG.  Aged  56,  Mr.  John  Wiuterbom,  up- 
wards of  20  years  surgeon,  of  Hickncy-road. 

At  Pcckham,  aged  5S,  James  Lawford,  esq., 
formerly  of  the  Stock  Exchange,  and  Exeter, 
Devon. 

At  Puu,  in  France,  after  a  lingering  illness, 
aged  25,  Jane  Colgate,  dau.  of  Air.  Henry  Hol- 
man,  of  East  Hothly,  Sussex,  surgeon. 

At  Blake-place,  Bridgewater,  aged  76,  John 
King,  esq.,  formerly  of  Chilton  Polden. 

At  Hamilton,  Canada  West,  aged  52,  Frances 
Ann,  the  wife  of  Henry  Spencer  Papps,  esq., 
formerly  of  Kingston -upon -Thames  and  Kensing- 
ton, ana  dau.  of  the  late  Alexander  Forbes,  esq., 
of  I'pper  Woburn-place. 

At  Sidmouth,  Katharina  Pyndar,  Lady  Sher- 
brooke,  of  CiUverton-hall,  Notts,  widow  of  the 
late  Gen.  Sir  John  Coope  Sherbrooke,  G.C.B., 
for  many  years  Gov.-Gen.  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada,  and  Col,  of  the  33rd  Regt. 

Aged  29,  Henrietta,  wife  of  Rev.  W.  II.  Cave- 
Brown,  Curate  of  St.  Mary's,  Lambeth. 

May  17.  At  South-hill,  Jane  Margaret,  eldest 
dau.  of  'ITiomas  \,.  Kellv,  of  Lower  Gardener- 
st.,  Dublin.     R.I. P. 

At  liis  residence,  Newtj^^Ti  Liraavady,  county 
Ixindonderry,  liCslcy  Alexander,  esq.,  late  of  the 
11th  Hussars,  and  eldest  son  of  the  late  John 
Alexander,  esq. 

At  Pellaniont  Forest,  Coote-hill,  county  Cavan, 
Eyre  Coote,  esq.,  J. P.,  third  and  eldest  surviving 
son  of  the  late  Charles  Coote,  esq.,  of  Bellamont 
Forest,  Coote-hill. 

At  the  house  of  his  sister,  11,  Alexander-sq., 
Brompton,  aged  56,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  T.  Cock- 
bum,  late  of  the  60th  Rifles. 

At  Shepherd's  Bush,  aged  50,  William  Webster, 
esq.,  late  Capt.  16th  Queen's  Lancers. 

May  18.  At  Leamington,  aged  74,  Laura,  relict 
of  the  late  Robert  V>nier,  esq.,  of  Eathorpe- 
house,  Warwickshire. 

At  the  Observatory,  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  Sophia, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hird,  late  Fellow  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  Rector  of  Monxton,  and  Vicar 
of  Ellingham,  Hants. 

At  hb  residence.  Grove-house,  Iloylake,  Che- 
shire, after  a  few  days'  illness,  aged*  55,  Major- 
Gen.  John  Drinkwater  Syers,  Bengal  Army. 

At  Ooldthom-hill,  W^oiverhampton,  aged  75, 
Hannah,  relict  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Smith, 
formerly  of  Capponfield  Iron-works,  Bilston, 
Staflfordshire. 

At  his  residence  on  Clapham-coramon,  aged 
85,  Benjamin  Harrison,  esq.,  father  of  the  Ven. 
Archdeacon  of  Maidstone. 

At  Rearsby,  Leicestershire,  aged  73,  Ann,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  N.  Morgan. 

Mr.  James  Wilson,  of  Woo<lville,  yoimger  bro. 
of  the  late  Prof.  Wilson.     Mr.  Wilson  was  a  di^ 
tinguished   naturalist,  and   the   author  of  \vW 
well-known  works,   *'Thc  Rod  and  the  Gun," 
•Dd  "  A  Tour  Bouxid  the.North  of  Bcotlaad." 


May  19.  At  his  house,  in  Chesham-st.,  Bel- 
grave-sq.,  William  Evans,  esq.,  of  Twj-nersh, 
Chertsev,  late  Sheriff  of  I^ndon  and  Middlesex. 

At  IJteston,  near  Cranford,  aged  67,  Joseph 
Cox,  esq.,  formerly  of  Farningham,  in  Kent. 

At  Queen's-ter.,  Bayswater,  John  Raikes  Bayly, 
esq.,  late  of  Devizes,  Wilts. 

At  Norwich,  aged  26,  William  Field  Bellin, 
M.D.,  eldest  son  of  Benj.  Bellin,  esq.,  of  that 
city. 

At  Bath,  aged  73,  John  Racey,  esq.,  late  of 
Quebec,  Lower  Canada. 

At  Cheltenham,  Georgina,  wife  of  Col.  Stirling 
Freeman  Glover,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Gen.  the 
Right  Hon.  Charles  Henry  Somerset  and  the 
Lady  Elizabeth  Courtenay,  sister  to  the  ninth 
Earl  of  Devon. 

Aged  88,  George  Hutchinson,  esq.,  of  Whitton- 
house,  Durham,  and  Brunton,  Northumberland, 
a  Deputy  Lieut,  for  the  former  county,  which 
honourable  post  he  held  for  the  last  53  years  of 
hLs  life. 

At  Upcott,  the  seat  of  his  uncle,  T.  Wrey 
Harding,  esq.,  deeply  and  deserved  lamented, 
aged  30,  Thomas  Henry  Harding,  esq.,  Capt.  in 
the  Royal  Artillery,  and  only  surviving  child  of 
Lieut.-Col.  Harding,  of  Mount  Radford. 

At  Vienna,  aged  73,  Baron  Sina,  the  banker, 
who  was  one  of  the  largest  landed  proprietors,  and 
one  of  the  richest  men,  in  that  part  of  the  world. 
The  deceased  is  said  to  have  left  property  to  the 
enormous  amount  of  40,000,00(M1.  (4,000,000/.), 
which  is  inherited  by  his  son  Simon,  wno  has 
announced  to  his  mercantile  friends  that  he  in- 
tends to  continue  the  business.  The  new  baron 
seems  inclined  to  make  good  use  of  the  enormous 
property'  which  he  has  inherited,  for  he  has  already 
forward'ed  40,000  florins  (4,000/.)  to  the  parish 
priests  and  overseers  for  tne  benefit  of  the  poor 
of  the  city. 

May  20,  at  Chester,  Isabella  Alice,  relict  of 
Richard  Drcwe,  esq..  Col.  of  the  73rd  Regiment, 
and  second  diiu.  of  the  late  James  Tyler,  esq.,  of 
\N'hatton-house,  in  the  county  of  Northumber- 
land 

At  No.  35,  Carlton-hill,  St.  John's-wood,  aged 
79,  Margaret,  widow  of  Francis  Keysell,  esq., 
late  of  Broad-st.,  Bloomsbury,  and  youngest  dau. 
of  Mr.  liutleifteld,  late  of  Maidenhead,  Berks. 

At  her  residence,  10,  llertford-st.,  Mayfair, 
Mrs.  Dent,  widow  of  the  late  John  Dent,  esq., 
M.P. 

May  21,  at  Dublin,  aged  45,  Rich.  Bourke,  csa. 

At  Cambridge-terrace,  Hyde-park,  aged  74, 
II  irriet  Hare,  relict  of  Dr.  James  Hare,  jun.,  of 
Calder-hall,  N.B. 

In  Lombard-st.,  suddenly,  in  his  69th  year, 
Mr.  John  Biddulph,  clerk  to  Messrs.  Barclay, 
Bevan,  Tritton,  and  Co.,  having  a  few  months 
since  completed  a  faithful  service  of  50  years. 

At  the  residence  of  his  friend  Col.  Lewis,  Fitz- 
william-sq.  west,  Dublin,  aged  65,  Col.  Archibald 
Inglis,  liite  of  Carlingwark-house,  N.B.,  son  of 
the  late  Admiral  Inglis,  of  Red-hall,  near  Edin- 
burgh. 

At  her  residence,  in  the  Crescent,  Taunton, 
aged  81,  Miss  Clit«ome. 

At  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight,  aged  54,  Thomas  Wor» 
thington,  esq.,  of  Sharston-hall,  Cheshire. 

Mau  22,  at  Famborough,  Warwickshire,  aged 
82,  ^Vllliam  Holbech,  esq. 

At  Bow-lodge,  Bow,  aged  78,  Jane  Harriott, 
the  beloved  wife  of  Mr.  David  Saul. 

Aged  71,  Mary  Ann,  wife  George  Gwilt,  of 
Southwark,  esq.,  and  dau.  of  the  late  William 
Applegath,  Commander  of  the  H.E.I. C.  ship 
♦'  Europa,"  and  Mary  his  wife. 

Aged  67,  William  Doe  Belcher,  esq.,  Mayor  of 
the  borough  of  Abingdon.  He  was  seven  times 
mayor  of  his  native  town,  to  the  interests  of  which 
he  devoted  many  vears  of  an  energetic  and  useful 
life. 

At  his  residence.  No.  10,  York -gate,  Rcgent's- 
park,  aged  74,  of  apoplexy,  Jolin  Binder,  esa. 

At  19,  TorrijiTtoii-square,  London,  aged  38, 


124 


Obituary. 


[July, 


Celeste  Althea  Armantine,  wife  of  Robt.  Law- 
rence Brooke,  esq.,  of  the  United  States. 

At  Newton  Villa,  Westboume-grove,  Col.  Jas. 
Lewis  Basden,  C.B.,  formerly  of  the  89th  Foot. 

At  Ratburles,  nenr  Nevagn,  Ireland,  the  seat 
of  P.  Scrle,  esq.,  Ashton  Benyon,  esq.,  63rd  Regt., 
eldest  son  of  S.  Y.  Benyon,  esq.,  of  Stetchworth- 
park,  near  Newmarket. 

At  the  residence  of  G.  8.  Payne,  esq.,  Andovor, 
Hants,  Ann,  relict  of  the  late  'f homas  Davis,  esq., 
of  Abercrombie  Villa,  Ilampstead,  Middlesex. 

At  Brighton,  aged  78,  Joseph  Trueman,  esq., 
formerly  of  Walthamstow. 

At  Clayfleld-house,  Southampton,  aged  56, 
Sampson  Payne,  esq.,  Mayor. 

May  23,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  F.  T.  Gibb,  esq.,  of 
Greenford-lodge,  Middlesex,  daughter  of  the 
late  Thomas  Hughes,  esq.,  of  Hendrefellen,  in 
the  county  of  Cardigan. 

At  Brewood,  near  Penkridge,  Fanny,  wife  of  T. 
Crean,  esq.,  and  second  dau.  of  James  Heath, 
esq.,  of  Brewood. 

At  Torquay,  pged  41,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Wm. 
Wyburgh  How,  esq.,  of  Nearwell,  Shrews- 
bury. 

At  Newark,  aged  68,  George  Hodgkinson,  so- 
licitor. 

At  Hastings,  aged  62,  Mary  Ann,  widow  of  the 
Rev.  John  Horton,  late  rector  of  St.  George  the 
Martyr,  Southwark. 

At 'Streatham,  Surrey,  aged  77,  Sarah,  wife  of 
Stephen  Wilson,  esq. 

At  Chatteris,  aged  43,  Mr.  Nathan  Horsley. 
"  During  his  pastorate  of  more  than  five  years, 
at  Zion  Ct  apel,  he  had  laboured  with  great  suc- 
cess :  of  him  it  could  be  said  emphatically,  that 
*  he  was  never  weary  in  well-doing.*  He  died, 
after  long  and  protracted  sufferings,  as  he  had 
lived,  full  of  hope." 

May  24,  at  Forest-hill,  Sydenham,  Elin,  wife  of 
John  Iliffe,  eso.,  of  2,  Be<lford-row,  London. 

At  48,  Russell-sq.,  the  house  of  his  son-in-law, 
Dr.  Birkctt,  aged  68,  Benjamin  E.  Batley,  esq., 
late  of  the  Grove,  Blackheath. 

At  Harrow-on-the-Uill,  aged  69,  Wm.  Frascr, 
esq.,  of  Skipness. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  35,  Charlotte  Elixa,  widow 
of  the  late  James  Thomson,  esq.,  of  Langside, 
near  Glasgow. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son,  George  De  Morgan, 
eeq.,  of  No.  28,  Dawson -place,  Bnyswater,  aged 
81.  Elizabeth,  ^idow  of  the  late  Lieut.-Colonel 
John  De  Morgan,  E.I.C.S. 

At  St.  Heller's,  Jerwy,  aged  56,  Wm.  Knight, 
esq.,  Inte  of  Reading,  Berks. 

At  the  house  of  her  sister.  Miss  Lee,  Denmark- 
hill,  Camberwell,  Ann,  wife  of  James  Astley  Hall, 
esq.,  of  Newcastle,  Staffordshire. 

At  Sheperdine,  Gloucestershire,  aged  61, 
Sybella,  wife  of  Andrew  Buchan,  esq.,  of  the 
Rhjrmney  Iron-works,  Monmouthshire. 

At  Southampton,  Samuel  Hunt,  esq.,  late  of 
Devonport. 

At  Portisham,  Dorset,  aged  78,  Augusta  Sarah 
Masterman  Hardy,  youngest  dau.  of  Joseph 
Hardy,  esq.,  and  the  last  surviving  sister  of  the 
late  Admiral  Sir  Thomas  Masterman  Hardy, 
bart.,  G.C.B. 

At  Northemhay-street,  Exeter,  aged  39,  Mary 
Margaret,  wife  of  Dr.  Wm.  Thomson,  late  of  51, 
Charlotte-st.,  Fitzroy-sq.,  London. 

At  the  Victoria  Hotel,  Malaga,  Spain,  aged  50, 
Abraham  Worley,  esq.,  of  Hampton-court. 

Mny  25  At  Teignmouth,  aged  37,  Capt.  Thos. 
Sargent  little,  late  10th  Hussars. 

Mary,  only  dau.  of  the  late  II.  Brougham,  esq., 
of  Brougham,  XN'estmoreland,  and  sister  of  tne 
Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Brougham. 

At  Cranfleld,  Beds,  aged  27,  John  Bumey,  esq. 

May  26.  At  Glenuske,  Monmouthshire,  the  re- 
sidence of  her  son-in-law,  Samuel  Homfray,  esq., 
aged  86,  Margaret,  widow  of  Lorenzo  Stable,  raq., 
late  of  Stanmore.  in  the  county  of  Middlesex. 

At  Ruyton-hall,  Shropshire,  aged  40,  Helen 
Bird  HarlngtoBi  dau.  of  the  late  Jolrn  Herbert 


Harincrton,  esq.,  formerly  Memb.  of  the  Supreme 
Coundi  of  Bengal. 

At  Brixton,  aged  59,  Ralph  Byne,  esq.,  youngest 
and  only  surviving  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry 
Bjme,  formerly  rector  of  Carshalton,  Surrey. 

At  Clifton,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  John  Henry  Shore, 
esq.,  of  Whatley  -  Combe,  Somersetshire,  and 
youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Richard  Pack,  esq.,  of 
rlore-house,  Northamptonshire. 

Off  Spithead,  on  her  way  fh>m  Western 
Australia,  Isabella,  wife  of  Com.-Gen.  Mends, 
and  dau.  of  the  late  Capt.  Creighton,  of  the  11th 
Dragoons,  and  grand-dau.  of  the  late  Admiral  Sir 
Richard  Onslow,  Bart.,  G.C.B. 

At  Malvern,  Worcestershire,  Susan,  widow  of 
the  late  George  Gordon,  esq.,  of  Cheltenham. 

At  Bethnal-house,  Bethnal-green.  aged  57,  after 
17  years'  confinement  in  that  lunatic  asylum,  Mr. 
Edward  Tilke,  late  of  Sidmouth,  Devon. 

Aged  80,  Lydia,  widow  of  the  late  John  Good- 
liff,  esq.,  of  Braham  Farm,  near  Ely. 

At  Blackheath,  aged  81,  John  May,  esq.,  the 
fHend  and  correspondent  of  Robert  Southey.  The 
Poet  Laureate  was  particularly  attached  to  Mr. 
May,  and  dedicated  to  him  his  poem  on  the 
"  Battle  of  Waterloo."  Mr.  May  was  for  many 
years  a  Director  of  the  Equitable  Assurance  Comp. 

At  his  residence,  14,  Fitzroy-sq.,  aged  65,  Ricn. 
Barker,  esq. 

At  Nea-house,  Christohurch  Hants,  aged  65, 
Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  Gordon  Cameron,  K.H.,  J. P. 
He  WM  eldest  son  of  Gen.  Cameron,  of  the  East 
India  Company's  service,  and  was  born  at  Chunar, 
on  the  14th  of  June,  1790.  Entering  the  Army 
early  in  life,  he  was  in  the  Grenadier  Guards 
durmg  the  latter  years  of  the  Peninsular  War, 
and  was  wounded  at  Barossa.  Col.  Cameron  waa 
attached  to  the  staff  of  Wellington  at  Waterloo. 
The  loss  of  his  right  arm  and  other  severe  wounds 
in  that  memorable  battle  incapacitated  him  ft-om 
further  active  service. 

At  HalifaXj  Nova  Scotia,  Brev.-MaJ.  Jno.  Gore 
Ferns,  late  of  her  Majesty's  76th  Regt.,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  T.  Burgh  Ferns,  esq.,  county  Dublin. 

May  27.  At  Kensington,  aged  77,  David  Spcnce, 
esq.,  formerly  of  Arlington-st.,  Piccadilly. 

At  Southsea,  after  a  short  iUnesn,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Hope,  wife  of  Cant.  James  Hope,  C.B.,  and 
dan.  of  Charles  Lord  Kinnaird. 

At  Westminster,  William  Webb,  esq.,  assistant- 
secretarj'  of  the  Clergy  Mutnal  Assurance  Society, 
in  whose  employment  he  had  been  for  25  years. 

May  28.  At  5,  Bloomfleld-road,  Maida-hill, 
Ann,  the  wife  of  Col.  Cater,  Royal  Artillery. 

At  Upper  Clapton,  aged  80,  Mrs.  Elliott. 

At  Stockwell,  aged  27,  Mary  Elizabeth,  wife  of 
Frederick  Heath,  esq.,  eldest  dau.  of  Frederick 
Devon,  esq.,  of  Kennmgton-park. 

At  Blue-Bridge  House,  Ualsted,  Essex,  aged 
63,  Benjamin  Guson,  esq. 

At  Winchester,  from  the  efflects  of  illness  con- 
tracted in  the  trenches  before  Sebastopol,  aged 
26,  Capt.  George  Trevelyan  John,  23rd  Royal 
Welsh  Fusiliers. 

At  Margate,  T.  J.  Coakley,  esq.,  of  Westboume- 
ter.  North,  Hyde-park,  late  of  5few  Bond-st. 

At  her  residence,  Chester,  aged  60,  Eliza,  relict 
of  William  Morgan,  esq.,  of  Ravensdale,  county 
Kildare,  and  dau.  of  the  late  William  Seddon,  esq., 
of  Acres-field,  near  Manchester. 

At  her  residence,  in  the  New  Kent-road,  Nancy, 
wife  of  Capt.  Lean,  R.N.,  H.M.'s  Emigration 
Officer  for  tne  Port  of  London. 

At  his  residence,  Greenhithe,  aged  65,  Col.  Walt. 
Elphinstone  Lock,  late  Royal  Artillery,  eldest 
sur%-iving  son  of  the  late  Vice-Admiral  Lock,  of 
Haylands,  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight. 

May  29,  At  Folkestone,  aged  70,  General  John 
Francis  Birch,  C.B.,  Royal  Engineers. 

At  Rocking,  near  Braintrec,  Essex,  aged  36, 
James,  youngfest  son  of  the  late  Robert  Rolfe, 

*^4t  Chelsea,  aged  55,  Sarah  Abraham  Kennard, 
youngest  dan.  of  the  late  Mm.  Kennard. 
Atthereddeaceof  hii1irother4a-l«w,  Oeorge 


1856.] 


Obituartt. 


125 


Bailey  Toms,  WestBeld,  Reigate-hfll,  ngeA  21, 
Felix  Sidney  Gunn,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
John  Gunn. 

At  BeiTylands,  Surbiton,  aged  39,  Alfred  Lang, 
esq.,  architect. 

At  Hayes,  Middlesex,  Capt.  J.  W.  Carleton, 
formerly  of  the  2nd  Dragoon  Guards.  Capt 
Carleton  was  better  known  as  "  Craven,"  the 
writer  on  sporting  subjects. 

At  Beverley,  aged  68,  Margaret,  wife  of  Edward 
Boghurst,  esq. 

At  Bayswater,  aged  29,  William  Oune  Ilel- 
sham  Candler,  Captain,  late  40th  regt.,  Adj. 
Royal  Brecon  Rifles,  only  son  of  Capt  W.  H. 
Candler,  Kilkenny  Fusileers. 

At  Bene*t  House,  Newmarket-road,  aged  53, 
John  Foster,  esq.,  late  of  Cherryhlnton. 

At  Joshen  Bank,  Kelso,  aged  87,  Mary  Anne 
Hepburne,  dau.  of  the  late  Robert  Hepburne, 
esq.,  of  Clerkington,  and  relict  of  the  late  John 
Swinton,  esq.,  of  Swinton. 

At  Brighton,  ag-^d  75,  Edward  Fuller,  esq., 
late  of  Carleton  Hall,  in  Sufl'olk. 

May  30.  at  Chelsea,  aged  52,  Sabina  Stirling 
Baruess,  relict  of  the  late  H.  W.  Burgess,  esq., 
and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Philip  Gilbert,  esq.,  of 
Earl's-court,  Old  Brompton. 

At  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea,  Ann  Helen,  widow 
of  the  late  Major  George  Cuninghame,  Bengal 
armv,  and  eldest  daughter  of  the  Late  Major-Gen. 
Sir  Joseph  O'Halloran,  G.C.B. 

At  Brotton,  in  Cleveland,  aged  43,  Mr.  George 
Batty,  formerly  of  174,  Aldersgrite-st.,  London. 

At  Wjirwick,  aged  66,  Letitia,  widow  of  the 
late  Kelvnge  Greenway,  esq. 

At  Cheltenham,  aeetl  63,  Caroline,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  John  Neale,  esq.,  of  Willowyards, 
North  Britain. 

At  Guernsey,  aged  63,  Isabella  Vardon,  wife  of 
John  Bonamv,  e?>q. 

At  26,  Cecil-st.,  Strand,  suddenly,  aged  66, 
Mr.  John  Barton  Griffiths. 

At  Stockton-house,  aged  89,  Harry  Biggs,  esq., 
the  oldest  magistrate  in  the  county  of  Wilts. 

J/rty  31,  at  his  residence,  17,  Soho-sq.,  aged 
50,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse,  Daniel 
Sharpe,  esq.,  F.R.  and  L.S  ,  and  President  of 
the  Geological  Society. 

At  his  lodjfings,  in*  Dover-st.,  the  Hon.  Hugh 
Edwards,  of  the  Island  of  Antigua. 

At  Gressenhall,  East  Dereham,  aged  64,  Anna 
Penelope,  wife  of  Thomas  H;istings,  only  dau.  of 
the  late  Rev.  Benjamin  Crofts,  and  graiiddau  of 
the  late  Rev.  Benjamin  Crofts,  for  52  years  rector 
of  Gressenhall. 

At  Shepton  Mallet,  aged  82,  Mr.  James  Parfitt, 
for  nearly  fifty  years  organist  of  the  church.  He 
was  very  highly  respected  and  much  regretted- 
He  was  blind  from  his  birth. 

In  Sloane-st.,  Chelsea,  aged  70,  George  Bague, 
esq.,  Capt.  R.N.,  Magistrate  and  Deputy  Lieut, 
for  the  county  of  Middlesex. 

June  1,  late  of  China-terrace,  Kennington- 
road,  aged  71,  William  Bunbury  La  vers,  esq. 

At  Hamilton,  Canada  West,  aged  39,  William 
John  Hickes,  esq.,  son  of  the  late  Lieut.-Col. 
Hickes,  C.B.,  Bombav  Army,  deeply  lamented. 

At  Bristol,  aKcd  io,  Margaret  Frances,  only 
dau.  and  last  surviving  child  of  the  late  Robert 
Rankin,  esq.,  formerly  C^hief  Justice  of  Sierra 
Leone. 

The  Lady  Elizabeth  Ilenrey,  eldest  dau.  of  the 
Earl  Jermyn,  M.P. 

At  Dursley,  aged  75,  N.  Addison,  esq.,  of 
Maidenhead. 

At  Ryde,  aged  37,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  H. 
Smith,  of  Surbiton,  Surrey. 

June  2,  at  CJloucester-crescent  north,  Hyde- 
park,  aged  65,  Henry  Cobb,  esq. 

Ann,  wife  of  F.  J.'  Dellew,  esq.,  Capt.  (retired 
list)    E.  I.  C.  S..  and    dau.   of    the    late    Simon 
Temple,  esq.,  formerly  of  Hylton  Castle,  county  ^ 
Durham. 

Aged  72,  Mr.  Francis  Rcavens,  many  years  in 
tbe  oSiee  of  Uer  Majesty's  Exchequer  of  Fleaf. 


At  her  residence,  No.  9,  Lansdowne  east,  Bath, 
Maria  Mary  Ann,  relict  of  the  late  Major  William 
Buttanshaw,  of  the  Bengal  Army. 

Aged  49,  Mr.  Richard  CapelLambe,  of  96,  Graoe- 
church-st. 

At  the  Elms,  Tunbridge,  Kent,  aged  50,  John 
Clarke  Chaplin,  esq. 

Aged  70,  Mr.  Thomas  Carter,  of  Eddlethorpe, 
near  Malton.  The  deceased  occupied  a  position 
of  great  responsibility  and  trust  in  connexion 
with  the  hunting  establishment  of  the  late  Sir 
Mark  Masterman  Svkes,  and  the  present  Sir 
Tatton  Sykes,  of  Sledmere  Hall,  for  nearly  fifty 
years,  during  which  period  he  enjoyed  continu- 
ously their  confidence  and  esteem. 

At  Fordingbridge,  aged  71,  John  Blakeman.  He 
was  staff-sergeant  of  the  Pensioners  of  the  Salis- 
bury district.  The  decea.sed  began  his  military 
career  in  the  3rd,  or  Prince  of  Wales's  Dragoon 
Guards,  in  which  regiment  he  served  upwards  of 
26  years :  three  years  as  a  private,  seven  as  cor- 
poral, and  the  remainder  as  sergeant,  and  was 
discharged  with  a  pension  for  his  long  service, 
many  years  of  which  were  spent  on  the  Penin- 
sula, and  was  with  his  gallant  corps  in  four 
general  engagements,  viz.,  ♦*  Toulouse,"  **  Vit- 
toria,"  ♦•  Albuera,"  and  '*  Talavera,"  for  which 
he  received  a  silver  medal  and  clasps.  On  his 
retirement  from  active  service  he  was  appointed 
to  the  rank  of  drill-sergeant  in  the  Fordingbridge 
troop  of  Yeomanry  Cavalry.  He  was  also  go- 
vernor of  the  union,  which  situation  he  held  14 
years,  when  he  resigned  his  trust,  being  incapa- 
citated by  old  age,  since  which  time  he  lived  a 
retired  life,  and  was  highly  respected  by  all  who 
knew  him. 

June  3.  At  Charlton,  Middlesex,  aged  67,  Edw. 
Hetherington,  esq.,  late  Capt.  in  H.M.'s  76th 
Regiment. 

At  Great  Yarmouth,  aged  37,  Henry  William 
Maxwell  Lyte,  esq.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
H.  J.  Lyte,  Birsham,  Devon ;  and  of  his  wife, 
Anna,  dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  Maxwell,  D.D.,  Falk- 
land, county  Monaghan. 

At  I-'ulboum  Rectory,  near  Cambridge,  Mary 
Annie,  wife  of  the  Uev.  F.  R.  Hall,  D.D. 

Surah  Ann,  wife  of  Mr.  John  Billinghurst,  of 
Ilollund-road,  Brixton. 

June  4.  At  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  aged  70,  John 
Eaines,  esq. 

.\t  Streatley  Vicarage,  Berks,  Juliet  Sophia, 
Mdfe  of  the  Rev.  James  Robert  Burgess. 

At  Peckham-rye,  aged  90,  Miss  M.  Ann  Cofleld. 

At  Hampton, '  near  Bath,  George  Townsend 
Bro^me,  esq.,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rt.  Hon. 
Col.  Arthur  Browne,  M.P.  for  the  county  of  Mayo, 
and  griindson  of  the  first  Earl  of  Altamont. 

At  I*itsea,  Essex,  aged  48,  Matilda  J.  Catherine 
Edwardes,  wife  of  the  Rev.  L.  Tucker  Edwardos. 

At  Woodstock,  aged  52,  Benjamin  Hollo  way, 
esq.,  solicitor. 

At  his  house,  Eaton-sq.,  Rich.  Gardner,  esq., 
M.P.  for  Leicester. 

At  71,  Portland-place,  deeply  regretted,  aged 
79,  Eliz.  Theodosia,  wife  of  Chas.  Prater,  esq. 

At  Fcltham,  Middlesex,  aged  46,  Mary  Ann, 
wife  of  K(bnund  Phillips,  esq. 

At  her  residence,  Seamore-place,  Mayfair,  the 
Right  lion.  I^dv  Agnes  Buller. 

.\t  Southend,  Harriet,  relict  of  John  Bayntun 
Scratton,  ew].,  of  Milton  Hall,  Prittlewell,  Essex. 

Aged  9<),  William  Wilmot,  e.sq.,  youngest  son 
of  Sir  Robert  Wilmot,  1st  Bart,  of  Osmaston,  in 
the  county  of  Derby. 

June  5.  Aged  62,' J.  MoUady,  esq.,  of  Warwick. 

At  39,  Cros.s-st.^  Islington,  aged  80,  Henry 
Williams,  esq.,  of  Trearddur,  in  the  county  of 
Anglesea. 

At  the  We?  tern  Dispensarv,  Tothill-st,  West- 
minster, aged  4G,  Mr.  Wm.  lien.  Firth,  upwards 
of  22  vears  apothecj^rv  to  the  above  institution. 

At  Newport,  Salop,  aged  66,  Mr.  Thurstans, 
solicitor. 

Before  Sebastopol,  aged  17  years  and  a  half. 
Edw.  Dickeon  Ricard,  linsign  in  the  18th  Bayai 


126 


Obituary. 


[July, 


Irish  Regt.,  and  eldest  ROn  of  Capt.  E.  Rieard, 
iate  of  the  75th  and  73rd  Reffts. 

At  his  residence,  25,  P.rompton-sq.,  aged  73, 
Robert  Brown,  esq.,  PajTnaster,  Royal  Navy. 

At  Bath,  aged  JH,  Sophia,  wife  of  James  Tun- 
stall,  M.D. 

Aged  20,  Richard  Charles  Ilasler,  Lieut.  R.N., 
second  8urAi\*ing  son  of  Richard  Ilasler,  esq.,  of 
Aldingbourne  IIousc,  Chcicster. 

At  Paris,  aged  70,  Samuel  Gumey,  of  Upton, 
Essex.  Mr.  Ciurney  was  head  of  the  large  bill- 
discounting  house  of  Overend,  Gumey,  and  Co., 
and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  on  his  way 
home  from  Nice,  where  he  had  been  spending 
some  months. 

June  6.  At  Lakenham,  Norwich,  Alice,  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  R.  NeviU. 

At  his  residence.  Moor  Court,  Hertfordshire, 
aged  78,  James  Davies,  es^. 

At  Berne,  Louisa  Georgma,  wife  of  Sir  J.  Wm. 
Hort,  of  Hortland  House,  county  of  Kildare, 
Bart.,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  John  Caldwell, 
Bart.,  of  Castle  Caldwell,  county  Fermanagh. 

Aged  75,  Major-Gen.  James  Campbell,  late  of 
the  51st  Regt.  Li^ht  Infantry. 

June  7.  At  Winchester,  Mr.  W.  Perrier,  for- 
merly one  of  the  lay-vicars  in  the  cathedral  of 
that  city,  the  bells  of  which,  on  his  interment, 
rang  muffled  peals. 

At  High  Beech,  Essex,  aged  78,  Mary,  widow 
of  the  late  Mr.  Serjeant  Arabin,  and  sister  of  the 
late  Sir  Henry  Meux,  Bart. 

Aged  40,  Maria  Catharine,  wife  of  F.  A.  Bur- 
dett  Bonney,  surgeon,  Knightsbridge,  and  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Ralfts,  esq..  Old 
Brentford. 

At  New  Fletton,  Peterborough,  aged  44,  John 
Charles  George  Davies,  esq. 

At  Onslow -square,  aged  76,  Euphrasia,  widow 
of  Thomas  Uaworth,  esq.,  of  Barham-wood, 
Herts. 

At  Hanover,  aged  83,  Sir  Jidius  Ilartman, 
K.C.B.,  General  of  artillery,  well  known  in  Eng- 
land for  his  di  >tinguished  services  in  the  King's 
German  Legion  in  the  Peninsular  war,  and  his 
intimate  friendship  with  the  late  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington. Only  a  few  days  before  his  death  the 
gjMieral  was  created  a  baron  of  the  kingdom  of 
Hanover,  as  a  special  mark  of  distinction  con- 
ferred by  the  King,  it  bein^;,  moreover,  the  only 
time  this  honour  has  been  granted  during  the 
present  reign. 

Jtine  8.  At  Melcombe-villa,  Weymouth,  aged  71, 
William  Turton,  esq.,  a  magistrate  of  the  county 
of  Dorset. 

Aged  76.  Licnt.-Gcn.  Duncan  McLeod,  Bengal 
Engineers,  of  No.  3,  Clifton-i)lace,  Hyde-park, 
president  of  the  bo:ird  of  directors  of  the  London 
agency  of  the  Agra  bank. 

At  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  aged  68,  Francis  King 
Eagle,  esq  ,  bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple,  jus- 
tice of  the  peace  for  the  counties  of  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  and  judge  of  the  county  courts  of  Suf- 
folk. Mr.  Eagle,  who  was  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Robert  Eagle,  esq.,of  Lakenheath,  griuluated 
at  Cambridge  asLL.B.  in  1809,  the  year  of  Baron 
Alder Hon's  A.  I.  degree.  He  Wiis  called  to  the  bar 
in  the  same  year,  and  attended  the  Norwich 
circuit  for  many  years,  his  highest  reputation 
being  as  a  tithe  lawyer,  in  which  subject  he  had 
made  great  research.  He  married,  rather  late  in 
life,  !VIaria  Charlotte,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Sir  James  Blake,  Bart.,  of  Langham  Hall,  who 
Burvives  liim,  and  by  whom  he  le.ives  one  son. 

At  Armagh,  Capt.  John  Robert  Graham  Patti- 
»on,  2nd  Warwick  regiment,  formerly  captain  in 
Her  Majesty's  loth  regiment,  in  which  he  served 
through  alltho  late  war  in  India,  only  son  of  the 
late  lieut.-Col.  Alexinder  Hoi>e  Pattison,  K.H., 
commander  of  the  forces  in  the  Bahamias. 

J. Die  9  At  Scndhurst  Grange,  aged  18,  Geor- 
gina  Laura,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Francis  Scott, 
M.P. 

At  Nev.  c  istle-on-Tync,  aged  75,  Ann  31itchcll, 
nlkt  jl  Noel  Thomas  Sinlth,  M.D. 


In  Walton-place,  aged  52,  Haniett,  widow  of 
the  late  Adnmal  Colin  Campbell,  of  Ardpatrick, 
Argyleshire,  N.B. 

At  27,  Ashley-place,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  the 
late  Francis  Sj-nge,  esq.,  of  Glanmore  Castle,  and 
last  surviving  sister  of  the  late  Gen.  Sir  John 
Taylor,  K.C.B. 

Aged  39,  William  Henry  Galsworthy,  esq., 
surgeon,  eldest  son  of  Silas  Galsworthy,  esq.,  of 
52,  George-street,  Portman-scjuare. 

At  Versailles,  where  he  had  been  some  time 
living  in  a  state  of  complete  obscurity,  a  person- 
age who  has  a  name  in  history — Count  de  Bom- 
belles,  who,  after  Napoleon  I.  and  the  Count  de 
Niepperg,  was  the  third  husband  of  Marie 
Louise. 

June  10.  At  75,  Eccleston-sq.,  Alicia,  wife  of 
Sir  Fortunatus  Dwarris. 

At  Oxford,  aged  4  months,  Margaret,  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  Frederick  Bulley,  D.D.,  President  of 
Magdalen  College. 

At  his  house  in  Upper  Eaton-st.,  aged  90, 
William  Wilmot,  esq. 

At  Great  Linford  Rectory,  Bucks,  EUzabeth, 
w^idow  of  Samuel  Sharpe,  esq.,  and  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  Richard  Teale,  esq.,  Capt.  R.N. 

At  109,  Eaton-place,  Sutherland  Hall  Suther- 
land, esq. 

Aged  71,  Mary,  relict  of  John  Legh,  esq.,  of 
High  Legh,  Chester. 

At  the  house  of  her  brother-in-law,  the  Rev. 
James  Kelly,  Churton-house,  Bclgrave-road, 
London,  Elizabeth  Clarinda,  eldest  dau.  of  the  lato 
Hcnrj-  Minehin,  esq.,  of  Holywell  House,  Hants. 

At  the  residence  of  his  parents,  No.  13,  Para- 
gon, New  Kent-road,  aged  38,  Alfred  Alexander 
Jones,  esq.,  solicitor,  of  No.  9,  Quality-court, 
Chancery-lane. 

June  il.  At  Newton  St.  Cryes,  near  Exeter, 
Lieut. -Col.  John  Allen  Ridgway,  who  served  in 
the  95th  foot  (Rifle  Brigade)  durmg  the  Penin- 
sular War,  ana  at  Waterloo. 

At  Sevenoaks,  EUxabeth  Mackie,  wife  of  Patrick 
Pauton,  M.D.,  Glocesttr-tcrrace,  Hyde-park, 
London. 

At  Sussex-gardens,  Hvde-park,  Emily,  wife  of 
Major-Gen.  F.  8.  Hawkins,  C.B.,  Bengal  Armv. 

At  Berlin,  aged  76,  Prof.  Friedrich  Hcninrich 
Von  der  Hagen,  the  well-known  editor  of  the 
3finnexinaei\  the  Nibelungenlicdy  the  Jlcldeu- 
huck,  ana  other  works  relating  to  the  study  of 
Old  German  Literature.  In  that  department  of 
literature  he  was  one  of  the  early  pioneers,  and 
his  great  merits  will  not  ejisily  be  forgotten. 

Mary,  relict  of  the  Rev.  Lebbeus  Charles  Ilum- 
frcy,  rector  of  Laughton,  I/cicester,  and  dau.  of 
the  late  Rev.  John  Swan,  near  of  Carlton,  Lin- 
colnshire. 

June  12.  At  Bath,  Frances  Phillips,  widow  of 
James  Dawn,  esq.,  and  dau.  of  Lieut. -Col. 
Tavler. 

At  Swainston,  Isle  of  Wight,  the  seat  of  Sir 
John  Simeon,  Bart.,  aged  30.  Edmund  Rodney 
Pollexfen  Bastard,  esq.,  of  KiUey,  Devon. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  67,  Rear-Admiral  Thomas 
Prickctt.  He  entered  the  Navy  when  onlv  10 
years  of  age  as  flrst-clasa  volunteer,  on  board  the 
"Borer"  sloop,  commanded  by  his  father,  and 
rose  through  the  various  grades  of  midshipman, 
sub-lieutenant,  and  in  1807,  as  flrst-lieutenant  of 
the  •'  Elk,"  was  engagiKl  in  some  boat  actions  In 
ths  West  Indies.  As  Captiiin  of  the  "Teaser," 
14,  in  1814,  he  took  an  American  privateer  of 
superior  force.  After  the  declar.ition  of  peace 
he  was  employwl  on  t^e  eoa«*t  of  Africa,  and  re- 
tired in  1816.  His  father  served  the  eountnr 
with  zeal  for  upwards  of  fifty  years,  and,  like  hu 
son,  owed  his  promotion  to  merit  alone. 

June  13.  Charbs  Henry  Beddoes,  esq..  Com* 
mander,  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

Aged  55,  Arthur  Barron,  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
barrister-at-law,  and  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  Coll. 
Cambridge. 

Mr.  George  Dennee.  of  Great  Vine-st.,  Begent- 
Bt.,  third  eon  of  tbe  late  T.  M.  Dcmwe,  twf^  of 


185G.] 

Buhim  Hall,  and  Keltlei«ODe,  In  the  n 
Norfolk. 
At  WoDlwicb,  ascd  76,  Ueut..GEO.  ' 

Roval  ArUllrry. 

JuHi  H-  ^K^A  70»  Richard  Iad^dti 
of  TbniBain^n,  LeicePtcn^hire, 

Al  Lambeth,  aijFd  II,  Mr.  Henry  H 
Premier  Violi.  Eoyil  Italian  Opera. 


At  GainvwDod,  near  Demopotiis 
reridaice  of  Gen.  Nuthao  B.  Whilfl 
daui^terorj.  J.  KobertAon,  D.D. 

JuiitlS.  At  52,  Wimpole-jl.,  Tho 
Esq.,  of  Uillmarton.lotlKP,  WilM. 

Liem,-fol.  Womjss  Thomas  C( 


It  Lambeth,  Dr.'rhoir 


In  Great  Coramrflreel,  aged 
Read,  K.N,,  and  K.T.^i.  Lieut. 

till  IWS,  when  he  retired  upon 
June  15.    At  Beading,  aged 

At  Kensinglon. 
Sir  Chii&topbe"  ^'"" 

At  Woodbridge.  aged 
Jamea  Fulham,  esq. 


ta  Brown,      widQw 


^wk£ii 


tVances.  widow  of 


Lt  Dillon  Marah,  WcatblUy.  E 


Stapleton,  esq. 


Catherine,  wife  o 


Fortland-pl.,  affed 


1^  W.  °Mu°Uda  Jane. 


i-town,  B«d 
,  H.E.I.C.'a 


TABLE  OF  MORTALITY  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OF  LONDON. 
{IVom  the  Beturui  issued  hg  lie  Eegialrar-  Oeneral) 


Deatlis  Be^tareil. 

Birtl 

a  Regis 

tercd. 

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&u 

1? 

11 

11 

%t 

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1 

i 

^ 

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^r.-o 

s| 

"1 

H 

^ 

Bai 

152 

laa 

1 53 

?1 

lOU 

1861 

M)5 

179 

170 

■'i 

1027 

7S7 

791 

1573 

■A 

1068 

SlMi 

8B1 

mi 

It     . 

lOS 

1»3 

161 

■il 

i 

1027 

H2-6 

7'19 

1572 

AVERAGE  PRICE  OF  CORN,  JrsE  21. 
Wheat.    I    Barley.    1      Oats.      I      Rye.      |     Beans.    I      Peaa. 
1.    d.     \     I.    d.  ».     d.     \     t.    d.     \     t.    d.  :    d. 

68    3      [    39    1      I    23  11      |    44    3      |    42    1      |    39    7 

PRICE  OF  HOPS. 
Sumei  Pocketo,  31.  0».  to  5/.  Oi.— Kent  Pockets,  3/.  3».  to  6?.  10*. 

PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD,  June  21. 

Hsj.  4/.  Ot.  to  U.  16».— Straw,  \l.  it.  to  1/.  8j.— Clover,  6^.  5*.  to  G(.  lOs. 

SMITHFIELD,  June  20.     To  sink  the  Offal-per  stone  of  Sllia. 

5;.U :::■■■£:  m:SS:  SI  H»i,.tcuii..iM.AAj™.i6. 

Veal  4».    W.t«5/.    id.   \       Beaata. 3,979       Calves  310 

Pork  .    ,..4».    Orf.  toll.  lOrf.         Sheep  and  Lamha  24,500      Fga     380 

Umb.!..' fn.    *d.to6i.    Od.   1 

COAL  MARKET,  JtTNK  21. 

Walla  Emk,  &c.  16».  6d.  to  17*.  9rf.  per  ton.     Other  aorts,  13*.  fli.  to  1S».  M. 

TALLOW,  per  ewt.— Towd  Tallow,  48*.  Gd.     Yellow  Ruasla,  4C».  Oii. 

WOOL,  Down  Tega,  per  lb.  IM.  to  16d.  Wethers,  13ii.  to  14d.  Combing,  lU.  to  IM. 


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DAILY  PRICE  OF  STOCKS. 


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99 

4  pm. 

28 
29 
80 
81 

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217 

3  pm. 

5,m. 

IB. 

6  pm. 
6  pm. 
8  pm. 
6  pm. 
6  pm. 

99 

99 
981 

99 
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4  pm. 

217 

2161 
2171 
217 
218 
2171 
218 

2341 

236 

'4 

2  pm. 
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99 
991 
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9  pm. 

12 

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14 

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2171 

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10  pm. 

11  pm. 
18  pm. 
10  pm. 
11pm. 

?rm 

10  pm! 
10  pm. 

17 
18 

991 
991 

H 

218 

991 

S3 

14  p.. 

EDWARD  ANn  ALFRED  WHITHORE, 
Stock  and  Share  Broken^ 

17,  Change  Alley,  LohiIod. 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

AUGUST,  1856. 


CONTENTS, 

PAGE 

MINOR  COBRE8PONDBNGE.— Family  Nomenclature— To  remore  Whitewashr-Tbe  late 

Bishop  9f  Olooceiter 130 

Autobiography  of '  SylTanas  Urban 131 

Tba  War  Mid  the  Peace 140 

The  Two  Qustavi 156 

History  and  CharacieriBti^s  (^  Oniameiitiil  Art    163 

Deniion'g  Lectures  on  Chorch-boilding ; 170 

Andent  Carved  Ivoriea    i 175 

Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawaon 179 

Discovery  of  the  Merovingian  Cemetery  at  St.  Eloy    186 

A  New  Oiaracter  of  Henry  y in 189 

Fuldier'sLifeofOainiborough  198 

Chatterton 201 

The  TfaeUuaaon  Property 206 

Houses  df  the  Middle  Agce 207 

licences  to  Crenellate  208 

CORRESPONDENCE  Of  8TLVANU8  URBAN.— The  Natural  HiBtory  and  Habits  of  Ani- 
mala  as  deaoribed  by  our  old  Heraldic  Writers,  S16 ;  Holbom  of  Old,  218 ;  Worcestershire 
in  the  Civil  Wars,  219 ;  Ancient  Seal  found,  near  Oxford,  220 ;  The  Duke  of  Mon- 
mottth*B  Key,  221 :  Prop(»ed  New  National  Gallery,  222 ;  Inventory  of  Church  Furni- 
ture at  Chediam,  Backs,  223 ;  Alterations  in  Lichfield  Cathedral  223 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS.— Dupin's  Holy  Places,  224 ;  Maber's 
Remarkable  Providences, 
volution,  32S  J  Transactions  ( 
Stereoaoope,  329 ;  General 

227  ;  Adama'  First  of  June,  228 ;'  Walton's  Angler,  229 ;  Jones'  Proper  Names  of  Scrip- 
ture, 229;  Neale's  Mediseval  Preachers 229 

ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES.— Sussex  ArchiBok)glcal  Society,  229 ;  Leicestershire  Archi- 
tectural and  ArchflBological  Society,  2S3 ;  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  234 ;  Wiltshire 
Arehaologioal  and  Natural  History  Society,  2^ ;  Chronological  Institute— Wood-Carv- 
ings at  St  Paul's— Disoovery  of  Roman  Coins 235 

NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH^^Royal  Academy  Exhibition.  236 ;  Shaksperiana,  237  ;  Curious 
Occurrence  at  a  Wedding,  337 ;  New  German  Periodical  —  Manchester  Exchange  — 
Holyl^Md  Harbour 239 

HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE.— Foreign  News,  238 ;  Domestic  Occurrences 239 

Promotiona  and  Preferments „ 241 

OBITUARY ;  with  liemoirs  of  Florestan,  Prince  of  Monaco— Maj^or-Gen.  Sir  W.  H.  Sleeman, 
K.C.B.— Sir  Fred.  Fowke.  Bart.— Rev.  Sir  George  Bernard,  Bart.— Sir  James  Meek, 
Kttt.,  C.B.— Rear-Admiral  King,  F.R.S.,  &c.— Ca^.  Deans  Dundas— Capt.  W.  J.  Cole, 
K.H.— Rev.  CantD  Rogera— Henry  Lawaon,  Esq.,  F.R.8.— Geo.  Gwilt,  Esq.,  F.S.A.— 
John  Richards,  Esq.,  F,S.A.— T.  Barrett  Lennard,  Esq.— Miss  Innes— L.  C.  J.  Du- 
comet   242 — 254 

Cuutav  BBoaASBD 254 

DsATHs,  arranged  in  Chronologloal  Order 255 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  in  the  MetropoUa— Markets,  363 ;  Meteorological 

Diary—DaUy  Price  or  Stocks 264 


By  SYLVANUS  UEBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Me.  Ubban. — In  your  number  for  June, 
1856,  is  an  article  on  family  nomenclature ; 
the  etymologies  in  general  well-founded, 
but  there  is  one,  at  least,  doubtful. 

Your  correspondent  says,  "  Copperwheat 
is  Copperthwait,  a  worker  in  copper." 
ThwaitCy  I  believe,  was  the  Saxon  word  for 
a  set  of  farm -buildings :  there  is  no  sir- 
name  more  common  in  North  Lancashire, 
Cumberland,  and  Westm^land  (aayou  have 
it,  I  think  erroneously),  and  Cowperthwaite 
would  be  the  farm  of  the  horse-dealer  or 
horse-cowper. 

I  send  you,  from  memory,  a  few  names 
common  in  the  district  I  have  mentioned. 
At  Thwmtes  in  Millom  is  a  druidical  circle 
of  fifty  stones,  called  by  the  neighbours 
Sunken-kirk. 

Thwaite  Linethwaite 

Adamthwaite  Lowthwaite 

Brackenthwaite  Micklethwaite 

Braithwaite  Murthwaite 

Branthwaite  Orthwaite 

Brewthwaite  Postlethwaite 

Cornthwaite  Satterthwaite 

Cowperthwaite  Simonthwaite 

Crossthwaite  Stanthwaite 

Dowthwaite  Thackthwaite 

Oodderthwaite  Thistlethwaite 

Hathornthwute  Thomthwaite 

Uuthwaite  Waberthwaite. 

Lewthwaite 

I  am  happy  to  say  that  I  possess  199 
nniform  volumes  of  your  ancient  miscel- 
lany, and  am  now  receiving  volume  200. 
Yours,  &c.,        A  Seftuagenabian. 

Me.Ubban, — Excuse  my  troubling  you, 
but  I  know  you  will  tell  me  how  I  can 
best  manage  to  get  the  whitewash,  &c.,  of 
centuries  scraped  off  our  parish  church  here. 
Our  churchwarden  has  cleaned  the  font, 
but  I  fear  he,  in  his  zeal,  has  managed  to 
destroy  much  of  the  ori^nal  colouring  be- 
neath, of  which  traces  still  remain.  Is 
not  there  a  sort  of  scraper  for  the  purpose  ? 
Pray,  for  the  sake  of  the  object,  give  your- 
self the  trouble  to  communicate  any  hints 
which  may  serve  to  promote  my  wish,  aa 
the  stipendiary  curate  of  this  village,  to 
make  our  church  a  little  more  worthy  of 
the  pure  faith  professed  by  the  communion 
to  which  it  belongs. 

Any  reply  from  one  so  fit  to  advise  on 
ecclesiological  matters,  will  much  oblige 
Yours  faithfully,         F.  S.  M. 

Perhaps  there's  some  little  cheap  book 
to  give  me  the  information. 

[Mr.  Urban  is  not  acquainted  with  any 
little  cheap  book  that  does  give  this  sort 
of  useful  information.  The  EKXilesiological 
Society  recommend  "Manchester  Card," 
a  sort  of  wire  brush  used  in  the  wool 
manufactories  for  combing  wool,  and  the 


refuse,  after  it  is  done  with  in  the  manu- 
factories, does  very  well  for  scraping  off 
whitewash  from  a  flat  wall.  It  is  to  be 
had  very  cheap  in  the  manufactiuing  dis- 
tricts, and  is  supplied  wholesale  and  retail 
by  Mr.  French  of  Bolton-le-Moors. 

The  objection  to  this  scraping  process 
by  a  wire  brush  is,  that  it  scrapes  off  the 
fine  edge  of  any  mouldings  or  carved  work, 
and  it  should  never  be  used  except  for  the 
plain  flat  surface  of  the  waU,  and  then  it 
scrapes  off  any  painting  there  may  be 
under  the  whitewash,  as  there  always  was, 
if  it  has  not  previously  been  destroyed. 

The  practice  Mr.  Urban  usually  recom- 
mends is  to  wet  the  whitewash  well,  let 
the  wet  sink  well  into  it  for  some  time, 
and  while  it  is  between  wet  and  dry  peel 
it  off  with  an  ivory  or  bone  paper-knife : 
it  will  generally  come  off  in  large  flakes 
and  in  successive  layers,  so  that  any  paint- 
ing on  the  plaster  itself  may  be  preserved. 
This  process  requires  very  little  labour  or 
trouble, — the  only  thing  required  is  care ; 
and  as  either  ivory  or  bone  is  softer  than 
most  kinds  of  stone,  it  is  not  easy  to  do 
any  mischief,  as  the  tool  will  break  before 
the  stone  will  give  way  to  it:  for  this 
reason,  no  iron  or  metal  tool  should  be 
used.  One  end  of  this  paper-knife,  or 
fol^Ung-stick,  as  the  bookbinders  call  it, 
should  be  cut  to  a  point,  and  used  to 
pick  out  the  whitewash  from  any  carved 
work.  Miss  Baker  of  Northampton  cleaned 
out  the  whole  of  the  beautiful  capitals  of 
St.  Peter's  Church  in  that  town  with  her 
own  hands;  and  many  a  curate's  wife  or 
sister  might  do  the  same  thing;  or  even 
the  clerk's  or  sexton's  wife  can  be  trusted 
for  this  simple  operation.] 

The  late  Bishop  of  Gloucestee. 

Mb.  Ubban, — In  your  obituary  notice 
(in  the  current  number)  of  Bishop  Monk, 
the  articles  which  appeared  in  "Black- 
wood's Magazine,"  on  the  subject  of  that 
prelate's  Life  of  Bentley,  are  attributed 
to  the  late  Professor  Wilson.  If  the  writer 
of  the  notice  will  refresh  his  memory  of 
those  articles  by  even  the  hastiest  recur- 
rence to  them,  I  feel  persuaded  that  the 
internal  evidence  alone  will  suffice  not 
merely  to  prove  them  to  be  not  Professor 
Wilson's,  but  to  point  to  the  actual  author, 
viz.  Mr.  De  Quincey. 

Internal  evidence  apart,  however,  I  have 
the  best  authority  for  knowing  the  ad- 
mired series  of  papers  in  question  (equally 
with  the  corresponding  set  on  Dr.  Parr, 
which  appeared  about  the  same  time)  to 
be  the  production  of  the  sometime  "  Eng- 
lish opium-eater." — Yours,  &c. 

Francis  Jacox. 


THE 


GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REYIEW. 


THE  ATJTOBIOGEAPHY  OF  SYLVANUS  UEBAN. 

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  POETEY  OF  MY  YOUTH. 

Having  told  you  the  story  of  my  birth,  I  have  now  to  relate  the  circum- 
stances of  my  education,  and  my  first  struggles  in  life  ;  to  recall  to  memory 
the  almost  forgotten  friends  and  associates  of  my  early  days,  and  to  summon 
from  the  shades  of  oblivion,  if  it  may  still  be  possible,  some  of  my  entirely 
forgotten  rivals  and  opponents. 

Among  the  former,  as  I  have  already  acknowledged,  my  honoured 
parent,  Edward  Cave,  was  the  most  constant,  persevering,  and  indefatigable ; 
and  during  the  three-and- twenty  years  that  he  survived  my  birth,  I  may  say 
that  the  father  and  the  son  were  ever  cordially  and  intimately  associated.  In 
the  words  of  Dr.  Johnson*,  "  He  continued  to  improve  his  Magazine,  and 
bad  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  its  success  proportionate  to  his  diligence." 
So  unremitting  were  his  thoughts  for  it,  (as  Johnson  once  observed  to  his 
friend  Boswell,)  that  **  he  scarcely  ever  looked  out  of  the  window,  but  with 
a  view  to  its  improvement ;  and  even  when  the  sale  had  reached  to  10,000 
copies,  he  could  not  bear  to  hear  of  the  loss  of  a  single  customer  without 
the  anxious  exclamation,  '  Let  us  be  sure  to  look  up  something,  taking  of 
the  best,  for  the  next  month.'  When  a  friend  entered  his  room,  Cave  waa 
generally  found  sitting,  still  plodding  at  his  favourite  task.  He  would  con- 
tinue silent  for  a  few  minutes,  and  then  commence  the  conversation  by 
placing  in  the  hands  of  his  visitor  a  leaf  of  the  Magazine  at  that  time  in 
progress,  asking  for  criticism  and  advice^." 

When  his  portrait  was  painted,  as  it  was  two  or  three  times*',  it  was  his 

■  lAfe  of  Cave,  ^  Sir  John  Hawkins. 

^  The  original  of  Cave's  portrait,  etched  by  the  celebrated  Worlidge,  which  was  pub. 
lished  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  in  1754,  is  a  small  oil-painting,  now  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Nichols,  in  Parliament-street.  The  painter  was  F.  Ky  te,  in  1740.  The 
likeness  is  not  well  caught  by  Worlidge;  but  much  better  by  an  anonymous  line- 
engraver,  whose  aid  was  called  in,  as  Worlidge's  etching  was  worn  out  before  it  had 
furnished  the  numbers  required.  A  third  engraving  of  this  portrait  was  made  by  C.  Grig- 
nion,  in  small  folio ;  a  fourth  by  James  Basire  for  Mr.  Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes  in 
1812;  and  a  fifth  by  E.  Scriven,  for  Murray's  edition  of  Bo8well*s  Johnson.  The 
second  is  the  only  one  that  preserves  the  air  of  the  original.  He  holds  a  letter  ad- 
dressed to  Sylv,  IJrban,  at  St.  John* 8  Gate, 

A  handsome  picture  exists,  upon  which  is  inscribed — "  £.  C.  S>.  52.  S.  U."  This 
was  either  at  Birmingham,  or  elsewhere  in  Warwickshire^  about  thirty  years  ago,  when 


•• « 


132  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Aug. 

constant  fancy  to  be  identified  with  myself.  As  he  added  to  bis  household 
plate,  St.  John's  Gate  was  engraved  upon  every  spoon ;  and  when  his  in- 
creasing affluence  enabled  him  to  ride  in  his  carriage,  he  placed  the  same 
device,  instead  of  arms,  upon  its  panels^. 

The  first  task  taught  me  by  my  father  was  to  condense  the  essay*  that 
appeared  in  the  daily  and  weekly  newspapers.  This,  as  I  have  already 
stated,  was  the  original  idea  upon  which  the  Magazine  was  set  on  foot — 
according  to  its  motto,  E  pluribus  unum.  The  extracts  and  epitomes  so 
made  were  arranged  in  the  two  departments  of  Prose  and  Poetry.  Mr. 
Cave  was  alike  solicitous  for  the  completeness  of  both,  but  his  natural  pre- 
dilection made  him  care  especially  for  the  latter.  Without  any  poetic  skill 
of  his  own,  beyond  that  of  stringing  together  a  few  easy  and  good-humoured 
lines®,  and  in  his  taste  rather  omnivorous  than  fastidious,  he  was,  as  Dr. 
Johnson  has  truly  said,  **  a  greater  lover  of  poetry  than  any  other  art." 
He  relied  upon  the  ephemeral  journals  to  afford  sufficient  materials  for  the 

the  sketch  now  before  us  was  made  by  the  late  Mr.  Bissett,  of  Leamington ;  but  where 
it  is  now  preserved  we  do  not  know. 

A  third  picture,  three-quarters  length,  was  found  not  long  ago  by  Mr.  Foster,  the 
present  tenant  of  St.  John's  Gate,  in  the  room  which  adjoins  on  the  south  side  to  the 
great  chamber  over  the  gateway.  It  presents  Cave's  true  features ;  and,  bdng  an  ex* 
cellent  painting,  Mr.  Foster  has  ventured,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  gentleman  who  has 
cleaned  it,  to  place  on  the  frame  the  name  of  Hogarth. 

**  Sir  John  Hawkins  says,  he  "  manifested  his  good  fortune  by  buying  an  old  coach 
and  a  pair  of  older  horses ;  and,  that  he  might  avoid  the  suspicion  of  pride  in  setting  up 
an  equipage,  he  displayed  to  the  world  the  source  of  his  affluence,  by  a  representation  of 
St.  John's  Gate,  instead  of  his  arms,  on  the  door-panel."  Mr.  Nichols  (lAterafy 
Anecdotes,  v.  43)  further  tells  us,  that  "  in  the  latter  part  of  Mr.  Cave's  life  he  was  a  fre* 
quent  traveller ;  and,  time  being  more  an  object  to  him  than  expense,  and  the  luxury 
of  turnpike-roads  being  then  but  little  known,  he  generally  used  four  horses.  He  was 
particularly  attentive  to  his  horses  ^  which  were  kept  well  and  worked  well.  If  proof 
of  this  were  required,  it  would  be  sufficient  to  refer  to  a  letter  of  his  in  Gent.  Mag., 
vol.  xviii.  p.  390,  on  an  efficacious  remedy  for  the  glanders  in  horses,  confirmed  by  an 
affidavit  of  his  coachman  in  p.  432.     See  also  voL  xix.  p.  140. 

*  Some  of  Cave's  poetical  efforts  are  copied  by  Mr.  Nichols  in  his  Literary  Anecdotes^ 
vol.  v.  pp.  35,  36.  For  another,  see  "  To  Fidelia,"  (a  lady  of  Lincoln,)  in  answer  to  her 
two  epistles,  Gent.  Mag.  iv.  619 ;  and  again,  vol.  v.  p.  271.  The  following,  from  the 
Magazine,  vol.  vii.  p.  179,  is  a  shorter  specimen  of  his  style.  Sylvius  was  his  poetical 
oorrespondent,  Mr.  John  Duick,  of  whom  more  in  the  sequel. 

From  the  Club  cU  the  Gate,  to  &/lvims» 

"  SyMtts  !  we  held  your  word,  till  now. 
As  sacred  a«  a  ralemii  vow ; 
But  since  yonr  promise  you  evade. 
To  shew  us  your  poetick  maid. 
We  doubt  Oranrtlla'a  charms  joa  feign. 
This  Pallaa  issu'd  from  your  brain.** 

From  some  earlier  verses,  however,  by  Sylvius,  (vol.  vi.  p.  155,)  it  had  appeared  that 

Gh*anvilla  was  a  real  personage.  Miss  W 1,  the  author  of  some  mmnuseript  poems, 

the  daughter  of  a  tuneful  sire,  on  whom  Queen  Mary  had  deigned  to  mik,  and  sister 
of  one  on  whom  the  father's  spirit  fell. 

In  July,  1734,  (vol.  iv.  p.  387,)  Cave  thus  represented  his  editorial  princii^eB ; — 

In  answer  to  some  very  different  complaints  seni  to  the  Author, 

<*  To  be  strictly  impartial  is  ever  my  aim. 
Attend,  genUe  readers,  and  judge  of  my  daim ; 
From  Wliigs  and  from  Tories  with  letters  I*m  ply*d. 
Each  schools  me  as  fav'ring  the  oppodte  Mm ; 
Be'ng  pester'd  from  both  with  invectives  so  hearty, 
*Ti8  plain  I*m  of  neither  or  council  or  partj, 
'Twas  ne'er  my  intention  theae  clamour*  to  raise. 
But  some  sort  oif  oeoiurs  is  eqaal  to  praiss.** 


1856/]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  133 

more  solid  portions  of  the  Magazine,  but  he  soon  became  desirous  that  the 
poetical  pages  should  be  characterised  by  a  fuller  and  better  supply  than 
could  be  obtained  from  that  source.  Therefore  the  first  original  commu- 
nications that  he  solicited  were  for  our  poetical  department. 

They  soon  flowed  in  abundantly,  and  well  do  I  recollect  the  business  it 
was  to  marshal  the  pastorals,  the  elegies,  and  the  songs,  the  epigrams,  the 
enigmas,  and  the  rebuses  that  continually  courted  our  acceptance.  It  soon 
became  no  trifling  concern  to  balance  the  conflicting  claims  of  the  Flavias, 
the  Delias,  and  Cselias,  the  Damons,  and  Strepbons,  and  Cory  dons,  and  the 
crowds  of  other  shepherds  and  shepherdesses  that  flocked  from  all  parts  of 
the  country.  Cave  was  not  contented  with  sitting  in  judgment  upon  the 
productions  of  his  poetical  correspondents,  but  he  frequently  undertook  to 
straighten  the  limbs  of  their  ill-shapen  and  hobbling  bantlings.  This,  as 
may  be  imagined,  was  not  always  acceptable  to  the  too  partial  parents ; 
and  after  he  had  done  his  best,  in  his  own  phrase,  **  to  put  the  last  hand  to 
unfinished  pieces^,"  he  often  had  to  stand  on  his  defence  for  his  well-meant 
but  ill- appreciated  services. 

But  in  the  pursuit  of  his  favourite  projects.  Cave  never  spared  either  his 
pains  or  his  purse.  In  order  to  fan  the  flames  of  his  poetical  correspondents, 
he  ofifered  prizes  for  their  competition.  On  this  subject  Dr.  Johnson  has 
spoken  with  some  disdain.  I  beUeve  he  had  never  condescended  to  enter 
the  arena  himself,  and  when  he  wrote  about  this  matter  he  did  not  take  the 
trouble  to  inform  himself  correctly  of  the  particulars.  He  states  that  "  the 
first  prize  was  fifty  pounds ;"  but  the  prize  of  fifty  pounds,  which  was  given 
in  1 735,  was  not  the  first,  for  there  had  been  others  before  given,  in  1 733 
and  1734.  The  plan  was  first  suggested  to  Cave  by  a  correspondent  in 
17328;  and  it  was  proposed  to  the  public  in  the  Magazine  for  April,  1738. 
The  occasion  taken  was  the  fact  of  five  busts  of  distinguished  philosophers 
having  been  set  up  in  her  Majesty's  hermitage  at  Richmond. 

It  is  well  known  that  George  the  Second  neither  felt,  nor  afiected,  any 
regard  for  art,  science,  or  literature ;  but  he  graciously  allowed  his  royal 
consort  to  waste  time  upon  such  toys,  and  money  also,  so  that  she  only 
spent  her  own.  Her  Majesty  Queen  Caroline  was  consequently  considered 
as  the  dispenser  of  royal  patronage,  and  received  the  homage  which  thus 
became  her  due.  Among  the  rest,  she  employed  the  architect  Kent  to 
decorate  the  grounds  belonging  to  the  lodge  in  Richmond  Little  Park, 
which  she  had  purchased  of  the  Duke  of  Ormond.  Among  the  ornamental 
buildings  there  erected  was  a  hermitage,  or  grotto,  within  which,  in  the 
year  1737,  were  placed  five  busts**,  which  were  those  of  John  Locke,  Sir 

*  Vol.  V.  p.  556. 

V  It  was  already  the  practice  to  give  prizes  for  tht  solntioii  of  enigmas  and  mathema* 
tical  or  philosophical  questions  in  the  Lady's  Diary,  and  perhaps  other  almanacs. 

*•  I  am  not  aware  who  was  the  sculptor  of  these  busts,  nor  whether  they  are  still  in 
existence.  Queen  Caroline's  gardens  at  Richmond  are  very  slightly  noticed  by  the 
authors  of  the  Environs  of  London,  and  no  further  by  the  historians  of  Surr&y.  Their 
ornamental  buildings  were  swept  away  when  the  Princess  of  Wales  employed  Capability 
Brown  and  Sir  William  Chambers  on  a  larger  scale  at  Kew.  There  is  a  baiidsome 
quarto  print,  published  Oct.  1735,  inscribed — "  To  her  most  Excellent  Majesty  Queen 
Caroline,  This  View  of  the  Hermitage  in  the  Royal  Garden  at  Richmond,  And  of  the 
Heads  of  y«  Hon**'*  Rob*  Boyle  Esq'.,  Jn*.  Locke  Esq.  S'  Isaac  Newton,  Will"  WoUaston 
Esq'.,  &  of  y«  Rev.  ]>  Sam^  Clarke,  Done  after  the  Marble  Busts  placed  therein,  is  moat 
Humbly  Dedicated."  J.  Gravelot  Inven.  et  Delin.  C.  Du  Bosc  Sculp.  (George  Ill.'s 
collection  in  Brit.  Mus.,  xli.  16  m.)  In  the  foreground  is  the  Queen  giving  an  audience 
to  Kent,  the  architect,  and  Stephen  Duck,  her  poet  and  librarian.  This  must,  however, 
have  been  only  the  first  of  a  set  of  plates,  as  the  "  Busts"  do  not  appear  in  it. 


134  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [A-ug. 

Isaac  Newton,  William  Wollaston,  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  and,  in  a  place  above 
the  rest,  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle,  having  "  behind  his  head  a  large  golden 
sun,  darting  his  wide- spreading  beams  all  about."  The  newspapers  teemed 
with  verses,  some  laudatory  and  some  satirical  *,  upon  this  royal  tribute  to 
philosophy, — then  so  unusual  in  England.  Cave  attempted  briefly  to  answer 
some  of  the  most  impudent  of  the  latter  description  ;  but,  anxious  to  turn 
the  scale  still  more  efl^ectually  in  commendation  of  the  Queen*s  taste  and 
liberality;  he  offered  for  the  best  copy  of  verses  on  the  Grotto  at  Richmond 
a  volume  of  the  current  year's  Magazine,  "  on  Royal  Paper,  finely  bound 
in  Morocco,  and  properly  Lettered  ;  with  the  Name  of  the  Author  if  he 
pleases.  The  Gentleman  or  Lady  whose  Piece  shall  be  judged  to  merit  the 
second  Place  shall  be  entitled  to  a  Volume  in  Common  Paper,  handsomely 
bound,  and  letter' d  also  in  a  proper  manner  ^."  A  swarm  of  poets  responded 
to  this  oflFer,  and  so  many  as  eleven  of  their  pieces  on  the  subject  were  in- 
serted in  subsequent  Magazines  ^  The  whole  were  also  collected  together, 
with  additional  poems,  in  a  separate  book,  entitled  "  The  Contest  ™."  The 
prizes  were  awarded  by  the  opinions  of  five  judges.  The  first  prize  was 
assigned  to  No.  VIIL,  which  had  been  printed  in  the  Magazine  for 
August ;  and  the  second  to  No.  I.°  The  former  was  the  production  of 
Mr.  Moses  Browne,  and  the  latter  of  Mr.  John  Duick. 

At  the  same  time  a  prize  for  the  new  year  was  announced.  The  subject 
was  Astronomy.  The  best  poem  to  be  entitled  to  a  complete  set  of  the 
Magazine  on  royal  paper,  in  sheets,  for  the  four  years;  and  the  second 
best  to  a  set  of  the  common  paper. 

In  July  of  the  same  year  Sylvanus  Urban  offered  bis  prize  of  fifty  pounds 
to  the  person  who  should  make  '*  the  best  poem,  Latin  or  English,  on  Life, 
Death,  Judgment,  Heaven  and  Hell,  viz.,  all  the  said  subjects  jointly, 
and  not  any  single  one  independent  of  the  rest."  The  pieces  were  to  be 
sent  in  before  the  1st  of  May,  1735 ;  and,  in  order  to  the  decision  of  the 
prize,  all  persons  of  taste  and  learning  were  invited  to  give  their  votes,  to 
be  intimated  before  the  30th  of  November  following  ®. 

Meanwhile,  four  poems  on  the  theme  of  Astronomy  were  printed  in  the 
Magazine  P,  and  in  December  the  decision  was  announced.  It  was  made 
by  "  a  certain  learned  and  reverend  Gentleman,  celebrated  for  his  Poetical 
Works,  and  who  hath  also  published  a  Treatise  on  Astronomy,"  and  who 
dated  from  N[ewingt]on.  My  readers  will  perhaps  at  once  solve  this 
riddle,  and  be  aware  that  the  person  so  described  was  the  amiable 
Dr.  Isaac  Watts.  He  gave  his  reasons  at  length  *i,  and  at  last  professed 
himself  unable  to  decide  between  the  two  best  compositions ;  whereupon 

*  Specimens  of  both  were  given  in  the  Magazine,  vol.  viii.  pp.  41,  206,  207. 

•*  See  the  fiirther  conditions  in  voL  viii.  p.  208. 

»  Vol.  viii.  pp.  317,  369,  439,  541. 

"  See  the  full  title  of  this  in  vol.  iv.  p.  167.  Two  copies  were  given  to  every  con» 
tributor  (p.  158).  There  is  one  in  the  British  Museum.  It  commences  with  an  epitha- 
lamium  on  the  nuptials  of  her  Highness  the  Princess  Royal  with  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
by  J.  Duick ;  next  follow  eleven  essays  on  the  Or  otto ;  followed  by  the  Lover's  Web, 
by  William  Dunkin,  and  the  Oift  of  Pallas ^  by  the  author  of  a  new  translation  of 
Longinus,  printed  by  subscription  in  Ireland.  Both  the  latter  poems  were  occasioned 
by  a  fine  piece  of  linen  cloth,  lately  sent  from  Ireland  by  Lenox  Napier,  Esq.,  as  a 
present  to  the  Princess  Anne  on  her  marriage. 

"  See  the  particulars  of  the  decision  in  vol.  iv.  p.  158. 

®  Vol.  iv.  p.  382.  See  further  on  the  proposed  (impracticable)  mode  of  decision  in 
the  following  month,  p.  442 ;  and  again,  p.  560. 

P  VoL  iv.  pp.  271,  503,  562.  ^  VoL  iv.  p.  746. 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanua  Urban.  185 

the  persons  concerned,  perfectly  satisfied  in  his  judgment,  and  being  inti- 
mate friends,  desired  to  compromise  the  matter.  It  proved  that  they  were 
the  very  same '  who  had  shared  the  prizes  the  year  before ;  and  as  it  had 
then  been  "almost  equally  puzzling"  to  arrive  at  a  decision,  Mr.  Cave 
assigned  now,  as  he  did  then,  prizes  of  the  first  rate  to  both  parties. 

Mr.  Cave  was  delighted  with  the  success  that  attended  these  poetical 
schemes;  and  as  the  pecuniary  prize  he  had  now  offered  was  on  a  very 
serious  subject,  he  thought  proper  to  afford  to  persons  of  a  gayer  fancy 
a  concurrent  opportunity  to  exercise  their  talents  in  Epigrams.     In  Nov. 

1734,  it  was  proposed*  that  every  candidate  should  send  three  new  epigrams, 
the  subjects  to  be  of  their  own  choosing,  and  two  of  them,  at  least,  to  be 
in  English.  The  person  who  might  chiefly  excel  was  to  have  a  set  of  the 
Magazine,  in  large  paper,  for  four  years,  handsomely  bound;  and  the 
person  next  in  merit  one  of  the  common  paper.  No  fewer  than  twenty-six 
sets  of  epigrams,  which  had  been  received  in  consequence  of  this  proposal, 
were  printed  in  the  first  four  Magazines  of  1735;  though  twelve  sets  of 
them  only  had  arrived  before  the  stipulated  term  of  Candlemas-day.  The 
decision  was  announced  in  September  *.  The  set  No.  VII.  was  deemed  de- 
serving of  the  first  prize ;  they  came  from  a  stranger,  one  Vario,  who  dated 
from  Durham.  The  second  prize  was  allotted  to  set  II.,  received  from 
Corinna.  I  will  quote  one  of  these,  which  is  curious  as  satirizing  the  high 
church-pews,  then  fashionable,  but  which  another  age  has  successfully 
scouted: — 

On  a  short  Clergynum, 

"  I  went  to  M-r-d-n"  one  sabbath  even. 
To  hear  the  priest  direct  the  way  to  heav'n ; 
I  heard,  but  cou'd  not  see ;  the  stately  pew. 
And  lofty  pulpit,  hid  him  from  our  view ; 
With  heavenly  truths  he  charms  our  listning  ears, 
•  The  truths  we  hear,  the  preacher  ne'er  appears ; 

Tlien  laugh  no  more  when  Homer's  tripods  walk. 
Since  now  our  desks  can  pray,  and  pulpits  talk." 

I  will  only  add  on  this  subject,  that  the  prize  epigrams  No.  I.  were  from 
our  old  friend  Mr.  Moses  Browne,  under  a  new  signature,  Fuscus ;  and  the 
first  of  them,  entitled  The  Carter  turned  Logician,  and  commencing — 

"  Giles  Jolt,  as  sleeping  in  his  cart  he  lay," 

was  the  best  remembered  of  the  whole  series,  finding  a  place  in  the  Elegant 
Extracts,  and  many  other  popular  collections. 

With  respect  to  the  fifty  pounds'  prize,  fresh  proposals  were  issued  in 
January,  1735Sby  the  addition  of  three  minor  prizes :  viz.,  II.  Five  pounds 
given  by  a  gentlewoman,  for  the  second  in  merit ;  III.  Five  years'  Magazines 
of  the  large  paper,  for  the  third ;  IV.  Five  years'  Magazines  of  the  common 
paper,  for  the  fourth.  At  the  same  time  Whimsical  Worthy,  Esquire,  under- 
took to  give  a  complete  set  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  neatly  bound, 
to  any  person  who  should,  either  in  poetry  or  prose,  draw  and  send  to  Mr. 
Urban  the  justest  and  best  pictures  of  Lady  Grace  Lovely  and  Beau  Rakish. 

'  Viz.,  No.  III.  in  Oct.  1734,  by  Astrophil  (Mr.  Moses  Browne ; — it  was  part  of  the 
longer  poem  entitled.  An  Essay  on  the  Universe,  in  three  Books,  in  his  Works,  1739, 
8vo.),  and  No.  IV.  in  October,  by  Sylvius  (Mr.  John  Duick).  The  other  competitors 
were, — No.  I.,  Urbanicus ;  No.  II.,  John  Hulsc,  of  Yoxhall,  near  Lichfield  (previously,  in 

1735,  of  Hulm's  Chapel,  in  Cheshire.     Gent.  Mag.  Extraordinary,  p.  394.) 
•  Vol.  iv.  p.  619.  »  VoL  v.  p.  556. 

"  Probably  Meriden,  near  Coventry.  *  Vol.  v.  p.  41. 


186  Autobiography  of  Sylvanui  Urban^  [Aug. 

This  challenge  was  answered  m  verse  by  the  indefatigable  Sylvias,  Mr.  John 
Duicky. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Magazine  for  May',  acknowledgment  was  made 
of  the  poems  that  had  been  received  on  the  great  theme  of  Lifb,  Death, 
Judgment,  Heaven  and  Hell.  They  consisted  of  twenty-nine  in  English, 
and  six  in  Latin,  the  latter  sent  from  various  parts  of  the  continent.  They 
were  too  voluminous  to  be  inserted  in  the  usual  way,  and  therefore  a  Ma« 
gazine  Extraordinary  was  devoted  to  their  publication.  It  was  paged  to  fol- 
low the  Number  for  July,  1735,  but  it  wUl  not  be  found  in  every  set  of 
the  Magazine.  The  majority  of  candidates  had  expressed  their  wishes  against 
a  decision  by  a  public  vote,  as  was  first  proposed,  preferring  that  it  should 
be  made  by  a  select  number  of  judges^.  We  applied  accordingly  to  three 
persons  of  good  judgment,  and  begged  the  favour  of  them  to  send  their 
opinions  separately  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Birch,  F.R.S.,  and  Dr.  Cromwell 
Mortimer,  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  who  undertook  to  declare  the 
adjudication  of  the  prizes.  This  was  at  last  performed  by  the  former  gentle- 
man, and  his  declaration  was  pubhshed  at  the  head  of  the  following  Feb- 
ruary Magazine^;  accompanied  by  a  statement  (written  by  a  different 
person)  of  the  reasons  that  had  probably  guided  the  decisions  of  the  judges, 
and  in  which  most  of  the  compositions  were  briefly  passed  in  review.  The 
crowned  competitor  was  still  the  fortunate  Mr.  Moses  Browne;  and  his 
prize  poem,  entitled  The  Consumate  State  of  Man,  will  be  found  in  the  col- 
lected  volume  of  his  poems,  printed  in  1739,  8vo.,  at  p.  395.  His  kinsman 
Mr.  John  Duick  was  also  still  the  second  in  the  race^. 

At  the  beginning  of  1736  we  offered  prizes  for  three  several  competi- 
tions :  for  the  first,  a  gold  medal ;  for  the  second,  forty  pounds,  divided  into 
three  sums ;  for  the  third,  various  books. 

The  subject  proposed*^  for  the  gold  medal  was  The  Christian  Hero; 
and  Mr.  Cave, "  though  not  for  absolutely  limitting  a  genius,"  signified  that 
it  would  be  most  convenient  if  each  composition  came  within  the  compass 
of  a  page,  or  under  130  lines.  But  this  limitation  was  afterwards  with- 
drawn*. Three  eminent  poets  were  to  determine  the  merit  of  the  pieces, 
and  one  or  two  persons  of  distinction  (on  whose  honour  the  judges  might 
depend,  in  the  event  of  their  wishing  to  conceal  their  own  names,)  were  to 

y  Nov.  p.  672.  «  VoL  v.  p.  227. 

•  Vol.  V.  pp.  227,  726.  Dr.  Johnson  was  pleased  to  say  that  Cave,  "  thinking  the 
influence  of  Fifty  pounds  extremely  great,  expected  the  first  authors  of  the  kingdom  to 
appear  as  competitors,  and  oflered  the  allotment  of  the  prize  to  the  Universities." 
lliese  statements  find  no  support  in  the  various  advertisements  inserted  by  Cave  in  the 
Magazine ;  though  Cave  admits  (Magazine  Extraordinary,  p.  436,)  that  "  the  uncom- 
monness  of  the  proposal  made  several  persons  of  genius  (especially  at  the  Universities) 
imagine  it  could  not  be  furly  executed."  "  But  when  the  time  came,"  (Dr.  Johnson 
proceeds,)  "  no  name  was  seen  among  the  writers  that  had  been  ever  seen  before ;  the 
Universities  and  several  private  men  rejected  the  province  of  assigning  the  prize." 
In  all  this,  as  I  have  already  remarked,  there  is  more  disdain  than  accuracy.  Johnson 
says  nothing  relative  to  the  other  prizes,  of  which  the  particulars  are  now  related. 

»»  Vol.  vi.  p.  69. 

'  This  appears  fix)m  the  following  passage  in  vol.  vi.  p.  612 : — "  This  hard  is  one  who 
calls  himself  Sylvius,  who  wrote  upon  '  Life,  Death,  Heaven  and  Hell,'  &c ;  to  whom 
the  second  prize  was  adjudged,  tho',  bj  several  good  judges,  he  deserved  the  first." 
This  note  is  appended  to  a  piece  entitled  The  Farewel,  bjf  a  young  ChtUleman  who 
ia  dangerously  ill  ,•  a  composition  above  the  ordinary  scale  of  merit,  and  in  which  the 
writer  employs  the  circumstances  of  his  position  in  an  affecting  manner,  and  tolerably 
free  from  the  hyperbolical  st  vie  of  expression  then  prevalent. 

••  Vol.  v.  p.  773.  '  •  VoL  vi.  p.  99. 

1 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanua  Urban.  137 

receive  and  declare  their  opinions.  To  the  best  production  was  to  be  given 
a  gold  medal,  of  the  intrinsic  value  of  ten  pounds,  bearing  on  one  side  the 
head  of  the  Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings,  and  on  the  other  that  of  James  Ogle- 
thorpe, Esq.  ^  with  this  motto,  England  mat  challbngb  the  world,  1736. 
To  the  second  prizeman  was  to  be  given  a  set  of  Archbishop  Tillotson's 
Sermons ;  to  the  third  a  set  of  Archbishop  Sharpens  Sermons ;  and  to  the 
third  a  set  of  Cooke's  Sermons^.  The  Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings  was  "  the 
divine  Aspasia''  of  Congreve^,  a  lady  then  celebrated  for  her  piety  and 
munificence,  particularly  in  the  populous  vicinity  of  Leeds,  where  her  estates 
lay*;  but,  as  she  expressed  some  offence  at  the  unsanctioned  liberty  that 
Cave  had  taken  with  her  name,  he  subsequently  announced  his  intention 
that  the  head  of  the  late  Archbishop  Tillotson  should  be  substituted  in« 
stead  of  her  ladyship's^. 

It  was  arranged  that  the  sum  of  forty  pounds,  to  be  given  for  the  pecu- 
niary prizes  of  1736,  should  be  allotted  in  three  sums  of  twenty,  twelve, 
and  eight  pounds,  for  the  three  best  poems  on  the  Divine  Attributes*. 
To  which  were  further  added  a  set  of  Magazines  for  six  years,  large 
paper,  handsomely  bound,  for  the  fourth  prize,  and  a  set  of  small  paper 
for  the  fifth °». 

For  Epigrams  other  proposals  were  issued^.  Cave  was  still  a  glutton  in 
these  tit-bits.  Every  candidate  was  to  send,  before  the  11th  May,  1736, 
not  less  than  three,  nor  more  than  five.  Epigrams ;  he  was  not  required  to 
send  them  all  at  once,  but  he  was  directed  to  point  out  upon  which  one  he 
desired  to  stand  for  the  prize,  to  obviate  the  difficulty  before  found  in 
coming  to  a  decision  upon  the  sets  of  three.  In  this  contest  there  were  to 
be  none  but  prizes : — I.  A  set  of  Magazines  bound,  gilt,  and  lettered.  II. 
A  set  of  Magazines  stitched.  III.  A  set  of  Cooke's  Sermons,  bound  and 
lettered.  IV.  A  set  of  ditto  stitched.  V.  Two  Histories  of  the  Order 
of  the  Garter  °.     VI.  A  dozen  lesser  Duties  of  Man,  printed  for  the  colony 


'  Mr.  Oglethope,  M.P.  for  Haslemere,  (afterwards  General  Oglethorpe,)  had  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  efforts  for  the  amelioration  of  debtors*  prisons,  as  well  as  by 
other  public  acts  of  beneficence,  a  full  account  of  which  will  be  found  in  Nichols's 
Literary  Anecdotes,  vol.  ii.  pp.  17  et  seq.  At  tlie  present  time  he  had  lately  returned 
from  settling  the  new  colony  of  Georgia,  and  some  verses  addressed  to  him  on  his  return 
had  been  printed  in  the  Magazine,  vol.  iv.  p.  505.  He  was  celebrated  by  the  higher 
poets,  Thomson  and  Pope : — 

••  One  driv'n  by  strong  benevolence  of  soul 
Shall  fly,  like  Oglethorpe,  from  Pole  to  Pole.'* 

Essay  on  Man. 

»  "  Thirty -nine  Sermons,  by  (a  late  very  celebrated  preacher)  John  Cooke,  A.M., 
Rector  of  the  united  parishes  of  St.  George  the  Martyr  and  St.  Mary  Magdalen  in 
Canterbury,  and  of  Mersham  in  Kent,  and  one  of  the  Six  Preachers  of  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  Canterbury."  The  book  had  been  printed  by  Cave  some  years  before :  see 
a  very  full  advertisement  of  it  in  Gent.  Mag.,  vol.  i.  p.  548. 

•»  Toiler,  1^0,  42, 

'  She  was  the  daughter  of  Theophilus  seventh  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  John  Lewis,  of  Ledsham,  Bart. ;  and  by  the  death  of  her 
brother  George  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  unmarried,  she  became  the  heir  of  her  mother's 
property.  The  still  more  eminent  religious  lady,  Selina,  Countess  of  Huntingdon,  was 
a  Shirley,  and  wife  of  Theophilus  ninth  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  the  half-brother  of  Lady 
Elizabeth. 

^  Vol.  vi.  p.  99.  »  Ibid.  p.  170.  »  p.  408.  »  VoL  v.  p.  778. 

•  "  Memoirs  of  St.  George  the  English  Patron  and  of  the  most  noble  Order  of  the 
Garter.  Being  an  introduction  to  an  intended  History  of  Windsor,  Ac  By  Thoouw 
Dawson,  D.D."  Svo.    This  was  another  of  Cave's  publications. 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XL VI.  t 


138  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [Aug. 

of  Georgia,  And  lastly,  half-a-dozen  of  the  said  Duties  of  Man  were  to  be 
presented  to  each  author  who  had  three  Epigrams  inserted. 

These  schemes  were  as  successful  as  the  preceding,  for  the  quantity,  if 
not  the  quality,  of  the  crop  they  produced.  The  poetical  pages  of  the 
year  1736  are  full  of  the  prize  epigrams;  and  no  fewer  than  eight  Christian 
heroes  came  forward  to  fight  the  good  fight  of  faith.  These  compositions 
were  inserted  in  the  Magazines  for  June,  July,  and  August.  The  three 
gentlemen  to  whom  the  decision  of  this  prize  was  confided,  each  gave  a  dif- 
ferent opinion,  but  the  merit  was  allowed  to  lie  between  Nos.  I.,  IV.,  and  VI., 
and  the  authors  were  desired  to  propose  some  method  of  determining  the 
affair,  either  by  lot  or  otherwiseP.  How  this  was  at  last  arranged,  I  now 
forget ;  but  the  result  was  as  before,  that  Mr.  Moses  Browne  obtained  the 
prize, — for  No.  \l.^ 

Of  poems  on  the  Divine  Attributes  at  least  four  were  receivedr.  Two 
were  inserted  in  the  Magazines  for  April,  May,  and  June,  1737,  the  first  be- 
ing a  long  work  of  474  lines.  Two  more  were  published  in  May  and  June, 
1738.  It  was  the  fourth  and  last  which  gained  the  chief  prize,  commencing 
"Man,  vainly  curious;"  and  Mr.  Moses  Browne  was  still  the  poetical 
champion*  in  the  lists  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 

Though  these  several  competitions  answered  the  purpose  of  filling  the 
poetical  pages  of  the  Magazine,  and  in  a  considerable  measure  that  of 
promoting  its  sale,  I  must  confess  that  the  management  of  these  business 
details  proved  abundantly  perplexing  and  troublesome ;  and  the  uniformity 
of  result  in  respect  to  the  insuperable  Mr.  Moses  Browne  and  his  redoubted 
lieutenant,  Mr.  John  Duick,  began  to  assume  an  appearance  not  easily  de- 
fended from  the  remarks  of  jealousy  and  envy.  Cave,  therefore,  was  in- 
duced to  relinquish  the  intention  he  had  formed  of  continuing  such  prizes 
annually. 

The  year  1738  introduced  to  him  a  new  coadjutor,  by  whose  advice  he 
was  materially  influenced.  The  sturdy  sense  of  Samuel  Johnson  perceived 
that  then,  as  it  has  generally  been  found  in  other  times,  no  established  re- 
putations were  inclined  to  embark  their  time  and  talents  on  the  precarious 
chances  of  an  anonymous  competition.  At  the  same  time,  Johnson  brought 
his  vigorous  intellect  to  bear  upon  the  general  conduct  of  the  Magazine ; 
and  his  early  services,  whilst  he  was  associating  in  London  life  with  Richard 
Savage,  and  paying  homage  to  the  maiden  effusions  of  Eliza  Carter,  are 
among  the  pleasantest  of  my  reminiscences.  These,  however,  I  must  now 
defer  to  another  month. 

In  the  meantime  there  are,  I  dare  say,  not  a  few  among  my  readers 
who  are  desirous  to  ask  the  question.  Who  was  that  Mr.  Moses  Browne  ? 
little  aware  that  they  might  satisfy  their  curiosity  at  some  length  by  turn- 
ing to  the  pages  of  the  Biographia  Dramatica,  or  those  of  Chalmers'  Gene- 
ral Biographical  Dictionary.  I  will  answer  them  so  far  as  is  pertinent  to  the 
present  purpose.  Moses  Browne  lived  in  our  own  neighbourhood,  at  Clerk- 
enwell,  where  he  f(jllowed  the  occupation  of  a  pen-cutter,  or  manufacturer 
of  pens.     In  1729,  when  six-and-twenty  years  of  age,  he  pubhshed  some 


P  Vol.  viii.  p.  58. 

*»  Printed  in  Gent.  Mapf.,  vol.  vi.  p.  477,  and  in  Browne's  Poems,  1739,  p.  421,  where 
it  is  addressed  to  the  Hon.  Samuel  Holden,  Esq. 

'  One,  designated  "  a  philosophical  poem,"  others  from  W.  C,  W.  N.,  and  Cassio. 
(Vol.  vi.  p.  546.) 

•  See  his  Poems,  1739,  p.  429. 


J856.]  Autobiography  of  Syivanus  Urban.  139 

Piscatory  Eclogues,  which  were  reprinted  in  1739,  with  other  poems  ;  and 
again  in  1773.  He  was  the  editor  of  three  editions  of  Walton  and  Cotton's 
Angler,  namely,  those  of  1750,  1759,  and  1772;  and  in  1752  he  published 
a  series  of  devout  contemplations,  in  verse,  entitled  Sunday  Thoughts, — a  title 
suggested,  no  doubt,  by  Dr.  Young's  Nighi  Thoughts :  these  arrived  at  a 
second  edition  in  1764,  and  a  third  in  1781.  In  1753  he  entered  holv 
orders,  and  was  presented  by  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth  to  the  vicarage  of 
Olney,  in  Buckinghamshire,  where  the  Rev.  John  Newton  was  for  nearly 
sixteen  years  his  curate,  who  during  that  time  was  the  intimate  friend  of  the 
poet  Cowper,  who  contributed  several  pieces  to  his  collection  of  Olney  Hymns  *. 
In  1763  Mr.  Browne  was  elected  to  the  chaplaincy  of  Morden  College, 
Blackheath,  where  he  died  in  1787,  aged  eighty-four.  His  poetical  con- 
tributions to  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  may  be  traced  down  to  1750,  if 
not  later. 

Mr.  John  Duick  also  followed  the  trade  of  a  pen-cutter,  in  St.  John's- 
lane",  and  in  some  verses  addressed  to  Mr.  Browne^  he  alludes  to  their 
consanguinity : — 

"  O  thou !  by  genius  and  by  birth  ally'd, 
O  more  esteem'd  than  all  mankind  beside. 
Accept  the  lay  the  muse  officious  brings, 
And  pleas'd  attend,  because  thy  Sylvius  sings." 

One  of  Mr.  Duick's  productions  was  printed  in  the  year  1733,  either  sepa- 
rately, or  in  a  collection  called  the  Scarborough  Miscellany :  it  was  entitled 
"  Scarboro\  a  poem  written  in  imitation  of  Mr.  Gay's  Journey  to  Exeter.'^  It 
will  also  be  found  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  March,  1734.  His 
cousin,  Moses  Browne,  subsequently  made  that  fashionable  watering-place 
the  subject  of  his  muse,  and  wrote  A  Vieio  of  Scarborough,  in  Four  Epistles 
to  a  Friend  t?i  Town, — that  friend  being  Duick.  John  Duick  contributed 
much  to  our  poetic  columns,  both  under  his  real  name  and  under  the  sig- 
nature of  *•  Sylvius."  He  was  the  favourite  bard  of  a  club  called  the 
"  Itinerantsy."  He  died  at  his  house  on  Clerkenwell-green,  in  April,  1764*. 
There  were  other  members  of  our  tuneful  quire  in  those  early  days  whose 
names  I  might  recall,  but  perhaps  fail  to  invest  them  with  any  interest  to 
modem  readers.  Among  them  were  Mr.  John  Bancks,  a  great  friend  of 
Duick ^ ;  Mr.  John  Lockman,  the  author  of  many  poetical  brochures,  and  one 


»  In  Lipscombe's  Bvckinffhamshire,  vol.  iv.  p.  307,  further  particulars  will  be  found 
both  of  Browne  and  Newton. 

"  In  the  Magazine  for  April,  1736,  are  some  verses  signed  Dolabella,  addressed  "  To 
Mr.  John  Duick,  on  his  making  me  a  present  of  pens."  In  the  Magazine  for  June, 
1734,  p.  328,  is  a  riddle  by  Mr.  Duick  himself  upon  a  Pen ;  and  m  tliat  lor  Sept.,  p.  506, 
one  on  Ink. 

*  Printed  in  the  Magazine,  vol.  vii.  p.  566,  and  also  prefixed  to  Mr.  Browne's  volume 
of  Poems.  In  a  former  volume  (iv.  328)  are  other  verses,  hi  a  more  familiar  style,  com- 
mencing, "Dear  Kinsman."  Again,  in  Oct.  1739  are  verses  to  Browne  from  Duick, 
with  a  present  of  a  microscope. 

7  See  a  song  in  vol.  viii.  p.  482. 

•  MS.  note  by  Dr.  Birch  in  the  copy  of  Moses  Browne's  Poems  in  the  British  Museum. 
His  death  does  not  appear  in  the  obituary  of  the  Magazine. 

■  See  in  voL  viii.  p.  104,  a  poetical  epistle  to  Mr.  Thomas  Aris,  Printer,  by  Mr.  John 
Bancks,  "  whose  works  are  now  printing  by  subscription  in  two  volumes,  8vo."  'i'hey 
appeared  in  two  volumes,  prefaced  with  commendatory  verses  by  John  Duick  and  Moses 
Browne.  In  1733  an  Engush  gentleman  had  his  books  seized  by  an  inquisitor  in  Spain^ 
who,  having  kept  them  riz  months,  retnmed  him  the  Ouardians  and  some  Gnmsiujr's 


140  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Aug. 

of  the  co-editors  with  Dr.  Birch  of  Bayles  Dictionary^;  the  Rev.  Robert 
Luck,  AM.,  Master  of  Barnstaple  School,  the  author  of  a  miscellany  of 
poems  printed  by  Cave ;  besides  several  clever  young  men  among  the  Dis- 
senters, of  whom  some  brief  anecdotes  have  been  preserved  by  Sir  John 
Hawkins*'.  But  in  connection  with  Samuel  Johnson  we  shall  next  have 
to  talk  of  another  set  of  names. 


THE  WAR  AI^D  THE  PEACE. 

When  the  bulky  records  of  the  war  which  has  just  been  brought  to  a 
close,  and  of  the  wearisome  negotiations  which  preceded  it,  shall  have  been 
submitted  to  the  refining  process  that  alone  can  convert  them  into  history, 
the  picture  presented  to  the  eye  will  be  one  in  nothing  more  remarkable 
than  in  its  novelty.  In  scarcely  a  single  point  does  it  agree  with  any  former 
contest  between  the  great  powers  of  Europe.  The  forty  years  of  peace 
which  preceded  it  had  done  their  work  in  many  ways  of  which  at  first  we 
were  not  conscious,  and  they  determined  in  essential  points  the  character 
of  the  sanguinary  struggle,  the  commencement  of  which  had  snapped  their 
thread. 

And  now,  when  we  look  back  on  the  period  in  which  we  have  lived,  the 
wonder  is  not  that  the  peace  should  have  endured  so  long,  but  that  it  should 
not  have  lasted  longer.  For  it  was  not  by  a  general  fermentation  that  it 
was  brought  to  an  end.  It  was  not  by  the  rival  schemes  of  great  mo- 
narchies, each  contending  for  a  favourite  object.  It  was  not  by  that  con- 
flict of  principles  which  Mr.  Canning  prognosticated,  of  which  we  have 
had  a  sample  in  the  partial  outbreaks  and  contests  of  1848  and  1849,  but 
the  fuller  development  of  which  is  probably  yet  to  come,  and  may  lie  in  a 
very  distant  future.  At  the  door  of  one  power  only  the  whole  original 
cause  of  otfence  must  be  laid.  Turkey,  indeed,  invited  aggression  by  her 
weakness,  and  at  the  last  moment  precipitated  the  bloody  isstie  without 
Avarrant.    Her  confederate  Powers  have  been  charged  with  causing,  through 


Magazines,  with  the  following  words  ^Titten  on  the  first  leaf  of  Gach: — "  N.B,  This 
work  is  to  be  cautiously  read,  being  written  by  a  condemned  author"  Cave  gave  one 
of  these  leaves  to  Bancks,  who  thereupon  \\Tote  some  verses,  "  Of  Bigotry,"  which 
are  printed  in  the  supplemental  number  for  1733.  When  Bancks  sent  a  copy  of  his 
Epistles  on  the  Progress  of  Petitioning  to  Mr.  Pope,  they  were  good-naturedly  returned 
with  subscriptions  for  two  sets  of  the  author's  Works,  and  this  couplet : — 

"  May  these  put  money  in  your  purse, 
For,  I  assure  you,  I've  read  worse. — A.  P." 

*>  A  notice  of  Lockman  will  be  found  in  Chalmers's  Biographical  Dictionary. 

^  Their  names  are — Mr.  Foster  Webb,  author  of  some  good  versions  of  Horace; 
Mr.  John  Smith,  a  writer  of  prose  essays ;  Mr.  John  Canton,  afterwards  F.R.S. ;  Mr. 
William  Rider,  ailerwards  sub-master  of  St.  Paul's  school ;  and  Mr.  Adam  Calamy,  son 
of  l>r.  Edward  Calamy,  and  author  of  an  Abridgment  of  Baxter's  History  of  his  Life 
and  Times,  These  were  all  pupils  of  Mr.  Watkins  in  Spital-square.  The  academy  of 
Mr.  John  Eames  in  Moor-fields  (one  of  the  editors  of  the  Abridgment  of  the  PhitosO" 
phical  Transactions)  also  furnished  several  contributors  to  Sylvaniu  Urban.  See  Mr. 
Nichols's  preface  to  the  General  Indexes  of  the  GBVTLnuir's  MAeACiirx,  1821,  p.  UL 


1866.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  141 

indecision,  what  it  is  supposed  that  by  an  united  and  vigorous  promptitude 
they  would  have  been  able  to  avert :  but  the  original  and  essential  cause  of 
the  war  lies  with  Russia  only ;  it  was  her  folly  and  her  crime  to  which  she 
owes  the  punishment  she  has  received,  and  to  which  nearly  the  whole  world 
agrees  in  proclaiming  that  she  owes  it.  The  crime  was  want  of  respect 
for  national  rights ;  the  folly  was  misjudgment  of  the  respective  means  of 
aggression  and  resistance.  Stern  has  the  retribution  been,  and  clear  standi 
the  moral. 

The  position  of  Russia  in  the  East  is  of  necessity  commanding ;  and  her 
destinies  there,  unless  sedulously  spoiled  by  herself,  must  be  magnificent. 
She  is  the  natural  head  of  Eastern  Christendom.  Even  the  most  narrow- 
minded  Englishman,  who  looks  with  satisfaction  on  the  process  of  absorp- 
tion that  we  carry  on  in  India,  must  admit  that  Russia  may  find  similar 
apologies  for  her  aggressions  on  her  Asiatic  frontier.  She  is,  like  England,  in 
contact  with  Asiatic  governments  and  peoples,  over  whom  she,  like  Eng- 
land, has  an  ascendancy  founded  in  superiority.  Face  to  face  with  Turkey, 
she  cannot  lose,  though  we  may,  the  recollection  of  all  the  curse,  the  misery, 
and  the  shame  to  Europe,  that  that  name  conveys.  She  believes,  and  all 
reasonable  men  believe,  that  the  hours  of  Mahometan  ascendancy  over 
Christians  in  European  Turkey,  which  is  not  founded  in  superiority,  but 
coupled  with  miserable  inferiority,  are  numbered.  Jf,  as  is  to  be  desired 
for  the  well-being  of  mankind,  the  Mahometan  power  shall  be  peacefully 
supplanted  and  replaced  in  that  quarter  by  Christian  energies,  Russia,  un- 
less it  be  by  her  own  selfishness  and  folly,  has  nothing  to  fear  from  such  a 
process.  If  she  pursues  a  just  and  liberal  policy  towards  the  Chiistians  of 
the  Levant — if  she  gives  effect  to  one-half  of  the  interest  she  professed  on 
their  behalf  during  the  late  struggle — if,  renouncing  all  ideas  of  ambition, 
she  does  simply  what  the  whole  world  will  say  she  is  justified  in  doing,  she 
will,  while  maintaining  all  the  obligations  of  strict  justice  towards  Turkey, 
acquire  the  strongest  claims  to  their  gratitude  and  good- will,  and  will  lay 
deep  in  those  sentiments  the  foundations  of  an  influence  legitimate  in  its 
quality,  and  at  the  same  time  paramount  in  its  force. 

The  necessarily  aggressive  character  of  the  Popedom  must  for  ever  pre- 
vent any  permanent  union  between  the  Christians  of  a  Byzantine  empire  be- 
longing to  the  Greek  communion,  and  the  great  Roman  Catholic  States  of 
Austria  and  France.  Prussia  is  far  removed  from  them,  both  morally  and 
physically.  England  is  under  no  natural  disqualification  for  a  strong  and 
cordial  friendship  with  a  Christian  state  at  Constantinople  ;  but  the  spirit  of 
Protestant  propagandism,  and  the  wonderful  union  of  bigoted  tempers  with 
latitudinarian  opinions,  which  is  more  common  probably  among  us  than  in 
any  other  country,  has  reached  a  height  which  may  disable  us,  almost  as  com- 
pletely as  the  Roman  Catholic  States  are  disabled,  from  friendly  functions 
towards  the  Eastern  Christians  by  their  Romish  interests.  Nor  do  we  feel 
confident  that  our  statesmen  of  the  day,  dependent  as  they  are  in  so  great  a 
degree  upon  the  emotions  that  sway  the  electoral  constituencies,  will  sur- 
mount these  unfavourable  influences ;  although  by  so  doing  they  would  not 
only  discharge  a  debt  of  justice  and  charity  to  our  Eastern  brethren,  so  long 
and  so  cruelly  oppressed,  but  would  likewise  greatly  enhance  the  means  of 
resistance  to  the  unsleeping  ambition  of  the  court  and  Church  of  Rome. 

Here,  then,  are  some  of  the  advantages  of  Russia.  She  has  nearness. 
She  has  the  strong  sympathies  of  belief  and  communion  in  religion.  She  has 
superior  moral  strength  and  political  organisation.  She  is  the  head  and 
front  of  by  far  the  most  formidable  antagonism  to  the  Papacy  that  Chriiy 


•i 


142  The  War  and  the  Peace.  [Aug. 

tendom  in  its  actual  state  supplies.  And  further,  she  appears  to  be  under 
no  necessity,  unless  she  should  unwisely  imagine  one  for  herself,  of  associ- 
ating her  interests  with  those  of  European  oppression  or  despotism.  True, 
the  form  of  her  government  is  absolute  ;  but  probably  there  is  no  single 
state  in  Europe,  the  organization  of  which  is  better  adapted  to  the  wants, 
or  more  agreeable  to  the  wishes,  of  the  people.  Absolutism  in  Russia 
should  rather  be  compared  with  absolutism  in  India,  than  with  absolutism 
in  Germany,  France,  or  England.  A  government  in  circumstances  like 
those  of  Russia  has  nothing  to  gain,  but  everything  rather  of  honour  and 
character  to  lose,  by  mixing  with,  and  so  becoming  responsible  for,  the  affairs 
of  sovereigns  like  the  King  of  Naples  or  the  Pope.  Between  the  latter 
and  Russia  there  never  can  be  a  durable  friendship ;  between  Russia  and 
Austria  little  love  is,  for  a  good  while  to  come,  likely  to  be  lost :  why  should 
there  not  be  friendly  and  genial  relations  between  Russia  and  Sardinia? 
Many  things  would  surprise  us  more,  and  nothing  could  grieve  us  less. 

From  the  view  of  that  bright  future  which  prudence  and  right  principle 
may  offer  to  seventy  millions  of  men  under  the  sceptre  of  the  Czar,  we  turn 
to  contemplate  the  sad  records  of  misdeed  and  suffering  with  which  the 
last  period  of  the  reign  of  Nicholas  I.  was  clouded. 

And  yet,  a  moment  to  observe  that  it  had  been  a  glorious,  though  not  a 
spotless,  reign.  Let  those  who  condemn  the  memory  of  Nicholas  for  his 
conduct  in  1853,  not  exclude  from  their  memory  his  conduct  in  1848.  In 
that  period  of  disastrous  disclosure  and  miserable  retrogression,  Nicholas 
was  the  immovable  stay  and  pillar  of  continental  Europe.  Not  only  did 
the  tide  of  revolutionary  folly  break  upon  that  rock,  but  the  sovereign 
who  alone  among  those  great  Powers  remained  strong,  declined  to  profit 
by  the  misfortunes  of  the  weak,  or  to  extract  any  individual  advantage  from 
the  general  confusion.  His  moral  and  political  attitude  at  that  period  har- 
monised with  his  imperial,  his  almost  superhuman  presence.  No  man  of 
those  who  saw  him  when  he  visited  England  in  1844,  who  stood  within 
the  shadow  of  his  towering  form  and  beneath  the  lightning  of  his  eye, 
could  then  have  failed  to  feel  how  completely  he  embodied  the  idea  of  a 
majestic  and  likewise  an  awful  kingship,  or  can  since  have  failed  to  re- 
tain in  freshness  impressions  so  lively  and  so  deep. 

In  the  beginning  of  1853  a  minister  had  succeeded  to  power  in  England, 
on  whose  pacific  wisdom  Europe  placed  the  greatest  reliance.  And  a 
sovereign  ruled  in  France,  who,  having  attained  to  power  by  the  most  ques- 
tionable means,  and  professedly  founding  law  and  order  upon  the  ruins  of 
liberty,  publicity,  and  public  right,  had  to  consider  before  all  things  the 
means  of  consolidating  the  shifting  sands  on  which  he  stood.  Nicholas  had 
bestowed  on  hiip  a  most  royal  insult ;  that  kind  of  insult  which  inflicts  a 
deep  wound,  and  yet  is  incapable  of  being  treated  as  more  than  a  slight. 
Instead  of  addressing  Louis  Napoleon  as  '*  mon  frere^'  he  had  commenced 
his  letter  with  the  contemptuously  civil  words,  mon  bon  ami.  But  it  is  only 
just  to  say  that  no  trace  of  vindictiveness  has  ever  been  detected  in  his 
conduct  towards  Nicholas.  Nor  does  it  appear  that  he  is  a  vindictive 
man.  Content  with  obtaining  power,  and  securing  it  after  it  has  been 
obtained,  he  seems  no  more  tormented  with  ferocious  passions  than  he 
is  hampered  with  self-denying  virtues. 

In  1853  the  question  for  him  was,  how  to  secure  his  footing  on  the  giddy 
eminence  he  had  reached  ?  Different  states  of  European  affairs  might 
have  offered  him  different  modes  of  proceeding,  with  this  aim  in  view.  But 
neither  the  liberalisms  nor  the  despotisms  of  Europe  were  in  such  bloom  at 


1856.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  143 

the  moment,  as  to  hold  out  unequivocal  attractions.  The  injustice  of 
Russia  played  his  game  for  him.  It  could  only  he  put  down  by  an  Euro- 
pean combination  ;  in  such  a  combination,  the  influence  of  Napoleon  must 
be  measured  by  the  relative  strength  of  France ;  and  in  no  European  combi- 
nation whatever  could  that  strength  be  less  than  first-rate,  if  not  indeed  the 
very  first  of  all.  When  Governments  and  nations  were  struggling  in 
a  common  cause,  distinctions  between  the  internal  rights  and  position 
of  one  sovereign  and  another  could  no  more  be  remembered  for  any  prac- 
tical purpose,  than  the  different  dresses  of  firemen  from  different  offices 
engaged  in  putting  down  the  same  confiagration. 

It  is  commonly  supposed  that  Nicholas  reckoned  upon  Lord  Aberdeen's 
known  love  of  peace,  and  upon  the  old  antipathy  of  French  and  English, 
to  shelter  him  in  the  pursuit  of  his  aggression,  and  that  his  plan  was  formed 
from  the  time  when  he  deplored  to  Sir  Hamilton  Seymour  the  condition  of 
the  *'  sick  man,*'  and  adverted  to  the  probable  termination  of  the  disease. 

We  do  not  feel  driven  to  the  painful  conclusion  that  his  assurances  of 
that  date,  "  on  the  word  of  a  gentleman,*'  were  deliberate  falsehoods.  The 
time  has  now  at  least  come  when  justice  may  be  done  without  fear,  and  an 
attempt  made  to  distribute  praise  and  blame  with  an  impartial  hand. 

It  should  then  be  recollected  that  France,  beyond  all  doubt,  began  the 
Eastern  quarrel.  Probably  in  pursuit  of  that  policy  which  had  attached 
the  ultra-Romish  party  so  closely  to  his  interests,  Louis  Napoleon  was 
busily  engaged  at  the  beginning  of  1853  in  prosecuting,  by  an  imperious 
and  urgent  agency,  his  demands  for  concessions  to  the  Western  Christians 
at  the  expense  of  the  Eastern,  with  respect  to  the  Holy  Places,  It  was 
this  aggressive  movement  which  first  brought  Russia  into  the  field,  when 
she  found  herself  on  the  same  side  as  England.  Nor  do  we  find  it  pos- 
sible to  decide,  with  such  lights  as  have  yet  been  thrown  upon  the  subject, 
whether  the  demands  of  Prince  Menschikoff*,  considered  for  the  moment 
apart  from  the  gross  rudeness  with  which  they  were  pushed,  arose  from  the 
passion  of  the  moment,  or  from  a  determination  to  take  securities  against 
the  renewal  of  attempts  like  that  so  recently  made  by  France,  and  with 
difficulty  repelled.  It  is  plain  that  they  were  at  variance  with  the  assur- 
ances given  by  Count  Nesselrode  to  the  British  minister,  who  was  told 
that,  the  question  of  the  Holy  Places  being  settled,  there  remained  nothing 
but  secondaiy  msitters^  affaires  de  chancellerie,  to  adjust.  It  is  not  so  clear 
whether  this  proceeding  was  the  conscious  and  deliberate  act  of  presenting  a 
pistol  which  had  been  prepared  and  loaded  for  the  purpose.  And  it  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  when  the  Porte  in  agony  appealed  to  the  representatives 
of  the  Four  Powers  at  Constantinople,  for  their  advice  upon  the  question 
whether  the  answer  to  Prince  Menschikoff  should  be  aye  or  nay,  they 
declined  to  interfere,  and  replied  that  in  a  matter  qui  touchait  de  si  pres 
la  dignite  de  la  Sublime  Portey  they  must  leave  the  Sultan  to  judge  and 
act  for  himself. 

The  history  of  this  strange  deliberation  is  not  known  to  the  world ;  it  is 
believed  that  the  assurances  and  exhortations  of  Lord  Stratford  alone  pro- 
duced the  negative  which  his  colleagues  would  not  proceed  together  in 
recommending,  but  we  are  not  able  to  say  upon  whom  in  particular  ought 
to  be  charged  the  responsibility  of  this  fatal  indecision. 

It  was  the  first  of  the  strange  miscarriages  and  mishaps,  which  marked 
the  course  of  the  year.  There  never  was  a  war  which,  if  judged  by  its 
immediate  causes,  so  clearly  ought  not  to  have  taken  place.  It  is,  of  course, 
quite  another  question  how  long  it  could  honourably  have  been  averted,  and 


1 14  The  War  and  the  Peace.  [Aug. 

whether  it  was  not  better  that  it  should  occur  in  a  condition  of  European 
politics  which  made  effective  resistance  to  Russian  aggression  practicable 
and  compcratively  eas)^  than  deferred  for  a  short  time  with  the  likelihood 
of  extending  its  sanguinary  course  over  a  far  longer  period.  It  was  in  no 
such  view  of  ulterior  policy  that  the  war  was  commenced  ;  but  the  men  Avho 
began  it  may  have  been  instruments  in  the  hands  of  Providence  for  merci- 
ful purposes  which  they  did  not  see.  Indeed,  any  complete  comprehen- 
sion of  these  larger  combinations  of  human  affairs  lies  so  much  beyond  our 
short-sighted  range,  amidst  the  crowding  events  of  the  day,  that,  like  pro- 
phecies, they  seem  to  be  intended  to  fall  within  our  knowledge  only  after 
the  fact.  We  must  be  content  to  survey  the  more  limited  circle,  within 
which  only  we  can  read  the  lessons  of  duty  in  the  courses  of  public  emer- 
gency. So  regarding  events,  we  cannot  fail  to  see  that  without  this  strange 
recusancy  of  the  Four  Powers  by  their  ministers  at  Constantinople,  the  war 
would  not  have  been  possible.  For  if  they  had  counselled  submission, 
Russia  would  (with  too  good  reason)  have  been  content,  and  would,  even 
on  the  worst  suppositions  respecting  her,  have  retired  to  bide  her  time. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  refusal  had  been  recommended,  there  is  not  a  doubt 
that  Nicholas  would  have  declined  to  pursue  his  rash  endeavour  in  the  face 
of  united  Europe,  under  pledge  to  support  the  decision  it  had  advised. 

On  this  occasion  Turkey,  already  injured  by  the  aggressor,  had  great 
reason  to  complain  of  her  allies.  Everybody,  however,  even  Nicholas 
himself,  was  wronged  in  turn.  A  note  was  drawn  up  at  Vienna,  under 
French  auspices  as  to  its  form.  It  was  propounded  to  Nicholas  for  hia 
acceptance  by  the  Powers  who  were  avowedly  acting,  not  as  simple  media- 
tors, but  as  the  friends  and  on  the  behalf  of  Turkey.  The  Emperor  of 
Russia  accepted  it ;  and  after  accepting,  even  allowed  the  Powers  to  make 
a  change  in  its  terms.  Who  can  doubt  that  he  was  entitled  to  believe  and 
take  for  granted  that  Turkey  had  already  given  her  assent  ?  He  knew  well 
enough  that  she  was  in  a  state  of  pupillage,  and  virtually  had  not  the 
power  to  refuse  what  her  allies  urged  upon  her.  But  this  note  had  not 
been  made  known  in  Constantinople ;  and  when  it  arrived  there  with  the 
Russian  acceptance  already  obtained,  the  Ottoman  government  took  excep- 
tion to  its  terms.  Russia  was  angry,  as  well  she  might,  and  the  Four 
Powers  were  gieatly  embarrassed.  The  governments  recommended  the 
acceptance  of  the  note  :  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  they  were  not  counter- 
worked by  Lord  Stratford,  whose  strong  feelings  against  Russia,  and  very 
warm  temper,  at  this  peculiar  juncture,  counterbalanced  the  advantages 
belonging  to  his  remarkable  powers,  his  unstained  character,  his  long  ser- 
vices, and  his  unrivalled  knowledge  of  the  Porte  and  its  affairs.  But 
Russia  herself,  instead  of  working  steadily  on  her  grievance,  came  in  to  the 
rescue.  She  affixed  her  own  construction  to  the  note,  and  such  a  con- 
struction as  would  have  enabled  her  to  cover  by  it  the  demands  of  Men- 
schikoff.  The  proper  answer  of  the  powers  would  have  been — "  We  are  not 
mere  parties  in  this  case ;  we  claim  to  represent  European  sentiment  and 
force :  you  have  accepted  the  note,  it  is  ours  to  construe  it."  Under  the 
circumstances,  however,  which  existed  at  Constantinople,  a  different  course 
was  adopted,  and  upon  the  vei-y  insuflScient  pica  that  the  Emperor  of 
Russia  misunderstood  it,  the  note  was  abandoned  altogether. 

The  character  of  the  Turkish  government  was  originally  founded,  as  all 

who  have  traced  its  bloody  and  brutal  annals  must  well  know,  in  ferocity ; 

and  it  is  of  the  nature  of  such  a  government,  Avhen  its  strength  decays,  to 

pass  over  into  low  cunning.  The  Principalities  had  been  invaded  in  June ;  a 

2 


1856.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  146 

grievous  wrong  to  the  inhabitants  of  those  countries,  to  Turkey  an  insult,  and 
the  loss  for  the  time  of  a  tribute  reaching  forty  thousand  a-year.  Nothing 
oould  be  more  plain  than  the  utter  inability  of  Turkey  to  redress  this 
wrong  for  herself;  she  was,  therefore,  under  a  sacred  obligation  to  confide 
in  the  Powers,  who  she  well  knew  were  able  and  willing  to  do  it.  But  by 
this  time  she  began  to  perceive  that  it  was  in  her  power,  by  declaring  war 
against  Russia,  at  once  to  gratify  the  discontented  fanaticism  of  her  own 
people,  and  to  make  her  protectors  almost  her  slaves  by  so  exasperating 
and  inliaming  the  "  situation"  as  to  put  pacific  methods  almost  out  of  the 
question.  In  pursuit  of  this  scheme  a  grand  council,  a  sort  of  assembly  of 
uotables,  in  which  the  clerical  caste  (so  to  call  it)  was  largely  represented, 
was  convoked.  War  with  Russia  was  declared.  The  action  at  Sinope 
followed ;  the  public  mind  in  England  was  maddened ;  and  a  proceeding 
sanguinary  indeed,  but  as  legitimate  as  any  operation  recorded  in  the  his- 
tory of  war,  was  stigmatised  by  the  English  press  as  a  gross  and  treacherous 
breach  of  faith,  a  barbarous  and  bloody  massacre.  The  Russians  simply 
made  use  of  the  advantage  which  had  been  given  them  by  the  extraordinary 
stupidity  of  Turkey,  in  suffering  a  squadron  of  her  navy  to  linger  for  no 
earthly  purpose  at  Sinope,  right  over  against  Sebastopol ;  but  the  effect  in 
Europe,  and  especially  in  England,  was  eminently  favourable  to  the  war- 
party  at  Constantinople.  War  was  accordingly  declared  in  November. 
John  Bull,  taking  what  is  called  a  broad  and  simple  view,  now  imbibed 
the  belief  that  a  strong  man  Avas  bullying  a  weak  one,  and  that  it  was 
his  business  to  interfere  aqd  redress  the  unequal  balance  ;  an  honourable 
sentiment,  but  one  which  requires  to  be  most  guardedly  applied  to  poH- 
tical  affairs. 

As,  first,  without  the  refusal  of  the  four  ambassadors  to  advise  on  the 
answer  to  the  Menschikoff  demand  ;  as,  secondly,  without  the  blunders 
about  the  Vienna  note ;  so  now,  thirdly,  without  the  premature  and  most 
culpable  declaration  of  war  by  Turkey,  the  diplomatic  quarrel  could  not 
have  ended  in  an  appeal  to  arms. 

The  governments  of  England  and  France,  earnestly  bent  on  maintaining 
peace,  had,  notwithstanding  the  failure  of  the  Vienna  note,  and  of  the  sub- 
sequent propositions  of  Olmiitz,  dispatched  a  new  plan  of  adjustment  to 
Constantinople  in  the  month  of  October.  But  it  only  arrived  after  the 
declaration  of  war;  and  its  scope  being  simply  the  accommodation  of 
diplomatic  differences,  it  of  necessity  became  abortive. 

While,  however,  the  public  sentiment  misinterpreted  the  declaration  of 
war  by  Turkey  as  a  gallant  appeal  to  the  ordeal  of  battle  against  op- 
pression, and  only  saw  in  it  courage  taking  the  place  of  exhausted  patience 
and  long-suffering,  the  English  and  French  governments  had  at  this 
period  too  well  learned  that  their  difficulties  were  with  the  ally  not  less 
than  with  the  antagonist.  They  determined  upon  bringing  to  a  head  this 
prolonged  dispute,  by  one  last  effort  to  quench  the  flame  which  it  was  evi- 
dent must,  if  not  quenched,  become  a  conflagration.  They  prepared  a  new 
plan  of  adjusting  differences.  Like  previous  plans,  it  did  not  cut  off,  but 
only  limited  and  defined,  the  Russian  rights  with  regard  to  Greek  Chris- 
tians ;  it  ratified  the  old  treaties  in  general  between  Russia  and  Turkey ;  it 
provided  that  the  Turkish  engagements  should  be  with  the  Five  Powers, 
and  not  with  one  only.  Before  this  scheme  reached  Constantinople,  Lord 
Stratford,  aware  from  general  instructions  of  the  views  of  the  French  and 
English  governments,  and  justly  displeased  with  the  declaration  of  war, 
had  vigorously  bestUTed  himself  in  the  interest  of  peace,  and  had  himself 
Gbtt.  Maq.  Vol.  XLVI.  ts 


146  The  War  and  the  Peace.  [Aug. 

framed  a  scheme  substantially  corresponding  with  the  one  which  was 
simultaneously  devised  at  home. 

And  now  came  another  most  strange  turn  in  this  eventful  drama. 
Turkey,  which  had  in  the  autumn  been  so  headstrong  and  reckless,  ac- 
cepted the  scheme  of  Lord  Stratford;  which,  if  sufficient,  was  no  more  than 
sufficient  for  her  security,  and  was  in  no  sense  dishonourable  to  Russia. 
Russia,  which  had  shewn  pacific  dispositions  in  the  summer  and  autumn, 
though  slie  ought  to  have  been  warned  by  her  ill  success  on  the  Danube 
against  Omar  Pacha  and  the  Turks,  and  by  having  witnessed  the  union  of 
France  and  England  through  a  protracted,  and  most  difficult  and  anxious 
course  of  negotiation,  now  assumed  a  tone  of  insolence  exceeding  all  that 
had  gone  before.  She  maintained  her  demands  (we  have  now  entered 
the  year  1854)  respecting  the  Greek  Christians;  she  added  to  them  an 
imperious  requisition  for  new  and  restrictive  laws  in  Turkey  to  control 
the  reception  of  refugees  and  strangers ;  she  refused  any  negotiation,  ex- 
cept with  Turkey  alone  ;  she  required  that  it  should  be  conducted  either 
at  St.  Petersburgh,  or  else  in  the  Russian  camp.  And  thus  was  the  great 
diplomatic  controversy  at  length  brought  to  the  sharp  and  bloody  issue  of 
the  sword. 

In  what  has  preceded  we  have  attempted  rather  a  sketch  than  a  con- 
densation, and  what  follows  must  be  in  still  slighter  outline.  But  at  this 
point  we  must  note  the  drawing  back  of  the  German  Powers.  At  the  sug- 
gestion of  Austria,  and  with  the  approval  of  Prussia,  the  two  great  States 
of  the  West  required  Nicholas  to  withdraw  from  the  Principalities,  under 
pain  of  war.  Austria  and  Prussia  promised  to  support  this  summons  ;  and 
they  did  support  it ;  but  much  as  Lord  Dunfermline  on  a  noted  occasion, 
when  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  addressed  Mr.  OConnell  to  this 
effect :  "  Mr.  O'Connell,  I  have  received  the  orders  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons to  reprimand  you,  ayd  you  are  hereby  reprimanded  accordingly.*' 
This  was  in  the  month  of  March,  1854. 

Here  is  a  fourth  of  those  strange  conditions  precedent,  without  which 
the  war  could  not  have  taken  place.  We  do  not  now  inquire  what  amount 
of  excuse  the  German  Powers  may  have  to  make  for  themselves.  For 
them  the  case  was  one  of  immediate  danger:  by  a  concentrated  effort 
against  either  of  them  Russia  might  probably  have  inflicted  speedy  and 
heavy  damage.  They  had  jealousies  of  one  another  :  they  might  suppose 
that  France  and  England  would  ungenerously  take  advantage  of  their  local 
position  to  throw  upon  them  the  brunt  of  the  contest.  Nor  was  either  of 
them  at  that  moment  well  prepared  for  war.  Such  may  be  their  pleas  ; 
I  ut  we  are  far  from  seeing  in  them  a  justification.  It  was  open  to  them  to 
bind  France  and  England  to  their  support,  and  to  stipulate  for  the  time 
that  might  be  necessary,  if  time  was  what  they  wanted.  Neither  indivi- 
duals nor  states  ought  to  affect  to  play  great  parts,  without  being  pre- 
pared to  run  the  risks  and  to  sustain  the  burdens  they  entail.  Austria  and 
Prussia  egged  on  the  Western  Powers  to  war,  but  themselves  flinched 
from  drawing  the  sword.  An  hundred  thousand  lives,  and  two  hundred 
millions  of  hard  money,  represent  the  cost  at  which  England  and  France 
have  interposed  for  the  defence  of  Turkey  against  Russian  aggression ; 
but  no  cost  which  national  character  really  requires,  which,  after  a  full 
scrutiny  and  deliberation,  is  directed  to  the  discharge  of  a  real  public  duty, 
can  be  too  great:  and  so  far  as  regards  future  peace,  good-will,  and  mutual 
respect  between  Russia  and  the  other  Powers,  we  believe  there  has  been 
laid  an  infinitely  broader  and  deeper  foundation  for  it  in  the  case  of  thote. 


1856.]  7»e  War  and  the  Peate.  1 47 

whose  sword  was  drawn  to  stipport  the  word  that  they  had  spoken,  than 
for  others,  not  less  eloquent  than  they  in  the  parliament  of  Europe,  but  to 
whom  Russia  might  have  addressed  the  reproach  of  Drances, — 

"  rpplcnda  est  curia  verbis 

Quie  tuto  tibi  magna  volant,  dum  d*stinet  hostem 
Aggir  muronim,  nee  inundant  sanguine  fossae/' 

But  whether  they  had  fair  pleas  or  not  for  their  inaction,  this  at  least  is 
clear,  that  had  they  at  this  last  moment  given  with  the  hand  the  support 
which  they  gave  with  the  tongue,  Nicholas  would  not  have  persisted.  As  re- 
garded Austria,  he  counted,  we  presume,  upon  its  pacific  temper,  and  upon 
gratitude  for  a  throne  rescued  from  revolution,  and  an  empire  from  dis- 
memberment,— a  sentiment  which  did  not  justify  Austria  in  renouncing  the 
performance  of  her  duty  to  Europe ;  as  respects  Prussia,  he  was  nearly 
connected  with  the  king,  he  was  conscious  of  the  natural  ascendancy  of  a 
powerful  mind,  and  he  knew  his  man. 

In  the  end  of  March,  war  was  declared  by  England  and  France ;  and 
it  having  become  pretty  plain  that  Russia  would  be  unable  with  such 
force  in  the  field  against  her  to  cross  the  Balkan,  or  even  hold  the  south  of 
the  Danube,  Austria  and  Prussia  screwed  their  courage  up  to  the  point  of 
concluding  a  treaty  which  provided  that  if  she  did  so,  they  would  make  it 
a  casus  belli;  an  emphatic  acknowledgment  of  the  justice  of  the  cause 
espoused  by  the  Western  Powers,  and  not  unimportant  at  the  time,  when 
the  chances  of  war  are  taken  into  view,  as  a  buttress  in  the  rear  to  their 
military  efl^brts. 

After  the  action  of  Sinope,  it  had  been  determined  to  send  the  English 
and  French  fleets  into  the  Black  Sea  for  the  protection  of  the  Turkish 
coasts  and  flag;  and  it  was  this  decision,  which,  long  before  the  declara- 
tion of  war,  entailed  the  consideration  of  the  question  of  military  support. 
A  naval  force  in  the  Black  Sea  would  be  cauj^ht  in  a  trap,  and  obliged 
ultimately  to  surrender  at  discretion,  if  a  hostile  power  should  by  land 
operations  become  master  of  the  Bosphorus,  the  Dardanelles,  or  both.  It 
was  therefore  decided  to  occupy  the  isthmus  of  Gallipoli,  and  to  put  it  into 
a  state  of  defence  :  and  the  gallant  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  our  Inspector  of 
fortifications,  left;  England  to  contribute  his  part  to  the  conmion  object ; 
while,  with  universal  approval,  Lord  Raglan  was  selected  to  be  the  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  expeditionary  force.  It  was  intended  that  the 
strength  of  it  should  reach  thirty  thousand  men ;  and  the  quotas  of  the 
two  Powers  were  fixed  according  to  a  proportion  proposed,  we  believe,  by 
the  government  of  France, — namely,  two-thirds  for  the  French,  and  one- 
third  for  the  English. 

And  here  one  word  by  the  way,  both  to  those  who  may  be  disposed  to 
depreciate  the  military  character  of  England  in  general,  and  to  that  pro- 
bably more  numerous  class  who,  with  an  unbounded  faith  in  it,  are  never- 
theless inclined  to  deplore  the  supposed  tyranny  of  our  economical  ten- 
dencies, which  had  been  allowed,  it  is  said,  so  to  run  riot  as  to  leave  us 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  without  a  military  establishment  worth 
naming. 

We  presume  it  will  be  admitted  that  France  had  not  been  thus  madly 
economical  during  the  peace,  and  that,  with  her  people  the  most  military  in 
Europe,  her  powers  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  may  be  taken  as  ex- 
hibiting a  sample  of  what  can  be  done  by  her,  and  of  much  more  than  can 
fairly  be  expected  to  be.  done  by  us  on  such  occasions.  Now  we  doubt 
whether  in  the  first  ten  months  of  the  year  1863  the  forces  of  France  in 


148  The  War  and  the  Peace.  [Aug. 

the  East  ever  exceeded  that  proportion  to  ours  of  two  to  one,  which  she  had 
pyroposed  ;  nor,  with  the  immense  aid  she  received  from  us  in  the  Avay  of 
transport,  do  we  feel  sure  that  proportion  would  ever  have  been  exceeded, 
but  for  the  heavy,  and  in  great  part  needless,  losses  which  the  English 
army  sufFered  from  disease  in  the  winter  of  that  memorable  year.  But 
more  than  this:  there  can  be  no  criterion  of  available  force,  at  a  given 
date,  more  fair  than  that  which  is  brought  into  the  field  for  the  pur- 
poses of  actual  warfare.  Now  by  the  figures  which  M.  Bazancourt  has 
published,  it  appears  that  the  English  fought  the  battle  of  the  Alma 
with  as  large  a  number  of  men  as  the  French.  Our  own  accounts, 
we  believe,  make  our  gross  number  somewhat  larger.  But  when  it  is 
considered  that  we  had  eleven  hundred  horse  at  that  battle,  while  the 
French  had  a  mere  handful,  and  that  the  conveyance  of  one  cavalry  soldier 
may  be  taken  as  equivalent  to,  perhaps,  ten  infantry,  the  disparity  really 
becomes  considerable.  Nor  is  there  reason  to  believe  that  it  was  due  to 
our  superior  maritime  resources :  the  market  of  naval  transport,  open  to 
us  both,  had  not  at  that  time  been  drained,  though  in  the  winter  the  pres- 
sure upon  it  became  extreme. 

The  first  intention,  however,  of  the  military  expedition  was  to  support 
and  secure  the  fleets  in  the  Black  Sea ;  and  it  was  with  reference  to  the 
expenditure  which  such  an  expedition  would  require — considerable  in  itself, 
though  infinitely  short  of  the  demands  which  were  to  follow — that  Par- 
liament was  asked  so  early  as  the  month  of  March,  1854,  and  before  war 
had  actually  begun,  to  double  the  income-tax  for  the  next  six  months.  As 
events  proceeded,  the  scope  of  the  military  measures  was  progressively  en- 
larged. From  the  occupation  of  Gallipoli  they  passed  to  the  defence 
of  Constantinople,  and  then  of  Bulgaria.  With  this  view,  the  descent  at 
Varna  was  efi^jcted ;  and  doubtless  that  descent  had  to  do  with  the  retire- 
ment of  the  Russians  from  before  Silistria,  and  from  the  Principalities, 
which  were  occupied  by  Austria  on  behalf  of  Turkey  in  their  rear.  In 
the  anticipation  of  such  an  event  as  possible,  the  British  Government  in 
particular  had  considered  beforehand  the  advantages  of  an  attempt  upon 
Sebastopol,  and  had  weighed  them,  as  well  as  imperfect  information  per- 
mitted, against  its  risks.  When  the  intelligence  that  Silistria  was  safe, 
and  the  Russians  in  retreat  across  the  Danube,  reached  this  country,  it  be- 
came their  immediate  duty  to  consider  what  use  should  be  made  of  the 
powerful  force  in  the  East. 

At  this  day  the  sunshine  of  success  is  still  sufficiently  either  felt  or 
remembered  to  silence  criticism  upon  the  momentous  question  of  the  origin 
of  the  expedition  to  Sebastopol.  But  twelve  months  ago  the  case  was  far 
difi*erent.  Then  we  were  smarting  under  the  remembrance  of  an  18th  of 
June  so  different  from  that  of  1815  ;  and  the  gloom  of  the  past  winter  was 
not  yet  out  of  view.  Then  everybody  said,  **  The  greatest  fault  was  in 
going  to  Sebastopol  at  all :  but  it  is  too  late  to  discuss  that  now."  Alas  I 
justice  is  blind  indeed  among  men  in  other  senses  than  that  symbolized 
by  her  bandage. 

The  British  Government  never  attempted  to  transfer  to  other  shoulders 
than  their  own  the  responsibility  for  the  invasion  of  the  Crimea.  They  de- 
sired it,  and  they  ordered  it, — subject  to  two,  and  only  two,  conditions :  one^ 
the  consent  of  France,  as  a  principal  in  the  question ;  the  other,  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  generals,  who  were  not  to  undertake  it  if  in  their  judgment 
the  military  reasons  against  it  were  conclusive.  Neither  the  Emperor  of 
the  French  and  his  Government,  nor  Marshal  St.  Arnaud,  had  been  what 


1856.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  149 

we  may  term  forward  in  their  military  views,  with  the  single  exception  of 
the  rash  and  disastrous  movement  into  the  Dobrutscha ;  but  the  cordiality 
of  alliance  and  co-operation  which  had  endured  so  much  was  not  on  this 
occasion  marred  by  difference  of  opinion ;  France  consented  to  the  pro- 
posal. 

The  objections  which  were  taken,  and  may  again  be  taken,  to  the  expe- 
dition, were  three, — want  of  information,  want  of  the  supplies  necessary  for 
an  invading  army,  and  the  lateness  of  the  season.  As  regards  this  last, 
there  were  unhappy  delays  in  effecting  the  embarcation,  but  the  subsequent 
facts  proved  that  the  expedition  was  not  even  at  the  time  of  sailing  too 
late  ;  far  less  was  it  too  late  for  the  two  governments  to  order  it  to  sail  when 
they  did  so  order  it — namely,  in  the  end  of  June.  As  regards  the  want  of 
supplies,  the  armies  were  composed  of  the  flower  of  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish forces,  and  were  supplied  abundantly  with  field  and  siege  artillery, 
(but  the  siege-train  of  the  French  was  dispatched  later  than  Avas  desirable, 
though  in  time  for  the  actual  sailing  of  the  expedition,)  with  clothing,  with 
provisions,  with  stores  of  all  kinds,  and  with  unbounded  means  for  the  pur- 
chase of  transport,  while  agents  scoured  every  available  portion  of  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  on  the  same  errand.  And  it  must  also  be  ob- 
served, that  there  is  a  modern  fashion  of  estimating  the  wants  of  aimies, 
which  not  only  exceeds  all  former  precedent,  but  which,  if  seriously  put  to 
the  test  of  practice,  bids  fair  to  render  extended  military  operations  in  most 
countries  impossible.  In  any  case,  the  very  nature  of  the  invasion,  having 
for  its  end  the  capture  of  a  fortress  on  the  sea,  brought  this  question  within 
moderate  compass  :  nor  would  any  competent  person  now  dispute  that 
sufficient  transport  might  with  ease  have  been  furnished  to  the  British  army, 
as  it  was  to  the  French  army,  before  Sebastopol,  in  the  winter  of  1853-4, 
though  there  is  still,  perhaps,  a  difference  of  opinion  upon  the  question  who 
is  to  blame  for  the  deficiency. 

As  to  want  of  information,  the  British  Government  knew  that  the  climate 
of  the  southern  and  south-western  strip  of  the  Crimea  was  good ;  that  the 
land  fortifications  of  Sebastopol  were  inconsiderable ;  that  the  fleet  was  in- 
ferior to  the  allied  naval  forces ;  that  the  Russian  communications  were  slow 
and  costly  in  the  highest  degree ;  and  as  to  the  amount  of  their  force  in  the 
whole  peninsula,  they  had  no  reason  to  place  it  above  seventy  thousand. 
Subsequent  experience  has  proved  that,  if  they  had  waited  for  fuller  in- 
formation as  to  the  interior  of  Russian  afl^iirs,  they  might  have  waited  until 
the  day  of  doom.  Acting  on  the  knowledge  they  had,  did  they  act  irra- 
tionally in  concentrating  upon  a  single  point  of  a  country  so  defended  a 
force  composed  of  fifty-five  thousand  of  the  very  finest  troops  in  Europe, 
without  reckoning  for  anything  at  all  the  auxiliary  corps  of  Turks  ?  It  is 
not  now  questioned  that  they  fought  the  battle  of  the  Alma  with  greatly 
superior  forces ;  and  yet  to  make  up  the  36,000  or  38,000  Russians  whom 
Menschikoff  commanded  on  those  famous  heights,  he  drained  Sebastopol, 
as  far  as  it  is  known,  of  all  but  three  thousand  men :  and  in  days  of  greater 
moral  daring,  and  less  fear  of  responsibility,  we  apprehend  that  few  British 
admirals,  commanding  so  powerful  a  steam  force,  would  have  hesitated  at 
the  moment  of  the  Russian  defeat,  without  the  French,  if  need  had  been, 
but  with  the  French  as  k  would  unquestionably  have  proved,  to  sail  into 
the  open  harbour,  and  taste  and  try  the  capabilities  of  the  town  and  of  the 
Russian  sailors. 

The  great  historic  interest  which  must  always  attach  to  the  invasion  of 
the  Crimea  has  induced  us  thus  briefly  to  discuss  the  question  whether 


160  Tae  War  and  the  Peace.  [Aug. 

the  chief  authors  of  it  desen  e  on  that  score  the  approval  or  the  displeasure 
of  their  country ;  as  respects  what  remains,  we  shall  avoid  as  far  as  luay 
be  all  argument,  either  of  praise  or  blame. 

Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  in  passing  at  the  changes  which  had  now 
passed  over  the  face  of  diplomacy. 

When  once  the  sword  was  drawn,  the  Governments  of  England  and 
France  thought  it  fit  to  reconsider  their  position  and  demands.  They  were 
not  parties  in  a  suit,  but  were  conservators,  in  the  general  interest,  of  the 
peace  of  Europe.  In  order  that  neither  might  be  tempted  to  swerve  from 
this  path  of  lofty  integrity,  the  two  powers  had,  upon  resorting  to  arms, 
bound  themselves  by  a  solemn  instrument  to  take  no  private  benefit  from 
the  operations  of  the  war.  Until  it  actually  began,  they  properly  limited 
their  views  to  so  much  as  would  suffice  for  relieving  Turkey  from  the  im- 
mediate danger  that  threatened  her,  without  attempting  any  organic  change 
in  her  relations  with  Russia.  Now,  they  determined  not  merely  to  erect  a 
dyke  against  the  flood,  but  to  alter  the  levels ;  to  elevate  Turkey  by  an  in- 
corporation as  complete  as  might  be  into  the  great  European  family,  and  to 
destroy  the  vantage-ground  from  which  Russia  had  directed  her  operations. 
The  means  contemplated  were  partly  of  a  character  involving  disparage- 
ment or  detriment  to  Russia,  and  partly  such  as  promised  benefits  to 
all  parties  concerned.  The  poHtical  and  social  inferiority  of  Christians  in 
the  Ottoman  empire  was  to  be  removed  by  a  new  Magna  Charta.  The 
commercial  freedom  of  the  Black  Sea  was  to  be  secured,  and  its  benefits 
multiplied,  by  placing  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  under  European 
guarantees,  instead  of  leaving  it  to  the  hostile  guaixlianship  of  Russia.  The 
fleet  of  Russia  was  declared  to  be,  in  the  absence  of  any  counterbalancing 
force,  a  standing  menace  to  Turkey  ;  and  it  was  announced  that  this  mari- 
time preponderance  must  cease.  The  rights  which  Russia  had  acquired  to 
watch  exclusively  over  the  relations  between  the  Danubian  Principalities 
and  the  suzerain  power,  and  likewise  (lastly)  those  stipulations  of  the 
treaty  of  Kainardji,  which  by  a  wrongful  interpretation  had  become  the 
cause  of  the  existing  struggle,  were  to  undergo  essential  change.  Of  these 
five  gieat  objects,  the  four  last  required  the  consent  of  Russia.  She  had 
refused  it  on  them  all ;  and  it  was  in  order  to  extort  it  that  the  Crimea  was 
invaded.  It  was  believed  that  a  Power  which  could  not  but  be  sensible  of 
the  injustice  of  its  proceedings  might  yet  be  brought  through  punishment 
to  reason,  and  that  along  with  its  confidence  in  invulnerability  would  dis- 
appear its  persistence  in  wrong. 

These  calculations  were  more  than  verified.  The  four  points,  the  whole 
substance  of  which  had  but  just  before  the  invasion  of  the  Crimea  been 
rather  contemptuously  rejected,  were,  when  later  in  the  year  they  had 
received  their  formal  shape,  one  and  all  accepted  without  reserve  by 
the  Emperor  of  Russia,  and  became  the  basis  of  the  celebrated  but  ill- 
starred  negotiations  of  Vienna  in  the  spring  of  1855. 

The  history  of  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  has  yet  to  be  written.  We  ap- 
prehend that  if  it  could  find  a  second  Homer,  it  would  vindicate  its  claim 
to  be  even  more  than  a  second  Trov.  There  are  whimsical  resemblances 
between  the  first  and  the  last  of  the  great  sieges  of  the  world  ;  these  par- 
ticularly— that  both  were  conducted  by  means  of  maritime  force  against  a 
power  defending  itself  only  by  land,  the  party  acting  on  the  defensive  wai 
in  both  cases  the  aggressor,  and  in  neither  was  the  siege  conducted  by  in- 
vestment, but  in  both  by  sheer  fighting  between  the  armies.  But  Sebas- 
topol has  not  yet  found  its  bard  or  its  historian.     The  English  productions 


1856.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  151 

upon  the  subject  have  for  the  most  part  been  trumpery  in  a  high  degree. 
Of  our  own  side  they  have  told  us  little ;  of  the  Russians  they  had  nothing 
to  tell.  The  information  possessed  by  the  army  seems  to  have  been  less 
at  the  close  of  the  siege  than  even  that  of  the  Government  before  the  inva- 
sion. The  secrecy  maintained  with  respect  to  the  Buj^sian  interior  was 
little  less  than  miraculous,  and  bore  a  yet  stronger  testimony  than  even 
the  passive  valour  of  the  soldiery,  to  the  strength  of  that  spirit  of  mingled 
nationality,  reverence,  and  discipline,  which  binds  together  with  an  as- 
tonishing compactness  the  heterogeneous  mass  of  the  subjects  of  the  Czar. 
The  only  work  on  the  Russian  side  which  we  have  seen  is  entitled  JTnter 
iem  DoppeUAdler ;  it  professes  to  be,  and  we  conceive  may  very  well  be, 
the  production  of  a  German  surgeon  in  the  Russian  service.  It  is  by  far 
tlie  most  natural,  lively,  and  effective,  and  at  the  same  time  the  most  par- 
ticular and  historical,  record  that  we  have  read.  The  horrors  of  the  last 
months  of  the  siege,  and  their  ever-thickening  gloom,  as  it  is  there  de- 
scribed, is  beyond  what  had  been  even  faintly  surmised  in  this  country ; 
but  it  unfolds  a  wonderful  and  noble  picture  of  heroic  endurance.  It  is 
disfigured  by  a  bitter  hatred  of  Englishmen :  in  every  other  respect  it 
seems  to  be  a  very  valuable  work,  and  even  in  this  it  might  not  be  without 
its  use.  From  it  we  learn  the  first  dismay  of  the  Russians  on  the  landing 
of  the  Allies,  connected  with  a  belief  that  they  were  possessed  of  artillery 
and  small  arms  of  resistless  power ;  the  dissipation  of  this  feeling  by  the 
actual  conflict  of  the  Alma ;  the  history  of  the  bloody  defeat  of  Inkermann ; 
the  terrible  effect  of  the  second  bombardment  in  April,  1855,  and  of  those 
which  followed ;  the  efficacy  of  the  capture  of  the  Sea  of  Azof  in  restrict- 
ing the  supplies  of  the  garrison  ;  the  gathering  presage  of  ultimate  failure 
from  the  tierce  onsets  of  the  infernal  hail,  and  the  fact  that  the  evacuation 
had  become  an  absolute  necessity,  for  which  the  assault  afforded  a  sort  of 
cover.  Of  course  we  cannot  pretend  to  vouch  for  the  authenticity  of  the 
narrative,  but  it  confirms  on  our  mind  the  impression  that  ear  has  not  yet 
beard  nor  heart  conceived  one  half  of  the  havoc  and  devastation,  the  tears 
and  groans,  the  efforts,  agonies,  and  struggles,  the  profound  heroism  and 
devotion,  which  mark  this  most  memorable  and  most  wonderful  conflict,  on 
the  side  both  of  the  Russians  and  of  the  Allies.  The  statistics  of  the  case, 
when  they  come  to  be  fully  reckoned,  will,  we  believe,  exceed  everything 
known  in  the  history  of  the  world  as  respects  the  destruction  wrought, 
whether  in  men,  money,  or  material  of  war.  A  thousand  human  beings  by 
the  day  were,  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  calculate,  served  up  during  that  siege 
at  the  grim  banquet  of  death  ;  not  all  in  fight,  not  all  on  the  spot,  or  even 
in  the  Crimea,  but  at,  or  by,  and  for  the  siege,  in  one  shape  or  another. 
The  other  events  of  the  war  deserve  no  great  notice,  if  we  except  the 
defence  of  Silistria,  under  the  auspices  of  Englishmen,  and  the  yet  more 
brilliant  and  signal  defence  of  Kars,  under  Sir  \V.  Williams, — a  man  in 
whose  name  and  fame  every  Englishman  has  now  a  fraternal  interest,  and 
on  whose  behalf  we  need  only  give  utterance  to  the  wish  that  his  career  in 
peace,  and  in  parliament,  may  be  worthy  of  the  honours  he,  with  his  brave 
companions,  has  won  in  war.  Just  credit  should  also  be  given  to  the  skill 
with  which  the  attack  on  Sweaborg  was  conducted  by  the  admirals  in  the 
Baltic.  By  a  serious  exaggeration,  we  fear  due  to  the  sanguine  temper  of 
our  neighbours  across  the  Channel,  it  was  originally  reported  as  the  de- 
struction of  Sweaborg ;  and  the  collapse  of  the  exaggeration,  which  had 
made  the  truth  seem  tame,  has  defrauded  a  skilful  naval  operation  of  the 
praise  which  is  its  due. 


152  The  War  and  the  Peace,  [^^g- 

The  military  operations,  however,  must  not  be  mistaken  for  the  purposes 
of  the  war ;  they  were  means  for  the  attainment  of  those  purposes.  The 
purposes  were  defined  in  the  four  points  or  bases  drawn  up  in  the  close  of 
1853,  and  accepted  by  the  Emperor  of  Russia.  The  business  of  the  con- 
ferences at  Vienna  was  to  develope  their  necessarily  succinct  expressions 
into  a  full  scheme  of  pacification. 

It  soon  appeared  that  there  need  be  no  confiict  with  Russia  about  the 
Principalities,  or  the  Danube,  or  the  renewal  of  the  old  treaties ;  and  that 
the  only  question  of  diflSculty  in  that  quarter  was  in  what  manner  provi- 
sion was  to  be  made  for  the  efiective  cessation  of  her  naval  preponderance 
in  the  Black  Sea.  England  and  France  proposed  that  she  should  bind  her- 
self by  treaty  to  keep  no  more  than  four  ships  of  the  line,  and  a  regulated 
number  of  smaller  vessels  of  war,  in  those  waters.  She  protested  against  a 
limitation  by  treaty  with  the  Powers  of  Europe,  and  finally  proposed  that 
it  should  be  in  the  option  of  the  Sultan  to  bring  his  allies  by  sea  through 
the  Dardanelles  and  Bosphorus  when  and  in  what  proportions  he  pleased, 
if  he  judged  that  his  security  required  it,  without  giving  to  any  one  cause 
of  complaint  on  that  account.  Austria  proposed  that,  in  addition,  Russia 
should  bind  herself  not  to  raise  the  strength  of  lier  fleet  beyond  the  point 
which  it  had  attained  before  the  war ;  or,  as  an  alternative,  that  Russia  and 
Turkey  should  in  the  first  place  settle  between  themselves,  and  should 
then  propose  to  the  Conference,  the  amount  of  force  which  they  should 
engage  to  adopt  as  their  maximum  in  the  Black  Sea. 

The  proposal  of  limitation  which  had  been  originally  adopted  by  Lord 
Aberdeen's  Government  met  with  no  favour  either  in  Parliament  or  with 
the  British  public.  The  more  it  was  considered,  the  more  obvious  it  be- 
came that  it  was  ill- fitted  to  be  enforced  as  an  ultimate  and  absolute  cou- 
dition  pf  a  peace,  as  being  on  the  one  hand  an  interference  with  what  may 
be  called  the  natural  rights  of  sovereignty,  and  on  the  other  singularly  open 
to  evasion ;  independently  of  the  Tact  that  in  the  particular  case  it  would 
either  have  been  an  undeserved  boon  to  Russia  if  the  Straits  were  to  be 
closed  in  time  of  war, — as  sealing  her  up  at  her  most  vulnerable  point,— or 
else,  if  they  were  to  be  left  open,  so  gross  an  injustice,  that  the  common 
sense  of  mankind  would  fully  bear  her  out  in  asserting  her  rights  of  self- 
defence,  and  holding  that  such  a  treaty  could  not  be  meant  to  bar  them. 

But  the  question  for  the  people  of  England  was  no  longer  that  of  limit- 
ation or  no  limitation.  The  agonies  of  the  winter  were  fresh  in  their 
minds ;  they  were  exasperated  by  the  obstinate  resistance  of  the  Russians. 
The  Greeks  before  Troy — and  never  has  the  sentiment  of  military  honour 
been  better  portrayed  than  by  their  Poet — were  not  ashamed  to  say,  **  Give 
us  back  Helen,  and  we  will  go  home.'*  We  had  already  got  our  Helen  : 
we  had  extorted  from  Russia  at  the  sword's  point  the  acceptance  of  the 
four  bases  which  expressed  the  demands  of  Europe  upon  the  refractory 
empire.  But  here  was  a  squabble  about  the  mode  in  which  the  prepon- 
derance of  Russia  should  cease  in  the  Black  Sea.  No  mode  could  be  per- 
fect, none  could  be  good ;  the  one  for  which  diplomatic  England  stickled, 
had  perhaps  as  few  approvers,  as  slight  recommendations,  as  any.  But  the 
manifestation  of  feeling  by  popular  England  during  the  negotiations  abund- 
antly convinced  diplomatic,  or  at  least  ministerial,  England,  that  he  who 
would  be  minister  must  not  upon  any  terms  retire  from  before  Sebastopol. 
Lord  John  Russell,  to  his  honour,  recommended  acceptance  of  the  terms 
which  were  to  be  had,  though,  to  his  great  detriment,  he  continued  a  mi- 
nister after,  they  had  been  rejected,  until  the  public  voice  absolutely  en- 
3 


1856.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  153 

forced  his  retirement.  The  rest  of  the  Government,  more  adroitly  guided, 
although  they  had  originally  determined  not  to  make  the  surrender  of 
Sebastopol  a  sine  qud  nan  of  peace,  now  trimmed  their  sails  to  the  pre- 
tailing  wind :  with  an  immense  amount  of  popular  approval,  they  declared 
by  the  mouth  of  the  First  Minister  that  Sebastopol  must  and  should  fall ; 
and  fearful  lest  some  further  concession  by  Russia  should  make  retreat  im- 
possible, they  almost  by  force  broke  off  the  conferences  of  Vienna. 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  to  observe  the  subsequent  distribution  of 
military  glory.  France  appeared  willing,  though  not  eager,  to  make  peace 
at  Vienna.  It  was  undoubtedly  England  which  caused  the  continuance  of 
the  war ;  and  the  motive  which  impelled  her  was  a  regard  to  fame,  both  in 
Europe,  and  with  some  sidelong  glance  at  India.  But  the  grasp  of  Tanta- 
lus was  futile ;  while  glory  fell  to  those  who  had  not  strained  to  catch  it. 
Of  Alma  and  Inkermann  we  had  at  least  the  principal  share  ;  on  the  1 8th 
of  June  we  shared  the  French  disaster  ;  but  in  the  great  and  most  im- 
portant victory  of  the  Tchernaya  we  had  no  more  part  than  at  Marathon  : 
and  though  we  do  not  doubt  that  the  conduct  of  our  gallant  soldiers  was 
in-  the  final  assault  on  the  Redan,  such  as  it  had  ever  been — though  they  did 
not  on  that  day  lose  one  hair's  breadth  of  their  true  glory,  yet  the  glory 
which  the  world  recognises,  the  glory  for  which  we  had  prolonged  the  war, 
came  indeed,  and  came  in  abundance,  but  came  not  to  us.  Nay,  more. 
Dr.  Sandwith  has  borne  his  emphatic  testimony,  in  his  work  on  the  siege 
of  Kars,  to  this :  that  the  name  of  Sebastopol  has  no  force  for  the  East,  and 
is  little  known  there  ;  but  that  Kars  has  a  celebrity  as  wide  as  the  range 
of  Eastern  Mahomet^ism ;  that  throughout  that  extended  circle  it  is 
known  that  Kars  was  defended  by  g^lant  Englishmen,  and  that  Kars  sur- 
rendered to  the  Russian  arms. 

But  though  the  distribution  of  renown  had  not  latterly  been  such  as 
Englishmen  desired,  the  amount  of  military  success  was  great  indeed  upon 
the  whole.  Not  enough  to  satisfy  England  ;  on  the  contrary,  her  appetite 
for  more  was  keen  and  undisguised ;  but — and  this  was  of  decisive  eflect — 
enough  to  satisfy  France. 

All  her  objects  had  been  gained.  The  Emperor,  instead  of  a  doubtful 
recognition  among  the  family  of  sovereigns,  had  obtained  for  himself,  not 
only  a  complete  acknowledgment,  but  a  standing- ground  so  marked  and 
powerful,  that  he  might  even  be  called  the  first  personage  in  Europe. 
France  was  justly  gratified  with  the  prowess  of  her  soldiers,  and  with  the 
success  which  had  rewarded  it ;  justly  unwilling,  when  she  had  so  good 
reason  to  be  satisfied  with  the  present,  to  court  the  risks  of  the  future. 
Nor  was  satisfaction  her  only  motive :  fear  operated  in  the  same  direction. 
To  raise  twenty  millions  in  1854,  and  forty  in  1855,  she  had  contracted 
a  debt  of  nearly  one  hundred  millions  sterling ;  three  millions  per  annum 
were  already  added  to  the  burdens  of  the  country,  and  even  the  provision 
for  the  interest  by  new  taxes  was  in  arrear  of  the  amount  of  charge  accumu- 
lated :  this  evidently  was  a  process  that  must  soon  exhaust  itself.  While 
England,  on  the  other  hand,  had  been  stoutly,  and  even  memly,  paying  six- 
teen millions  a-year  in  taxes  towards  the  expences  of  the  war,  and  had  thus 
greatly  kept  down  the  additions  to  her  debt. 

Beyond  all  doubt  it  is,  humanly  speaking,  to  France  that  we  owe  the  en- 
trance upon  effective  negotiations,  and  the  termination  of  the  war.  We 
owe  to  her,  therefore,  a  glorious  retrospect ;  a  retrospect,  which,  if  not  all, 
in  a  military  point  of  view,  as  respects  the  later  stages  of  the  passage,  that 
our  vanity  could  desire,  yet  is  truly  glorious  when  taken  according  to  the 

Gknt.  Mag.  VeL.  XLVI.  x 


151  The  War  and  the  Peace.  [Aug. 

measure  and  common  course  of  human  affairs.  We  look  back  upon  a  war 
which  has  been  of  first-rate  magnitude,  and  which  has  also  been  short,  dis- 
interested, and  successful.  How  much  is  comprised  in  these  three  pregnant 
epithets !  how  rarely  in  the  history  of  mankind  have  they  heretofore  been 
combined  ! 

The  English  Government  had  obtained  credit  and  popularity  by  con- 
tinuing the  war  in  the  spring  of  1855.  We  are  of  opinion  it  was  ill-deserved  ; 
but  we  have  little  doubt  that  it  was  in  the  power  of  Lord  Palmerston,  at 
the  close  of  1855,  had  he  so  thought  fit,  and  that  too  either  with  or  without 
his  colleagues,  to  carry  on  the  war  still  longer.  But  the  sense  of  France 
was  known.  Desirous  of  peace,  she  was  nevertheless  prepared  to  continue 
the  war,  in  concert  with  England,  but  on  one  condition  only :  it  must  no 
longer  be  the  mere  war  of  the  Levant  and  the  Baltic  ;  it  must  touch  the 
heart  of  Europe.  And  it  is  easy  to  conceive  that  the  French  people 
would  have  thought  the  crossing  of  the  Rhine  much  more  intelligible,  and 
taxes  for  such  a  purpose  much  more  endurable,  than  the  war  on  behalf  of 
the  balance  of  power  in  which  they  had  theretofore  been  engaged.  The 
one  was  remote  in  its  scene,  refined,  almost  impalpable  in  its  objects,  above 
all,  subject  to  the  rigid  law  of  disinterestedness  and  self-denial  for  its  course 
and  its  close.  The  other,  a  war  in  Germany,  would  have  been  the  reverse 
of  all  these :  and  credit  is  due  to  Lord  Palmerston  for  having  embraced 
the  alternative  of  peace,  with  its  questionable  popularity,  rather  than  incur 
the  risks  and  responsibilities  of  such  a  war. 

As  respects  the  actual  conditions  of  the  peace,  they  contain  one  valuable 
supplement  to  the  terms  that  might  have  been  had  at  Vienna ;  we  mean 
the  engagement  not  to  fortify  the  Aland  Isles  in  the  Baltic.  But  in 
the  great  and  vital  parts  of  the  question,  namely,  those  which  touch  the  East 
and  the  state  of  Turkey,  we  are  not  aware  that  it  would  be  easy  to  shew 
their  substantial  superiority  to  the  terms  which  might  have  been  obtained 
in  the  spring  of  1855,  when  not  half  the  precious  millions  had  been  spent, 
nor  half  of  the  more  precious  lives  offered  up.  As  regards  two  important 
points,  those  of  the  Principalities  and  of  the  Danube,  the  arrangements 
are  not  yet  concluded ;  but  we  are  not  able  to  state  that  any  essen- 
tial  advantage  is  likely  to  be  gained.  The  territory  attached  to  Wal- 
lachia  at  the  cost  of  Russia  is  so  much  gained  for  that  country,  and  is  so 
far  good ;  but  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  this  was  altogether  neces- 
sary for  the  freedom  of  the  river,  and  it  is  said  to  have  been  an  Austrian 
suggestion.  With  respect  to  the  Principalities,  it  is  understood  that 
Austria  and  Turkey  are  the  powers  likely  to  hinder  their  receiving  a 
satisfactory  organization.  As  regards  the  Christian  subjects  of  the  Porte, 
we  doubt  whether  the  Powers  at  Vienna  would  have  accepted  terms  so 
low  and  meagre  on  their  behalf  as  those  which  the  treaty  of  Paris  con- 
tains. But  then  we  have  got  the  neutralization  of  the  Black  Sea.  This 
is  our  old  friend  limitation  with  a  new,  and  scarcely  a  handsomer,  face : 
for  under  the  name  of  police,  vessels  of  great  strength  and  armament  may 
still  be  maintained ;  all  the  liabilities  to  maritime  evasion  continue,  and  on 
shore  Sebastopol  may  be  refortified.  There  is  no  obligation  undertaken  by 
Russia  to  renounce  the  use  of  her  arsenal  at  Nicolaiefif,  whenever  she  may 
think  it  necessary  for  her  interests  to  build  there ;  nay,  Sebastopol  itself 
may  be  reproduced  at  once,  in  its  town,  its  docks,  its  fortifications : 
nothing  but  its  arsenal  is  excluded  by  the  treaty.  How  long  would  it 
require  for  Russia  to  bring  a  great  town,  port,  and  fortress  into  the  con- 
dition of  an  efficient  arsenal  ? 


1856.]  The  War  and  the  Peace.  155 

But  there  is  one  great  question  that  has  never  yet  received  a  reply : 
What  is  to  happen  to  neutralization  in  the  event  of  war  between  Russia 
and  Turkey  ?  or  between  Russia  and  any  Power  other  than  Turkey  ?  If 
the  Straits  are  to  be  kept  closed  by  Europe  during  such  a  war,  then 
Russia  has  obtained  a  great  and  wholly  unmerited  advantage.  If  the 
Straits  may  be  opened  to  any  power  at  war  with  Russia,  then  it  is  plain 
that  when  Russia  has  reason  to  apprehend  such  a  war,  she  may  lawfully 
arm,  and  fling  neutralization  to  the  winds ;  and  that  when  she  chooses  to 
say  she  has  reason  to  entertain  such  fears,  it  will  scarcely  be  possible  for 
us  effectively  to  question  the  assertion.  Here  is  a  short  istatement,  then,  of 
the  dilemma :  what  is  the  escape  from  it  ?  Our  belief  is,  and  it  is  a  pain- 
ful one,  that  all  the  great  objects  of  the  war  were  within  our  grasp  when 
we  thought  fit  unwisely  to  prolong  it,  and  that  the  lives  and  treasure  spent 
since  then  have  been  spent  without  warrant.  But  we  are  not  the  less 
thankful  to  have  seen  the  scourge  of  war  arrested  at  a  period  which,  if 
later  than  it  might  have  been  if  we  had  been  wise,  is  much  earlier  than  it 
would  have  been  if  our  folly  had  not  been  checked  in  time. 

Our  main  error  probably  lay  in  supposing  that  the  end  we  have  in  view 
could  be  attained  by  the  mere  use  of  force.  The  truth  is,  it  is  in  Turkey 
that  the  heart  of  the  problem  lies.  In  vain  do  we  repel  the  wave  that  dashes 
forward  on  the  tide  of  to-day,  if  we  can  erect  no  permanent  bulwark  that 
will  battle  it  to-morrow  and  thereafter.  Turkey  cannot  always  be  defended 
by  foreign  arms.  Ultimately,  the  countries  that  form  her  empire  must 
find  the  means  to  defend  themselves.  The  war  recently  concluded  has 
been,  though  a  great  expedient,  an  expedient  only.  It  has  repelled  Russian 
aggression  for  the  time ;  it  has  had  this  further  advantage,  that  it  has  proved 
to  Russia  that  the  sentiments  of  Europe  are  adverse  to  her  imputed 
schemes,  and  that  the  forces  of  Europe  may  possibly  be  combined  to  resist 
and  shatter  them.  But  in  that  what  infinite  uncertainties  are  involved ! 
It  does  not  offer  us  a  permanent  and  sufficient  security ;  but  it  has  gained 
us  breathing-time,  and  breathing-time  may  be  all  important,  if  it  be  wisely 
used  to  develope  the  true  elements  of  strength  and  vitality  in  Turkey,  or 
rather  to  prevent  their  being  forbidden  to  develope  themselves.  In  that 
case  we  may  see  the  Mahometan  Power  gradually  relaxing  its  baleful  and 
now  feeble  hold  in  Europe,  and  passing  over  to  that  quarter  of  the  globe 
where  it  has  more  of  natural  foundation  and  support,  with  a  calm  and  ease 
very  different  from  the  horrors  which  marked  its  establishment ;  and  we  or 
our  children  may  also  see  the  noble  spectacle  of  a  Christian  empire  with 
Constantinople  for  its  capital,  a  friendly  neighbour,  and  yet  a  wholesome 
check  upon  Russia  in  the  interest  of  Europe,  a  strong  bulwark  against 
Papal  aggressions  on  behalf  of  Christendom,  and  a  fair,  open  stage  upon 
which  the  Greek  race,  so  long  injured,  oppressed,  and  degraded,  may  again 
attain  a  distinguished  place  among  the  benefactors  of  mankind. 


156  [Aug. 


THE  TWO  OUSTAVI K 

The  former  of  the  two  works  now  lying  before  us  has  already  stood  at 
the  head  of  an  article  in  the  pages  of  Sylvanus  Urban**.  But  as  that  article 
consisted  rather  of  an  analysis  of  the  contents  of  the  volume  than  of  any 
criticism  on  their  treatment,  and  as  the  book  is  unavoidably  suggested  by 
the  companion-volume  which  has  just  appeared,  we  may  fairly  bring  the 
two  great  Swedish  Kings  tot^ether  before  our  readers,  and  make  some  re- 
marks on  the  way  in  which  they  have  been  dealt  with  by  their  historian  or 
historians. 

First  of  all,  the  question  forces  itself  upon  us,  Are  we  dealing  with  one 
writer  or  two  ?  We  have  no  sort  of  external  evidence  on  the  point.  The 
author  of  the  first  volume  preserves  a  strict  incognito,  which,  till  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  second,  we  could  never  have  disturbed  even  by  a  guess. 
Of  the  author  of  the  second  volume  we  know  nothing  but  what  we  learn 
from  the  book  and  its  title-page.  We  can  only  judge  as  Lord  Bacon  coun- 
selled Queen  Elizabeth  to  judge  Sir  John  Hayward.  "  Nay,  Madam,  he  is 
a  doctor,  never  rack  his  person,  rack  his  style ;  let  him  have  pen,  ink,  and 
paper,  and  help  of  books,  and  be  enjoined  to  continue  his  story,  and  I  will 
undertake,  by  collating  his  styles,  to  judge  whether  he  were  the  author." 
The  result  of  such  "  collation  of  styles"  is  that  Mr.  Chapman  has  written 
just  such  a  history  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  as  we  should  have  expected  from 
the  anonymous  biographer  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  and  that  the  anonymous  bio- 
grapher has  written  just  such  a  history  of  Gustavus  Vasa  as  we  should  have 
expected  from  Mr.  Chapman  We  have  hardly  a  word  to  say  either  in 
praise  or  in  blame  of  the  one  which  we  should  not  at  once  extend  to  the 
other.  And  though  the  life  of  Gustavus  Vasa  contains  no  promise  of  a 
future  life  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  though  the  life  of  Gustavus  Adolphus 
contains  no  reference  to  a  past  life  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  yet  the  first  volume 
seems  to  point  out  some  dim  foreshadowing  of  the  second,  and  the  second 
seems  to  commence  with  a  latent  allusion  to  the  first.  The  earlier  volume 
begins  with  a  comparison  between  Gustavus  Vasa,  Gustavus  Adolphus,  and 
Charles  XII.  The  second  commences  by  a  retrospect  extending  back  to 
Gustavus  Vasa  and  no  farther,  and  filling  up  in  a  brief  sketch  the  interval 
between  the  two  great  Kings  whose  actions  are  narrated  in  more  detail.  In* 
deed  the  second  volume  exactly  pieces  on  to  the  first,  and  suggests  the  ques- 
tion whether  they  are  to  be  followed  by  a  third  devoted  to  the  last  member 
of  the  triad,  Charles  the  Twelfth.  In  fact,  if  each  of  the  two  books,  after 
all,  really  had  a  quite  independent  origin,  it  will  certainly  be  one  of  the 
most  singular  coincidences  which  we  have  ever  come  across  in  the  course 
of  our  literary  experience.  As  it  is,  what  we  have  to  say  of  the  anony- 
mous biographer  is  so  perfectly  identical  with  what  we  have  to  say  of 
Mr.  Chapman,  that,  in  the  critical  portion  of  our  task,  we  shall  not  attempt 
to  make  any  distinction  between  the  two  authors,  if  two  they  should 
happen  to  be. 

Both  volumes  then  are  useful  and  respectable,  without  being  brilliant. 


•  ft 


The  History  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  King  of  Sweden.  "With  Extracts  from  his  Cor- 
respondence."    (London:  Murray.     1852.) 

"  The  History  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  the  Thirty  Years*  War  up  to  the  King^s 
Death.     By  B.  Chapman,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Letherhead."    (Ix>ndon  :  Longpnans.     1866.) 

^  Gevt.  Mao.,  June,  1852. 


1856.]  Tkt  Two  Gusiavi,  157 

The  writer  of  each  is  painstaking,  honest,  moderate,  and  unaffected ;  but 
he  is  neither  a  graphic  narrator  nor  a  profound  historical  philosopher.  There 
is  no  pretence,  no  bookmdting,  not  the  slightest  approach  to  the  prevaUing 
vices  of  the  minor  historical  literature  of  the  day.  The  book  in  each  case 
is  eridently  written  because  the  author  had  studied  his  subject  and  had 
something  to  say  about  it,  not  because  necessity  was  laid  upon  him  to  write 
some  book  upon  some  subject  or  other.  All  is  sensible  and  business-like ; 
thare  is  none  of  the  odious  "liveliness"  of  our  minor  fry  of  biographers ; 
no  forced  jokes — indeed,  no  jokes  at  all — no  irrelevant  stories,  no  dragging 
in  of  recent  or  temporary  afiairs.  Mr.  Chapman  has  necessarily  a  good 
deal  to  say  about  wars  between  Sweden  and  Russia.  Most  writers,  writing 
in  1855,  would  have  seized  the  opportunity  for  abuse  of  the  enemy,  and 
have  told  us  a  great  deal  about  the  Hango  massacre,  the  taking  of  Bomar- 
sond,  the  treaty  with  Sweden  and  Norway.  Mr.  Chapman  sticks  to  his 
text,  tells  us  about  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  Michael  Romanoff,  but  has  not 
a  word  to  say  about  the  Czar  Nicholas  or  Sir  Charles  Napier.  Some  thought 
of  what  was  going  on  must  have  occurred  to  him  while  writing  the  follow- 
ing passage,  over  which  few  indeed  could  have  restrained  the  temptation  to 
ephemeral  declamation.  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1617  concluded  a  treaty  by 
which,  as  the  King  himself  expresses  it,  "  Russia  is  shut  out  from  the  Baltic, 
and  I  trust  in  God  that  it  will  be  hard  for  the  Russian  to  leap  over  that 
brook."  In  actually  tracing  out  the  new  frontier,  the  Swedish  Commis- 
sioners had  to  put  up  with  a  good  deal  of  insolence  on  the  part  of  their  Mus- 
covite colleagues.  No  better  opportunity  could  be  wished  for  than  this  to 
thrust  a  clap-trap  leading  article  into  the  history;  Mr.  Chapman  simply 
observes ; 

"  It  was  evident  from  this  want  of  diplomatic  courtesy,  nay  of  common  civility,  that 
the  Northern  giant  was  chafing  under  the  honds  which  not  omy  restrained  his  encroach- 
ing ambition,  bat  even  shut  him  out  from  that  sea  the  free  navigation  of  which  was 
essential  to  his  prosperity,  and  to  a  share  in  whose  benefits  he  seemed  to  have  a  sort  of 
natural  right.  Gustavus,  however,  ventured  to  withdraw  a  portion  of  his  troops  from 
the  frt>ntier,  and,  while  still  keeping  a  watch  upon  his  doubtful  ally,  to  direct  lus  more 
especial  attention  to  the  afimrs  of  Poland."    Gustavus  Adolphus,  p.  86. 

The  tone  then  of  both  works  is  sensible,  moderate,  and  discreet  They 
show  good,  hard  work  and  sound  judgement.  There  is  especially  no  over- 
done hero-worship.  The  faults  even  of  the  second  Gustavus,  the  fieir  more 
numerous  ones  of  his  grandfather,  are  honestly  recorded.  The  style  of  the 
volumes,  if  not  eloquent  or  particularly  elegant,  is  clear  and  grammatical, 
which  is  really  something  to  say  in  these  days.  But,  with  all  these  sterling 
merits,  our  author  has  not  fully  grasped  the  art  of  making  a  book.  His 
great  fault  is  taking  too  much  for  granted  on  the  part  of  his  readers,  which 
frequently  makes  his  narrative  far  from  perspicuous.  It  is  now  becoming 
the  custom,  under  the  authority  of  Macaulay,  to  introduce  no  new  character 
on  the  scene  without  an  elaborate  sketch  of  his  preceding  life  and  a  search- 
ing analysis  of  his  moral  and  intellectual  character.  When  the  reader  is 
Introduced  to  a  new  place  he  is  treated  to  a  picturesque  and  antiquarian 
description  of  its  present  appearance  and  its  past  history.  This  system  may 
easily  be  overdone,  but  when  kept  within  bounds,  it  is  both  useful  and  at- 
tractive. Mr.  Chapman  gives  us  a  great  deal  too  little  of  it  When  speak- 
ing of  a  country  of  which  most  English  readers  know  so  little  as  Sweden, 
it  becomes  absolutely  necessary  to  tell  us  something  more  than  the  mere 
names  of  persons,  places,  and  institutions.  Both  works  are  introduced  by 
a  preliminary  sketch  of  events*  but  a  preliminary  sketch  of  the  state  of  things 


158  The  Two  Gustavi.  [Au«^ 


&• 


was  quite  as  necessary.  What  was  the  general  condition  of  Sweden  ?  We 
find  from  Mr.  Chapman  that  there  was  a  King,  a  State- Council,  and  States 
of  the  Realm.  We  have  to  go  elsewhere  to  learn  something  about  their 
working  and  the  exact  limits  of  the  authority  of  each.  What  kind  of  per- 
son was  a  Swedish  noble,  bishop,  burgher,  or  peasant?  What  were  the 
points  of  likeness  and  unlikeness  between  them  and  the  same  classes  in 
other  countries  }  Information  of  this  sort  is  not  unattainable,  but  it  is  not 
very  widely  diffused  even  among  well-informed  Englishmen.  And  we  might 
have  reasonably  looked  for  some  enlightenment  to  our  present  author.  The 
names  of  both  Gustavi  are  so  famous  that  many  will  be  anxious  to  read 
their  biographies.  But,  chiefly  from  this  defect,  they  will  find  both  volumes 
less  attractive  and  indeed  less  intelligible  than  they  had  a  right  to  expect. 
That  such  is  the  case,  is  we  fully  believe,  owing  to  the  author's  extreme  fa- 
miliarity with  the  subject.  He  does  not  fully  realize  the  probable  extreme 
ignorance  of  most  of  his  readers.  In  the  biography  of  Gustavus  Adolphus 
his  fault  is  still  more  conspicuous.  In  a  military  history,  above  all,  where 
we  have  so  many  persons  and  places  introduced,  where  there  is  so  much 
moving  from  one  place  to  another,  where  so  much  of  the  point  of  the  story 
depends  upon  geographical  and  topographical  considerations,  we  especially 
want  to  have  the  circumstances  of  the  journey  and  its  several  stages  set  be- 
fore us  in  as  full  and  picturesque  a  manner  as  possible.  But  Mr.  Chapman 
moves  his  armies  about  from  one  dead  name  to  another  dead  name,  with  no 
attempt  to  bring  vividly  before  us  the  nature  of  the  locality  or  its  political 
circumstances.  Gustavus  marches  about  hither  and  hither  through  the 
dominions  of  temporal  princes,  spiritual  princes,  and  free  cities.  But  no  sort 
of  living  description  do  we  get  as  to  their  circumstances  or  constitution. 
The  Swedish  King  has  a  conference  with  the  "patricians"  of  Nuremberg. 
The  reader  naturally  wishes  for  some  details  of  the  Nuremberg  constitution  ; 
he  would  fain  know  with  what  kind  of  patricians  the  King  is  dealing ;  what 
was  the  origin,  what  was  the  extent  of  their  privileges,  but  not  a  word  of 
the  sort  does  Mr.  Chapman  vouchsafe  us.  Sometimes  too,  in  the  narrative 
itself,  circumstances  are  taken  for  granted  which  should  surely  have  been 
directly  narrated.  Thus  we  read  in  1535  (Gust.  Vasa,  p.  210)  of  "the 
united  Swedish,  Danish,  and  Prussian  fleet"  waging  war  with  that  of  Lii- 
beck.  This  at  once  suggested  two  things ;  How  came  a  Prussian  fleet  on 
the  scene  ?  the  author  had  not  given  us  the  slightest  hint  of  any  previous 
communication  with  Prussia.  And  secondly,  What  is  meant  by  a  Prussian 
fleet  ?  We  must  confess  that  we  had  to  look  elsewhere  to  discover  whether 
the  change  from  the  Teutonic  Order  to  the  Dukedom  of  Prussia  had  taken 
place  so  early  as  1535.  The  result  of  our  searchings  was  that  our  author 
is  quite  right  in  his  facts,  that  Albert  of  Brandenberg  had  borne  the  title  of 
Duke  of  Prussia  for  ten  years,  and  had  been  already  closely  engaged  in  the 
affairs  of  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Liibeck.  A  little  way  further  on  we  find 
the  same  potentate  again  casually  introduced  in  the  phrase  "  by  the  help  of 
Brandenberg  and  others."  (p.  228).  Probably  many  readers  would  fail  to 
identify  "Brandenberg'*  with  the  master  of  the  "Prussian  fleet."  Again, 
in  p.  271,  we  find  "the  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic  Order"  introduced 
at  a  still  later  period,  meaning  of  course  the  branch  of  the  order  in  Livonia. 
These  are  not  mistakes,  but  they  are  cases  of  inadequate  narration,  of  which 
we  could  easily  multiply  examples.  In  our  present  case  we  ought  surely  to 
have  had  the  circumstances  of  Duke  Albert's  appearance  on  the  scene  intro- 
duced in  the  regular  course  of  the  narrative;  and  a  **  Prussian'*  fleet  con- 
veys such  totally  different  notions  in  the  sixteenth  and  in  the  nineteenth 


1856.]  The  Two  Gitsfavl  159 

century,  that  some  explanatioh  of  the  state  of  Prussia  at  the  time  would 
surely  not  have  been  out  of  place. 

We  have  also  to  complain  of  a  certain  amount  of  carelessness  in  small 
matters,  generally  in  those  which  do  not  immediately  concern  the  matter  in 
hand.  They  are  generally  of  a  kind  which  may  fairly  be  attributed  to  want 
of  literary  practice,  or  to  insufficient  care  in  revising  the  manuscript  or  the 
proofs.  Thus  we  find  (Gust.  Vasa,  p.  35)  that  Gustavus  was  **  placed 
under  the  quasi-tuition  of  Hemming  Gadd,  who  had  been  MathenuUicus 
to  Pope  Alexander  the  Third"  An  official  of  the  opponent  of  Frederick 
Barbarossa  could  hardly  have  survived  into  the  sixteenth  century  !  We 
suggest,  nostro  periculo,  Alexander  the  Sixth,  In  p.  52  of  the  same 
volume  we  find  Gustavus  the  Third  placed  in  1684,  which  should  surely  be 
a  century  later.  In  the  life  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  p.  147,  we  find  the 
Bishoprick  of  Fulda  mentioned,  which  we  think  should  have  been  the 
Abbey.  In  p.  226  the  modern  title  of  Emperor  of  Austria  is  transferred 
to  the  seventeenth  century;  and  in  p.  319  the  King  of  Bohemia  (not 
Frederick)  is  distinguished  from  the  said  Emperor  in  a  way  which  we  do 
not  understand,  and  which  at  least  should  have  been  explained.  In  p.  9 
of  the  life  of  Gustavus  Vasa  it  is  implied  that  Halland,  Scaonia,  and  Blekingd 
had,  at  some  time  or  other,  belonged  to  the  Swedish  crown.  This  puzzled 
us,  as  we  had  always  regarded  them  as  having  been  Danish  from  the  be- 
ginning of  Danes  and  Swedes  till  their  cession  to  Sweden  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  But  in  p.  96  it  only  appears  that  Gustavus  laid  some  sort  of 
claim  to  them.  The  volume  on  Gustavus  Adolphus  is  unluckily  defaced 
by  a  good  many  misprints,  which,  as  they  often  occur,  in  proper  names  and 
titles,  are  occasionally  perplexing. 

We  said  that  our  author  kept  himself  wonderfully  clear  from  irrelevant 
matter.  In  all  important  points,  as  we  have  shewn,  he  does  so  most  con- 
spicuously. But  he  is  rather  fond  of  irrelevant  (nothing  can  be  better 
than  relevant)  allusions  to  Greek  and  Roman  writers.  He  has  an  especial 
weakness  for  quoting  the  less  known  Greek  poets.  The  soldiers  in  the 
Swedish  service  had  been  somewhat  battered  in  the  wars,  so  Mr.  Chapman 
drags  in,  at  full  length,  in  Greek  and  English,  an  epigram  in  the  Anthology 
about  somebody  who  got  similarly  battered  in  the  Olympic  games.  More- 
over he  quotes  this  as  an  epigram  of  "  Lucian  or  Lucilius ;  (for  it  is 
attributed  to  both).*'  We  must  confess  to  being  less  familiar  with  the 
Greek  Anthology  than  Mr.  Chapman,  and  Lucilius  puzzled  us,  as  sug- 
gesting the  famous  early  satirist  of  Rome.  We  find  on  inquiry  that  the 
poet  in  question  is  a  certain  Luci/Zus  or  LuciZ/ms  (AovKtXXor  or  AovKtXXiof), 
not  LuciZ/us  ;  and  it  is  well  to  make  the  distinction,  to  avoid  similar  con- 
fusion. Again,  in  p.  96,  because  Gustavus  taught  his  cavalry  to  fight  hand 
to  hand  with  the  sabre,  Mr.  Chapman  gives  us  again,  both  in  Greek  and 
English,  a  whole  fragment  of  Archilochus  about  the  ancient  warriors  of 
Euboea,  who  also  wielded  the  sword  with  effect.  We  are  sorry  how- 
ever to  say  that  Mr.  Chapman  mis- translates  the  passage.    It  was  then — 

h4(nroTcu  Eiffioiris  dovpiK\tnoL 

The  version  is, — 

"  For  old  Euboea's  war-famed  lords 
Are  godlike  at  that  game.'' 

Now  daifiove^  does  not  mean  "  godlike" — a  more  vernacular  rendering  will 
occur  to  U8y  in  spite  of  ourselves — it  is  equivalent  to  darifiovtst  and  simply 


IGO  TJie  Two  Gusiavi.  [Aug. 

means  "  skilful/'     So  at  least  say  Liddcll  and  Scott,  and  so  does  Jacolss  in 
the  notes  in  Gaisford's  Poetae  Minores  Grceci. 

It  will  be  at  once  seen  that  most  of  the  points  on  which  we  have  been 
commenting  are  somewhat  minute,  mere  blemishes  which  a  very  little 
additional  care  might  have  avoided.  But  the  writer's  habit  of  mere  inde- 
finite allusion^  of  introducing  his  persons  and  places  with  insufficient  ex-> 
planation,  is  a  far  more  serious  matter,  and  really  detracts  in  no  small 
degree  from  the  usefulness  of  two  otherwise  very  valuable  works.  It  is 
not  a  fault  that  can  be  remedied  in  a  second  edition,  perhaps  hardly  one 
likely  to  be  avoided  in  a  subsequent  work.  It  is  an  inherent  fault,  to  be 
fairly  balanced  against  the  sterling  merit  of  the  volumes  in  other  respects. 
It  is  quite  sufficient  to  shut  them  out  from  a  class  with  which  they  proba- 
bly do  not  aspire  to  be  reckoned,  that  of  popular  circulating  library  books. 
By  those  who  read  with  higher  objects,  it  will  be  felt  as  a  draw-back 
but  no  more ;  it  simply  amounts  to  this,  that  the  perusal  of  two  very  in- 
structive volumes  might  easily  have  been  made  somewhat  easier  and  more 
intelligible. 

And  now  for  a  few  words  as  to  the  two  great  men  to  whom  the 
two  volumes  are  devoted.  The  first  Gustavus  is  a  mixed  character.  He 
liberated  his  country  from  a  foreign  yoke ;  he  put  an  end  to  a  century  of 
revolts,  usurpations,  confusions  of  every  kind ;  raised  to  the  throne  by  the 
free  choice  of  the  nation  he  had  rescued,  he  at  once  secured  the  kingdom 
to  his  own  descendants,  and  won  for  it  a  far  higher  position  than  before  in 
the  scale  of  nations.  He  laboured  earnestly  for  the  improvement  of  his 
country  in  every  way ;  he  reformed  religion ;  he  encouraged  arts,  com- 
merce, and  learning ;  in  a  word,  at  first  sight  he  appears  the  very  model  of 
a  patriotic  sovereign.  On  a  closer  inspection,  his  character  is  decidedly 
Less  amiable.  We  may  perhaps  sum  up  his  faults  by  saying  that,  while  his 
ends  were  invariably  noble,  they  were  defaced  by  a  general  unscrupulous- 
ness  as  to  the  means.  His  rough  humour  and  good-natured  familiarity  of 
expression,  contrast  strangely  with  the  official  dignity  of  modem  sove- 
reigns. But  they  often  disguise  conduct  essentially  harsh  and  arbitrary. 
Take  for  instance  his  great  work,  the  reformation  of  religion.  Every  sin- 
cere Protestant  must  commend  the  object  on  purely  religious  grounds. 
Every  statesman,  Protestant  or  Catholic,  must  allow  that  it  was  absolutely 
necessary  to  diminish  the  exorbitant  wealth  and  exorbitant  privileges  of  the 
clerical  order.  But  the  Reformation  effected  by  Gustavus  too  often  took  the 
form  of  needless  vexation  towards  individual  dignitaries  or  individual  institu- 
tions. Such  a  measure  as  has  lately  been  passed  in  Piedmont  was  impera- 
tively required  by  the  condition  of  the  Swedish  Church.  Its  details  need  not 
have  been  the  same ;  Piedmont  had  too  many  Bishops,  while  Sweden  had 
too  few ;  and,  in  the  condition  of  Sweden,  the  Crown  was  fully  justified  in 
entering  upon  large  portions  of  the  Church  lands.  But,  whatever  was  done 
should  have  been  done  in  an  orderly  and  systematic  manner.  Abolish  what 
was  to  be  abolished :  preserve  what  was  to  be  preserved.  But  Gustavus  evi- 
dently enjoyed  the  processes  of  worrying  a  Bishop  and  plundering  an 
Abbey,  and  he  continued  to  afford  himself  both  satisfactions  down  to  the 
end  of  his  reign.  The  plunder  of  the  parish  churches,  the  robbery  of  their 
bells  and  chalices,  was  far  worse,  and  was  in  truth  highly  impolitic;  it 
violently  offended  the  religious  feelings  of  the  people,  and  led  to  more  than 
one  formidable  rebellion.  Yet,  after  all,  the  Swedish  Reformation  was 
one  of  the  least  extreme  in  Europe.  The  clergy  retained  a  higher  position 
than  anywhere  else  but  in  England,  and,  what  they  retain  nowhere,  thdr' 
4 


18aG.]  The  Two  Gustam.  161 

political  rights  as  a  separate  estate  of  the  realm.  Again,  no  Protestant 
Church  retains  so  much  of  ritual  splendour ;  ^'  High  Mass,"  stiU  so  called, 
18  "  sung"  in  Lutheran  Sweden  to  this  day,  with  accompaniments  which 
would  at  onoe  cause  an  anti-papal  tumult  in  not  a  few  parishes  of  the 
British  metropolis. 

Gustavus  Adolphus  was  a  much  less  useful  sovereign,  hut  he  was  a 
far  nobler  character,  than  his  grandfather.  The  first  Gustavus  was  essen- 
tially a  peaceful  ruler ;  his  wars  are  something  altogether  subsidiary ;  but 
the  second  Gustavus  was  e&sentiallv  a  soldier.  Our  estimate  of  his  cha- 
racter  must  mainly  turn  upon  this  question.  Was  his  interference  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War  justifiable  ?  Once  granting  this,  he  well-nigh  realizes  the 
ideal  of  the  military  character.  Uniting  at  once  the  skill  of  the  general 
and  the  courage  of  the  soldier ;  waging  warfare  on  a  higher  principle  and 
in  a  nobler  manner  than  any  of  his  contemporaries  ;  making  his  camp  like 
a  wdl-ordered  city  ;  avoiding  all  needless  cruelty  and  devastation  while  the 
most  frightful  barbarities  were  perpetrated  on  the  other  side,  Gustavus 
Adolphus  has  fairly  won  his  place  in  the  first  rank  of  captains.  His  im- 
provements in  the  technical  art  of  warfare  do  less  credit  to  his  professional 
skill  than  hie  careful  diminution  of  its  horrors  does  to  his  moral  nature. 

But  was  the  warfare  in  which  he  displayed  such  noble  quahties  in  itself 
just  ?  Strictly  defensive  indeed  it  was  not ;  but  if  a  war  may  ever  be 
entered  into  which  is  not  strictly  defensive,  Gustavus'  interiFerence  in 
Germany  is  clearly  entitled  to  such  indulgence.  For  the  g^reatest  Pro- 
testant monarch  of  Europe  to  step  in  to  prevent  the  utter  extirpation  of  his 
creed  in  a  neighbouring  land  is  surely  less  palpably  unjustifiable  than  for 
England,  two  or  three  generations  later,  to  wage  a  long  war  to  force  upon 
Spain  a  King  for  whom  the  Spaniards  had  no  desire.  German  writers 
have  caUed  Gustavus  a  **  Robber."  No  conqueror  ever  less  deserved  the 
name.  His  warfare  was  essentially  a  warfare  of  religion  ;  he  fought  as  a 
Protestant  Crusader.  Not  that  he  was  wholly  free — how  should  he  have 
been  ? — from  all  notions  of  personal  and  national  aggrandizement.  Sweden 
and  her  King  were  not  to  spend  their  toil  and  blood  for  nothing.  Sweden 
was  to  step  into  the  place  of  a  great  European  power ;  Gustavus  was  to  be 
the  acknowledged  cluef  of  Protestant  Europe,  perhaps,  for  the  first  time, 
to  place  the  diadem  of  the  Caesars  upon  a  Scandinavian  and  a  Protestant 
brow.  By  those  who  take  the  higher  and  truer  view  of  the  greatest 
conqueror  of  antiquity,  Gustavus  Adolphus,  far  rather  than  Charles  XII., 
is  entitled  to  be  called  a  Christian  Alexander.  Had  the  Macedonian  been 
cut  off  at  Issns  or  Arbela,  his  career  would  have  been  almost  identified 
with  that  of  the  Swede  who  fell  at  Lutzen.  What  Hellenic  vengeance  was 
to  Alexander,  Protestant  Hberation  was  to  Gustovus.  Both  display  the 
same  union  of  militarv  genius  with  a  personal  courage  bordering  on  rash- 
ness ;  both  exhibit  the  same  general  humanity,  the  same  special  magna- 
nimity in  victorv.  In  both  we  find  the  same  defect;  each  is  often  hurried 
by  passion  into'  deeds  unwwthy  of  him ;  each  in  his  cooler  moments  is 
ready  for  repentance  and  acknowJedgement  of  wrong.  But  Alexander 
lived  too  long  for  hie  own  greainets ;  hifc  head  was  turned  by  success  such 
as  had  never  before  fallen  to  the  lot  of  mortal ;  GusU^-ue,  perhaps  weU  for 
his  fame,  was  cut  off  when  his  glory  was  highest  and  purest,  before  his 
virtues  had  had  time  to  degenerate  under  the  hardest  of  all  trials,  that  of 

unexpected  prosperity.  .  ,  . 

Wchave  devoted  our  space  to  direct  cntiasm  upon  the  volumes  them- 
selves and  to  a  geoend  sketdi  of  their  respective  heroes.     For  the  details 

Gxyx.  Mao.  Vol-  XLVI.  * 


1G2  The  Two  Gustavi.  [Aug. 

of  the  career  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  we  prefer  to  send  our  readers  to  the 
book  itself.  The  history  of  Gustavus  himself  is  prefaced  by  an  intro- 
ductory chapter,  containing  the  very  remarkable  history  of  the  period 
between  the  two  great  Kings.  It  was  one  of  nearly  as  much  confusion 
and  violence  as  that  which  preceded  the  rise  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  And, 
strange  to  say,  one  principal  cause  of  the  disorders  of  the  kingdom  was  to 
be  found  in  the  almost  sovereign  powers  with  which  that  otherwise  saga- 
cious monarch  had  invested  his  younger  sons  over  large  provinces.  The 
whole  period  is  a  striking  and  romantic  one.  Eric,  once  the  importunate 
suitor  of  our  own  Elizabeth,  his  wild  career ;  his  deposition,  captivity,  and 
death ;  John,  his  brother  and  murderer,  his  qualms  of  conscience,  hia 
counter-Reformation  in  religion  and  strange  coquetting  with  Rome  ;  his 
son  Sigismund,  the  zealous  Catholic,  the  elected  of  Poland,  the  rejected  of 
Sweden,  the  would-be  conqueror  of  Russia ;  finally,  Charles,  the  son  and 
the  father  of  the  two  Gustavi,  the  restorer  of  order  and  prosperity,  the  final 
establisher  of  Protestantism,  all  form  a  group  of  stirring  interest.  We  will 
conclude  with  Mr.  Chapman's  character  of  Charles  IX. 

"  By  his  father's  will,  Charles  inherited  no  insignificant  part  of  his  dominions ;  by 
natural  endowment  he  was  almost  the  sole  heir  of  his  vast  capacity  and  gigantic 
strength  of  mind.  Of  all  the  sons  of  Gustavus — and  the  education  of  none  had  been 
neglected — he  had  profited  most  by  his  opportunities,  and  in  learning,  as  well  as  in 
largeness  and  liberality  of  view,  far  excelled  not  only  them,  but  also  the  great  mass  of 
contemporary  princes  and  politicians.  An  acute,  and  what  is  better  stiB,  an  earnest 
and  moderate  theologian,  he  maintained  with  St.  Augustine,  against  the  archbishop, 
the  just  influence  of  reason  in  matters  of  faith,  and,  though  disapproving  the  Calvinistic 
dogma  of  predestination,  endeavoured,  by  a  comprehensive  creed,  to  unite  into  one 
commimion  the  Lutheran  and  Calvinistic  Churches.  A  vigilant  ruler  and  an  en- 
lightened statesman,  he  knew  how  to  control  the  proverbial  impetuosity  of  the  Vasa 
blood  when  the  occasion  called  for  coolness  and  patience.  Amid  the  anxieties  and  dis- 
turbances of  a  troubled  reign,  he  found  time  to  encourage  the  learning  and  industry, 
and  to  ameliorate  the  legal  institutions  of  his  kingdom.  By  a  liberal  policy,  he  at- 
tracted to  its  shores  the  wealth  of  foreign  artizans,  and  allowed  (with  the  exception  of 
wines  and  spirits,  which  paid  an  import  duty)  the  free  importation  of  the  goods  of  all 
nations,  with  the  declared  object  of  supplying  his  subjects  with  food  in  greater  abun- 
dance, and  with  foreign  merchandise  upon  better  terms. 

"  Of  the  military  talents  of  Charles,  his  successful  campaigns  in  Finland  and  Livonia 
give  a  favourable  impression.  A  single  incident  puts  his  imdaunted  courage  beyond  a 
doubt.  When  Calmar  was  carried  by  storm,  after  Sigismund's  retiun  to  Poland, 
Charles  himself  was  the  first  man  to  mount  to  the  assault. 

"  If  the  Swedish  Church  owes  to  this  great  prince  an  immense  and  evident  debt  of 
gratitude,  other  branches  of  the  Protestant  Church  are,  less  palpably  indeed,  but 
scarcely  less  truly,  his  debtors.  For  to  the  ardent  love  of  the  Reformation  which  he 
instilled  into  his  illustrious  heir,  they  mainly  owe  it,  that  in  the  hoxir  of  their  ^'greatest 
peril  and  extremity  he  stood  forth  with  heart  and  hand  to  rescue  them  from  ruin. 

"  The  glory  of  Charles  has  been  dimmed  by  the  surpassing  glory  of  the  first  and 
second  Gustavus.  But  the  more  closely  we  scrutinize  his  character,  the  more  rigidly 
we  investigate  his  career,  the  more  evident  it  is — and  with  such  praise  he  himself^  be- 
yond all  reasonable  doubt,  would  have  been  satisfied — that  he  was  well  worthy  to  have 
been  the  son  of  such  a  father,  and  the  father  of  such  a  son." — (p.  42,  43.) 


1856.]  163 


HISTORY  A^B  CHAEACTEEISTICS  OF  ORNAMENTAL  ART*. 

A  LOVE  of  ornament  seems  to  be  inherent  in  our  nature.  The  wildest 
savage  decorates  his  weapons  and  utensils  with  a  rude,  but  frequently  sym- 
metrical, kind  of  ornament ;  he  decorates  his  body  in  various  fantastic  ways ; 
he  puts  rings  through  his  nose  and  ears,  and  skewers  through  his  lips ;  tat- 
toos his  skin,  paints  it,  knots  his  hair,  &c.,  &c.,  all  in  obedience  to  his  love 
of  ornament.  The  shepherd  beguiles  the  weary  hours  in  carving  ornaments 
on  his  crook,  by  which  he  expresses  his  sense  of  ornamentation :  so  also 
the  denizen  of  the  valley  kneads  the  clay  and  fashions  it  into  various  uten- 
sils, which  he  impresses  with  various  devices ;  simple  and  rude  in  the  first 
instance,  until  at  length  the  vase  appears,  which  future  generations  treasure 
up  as  a  matchless  prize. 

A  knowledge  of  the  characteristics  of  the  different  styles  of  ornamenta- 
tion that  have  appeared  at  various  epochs  of  the  world's  history  is  of  un- 
doubted value  to  the  student.  It  is  difficult,  however,  to  consider  the  sub- 
ject from  the  historic  point  of  view,  apart  from  an  analysis  of  its  principles ; 
therefore  the  two  works  under  consideration  may  be  said  to  accomplish 
what  each  would  fail  to  do  if  taken  separately  and  alone. 

Mr.  Womum's  book  consists  of  an  outline  of  a  course  of  sixteen  lectures, 
originally  prepared  for  the  Government  Schools  of  Design,  "  chiefly  as  an 
introductory  guide  to  aid  in  the  adoption  of  some  ready  system  in  the  study 
of  ornament." 

Since  the  establishment  in  this  country  of  Government  drawing-schools, 
or,  as  they  are  facetiously  styled,  "  Schools  of  Design,"  there  has  been  a 
constant  effort  on  the  part  of  those  engaged  in  teaching  drawing  and  model- 
ling to  arrive  at  and  adopt  some  system  of  ornamentation.  The  covert  ob- 
ject was,  in  truth,  the  no  less  ambitious  one  of  creating  an  English  school  of 
ornament,  or,  probably,  an  English  style.  But  this  object  necessarily  failed, 
for  the  following  reasons : — In  the  first  place,  the  British  artist  has  such  an 
inexhaustible  treasury  of  ornament,  the  product  of  the  past  ages,  to  draw 
upon,  that  he  finds  it  much  easier  to  copy  than  to  rack  his  brains  with  in- 
venting. In  the  second  place,  no  instruction  in  the  principles  of  ornamen- 
tation has  been  provided  for  him. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  in  copying  or  appropriating,  he  seldom  exercises 
much  taste  or  judgment;  but  that  is  the  fault  of  his  education,  or  rather  of 
his  no-education.  Hitherto  we  have  had  no  literature  on  this  subject,  which 
is  of  so  much  importance  in  an  economical  as  well  as  artistical  point  of 
view :  the  works  hitherto  published  have  been  little  else  than  selections  of 
examples  of  various  epochs,  but  with  not  a  word  of  analysis  accompanying 
them.  The  history  and  principles  of  ornamental  art — a  most  important 
and  fruitful  theme — has  not  engrossed  the  attention  of  writers  on  art ;  and, 
until  the  publication  of  the  works  under  consideration,  may  be  said  to  have 
remained  unwritten. 

A  history  of  ornamental  art  is  a  vast  subject,  comprehending  the  history 
of  the  human  race  under  every  phase  of  its  existence.  Ornamentation  has 
ever  been  the  true  exponent  of  man's  culture  :  the  tattooing  of  the  savage 


•  it 


The  Characteristics  of  Styles :  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  History  of 
Ornamental  Art,  &c.   By  Ralph  N.  Womuin."   (London :  Chapman  &  Hall.   Roy.  8vo.) 
"  The  Principles  of  Form   in   Ornamental  Art.     By  Charles  Martel."     (London : 
Winsor  and  No^-ton.     12mo.) 


164j  Histci'y  and  Characteristics  of  Ornamental  Art,       [Aug. 

marks  it  as  distinctly  for  his  fraction  of  the  human  family  as  the  Parthenon 
does  for  the  Athenian.  The  grotesque  bizarrerie  of  the  Byzantine  era,  the 
exuberant  richness  of  the  Renaissance,  strictly  correspond  with  the  tone  of 
mind  and  amount  of  spiritual  culture  of  the  respective  peoples  who  pro- 
duced them.  The  moral  to  be  drawn  from  a  profound  study  of  the  history 
of  ornamental  art  is  deeply  significant  when  applied  to  measure  man's  in- 
tellectual progress :  and  if  it  has  not  hitherto  been  read,  may  we  not  attri- 
bute it  to  the  cold,  mechanical  manner  in  which  the  subject  has  been  viewed 
and  treated  ? 

We  think  it  an  error  to  attempt  to  classify  all  ornament  by  definite  chro- 
nological periods ;  for,  besides  what  each  people  originates  for  itself,  there 
is  a  vast  deal  that  is  traditional,  adopted  with  certain  modifications,  which 
constitute  style.  Mr.  Wornum  compares  style  in  ornament  to  hand  in 
writing : — "  As  every  individual  has  some  peculiarity  in  his  mode  of  writing, 
80  every  age  has  been  distinguished  in  its  ornamental  expression  by  a  cer- 
tain individuality  of  taste,  either  original  or  borrowed." 

This  appears  to  us  as  taking  far  too  narrow  a  view  of  so  important  a 
matter  as  style.  The  handwriting  of  a  person  has  no  intimate  connection 
with  his  ideas ;  whereas  style  is  an  exponent  of  his  whole  civilization,  some- 
times governed  by  prevailing  fashion,  which  may  be  set  up  by  accidental 
causes.  The  discovery  of  the  baths  of  Titus  gave  quite  a  new  character  to 
the  style  of  the  cinque-cento  period  ;  so  the  discovery  of  the  ruins  of  Hercu- 
laneum  and  Pompeii  has  influenced  the  ornamental  art  of  a  later  gene- 
ration. 

What  has  served  to  the  production  of  the  various  styles  in  ornamental  art 
is  a  question  beyond  our  present  sphere  of  enquiry ;  we  may,  however,  indi- 
cate some  of  the  salient  marks  which  characterise  the  ornamentation  of 
various  eras. 

Egyptian  art  is  distinguished  by  grandeur  of  conception, — everything  is 
colossal ;  but  at  the  same  time  everything  is  produced  according  to  a  fixed 
sacerdotal  formula,  which  cramped  all  invention.  There  is  always  an 
atmosphere  of  eternity  about  it ;  an  immobility,  which  seems  to  be  naturally 
inspired  by  the  locality,  with  its  monotonous,  level  horizon,  that  appears  to 
check  every  eflTort  at  motion.  The  ornamentation  is  almost  always  exclu- 
sively symbolical,  displaying  much  ingenuity  of  arrangement,  taking  into 
consideration  the  unpromising  materials  it  is  made  up  of.  Besides  the 
animals  introduced  in  hieroglyphical  pictures,  the  native  plants  of  the  coun- 
try form  an  important  feature  in  most  of  the  ornamentation  of  the  Eg}*p- 
tians :  the  lotus,  papyrus  and  palm,  are  treated  somewhat  similarly  to  the 
Greek  acanthus  in  the  formation  of  the  capitals  of  columns.  The  Sphynz 
and  the  Scarabeeus  are  also  highly- important  symbolical  elements  in  the 
ornamentation  of  ancient  Egypt ;  and  the  symbolism  of  colour  was  carried 
further  by  them,  probably,  than  by  any  other  people. 

The  Greeks  owed  something  to  the  Egyptians ;  but  what  they  appro- 
priated they  remodelled,  so  as  to  make  completely  their  own.  Besides, 
the  religion  of  the  Greeks  was  one  of  freedom ;  it  was  more  imaginative, 
and  gave  greater  expansion  to  the  soul,  than  that  of  the  Egyptians :  hence 
Greek  art  rose  in  connection  with  Greek  religion  to  the  highest  expression 
of  beauty  which  the  human  mind  appears  to  be  capable  of.  Greek  art  has 
ever  since  its  foundation  formed  the  model  and  storehouse  of  ornamenta- 
tion, to  which  almost  every  nation  has  become  indebted.  The  Parthenon 
and  the  Corinthian  capital  are  intimately  allied  with  the  grace  and  elegance 
of  the  philosophy  and  paganism  of  the  Greeks.     As  Plato  and  Aristotle 


1856.]      History  and  Characteristics  of  Ornamental  Art.  165 

rank  first  among  human  intelligences,  so  do  these  artistic  productions  pro- 
claim in  Pericles  and  Callimachus  the  highest  capabilities  to  which  it  may 
be  supposed  the  human  race  can  attain  in  art.  More  than  all,  the  Greek 
went  direct  to  Nature  for  instruction, — he  took  little  at  second-hand ;  and, 
unlike  the  Egyptian,  he  was  free  to  model  his  deities  after  his  own  ideal ; 
happy  in  finding  they  met  with  full  appreciation  and  acceptance  from  those 
to  whom  he  addressed  his  works. 

What  is  called  Roman  Art  is,  strictly  speaking,  Grecian ;  for  the 
Romans  only  cultivated  art  after  they  had  become  familiar  with  it  by  the 
conquest  of  Greece.  It  may  be  doubted  if  the  Roman  was  ever  a  true 
worshipper  of  art,  although  a  liberal  patron.  His  wealth  tempted  legions 
of  Greek  artists  to  settle  in  his  country,  and  they  had  to  adapt  their  art  to 
the  wants  and  caprices  of  their  employers.  In  time  their  arcana  were  lost, 
and  gradually  art  degenerated  from  the  pure  standard  set  up  by  the  Athe- 
nians. The  national  greatness  of  the  Romans  is  reflected  in  their  works, 
and  their  expansive  minds  demanded  structures  on  a  grander,  if  not  on  so 
pure  a  scale  as  the  Greeks.  The  removal  of  the  seat  of  empire,  the  foun- 
dation of  Byzantium,  was  the  signal  for  the  decline  of  art.  In  proportion 
as  luxury  spread  its  tinsel  decorations,  pure  taste  declined ;  the  barbaric 
splendour  of  the  East  overpowered  the  Roman  element,  and  it  becomes 
difficult  to  distinguish  the  pure  source  from  which  Rome  derived  its 
models. 

Under  the  combined  influence  of  the  Oriental  element  with  Christianity, 
the  source  of  the  greatest  moral  revolution  the  world  has  ever  seen,  the 
Byzantine  style  developed  itself  in  the  East ;  while  in  the  West,  where  the 
Germanic  element  awoke,  the  Romanesque,  in  which  the  genius  peculiar  to 
the  Catholics  of  the  West  manifested  itself ;  and  it  was  by  productions  in 
this  style  that  the  nations  which  had  invaded  and  destroyed  the  Roman 
empire  began  to  express,  under  the  tutelage  of  the  Church,  their  tendency 
to  remove  from  a  state  of  barbarism. 

After  accomplishing  certain  grand  productions,  these  nations  completely 
abandoned  the  traditions  of  antiquity ;  great  Gothic  cathedrals  sprang  out 
of  the  earth,  and  all  the  arts  tended  towards  a  revival  to  aid  in  the  decora- 
tion of  these  gigantic  structures.  At  this  epoch,  feudality  was  subordinated 
to  the  papacy  ;  during  the  existence  of  this  powerful  theocracy,  great  works 
were  accomplished  in  Europe,  animated  as  it  was  by  a  religious  faith  sym- 
bolized in  gigantic  structures,  among  those  great  western  nations  which 
awoke  to  a  nationality^  or  at  least  to  a  municipal  life.  In  the  fift^eenth  century, 
when  the  Christian  nations,  and  especially  the  republics  of  Italy,  attained 
to  a  high  degree  of  wealth,  they  sought  to  revive  the  arts  and  renew  the 
traditions  of  antiquity.  When  the  Crusaders  had  thrown  themselves  upon 
the  East,  destroying  the  remains  of  the  Greek  empire,  they  brought  back 
with  them  to  their  own  country  a  taste  for  art,  and  helped  to  maintain  it. 
The  ferocious  Norman  barons  who  founded  the  kingdom  of  Sicily  esta- 
blished a  forced  colony  of  Greeks  to  secure  the  cultivation  of  silk  in  that 
country.  Finally  the  Venetians,  becoming  afterwards  masters  of  a  part  of 
the  Archipelago,  transplanted  what  remained  of  the  fabric  of  the  Greeks. 
It  was  with  these  elements,  drawn  from  Greece,  that  Italy  prepared  the  way 
for  that  great  epoch,  the  Renaissance,  which  restored  all  the  arts  to  honour. 
The  methods  of  the  Greek  artists  spread  themselves  over  all  Italy.  In 
1453  an  important  event,  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  Mahomet  II. 
gave  a  new  impulse  to  reviving  art,  and  forced  the  later  Byzantine  artists  to 
expatriate  themselves.     To  all  these  elements,  as  well  as  to  the  increased 


166  History  and  Characteristics  of  Ornamental  Art.       [Aug. 

wealth  of  modern  society,  is  due  the  fact  that  progress  manifested  itself 
much  sooner  in  Italy  than  in  the  rest  of  Europe.  "When  Venice,  Genoa, 
and  especially  Florence,  the  true  Athens  of  modern  times,  had  arrived  at 
an  hitherto  unknown  degree  of  wealth,  and  at  that  liberty  so  essential 
to  inspire  the  artist  with  faith  in  his  works,  the  noble  protection  and 
enlightened  taste  of  the  Medici,  the  Sforzas,  the  Estes,  of  MaximiHan,  of 
Charles  V.,  true  sovereigns  of  the  era,  so  worthy  of  comprehending 
the  marvels  of  art,  soon  brought  forth  Masaccio,  Buonarotti,  Raphael, 
Leonardo,  Titian,  and  Cellini. 

From  Italy,  through  the  encouragement  of  Francis  I.,  the  arts  passed  to 
France  with  Leonardo,  Primaticcio,  Cellini,  and  others,  and  recognizing 
the  importance  of  a  national  school,  raised  up  one  of  great  eminence ; — this 
was  a  brilliant  epoch  for  all  the  arts. 

After  the  fifteenth  centuiy,  we  do  not  meet  in  all  Europe  with  a  similar 
movement  or  era  of  splendour  until  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  when  France 
felt  itself  specially  called  upon  to  accomplish  great  things.  The  produc- 
tions of  this  reign — heir  of  all  the  grand  conceptions  of  Richelieu,  when 
eminent  men  seemed  to  multiply  indefinitely — have  upon  them  a  stamp 
of  grandeur  by  which  they  are  easily  recognized,  and  serve  as  models 
in  art.  We  are  familiar  with  all  the  great  things  created  in  France 
at  that  period,  and,  from  the  profusion  of  works  of  art,  the  studied  elegance 
and  refinement  in  decoration  tended  to  create  a  style  during  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  sometimes  mannered,  it  is  true,  but  impressed  with  richness 
and  originality,  which  is  even  now  successfully  applied  to  a  host  of  indus- 
trial productions. 

From  this  period  art-productions  have  had  little  claim  upon  our  admira- 
tion, being,  for  the  most  part  bad  imitations  of  good  models,  or  a  mongrel 
sort  of  composite.  What  is  new  is  seldom  good  ;  while  the  good  is  gene- 
rally a  reproduction  of  works  belonging  to  the  palmy  days  of  art  in  various 
countries. 

Mr.  Womum  thus  passes  the  various  styles  in  review  : — 

"  In  the  early  period,  with  the  Egyptians,  we  find  symbolism,  richness  of  material, 
with  simplicity  of  arrangement,  and  an  artistic  crudity,  as  the  prominent  characteristics. 
In  the  Second  or  Greek  period,  we  have  exclusively  an  aesthetic  aim,  with  general 
beauty  of  effect,  and  uniform  excellence  of  detail  throughout,  everywhere  displaying  the 
highest  artistic  skill.  In  the  third  or  Roman  period,  still  with  an  sesthetic  aim,  wo 
have  equal  skill,  with  a  taste  for  a  more  gorgeous  detail  and  more  general  magnificence. 
In  the  Byzantine,  the  first  style  of  the  second  period,  we  go  back  to  at  first  an  almost 
exclusive  symbolism,  which,  however,  in  the  course  of  a  century  or  two,  is  elaborated 
into  a  style  of  a  very  gorgeous  general  effect — combining  the  aesthetic  with  the  symbolic 
— partly  owing  to  richness  of  materials ;  but  as  prejudice  was  gradually  overcome,  a 
comprehensive  and  beautiful  style  was  ultimately  developed  in  the  sixth  century,  but 
nearly  always  displaying  perhaps  more  skill  in  its  general  effects  than  in  its  detiuls. 
....  In  the  Renaissance — the  herald  of  the  modem  styles,  and,  like  the  classical  styles, 
purely  cesthetic  —  we  have  at  first  the  natural  vagaries  of  accustomed  freedom ; 
which,  however,  settled  into  a  genuine  revival  of  the  most  finished  style  of  antiquity, — 
the  cinque-cento.  Then  came  the  final  decline — mere  love  of  display,  gold  and  glitter ; 
such  is  the  Louis  Quatorze — still  prodigiously  clever  in  the  means  it  took  to  accomplish 
its  effects.  The  Ijouis  Quatorze  is  more  general  in  its  aim  than  any  style  whatever ; 
thus  its  det^ls,  provided  they  generated  sufficient  contrasts  of  light  and  shade,  were 
of  no  individual  consequence." — {p.  108.) 

Such,  in  brief,  is  the  history  of  art :  the  chain  which  connects  the  arts 
of  Greece  with  those  of  our  own  time  has  never  been  entirely  broken. 
Although  its  vitality  may  have  been  impaired,  the  traditions  handed  from 
one  nation  to  another  have  at  least  preserved  the  form,  even  when  the 


1856.]      History  and  Characteristics  of  Ornamental  Art,  167 

spirit  has  been  absent  or  misunderstood.  What  we  have  at  the  present 
day  to  concern  ourselves  most  with,  is  the  recovery  or  rediscovery  of  the 
formulee  of  the  ancients :  this  cannot  be  done  by  mere  measuring  or  de- 
scribing; we  must  inform  ourselves  with  the  spirit  which  animated  the 
Athenian  artists,  trace  the  analogies  and  affinities  existing  between  different 
arts,  and  employ  them  in  obedience  to  artistic  laws. 

Although  the  phrase  "  principles  of  art"  occurs  on  almost  every  page  of 
Mr.  Wornum's  book,  we  have  searched  in  vain  for  the  elucidation  of  a 
single  one.  The  author  confines  himself  to  a  mere  descriptive  account  of 
the  various  styles,  sufficiently  dry  and  dull,  not  to  say  uninstructive.  There 
is  no  analysis  of  the  styles  whatever,  nor  classification  of  ornament,  by 
which  the  origin  of  the  various  styles  can  be  traced.  What  the  reader  re- 
quires to  know  is,  what  method  he  shall  pursue  when  he  essays  to  con« 
struct  an  original  piece  of  oiTiamentation.  It  is  not  enough  to  shew  him 
what  the  Egyptian  or  Greek  did,  or  to  inform  him  that  the  ornament  of 
the  one  is  symbolical,  or  that  of  the  other  sesthetical ;  that  the  one  handled 
nature  conventionally,  or  the  other  copied  her  faithfully.  The  history  of 
ornamental  art  is  useful  enough  by  way  of  example  or  comparison,  but  it 
should  be  analysed  and  illustrated  with  fac-similes,  both  of  form  and  colour, 
to  be  of  any  real  service.  Colour,  when  employed  in  decoration  by  the 
ancients,  had  a  profound  significance  undreamed  of  by  the  modern  artist, 
to  whom  its  s3anboli8m  is  unknown. 

Now,  without  a  recognition  of  the  principles  of  form  in  ornamental  art, 
it  may  be  said  with  perfect  truth,  that  the  host  of  "  examples,*' "  selections,*' 
&c.,  can  have  but  a  very  limited  field  of  usefulness.  In  copying  or  appro- 
priating an  ornament,  a  successful  result  must  depend  entirely  upon  the 
law  of  suitability,  or  appropriateness ;  for  when  the  ornament  is  detached 
from  its  original  position,  and  transferred  to  another,  the  new  place  may 
not  be  adapted  to  receive  it,  either  from  the  proportions  being  dissimilar,  or 
from  the  different  character  or  destination  of  the  structure  to  which  it  is 
transferred.  Modern  buildings  exhibit  numerous  glaring  instances  of  the 
want  of  suitability ;  one  of  the  most  flagrant  being  that  of  the  Chapel  of  St. 
Philip,  in  Regent-street,  with  its  bucrania,  and  the  choragic  monument 
made  to  do  duty  as  a  steeple.  But  if  the  artist  be  instructed  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  ornamentation,  he  will  take  into  consideration  all  those  elements 
of  the  art  upon  which  success  depends, — such  as  symmetry,  repetition,  in- 
tersection, complication,  eurythmy,  confusion;  and  also  the  laws  upon 
which  harmonious  colouring  depends ;  and  all  these  will,  in  their  turn,  be 
subjected  to  the  law  of  suitability. 

This  law  of  suitability  is  so  constantly  overlooked,  or  not  even  recog- 
nised, that  it  may  be  well  to  state  it  in  this  place.  By  it  we  understand  that 
condition  of  things  which  produces  a  perfect  harmony  between  a  structure, 
in  all  its  minutest  details,  and  the  purpose  to  which  that  structure  is  appro- 
priated. In  ever}'  edifice  there  should  be  a  capacity  of  proclaiming  at  once 
its  specific  use,  whether  civil  or  religious.  Churches,  theatres,  municipal 
buildings,  museums,  picture-galleries,  schools,  colleges,  &c.,  are,  as  we  well 
know,  capable  of  receiving  an  individual  stamp  which  effectually  prevents 
one  being  taken  for  another ;  but  numerous  instances  abound  in  our  metro- 
polis and  other  cities  which  prove  that  no  principle  of  art  is  more  neglected 
than  that  of  suitability.  Art  has  its  epidemics :  at  one  time  the  classical 
prevails,  at  another  the  Gothic,  then  the  Anglo-Italian ;  and  we  are  now 
threatened  with  a  Byzantine  invasion ;  and  these  styles  are  indiscrimi- 
nately applied  to  every  kind  of  edifice :  so  that  in  due  time  our  country 


1 68  History  and  Characteristics  of  Ornamental  Jrt.       [Aug 


b* 


may  shew  as  many  epochs  of  styles  as  the  world  has  witnessed  since  the 
deluge.  The  future  New-Zealander  who  is  to  sit  on  Waterloo-bridge, 
and,  like  another  Marius,  sigh  over  the  ruins  of  London,  will  be  more  puz- 
zled with  our  architecture  than  by  anything  else  left  for  his  examination. 

Ornament,  says  Mr.  M artel,  is  of  three  kinds, —  inventional,  imitational, 
and  mixed  or  composite.  The  Greeks  excelled  in  the  first,  especially ;  and 
they  displayed  marvellous  purity  of  taste  in  the  treatment  of  the  second. 
In  their  inventional  ornament — as  the  meander,  the  fret,  and  the  labyrinth — 
we  recognize  that  keen  sense  of  harmony  for  which  the  Greek  artists  were 
80  remarkable  ;  due,  probably,  to  their  study  of  music,  some  of  whose  ele- 
ments are  allied  to  those  of  ornamental  art, — such  as  rhythm,  repetition,  and 
intersection.  But  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  music  addresses  the  ear, 
and  not  the  eye,  and  that  the  fancied  identity  of  a  series  of  natural  laws 
common  to  both  is  maintained  only  by  writers  equally  ignorant  of  music 
and  the  imitational  arts.  The  little  similarity  that  exists  is  purely  arith- 
metical,—a  property  of  number ;  it  may  be  said  even  to  be  only  me- 
chanical :  it  is  the  effect  produced  upon  the  sensorium  by  a  succession, 
repetition,  or  recurrence  of  similar  things,  be  they  sounds  or  objects.  A 
still  more  fanciful  analogy  is  imagined  between  sounds  and  colours,  which 
is  purely  poetical ;  yet  some  writers  have  essayed  to  shew  that  there  is  an 
identity  between  C  natural  and  the  colour  blue ;  that  red  is  represented  by 
G  sharp,  and  so  on.  That  a  well-designed  edifice  may  produce  upon  the 
mind  an  harmonious  influence  akin  to  that  excited  by  certain  musical  com- 
positions, may  perhaps  be  admitted ;  but  no  one  can  for  a  moment  sup- 
pose the  effects  to  be  identical.  If  music  formed  an  essential  part  of  the 
education  of  the  Greek  architect,  it  was  due  to  the  wisdom  and  sagacity  of 
Pythagoras,  who  saw  the  advantage  to  be  gained  to  the  student  by  a  pro- 
found recognition  of  the  laws  of  harmony ;  that  he  should  feel  the  influence 
of  cadence,  of  rhythm,  of  chords.  But  nothing  in  all  this  corresponds  to 
melody  in  music,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Womum,  who  says, — 

"  The  principles  of  harmony,  time,  or  rhythm,  and  melody,  are  well  defined  in  music, 
and  indi^utable :  many  men  of  many  generations  have  devoted  their  entire  lives  to 
the  development  of  these  principles,  and  they  are  known.  In  ornament  they  are  not 
known,  and  perhaps  not  recognized  even  as  unknown  quantities,  because,  as  yet,  no 
man  has  ever  devoted  himself  to  their  elimination ;  though  many  ancient  and  middle* 
age  designers  have  evidently  had  a  true  perception  of  them." 

We  have  pondered  a  long  time  over  this  statement,  with  a  view  of  dis- 
covering what  meaning  the  author  wishes  us  to  attach  to  it ;  but  in  vain. 
From  his  use  of  such  terms  as  "  unknown  quantities"  and  "  elimination,"  we 
might  suppose  he  was  discoursing  upon  algebra  rather  than  upon  ornamen- 
tation.    Again,  he  says,^ 

**  The  first  principle  of  ornament  seems  to  be  repetition ;  the  simplest  character  of 
this  is  a  measured  succession,  in  series,  of  some  one  detail,  as  a  moulding,  for  instance : 
this  stage  of  ornament  corresponds  with  melody  in  music  (!),  which  is  a  measured  suc- 
cession of  diatonic  sounds,  the  system  in  both  arising  firom  the  same  source — rhythm, 
— in  mtmc  called  also  time  (!),  in  ornament,  proportion,  or  synmietry ;  proportion,  or 
quantity,  in  both  cases." 

If  this  nonsense  was  addressed  to  the  raw  students  of  Marlborough 
House  and  other  schools  of  design,  we  should  not  be  surprised  if  the 
sufferers  yawned  over  the  teaching,  and  went  away  but  little  wiser  or 
better  for  it.  Would  he  have  them  believe  that  a  repetition  of  a  moulding 
is  in  any  respect  analogous  to  ''Home,  sweet  home,"  or  "God  save  the 
Queen  ?"  We  always  supposed  that  the  word  melody  signifies  simply  a  suc^ 
5 


1856.]      History  and  Characteristics  of  Ornamental  Art.  169 

cession  of  musical  tones ^  rhythmically  regulated;  not  a  measured  succession 
of  diatonics  merely,  but  also  of  chromatic  sounds.  A  melody  may  range 
through  the  whole  chromatic  scale,  and  cannot  in  any  way  correspond  with 
a  measured  succession  in  series  of  some  one  detail !  What  Mr.  Wornum 
terms  "  proportion,  or  symmetry,'*  is  evidently  analogy  ;  for  symmetry  and 
proportion  are  not  identical,  since  symmetry  may  result  from  irregular  and 
unequal,  as  well  as  harmonic,  proportions.  What  Mr.  Wornum  has  to  say 
on  harmony  is  still  more  obscure : — 

**  The  second  stage  in  music  is  harmony,  or  a  combination  of  simultaneous  sounds  or 
melodies ;  it  is  also  identical  in  ornamental  art :  every  correct  ornamental  scheme  is  a 
combination  of  series,  or  measured  succession  of  forms ;  and  upon  identical  principles 
in  music  and  ornament, — called  in  the  first  counterpoint,  in  the  other  s^f^mietrical 
contrast." 

We  hold  it  to  be  a  radical  element  of  good  teaching  that  the  teacher 
fihould  stick  to  his  subject.  Let  us  suppose  the  sentence  above  quoted  to 
be  addressed  to  a  band  of  "  rude  mechanicals,"  assembled  with  the  object 
of  being  instructed  in  ornamental  art ;  let  us  also  suppose  them  ignorant  of 
the  vocabulary  as  well  as  of  the  principles  of  musical  composition,  and  then 
let  us  imagine  what  intelligence  in  "  practical  art"  they  would  gain  from 
such  a  communication  as  that  quoted  above. 

We  will  now  quote  a  few  remarks  on  the  different  classes  of  ornament 
from  the  other  work  under  notice  : — 

"The  most  remarkable  inventional  ornaments  of  antiquity  are  meanders,  zigzags* 
labyrinths,  the  echinus,  guilloche,  and  scroll.  The  Byzantine  epoch  was  no  less  rich » 
presenting  a  most  exuberant  fancy  in  the  production  of  interlacings,  undulations,  &C' 
In  the  middle  ages  the  magnificent  details  of  Gothic  tracery,  the  complex  rose-windows 
filled  with  stained  glass,  inexhaustible  in  variety — the  sculptured  columns,  the  open 
galleries,  lobes,  trefoils— are  the  inventional  ornaments  of  the  Christian  Church.  To 
these  may  be  added  the  splendid  mosaics  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  vieing  in  splendour  with 
the  stained  windows  of  the  cathedrals.  The  period  of  the  Renaissance  was  also  pro- 
ductive of  inventional  ornament. 

"The  textile  productions  of  the  East  are  generally  good  specimens  of  inventional 
ornament.  The  carpets  and  silks  of  Persia,  the  figured  stuffs  of  India,  the  various 
ornamented  productions  of  the  Moors,  lately  become  so  familiar  to  us,  all  display  the 
fertile  resources  of  inventional  ornament. 

"Animals,  plants,  and  the  human  figiu-e  supply  ample  materials  for  imitational 
ornament — of  which  the  acanthus  is  the  specimen  best  known.  The  bronze  gates  of 
the  cathedral  at  Pisa,  and  those  of  the  baptistery  of  Horence,  are  rare  specimens  of 
imitational  ornament.  Nothing  can  be  finer,  or  more  true  and  charming,  than  the 
festoons  of  animals,  fruit,  and  foliage.  But  whether  the  artist  was  Buschetto  or 
B^naldi  remains  unknown.  The  inventive  genius  of  the  artist  in  imitational  orna- 
ment is  shewn  in  the  arrangement  of  his  materials. 

"  The  ova  of  the  Corinthian  cornice  is  a  very  simple  symbol  of  the  mixed  ornament ; 
a  well-imitated  egg  alternates  with  a  dart  and  two  pure  inventional  curves.  The  scrolls 
of  a  frieze  may,  at  the  will  of  the  sculptor,  cease  to  be  an  imitation  of  foliage,  without 
ceasing  to  be  a  beautiiiil  ornament  j  human  figures,  animals,  birds,  may  be  added,  and 
so  compose  what  we  term  a  mixed  ornament.  In  some  of  the  Moorish  ornamentation 
we  see  leaves  imitated  from  nature  mingled  with  the  geometrical  patterns.  And  capitals 
in  Byzantine  architecture  frequently  exhibit  birds,  &c.,  mixed  n-ith  the  interlacings, 
forming  a  mixed  style.  We  need  oiUy  add  the  arabesques  of  Raffaelle  to  shew  the  wide 
field  for  the  exercise  of  fancy  that  mixed  ornamentation  affords  ! 

"  The  finest  example  of  composite  ornamentation  extant  is  the  Maison  Carrie,  at 
Nismes,  built  by  Greek  architects  during  the  Roman  era.  It  is  a  complete  treasury  of 
this  style  of  ornament.  The  flutings  and  lions'  heads,  the  annulets  and  aquatic  foliage, 
the  modillons  adorned  with  foliage,  the  geometric  dentels,  the  ova,  and  the  grand  scroll- 
work of  the  frieze,  concur  in  the  most  eurythmic  combinations  to  the  richness  of  a 
whole  which  might  be  set  up  as  a  model  of  the  best  kind  in  composite  ornamentation. 
In  the  ceramic  art  the  ornamentation  is  generally  composite." — The  Principles  of  Form 
in  Ornamental  Art, 

Gent.    Mag.  Vol.  XL VI.  z 


170 


[Aug. 


DENISON'S  LECTURES  ON  CHUKCH-BUILDING«. 

We  are  glad  to  observe  that  a  second  edition  of  Mr.  Denison's  spirited 
and  amusing  pamphlet  has  been  so  soon  called  for,  and  that  he  has  taken  the 
opportunity  of  enlarging  it  into  a  volume.  It  affords  a  favourable  prospect 
of  the  times  before  us  to  see  that  the  public  prefer  the  good  sense  and  plain 
speaking  of  Mr.Denison  to  the  sentimental  rhodomontades  of  Mr.Ruskin,the 
fanciful  theories  of  Mr.  Petit,  or  the  quaint  crotchets  of  Mr.  Freeman.  Not 
that  we  mean  to  express  an  unqualified  approbation  of  Mr.  Denison's  views ; 
he  is  not  free  from  fancies,  any  more  than  those  whom  he  attacks  so  freely. 
His  unbounded  admiration  of  the  new  church  at  Doncaster  is  carried  a  little 
too  far ;  he  considers  it  as  superior  to  all  other  modem  buildings,  and  infe- 
rior to  none  even  of  those  ancient  structures  which  he  so  much  and  so 
justly  admires.  His  enthusiasm  in  behalf  of  Mr.  George  Gilbert  Scott  ia 
equally  extravagant,  excepting  when  that  gentleman  happens  to  differ  from 
Mr.  Denison  in  opinion ;  and  then  of  course  Mr.  Denison  puts  Mr.  Scott 
right,  and  convinces  him  of  his  error.  In  spite,  however,  of  the  blemish  of 
self-conceit  which  is  transparent,  the  work  is  very  amusing  and  instructive ; 
it  tells  plain  truths  in  a  homely  way,  so  as  to  make  them  felt  and  remem- 
bered ;  and  the  instances  in  which  we  should  venture  to  differ  in  opinion 
from  Mr.  Denison  are  few  and  far  between,  in  comparison  with  the  number 
of  telling  facts  which  he  has  put  forcibly  before  his  readers. 

We  have  marked  so  many  passages  for  extract,  that  we  must  be  content 
with  a  small  selection  of  them.  Sharp  as  are  his  attacks  on  th^  writers, 
he  does  justice  to  the  merits  of  their  works,  at  the  same  time  freely  point- 
ing out  their  faults : — 

well  as  architecture.  Still  less  is  Mr.  Petit's 
inference  to  be  adopted,  that  as  the  genius 
of  modem  architects  has  not  succeeded  in 
any  existing  style,  they  would  be  likely  to 
do  better  by  trying  to  invent  a  new  one, 
some  unknown  compound  of  the  Classical 
and  the  Gothic  styles. 

"  Moreover,  the  business  of  church-build- 
ing cannot  stand  over  indefinitely  until 
either  a  new  and  perfect  style  suitable  to 
the  genius  of  modem  architects  can  be  in- 
vented, or  a  new  race  of  pictorial  archi- 
tects shall  appear  and  convince  the  North- 
em  world  that  they  have  never  yet  known 
what  Gothic  Arcnitecture  really  is."  — 
(pp.  2,  3.) 

"  But  how  do  you  propose  to  make  oat 
that  devotion  is  more  difficult  in  a  hand- 
some church  than  an  ugly  one  ?  Have  yoa 
got  anybody  to  vouch  for  the  fact  that 
congregations  are  observed  to  be  more  at- 
tentive to  their  prayers  and  to  the  sermon 
in  chapels  with  square  windows,  and  paint- 
ed deal  pews,  and  plastered  pillars,  than 
in  churches  with  stone  pillars,  and  Gothic 
windows,  and  painted  glass,  and  oak  seats 


"  1  am  not  convinced  by  Mr.  Petit's  logic 
any  more  than  by  Mr.  Ruskin's :  indeed  it 
is  plain  that  neither  of  them  are  by  their 
own ;  for  Mr.  Ruskin  is  entitled  to  the 
credit  of  having  done  more  than  perhaps 
anybody  else  to  teach  the  world  that  if  we 
thoroughly  understood  Gothic  principles, 
we  might  build  Gothic  churches  and  houses 
again,  though  we  could  not  paint  a  picture 
or  carve  a  statue  which  even  the  Royal 
Academy  would  admit,  and  Mr.  Petit  has 
published  several  books  with  very  useful 
illustrations  of  a  variety  of  Gothic  build- 
ings of  all  ages  and  countries.  If  they  had 
contented  themselves  with  delivering  the 
less  striking  but  more  unquestionable  dic- 
tum, that  no  modern  architect  has  yet  suc- 
ceeded in  building  a  church  of  which  a 
medleeval  builder  would  not  be  ashamed,  I 
suppose  nobody  would  have  been  disposed 
to  gainsay  it.  But  it  no  more  follows  that 
Gothic  Architecture  cannot  be  revived  be- 
cause the  best  architects  will  admit  that 
they  are  only  learning,  and  the  worst  will 
never  begin  to  learn,  than  because  none 
of  them  profess  painting  and  sculpture  as 


a    (( 


Lectures  on  Church-Building :  with  some  Practical  Remarks  on  Bells  and  Clocks. 
By  Edmund  Beckett  Denison,  M.A.,  one  of  her  Minesty's  CounseL  Second  Edition,  re* 
written  and  greatly  enhirged."    (London :  Bell  k  Daldy.    8vo.,  826  pp.) 


\ 


1856.] 


DenUon's  Lectures  on  Church-Building. 


171 


without  doors.  It  is  of  no  use  arguing 
about  such  a  question.  It  is  either  a  fact 
or  not.  If  it  is  a  fact,  there  has  been  time 
enough  for  it  to  have  been  observed  and 
published  as  a  notorious  and  undeniable 
thing;  and  assuredly  it  would  have  been 
by  the  writers  of  sermons  entitled  *  The 
Restoration  of  Churches,  the  Restoration 
of  Popery/  if  there  had  been  any  chance 
of  its  being  recognised  as  true.  Mind,  I 
am  not  saying  a  word  in  favour  of  the  up- 
holstery, and  flower-pots,  and  day-light 
candles,  and  altar-crosses,  and  lock-up 
ehancels  of  the  'posture  and  imposture' 
churches'* ;  but  I  am  not  one  of  those  who 
never  feel  safe  from  one  kind  of  folly  until 
they  have  taken  refuge  in  the  opposite 
one.  If  occasional  extravagance  and  bad 
taste  in  church  decoration  is  to  condemn 
all  decoration  of  churches,  it  is  evident 
that  all  the  ornamentation  of  everything 
in  the  world  must  be  given  up,  since  there 
is  none  which  is  not  sometimes  applied 
with  as  great  extravagance,  and  as  bad 
taste,  and  as  little  regard  to  decorum,  as 
any  that  is  to  be  found  in  the  churches  of 
any  religion  whatever.  In  short,  so  long 
as  men  continue  to  be  created  with  a  pre- 
ference for  beauty  over  ugliness,  whether 
in  the  works  of  the  Creator  or  of  them- 
aelves,  it  will  not  be  easy  to  convince  any 
reasonable  being  that  the  only  buildings 
which  ought  to  be  consecrated  to  ugliness 
are  those  which  are  consecrated  to  the 
worship  of  God. 

"  And  here  I  do  not  know  why  I  should 
not  quote  a  few  words  of  that  wise  and 
pious  man  to  whom  the  epithet  'judicious' 
has  been  long  by  common  consent  affixed, 
although  they  have  been  often  quoted  be- 
fore : — *  Albeit  God  respecteth  not  so  much 
in  what  place,  as  with  what  aflection  He 
is  served  ....  manifest  notwithstanding 
it  is,  that  the  very  majesty  and  holiness 
of  the  place  where  God  is  worshipped  hath, 
in  regard  of  us^  great  virtue,  force,  and 
efficacy;  for  that  it  serveth  as  a  sensible 
help  to  stir  up  devotion ;  and  in  that  re- 


spect, no  doubt,  bettereth  even  our  holiest 
and  best  actions  in  this  kind.  As,  there- 
fore, we  everywhere  exhort  all  men  to  wor- 
ship God,  even  so  for  the  performance  of 
this  service  by  the  people  of  God  assembled, 
we  think  no  place  so  good  as  the  church, 
neither  any  exhortation  so  fit  as  that  of 
David, — O  worship  the  Lord  in  the  beauty 
of  holiness.'  And  again  he  says  (a  little 
before):  —  'Touching  God  Himself,  hath 
He  anywhere  revealed  that  it  is  His  de- 
light to  dwell  beggarly,  and  that  He  taketh 
no  pleasure  to  be  worshipped  saving  only 
in  poor  cottages  ?  Even  then  was  the  Lord 
as  acceptably  honoured  of  His  people  as 
ever,  when  the  stateliest  places  and  things 
in  the  whole  world  were  sought  out  to 
adorn  His  temple.' — Kookefs  iJccle^,  Pol., 
book  V.  chap.  15. 

"Indeed,  this  ridiculous  and  ignorant 
prejudice  against  the  use  of  ornament  in 
buildings  for  religious  purposes  alone,  is  a 
relic  of  Puritanism  now  fast  disappearing 
even  among  Dissenters,  with  whom  it  na- 
turally lingered  longest ;  as  anybody  may 
see  by  looking  at  what  they  used  to  caU 
by  the  undecorated  name  of  'meeting- 
houses,' but  now  designate  as  chapels,  and 
make  as  handsome  as  they  can  afford,  and 
as  their  architect  knows  how  to  do  for  the 
money.  Instances  of  this  kind  may  be 
seen  in  every  lai^e  town,  but  I  will  only 
mention  two :  the  Unitarians  have  built  a 
Gothic  meeting-house  at  Leeds,  which,  if 
it  had  a  tower,  certainly  need  fear  compa- 
rison with  no  church  there.  I  cannot  say 
as  much  for  the  more  pretentious  Pres- 
byterian chapel  just  built  in  the  same 
town,  though  it  is  equally  good  as  an  illus- 
tration. The  other  instance  is  still  more 
remarkable,  of  three  chapels  of  different 
denominations  standing  side  by  side  in 
Bloomsbury-street,  near  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  plainest — indeed,  the  word 
'plain*  can  only  be  applied  to  it  by  the 
same  courtesy  which  applies  it  instead  of 
another  epithet  to  femtde  beauty  of  a  cer- 
tain order — is  a  Church  of 'England  chapel; 


^  "  Some  of  my  friends  who  belong  to  this  school,  on  reading  this  sentence  in  the 
former  edition,  complained  that  I  had  gone  out  of  my  way  to  have  a  fling  at  them. 
I  see  no  reason  why  they  should  complain.  They  cannot  be  afrtdd  that  my  taking 
a  fling  at  their  flower-pots  and  candlesticks  will  knock  them  over ;  and  they  ought  to  be 
the  more  glad  to  accept  my  opinion,  as  far  as  it  goes,  in  favour  of  church  decoration,  as 
that  of  a  person  who  they  know  has  no  sympathy  with  their  peculiar  religious  views. 
For  the  same  reason,  I  cite  the  opinion  of  the  late  Bishop  Stanley,  and  the  growing  dis- 
position of  the  Protestant  Dissenters  to  build  handsome  meeting-houses  in  the  Gothic 
style,  instead  of  the  ostentatiously  ugly  ones  in  the  Theatre  Royal  style,  which  they  used 
to  build ;  because  these  things  have  the  value  of  independent  testimony ;  while,  far  this 
purpose,  the  opinion  of  the  Bishop  of  Exeter  and  the  practice  of  the  Ecclesiological  So- 
ciety would  have  no  weight  at  all.  Where  two  parties  of  opposite  views  gradually  come 
to  adopt  the  same  conclusions  on  certain  points,  there  is  a  very  strong  presumption  that 
they  are  the  conclusions  of  common  sense." 


172 


DenisorCs  Lectures  on  Church-Building. 


[Aug. 


the  second  belongs  to  the  French  Protes- 
tant Episcopalians;  and  between  them 
stands  a  Baptist  meeting-house,  with  two 
spires  and  a  large  wheel-window  between, 
not,  to  be  sure,  in  the  very  l)08t  style,  but 
of  far  greater  architectural  pretensions 
than  either  of  the  other  two. 

"  But  there  are  persons  who  seem  to 
have  no  objection  to  building  ornamental 
churches,  provided  only  the  ornamentation 
is  any  tiling  else  but  Gothic.  The  cohimns, 
entablatures,  and  pediments,  originally  im- 
ported from  those  very  temples  of  Jupiter, 
Venus,  and  Bacchus,  where  not  a  few  olf 
the  Popish  superstitions  and  practices  had 
their  origin,  have  become  associated  with 
the  idea  of  Protestantism,  in  the  minds  of 
these  people,  by  some  extraorc^nary  pro- 
cess of  assimilation  which  has  never  been 
disclosed  to  the  vulgar;  while  Oothic  arches 
and  high-pitched  roofs,  and  traceried  or 
lancet  windows,  are  pronounced  essentially 
Popish  and  antichristian. 

"  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  an  objection 
founded  on  more  profound  ignorance  of 
every  part  of  the  subject.  ITiese  persons 
must  first  be  ignorant  that  what  they 
mean  and  understand  by  tlie  term  Clotliic 
Architecture  never  flourished  at  all  in  the 
city  which  is  the  head-quarters  of  Popery, 
nor  indeed  south  of  the  Alps  anywhere. 
They  must  also  Ixj  ignorant  —  astonisliing 
as  such  ignorance  is — that  the  metropolitan 
church  of  the  Boman  Catholic  world  is 
not  even  in  the  Italian  Gothic  style,  which 
is  very  different  from  our  Northern  Gothic, 
but  in  the  same  style  as  our  single  Protes- 
tant-built cathedral  of  St.  Paul.  They  can- 
not be  aware  either  of  that  which  they 
might  learn  from  any  of  the  commonest 
books  on  the  subject,  that,  although  differ- 
ent authorities  fix  the  climax  of  Gothic 
Archite<'ture  at  different  epochs,  none  of 
them  have  the  least  liesitation  in  recog- 
nising the  symptoms  of  its  decay  long 
before  the  times  when  Luther  defied  the 
Poi)e,  and  Henry  VIII,  plundered  and  de- 
stroyed the  monasteries.  Neither  was  its 
fall  confined  to  the  countries  where  Luther 
preached  and  Henry  plundered,  but  was 
just  as  rai)id  and  decisive  where  the  still 
dominant  Papists  were  burning  Protestant 
Christians,  as  where  fanatical  Protestants 
were  burning  Popish  churches."  —  (pp. 
15—19.) 

"  Thus  it  is  that  Thomas  Rickman,  the 


Quaker,mnst  be  regarded  a^  one  of  the  re- 
founders  of  Gothic  Architecture,  although 
he  never  himself  built  anything  worthy  of 
that  designation ;  because  he  made  the 
first  successful  attempt  to  reduce  the  ele- 
mentary facts  of  that  kind  of  architecture 
to  something  like  a  system.  Hickman  in- 
deed was  far  from  being  the  Newton  wha 
was  to  discover  the  laws  of  Gk)thic  build- 
ing ;  but  long  before  laws  or  principles  can 
be  discovered,  fticts  have  to  be  ascertained 
and  arranged." — (p.  29.) 

"  But  why  all  this  outcry  of  the  Grcoco- 
Italian  or  Renaissance  men  against  nine- 
teenth century  Gothic,  on  the  ground  that 
if  it  succeeds  it  is  only  imitation,  and  that 
the  greatest  praise  we  can  hope  for  is  that 
in  a  hundred  years,  when  the  stone  has 
got  to  look  old,  Doncaster  Church  may 
possibly  be  taken  for  a  church  of  the  times 
of  Edward  I.,  instead'of  Victoria  I.  ?  Have 
they  forgotten  that  it  is  not  so  very  long- 
since  their  own  style  was  advocated  on  the 
very  same  ground,  that  it  was  a  revival  of 
the  *  truly  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  Archi- 
tecture, which  the  Goths  and  Vandals  and 
other  barbarous  nations  had  demolished, 
together  with  that  glorious  empire  where 
those  stately  and  pompous  monuments 
stood  ;  introducing  in  their  stead  a  certain 
fantastical  and  licentious  manner  of  build- 
ing, which  we  have  since  [therefore]  called 
modern^  or  Oothic" — (p.  31.) 

"  And  with  regard  to  the  proposed  in^ 
vention  of  a  new  style,  not  only  is  such  a 
proposal  rather  like  advertizing  for  tenders 
for  a  volume  of  plays  to  supersede  Shake- 
speare, but  we  may  as  well  remember  at 
once  that  no  new  style  of  architecture 
ever  was  invented.  Every  style  grew  in- 
sensibly out  of  some  that  went  before  it, 
under  the  hands  of  men  who  were  every 
day  practising  the  older.  Even  '  the  foul 
torrent  of  the  Renwssance'  did  not  sud- 
denly overwhelm  and  extinguish  the  ex- 
piring embers  of  the  degraded  Gothic  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  but  came  over  them 
gradually ;  and  as  we  have  seen,  it  came, 
not  professing  to  be  the  invention  of  a 
truly  novel,  but  the  restoration  of  a  truly 
ancient,  style.  It  will  be  time  enough  fop 
us  to  begin  inventing  new  styles,  or  even 
modify^ing  old  ones,  when  we  have  learnt 
to  design  and  execute  the  old  ones  de- 
cently."—(pp.  32,  33.) 


Our  space  forbids  any  attempt  to  follow  Mr.  Denison  step  by  step  through 
the  whole  of  his  amusing  and  discursive  volume ;  we  can  only  dip  here  and 
there  upon  prominent  points.  We  cannot  agree  in  his  condemnation  and 
ridicule  of  the  Perpendicular  style,  which,  if  not  preferable  to  the  earlier 
styles,  yet  certainly  has  great  merit  of  its  own,  and  is  preferable  to  any 
other  contemporaneous  style.     There  is  a  manly  vigour  about  the  earlier 


1856.]  Denison's  Lectures  on  Church-Building.  173 

Perpendicular  buildings  which  we  seek  in  vain  in  the  Flamboyant  style, 
"with  which  alone  it  ought  justly  to  he  compared,  and  which  is  often  wanting 
even  in  the  Decorated  style.  Mr.  Denison  says,  p.  126,  "  Another  common 
fault  of  the  later  Perpendicular  towers  is  their  accumulation  of  ornament  at 
the  top."  Surely  he  overlooks  the  obvious  fact,  that  they  were  intended 
chiefly  to  be  seen  from  a  distance  ;  whereas  the  lower  part  would  be  hid  by 
the  trees  or  by  other  buildings.  No  one  who  is  acquainted  with  the  various 
views  of  Taunton,  for  instance,  can  deny  the  beautiful  effect  of  the  rich  group 
of  pinnacles  at  the  top  of  that  tower  from  every  distant  point  of  view ;  it  is 
always  one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  in  a  beautiful  picture. 

His  remarks  on  spires  are  very  just,  though,  as  usual,  he  is  somewhat 
unmerciful  upon  modern  architects  :  — 

"  I  have  been  censuring  foreign  spires —  has  been  pinched  np  into  a  modem  spire. 

I  must  add  that  there  are  sketches  of  two  A  clergyman  near  Torquay  lately  shewed 

or  three  very  fine  and  solid  ones,  and  with  me  his  plans  for  rebuilding  with  a  spire  a 

very  fine  towers  under  them,  in  Mr.  Petit's  church  on  the  top  of  a  hUl  with  a  tower 

book  on  the  architecture  of  France.     But  which  has  been  conspicuous  for  miles  all 

I  am  not  convinced  by  that  or  anything  round  for  some  400  years.     So  much  of 

else,   that  the  continental  Gothic   of  the  the  restoration  as  is  done,  at  the  east  end 

north  was  on  the  whole  superior  to  ours,  of  the  church,  is  unusually  good ;  and  I  am 

though   very  superior  indeed  to  that  of  glad  that  he  has  not  yet  been  able  to  raise 

the  south.  the  money  for  the  rest,  for  I  hope  that 

"  I  think,  if  people  had  reflected  on  that  before  they  have  worked  much  fiirther  to- 
obvious  fact  which  I  have  mentioned  seve-  wards  the  west,  he  or  his  successor  may 
ral  times,  that  a  spire  is  properly  only  a  have  their  eyes  opened  to  the  impropriety 
stone  roof  to  a  tower,  we  should  have  had  of  thus  efiacing  the  most  characteristic 
both  fewer  and  better  spired  towers.  They  feature  of  a  church  which  they  are  pro- 
would  then  have  seen  that  such  a  tower  fessing  to  restore." — (p.  147.) 
ought  to  be  something  better  than  a  mere  "  Only  I  should  add,  do  not  go  and 
pedestal  to  set  a  tall  stone  spike  upon;  build  your  spire  among  the  mountains^ 
and,  as  a  good  tower  with  a  spire  upon  it  where  nature  laughs  at  your  150  or  250 
is  rather  an  expensive  article,  the  mania  feet,  but  be  content  with  a  broad  square 
for  spire-building  would  have  been  checked  tower  there,  which  will  raise  no  idea  of 
by  the  most  effective  of  all  impediments,  competition  with  the  hills,  but  will  be  a 
But  as  it  is,  a  spire  has  come  to  be  beautiful  variety  to  their  sloping  irregu- 
thought  almost  as  necessary  a  part  of  a  larity ;  and  put  your  spire  on  a  plain, 
church  as  a  chancel.  Neither  poverty  nor  where  its  elevation  will  be  the  most  strik- 
wealth  seem  to  make  any  diflerence." —  ing  object  for  many  miles  around.  Do  not 
(p.  146.)  suppose  that  I  propound  this  as  any  dis- 

"  Give  an  architect  a  chance  not  merely  covery  of  mine  :    it  has  been  said  long 

of  building  a  new  church,  but  of  rebuilding  enough  ago,  and  would  have  been  attended 

an  old  one  which  lias  been  known  for  ages  to,  if  things  twice  as  obvious  and  impor- 

by  its  tower,  and  it  is  ten  to  one  that  he  tant  were   not  every   day  overlooked  or 

will  send  you  a  plan  in  which  the  old  tower  neglected." — (p.  148,) 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  good,  sound  sense  in  Mr.  Denison's  remarks  on 
church  restoration  in  general ;  and  if  we  could  always  be  sure  that  our  old 
churches  would  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  sensible  and  cautious  men  when 
any  restoration  is  necessary,  we  should  cordially  agree  with  him.  But  ex- 
perience teaches  us  that  his  view  is  a  very  dangerous  one,  and  opens  a  door 
to  a  flood  of  evil,  which  commonlv  ends  in  the  total  destruction  of  the  old 
monuments  of  the  art  of  the  middle  ages,  and  the  substitution  of  the  fancy 
of  some  half-informed  modern  architect.  In  this  particular  Mr.  Denison  is 
not  consistent  with  himself;  he  must  be  aware  that  more  actual  mischief 
and  destruction  has  been  carried  on  during  the  last  ten  years  under  the 
false  pretext  of  restoration,  than  had  been  caused  by  the  two  previous  cen- 
turies of  ignorance  and  neglect.  The  good  intentions  of  the  clergy  have 
too  often  been  taken  advantage  of  by  scheming  architects,  to  the  total  ruin 
of  the  old  churches.     In  this  instance  we  think  that  Mr.  Euskin  has  the; 


174 


Denison's  Lectures  on  Church-Building. 


[Aug. 


best  of  the  argument :  his  principle  is  more  safe  than  Mr.  Denison's ;  and 
he  has  given  proof  of  his  sincerity  and  his  earnest  zeal  by  his  annual  sub- 
scription of  25/.  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  towards  the  formation  of  a 
Conservation  Fund;  and  it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  that  learned 
body  have  allowed  such  a  foundation  to  remain  for  two  years  under  their 
protection  without  one  effort  to  raise  the  slightest  superstructure  upon  it. 
They  still  have  the  confidence  of  the  country,  and  the  power  of  doing  good 
more  than  any  other  society.  If  Mr.  Denison  and  Mr.  Petit  will  forgo 
minor  differences  of  opinion,  and  prove  their  sincerity  in  the  same  substan- 
tial manner  that  Mr.  Buskin  has  done,  followers  will  not  be  wanting,  the 
venerable  society  will  be  compelled  to  act,  and  many  valuable  remains  of 
ancient  art  may  yet  be  preserved  from  destruction. 

of  an  old  window,  or  the  replacing  of 
pinnacles  blown  over  in  a  storm.  1  can 
therefore  do  no  more  than  give  a  few 
illustrations  of  the  kind  of  restoration 
which  have  been  or  may  be  advantage- 
ously adopted  under  particular  circum- 
stances, and  especially  in  cases  like  this 
of  Doncaster. 

"  It  sometimes  happens  that  a  veiy 
good  restoration  may  be  effected  by  the 
simple  expedient  of  taking  down  the  old 
stones  carefully,  and  marking  them,  and 
building  them  up  again  with  new  mortar 
and  new  walling  within.  The  old  walls 
were  very  often  made  only  of  loose  rub- 
ble, and  if  the  mortar  has  been  bad  (a 
very  common  thing  both  in  new  and  old 
work)  the  inside  becomes  rotten,  or  little 
better  than  dust,  and  the  ashlar  facing 
which  contains  it  too  thin  and  too  loose 
to  be  capable  of  holding  together  any 
longer.  If  the  surface  is  itself  decayed^ 
of  course  there  is  an  end  of  the  matter : 
it  is  no  use  talking  of  restoration  when 
both  surface  and  substance  are  departed. 
But  if  not,  then  the  work  may  be  restored 
whole  as  it  was  before,  and  better,  be- 
cause sounder  inside,  by  such  a  taking 
down  and  rebuilding  of  the  old  stones  as 
1  have  mentioned." — (pp.  163 — 165.) 

"  But  on  this  point,  as  on  the  question 
of  restoration  or  rebuilding,  it  is  evident 
that  no  general  rule  can  be  given,  and 
each  case  must  be  determined  by  its  own 
circumstances.  1  should  never  think  of 
seizing  the  opportunity  of  a  necessary  re- 
storation (unless  the  building  either  was 
entirely  destroyed,  or  must  be  so  before  it 
could  be  rebuilt)  to  change  the  style,  even 
from  the  worst  to  the  best.  But  where 
nothing  sh(Mi;  of  a  complete  rebuilding 
will  do,  I  consider  the  question  of  style 
as  open  as  every  other,  always,  however, 
leaning  to  the  disposition  to  preserve  as 
far  as  possible  the  leading  features  and 
character  by  which  the  old  church  had 
been  known  for  ages,  so  far  as  they  were 
at  all  worth  preserving." — Qip.  167, 168.) 
**  But  now  they  ought  to  know  better ; 
and  yet  how  oft^  do  yon  see  tfaftt  '  the 


"Hitherto  we  have  been  speaking  of 
church-building  in  general.     But  w^e  must 
not  forget  that  the  original  subject  of 
these  lectures  was  not  so  much  that  of 
building  a  new  church  as  rebuilding  an 
old   one;   and  that   again   is  a  different 
thing  from  what  is  commonly  called  re- 
storation ;  though  the  terms  are  too  often 
confounded,  and  old  buildings  are  said  to 
be  'restored,*  when  in  fact  they  are  just 
the  contrary,  being  first  intentionally  de- 
stroyed, and  then  rebuilt  in  some  style 
and  manner  which  the  architect  intends 
to  pass  either  for  a  copy  of  the  original 
or  for  something  better.     Now  I  am  not 
going  to  waste  yoiu*  time  and  my  own  by 
engaging  in  the  controversies  of  the  *  con- 
servative*   and    'destructive*    schools    of 
church  restorers,  or  whatever  other  desig- 
nations they  may  assume  or  affix   upon 
each  other.     Mr.  Ruskin  is  for  restoring 
nothing:    he  says,   you    may   keep  your 
buildings  from  falling  as  long  as  you  can, 
whether  in  actual  or  approximate  ruin; 
but  no  hammer  must  be  heard  upon  the 
walls,  nor  must  the  stones  once  carved 
ever  be  touched  again  with  any  instru- 
ment but  that  of  time.     That  may  be  re- 
garded,  and    I   think    dismissed,   as  the 
poetical  view  of  the  case,  which  might  be 
very  fit  to  be  adopted  as  the  practical 
one,  if  churches   were  only  built  to  be 
looked  at,  and  if  there  were  no  kind  of 
difficulty    in    building    fresh    ones    and 
abandoning  the  old  as  soon  as  they  be- 
came inconveniently  ruinous.     The  oppo- 
site, or  destructive  theory  of  restoration, 
of  course  is  advocated  openly  by  nobody, 
though  it  is  frequently  practised,  not  only 
where  it  is  inevitable,  but  recklessly  and 
without  excuse.     Sometimes  it  is  no  easy 
matter  to  determine  how  the  line  is  to  be 
drawn  between  restoration  by  mortar  or 
cement,  and  restoration  by  the  hammer 
and  chisel.     It  is  impossible  to  lay  down 
any  general  rules  for  settling  such  a  ques- 
tion, as  it  must  depend  on  circumstances 
vaiying  in    every  possible    degree,   from 
such  a  destruction  as  we  have  seen  here 
up  to  the  renewal  of  the  decayed  traeery 


]  856.]  Denison's  Lectures  on  Church-Buildinff.  1 75 

restoration  of  the  church'  has  been  made  with  deal  rafters  of  half  the  size  and  half 

the  excuse  for  an  architect,  or  sometimes  the  number  of  the  old   oak    ones,  and 

for   his  employers,  to  expatiate  in  some  smoothed   and  varnished  like  a  dining- 

modem  prettiness  of  their  own ;  changing  room  table,  instead  of  being  left  rough 

a  broad  old  low  tower  into  a  pinched-up  from  the  axe,  with  a  few  bold  bits  of 

spire  set  upon  a  low  and  mean  pedestal,  carving  about  them,  which  would  take 

alter  the  modern  idea  of  spire-building ;  much  less  time  than  all  the  planing  and 

or  stuffing  small  windows  foil  of  a  quan-  *  finishing,'  but  would  require  more  brains, 

tity   of  thin  tracery  like    iron-founders'  and  therefore  is  not  to  be  thought  of." — 

Gothic,  in  the  hope  that  they  may  thereby  (pp.  168,  169.) 
pass  for  large  ones;    and   making  roofs 

We  take  our  leave  of  Mr.  Denison  with  regret,  but  hope  to  renew  our 
acquaintance  with  him  at  some  future  time,  when  we  may  bring  before  our 
readers  what  he  has  said  "  on  certain  other  things  connected  with  church 
building,"  but  in  the  meanwhile  recommend  all  persons  interested  in  Church 
restoration  to  read  the  book  for  themselves. 


ANCIENT  CAEYED  lYOEIES.. 

Of  all  the  artistic  remains  of  antiquity,  none  are  more  deserving  of 
attention  than  the  carved  ivories,  of  which  so  few  have  been  preserved  of  a 
date  anterior  to  the  Christian  era.  The  beauty  of  the  substance,  the  faci- 
lity with  which  it  was  carved  and  polished,  early  pointed  it  out  as  a 
material  on  which  artistic  labour  might  profitably  be  expended.  In  Egypt, 
under  the  Pharaohs,  in  ancient  Assyria,  in  early  Etruscan,  Greek  and 
Roman  antiquities,  we  find  traces  of  the  art ;  and  among  the  Egyptian  and 
Assyrian  tribute-bearers,  we  regularly  find  some  carrying  tusks  of  ele- 
phants. So  great  was  the  demand,  that  the  countries  bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  was  early  cleared  of  elephants,  and  the  difficulties  of 
transport  from  India  and  inner  Africa  so  enhanced  the  price,  that  it  became 
one  of  the  choicest  and  scarcest  of  articles.  So  great  was  the  demand  for 
ivory  under  the  later  Boman  emperors,  that  the  poet  Claudian,  not  knowing 
tbe  fact  that  female  elephants  have  no  tusks,  describes  them  as  roving 
through  the  Indian  woods  without  tusks,  which  he  believed  to  have  been 
extracted  to  supply  Rome  with  ornaments : — 

"  In  Greece,  not  only  was  ivory  used  for  ornamental  purposes,  as  in  Egypt  and  As- 
83rria,  but  statues  of  large  c^mensions  were  built  up  from  this  precious  material,  which 
lUcewise  served  for  the  insignia  of  roy^ty  and  priesthood,  and,  together  with  the 
purple,  remained  the  symbol  of  princely  power  and  sacerdotal  honour  through  all  the 
epochs  of  antiquity.  By  joining  smaller  bits  of  ivory,  in  a  manner  not  yet  sufficiently 
explained,  even  after  the  learned  researches  of  Quatremfere  de  Qiiincy,  the  Greeks 
carved  colossal  statues  of  this  material,  adorning  them  with  enamelled  gold — the  only 
metal  believed  to  be  worthy  of  being  joined  to  ivory.  Some  of  the  Chryselephantine 
statues  became  celebrated  as  wonders  of  the  world,  both  for  their  precious  material  and 
the  eminence  of  workmanship.  The  Olympian  Jupiter  of  Phidias,  at  Elis — his  Minerva, 
at  Athens — and  the  Juno  of  Polycletus,  at  Argos — remained  unsurpassed  for  beauty 
and  magnificence.  The  great  French  archaeologist  and  patron  of  art,  the  Due  da 
Luynes,  had  lately  made  a  copy  of  the  Minerva  of  Phidias,  according  to  the  description 
of  the  ancient  authors,  and  its  representations  on  medals,  vases,  and  gems.  His  Chrys- 
elephantine statue  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  objects  of  the  great  French  exhibi- 
tion of  fine  arts,  and  gave  some  idea  of  the  magnificence  and  costliness  of  this  kind  of 
sculpture." 

»  "  Catalogue  of  the  Fej6rvdry  Ivories,  in  the  Museum  of  Joseph  Mayer,  Esq.,  F.S  Ju, 
&c. ;  precedd  by  an  Essay  on  Antique  Ivories,  by  Francis  Pulszky,  F.H.A." 


176  Ancient  Carved  Ivories.  [Aug. 

**  As  to  the  ivory  remains  of  classical  antiquity,  they  are  of  excessive  rarity.  One 
only  sceptre  has  been  pre8ei*ved  to  our  days ;  stiles  for  writing  are  more  namerons ;  m 
are  ornamented  hair-pins,  toys,  dice,  scent-boxes.  Admission-tickets  to  the  theatres 
and  amphitheatres  have  likewise  survived  the  great  catastrophes  of  history ;  and  with 
them  a  few  reliefs,  among  which  the  most  important  are  the  Diptycha.  We  designate 
by  this  name  large  double  ivory  tablets,  ornamented  with  reUels  on  the  ou&dei 
whilst  the  inside  was  covered  with  wax,  on  which  the  ancients  used  to  write  with  me* 
tallic  or  ivory  stiles.  Diptychon  means,  originally,  anything  doubly  folded;  and 
therefore  St.  Augustine  calls  the  oysters  dypticha ;  but  the  term  was  principally  implied 
to  ivory  book-covers,  or  tablets  for  writing. 

"  The  most  interesting  of  these  tablets  were  the  Consular  Diptycha,  because  we  are 
able  to  assign  a  certain  date  to  them ;  and  as  they  were  manufkctured  for  the  highest 
ftmctionaries  of  the  State,  and  presented  to  the  Senators,  we  may  presume  that  tihej 
are  the  best  specimens  of  the  art  of  the  time,  and  therefore  highly  valuable  documeste 
for  the  history  of  art.  They  serve  likewise  to  elucidate  some  dark  points  of  Byzan* 
tine  history ;  and  afford  most  valuable  information  on  the  manners  and  customs  of  # 
period  about  which  but  scanty  information  can  be  gathered  from  contemporaneouf 
authors,  whose  attention  was  principally  directed  to  the  development  of  the  Christian 
dogmas,  and  who  neglected  political  history,  so  far  as  it  remained  unconnected  with  the 
Church.  Accordingly  those  ivories,  which  were  always  highly  prized  from  the  time 
of  their  manufacture  up  to  our  days,  and  remained  the  ornaments  of  the  treasuries 
of  churches  and  monasteries,  attracted  the  attention  of  scholars  immediately  after  the 
revival  of  letters.  The  Jesuit  Wiltheim,  Du  Cange,  and  Banduri,  the  Byzantine  his« 
torians ;  the  celebrated  Hagenbuch ;  the  Benedictine  Montfauoon ;  the  learned  Floren- 
tine Senator  Buonarotti ;  the  Prior  Gori ;  Professor  Saxe ;  Father  Allegranza ;  Bian- 
coni ;  Carroni  j  Millin,  the  French  ArchsBologist ;  and  Forsterman,  the  German — ^pub* 
lished  many  of  them,  illustrating  them  by  elaborate  commentaries,  and  paving  the  way 
for  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  entire  subject  of  antique  Diptycha." 

Of  the  antique,  early  Christian,  mediseval,  and  Oriental  ivories  formerly 
in  the  collection  of  the  late  Gabriel  Fej^rvdry  de  Komlos  Keresztes,  but 
now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Mayer,  of  Liverpool,  the  present  proprietor 
has  printed  a  most  interesting  catalogue  for  private  circulation.  Prefixed 
to  the  catalogue  is  an  essay  by  M.  Pulszky,  in  the  thirty  pages  of  which 
he  has  contrived  to  squeeze  a  larger  quantity  of  learning  and  information 
than  we  usually  find  in  an  octavo  volume. 

The  earliest  specimen  in  the  collection  is  a  handle  bearing  the  name  of 
King  Tirhaka,  the  ally  of  King  Hezekiah  against  Sennacherib,  713  years 
B.C.  The  steel  or  iron  to  which  it  was  attached  must  have  perished  many 
centuries  since. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  specimens  is  the  mythological  Dyptichon  of 
-^sculapius  and  Hygieia,  of  which,  by  Mr.  Mayer's  liberality,  we  are  enabled 
to  present  an  engraving.     It  is  thus  described  by  M.  Pulszky  : — 

"  In  the  last  century  it  belonged  to  the  treasures  of  the  Florentine  Museum  of  the 
Gaddi  family ;  later,  to  Count  Michel  Wiczay,  at  Hddervdr,  in  Hungary.  It  has  been 
published  by  Gori^  by  the  learned  Barnabite  Felix  Carroni*,  and  by  the  celebrated 
engraver,  Raphael  Morghen**. 

"  On  the  right  leaf  of  the  Diptychon,  iEsculapius  is  represented  standing  on  an 
ornamented  pedestal,  leaning  with  his  thoughtful  head  on  his  right  hand,  which  holds 
a  scroll.  The  left  hand  is  placed  on  his  hip ;  a  club,  with  a  huge  serpent  coiling  round 
it,  and  resting  upon  the  head  of  a  bull,  supports  the  figure,  which  is  clad  in  the  manner 

^  Tliesaurus  Veterum  Diptychorum,  Vol.  III.,  pi.  xxxxi. 

*  Raggiiaglio  del  viaggio  compendioso  di  un  dilettante  antiquario  sorpreso  de  Cor- 
sari  eondotto  in  Berbcria,  e  felicemente  ripartito.     Milano,  1805,  Vol.  II.,  Tav.  ix. 

*"  Palmerini's  Catalogue,  No.  201.  The  print  has  the  inscription:  Exc""  Dom»» 
Michaeli  Comiti  a  Witzai,  Domino  in  HMervdr,  Losing,  Ircg,  etc.  Sacrae  Caes.  Ma- 
jestatis  Cubiculario,  antiquissiraum  ex  ebore  diptychon  aviti  in  Hungaria  Musei  or- 
namento  ab  ejusdcm  Cimeliarcha  Carronio  B.  Italo  acquisitum  ac  typis  illustratum 
Raphael  Morghen,  D.D.D.  Sec  also  Ottfried  MuUer's  Handbuch  der  Archseologie  and 
Kunst,  pp.  420  and  690;  and  Mr.  Oldfield's  Catalogue,  at  daas  I.  a. 
6 


1856.] 


Ancient  Carved  Ivories. 


of  Jup  t«r  the  dnperv  covering  odIv  the  low  r  part  of  the  body  The  g 
■  fillet  (diadema)  in  hia  hair,  and  ele^nt  saudate  on  hi»  feet;  his  diminutive  gemiu 
Telespharua,  the  god  of  eonvale8<:ence,  clad  in  a  cowl,  stands  close  to  him,  iu  the  act 
of  opening  a  volume.  The  group  ia  placed  between  two  pilasters,  joined  by  a  garland 
of  oak  leaves.  One  of  tliem  supportn  a  casket  of  floweiB  on  its  Corinthian  cajntal ; 
the  other  has  been,  at  some  distant  time,  broken  off. 

"  On  the  led)  tablet  Hygieia,  with  a  cha|)tet  (xffphane)  in  her  hair,  leans  aguntt  a 
tripod,  round  which  coila  a  huge  serpent,  raising  its  head  to  the  right  hand  of 
the  goddess,  who  offers  him  an  almond-shaped  friut,  or  cake.  At  the  feet  of  the 
goddew  of  health  we  see  Cupid,  sufficiently  characterised  by  the  quiver  and  bow, 
although  ho  has  no  wings.  On  the  top  of  one  of  the  Corinthian  pilasters  there  are  the 
sacrificial  vessels,  the  prochls  and  the  phiala — the  jug  and  cup  for  libations;  on  the 
other  capital,  the  Bacchic  child  lacchuH  opena  a  wicker  basket  (ri»(o  mystica),  fioin 
which  a  snake  is  creeping  out.  On  both  the  tablets,  a  label  sunuountf  " 
tions,  which  contadned  the  dedicatory  iiucriptioiu,  biit  no  trace  of  them 
Gent.  MiO.  Voi,  XLVI.  x  ■ 


178  Ancient  Carved  Ivories.  [A.ug. 

covered ;  they  were  probably  written  in  colours.    A  rich  border,  of  acanthus-leaves  and 
flowers,  forms  the  frame  of  the  beautiful  reliefs. 

"  The  graceful  arrangement  of  the  drapery,  and  the  masterly  composition  of  both 
tablets,  which  is  in  contrast  to  some  little  inaccuracies  of  the  execution — (thus, 
for  instance,  the  left  foot  of  iEsculapius  is  too  much  turned  outwards ;  the  "  scurzo"  of 
the  thigh  of  Eros  is  incorrect ;  the  face  of  the  goddess  less  expressive  than  that 
of  iEsculapius) — seems  to  warrant  the  supposition,  that  both  reliefs  are  copies  of  some 
celebrated  marble  statues.  This  conjecture  might  likewise  explain  the  uncommon  size 
of  the  club,  and  of  the  snakes  which,  in  the  original  marble  groups,  might  have  formed 
the  artistical  supports  of  the  statues.  Still,  it  is  impossible  even  to  guess  to  which 
temple  the  originals  of  the  composition  might  have  belonged,  since  the  worship  of  the 
gods  of  health  was  diffused  all  over  the  ancient  Grfleco- Roman  world.  Carroni,  in  his 
commentary  on  our  Diptychon,  enumerates  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight 
Greek  towns  which,  according  to  the  ancient  authors,  worshipped  iEsculapius  and  his 
family  in  temples  erected  to  their  honour,  or  made  their  representations  the  types  of 
coins.  But  in  any  case,  the  present  composition  is  the  most  important  monument  of  the 
worship  of  the  gods  of  health  among  all  we  know,  on  account  of  the  many  attri- 
butes heaped  on  them.  The  club,  resting  on  the  head  of  a  bull,  is  the  symbol  of  Her- 
cules, as  representative  of  the  sun* ;  the  tripod  belongs  to  Apollo,  the  stephane  to 
Juno ;  Cupid  is  the  companion  of  Venus,  and  lacchus  of  Ceres.  In  our  relief,  they 
are  all  connected  Mdth  i£sculapius;  and  especially  with  his  daughter,  who  is  raised 
by  them  to  the  dignity  of  a  great  mother-goddess.  This  peculiarity,  entirely  in 
accordance  with  the  workmanship  of  the  carving,  carries  us  down  to  the  time  of 
the  Antonines — an  epoch  most  important  in  the  history  of  the  development  of  religious 
ideas.  The  faith  in  Greek  and  Roman  mythology  had  come  to  a  crisis ;  and  though 
Christianity  was  not  yet  powerful  enough  to  threaten  the  religion  of  the  state  with 
extinction,  still  people  began  to  feel  that  the  old  faith  had  accomplished  its  destinies. 
Worn  out  as  it  was,  it  could  no  longer  bestow  support  to  the  state  ;  on  the  contrary, 
it  had  to  be  supported  by  the  secular  power.  It  was  in  vain  that  the  emperors  strove 
to  impart  new  life  to  the  state  religion  by  frequent  pomps  and  feasts,  commemorating 
antiquated  rites  and  customs.  The  priests  brought,  in  vain,  old,  forgotten,  and  mira- 
culous statues  from  the  hidden  recesses  of  the  temples  before  the  multitude,  and 
disclosed  the  mysteries  of  worship  to  the  uninitiated  crowd.  A  feeling  of  uneasiness 
had  caught  hold  of  Roman  society  ;  and  mythology  took  its  course  backwards  to  the 
point  from  which  it  had  proceeded.  Starting  from  the  unity  and  ubiquity  of  godhead, 
its  manifold  manifestations  were  originally  embodied  in  innumerable  personifications ; 
the  youthful  poetical  spirit  of  Greece  found  always  new  characteristic  symbols ;  and  as 
godhead  manifests  itself  in  space  and  time,  in  nature  and  history,  new  myths  grew  up, 
symbolical  of  those  manifestations,  and  formed  in  their  concatenation  that  lasting 
monument  of  the  youth  and  poetical  productivity  of  the  Hellenic  race,  which  we  pos- 
sess in  its  mythology.  But  life  soon  departed  from  the  myths  when  they  were  trans- 
ferred to  Rome,  since  the  practical  Romans  adopted  only  the  form,  and  were  unable  to 
understand  and  to  feel  the  spirit,  of  Hellenic  religion.  Its  poetry  faded ;  and  the 
rites,  deprived  of  their  symbolic  meaning,  debased  and  overclouded  the  understanding 
by  dark  superstition.  Accordingly,  towards  the  end  of  the  Republic,  and  under  the 
first  emperors,  the  people  of  Rome  turned  easily  to  the  still  more  superstitious  and 
immoral  rites  of  oriental  and  barbarous  mythology,  to  the  bloody  mysteries  of  Mithras, 
to  the  orgiastic  processions  of  Cybele,  to  the  dissolute  worship  of  the  Syrian  gods,  and 
to  the  Isiac  ceremonies,  of  which  the  original  meaning  had  been  forgotten.  Philoso- 
phical minds  of  an  imaginative  turn,  the  Neoplatonists,  tried  now  to  give  a  new  basis 
to  the  old  mythology ;  they  sought  to  re-establish  unity  out  of  diversity ;  any  local 
god  became  the  symbol  of  godh^d  and  of  the  creative  power,  and  every  goddess  repre- 
sented nature,  and  became  the  impersonation  of  the  female  principle  of  creation.  On 
monuments  of  this  period,  therefore,  we  cannot  be  astonished  to  see  the  local  goddess 
of  Epidaurus  and  Pergamus  assimilated  to  Venus,  to  Juno,  and  to  Ceres,  and  leaning 
upon  the  tripod  of  Apollo." 

The  subject  is  deeply  interesting,  and  Mr.  Mayer  deserves  the  thanks  of 
antiquaries  and  of  all  lovers  of  art,  for  making  us  so  well  acquainted  with 
the  treasures  he  possesses. 

«  The  celebrated  Hercules  Famese  of  Glycon,  or  rather  its  lost  original  of  Lysippus, 
leans  on  such  a  club.    See  likewise  Steinbiichers  Alterthumskunde,  p.  291,  i. 


1856.]  179 

MEMOIR  OF  SIR  JOHN  RAWSON, 

Knight  op  Rhodes,  Peioe  op  Kilmainham,  and  Viscount  Clontaepp. 

Sir  John  Rawson  was  descended  from  an  ancient  family,  seated  at 
"Water  Fryston,  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, — a  family  which,  if  the 
tradition  be  correct,  that  their  Saxon  name  was  Ravenchild,  has  been 
located  in  the  valley  of  the  Aire  from  before  the  Norman  Conquest ;  as  it 
appears  from  Domesday  Book  that  "Ravenchil"  held  three  carucates 
of  land  in  Shipley*:  and  it  is  a  singular  coincidence  that  William  Rawson 
of  Bradford  (as  stated  in  the  visitation  of  1 666)  married  Agnes,  daughter 
and  heir  of  William  Gascoigne,  Esq.,  and  thus  acquired  the  manor  and 
estate  of  Shipley,  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  But  Mr. 
Hunter,  in  his  history  of  the  Deanery  of  Doncaster,  says  the  origin  of  the 
name  of  Rawson  is  Ralphson.yf/iW  Radulphi^. 

The  earliest  authentic  pedigree  of  the  family  is  that  of  the  Rawsons  of 
Fryston,  from  the  visitations  of  Yorkshire  in  1563,  1584,  1585,  and  1612. 
It  begins  "with  Robert  Rawson  of  Fryston,  who  lived  tempore  Richard  II., 
and  married  Agnes,  daughter  of  Thomas  Mares,  by  whom  he  had  a  son, 
Richard  Rawson,  of  Fryston,  who  married  Cicely,  daughter  of  Paulden,  or 
Baldein.  Their  son,  James  Rawson,  of  Fryston,  appears  (by  the  pedigree) 
to  have  had  issue  by  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  John  More,  of  Whitkirk, 
Henry  Rawson.  of  Bessacar  Grange,  whose  will,  dated  May  12,  1500,  is 
referred  to  by  Mr.  Hunter^  :  he  therein  mentions  his  brothers,  Avery  and 
Christopher,  merchants  in  London  ;  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  there 
must  be  an  error  in  the  pedigree,  in  making  this  Henry  Rawson,  of  Bessa- 
car, the  son  of  James,  for  Averey  and  Christopher  Rawson  were  certainly 
sons  of  Richard  Rawson,  citizen  and  mercer  of  London,  by  Isabella  Cra- 
ford  his  wife,  as  appears  from  the  wills  of  both  father  and  mother  in  the 
Prerogative  Office.  Richard  Rawson,  who  was  probably  a  brother  of  James 
Rawson,  of  Fryston,  was  elected  alderman  of  the  ward  of  Farringdon  with- 
out, London,  in  1475,  16th  Edward  IV.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
sheriff  of  L6ndon,  and  in  1478,  and  again  in  1483,  he  was  senior  warden 
of  the  Mercers'  Company,  but  he  died  in  the  latter  year,  and  was  buried 
at  St.  Mary  Magdalen's,  Old  Fish-street,  where  also  his  wife  was  interred, 
in  A.D.  1497.  In  her  will,  dated  September  1,  1497,  she  mentions  her  son, 
John  Rawson,  a  knight  of  Rhodes,  to  whom,  as  well  as  to  her  sons  Averey, 
Christopher,  Richard,  and  Nicholas*^,  she  gave  (to  each)  a  dozen  of  silver 
spoons  with  knoppes. 

John  Rawson,  son  of  Richard  Rawson,  mercer,  (the  alderman  and  sheriff.) 
was  admitted  to  the  freedom  of  the  Mercers'  Company  in  1 492** ;  but 


■  Domesday,  Evriciscire,  p.  381,  col.  1.  ^  Deanery  of  Doncaster,  vol.  i.  p.  85. 

«  Averey,  or  Alured  Rawson,  settled  at  Alvethley,  now  called  Aveley,  Essex.  He 
had  a  son,  Nicholas,  one  of  whose  daughters  and  co-heiresses,  Anne,  became  wife  of 
Sir  Michael  Stanhope,  and  was  by  him  the  ancestress  of  the  two  noble  families  of 
Chesterfield  aivi  Stanhope.  See  her  tomb  at  Shelford,  Notts. — Thoroton's  Notts,  by 
Tlirosby,  vol.  i.  p.  290. 

Christopher  Rawson  was  a  citizen  and  mercer  of  London,  and  merchant  of  the  Staple 
of  Calais,  ob.  1518,  and  was  buried  at  Allhallows  Barking,  London,  where  there  is  a 
brass  plate  remaining  to  his  memory.  He  possessed  Old  Wool  Quay,  in  Thames-street, 
by  devise  of  his  mother.  Richard  Rawson,  D.D.,  is  mentioned  afterwards  in  the  text. 
He  was  rector  of  St.  Olave's,  Hart-street,  London,  from  1510  till  1518,  ob.  1513. 
Nicholas  Rawson  was  master  of  the  free  chapel  of  Qrysenhale,  Norfolk. 

•*  Freedom*Book  of  the  Mercers'  Company. 


180  Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawson.  [Aug. 

(perhaps,  during  a  voyage  to  the  Mediterranean),  he  had  joined  the  order  of 
Knights  of  Saint  John,  then  established  at  the  island  of  Rhodes,  previously 

to  1497. 

In  1511  he  was  appointed  Prior  of  Kilmainham,  near  Dublin,  and  by 
command  of  King  Henry  VIII.  he  was  made  one  of  the  Privy  Council  of 
that  kingdom. 

In  the  king's  letter,  dated  June  16,  1512,  is  the  following  recital : — 


"  That  Sir  John  Rawson  being  sorely  visited  by  sickness  did  enter  by  his  proctors 
into  the  said  Priory,  yet  the  Treasurer  &c.  by  u  jury  have  found  the  said  Prior  to  be 
absent  without  the  Kings  leave.  Now  the  King  commands  an  Amoved^  tnanum,  and 
that  the  said  Sir  John  may  enter  peaceably  therein,  and  also  that  he  be  admitted  of  the 
Privy  Council"." 

In  1517  he  was  Lord- Treasurer  of  Ireland,  and  as  Prior  of  Kilmainham 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Irish  House  of  Peers. 

The  State  Papers  of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  (vols.  ii.  and  iii.)  contain 
several  letters  from  the  Lord- Lieutenant,  the  Lord-Deputy  and  Council  of 
Ireland,  to  the  King,  and  to  Cardinal  Wolsey,  from  August  25,  1520,  to 
the  end  of  February,  1522,  bearing  the  signature  of  John  Rawson,  Prior  of 
Kilmainham,  as  one  of  the  Council :  amongst  them  is  a  letter  from  Lord 
Surrey  to  Wolsey,  dated  December  16,  1520,  in  which  he  says: — 

"  And  according  to  your  commandment,  I  have  spoken  with  the  Priour  at  Kylmanon, 
and  have  caused  him  to  wright  to  your  grace,  as  he  seyth  the  trouth  is  in  those  causes 
your  grace  wrote  to  me  off." 

There  is  also  a  letter  from  Rawson  to  Wolsey,  dated  March  6,  1522,  as 
follows : — 

"  Most  Reverend  Fadre  in  God,  in  my  moste  hmnylly  maner,  I  recommend  me  to 
your  grace ;  and  moste  affcctuously  thankyng  your  seid  grace,  for  your  great  goodnes 
shewid  unto  me  many  wais,  and  specially  nowe  lately  at  the  being  of  my  Lord  of 
Surraye  with  your  grace ;  by  whom  I  understond  your  graciouse  and  favorable  mynde 
to  nie,  your  poore  bedisman,  in  movying  the  Kynges  moste  Graciouse  Highnes  to 
assume  me,  though  I  be  not  worthy,  to  the  office  of  Thesaurershipp  of  his  Excheker 
here ;  wherein  I  shall  endeavour  me  with  true  and  diligent  mynde,  according  to  my 
bondyn  dewty,  that  your  grace,  god  willing,  shall  not  be  discontent  preferring  me 
to  tlmt  rome. 

"  Farthermore,  it  maye  please  your  grace  to  be  avertizid ;  how  thre  yeres  past,  by 
the  favir  and  mene  of  your  seid  grace,  I  obteyned  my  licens  of  absentie  of  the  Kynges 
Highness  from  this  his  land  of  Ireland,  I,  then  intending  and  preparing  me  to  have 
g^nne  to  the  service  of  my  religion  at  the  Rodes,  was,  for  dyverse  causes,  fkvne,  and  in 
manner  ayenst  my  will,  to  graunte  and  lett  out  certyene  my  fermys  and  tithis  to  the 
Erie  of  Kyldare,  during  his  liff  naturall ;  by  reason  of  whiche  graunte  sense  it  pleasid 
the  Kynges  Hignes  and  your  grace  to  revoke  my  seid  licens,  and  that  I  should  re- 
toume  ayen  hethir,  at  that  tyme  with  my  good  Lord  of  Surray,  his  grace's  Lieute- 
nant here,  hath  byn  mych  to  my  hynderans,  and  shal  be  for  the  tyme  of  my  here 
abode,  so  that  I  shall  not  be  so  able  to  do  the  Kynges  Highnes  and  your  grace  such 
service  as  my  mynde  and  hertte  is  to  do.  In  wich  cause  and  other  concemynge  me,  it 
may  please  your  grace  to  geve  ferme  credens  to  my  seid  Lord  of  Surraye  and  I  shall 
continually,  according  to  my  dewtie,  pray  for  the  prosperous  astate  of  your  grace,  long 
to  endure,  to  the  pleasure  of  God,  and  defens  and  mayntenaunce  of  his  Church.  At 
Kihnafi  the  6th  day  of  Marche. 

**  Your  (ihraces  bedygman 
"  J.  Rawson  Po* 
"  Superscribed — 

"  To  the  most  Reverend  Fadre  in  God,  my  Ijord  Cardynal  of  Yorke,  Legate  de  latere, 
and  Chanceler  of  Yngland." 


Ware's  Annals ;  Harris'  Collections,  voL  IL ;  Archdall's  Monastioon  Hibemicum. 


1856.]  Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawson,  181 

The  danger  to  which  Rhodes  and  the  order  of  Saint  John  of  Jerusalem 
was  then  exposed,  by  the  impending  attack  on  the  island  by  the  Sultan 
Solyman,  with  an  overwhelming  force,  and  the  imperative  summons  of  the 
Grand  Master  to  all  the  Knights  in  every  country,  obliged  Sir  John  Rawson 
to  repair  to  Rhodes  to  aid  in  its  defence  ;  and  we  find  his  name  at  the  head 
of  the  list  of  Knights  of  Saint  John,  of  the  English  tongue,  who  were  reviewed 
by  the  Grand  Master,  Villiers  de  Tlsle  Adam,  in  preparation  for  the  defence 
of  the  island ;  and  we  may  fairly  conclude  that  he  was  present,  and  took 
part  in  the  heroic  defence  of  Rhodes  in  the  year  1522,  by  600  Knights, 
and  a  very  limited  number  of  military  retainers,  when,  after  sustaining  a 
siege  of  six  months,  by  200,000  Turks,  the  island  was  abandoned  by  the 
Knights. 

In  1524  Sir  John  Rawson  was  again  in  Ireland,  as  his  signature  is  an- 
nexed to  a  deed  of  accord  (among  the  State  Papers)  between  the  Earls  of 
Ormond  and  Kildare,  dated  July  28,  in  that  year. 

In  1525  the  Grand  Master  visited  England,  and  was  well  received  by 
Henry  VIIL,  "Who,''  says  L'Abbe  de  Vertot^  ''desired  the  Grand  Master 
to  confer  the  Grand  Priory  of  Ireland  upon  the  Turcopilier,  brother  John 
Rawson  by  name,  who  had  been  very  serviceable  to  that  prince  in  the  go- 
vernment of  that  island,  and  whose  gentle  administration  had  been  very 
instrumental  in  polishing  and  civilizing  its  inhabitants.  The  Grand  Master, 
in  order  to  shew  his  complaisance  to  the  King,  engaged  Sir  John  Babing- 
ton  to  resign  the  Priory  of  Ireland  to  Rawson,  who,  by  way  of  exchange, 
made  a  resignation  to  him  of  the  Priory  of  Dinemor  and  the  dignity  of  Tur- 
copilier ;  the  Grand  Master  brought  them  likewise  to  a  further  agreement, 
that  if  Babington  should  come  to  be  Grand  Prior  of  England,  he  should  be 
obliged  to  pay  Rawson  a  pension  of  1,800  livres.  The  King,  pleased  at  the 
Grand  Master's  readiness  to  do  what  he  had  required  of  him,  confirmed  all 
the  privileges  of  the  order,  and  sent  the  Grand  Master  a  bason  and  cup  of 
massy  gold,  set  with  precious  stones.** 

It  would  appear  by  the  foregoing  extract  from  De  Vertot  that  Sir  John 
Rawson  was  Turcopilier  in  1 525,  but  Sir  William  Weston  was  Turcopilier  tiU 
January  23,  1527,  when  he  became  Prior  of  England,  and  was  succeeded 
in  the  Priory  of  Ireland  by  Sir  John  Babington,  and  in  the  Turcopiliership 
by  Sir  John  Rawson. 

The  office  of  Turcopilier  was  one  peculiar  to  the  English  tongue  in  the 
order ;  he  was  the  conventual  bailiff,  and  commander  of  the  cavalry  of  the 
order,  and  of  the  guards  stationed  in  the  court.  It  was  the  most  important 
office  in  the  English  tongue,  in  the  order,  and  in  exchanging  it  for  that  of 
the  Grand  Prior  of  Ireland,  Sir  John  Rawson  sacrificed  dignity  to  other 
considerations ;  perhaps  a  desire  to  continue  his  services,  which  had  been 
80  useful  in  the  government  of  Ireland,  influenced  him  to  make  that  sacrifice. 

He  afterwards  rejoined  the  Grand  Master  in  Italy,  as  his  name  appears 
on  the  minutes  of  a  council  of  the  order,  on  June  3,  1527)  as  Prior  of 
Ireland. 

In  October,  1528,  he  went  to  Ireland  with  a  commission,  instructions, 
and  letters  from  the  King  to  the  Earl  of  Ossory,  then  engaged  in  invading 
the  Earl  of  Desmond's  country ;  and  during  that  visit  the  Lord- Deputy  of 
Ireland  was  entertained  by  the  Priors  of  Kilmainham,  Christchurcb,  and  All 
Saints,  with  the  exhibition,  at  Christchurcb,  of  stage  plays,  on  Scripture 
subjects.     He  returned  almost  immediately  to  England,  as  appears  by  a 

'  History  of  the  Knights  Hoepitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  voL  liL  p.  65. 


182  Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawson,  [-A^^g* 

letter  from  the  Earl  of  Ossory  to  Cardinal  Wolsey,  dated  October  14,  1528  ; 
and  Rawson  was  then  Under-Treasurer  of  Ireland,  as  appears  by  the  instruc- 
tions from  the  King  to  Sir  William  Skeffington,  Lord-Deputy,  to  pay  the 
proceeds  of  a  subsidy  and  of  all  other  the  King's  revenues  and  profits  in 
that  land  to  the  Priour  of  Kilmaynam,  Under-Treasurer  there. 

In  1530,  and  until  July,  1532,  he  was  Lord- Treasurer  of  Ireland  8,  but  I 
do  not  find  any  notices  of  his  presence  there  until  1533,  when  he  was  in 
Ireland,  as  the  "  instructions  by  the  Kings  counsaile  in  Ireland  to  John 
Alen  Maister  of  the  Rolls  there,  for  the  weale  and  reformation  of  the  said 
lande  to  some  good  order,"  are  signed  by  him. 

In  1538  he  came  to  England,  but  being  unable  to  travel  in  consequence 
of  sickness,  he  wrote  the  following  letter  to  the  King,  from  Saint  David's, 
with  which  he  sent  forward  his  brother,  Richard  Rawson,  D.D.,  who  was 
then  Archdeacon  of  Essex  and  Canon  of  Windsor : — 


« 


Aftyr  my  boundyn  dewte.  Hy t  may  please  your  excellent  Hyghtnes  to  be  adver- 
tysyd,  how  the  13  day  of  the  last  monethe,  the  Lord  Jamys  Buttelar,  the  Byssbop  of 
Waterford,  the  Mayr  of  the  same  and  I,  dyd  sartyffy  your  Hyghtnes,  how  it  was  then 
reaportyd  at  your  sivity  of  Waterford,  that  a  Chepelayn  of  the  Imperatars  was  arryved 
in  the  West  parts  of  your  Gracys  land  of  Ireland,  at  a  port  cauled  the  Dangyll"*  j  of 
whose  besenes  at  that  tyme,  we  ciild  have  no  farther  knowledge ;  and  sytbyns  the  Erie 
of  Osserrie  being  at  Waterford,  had  then  more  serteyn  knowledge  from  Lymeryke,  by  on 
letter  to  hym  sent  from  tbens,  of  wbiche  lykewise  hys  lordsbyp  and  I  dyd  sertiffy  your 
higbtnes,  and  dyd  send  the  same  to  Lymeryke,  inclosyd  in  owrse  of  the  25th  day  cf  the 
laste  monethe. 

"  Fartbermore,  it  may  please  your  Hyghtnes  to  be  advertysyed,  bow  the  laste  day  of 
July  serteyn  knowlege  was  brought  to  your  Gracys  sivity  of  Waterford,  that  the  Arch- 
bushop  of  Dublyn ',  being  in  shyppe  to  departe  towards  Ingland,  Tolmas,  son  to  the 
Erie  of  Kylldare  •*  causyd  hym  to  be  taken  and  brought  before  hym,  and  there  in  hys 
syght,  by  hys  cummaundement  was  cruelly  and  sbamefHilly  murderyd,  and  other  dyverse 
of  hys  chapelayns  and  servantes  that  were  in  hys  cumpanye.  Wbiche  tiranny,  with- 
owte  marse,  causythe  the  pepyll  myche  more  to  fere,  and  ys  gretly  dowtyd  that  he  woU 
do  what  he  can  to  subdeu  and  dystroy  your  Gracy's  Inglysche  subjectes ',  in  faute  of 
ayde  and  defiens ;  for  syche  as  were  therunto  apoynted  dyd  lytyll  good.  He 
hath  allso  aluryd  Oconnor  unto  hym ;  and  all  other  Irichemen  that  he  can  get  be 
in  his  ayde,  bumyng  and  distroying  your  graces  Inglyche  subjectes.  And  in  as 
myche  as  ther  was  no  knowlege  of  the  arivall  of  Syr  Wyllyam  Skevyngton,  naniyd 
your  Gracy's  Deputye,  I  shoyd  to  the  Mayr  of  your  Grace's  sivity  of  Waterford,  that 
I  wold  departe  into  Ingland  or  Walys,  as  wyTid  and  wethyr  wold  serve,  to  sertyfy  your 
Hyghtnes  as  I  knewe  and  harde ;  and  ary vid  here  at  Seynt  Davis,  in  Walys,  the  6  day 
herof,  and  being  moche  dezezyd  with  the  palsey,  and  may  not  well  indure  to  ryde,  my 
brother  Archdiaoon,  your  Gracys  Chapelyn  who  hath  continually  ben  thys  halffe  yere  in 
my  compane,  reparythe  now  unto  your  Higbtnes  with  dylygens,  who  can  informe  your 
grasse  as  he  bathe  sene  and  harde  in  Ireland,  to  whome  itt  may  plese  your  Higbtnes  to 
geve  credens;  and  thus  the  blessyd  Trinyte  presarve  your  most  exselent  Majestic  in 
prosperite  with  victory  of  all  your  adversarys.  Writton  att  Seynt  Davis  in  Walys,  the 
7  day  of  Auguste,  your  Grasse  faythefull  and  humyle  subject. 

"  J.  Rawson,  Prior  of  Kyllemayna," 

**  Superscribed — To  the  Kyng  Hys  most  noble  Grasse." 

Sir  John  Rawson  returned  again  to  Ireland,  and  for  several  years  took 
an  active  part  in  the  Council.  The  letters  from  the  Council  to  the  King  and 
his  minister  Cromwell,  from  1535  to  1542,  are  frequently  signed  by  him. 


f  Harris'  Tab. ;  Arcbdall's  Hon.  Hib. 

^  Dingle,  in  Kerry.  *  John  Allen,  Archbishop  of  Dublin. 

^  He  was  beheaded  at  the  Tower  in  1537,  with  his  five  uncles,  associated  with  him  in 
the  rebellion  in  which  this  massacre  took  place. 

'  Part  of  this  letter  is  printed  in  a  note  to  p.  426  of  the  second  volume  of  the  Picto- 
rial History  of  England,  but  without  the  name  of  the  writer. 


1856.]  Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawson.  183 

On  May  24,  1535,  Thomas  Agard  wrote  to  Cromwell : — 

**  Sir,  I  beseche  your  Maisterschipe  to  be  good  to  the  Priore  of  Kylmaynam,  Un- 
dowted  he  is  and  ever  schaU  prove  hymselphe  an  honest  man,  as  I  trust  it  schall  by  the 
hell  Inglysche  Councell  here  be  reported,  one  letter  from  your  Maisterschipe  to  hym 
were  more  comforthe  than  £500  of  Money.  He  desires  your  Maisterschipe  to  take  of 
his  Gyfte  20  markes  yerly,  the  which  he  will  sende  to  your  Maisterschipe,  iff  he  durste 
be  soo  bold,  by  me  at  my  retume,  I  besche  your  Maisterschipe  of  your  mynde  in  this 
behalf." 

In  August,  1535,  he  was  present  at  the  yielding  of  the  castle  of  Old 
Rosse  by  Cahir  McCarthy.  The  letter  from  the  Council  to  the  king  (signed 
by  Rawson)  is  dated  Aug.  27,  **from  the  camp  of  your  hooste." 

In  September  of  the  same  year  he  was  recommended  by  Brabazon  to 
Cromwell  to  be  Chancellor  of  Ireland.     Sept.  10,  Brabazon  says  : — 

**  My  Lord  Chancelour  of  Ireland,  who  is  now  with  your  Maistership  by  the  Kynges 
commande,  as  I  thynk,  is  not  mete  to  be  the  Kynges  Chaimcelor  here,  and  in  Ireland 
is  none  so  mete  for  that  office  for  the  Kinge's  honor,  as  is  the  Lord  of  Kilmenem,  After 
whoez  deth,  be  myne  assent,  shuld  never  be  Lord  ther  more  but  the  King." 

April  26,  1538,  Matthew  King  writes  to  Cromwell, — "My  Good  Lord, 
As  yet  I  have  done  nothing  with  the  Priour  of  Kilmaynam,  but  I  trust 
I  shall  do  shortly."  This  perhaps  alludes  to  overtures  made  to  him  for  the 
surrender  of  the  Priory. 

He  is  mentioned  in  a  letter  from  Brown,  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  to  Crom- 
well, dated  May  20,  1528,  complaining  of  the  Lord-Deputy  having  set  at 
liberty, — 

"  Spyte  of  my  berde,  yea  and  to  my  greate  rebuke,  one  Humfrey,  a  Prebendary  of 
St.  Patricke's,  whom  I  had  committed  to  Ward,  until  I  knew  ferder  the  Kynges  pleasour 
yn  correcting  of  soche  obstinate  and  sturdie  papistes ;....!  think  the  symplest 
holy  Water  Gierke  ys  better  estemed  than  I  am,  I  beseeche  your  Lordship,  yn  the 
waye  of  charitie,  other  cause  mye  authorytie  to  take  effect,  or  els  lett  me  retume  home 

agayne  unto  the  Cloyster. 

When  that  I  was  att  the  worst  I  was  yn  better  case  than  I  am  now,  what  wyth 
my  Lord  Deputi,  the  Bishop  of  Methe,  and  the  pecuniose  Prior  of  Kilmaynam/' 

On  Nov.  6,  1538,  the  Archbishop  brought  a  specific  charge  against  the 
Prior  of  Kilmainham,  in  a  letter  to  Cromwell,  by  his  servant:  — 

"  This  berer  my  poor  Servante  is  he  which  the  Lorde  of  Kihnaynam  kepte  19  wekes 
in  the  Castell  of  Dublin,  for  howe  ponderous  a  matter  if  it  shall  please  your  Lordship 
to  examine  hym,  I  doubte  not  but  he  will  relate  you  of  the  whole  truth." 

Sept.  12,  1540,  Sir  Anthony  St.  Leger,  Lord-Deputy  of  Ireland,  wrote 
to  King  Henry  VIII.,  from  Kilmainham : — 

"  Further,  pleace  yt  your  Majestic  according  to  your  high  comaundement,  I  at  my 
repare  to  thees  partes  moved  the  Lorde  Kilmaynam,  Lord  of  Saincte  Johns  her,  con- 
cemyng  the  surrender  of  his  name  and  landes,  and  how  good  and  graciouse  your  Majestie 
is  to  hym,  assignyng  unto  hym  for  terme  of  his  lif  fyve  hundreth  markes  by  the  yere. 
The  saide  I^rde  Kilmaynam  is  not  onlie  gladd  and  willing  to  obey  your  saide  com- 
maundement  and  pleasure,  but  also  desiered  me  to  rendre  unto  your  excellent  Majestie 
his  moost  humble  thankes  for  your  saide  goodnes  towardes  huu ;  and  also,  he,  perceiving 
your  saide  pleasar,  liath  not  only  geven  to  me,  your  poore  servaunte,  certeyne  imple- 
mentes  very  neccssarie  for  the  house  ther,  with  come,  hay  and  other  thinges  whereof 
I  had  grete  nede,  but  also  hath  caused  the  principall  house  ther  to  be  well  and  sub- 
stancyally  repayred  in  all  places  nedefull,  whiche  assuredly  is  a  goodly  house,  and  grete 
piety  that  yt  shuld  decaye.  And  for  as  moche  as  by  the  reporte  of  the  most  pai'te  of 
the  Counsel!  her,  the  saide  Lorde  Kilmaynam  hathe  for  the  longe  tyme  of  his  aboode 
here,  ben  the  person,  whiche,  next  your  Majesties  Deputie,  hath  alwayes  kept  the  best 
house  and  Englishe  sort,  and  at  tymes,  when  straungers  of  other  countreys  hath  repared 
hither,  fested  and  intertayned  theym  to  your  Heightnes  honour ;  and  also  for  that  yt 
is  thought  by  thoes  of  your  Englishe  Councellours  here  that  it  shall  be  a  greate  lack  to 


184  Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawson.  [A.ug. 

mysse  hym  out  of  CoonBell,  and  also  out  of  the  Parliament  (when  any  shal  be)  as  well 
for  his  honestie  as  for  his  longe  experience ;  they  have  all  desiered  me  to  write  unto 
your  moost  excellent  Majestie  in  favours  of  the  saide  Lord  Kilmaynam,  that  for  as 
moche  as  your  Majestie  hath  assigned  hym  so  honorable  pension,  and  that  he  entendeth 
here  to  remayne,  for  terme  of  his  lif,  that  your  Magestie  wolde  be  so  good  and  gra- 
ciouse  to  geve  hym  the  name  of  honour  of  Vicounte  of  Clontafi',  which  is  a  place  wher 
he  entendeth,  with  your  Magesties  favour,  to  make  his  abode ;  and  to  be  a  Lorde  of 
Parliament,  and  of  your  Counsell ;  assignyng  to  hym  suche  annuyte  with  the  saide  name 
of  honour,  as  shall  stande  with  your  Heighnes  pleasur.  Wherefor  in  accomplishement 
of  their  saide  requestes,  I  moost  humbly  beseche  your  Magestie,  to  be  goode  unto  hym 
in  this  their  humble  suetes  and  myne.  The  man  is  very  aged,  and  not  like  to  Charge 
your  Magestie  very  longe." 

The  Council  also  wrote  to  the  King,  at  the  same  time,  to  the  same 
eflfect : — 

" Fynally,  we  humbly  beseche  your  highnes  to  be  good  and  gracyous  Lorde 

to  Sir  John  Rawson,  Knyght,  Lorde  of  Saynte  John's  in  Irelande,  whoo  undoubtedly 
hathe  ben  a  substancyaU  servaunte  and  Counsellor  to  your  Grace,  and  a  good  buylder, 
and  keper  of  greate  hospitalyte  to  all  your  Graces  Deputies,  CounsaiUours  and 
Straungers ;  that  upon  his  surrendre,  being  yet  a  necessary  servaunte  for  your  Highnes, 
to  remayne  here  for  your  Graces  Afiaires,  he  may  be  assured  of  his  pencyon  in  this 
lande,  and  contynue  of  your  Graces  Counsaill,  and  be  created  a  Lorde  of  Parlyament, 
lyke  as  we  have  made  motyon  to  your  Highnes  Deputie,  to  wryte  to  your  Magestie  in 
his  favours  in  this  behalfe." 

The  King  acceded  to  the   recommendation  of  the   Lord-Deputy  and 
Council,  in  a  letter  to  St.  Leger,  dated  Sept.  26,  1540  : — 

" Thirde,  Touching  the  Prior  of  Kilmaynam  we  take  your  sute  for  him  in  good 

parte  and  be  right  well  contented  that  he  shall  both  continue  in  our  Counsaill  there, 
like  as  our  pleasure  is  you  shall  soo  use  him,  with  no  lesse  preeminence  thenne  he  hath 
had  in  the  same,  and  also  that  he  shalbe  advanced  to  thonour  of  the  Visoonte  of  Qontafl^ 
with  the  annuitie  of  tenne  poundes,  the  bill  whereof  being  there  conceyved  in  due 
forme,  and  by  you  sent  hether  unto  us,  we  shal  signe  and  remit  unto  you  accordingly, 
assuring  you  that  we  take  all  his  proceedings  by  your  letters  signefied  unto  ua  in  right 
thankfull  parte.'' 


This  arrangement  having  been  made  with  the  King,  Rawson  surrendered 
the  Priory  of  Kilmainham  to  him,  receiving  a  grant  for  500  marks  per 
annum  for  his  life  out  of  the  estates  of  the  hospital ;  and  in  1 54 1  he  was 
created  Viscount  Clontarff  for  bis  life,  with  a  pension  of  £10  per  annum ; 
which  grants  were  confirmed  by  an  Act  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  entitled 
"An  Act  for  the  Securitie  of  Sir  John  Rawson's  pention,  and  for  the  crea- 
tion of  hym  to  be  Vicecount  Clontaflf  "".'* 

The  following  occurs  in  a  letter  from  the  Lord- Deputy  and  Council  to 
the  King,  dated  Dec.  7,  1542  : — 

"  Purder,  most  gratious  Lorde,  where  the  Lorde  of  Clonterife  at  tyme  of  his  beying 
Lorde  Treasorer  to  your  Magestie  in  this  your  realme,  disbursed  for  the  furtherance  of 
your  Magesties  affaires  over  and  above  his  receptes,  of  the  somme  of  £173. 11.4,  as  ap- 
pearith  in  the  foote  of  his  accomtes,  here  remaynyug  of  recorde,  and  although  that  the 
saide  Vicounte  of  Clontarffe  hathe  soondry  tymee  demaunded  allowance  of  the  same, 
yet,  for  as  moche  as  here  hathe  been  suche  emeste  afiaires  for  themployment  of  your 
Magesties  Revenues  here,  as  the  same  could  not  well  be  spared,  and  for  that  cause,  he 
hathe  ben  the  lesse  importune  to  demande  the  same,  and  now  the  man  being  not  so 
well  able  to  lyve  as  he  hathe  ben,  and  being  now  in  maner  impotent  and  bettered",  and 
his  indebted  to  your  Highnes  otherwise,  as  well  for  his  20th  parte  as  for  superfluous 
buyldings  and  belles  bought  of  the  late  house  of  Kylmaynam,  whereof  he  was  ruler,  yt 
may  therefore  please  your  Magestie  to  sende  your  most  g^racioas  commaodement  to  tne 
Barons  of  your  Exchequer  here,  to  allowe  unto  the  same  Vycoonte  as  moche  of  his  Mude 

"  State  Papers,  Henry  VIII.,  vol.  iii.  p.  294,  note,  ■  bedrid. 

7 


1856.]  Memoir  of  Sir  John  Rawson.  185 

sorpltisage  as  he  ys  iudebted  to  yonr  highnes,  whiche  ys  not  so  mochc  as  his  saide  sur- 
plusage, by  the  somme  of  £32,  and  he  is  contentid  not  to  demande  the  saide  reste,  but 
ftely  to  remytt  the  same  to  your  Highnes  proffyte ;  and  being  very  sycke,  hath  instantly 
desyred  us  to  make  his  humble  petytion  to  your  Magestie  for  the  furtheraunce  of  this 
his  suete/' 

The  last  notice  of  Sir  John  Rawson  which  we  find  in  the  State  Papers  is 
contained  in  a  letter  from  St.  Leger  to  King  Henry  VIII.,  dated  August 
27»  1542,  in  which  he  says : — 

"  The  olde  ladie  of  Ormonde  is  deceased,  and  the  Lorde,  sometyme  of  Kilmanam  very 
ncke,  I  thinke  he  will  hardlie  escape,  and  if  he  dye,  your  Highnes  shall  save  by  the 
same  500  merkes  sterling  of  Pencion<>." 

Notwithstanding  the  prediction  of  his  speedy  death  in  1542,  Lord  Clon- 
tarff  survived  till  the  year  1 560,  seeing  out  King  Henry  VIH.,  his  son  Edward 
VI.,  and  his  daughter  Queen  Mary ;  and  living  into  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign. 
The  title,  being  only  for  his  life,  of  course  became  extinct  on  his  death. 

The  arms  of  Sir  John  Rawson,  Prior  of  Kilmainham,  are  given  by 
Gwillim  as  follows?  ;— 

"  He  beareth  two  Coats  Quarterly,  the  first  is,  parted  per  fess,  und^e,  sable  and  azure, 
a  Castle  with  four  towers  Argent.  The  second  is,  Or,  on  a  chevron  vert,  throe  Bavcns 
heads  erased.  Argent. 

"  Ensigned  all  over  with  a  chief  Gules  and  thereon  a  Cross  of  the  third. 

«  This  Coat  Armour,  thus  Marshalled,  was  borne  by  the  name  of  Rawson,  Knight  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  and  some  time  Lord  Prior  of  the  late  dissolved  priory  of  Kil- 
mainham,  near  Dublin." 

These  arms,  which  are  those  of  Rawson  and  Craford  (his  mother's  family), 
quarterly,  with  the  cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  in  chief,  were  in  one  of 
the  windows  of  Swingfield  Church,  Kent,  but  no  trace  of  them  now  re- 
mains. At  Swingfield  was  a  commandery  of  the  Order  of  St.  John^,  but  I 
have  not  been  able  to  trace  any  connection  of  Sir  John  Rawson  with  that 
commandery. 

Lord  Clontarff  is  said,  however,  to  have  left  a  daughter,  Catherine,  who 
was  married  to  Rowland  Whyte,  son  of  Patrick  Whyte,  second  Baron  of  the 
Exchequer  in  Ireland.  Alison,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Sir  Nicholas  St. 
Laurence,  Earl  of  Howth,  married,  first,  John  Netterville  of  Dowth,  Esq., 
and  second,  Patrick  Whyte  of  Malaflfyn,  and  of  Flemingstown,  Esq.,  second 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer,  to  whom  she  was  second  wife,  and  had  a  son, 
Rowland,  who  married  Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Rawson,  Knight 
of  Rhodes,  and  Prior  of  Kilraainham,  created  Viscount  of  Clontarff,  33 
Henry  VIII.,  for  life ;  and  a  daughter,  Margaret,  wife  to  Walter  Forster, 
merchant  and  alderman  of  Dublin. 

March  15,  1628,  Sir  Rowland  Whyte  and  Sir  James  Babington  were 
appointed  to  the  commandery  of  Swingfield,  Kent ;  but  on  May  8,  in  the 
same  year,  they  are  both  said  to  have  been  dead^  G.  R.  C. 

®  State  Papers,  Henry  VIII.,  vol.  iii.  p.  411. 
p  Qwillim's  Display  of  Heraldry,  p.  435. 
*  Hasted's  Kent,  vol  viiL  (8vo.  ed.)  p.  125.  '  Gent.  Mag.,  June,  1856,  p.  569. 


i**- 


Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  b  b 


186  [Aug. 

DISCOVERY  OF  THE  MEROVINGIAN  CEMETERY  AT  THE 

CHAPEL  OF  ST.  ELOY». 

By  M.  Lenobmakt. 

JProm  time  to  time  the  annalist  of  passing  events  has  to  place  on  record, 
for  the  instruction  and  warning  of  mankind,  some  extraordinary  fraud  or 
some  counterfeit,  which  thus  remains  a  humiliating  monument  of  human 
deceit  and  human  credulity.  Sometimes  we  read  of  a  series  of  clever 
forgeries  upon  which  an  impostor  bases  an  attempt  on  the  rights  of  others ; 
sometimes,  again,  the  acumen  of  learned  men  is  tested  by  the  counterfeit 
apparition  of  some  remarkable  manuscript ;  or  a  poem  in  the  quaint  garb 
of  the  olden  time  is  found  to  be  but  a  modern  sham !  Archaeology  also 
has  its  dark  register  of  these  crimes  cel^bres ;  in  fact,  the  true  antiquary,  of 
all  men,  has  most  reason  to  exclaim  with  Autolycus, — "  Indeed,  Sir,  Uiere 
be  cozeners  abroad ;  therefore  it  behoves  me  to  be  wary." 

In  the  autumn  of  1854  the  archaeological  world  first  heard  a  rumour  of 
gome  remarkable  discoveries  made  in  Normandy  by  M.  Charles  Lenormant, 
the  eminent  Parisian  professor,  which  it  was  expected  would  throw  con- 
siderable light  on  the  obscure  page  of  early  Merovingian  history.  Nor 
were  we  long  kept  in  suspense.  The  French  Institute  held  a  solemn  seance 
on  October  25,  1854,  to  receive  the  account  of  the  learned  professor's  dis- 
coveries, which  at  their  command  he  prepared ;  and  the  publication  of  this 
lecture  speedily  followed.  It  details  how  an  excavation  in  a  hill-side  for 
a  peasant's  cottage  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  Merovingian  cemetery ;  of 
a  church ;  and  a  baptistery,  dating  from  the  first  period  of  the  introduction 
of  Christianity  among  the  Franks.  The  materials,  moreover,  of  this  edifice 
proved  to  be  derived  from  the  ruins  of  a  Roman  villa,  close  at  hand ;  which 
affords  M.  Lenormant  an  opportunity  of  introducing  the  legend  of  St.  Tau- 
rinus,  and  weaving  a  most  ingenious  and  delightful  romance.  We  are 
further  favoured  in  this  treatise  with  a  selection  from  seventy-four  inscrip- 
tions, mostly  on  Roman  tiles  found  within  the  precincts  of  the  baptistery. 
Many  of  these  inscriptions  are  in  Runic  characters,  and  possess  great 
interest,  in  the  eyes  even  of  Dr.  I.  Grimm,  of  Berlin.  It  must,  however,  be 
particularly  observed,  that  Dr.  Grimm's  opinion  is  entirely  based  on  the 
supposed  correctness  of  the  copies  of  the  inscriptions  forwarded  for  his 
inspection.  We  should  have  thought  it  very  possible,  and  far  more  satis- 
factory to  all  parties,  to  have  forwarded  some  of  the  originals  to  Berlin. 
Many  of  these  interesting  records  are  sepulchral ;  others,  again,  chronicle 
the  visits  of  distinguished  historic  personages  to  this  holy  ground,  and  pre- 
serve the  names  of  St.  Germanus,  and  the  Merovingian  princes  Childebert, 
Clothaire,  and  others ;  while,  again,  there  are  not  a  few  of  the  symbolic 
representations  of  early  Christianity  so  common  in  the  catacombs  of  Rome. 

M.  Lenormant  may  well  dwell  on  the  rarity  of  his  discoveries, — **  comme 

•  Dic&uverte  cTun  Cimeti^  MSrovingien  ci  la  Chapelle  Saint-EUn  (Eure),  Par  Oh. 
Lenormant.     (Paris,  1854.) 

De  la  DScouverie  d*un  pretendu  Cimetih^  Merovingien  d,  la  Chapelle  Saint-Eloi,  par 
M.  Charles  Lenormant,  Rapport  fait  a  la  SociSti  libre  du  Departement  de  L^Eure^ 
et  publie  par  son  ordre.     (Evreux,  1855.) 

De  V Authenticite  des  Monuments  decouverts  d  la  Chapelle  Saint-Eloi,  par  M.  Fran- 
cois Lenormant. — "Le  Correspondant"  Sept.  25, 1855. 

Deuxihne  Rapport,  fait  d  la  Soci4t4  de  VEwre,    (Evreax,  1856.) 


1856.]  Discovery  of  a  Merovingian  Cemetery.  187 

on  n'en  trouve  pas  beaucoup  en  un  si^cle."  In  a  very  limited  space  he  is 
able  to  point  out  the  remains  of  an  historic  Roman  villa ;  of  a  baptistery 
founded  by  an  early  martyr ;  of  a  church ;  and  a  Merovingian  cemetery ! 
Perhaps  M.  Lenormant  might  have  seen  reason  to  modify  his  views  on 
some  of  these  points,  had  he  consulted  his  neighbour  and  colleague,  the 
learned  author  of  La  Normandie  Souterraine,  Altogether,  it  was  a  most 
astonishing  discovery.  One  cannot  but  admire  the  accommodating  manner 
in  which  one  fact  dovetails  with  another.  Yet  somehow  the  very  ease  and 
unity  of  M.  Lenormant's  narrative  begin  to  conjure  up  uneasy  doubts,  till 
at  last,  were  it  not  for  the  authority  of  the  Institute,  and  the  great  reputa- 
tion of  the  writer,  one  would  begin  to  suspect  the  existence  of  some 
mystification. 

It  does  not,  therefore,  greatly  surprise  us  when  we  observe  manifestations 
of  a  very  similar  feeling  even  in  France  itself.  We  cannot,  indeed,  but 
fancy  some  deeper  purpose  than  a  mere  desire  '*  to  affirm  the  facts  announced 
by  M.  Lenormant"  prompted  his  near  neighbours,  the  Society  "  du  De- 
partement  de  TEure,"  to  send  a  commission  to  inspect  the  Merovingian 
cemetery  at  the  chapel  of  St.  Eloy.  This  commission  seems  to  have  been 
carefully  composed  of  nine  of  the  most  efficient  members  of  the  society, 
including  the  President,  the  Marquis  de  Blossville,  and  the  Abb^  Lebeurier. 

The  report  of  these  gentlemen  is  certainly  strangely  opposed  to  the 
romantic  accounts  of  M.  Lenormant.  It  states,  on  positive  evidence,  that 
M.  Lenormant  never  saw  in  situ  any  of  the  stones,  tiles,  &c.,  on  which  he 
has  sought  to  build  up  his  theory ;  and  that  it  is  ''  by  the  most  marvellous 
creative  faculty  the  illustrious  savant  has  been  able  to  see  a  baptistery » 
a  church,  a  cemetery,  a  village,  and  a  villa,  and  determine  in  the  most  de- 
cisive manner  the  relative  position  of  each.*'  In  the  baptistery  the  com- 
missioners merely  see  an  ancient  lime-kiln ;  and  in  the  passage  leading  to 
it,  the  narrow  conduit  of  the  kiln,  barely  18  inches  in  width.  They  examine 
the  surrounding  ground,  and  find  "  no  trace  of  bones,  or  arms,  or  sepul- 
chral urns,  or  anything  that  distinguishes  a  cemetery."  The  one  skeleton, 
in  which  M.  Lenormant  saw  a  full-grown  cemetery,  was  found  in  the  lime- 
kiln, and  is  affirmed  to  be  of  no  very  ancient  date.  The  authenticity  of  the 
Hunic  inscriptions  is  altogether  repudiated ;  and  we  are  told  in  the  second 
report,  that  the  Danish  savant  M.  Adam  Fabricius  has  declared  them  to 
be  "  the  work  of  an  ignorant  forger."  In  fact,  the  commissioners  broadly 
state  that  M.  Lenormant  is  the  victim  of  a  forgery  of  the  grossest  descrip- 
tion. They  even  name  one  of  the  forgers,  and  hint  at  his  accomplices ; 
and  declare  "  the  Merovingian  cemetery  of  St.  Eloy  will  remain  one  of  the 
roost  curious  monuments  of  the  singular  aberrations  science  can  cause  when 
she  submits  to  the  guidance  of  a  too  brilliant  imagination." 

This  report  of  the  commission  of  the  Society  de  TEure  forces  on  us 
the  melancholy  conviction,  that  M.  Lenormant  has  been  completely  duped 
by  forgeries  which  his  judgment  must  have  at  once  detected,  but  for  the 
influence  of  his  too  ardent  fancy.  Some  explanation  was  certainly  de- 
sirable, and  required,  from  him ;  not  so  an  angry  vindication,  full  of  per- 
sonalities,— from  the  pen  of  his  youthful  son, — which  appeared  in  the  pages 
of  a  Paris  periodical,  Le  Correspondant. 

M.  Francois  Lenormant  in  this  publication  invokes  witnesses,  by  name, 
whose  testimony  would  be  of  the  very  highest  importance, — but  it  does  not 
appear  that  they  respond  to  the  appeal.  M.  F.  Lenormant,  however, 
does  bring  forward  a  very  weighty  fact  in  favour  of  the  existence  of  a 
cemetery : — 


188  Discovery  of  a  Merovingian  Cemetery.  [A^^g- 

"We  were  fortunate  enough,"  he  writes,  "to  meet  with  a  tomb  in  the  meadow 
which  had  remained  inviolate,  where  we  discovered,  with  the  remains  of  a  male  skeletoiit 
the  following  inscription, — 

GENnA[iaTS] 
ATmORfUM  .  .  . 

IN  P[ACB], — 

a  small  brass  of  Constantine,  and  a  fragment  of  an  nm  bearing  an  inscription." 

Now  this  detailed  statement  affords  us  very  considerable  satisfaction. 
One  perfect  tomb  at  least  has  been  found !  We  know  that  the  learned 
author  of  La  Normandie  Souterraine  has  seldom  met  with  Merovingian 
graves  at  a  less  depth  than  four  feet, — they  are  often  much  deeper ;  assuming, 
therefore,  errors  of  judgment  to  have  occurred  with  regard  to  the  baptis- 
tery, the  church,  &c.,  yet  we  now  feel  the  Lenormants  have  at  least  taken 
great  pains,  and  demonstrated  the  existence  of  a  cemetery  by  deep  ex- 
cavations. 

We  are,  however,  startled  on.  reading,  in  a  second  report  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  Society  de  I'Eure  felt  called  upon  to  give,  that  there  is 
evidence  to  shew  that  MM.  Lenormant  never  broke  ground  on  any  occasion  I 
"  How,  then,  were  these  remains  of  Gentianus  discovered  ?  "  we  ask,  in  con- 
siderable astonishment.  The  report  goes  on  to  tell  us  that  the  Lenormant 
family,  in  an  afternoon  ramble, — "  ecartant  I'herbe,  les  dames  avec  Textr^- 
mite  de  leur  ombrelle,  les  hommes  avec  leur  canne," — stumbled  on  these 
relics  of  Gentianus  piecemeal,  as  they  lay  concealed  in  the  long  grass  on 
the  surface  of  the  soil.  Truly  this  is  archaeology  made  easy!  "Or,"  ex- 
claim the  angry  commissioners,  —  "nous  le  demandons  k  tout  homme 
loyal,  qaand  on  emploie  de  tels  precedes  d*  exposition,  n'a-t-on  pour  mobiles 
que  les  interets,  sacres  de  la  verity,  et  de  la  science  ?"  The  report  concludes 
in  terms  of  still  more  severe  reprehension,  which  is  most  richly  merited, 
if  the  charges  in  the  report  be  really  true.  If,  indeed,  the  commissioners 
could  possibly  have  been  misled,  how  shall  they  ever  hope  to  expiate  their 
offence  ? 

The  limits  of  a  brief  notice  forbid  us  to  attempt  more  than  a  statement 
of  the  leading  points  and  present  position  of  these  remarkable  facts  or 
fictions — "  comme  on  n*en  trouve  pas  beaucoup  en  un  si^le.'*  Some  of  the 
relics  are  admitted  to  be  real,  but  brought  from  elsewhere  to  assist  the 
mystification.  How  are  we  to  hope  to  discriminate  ?  how  were  these  real 
or  forged  remains  deposited  unnoticed  in  the  soil  ?  Nothing  short  of  an 
organized  conspiracy  could  possibly  have  carried  out  such  magnificent 
frauds — who,  then,  are  the  conspirators  ?  A  vast  deal  of  further  informa- 
tion than  that  contained  in  the  brochures  before  us,  is  requisite  to  elucidate 
the  mystery.  The  commissioners  are  evidently  in  possession  of  important 
evidence — why  not  then  give  them  an  opportunity  of  fully  detailing  it  ? 

Our  English  usages  forbid  the  idea  that  a  reputed  fraud  of  such  magni- 
tude— involving  a  mockery  so  injurious  to  the  cause  of  archseological 
science — can  rest  here.  These  published  reports — not  of  obscure  indi- 
viduals, but  of  a  well-known  scientific  society  of  a  French  departement^  in 
whose  immediate  vicinity  lies  the  scene  of  M.  Lenormant's  operations- 
demand  the  gravest  consideration  of  the  Institute.  The  Society  de  V  Eurc 
have  endeavoured  to  do  their  duty  to  the  best  of  their  power,  and  it  is  to 
be  hoped  the  French  Institute  will  follow  their  example.  These  Merovin- 
gian discoveries  of  M.  Lenormant,  as  he  tells  us  himself,  were  solemnly 
introduced  to  the  notice  of  the  scientific  world  by  the  French  Institute ; 
the  immediate  publication  of  the  lecture  is  tantamount  to  the  impritmUMr  of 


1856.]  Discovery  of  a  Merovingian  Cemetery,  189 

the  Institute ;  and  now  that  the  scornful  repudiation  of  the  Runic  inscrip- 
tions and  the  whole  web  of  the  Merovingian  discoveries  has  been  circulated 
through  Europe,  men  know  not  what  to  believe,  and  turn  impatiently  to 
the  Institute  for  a  full  investigation  and  an  impartial  decision.  This  course, 
indeed,  is  due  to  M.  Lenormant  himself,  if  he  is  able  to  sustain  his  theory. 
If,  however,  he  feels — as  one  would  think  he  must  feel — that  he  is  the 
victim  of  cruel  mockers,  we  should  honour  the  honest  avowal  of  such 
a  conviction,  and  be  glad  to  hear  him  exclaim,  with  the  renowned  author  of 
another  imperishable  romance, — ''  I  awoke,  and  behold  it  was  a  dream." 


A  KEW  CHARACTER  OF  HENRY  VIII. 

Bishop  Burnet  thus  concludes  the  third  book  of  his  "  History  of  the 
Reformation :" — '*  We  have  now  gone  through  the  reign  of  King  Henry 
VIII.,  who  is  rather  to  be  reckoned  among  the  great  than  the  good  princes. 
He  exercised  so  much  severity  on  men  of  both  persuasions,  that  the  writers 
of  both  sides  have  laid  open  his  faults,  and  taxed  his  cruelty.  But  as 
neither  of  them  were  much  obliged  to  him,  so  none  have  taken  so  much 
care  to  set  forth  his  good  qualities,  as  his  enemies  have  done  to  enlarge  on 
his  vices :  I  do  not  deny  that  he  is  to  be  numbered  among  the  ill  princes, 
yet  I  cannot  rank  him  with  the  worst."  Most  people  incline  to  the  belief 
that  the  great  Defender  of  the  Faith  is  here  too  favourably  dealt  with,  but 
he  has  at  length  found  a  thorough-going  champion  in  a  writer  whose 
work*  does  not  rival  that  of  the  most  popular  historical  romancer  of  the 
day  in  fascination  of  style,  but  is  certainly  its  peer  in  systematic  one-sided- 
ness  of  view  and  fierce  denunciation  of  opponents ;  indeed,  the  main  differ- 
ence between  them  is,  that  one  author  has  taken  for  his  idol  Henry  VHI., 
while  the  other  has  chosen  William  of  Orange. 

It  is  not  now  our  purpose  to  enter  on  any  laboured  examination  of  Mr. 
Fronde's  work,  for  the  simple  reason  that  only  a  very  small  part  of  it  is 
before  us.  A  period  of  seventy-five  years  is  indicated  on  the  title-page, 
and  as  seven  of  these  years  have  occupied  a  couple  of  volumes,  we  may 
reasonably  expect  twenty  more  before  we  can  ascertain  with  any  certainty 
the  writer's  views  on  many  most  important  matters,  as  yet  but  very  cur- 
sorily, or  not  at  all,  alluded  to.  Meanwhile  we  see  much  which  appears  to 
us  open  to  grave  objection. 

We  have  headed  this  paper  "  A  new  Character  of  Henry  VIIL,"  and 
such  indeed  the  reader  will  find  hereafter ;  but  we  apprehend  that  to  furnish 
that  character  was  not  the  writer's  only  aim.  Scarcely  a  page  of  his  book 
can  be  found  in  which  we  do  not  meet  with  passages  relating  to  the  clergy 
of  Henry's  time,  penned  in  a  style  which  we  should  never  have  expected 
from  a  man  of  liberal  education,  did  we  not  recollect  that  William  Prynne 
also  was  a  member  of  a  University. 

No  dignified  Churchman  is  mentioned  without  censure.  Wolsey  escapes 
best,  being  described  as  "a  combination  of  talent,  honesty,  and  arrogance ;" 
but  Warham  is  "  a  poor  old  man,"  *'  a  great  ecclesiastic,  successful,  dig- 

•  History  of  England  from  the  Fall  of  Wolsey  to  the  Death  of  Elizabeth.  By  James 
Anthony  Froade,  M.A.,  late  Fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford.    Yols.  I.  and  II. 


190  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIII.  [Aug. 

nified,  important,  but  without  those  highest  qualities  which  command  re^ 
spect  or  interest,"  and  "  fast  sinking  into  his  dotage.''  Longland,  of 
Lincoln,  is  "  a  wicked  old  man ;"  Fisher,  of  Rochester,  has  a  '*  babbling 
tongue,"  is  a  **  poor  old  man,**  a  "  miserable  old  man,**  and  "  a  hopelessly 
impracticable  person^.*'  llie  bishops  as  a  body  are  habitually  spoken  of 
in  terms  which  seem  borrowed  from  Martin  Mar-prelate.  They  are  "  poor 
trembling  old  men  ;"  men  **  not  nice  in  their  adherence  to  the  laws  ;**  they 
"mark  for  destruction"  alike  those  who  refuse  dues,  or  censure  the  "scan- 
dalous lives"  of  the  clergy,  or  deny  the  corporal  presence ;  their  "  prac- 
tice" is  to  overwhelm  the  prisoner  with  ensnaring  questions ;  the  Bishop 
of  London's  coal-cellar  at  Fulham  is  "  the  favourite  episcopal  penance- 
chamber,"  and  their  whole  rule  is  described  as  that  of  "  folly  armed  with 
power." 

For  these  general  assertions  and  invectives  no  authority  is  attempted 
to  be  adduced,  and  when  we  come  to  the  equally  unfavourable  character 
given  of  the  inferior  clergy,  we  see  that  that  is  most  unfairly  and  illogically 
drawn.  The  whole  body  is  described  as  sunk  in  trespasses  and  sins,  their 
"  licentiousness  a  disgrace  to  the  nation  which  endured  it,"  destitute  alike 
of  learning,  common  sense,  and  honesty;  "selfish,**  "  dishonest  triflers ;" 
they  are  hated  by  the  people,  "  hooted  in  the  streets,"  and  "  knocked  down 
into  the  kennel ;"  women  refuse  the  Sacrament  from  their  impure  hands, 
and  the  dying  are  stripped  of  their  richest  gaiments,  lest  they  should  come 
into  the  hands  of  the  priest,  as  a  mortuaiy,  "  a  peculiarly  hateful  form  of 
clerical  impost."  A  few  specific  facts  are  cited  in  support  of  some  of  these 
charges  from  Archdeacon  Hale's  "  Criminal  Causes  from  the  Records  of 
the  Consistory  Court  of  London,"  and  those  instances  of  clerical  mis- 
demeanour  may  no  doubt  be  accepted  as  true,  but  Mr.  Froude  is  guilty  of 
the  injustice  of  presenting  them  as  a  fair  example  of  the  conduct  of  all. 
Did  we  act  thus  unreasonably  and  uncharitably  at  the  present  day,  we 
might,  from  perfectly  authentic  sources,  represent  England  in  the  nine- 
teenth century  as  a  country  inhabited  alone  by  murderers  and  thieves 
and  their  victims ;  every  man  would  be  seen  as  the  murderer  of  his 
wife ;  every  child  would  be  a  thief,  almost  as  soon  as  it  could  walk ;  all  the 
higher  classes  would  appear  steeped  in  sin  beyond  redemption ;  every 
lawyer,  and  every  banker,  and  every  trader,  would  rob  all  who  trusted 
them ;  and  every  medical  man  would  be  a  horse-racer,  a  former,  and  a 
poisoner.  But,  happily,  we  do  not  do  this,  and  we  still  think  well  of  human 
nature,  and  respect  honourable  professions,  although  we  find  here  and 
there  unsound  members.  That  the  clergy  immediately  anterior  to  the 
Reformation,  as  a  body,  were  not  hated,  as  Mr.  Froude  asserts,  was  made 
abundantly  evident  when  their  day  of  trial  came. 

The  work  which  has  occasioned  these  observations  professes  to  be  based 
on  cotemporaiy  documents,  certainly  the  only  real  evidence,  but  then  it 
requires  an  amount  of  diligence  and  impartiality  which  we  do  not  find 
here,  or  it  will  not  be  satisfactorily  dealt  with.  "We  cannot  accept  Acts  of 
Parliament  and  State  Papers  as  if  they  were  inspired  productions ;  we  must 
test  their  allegations  of  fact  as  we  would  those  of  any  other  documents ; 
and  we  do  not  think  that  the  ex  parte  statements  of  subservient  parliaments 


^  Probably  these  appellations  only  arise  from  an  idle  habit  of  calling  names,  which 
18  trare  to  bring  a  man  into  trouble ;  even  Barnes,  who,  as  he  suffered  as  one  of  the 
exponents  of ''  free  opinion,"  mmti  be  praised  in  a  fritare  volume,  is  styled  (voL  ii.  41,) 
"  a  noisy,  unwise  man,  without  reticence  or  pmd^Me." 


1856.]  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIIL  191 

and  government  agents^,  aided  as  they  here  are  by  no  common  amount  of 
special  pleading  and  questionable  morality,  will  suffice  to  reverse  the  judg^ 
ment  that  men  have  long  ago  deliberately  pronounced  on  Henry,  his  tools, 
his  opponents,  and  his  victims. 

*'  Cardinal  Wolsey  had  been  an  honest  man  if  he  had  had  an  honest 
master,"  was  the  declaration  of  a  man  who  personally  knew  both  of  them**, 
a  testimony,  considering  that  the  utterer  died  for  it,  at  least  as  well  worth 
attention  as  the  official  praises  lavished  on  the  king,  as  on  all  rulers,  who 
in  the  heyday  of  their  power  are  uniformly  models  of  every  virtue.  Yet 
Mr.  Froude  seriously  accepts  these  fulsome  flatteries,  and  though  per- 
petually forced  to  allow  that  one  measure  is  an  "  act  of  dubious  justice," 
that  another  is  '*  severe,*'  and  a  third  "  bordered  upon  tyranny,"  he  justifies 
all  by  •*  the  tyrant's  plea,  Necessity®,"  and  complacently  exclaims,  **  We 
oannot  blame  the  government ^"  Nowhere  is  this  determination  to  be 
pleased  with  Henry  and  his  measures  more  apparent,  than  in  the  following 
remarks  on  the  iniquitous  statute  which  brought  More  and  Fisher  to  the 
block : — 

''  At  the  discretion  of  the  king  and  his  ministers  the  active  consent  to  the  supremacy 
might  be  required  of  any  person  on  whom  they  pleased  to  call,  under  penalty  to  the 
recusant  of  the  dreadM  death  of  a  traitor.  So  extreme  a  measure  can  only  be  regarded 
as  a  remedy  for  an  evil  which  was  also  extreme ;  and  as  on  the  return  of  quiet  times  the 
parliament  made  haste  to  repeal  a  law  which  was  no  longer  required,  so  in  the  enacts 
ment  of  that  law  we  are  bound  to  believe  that  they  were  not  betraying  English  liberties 
in  a  spirit  of  careless  complacency ;  but  that  they  believed  truly  that  the  security  of  the 
state  required  unusual  precautions.  The  nation  was  standing  with  its  sword  hahf-drawn 
in  the  &ce  of  an  armed  Europe,  and  it  was  no  time  to  permit  dissensions  in  the  camp. 
Toleration  is  good,  but  even  the  best  things  must  abide  their  opportunity ;  and  although 
we  may  regret  that  in  this  grand  struggle  for  freedom  success  could  only  be  won  by  the 
aid  of  measures  which  bordered  upon  tyranny,  yet  here  also  the  even  hand  of  justice 
was  but  commending  the  chalice  to  the  lips  of  those  who  had  made  others  drink  it  to 
the  dregs.  They  only  were  like  to  fall  under  the  treason-act  who  for  centuries'  had 
fed  the  rack  and  the  stake  with  sufferers  for  '  opinion.' " 

We  have  said  that  our  author  is  a  thorough-going  champion  of  his  idol, 
which  the  following  brief  extract  will  sufficiently  demonstrate.  On  the 
passing  of  the  act  fbr  the  royal  supremacy  both  bishops  and  clergy  were 
ordered  to  preach  against  the  papal  power,  but  as  Henry  "  knew  their 
nature  too  well  to  trust  them,"  he  "  reversed  the  posture  of  the  priest  and 
of  his  flock,  and  set  the  honest  laymen  to  overlook  their  pastors."  The 
sheriffs  were  directed  to  watch  the  conduct  of  the  ecclesiastics,  with  a 
threat  that  if  they  neglected  it,  *'  We,  like  a  prince  of  justice,  will  so  ex- 
tremely punish  you  for  the  same,  that  all  the  world  beside  shall  take  by 
your  example,  and  beware  contrary  to  their  allegiance  to  disobey  the  law-, 

*  A  letter  attempting  to  justify  the  butchery  of  Fisher  and  More  is  by  Mr.  Froude 
(vol.  ii.  393)  confessed  to  "  allude  to  many  important  facts  of  which  we  have  no  other 
knowledge,''  but  he  does  not  draw  the  natural  concluaon  that  these  "  &cts"  are  pro- 
bably untrue. 

^  Henry  Lord  Montacute,  a  brother  of  Reginald  Pole. 

A  The  term  perpetually  recurs :  nothing  went  amiss  in  consequence  of  Henry's  cruelty 
and  lust,  as  is  usually  supposed ;  and  whatever  evils  marked  his  reign  the  sufferers  brought 
on  themselves,  by  doubting  his  wisdom  and  virtue. 

'  This  phrase  is  used  in  reference  to  the  execution  of  the  Carthusians  in  1535,  (v(^ 
ii.  362,)  but  words  of  similar  import  occur  from  one  end  of  the  book  to  the  other. 

*  We  hardly  comprehend  our  author  here,  as  neither  Statutes,  nor  State  Papers,  nor 
even  Baga  de  Seoretis,  so  often  cited  by  him,  give  any  intimation  that  Warham,  or 
Stokesley,  or  Longland,  or  Fisher,  though  "  old  men/'  had  ever  sat  in  judgment  on 
heretics  "  centuries  before." 


192  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIIL  [Aug. 

ful  commandment  of  their  sovereign  lord  and  prince."     On  which  Mr. 

Proude  remarks : — 

**  So  Henry  spoke  at  last.  There  was  no  place  any  more  for  nice  distinctions  and  care 
of  tender  consciences.  The  general,  when  the  shot  is  flying,  cannot  qualify  his  orders 
with  dainty  periods.  Swift  command  and  swift  obedience  can  alone  be  tolerated;  and 
martial  law  for  those  who  hesitate." 

Though  this  sentiment  occurs  far  on  in  the  work,  we  have  placed  it 
here,  as  it  explains  how  it  is  that  the  writer  seems  to  forget  alike  truth 
and  mercy  when  speaking  of  any  who  ventured  to  oppose  Henry's  proceed- 
ings. They  are  sometimes  doubtfully  allowed  to  have  a  conscience ; 
more  frequently  it  is  "  ignorance,"  or  "  mere  wilfulness ;"  but  in  either  case 
they  must  be  '*  crushed."  Their  most  dread  lord  and  gracious  prince  had 
no  conscience,  his  favourite  councillors  had  none — why  should  any  be 
allowed  to  "  disobedient  women,"  "  headstrong  girls,"  "  miserable  old 
men,"  or  "  noisy,  mutinous  monks  ?" 

We  will  now  proceed  with  the  new  aspect  of  Henry's  character,  which 
it  will  be  observed  is  based  on  the  dangerous  fallacy,  that  kings  and  their 
ministers  are  not  to  be  judged  according  to  the  eternal  rules  of  right  and 
wrong,  but  by  a  strange  undefined  code  termed  "  political  necessity." 

Passing  over  an  elaborate  statement  of  Henry*s  talents,  some  of  them, 
however,  allowed  to  rest  on  the  **  suspicious  panegyrics  of  his  contempora- 
ries," we  learn  with  some  surprise  that  his  *'*'  chastity"  ought  to  be  com- 
mended, as  credible  evidence  exists  of  **  only  one  intrigue,"  and  that  with 
£lizabeth  Tailboys,  an  **  accomplished  and  most  interesting  person^ ;"  and 
that  *'  the  singular  [single,  we  presume]  blemish  of  his  character  was  in- 
delicacy," which  led  him  to  maintain  Anne  Boleyn  as  a  princess  under  the 
same  roof  as  his  wife,  and  thus  to  ^'  needlessly  wound  feelings  which  surely 
he  was  bound  to  spare  to  the  utmost  which  his  duty  permitted."  En- 
during this,  however,  was  all  Katherine's  own  fault,  and  as  she  had  not 
**  delicacy  "  enough  to  go  of  her  own  accord,  she  was  at  length  turned  out, 
or,  as  it  is  very  mildly  expressed,  "  for  the  sake  of  public  decency,  and 
certainly  in  no  unkind  spirit  towards  herself,  a  retirement  from  the  court 
was  forced  upon  her." 

Henry,  in  all  this,  according  to  Mr.  Froude,  was  not  only  blameless,  but 
commendable.  He  had  no  male  children,  and  as  a  disputed  succession 
and  civil  war  might  arise  on  his  death,  a  divorce,  in  order  to  his  marrpng 
again,  was  a  "  moral  duty."  His  apologist  allows,  however,  that  he  "  saw 
his  duty  through  his  wishes."  Katherine  was  older  than  himself,  the 
death  of  her  children,  and  her  own  consequent  illness,  disgusted  her  hus- 
band, and  their  affection  being  founded  '*  only  on  mutual  esteem,"  he 
**  could  not  be  expected  to  Jove  her  merely  because  she  was  his  wife ; 
especially  when  she  was  many  years  his  senior  in  age^  disagreeable  in  her 
person,  and,  by  the  consciousness  of  it,  embittered  in  her  temper."  A  pro- 
posal made  to  her  to  separate  from  him  was  rejected  by  her,  and  Mr. 
X  roude  cannot  conceive  why : — 

**  It  may  be  asked  why  she  did  not  yield,  and  it  is  difficult  to  answer  the  qnestiom. 

^  It  has  been  said  of  Henrv,  with  a  coarseness  which  he  well  deserved,  that  he  pre- 
ferred murder  to  adultery,  and  therefore  he  beheaded  his  wives  when  tired  of  them ;  but 
we  certainly  never  met  with  the  praise  of  his  chastity  before,  or  had  the  fact  of  hia 
being  "  but  once"  unfaithful  to  his  wife's  bed  mentioned  as  "no  slight  honour  to  hun." 

*  She  was  six  years  older  than  Henry, — no  very  formidable  dilfisrcnce;  but  nckneM^ 
and  his  long-continued  unkindness,  had  very  probably  made  "  strange  alteration"  in  the 
*<  beautiful  bride,"  which  Hall  testifiM  she  was  when  first  married.  Was  it  a  judgmeiity 
that  Henry  became  **  disagreeable  in  his  person"  several  years  before  he  d&9d  P 
8 


1S56.]  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIIL  393 

She  was  not  a  person  who  would  have  heen  disturbed  by  the  loss  of  a  few  court  vanities. 
Her  situation  as  Henry's  wife  could  not  have  had  many  charms  for  her,  nor  can  it  be 
thought  that  she  retained  a  personal  affection  for  him.  If  she  had  loved  him,  she  would 
have  suffered  too  deeply  in  the  struggle  to  have  continued  to  resist,  and  the  cloister 
would  have  seemed  a  paradise.  Or  if  the  cloister  had  appeared  too  sad  a  shelter  for  her, 
she  might  have  gone  back  to  the  gardens  of  the  Alhambra,  where  she  had  played  as  a 
child,  carrying  with  her  the  affectionate  remembrance  of  every  English  heart,  and  wel- 
comed by  her  own  people  as  an  injured  saint.  Nor,  agun,  can  we  suppose  that  the  pos- 
sible injury  of  her  daughter's  prospects  from  the  birth  of  a  prince  by  another  marriage, 
could  have  seemed  of  so  vast  moment  to  her.  Those  prospects  were  already  more  than 
endangered,  and  would  have  been  rather  improved  than  brought  into  further  peril." 

So  Mr.  Froude  writes  in  his  first  volume,  (pp.  136, 137).  He  fills  page 
after  page  with  Henry's  loud  declarations  of  the  justice  of  his  cause  ^, 
indulges  in  sophisms  intended  to  prove  that  political  considerations  are 
of  superior  importance  to  anything  else  in  regard  to  the  "marriage  of 
princes,"  balances  the  "  ill  *'  of  forwarding  Henry's  views  by  bribery  and 
intimidation,  and  pronounces  his  opinion  that  it  was  a  "  greater  ill ''  to  op- 
pose them,  which  gives  him  the  opportunity  of  declaiming  against  Reginald 
Pole's  career  of  "years  of  exile,  rebellion,  and  falsehood,  terminating  in  a 
brief  victory  of  blood  and  shame,"  But  he  takes  no  heed  of  Katherine's 
further  sufferings  \  sees,  apparently,  something  very  strange  in  her  refusal 
to  surrender  her  conscientious  convictions,  and  own  herself  the  king's 
harlot,  and  her  only  child  a  bastard,  and,  indeed,  seems  as  anxious  to  get 
rid  of  her  as  Henry  was.  He  says,  speaking  of  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1536:— 

"  The  fate  of  Queen  Katherine  had  by  this  time  completed  itself.  She  had  taken  her 
leave  of  a  world  which  she  had  small  cause  to  thank  for  the  entertainment  which  it 
had  provided  for  her;  and  she  died  as  she  had  lived — ^resolute,  haughty,  and  un- 
bending  *' 

On  her  death-bed  she  dictated  a  letter  to  her  "  most  dear  lord  and 
husband,'*  which  he  is  recorded  to  have  read  with  tears ;  but  his  apologist 
coldly  remarks, — "  Henry,  in  the  last  few  years  had  grown  wiser  in  the 
ways  of  women,  and  had  learnt  to  prize  more  deeply  the  austerity  of  virtue, 
even  in  its  unloveliest  aspect.'* 

We  now  come  to  Anne  Boleyn,  long  supposed  the  cause  of  very  much 
of  this  mischief;  but  it  seems  we  are  quite  mistaken.  Henry  hated  his 
wife  before  he  saw  Anne  ;  "  he  merely  wished  to  marry,  as  he  might  per- 
form any  other  official  act,  for  the  benefit  of  his  subjects ;"  and  indeed,  as 
he  himself  said,  he  was  now  (m  his  A2nd year)  "past  the  age  when  passion 
or  appetite  would  be  likely  to  move  him  ™."  She  thus  accompanied  him,  in 
perfect  innocence  °,  in  his  various  journeys,  and  in  1533  she  was  crowned 


^  He  bribed  those  who  were  not  under  his  control,  and  intimidated  those  who  wera^ 
letting  all  well  understand  that  no  decision  would  be  accepted  by  him  unless  g^ven  in 
his  favour.  It  is  allowed  that  the  appeal  to  the  Universities  was  thus  "blemished  in  the 
execution." 

'  Her  painful  interviews  with  the  commissioners  sent  to  persuade  her  to  abandon  the 
title  of  queen  are  told  with  httle  appearance  of  sympathy.  "  Her  iiyuries,"  he  am- 
fesses,  "remain  the  saddest  spots  upon  the  pages  of  our  history,"  but  they  were  "inevit- 
able," and  "  forced  upon  her  in  great  measure  by  her  own  wilfulness." 

■  Yet,  "for  the  benefit  of  his  subjects,"  he  took  upon  himself  the  "burden  of  matri- 
mony" five  times  more. 

°  Let  Mr.  Froude  explain  why.  "  Intending  her,  as  he  did,  for  the  moth^  of  the  f^tnre 
heir  to  his  crown,  he  preserved  what  is  technically  called  her  honour  unimpeached  and 
unimpaired.  In  all  other  respects  she  occupied  the  position  and  received  the  homage 
due  to  the  actual  wife  of  the  English  sovereign."  With  whatever  feelings  this  was 
written,  we  copy  it  with  disgust. 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  C  c 


19  A  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIIL  [-A^^g- 

queen  To  a  paraphrase  of  Hall's  account  of  her  coronation  Mr.  Froude 
has  appended  a  reflection,  which  we  are  happy  to  quote,  as  more  attractive 
in  style  and  less  repugnant  to  healthy  feeling  than  any  other  passage  in 
his  book : — 


« 


She  was  conducted  up  to  the  high  altar,  and  anointed  queen  of  England;  and  she 
received  from  the  hands  of  Cranmer,  fresli  come  in  haste  from  Dunstable,  with  the  last 
words  of  his  seutence  upon  Katherine  scarcely  silent  upon  his  lips,  the  golden  sceptre 
and  St.  Edward's  crown. 

"  Did  any  twinge  of  remorse,  any  pang  of  painful  recollection,  pierce  at  that  moment 
the  incense  of  glory  which  she  was  inhaling  ?  Did  any  vision  flit  across  her  of  a  sad 
mourning  figure  which  once  had  stood  where  she  was  standing,  now  desolate,  neglected, 
sinking  into  the  darkening  twilight  of  a  hfe  cut  short  by  sorrow  ?  Who  can  tell  ?  At 
such  a  time,  that  figure  would  have  weighed  heavily  upon  a  noble  mind,  and  a  wise 
mind  would  have  been  taught  by  the  thought  of  it,  that  although  life  be  fleeting  as  a 
dream,  it  is  long  enough  to  experience  strange  vicissitudes  of  fortune.  But  Anne  Boleyn 
was  not  noble  and  was  not  wise ; — too  probably  she  felt  nothing  but  the  delicious,  dl- 
absorbing,  all -intoxicating  present ;  and  if  that  plain,  suffering  &ce  presented  itself  to  her 
memory  at  all,  we  may  fear  that  it  was  rather  as  a  foil  to  her  own  surpassing  loveliness. 
Two  years  later,  she  was  able  to  exult  over  Katherine's  death ;  she  is  not  likely  to  have 
thought  of  her  with  gentler  feelings  in  the  first  glow  and  flush  of  triumph." 

A  painful  "  necessity"  had  obliged  Henry  to  take  a  young  and  handsome 
woman  for  his  wife  in  the  place  of  one  *'  old"  and  **  disagreeable ;"  another 
*' necessity"  occasioned  the  open  rupture  with  Rome;  and  still  another 
"  necessity"  arose,  which  called  for  the  sacrifice  of  two  men,  usually  well- 
esteemed,  but  in  Mr.  Fronde's  eyes  the  vilest  of  the  vile,  for  they  "  chose 
to  make  themselves  conspicuous,"  by  refusing*  the  newly  imposed  oath  of 
supremacy ;  he  cannot,  apparently,  understand  that  they  might  have  a  con- 
science. 

"  Fisher  is  the  only  one  among  the  prelates  for  whom  it  is  possible  to  feel  respect. 
He  was  weak,  superstitious,  pedantical ;  towards  the  Protestants  he  was  even  cruel ;  but 
he  was  a  single-hearted  man,  who  lived  in  honest  fear  of  evil,  so  far  as  he  understood 
what  evil  was." 

Sir  Thomas  More,  "  perhaps  the  person  least  disaflfected  to  the  clergy 
who  could  have  been  found  among  the  leading  laymen,"  had  become  chan- 
cellor in  succession  to  Wolsey,  and  his  '"  philosophic  mercies "  to  the 
heretics  were  more  cruel  than  the  rigour  of  the  cardinal : — 

**  No  sooner  had  the  seals  changed  hands  than  the  Smithfield  fires  recommenced ;  and, 
encouraged  by  the  chancellor,  the  bishops  resolved  to  obliterate  in  these  edifying  spec- 
tacles the  recollection  of  their  general  infirmities.  The  crime  of  the  oflfenders  varied, — 
sometimes  it  was  a  denial  of  the  corporal  presence,  more  often  it  was  a  reflection  too 
loud  to  be  endured  on  the  character  and  habits  of  the  clergy ;  but  whatever  it  was,  the 
alternative  lay  only  between  abjuration  as  humiliating  as  ingenuity  could  make  it,  or  a 
dreadful  death." 

More  soon  resigned  his  oflfice,  and,  "  as  his  good  sense  had  not  yet  for- 
saken him,"  declined  to  listen  to  the  Nun  of  Kent,  to  whom  Fisher  had 
given  ear.  He  would  have  sworn  to  the  succession  as  established  by  par- 
liament, as  that  was  a  matter  within  their  competence,  but  he  could  not 
submit  his  conscience  to  expediency,  and  swear  that  he  believed  the  mar- 
riage of  Katherine  to  have  been  unlawful,  or  that  the  king  was  Supreme 
Head  of  the  Church ;  neither  could  Fisher ;  and  both  thus  lost  their  lives, 
as  in  Mr.  Fronde's  view  it  was  quite  right  that  they  should  : — 

"  To  me  it  appears  most  piteous  and  most  inevitable.  The  hour  of  retribution  had 
come  at  length,  when  at  the  hands  of  the  Roman  Church  was  to  be  required  all  the 
righteous  blood  which  it  had  shed,  from  the  blood  of  Raymond  of  Toulouse  to  the  blood 
of  the  last  victim  who  had  blackened  into  ashes  at  Smithfield.  The  voices  crying  under- 


1856.]  A  New  Character  of  Henry  nil.  195 

neath  the  altar  had  been  heard  upon  the  throne  of  the  Most  High,  and  woe  to  the 
generation  of  which  the  dark  account  should  be  demanded  **." 

Prior  to  this  the  monks  of  the  Charterhouse  had  dared  to  refuse 
the  oath,  and  had  been  "  crushed."  Several  had  been  executed,  others 
had  been  removed  to  distant  convents,  and  many  had  died  miserably 
in  gaol  P.  In  them  it  is  confessed  the  monastic  rule  shewed  all  its  original 
brightness :  "  the  monks  were  true  to  their  vows  and  true  to  their  duty,  as 
far  as  they  comprehended  what  duty  meant."  Still  this  was  no  reason  why 
they  should  be  spared  : — 

*'  The  Catholics  had  chosen  the  alternative,  either  to  crush  the  free  thought  which 
was  bursting  from  the  soil,  or  else  to  be  crushed  by  iti ;  and  the  ftiture  of  the  world 
could  not  be  sacrificed  to  preserve  the  exotic  graces  of  mediaeval  saints." 

Their  fall  was  the  prelude  to  the  visitation  and  suppression  of  the  monas- 
teries, on  which  we  need  not  enter,  as  the  story  is  only  commenced  in  these 
volumes.  We  are  told,  however,  that  Henry's  intention  was  to  reform,  not 
to  destroy,  and  nothing  but  imperious  "  necessity"  occasioned  the  confisca- 
tion of  the  Church  property  ;  the  "  necessity"  being  in  this  case  somewhat 
more  apparent  than  in  others,  as  he  feared  an  invasion,  and  needed  funds 
for  fortifying  the  coast, — where  the  castles  of  Sandown,  Deal,  Walmer,  and 
some  others  still  remain  to  account  for  a  small  part  of  the  plunder'.  His 
agent,  Cromwell,  we  learn,  was  **  a  very  great  man,  whom  the  exigencies 
of  the  state  called  to  power  ;"  "his  especial  gift  it  was  to  wind  himself  into 
the  secrets  of  the  clergy,"  by  means  of  spies  :— 

"  His  Protestant  tendencies  were  unknown  as  yet,  perhaps,  even  to  his  own  con- 
science ;  nor  to  the  last  could  he  arrive  at  any  certain  speculative  convictions.  He  was 
drawn  towards  the  Protestants  as  he  rose  into  power  by  the  integrity  of  his  nature, 

which  compelled  him  to  trust  only  those  who  were  honest  like  himself To  him 

belonged  the  rare  privilege  of  genius,  to  see  what  other  men  could  not  see ;  and  there- 
fore he  was  condemned  to  rule  a  generation  which  hated  him,  to  do  the  will  of  Gk)d, 
and  to  perish  in  his  success"." 

The  Reformation,  also,  we  must  leave  untouched,  for  we  have  as 
yet  little  about  it,  except  stories  to  stigmatise  the  bishops,  although  the 

°  The  avenging  Nemesis  is  a  favourite  with  our  author,  and  is  ridden  almost  to 
death  already ;  how  it  is  to  hold  out  for  the  remaining  twenty  volumes  we  cannot 
imagine. 

p  One  only  submitted;  he  went  abroad,  and  penned  a  most  affecting  narrative  of  the 
ruin  of  his  house. 

'J  So  thoroughly  does  Mr.  Fronde  accept  the  political  and  ignore  the  religious  view 
of  these  matters,  that  he  coolly  likens  the  deaths  of  those  who  suffered  for  their  faith 
to  the  calamities  of  war :  "  the  martyrdoms  of  Protestants  and  Catholics  analog^ous 
to  deaths  in  battle." 

'  The  expense  of  raising  these  castles  could  not  have  been  very  great,  if  the  same 
plan  was  pursued  as  had  been  followed  in  Cornwall  in  1512.  The  statute  4  Henry  VIII. 
c.  2  "  directs  the  justices  of  the  peace  to  survey  Cornwall,  and  compel  the  inhabitants 
to  labour  in  the  erection  of '  bulwarks*  without  pay,  the  land  and  materials  being  pro- 
vided in  like  manner  without  remuneration." — Annals  of  England^  vol.  ii.  p.  145. 

*  The  opening  passage  of  the  notice  of  Cromwell  will  shew  that  Mr.  Fronde's  research 
is  not  likely  to  make  any  very  great  addition  to  our  stock  of  exact  biographical  materials. 
"  Cromwelt  the  malleus  monacharum,  was  of  good  English  family,  belonging  to  the 
Cromwells  of  Lincolnshire.  One  of  these,  probably  a  vounger  brother,  moved  up 
to  London,  and  conducted  an  iron-foundry,  or  other  business  of  that  description, 
at  Putney,  [the  Crawshay  of  his  day,  no  doubt,  and  not  a  village  blacksmith,  as  less  pro- 
found writers  have  stated].  He  married  a  lady  of  respectable  connexions,  of  whom  we 
know  only  that  she  was  sister  of  the  wife  of  a  gentleman  in  Derbyshire,  but  whose  name 
docs  not  appear.*' 


196  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIIL  [A^^g- 

subject  is  introduced  by  a  passage,  high-sounding,  indeed,  but  not  remark- 
able for  perspicuity : — 

*'  Where  changes  are  about  to  take  place  of  great  and  enduring  moment,  a  kind  of 
prologue,  on  a  small  scale,  is  seen  sometimes  to  anticipate  the  true  opening  of  the 
drama ;  like  the  first  drops  which  give  notice  of  the  coming  storm,  or  as  if  the  shadows 
of  the  reality  were  projected  forward  into  the  future,  and  imitated  in  dumb  show  the 
movements  of  the  real  actors  in  the  story.  Such  a  rehearsal  of  the  English  Reforma- 
tion was  witnessed  at  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century,  confused^  imperfect,  dis- 
proportioned,"  &c.,  &c. 

Wickliffe  and  the  Lollards,  however,  failed;  and  it  is  well  that  they 

did,  as — 

"  England  would  have  gfdned  little  by  the  premature  overthrow  of  the  Church,  when 
the  house  out  of  which  the  evil  spirit  was  cast  could  have  been  but  swept  and 
furnished  for  the  occupation  of  the  seven  devils  of  anarchy." 

Still  **  a  continued  refusal  to  believe  in  lies,"  kept  up  a  succession  of  what 
may  by  anticipation  be  called  Protestants ;  they  were  waiting  for  direc- 
tion, and  men  in  such  a  temper  are  seldom  left  to  wait  in  vain  : — 

''At  such  times  the  minds  of  men  are  like  a  train  of  gunpowder,  the  isolated  grains  of 
which  have  no  relation  to  each  other,  and  no  effect  on  each  other,  while  they  remain  un- 
ignited ;  but  let  a  spark  kindle  but  one  of  them,  and  they  shoot  into  instant  union  in  a 
common  explosion.  Such  a  spark  was  kindled  in  Germany,  at  Wittenberg,  on  the  31st 
of  October,  1517.  In  the  middle  of  that  day  Luther's  denunciation  of  Indulgences  was 
fixed  against  the  gate  of  All  Saints'  Church,  Wittenberg,  and  it  became,  like  the  brazen 
serpent  in  the  wilderness,  the  sign  to  which  the  sick  spirits  throughout  the  western 
world  looked  hopefully  and  were  healed." 

A  Christian  brotherhood,  the  "  first  religious  tract  society,"  was  esta- 
blished about  ten  years  after,  which  sold  Bibles  and  books  against  tran sub- 
stantiation, particularly  in  Oxford.  They  were  coerced  by  the  authorities, 
and  one  of  their  number  complacently  relates  the  lies  that  he  told  when 
examined,  as  well  as  his  attempts  to  impose  one  of  the  party,  under  a  false 
name,  on  his  brother,  "  a  rank  papist,  and  afterwards  the  most  mortal 
enemy  that  ever  he  had,  for  the  Gospel's  sake."  Mr.  Froude,  we  are 
sorry  to  say,  defends  him,  in  a  passage  too  long  to  be  cited  here,  but  which 
will  be  found  at  p.  57  of  his  second  volume. 

The  "refusal  to  believe  in  lies"  tempted  four  aspiring  spirits  to  carry  oflT 
and  burn  a  famous  rood  at  Dovercourt,  near  Harwich,  Mr.  Froude's  com- 
ment on  which  we  subjoin  : — 

"  For  this  night's  performance,  which,  if  the  devil  is  the  father  of  lies,  was  a  stroke 
of  honest  work  against  him  and  his  family,  the  world  rewarded  these  men  after  the 
usual  fashion.  One  of  them,  Robert  Ghirdiner,  escaped  the  search  which  was  made,  and 
disappeared  till  better  times ;  the  remaining  three  were  swinging  in  chfuns  six  months 
later  on  the  scene  of  their  exploit.  Their  fate  was  perhaps  inevitable.  Men  who  dare 
to  be  the  first  in  great  movements  are  ever  self-immolated  victims.  But  I  suppose  it 
was  better  for  them  to  be  bleaching  on  their  gibbets,  than  crawling  at  the  feet  of  a 

wooden  rood,  and  believing  it  to  be  God. These  were  the  first  Paladins  of  the 

Reformation;  the  knights  who  slew  the  dragons  and  the  enchanters,  and  made  the 
earth  habitable  for  common  fiesh  and  blood." 

The  marriage  of  Henry  and  Anne  was  followed  by  the  birth,  not  of  the 
eagerly  desired  son,  but  of  a  daughter*,  and  again  a  "  necessity"  arose. 

*  "  The  child  who  was  so  soon  to  find  her  country  so  rude  a  stepmother,  was  received 
with  all  the  outward  signs  of  exulting  welcome.  I  say  outward  signs,  for  to  Katherine's 
friends  the  offspring  of  the  rival  marriage  was  not  welcome,  but  was  an  object  rather  of 
bitter  hatred ;  and  the  black  cloud  of  a  sister's  jealousy  gathered  over  the  cradle,  whose 
innocent  occupant  had  robbed  her  of  her  title  and  her  expectations.    To  the  king,  to 


1856.]  A  New  Character  of  Henry  VIIL  197 

The  Princess  Mary  was  informed  that  she  was  only  "  Lady  Mary  Tudor, 
the  king's  natural  daughter ;"  the  "  headstrong  passionate  girl"  dared 
to  write  to  her  father  on  the  subject,  and  was  in  return  threatened  with  the 
penalties  of  treason  ;  and  apparently  she  might  have  suffered  them  without 
disturbing  Mr.  Froude's  opinion  of  the  king.  He  labours  hard  to  connect 
both  her  and  her  mother  with  the  discontent  which  was  everywhere 
appearing,  and  seems  half  inclined  to  murmur  that  "  martial  law  for  those 
who  hesitate"  was  not  applied  to  them  also. 

Still  another  "  necessity"  is  to  arise.  Anne  Boleyn  falls  from  her  high 
estate,  and  is  put  to  death ;  justly,  according  to  our  author,  but  rather,  we 
think,  sacrificed  to  the  charms  of  Jane  Seymour, — gross  indiscretions  being 
exaggerated  into  crimes.  Henry,  however,  must  have  his  male  heir,  and 
marries  Jane  on  the  day  after  Anne's  death : — • 

"  Tlie  indecent  haste  is  usually  considered  a  proof  entirely  conclusive  of  the  cause  of 
Anne  Boleyn's  ruin.  To  myself  the  haste  is  an  evidence  of  something  very  different. 
Henry,  who  waited  seven  years  for  Anne  Boleyn",  was  not  without  some  control  over 
his  passions ;  and  if  appetite  had  been  the  moying  influence  with  him,  he  would  scarcely, 
with  the  eyes  of  all  the  world  fixed  upon  his  conduct,  have  passed  so  gross  an  insult 
upon  the  nation  of  which  he  was  the  sovereign.  The  precipitancy  with  which  he  acted 
is  to  me  a  proof  that  he  looked  on  matrimony  as  an  indifferent  official  act  which  his 
duty  required  at  the  moment ;  and  if  this  be  thought  a  novel  interpretation  of  his  mo- 
tives, I  have  merely  to  say  that  I  find  it  in  the  Statute-book." 

Alchemy,  witchcraft,  diabolical  possession,  and  many  other  strange  mat- 
ters, may  also  be  found  there ;  but  will  Mr.  Froude  accept  them  as  readily  ? 
The  statute  referred  to  (28  Henry  VHI.  c.  7.)  states  that  the  council  and 
the  peers  had  petitioned  the  king  to  take  a  fresh  wife,  and  he  had  graciously 
consented.  Issue  from  this  marriage  was  not,  however,  certain  ;  and  the 
parliament,  with  "  boldness  and  good  sense,"  cut  the  knot  by  bestowing  on 
Henry  the  power  to  bequeath  the  crown  by  will.  They,  it  seems,  believed 
that  "  the  tragedy  of  the  past  month  had  grieved  and  saddened  Henry," 
(the  new-married  man,)  and  they  employed  "  generous  language,"  which 
"  may  have  something  soothed  his  wounds."  Thus  is  this  whole  trans- 
action, which  most  historians  have  stigmatized  as  odious  and  infamous, 
travestied  into  a  proof  of  the  sorrows  and  trials  of  Henry,  and  the  patriotism 
of  his  parliament. 

Parliaments,  however,  are  favourites  with  Mr.  Froude,  particularly  when 
they  bear  hard  on  Churchmen.  He  exults  in  their  extorting  an  apology 
from  the  "miserable  old  man,"  Fisher,  who  had  expressed  some  doubts  as 
to  their  faith,  and  thinks  the  "  spots"  and  "  red  stains"  which  rest  on  their 
hands  very  slight  matters  indeed,  though  "  posterity,"  not  so  wise  as  he, 
"  will  long  and  bitterly  remember  them."  This  parliament  (1529-1536) 
forwarded  Henry's  views,  and  thus  earned  Mr.  Froude's  thanks.  We  are 
curious  to  see  if  the  same  reason  will  lead  him  to  eulogise  the  assembly 
which  passed  the  act  "  for  abolishing  diversity  of  opinions  in  certain  articles 
concerning  Christian  religion,"  better  known  as  the  Statute  of  the  Six 
Articles. 

We  have  said  that  we  have  no  intention  of  entering  into  any  elaborate 
review  of  this  work ;  but  we  must  repeat  that  it  is  one-sided  in  its  state- 
ments, hostile  to  the  Church  before  the  Reformation,  lavish  in  censure  of 

the  parliament,  to  the  healthy  heart  of  England,  she  was  an  object  of  eager  hope,  and  an 
occasion  for  thankful  gratitude;  but  the  seeds  were  sown  with  her  birth,  of  those  mis- 
fortunes which  were  soon  to  overshadow  her,  and  to  form  the  school  of  the  great  nature 
which  in  itH  maturity  would  remould  the  world." 

*  Mr.  Froude  has  already  explained  why.     See  p.  193. 


198  A  New  Character  of  Henri/  VIII,  [-A^ug. 

great  names,  questionable  in  its  morality,  and  not  attractive  in  its  style. 
We  conceive  we  have  given  proof  of  these  things,  and  with  one  more  spe- 
cimen of  what  we  venture  to  call  prose  run  mad,  we  will  conclude.  Mr. 
Froude  is  speaking  of  the  approaching  fall  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts : — 

"  The  time  of  reckoning  at  length  was  arrived :  slowly  the  hand  had  crawled  along 
the  dial-plate*, — slowly,  as  if  the  event  would  never  come, — and  wrong  was  heaped  on 
wrong ;  and  oppression  cried,  and  it  seemed  as  if  no  ear  had  heard  its  voice ;  till  the 
measure  of  the  circle  was  at  length  fulfilled,  the  finger  touched  the  hour,  and  as  the 
strokes  of  the  great  hammer  rang  out  above  the  nation,  in  an  instant  the  mighty  fabric 
of  iniquity  was  shivered  into  ruin/* 

May  we  suggest  to  the  author  the  advisability  of  completing  his  Senriade 
in  verse  ?  He  may  thus  earn  the  commendatory  part  of  the  judgment  pro- 
nounced by  the  "  philosophic  chancellor"  on  a  couple  of  bad  books : — 
^^ Marry,  this  is  somewhat,  for  it  is  rhyme;  hut  the  other  is  neither  rhyme 
nor  reason^ 


FXJLCHER'S  LIFE  OF  G AIKSBOROrGH  •. 

In  his  instructive  and  delightful  Lectures  on  Painting,  Mr.  Leslie  has 
the  following  passage,  which  we  extract,  as  a  very  appropriate  introduc- 
tion to  the  useful  and  judicious  narrative  of  the  Life  of  the  artist  which 
we  have  just  perused  : — "  The  right  appreciation  (he  says)  of  this  lovely 
branch  of  painting  (landscape)  has  suffered,  like  all  others,  by  classi- 
fication. Sir  J.  Reynolds,  who  does  justice  to  the  genius  of  Gainsborough, 
refuses  to  rank  his  landscapes  with  poetic  art ;  and  this  could  only  arise 
from  its  not  being  connected,  like  the  landscapes  of  Foussin  and  Sebas- 
tian Bourdon,  with  classic  incident :  for  if  Burns,  in  describing  the  banks 
of  the  Doon,  writes  as  a  poet,  why  may  not  Gainsborough,  with  his  true 
sensibility  to  every  beauty  of  nature,  paint  like  one,  though  he  take  for 
his  subject  the  most  familiar  scenery  of  his  own  country  ?  I  should  say, 
that  if  ever  landscape  was  poetic  on  canvas,  it  is  such  landscape  as  his." 
Constable,  in  speaking  of  one  of  his  pictures,  a  work  almost  without  details, 
said — "  I  cannot  think  of  it  even  now  without  tears  in  my  eyes. — With  par- 
ticulars he  had  nothing  to  do, — his  object  was  to  deliver  fine  sentiment ; 
and  he  has  fully  accomplished  it."  Whether  Mr.  Leslie  has  exactly 
understood  the  expression  used  by  Sir  Joshua,  of  poetic  art,  in  the  sense 
he  intended,  may  perhaps  be  open,  were  opportunity  granted,  to  some 
enquiry  ;  but  both  these  eminent  artists  most  fully  agree  in  bestowing  on 
Gainsborough  those  qualities  which  are  essential  to  one  who  is  to  take 
an  eminent  station  among  the  painters  of  his  own  country :  and  looking 
at  him  in  the  variety  of  his  talent,  and  to  the  eminence  which  he  obtained 
in  two  distinct  branches  of  his  art,  he  may,  without  fear  of  contradiction, 
be  said  to  have  had  no  superior  among  his  contemporaries. 

"  Few,"  says  a  great  professor  ^  of  his  art,  *'  have  been  taught  to  any 
purpose,  who  have  not  been  their  own  teachers  ;'*  and  this  is  emphatically 
true  of  Gainsborough.  His  style  he  formed  for  himself,  in  the  fields  of 
nature,  and  not  in  the  studio  of  an  academy ;  and  what  he  originally 

'  A  favourite  metaphor  of  our  author :  it  is  employed  again  and  agiun. 
*  "  Life  of  Thomas  (Gainsborough,  B.A.     By  George  William  Fulcher.     Edited  by 
his  Son." 

^  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 


1856.]  Fulcfier's  Life  of  Gainsborough.  199 

formed,  he  maintained  to  the  last.  "  Whatever  he  attempted,  (we  again 
quote  the  same  authority,)  he  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  excellence." 
Can  praise  be  gi-eater  than  this  ?  And  the  way  through  which  the  excel- 
lences were  attained  was  all  his  own.  "  The  methods  he  used  for  producing 
his  effects  had  very  much  the  appearance  of  an  artist  who  had  never 
learned  from  others  the  usual  and  regular  practice  belonging  to  the  art ; 
but  still,  like  a  man  of  strong  intuitive  perception  of  what  was  required, 
he  found  out  a  way  of  his  own  to  accomplish  his  purpose." 

It  was  to  be  lamented  that  of  such  a  man,  little  information,  personal 
or  artistic,  had  ever  been  collected  and  communicated  to  the  world  ;  espe- 
cially to  that  more  select  and  confined  circle  who  would  have  listened  with 
delight  to  any  account  of  him,  the  enchanting  creations  of  whose  pencil 
had  so  long  been  their  study  and  enjoyment,  but  whom  personally  to 
know,  even  through  the  medium  of  a  biographical  narrative,  was  unfor- 
tunately denied  them.  This  want  has  now  been  well  supplied  by  the 
present  volume.  The  materials  have  been  collected  with  diligence,  and 
the  spirit  of  the  work  has  been  animated  by  zeal.  The  biographer  has 
shewn  that  he  breathes  the  native  air  of  the  painter  whom  he  so  well  de- 
sciibes ;  and  now,  when  we  gaze  on  one  of  Gainsborough's  portraits, 
delighted  with  its  unaffected  simplicity  and  elegance ;  or  view  what  in 
his  pastoral  landscapes  he  has  so  harmoniously  selected  from  the  great 
field  of  nature,  to  make  appropriate  to  the  purposes  of  art, — we  no  longer 
are  satisfied  with  knowing  the  tuiTne  of  the  author  of  these  fascinating 
creations  of  the  pencil ;  but  we  can  recall  the  living  figure,  we  see  the 
man,  the  painter  at  his  easel, — the  living  Gainsborough  stands  before  us. 
To  give  a  short  abstract  from  this  interesting  narrative  is  all  that 
we  are  able,  through  confinement  of  space,  to  do ;  but  the  perusal  of  our 
brief  outline  will  send  our  readers  to  the  volume  itself,  where  alone  they 
can  be  satisfied. 

Thomas  Gainsborough  was  bom  at  Sudbury,  in  what  Bishop  Hall 
calls  "  the  sweet  and  civil  county  of  Suffolk,"  in  the  early  part  of  the 
year  1727.  The  day  of  the  month  is  not  recorded.  His  father  was  a 
Dissenter,  but  his  mother's  family  were  of  the  Church  of  England.  He 
received  his  education  in  the  grammar-school  of  his  native  town :  he 
had  four  brothers,  and  as  many  sisters.  His  father  died  in  1 748,  aged  65 ; 
his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Burroughs,  lived  till  1769.  She 
was  a  woman  of  a  cultivated  mind,  and,  among  other  accomplishments, 
excelled  in  flower- painting.  This  elegant  branch  of  the  art  soon  expanded 
under  the  hand  of  her  son ;  even  in  his  tender  years  it  became  his  enthu- 
siastic pursuit,  and  afterwards  the  leading  object  of  his  life,  and  his  best 
inheritance.  "There  was  not  (writes  his  biographer)  a  picturesque 
clump  of  trees,  nor  even  a  single  tree  of  any  beauty,  no,  nor  hedgerow, 
stump,  or  post,  in  or  near  his  native  town,  which  was  not,  from  his 
earliest  years,  treasured  in  his  memory."  Allan  Cunningham  says, — "At 
ten  years  of  age,  Gainsborough  had  made  some  progress  in  sketching, 
and  at  twelve  was  a  confirmed  painter."  In  his  fifteenth  year  he  left  his 
native  town  for  London,  where  he  resided  with  a  silversmith,  an  intel- 
ligent man,  who  introduced  him  to  Graulet  the  engraver,  and  Gbraulet  ob- 
tained admission  for  him  in  the  Academy,  then  in  St.  Martin's  Lane.  He 
also  became  a  pupil  of  Hayman,  at  that  time  a  well  known-name ;  but 
after  a  short  and  unprofitable  residence  with  him,  he  hired  rooms  with  a 
Mr.  Jorden,  and  commenced  painting  landscapes  and  portraits  of  small 
size,  and  which  he  sold  at  a  low  price.     In  this  way,  however,  without  a 


200  Fulcher^s  Life  of  Gainsborough.  [Aug. 

patron,  or  m^oduction  to  the  public  notice,  lie  found  that  a  livelihood 
was  not  to  be  obtained,  and  he  returned,  after  four  years'  absence,  to  his 
friends  at  Sudbury.  This  backward  step — for  such  it  seems — ^proved  a 
most  fortunate  one,  and  no  doubt  was  advantageously  felt  through  his 
whole  life.  It  introduced  him  to  a  young  lady  named  Burr,  (sister  to  a 
person  who  was  his  father's  traveller,)  of  very  striking  beauty,  and  a 
fortune  which  laid  the  foundation  of  her  husband's  independence.  The 
young  couple  (happy  folks !)  soon  left  Sudbury  for  Ipswich,  exchanged  the 
banks  of  the  Stour  for  the  more  expanded  ones  of  the  Orwell,  and  began 
life  with  prudence  in  a  shop  that  cost  them  but  six  pounds  a-year.  He 
worked  diligently  at  his  art,  both  at  home  and  abroad ;  and  in  a  short 
time  formed  a  friendship  with  Mr.  Kirby,  the  well-known  author  of  the 
"  Treatise  on  Perspective,"  and  father  of  Mrs.  Trimmer,  one  of  the  pattern 
women  of  the  last  age.  Lieutenant-Governor  Thicknesse,  who  resided  at 
Landgrave  Fort,  was  his  next  acquaintance.  This  person  subsequently 
wrote  some  account  of  Gainsborough  in  his  strange,  eccentric  style,  of 
little  value  as  a  biography^,  and  of  little  credit  to  his  own  taste  and 
temper.  Having  filled  the  small  city  of  Ipswich  with  as  many  portraits 
of  its  faces  and  transcripts  of  its  scenery  as  could  find  a  sale,  in  the  year 
1760  Gainsborough  removed  to  the  richer  and  more  enlightened  patronage 
of  Bath ;  for  he  had  a  well-founded  reliance  on  his  own  attainments,  both  in 
portrait  and  landscape  painting ;  and  his  biographer  says,  he  now  assumed 
a  station  suitable  to  a  man  who  confided  in  his  talents  and  acquirements, 
and  who  was  willing  to  trust  to  the  public  judgment.  He  raised  his  price 
for  a  head,  from  five  to  eight  guineas,  and  ultimately  fixed  them  at 
forty  guineas  for  a  half  and  one  hundred  for  a  full  length.  He  hired 
a  house,  which  frightened  his  cautious  wife,  who  saw  her  fortune 
wrecked  in  the  imprudent  speculation ;  but  Gainsborough  steadily  and 
successfully  persevered.  He  sent  pictures  to  the  Society  of  Artists  in 
London,  and  made  even  the  fastidious  and  fashionable  Horace  Walpole 
acknowledge  his  merit.  At  the  time,  it  is  said,  he  gave  another  proof  of 
the  variety  of  his  natural  endowments  ;  a  second  muse  flattered  him  with 
her  smiles,  and  the  violin  and  the  theorbo  were  in  rivalry  with  the  easel. 
There  were  even  times  **  when  music  was  his  employment  and  painting  his 
diversion."  But  the  arts  are  all  sisters,  and  live  amicably  together.  This 
new  passion  formed  a  useful  recreation  to  his  mind, — and  he  possesses  a 
double  pleasure  who  can  pass  with  delight  from  the  fascination  of  brilliant 
colours  to  the  harmony  of  modulated  sounds.  In  1768  he  was  chosen  one 
of  the  original  thirty-six  Academicians,  and  continued  sending  numerous 
fine  specimens  of  his  pencil  to  adorn  the  walls  of  the  Academy  till  the  year 
1773,  when  it  is  supposed  some  dispute  with  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  arose, 
which  during  the  four  following  years  deprived  the  exhibition  of  any  spe- 
cimen of  his  matured  powers.  It  was  during  this  interval  that,  it  is  said, 
that  very  wonderful  youth,  Chatterton,  "  the  sleepless  soul  that  perished 
in  his  pride,"  sate  to  him,  and  that  the  portrait  was  a  masterpiece.  Such 
was  the  increasing  success  of  our  painter,  that  Bath  now  became  what 
Ipswich  had  been  before — too  confined  a  sphere.  The  great  and  enlight- 
ened metropolis  is  the  proper  residence  of  genius  and  learning,  where  the 
active  and  contemplative  find  the  food  that  best  nourishes  their  powers  ; 
and  there  Gainsborough  went,  where  Reynolds  had  been  settled  before  him, 
and  where,  long  before  either  of  them,  Vandyck  had  passed  such  years  of 

^  I  possess  two  copies  of  his  work,  bound  together,  and  containing  the  late  Mr. 
James  Park's  manuscript  notes. — Rev. 
9 


1856.]  Fulcher's  Life  of  Gainsborough.  201 

splendour  and  success  that  neither  Reynolds  nor  Qainsborough  could  hope 
to  imitate  or  attain.  Gainsborough,  however,  had  so  much  improved  his 
situation  since  his  six  pound  a-year  rental  at  Ipswich,  that  he  took  a 
house  in  Pall-mall,  once  a  ducal  residence,  and  which  cost  him  no  less  than 
three  hundred  a-year.  He  also  obtained  aristocratic  patronage  and  royal 
protection. 

In  1777  he  renewed  his  contributions  to  the  Academy,  and  was  high  in 
the  zenith  of  his  fame  and  fortune,  living  like  a  gentleman  at  ease  upon 
his  thousand  a-year.  The  expense  of  his  town  establishment  he  supported 
by  diligence  in  his  painting-room,  and  the  list  of  portraits  of  persons  of 
first  rank  in  the  county  bore  witness  to  his  talents  and  success.  In  1784, 
however,  he  withdrew  his  performances  from  the  exhibition,  owing  to  his 
dissatisfaction  at  the  place  where  one  of  his  pictures  was  hung  :  his  bio- 
grapher considers  him  to  have  been  in  the  wrong,  and  censures  his  con- 
duct ; — but  this  hanging  of  pictures  has  been  a  constant  source  of  jealousy 
and  complaint  among  rival  artists  in  every  age.  Gainsborough  tried  a 
private  exhibition  at  his  own  house,  but  it  did  not  succeed.  Two  or  three 
more  years  passed  on,  and  the  time  was  now  approaching  when  Complaints 
of  ill-usage  from  rivals,  or  triumphs  from  success  with  the  public,  were 
alike  to  be  of  no  value  to  him  who  had  suffered  or  enjoyed  them.  Sitting 
one  day  at  the  trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  Gainsborough  felt  a  sudden  cold 
on  a  spot  at  the  back  of  his  neck :  this  proved  to  be  the  commencement  of 
a  cancer,  under  which  he  suffered  for  some  months,  \4z.  from  February  to 
the  beginning  of  August  in  the  same  year,  when  he  died,  in  the  62nd  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  at  Kew,  where  we  have 
often  turned  out  of  our  path  to  look  upon  his  plain  and  simple  grave.  His 
wife  survived  him  ten  years,  and  then  went  to  rest  in  the  same  spot,  by 
her  husband's  side.  His  great  rival  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  did  not  sur- 
vive him  more  than  three  years.  J.  M. 


CHATTERTON  a. 


Ik  that  portrait-gallery  of  illustrious  writers  to  which  Mr.  Masson  has 
introduced  us,  we  turn  from  the  likenesses  of  men  as  admirable  as  Shak- 
spere.  Swift,  and  Goethe,  as  honourable  as  Wordsworth  and  De  Quincey, 
to  look  with  an  interest  no  familiarity  abates  upon  a  new  delineation  of 
the  *'  marvellous  boy."  It  is  evident  that  Mr.  Masson  himself  has  la- 
boured on  this  portraiture  most  lovingly  and  well.  He  could  not  other- 
wise have  given  us  so  faithful  and  complete  a  likeness  of  the  young  poet 
in  his  suUenness  and  pride,  and  kindliness  and  grief,  or  have  surroimded 
him  with  a  group  of  accessories  so  picturesque  in  themselves,  and  so 
useful  in  illustrating  and  bringing  out  in  bolder  prominence  the  subject 
of  his  picture. 

It  is,  indeed,  in  this  accessory  matter  that  much  of  the  strength  of  Mr. 
Masson's  biography  consists.  A  mass  of  curious  information,  diligently 
gathered  from  obscurest  publications,  is  happily  made  use  of  to  throw 

*  **  Essays,  Biog^phical  and  Critical,  chiefly  on  English  Poets.  By  David  MassoDy 
AM.,  Professor  of  English  Literature  in  University  College,  London."  (Cambridge : 
Macxnillan  and  Co.    8vo.) 

Qent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVL  d  d 


:202  Chatterton,  [Aug. 

light  upon  the  times  through  which  the  narrative  extends,  and  parti- 
cularly upon  those  circumstances  of  the  times  which  had  the  most  bear- . 
ing  on  the  individual  history  of  Chatterton.  Mr.  Masson  has  contrived 
to  levy  subsidies  of  this  kind  from  the  most  unpromising  sources,  and  to 
use  his  materials  with  a  rare  constructive  skill.  He  leaves,  in  fact, 
nothing  now  to  be  inquired  into  concerning  the  external  influences, 
whether  of  events  or  persons,  which  can  be  supposed  to  have  had  much 
to  do  with  the  wayward  and  precocious  growth  of  the  poet's  mind. 

Taken  as  it  stands  on  Mr.  Masson's  pages,  the  life  of  Chatterton  is  in- 
deed a  strange  and  tragical  tale.  There  was  no  genial  childhood  in  it — 
no  season  of  dependence  and  delight,  however  brief,  to  usher  in  the  storm 
and  darkness  of  his  passionate  youth.  From  first  to  last  there  was  a 
morbid  element  in  his  mental  nature,  an  ingrained  ambition,  and  reserve, 
and  pride,  fearfully  at  war  with  all  enjoyment  or  repose.  At  little  more 
than  seven  years  of  age  we  have  this  account  of  him : — 

"  Generally  very  sullen  and  silent,  he  was  liable  to  sudden  and  unaccountable  gifts  of 
weeping,  as  well  as  of  violent  fits  of  rage ;  he  was  also  extremely  secretive,  and  fond  of 
being  alond ;  and  on  Saturday  and  other  holiday  afternoons,  when  he  was  at  liberty  to 
go  home  from  school,  it  was  quite  a  matter  of  speculation  with  his  mother,  Mrs.  Chat- 
terton, and  her  acquaintances,  what  the  boy  could  be  doing  sitting  alone  for  hours,  as 
was  hiB  habit,  in  a  garret  full  of  all  kinds  of  out-of-the-way  lumber." 

This  riddle  that  the  kind-hearted  mother  and  her  gossips  could  not 
solve,  has  no  obscurity  about  it  now.  Unconsciously  to  herself,  in  that 
back  street  of  Bristol,  she  had  given  birth  to  a  young  eagle,  who  was  even 
then  pining  and  prepaiing  for  the  atmosphere  and  habits  of  his  kind. 
Wait  a  year  or  two,  and  you  may  see  him  try  his  wing  in  perilous  flights; 
wait  a  year  or  two,  and  you  may  see  him,  whilst  still  a  Blue-coat  boy  in 
Colston's  school,  writing  verses  and  lampoons  for  a  provincial  journal, 
imposing  on  the  pewterer,  Burgum,  ^n  antique-looking  pedigree  ascend- 
ing through  an  illustrious  line  to  one  of  the  knightly  followers  of  the 
Korman,  and  making  his  first  essay  in  those  ancient  poems  which  still 
command  the  admiration  and  the  wonder  of  whoever  reads  them.  Or 
wait  again  a  year  or  two,  and  you  may  see  him,  an  apprentice  now  to  the 
attorney,  Lambert,  hoaxing  Bristol  antiquaries  with  an  elaborate  record 
of  the  opening  of  their  ancient  bridge, — boldly  manufacturing  Rowley 
poems  in  abundant  measure, — collecting  knowledge,  and  especially  anti- 
quarian knowledge,  from  every  source  that  was  not  sealed  against  him, — 
corresponding,  upon  equal  terms,  with  Horace  Walpole, — contributing  to 
one  of  the  London  magazines, — and,  finally,  walking  often  in  a  moody 
state  about  the  neighbourhood  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  "  with  a  brain  con- 
sciously the  most  powerful  in  Bristol,"  whilst  he  was  yet  sent  down  to 
feed  with  servants  in  his  master's  kitchen. 

But  the  inward  strife  of  these  important  years  is  never  to  be  seen  or 
kfiown.  The  mortifications  which  so  proud  a  nature  could  not  fail  to  en- 
counter amongst  purse-proud  and  illiterate  citizens,  and  the  bitter,  con- 
stantly recurring  sufferings  of  a  penniless  state,  were  evils  not  to  be  re- 
pelled by  any  means  at  Chatterton's  command.  The  powers  he  was  con- 
Bcious  of  were,  perhaps,  imperfectly  recognised ;  the  poverty  he  bore  about 
with  him  was  a  condition  only  too  palpable  to  all ;  and  it  is  easy  to  conceive 
how  a  spirit  infinitely  more  patient  than  his  might  have  found  cause  to 
groan  under  the  indignities  to  which  such  a  contrast  must  be  sure  to  doom 
him.  It  was,  in  &ct,  the  refusal  of  a  loan  of  money,  at  a  critical  time, 
that  brought  about  the  circumstances  under  which  the  mournful  drama  of 


1856.]  Chatttrton.  203 

poor  Chatterton's  existence  closed.  Intervening  scenes  of  oyerpowering 
interest  there  were,  but  it  was  this  refusal — whatever  else,  had  this  been 
wanting,  might  by  possibility  have  proved  as  fatal — which  looms  out  in 
the  distance  as  the  unmistakeablc  cause.  The  connecting  links  are  evident 
enough.  It  was  this  that  gave  occasion  to  a  deliberate  design  of  self- 
destruction,  which  had  more  than  once  suggested  itself  to  the  unhappy 
boy's  mind  before ;  it  was  the  accidental  discovery  of  this  design  that  led 
to  his  immediate  dismissal  from  the  attorney's  office ;  and  it  was  this  dis- 
missal that  determined  him  to  adventure  on  that  sea  of  wretchedness  in 
which  he  was  so  soon  to  be  a  memorable  wreck. 

The  brightest  interspace  in  Chatterton's  life  was  that  which  came  be- 
tween his  emancipation  from  the  attorney's  desk  and  the  commencement 
of  his  brief  despair  in  London.  Hope  brightened  the  future  to  him  with 
a  glory  which  the  past  had  never  known.  There  was  a  pleasure  even  in 
the  pain  of  Bristol  leave-takings,  for  he  was  going  forth  to  assert  for  him- 
self a  new  position,  amidst  new  scenes.  And,  over  and  above  his  genius, 
be  was  going  forth  with  a  courage  and  a  confidence  deserving  of  a  better 
fate.  With  little  but  a  few  guineas,  collected  for  him  by  subscription,  in 
his  purse,  the  precious  burden  of  his  Rowley  poems,  some  manuscripts  in 
modem  style,  and  his  high  ability  and  enterprising  spirit,  he  turned  away 
for  ever  from  the  old  acquaintances  and  haunts  of  childhood,  to  seek  re- 
nown and  wealth  in  a  more  promising  career. 

It  was  on  the  25th  of  April,  1770,  that  Chattcrton  for  the  first  time 
set  foot  in  London.  Mr.  Masson  dwells  on  the  minutest  incidents — the 
rambles,  and  the  calls  and  occupations,  the  scanty  dinners  and  the  busy 
days — of  that  eventful  period  in  the  young  adventurer's  life.  The  narra- 
tive discloses  an  amount  of  energy  almost  unequalled.  Within  a  few 
hours  of  his  arrival  he  had  already  obtained  interviews  with  the  four  per- 
sons from  whom  it  was  most  likely  that  he  might  obtain  some  profitable 
literary  employment.  "Tired,  and  yet  happy,"  says  Mr.  Masson,  "the 
young  stranger  bent  his  steps  homeward  in  the  direction  of  Shoreditch." 
And  then,  foreshadowing  the  dark  catastrophe  so  near  at  hand,  he  adds : — 

"  Ah !  we  wonder  if,  in  passing  along  Shoe-lane  after  bis  interview  with  Edmunds, 
brushing  with  his  shoulder  the  ugly  black  wall  of  that  workhouse  burying-ground  on 
the  site  of  which  Faringdon  Market  now  stands,  any  presentiment  occurred  to  him  of 
a  spectacle  which,  lour  short  mouths  afti  rwards,  that  very  spot  was  to  witness, — ^tbose 
young  limbs  of  his,  now  so  fiiU  of  life,  then  closed  up,  stsurk  and  unclaimed,  in  a  work- 
house shell,  and  Iwrne,  carelessly  and  irreverently,  by  one  or  two  men,  along  that  very 
wall,  to  a  pauper's  hasty  grave !  Ah !  no ;  he  paces  all  unwittingly,  poor  young  heart, 
that  spot  of  his  Ijondon  doom,  where  even  I,  remembering  him,  shudder  to  tears ;  for 
God,  in  His  mercy,  hangs  the  veil." 

And  in  that  instance,  in  His  mercy,  G-od  had  hung  the  veil.  This,  at 
least,  we  are  assured  of  by  poor  Chatterton's  letters  to  his  mother.  They 
are  written,  at  this  period,  in  an  animated,  boasting,  buoyant,  almost 
happy,  tone.  The  first  was  composed  "  in  high  spirits ;"  the  second  tells 
of  his  "  glorious  prospect,"  and  of  his  possession  of  that  knowledge  of  the 
arU  of  booksellers  which  "no  author  can  be  poor  who  understands;"  in 
the  third  "  matters  go  on  swimminglv,"  so  much  so,  indeed,  as  to  give 
occasion  to  the  triumphant  exclamation,  "  Bravo,  hey  hoys,  up  we  go  /*' 
And  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  too,  amidst  the  revelations  of  these  letters, 
how,  in  the  fulness  of  his  own  unsubstantial  prosperity,  the  writer's 
patronage  and  generosity  overflow.  His  friends  are  to  send  to  him  the 
eifusions  they  would  wish  to  see  in  print ;  his  mother  is  to  be  remem- 
bered out  of  nis  abundance ;  and  his  sister  is  desired  to  choose  the  colours 


204  Chaiierton.  [Aug. 

of  the  two  silks  with  which  he  will  present  her  in  the  summer.  Alas ! 
before  the  leaves  of  that  coming  summer  £ade,  neither  silk  nor  colour 
must  that  mourning  sister  wear ! 

The  letters  we  have  just  referred  to  carry  us  onwards  to  the  close  of 
the  first  month  of  Chatterton's  London  life — the  happiest,  probably,  in 
spite  of  disappointments  and  anxieties  and  labours,  of  any  he  had  ever 
until  then  experienced.  But,  in  connection  with  it,  the  question  will 
suggest  itself — was  the  munificence  he  contemplated  fairly  warranted  by 
any  actual  success,  or  was  it  merely  the  delusive  expectation  of  a  self- 
confidence  yet  sanguine  and  unharmed  ?  Mr.  Masson,  who  has  entered 
deeply  into  the  inquiry,  ascertaining  everything  that  can  be  positively 
known,  calculating  every  certain  gain,  and  conjecturing  cautiously  where 
proof  is  unattainable,  adopts  the 'first  of  these  opinions,  and  concludes 
that  "  we  shall  probably  be  correct  if  we  say  that  Chatterton's  total 
receipts  during  his  first  two  months  in  London  cannot  have  exceeded  ten 
or  twelve  pounds."  This,  with  his  abstemious  habits  of  living  and  in- 
expensiveness  in  regard  of  amusements,  must  have  been  an  ample  and 
encouraging,  though  not  certainly  a  splendid,  income.  Such  as  it  was, 
however,  a  portion  of  it — and  the  fact  should  always  be  remembered  in 
abatement  of  our  sentence  on  his  manifold  sins — was  allotted  to  his 
mother  and  his  sister,  in  the  shape  of  a  snuff-box,  fans,  and  china,  as  the 
fashion  of  the  age  demanded.  Mr.  Masson  is  inclined  to  attribute  some- 
what of  this  liberality  to  pride,  but  we  confess  that  on  this  point  alone  we 
love  to  differ  from  him.  It  is  certainly  a  far  more  pleasant  and  quite  as 
plausible  a  supposition,  that  absence  had  increased  the  tenderness  of  his 
affection,  and  prompted  an  expense  he  could  but  ill  afford.  Two  passages 
in  letters  to  his  sister  appear,  by  their  unaffected  tone  of  truth,  to  lend 
some  countenance  to  our  more  agreeable  view.  In  the  first  he  says,  *'  Be 
assured  that  I  shall  ever  make  your  wants  my  wants,  and  stretch  to  the 
utmost  to  serve  you ;"  and  in  the  second — written  only  a  month  and  a 
few  days  before  his  death — ^he  tells  her,  "  I  am  about  an  oratorio,  which, 
when  finished,  will  purchase  you  a  gown."  We  cannot  look  upon  these 
affecting  passages  as  written  in  the  language  of  display  or  pride. 

The  second  of  these  letters  was  dated  on  the  20th  of  July,  and  before 
then  the  brief  and  dim  success  of  Chatterton  was  on  the  wane.  In  spite 
of  all  his  assiduity  with  editors,  he  found  but  little  profitable  work  to  do. 
Accommodating  himself,  however,  readily  to  this  change  of  circumstances, 
even  while  he  was  the  most  diligent  in  striving  to  prevent  it,  his  cheap 
amusements  were  ungrudgingly  relinquished,  his  slender  meals  reduced, 
and  even  his  dress — the  most  cherished  of  his  small  indulgences — neg- 
lected. But  no  economy  consistent  with  the  barest  sustenance  of  life 
could  meet  the  need  of  his  expiring  means.  And  no  earnest,  restless 
applications  to  the  publishers  who  had  employed  him — no  efforts  to  obtain 
another  occupation — no  labours  with  his  pen,  prolonged  through  sleep- 
less nights  in  strange  succession —availed  him  anything  to  keep  the 
quickly  coming  enemy  at  bay.  Then  came  the  time  when  nothing  but 
some  helping  hand,  outstretched  in  pity  or  in  love,  might  save  him. 
But  no  gentle  mother,  proud  of  the  genius  of  her  boy,  no  good  Samaritan, 
was  near.  There,  in  that  Brooke-street  garret,  one  of  the  gifted  spirits  of 
the  time  was  fighting  out  alone,  with  every  odds  against  him,  a  last  battle 
which  might  only  end  in  death. 

Mr.  Masson  has  dwelt,  we  think,  with  much  felicity  on  the  signal  g^ood 
which  the  presence  of  some  generous  soul  would  have  effected  in  that 


1856.]  Chatterton.  205 

season  of  the  poor  youth's  emergency,  and  has  rightly  chosen  Goldsmith 
as  the  aptest  minister  in  his  imaginary  scene.     He  says, — 

"Precisely  at  the  time  when  Chatterton  waa  writing  hia  last  letters  home,  and 
beginning  to  see  want  staring  liim  in  the  face,  was  this  kindest  of  Irish  hearts  taking 
leave  for  a  while  of  Brick-court,  Fleet-street,  and  all  its  pleasant  cares.  Ah,  me !  so 
very  kind  a  heart  was  that,  that  one  feels  as  if,  when  it  left  London,  Chatterton's 
truest  hope  was  gone.  Goldsmith  never  saw  Chatterton ;  but  one  feels  as  if,  had  he 
remained  in  London,  Chatterton  would  have  been  more  safe.  Surely — even  if  by  some 
express  electric  communication,  shot,  at  the  moment  of  utmost  need,  under  the  very 
stones  and  pavements  that  intervened  between  the  two  spots — the  agony  pent  up 
in  that  garret  in  Brooke-street,  where  the  gaunt,  despairing  lad  was  walking  to  and  fro, 
would  have  made  itself  felt  in  the  chamber  in  Brick-court ;  the  tenant  of  that  chamber 
would  have  been  seized  by  a  restlessness  and  a  creeping  sense  of  some  horror  near ;  he 
would  have  hurried  out,  led,  nay,  driven,  by  an  invisible  power,  and,  by  the  grace  of 
God,  Brick -court  and  Brooke-street  would  have  come  t<^ether !  O,  the  hasty  and  ex- 
cited gait  of  Goldsmith  as  he  turned  into  Brooke-street :  the  knock ;  the  rush  up-stfurs ; 
the  garret-door  burst  open ;  the  arms  of  a  friend  thrown  round  the  friendless  youth ; 
the  gush  of  tears  over  him  and  with  him ;  the  pride  melted  out  of  the  youth  at  once 
and  for  ever ;  the  joy  over  a  young  soul  saved !" 

But  this  was  not  to  be  :  the  solitary  tenant  of  that  cheerless  room  had  no 
friend  to  snatch  him  from  the  grim  temptations  of  despair. 

There  is  something  unspeakably  affecting  in  the  detail  of  the  last  days 
of  Chatterton's  affiction.  The  very  pride  with  which  he  confronted  the 
misery  of  blasted  hopes  and  absolute  destitution  had  something  noble  in 
it,  not  to  be  observed  without  a  new  emotion  of  distress.  The  less  and 
less  supply  of  bread,  bought  stale  that  it  might  last  the  longer ;  his  fiery 
indignation  at  the  baker's  wife  who  had  refused  to  trust  him  with  one 
final  loaf;  his  steady  punctuality  in  the  payment  of  his  rent,  even  to  the 
last  trying  miserable  week ;  his  stem  rejection  of  the  sixpence  proffered  by 
his  poor  landlady ;  his  firm  refusals  to  accept  the  meals  offered  him  in 
charity  by  her,  and  by  his  neighbour,  Cross,  from  whom,  at  last,  the 
deadly  antidote  to  all  his  accumulated  suffering  was  bought,  not  begged, 
— are  incidents  which  take  the  case  of  Chatterton  out  of  the  category  of 
that  guilt  which  we  despise  as  much  as  we  deplore.  Conceive,  in  one 
glance,  of  the  intelligence,  the  stubborn,  fiend-like  pride  of  the  poor 
youth's  nature,  the  utter  discomfiture  of  his  exultant  hope  of  wealth  and 
fame,  the  irritability  of  brain  induced  by  injudicious  midnight  toils,  and 
aggravated  to  the  last  extreme  by  hunger  verging  on  starvation,  and  you 
will  find  enough  to  extenuate,  though  not  to  excuse,  the  act  which 
has  made  Chatterton,  for  evermore,  the  dark  and  glorious  type  of  ruin 
and  despair. 

It  was  on  the  night  of  the  24th  of  August  that  the  arsenic  which 
Chatterton  had  purchased  in  the  morning  did  its  deadly  work.  At  a 
late  hour  on  the  next  day,  as  he  was  not  stirring,  and  no  answer  was 
obtained  to  numerous  calls,  the  door  of  his  room  was  broken  open,  and 
the  youth  was  found  "  lying  on  the  bed,  with  his  legs  hanging  over, 
quite  dead."  He  died  in  his  eighteenth  year,  leaving  behind  him  a  repu- 
tation which  has  grown,  too  late,  into  the  renown  for  genius  which  he 
longed  for  ardently  and  heartily  deserved. 

We  have  left  ourselves  no  space  to  dwell  upon  the  brief  and  pleasant 
criticism  with  which  Mr.  Masson's  narrative  closes.  But  the  omission  is 
of  less  moment,  as  the  judgments  upon  Chatterton' s  merits  as  a  poet  are, 
at  present,  well-nigh  unanimous.  That  his  acknowledged  poems  are  indi- 
cative of  great  ability,  and  yet  greater  promise ;  that  his  Rowley  poems 
are  instinct  with  genius  of  an  order  hardly  ever  equalled  by  so  mere  a 


206 


Chatiertan. 


[Aug. 


boy,  are  positions  which  the  world  have  pretty  much  agreed  to  take  for 
granted  now.  This  element  of  his  youth  should  always  be  remembered 
in  our  estimate  of  Chatterton's  powers.  Reflecting  with  that  memory 
present  to  us,  and  with  the  memory  present,  too,  of  all  the  adverse  in- 
fluences in  the  midst  of  which  it  was  his  fate  to  live  and  write, — upon 
what  he  has  imdoubtedly  achieved,  we  shall  be  prepared,  "  with  Coleridge, 
Wordsworth,  and  Keats,"  to  look  back,  as  Mr.  Masson  expresses  it, 
'*  again  and  again  on  his  brief  existence  with  a  kind  of  awe,  as  on  the 
track  of  a  heaven-shot  meteor  earthwards  through  a  night  of  gloom.'' 


THE  THELLUSSON  PROPERTY. 
{RolU  Court,  June  6.) 


The  remarkable  dispute  respecting  the 
large  property  of  the  late  Mr.  Thellusson 
was  brought  under  notice,  for  the  purpose 
of  having  the  question  decided  by  appeal 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  The  following  is 
a  short  statement  of  the  facts  of  this  cu- 
rious case : — Mr.  Peter  Thellusson,  the  tes- 
tator, was  born  in  Paris,  where  his  father 
resided  as  the  minister  ^m  Geneva.  In 
1762,  Mr.  Peter  Thellusson  came  to  Eng- 
land, settled  here  as  a  merchant,  and 
shortly  after  became  naturalized.  Being 
successful  in  business,  Mr.  Thellusson  gra- 
dually acquired  considerable  property, 
which  he  disposed  of  by  his  will,  dated 
April,  1796,  in  the  following  way  : — He 
left  all  his  real  estate  to  three  trustees  in 
fee  simple  upon  trust,  "  to  allow  the  pro- 
ceeds to  them,  together  with  the  proceeds 
of  his  personalty,  to  go  on  accumulating 
during  the  lives  of  his  sons,  the  lives  of 
his  sons'  sons  then  in  being  or  thereafter 
to  be  bom,  and  during  the  natural  life  or 
lives  of  the  survivor  or  survivors  of  all  of 
them  respectively ;  and  upon  the  death  of 
the  last  survivor  of  the  above  described 
lives  to  divide  the  estate  between  his  (the 
testator's)  eldest  male  descendant  then 
living  and  the  eldest  male  lineal  descendant 
of  his  second  son  in  tail  male."  To  these 
directions  were  added  certain  limitations 
in  favour  of  the  eldest  male  descendants  of 
the  testator's  three  sons,  and  a  provision  to 


the  effect  that,  if  there  were  no  persons  en- 
titled to  bear  the  surname  of  TheUusson 
when  the  accumulations  feU  into  possesakm, 
the  whole  of  the  property  was  to  &U  intotbe 
Sinking  Fund,  in  such  a  manner  as  an  act 
of  Parliament,  to  be  passed  for  the  purpose, 
might  direct.  TheUusson  died  on  the  21st 
July,  1799,  leaving  seven  lives,  to  which 
two  were  subsequently  added,  to  be  ex- 
hausted before  his  estate  could  faU  into 
possession.  His  property  at  his  death 
amounted  to  about  £600,000,  and,  cal- 
culating the  duration  of  the  nine  lives  at 
seventy  years,  they  would  all  become  ex- 
hausted in  1868,  by  which  time,  according 
to  the  actuaries,  the  value  of  the  testa- 
tor's estates,  if  left  untouched,  would 
amount  to  about  £23,000,000.  Thellusson, 
in  his  will,  particularly  requested  that  the 
Legislature  would  not  alter  the  nature  and 
character  of  his  bequest,  but  would  aUow 
the  money  which  he  had  "  earned  by  his 
industry,  and  earned  honestly,"  to  accu- 
mulate, so  as  to  make  his  family,  when  the 
accumulations  came  into  possession,  one  of 
the  richest  in  Europe.  Prom  the  time  of 
the  testator's  death  up  to  the  present  day 
continued  litigation,  as  might  be  expected, 
has  resulted  from  his  eccentric  directions, 
and  the  parties  now  principally  entitled 
are  the  eldest  branches  of  Lord  Rendle- 
sham's  fiunily. 


207  [1856. 

HOUSES  OF  THE  MIDDXE  AGES. 

Mr.  Urban, — You  are  doubtless  aware  that  I  have  been  for  some  years 
engaged  upon  a  work  on  the  "  Domestic  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages 
in  England/'  of  which  a  portion  has  already  appeared  ;  and  as  I  believe  that 
your  readers  are  as  much  interested  in  this  subject  as  myself,  I  have  no 
scruple  in  asking  your  assistance  in  rendering  my  work  as  complete  and  as 
accurate  as  possible.  With  that  view,  most  important  information  is  to  be 
obtained  from  the  Licences  to  Crenellate,  as  few  houses  of  any  consequence 
were  built  in  those  days  without  being  fortified,  and  that  could  not  be  done 
without  a  licence  from  the  suzerain.  All  such  licences  granted  by  the 
crown  in  England  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries,  are  recorded  in 
the  Patent  Rolls  preserved  in  the  Tower  of  London ;  and  as  but  little  re- 
liance can  be  placed  on  the  printed  copy  of  those  Rolls  for  such  a  purpose, 
where  minute  accuracy  is  necessary,  I  applied  to  Mr.  Duffus  Hardy,  the 
Deputy-keeper  of  the  Records  in  the  Tower,  and  he  very  obligingly  em- 
ployed competent  persons,  accustomed  to  the  reading  of  these  Rolls,  to 
make  out  for  me  a  complete  hst  of  all  such  licences  as  occur  in  them.  This 
list  I  now  beg  you  to  present  to  your  readers,  and  ask  them  to  give  me  such 
information  as  the  local  knowledge  of  each  enables  him  to  supply,  as  to 
what  remains  there  are  still  existing  of  any  of  these  houses ;  or  if  there  are 
no  remains,  what  vestiges  there  are  to  mark  the  spot  where  the  house 
formerly  stood.  I  beheve  that  in  almost  every  instance,  it  will  be  found 
on  investigation,  that  some  traces  exist — either  the  moat  or  the  mound ;  or 
in  cases  where  the  site  has  been  built  upon,  the  name  has  most  commonly 
been  preserved.  In  some  instances,  I  know  that  the  houses  remain  almost 
entire,  and  of  course  the  date  of  the  licence  to  fortify  it  gives  us  within  a 
very  few  years  the  exact  date  of  the  building.  This  is  of  great  assistance 
in  the  history  of  architecture,  and  may  in  some  instances  enable  us  to  cor- 
rect erroneous  notions,  and  shew  that  the  changes  of  style  began  to  take 
place  at  an  earlier  period  than  is  commonly  supposed.  I  have  not,  however, 
at  present  found  any  instances  in  which  the  actual  date  has  differed  mate- 
rially from  that  which  I  should  have  assigned  to  it  from  the  style  alone, 
or  such  as  I  have  already  assigned  to  similar  buildings  in  the  "  Glossary  of 
Architecture." 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Oxford,  July,  1856.  J.  H.  Parker. 

P.S. — I  have  already  obtained  information  respecting  a  few  of  these  houses, 
but  hope  now  to  be  able  to  carry  on  the  investigation  more  thoroughly,  and 
purpose  devoting  a  part  of  my  time  during  the  summer  months  to  seeing 
such  examples  as  appear  to  be  most  worthy  of  notice.  I  have  added  a  few 
short  notices  respecting  some  of  these  houses,  and  it  would  be  easy  to  en* 
large  them,  but  I  fear  that  the  bare  list  of  licences  will  occupy  more  of 
your  valuable  space  than  you  may  be  willing  or  able  conveniently  to  spare. 
I  shall  be  glad  to  know  from  any  of  your  learned  readers  whether  the 
variations  of  form  which  occur  in  the  Rolls,  such  as  manerium,  mansum 
manerii,  &c.,  imply  any  different  kind  of  house  of  greater  or  less  import- 
ance, or  are  mere  variations  of  the  scribe,  and  therefore  not  worth  notice*. 


*  A  survey  of  the  old  houses  which  still  exist,  or  an  account  of  what  remaini  of  any 
others,  will  be  most  useful;  and  we  shall  be  glad  to  find  that  Mr. Parker's  appeal  to 
our  readers  meets  with  a  ready  response. — Ed, 


208  [Aug. 


LICENCES  TO  CRENELLATE.      GRANTED  BY 
KING  HENRY  III.     a.b.  {Jg6.  Oct  28^^ 


A.D.       Anno  Regni. 


ms'l  42.  Adomar       Winton.  ) 

'  ^       electus  5  '"^^^"^  ^ 


Portland*. 


43.  Ricardus    de   Clar.,  \ 

Comes  Glouc.  et  Hert-  |  insulam  de  Portland, 

ford.  ) 

43.  Johannes   Maunsell,  *) 

Thesaurarius  Ebor.       )  ^^"^  *^^        Seggewik^       Sussex. 

45.  Marmaducus,     filiusS  f  In  Eiscopa- 
Galfri.                           ^domumimam        Horden         J    tuDunolm, 

46.  Johannes  Maimsell.,') 

Thesaurarius  Ebor.      )  domum  imam       Seggewik         Sussex. 

Aa    -D'      J      v  ^'  J.         f  mansum  mane-1 

48.  Ricardus  Foliot         J     ^..  ^ .  j  Grimestone      Nott. 

48.  Rogerus  de  Sumery  |     ^..  ^.  j  Duddeleg^      staff. 

(  mansum  mane-l 
48 J     ^..^.  jWelegh.  Wigom. 

48.  Johannes  de  Eyvill.  J  ^  ^  ^^^^^^  j  La  Hode  Ebor. 

^^    _  ,  ^      .,  (  mansum  rnane^l  t.  _^.  o 

48.  Robertus  Aguilun     <        ..      .  >  Portingeres       Sussex. 

50.  WarinusdeBassing-*) 

,  >  domum  suam        Bassingbum     Cantebr. 

50.  — ^^_      domum  suam        Esteleye  Warwik. 

quandam   pla- 
ceam   apud 
50.  Henricus  Husee         \      manerium     ^  Hertinge  Sussex. 

suum 

•  There  are  some  remains  of  these  fortifications  of  the  Isle  of  Portland. 

^  This  ancient  manor-house  is  now  lying  in  ruins. 

c  Dudley  Castle.    Various  buildings  in  ruins  sUll  remain. 

10 


1856.] 

^'       Anno  Regni  H.  III. 

67;}  51.  Robertas  de  Ros  de  )  ^^^^^ 


Licences  to  Crenellale, 


209 


Beverlac. 
52.  Robertus 


am  suam       Belver 


Aguyluin  | 


52.  Johannes  Comvn 


i 


mansum  mane- 

rii  sui 
I  qutBdam    came'  \ 
\      ram       infra     ^^^^^^^ 

manerium 

suum 
/  castrum     lapi- 

54.  Thomas    de    Furni-  1      deum,     apud 
vail  )      manerium 

suum 
mansum  mane- 
rii  sui 

55,  Willielmus  Relet.  domum  suam         Marham 
55.  Stephanus  de  Pene- 

cestr. 


54.  Robertus  Aguillu.      j 


! 


I  Perting 

i 


Shefeld. 


I  Adington 


domum  suam         Heure^ 


Line. 
Sussex. 

North- 
umbr. 


Ebor. 


Surr. 
Norf. 

Kane. 


n. 


74,1 
7r>./ 


T?j^TwrKT>T^  T  fl272.  Nov.  20. 

EDWARD  I.     A.D.;,^^^    ,  ,     „ 

\1307.  Julv  7. 


! 


cameram  tn 
mansum 


cestre '  et    Margaret  a  \  domum 
uxor  ejus 
12.  Robertus     Bumell., 
Episcopus  Bathon,  et  ]  mansum 
Wellen. 


Caverswell 


Anno  Regni. 

3.  Willielmus    de    Ca-  I  mansum     suum 
verswell  |      de 

4.  Johannes  Bek  manerium  suam     Eresby 
4.  Hugo  Episcopus  E- 

lien 
9.  Baldewinus  Wake 
9.  Antonius  Bek 
9.  Stephanus  de  Pene- 


manerium  suam     Ditton 


Styventon 
Somerton* 


Aliriton^ 


Staff. 

Line. 

Cantab. 

Bedf. 
Line. 

Kane. 


Acton  Bumell **     Salop. 


^  Hever  Castle.    This  remains  tolerably  perfect. 
«  See  Domestic  Architecture,  vol.  i.  p.  172,  wad.  yol.  ii.  p.  238. 
'  Stephanus  de  Penecestr.  is  mentioned  as  Constable  of  Dover  Castle  in  Pat.  Rollf, 
an.  8  Edw.  I.,  memb.  4. 
%  Allington,  Kent.    There  are  considerable  remains  of  this  houses 
^  See  Domestic  Architecture,  vol.  i  p.  168. 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLYI.  e  e 


210 


^284,1    Anno  Regni  E.  I. 

1285./  13'  Th.  Episcopus  Me- 
neven. 

18.  Petrus       Episcopus 
Exon. 

18.  WillielmuB    le    Va- 


Licences  to  Crenellaie. 


[Aug 


mansum 


vasour 

19.  Johannes,  Archiepi- 
scopus  Ebor. 

19.  Laurenc.  de  Ludelawe    mansum 
19.  Brianus  filius  Alaui       mansum 


] 

j 

1 


mansum 


mansum 


mansum 


Plesele 


Exon  *. 


Heselwode 


Derb. 


Devon. 


Ebor. 


Parva    Cump,  |  g,^^^ 
ton  j 


Stoke-Say  >^ 
Kilwardeby 


Salop. 
Ebor. 


20.  Willielmus  de  BeUo 
Campo«  Comes  Warn 


quendam  mu- 
rum  circa 
quoddam  vi- 


ridanum  ,•„.  (  ^^"^s^ape ». 
/ra    mansum 


20.  Willielmus  de  Gran- 
disoDO 


suum  de 


mansum 


Asperton 


Heref, 


21.  Edmundus,       frater  )  '^^^'^    «'«"» 
Regis  I      ^'^^^^  ^^  ^««- 

21.  Hugo  de  Frene 
21.  Robertus  de  Percy 

21. « 

21.  Gwyschardus 
Charrum 


de) 


mansum  °* 

mansum 

mansum 

mansum 


in  parochi&  \ 
Sancti  Cle-  / 
mentis    Da- j  ^'^^ 

Heref. 

Ebor. 

Ebor. 


corum. 
Mockes 
Sutton 
Boulton 

Horton 


Northumbr. 


22.  Johannes   de  Coke- 
feld 


capitale  man- 
sum  suum  de 
Melton  muro 
terreo  et  bor-  ?  Melton». 

dis  includere 
et  kemellare 


22.  Rogerus    le    Bigod, 
Comes  Norff. 


mansum 


Bungeye 


Suff. 


1  The  bishop's  palace  at  Exeter  has  been  restored  within  the  last  few  years,  con- 
sequently nearly  all  the  remains  of  the  original  fabric,  which  were  considerable,  have 
been  destroyed. 

k  See  Domestic  Architecture,  vol.  i.  pp.  62—64,  78,  82—84,  157. 

1  No  county  in  MS.,  but  probably  Hanslope,  in  Com.  Bucks. 

"  Muro  de  petr&  et  calce  absque  turri  seu  turelli  firmare  et  kemellare,  ita  quod 
murus  ille  subtus  kemellieram  sit  altitudinis  decern  pedum. 
'  "  This  licence  is  entered  twice  on  the  Roll :  memb.  17>  and  m.  21. 

o  No  county  in  MS.  There  are  many  Meltons,  but  this  is  no  doubt  Molton,  or 
Moulton,  in  Suffolk,  and  the  name  should  be  Cokefend. 


1856.] 


Licences  to  Crenellate, 


211 


Anno  Regni  £.  I. 


>. 


4.}  22.  Abbas  de  Hales 


quasdam  cameras  quas  in-  >, 
fra  eandem  Abhatiam  \ 
de  novo  construxerunt  I 
kernellare  / 


Hales 


23  Ricardus  de  Peu- 
lesdon 


j 


mansum  suum 


24.  Prior  et    Con- 

ventus  de  Tyne-  '  Prioratum  suum 
muth. 


(  Warandas- 
(      hale 


T)memuth. 


26.  Johannes       de  (  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^"^  ^^^^^  *'*•  ) 

fra  clausum  Ebor.  ec-  >  Ebor. 


Cadamo 


27.  Johannes       de 


Wylington 


1 


clesi 


manertum 


Yate 


27.  W.  Coventr 
Lych.,  Episcopus 


29.  Johannes  de  Se- 
grave 


.  et) 

j 


procinctum  domorum  sua- 
rum  et  canonicorum  in 
fra  clausum  Cathedral 
Lichefeld,  muro  lapideo 
includere  et  murum 
lum  kernellare 

mansum  suum 


ieor 


Lichef. 


29.  Johannes       de  )  .  ^    ...  _.,        , 

TT    ..  j  manertum  suum  et  villam      Filungeleye 


29.  W.  Coventr.  et  \ 
Lych.,  Episcopus  j 

30.  WiUielraus  de 
Hamelton,  de- 
canus  ecclesio} 
Beati  Petri  Ebor 


mansum  suum 


fXhorp- 
(WaterviU 


Salop. 


mansum    suum   Cimeterio 
ejusdem  ecclesite  conti- 
guum  muro  de  petrd  et  \  Ebor 
calce  firmare  et  kernel-  \ 


tare 


81.  Gerardus    Sal- 
vayn 


3 1 .  Ranulphos     de  ) 


mansum  suum 


Salop. 


Fryskeneye 


i 


mansum  suum 


Ebor. 


Glouc. 


Staff. 


Breteby  Derb. 


Warr. 


Norht. 


Ebor. 


iHerssewell 
in  Spal.     }  Ebor. 
dingmor. 

I  Friskeneye .     Lina 


212 

^oSr       Anno  Reg^  E.  I. 

;}  82.  Jacobus  de   la  1 

Plaunche  ) 


Licences  to  Crenellaie. 


1303, 
1304 


mansum  suum 


32.  Thomas  le  La- 
tymer 

33.  Robertus       de 
Reynes 


83. 


33.  Johannes  de  Se- 
grave,  senior 


1 
} 
} 


mansum  suum 


mansum  suum 


mansum  suum 


manertum  suum 


33.  Johannes  Lovel  ) 

J    n^-  L  L       f  9nanertum  suum 

de  Tichemersh      ) 


33.  Wniielmus  Ser- 
vat,  civis  et  mer- 
cator,  London 


33.  W.  Covent.   et 
Lych.,  Episcopus 


quondam  turellam  ultra 
portam  mansi  sui  in 
Civitate  prcedicta,  petra 
et  calce  de  novo  con^ 
struere  et  kernellare. 

domos  suas  in  manso  sua 
in  parochid  Sancta  Ma^ 
ricB 

Barram  novi  Tempii, 
London,,  tarn  videlicet 
illas  quoB  sunt  de  Epi- 
scopatu  prtedicto,  quam 
illas  quas  in  quddam 
placea,  quam  sibi  et 
heredibus  suis,  adqui- 
sivity  cedificavit  de  pe^ 
trd  et  calce  kernellare 
necnon  et  quandam  Tu- 
rellam in  angido  mansi 
sui  prcedicti  ibidem  ver- 
sus  orientem  super  a- 
quam  Thamis.  similiter 
de  petrd  et  calce  con- 
struere  et  kernellare 


[Aug. 


Haveresham^  Buk. 


Braybrok  Northt. 


Shortflat 


Eyden 


Calvedon' 


Lond. 


North- 
umbr. 

North- 
umbr. 

Warr. 


Tichemersh      Norht. 


Midd. 


Lond. 


Midd. 


4  The  church  of  Haversham  contains  a  heautUUl  altar-tomb,  with  a  recumbent  eiB^ 
under  a  rich  canopy,  supposed  to  be  that  of  Elizabeth,  Lady  Clinton,  beiresS'Of  the  U^ 
\a  Plaunches. 

'  Calvedon,  or  Caledon,  near  Coventry.    Part  of  tho  hall  of  this  period  remains. 


1856.] 

Anno  Regni  E.  I. 

l.D. 

305,  \ 

306./  34.  Walterus        de 

Langton,  Coventr. 

et  Lych.,Episcopus 


Licences  to  CreneUate. 

domos    quas    fieri   fecit^ 

apud  Beudesert  etAshe-  j 

by  David  et  alibi  per  (  ^^^udesert 

omnia   loca   quce   idem}      Asheby 

episcopus  habet  in  An-  1       ^^^^^ 
glid  J 


35.  Mathias 
Monte  Martini 


s         de  I 
artini       ) 


tnansum  suum 


Barn. 


213 


Warr. 
Northt. 


Sussex. 


). 


EDWARD    II.     AD    / ^^07.  Julys. 

•  \1327.  Jan.  20. 


Anno  Regni. 


j\       1.  Ricardus  le  Brun     mansum  suum 


1.  Willielmus       de 
J)  \  mansum  suum 


1.  Robertus  de  Tvl- 
2Jq|  "^     \  mansum  suum 


I.  Johannes      Ex- 
traneus 


I 


mansum  suum 


1.  Johannes  deBen- 
stede,  clericus        ^  ^an^rn  suum 


1.  Robertus         de 
Holand  ^  mansum  suum 


} 


/  Drombogh 
j  in  marcbi^ 
\  ScotiaB 


J  Cumbr. 


Dunmal-        \ 

loght  in  mar-  (  Cumbr. 

chia  ScotiaB   j 

(  Scaleby,  in     f 

I  marchia         7  Cumbr. 

f  Scotiae  r 

Medle» 


Eye,  juxta 
Westmonas- 
ter.  quod  vo- 
catur  Rose- 
mont. 

Holand 


Midd. 


Lancafetr. 


•  Probably  in  Kont.    See  CaL  Pat.  Rolls,  an.  13,  Rio.  II.,  page  218. 


A.D. 
1308 
1309 


214 

}Anno  Regni  E.  II. 
2.  Henricus  de  Per- 
cy. 


Licences  to  Crenellate. 


} 


2. 
2. 


mansum  suum 


mansum  suum 


mansum  suum 


[Aug. 


Spofford*  Ebor. 


Lekyngfeld 
Petteworth 


Ebor. 

Sussex. 


2.  Abbas  Sancti  An- 
gustini,  Cantuar. 


quondam  cameram   ultra  \  Abbatio; 
portam  Abbaci    suam^  I  Sancti  Au- 
quam  de  novo  fieri  fa^  i  gustini,  Can- 
dunt^  kemellare  J  tuar. 


Kane. 


^portam  Abbatice  et  duas 

\     cameras    inter    eandem 
2.  Abbas  de  Burgo  )     ^^^,„^  ^^  ^^^j^^^  .^ 

Sancti  Petri  ^     ^^^^     ^^^^.^    ^^. 


Peterborough  Northt. 


nellare 


mansum  suum 


3.  Johannes        de 
Merkyngfeld 

3.  Williebnus     de 
^      ^  Y  mansum  suum 
Grantson 

3*  Johannes  deHas- 
tang. 

4.  Nicholaus  de  Se- 
grave 

4.  Willielmus       de") 


Merkyngfeld      Ebor. 


mansum  suum 


mansum  suum 


Eton 


Chebeseye". 


Barton* 


Heref. 


Bliburgh,  clericus) 


mansum  suum 


4.  Rogerus  Maudut  [  man^m  ««tim 


4.  Johannes  deMid- 
delton 


1 


mansum  suum 


Bromle^ 


Essetete 


Neulond 


Northt. 


Kane. 


C  North- 
(^  nmbr. 


{ 


North 
umbr. 


4.  Wal  terns  de  May-  \ 

denstan,  vallettus  |  mansum  suum  in  villa  de      Maydenstan. 
Regis  / 

«  SpofForth.  This  was  for  several  ages,  prior  to  Alnwick  or  Warkworth,  the  seat  of 
the  Percy  fiEunily,  who  had  a  princely  castle  here,  which  was  demolished  by  the 
Yorkists  after  the  battle  of  Towton,  in  which  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  and  Sir 
Charles  Percy,  his  brother,  were  slain.  The  grand  hall^  though  in  ruins,  still  remains  ; 
it  is  nearly  76  feet  in  length  and  about  87  in  brcAdth,  and  is  lighted  by  a  letrge  window. 

*  No  county  in  MS. :  Chebsey  is  a  parish  in  Ck)m.  Stafford. 

*  Barton  S^grave,  Northamptonshire.   This  house  is  destroyed. 

7  The  episcopal  palaoe  at  Bromley  had  become  so  ruinous  in  1184,  that  Gilbert  de 
Glanville  was  obliged  to  expend  a  considerable  sum  in  repairing  it.  It  was  rebuilt  in 
1777. 


1856.] 

Anno  Regni  E.  11. 
'}■  4.  Nicholaus     de 


Licences  to  Crenellate. 


0. 


Sancto  Mauro 


mansum  suum 


de 


mansum  suum 


mansum  suum 


4.  Robertus 
Holland 

4.  Alexander  de 
Bykenore,  cleri- 
cus. 

4.  Willielmus      le  "^  cameram  suam  infra  man- 
Wauton 

4.  Johannes  de  San- 
dale,  clericus 

5.  Johannes  de  Pel- 
ham,  clericus 

5.  


Meleburn  *. 


215 


Eton  Meysi      Wiltes. 


} 


5. 


Hugo     le    De- 
spenser,  senior 


sum  suum 
mansum  suum 

mansum  suum  in 

mansum  suum  in 

omnes  domos  et  cameras 
in  quibuscunque  mane- 
riis  suis  in  regno  nos- 
tro. 


I 


Ruardyn*         Glouc. 


Crumhale         Glouc. 


Whetele 

Silvestrete 
Distaflane 


Ebor. 

London. 
London. 


5.  Henricus  de  Bel- 
lo  Monte 

6.  Johannes  de") 


Handlo 


) 


mansum  suum 


mansum 


Folkyngham^     Line. 


6.  Robertus Baynard  s  mansum 


Bucks. 


Norf. 


7.  Simon  de  Monte") 


Acuto 

7.  Fulco    de    Pay- 
forer 


I 


mansum 


mansum 


TBorstall,  juxta 
(     Brehull 

C  Magna 
\  Hautboys 

r  Somer- 
Yerdlyngton  ^^^ 

Colwebrigge     Kane. 


} 
I 


*  Melboum,  Com.  Derby.  Here  was  anciently  a  baronial  castle,  in  which  John,  Dnke 
of  Bourbon,  who  had  been  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  was  confined  for 


several  yearsj  it  is  said  to  have  been  dismantled  in  1460,  by  order  of  Queen  Mar^ret, 

"/  any  vestiges  remain.     Melboum  Hall  \ 
formerly  a  palace  belonging  to  the  bishops  of  Carlisle. 


but  it  was  afterwards  repaired.    Scarcely  any  vestiges  remain.     Melboum  Hall  was 


This  castle  is  mentioned  in  the  Inquisition  Post  Mortem  of  Henry,  Duke  of  Lancas- 
ter, an.  35,  Edw.  Ill,  Part  1,  No.  122. 

*  Ruardyn.    Here  are  a  few  remaining  fragments  of  an  ancient  castle. 


^  The  town  of  Falkingham  is  supposed  to  have^originated  from  a  baronial  castle  in 
Charles  I.,  was  subsequently  demolished  by  order  of  Cromwell.     It  occupies  an  eleva- 


the  vicinity,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Henry  de  Beaumont,  lord  of  the  manor  in  the 
reign  of  King  Edward  I.,  which,  having  been  garrisoned  by  royalists  in  the  time  of 


tion  which  commands  an  extensive  view  over  the  fens. 


{To  he  continued.) 


CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLYANTJS  URBAN. 


Heraldry  of  Animals— Holbom  of  Old— Worcestershire  in  the  Civil  Wars— Ancient  Seal— Dnke  of 
Monmouth's  Key— Proposed  National  Gallery— Church  Furniture. 

The  Nattjbal  Histoby  and  Habits  op  Animals,  as  desobibed  by  ouh 

OLD  Heealdic  Weitebs. 


Me.  Ueban, — It  is  exceedingly  amusing 
to  read  the  description  of  the  natural  his- 
tory and  habits  of  the  animals  used  in 
coat-armour  which  our  old  heraldic  writers 
(particularly  Gerard  Legh)  are  so  fond  of 
giving.  Whether  these  said  habits  were 
ever  **  sioallowed"  by  any  of  his  readers, 
or  whether  they  were  generally  admitted 
as  facts  in  the  sixteenth  century,  I  confess 
myself  entirely  ignorant.  As  Legh's  "  Ac- 
cedens  of  Amiorye"  is  (according  to  book- 
sellers' catalogues)  rather  scarce,  I  hope  it 
will  not  be  taking  up  too  much  of  your 
valuable  space  if  I  extract  a  few  of  these 
extraordinary  and  romantic  habits.  And 
first  and  foremost  let  us  note  the  Lion, 
"  which,"  says  Legh,  "  is  to  be  preferred, 
because  he  is  kig  of  all  beastes."  "  It  is 
saide,"  says  he,  "  that  when  they  are  first 
Lionsod,  they  sleape  continually  three  log 
Egiptian  d^.  Wherat  the  Lyon,  making 
Buche  terrible  roryng  (as  the  earth  trem- 
beleth  therwith)  raiseth  them  by  force 
thereof  out  of  that  deadlye  sleap,  minis- 
tring  foode,  which  for  sleape,  before  they 

could  not  take His  mercie  lykcwise 

is  suche,  as  he  sufiereth  strangers  to  passe 
by  him,  especially  such  &a  have  been  in 

thraldome The  Lion  eating  his  fill 

but  euerye  thirde  daye  (if  he  bee  in  daunger 
to  be  chased)  hee  vometeth  at  his  will,  and 

lanketh  him  selfc The  Lion  beinge 

chased  of  many,  and  wounded  but  of  one, 
giueth  such  hede  to  him,  of  whom  he  re- 
ceiueth  the  same  that  hee  will  not  misse 
to  knowe  from  whence  it  came,  and  will 
surely  acquite  (sic  for  requite  ?)  the  gyuer 
thereof." 

Owillim,  in  his  "  Display  of  Heraldrie," 
says  that  when  the  Lion  is  hunted,  he 
**  carefully  prouideth  for  his  safety  labour- 
ing to  irustrat  the  pursute  of  the  hunters 
by  sweeping  out  his  footsteps  with  his  taile 
as  hee  goeth  that  no  appearance  of  his 
tracke  may  bee  discouered." 

But  to  return  to  Legh : — "  The  crowing 
of  a  cocke  is  the  hatcfullest  noise  that  he 
may  heare  the  sight  of  whose  cobe  greatly 
annoyeth  hin>," — this  almost  prems  to  be 
a  hit  at  the  French,  "  When  he  is  sicke 
he  healeth  him  self  with  the  bludde  of  an 
ape :" — is  this  "  bludde"  applied  externally 
or  internally  ? 

But  the  wonders  of  the  Lion  appear  to 
be  "lengthened  after  life,"  for  when  his 
Iwmea  arc   "smitten  together,  fier  flieth 


out  of  them  as  from  a  flint  stone."  On 
account  of  this  wonderftd  property  of  the 
Lion's  bones,  he  adds  that  in  the  "old 
tyme"  they  made  shields  of  them ;  and,  in 
order  that  his  readers  might  not  doubt  his 
words,  he  informs  them  that  "  I  my  selfe 
haue  one  at  this  day,  and  do  kepe  the  same 
aa  a  worthye  antiquitie  of  elder  age."  So 
much  for  the  Lion. 

Next  comes  the  Leopard,  who  is  so 
called  because  "  hee  is  unkindly  begotten, 
betwene  the  Liones  and  the  Parde."  He 
gives  us  very  little  of  the  Leopard's  halnts, 
except  that  "  Auicene  saith  that  when  hee 
is  sicke,  hee  cureth  himselfe  by  the  blud 
of  the  wilde  gote,  whome  he  swiftly  pur- 
sueth." 

The  Hart,  which  is  next  in  order,  is, 
says  our  friend  Gerard,  "  a  woorthye  b«»te 
and  of  lyght  hearynge,"  and  "  delighteth 
much  in  musike."  He  has  no  need  of 
"gote's"  or  ape's  "bludde"  to  cure  him- 
self, for  "  Auicene  suth  he  is  neuer  trou- 
bled with  feuers  because  hee  hath  no  gaU. 
...  He  hath  a  bone  in  his  hart  as  precious 

as  yuery He  feareth  much  the  voyce 

of  the  Foxe,  and  hateth  the  Serpent." 

But  of  all  these  extraordinary  properties 
of  animals,  the  following  "pollicye"  for 
taking  the  "  Vnicome^*  is  certainly  the 
most  extraordinary.  "A  mayde  is  sett 
where  he  haunteth,  and  shee  openeth  her 
lappe,  to  whom  the  Vnicome,  as  seeking 
rescue  from  the  force  of  the  hunter,  yeldetn 
hys  hed  and  leaueth  all  his  fiercenes  and 
resteth  him  selfe  vnder  her  proteccion, 
sleapeth  vntill  he  is  taken,  and  slaine!" 
Gwillim,  who  quotes  largely  from  Legh, 
yet  "  fights  shy"  of  this,  and  almost  doubts 
"  whether  there  bee  any  such  beast  as  this, 
or  no." 

The  Bull  has  nothing  extraordinary 
told  about  him,  except  that,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Isidore,  "  when  hee  is  tyed  vnder 
a  figge  tree  hee  loeeth  all  hys  strength ;" 
and  the  foUowing,  which  I  do  not  under- 
stand :  "  hee  is  paimaster  of  euerye  good 
townc,  and  beneficiall  to  the  parson.  There- 
fore all  seueralles  are  to  him  common." 

The  "Bore  is  the  ryghte  esquier,  for 
hee  bearethe  both  armour  and  shielde  and 
fighteth  stemelye."  He  appears  to  be 
very  punctual  in  all  his  engagements,  for 
we  are  told,  that  when  he  is  fighting  and 
has  "  his  bellg  fiiU,"  he  will  make  an  ap- 
pointment with  his  adversary  to  fight  agam 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


217 


« 


«( 


the  next  day, — "  yea  and  the  third  daye, 
till  one  of  them  be  victor."  There  is  a 
defect  in  the  woodcut  of  the  Boar,  which 
is  thus  commented  upon :  "  The  Bore,  of 
nature,  is  gcuen  much  to  the  luste  of  the 
flesh.  But  this  my  Bore  is  chaste,  for  my 
cutter  hath  cutt  him  as  short,  as  6effi*ey 
Plantaginet  Erie  of  BuUein,  cut  the 
Bishoppe  of  Sagre,  because  hee  would 
haue  him  vse  abstinence." 

The  **  Samme"  finds  great  favour  in  the 
eyes  of  the  old  <*  Herehaught,"  because, 
says  he,  "  hee  is  an  auncient  of  that 
honourable  company  of  Drapers  of  whom 
I  am  one,  both  by  birthe  and  seruice." — 
"  WTien  he  slepeth  he  holdeth  vp  his  hedd, 
and  from  spring  time  tyU  haruest,  he  lieth 
on  the  one  side,  and  from  haruest  till 
spring  time  againe,  on  the  other  side." 
He  is,  we  are  told,  by  rank  a  duke, 
pleasing  in  hart"  and  "  mylde  by  kynde." 

For  hee  hath  the  leadyng  of  multitudes 

and  flockes  of  hys  owne  kynde Plini 

writeth,  that  the  crueltie  of  the  Ramme 
abateth,  if  hee  bee  perced  in  the  home, 
neare  vnto  the  eare.  For  the  chiefest  parte 
of  his  strength  is  in  his  hedd. . . .  And  so  I 
ende  of  the  Bamme." 

But  I  begin  to  think  it  is  time  for  me 
to  "ende"  too,  so  must  pass  the  other 
animals  with  very  short  notices.  The 
Horse  has  nothing  remarkable,  but  the 
"Oote,  saieth  Isidore,  is  very  venereous, 

but  fighteth  not  therefore The  Dia- 

iQonde,  which  neither  iron  or  fyer  will 
daunte,  the  blood  of  the  Gote  sofbeneth, 
to  the  breaking." 

The  Hounds  has  little  concerning  his 
properties,  except,  "he  loueth  hys  maister ;" 
to  illustrate  which  are  given  anecdotes  of 
'*  Celius  the  Senatour  of  Placentia,"  Jason, 
and  Sabinus. 

We  are  told  very  little,  also,  about  the 
"  Aase"  who,  though  he  "  be  slowe,  yet  is 
he  sure."  Legh  has  such  a  disgust  of 
egotism  that  he  adds,  "I  coulde  write 
muche  of  this  beaste,  but  that  it  woulde 
be  thought,  it  were  to  mine  owne  glory." 
Candid,  certainly. 

The  "  JFol/e"  U  described  to  be  "raue- 
nous"  and  "ennemye  as  well  to  man  as 

beaste It  is  saide,  if  a  man  be  seene 

of  him  firste  the  man  leaseth  his  voice. 
But  if  the  Wolfe  be  seene  of  the  man 
firste,  then  the  Wolfe  leseth  his  boldenesse 
and  hardines."  I  hope,  if  any  of  your 
readers  are  in  contiguity  to  a  wolf,  they 
may  not  be  seen  of  the  wolf  first, — espe- 
ciaUy  if  they  happen  to  be  clerical  gentle- 
men, for  it  woidd  indeed  be  unfortunate 
for  them  to  "  lease"  their  voices.  Gwillim, 
who  also  gives  this  story,  adds,  "it  were 
fit  such  woluish  and  snarling  persons 
would  looke  on  themselues  in  a  glaase, 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


and  so  be  come  more  silent."  Legh  goes 
on :  "  Solinus  sheweth,  that  he  beareth  in 
his  tayle  a  locke  of  here,  that  exciteth 
loue,  whiche  he  byteth  awaye  with  his 
teeth,  when  he  feareth  to  be  take." — 
"  There  is  nothing  he  hateth  so  muche  as 
the  knocking  together  of  two  fiint  stones, 
the  whiche  he  feareth  more  than  the 
hunters."  He  is,  we  are  informed,  a  great 
enemy  to  sheep ;  for  proof  of  which  Gerard 
asserts  from  Cornelius  Agrippa,  that  "  if  a 
man  make  a  stringe  of  the  wolues  gutts, 
and  put  it  on  the  harpe,  with  strings  made 
of  sheeps  gutts,  it  will  neuer  be  brought 
with  any  consent  of  harmony,  to  agree 
with  the  other." 

The  Serpent  "  feareth  and  flieth  a  naked 
man,  and  leapeth  on  a  me  that  is  clothed. 
The  spettel  of  a  &sting  man  fleeth  him, 
wherefore,  when  the  serpent  standeth  in 
daunger,  then  he  wrigleth  himselfe,  espe- 
cially to  saue  his  heade,  wherein  lyeth  his 
harte.  So  chaunseth  it  sometime,  that  he 
maketh  of  himself  a  knott."  It  is  a  very 
short  time  since  I  read  a  Yankee  story  of 
a  serpent  pursuing  a  negro,  who  "  dodged'* 
him  till  he  "wrigled"  himself  into  a  knot. 
Solomon's  proverb,  "  There  is  nothing  new 
under  the  sun,"  oomes  very  forcibly  into, 
view  here. 

The  Eoffle  has  the  old  story  told  of  him»^ 
that  "if  his  young  ones  will  not  look^ 
againste  the  sunne,  without  watering  eyen,^ 
then  he  kiUeth  th6,  thinkig  that  they  are. 
not  his  own  but  misbegotd."  He  also,  we- 
are  told,  gives  part  of  his  "  praye"  to  other 
birds  which  follow  him ;  but  if  that  prey  is 
not  sufficient  for  himself,  then  he  gives 
them  the  choice  "whether  they  will  flee 
from  him  or  feed  him." 

The  Cock  is  the  royaHest  bird  that  is, 
and  "  of  himself  a  king,  for  nature  hath 
crowned  him  with  a  perpetuall  dyademe." 
He  is  jealous,  and  "fighteth  oft  for  his 
wyues,  and  loueth  them  so  wel  as  he  be- 
stoweth  all  that  hee  may  get  on  them." 

The  Swan  of  course  has  great  delight 
in  music,  and  "singeth  much  before  his 
death;"  he  also  "pursueth  the  cockolde 
maker,  eue  unto  death,  and  will  not  leaue 
the  spouse  breaker,  till  he  kill  or  be 
killed." 

The  JRaven  "deliteth  so  muche  in  her 
own  bewtie,  that  wh^  her  birdes  are 
hatched,  shee  will  geue  them  no  meate 
vntil  shee  see  whether  they  will  be  of  her 
own  colour  or  no."  I  suppose  this  ac- 
counts for  all  ravens  being  of  the  same 
colour. 

Griffins  "are  the  selues  of  such  a 
merueiious  strength,  that  though  the 
man  be  armed,  and  on  horseback,  jet 
they  take  the  one  with  the  other,  quite 
from  the  gToand,  and  carrye  them  deane 

pf 


218 


[  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Aug. 


» 


away."  And  now  comes  the  climax: — 
"  I  think  they  are  of  a  greate  hugenes,  for 
I  haue  a  clawe  of  one  of  their  pawes, 
whyche  should  shewe  to  he  as  bigge  as 
two  li/ons." 

The  Cockatrice  is,  says  Legh,  at  the 
most  a  foot  in  length,  yet  is  king  of  all 
serpents,  and  slayeth  all  things  within  a 
spear's  length  with  his  breath.  "His 
ennemye  is  the  wesell,  who  when  he 
goeth  to  fyght  with  the  cockatrice,  eateth 
the  herbe  commonly  called  Rewe,  and  so 
in  fight  byting  him  hee  dyeth,  and  the 
wesell  therewith  dyeth  also."  When  he 
is  burned,  his  ashes  are  not  venomous,  but 
are  good  for  "  Alkumistes"  in  turning  and 
changing  of  metal. 

The  "  Tyger'*  is  friend  to  no  beast,  and  his 
enemy  is  the  hunter,  who,  when  his  whelps 
are  taken  away,  "casteth  in  the  pursuite 
of  the  tyger,  fayre  looking  myrrours ;"  and 
whilst  the  tiger  is  engaged  in  surveying 
bis  own  charms,  the  hunter  "  escapeth  with 
fleeing." 

The  Camel  is  n  great  repute  among  the 
Saracens,  because  "  their  precious  Alcarran 
was  founde  about  a  camel's  necke." 

The  "OUphant"  "is  very  strog  for 
battayle,"  and  "  hath  a  discrecion,  passinge 
al  other  beastes."  His  enemy  is  the  dra- 
gon, who  "seeketh  his  bloud,  for  the  tem- 
perat  ooldnes  thereof,  to  asswage  his  ex- 
treme heate."  He  is  also  a  great  enemy 
to  "swine,"  whose  grunting  "he  abhorreth 
muche." 

The  Bee  obtains  great  praise  for  his 
industry,  and  is  held  up  as  an  example  to 
kings  and  those  in  authority,  for  his  man- 
ner of  governing. 

The  "  Rainard"  hath  a  prcgnaunt  witte 
and  is  subtyle  withal,"  and  "kepeth  al 
yong  broode  of  housholde  (as  chickens, 
goshnges,  and  ducklinges)  from  the  kite." 
He  is  passed  over  with  a  brief  notice,  but 
our  author  refers  those  who  want  to  know 
more  concerning  him  to  the  "  olde  weomen 
of  the  oountrey,  who  more  delyte  in  his 
case  than  in  the  beast  hymselfe." 

The  ChameUon  is  of  "marveylous 
hewe,"  and  "as  the  ayer  chaungcth,  so 
doth  hee  into  the  same  colour."  Of 
course  we  are  told  the  story  of  his  aerial 
diet,  and  in  order  to  authenticate  this 
extraordinary  circumstance  our  author 
adds,  "whiche  I  haue  seene  halfe  a  yearo 
proued." 

The  Dove  has  great  praise  awarded  to 


him,  and  "Ambrose  saithe  that  in  Egipt 
they  are  taught  to  beare  letters  out  of  one 
prouince  into  another." 

The  Swallow  "  loueth  mannes  companye 
so  muche,  as  hee  bredinge  where  he  payeth 
no  rent,  so  dooth  hee  geue  vnto  his  land- 
lorde  suche  a  singuler  gifte,  that  where- 
soeuer  hee  brcdeth,  the  good  manne  of  the 
house  is  not  there  made  coockwolde,  what 
daye  so  euer  he  be  maried  on."  A  very 
"  singuler  gifte"  indeed. 

The  Crab  "  getteth  his  lining  by  pollicy. 
For  whilst  the  oyster  gapeth  for  the  ayer, 
the  crabbe  stelingly  taketh  a  stone  and 
puttcth  betwen  the  2  shelles,  whereby  he 
feedeth  thereo  safely,  without  any  daunger 
to  himselfe." 

The  Escallop  is  "enjendered  of  the 
ayer  and  dewe  which  hath  no  blood  i  it, 
and  yet  in  mas  body  it  turneth  into  blood 
quickliest  of  any  fode."  And  now  I  sup- 
pose your  readers  will  exchdm  with  my- 
self, "  Ohe  jam  satis ;"  for  instead  of  only 
noticing  one  animal  here  and  there,  I  find 
I  have  unconsciously,  and  I  trust  uner- 
^?ly*  wandered  through  every  example, 
and  spun  out  my  paper  much  longer  than 
was  my  original  intention.  In  conclusion, 
let  me  put  forth  a  plea  for  that  ill-used 
and  almost  forgotten  science,  heraldry; 
which,  though  it  certainly  contains  many 
absurdities,  (indeed,  it  is  these  very  ab- 
surdities which  have  brought  it  into  dis- 
repute,) yet  is  often  amusing,  and  always 
instructive.  To  the  historical  enquirer 
and  the  antiquary  it  ofiers  many  induce- 
ments for  its  study,  and  its  use^ilness  to 
the  architectural  student  in  fixing  dates, 
&c.  is  too  well  known  to  need  utterance 
here;  nay,  even  Voltaire,  probably  the 
bitterest  enemy  it  ever  had,  though  he 
chose  to  designate  it  "the  science  of  fools," 
yet,  fools  as  they  were,  he  could  not  deny 
them  the  possession  of  "long  memories." 
Apologizing,  therefore,  for  taking  up  so 
much  of  your  space,  allow  me  to  sab- 
scribe  myself,  your  constant  reader, 

H.  S.  O. 

P.S. — Since  writing  the  above,  it  has 
stmck  me  that  the  grif&n's  daw,  which 
Legh  says  he  was  the  possessor  of,  was 
an  antelope's  horn;  one  of  which  was 
palmed  upon  Henry  the  Lion,  Duke  of 
Brunswick,  in  the  Holy  Land,  as  a  speci- 
men of  a  griffin's  claw,  and  which  is  still 
preserved.  (Fide  "Notes  and  Queries^" 
voL  iiL  p.  40^ 


HOLBORN  OP  OLD. 

Mb.  Ubban, — I  send  you  a  copy  of  a    ject  which  your  correspondent  T.  E.  T, 
document  relating  to  the  interesting  sub-     so  successfully  dealt  ¥rith*.     It  is  a 


•  See  Qxxn.  Mao.,  May,  p.  486. 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanua  Urban. 


219 


plaint  by  the  inhabitants  of  St,  Andrew's, 
Holbom,  to  the  court  of  Starchamber  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  for  being  inter- 
rupted in  the  enjoyment  of  their  water- 
supply  from  "a  common  welle  rounynge 
with  foyre  water  lying  and  beynge  in  your 
high  comone  waye,  a  litell  benethe  Grayes 
Inne."  This  stream  must  have  been  con- 
siderable, and  it  was  doubtless  the  "  Fleet** 
itself,  the  "  river  of  wells"  of  which  there 
were  so  many  in  its  course.  And  I  would 
submit  that  this  soubriquet  strongly  con- 
firms the  derivation  of  the  name  of  the 
stream  suggested  by  your  correspondent, 
and  which  the  document  which  follows 
also  supports.  A  "  bourn"  full  of  "  holes" 
is  notning  more  or  less  than  a  small 
"  river"  of  "  wells ;"  the  natural  inequali- 
ties in  the  course  of  the  stream  being  en- 
larged for  the  convenience  of  obtaining  the 
water  or  turning  it  to  account : — 

To  the  Kynge  our  Sov'eyne  Lorde, 
Mooste  humblye  complayny  nge  shewith 
unto  your  excellent  Highnes  your  true  and 
feithfuU  subgiettes  Richarde  Hone,  of  the 
parisshe  of  Seynte  Andrewes  in  Holboume 
gent,  Rowlande  Atkynson  of  the  same, 
brwere,  Richarde  Warde  bruer,  Thomas 
Daldeme  of  the  same,  bruere,  w*  all  other 
the  bruers  vitaillers  and  enhabitauntes  of 
the  same  parisshe.  That  where  tyme  oute 
of  mynde  ther  is  and  aUweyis  bathe  been 
a  commone  welle  rounynge  w*  feyre  water 
lying  and  beynge  in  your  high  comone  waye 
a  litell  benethe  Grayes  Ynne,  at  whiche 
weU  your  seide  subgiettes  and  all  other 
thenhabytauntes  of  the  seide  parisshe  tjTne 
oute  of  mynde  w*  their  horse  and  csntes 
hathe  hadde  their  water  at  the  same  welle, 
as  well  for  their  brwynge  as  for  all  other 
ther  necessaryes ;  and  moreover  when 
casueltye  of  fyer  bathe  been  in  the  seide 
parishe  ther  mooste  socour  and  hclpe  hathe 
all  tymes  beene  by  the  water  of  the  seide 


((I 


*t 


welle ;  and  never  none  of  your  seide  sub- 
giettes in  tymes  paste  was  never  denyed 
to  carye  and  fettche  the  seide  water,  untill 
nowe  of  late  that  oone  William  Bobye 
duellyng  at  the  signe  of  the  iij  cuppes  in 
Holboume,  havynge  a  dose  by  lease  where 
the  comyn  course  of  the  same  watyr 
rounethe  by  and  the  dyche  where  the 
water  is  is  none  of  his  grounde;  whiche 
Bobye  will  not  nowe  suffer  your  seide  sub- 
giettes to  have  ther  watyr  at  the  seide 
welle  as  they  allweyis  have  hadde,  onles 
every  brwer  of  the  same  parisshe  wulde 
paye  unto  hym  yj  s'  viy  d'  yearly  for  the 
same,  ayenst  all  righte  and  goode  concyence 
and  to  the  utter  undoinge  of  your  seide 
subgiettes  and  all  the  parissheners.  And 
where  nowe  of  late  your  seid  subgiettes 
hathe  sende  their  servauntes  to  carye  and 
brynge  home  water  for  their  bruynge  at 
all  tymes  necessarye,  the  seide  Bobye  in 
forcible  maner  dothe  beate  their  servauntes 
and  put  them  in  jeoperdye  of  their  lyves 
and  will  not  suffire  youre  seide  subgiettes 
to  have  any  water,  to  ther  undoinge,  onles 
your  Higlmes  of  your  charite  b^  goode 
and  gracious  lorde  to  them  in  this  behalfe. 
In  tender  consideracion  of  the  premisses 
it  maye  please  your  Highnes  and  your 
mooste  honorable  counsaile  to  commaunde 
the  seide  Bobye  persounallye  to  appiere 
before  your  Highnes  and  your  seide  coun- 
saille  at  a  certeyne  daye  to  hym  lymyted 
and  under  a  certeyne  peyne  ther  to  make 
aunswer  to  the  premisses.  And  that  the 
seid  Bobye  maye  be  commaunded  to  suffer 
your  subgiettes  peasibly  to  have  ther  water 
untill  suche  tyme  the  matier  bee  deter- 
myned  before  your  grace  and  your  seide 
counsaile.  And  your  seide  subgiettes  and 
enhabitauntes  shall  dailye  praye  to  God  for 
the  preservadon  of  your  mosto  excellent 
Highnes  longe  to  endure." 

Yours,  &c.,  J.  B. 


WORCESTERSHIRE  IN  THE  CIVIL  WARS. 


Mb.  Ubban, — I  have  just  gleaned  the 
foUowing  among  other  information  from 
the  county  rolls. 

The  year  1643,  so  distressing  to  the  city 
of  Worcester,  when  a  great  portion  of  the 
heavy  levies  on  the  dtizens  for  defence 
against  the  Parliamentary  army  could  not 
be  raised,  was  nearly  to  the  same  extent  a 
cause  of  pecuniary  embarrassment  to  the 
county  at  large.  At  the  April  Sessions  of 
1643,  the  grand  jury  ordered  "  that  the 
£3,000  ordered  last  Sessions  to  be  paid 
monthly  towards  the  payment  of  his 
Majesty's  forces  sent  and  raised  for  the 
defence  of  this  county,  be  continued  till 
next  Sessions,  and  paid  over  by    John 


Baker,  gent.,  collector,  to  Sir  William 
Russell,  high  sheriff  of  the  county  and 
governor  of  the  dty."  But  considerable 
difficulty  appears  to  have  been  experienced 
in  the  ooUection.  Here  follows  a  picture 
of  those  critical  times  worth  preserving : — 

"  The  information  of  Edward  Raynolls,  of 
Kitherminster,  taken  uppon  oath  the  28th 
of  March,  1651,  before  Gervase  Bucke  and 
John  Latham,  Esqs.,  two  of  the  Justices 
of  the  Peace  for  the  county  aforesaid. 

"Hee  saith  and  doth  informe  that  Ed- 
ward Broad  of  Duncklin  Esq.,  about  the 
time  of  the  beginning  of  the  worre  be- 
twixt the  late  kinge  and  the  Pari*  did 
raise  a  troope  of  horse  for  his  sonne  Ed- 


220 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Aug. 


mond  to  engage  in  the  kings  service.  That 
afterwards  about  the  time  when  Sir  Gil- 
bert Garret,  the  gov*nor  of  Worcester  for 
the  Kinge  ment  to  heseige  Stnrton  Castle 
— a  garrison  for  the  Pari*— the  said  Ed- 
ward Broade  sollicited  and  earnestly  press- 
ed the  country  thereaboute  to  rise  toge- 
ther and  to  goe  along  wdth  the  said  Sir 
Gilbert  Garrett,  telling  and  threatening 
divers  of  the  countury  people  that  they 
should  be  hanged  at  their  owne  doores  if 
they  would  not  goe  with  him  against  the  said 
Castle :  That  many  of  the  country  people 
came  in  to  the  said  Edward  Broade  ac- 
cordingly and  hee  was  himselfe  captaine 
over  them  and  furnished  them  with  arms 
and  amunition  and  marched  before  them 
to  Sturton  Castle  and  continued  before 
that  Castle  untill  the  governor  whoe  held 
the  same  for  the  Pari*  was  inforced,  beinge 
overpowred  by  the  enemye  to  yeeld  yt  upp. 
That  afterwards,  about  7  dayes  before  Sir 
Henry  Lyngum  did  rise  against  the  Pari* 
and  surprised  and  tooke  the  county  troope 
of  Hereford,  the  said  Edward  Broade 
spake  to  this  informer,  beinge  his  tenant 
and  his  warriner,  to  goe  to  John  Brancill, 
dwelling  at  Kiddermister,  beinge  a  joyner 
and  well  skiUed  in  stockinge  of  guns,  to 
come  with  all  speede  to  stock  gunnes  for 
him.  And  willing  this  informer  to  be 
himselfe  alsoe  in  redinesse.  And  this  in- 
former askinge  him  what  use  there  would 
be  for  soe  many  gunnes  the  said  Edward 
Broade  answered  there  would  be  use  for 
them  very  speedily,  and  further  said  that 
Mr.  Hugh  Vicaridge  of  Comberton  and 
Mr.  Thomas  Wannerton,  other  Round- 
headed  Rogues,  should  be  hanged  to  begiun 
withall.  And  the  said  Brancill  came  to 
Duncklyn  accordingly,  but  how  many 
gunnes  he  stocked  this  informer  knoweth 
not.  And  afterwards  when  the  newcs  was 
fresh  that  Sir  Henry  Lingin  had  surprised 
the  Hereford  county  troope,  the  said 
Edward  Broade  asked  this  informer  whe- 
ther Sir  Henry  Lyngin  was  gone,  where- 
unto  this  informer  answering  that  hee  did 
not  know,  the  said  Eklward  Broade  re- 
plyed  and  said  Sir  Henry  Lingin  was  not 
as  good  as  his  word ;  and  about  a  weeke 
after  Sir  Henry  Lingin  was  surprised  the 
said  Edward  Broade  hid  divers  gunnes 
which  hee  had  provided  as  aforesaid  under 
a  rick  of  hay  and  afterwards  remooved 
them  hence  and  hid  them  under  come 
mowe  in  one  of  the  bames  at  Duncklin 
where  they  weare  scene  within  a  yeare  and 
a  halfe  last  past  by  one  Thomas  Lovell,  a 


workman  belonging  to  that  house,  as  hee 
tould  this  informer. 

"And  this  informer  doth  further  in- 
forme  upon  his  oath  that  about  a  yeare 
last  past  beinge  att  Bridgnorth  in  com- 
pany with  Edward  Powys,  of  the  citty  of 
Worcester,  bookebinder,  and  others  drink- 
ing together,  hee  this  informer  heard  the 
said  Powys  begin  A  health  to  the  good 
proceeding  of  the  Kings  army  in  Scotland, 
likewise  A  health  to  the  queene  his  mother, 
and  the  third  health  to  the  confusion  of 
the  Pari*,  and  that  he  began  all  these 
3  healths  together,  but  none  of  the  com- 
pany would  pledge  the  same,  some  of  them 
answering  that  they  would  drinke  to  y* 
conversion  but  not  to  the  confusion  of  any. 
And  that  Steephen  Dowty  of  the  Morphe 
and  his  servant  William  Lawde  were  then 
in  company,  and  further  doth  not  in- 
fonne." 

"Articles"  were  "exhibited**  (that  is, 
an  information  was  laid)  in  the  year 
1655,  against  Walter  Moyle,  of  Ombers- 
ley,  yeoman,  for  being  a  profane  man,  and 
for  that  "  one  day  he  publicly  drank  the 
health  of  the  devil,  and  fell  down  as  one 
dead,  to  y*  amazement  and  terrour  of  y* 
beholders ;  and  that  in  the  time  of  the  late 
war  he  did  threaten  his  neighbours,  when 
the  King's  forces  were  in  rendevouze  at 
Oddingley  Heath,  with  plunder  unlesse 
they  would  repaire  in  armes  to  that  ran- 
dezvooze." 

On  the  5th  of  October,  1685,  John 
Bartlam,  of  Whitboume,  laid  an  informa- 
tion that  "  in  hay  harvest  last  (before  this 
neighb'**  heard  that  Monmouth  was  rout- 
ed), this  informant,  riding  upon  the  road 
near  Knightsford  bridge,  there  met  a  man 
that  tould  him  that  Monmouth  was  then 
the  head  man  in  England,  and  that  it  was 
in  every  man's  mouth  in  Worcester,  and 
that  any  man  might  speak  it,  and  that  he 
would  proclaim  it  at  Knightsford  bridge 
(as  he  had  at  Broadheath,  Martley,  and 
other  places,  as  he  came  fdong,)  although 
it  was  so  near  Captain  Clent's ;  and  that  if 
any  one  questioned  it  he  w**  be  at  Knights- 
ford bridge  to  answer  it ;  that  his  name 
was  Kent,  and  he  lived  in  Powick's-lane, 
Worcester." 

In  1687,  Thomas  Knight,  of  Castlemor- 
ton,  was  summoned  to  appear  at  the  Ses- 
sions, to  give  evidence  against  Charles 
Jakeraan  for  drinking  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth's health.  J.  Noakb. 

Worcester,  July  12,  1856. 


ANCIENT  SEAL  FOUND  NEAR  OXFORD. 

Mb.  Urban, — The  ancient  seal  of  which     in  the  month  of  November  laid  (1855,) 
I  send  you  an  impression,  was  discovered     just  below  the  surface  of  the  soil,  by  some 


1856.] 


Correspondettce  of  Sylvanut  Urban. 


workmen  who  were  removing  the  root  of 


H  trett,  on  the  skirts  of  Bagloy  wood,  near 
the  old  footpath  from  Oiford  to  Abingdon, 
in  the  parish  of  Saiutiiigwell,  Berks,  and 
i>  oow  in  mj  jraeaeseion. 

Its  material  is  a  miiture  of  brass  and 
•ome  other  meta],  known  in  that  state,  I 
believe,  as  lattea. 

The  coat  of  arms  represented  npon  it 
ftre,  as  1^  as  1  can  learn,  those  of  Wahsb 
or  WicE,  CO.  Bocks  and  Oxon ;  though  it 
has  been  suggested  to  me  that  it  may  be 
those  of  Pypabd,  oo.  Oxon  i  or  of  Elib, 
CO.  Bucks. 


■tar  of  six  points  of  the  first. 

Those  of  Pypard  :— Ai^ent,  two  ban 
azure,  on  a  canton  of  the  second  a  cinqoe- 
foil  (?  star  of  five  points)  or. 

And  those  of  Ells  ;— Argent,  three  ben 
"'"*'"■""  ""  "  canton  of  the  second  a  stftr 


TTiis  point  I  leave  to  jon  and  joqt 
readers  for  deciwon. 

It  appears,  from  the  introduction  of  the 
well-known  device  of  an  oi  crossing  a 
ford,  that  the  owner  of  the  seal,  whoever 
he  mi^ht  have  been,  had  some  offldil 
connection  with  the  dty  of  Oxford,  and 
the  correctnew  (^  this  Idta  seems  to  IM  in 
some  way  supported  by  the  fi>ct  that  the 
seal  WHS  discovered  within   four  miics  of 


I  send  jou  a  small  sketch  of  it,  the 
eiact  size  of  the  original. — Congratnlating 
you  on  the  improved  appearance  of  the 
Magaane,  I  remain,  yours,  Ac. 

Fbedbbide  O.  Lbs. 

Smmingicea  Beet.,  Abir^tUm,  JiOg,  1856. 


THE  DUKE  OF  MONMOUTH'S  KEY. 
Ms.  Ubun,  —  The  key  of  which  an 

engraving  is  here  ^ven  is  in  the  posses- 


three  generations.  It  belonged  originall; 
to  that  popular  but  unfortunate  noble- 
man, the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  a  natural 
son  of  Charles  II.,  who,  after  the  defeat  of 


his  rash  enterprise  at  Bridgwater,  was 
beheaded  on  Tower-hJU  in  1685,  the  first 
year  of  the  reign  of  James  II.  He  re- 
sided at  "The  Moor,"  near  Rickmans- 
worth,  Herts,  and  this  key  belonged  to 
the  door  of  the  kitohen  garden  there,  and 
was  no  doubt  his  own  private  key. 

It  is  of  polished  steel,  and  is  elaborately 
ornamented.  The  barrel  has  a  slit  at  the 
back,  and  the  surfitce  is  covered  with  an 
engraved  lozenge  pattern  on  llnee.    The 


bow  is  fbrmed  ot  open-work  of  good  de- 
sign, and  very  gracefully  thrown,  and  is 
snrmoanted  by  a  ducal  coronet.  It  is  aaid 
to  form  the  cypher  of  the  duke. 

Tho  key  altogether  is  a  very  fevom^ble 
spedmen  of  the  ornamentation  of  the 
period,  and  is  well  worthy  of  preservation, 
and  might  a&brti  a  valuable  idea  to  modem 

The  engraving  is  the  exact  size  of  the 


•  Wd«"Hl*lor»ofHM*leTChort!h,"p.M, 
Guldt  to  Archil.  AnUq.  nvmr  OiTnd,  pp.  %l%. 


Id  WAca  are  mcTavn. 


Correspondence  of  St/lvanus  Urban. 


[Aug. 


PROPOSED  NEW  NATIONAL  GALLERY. 


BBAB,— If  it  be  not  inronairt 
r  cuBtom  or   rales    to   place 
record   suj^rartions  of  thinge  which    i 


D  be  appropriate!  b 


be,  as  welfas  things  which  are.  Or  which  painting*,  drtwingB,  end  engmvings. 
iave  been,  perhupe  ;on  will  give  place  t«         The  galleriei  and  archwaj'B  to  be  boUt 

the  fbllowing  proposal  for  a  Kational  Gal-  of  brick,  with  atone  mouldings,  uid  to  be 

lery,  (or  whatever  it  may  be  called),  which  of  plain  and  simple  eilcrnal  appearance, 

might  probabl;  obviate  the  existing  difR-  Tbcwcsternend,orfronttowRriiatheOreeD 


iiig  oat 


Diiflicting  0 


Park.  t. 


t  richly,  but  simply  orok- 


u  to  what  tlio  said  galler;  shall  be,  and     mental.    The  two  angles  or  wings  to  cor- 

where  it  shall  bo  ffltualed.  '      '"   "      '  ' "   ■"  '  ""  ""    * 

Let  St.  James's -street  be  carried  right 
through  into  St.  James's  Park,  and  1^1- 
mall  into  tbe  Green  Park*.  This  would 
give  ft  parallelogtam  of  some  500  or  GOO 

feet  bj  200  or  800  fi^et,  with  St.  James's      single  or  double  cob 
Rtrk  and  the   Green  Park   at  its  south     and  tbe  whole  front 


:  boundaries.  Let  all  buildings 
be  cleared  away  from  this  space,  and  a 
gronnd-plaD  marked  oat  something  ailer 


respond  with  the  entrances,  but  built  of 
stone,  with  large  windows  on  the  lower 
Qoor  in  lieu  of  arches,  and  surmounted 
with  domes,  as  on  the  eastern  ends.  Tbe 
connected  by  a  colonnade  of 
I,  as  at  the  Loovr^ 
be  of  stone,  either 


with  0 


pediment,   e 


witlioa 


thii   manner,  St.  James's- 
tbrough  lofty  arches  in   the  eastern  ter- 
mini,   surmounted   by   domes,  contahii 
on  their  concave  surfaces  t 

•nd  let  into  the  floor,  (as  in 

library  of  Fsris),  the  celesti 

tial  globes,    of  dime: 

with  the  sijie  of  the 

twen^  feet  in  diameter.    Undi'r  the 

ways  will  be  the  entraneca  to  the  gaQeriE*, 

that  on  the  gnmnd-floor  (whether  it  be 

single  or  donUe),  to  be  lighted  irom  tbe 

aide  or  ndes,  and  to  be  appropriated  to 


projecting  centre  and 
the  length  of  the  building 
may  seem   u>  require.    Tlie  internal  ar- 
rangement of  this  portion  of  the  building 
to  consist  of  rooms ;  the  centre  containii^ 
an  entrance -hall  and  staircasei  on  either 
hand  convenient  rooms,  in  a  mngle  or  double 
row,  to  be  appropriated  as  the  school  of 
astronomy,  the  school  of  architecture,  the 
school  of  drawing  or  design,  the  school  of 
music,  the  school  of  painting,  the  school  of 
sculpture,   &c.,  &c.    The  upper  floors  of 
the  tront  wings  t«  consist  of  one  room 
ing     each,  of  the  dimensions  of  tbe  boildii^, 
(say  forty,  fifty,  or  sirtj  feet  square,)  to  be 
lighted  from  the  domes.     The  lower  floor 
contain  an  arr«ngeineilt 
n  with  the  long  Kelleriea, 
e  circuit  of  the  builiKt^ 
teriorlj  in  sucb  manner 
corre^ipanding      that  the  strcamn  of  ingnsa  and  egress  may 
ly  filleen  or      be  kept  totally  distinct  and  separate,  w' 
ther  the  galleries  be  single  or  double.  1 
portion  of  the  building  would,  of  cowe, 
be  lighted  by  windows  in  the  onUnkry 
way,  presenting  an  appearance  Knnethlng 
like  this : 


!.   Tlui 


>  sdmll  Itaal  Ihe  ^i 


ireKDI  idle  or  Die  NgUonsl  GaUer;,  IsUBf  in 
niTenLenC  that  can  bt  found ;  plen^  cf  spade 
«  hart  rtcelTid  the  f '- ' — — '-' 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


223 


and  over  the  doorway  let  these  words  be 
cut  in  the  stone  in  Roman  letters, — 

ACADEMY  (or  GALLEKT)  OP  ABTS,  SCIENCES, 
AND  LETTERS. 

Some  such  building  as  this,  in  a  qaiet 
situation,  with  an  open  space  where  it  can 
be  seen,  actually  in  London,  and  not  three 


or  four  miles  off,  would  stand  a  fair  chance 
of  answering  the  object  required ;  and  if 
you  will  lend  your  assistance  towards 
obtaining  that  object,  London  may,  at 
some  future  time,  have  cause  to  thank 
you  for  so  doing. 

Juljf  10,  1856.  W.  C. 


INVENTORY  OP  CHURCH  FURNITURE  AT  CHESHAM,  BUCKS. 


Mb.  Ubban, — The  following  inventory 
of  the  plate,  jewels,  &c.,  of  the  monastery 
of  Chesham  Magna,  Buckingham,  the 
time  of  Edward  VI.,  is  amongst  the  Lans- 
downe  MSB.  in  the  British  Museum.  It 
is  no  doubt  the  original  document,  as  it  is 
written  in  a  hand  of  the  period,  and  signed 
by  the  commissioners.  Lysons,  in  his 
Magna  Brit.,  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
aware  of  its  existence.  E.  G.  B. 

(The  document  commences  with  an  ab- 
stract of  the  commission,  and  in  the  name 
of  the  king  appoints  the  following  per- 
sons:— 

R'hon^i*  S'  Fraunces  Russell  Knight. 

Lorde  Russell. 

S'  Maurice  Barkley  Knt. 

S*^  Edmond  Peckham  Knt. 

S'  Robert  Drury  Knt. 

William  Tildesley  Esquire.) 

The  inventory  is  as  follows  : — 
Imprimis,  v  chalesis  with  their  patens  of 

ralver  parcell  gilt 
Item,  one  Silver  senser  parcell  gilt 
Item,  a  littel  pax  of  silver  parcell  gilt 
Item,  a  pixe  of  Copper 
Item,  a  litteU  boxe  of  Silver 
Item,  ij  Crosses  of  Copper  and  gilt  with  a 

staff  of  the  same  met  tall 
Item,  A  vestment  of  white  Damaske  with 

ij  tunnykels  and  a  Cope  somewhat  worne 
Item,  An  old  Redde  velvet  vestment  with 

ij  tunnekels  and  a  Cope 
Item,  an  olde  vestment  of  greene  Silke 

with  \j  tunnekels  and  a  Cope 
Item,  an   olde  vestment  of  olde   Redde 

velvet  with  ^  tunuekles  and  ^  redde 

coopes  veary  coarse 
Item,  a  blacke  Cope  of  Brussels  worsted 


Altebations  in  Lichfield  Cathe- 
DBAL. — There  are  so  many  records  of  alter- 
ations in  Lichfield  Cathedral  to  be  found 
in  various  numbers  of  the  "Qentleman's 
Magazine,"  that  I  am  induced  to  add  to 
their  value  the  simple  record  of  an  exten- 
sive and  important  alteration  very  lately 
commenced  m  the  interior  of  the  building. 

I  may  briefly  explain  that  the  work 


Item,  iij  pillowes  one  of  Redde  velvet 

one  of  Briggs  aatten  and  one  of  gren« 

silke 
Item,  a  vestment  of  olde  blewe  velvet 

with  an  albe  of  the  same 
Item,  a  vestment  of  Tinsell  satten  within 

an  Albe  of  thQ  same,  worne 
Item,  an  olde  cope  of  grene  Baudekin 
Item,  vj  Corporas  cases 
Item,  a  blacke  vestment  of  BrusseU  and 

satten  of  Brigs  with  an  albe 
Item,  \j  olde  v^tments 
Item,  ij  olde  aulter  clothes  of  Diaper 
Item,  iiij  candlestykes  of  latten 
Item,  iiij  playnt  Lynnen  aulter  dothes 
Item,  xiij  towels  good  and  badde 
Item,  y  aulter  clothes  of  satten  of  Brigs 
Item,  a  vestment  of  green  velvet  with 

flowers 
Item,  iij  aulter  clothes  of  branched  Hcke 
Item,  a  white  vestment  of  Bustyan  with 

an  Albe 
Item,  a  Bible  in  English  and  the  News 

Testament  with  the  Paraphrases 
Item,  a  pair  of  sensers  of  latten  with  a 

Shippe,  and  one  latten  bason 
Item,  v  bells  in  the  stepeU 
Item,  a  crosse  clothe  and  \j  hamer  dothes 

of  silke 
Item,  a  pair  of  Organes 
Item,  a  rayll  cloth 
Item,  the  chauncell,  the  church  with  ij 

Ilea  and  Uie  StepeU  are   ooverd  with 

lead 

Signed 
Fraunces  Russell 

Morris  Barkley  Edmund  Peckham 
Robert  Drury  WyU  T^rldealey. 


essentially  consists  in  opening  the  main 
arches  of  the  choir,  which  were  lath-and- 
plastered  up  in  the  year  1790,  or  there- 
abouts, to  "contribute  to  make  it  one  of 
the  neatest  choirs  in  the  kingdom  f*  albeit 
your  correspondent  "Viator"  soon  after 
was  rude  enough  to  assert  that  the  long- 
drawn  lusle  was  "wire-drawn." — J",  i, 
Lichfield,  July,  1856. 


they  have  from  the  atmoephere.  Another  reason  has  been  offered  for  their  dinn^  appearaaoe  in 
which  there  appears  to  be  much  truth.  The  more  the  subject  is  talked  about,  the  more,  we  are 
•atlsfted,  wUl  people  be  brought  to  agree  tiiat  Trafnlgar-aquare  is  the  right  plaee.— Bn. 


224 


[Aug. 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


The  Holy  Places ;  a  Narrative  of  Two 
Years*  Residence  in  Jerusalem  and  Pales- 
tine, by  Hanmer  L.  Dupui^i.  With  notes 
on  the  jyispersed  Canaanite  Tribes^  by 
Joseph  Dupuis,  M.R.A.S.^  late  British 
Vtce-Consul  in  Tripoli  and  Tunis.  (Hurst 
and  Blacket.  2  vols.,  8vo.) — Of  a  verity, 
as  saith  the  wise  man,  "there  is  nothing 
new  under  the  sun;"  and  we  know  not 
that  this  apothegm  can  be  more  felicit- 
ously applied  than  to  the  majority  of  the 
books  of  travel  with  which  the  press 
teems  at  the  present  day.  We  say  not 
this  in  disparagement  of  the  volumes  be- 
fore us.  As  fellow-labourers  in  the  field 
of  biblical  and  archajological  research,  the 
Messrs.  Dupuis  have  added  their  mite, 
and  not  an  unimportant  one,  to  the  vast 
treasure  accumulated  by  Robinson,  Wil- 
son, Williams,  Stanley,  and  others. 

In  the  early  portion  of  the  work  Mr. 
H.  L.  Dupuis  has  presented  us  with  a 
narrative  of  his  researches  in  the  Holy 
Land,  together  with  notes  on  the  present 
condition  of  the  people  and  the  progress 
of  missionary  labours  among  them,  the 
result  of  a  two-years'  residence  therein  as 
an  attache  to  the  establishment  of  Bishop 
Gobat;  and  we  are  presented  with  the 
following  ingenious  method  of  disseminat- 
ing religious  literature.  It  is  so  much  in 
accordance  with  the  manner  in  which 
quack  medicines  are  dispensed  in  Eng- 
land that  we  shrewdly  suspect  the  dis- 
penser must  have  been  in  the  profession. 

"This  steward  of  the  Lord  (Rev.  H. 
Crawford)  has  fitted  up  a  small  dispensary 
in  the  heart  of  the  Jewish  quarter,  from 
which  he  distributes  gratuitously  such 
medicine  as  the  indigent  portion  of  Jews 
may  require.  The  drugs  are  wrapped  up 
in  small  tracts,  printed  in  the  Hebrew 
character,  upon  those  doctrinal  points 
which  are  most  objectionable  to  them, 
and  quoting  passages  from  the  Bible 
which  bear  upon  the  great  controversy, 
viz.,  the  Messiahship  of  Jesus  Christ  upon 
earth,  which  thus  get  conveyed  to  the 
Jew's  home." 

The  controversy  with  respect  to  the 
site  of  Calvary,  (and  the  extent  of 
ancient  Jerusalem,)  chap,  iv.,  is  of  far  less 
importance  than  the  solemn  event  enacted 
thereon,  and  the  results  accruing  to  us. 
If  the  site  of  Calvary  was  known  to  the 
Christians  of  Jerusalem  before  the  siege, 
it  could  not  have  been  forgotten  on  their 
return  from  Pella,  wliither  they  had  fied 
in  obedience  to  their  Lord's  command. 
Upon  the  direct  authority  of  Eusebins  we 
12 


are  assured  that  the  sepulchre  was  so  well 
marked  before  his  time  that  the  heathens 
had  deliberately,  for  its  desecration,  raised 
over  it  a  temple,  dedicated  to  the  worship 
of  the  Erotic  Venus, — which  abomination 
is  attributed  by  St.  Jerome  to  the  Em- 
peror Hadrian,  who  founded  his  new  city 
of  ^lia  on  the  ruins  of  that  of  Davi^ 
A.D.  130.  St.  Jerome  spent  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  in  the  convent  of  Beth- 
lehem, where  he  was  in  a  position  to 
know  as  weU  as  any  one  the  true  history 
of  the  stupendous  events  of  which  the 
neighbourhood  had  been  the  theatre. 

Of  the  latter  and  perhaps  more  valu- 
able portion  of  the  work,  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Dupuis,  relating  to  the  dispersed  tribes  of 
Canaan  and  original  settlement  in  Africa, 
we  quote  the  following  interesting  pas- 
sages, "introducing  to  the  reader  some 
of  those  races  of  men  who  vainly  strove 
to  defend  their  soil  against  the  children 
of  Israel." — "Atnori,  II  Amore,  or  AtnO' 
rites.  It  rests  not  upon  tradition  alone 
in  Africa  that  Maiuitania,  or  the  country 
of  the  Mauri,  from  which  the  names 
Amori,  Moros,  Moors,  &c.,  have  been  de- 
rived, was  a  land  weU  peopled  and  go- 
verned by  a  powerful  confederation  of  its 
tribes,  while  yet  the  Pharaohs  ruled  in 
Egypt,  and  exerted  authority  over  Africa 
by  annies  composed  but  of  Egyptians, 
Nubians,  &c.,  the  subjects  of  Egypt  ex- 
clusively, or  mixed  with  the  Babloni, 
Babylonians.  The  last-named  people  are 
allowed  to  have  been  able  at  times  to 
enforce  commands  upon  the  Egyptian 
monarchs,  and  the  payment  of  tribute 
also."  "These  people  (the  Amorites)  it 
would  seem,  after  the  great  reverses  sus- 
tained by  their  nation  collectively  on  the 
entrance  of  the  children  of  Israel  into 
Canaan,  abandoned  their  country,  and  by 
the  sanction,  we  may  suppose,  of  the 
monarch  of  Egypt,  settled  on  the  Libyan 
side  of  the  hill,  necessarily  becoming  a 
pastoral  people  like  the  Ammonites,  their 
neighbours,  cmig^nts  like  themselves, 
whose  confederates  they  became,  &c" 

The  Oirgashi.  These  people  also  en- 
tered Africa  in  an  early  age,  on  the  side  of 
Egypt,  and  effected  some  conquests  in  and 
under  the  central  Atlas  or  Gibbel,  together 
with  some  districts  or  waddings  in  the 
Sahra,  adjacent  to  the  land  they  had 
settled  in.  That  they  came  also  from 
Canaan  is  beyond  dispute,  and  that  they 
erected  towns  and  villages  both  in  the 
mountains  and  in  the  Jifiara,  or  plain* 
(in  after-ttmes  the  plain  of  Tripoli,) 


185G.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


225 


upon  the  traditions  of  a  people  among 
whom  the  descendants  of  these  Qirgashi 
or  Girgashites  intermixed.  The  names 
indeed  are  of  corresponding  meaning,  con- 
structed only  in  a  different  tongue.  Hence, 
speaking  of  a  people  whose  advent  in 
entering  Egypt  is  the  same,  or  nearly  so, 
as  that  which  marks  the  passage  of  the 
Jordan  and  the  occupation  of  the  Land  of 
Promise  hy  the  Israeli  or  Israelites,  it  may 
suffice  to  say  that  the  Qirgashites,  as  a 
nation  or  collection  of  trib^,  are  so  well 
known  to  the  reader  from  accounts  con- 
tained in  the  Scriptures,  that  it  is  ahnost 
superfluous  to  refer  to  those  sacred  texts ; 
but  as  they  form  one  out  of  the  list  of  pro- 
scribed or  doomed  races,  the  following 
quotations  will  serve  to  record  the  names 
and  countries  they  had  inherited  through 
their  generations  up  to  the  time  of  their 
expulsion.  See  Jo^ua  iii.  10;  Numbers 
xiii.  29. 

''The  nations  marked  for  destruction 
were  the  Hivites,  the  Qirgashites,  Canaan- 
ites,  Hittites,  Perizzites,  Amorites,  and 
Jebusites,  seven  in  number,  and  these 
alone ;  the  rest  were  to  be  spared,  or  not 
molested  without  a  lawful  cause,  such  as 
that  of  resenting  an  act  of  agression,  or 
repelling  inroads.' 


»> 


S&markable  Providences  illustrative  of 
the  Earlier  Days  of  American  Colonization, 
By  Increase  Matheb.  With  Introduc- 
tory Preface,  by  Geoboe  Offer.  (Lon- 
don :  J.  R.  Smith,  xix.  and  262  pp.) — 
This  is  one  of  a  series  of  reprints  of  the 
popular  books  of  pa^t  times,  which,  from 
their  rarity  or  expensiveness,  have  become 
almost  inaccessible  to  those  who  would  en- 
joy their  perusal.  The  "  Remarkable  Pro- 
vidences'' of  Increase  Mather  is  about  as 
singular  a  book  as  could  well  be  exhumed 
from  the  past.  It  comprises  Remarkable 
Sea-Deliverances,  and  other  preservations ; 
remarkables  about  Thunder  and  Light- 
ning; Philosophical  Meditations;  Things 
Preternatural;  Demons;  Possessed  Per- 
sons and  Apparitions;  Cases  of  Con- 
science; Deaf  and  Dumb  Persons;  Re- 
markable Tempests,  Judgments,  &c.  It 
was  first  published  at  Boston,  in  New 
England,  in  1684.  The  editor  was  the 
son  of  one  of  those  seventy-seven  pious 
clergymen  who,  with  four  thousand  of 
their  followers,  found  refuge  in  the  wilds 
of  America  firom  the  religious  tyranny  of 
Archbishop  Laud.  Dr.  Mather,  who  was 
one  of  the  most  extraordinary  men  of  the 
age,  was  bom  at  Dorchester,  in  New  En- 
gland, in  1639,  and  received  his  name  from 
a  very  extraordinary  increase  with  which 
the  colony  was  at  that  time  favoured.  He 
was  educated  for  the  ministry,  and,  com- 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


ing  to  England,  obtained  literary  honours 
at  Dublin  University, —being  then  only 
nineteen  years  of  age.  He  became  greatly 
distinguished  for  his  attainments  in  mathe- 
matics, philosophy,  history,  theology,  and 
rabbinical  learning,  and  was  recc^nized  as 
a  valuable  preacher.  Upon  the  accession 
of  Charles  the  Second,  he  refused  to  sub- 
mit his  conscience  to  the  dictates  of  the 
State,  and  chose  rather  to  trust  God's  pro- 
vidence than  to  violate  the  tranquillity  of 
his  mind.  To  escape  persecution,  he  re- 
turned to  New  England,  and  was  ordained 
pastor  over  the  North  Church  in  Boston, 
in  1664,  after  a  preaching  probation  of 
three  years.  He  fVdfilled  his  duties  to 
that  church  for  sixty -two  years;  retain- 
ing his  ftdl  power  of  intellect,  popularity, 
and  usefulness,  until  his  death,  in  the 
eighty-first  year  of  his  age.  He  was  the 
author  of  ninety-two  distinct  works,  be- 
sides many  useml  and  learned  pre&ces. 
These  "Remarkable  Providences"  fSuth- 
fully  delineate  the  state  of  public  opinion 
two  centuries  ago :  the  most  striking  fea- 
ture being  an  implicit  faith  in  the  power 
of  the  invisible  world  to  hold  visible  in- 
tercourse with  man,  —  not  of  angels  to 
bless,  but  of  demons  to  destroy.  The  be- 
lief in  witchcraft  was  universal,  until  put 
an  end  to  by  Lord  Chief  Justice  Holt, 
after  a  long,  brutal,  sanguinary  reign. 


Norton* s  IMerary  Agister,  or  Annual 
Book-List  for  1856.  —  This  is  the  Ame- 
rican "  Publishers'  Circular"  list  of  books 
published  in  the  United  States  in  1855 ; 
it  contains  the  titles,  prices,  sizes,  number 
of  pages,  publishers'  names,  and  an  index  of 
subjects.  In  the  whole,  about  2,600  works 
are  enumerated — an  astonishing  number  of 
books  to  be  published  in  one  year;  it 
speaks  well  for  the  reading  public  there. 
Some  of  the  reprints  of  English  books 
would  astonish  their  authors  here,  and 
perhaps  induce  some  to  disavow  the  pater- 
nity :  we  may  instance,  **  Lives  of  Judges 
infamous  as  Tools  of  Tyranny  and  Instru- 
ments of  Oppression.  With  an  Appendix 
containing  the  Case  of  Passmore  William- 
son. By  John  Lord  CampbelL  Edited, 
with  an  introduction  and  notes,  by  Richard 
Hildreth." 


History  of  the  French  JRevolution,fi'om 
1789  to  1814.  By  F.  A.  Mignet.  (Lon- 
don :  Bohn.) — Of  historians  of  the  French 
Revolution  we  have  Michelet,  Thiers,  La- 
martine,  and  Mignet :  the  latter  is  pro- 
nounced by  our  own  historian  of  that 
eventful  period,  the  best.  The  author  is 
well  known  by  his  numerous  historical 
writings,  but  principally  by  his  History 


226 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


[Aug. 


of  the  Frencli  Revolution,  which,  in  the 
original,  has  had  a  well-deserved  success. 
It  possesses  the  special  merit  of  brevity ; 
the  style  is  vigorous,  and  the  facts  appear 
to  be  stated  clearly  and  impartially,  con- 
sidering the  author  is  a  royalist.  In  this 
history  he  displays  the  tendencies  of  the 
fatalist  school,  and  aims  to  establish  a 
necessary  and  inevitable  progress  in  the 
revolution,  not  only  in  general  and  imme- 
diate facts,  but  in  its  ultimate  conse- 
quences. France  has  seen  other  revolu- 
tions since  the  date  of  the  one  here  chro- 
nicled: the  concluding  sentence  of  this 
volume,  written  shortly  after  the  revo- 
lution of  July,  will  be  read  with  interest 
at  the  present  time.  He  says, — "  France 
can  only  be  ruled  in  a  durable  manner  by 
satisfying  the  twofold  need  which  made  it 
undertake  the  revolution.  It  requires  real 
pohtical  liberty  in  the  government ;  and 
iu  society,  the  material  prosperity  pro- 
duced by  the  continually  progressing  de- 
velopment of  civilization." 

History  of  the  English  Revolution  of 
1640,  from  the  Accession  of  Charles  I.  to 
his  Death.  By  F.  GuizOT.  Translated 
by  Wm.  Uazlitt.  (London:  Bohn.) — It 
seems  more  than  probable  that  we  shall 
be  indebted  to  foreigners  for  a  good  his- 
tory of  om*  own  country,  as  well  as  for  a 
good  dictionary  of  its  language.  Already 
some  of  the  most  important  periods  have 
been  taken  up  and  skilfully  treated  by 
French  and  German  writers.  The  best 
historian  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  is 
Lappenberg;  Thierry's  History  of  the 
Norman  Conquest  leaves  nothing  to  be 
done  on  that  head;  the  history  of  the 
Revolution  of  1640  has  been  treated  by 
Dahlman  and  Quizot ;  that  of  the  Counter- 
revolution by  Armand  Carrel.  Such  a 
state  of  things  is  not  very  flattering  to  our 
national  scholarship;  in  fact,  there  ap- 
pears to  be  a  steady  decline  in  the  pro- 
duction of  works  requiring  deep  research 
and  philosophical  treatment. 

Transactions  of  the  Surrey  Archaolo- 
gical  Society  for  the  Years  1854,  1855. 
Vol.  I.  Part  I.  (8vo.,  96  pp.) — We  rejoice 
to  observe  the  goodly  array  of  names  of 
members  of  this  society,  to  the  number  of 
near  five  hundred,  and  to  know  that  simi- 
lar societies  have  been  formed  in  almost 
every  county,  charging  themselves  with 
the  preservation  and  elucidation  of  the 
remains  of  antiquity  in  their  respective 
localities;  and  we  believe  we  may  con- 
gratulate ourselves  upon  having  in  no 
■mall  degree  contributed  to  this  promising 
state  of  things.  The  first  part  of  the 
TransactioiiB  before  us  containsy  besides  the 


Report  of  Proceedings  and  List  of  Mem- 
bers, the  following  papers : — 

The  ArchsBology  of  Surrey,  by  the  Rev. 
O.  F.  Owen.  —  A  sort  of  skeleton  map  of 
the  county,  to  be  hereafter  filled  up  in 
detail. 

The  Religious  Bearing  of  Archseolog^ 
upon  Architecture  and  Art,  by  the  Rev.  J . 
Jessopp. — A  desultory,  superficial,  and  un- 
satisfactory paper ;  well  intended,  but  the 
author  evidently  out  of  his  depth. 

Tlie  Kingston  Morasteen,  by  Dr.  BelL 
— Full  of  learning  and  research,  like  all 
that  author's  writings,  but  hard  and  un- 
readable as  usual,  and  often  wandering 
from  the  subject,  though  with  a  mass  of 
collateral  information  for  those  who  have 
patience  to  make  use  of  it.  We  cannot 
see  the  advantage  of  giving  the  German 
name  of  morasteen  to  the  holy  stone  at 
Kingston. 

The  Warham  Monument  in  Croydon 
Church,  by  G.  S.  Steinman,  Esq. — A  good 
and  clear  paper,  identifying  the  monument 
by  means  of  the  heraldry.  This  example 
should  be  extensively  followed :  there  are 
hundreds  of  tombs  which  require  identifi- 
cation in  the  same  manner. 

The  Roman  Road  between  Silchester 
and  Staines,  by  Lt.-Col.  P.  L.  M'Dongall ; 
with  a  Map.  —  Another  good,  clear,  ^ort, 
and  satisfactory  paper.  If  each  local  so* 
ciety  will  follow  this  example,  we  diall  soon 
have  a  trustworthy  atlas  of  Roman  Britain. 
Some  additional  particidars  are  given  by 
Mr.  £.  J.  Lance. 

Ancient  British  Coins  found  in  Surrey, 
with  two  Plates. 

Mural  Paintings  formerly  existing  in 
Lingfield  Church.  —  Four  Plates;  with 
letters  from  E.  I' Anson,  Esq.,  architect, 
who  supplied  the  drawings,  and  Albol 
Way,  Esq.,  in  explanation  of  them.  The 
figures  are  of  the  15th  century,  and  not 
very  remarkable,  but  it  is  desirable  to  pre- 
serve records  of  these  things,  which  are  fast 
disappearing. 

Ancient  British  Barrow  at  Teddington. 
— An  account  of  the  opening  of  it  in  the 
most  approved  scientific  manner,  by  Mr. 
Akerman,  but  without  much  result,  as  it 
had  been  opened  before. 

On  the  Anglo-Saxon  Charters  of  Frid- 
wald,  iElfred,  and  Edward  the  Confessor 
to  Cliertsey  Abbey,  by  G.  R.  Comer,  Esq. 
— A  valuable  paper,  full  of  local  informa- 
tion and  much  research ;  highly  interest- 
ing to  people  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  not 
without  its  use  to  others.  We  should  be 
glad  to  see  this  example  followed  also  in 
other  counties. 


The  Stereoscope;  Us  History,  Theorw, 
and  Construction  i  wiih  iU  AfpUoatUm  to 


1856.] 


Miscellaneotis  Reviews, 


227 


the  Fine  and  Useful  Arts,  and  to  Educa- 
tion. By  Sir  David  Brewster,  F.R.S., 
&c.  With  fifty  wood-engravings.  (London: 
John  Murray.  Fcap.  8vo.) — We  owe  to 
Dr.  Brewster  the  invention  of  that  in- 
genious toy  the  kaleidoscope,  and  we 
could  wish  to  have  heen  also  indebted  to 
him  for  the  stereoscope.  This  heautiiril 
philosophical  instrument  was,  however, 
first  conceived  by  Mr.  Elliot,  now  teacher 
of  mathematics  in  Edinburgh,  and  put 
into  execution  in  1839.  Different  fonns 
of  the  instrument  have  been  contrived  by 
Mr.  Wheatstone  and  Dr.  Brewster,  and 
that  particular  form  now  in  general  use — 
the  lenticular  stereoscope,  resembling  in 
some  respects  an  opera-glass  —  is  the  in- 
vention of  the  latter.  So  blind,  however, 
were  English  opticians  and  photc^raphers 
to  its  value,  that  Dr.  Brewster  was  under 
the  necessity  of  taking  his  invention  to 
Paris,  where  its  merits  were  quickly  re- 
cognised. After  it  had  become  popular 
there,  it  found  its  way  back  to  England, 
and  is  now  in  general  use  throughout  the 
world. 

Without  the  aid  of  photography,  the 
stereoscope  would  have  been  deprived  of 
the  greater  part  of  its  usefulness.  The 
marvellous  accuracy  and  minutiss  attain- 
able by  this  art  supply  an  inexhaustible 
store  of  binocular  pictures,  for  educational 
and  other  purposes ;  and  in  every  part  of 
the  globe  we  find  photographers  are  occu- 
pied in  taking  views,  &c.,  for  this  instru- 
ment. The  old  and  new  world  yield  up 
their  treasures  under  circumstances  that 
justify  us  in  ignoring  the  proverb  that 
there  is  "  nothing  new  under  the  sun." 

Dr.  Brewster's  volume  contains  the 
history  of  the  stereoscope;  the  theory  of 
monocular  and  binocular  vision,  the 
theory  of  stereoscopic  vision ;  descriptions 
of  the  various  kinds  of  stereoscopes ;  me- 
thod of  taking  pictures ;  the  applications 
of  the  stereoscope  to  ptdnting,  sculpture, 
architecture,  engineering,  natural  history, 
educational  purposes,  and  amusement.  It 
will  thus  be  seen  that  a  very  compre- 
hensive work  has  been  produced,  which 
will  recommend  itself  to  all  who  are 
interested  in  the  stereoscope.  This  in- 
strument has  obtained  a  wonderful  do- 
mestic popularity,  and  promises  to  be  a 
most  efficient  popular  teacher  in  art; 
familiarising  the  eye  with  form  apart 
from  the  illusions  of  colour,  which  com- 
monly distracts  it  from  a  correct  estimation 
of  contours.  Viewing  the  inmiense  and 
inexhaustible  variety  of  subjects  for  ste- 
reoscopic pictures,  we  cannot  but  welcome 
any  contribution  on  the  literary  side  of 
the  subject,  that  helps  to  shew  its  im- 
portance,   especially    in    an    educational 


point  of  view.  In  a  list  of  about  150 
binocular  pictures  issued  by  the  London 
Stereoscopic  Company,  under  the  title  of 
"Miscellaneous  subjects  of  the  Wilkie 
character,"  there  are  many  of  an  amus- 
ing kind,  in  which  scenes  of  common  life 
are  admirably  represented.  Following  out 
the  same  idea,  the  most  interesting  scenes 
in  our  best  comedies  and  tragedies  might 
be  represented  with  the  same  distinctness 
and  relief  as  if  the  actors  were  on  the 
stage.  Events  and  scenes  in  ancient  and 
modem  history  may  be  similarly  exhibited ; 
and  in  our  day,  binocular  pictures  of  trials, 
&c.,  in  which  the  leading  actors  are  repre- 
sented, might  be  provided  fbr  the  instru- 
ment. 


Openit^  Addresses  of  Major- Oeneral 
Sir  Richard  Airey,  K,  C.  B,,  Quarter- 
master-General of  the  Forces,  brfore  the 
Board  of  General  Officers  cusembled  at 
the  Rotf<d  Hospital,  Chelsea;  together 
with  his  Summing-up  Address,  and  a 
written  Memorandum  handed  in  to  the 
Board  an  Supplies  of  Camp  JEquipage, 
(London:  John  Murray.  Post  Svo.,  236  pp., 
with  two  Plans.) — The  Crimean  campaign 
took  us  by  surprise.  Our  men  were  pre- 
pared for  any  enemy  but  that  which  was 
really  the  most  formidable — disease,  caused 
by  want  of  proper  foresight  in  the  red 
tape  departments  of  the  service.  One  de- 
partment blamed  another  for  the  various 
mishaps,  and  Sir  Richard  Airey  and  his 
assistants  came  in  for  a  full  share  of  anim- 
adversion, llie  present  volume  is  Sir 
Richard's  defence :  it  is  full  of  interest  to 
all  those  concerned,  and  contains  materials 
for  the  future  historian ;  but  to  the  general 
reader,  now  the  war  is  over,  it  possesses 
few  attractions. 


England  in  Time  of  War,  By  Sydney 
DoBELL,  Author  of  "Balder"  and  "The 
Roman."  —  Snatches  of  song  and  ballad 
poetry  of  great  sweetness,  occurring  here 
and  there  in  "  Balder"  and  "  The  Roman," 
might  have  prepared  us  for  the  beauty  and 
variety  of  these  bewitching  lays.  Yet  we 
have  been  surprised  by  them  as  much  as 
though  we  had  never  had  the  ei\joyment 
of  reading  "The  little  Betsy  Jane,"  or 
the  War-song  of  the  Milanese.  Dwelling 
more,  iTl  fact,  upon  the  higher  and  sus- 
tained efforts  both  of  passion  and  imagina- 
tion which  characterize  Mr.Dobell's  longer 
poems,  we  had  not  given  him  credit  for 
the  curious  and  condensed  power,  or  the 
exquisite  melody  of  verse,  of  which  the 
present  volume  furnishes  triumphant 
proof. 

Poetry  of  any  kind — but  especially  poetry 


228 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


XAug. 


which  is,  like  this,  as  musical  as  a  bird's 
song  and  as  many-tinted  as  a  rainbow — is 
not  to  be  abridged  as  we  abridge  a  history 
or  romance.  Before  it  meets  the  public 
eye  it  has  been  already  refined  into  the 
purest  essence  both  of  feeling  and  of 
thought.  What  we  can  do  for  such  a 
work,  within  our  narrow  limits,  is  to  tell 
the  reader  something  of  its  plan  and  sub- 
ject, and  then  heartily  to  recommend  to 
him  the  book  itself. 

"England  in  Tune  of  War"  is  the  title 
of  a  volume  containing  forty-four  short 
poems,  expressive,  in  the  aggregate,  of  all 
those  moods  of  mind  which  must,  by  a 
necessity  of  our  human  nature,  be  prevalent 
amongst  those  whose  dearest  kindred  are 
absent  from  them  in  the  thick  of  perilous 
foreign  war.  Such  a  design  will  naturally 
lend  itself  to  the  representation  of  a  very 
large  variety  of  feelings, — to  the  throb  of 
heroism,  as  the  mother  ponders  on  the 
fancied  prowess  of  her  boy, — to  the  Chris- 
tian's sorrow  at  the  fierce  unsparing 
strife, — to  the  widow's  and  the  orphan's 
dark  and  sad  bereavement, — to  the  glowing 
sympathy  with  great  and  daring  deeds, 
and  to  an  obvious  multitude  of  other  senti- 
ments, living  with  a  fuller  or  a  feebler  life 
in  every  human  breast.  These,  therefore, 
are  the  key-notes  of  Mr.  Dobell's  various 
songs. 

It  would  be  a  pleasure  to  us,  if  our  space 
permitted  the  indulgence,  to  set  before 
our  readers  some  of  the  most  touching  of 
these  numerous  strains.  Some  amongst 
them,  we  feel  assured,  must  soon  take 
their  place  amongst  those  polished  gems 
of  poesy  which  every  lover  of  his  land's 
language  bears  in  rich  and  fond  remem- 
brance; and  some — more  favoured  still — 
must  carry  into  many  a  home,  made  dark 
and  desolate  by  war,  the  consolation  of  a 
voice  exquisitely  feithful  to  the  grief  which 
will  continue  till  the  mourner's  heart  itself 
is  still  and  cold.  Not  to  mention  others 
hardly  less  affecting  in  their  eloquence  and 
depth  of  sympathy  with  those  whom  the 
dirastrous  war  has  plunged  into  the  bit- 
terest woe,  we  cannot  for  a  moment  doubt 
that  poems  so  pathetic  as  "The  Little 
Girl's  Song,"  the  father's  lamentation  in 
'*  Tommy's  Dead,"  and  the  second  "  Fare- 
well," will  be  received  with  mournful  wel- 
come in  many  a  blighted  homestead  in 
England;  and  we  are  not  less  confident 
that  bursts  of  ballad  poetry  as  beautiful 
as  "The  Evening  Dream,"  and  melodies 
as  rich  and  sweet,  and  as  full  of  the 
choicest  essences  of  thought  and  feeling 
and  imagination,  as  the  "  Grass  from  the 
Battle- Field,"  will  be  at  once  enshrined  in 
memory  along  with  the  acknowledged 
masterpieces  of  the  best  and  truest  of 
our  modem  poets. 


*» 


But,  whilst  we  are  assured  of  this,  we 
feel  that  the  volume  might  by  chance  be 
opened  where  some  solitary  line  would 
seem  at  variance  with  our  faith ;  and  it  is 
in  admission  of  a  possibility  of  this  kind 
that  we  subjoin  a  single  gem.  Our  quota 
tion  is  taken  from  "  The  Evening  Dream, 
and  is  descriptive  of  the  moment  when  the 
sentinels  at  Inkermann  become  aware  of  the 
advancing  Russian  host : — 

"  'Tis  nought  to  die,  but  oh,  God's  pity  on  tha 
woe 
Of  dying  hearts  that  know  they  die  in  vain  I 
Beyond  yon  backward  height  that  meets  their 
dving  sight, 
A  thousand  tents  are  white,  and  a  slumbering 
army  lies. 
'  Brown  Bess,'  the  sergeant  cries,  as  he  loads  her 

while  he  dies, 
*  Let  this  devil's  deluge  reach  them,  and  the  good 

old  cause  is  lost.' 
He  dies  upon  the  word,  but  his  signal-gim  is 
heard, 
Ton  ambush   green  is  stirr'd,  yon  lab*ring 
leaves  are  tost. 
And  a  sudden  sabre  waves,  and,  like  dead  from 
open'd  graves, 
A  hundred  men  stand  up  to  meet  a  host. 
Dimib  as  death,  with  bated  breath, 
Calm,  upstand  that  fearless  bond. 
And  the  dear  old  native  land,  like  a  dream  of 
sudden  sleep. 
Passes  by  each  manly  eye  that  is  flx'd  so  stem 
and  clry 
On  the  tide  of  battle  rolling  up  the  steep." 


The  First  of  June;  or.  School-bo^ 
Rivalry :  a  second  Tale  of  CharUom 
School.  By  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Adams. 
(Rivingtons.  18mo.,  158  pp.) — This  is  a 
capital  book  for  school-boys,  one  of  the 
best  we  have  seen  for  some  years.  The 
frontispiece  will  remind  many  of  oar 
readers  of  those  highlv  prized  books  of 
their  youth,  which  Mr.  Harris  was  so 
famous  for. 


Walker^ s  Matdy  Exercises ;  conicdmng 
Rowing^  Sailing,  Biding,  Diving,  Racing, 
Hunting,  Shooting,  and  other  Manly 
Sports;  the  whole  carefidUf  revised  or 
written  by  Cbaven.  Ninth  Edition.  (Lon- 
don: Bohn.) — This  volume  forms  one  of 
Mr.  Bohn's  Illustrated  Librarv.  To  an  anti- 
quarian who  may  be  engaged  in  collecting 
materials  for  a  history  of  "  the  road,"  as 
it  was  in  the  palmy  days  of  guards  and 
coachmen,  we  can  confidently  recommend 
this  volume  :  it  contains  very  correct  rules 
of  the  road,  and  other  obsolete  informa- 
tion ;  but  with  that,  it  also  contains  much 
that  is  really  valuable  respecting  bodily 
exercise,  and  various  sports.  We  are  sorry 
Mr.  Bohn  should  have  put  out  the  book 
as  it  was, — it  required  to  be  in  gpreat  part 
re- written. 


7^  Complete  Angler ;   or,  the  Coniem* 
pliUive  Man* a  Recreation  of  WaUtm  and 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


229 


Cotton;   with  lives  of  the  Authors,  and 
Variorum  Notes,   Historical  and   Prac- 
tical, Edited  by  Edwabd  Jesse;  to  which 
are  added  Notes  by  H.  G.  Bohn.   (London : 
Bohn.) — This  is  an  excellent  edition  of  a 
most  delightfril  book.   It  is  too  late  in  the 
day   to  commend    honest   Izaak  to    our 
readers,  but  we  can  speak  highly  of  the 
notes   and    illustrations  to  this   volume. 
The  latter  are  mainly  from  Major's  edition, 
published  by  Wix,  of  Bridge-street,  Black- 
friars,  in  1844,  one  of  the  most  elegant 
books  ever  produced  in  this  country.     In 
this  edition,  some  of  the  woodcuts  are 
spoilt  in  the  printing ;  but  we  must  bear 
in  mind  that  the  book  is  marvellously 
cheap,  and  therefore  must  not  be  too  cri- 
tical :  there  are  no  fewer  than  203  engrav- 
ings on  wood,  besides  24  steel  plates.   The 
notes  are  selected  from  all  previous  writers, 
enriched  with  many  additions  by  the  pre- 
sent editors.     Mr.  Jesse  remarks  that  the 
book  has  always  been  an  especial  favourite 
of  the  booksellers,  no  fewer  than  six  of 
whom  have  edited  editions ;  he  might  have 
added  a  seventh,  for  we  believe  Mr.  Wix 
has  the  reputation  of  being  an  angler,  and 
we  have  reason  to  believe  that  he  assisted 
very  materially  in  the  edition  of  1844. 
Mr.  Bohn  is  the  latest  labourer,  and  his 
additions  are  not  the  least  valuable;  they 
consist  principally  of  matters  connected 
with  angling  requisites,  on  fishing  sta- 
tions, &c. 


(( 


« 


The  Proper  Names  of  the  Old  Testament 
Scriptures  Expounded  and  Illustrated.  By 
the  Rev.  Alfred  Jones.  (London :  Bag- 
ster  and  Sons.  4ta,  384  pp.)— This  is  an 
exceedingly  creditable  book, — creditable 
alike  to  Mr.  Jones,  and  to  King's  College, 
London,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  alumni, 
Mr.  Jones  states  that  the  want  of  such 
a  work  in  the  English  language  was  pointed 
out,  and  the  plaii  on  which  it  should  be 
constructed  was  suggested,  by  the  Rev. 
Canon  Wordsworth,  eight  years  ago ;  and 
judging  from  the  labour  necessary  to  pro- 
duce it,  we  have  no  doubt  that  it  haa  oc- 
cupied the  author's  spare  time  during 
the  interval.  The  value  of  such  a  work  to 
the  clergyman  or  Biblical  student  cannot 
be  overrated.     Of  the  manner  in  which 


Mr.  Jones  has  explained  the  8,600  names 
we  give  a  specimen : — 

Jebah,  ny  YSrahh,  *UpdXf  Jare. 

*  Moon'  (luna,  St.  Jer.,  Simon),   the 
same  as  the  appell.  (1*1*  ySrahh,  a  month, 

• 

the  moon,  Exod.  ii.  2 ;  Deut.  xiii.  14 ;  and 
nT  ya/rSahh,  m.  moon.  Gen.  xxxviL9;  both 

from  r^y  yardhh,  unused  root. 

"  The  fourth  son  of  Joktan,  from  whom 
sprang  one  of  the  tribes  of  the  Joktanite 
Arabs,  called  Jerachcsi,  on  the  shore  of 
the  Red  Sea.  They  are  called  by  Aga- 
tharchides  'AAiAcuoi,  Alilai,  which  in  Ara- 
bic is  the  same  as  the  Hebrew  name,  for 
hilal  in  Arabic  is  the  moon.  There  is  a 
tribe  near  Mecca  cfdled  Bene-hHal,  the 
children  ofJerah,  or,  as  the  Hebrew  would 
interpret,  the  children  of  the  moon,  fit)m 
their  adoration  of  that  planet  (b.c.  2210). 
Occurs  Gen.  x.  26 ;  1  Chion.  i.  20." 


MeduBval  Preachers  and  MediaveU 
Preaching.  A  Series  of  Extracts,  trcms- 
lated  from  the  Sermons  of  the  Ifiddle 
Ages,  chronologically  arranged  j  with 
Notes  and  an  Introduction,  By  the  Rev. 
J.  M.  Neaus,  MJL  (London:  Mozley?, 
12mo.  417  pp.) — People  are  now  beginning 
to  discover  that  the  so-called  "dark  ages" 
were,  after  all,  not  so  utterly  devoid  of 
light  as  writers  of  the  early  part  of  this 
century  were  in  the  habit  of  representing. 
On  the  contrary,  in  architecture,  and  in 
various  kinds  of  learning,  the  men  of 
those  days  were  our  equals.  Mr.  Neale, 
by  the  extracts  he  has  given  us  in  this 
volume,  shews  that  what  is  termed 
"Gospel  light"  shone  pre-eminently  in 
some  of  the  medieeval  preachers.  He  con- 
trasts these  preachers  with  such  modem 
celebrities  as  John  Newton,  and  shews 
that  the  balance  of  direct  Scripture  re- 
ference is  in  fiivour  of  the  ancients.  The 
work  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our 
literature,  as  it  makes  us  fieivourably  ac- 
quainted with  authors  but  little  known. 
We  must,  however,  object  to  the  ad- 
mission of  Antonio  Vieyra  into  the  catena 
of  "mediaeval"  preachers:  Vieyra  was 
the  contemporanr  of  John  Bunyan,  but 
we  never  knew  that  he  was  considered  to 
belong  to  the  mediaeval  period. 


ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES. 


SUSSEX  ABCHfOLOOlCAL  SOCIETY. 

The  tenth  annual  meeting  of  this  so- 
ciety, which  numbers  some  670  members, 
and  has  recently  issued  its  eighth  volume 
of  proceedings,  held  its  annual  meeting  in 


the  eastern  division  of  the  county,  on  the 
10th  of  July,  under  the  prendency  of  the 
High  Sheri^  and  the  direction  of  Mr.  W« 
H.  Blaauw,  the  Honorary  Secretary,  of 
Mr.  M.  A.  Lower,  Mr.  W.  Figg,  Mr.  W. 


230 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[Aug. 


Harvey,  and  other  active  and  zealous  mem- 
bers of  the  committee. 

The  place  of  assembly  was  at  Echingham, 
where  the  railway-station  occupies  the  site 
of  the  once  proud  seat  of  the  ennobled 
family  who  were  the  hereditary  stewards 
of  the  rape  of  Hastings,  and  the  personal 
friends  of  our  Edwards ;  and  of  whom  full 
notices  are  given  by  Mr.  Spencer  Hall,  in 
his  "Echyngham  of  Echyngham."  No 
traces  of  the  mansion  can  now  be  found, 
but  the  church,  which  was  rebuilt  by 
William  de  Echingham,  who  died  in  1387, 
is  still  perfect ;  and  the  original  doorway  is 
engraved  in  "  Hussey*s  Churches  of  Kent 
and  Sussex."  The  church,  which  is  built 
of  stone  from  the  adjoining  quarries,  and 
is  of  the  later  Decorated  style,  consists  of  a 
centre  square  embattled  tower  of  the  width 
of  the  nave  and  chancel,  and  the  nave  has 
side-aisles,  the  southern  having  been  used 
as  the  chapel  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  to 
whom,  and  to  St.  Nicholas,  the  church  is 
dedicated.  The  eastern  window  displays 
some  fine  tracery,  and  the  side-windows 
have  this  peculiarity — that  the  tracery, 
different  in  each  window,  springs  from 
below  the  level  of  the  arch,  bespeaking 
rather  a  foreign  architect.  In  the  win- 
dows are  some  remains  of  painted  glass 
very  indifferently  executed.  The  shafts 
of  the  chancel  windows  on  the  northern 
side  have  been  shortened,  to  let  in  the 
corbels  to  support  the  roof  of  a  chapel  at 
the  east,  and  a  sacristy  at  the  west,  end. 
The  doorway  leading  from  the  rood-lofl 
up  to  the  bell-tower  still  exists;  all  the 
bells  which  existed  in  1629  were  destroyed 
when  Waller's  troops  passed  in  1644,  but 
the  original  vane,  with  the  arms  of  the 
Echinghams,  has  stood  the  tempests  of 
nearly  500  years,  and  is  still  perfect.  The 
font  is  older  than  the  present  church,  and 
is  Early  English.  The  screen  is  perfect, 
as  are  also  the  stone  sedilia  and  the  carved 
stalls  in  the  chancel ;  the  miscres  having 
the  pelican  and  its  young,  the  fox  and  the 
geese,  oak -leaves,  &c.  On  the  floor  are 
brasses  of  the  founder,  now  headless ;  the 
escutcheons  are  gone,  and  the  inscription 
above  the  head  has  been  removed  to  the 
south  wall : — of  William  Echingham,  who 
died  in  1412,  and  his  wife,  Johanna,  who 
died  in  1404;  and  of  their  son,  Thomas, 
who  died  in  1444.  He  was  succeeded  by  a 
son,  Thomas,  who  died  in  1482,  leaving  two 
daughters  and  co-heiresses:  to  the  youngest, 
Elizal)eth,  who  was  the  first  wife  of  Sir 
(iodard  Oxenbridge,  of  Brcde,  and  is  there 
buried,  the  Echingham  estate  passed ;  and 
through  her  to  the  Tyrwhits  of  Kettleby, 
county  Lincoln.  The  peculiarities  of  the 
architecture  were  jwinted  out  by  Mr.  W. 
Slater,  who  has  been  engaged  in  the  alter- 


ations of  the  neighbouring  churches  of 
Burwash  and  Treehurst ;  and  Mr.  Beres- 
ford  Hope  made  an  appeal  to  the  company 
for  subscriptions  towards  the  "  restoration** 
— we  trust  it  may  be  no  more — of  Eching- 
ham Church. 

After  a  luncheon  at  the  rectory,  to 
which  the  party  were  invited  by  the  Rev. 
H.  J.  Rush,  they  proceeded  by  road  under 
the  high  ground  known  as  Burgh  Kioe,  to 
which  Professor  Airey's  paper  in  the  34th 
volume  of  the  "  ArchaK)logia"  points  as 
the  stronghold  of  the  Britons  forced  by 
Ceesar's  seventh  legion,  on  the  assumption 
that  the  Roman  army  landed  at  Pevensey. 
and  not  at  Dover.  The  company  then 
visited  the  mansion  of  John  Sneppe,  Esq., 
at  Haremare,  which  was  built  in  1616,  by 
John  Busbridge,  a  descendant  of  the  Kent- 
ish family.  The  old  oak  hall,  the  large 
bay  windows,  and  the  carved  otik  chimney- 
piece  on  the  first  floor  are  well  preserved ; 
and  there  remain  some  portraits  of  the 
Busbridges,  who  intermarried  with  the 
Temples  of  Stowe.  John  Busbridge,  who 
was  a  commissioner  for  ejecting  scandalous 
and  insufficient  ministers  and  sdioolmasters 
under  the  ordinance  of  1654,  lefl  two 
daughters,  and  the  estate  came  through 
them  to  the  Famdens  of  Sedlescombe,  to 
the  present  possessors  of  the  Sneppe  family, 
who  were  substantial  yeomen  in  the  county 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  if  not  earlier.  In 
the  days  of  John  and  Henry  III.  the 
estate  was  owned  by  the  family  of  Hare- 
mare, who  were  witnesses  to  charters  and 
benefactors  to  the  Abbey  of  Battle. 

From  Haremare  the  society  proceeded 
to  Bodiam  Castle,  where  the  formal  pro- 
ceedings took  place: — the  annual  report 
was  read,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  was  elected 
President  of  the  society  in  the  place  of  his 
late  &ther,  33  new  members  were  elected, 
and  presents  announced  of  a  copy  of  a 
brass  inscription  lately  found  at  Nuthurst, 
to  the  memory  of  Thomas  Frenshe,  a  former 
rector  in  1486,  and  of  encaustic  tiles  {h>m 
Dureford  Abbey. 

The  name  of  Bodiam,  or  Bode-ham,  as  it 
appears  in  Doomsday,  is  an  instance  of  the 
retention  of  the  British  pause  Bod  (Bod, 
Welch,  "  a  dwelling,")  with  the  Saxon 
suffix  Ham.  The  history  of  the  manor 
and  castle  was  given  by  Mr.  Mark  Antony 
liower,  F.S.A.,  to  which  we  have  made 
some  additions : — 

"The  history  of  Bodiam  begins  with 
the  great  Norman  survey.  The  account 
g^ven  of  it  in  the  "Domesday  Book"  is 
this:  —  'Osbcm  holds  a  hide  and  three 
rood  lands  in  Bodeham  of  this  manor, 
which  was  always  included  in  the  district 
of  Wprate,  where  the  hall  was  ntnated. 
Roger  has  half  a  hide,  and  Ralph  two 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


231 


rood  lauds.  There  is  one  plough  and  a 
half  in  the  demesne,  and  seven  villains 
with  ten  bondsmen  have  four  ploughs  and 
a  half.  The  whole  value  in  the  time  of 
the  Confessor  was  six  pounds :  it  has  since 
been  estimated  at  six,  but  is  now  appre- 
ciated at  nine  pounds.'  The  manor  of 
Werste,  now  Ewhurst,  was  in  the  rape 
or  territory  of  the  Earl  of  £u,  a  kinsman 
of  the  Conqueror,  who  held  it  in  domain, 
and  consequently  Bodiam  was  immediately 
dependent  upon  that  great  feudal  lord.  I 
may  remark  that  the  original  seat  of  this 
eminent  personage  was  at  what  is  now  called 
'  La  Ville  d*Eu,*  in  Picardy, — in  modem 
times,  the  fine  chateau  of  the  late  King 
Louis  Philippe, — and  that  after  the  Con- 
quest his  principal  English  residence  was 
at  the  Castle  of  Hastings.  His  tenants, 
Osbem  and  Roger,  were  probably  followers 
who  had  aided  him  at  Hastings,  and  who 
were  thus  allowed  to  participate  in  the 
spoils  of  the  Norman  Conquest.  In  the 
following  century  the  possessors  of  the 
estate  assumed  the  surname  of  De  Bode- 
ham;  and  under  Henry  II.,  Roger  de 
Bodeham  held  the  sub-infeudation  with 
four  knights'  fees,  amounting  to  2,560 
acres,  including  a  park,  the  name  of  which 
is  still  retained. 

"  In  the  chronicle  of  Battle  Abbey  there 
are  some  rather  interesting  notices  con- 
cerning the  parish  and  family  of  Bodeham. 
The  first  relates  to  the  very  Osbem  who, 
as  we  have  seen,  was  the  principal  feuda- 
tory here  of  the  Earl  of  Eu.  The  chronicler 
states  that,  '  in  consequence  of  the  dryness 
of  the  soil  around  Battel  Abbey,  and  the 
deficiency  of  weU-irrigated  meadows,  a 
certain  knight  of  these  parts,  named  Os- 
bem Fitz-Hugh,  by  the  advice  of  Abbot 
Gausbert  and  the  monks, — with  the  con- 
sent of  his  lord,  William  Earl  of  Eu,  and 
the  confirmation  of  King  William, — gave 
and  granted  out  of  his  domain  thirty  acres 
of  meadow,  Norman  measure,  lying  in  his 
manor  called  Bodeham,  about  seven  miles 
distant,  partly  of  his  own  free  donation, 
for  the  salvation  of  liim  and  his,  and  partly 
by  way  of  sale,  he  receiving  fifty  shillings 
in  recompense ;  and  this  by  his  charter  he 
confirmed  for  ever  to  the  Abbey  of  Battel, 
free  firom  all  challenge  or  exaction  of  his 
heirs  and  all  other  persons,  and  from  every 
charge  whatsoever.*  One  can  scarcely 
forbear  a  smile  at  the  mixed  character  of 
this  transaction.  The  good  Osbem,  while 
desirous  of  securing  the  eternal  welfare  of 
himself  and  his  family,  was  by  no  means 
inattentive  to  his  worldly  interests  in  thus 
drawing  a  balance  of  two-pounds-ten  in 
his  own  fiivour. 

"  The  next  mention  of  Bodiam  in  the 
chronicle  refers  to  the  appointment  of  a 


bailifi*,  or  keeper  of  the  meadows,  on  ac- 
count of  its  remoteness  from  the  abbey. 
The  monks  of  Battle  prevailed  upon  an- 
other knight  of  these  parts  to  give  a  piece 
of  land  upon  which  to  erect  a  house  for 
the  keeper.  The  name  of  the  knight  was 
Robert  Borne,  who  also  granted  to  the 
abbey  a  right  of  way  through  his  lands. 
'  The  brethren,  in  acknowledgment  of  this 
kindness,  and  for  the  sake  of  evidence 
hereafter,  gave  him  six  shillings  and  iron 
leg-harness,  which  some  properly  designate 
greaves,  by  which  he  might  equip  one  of 
his  brothers  for  the  wars.*  'Now,'  adds 
the  chronicler,  '  there  was  a  slip  of  land 
lying  between  theabove-mentionedmeadow 
and  the  recently -acquired  keeper's  house, 
which  seemed  convenient  for  the  brethren 
for  the  purposes  of  a  wharf,  on  which  they 
might  laud  such  things  as  were  brought 
thither  for  their  use  by  a  vesseL  The 
venerable  abbot  Walter  [de  Lucy]  there- 
fore personally  and  through  his  friends 
applied  to  Robert  Borne  and  Ralph  his 
son,  and  prevailed  upon  them  to  give  that 
slip  of  land,  as  they  had  done  the  manse 
to  which  it  adjoined,  ....  to  God  and  St. 
Martin,  to  be  quietly  held  for  ever.'  This 
passage  is  interesting  as  shewing  that  the 
river  Rother  was  navigable  for  a  sailing 
vessel  (naviffium)  in  the  twelfth  century. 

"  Emma,  wife  of  Osbem  de  Bodeham, 
(previously  called  Fitz-Hugh,)  gave  to 
Battle  Abbey  land  worth  six  shillings, 
in  the  manor  of  Bodiam,  and  a  mill  called 
Sansei,  near  Crinil,  in  Normandy, — Ro- 
bert, Earl  of  Eu,  her  lord,  confimung  the 
gift  in  the  presence  of  many  witnesses." 

Rx^er  de  Bodeham  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Henry,  who  was  witness  in  1263 
to  a  grant  by  Thomas  Glindlee  to  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Pancras,  at  Lewes.  After 
Henry  came  his  son  William,  who  was 
witness  to  the  same  charter,  and  himself 
confirmed  to  the  abbots  of  Battle  all  the 
abbey's  possessions  in  the  fee  of  Bodiham. 
Gilbert,  brother  of  William,  also  made  a 
feofiinent  in  pure  and  perpetual  alms  to 
Battle  Abbey  of  lands  in  Rette ;  and  Mar- 
garet, the  daughter  and  heiress  of  the  same 
William,  also  gave  to  the  same  abbey 
lands  in  Rette;  and  having  married  Richaid 
Wardeux,  who  was  living  in  1343,  "  the  de 
Bodehams  were  succeeded  by  the  Wardeou, 
or  Wardeux  family.  The  origin  of  their 
name  is  not  a  little  singular.  Henry,  a 
younger  son  of  the  house  of  Monceux, 
was,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  under  the 
guardianship  of  the  Earl  of  Eu,  and  was 
from  that  circumstance  called  Henry  Ward 
d'Ou  (Wardeux)."  In  that  femily  the 
castle  and  estate  remained  only  for  one 
generation,  and  Elizabeth,  sole  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Richard  and  Margaret  War- 


232 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Aug. 


deux,  carried  the  estate  by  marriage  to 
Sir  Edward  Dalyngrudge,  who  biult  the 
castle  in  the  year  1386. 

"  The  family  of  Dalyngrudge  derived 
their  name  from  Dalingridge,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  East  Grinstead,  and,  in  consequence 
of  a  marriage  with  the  heiress  of  De  la 
Lynde,  of  Bolebrook,  in  Withyam,  became 
a  wealthy  and  a  knightly  race,  and  formed 
alliances  with  the  best  Sussex  families. 

"  Sir  Edward  Dalyngrudge,  the  founder 
of  Bodiam  Castle,  commenced  his  career  in 
the  most  brilliant  period  of  England's 
chivalry.  Like  Chaucer's  young  squire,  he 
had  accompanied  his  father  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  Edward  the  Third  against  France; 
like  him, 

"  ♦  He  hadde  ben  somtymc  in  Chivachie, 
In  Flaunders,  in  Artoys,  and  Picardie  ;* 

and  he  had  shared  with  his  father.  Sir  John 
Dalyngrudge,  in  the  glories  of  Cressy  and 
Poictiers.  After  the  victory  of  Poictiers 
had  established  the  English  supremacy  in 
France,  several  of  the  greatest  captains 
who  had  been  accessary  to  that  conquest 
declined  returning  to  England  with  their 
king,  and  ranged  at  their  will  throughout 
the  subdued  country,  'seizing  castles  and 
lordships,  and  exacting  enormous  ransoms, 
particidarly  (says  Mr.  Cotton,  the  histo- 
rian of  Bodiam,)  for  the  ladies  whom  they 
had  taken  captive.'  With  these  spoils, 
when  they  had  re-established  themselves  at 
home,  they  built  castles,  and  endowed 
charities  and  abbeys." 

"  The  three  leaders  of  these  marauding 
forces  were  Sir  Robert  Knowles,  Sir  John 
Calvely,  and  the  celebrated  Sir  John 
Hawkwood,  from  the  last  of  whom  the 
Shelleys  of  Sussex  are  lineally  descended. 
Sir  Robert  Knowles  overran  the  north  of 
France,  particularly  Brittany  and  Picardy. 
*  The  Duke  of  Brittany  was  forced  to  cede 
to  him  the  castle  of  Derval,  where  he  dwelt 
in  great  state  with  his  captains  and  re- 
tainers, among  whom  were  Sir  John  Dalyn- 
g^dge  and  his  son  Sir  Edward.*  " 

Sir  Edward  had  been  appointed  on  the 
2nd  of  May,  1380,  (3  Rich.  II.)  one  of  the 
persons  to  oversee  and  examine  into  the 
state  of  the  kingdom  and  the  king's  house- 
hold, and  six  years  afterwards  Sir  Edward, 
"having  amassed  a  large  fortune  in  the 
wars,  and  being  desirous  of  establishing 
himself  permanently  in  England,  obt^ned 
the  royal  license  to  build  H^inm  Castle 
upon  the  hereditary  estate  of  his  wife. 
Mr.  Cotton  thinks  there  is  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  he  adopted  the  model  of  Derval 
and  other  castles  in  Brittany  for  this 
structure."  It  was  to  be  noted  that  the 
church  just  visited  at  Echingham  and  the 
castle  at  Bodiam  were  of  tl^  same  dates, 
13 


most  probably  erected  from  the  design 
of  the  same  French  architect.  Mr.  Lower, 
following  Mr.  Cotton,  in  his  "  Sketch  of 
Bodyam  Castle,"  says  that  "after  the 
building  of  this  fortress,  little  is  known 
of  the  personal  history  of  Sir  Edward,  ex- 
cept that  he  enjoyed  the  favour  of  his 
sovereign,  who,  by  patent  dated  1398, 
appointed  him  governor  of  the  city  and 
Tower  of  London — a  sufficient  proof  of  lus 
military  skill  and  reputation;"  but  on  the 
8th  of  August,  1390,  (13  Rich.  11.)  he 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  agree 
upon  the  terms  of  a  truce  with  the  king 
of  France,  and  afterwards  to  treat  for  a 
final  peace ;  and  also  to  negociate  a  treaty 
with  the  earl  and  the  people  of  the  three 
great  towns  of  Flanders,  viz.  Qhent^ 
Bruges,  and  Ipres;  and  in  the  same  year 
he  was  bold  enough  to  join  other  men  of 
note  in  putting  his  seal  to  the  letter  of  the 
king  and  great  men  of  England  to  the 
pope,  setting  forth  the  g^reat  grievances 
suffered  in  England  from  the  court  of 
Rome,  and  praying  for  redress. 

At  his  death  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 
Sir  John  Dalyngrudge,  who  in  March,  1402, 
accompanied  Blanche,  daughter  of  Henry 
I  v.,  into  Germany,  whither  she  was  gfoinff 
to  be  marred  to  Lewis,  Earl  Palatine,  and 
Duke  of  Bavaria.  Sir  John  died  without 
children,  though  he  married  Alioe,  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Sir  John  Beauchamp,  of 
Powick,  she  who  afterwards  married  John 
Lord  Botiler,  and  held  the  castle  and 
estate  during  life,  and  for  the  third  time 
within  little  more  than  a  century  the 
estate  came  to  an  heiress,  and  reverted 
to  Sir  John's  sister  and  co-heiress,  Phi- 
lippa,  wife  of  Sir  Thomas  Lewknor.  His 
other  sister,  Margaret,  married  Sir  Tho- 
mas Sackville,  whose  son  Edward  relin- 
quished his  cl{dm  to  Bodiam  in  the  year 
1446.  In  the  ancient  Sussex  fiumly  of 
Lewknor  the  castle  was  long  vested, 
though  not  without  some  interruption." 
During  the  wars  of  the  Roses,  the  Lewk- 
nors,  like  many  other  families,  espoused 
opposite  sides.  Sir  John  Lewknor  was 
one  of  the  knights  present  at  the  coro- 
nation of  Richard  III.  and  Queen  Anne^ 
on  the  6th  of  July,  1483,  on  which  occa- 
sion Thomas  Lewknor  of  Preston  in  Bin- 
derton,  and  Lord  of  Goring,  was  made  a 
Knight  of  thp  Bath;  and  his  brother, 
Richard  Lewknor  of  Brambletye,  also  ad- 
hered to  Richard  III. ;  but  their  nephew, 
Thomas  Lewknor  of  Bodiam  and  Trotton, 
took  part  against  the  Yorkists,  and  had 
this  and  his  other  estates  confiscated  in 
1st  Richard  III.  On  the  8th  of  Kor. 
1483,  a  commission  being  issued  to  Tho- 
mas Earl  of  Surrey,  Jolm  Broke  de  Cob- 
ham,  Knt.,   Thomas    Echmgham,   Knt^ 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


233 


Thomas  Scote,  Esq.,  Richard  Lewknor  of 
Brainbilty,  Thomas  Oxbrigge  of  Brede,  and 
Vincent  Fynche,  to  levy  men  in  Kent  and 
Sussex  to  take  this  castle  from  the  rebels : 
in  this  they  succeeded.  On  the  24th  of 
May,  1484,  there  was  a  grant  of  an  annuity 
of  £10  a-year  to  Geoffry  Warton,  one  of 
the  king's  sergeants-at-arms,  out  of  this 
lordship,  then  of  Thomas  Lewknore, 
Knt.,  the  rebel;  and  on  the  15th  of 
August  in  the  same  year  Nicholas  Rigby, 
one  of  the  yeomen  of  the  crown,  was  ap- 
pointed constable  of  this  castle  for  his  life, 
with  a  salary  of  £20,  and  for  keeping  of 
the  park  the  accustomed  fees  out  of  the 
issues  of  the  lordship.  After  the  battle 
of  Bosworth  the  attainder  was  reversed 
by  Henry  VII.,  but  it  was  not  till  1543 
that  his  son.  Sir  Roger  Lewknor,  obtained 
again  full  possession  of  the  castle  and  de- 
mesnes of  Bodiam.  The  Lewknors,  how- 
ever, no  longer  continued  to  reside,  "as 
they  had  larger  estates  in  the  western 
part  of  the  county,  and  they  suffered  the 
castle  gradually  to  fall  to  partial  ruin. 
In  the  wars  between  Charles  I.  and  the 
Parliament,  Sir  Lewis  Lewknor,  who  had 
been  Master  of  the  Ceremonies  to  the 
king,  naturally  esi)oused  the  royal  cause. 
lie  was  then  resideut  at  the  Castle  of 
Amberley*  of  which  he  had  a  lease  from 
the  Bishop  of  Chichester.  After  Sir 
William  Waller,  the  Parliamentary  Gene- 
ral, had  reduced  Arundel  Castle  in  1643, 
he  dispatched  troops  of  his  soldiery  to  dis- 
mantle and  destroy  the  castles  and  man- 
sions of  the  Royalist  gentry  of  Sussex,  and 
thus  Amberlev  and  Bodiam  were  con- 
deumed  to  dilapidation.  In  both  cases, 
the  interior  walls  were  destroyed,  and  the 
bare  eiweinie  only  remains.'* 

On  the  death  of  Sir  Roger  in  1543,  his 
estates  had  been  once  more  divided 
amongst  his  co-heiresses.  In  1588  one 
moiety  was  vested  in  Constance,  wife  of 
Edward  Glentham ;  this  moiety  was  sold 
in  1588  to  the  Levitts,  and  they  in  1622 
sold  their  moiety  to  Sir  Nicholas  Tufton 
of  Hothfield;  and  after  the  restoration 
of  Cliarles  II.  the  Tuftons  acquired  the 
residue  of  the  estate.  The  courts  were 
held  by  Richard  Kilbume,  the  historian 
of  Kent.  From  the  Tuftons  the  castle 
and  estate  of  Bodiam  was  "transferred 
to  the  family  of  Powell,  of  Ewhurst, 
Baronets.  Still  later  it  was  purchased 
by  Sir  ITiomas  Webster,  of  Battel  Abbev. 
His  descendant.  Sir  Godfrey  W^ebster,  sold 
it  in  1828  to  the  late  John  Fuller,  of 
Rose-hill,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  descended 
to  Augustus  Eliot  Fuller,  Esq.,  one  of 
the  Knights  of  the  Shire  for  East  Sussex, 
and  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the 
Sussex  Society." 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XL VI. 


The  outside  walls  and  the  entrance  and 
other  towers  have  been  very  well  pre- 
served, though  care  must  be  taken  that 
the  luxurious  growth  of  ivy  does  not  in- 
jure the  ruins. 

The  day  was  fine,  and  a  pleasant  meet- 
ing was  closed  by  a  well-provided  dinner 
in  the  grounds,  at  which  280  ladies  and 
gentlemen  sat  down. 


LEICESTERSHIRE   ARCHITECTURAL  AND 
ARCH£0LOOICAL  SOCIETY. 

Committee  Meeting,  June  30. — Present, 
the  Revds.  R.  Bumaby,  (in  the  chair),  J. 
Denton,  M.  Webster,  and  J.  M.  Gresley ; 
T.  Ingram,  H.  Goddard,  W.  Millican,  G. 
Neale,  and  T.  Ntvinson,  Esqs.  The  Rev. 
J.  H.  Hill  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Society.  A  financial  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  a  statement  of  accounts 
for  the  past  year.  It  was  resolved  that 
notice  of  future  meetings  of  the  committee 
should  be  given  by  advertisements  in  the 
Leicester  papers.  The  neighbourhood  of 
Melton  Mowbray  was  fixed  npon  for  the 
annual  excursion  of  the  Society  in  prefer- 
ence to  Ashby-de-la-Zouch ;  and  a  sub- 
committee, consisting  of  W.  Latliam,  G. 
H.  Nevinson,  J.  Thompson,  V.  Wing,  Esqs., 
and  the  Secretaries,  was  appointed  f 
making  the  requisite  arrangements  fc  * 
the  amiual  meeting.  The  Rev.  J.  Denton 
exhibite<l  a  sheet  of  drawings  by  the  Rev. 
W.  H.  Colman  of  third  brass  Roman  coins 
of  the  Emperor  Gallienus,  Victorinus,  Te- 
tricus,  and  Claudius,  in  the  third  century, 
lliey  were  discovered  in  1818,  about  a 
mile  north-east  of  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  upon 
a  high  point  of  ground  in  the  Lawn  Hills, 
by  some  labourers  who  were  ploughing. 
The  plough  struck  the  brass  rim  of  the 
larger  of  two  urns  which  were  filled  with 
them.  The  field  is  now  called  "Money 
Hill."  This  discovery  may  indicate  the 
route  of  the  Roman  Via  Devana  frova. 
Colchester  to  Chester,  which  has  not  yet 
been  satisfactorily  traced  across  the  western 
part  of  Leicestershire,  and  the  adjacent 
parts  of  Derbyshire  and  Staffordshire. 
Mr.  T.  Nevinson  exhibited  some  fragments 
of  stained  glass  from  Bottesford  church : 
among  them  were  the  head  of  an  eccle- 
siastic with  a  nimbus,  and  a  hand,  of  good 
execution.  Mr.  Neale  exhibited  several 
crown  pieces  of  the  seventeenth,  eighteenth, 
and  present  centuries,  all  in  excellent  pre- 
servation, some  of  them  being  prooft. 
The  die  of  the  crown  piece  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, executed  by  the  celebrated  artist 
Thomas  Simon,  (the  engraver  of  the  valu- 
able Petition-Crown  of  King  Charles  the 
Second,)  broke  after  a  few  had  been  struck ; 
and  by  careful  observation  a  line  or  crack 

Hh 


234 


Antiquarian  Eesearches, 


[Aug. 


may  be  seen  across  the  neck.  The  art  of 
coin  engraving  retrograded  rather  tlian 
adTanced  through  several  subsequent 
reigns;  and  probably  but  little  improve- 
ment can  be  observed  until  the  crown- 
piece  of  George  the  Tliird,  produced  by 
that  justly  celebrated  artist  Pistrucci, 
whose  name  in  small  letters  appears  on 
its  obverse  and  reverse.  The  crown-pieces 
of  Anne  and  George  the  First  were  struck 
from  silver  found  in  Wales,  and,  therefore, 
bear  on  the  reverse  the  feathers,  the  cog- 
nizance of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Tlie 
crown-piece  of  Queen  Victoria  may  per- 
haps, from  it3  richness  of  design  and  ar- 
tistic skill,  be  pronounced  a  work  of  un- 
rivalled beauty.  Mr.  Gresley  exhibited 
four  signet  rings.  One  of  brass,  found 
a  few  weeks  ago  at  the  Short  Heath,  Over 
Seile,  Leicestershire,  had  the  arms  of  the 
Commonwealth  rudely  engraved  upon  it, 
the  cross  of  St.  George  impaling  the  harp 
of  Ireland.  Two  others  of  silver  and  one 
of  brass,  of  the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  cen- 
turies, had  the  letters  A,  I,  and  B;  the 
I  and  R  being  crowned.  Examples  of 
this  kind  of  seal  are  engraved  in  tosher's 
Antiquities  at  Stratford-upon-Avon.  The 
committee  adjourned  till  the  27th  instant, 
when  arrangements  will  be  made  for  the 
annual  meeting  in  September. 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  LITKRATUEE. 

June  25.     Sir  J.  Doratt,  V.-P.,  in  the 
chair. 

Cardinal  Wiseman  read  a  paper  "On 
the  recent  Excavations  and  Discoverice  on 
the  Aventine  Hill,  in  Rome  ;'*  in  which  he 
gave  a  very  interesting  account  of  some 
researches  which  have  been  made  by  the 
monks  of  the  Dominican  Convent  of  Sta. 
Sabina,  now  placed  on  what  was  once  the 
site  of  the  palace  of  Pope  Honorius  III.  in 
▲.D.  1226.  The  convent  is  now  presided 
over  by  P^re  Besson,  a  Frenchman  by 
birth,  who  was  a  painter  of  great  merit, 
before  he  joined  this  order.  The  excava- 
tions and  the  subsequent  discoveries  arose 
in  this  manner:  towards  the  end  of  last 
October,  while  engaged  in  remodelling 
their  garden,  the  Dominicans  (who  are 
from  poverty  compelled  to  be  their  own 
workmen)  broke  into  a  vault.  On  clearing 
the  first  vault,  an  entrance  was  found  lead- 
ing into  a  second,  and,  on  continuing  the 
excavations,  no  less  than  sixteen  chambers, 
or  portions  of  chambers,  were  discovered. 
These  were,  for  the  most  part,  completely 
filled  up  with  fragments  of  material  which 
had  fallen  in  from  the  building  which  had 
once  stood  above,  the  richness  of  which 
could  be  determined  by  the  quantity  of 
rare  marbles  found  among  the  rubbiih. 


The  chambers  excavated  shewed  traces 
of  various  periods  of  workmanship.  One 
of  them  was  paved  with  mosaic,  others  ex- 
hibited the  style  known  by  the  name  of 
opus  reticuiatum,  possibly  not  later  than 
the  time  of  Hadrian ;  some,  again,  as  por- 
tions of  the  leaden  water-i)ipes  were  still 
remaining,  had,  at  some  unknown  period, 
been  used  as  cisterns.  IVom  their  general 
character,  it  was  clear  that  the  whole  series 
had  once  formed  part  of  Roman  houses. 
Perhaps  the  most  interesting  discovery  the 
Dominican  excavators  made  was  that  of  a 
portion  of  the  celebrated  Scr\'ian  wall, — 
another  part  of  which  was  found  by  the 
Jesuits  some  years  since.  Tliis  wall 
crossed  the  line  of  excavations  almost 
diagonally,  and  was  constructed,  like  that 
of  the  Cloaca  Maxima,  of  huge  blocks  of 
tufo,  irregular  in  their  shape.  The  later 
buildings,  on  each  side  of  it,  had  been 
erected  without  its  removal,  plaster  having 
been  simply  laid  over  the  roughest  part  of 
the  stonework. 

Many  of  the  walls  of  the  chambers  still 
retained  traces  of  colour,  and  on  one  were 
a  great  many  curious  inscriptions,  indicat- 
ing, from  the  names  recorded  and  their 
style  of  execution,  that  this  room,  at  least, 
must  have  been  occupied  by  slaves.  The 
character  of  the  writing  shews  that  they 
must  have  been  executed  as  early  as  the 
first  half  of  tlie  third  century  a. D.  The  whole 
of  these  have  been  completely  copied  and 
described  by  the  Cav.  J.  B.  de  Rossi. 

Among  other  interesting  fragments 
which  these  researches  have  brought  to 
light,  was  a  portion  of  an  inscription  re- 
lating to  the  Fratres  Arvales — all  notices 
of  which  celebrated  college  of  priests  are 
extremely  rare. 

In  conclusion.  Cardinal  Wiseman  stated 
that  it  was  not  improbable,  fr^m  the  con- 
firmatory evidence  of  two  other  inscrip- 
tions, that  the  curious  structure  thus  ex- 
cavated had  once  formed  part  of  the  cele- 
brated "House  of  the  Decii,"  a  fiimily 
whose  enormous  wealth  and  power  are 
minutely  described  by  Cassiodorus. 

The  paper  was  illustrated  by  an  excel- 
lent lithographic  plan,  which  had  been 
made  spedaUy  for  it. 


WILT8HIBB  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  Al^D  NATTTRAL 
HISTORY  SOCIETY. 

A  MEETING  of  the  council  of  this  society 
was  held  at  the  town -hall,  Warminster, 
on  July  7,  the  Rev.  Prebendary  Fane  in 
the  chair.  After  the  usual  business  had 
been  transacted,  many  of  the  influential 
gentlemen  of  the  town  and  neighbourhood 
attended  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  local 
committee,  and  making  arrangenMntf  Ibr 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


235 


the  forthcoming  annual  meeting  of  the 
society,  which  will  be  held  at  Warminster, 
on  the  5th,  6th,  and  7th  of  August.  The 
local  committee  consists  of  upwards  of 
forty  gentlemen;  and,  judging  from  the 
energetic  spirit  evinced  at  the  meeting, 
their  labours  will,  we  doubt  not,  be  suc- 
cessftd.  The  Rev.  C.  Paul  and  J.  C. 
Fussell,  Esq.,  were  appointed  joint-secre- 
taries of  the  meeting.  Several  gentlemen 
promised  to  read  papers; — among  others, 
the  Rev.  J.  E.  Jackson  will  give  a  history 
of  Longlea£ ;  a  paper  is  also  expected  on 
the  bustard,  by  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Smith.  The 
Most  Hon.  the  Marquis  of  Bath  will  pre- 
side at  the  forthcoming  meeting  of  the 
society,  and  will  entertain  the  members 
at  Longleat. 


THE  CHEONOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  OP 
LONDON. 

June  23.  Dr.  John  Lee,  President,  in 
the  chair. 

The  following  papers  were  read : — by 
Bev^.  Lord  Arthur  Hervey,  on  "  The  com- 
parative Chronology  of  Sacred  History  as 
set  forth  in  the  Books  of  Ezra  and  Nehc- 
miab,  and  Profane  History;"  and  by  James 
Whatman  Bosanquet,  Esq.,  M.R.A.S.,  "An 
Explanation  of  the  two  periods  mentioned 
by  Herodotus,  of  150  years  and  128  years 
of  dominion  of  the  Medes,  in  connexion 
with  the  eclipse  of  Thales  and  the  eclipse 
of  Larissa,  spoken  of  by  Xenophon  -"  in 
which  many  apparent  discrepancies  of  the 
Sacred  Volume  and  of  Herodotus,  the  fa- 
ther of  history,  were  satisfactorily  eluci- 
dated ; — followed  by  a  conversazione. 


The  Wood-Cakvings  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedkal. — The  attention  of  those  in- 
terested in  the  preservation  of  the  fine 
wood-carvings  by  Grinling  Gibbons  having 
been  directed  to  those  executed  by  him  in 
the  cathedral  of  St.  Paul,  Mr.  Rogers, 
whose  name  is  so  intimately  identified 
with  this  art,  has,  by  the  courtesy  of 
Archdeacon  Hale,  made  a  close  examina- 
tion, in  order  to  ascertain  their  present 
condition.  We  believe  the  substance  of 
his  report  to  be  this:— Taking  first  the 
outside  of  the  choir,  which  is  enriched 
with  garlands  of  fiowers  and  palms,  he 
found  that  these  have  been  so  patched 
and  mended  at  difierent  times,  that  the 
original  intention  can  only  be  made  out 
by  the  marks  left  on  the  wainscot-ground; 
and  even  these  have  been  disfigured  by 
black  dirt  being  rubbed  into  the  grain  of 
the  wood,  which  has  rendered  them  rather 
unsightly  objects  than  agreeable  architec- 
tural ornaments.  Examining  next  the  in- 
side of  the  choir,  Mr.  Rogers  ascertained 
that  the  lower  tier  of  lime-tree  carvings 


has  white  mildew  in  all  the  diaper  cuttings. 
On  looking  down  upon  the  sculptured  work 
from  the  upper  gallery,  he  found  it  covered 
with  a  black  dirt  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
thick,  which  the  damp  atmosphore  is  forc- 
ing into  the  open  grain,  and  under  this 
mass  of  dirt  is  the  white  mildew.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  the  canopied  stalls, 
the  bishop's  throne,  and  the  enrichments 
of  the  oi^n ; — in  fact,  the  whole  of  these 
beantiiiil  works  are  rapidly  perishing,  and 
in  a  comparatively  few  years  will  crumble 
into  dust,  unless  means  be  taken  for  their 
preservation.  The  success  which  has  at- 
tended Mr.  Rogers'  restoration  of  the  carv- 
ings at  Belton — a  report  of  which  we 
published  two  or  three  months  ago — will, 
we  trust,  induce  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
St.  Paul's  to  entrust  him  with  the  task 
of  repairing  the  Gibbon  work  in  their 
cathedral.  We  understand  he  has  formed 
a  plan  by  which  this  maybe  effected  with- 
out interfering  with  the  daily  use  of  the 
choir. — Art-Journal. 

Discovery  of  Roman  Coins. — In  the 
autumn  of  last  year  a  farmer  ploughing 
in  a  field  at  Nunbumholme,  near  Warter, 
about  three  miles  from  Pocklington,  turned 
up  an  earthen  vessel  filled  with  small 
brass  Roman  coins.  With  laudable  ho- 
nesty the  finder  gave  up  his  treasure  to 
Lord  Muncaster,  the  proprietor  of  the 
property.  Lord  Muncaster  has  recently 
ceded  tlie  treasure-trove  to  Lord  Londes- 
borough,  the  lord  of  the  manor,  who 
forthwith  placed  the  coins  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Roach  Smith,  to  be  examined ;  and, 
at  the  same  time,  stated  his  wish  to  give 
the  finder  a  reward  equal  to  the  fiiU  value 
of  the  coins. 

The  following  is  the  analysis  of  the 
coins  which  came  into  the  possession  of 
Lord  Londesborough.  Besides  these,  it 
is  said  there  were  a  few  of  Tacitus  and 
Probus.  If  so,  the  hoard  must  have  been 
buried  at  some  interval  between  the  years 
A.D.  276,  and  a.d.  283.  Number. 

Valerian 3 

Gallenus 318 

Salonina 24 

Victorinus 412 

Tetricus  Senior      .         .         .         :    1,270 

Junior     ....      448 

Badly  struck  coins,  but  chiefly  be- 
longing to  the  Tetrici         .         .       415 

Marius 4 

Claudius  Gothicus  .         .         .      826 

Quintillus 13 

Aurelian 3 


Total    3,236 
Lord  Londesborough  has  directed  that 
the  coins    shall  be    given    to  the  local 
museums. 


286 


[Aug. 


NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


The  Royal  Academy  Exhibition. — The 
pictures  exhibited  this  year  do  not  differ 
generally,  in  any  particular,  from  those 
exhibited  and  forgotten  in  past  years. 
There  is  the  same  monotony  of  subject, 
the  same  exaggeration  of  treatment,  the 
same  want  of  accuracy  in  the  drawing, 
the  same  gaudiness  in  the  colouring,  the 
same  absence  of  truth  in  most  thingrs.  Paint- 
ing has  become  so  completely  a  thing  of 
convention,  that  when  a  ray  of  nature  ap- 
pears, it  is  looked  upon  coldly,  or  decided 
as  unnatural — the  type  in  the  critic's  mind 
being  art,  and  not  nature.  Nor  can  we 
accept  the  offerings  of  the  "new  school" 
as  supplying  the  deficiency  we  deplore. 
These  works  arc  as  conventional,  and  as 
full  of  crudities  and  exaggerations,  al- 
though of  a  different  kind,  as  the  works 
of  their  compeers.  Not  but  what  the 
effort  of  the  new  school  would  be  praise- 
worthy, were  it  free  from  egotism ;  but  this 
feature  so  abounds  in  its  works,  as  to 
bring  them  down  to  the  level  of  the  pro- 
ductions it  affects  to  despise,  and  seeks 
to  supersede. 

To  examine  these  works  in  detail  would 
be  a  superfluous  task,  we  content  ourselves 
with  examining  that  portion  of  the  exhi- 
bition consisting  of  "  Religious  Subjects," 
so  called. 

In  former  times,  when  painting  attained 
its  greatest  perfection,  the  chief  object  of 
the  artist  was  to  instruct ;  at  the  present 
day,  it  is  by  seeking  to  amuse  that  he 
looks  for  success.  Among  the  works  of 
the  old  masters,  how  rarely  do  we  find  a 
canvas  devoted  to  frivolous  or  amusing 
subjects.  Those  painters  were  for  the 
most  part  deeply  impressed  with  the  high 
importance  of  their  calling,  and  pursued 
it  with  an  earnestness  and  devotion  that 
ought  to  shame  every  modem  painter 
when  he  thinks  of  it.  Art,  like  literature, 
has  suffered  depreciation  by  the  increase 
in  the  numbers  of  those  who  enter  upon 
it.  Treated  lightly  as  a  pursuit,  mecha- 
nical execution,  which  any  one  may  acquire 
by  diligence,  is  thought  the  sole  passport 
to  the  rank  of  artist.  Hence  a  cold  ma- 
terialism characterises*  the  art-productions 
of  our  time,  and  the  artist,  from  his 
social  position,  and  the  nature  of  his  cul- 
ture, is  rendered  incapable  of  high  aspira- 
tion. Uninformed  of  spiritual  things,  his 
art  has,  for  the  purpoi>e  of  teaching,  be- 
come a  de<ul  language,  and  mirrors  little 
else  than  the  dull  commonplace  of  every 
day  life.  When  he  attempts  religious 
subjects,  the  dross  of  earth  clings  to  him 
and  weighs  down  his  feeble  and  rare 
efforts  to  rise.     In  treatment,  his  works 


are  either  cold  and  insipid  or  theatrical, — 
dramatic  they  might  legitimately  be ;  but 
when  a  sacred  subject  is  chosen,  it  is 
seldom  for  aught  else  than  to  display  the 
properties  of  the  artist's  studio;  and  the 
results  are  but  show-pieces,  from  which 
every  devout  mind  recoils,  as  fix)m  a  pro- 
fanation. The  artist's  chief  reliance  for 
producing  a  striking  effect  appears  to  con- 
sist in  making  his  personages  turn  up  the 
whites  of  their  eyes  in  most  exaggerated 
fashion. 

This  state  of  things  could  doubtless  be 
accounted  for,  were  this  the  place  to  do 
it.  But  we  must  content  ourselves  with 
warning  those,  who  in  their  eagerness  to 
welcome  and  applaud  every  picture  assum- 
ing to  be  religious,  are  apt  to  overlook  tlie 
absence  of  those  high  qualities  which  alone 
can  render  such  worlu  acceptable  to  the 
Christian  mind.  Of  modern  painters  who 
have  best  succeeded  in  painting  religious 
subjects  we  consider  Ary  Scheffer  as  the 
first,  —  superior  even  to  Overbeck,  and 
others  of  his  school.  We  wish  we  could 
name  an  English  artist  worthy  to  rank 
with  him.  Still  more  do  we  wish  that 
we  could  rec(^ise  any  sign  by  which  we 
might  hope  that  one  among  them  sought 
to  emulate  those  great  artists.  Among 
the  pictures  of  the  class  in  question  in 
the  present  exhibition,  we  most  admire 
those  of  Mr.  Dobson, — The  Parable  of 
The  Prosperous  Days  of  Job  (532).  Ths 
Children  in  the  Market-place  (310).  They 
are  thoroughly  pervadcKl  with  a  true  re- 
ligious sentiment.  And  although  we  might 
make  certain  critical  objections,  we  con- 
sider all  defects  are  atoned  for  by  the  one 
rare  quality  of  simple  earnestness.  There 
are  no  tricks  of  art,  nor  meretricious  dis- 
plays of  technical  skill,  to  distract  the  ob- 
server's mind  from  the  subject  illustrated. 
At  the  same  time,  we  consider  these  pic- 
tures inferior  to  the  same  artist's  Dorcas 
of  previous  exhibitions.  Tliis  inferiority 
consists  in  the  dramatic  treatment  of  the 
subjects;  the  pictures  should  be  at  once 
capable  of  telling  their  story  without 
prompting:  there  is  nothing  in  them, 
however,  that  would  help  the  spectator 
to  divine  the  subjects,  without  reference 
to  the  catalc^ue ; — by  which  we  may  also 
infer  that  the  subjects  are  not  happily 
chosen, — are  not,  in  fact,  adapted  to  pic- 
torial illustration. 

Mr.  Horsley's  Administration  of  the 
Lord*s  Supper  is  commonplace;  utterly 
deficient  in  that  elevation  of  treatment 
which  the  contemplation  of  that  holy  mys- 
tery under  all  drcumstances,  no  matter 
huw  humble  the  participator*,  is  capabk  of 


1856.] 


Notes  of  the  Month. 


237 


affording.  Mr.  Phillip's  And  the  Prayer 
of  Faith  shaU  save  the  Sick  is  more  cor- 
rectly described  as  a  Study  in  a  Spanish 
Churchy  (295).  If  it  assumes  to  be  ranked 
as  a  religious  picture,  as  the  title  sug- 
gests, we  cannot  conscientiously  accept  it 
88  such.  Mr.  Hunfs  Scapegoat  (398) 
is  so  reclundant  with  the  artist's  egotism, 
that  it  cannot  for  a  moment  be  re- 
garded as  an  illustration  of  Scripture. 
Here  the  subject  is  ased  only  as  a  vehicle 
for  the  artist's  dexterity  in  manipulation ; 
it  teaches  us  nothing, — it  is  the  pjunter's 
scapegoat,  not  the  Bible's.  Such  is  the 
prevalent  feeling  we  have  to  find  fault 
with:  artist«  do  not  undertake  sacred 
subjects  with  due  humility.  Their  egotism 
is  so  rampant  that  the  spectator  is  apt,  in 
the  distraction  of  mind  excited,  to  lose 
sight  altogether  of  the  Scripture  illus- 
tration which  the  subject  of  the  picture  is 
susceptible  of  affording. 

We  regret  that  the  tone  of  our  remarks 
on  this  class  of  pictures  is  necessarily  harsh. 
Much  as  we  desire  to  see  an  increase  in 
pictorial  Scriptural  illustration,  it  appears 
to  us  better  that  there  should  be  none 
undertaken  until  a  true  religious  spirit  in- 
forms the  heart  and  guides  the  hand  of 
the  painter.  The  painter  of  old  knelt 
before  his  easel  ere  commencing  his  task, 
and  sought  in  prayer  that  aid  in  accom- 
plishing the  work  he  had  taken  upon  hiai- 
self,  without  which  all  works  are  barren. 
A  devout  ptdnter  is  lost  sight  of  in  his  pro- 
ductions ;  the  egotistical  painter  condciuns 
his  work  by  the  intrusion  of  himself. 

To  measure  a  nation's  progress  in  art 
by  the  number  of  pictures  annually  exhi- 
bited, would  be  absurd,  for  the  greater 
portion  of  them  are  but  the  merest  manu- 
fecture;  they  are  made  to  soil;  and  this 
will  account  for  the  poverty  of  invention, 
the  limited  choice  of  subjects  (the  artist 
not  daring  to  leave  the  beaten  track),  and 
the  general  monotony  of  the  whole.  While 
an  artist  is  unknown,  or  at  least  not  popu- 
lar, his  works  must,  in  some  considerable 
degree,  depend  upon  excellence,  mtrinsic 
or  fancied,  to  find  customers  j  but  when 
the  cry  of  popularity  is  raised,  he  may 
commit  what  vagaries  he  pleases:  the  public 
looks  no  longer  at  the  real  merits  of  his 
pictures,  but  it  buys  "an  Etty,"  or  "a 
Jones,"  or  whoever  happens  to  lord  it  over 
painting's  field.  Discrimination  is  then  out 
of  the  question,  and  the  chances  are,  the 
artist  is  ruined  as  an  artist  by  the  ways 
of  fashion,  although  he  may  put  money  in 
his  purse.  Art  does  not  advance,  but 
rather  retrogrades,  under  such  influences. 

Shaksperiana. — An  interesting  assem- 
blage of  books  connected  with  the  Shak- 
spcriau  literature,  forming  a  small  por- 


tion of  Mr.  Halliwell's  collection,  and 
those  used  for  the  first  five  volumes  of 
his  folio  edition  of  "  Shakspeare,"  was 
disposed  of  on  Friday  last,  by  Messrs. 
Sotheby  and  Wilkinson,  of  Wellington- 
street.  There  was  great  competition  for 
the  more  curious  articles,  and  a  list  of  a 
few  prices  obtained  may  be  interesting  to 
some  of  our  readers,  especially  as  serving 
to  indicate  the  value  attached  to  all  early 
illustrations  of  the  works  of  our  national 
poet.  Among  the  quarto  editions  of 
Shakspeare's  plays  were  the  "  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,"  1600,  which  sold  for 
17/.  5s.;  the  "Merchant  of  Venice,"  1600, 
37/.;  "The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor," 
1619,  16/. ;  "  King  Lear,"  1608,  22/.  lOs. ; 
"Richard  the  Third,"  1598,  18/.  5s.;  the 
"Puritaine,  or  the  Widow  of  Watling- 
streete,"  1607,  first  edition,  18/.  15s.;  a 
very  fine  copy  of  the  "Sonnets,"  1609, 
partially  in  facsimile,  41/.;  the  "Rape 
of  Lucrece,"  1655,  with  the  excessively 
rare  portrait  of  Shakspeare,  25/.  lOs. ;  an 
imperfect  copy  of  the  first  folio  edition 
of  1623,  with  very  early  MS.  notes,  pro- 
duced 39/.  Among  the  miscellaneous 
pieces  may  be  noticed,  "Shylock's  Pro- 
phesie,"  1607,  which  realized  10/.  58.; 
Armin's  "Two  Maids  of  Mortlake,"  1609, 
5/.  12s.  6d.;  Davies's  "  Microcosraos," 
1603,  7/.  78.;,  Ben  Johnson's  "Every 
man  out  of  his  Humour,"  1600,  an  un- 
known edition,  10/. ;  the  "  Masque  of 
Augiu-es,"  1621,  12/.;  Lodge's  "Wits 
Miserie,"  1596,  5/.  2s.  6d.;  Summer's 
"  Last  Will  and  Testament,"  1600, 7/.  18s.; 
the  play  of  "  Nobody  and  Somebody,"  with 
the  woodcut  mentioned  in  the  "  Tempest," 
13/.  13s.  The  day's  sale  realized  the  sum 
of  710/.  6s.  On  the  previous  day  were 
sold,  by  the  same  auctioneers,  some  curi- 
ous books,  illustrated  with  early  woodcuts, 
and  some  rare  productions  of  Camoens,  the 
first  edition  of  whose  works  produced  14/., 
and  the  second,  printed  in  the  same  year, 
11/.  lis. ;  and  on  Saturday  occurred  some 
books  of  a  very  remarkable  character, 
that  had  been  collected  during  the  reign 
of  James  I.  The  following  may  be  cited 
among  some  of  the  more  curious  ex- 
amples :  —  Shakspeare's  "  Rape  of  Lu- 
crece," 1610,  imperfect,  23/.  lOs. ;  Shak- 
spcare's  "Venus  and  Adonis,"  49/.  lOs. ; 
Weever's  "Mirror  of  Martyrs,"  27/.; 
"Alfagus  and  Archelaus,"  30/.;  Eng- 
land's Helicon,"  first  edition,  31/. ;  "  Poole 
upon  Foole;  a  Merriment,"  25/.  lOs.,  &c. 
TTie  prices  were  considered  very  high. 
The  three  days  brought  nearly  2,000/. 
in  the  aggregate. 

Curious  Occurrence  at  a  Wedding. — 
At  a  recent  marriage  in  Tliome,  York- 
shire, a  girl  joined  the  procesidon  to  church, 


238 


Notes  of  the  Month, 


[Aug. 


marching  in  fi*ont,  her  person  indicating 
that  she  must  shortly  become  a  mother. 
She  muttered  maledictions  on  the  match, 
and,  when  the  knot  was  tied,  she  rejoined 
the  "  happy  couple,"  and  read  the  109th 
Psalm,  containing  the  words,  "Let  his 
days  he  few,  and  let  another  take  his 
office.  Let  his  children  be  fatherless  and 
his  wife  a  widow.  Let  his  children  be 
continually  vagabonds  and  beg.  Let  them 
seek  their  bread  also  out  of  their  desolate 
places.  Let  the  extortioner  catch  all  that 
he  hath,  and  let  the  stranger  spoil  his 
labour.  Let  there  be  none  to  extend 
mercy  unto  him,  neither  let  there  be  any 
to  favour  his  fatherless  children.  Let  his 
posterity  be  cut  off;  and  in  the  generation 
following  let  their  name  be  blotted  out " 
And  so  she  went  on  with  the  Psiilmist,  in- 
voking curses  on  her  betrayer  and  off- 
spring ;  and  when  she  had  done,  she  three 
times  crossed  his  path,  and  then  departed 
with  her  shame. 

A  new  periodical,  under  the  title  of 
"Germania,"  has  appeared  in  Stuttgard; 
the  publisher's  name,  Francis  Pfeiffer,  will 
give  it  a  claim  on  the  notice  of  the  literary 
world.  It  is  to  appear  quarterly,  and  to 
be  devoted  principally  to  German  archae- 
ology. The  editor  has  enlisted  in  his  ser- 
vice some  of  the  most  celebrated  men  of 
his  country.  Uhland,  the  venerable  poet, 
has  contributed   to    the   first    number  a 


paper  on  the  Palgraves  of  Tubingen,  a 
curious  and  most  interesting  set  of  hunt- 
ing adventures,  gathered  from  the  Pflr- 
stenburg  library,  in  Donaueschingen,  con- 
taining much  that  is  valuable  about  Ger- 
man manners  and  customs  of  former  times, 
mixed  with  legends  and  wild  adventures. 
Jacob  Grimm  also  appears  in  the  first 
number;  there  are  many  other  names  of 
note  besides.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this 
work  will  succeed ;  and  if  carried  on  with 
energy,  it  is  sure  to  do  so.  It  will  be 
studied  with  much  pleasure  and  instmction 
by  our  English  archajologists. 

The  Manchester  Exchange  has  now  been 
completed,  one  end  having  been  rebuilt  to 
correspond  with  the  greater  portion  of  the 
structure.  The  floor  is  statetl  to  be  now 
"  the  largest  of  any  public  building  in  thb 
country,  or,  in  fact,  in  Europe." 

The  great  harbour  and  breakwater  works 
at  Holyhead  are  progressing  well.  The 
north  breakwater  has  been  carried  out 
6,100  feet,  the  eastern  2,500.  Since  the 
commencement,  in  1849,  5,000,000  tons  of 
stone  have  been  used  on  the  works ;  it  is 
obtained  from  a  quarry  in  Holyhead  moun- 
tain, where  the  powder  for  blasting  is  used 
several  tons  at  a  time:  on  one  occasion, 
90,000  tons  of  stone  were  rent  from  the 
mountain.  Some  twelve  hundred  men  are 
employed.  The  expenditure  to  the  present 
time  has  been  upwards  of  £500,000. 


HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE. 


FOREIGN    NEWS. 


France,  —  A  proposition  having  been 
made  to  allow  the  children  of  the  late 
king,  Louis  Philippe,  an  annual  sum  of 
8000/.  a-year;  it  has  been  indignantly 
rejected  by  the  Princess  Clementine,  now 
Duchess  of  Saxe-Coburg. 

The  taking  of  the  quinqueimial  census 
in  Paris  has  been  terminated,  and  it  ap- 
pears from  it  that  the  population,  including 
the  soldiers,  the  sick  in  the  hospitals,  and 
the  occupants  of  the  prisons,  exceeds 
1,200,000  souls  within  the  octroi  walls, 
and  1,800,000  within  the  fortifications. 

Spain.  —  This  unfortunate  country  is 
again  a  prey  to  intestine  commotion.  The 
Queen  Mother  and  her  colleagues  api)ear 
to  have  l)een  the  moving  causes.  In  order 
that  a  despotism  might  be  established, 
they  endeavoured  to  remove  Espartero  by 
creating  dissensions  in  the  cabinet;  he, 
finding  himself  at  variance  with  his  col- 
leagues, offered  his  resignation  to  the  Queen, 
who  accepted  it,  and  gave  full  powers  to 


O'Donnell  to  form  a  Ministry.  As  soon  at 
these  intrigues  were  known  the  liberals 
flew  to  arms,  but  were  in  most  places  re- 
pressed by  the  precautionary  measures 
which  0*l)onnell  had  adopted.  The  re- 
bellion appears  scotched,  not  killed,  and  we 
shall  probably  again  have  occasion  to  ad- 
vert to  it. 

Italy. — The  intelligence  from  Italy  is 
still  full  of  rumours  of  imminent  insurrec- 
tion. The  story  is,  that  Mazzini  is  fo- 
menting a  movement  on  a  lai^e  scale,  in 
order  that  he  may  get  the  lead  of  the 
Constitutional  party;  but  the  fact  would 
seem  to  1x3,  that  the  chronic  irritation 
against  the  Austrians  is  now  more  active 
than  usual,  in  consequence  of  the  pro- 
minence given  to  the  Italian  question  at 
Paris.  In  Milan  and  the  towns  garri- 
soned by  the  Austrians,  the  hate  of  the 
people  for  their  oppressors  is  undoubtedly 
more  intensely  felt  and  expressed  than 
e^-er.  In  Naples  the  discontent  has  reacbfld 


1856.] 


Foreign  News. 


289 


the  mass  of  the  employ^,  and  the  people 
are  said  to  be  "  prepared  for  any  change, 
and  ready  to  take  the  Grand  Turk  him- 
self." 

The  King  of  Sardinia  has  granted  an 
unreserved  pardon  to  Joseph  Jacquet,  who 
was  condemned  to  six  months'  imprison- 
ment by  the  tribunal  of  C/Tiambery  for 
"blasphemy" — that  is,  deducing  an  argu- 
ment against  the  Immaculate  Conception 
from  a  verse  in  the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew. 

Denmark. — Tlie  settlement  of  the  ques- 
tion of  the  Sound  Dues  is  adjourned.  The 
Washington  Cabinet,  at  the  request  of  that 
of  Copenhagen,  has  consented  to  a  further 
prolongation  for  one  year  of  the  treaty  of 
the  28th  April,  1856,  and  the  prolongation 
of  which  for  two  months  has  just  termi- 
nated, llie  Americans  who  shall  pass 
through  the  Sound  and  the  Belts  will 
continue  to  pay  the  dues  without  protest, 
but  with  reserve  of  their  rights.  More- 
over, the  question  is  to  be  settled  by  in- 
ternational negotiations  before  the  end 
of  the  year.  This  is  the  work  of  the  good 
offices  of  Russia. 

America. — In  the  American  Senate,  Mr. 
Foster,  of  Connecticut,  offered  a  resolution 
directing  the  Committee  on  Commerce  to 
inquire  into  the  expediency  of  authorizing 
the  issue  of  a  register  to  the  British-built 
bark  "Resolute,"  which  was  abandoned  by 
the  crew  and  found  derelict  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean  by  the  American  whale-ship  "George 
Hunry,"  and  by  her  brought  mto  the  port 
of  New  London,  where  she  is  now  lying ; 
all  claim  to  the  said  vessel  by  the  British 
Government  having  been  relinquished  to 
the  sailors.  Mr.  Mason  proposed  that  the 
vessel  be  piu-chased  by  Government,  re- 
fitted, and  sent  back  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment as  a  present.  Mr.  Foster  expressed 
gi*atification  at  this  suggestion;  and  in 
order  that  it  might  be  carried  out,  he 
withdrew  his  resolution. 

Central  America. —  Our  advices  from 
Central  America,  via  Belize,  state  that  the 
republics  of  Guatemala,  San  Salvador,  and 
Honduras,  had  entered  into  an  offensive 
and  defensive  treaty,  and  united  in  for- 
warding expeditions  to  Nicaragua  to  aid 


in  repelling  the  Fillibusters  who,  from  last 
accounts,  had  suffered  severely  from  cholera 
and  typhus,  and  which  it  was  hoped 
would  be  the  means  of  preventing  the  ar- 
rival of  fresh  reinforcements  from  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  California.  One  thousand 
men  marched  from  Guatemala  early  in 
May,  under  the  command  of  General  Pare- 
des ;  two  thousand  more  would  follow  in 
June;  and  a  frirther  expedition  of  5,000 
was  contemplated — and  to  be  commanded 
by  the  president.  General  Carrera.  It  was 
expected  that  a  grand  attack  on  the  fron- 
tiers ^ould  be  made  by  these  united  ex- 
peditions simultaneously  with  the  opera- 
tions of  the  army  of  Costa  Rica,  which, 
if  successfully  carried  out,  would  be  the 
means  of  entrenching  Walker  and  his  fol- 
lowers within  the  limits  of  Grenada,  and 
cripple  their  resources  for  a  continued 
warfare.  Tranquillity  reigns  throughout 
Guatemala. 

India. — The  possessions  now  governed 
in  the  name  of  the  East  India  Company, 
with  all  their  liabilities,  pass  to  the  (>own 
in  1874.  The  Crown  guarantees  £600,000 
a-year  to  the  proprietors  of  stock  as  divi- 
dend, which  is  in  no  shape  affected  by  the 
state  of  the  treasury  of  India.  Should  it 
fail,  the  people  of  England,  who  have 
bound  themselves  to  redeem  the  stock  for 
£6,000,000  sterling,  become  responsible, 
and  in  point  of  principle  the  House  of 
Commons  ought  in  this,  as  in  all  other 
cases,  to  hold  the  purse-strings.  At  pre- 
sent we  have  virtually  two  chancellors  of 
the  exchequer — one  for  the  control  of  the 
£50,000,000  of  taxes  collected  in  England, 
accountable  to  parliament,  and  of  whom  a 
rigid  reckoning  is  half-yearly  exacted ; 
the  other  dealing  with  the  £25,000,000 
collected  in  India,  over  whom  nobody  ap- 
pears to  have  any  control,  who  never  seems 
to  have  the  least  idea  of  what  money  he 
has  in  hand  or  what  he  requires,  and  can 
never  make  his  book  balance  within  two 
or  three  millions  at  least.  There  were 
several  millions  of  surplus  capital  in  the 
home  treasury  last  year,  when  that  at  Cal- 
cutta was  nearly  bankrupt. 


DOMESTIC    OCCUEEENCES. 


An  effort  has  been  made  to  induce  Par- 
liament to  sanction  the  removal  of  the 
National  Gallery  from  its  present  site,  and 
to  erect  a  building  for  the  reception  of  the 
pictures  at  Kensington  Gore,  where  they 
would  be  quite  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
ipreat  majority  of  persons.    Notwithstand- 


ing the  strenuous  efforts  of  the  supporters 
of  the  bill,  it  was  rejected.  To  mend  mat- 
ters, it  was  intended  to  dispose  of  the  old 
building,  on  "  the  finest  site  in  Europe," 
to  a  joint-stock  hotel  company. 

The  bill  to  alter  the  judicial  constmc- 
tson  of  the  House  of  Lords  has  also  been 


240 


Domestic  Occurrences, 


[Aug. 


rejected :  it  proposed  to  admit  four  jadges 
with  salaries  of  £5,000  a-year,  with  the 
privilege  and  honour  of  the  peerage  for 
life. 

Public  Income  and  Expendittre, 
1855-56. — The  following  is  an  account  of 
the  gross  public  income  of  the  Unit«d 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in 
the  year  ended  the  30th  day  of  June, 
1856,  and  of  the  actual  issues  or  payments 
within  the  same  period,  exclusive  of  the 
sums  applied  to  the  redemption  of  funded 
or  paying  off  unlnnded  debt,  and  of  the 
advances  and  repayments  for  local  works, 
&c. : — 


INCOME. 


Custonui 

Excise       

Stuuips      

Taxes  (Land  and  AHsessed)     . . 

Property-Tux      

Po8t-Oftlee  

Cruwn  Lands  (net)        

Pi'oduce  of  the  Sale  of  Old 
Stores,  and  other  extra  re- 
ceipts      

Money  received  from  the  East 
India  Company  

Miscellaneous  receipts,  in- 
cluding Imprest  and  uther 
Moueys  

Unclaimed  Dividends  (received) 


Excess  of  Expenditure  over 
Income  in  Uie  year  ended 
30th  of  June,  1850. 


Total. 


£.  K.   u. 

23,130,443  13    0 

17,552,777  13    2 

7,062,115  16    9 

8,097,026  0  11 

15.187,953  0    0 

2,708,152  5  10 

282,J15  15    9 


555,870  19  11 
60,000    0    0 


453,977     9    9 
82,945  13  10 


£70,233,778  8  11 


21,569,402  19    2 


£91,803,181    8    1 


EXPENDITURE. 


Interest  and  Management   of 

the  Penuanent  Debt 
Unclaimed  Dividends  paid     ... 

Terminable  Annuities 

Interest  of  Exchequer*bonds, 

1854       

Interest     of  Exchequer-Bills, 

t^upply 

Ditto    Deficiency      

Ditto    \\  ays  and  Means 

28,319,173    5     5 

CUAUUKS  ON  CoNSOLIUATKii 

Civil  Ust  

Annuities  and  Pensions 
^telaries  and  Allowances 
Diplomatic  Salaries  and  I*en- 

sions      

Courts  of  Justice 
Miscellaneous  Charges  on  the 

Consolidated  Fund 

1,727,715  11    8 

Supply  Skbvicls. 

Army 

Navy         

Ordnance  

A  ote  of  CYedit  (additional  Ex- 
j>enses.  War  Mith  Russia)  ... 

MiK:ellaneous  Civil  Services  ... 

Salaries,  ^c,  of  Revenue  De- 
partments        

£61,756,292  11  0 


£. 


s.  d. 


23,195,507 

122,806 

3,938,531 


18 

0 

17 


2 
5 
5 


227,500    0    0 


794,112 
21,424 
19,230 


1     1 
9    7 

18    9 


400,542  10 
339,214  15 
102,519  7 

0 
8 
4 

146,591  13 
491,339  13 

11 
11 

187,507  10 

10 

14 


21,551,242 

17,813,995 

8,378,582 

8,000,000 
6,879,604 

4,132,868 

i£91,803,181 


6  6 

1  5 

13  2 

0  0 

6  4 

3  7 

8  1 


The  Income-tax.  —  Schbdulb  D. — 
From  a  return  recently  published,  it  i^ 
pears  that  of  the  persons  charged  to  in- 
come-tax under  Schedule  D,  in  the  finan- 
cial year  1854-5,  the  numbers  comprised 
in  the  difTerent  incomes  specified  were  as 
follows  :— Under  £100  a-year,  21,891  per- 
sons ;  under  £150, 119,782  persons ;  under 
£200,  41,912  persons;  under  £300,  32,978 
persons;  mider  £400,  15,140  persons; 
under  £500,  7,308  persons;  under  £600, 
5,469  persons;  under  £700,  3,152  per- 
sons; under  £800,  2,095  per8f>ns;  under 
£900,  1,717  persons;  under  £1,000,798 
persons;  under  £2,000,  5,324  persons; 
under  £3,000, 1,557 persons;  under  £4^000, 
819  persons ;  mider  £5,000,  466  persons  | 
under£10,000,773per8on8;  under£50,000, 
445  persons ;  £50,000,  and  upwards,  41. 

The  Princess  Royal  has  met  with  a 
slight  accident.  Her  Royal  Highness  was 
in  the  act  of  scaling  a  letter  when  the 
sleeve  of  her  dress  caught  fire.  It  was 
soon  extinguished,  and  beyond  the  pain 
and  a  few  blisters  no  luurm  was  done. 
There  is  no  chance  of  the  arm  being  dis- 
figured in  any  way. 

Cioil  List  Pensions, — The  following  is 
a  list  of  all  i>ensiuus  granted  between  the 
20th  of  June,  1855,  and  the  20th  of  June, 
1856,  and  charged  ujxjn  the  Civil  List : — 

Thomas  Dick,  D.C.L.,  50/.,  in  consider- 
ation of  the  eminent  services  he  has  ren- 
dered to  literature  and  science. 

Joseph  Haydn,  25/.,  in  consideration  of 
his  useful  and  valuable  additions  to  stand- 
ard literature. 

Mrs.  Pauline  Du  Plat,  100/.  (widow  of 
the  late  Brigadier  General  Du  Plat, 
R.E.),  in  consideration  of  the  distin- 
guished services  of  her  husband  and  the 
straitened  circumstances  in  which  she  is 
placed  by  his  decease. 

Psyche  Rose  Elizabeth  Hoste,  50/. 
(daughter  of  the  late  Admu-al  Sir  Wil- 
liam lloste),  m  consideration  of  the  naval 
services  of  her  father,  and  her  own  desti- 
tute and  infirm  condition. 

Mrs.  Fanny  Drumniond  Lloyd,  100/. 
(widow  of  the  late  Lieut. -Colonel  I  Joyd),  in 
consideration  of  the  long  civil,  diplomatic, 
and  military  ser^'iccs  of  her  husband,  his 
active  exertions  in  the  East  diuring  the 
l)resent  war,  up  to  the  period  when  he 
fell  a  victim  to  disease,  and  the  state  of 
destitution  in  which  she  was  placed  by 
his  decease. 

Samuel  Lover,  100/.,  in  consideration 
of  his  eminent  services  to  literature.       • 

Francis  Petit  Smith,  200/.,  in  consider- 
ation of  his  great,  and  for  a  long  pmod 
gratuitous  exertions  connected  with  the 
introduction  of  the  screw  propeller  into 
her  Majesty's  service. 


1856.] 


ri'omotions  and  Preferments. 


241 


Jane,  Emily  Sarah,  and  Louisa  Cath- 
cart,  300/. — The  three  eldest  daughters  of 
the  late  Lieut.-General  Sir  George  Cath- 
cart,  pensions  of  100/.  a-year  each,  in 
consideration  of  the  distinguished  services 
€>f  their  father,  and  his  death  on  the  field 
of  battle,  when  in  command  of  a  division 
of  her  Majesty's  forces. 

John  D* Alton,  50/.,  in  consideration  of 
his  literary  merits,  and  his  numerous  con- 
tributions to  the  history,  top(^aphy,  and 
statistics  of  Ireland. 

Mrs.  Maria  Long,  50/.,  (widow  of  the 
late  Frederick  Beckford  Long,  Inspector- 
General  of  Prisons  in  Ireland).  An  ad- 
ditional pension  of  50/.  a-year,  in  con- 
sideration of  the  services  of  her  husband, 
in  consequence  of  whose  death,  from  ill- 
ness contracted  in  the  execution  of  his 
duty,  she  has  been  left,  with  a  large  &- 
mily,  in  circumstances  of  great  distress. 

Catherine  and  Emily  Baily,  and  JVIrs. 
Mary  Ward,  50/.  (daughters  of  the  late 
Mr.  Baily,  of  the  War-office),  in  consi- 
deration of  the  long  and  meritorious  ser- 
vices of  their  father,  and  their  own 
destitute  condition. 

Thomasine  Ross,  50/.,  in  consideration 
of  her  literary  merits. 


Mrs.  Mary  Haydn  (i^ddow  of  the  late 
Mr.  Haydn),  25/.,  in  consideration  of  the 
numerous  useful  works  contributed  to 
standard  literature  by  her  late  husband, 
and  the  destitute  position  in  which  she  is 
placed  by  his  decease. 

John  0*Donovan,  50/.,  in  consideration 
of  his  valuable  contributions  to  ancient 
Irish  history  and  literature. 


A  new  biU  "to  amend  the  law  of  im- 
prisonment for  debt"  has  been  printed. 
It  proposes  that,  except  in  actions  for 
malicious  prosecution,  or  for  deceit,  libel, 
slander,  criminal  conversation,  or  breach 
of  promise  of  marriage,  no  process  for 
arrest  is  to  issue.  That  persons  in  custody, 
except  in  the  cases  mentioned,  are  to  be 
discharged.  Persons  discharged  may  be 
examined,  and  where  there  is  property  fit 
to  be  administered  under  the  Insolvents' 
Acts,  an  order  may  issue  to  vest  such 
property  in  the  assignee  of  insolvents' 
estates.  Parties  may  be  committed  for 
fraud,  &c.  In  cases  where  the  judgment 
exceeds  300/.,  the  original  court  is  to  have 
jurisdiction.  Arrest  is  to  be  reserved  on 
persons  about  to  leave  the  country. 


PROMOTIONS,  PREFERMENTS,  &c. 


Gazette  Prefermknts,  &c. 

June  21.  To  be  Knights  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Bath,  Gen.  Sir  George  Brown,  Admiral  and  Sir 
James  Alex.  Gordon ;  to  be  Knights  Commanders 
of  the  Bath,  Rear-Admiral  Sir  Hen.  Byam  Mar- 
tin, Lieut.-Gen  Sir  W.  G.  Moore,  Commissarjr- 
Gen.  Sir  Geo.  Maclean,  and  Major-Gen.  Sir  Wil- 
Uam  Fenwick  Williams  of  Kars,  Bart. ;  to  be 
Companions  of  the  Bath,  Col.  Luke  Smyth  O'Con- 
nor, Lieut.-Col.  H.  A.  Lake,  Deputy  Inspector- 
Gen,  of  Hospitals  J.  B.  Taylor,  Col.  C.  C.  Tees- 
dale,  Col.  E.  C.  Warde,  and  H.  A.  Churchill,  esq. 

July%.  Lt.-Gen.  Sir  John  Burgojme,  G.C.B., 
to  be  General ;  Major-Gen.  Sir  Colin  Campbell, 
G.C.B.,  to  be  Lieut.-General. 

July  11.  Col.  C.  B.  Cumberland  to  the  hono- 
rary rank  of  Major-Gcneral. 

July  12  To  be  Knights  of  the  Garter,  the  Earl 
Fortescue  and  Viscount  Palmerston. 

It  is  now  upwards  of  40  years  ago  since  a 
member  of  the  Lower  House  has  obtained  the 
blue  riband  of  the  most  noble  order  of  the  Garter, 
— the  last  instance  being  that  of  Lord  Castlereagh, 
who  obtained  it  in  1816,  five  years  before  his  suc- 
cession to  the  MarquLsate  of  Londonderry.  Pre- 
vious to  that  time,  we  find  the  Garter  bestowed 
on  no  other  member  of  parliament  since  the  ac- 
cession of  King  George  III.,  with  the  single  ex- 
ception of  Lord  North,  who  was  Premier  from 
1770  to  1781,  and  eventually  became  Earl  of 
Guilford.  Indeed,  since  the  commencement  of 
the  reign  of  George  III.,  or,  in  other  words,  for 
nearly  a  century,  the  blue  riband  has  never  fallen 
to  the  lot  of  an  individual  who  is  possessed  of 
only  an  Irish  peerage ;  and  farther,  if  we  except 

Gest.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


the  case  of  Viscount  Weymouth,  who  was  soon 
afterwards  raised  to  the  marquisate  of  Bath,  the 
noble  order  of  the  Garter  has  been  strictly  con- 
fined to  such  noblemen  as  have  held  the  rank  of 
an  earl  or  some  superior  title  in  the  English 
peerage. 

July  15.  To  be  Commander-in-Chief,  General 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 

July  25.  The  Queen  has  directed  letters  patent 
to  be  passed  under  the  Great  Seal  granting  the 
dignity  of  a  Baron  unto  the  Bight  Hon.  James 
Barop  Wensleydale,  and  to  the  heirs  male  of  his 
body  lawfully  begotten,by  the  name  style  and  title 
of  Baron  Wensleydale  of  Walton,  in  the  County 
Palatine  of  Lancaster. 

To  be  Commander  of  the  garrison  at  Woolwich, 
Gen.  Sir  WUliam  F.  Williams. 

To  be  Aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen,  with  the 
rank  of  full  Col.  in  the  Army,  Brevet  Lieut.-Col. 
Lake,  C.  B. 

To  be  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Aflfairs,  the  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Shelbume,  who 
has  been  called  to  the  Upper  House  in  the  name 
of  his  father's  earldom  of  Shelbume. 

To  the  Bishopric  of  the  United  Sees  of  Glou- 
cester and  Bristol,  the  Bt.  Rev.  Charles  Baring, 
D.D. 

To  the  Rectory  of  Christ  Church,  Marjlebone, 
the  Rev.  John  Llewellyn  Davies. 


Members  returned  to  serve  in  Parliament, 

Caine,—Gen.  Sir  W.  F.  WUliams,  K.C.B. 
JVow**.— The  Hon.  Wm.  George  Boyle. 
DorcA«*ter.— Charles  Napier  Sturt,  esq. 

I  1 


242 


[Aug. 


OBITUAEY. 


Floeestan  I.,  Peince  op  Monaco. 

June  20.  At  Paris,  Tancred  Florestan 
Roger  Louis  Grimaldi,  Prince  of  Mo- 
naco, Duke  of  Valentinois,  reigning  as 
Sovereign  Prince  of  Monaco,  under  the 
title  of  Florestan  I. 

He  was  the  son  of  Honor^  IV.,  Prince 
of  Monaco,  was  bom  October  10,  1785, 
succeeded  his  brother  Honor^  V.,  Prince 
of  Monaco,  October  2,  1841 ;  married  on 
November,  27,  1816,  to  the  Princess 
Marie  Louise  Caroline  (jabrielle  Gibert  de 
Lamerty,  (bom  July  18,  1793),  and  has 
two  children :  I.  Charles  Honor^  Grimaldi, 
bom  December  8,  1818,  Duke  of  Valen- 
tinois, Grandee  of  Spain  of  the  first  class, 
who  succeeds  him,  and  who  was  married 
on  September  28,  1846,  to  Antoinette 
Ghislaine,  Countess  of  Merode,  by  whom 
he  has  a  son.  Prince  Albert  Honor^  Charles, 
bom  November  13,  1848;  and  XL  Flores- 
tine  Gabrielle  Antoinette  Grimaldi,  born 
October  22,  1833. 

On  the  death  of  the  last  prince  in  Octo- 
ber, 1841,  (Honor^  V.)  a  memoir  of  whom 
appeared  in  this  Magazine,  (January  1842,) 
with  an  accoimt  of  the  Principality  ;  and 
in  our  Magazines  for  December,  1832,  and 
October,  1834,  are  accounts  of  many  mem- 
bers of  this  family,  and  of  the  long-con- 
tinued litigation  between  .  the  Grimaldis 
of  Antibes  and  the  Princes  of  Monaco, 
for  this  small  but  ancient  Principality. 

The  attention  of  the  public  having  of 
late  years  been  frequently  called  to  the 
contentions  respecting  Monaco,  and  those 
disputes  being  more  likely  than  ever  to 
create  an  interest,  we  subjoin  a  short 
history  of  this  romantic  territory. 

It  is  said  in  the  Histoire  de  verifier  Us 
DateSy  and  other  works,  to  have  been 
given  to  Grimaldi,  Lord  of  Antibes,  by 
the  emperor  Otho  L,  in  the  tenth  century, 
and  hence  it  is  considered  a  fief  of  the 
empire — not  inheritable  by  females;  and 
to  ascertain  this  point  is  the  cause  of  the 
long-pending  litigation  already  alluded  to. 
Other  historians  doubt  this  early  acquisi- 
tion of  it  by  the  Grimaldis,  and  state  that 
the  Emperor  Henry  V.  conceded  it  to  the 
Genoese  in  1191,  and  that  they  fortified 
it  and  built  the  castle  in  1215,  the  Gri- 
maldis then  ruling  in  Genoa.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  in  those  unsettled  times  the 
Grimaldis  were  occasionally  dispossessed 
of  the  castle,  but  for  many  centuries  they 
have  held  the  territory  without  interrup- 
tion. Its  situation  at  the  confines  of 
France  and  Sardinia,  and  proximity  to  the 


borders  of  Spain,  have  made  it  necessary 
that  it  should  in  modem  times  be  under 
the  protection  of  one  of  those  powers. 

Pnor  to  1524,  the  title  of  sovereignty 
used  by  the  Grimaldis  was  "  Supremua 
Monaeci,"  but  in  that  year  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  erected  it  into  a  principality  in 
favour  of  Honor^  Grimaldi,  to  whom  he 
was  much  attached.  In  1551,  Sir  Richard 
Wotton  (our  ambassador)  writes, — "The 
Emperor  is  gone  in  solace  to  Monaco,  and 
hunteth.** 

In  1605  a  Spanish  garrison  was  intro- 
duced to  garrison  Monaco;  but  their  in- 
solence compelled  the  Prince  Honor^  IT. 
to  expel  them,  and  he  admitted  a  French 
garrison  in  the  year  1641.  Having  by 
this  step  lost  his  Spanish  possessions, 
Louis  the  XII Ith.  gave  him  the  Duchy  of 
Valentinois,  the  County  of  Carladcy,  and 
Baronies  of  Buis,  Calvinet,  and  Saint 
liemy  ;  and  the  Prince  adopted  the  French 
fleur-de-lis  for  his  crest,  in  the  place  of 
the  ancient  crest,  a  demi-monk. 

The  revolutionary  spirit  of  France  hav- 
ing reached  Monaco  at  the  time  of  the 
French  revolution,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Principality,  though  they  had  nothing  to 
complain  of,  formed  a  convention,  which 
was  engaged  in  drawing  up  a  constitution 
to  render  them  happy,  and  establish  a 
republic  next  in  rank  to  that  of  St.  Ma- 
rino, when  one  morning  some  troops  ar- 
rived from  Nice,  planted  the  tree  of  liberty, 
made  them  vote  their  uiuon  to  the  depart- 
ment of  the  maritime  Alps,  and  thus  ended 
the  operations  of  the  convention  of  Mo- 
naco. The  Prince  (Honor^  IV.)  was  im- 
prisoned, and  the  princess  was  guillotined ; 
and  the  Prince's  residence,  which,  from  the 
beauty  of  its  situation,  recalled  to  mind 
the  fabled  gardens  of  the  Hesperides,  be- 
came the  property  of  a  citizen  of  Men- 
toni  (a  small  place  within  the  Prince's 
territory),  who  knew  as  little  of  the  Hes- 
perides as  of  their  golden  apples. 

By  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  with 
France  in  1814,  it  was  stipulated  that 
the  Principality  of  Monaco  should  be  re- 
placed on  the  same  footing  that  it  was 
before  the  Ist  of  January,  1792,  and  it 
was  plar^  under  the  protection  of  Sar- 
dinia. 

In  1848  the  King  of  Sardinia,  Charles 
Albert,  by  a  provisional  decree  united  two 
of  the  towns  of  Monaco  (Mentoni  and 
Roguebrune)  to  his  states,  having  pre- 
viously occupied  them  by  his  troops ;  and 
in  1848  the  IHedmontese  government  pre- 


1856.]    Obituary.— Major 'Gen.  Sir  W.  H.  Sleeman,  K.C.B.   243 


sented  a  project  of  law  to  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  for  the  definite  union  of  these 
two  towns;  this  was  adopted  by  the 
Chamber,  and  carried  to  the  Senate  in 
January,  1850,  but  the  examination  of  the 
matter  has  been  ever  since  suspended, 
owing  to  the  protests  which  the  Prince 
addressed  to  the  powers  who  signed  the 
treaties  of  1814  and  1815. 

In  1852  it  was  stated  that  Prince 
Florestan  had  offered  to  sell  his  little 
principality  to  Austria,  but  of  course 
neither  France  nor  Sardinia  would  con- 
sent to  such  an  agreement. 

In  April,  1854,  the  present  Prince,  then 
using  the  title  of  Duke  of  Valentinois, 
endeavoured  to  regain  possession  of  Men- 
toni ;  the  inhabitants  on  his  arrival  un- 
yoked the  horses  of  his  carriage,  and  drew 
it  through  the  street  of  St.  Michael,  cry- 
ing, "  Long  live  the  Prince !"  and  hoisting 
the  flag  of  the  house  of  Grimaldi ;  but  the 
troops  of  the  King  of  Sardinia  placed  the 
Prince  in  the  Sardinian  fortress  of  Villa- 
franca,  whence  after  a  few  days  he  was 
liberated,  and  returned  to  France,  the 
Intendant-General  stating  that  the  con- 
finement was  solely  to  protect  the  Prince's 
person. 

In  the  autunm  of  1854  the  German 
papers  endeavoured  to  excite  trouble,  by 
stating  that  the  United  States  had  pur- 
chased Monaco  from  Prince  Florestan; 
at  that  period,  the  question  at  issue  be- 
tween the  Prince  and  the  Sardinian  Go- 
vernment had  been  submitted  by  common 
consent  to  the  arbitration  of  M.  Drouyn 
de  Lhuys.  The  Prince  wished  to  retain 
possession  of  the  port  and  town  of  Mo- 
naco, and  he  proposed  to  cede  to  Sardinia 
the  towns  of  Mentoni  and  Roguebrune  for 
a  sum  of  4,000,000  francs,  or  200,000 
francs  annually.  He  demanded,  more- 
over, that  the  Sardinian  garrison  of  Mo- 
naco should  be  replaced  by  French  troops. 
The  Piedmontese  Minister  in  Paris  was 
not  satisfied  with  these  propositions,  and 
M.  Drouyn  de  Lhuys  has  not  yet  made 
known  his  decision.  At  the  Congress  in 
Paris  in  April,  1856>  Baron  Hubner  (the 
Austrian  Plenipotentiary),  in  reply  to  the 
complaint  of  Sardinia  of  the  French  and 
Austrian  occupation  of  Rome,  Anoona,  and 
Bologna,  remarked  that  in  Italy  it  was 
not  only  the  Roman  States  which  were 
occupied  by  foreign  troops ;  that  the  com- 
munes of  Mentoni  and  Roguebrune  had 
been  for  the  last  eight  years  occupied  by 
troops  of  the  King  of  Sardinia,  contrary  to 
the  wishes  of  the  Prince  of  Monaco,  and 
maintained  themselves  there,  notwith- 
standing the  remonstrances  of  the  sove- 
reign of  the  country. 

To  this   Count  Cavour,  the  Sardinian 


Plenipotentiarv,  declared  that  Sardinia  was 
ready  to  withdraw  the  fifty  men  who  occu- 
pied Mentoni,  if  the  Prince  should  be  in  a 
condition  to  return  to  the  country  ^thout 
the  most  serious  dangers ;  but  he  did  not 
consider  Sardinia  could  be  accused  of 
having  contributed  to  the  overthrow  of 
the  ancient  government  in  order  to  occupy 
those  States,  since  the  Prince  had  not  been 
able  to  maintain  his  authority  in  the 
single  town  of  Monaco,  which  Sardinia 
occupied  in  1848,  in  virtue  of  treaties. 


Majob-Gbn.  Sib  W.  H.  Slebhav,  K.C.B. 

Feb.  10.  On  his  passage  home  finom  Cal- 
cutta, aged  67,  Sir  William  Henry  Slee- 
man,  K.C.B. 

The  deceased  General  entered  the  mili- 
tary service  of  the  East  India  Company  in 
1808,  so  that  he  had  devoted  a  life  of 
nearly  half  a  century  to  active  employ- 
ment in  the  East.  For  several  years  be 
discharged  with  the  greatest  zeal  and 
ability  the  duties  of  British  Resident  at 
Lucknow,  in  the  kingdom  of  Oude,  and  it 
is  in  connexion  with  that  country  that  his 
name  will  be  longest  remembered.  In 
the  earlier  part  of  his  official  career  be 
had  been  asnstant  in  the  Saugar  and  Ner- 
budda  district,  where  he  gamed  an  im- 
mense amount  of  experience,  and  an  accn- 
rate  knowledge  of  Central  India,  which 
afterwards  was  turned  to  good  account. 
In  1843  we  find  him  British  Resident  at 
Gwalior ;  this  appointment  he  held  during 
the  critical  times  which  ultimately  led  to 
hostilities  in  that  quarter,  and  resulted  in 
the  battle  of  Mahangpore.  Soon  after  his 
arrival  in  India,  Lord  Ellenborough  pro- 
moted Colonel  Sleeman,  who  lost  no  time 
in  proving  that,  if  he  had  been  an  efficient 
servant  in  an  inferior  position,  he  was  an 
able  organizer  and  administrator  as  welL 
Colonel  Sleeman  was  one  of  the  very  first 
persons  who  commenced  suppressing  the 
system  known  as  "Thuggee;"  and  the 
official  papers  drawn  up  upon  the  subject 
were  mainly  the  work  of  his  pen;  the 
department  which  was  specially  commis- 
sioned for  this  important  purpose  being 
not  only  organized,  but  worked  by  him. 
Such  being  his  antecedents,  it  is  not  sur* 
prising,  therefore,  that  Colonel  Sleeman 
became  intimately  and  extensively  ac- 
quainted with  the  native  character,  and 
proved  himself  the  r^ht-hand  man  of 
Ixnrds  Ellenborough,  iSurdinge,  and  Dal- 
housie,  the  latter  of  whom  frequently  re- 
fers in  despatches  to  Colonel  Sleeman's 
diary.  Neither  is  it  surprinng  that,  in 
dealing  with  such  a  state  as  that  of  Oude, 
Lord  Dalhoume  should  have  looked  to  hit 


244 


Obituary. — Sir  Fred,  G.  Fowke,  Bart. 


[Aug. 


Resident  at  Lucknow  for  trustworthy  in- 
formation and  steady  support.  Colonel 
Slecman  had  not  resided  in  that  capital 
without  observing  that  its  internal  ad- 
ministration was  hopelessly  corrupt,  and 
that  no  course  appeared  open  to  the 
British  Government  but  one  —  namely, 
that  of  bringing  it  under  British  laws. 
Colonel  Sleeman  beheld  a  fertile  soil  look- 
ing like  a  desert,  with  villages  plundered 
and  deserted ;  a  court  wallowing  in  luxury 
and  eflfeminacy ;  the  Minister  careless  and 
negligent  of  all  public  duties;  and  the 
towns  infested  with  murderers  and  assas- 
sins. In  July,  1854,  the  Bengal  "  Hur- 
karu"  states  that  "Colonel  Sleeman,  the 
able  and  cautious  Resident  at  Lucknow," 
detected  a  letter  sent  from  the  King  of 
Persia  to  his  Majesty  of  Oude,  in  which 
the  former  monarch  spoke  hopefully  of  a 
Persian  invasion  of  India,  and  "  promised 
in  that  event  to  do  all  that  he  could  for 
the  stability  of  Oude."  Only  a  few  months 
before  this  an  attempt  was  made  by  night 
upon  the  life  of  Colonel  Sleeman  himself 
in  his  own  house,  which  attempt  he  only 
escaped  by  having  fortimately  changed  his 
bedroom  that  evening. 

In  the  summer  of  1854  it  became  too 
evident  to  his  Indian  friends  that  Colonel 
Sleeman*8  health  was  breaking,  and  in  the 
August  of  that  year  he  became  alarmingly 
unwell.  "  Forty-six  years  of  incessant 
labour,"  says  a  writer  in  "  Allen's  Indian 
Mail"  of  that  date,— 

"  Have  had  their  influence  even  on  his 
powerful  frame;  he  has  received  one  of 
those  terrible  warnings  believed  to  indi- 
cate the  approach  of  paralysis With 

Colonel  Sleeman  will  depart  the  last  hope 
of  any  improvement  in  the  condition  of 
this  unhappy  country  of  Oude.  Though 
belonging  to  the  older  class  of  Indian 
officials,  Colonel  Sleeman  has  never  be- 
come Hiiidooized.  He  has  appreciated 
the  misery  created  by  a  native  throne; 
he  has  sternly  and  even  haughtily  pointed 
out  to  the  king  the  miseries  caused  by 
his  incapacity,  and  has  frequently  ex- 
torted from  his  fears  the  mercy  which  it 
was  vain  to  hope  from  his  humanity." 

Later  in  the  same  year  Colonel  Sleeman 
went  to  the  hills  for  change  of  air  and 
scene,  and  transacted  the  business  of  Resi- 
dent by  a  deputy  for  some  time.  He  had 
the  satisfaction  of  thus  prolonging  his  life 
to  witness  the  actual  annexation  of  Oude, 
and  the  Residentcy  superseded  by  Sir 
James  Outram  as  Commissioner.  On  the 
28th  of  Novem])er  last  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Major-General.  Still,  in 
spite  of  all  the  remedies  of  medical  science, 
he  gradually  sank,  and,  after  a  long  ill- 
ness, died  as  mentioned  above,   leaving 


behind  him  a  name  which  will  be  honoured 
both  in  England  and  in  India.  Ho  was 
advanced  to  the  dignity  of  a  K.C.B.  so 
lately  as  January,  and  could  scarcely  have 
received  the  intelligence  of  the  honour 
bestowed  upon  his  siglial  merits  when  be 
left  Calcutta,  early  in  the  following  month. 
His  experience  of  Indian  nations,  their 
manners  and  religion,  he  embodied  in  a 
work  entitled  "  Rambles  and  Recollections 
of  an  Indian  Official,"  which  was  pub- 
lished about  eight  or  ten  years  ago,  and 
which  is,  perhaps,  the  best  suited  of  all 
the  many  works  written  upon  India  to 
give  a  European  a  general  insight  into 
Indian  life. 


SiB  Fbbd.  G.  Fowke,  Babt. 

May  17.  At  Leamington,  aged  74, 
Sir  Frederick  Gustavus  Fowke,  Bart.,  of 
Lowesby,  in  the  county  of  Leicester. 

He  was  bom  on  Jan.  24,  1782,  the 
third,  but  eldest  surviving  son,  of  Sir  — 
Fowke,  Knt.,  Groom  of  the  Bedchamber 
to  his  Royal  Highness  Frederick,  Duke 
of  Cumberland,  (the  brother  of  George 
III.,)  by  Anne,  second  daughter  and  co- 
heiress of  Sir  Thomas  Woolaston,  Bart. 
His  first  name  was  b^towed  on  him  in 
honour  of  his  father's  royal  patron,  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland.  His  entrance  into 
life  was  made  yaih  every  augury  of  auspi- 
cious promise.  WTiile  yet  a  boy  he  was 
brought  into  frequent  contact  with  the 
Prince  Regent  and  his  royal  brother^ 
then  in  all  the  enjoyment  of  rii)€ned  man- 
hood. Naturally  generous  and  social  ; 
possessing  more  than  a  fair  share  of 
talents  and  accomplishments ;  a  humorist, 
a  mimic,  a  ready  rhymester;  handsome 
in  face  and  person;  afiable,  courteous, 
and  prepossessing  in  demeanour, — ^young 
Frederick  Fowke  must  have  been  a  uni- 
versal favourite  in  that  gay  and  dissipated 
circle  of  which  more  than  fifty  years  ago 
the  royal  princes  formed  the  centre  of  at- 
traction. His  soubriquet  of  **  Fred  Fun" 
— received  from  the  liCgent,  we  are  told — 
best  expresses  the  idea  his  associates  then 
formed  of  his  character. 

When  thirty-two  years  of  age,  Mr. 
Fowke  married  the  only  daughter  of  the 
late  Anthony  Henderson,  Esq.,  M.P.  for 
Brackley.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
created  a  baronet,  that  title  having  been 
possessed  by  two  branches  of  his  maternal 
ancestry.  At  this  period  of  his  life.  Sir 
Frederick  Fowke  was  conspicuous  in  his 
assertion  of  Tory  politics ;  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Pitt  Club,  and  an  active  and 
zealous  politician.  At  the  election  of 
Lord  Robert  Manners  and  C.  M.  Fhinms, 
fisq.,  far  the  oonnty  of  Leieester,  in  tiie 


1856.]  Eev.  Sir  G.  Burrard,  Bart.— Sir  J.  Meek,  Knt.,  C.B.       245 


year  1818,  when  the  latter  gentleman  in  a 
hustings  speech  introduced  the  oratorical 
quotation,  "  Vox  popuU  vox  Dei,**  Sir 
Frederick  recoiled  in  terror  and  surprise 
from  what  he  regarded  as  a  revolutionary 
declaration ;  but  in  later  years  his  views 
were  considerably  modified  and  he  acqui- 
esced in  the  propriety  of  measures  from 
which  in  his  younger  life  he  would  pro- 
bably have  augured  the  national  downfalL 

Sir  Frederick  was  disposed  to  the  study 
of  antiquities,  and  he  held  the  office  of 
one  of  the  Presidents  of  the  Leicestershire 
Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society. 
in  all  the  relationshi|)8  of  life — as  a  friend, 
a  landlord,  and  the  promoter  of  taste  and 
improvement  generally — we  feel  justified 
in  saying  he  dies  respected  and  lamented. 

He  had  issue  five  sons  and  two  daughters. 
Of  the  sons  four  survive,  and  the  elder, 
daughter  is  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  William 
Lancelot  Rolleston.  Sir  Frederick  Gus- 
tavus  Fowke,  who  was  a  Gentleman  of 
the  Privy  Chamber,  and  a  Deputy  Lieu- 
tenant of  Leicestershire,  died  at  Leaming- 
ton on  the  17th  ult.  He  is  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son,  a  captain  in  the  Leicester- 
shire Militia,  now  Sir  Frederick  Thomas 
Fowkc,  the  second  Baror.et,  who  is  mar- 
ried to  Sarah  Mary,  youngest  daughter 
and  co-heiress  of  the  late  Henry  Leigh 
Spencer,  Esq.,  of  Bansted  Park,  Surrey, 
md  has  issue. 


Rev.  Sib  Geoege  Buebabd,  Babt. 

Mat/  17.  At  Walhampton,  Lymington, 
Hampshire,  aged  87,  the  Rev.  Sir  George 
Burrard,  the  third  Baronet  (1769),  Cliap- 
lain  in  Ordinary  to  her  Majesty,  Rector  of 
Burton  Goggles,  Lincolnshire,  and  Vicar  of 
Middleton  Tyas,  Yorkshire. 

He  was  born  at  Dorking  in  Surrey,  the 
younger  son  of  Colonel  William  Burrard, 
by  his  second  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Joseph  Pearce,  Esq.,  of  Lymington. 

He  was  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  B.A. 
1790,  M.A.  1793.  He  was  nominated  one 
of  his  Majesty's  Chaplains  in  1801,  and  had 
ever  since  retuned  that  dignity.  He  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Yarmouth 
(value  43/.)  in  the  same  year ;  to  Middle- 
ton  Tyas  (value  705/.)  in  1804;  and  to 
Burton  Coggles  (value  664/.)  in  1822.  All 
these  livings  were  in  the  gift  of  the  Lord 
Chancellor ;  and  Sir  George  Burrard  held 
them  all  for  many  years,  but  resigned 
Yarmouth. 

He  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  on  Feb. 
15,  1840,  on  the  death  of  his  brother. 
Admiral  Sir  Harry  Burrard  Neale,  G.C.B. 
and  G.C.M.G.,  the  dignity  having  been  con- 
ferred on  their  uncle.  Sir  Harry  Burrard, 


with  remainder  to  his  brothers  William 
and  George,  and  their  male  issue. 

Sir  George  Burrard  was  twice  married; 
first,  Sept.  18,  1804^  to  Elizabeth  Anne, 
daughter  and  heir  of  William  Coppil,  of 
Jamaica,  Esq.,  by  whom  he  bad  an  only 
surviving  child,  who  succeeds  to  the 
baronet<^. 

Having  lost  his  first  wife  on  April  10, 
1807,  he  married  secondly.  May  1,  1816, 
Emma,  daughter  of  Admiral  Joseph  Bing- 
ham, and  had  Airther  issue,  Harriet,  and 
Harry;  ESmma,  and  Emma-Selina,  who 
both  cQed  in  infimcy;  Theresa,  who  died 
(Mrs.  Cooper)  Feb.  2, 1849;  and  Sidney. 

The  present  baronet  was  bom  in  1806, 
and  married  in  1839,  the  only  daughter 
of  Sir  Gteorge  Dackett,  Bart.  He  was 
M.P.  for  Lymington  in  1830  and  1831. 


Sib  Jambs  Mebk,  Kkt.,  C.B. 

May  18.  At  his  residence,  Hfraoombe, 
Sir  James  Meek,  Knt.,  C.B.,  late  Comp- 
troller of  the  Victualling  of  ber  Mi^jeety's 
Navy,  aged  77. 

He  was  bom  in  1778,  and  entered  the 
public  service  in  1798.  Under  Lord  Keith* 
then  Commander-in-Chief  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, he  was  employed  in  procuring  sup- 
plies irom  Sicily  for  the  support  a(  tne 
army  sent  to  invade  Egypt.  For  many 
years  he  held  the  post  of  secretary  to  dif- 
ferent flag-officers  on  the  Mediterranean 
station,  and,  among  others,  to  Lord  Keith, 
after  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1880,  he 
was  appointed  a  Commissioner  of  the  Vic- 
tualling Board,  and  on  the  abolition  of 
that  department  was  made  Comptroller 
of  the  Victualling  of  the  Navy  and  Trans- 
port Services.  From  these  duties,  whidi 
he  discharged  with  zeal  and  effidency,  he 
finally  retu^  in  December,  1850,  and 
early  in  the  following  year  was  rewarded 
with  the  honour  of  Knighthood  and  the 
Companionship  of  the  Bath.  His  name, 
however,  will  be  longest  remembered  in 
connexion  with  the  commercial  measures 
of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel,  who  sent  him 
during  the  winter  of  1841  on  a  tour 
through  Belgium,  Holland,  and  the  north 
of  Germany,  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
statistical  information  respecting  agricul- 
tural produce  and  shipping;  and  it  was, 
to  a  considerable  extent,  upon  the  reports 
supplied  to  her  Majesty's  Ministers  l^  Sir 
James  Meek  tlmt  the  then  Premier  based 
the  well-known  measures  of  free  trade 
which  he  introduced  in  1846.  Sir  James 
represented  an  old  Cheshire  fiunily,  and 
was  twice  married:  first,  to  a  daughter 
of  Lieutenant  Edward  Down,  B,JN, ;  and 
second,  baying  been  left  a  widower  netriy 


24^        Obituary. — Rear^ Admiral  King,  F,It,8.,  6(C.,  ^'C.       [Aug. 


two  years,  in  1853,  to  the  daughter  of 
the  late  Dr.  Grant,  of  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
He  was  an  acting  magistrate  for  the 
county  of  Devon,  and  was  much  respected 
in  the  town  and  neighbourhood  of  Dfra- 
combe,  where  he  had  long  resided. 


Rear- Admiral  King,  F.R.S.,  F.R.G.S., 
F.L.S.,  M.L.C. 

In  Feb,  At  his  residence,  Grantham, 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  aged  62,  Philip 
Parker  King,  Rear- Admiral  of  the  Blue. 

Admiral  King  was  the  son  of  Philip 
Gidley  King,  Esq.,  Post-Captain  in  the 
royal  navy,  who  from  the  ability  he  ex- 
hibited in  the  settlement  of  Norfolk  Is- 
land, was  appointed  to  succeed  Captain 
Hunter  in  the  Government  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  who  accordingly  assumed  the 
position  of  Governor  in  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember, 1800,  on  the  departure  of  Governor 
Hunter  for  England. 

The  subject  of  this  memoir  was  bom 
at  Norfolk  Island,  on  December  13,  1793, 
and  entered  the  navy  in  November,  1807, 
as  a  first-class  volunteer,  on  board  the 
"  Diana,"  frigate.  Captain  Charles  Grant ; 
whose  first-lieutenant,  the  late  Captain  R. 
H.  Barclay,  he  well  supported  in  an  attack 
made  by  the  ship's  boats  in  1808  upon  a 
French  convoy  passing  between  Nantes 
and  Rochefort.  On  the  night  of  Decem- 
ber 2,  1809,  he  was  again  noticed  for  his 
gallantry  in  the  boats  under  Lieutenant 
Daniel  Miller,  at  the  cutting  out  of  three 
schuyts,  moored  to  the  shore  of  Odenskirk, 
and  provided  with  heavy  ordnance.  On 
May  18  he  obtained  the  rank  of  midship- 
man ;  and  in  1810  he  proceeded  as  mas- 
ter's mate  of  the  "  Hibemia,"  110,  Captain 
John  Chambers  White,  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, where  he  followed  the  latter  officer 
with  the  "  Centaur,"  74 ;  and  in  August, 
1811,  joined  the  "  Cumberland,"  74.  To- 
wards the  close  of  the  same  year  he  was 
received  on  board  the  "Adamant,"  50, 
flag-ship  at  Leith.  After  he  had  again 
served  for  eighteen  months  in  the  "  Ar- 
mada," 74,  on  the  Mediterranean  station, 
he  was  thence  in  January,  1814,  transferred 
to  the  "Caledonia,"  120,  flag-ship  of  Sir 
Edward  Pellew,  through  whom  he  was 
promoted,  February  28  following,  to  a 
lieutenancy  in  the  "  Trident,"  6-1.  He 
next,  from  July,  1814,  until  July,  1815, 
served  on  board  the  "  Elizabeth,"  74,  at 
Gibraltar,  and  in  February,  1817,  was  en- 
trusted with  the  conduct  of  an  expedition 
having  for  its  object  a  survey  of  the  coasts 
of  Australia,  a  service  on  which  he  con- 
tinued employed  in  the  "  Mermaid,"  cutter, 
and  "Bathurst,"  sloop,  (to  the  command 


whereof  he  was  promoted  by  commiBsion 
dated  July  17,  1821,)  until  his  return  to 
England,  in  1823.  The  results  of  the 
undertaking  are  contained  in  a  narrative 
of  the  survey  of  the  inter-tropical  and 
western  coasts  of  Australia,  and  in  an 
atlas,  both  compiled  by  Captain  King, 
and  published,  the  former  by  Murray,  and 
the  latter  by  the  Hydrographical  Office, 
at  the  Admiralty.  In  September,  1825, 
from  the  feeling  of  confidence  with  which 
he  had  impressisd  the  Admiralty,  in  the 
discharge  of  his  late  duties,  he  was  i^ 
pointed  to  the  "Adventure,"  sloop,  and 
ordered  to  survey  the  southern  coast  of 
America,  frt>m  the  entrance  of  the  Rio 
Plata,  round  to  Chiloe,  and  of  Tierra  del 
Fuego.  He  was  paid  ofi^  on  his  arrival  ia 
England,  November  16,  1830,  and  has  not 
been  since  employed.  His  Post-oommis- 
sion  bears  date  February  25,  1830. 

In  1832  Captain  King  published,  as  the 
partial  fruit  of  his  recent  voyage,  a  vo- 
lume entitled,  "SaiUng  Directions  to  the 
Coasts  of  Eastern  and  Western  Patagonia, 
including  the  straits  of  Magalhaen,  and 
the  Sea-coast  of  Tierra  del  Fuego."  Be- 
sides being  a  F.R.S.  and  a  F.L.S.,  Cap- 
tain King  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Asiatic  Society  of  London  and  a  corres- 
ponding member  of  the  Zoological  Society. 

On  his  retirement  from  active  service. 
Captain  King  returned  to  Australia,  and 
shortly  after  his  arrival  succeeded  Sir 
Edward  Parry  as  manager  of  the  afiiEdrs 
of  the  Australian  Agricultural  Society, 
the  duties  of  which  office  he  discharged 
with  characteristic  and  exemplary  ability 
and  attention  for  several  years.  He  waa 
appointed  a  nominee  member  of  the  Li^is- 
lative  Council  by  the  late  Governor,  Sip 
Charles  Fitzroy ;  but  latterly  he  held  hia 
seat  in  the  House  in  the  more  honourable 
capacity  of  a  representative  member,  hav- 
ing at  the  general  elections  of  1851  offered 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  constituency 
of  Gloucester  and  Macquarie,  and  on  that 
occasion  was  returned  by  a  lai^  majority 
over  his  opponent,  Mr.  Joseph  Simmons. 
As  an  elective  luember  he  was,  when  his 
health  permitted,  generally  regular  in  his 
attendance;  and  l)oth  in  the  House,  and 
in  the  numerous  committees  on  which  he 
was  appointed,  took  an  active  part  in  the 
business  under  consideration.  During  the 
last  session  of  Council  he  strongly  sup- 
ported in  particular  the  proposition  fbr 
the  establishment  of  a  Nautical  School: 
so  decidedly  was  he  in  favour  of  this  be- 
nevolent object,  that  it  was  his  intentimi 
to  be  present  and  address  the  public 
meeting  to  be  held  respecting  it  in  the 
Victoria  Theatre.  The  last,  and  perhaps 
the  most  important^  of  his  services  in  his 


1856.]    CapL  C.  W,  Deans  Dundas.—CapL  W.  J.  Cole,  R.N.      247 


legislative  capacity,  was  in  connection  with 
the  inquiry  into  the  City  Commissioners' 
Department,  of  the  committee  on  which 
he  was  a  member;  and  when  the  subject 
was  brought  before  the  House  he  strenu- 
ously supported  the  adoption  of  the  chair- 
man's report.  For  some  time  past  he  held 
the  office  of  Chairman  of  the  Denomina- 
tional Board  of  Education,  and  was  con- 
sequently regarded  as  the  representative 
of  that  body  in  the  Council. 

In  September  or  October  last  Captain 
King  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Rear- 
Admiral  of  the  Blue,  but  it  was  not  till 
about  the  middle  of  last  month  that  he 
received  intelligence  of  his  advancement. 
His  was  the  first  instance  of  a  native  of 
Australia  rising  to  so  distinguished  a 
rank  in  the  British  navy,  and  every  one 
must  feel  a  deep  regret  that  his  ei^joy- 
ment  of  the  honour  was  for  so  brief  a 
period. 

Both  in  public  and  in  private  life  Ad- 
miral King  merited,  as  he  obtained,  the 
cordial  r^ard  and  high  respect  of  all  to 
whom  he  was  known,  whether  personally 
or  by  repute. 

Admiral  King  married  Harriet,  daughter 
of  Christopher  I^ethbridge,  of  Launceston, 
00.  Cornwall,  who  with  a  numerous  fiunily 
is  left  to  deplore  their  loss. 

Thus  has  Australia  within  a  few  months 
had  to  deplore  the  loss  of  two  of  the  illus- 
trious sons  of  science  who  have  adorned 
her  history — the  late  Sir  Thomas  Mitchell, 
who  explored  her  far  interior,  and  Admiral 
King,  who  surveyed  her  wide-extending 
coasts. — From  the  Sydney  " Empire" 


Bruce,  Esq.,  of  Kinnaird,  the  traveller,  by 
Mary  Dundas,  daughter  of  Thomas  Dnndas, 
Esq.,  of  Fingask ;  he  leaves  issue  a  son  and 
heir,  Charles  Amesbury,  bom  in  1845. 


Captain  C.  W.  Deans  Dundas. 

April  11.  At  the  United  Service  Club, 
in  Queen-street,  Edinburgh,  in  his  45th 
year,  Charles  WTiitley  Deans  Dundas,  Esq. 

He  was  the  elder  son  of  Rear- Admiral 
Sir  James  Whitley  Deans  Dundas,  G.C.B., 
late  Commander-in-chief  in  the  Black  Sea, 
and  formerly  M.  P.  for  Ghreenwich,  by  his 
first-cousin,  the  Hon.  Janet  Dundas,  only 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Charles  Dundas, 
Lord  Amesbiu'y,  by  Anne,  daughter  and 
sole  heir  of  Ralph  Whitley,  Esq.,  of  Aston 
Hall,  CO.  flint. 

Mr.  Dundas  was  for  some  time  a  Captain 
in  the  Coldstream  Guards.  He  was  re- 
turned to  parliament  for  the  Flint  district 
of  boroughs  at  the  general  election  of 
1837,  defeating  Robert  John  Mostyn, 
Esq.,  the  Conservative  candidate,  with 
591  votes  to  393;  but  he  retired  at  the 
dissolution  of  18-11. 

He  married,  March  24, 1837,  his  second- 
cousin,  Janet  Lindsay,  daughter  of  J.  Jar- 
dine,  Esq.,  and  g^nddaughter  of  James 


Capt.  William  John  Cole,  R.N.,  K.H. 

May  15.    At  Lechlade,  aged  68,  Wil- 
liam  J.  Cole,  R.N. 

Captain  Cole  was  a  genuine  specimen  of 
the  true  English  sailor — a  very  Hon  in  war, 
a  lamb  in  times  of  i)eace.  He  was  a  native 
of  London,  and  entered  the  navy  Jani  5, 
1802,  as  second-class  boy,  on  board  the 
**  Bufifdo"  store-ship,  commanded  by  that 
excellent  officer  the  late  Captfun  Kent, 
with  whom,  after  visiting  India,  witness- 
ing the  first  settlement  ever  formed  in 
Van  Diemen's  Land,  and  performing  much 
surveying  duty,  he  returned  to  England 
in  December,  1805,  on  board  the  "  Inves- 
tigator," a  very  small  vessel,  whose  crew, 
on  their  arrival  at  Liverpool,  were  reward- 
ed with  double  pay  fof  their  exertions 
and  the  hardships  they  had  endured  in 
having  effected  a  passage  from  Port  Jack- 
son to  the  above  place  without  toudung 
at  any  intermediate  port.  The  voyage 
had  occupied  a  period  of  five  montbs, 
during  eleven  weeks  of  which  the  men 
had  been  restricted  to  half-a-pint  of  water 
each  a-day. 

On  becoming  attached,  as  midshipman, 
to  the  "  Medusa,"  32,  Captain  the  Hon.  D. 
P.  Bouverie,  Mr.  Cole  next  suled  for  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  thence  for  South 
America,  where  he  served  in  the  boat« 
at  the  capture  of  Maldonado.  While  yet 
on  the  same  station,  in  the  "  Diadem,"  64^ 
bearing  the  broad  pendant  at  first  of  Sir 
Home  Popham,  and  the  fiag  afterwards  of 
Rear-Admiral  Stirling,  we  find  him  assi- 
duously employed  at  the  riege  of  Monte 
Video,  both  in  dragging  up  the  gpns  for 
the  advanced  batteries,  and  in  supplying 
them  with  ammunition.  During  a  subse- 
quent attachment,  from  May,  1808,  to 
June,  1810,  to  the  "  Christian  VIL,"  80, 
Captain  Yorke,  he  received  a  wound  at 
the  cutting  out  of  a  convoy  fVom  under  a 
heavy  battery  in  Basque  Roads ;  served  in 
the  ship's  cutter  at  the  capture  of  a  larg^ 
gun-boat  off  He  d*  Aix,  where  the  officer 
of  the  French  vessel  was  desperately 
wounded,  and  three  of  his  men  killed; 
and  was  severely  bruised  by  the  explosion 
of  a  fire- vessel,  while  endeavouring,  under 
/the  late  g^allant  Captain  Guion,  to  lay  her 
on  board  a  French  frigate  in  the  road  of 
He  d'  Aix.  As  a  reward  for  these  services, 
Mr.  Cole,  on  July  18, 1810,  was  promoted 
from  the  "Racehorse,"  18,  to  a  lieuten- 
ancy  in  the  "Otter,"  sloop,  which  vessel 


218 


Obituary. —  The  JRtv.  Canon  Rogers, 


[Aug. 


had,  however,  sailed  for  England  before  he 
could  reach  the  Isle  of  France  to  join  her. 
He  then,  although  on  half-pay,  volunteered 
to  fit  out  a  large  prize-frigate  "La  Bel- 
lone,"  found,  on  the  capture  of  the  latter 
place,  dismasted,  and  without  a  bowsprit ; 
after  wliich  service  he  returned  to  England, 
and  became  first-lieutenant,  Julv  17, 1811, 
of  the  "  Crocodile,"  28.  In  that  frigate 
he  was  actively  employed  on  the  Cliannel, 
Lisbon,  Mediterranean,  and  Newfound- 
land stations;  and  on  one  occasion,  in 
July,  1812,  displayed  much  gallantry  in 
attempting,  with  four  boats  and  sixty -two 
volunteers,  to  cut  out  in  open  day  a  de- 
tachment of  four  armed  vessels,  together 
with  a  convoy,  lying  beneath  the  batteries 
in  the  bay  of  Paros,  on  the  coast  of  France, 
w^here  the  "  Crocodile's"  cutter,  then  under 
Commander  Jos.  Roche,  was  unfortunately 
sunk  by  a  shot  jFrom  a  national  brig. 

Between  1815  and  the  date  of  his  pro- 
motion to  the  rank  of  Commander,  Au- 
gust 8,  1828,  Mr.  Cole  appears  to  have 
afterwards  served,  generally  as  first-lieu- 
tenant, and  chiefly  on  the  home  station, 
on  board  the  "  Khin,"  38,  "  Florida,"  29, 
'*  >'orthumberhind,"  78,  "  Cambridge,"  80, 
"Prince  Regent,"  126,  "Royal  George" 
and  "  Royal  Sovereign"  yachts ;  as  also  in 
command  of  the  "Onyx,"  10.  He  ob- 
tained, while  in  the  "  Rhin,"  the  thanks 
of  Captain  Malcolm,  for  his  ability  in  con- 
ducting that  ship  through  a  difficult  navi- 
gation, while  the  latter  officer,  with  all 
but  sixty -two  of  the  crew,  was  engaged 
on  a  cutting-out  expedition  in  the  small 
harbour  of  Corrijou,  near  Abervrach,  18th 
of  July,  1815 ;  during  his  attachment  to 
the  "Northumberland"  he  had  charge  of 
the  "  Seagull"  and  "  Higliflyer"  tenders,— 
cruized  in  the  "  Royal  Sovereign"  as  first- 
lieutenant  to  King  William  IV.  when  Lord- 
High-Admiral  ;  and,  for  his  exertions  dur- 
ing a  violent  ^e  in  the  same  vessel,  when 
conveying  to  Holland  the  Queen  of  Wur- 
iemberg,  was  mentioned  in  the  despatches 
of  Sir  William  Freemantle  to  George  IV., 
— and,  when  in  command  of  the  "  Onyx," 
ran  to  the  coast  of  Africa  with  important 
despatches  and  invalids  from  Fernando  Po. 
From  the  6th  of  July,  1831,  until  1834, 
Captain  Cole  next  held  a  responsible  ap- 
pointment in  the  coast-guard ;  on  leaving 
which  service  he  was  presented  by  the 
chief  officers  and  others  who  had  been 
under  his  command  with  a  superb  silver 
^nuff-box,  B»  a  token  of  their  respect  and 
regard  for  him.  He  further  officiated 
from  the  28th  of  January,  1836,  imtil 
paid  off  in  1837,  as  second  captain  of  the 
**  Revenge,"  78,  commanded  in  the  Medi- 
terranean by  his  estimable  friend  Captain 
W^illiam  Elliot ;  but  since  his  attainment 
15 


of  post-rank,  July,  1838,  has  been  on  half* 
pay. 

Captain  Cole  was  nominated  a  E.H. 
January  1,  1837,  and  on  four  separate 
occasions  pre8er\'ed  the  lives  of  others  by 
imminently  hazarding  his  own : — first,  dur- 
ing liis  servitude  in  the  "Crocodile,"  when 
his  intrepidity  in  saving  two  officers  and 
a  seaman  from  a  watery  grave  procured 
him,  through  the  hands  of  H.R.H.  the 
late  Duke  of  Sussex,  a  first-class  gold 
medal  from  the  Royal  Humane  Sociely; 
secondly,  on  his  passage  to  the  coast  of 
Africa  in  the  "  Onyx,"  when  he  jumped 
overboard  after  a  seaman  who  had  faUen 
out  of  a  stem-boat  in  the  act  of  being 
lowered  down;  a  third  tune  in  the  river 
Thames,  where,  in  July,  1835,  being  at 
the  time  a  passenger  on  board  the  "  Red 
Rover"  steamer,  he  rescued  two  gentle- 
men, who  had  been  upset  in  a  wherry  by 
getting  under  the  bows  of  that  vessel; 
and  again,  in  June,  1836,  when  he  plunged 
into  the  sea  after  one  of  the  gunner's 
crew  belonging  to  the  "  Revenge,"  who 
had  fallen  from  the  main -chains. 

After  retiring  from  active  service  Cap- 
tain  Cole  settled  at  Lechlade,  with  which 
place  he  appears  to  have  had  no  previous 
connection,  but  by  his  exemplary  life  and 
active  benevolence  soon  gained  the  esteem 
of  all  classes.  Although  not  statutably 
qualified,  he  was  placed  in  the  commission 
of  the  peace,  where  his  honourable  prin- 
ciples and  upright  conduct  fully  justified 
the  opinions  previously  formed  of  him  by 
his  friends.  At  the  Sunday-school,  at  re- 
ligious meetings,  or  at  meetings  convened 
to  discuss  the  best  means  of  promoting 
the  benefit  of  the  lower  classes,  he  was  a 
constant  attendant  and  frequent  speaker. 

He  married,  October  23, 1818,  Elizabeth, 
eldest  daughter  of  Robert  Wace,  Esq.,  of 
Lechlade,  and  lias  issue,  four  daughters. 


The  Ret.  Canon  Rooebs. 

June  12.  At  Penrose,  near  Helston, 
the  Rev.  John  Rogers,  M.A.,  Canon- Resi- 
dentiary of  Exeter  Cathedral,  aged  77. 

The  deceased  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Oxford,  and  during  his  long  life  he  actively 
and  constantly  employed  his  talents  and 
acquirements,  which  were  very  consider- 
able, for  the  benefit  of  those  around  him  ; 
and  all  who  enjoyed  his  friendship  or  ac- 
quaintance will  remember  his  single- 
hearted  kindness,  and  the  unaffected  and 
amiable  simplicity  of  his  manner  and  cha- 
racter. He  was  cUstinguished  for  his  many 
acts  of  piety  and  beneficence,  and  the 
warm  interest  which  he  took  in  i^l  the 
charitable  institutions  within  his  reach  and 
influence.    FiUl  of  information,  which  he 


1856.] 


Obituaky. — Henry  Lawson,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 


249 


commmiicated  in  a  most  agreeable  manner, 
he  was  a  valuable  member  of  society,  and 
by  his  learning  he  contributed  much  to 
the  progress  which  has  been  lately  made 
in  the  difficult  researches  of  Hebrew  and 
Oriental  criticism.  Striking  evidence  of 
this  was  afforded  by  his  critical  remarks 
on  Bishop  Lowth,  and  by  his  publication, 
in  1833,  of  "  The  Book  of  Psalms  in 
Hebrew,  metrically  arranged ;  with  Selec- 
tions from  the  Various  Readings  of  Kenni- 
cott  and  De  Rossi;"  and,  a  few  years 
later,  of  a  pamphlet  advocating  a  new 
translation  of  the  Pes-Chito.  On  those 
subjects,  of  deepest  interest  to  him,  as 
connected  with  the  elucidation  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures,  he  employed  his  active 
powers  of  mind  till  within  a  very  few 
hours  of  the  end  of  a  life  of  Christian 
usefulness,  closed  in  Christian  faith  and 
hope.  He  was  twice  married:  first  to  a 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  J.  Jope,  of  St.  Cleer, 
in  Cornwall,  by  whom  he  had  five  sons 
and  a  daughter,  who  survive  him;  and 
secondly,  to  the  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  G.  Fursdon,  Esq.,  of  i^irsdon,  who 
also  survives  him.  An  excellent  husband 
and  father,  a  most  kind  landlord,  he  was 
most  justly  beloved  and  esteemed  in  every 
relation  of  life. 


Hbnbt  Lawson,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

Aug.  23,  1855.  In  Lansdown  Crescent, 
Bath,  in  his  82nd  year,  Henry  Lawson, 
Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  lioyal  and  Astronomical 
Societies. 

Mr.  Lawson  was  the  younger  son  of 
the  Very  Rev.  Johnson  Iiawson,  Dean  of 
Battle,  Vicar  of  Throwley,  and  "Rector  of 
Cranbrook,  Kent,  by  Elizabeth,  eldest 
daughter  of  Henry  Wright,  Esq.,  of  Bath, 
twice  mayor  of  that  city. 

Through  the  family  of  Johnson  he  was 
descended  from  Sir  Edward  Bushell,  whose 
wife  is  said  to  have  been  Mary  Seymour, 
the  offspring  of  Queen  Katharine  Parr  by 
her  last  husband,  the  Lord- Admiral.  (See 
Miss  Strickland's  "  Lives  of  the  Queens," 
edit.  1853,  iii.  295.) 

Mr.  Lawson  was  bom  at  Greenwich, 
on  March  23,  1774,  and  with  his  brother 
was  educated  at  the  same  place  by  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Bumey.  They  quitted 
school  at  an  early  age,  and  were  appren- 
ticed to  Mr.  Edward  Naime,  an  eminent 
optician  in  Comhill,  who  had  become  the 
third  husband  of  their  mother.  Even- 
tually, however,  neither  of  them  followed 
that  business,  and  Henry  never  followed 
any  trade  or  profession.  But  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Spectacle-makers'  Com- 
pany, and  twice  occupied  the  poet  of 
its  Master. 

Gent.  Mag,  Vol.  XLVI. 


Mr.  Naime  died  in  1806 ;  his  widow 
continued  to  occupy  his  house  at  Chelsea 
until  her  death  in  1823,  and  during  her 
life  Mr.  Lawson's  home  was  with  her; 
finding  his  chief  occupation  in  his  work- 
shop, and  in  the  use  of  a  two-and-a-half 
foot  telescope,  with  which  Mr.  Dollond 
supplied  him  in  1820. 

His  scientific  tastes  had  been  manifested 
at  an  earlier  age,  when  he  became,  in 
1796,  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Askesian  Society,  of  which  an  account 
will  be  found  in  Howard's  Barometrogra- 
phia,  and  in  the  Life  of  William  Allen, 
F.R.S.  Each  member  in  turn  contributed 
a  paper,  which  was  usually  printed  in 
TiUoch's  "Philosophical  Magazine;"  and 
the  society  continued  to  fulfil  the  objects 
of  its  founders  until  superseded  by  the 
formation  of  the  Geological  Society. 

After  his  mother's  death,  at  the  close 
of  1823,  Mr.  Lawson  married  Amelia, 
only  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Jen- 
nings, Vicar  of  St.  Peter's,  Hereford ;  and 
from  that  time  he  resided  in  Hereford, 
until  after  the  death  of  a  relative  (l^Iiss 
Westwood),  who  left  him  a  cousiderable 
fortune. 

He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  in  1833,  and  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  l^iO.  In  1841  he  re- 
moved to  No.  7,  Lansdown  Crescent,  Bath, 
where  he  formed  an  obaer\'atory  on  the 
roof  of  his  house,  storing  it  with  the  best 
instruments  he  could  procure.  Of  this, 
in  1846,  he  published  an  account,  with 
plates,  entitled  "  The  Arrangement  of  an 
Observatory  for  Practical  Astronomy  and 
Meteorology."  In  1845  he  had  read  at 
the  meeting  of  the  British  Association, 
**  Observations  on  the  placing  of  Thermo- 
meters, and  the  plan  of  a  stand ;"  and  in 
1846  he  received  for  this  thermometer- 
stand  a  prize  from  the  Society  of  Arts. 
He  also  received  the  silver  medal  of  that 
society  for  his  Reclinea,  a  convenient 
chair  for  the  observation  of  zenith  stars. 
In  1847  he  published  a  brief  "  History  of 
the  New  Planets."  In  1853  he  published 
an  account  of  two  inventions  for  the  relief 
of  persons  helpless  from  disease  or  wounds, 
called  the  Lifting  Apparatus  and  the  Sur- 
gical Transferrer ;  and  in  1855  a  pamphlet, 
"On  the  Advisability  of  Training  the 
Youth  of  Britain  to  Military  Exercises, 
as  productive  of  National  Safety."  Both 
at  Hereford  and  at  Bath  he  was  accus- 
tomed to  record  astronomical,  meteoro- 
logical, and  other  observations,  including 
the  accounts  of  all  earthquakes.  Unfortu- 
nately, his  manuscripts  were  inadvertently 
sold  at  the  sale  of  his  house  and  furniture. 
A  careful  record  of  the  solar  spots,  which 

xk 


250 


Obituaey. — George  Gwilt,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


[Aug. 


he  kept  in  1831-2,  he  presented  to  the 
Astronomical  Society. 

After  Mr.  Lawson  was  settled  in  Bath, 
he  used  to  open  his  house  weekly  to  con- 
versational parties,  in  which  his  large 
eleven -foot  telescope  (made  by  DoUond 
in  1834)  was  naturally  an  object  of  much 
interest.  It  was  one  of  his  greatest  plea- 
sures to  explain  to  the  young  and  inquir- 
ing, either  the  wonders  of  the  starry  vault, 
or  those  of  the  microscope,  to  which  also 
he  devoted  much  attention.  In  this  re- 
spect his  patience  was  untiring,  and  his 
generosity  quite  admirable.  His  explana- 
tions were  always  clear  and  perspicuous, 
his  knowledge  exact,  and  his  love  of  truth 
sacred.  The  poorest  mechanic  might  listen 
to  him  with  delight,  and  the  finished 
scholar  with  deference.  On  ordinary  mat- 
ters his  conversation  was  always  fresh  and 
vigorous,  his  memory  carrying  him  back 
to  the  celebrities  of  the  days  of  George 
the  Third.  Whilst  he  knew  the  world 
well,  and  read  character  with  great  dis- 
crimination, he  was  most  catholic  in  Ids 
sentiments,  and  forbearing  in  his  conduct 
towards  all  mankind.  His  beneficence  was 
liberally  and  judiciously  bestowed  upon 
every  institution,  or  charity,  of  which  he 
could  conscientiously  approve.  His  hospi- 
tality was  cordially  extended  to  a  frequent 
succession  of  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Mrs.  Lawson  was  his  constant 
oomx>anion,  and  the  partaker  of  all  his 
schemes  of  usefulness  and  benevolence. 
The  circumstance  of  their  having  no  chil- 
dren seemed  only  to  make  them  more 
thoroughly  dependent  on  each  other.  She 
died  only  two  months  before  him,  on  the 
25th  of  June.  Mr.  Lawson  bowed  his 
head  in  submission,  and  felt  her  loss  as  a 
warning  for  his  own  departure. 

In  Dec.  1851,  Mr.  Lawson  proposed 
to  give  the  whole  of  his  astronomical 
and  meteorological  instruments,  together 
with  1,050/.,  to  the  town  and  coimty  of 
Nottingham,  provided  a  requisite  sum  of 
money  could  be  raised  to  build  an  ob- 
servatory, and  endow  it  with  200Z.  a- 
year.  In  order  to  secure  this  noble  boon, 
a  committee  was  formed,  of  which  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle  was  chairman,  and 
Mr.  E.  J.  Lowe  hon.  secretary,  and  727 
individuals  were  induced  to  subscribe. 
A  sum  amounting  to  6,562/.  was  col- 
lected, the  corporation  of  Nottingham 
voted  land  of  the  value  of  600/.,  and  go- 
vernment proposed  to  add  2,000/.,  making 
a  total  of  10,212/.  A  codicil  was  added 
to  Mr.  Lawson's  will,  at  the  request  of 
the  committee;  and  afterwards  the  in- 
struments were  conveyed  to  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle,  in  joint  trust  with  Mr.  Law- 
son,  to  secure  the  due  fulfilment  of  the 


agreement.  When  these  arrangements 
had  been  nearly  completed,  the  money 
valuation  of  the  instruments  was  dis- 
puted, and  differences  of  opinion  arose, 
which  ended  in  the  return  of  all  the 
subscriptions,  and  the  abandonment  of 
the  design.  Mr.  Lawson  has  now  left 
the  whole  of  liis  meteorological  instra- 
ments  (including  the  hygrometer  made 
by  Dr.  Franklin  for  his  own  use)  and 
his  books  relating  to  meteorology,  to 
Mr.  Lowe,  for  his  private  observatory  at 
Beeston,  near  Nottingham.  His  11-foot 
telescope  was  presented,  shortly  before  his 
death,  to  the  Royal  Naval  School  at 
Greenwich;  and  his  5-foot  telescope 
(made  by  Dollond  in  1826)  to  Mr.  W.  G. 
Lettsom.  He  has  bequeathed  the  sum 
of  200/.  each  (free  of  legacy  duty — as 
with  all  the  following)  to  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society, 
and  the  British  Meteorological  Society ; 
100/.  to  the  Spectacle-makers'  Company 
of  London;  and  50/.  to  the  Montroee 
Natural  History  Society.  To  charities: 
300/.  to  the  Bj&ths  and  Washhouses  at 
Bath;  200/.  each  to  the  Bath  General 
Hospital,  the  Bath  United  Hospital,  and 
the  Eastern  and  Walcot  Dispensary;  and 
100/.  to  the  Ear  and  Eye  Infirmary  at 
Bath.  His  legatees  are  very  numerous, 
his  property  being  divided  among  139 
persons.  His  relics  of  Queen  Katharine 
Parr  he  has  left  to  her  biographer.  Miss 
Strickland,  who  also  chums  descent  teom 
the  Queen's  family:  they  consist  of  a 
napkin  bearing  the  arms  of  Queen  Katha- 
rine of  Arragon,  the  arms  of  England  in 
copper,  from  the  centre  of  a  large  dish, 
a  gold  ring  containing  the  Queen's  hair, 
an  oil-picture  of  Henry  VIII.,  one  of  the 
Queen,  and  a  miniature  of  Edward  VI^ 
besides  various  papers  on  the  subject. 
Mr.  Lawson's  executors  are  John  Jones, 
Esq.,  of  Ccfhfaes,  Rhayader,  and  Mr.  Hill, 
solicitor,  of  Bath.  His  body  was  interred 
at  Weston,  near  Bath,  in  a  vault  contun- 
ing  the  remains  of  many  members  of  bis 
family. 

Geoboe  Gwilt,  Esq.  F.S.A. 

June  26.  At  his  house  in  Union-street, 
Southwark,  in  his  82nd  year,  George 
Gwilt,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Mr.  Gwilt  was  the  elder  of  two  sons  of 
Mr.  George  Gwilt,  an  architect  and  sur- 
veyor, also  of  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark, 
where  his  fiimily  have  resided  more  than  a 
century ;  the  younger  son  bang  Mr.  Jo- 
seph Gwilt,  the  well-known  author  of 
"  The  Encyclopiedia  of  Architecture,"  and 
other  important  works. 

Mr.  Gwilt,  senr.,  wm  soryeyor  for  the 


1856.]         Obituary. — John  Richards,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


251 


county  of  Snircy;  and,  amongst  other 
buildings,  ho  erected  Horsemonger-lane 
(laol  and  Newington  Sessions-house.  He 
died  on  December  9,  1807. 

His  son  Gooi^e  was  bom  on  May  8, 
1775,  was  brought  up  to  his  father's 
prof«»8ion  of  an  architect,  and  succeeded 
his  father  in  his  professional  practice  on 
his  death.  His  chief  work,  and  that  with 
which  his  name  will  always  be  worthily 
associated,  was  the  restoration  of  the  choir 
and  tower  of  St.  Mary  Overy's  Church, 
already  referred  to,  and  the  lady-chape^ 
which  Mr.  Gwilt  executed  with  much 
taste  and  judgment ;  though  as  regards 
the  choir  and  tower,  at  a  very  great  ex- 
pense to  the  parishioners  of  St.  Saviour, 
who,  although  proud  of  their  fine  church, 
were  not  well  pleased  to  have  incurred 
a  debt  of  35,000?.  for  the  restoration  of  a 
part  of  it.  This  work  was  performed  be- 
tween 1822  and  1825.  With  Mr.  Gwilt 
such  works  were  labours  in  which  he  de- 
lighted, and  when,  through  tlie  indefatig- 
able exertions  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Saunders,  F.S.A.,  the  lady-chapel  was 
rescued  from  destruction,  and  its  restora- 
tion effected  by  means  of  a  public  subscrip- 
tion exceeding  3,000^.,  Mr.  Gwilt  liberally 
undertook  the  professional  direction  and 
superintendence  of  the  work,  and  per- 
formed it  gratuitously. 

This  was  completed  in  1823,  and  the 
late  Mr.  Carlos,  in  a  short  description  of  it 
in  the  GE^TLEMAN*s  Magazine  (March, 
1833,  p.  254),  says,  « Wlien  the  former 
appearance  of  the  building,  dilapidated  by 
the  effects  of  time  and  neglect,  and  in- 
jured by  partial  and  tasteless  repairs,  is 
foi^ottcn,  and  the  masonry  of  the  new 
work  shall  have  lost  its  freshness,  then 
will  the  design  be  viewed  with  even  greater 
satisfaction  than  at  present,  and  few  per- 
sons, strangers  to  the  former  state,  will 
conceive  that  the  antique-looking  building 
before  them  is  a  restoration  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  Every  praise  is  due  to 
Mr.  Gwilt  for  the  scrupulous  accuracy  with 
which  the  mouldings  and  detail  of  the 
former  design  have  been  copied,  and  equally 
so  for  the  care  and  attention  which  he  has 
bestowed  on  the  restoration  of  those  parts 
which  had  been  entirely  lost :  of  this  the 
gables  are  instances:  of  these  only  two 
remained  in  anything  like  a  perfect  state." 
He  also  designed  and  executed  the  first 
ten  of  the  Almshouses  of  Cure's  College, 
St.  Saviour's,  in  Southwark,  with  the  iron 
gates,  which  are  very  creditable  specimens 
of  the  mediieval  style. 

Mr.  Gwilt  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  on  Dec.  14,  1815. 
He  made  several  communications  to  the 
society ;  but  the  only  memoir  of  his  that 


was  printed,  is  one  containing  his  "Ob- 
servations on  the  Church  of  St.  Mary -le- 
Bow,  cliiefly  relating  to  its  original  struc- 
ture,'* written  in  1828,  and  published,  with 
six  plates,  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Ve- 
tusta  Monumenta.  He  had  then  recently 
been  professionally  engaged  in  the  repairs 
of  that  church,  during  which  he  rebuilt 
the  upper  part  of  the  steeple. 

He  was  an  occasional  contributor  to  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  and  amongst 
other  articles  there  are  two  valuable  com- 
munications from  him  in  March  and  June, 
1815,  on  the  remains  of  Winchester  Palace, 
Southwark.  Letters  from  him  have  at 
different  times  appeared  in  "  The  Builder." 

Mr.  Gwilt  delighted  in  the  collection  of 
relics  of  antiquity,  and  had  formed  a  valua- 
ble museum  of  coins  and  architectural  an- 
tiquities, and  more  particularly  of  the 
Roman  remains  that  have  been  discovered 
in  Southwark.  Some  few  years  since  he 
was  I'obbed  of  his  silver  coins  by  some 
thieves  who  entered  his  museum  at  night. 

Mr.  Gwilt  had  three  sons  and  four 
daughters.  Of  the  sons,  George,  the  eldest, 
who  died  at  an  early  age,  was  a  young 
man  of  great  promise  in  his  profession  of 
an  architect.  His  early  loss  was  much 
lamented.  The  second  son,  Charles  Edwin, 
also  an  architect,  died  early.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  "  Archffiologia"  an  Account 
of  the  Remains  of  Part  of  the  Prior  of 
Lewes's-house,  in  Carter-lane,  St.  Olave's, 
Southwark  (vol.  xxv.  p.  604).  The  third 
son,  Alfred,  survives. 

For  many  years  Mr.  Gwilt  had  been 
subject  to  a  painful  complaint,  but  not- 
withstanding that  circumstance  and  his 
great  age,  he  was  to  the  latest  period  of 
his  life  devoted  to  antiquarian  pursuits; 
and  so  lately  as  the  12th  of  Jime  last,  he 
attended  the  meeting  of  the  Surrey  Archaeo- 
logical Society,  at  Croydon,  being  then  in 
tolerable  health.  The  loss  of  Mrs.  Gwilt, 
however,  who  died  but  a  few  weeks  before 
him,  had  been  severely  felt  by  him. 

He  was  buried  on  Monday,  July  7,  by 
special  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  State, 
in  his  own  vaidt,  on  the  exterior  of  the 
south-side  of  the  choir  of  St.  Saviour's. 


John  Richabds,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

July  16.  Died  at  Leighton  Buzzard, 
from  the  effects  of  an  accident,  John 
Richards,  Esq.,  of  Charterhouse-square, 
in  the  50th  year  of  bis  age. 

Mr.  Richards  was  bom  at  Reading. 
His  father  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
coroners  for  the  county  of  Berks.  His 
maternal  g^randfather,  Mr.  William  Si- 
monds  Hi^gs,  F.S.A.,  is  remembered  by 
many  persons  as  the  possesBor  of  a  choice 


252 


Obituary. — Thomas  Barrett  Lennard^  Esq.  [Aug. 


library  and  a  valuable  collection  of  coins 
and    mcdal«.      Other    ancestors    of  Mr. 
Richards,   on    the    side    both    of   father 
and    mother,   will    be    found,    for   many 
generations    past,    amongst    those    who 
served   the    chief  municipal    offices,  and 
were,    in    their    own    days,   the    leading 
pcoi)lc  in  his  native  town- 
Mr.  Richards  was  an  only  child.     After 
an  education  at  the   Heading  Grammar- 
school,  under  Dr.  Valpy,  he  entered  the 
profession  of  his  father— that  of  a   soli- 
citor.    But  the  law  alone  did  not  satisfy 
him-     Like  so  many  other  men,  he  united 
to  the   practice  of  the   law  a   taste   for 
literature,  and   especially  a  fondness  for 
the  history  and  antiquities  of  his  native 
county.      Looking   forward   to   a    period 
when  he  might  be  able  to  turn  his  col- 
lections to  literary  account,  he  sedulously 
gathere<l  together  everything  that  could 
be   made   avaibible   for  topography,   and 
especially   whatever  tended  to  illustrate 
the  genealogies  of  Berkshire  families.     In 
the  same  spirit,  shortly  after  the  insti- 
tution of  the  Camden  Society,  of  which 
he  was  an  early  and  zealous  member,  he 
procured  the  establishment  of  the  Berk- 
shire Ashmolean  Society,  designed  for  the 
publication  of  works  illustrative  of  Berk- 
shire   history   and    antiquities.     But    its 
fortunes  were  mixed  up  with  those  of  its 
founder.     After  he  ^lad  served  the  office 
of  chief  magistrate  of  Reading  with  con- 
Bidera1)le  eclats  a  reverse  of  circumstances, 
mainly    consequent    on    an    unsuccessful 
building  speculation   at  Wliite  Knights, 
destroyed  his  early  views,  occasioned  the 
removal  of  his  residence  and  practice  to 
London,  and  put   an  end  to  the  Berk- 
shire   Ashmolean    Society,    after    it    had 
published — I.   Original   Letters  of  Arch- 
bishop   Laud,  edited   by  Mr.  Bruce;    II. 
Tlie    IJnton    Inventories,  edited    by   Mr. 
John  (tough  Nichols;  and,  III.  The  Chro- 
nicle of  Abingdon,  edited  by  Mr.  HalliwelL 
The  check  wliich  these  unfortunate  cir- 
cumstances gave  to  Mr.  Richards's  indul- 
gence of  his  literary  tastes  was  but  tempo- 
rary.    After  the  lapse  of  some  few  years, 
he  was  once  more  occupied  in  Berkshire 
genealogical  incjuiries,  when  an  accident 
— the  being  tripped  up  by  a  large  dog 
which   ran   violently  against  him  —  pro- 
duced an  injury  to  his  brain  which  in  a 
few   ihiys    terminated   his  life.      To    his 
family  the   event   was  peculiarly  melan- 
choly.    One  of  his  children,  a  daughter 
aged  ll,  had  died  after  an  illness  of  a 
couple   of  months,  only  about   ten  days 
before  the   occiurence  of  his  own   fa^ 
accident : — 

**  One  woe  doth  tread  upon  another's  heels, 
bo  fast  they  follow." 


Mr.  Richards  was  married  in  1890 
to  Frances  the  eldest  daughter  of  Jidin 
May,  Esq.,  formerly  of  Caversbam,  and 
now  of  Reading.  He  leaves  his  wife  sur- 
viving, with  a  family  of  six  children.  One 
of  his  sons  is  a  student  at  St.  Mary  Hall, 
Oxford,  and  another  is  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors* School. 

Mr.  Richards's  father  died  a  few  years 
ago.  His  mother,  a  lady  who,  on  many 
accounts,  is  an  object  of  great  respect,  and, 
on  this  occasion,  of  imiversal  sympathy, 
still  survives,  at  Reading. 

Although  his  pen  was  that  of  a  ready 
writer,  we  are  not  aware  .of  his  having 
published  anything  beyond  an  edition  of 
*The  Berkshire  Lady,*  in  which  the 
heroine  of  that  romantic  legend  was 
traced  home  to  a  Berkshire  family,  and 
some  few  communications  to  the  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine,  on  subjects  of 
Berkshire  interest. 

In  private  Ufe  it  is  scarcely  possible  to 
conceive  a  gentler  or  more  amiable  man. 
All  who  knew  him  will  long  remember  his 
tall,  upright  figure;  his  slow,  measured 
step;  his  calm  and  quiet  manners;  his 
speech  in  a  tranquil  kind  of  uhder-tone ; 
his  fondness  for  relating  the  minute  de- 
tails of  personal  adventures  in  which  he 
was  interested ;  the  sanguine,  hopeful  hne 
which  he  was  but  too  apt  to  throw  over 
all  events  and  circumstances;  his  readi- 
ness to  assist  other  people;  and,  above 
everything  else,  his  placable,  friendly  dis- 
position, totally  devoid  of  suspidon,  envy, 
or  any  other  form  of  harshness  or  want 
of  charity.  Amidst  the  bustle  and  busi- 
ness of  life,  it  often  seemed  as  if  "  John 
Richards'*  —  so  was  he  always  termed 
among  his  oldest  friends  —  was  rather 
fitted,  by  his  peculiar  gentleness  and  pla- 
cidity of  manners,  to  be  a  denizen  of 
some  calmer  and  more  peaceful  world 
than  this. 

B. 


Thomas  Babbett  Lennabd,  Esq. 

June  9.  At  Brighton,  aged  68,  Thomas 
Barrett  Lennard,  Esq.,  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Barrett  Lennard,  Bart.,  of  Belhus, 
Essex,  by  his  first  wife  Dorothy,  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  John  St.  Aubyn,  Bart. 

The  deceased  gentleman  was  born  Oct.  4^ 
1788,  and  leceived  his  early  education  at 
the  Charterhouse  School,  and  afterwards  at 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  1810,  M.A.  1813.  He  was 
twice  married :  first,  in  1815,  to  Marg^aret, 
second  daughter  of  John  Wharton,  Esq., 
of  Skelton  Castle,  co.  York,  who  died  in 
Italy  in  1844;  and  secondly,  in  1826,  to 


1856.]       Miss  Innes, — Louis-Cesar-Joseph  Ducomel. 


253 


Mary,  only  daughter  and  heiress  of  Bart- 
lett  Bridger  Sheddon,  Esq.,  of  Aldham-hall, 
Suffolk,  by  whom  he  has  left  issue  an  only 
son.  In  1820  he  became  a  candidate  for 
Ipswich  in  the  Liberal  interest,  and  though 
not  successful  at  the  poll,  he  subsequently 
unseated  Mr.  John  Round  on  petition.  The 
gum  spent  on  both  sides  in  this  contest,  at 
the  hustings  and  afterwards  before  a  par- 
liamentary committee,  was  such  as  would 
appear  almost  fabulous  in  these  days  of 
economy  and  diminished  election  outlay. 
In  1826  he  was  elected  for  Maldon,  Essex, 
by  a  majority  of  53  over  Quintin  Dick,  Esq., 
and  continued  to  represent  that  borough 
down  to  1837,  when  he  was  ejected  by  his 
old  opponent,  Mr.  John  Round;  he  was 
again  unsuccessful  at  the  general  election 
of  1841 ;  he  regained  his  seat,  however,  in 
1847.  At  the  election  of  1852  he  was 
again  imsucccssful. 

Mr.  Lennard  was  looked  upon  as  one  of 
the  chief  supjwrters  of  the  Libend  cause  in 
the  county  of  Essex,  the  southern  division 
of  which  his  father  represented  in  the  first 
Reformed  Parliament :  but  being  of  retired 
and  studious  habits,  he  took  little  part  in 
the  active  business  of  a  magistrate  for  the 
county.  Few  persons  have  made  greater 
sacrifices  in  the  cause  of  his  political  party : 
but  though  the  exciting  electioneering  con- 
tests naturally  brought  him  into  conflicts 
on  the  hustings,  his  gentlemanly  bearing 
and  courtesy,  which  was  often  acknow- 
ledged by  his  political  opponents,  secured 
him  their  personal  respect. 

His  only  son,  Thomas  Barrett,  now  heir- 
apparent  to  his  grandfather's  baronetcy, 
was  bom  in  1826,  and  married  in  1853, 
Emma,  daughter  of  the  Itev.  Sir  William 
Page  Wood,  Bart.,  of  Glazenwood,  Essex, 
by  whom  he  has  a  son  born  in  1853,  and 
other  issue. 

The  venerable  Sir  Thomas  Barrett  Len- 
nard, Bart.,  who  is  now  in  his  95th  year, 
and,  we  believe,  the  senior  member  of  the 
baronetage  of  all  the  three  kingdoms,  is  a 
natural  son  and  testamentary  heir  of 
Tliomas  Barrett  Lennard,  17th  Lord 
Dacre,  the  son  and  heir  of  Richard  Bar- 
rett Lennard,  Esq.,  by  Anne  Baroness 
Dacre,  youngest  daughter  and  co-heir  of 
Thomas,  last  earl  of  Sussex. 


the  public  favour  munly  to  her  persever- 
ing energy,  and  its  acknowledged  accu- 
racy to  the  constant  watchful  superintend- 
ence of  the  deceased.  She  was  blessed 
from  earliest  infancy  with  instruction  by 
parental  precept  and  example  in  the  true 
way  of  life,  in  conformity  with  the  sound 
teaching  of  the  Church,  whose  doctrines 
she  ardently  imbibed  and  ever  held  fast. 
She  associated  much  amongst  the  clergy, 
and  during  a  large  portion  of  maturer 
life  enjoyed  the  pastoral  counsel  and 
almost  paternal  kindness  of  one  who  was 
himself  a  bright  pattern  of  every  Christian 
grace.  The  seed  thus  sown  and  watered 
bore  large  increase ;  her  serene,  never-f^- 
ing,  but  unobtrusive  piety,  prompt  and 
correct  judgment,  enlaced  intellect,  ani- 
mated conversational  powers,  and  univer- 
sal benevolence,  and  more  especially  the 
fervency  and  constancy  of  her  affections, 
welling  over  with  the  warmest  gratitude 
for  every  mark  of  regard,  rendered  her  the 
light  and  joy  of,  and  inspired  the  deepest 
attachment  in,  a  small  circle  of  friends,  by 
whom  her  loss  will  be  long  deplored. 

During  severalyearsofdecliningstrength, 
though  bearing  her  full  share  in  editorial 
labom's,  entering  with  eager  patriotism 
into  all  public  interests,  and  glowing  with 
a  genuine  sympathy  which  made  the  joys 
and  sorrows  of  others  truly  her  own,  yet 
her  conversation  was  eminently  in  heaven. 
— Communicated, 


Miss  Innes. 

March  24,  at  Hounslow,  Anne,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Innes,  of 
Fleet-street  and  Hatton-garden. 

Miss  Innes  was  joint  editor  with  her 
sisters  of  the  annual  "  Peerage,"  known, 
through  the  kindness  of  the  late  Edmund 
Lodge,  £8q.,Clarencieux,  as  "Lodge's  Peer- 
age," but  which  owes  its  establishment  in 


Louis-Cesae-Joseph  Ducobnet. 

Recently,  in  France,  Louis  C.  J.  Du- 
cornet,  a  painter  of  some  repute,  aged  50. 

Tliis  artist  was  bom  at  Lille,  the  10th 
of  January,  1806,  and  was  one  of  a  larg^ 
family  in  poor  circumstances.  Nature  had 
made  him  the  subject  of  sad  bodily  de- 
formity, for  he  was  bom  without  arms  or 
thiglis ;  he  had  only  four  toes  to  his  right 
foot,  which  otherwise  was  admirably 
formed.  Until  the  age  of  six  he  was 
weakly,  and  could  with  difficulty  support 
himself;  this  state  was  prolmbly  the 
means  of  developing  his  talent  as  an 
artist.  The  rest  of  the  family  being 
busy  in  their  daily  occupations,  young 
Ducornet  was  left  to  roll  about  on  the 
floor,  and  thus  acquired  the  habit  of 
picking  up  bits  of  charcoal  from  the 
hearth,  and  amusing  himself  in  draw- 
ing on  the  wall  all  the  objects  that 
presented  themselves  to  his  eye.  In  the 
same  house  dwelt  the  nephew  of  M. 
Wateau,  professor  of  drawing  at  the 
school,  whose  children  were  in  the  habit 
of  playing  with  young  Ducornet.  One 
day  they  requested  their  father  to  shew 
him  bow  to  draw  a  flower,  who  answered 


254 


Clergy  Deceased. 


[Aug. 


that  he  wonld  teach  him  the  principles 
of  drawing,   on   condition  that  M.   Du- 
moncelle  should  also  teach  him  to  read 
and  write;  the  proposition  was  accepted, 
and  Ducomet    continued   to  work  with 
the  children  of  Wateau.     The  mayor  of 
Lille,  the  Count  de  Muyssard,  seeing  the 
rapid  and  intelligent  progress  of  the  child, 
obtained  for  him  a  pension  of  300  francs 
from  the  municipality.     Some  time  after, 
M.  Potteau,  deputy  of  the  department, 
with  the  assistance  of  M.  de  Muyssard, 
caused  him  to  be  sent  to  Paris,  and  placed 
in  the  atelier  of  Lethi^re,  where  he  was 
treated  by  that  painter  as  a  son,  and  by 
the   pupils  as   a   brother.     Through  the 
intervention  of  Baron  Gerard,  Charles  X. 
assigned  him  a  pension  of  1,200  francs 
per  annum,  which   was   paid  him   imtil 
the  downfall  of  that  monarch  in  1830 :  it 
was  never  renewed,  notwithstanding  Baron 
Gros  interested  himself  greatly  to  obtain  it. 
Before  1830,  he  painted  the  "  Parting 
of  Hector  and  Andromache ;"  also  severed 
portraits.   At  Cambray  he  gained  a  bronze 
medal  for  his  picture  of  "Repentance;" 
in  1840,  a  gold  medal,  3rd  class,  for  the 
"  Death  of  Mary  Magdalen ;"  in  1841,  one 
of  the  2nd  class  in  gold,  for  the  *'  llepose 
in  Egypt;"   and  in  1845,  a  gold  medal, 
1st  class,  for  "Christ  in  the  Sepulchre." 
In  1855  he  exhibited  his  last  painting, 
"Edith,"   a   commission   from   the    Em- 
peror:   these    paintings    were    all    large 
life-size.     He  also  gained  several  medals 
in  various  provincial   exhibitions.      This 
artist  presents   an   interesting   proof  of 
what    may    be    accomplished    by    perse- 
verance   and    study,    with    even    limited 
powers.     Ducomet  died  in  the  arms  of 
his  venerable  father,  who  never  deserted 
his  darling  boy  :  he  is  now  left  in  poverty 
in  his  old  age.     At  the  Paris  Exhibition 
might  frequently  have  been  seen  the  ex- 
traordinary spectacle  of  a  poor  aged  man, 
with  a  short,  middle-aged  one  on  his  back, 
mounting  slowly  the  long  and  steep  flight 
of  stone  steps  of  the  Palais  des  Beaux 
Arts  —  this   interesting   group  was   Du- 
comet and  his  father.     A  sale  is  being 
organised  of  the  paintings  left  by  Du- 
comet:   let   us  hope   that  the    biddings 
will  be  sufficiently  liberal  to  enable  the 
survivor  to   end   his  days  in  peace  and 
comfort. — Art-Journal. 


May  2.  At  Great  Addington,  near  Thrapaton, 
Northamptonshire,  aged  80,  the  Rev.  James  IV- 
ley,  B. A.,  who  had  held  the  Rectory  (whereof  he 
was  patron)  for  56  years,  (except  one  year,  ftrom 
1831  to  1832,  when  he  held  Claydon  Rectory,  in 
Suffolk).  He  married  in  1813,  Mary,  the  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  Geo.  Dniry,  Rector  of  Claydon.  He  was 
a  ripe  classical  scholar,  a  sound  churchman,  and 
an  upright,  honourable  man.  By  his  will  he  has 
bequeathed,  after  the  death  of  his  widow,  200^. 
to  the  Clergy  Charity  of  the  Archdeaconry  of 
Northampton,  100/.  to  the  County  Hospital,  200^. 
to  the  deserving  poor  of  Great  Addington,  100^. 
to  ditto  of  Raunds,  and  100/.  to  ditto  of  Streatly, 
in  Bedfordshire. 

June  16.  At  aifton,  aged  32,  the  Rev.  Cttth- 
hert  Oeorge  Young ^  Secretary  of  the  Turkish  Mis- 
sion Aid  Society.  He  was  the  third  son  of  the 
late  Thomas  Toung,  esq.,  of  North  Shields. 

June  17.  At  12,  Bcssborough-gard.,  Pimlico, 
the  Rev.  Charles  Ooatling  Toitmley,  B.A.,  1802, 
M.A.  1806,  B.C.L.  and  D.C.L.  1809,  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford. 

June  18.    The  Rev.  I.  S.  Jones.  Vicar  of  Paull, 

.  Thomgumbald  (1843),  Yorkshire. 


tr 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Fdt.  27.  Died,  at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law  at 
Lee,  Gloucestershire,  Christopher  Irving^  LL.D., 
F.A.S.,  F.8.A.L.  He  was  bom  at  Dalton,  Dimi- 
friesshire,  and  was  married  in  1811  to  Miss  Helen 
Cameron,  who  is  left  his  widow.  He  was  by  pro- 
fession a  schoolmaster,  and  author  of  very  nume- 
rous works  on  education. 


June  21.  At  Portsea,  aged  69,  the  Rev.  W.  R. 
Browne^  Chaplain  to  the  Portsea  Island  Union 
Workhouse. 

June  24.  At  Alderton  Rectory,  Suffolk,  aged 
61,  the  Rev.  William  Addington  Norton^  M.A.9 
Rector  of  Alderton  and  Eyke,  in  that  coimty. 

At  the  Parsonage,  the  Rev.  John  Eandell, 
P.C.  of  Hawley  (1837),  Hants. 

At  the  Rectory,  aged  63,  the  Rev.  John  Rich, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  Newtimber,  Sussex,  fourth  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Sir  Charles  Rich,  bart.,  of  Shirley 
house,  Hants. 

June  25.  At  Banchory,  near  Aberdeen,  aged 
74,  the  Rev.  James  Footc^  D.D. 

At  Ashfield,  near  Honiton,  aged  57,  the  Rev. 
James  Smith  Townsend^  Vicar  of  Coleridge, 
Devon. 

June  27.  On  the  voyage  from  South  Australia 
to  England,  aged  37,  the  Rev.  Hutton  Burnett , 
B.A.  1841,  M.A.  1845,  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
eldest  son  of  Rev.  J.  B.  Burnett,  Rector  of  Hough- 
ton, Hants,  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Adelaide. 

June  29.  At  Nether  Wastdale,  aged  64,  the 
Rev.  John  Dottglas. 

At  Brantford,  Canada  West,  aged  55,  the  Rer. 
Peter  JoncSy  Indian  Missionarv  and  Chief. 

At  Hampstead,  the  Rev.  Henry  Sweeting^  of 
Hartford,  Huntingdonshire. 

Lately,  at  Guernsey,  very  suddenly,  aged  63, 
the  Rev.  G.  S.  Weidemannt  Incumbent  of  Kings- 
wood,  near  Wotton-under-Edgc,  Gloucestershire. 
His  loss  is  severely  felt  by  a  numerous  circle  of 
friends. 

Julu  3.  At  his  residence,  W^ood,  in  the  parish 
of  Bishopsteignton,  aged  82,  the  Rev.  T.  Comyns. 

July  5.  Aged  67,  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  James 
Somers  Cocks,  B.A.  1809,  M.A.  1814,  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  Canon  of  Worcester  (1830),  and 
of  Hereford  (1824).  The  hon.  and  rev.  gentle- 
man was  heir  presumptive  to  his  nephew,  the 
E resent  Earl  Somers,  who  has  no  children.  By 
is  death,  the  descendants  of  Charles,  the  first 
lord,  by  his  second  wife,  Anne,  dau.  of  Reginald 
Pole  Carew,  esq.,  of  Stoke,  Devonshire,  become 
next  in  the  succession. 

The  Rev.  John  Rowlandson^  M.A.,  Vicar  of 
Kirby  Moorside,  Yorkshire,  fifth  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  M.  Rowlandson,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Warminster. 

July  6.  At  Clifton,  aged  25,  the  Rev.  Charles 
Leeson  Bingham^  B.A.  1854,  Clare  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Wyles,  aged  75,  late  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  35  years  Vicar 
of  Hitchin,  Herts. 

July  8.  At  8,  Gloucester-cres.  north,  Paddinff- 
ton,  aged  60,  the  Rev.  John  Brathwaife,  B.A. 
1810,  Christ  Church.  Oxford,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Hon.  Miles  Brathwaite,  of  Barbadoes. 

Aged  54,  the  Rev.  William  Verdwi,  B.A.,  P.C. 
of  Pendlebury  (1854),  Lancashire. 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


255 


July  12.  At  Sandgate,  aged  58,  the  Rev. 
JEphraim  ffemings  Snood,  B.A.  1821,  M.A.  1825, 
Corpus  Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  of  Ashford, 
Kent. 

July  13.  At  the  Vicarage,  Gwennap,  in  Corn- 
wall, aged  62,  after  conducting  the  whole  of  the 
morning  duty  in  apparently  good  health,  the 
Rev.  William  Oillbee,  M.  A.,  Vicar  of  that  parish, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Earle  Gillbee, 
D.D.,  Rector  of  Barby,  in  this  county. 


DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER. 

May  18,  1855.  Aged  34,  Robert,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  John  McDonald,  of  Lloyd's.  He  was 
drowned  while  on  a  voyage  from  Manilla  to  Sydney, 
when  the  ship  ••  Ceylon"  foundered  in  a  typhoon. 

Aug,  3,  1855.  At  Kulkyne,  Murray  River,  Vic- 
toria, aged  26,  Edmond  Ludlow  Rogerson  Cotter, 
third  son  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Lawrence  Cotter, 
LIj.D.  vicar  of  Buttevant,  county  Cork. 

Feb.  19.  At  Paddington,  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales,  aged  59,  Mr.  Isaac  Waltham  Rush,  for- 
merly of  Beeleigh  Grange,  Maldon. 

Feb.  25.  At  sea,  aged  42,  Comm.  Wm.  Fell, 
Indian  Navy. 

March  1.  At  Mulgoa,  Melbourne,  Atistralia, 
aged  62,  Augusta,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Lewis 
I«wis,  esq.,  of  Carmarthen,  Wales. 

March  8.  At  Robe-town,  South  Australia, 
Eleanor  Mary,  wife  of  Capt.  C.  P.  Brewer,  late 
of  the  Royal  Artillery,  Government  Resident  at 
the  above  place. 

March  26.  Of  cholera,  at  the  Mauritius,  aged 
20,  Frederick  David  Roesch,  only  son  of  F. 
Roesch,  esq.,  Capetown. 

March  29.  At  his  brother's.  Port  Natal,  South 
Africa,  Frederic  William  Henry,  eldest  son  of 
Frederic  Jno.  Marillier,  of  Durham-place  west, 
Hackncy-road. 

April  4,  At  Aboo,  Capt.  Fred.  Foster  Taylor, 
Bombay  Invalid  Establishment. 

April  19.  At  Hingolee,  in  the  Deccan^  of  coup- 
(Uf-soliely  Wm.  Henry  Bontflower,  Assist. -Surg. 
H.E.I.,  attached  to  the  2d  Infantry,  Hyderabad 
Contingent,  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Bont- 
flower, Bury,  Lancashire. 

April  27.  At  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on  his  re- 
turn from  Adelaide  to  England,  Afred,  fourth  son 
of  John  Doulton,  esq.,  of  High-st.,  Lambeth. 

April  28.  At  St.  Helena,  where  he  was  obliged 
to  be  left  on  his  homeward  voyage  ft-om  India, 
George  R.  Douglas,  Capt.  Bombay  Artillery. 
second  son  of  the  late  Lieut. -Oen  Sir  Niel 
Douglas,  K.C.B.  and  K.C.H. 

April  30.  At  Calcutta,  aged  27,  J.  H.  B.  Powell, 
esq.,  Ensign  69th  Bengal  Inf.,  and  for  some  time 
previously  to  his  decease  Acting  Adjutant  of  the 
Bengal  2d  Irrc^fular  Cavalry,  eldest  surviving  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Howell  Powell,  rector  of  Ripley, 
Yorkshire. 

In  May,  At  Rangoon,  aged  31,  George  Betts, 
eso.,  assistant-surgeon  of  the  45th  Regt.  N.I. 

May  1.  At  Sierra  Leone,  John  Allen  Ritchie, 
Chief  Fjigineer  of  H.M.S.  "  Scourge." 

May  3.  At  Pemambuco,  of  typhoid  fever,  aged 
46,  M.  A.  Borthwick,  esq.,  C.E.,  late  of  26, 
Charles-st.,  St.  James's-sq. 

At  his  mother's  residence,  Lieut.  Geo.  Conway 
Montague  Souter  Johnston.  This  gallant  officer 
served  in  his  regiment  (the  38th  Foot]  in  the  last 
Burmese  war.  He  was  sole  heir  to  the  Marquis 
of  Annandale,  and  son  of  the  late  gallant  and 
venerable  Lieut.  Souter  Johnston,  Commandant 
of  all  H.M.'s  Royal  Marines.  He  was  sincerely 
loved  and  honoured  by  those  who  knew  his  wortn, 
or  had  served  with  him. 

May  4.  At  her  residence,  Jane  Ville,  Bandon, 
CO.  Cork,  of  bronchitis,  aged  73,  Mary  Elizabeth, 
widow  of  the  late  Lieut.-Col.  Gillman,  of  81st 
Begt.  of  Foot,  and  formerly  of  Clancoole,  in  the 
sameooonty. 


May  5.  At  Meemt,  aged  33,  Capt.  Geo.  Clap- 
oott,  of  H.M.  60th  Royal  Rifles,  second  son  of 
George  Bunter  Clapcott,  esq.,  of  Keynstone,  oo. 
Dorset. 

At  Oral,  N.W.  Provinces,  India,  Adelaide  Helen, 
wife  of  G.  H.  Freeling,  esq.,  B.C.8. 

At  Kamptee,  aged  35,  Capt.  E.  H.  Nightingale, 
23d  Regt.,  Madras  L.I.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  A. 
M.  Nightingale,  esq.,  H.M.'s  23d  Fusileers,  and 
grandson  of  the  late  Sir  Edward  Nightingale, 
Bart.,  of  Kneesworth,  co.  Cambridge. 

May  6.  At  Liverpool,  aged  42,  Simon,  second 
son  of  the  late  Jeremiah  Woods,  esq.,  formerly  of 
Swilland,  near  Ipswich,  and  nephew  of  the  late 
Chas.  Keene,  esq.,  Sussex-pl.  Regcnt's-park. 

May  7.  At  New  Amsterdam,  Berbice,  aged  71, 
Simon  Davison,  esq  ;  also,  on  the  7th  inst.,  at 
Southampton,  aged  31,  Simon  Archibald,  eldest 
son  of  the  above. 

At  Serampore,  Augusta  Mary,  wife  of  Meredith 
White  Townsend,  esq.,  editor  of  "  The  Friend  of 
India." 

May  12.  At  the  residence  of  her  father,  at 
Nassau,  New  Providence,  aged  29,  Marianne 
Hamilton,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Swann,  rector 
of  Christ  Church,  and  eldest  surviving  dau.  of  the 
Ven.  John  M.  Trew,  D.D.,  Archdeacon  of  the 
Bahamas.  Her  mortal  remains  were  attended  to 
the  grave  by  His  Excellency  the  Governor,  by 
the  principal  inhabitants  and  authorities  (military 
and  civil) ,  by  a  large  number  of  the  poorer  classes, 
and  by  the  teachers  of  the  adjacent  parochial 
Sunday-schools. 

May  13.  At  Mooltan,  India,  on  his  way  to 
England,  aged  36,  Thomas  Leigh  Blundell,  esq., 
eldest  son  of  Thoe.  Leigh  Blundell,  M.D.,  New 
Broad-st.,  city. 

May  16.  At  Kamptee,  aged  45,  Exeter  Gas- 
tavus  Bedwell,  esq.,  surgeon,  East  India  Com- 
pany's Service. 

At  Halifax,  Novia  Scotia,  Brevet-Major  John 
Gore  Ferns,  late  of  the  76th  Regt. 

At  Belcova,  Russia,  aged  39,  Mr.  Christopher 
Scaife,  formerly  of  Pocklington,  Yorkshire,  for 
many  years  trainer  and  jockey  to  his  Excellency 
General  PashkofTe. 

May  17.  At  Calcutta,  aged  34,  Charles  Gold- 
smid,  esq.,  Resident  Civil  Engineer  to  the  Indian 
Railway,  and  second  son  of  M.  A.  Goldsmid,  esq. 

At  Woodstock,  in  Canada  West,  aged  78,  CoL 
Alex.  WhaUey  Ught,  late  of  H.  M^s.  25th  Regt. 

May  18.  At  Berhampore,  aged  29,  Augusta, 
wife  of  Edward  Johnson,  esq.,  of  Narcoolbared, 
near  Merais,  Bengal. 

May  23.  At  Chatham,  Canada  West,  aged  19, 
Richard,  second  son  of  Mr.  King,  solicitor, 
Walsham-le- Willows. 

May  24.  At  Hamilton,  Canada  West.  Sophia, 
widow  of  C.  Ambrose,  eso^,  and  second  dau.  of 
the  late  Mr.  Stoneham,  of  Chelmsford. 

At  Bombay,  aged  45,  Major  James  J.  F.  Cruick- 
shank,  of  the  Bombay  Engineers. 

At  Multa,  Ensign  Hamilton,  of  the  1st  Royals. 
It.  api)ear8  that  whilst  the  deceased  was  making 
his  rounds  he  missed  his  way,  and  fell  over 
St.  Paul's  bastion,  a  height  of  thirty  feet,  by 
which  his  skull  was  fractured. 

At  Faversham,  Kent,  aged  91,  Mr.  WOUam 
Henry  Jeffery,  an  old  inhabitant  of  that  town, 
and  rather  of  the  Rev.  E.  Jeffery,  of  Oulton 
Cottage,  Norwich. 

May  26.  On  board  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Company's  steamer  **  Nubia,"  off  Point  de  Galle, 
Ceylon,  aged  33,  Francis  Jeflhiy  BelL  eso^  of 
Calcutta,  second  surviving  son  of  the  late  Prof. 
G.  J.  Bell,  of  Edinburgh. 

May  29.  At  Long  Ashton,  co.  Somerset,  Thomas 
William  Wigan,  esq.,  Lt.-Col.  in  the  H.E.I.C.S. 

At  Stoke  Ferry,  Augusta,  wife  of  Anthony  Hor- 
rcx  Roger  Micklefleld,  esq. 

May  35.  At  Iie>'tonstone,  Essex,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  Elizabeth  Jane  Johnson  {nee  Mar- 
chaise],  rekct  of  James  Johnson,  esq.,  formerly 
of  Ponnffland-houae,  and  mother  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
of  Norwich. 


256 


Obituary. 


[Aug. 


May  81.  At  Devon];>ort,  aged  7,  William  J.  F. 
HaU,  eldest  son  of  Capt.  W.  King  Hall,  C.B., 
H.M.S.  "  Calcutta." 

In  the  island  of  Trinidad,  Lieut.  Alft^  A. 
Jones,  of  H.  M.'sGTth  Regrt.,  only  surviving  son 
of  the  late  Capt.  Joseph  AUingham  Jones,  of  the 
89th  Regt. 

June  2.  Aged  10,  Henry,  youngest  son  of  Fred. 
Fowell,  esq.,  solicitor,  of  Bio'  Norton. 

June  3.  At  Madeira,  aged  32,  Capt.  H.  Fitz- 
gerald, of  the  ship  "  Bea-Bird,'*  on  her  passage 
to  Australia. 

At  Dresden,  Monckton  Gambier  Mathew,  young- 
est son  of  Geo.  B.  Mathew,  esq. 

June  5.  At  Sarrow,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Africa,  aged  83,  Capt  John  Howard,  of  Hartland, 
North  Devon,  of  the  schooner  Teaser. 

June  7.  At  Boddicott,  near  Banbury,  aged  68, 
Mr.  George  Cave,  for  eleven  years  churchwarden 
of  that  parish. 

At  Saxmundham,  aged  88,  Mrs.  E.  Howard ; 
and  on  the  I3th,  aged  89,  Mr.  John  Howard. 

June  9.  At  Lambeth,  aged  37,  Mr.  J.  W.  Good, 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  £.  Good,  of  New  Shore- 
luim,  Sussex. 

June  10.  At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law, 
Thomas  Wade,  esq..  Salt-hill,  aged  75,  Marianne, 
relict  of  the  late  Capt.  Robert  Alexander,  R.M., 
and  only  dau.  of  the  late  John  North,  esq.,  for 
niany  years  commissioner  of  H.M.  Dock-yard, 
Port  Royal,  Jamaica. 

Mary,  reUct  of  John  Hector  Andrews,  of  Hasle- 
beech-lodg^,  Northamptonshire. 

At  Cadogan-pl.,  Be^rave-sq.,  aged  70,  Eliza- 
beth, second  and  only  surviving  sister  of  the  late 
Sir  William  Whymper,  and  granddau.  of  Thurston 
Whymper.esq.,  formerly  of  Alderton-hall, Suffolk. 

June  11.  At  Alft^-house,  Clapham,  suddenly, 
aged  55,  Miss  Turk. 

June  12.  At  the  Isle  of  Wight,  suddenly,  aged 
81,  E.  R.  P.  Bastard,  esq.,  of  Kitley.  He  was  in- 
terred at  Yealmpton  on  Friday.  Mr.  Bastard  was 
a  graduate  of  Balliol  Coll.,  Oxford,  and  some  years 
gince  caused  great  sensation  in  the  county  of 
Devon  by  joining  the  Church  of  Rome.  He  had 
been  married  only  two  years  and  a  half,  to  Miss 
Florence  Scroope,  of  Danby,  in  Yorkshire.  He  has 
left  no  issue ;  and  the  family  property  descends 
to  his  next  brother,  Capt.  Edwin  Bastard. 

At  Craigo,  Montrose,  Thomas  Camegy,  esq., 
of  Craigo. 

At  Ipswich,  aged  65,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Joseph 
H.  Fitch,  esq.,  N.R. 

Off  Rio,  of  yellow  fever,  William  George  Scovell, 
esq..  First  lieut.  of  H. M.S.  Express,  and  third 
son  of  Henry  Scovell,  esq.,  of  Dublin. 

June  13.  At  Croft,  aged  65,  William  Qayton, 
esq.,  late  of  Newton-hall. 

At  Tenterden,  Kent,  Jane,  sixth  dau.  of  the  late 
Matthew  Towgood,  esq.,  of  St.  Ncots',  Himting- 
donshire. 

June  14,  aged  35,  Annie,  third  dau.  of  the  late 
John  Dickinson,  esq.,  solicitor,  Ulverston. 

June  15.  At  Torpoint,  Devonport,  Eliza,  wife 
of  Mr.  William  Richard  Arnold,  Brompton. 

At  his  seat,  Harewood-lodge,  Hampshire,  aged 
87,  Col.  Nathaniel  Buralem,  K.H.,  and  J.P.  for  the 
county. 

At  Constantinople,  aged  67,  Samuel  Mc.  Guffog, 
esq.,  M.D.^  for  upwards  of  forty  years  physician 
to  tlie  British  Embassy  there,  and  brother  of 
Thomas  Mc.  Guffog,  esq. 

At  Great  Bardfleld,  Essex,  aged  72,  Sarah 
Smith,  one  of  the  Society  of  Fnends. 

June  16,  suddenly,  aged  63,  William  Alexander 
Brander,  esq. 

At  Corfu,  Ellen  Rosa,  only  child  of  Rev.  Sydney 
and  Ellen  Rosa  Clark. 

At  Pau,  Basses  PjTenecs,agedS3,  Lydia  Wilson, 
wife  of  Charles  Henry  Lardner  Woodd,  of  Hamp- 
stoad,  and  New  )iona-st. 

June  17.  At  Wandsworth,  Surrey,  aged  33, 
Jane,  wife  of  Mr.  John  Barker,  late  of  Yoxford, 
and  only  daughter  of  Mr.  J.  Sewell. 

AtMag. -St.,  Exeter,  aged89,  Mrs.  Fnmcli  Couch. 

16 


At  New-st.,  Dorset-sq.,  aged  85,  Wm.  Charlea 
Heydinger,  eso.,  late  of  H.  M.'s  Commissariat. 

At  Wakefield,  aged  68,  Mr.  John  Richardson. 

At  Kentish-town,  aged  86,  Mrs.  Julia  Janetta 
Smart. 

June  18.  Mr.  Charles  Choppin,  Solicitor  of 
Finsbury. 

At  Upper  Norwood,  General  ElMce,  CSol.  of 
H.M.'s  24th  Reg. 

At  the  Quadrant,  Mount  Radford,  Exeter,  aged 
20,  Sarah,  only  surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Itev. 
W.  Gee. 

At  Charmouth,  Elizabeth,  youngest  dan.  of  the 
late  Louis  Jouenne,  esq. 

At  Leamington,  Eliza,  wife  of  Thos.  Weatherly 
Marriott,  eso.,  of  Sudbury,  Middlesex. 

At  Kirouchtree,  aged  79,  Lady  Heron  Max- 
well, of  Heron. 

At  Bedford,  Northumberland,  Margaret,  second 
dau.  of  the  late  John  Pratt,  esq.,  of  Bell's-hill. 

Aged  51,  Richard  Burgess  Scal6,  esq.,  eldest 
surviving  son  of  the  Rev.  B.  Soal6,  late  Ticar 
of  Braintree,  Essex. 

At  Som  Castle,  Ayrshire,  Mrs.  Somervell,  of 
Hamilton  Farm. 

At  Brighton,  aged  52,  Mary  Christina,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Thomas  Thornton,  esq.,  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

June  19.  Aged  76,  Monsieur  Auguste  Bertini, 
late  of  Great  Portland-st,  Portland-pl. 

At  Bristol,  aged  74,  Anna,  widow  of  the  Rer. 
Lant  Carpenter,  LL.D. 

At  Canterbury,  John  Friend,  esq..  Custom- 
house and  commercial  agent,  of  Alf^ed-pl.,  Dover. 
Deceased  was  for  several  years  a  member  of  the 
corporate  body  of  Dover,  and  from  his  scientific 
att^ments  long  occupied  a  prominent  position 
in  connection  with  the  Museum  and  Philosophical 
Institution. 

At  Alrewas  T^carage,  aged  8,  Florence-Mary, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Kay  Haslehorst. 

At  Britford  Vicarage,  Salisbury,  Mary  Anne, 
wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Hill,  and  only  dau.  of  the 
late  Capt.  John  Barton,  1st  Somerset  Militia. 

At  Dover,  John  L.  Lamotte,  esq.,  late  Capt.  in 
her  Majesty's  Honourable  Corps  of  Gentlemen  at 
Arms. 

At  Stamford-hill,  suddenly,  Annabella  Colina, 
dau.  of  John  McNeill,  esq.,  of  Ardnacrois,  Ar- 
gyleshire. 

At  Greenhaugh,  aged  51,  Mary,  eldest  survir- 
ing  dau.  of  the  late  H.  H.  Newton,  esq.,  of 
Bumbank. 

At  Wakefield,  aged  56,  Ellen,  widow  of  Thomas 
Powell,  M.D.,  late  of  Nottingham. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law,  Joseph 
Chapman,  esq.,  of  Hounslow,  Mary,  widow  of 
Thos.  Prichard,  esq.,  of  Bedfont,  Middlesex. 

At  Pinner,  aged  93,  John  Randall. 

At  Gloucester-st.,  Pimlico,  aged  65,  Mrs.  Hugh 
Ross,  widow  of  Lieut.-Col.  Hugh  Ross,  of  the 
Bengal  Army. 

At  Cobland-house,  Totton,  near  Southampton, 
Harriett  Jones,  wife  of  Mr.  Spear,  surgeon. 

At  Caldecott,  Rutland,  aged  68,  King  Henry 
Stokes,  esq.,  by  whose  death  the  poor  have  lost 
a  sincere  friend. 

The  wife  of  Richard  Thomai^  esq.,  of  Fen-court, 
Fenchurch-st. 

June  20.  At  Bedford  Arms,  Wobum,  Beds, 
aged  50,  George  Atwood. 

At  Tottenham,  aged  36,  John  Harvey,  young- 
est son  of  the  late  Rev.  Edmund  Bellman,  rector 
of  Helmingham  and  Pettaugh. 

At  his  father's  residence,  Parkstone,  Sidney 
William,' son  of  Isaac  Bryant,  esq. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son,  W.  Burridge,  esq., 
Barton-hill,  Shaftesbury,  aged  88,  Mrs.  E.  Bur- 
ridge. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Haslingfield,  Cambridgeshire, 
aged  71,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  Clark. 

At  Millbrook,  Plymouth,  Lucy,  widow  of 
Charles  Dowding,  Surveyor-General  of  the  Cus- 
toms, and  second  dau.  of  the  late  Re?.  GeorfS 
Sogers,  Rector  of  Sprougfatoo,  Ipswich. 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


257 


At  the  East  Cliff,  Preston,  Martha,  wife  of  Capt. 
German,  3rd  Royal  Lancashire  Militia,  and  only 
dau.  of  the  late  Henry  Parker,  esq.,  Whitting- 
ham-house,  near  Preston. 

At  Stoke,  Devonport,  aged  59,  Lieut.  William 
Olennie,  R  N. 

At  Plymouth,  aged  63,  William  Hawes,  esq. 

At  Folkestone,  aged  28,  G.  T.  Heald,  esq.,  son 
of  the  late  Geo.  Hcald,  esq.,  barrister-at-law. 

At  the  residence  of  her  brother,  David  Bromi- 
low,  esq.,  Haresfinch-house,  near  St.  Helen's, 
Helen,  relict  of  the  late  Charles  Hunt,  esq. 

At  Walton-on-Thames,  Robt.  Johnston,  esq., 
of  Montpellier-Tillas,  Brighton,  formerly  of 
Bookham-lodge,  Surrey. 

At  Long  Melford,  aged  55,  Mrs.  Thomas  Lork- 
ing,  dau.  of  the  late  Mr.  Ambrose  Brinkley,  for- 
merly of  Stanstead-ball,  Suffolk. 

Aged  13  months,  William  Wallace,  only  son  of 
Oliver  McCausland,  esq.,  Leeson-st.,  Dublin. 

At  Rutland-st.,  Regent's-park,  Elizabeth, 
widow  of  John  Mullane,  esq.,  of  the  New-road. 

Hannah  Maria,  wife  of  D.  T.  Pashley,  esq., 
Holton-terraoe,  Halesworth. 

At  Kensington  Palace-g^ardens,  Sophia,  third 
dau.  of  Sir  S.  Morton  Peto,  Bart 

At  Bryntirion,  Amlwch,  Anglesea,  aged  61, 
George  Bradley  Roose,  esq.,  solicitor. 

At  the  Elms,  Kingston-on-Thames,  aged  68, 
Edward  Stewart,  esq. 

At  Garden,  Stirlingshire,  aged  83,  James  Stir- 
ling, esq. 

Alexander  Whitson,  esq.,  of  Parkhill,  Perthsh. 

June  21.  At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  aged  44,  Lady 
Carmichael  Anstruther,  wife  of  Sir  W.  C.  An- 
struthcr,  Bart. 

Aged  61,  Mr.  T.  Balls,  iron-merch.,  of  London. 

At  Faringdon,  Berks,  aged  51,  John  Hale  Bar- 
nett,  esq.,  surgeon  of  that  place  for  nearly  thirty 
years. 

At  Goodnestone-park,  Louisa,  last  surviving 
dau.  of  the  late  Sir  Brook  Bridges,  Bart. 

At  Alnwick,  aged  42,  Mary  P.  Carr,  dau.  of  the 
late  William  Carr,  esq. 

At  Brighton,  aged  64,  Mr.  Harry  Styles  Col- 
bron,  late  town  surveyor. 

At  Allahabad,  Caroline,  and  on  the  26th  June, 
Henry,  infant  children  of  Col.  Finnis,  of  the 
Bengal  Army. 

At  Inglewood-bank,  near  Penrith,  Cumber- 
land, aged  24,  Edward  Lumley  Haworth,  esq., 
late  of  H.M.  28th  Reg. 

At  Richmond,  Agnes,  wife  of  John  Irving,  esq., 
of  Eaton-pl.,  Belgrave-sq. 

At  Brorapton-sq.,  Brompton,  Helen,  wife  of 
William  Leslie,  esq. 

At  Clifton-road  east,  St.  John*s-wood,  aged  54, 
Mrs.  Anthony  Ludlam. 

Aged  27,  James  Rayley  Luke,  eldest  son  of 
James  Luke,  eso..  37,  Broad-st.-buildings. 

At  the  Palorabier,  near  Tours,  aged  81,  Maj.- 
Gen.  Thomas  Peacocke,  C.T.S. 

At  Bradfleld-cottage,  aged  57,  Charlotte  Anne, 
widow  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Arthur  Philip  Per- 
ceval. 

At  Newbie-terrace,  near  Liverpool,  aged  20, 
Barbara  Mareli,  wife  of  Robert  Wheeler  Preston, 
esq.,  and  second  dau.  of  Thomas  Moss  Phillips, 
eso.,  of  Penn,  co.  Stafford. 

June  22.  At  Bromley-hall,  Middlesex,  aged 
80,  Thomas  Brooke,  esq. 

At  Nancekuke  Downs,  near  Portreath,  Corn- 
wall, aged  10,  James,  son  of  Mr.  J.  Chinnock, 
being  the  seventh  child  who  has  died  since  the 
11th  of  June,  in  a  family  of  eight  children. 

At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  aged  70,  John  Robert 
Delafosse,  c«q.,  of  Richmond,  Surrey. 

At  York-pl.,  Portman-sq.,  aged  86,  Henry 
Merrik  Hoare,  esq. 

At  his  residence,  Birdholme,  Derbyshire,  aged 
72,  Sir  James  Ilunloke,  Bart. 

Aged  39,  Thomas  Robert  James,  esq.,  of  the 
General  Post-office. 

At  Keynsham,  Somersetshire,  aged  28,  Eleanor 
Louisa,  wife  of  Augustus  Lavie,  esq.,  lirat.  R.N. 

Gent.  Mag.  Voi.  XLVI. 


Of  consumption,  while  on  a  visit  to  her  sister, 
Mrs.  Henry  Banks,  of  Coleman-st.,  city,  aged  20, 
Mary,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  George  Philpot, 
esq.,  of  Peckham-park,  Surrey. 

At  Karlsbad,  of  dropsy,  the  Russian  Gen.  Ru- 
diger.  His  body  has  been  embalmed,  and  is  to 
be  sent  to  Russia.  The  Hon.  Sidney  Herbert 
was  present  at  the  religious  ceremony  in  the 
Evangelical  Church. 

Eliza  Sophia,  relict  of  Capt.  J.  S.  Schnell,  3rd 
Bengal  N.I. 

At  Finchley  New-road,  St.  John's-wood,  Lon- 
don, aged  3,  Catherine,  second  dau.  of  Capt. 
Robt.  Scott,  H.C.S. 

At  Blessington-st,  George,  youngest  son  of 
the  late  William  Sherrard,  esq.,  of  Kilbogget,  of 
Dublin. 

At  Yarmouth,  Norfolk,  aged  83,  Mary  Ann, 
widow  of  Samuel  Strowger,  esq.,  of  Harleston. 

Suddenly,  at  Palmfield-'dlla,  Sandown,  Isle  of 
Wight,  aged  52,  £.  P.  Sutton,  esq.,  solicitor. 

At  Barton-hotise,  Isle  of  Wight,  aged  20,  An- 
drew, second  son  of  A.  Toward,  esq. 

At  Torquay,  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  1'.  H.  Marshall  Vicker,  of  Pontefract. 

At  Havant,  a^ed  59,  Jas.  William  Connor 
Walker,  esq.,  sohcitor. 

At  West-strand,  Charing-cross,  Catherine 
Anne,  wife  of  H.  Membury  Wakley,  esq.,  and 
second  dau.  of  the  ^te  Francis  Pinkne^,  esq.,  of 
Whitehall,  and  Swansea,  Glamorganshire. 

At  Harewood-sq.,  aged  76,  Miss  Whitelocke. 

At  Sulham-house,  near  Reading,  aged  45. 
Mary,  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Wilder,  Fellow  of 
Eton  College. 

At  his  house,  Westboume-terracc,  Gen.  Sir  John 
Wilson,  K.C.B.,  K.C.T.S.  Col.  of  the  11th  (North 
Devonshire)  regiment  of  foot.  The  gallant  gene- 
ral had  seen  much  active  service  tram  the  spring 
of  1794  up  to  the  close  of  the  war  in  1815. 

June  23,  suddenly,  at  Hyde-park  Gardens, 
London,  the  residence  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur 
Mills,  aged  69,  Lydia  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas Dyke  Acland,  Bart.,  M.P.,  of  Killerton, 
Devonshire. 

The  funeral  of  the  late  lamented  Lady  Acland 
took  place  on  Saturday  evening  last,  in  the  yard 
of  the  old  family  chapel  of  Columbjohn,  and  was 
attended  in  large  numbers  by  the  tenantry  and 
their  wives,  by  the  poor,  and  by  almost  the 
whole  neighbourhood.  The  scene  was  one  of  the 
most  simple  but  affecting  description,  and  the 
demeanour  of  all  present  evinced  not  only  their 
reverence  for  the  sacred  rite  then  performing, 
but  also  their  deep  feeling  for  the  departed,  and 
her  surviving  relatives.  The  funeral  was  attended 
by  Sir  Thomas  Acland  and  his  four  sons,  by 
several  grandchildren,  by  Lady  Acland's  ne- 
phews (sons  of  her  brothers,  Mr.  George  and 
Archdeacon  Hoare)  by  Lord  Carnarvon,  Lord 
and  Mr.  Charles  Courtenay,  Right  Hon.  John 
Fortescue,  Mr.  Hoare  of  Luscombe,  Mr.  Blen- 
cowe,  Mr.  Jenkinson,  Dr.  Miller,  and  several 
other  private  friends.  In  the  evening  the  pro- 
cession started  from  the  house,  soon  after  six 
o'clock,  and  consisted  of  a  hearse  and  four 
horses ;  mourning  coaches  with  four  horses  each: 
tiiree  private  carriages ;  and  by  some  300  or  400 
of  the  tenantry  on  the  estate.  The  Rev.  J.  Hel- 
lings,  and  the  Rev.  — Appom  officiated  on  the 
occasion.  As  a  proof  of  the  reverential  feeling 
exhibited  by  the  attendants,  it  may  be  stated  that 
on  the  Lord's  Prayer,  in  the  funeral  service, 
being  commenced,  every  one  in  the  chapel-yard, 
amounting  to  several  hundreds,  immediately 
knelt,  and  continued  in  that  posture  till  the  whole 
was  concluded. 

At  Southampton-st.,  Strand,  aged  75,  Edwin 
Martin  Van  Butchell,  esq.,  surgeon. 

Aged  87,  John  Buzzard,  esq.,  late  of  Bognor, 
Sussex,  and  formerly,  during  many  years,  an  in- 
fluential and  highly  respected  inhabitant  of  the 
parish  of  St  Andrew,  Holbom,  London. 

At  Hyde-park-et.,  Hyde-park,  aged  66,  Sophia, 
wife  of  Samuel  Cohen,  esq. 


258 


Obituary. 


[Aug. 


At  the  Abbey,  Bradford,  Wilta,  aged  74,  John 
Edmonds,  esq. 

At  Lymingrton-house,  Clapham-park,  Miss  Anna 
Everett. 

A^ed  16,  Adelaide,  d^u.'of  John  Freeman,  esq., 
Wood-lane,  Falmouth. 

At  Portswood-house,  Southampton,  aged  30, 
Robert  Harvey,  eldest  son  of  Robert  Hazell, 
esq.,  late  of  Maidstone. 

At  Seymour-st.,  Euston-sq.,  aged  54,  Ann, 
wile  of  William  King,  of  New  Hayward,  Hunger- 
ford,  Berks. 

At  Tottenham-wood,  aged  93,  Thomas  Rhodes, 
esq. 

Aged  59,  Maria,  wife  of  Joseph  Sheppard,  esq., 
of  Cowlcy-house. 

At  Petworth,  aged  77,  the  wife  of  J.  Upton,  esq. 

June  24.  At  Wakefield,  Montrose,  aged  95, 
Mrs.  Cloudesley,  mother  of  Dr.  Greig,  of  Wal- 
thamstow-house,  Essex. 

In  Gloucester-st.,  Portman-sq.,  aged  69,  Miss 
K.  B.  Crozier. 

At  Edward-st,  Portman-so.,  aged  74.  Mr. 
Thomas  Dolby.  In  early  life  he  suffered  nobly 
for  his  zealous  and  practical  advocacy  of  par- 
liamentary reform,  and  he  originated  and  pro- 
moted the  diffusion  of  cheap,  popular,  moral,  and 
useful  literature,  based  on  the  pure  and  unerring 
principles  of  Christianity. 

At  Berlin,  Count  George  Esterhazy,  Austrian 
Minister  at  the  Prussian  Court. 

Aged  75,  George  Gordon  Falconer,  esq.,  late  of 
the  Examiners' -office,  East  India  House,  son  of 
the  Hon.  George  Falconer,  R.N.,  and  grandson 
of  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  David  Halkerton,  and  of 
the  La<lv  Catherine  Keith,  Countess  of  Kintore. 

At  Penton-st.,  Pentonville,  aged  64,  Mr.  G. 
Gosling,  late  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

At  Weymouth,  aged  70,  Mr.  John  Harvey,  who 
for  nearly  forty  years  has  occupied  the  situation 
of  postmaster  of  that  town.  He  was  the  success- 
ful promoter  of  the  Portland  Harbour  of  Refuge, 
and  was  highly  respected  by  all  who  knew  him. 

At  Ilaffield,  near  Ledbury,  aged  17,  Harriet, 
dau.  of  Dr.  Henry. 

At  his  residence.  Clarendon  Villas,  Notting- 
hlll,  aged  57,  Robert  Major  Holbom,  esq.,  late  of 
39,  Mincing-lane. 

At  Manthorpe  Lodge,  Grantham,  aged  36, 
Eliza  Bolton,  wife  of  Mr.  S.  Hutchinson. 

At  Edinburgh,  Lieut.-Col.  Edward  Madden,  of 
the  H.E.I  C.  Sernce. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son,  West  Brixton, 
Surrey,  aged  84,  Mrs.  Mason. 

At  Cheetham  hill,  near  Manchester,  the  resi- 
dence of  her  imcle,  S.  Digby  Murray,  esq,,  Sophia 
Sher bourne,  the  last  surviving  dau.  of  John 
Sheppard.  esq.,  Etwall  Lodge,  Derbyshire,  and 
grand-daughter  of  the  late  Adm.  Murray. 

At  his  house,  Courland -grove,  Stockwell.  aged 
86,  Mr.  John  Toms  Stanton,  late  of  the  firm  of 
Stanton,  Brothers,  Cannon-st.,  London,  tea- 
dealers. 

Aged  104  and  six  months,  Mrs.  Mary  Thorpe, 
a  respectable  woman  residing  at  Laney,  co.  Car- 
low,  on  the  estate  of  Sir  Thomas  Butler,  Bart. 
She  retained  the  full  possession  of  her  faculties, 
both  physical  and  mental,  to  the  last. 

Aged  22,  Mr.  Henry  Wyon,  Royal  Mint. 

June  25.  At  Ramsgate,  aged  8,  Mary  John 
Gerald  Joseph  Digby,  the  beloved  child  of  Kenelm 
Henrv  and  Jane  Mary  Digby. 

At  Cairo,  Egypt,  aged  34,  Mr.  Ralph  Donkin, 
erglneer,  formerly  of  Gateshead.  Mr.  Donkin  was 
for  many  years  in  the  service  of  the  York,  New- 
castle, and  Berwick  Railway  Company. 

At  Glocester-sq.,  Mary,  wife  of  E.  G.  Frang- 
hiadi,  eso. 

At  licaKesboume,  aged  74,  R.  Gardner,  esq. 

At  Portsmouth,  on  his  landing  from  the  Crimea, 
aged  23,  Alexander  Johnston,  M.D.  Assistant- 
Surgion  CSth  Regt.,  son  of  Mr.  Johnston,  siir- 
geon^  Stirling. 

Aged  24,  Charles  Clements,  son  of  T.  Morgao, 
esq.,  late  of  Rutland-gate. 


Aged  76,  Robert  Newbery,  esq.,  Stamford 
Brook  Villa,  Hammersmith. 

At  the  Avenue,  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  aged  57, 
John  Pratt,  esq.,  of  Adderstone  Mains,  Noramm- 
berland. 

At  Bimes,  near  Elsdon,  aged  87,  Nicholas 
Ridley  Reed,  esq.,  of  Old  Town. 

At  Guildford,  aged  60,  Thos.  Rusbridger,  esq., 
late  of  Bognor,  Sussex. 

At  the  residence  of  Mr.  G.  Turner,  NewhaTen, 
Maria,  wife  of  Mr.  Roberts,  proprietor  of  the 
Staffordshire  "  Sentinel." 

At  Notting-hill,  aged  73,  Miss  Smith,  only  dan. 
of  the  late  James  Smith,  esq.,  of  RicldnghaU, 
Suffolk. 

At  Mardon,  aged  68,  Mrs.  Smith,  widow  of 
William  Smith,  eso. 

At  Sandown,  suddenly,  Ellis  Price  Sutton,  esq.. 
solicitor,  of  Pahnfleld  Villa.  Verdict,  "Natoraf 
causes." 

At  Charlton,  Woolwicli,  Comm.  Nicholas  Tin- 
mouth,  R.N. 

At  Winterslow-pl.,  Vassall-road,  North  Brix- 
ton, aged  72,  John  Williamson,  esq. 

At  Ellesmere  Lodge,  Cheltennam,  aged  65,  John 
Wilson,  esq.,  late  of  Lincoln's-inn,  barrister-at- 
law. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  23,  WiUiam  Leyland 
Wilson,  esq.,  late  Lieut.-Comm.  of  her  Majesty's 
gunboat  *•  Hardy,"  second  son  of  the  late  Wm. 
Wilson,  esq.,  of  the  Army  Pay  Office. 

At  Alton,  Sophia  Brooke,  wife  of  the  Rer. 
Thomes  Woodrooffe,  vicar  of  Alton,  and  canon  of 
Winchester. 

At  Ulverston,  aged  49,  Ann,  widow  of  J.  G. 
Barton,  esq.,  solicitor. 

June  26,  At  Hartford,  near  Northwich,  aged 
12,  Eliza  Mottram^  neice  of  John  Twemlow,  esq., 
Hatherton,  Cheshire. 

At  Bedford-terrace,  Upper  Holloway,  aged  62, 
Miss  Elizabeth  Borrell. 

At  Oakland-lodge,  Streatham-bUl,  aged  64, 
John  Brown,  esq. 

At  her  residence,  Austen-honse,  Headoom, 
Mrs.  Mary  Davis. 

At  Holbrook,  Charlotte,  eldest  sorvlTing  dau. 
of  the  late  William  Deane,  esq.,  of  Alton  Hall, 
Suffolk. 

At  Cambridge-terrace,  Hyde-park,  Prisdlla 
Buxton,  third  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Samud  Carr, 
of  St.  Peter's,  Colchester. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law,  J.'SQces,  esq., 
Sudbury,  Louisa,  widow  of  Smith  Churchill,  esq., 
late  of  Ramsgate,  formerly  of  Hitchin.  Herts. 

At  Elm  Villa,  Hammersmith,  aged  28,  Clara 
Teresa,  third  dau.  of  Daniel  Gibson,  esq.,  R.I.P. 

At  Brighton,  aged  3,  Amelia  Jane,  dau.  of 
Capt.  Gowan,  late  97th  Regt. 

Aged  51.  Mary  Elizabeth,  wife  of  the  Rer.  S. 
Hobson,  vicar  of  Tuttington. 

At  Westover,  Isle  of  Wight.  Alf^red,  infant  son 
of  the  Hon.  Wm.  A'  Court  Holmes. 

At  Melville  hospital,  Chatham,  aged  66,  Com. 
Thomas  Spark,  R,N.,  of  H.M.8.  "  Wellesley." 

At  Brandeston  Hall,  Suffolk,  Marion,  fourth 
dau.  of  Mrs.  Staff  of  Lowestoft. 

At  Kennington,  Rosanna.  wife  of  John  Symes, 
esq.,  of  Surrey  villa,  Kennington-roed,  and  dan. 
of  the  late  Henry  Boaze,  eso.,  ot  Penzance. 

At  Castle  Comer,  co.  Kilkenny,  John  Butler 
Clarke  Southwell  Wandesforde,  esq.,  eldest  son  of 
the  Hon.  C.H.B.C.S.  Wandesforde,  of  Castle  Co- 
mer, Irehind,  and  Kirklington  Hall,  Yorkshire. 

Aged  19,  Eliza,  second  dau.  of  Isaac  Warwick, 
esq.,  Rickmansworth,  Herts. 

At  Rotherfield,  aged  81,  Mrs.  Hume  Wlckens, 
wife  of  Joseph  Wickens,  Gent. 

June  27.  At  Darlaston-hall,  Merideo,  near 
Coventry,  aged  41,  Robert  George  Broxholm,  esq., 
surgeon,  of  Sunbury,  Middlesex,  eldest  son  of 
late  Robert  Broxholm,  esq. 

At  Cheltenham,  Sarah  Ann,  dau.  of  the  late 
Loventy  Braun,  esq.,  of  LiverpooL 

In  Devonshire-pl,  CoL  Goeset,  of  VIcara-lrill, 
Lymington,  late  of  the  Boyal  EngiBSWi. 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


259 


At  Lee,  Kent,  Catherine  Prior,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
R,  D.  Harris. 

At  Birkenhead,  a^d  66,  Wm.  Jackson,  esq., 
the  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Wm.  Jackson 
and  Jas.  Ronald,  cordage  manufacturers,  &c.,  of 
James-st.  and  Edge-lane. 

At  Filby  House,  Norfolk,  aged  4  months,  Edm. 
Scarsdale,  fifth  child  of  the  Rev.  Chas.  Lucas. 

At  the  Hermitage,  Snaresbrook,  aged  82,  Sir 
Jas.  Wm.  Morrison,  late  Deputy  Master  of  her 
Majesty's  Mint. 

At  Audlem,  aged  88,  Jane,  relict  of  John  Poole, 
esq.,  of  Finney  Green,  Staffordshire,  and  dau.  of 
the  late  Ellison  Poole,  esq.,  of  Snape. 

At  WansLead,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Mr.  Renwick, 
of  the  "  Old  Thatched  House,"  Wanstead. 

Amelia  Jane,  youngest  dau.  of  John  Richards, 
esq.,  of  Charterhouse-sq. 

At  her  residence,  Baker-st.,  Portman-sq.,  aged 
81,  Anna,  relict  of  Major-Qcn.  Shaw. 

At  Windermere,  aged  23,  Ben-James  Sothem, 
esq.,  2d  Regt.  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own  Rifles, 
and  youngest  son  of  James  Sothem,  esq.,  The 
Priory,  Aigburth,  Liverpool. 

At  High  Wycombe,  aged  80,  Mary,  widow  of 
Bobt.  Ai^iieeler,  esq. 

At  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  aged  60,  Henry  Wing, 
esq.,  surgeon. 

June  28.  At  Duffield,  suddenly,  Barbara,  wife 
of  John  Balguy,  esq. 

At  Veryan,  Church-town,  Cornwall,  suddenly, 
aged  81,  Mrs.  Barbary  Beard. 

At  Dover-road,  London,  aged  59,  J.  E.  Blunt, 
esq.,  M.A.,  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
Lincoln's-inn,  Master  in  Chancery. 

At  HoUcndcn-house,  near  Tunbridge,  Anna 
Maria,  widow  of  Samuel  Boydell  Beckwith,  of 
Hol>'well,  Hants. 

At  Henley-on-Thames,  aged  17,  Jane  Emma, 
third  dau.  of  W.  H.  Brakspear,  esq. 

At  Middleton  Lodge,  near  Leeds,  aged  59,  Col. 
Chas.  John  Brandling,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
R.  H.  Brandling,  of  High  Gosforth. 

At  Knowle-green  House,  Staines,  Henrietta, 
youngest  dau.  of  H.  W.  Bull,  esq.,  of  Wilton- 
crescent. 

At  Warminster,  Dr.  Chapman,  who  has  but  re- 
cently taken  out  his  diploma,  and  had  been  at- 
tending the  patients  of  Mr.  Grubbe,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  indisposition  of  that  gentleman. 
After  a  walk  in  the  grarden  with  a  friend,  the  un- 
fortunate gentleman  went  into  the  surgery,  and 
drank  off  half-an-ounce  of  prussic  acid.  He  was 
shortly  afterwards  discovered  on  the  floor  quite 
dead.  Not  the  slightest  cause  can  be  assigned 
for  the  rash  act. 

At  Kilbume  Priory,  Edgeware-road,  London, 
aged  75,  Thomas  Dickins,  esq.,  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Thomas  Dickins,  of  Market  Weighton. 

At  Stoke  Newington,  aged  42,  Roger  Farrand 
Jackson,  esq.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Roger  Roydon 
Jackson,  esq  ,  of  Manchester. 

Aged  73,  John  Jones  esq.,  Middleton  Lodge, 
near  Banbury. 

At  Thomford,  Dorset,  aged  68,  Mr.  J.  Jeffery. 

Aged  24,  Amelia  Anne,  wife  of  Mr.  John  M. 
Stanlev,  and  eldest  dau.  of  Henry  Waite  Peall, 
esq.,  of  Shacklewell-green,  Middlesex,  and  grand- 
dau.  of  the  late  Mrs.  White,  of  Famsfield,  Notts. 

Suddenly,  aged  34,  Mr.  Samuel  Stocker,  jun., 
of  the  firm  of  Stocker,  Brothers,  Arthur-st ,  New 
Oxford-st.,  eldest  son  of  S.  Stocker,  esq.,  of 
Brighton. 

Mary  Anne,  wife  of  Daniel  Sturge,  of  the  City- 
road,  and  Yate,  Gloucestershire. 

At  Kensington,  aged  40,  Anna,  wife  of  William 
Thomas,  esq.,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Wm.  Castell 
Damant,  esq. 

June  29.  At  St.  Peter's,  near  Margate,  aged 
46,  Sarah,  wife  of  Mr  W.  J.  Barker,  of  H.M. 
Office  of  Works,  Whitehall,  and  dau.  of  the  late 
Mrs.  W.  Akerman,  of  London. 

Anne,  only  dau.  of  Mr.  John  BuUer,  sen.,  of 
Basset-wood,  near  Southampton. 

Aged  69,  at  the  house  of  Coristopher  Kemplay, 


esq.,  his  son-in-law,  of  St.  John's-place,  Leeds, 
John  Bulmer,  esq.,  late  of  York. 

At  Sydenham,  Mary  Susannah,  second  dau.  of 
the  Rev  John  Cockayne,  of  Bath. 

At  Bath,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Maj.  C.  Denshire, 
of  Tetford,  Lincolnshire. 

At  Hatton-garden,  aged  32,  Mr.  John  Dillon, 
late  liveryman  of  the  Spectaclemakers'  Company. 

AtBlomfield-road,  Maida-hill,  Elizabeth,  widow 
of  Dan.  Ferard,  esq.,  of  Queen-sq.,  Westminstir. 

At  Fitzroy-terrace,  Gloucester-road,  Regent's- 
park,  aged  18,  Susan  Cambridge,  younger  dau.  ot 
the  late  Samuel  Grubb,  esq.,  of  Coole-viUe,  Clog- 
heen,  Ireland. 

Aged  65,  J.  Heath,  esq.,  of  Harbury,  Warwick. 

At  Leicester,  aged  87,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Palmer, 
widow  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  Palmer,  of  Kimbolton. 

At  Thome,  near  Yeovil,  Susan,  wife  of  Comm. 
Charles  Pearson,  R.N. 

At  Bloomsbury-sq.,  aged  82,  Louisa,  widow  of 
George  Pinckard,  M.D. 

At  Bays  water,  aged  15  months,  Emma  Matilda, 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  C.  Smalley,  jvm. 

At  Nepicar,  aged  69,  T.  Porter,  esq. 

In  London,  aged  52,  Wareing  Webb,  esq.,  of 
Liverpool,  and  Clifton-park,  Birkenhead. 

At  Long  Ashton,  co.  Somerset,  Thomas  Wm. 
Wigan,  esq.,  Lieut.-Col.  E.I.  Co.'s  Service. 

AtOatlands'-park,  Walton-on-Thames,  the  wife 
of  Jonas  Wilks,  esq. 

At  Dublin,  at  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law, 
Henry  Frith,  esq.,  aged  80,  Mrs.  Eliz.  Winter. 

June  30.  At  Woodlands,  Maldon,  Essex,  aged 
42,  Mr.  Frederick  J.  Bell,  formerly  of  Oxford-st., 
Londcn. 

At  her  house,  Pittville,  Cheltenham,  aged  85, 
Sarah  Cholmeley,  the  last  survivor  of  the  children 
of  Montague  Cholmeley,  esq.,  of  Easton,  Lincoln- 
shire. 

In  the  Cloisters,  Windsor  Castle,  aged  10 
months,  Isabella  Anna,  infant  dau.  of  Dr.  G.  J. 
Elvey. 

At  Fareham,  Catherine  Maria  Farquharson, 
sister  of  the  late  Edward  R.  O.  Farquharson,  R.N. 

Aged  67,  Eliza  Jane,  ^^idow  of  George  Garrow, 
late  in  the  Madras  Civil  service. 

At  Barnfteld,  Charlton,  Kent,  aged  50,  Robert 
James  Moring  Grey,  esq. 

Aged  58,  Mrs.  Langdale,  relict  of  Mr.  John 
Langdale,  of  Leckonfleld-park  House. 

At  Musgrave-house,  Exeter,  aged  64,  Miss  Mary 
Ponsford  Luke. 

At  Fort  William,  Inverness-shire,  Scotland, 
aged  61,  Mr.  Thomas  M' Donald,  writer  and  Pro- 
curator Fiscal. 

Aged  13,  Augusta,  third  dau.  of  the  Rev.  J. 
Raine,  vicar  of  Blyth,  Nottinghamshire. 

At  New  York,  aged  25,  Sarah  Maria,  the  last 
surviving  dau.  of  R.  T.  Sambrook,  esq.,  wife  of 
George  Henry  Summers,  and  granddau.  of  James 
Smith,  esq. 

At  Brorapton,  Middlesex,  Margaret  Gertrude, 
infant  dau.  of  Robert  Bowman  Tennent,  esq. 

AtPrince's-terrace,  Hyde-park,  Blanch  Holden, 
infant  dau.  of  Henry  White,  esq. 

Lately.  At  Stockholm,  aged  88,  M.  Brandstrom, 
first  valet  de  chambre  to  Gustavus  III.,  and  who 
was  near  to  the  side  of  that  monarch  when  he 
was  murdered  by  Ankerstrom  at  a  masked  ball, 
on  the  night  of  the  15th  of  March,  1792. 

Mr.  Lax,  of  Park-st.,  Bristol.  He  has  be- 
queathed upwards  of  7,000/.  to  the  national 
and  local  charitable  institutions  and  societies. 
Amongst  the  bequests  are  the  following  : — 
Bristol  Infirmary,  1,000/. ;  Bristol  General  Hos- 
pital, 500/. ;  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge,  500/. ;  Society  for  Propagating  the 
Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  500/. ;  Incorporated 
Society  for  building  and  Enlarging  Churches, 
500/. ;  Society  for  the  Emplojnnent  of  Additional 
Curates,  300/. ;  National  Society,  300/. ;  and  to 
nine  local  institutions,  300/.  each. 

In  France,  aged  84,  General  Baron  Petit.  He 
fought  as  a  volunteer  in  1792,  and  received  the 
adicuz  of  the  Emp.  Napoleon  at  Fontainebleau. 


260 


Obituary. 


[Aug. 


At  Madrid,  apred  84,  Don  Xarier  VUoa.  He 
was  the  last  suryivor  in  Spain  of  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar. 

At  Madison,  Indiana,  aged  107,  David  Wilson. 
He  hud  been  married  five  times,  and  had  had 
forty-seven  children,  thirty  five  of  whom  were 
recently  living.  Instead  of  ribs,  he  had  a  solid 
bone  over  his  chest— a  circumstance  which  saved 
his  Ure  during  the  border  wars  with  the  Indians 
at  Kentucky.  At  the  period  of  his  death  his  men- 
tal and  bodily  powers  were  but  little  impaired. 

Aged  83,  Mrs.  L.  B.  Wilson,  Clapham  Common, 
leaving  15,000/.  to  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society. 

July  1.  At  Everton,  aged  40,  Capt.  J.  A.  Banks. 

At  New-street,  Coven  t-garden,  aged  64,  Mrs. 
Jane  Bishop,  late  of  Christ's  Hospital. 

At  Lansdowne  Grove,  Bath,  Maude  Charlotte 
Louisa,  second  and  youngest  dau.  of  Thomas 
Carew,  esq. 

At  Landport,  Portsea,  at  the  residence  of  her 

f'andfather,  O.  J.  Scale,  esq.,  aged  4,  Marianne 
lizabeth,  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Walter  Chamberlain, 
incumbent  of  Bolton-le-Moors,  Lancashire. 

At  the  Cheaters,  suddenly,  Nath.  Clayton,  esq. 

At  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  aged  63,  Mr.  Charles 
Dennes,  third  son  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  M.  Dennes, 
of  Basham  Abbey  and  Kettlestone,  Norfolk. 

Aged  25,  Julia  Anne,  wife  of  tbe  Bev.  Henry 
S.  Disbrowe,  Rector  of  Conisholme,  near  Louth. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  73,  Jane  Oliver,  relict  of 
the  late  Major  Francis  Russell  Edgar,  of  the  Slst 
regiment. 

At  Southsea,  aged  27,  Su.sannah  Mary,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  William  Eamsbaw,  esq.,  of  South 
Lambeth,  Surrey. 

Aged  32,  Elizabeth  Barry  Gardiner,  widow  of 
James  Gardiner,  esq.,  and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
R.  Towell,  esq.,  of  Abbey-pl.,  St.  John's-wood. 

Mrs.  Hadden,  of  Aske-street,  Uoxton,  was 
found  in  a  dying  state  in  Victoria-park  on  Sun- 
day evening  last,  by  Mr.  Taylor,  and  conveyed, 
tn  that  gentleman^  chaise,  to  her  residence. 
The  deceased's  husband  sailed  for  Australia 
nearly  two  years  ago,  leaving  her  with  a  family, 
since  which  time  she  had  not  heard  anything 
of  him.  Verdict,  *'Died  from  disease  of  the 
heart." 

At  Charlton,  Mrs.  Henderson,  widow  of  Capt. 
John  Henderson,  of  Castle-green,  Caithness-sh. 

At  St.  James's  sq.,  Bath,  Harriot,  wife  of  Wil- 
liam Jeffs,  esq. 

Aged  32,  Mr.  Henry  Llewellyn,  of  Old  Bond- 
it.,  London,  and  Drayton-grove,  Brompton. 

At  the  residence  of  George  Wilson,  esq.,  R.N., 
Blatchington  Station,  aged  65,  Frederick  Phillips, 
esq..  Lieut.  K.N.,  for  23  years  in  command  at 
Cuckmere  Station,  Seaford,  Sussex. 

At  Addison-road,  Kensington,  aged  69,  Chas. 
Edward  Pownall,  esq. 

At  Liverpool,  aged  52,  Annabella,  wife  of 
Arthur  Richie,  esq. 

At  Clifton,  near  York,  Eliza  Lucy,  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  David  Russell,  esq. 

In  Upper  Montagu-st,  aged  45,  Mary  Isabella, 
wife  of  David  Scott,  esq.,  and  only  dau.  of  the 
late  John  and  Mary  Ann  Eamea. 

At  the  Rectory,  East  Harling,  aged  31,  Harriet, 
•Idest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Steward,  of  East 
Carleton-hall. 

At  Cologne,   the    Hon.  Mrs.  J.  J.  Whaites, 
yougest  dau.  of  the  late  Lord  Wodehouse. 
July  2.    At  Hereford-road  north,  Westboumc- 

Srove,   aged  22,  Ann  Peters,   wife  of  William 
one,  esq.,  of  the  Stock  Exchange. 

At  Cadeleigh  Parsonage,  near  Tiverton,  aged 
9,  Lucy  Elizabeth  Britton,  eldest  dau.  of  the 
Rector  of  that  parish. 

At  Southampton,  aged  62,  William  Bickley, 
fifth  son  of  the  late  Richard  Chamberlain,  esq. 

At  HaUfax,  Ipswich,  aged  19,  WUliam  Bar- 
nard, only  surviving  child  of  Dr.  W.  B.  Clarke. 

At  Egerton-road,  Blackheath-road,  the  resi- 
dence of  his  mother,  aged  31,  Alfred  Fleming 
Cobden,  esq.,  of  St  JohnVpark,  Kenttish  Town. 


At  Harringtonrfiq.,  London,  aged  80,  Ctondon 
Turberville  Daukes,  esq. 

At  Coombe  Bisset,  s^ed  87,  Miss  Marv  Fehham, 
much  esteemed  and  highly  respected  by  a  large 
circle  of  friends. 

At  Belgrave,  aged  82,  John  Goude,  Gent.,  for* 
merly  of  Cossington  Lodge. 

At  Woolwich,  aged  80,  Mrs.  Jewsberry ;  her 
death  was  caused  by  the  house  in  which  she 
lived  being  destroyed,  by  fire. 

At  West  Ham,  Hants,  aged  71,  Christopher  Ed- 
ward Lefroy,  esq  ,  for  ten  years  British  Com- 
missary Judge,  at  Surinam,  for  the  suppreaaioa 
of  the  slave  trade. 

At  Canonbury,  London,  aged  19,  Charles  Henry, 
late  paymaster-sergeant  of  the  Cavalry  Depot 
Stajf,  Maidstone,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rer. 
Chas.  Walter  Robinson,  M.A.,  of  Leominster, 
Herefordshire.  In  the  short  period  of  fourteen 
months,  by  good  conduct  and  ability  alone,  he 
was  raised  from  the  ranks  to  his  responsible  po- 
sition, which  he  filled  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
paymaster  and  commandant  of  the  garrison. 

At  Dover-st.,  London,  the  Coimtess  of  St. 
Germans.  The  aeceased  was  third  dau.  of  Charles, 
second  Marquis  of  Comwallis,  by  Lady  Louisa, 
fourth  dau.  of  Alexander,  fourth  Duke  of  Gordon, 
and  was  born  24th  of  April,  1803.  Her  ladyship 
married,  2nd  of  September,  1824,  the  Earl  of  St 
Germans  (then  Lord  Eliot),  by  whom  she  leaves 
surviving  five  sons  and  an  only  dau..  Lady 
Louisa,  married  to  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Walter 
Ponsonby. 

At  Alfreton.  aged  82,  Ann,  relict  of  the  late 
W,  Silverwood,  esq. 

At  the  Rectory,  North  Petherton,  near  Bridg- 
water, Somerset,  aged  78,  John  Snowden,  esq. 

July  3.  At  Taverham,  aged  17,  Anne  Mayers, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  R.  C.  Burton,  Rector  of 
the  above  place. 

At  Brighton,  Mary  Anna,  wife  of  Sir  Charles 
Mansfield  Clarke,  Bart. 

At  Hurwith,  Essex,  Mary,  wife  of  the  Ber.  S. 
A.  Davics,  Rye-lane,  Peckham. 

In  Montague-st.,  Ix>ndon,  aged  80,  Mary, 
widow  of  Thos.  Day,  esq.,  of  Burghill. 

At  Wisborough  Green,  aged  66,  Miss  Mary 
Evershed,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Evershed,  of  Cliflfe,  Lewes. 

At  his  residence,  Rose-cottage,  Wlnchmore- 
hill,  aged  33,  Jan.  Wm.  Farmer. 

At  Marlborough-pl.,  St  John's-wood,  aged  65^ 
Frederick  Hervey  Garraway.  esq.,  late  of  the 
Island  of  Dominica,  West  Indies. 

Aged  17  months,  Christopher  Herbert,  only 
son  of  the  Rev.  James  Hildyard,  Rectw  of  In- 
goldsby,  Lincolnshire. 

Suddenly,  aged  50,  Alfred  Lewis,  esq.,  of  Pic- 
cadilly, only  son  of  John  Lewis,  eaq.^  of  South- 
ampton-pl.,  Euston-sq. 

At  Brixton  Place,  aged  66,  Amelia,  wife  of 
John  Newell,  esq.,  late  of  Forest-hill,  and 
Th«mas-st.,  Horsleydown,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Thomas  and  Johanna  Bonner,  oi  Axmin- 
ster. 

At  Brighton,  aged  72,  Sarah,  widow  of  the  late 
Robert  Peake,  of  Waltham  Aboey,  Essex. 

At  Bloomfield-pl.,  Sarah  Bennett,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Isaac  Penruddock. 

At  Abingdon  Villas,  Kensington,  aged  75,  John 
Frederick  Pole,  esq. 

At  her  residence,  Arlington-st,  Camden-town, 
aged  64,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Fratten. 

At  Saratoga  Springs,  America,  aged  30,  Thomas 
J.  C.  Saunders,  eldest  surviving  son  of  the  late 
City  Comptroller. 

At  Leeds,  aged  24,  Caroline  Agnes,  wife  of 
George  Gower  Woodward,  esq. 

July  4.  At  his  residence,  Lawn-Honse,  Peck- 
ham,  aged  65,  Mr.  Jacob  L.  Bensusan. 

At  Chelsea,  Louisa  Marianne  Draper,  widow 
of  Thomas  Bolton,  esq.,  of  Upgrore-hill,  Staa- 
stead  Essex. 

At  South  Hatch,  Epsom,  aged  65,  Thomas  Wtt. 
Eliton,  esq. 


1856.] 


Obitxtakt. 


261 


At  Hackney,  a^ed  60,  Ann,  widow  of  George 
Finnis,  esq.,  or  Hythe. 

Susan,  eldest  dau.  of  W.  P.  Litt,  esq.,  of  Ken- 
sington-sq. 

At  Tunbridge-wells,  aged  85,  Mr.  Pierce  Odell, 
late  of  Chelsea. 

At  Brighton,  Gen.  Sir  Jeffery  Prendergast, 
Madras  army. 

At  his  residence,  Cowley-hill,  St.  Helen's,  Wil- 
liam Thomson,  esq. 

At  Ovington-sq.,  Brompton,  aged  86,  James 
Yeitch,  esq.,  M.D.,  Deputy  Inspector  of  Hospitals 
and  Fleets. 

July  5.  At  Barrow-hill,  Ashford,  aged  56, 
Mrs.  Maria  Bartholomew. 

At  Paradise-house,  Scarbro',  aged  55,  Thos. 
Pumell,  esq.  This  respected  gentleman  had 
twice  filled  the  civic  chair,  and  was  an  active 
magistrate. 

At  the  Charter-house,  HuU,  Mary  Anne,  widow 
of  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Bromby^ 

Aged  60,  Sarah,  dau.  of  the  late  Thomas  Le- 
versage  Fowler,  esq.,  of  Pendeford-hall,  Staf- 
fordsMi-e. 
At  Southampton,  aged  76,  Mrs.  S.  Hepburn. 
At  Camberwell,  aged  70,  Priscilla,  wife  of  P. 
Milner,  esq. 

At  Hampton-court  Palace,  Alicia,  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  £.  C.  Pottinger,  esq.,  of  Mount  Pottin^ 
ger,  county  of  Down. 

Aged  55,  Christiana-Mary,  wife  of  William 
Robins,  esq.,  of  Hagley-house,  Worcestershire. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son,  Chartham,  near 
Canterbury,  aged  70,  Maria,  wife  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Kuif,  Sittingboume,  Kent. 

At  Newton  Villas,  Finchlev-road,  aged  12, 
James  William,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Smith, 
of  Stevenage,  Herts,  and  stepson  of  John  A.  D. 
Cox,  esq. 

At  Granville-pl.,  Blackheath,  aged  29,  Julliette, 
wife  of  John  Whichcord,  jun.,  esq.,  F.8.A. 

At  Brompton,  aged  78,  Frances,  relict  of  Wil- 
liam Wlllshire,  esq.,  late  Capt.  11th  Reg.  of  Foot. 
July  6.     At   Camden-town,  aged   47,    Allan 
Asher,  esq.,  of  New    Orleans,    United   States, 
America. 

At  his  residence,  South  View,  Aldboume,  aged 
53,  John  Brown,  esq. 

At  Westboume-terrace,  aged  68,  Nathaniel 
Snell  Chauncy,  esq. 

At  the  residence  of  Gen.  Forbes,  at  Stoke-by- 
Nayland,  suddenly,  aged  79,  Mrs.  Louisa  Forbes, 
sister  to  the  General. 

At  Waterton,  near  Aberdeen,  Ann  Logie,  wife 
of  Alexander  I*irie,  esq. 

At  Kingston-on  Thames,  aged  69,  Miss  Riley, 
late  of  Chichester. 

At  the  residence  of  his  brother.  Park-terrace, 
Brixton,  aged  32,  Mr.  John  Schlutow. 

At  Wrexham,  Mr.  R.  H.  Simras,  organist  of 
the  parish  church,  and  Professor  of  Music  at  the 
Chester  Training  College. 

At  Bathwick,  aged  82,  Mr.  John  Smith.  He 
served  twenty-six  years  in  the  army  (troop  ser- 
Jeant-major],  and  twenty-seven  years  as  police 
officer  and  surveyor  in  Bathwick. 
Mrs.  Starkey,  of  Keppel-st.,  Russel-sq.  R.I.P. 
July  7.  At  Tiverton,  Elizabeth  Ann,  widow  of 
Barnard  Besley,  esq. 

At  Horton  Hay,  near  Leek,  aged  82,  Mr.  Thos. 
Brassington,  fanner.  He  has  left  upwards  of 
a  hundred  children,  grandchildren,  and  great- 
grandchildren. 

At  Wjndham-place,  aged  85,  Frances,  relict  of 
the  late  Captain  Digby  Dent,  R.N. 

At  Wellington,  aged  5,  Richard,  only  son  of 
George  Kidgell,  esq.,  surgeon. 

Six  weeks  after  his  return  ftom  the  Black  Sea, 
at  Great  Bardfield,  Essex,  while  on  a  visit  to  his 
brother,  the  Rev.  Rich.  Kirwan,  Robert  Kirwan, 
Ist  Lieut.  Royal  Marine  Artillery,  late  of  H.M.S. 
**  Higbfljer,'*  third  and  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Capt  Richard  Kirwan,  7th  Royal  Fusiliers,  of 
Brighton. 
Aged  72,  Richard  Leouurd  Leo,  esq.,  of  Leedib 


At  Montague-place,  Clapham-roftd,  Sarah 
Martineau,  third  dau.  of  the  late  David  Mar- 
tineau,  esq. 

At  Hackney,  aged  27,  William  Henry,  youngest 
son  of  Robert  Mudge,  esq.,  R.N.,  of  Dover. 

At  her  palace  at  Wieslmden,  Her  Rojral  High- 
ness Pauhne,  Duchess  of  Nassau.  The  deceased 
duchess  was  the  second  vsife  and  relict  of  Wm. 
George,  Duke  of  Nassau,  father  of  the  reigning 
duke,  and  second  daughter  of  the  Late  Prince 
Paul,  brother  of  the  present  King  of  Wurtemberg. 
Her  Royal  Highness  leaves  two  daughters,  of 
whom  the  eldest,  the  Princess  Helene,  is  married 
to  the  reigning  Prince  of  Waldeck ;  the  second, 
the  Princess  Sophia,  is  unmarried ;  and  one  son, 
tiie  Prince  Nicholas  of  Nassau,  favourably  known 
in  the  highest  circles  of  English  society. 

At  Edinburgh,  Mrs.  Mackenzie  Neilson,  widow 
of  James  Neilson,  esq.,  of  Millbank,  and  mother 
of  the  late  Sultana  Katte  Ghery  Krim  Gherry,  of 
ttie  Crimea. 

At  York-ter.,  St.  John's-wood,  aged  56,  Hen- 
rietta, widow  of  the  late  Thos.  Oldham,  esq.. 
Engineer  to  the  Bank  of  England. 

Ada  Louisa  Norton,  only  dau.  of  James  Norton 
Smith,  esq.,  of  Fairfield-house,  Worthing. 

At  his  residence,  Ashfurlong-house,  Sutton 
Coldfield,  aged  73,  Joseph  Webster,  esq.,  of  Penns* 
Warwickshire,  late  resident  at  Breadsall  Priory, 
Derbyshire. 

Aged  18,  Frederick,  second  son  of  Mr.  Leonard 
Wigg,  of  the  Lyndhurst-road,  Peckham. 

Aged  68,  Mary  Anne,  wife  of  Robert  Allan, 
•sq.,  Hendon. 

At  Jersey,  John  Caddell,  eldest  son  of  WilUam 
AshweU,  esq.,  of  Myton,  Warwickshire. 

At  Tutbury,  a^d  25,  John  Bielecki.  He  was  a 
native  of  Prussian  Poland.  He  left  his  native 
country  to  join  the  Hungarians,  and  fought  en- 
gagements under  General  Visoezky.  In  1848  he 
left  his  native  home,  with  several  otiier  youths, 
and  travelled  on  foot  more  than  300  English 
miles  trough  the  fbrests  of  Germany  to  avoid 
detection.  He  has  been  supported  here  bv  the 
benevolent  proprietor  and  his  fellow-workmen 
of  the  Rockingham  Electro-Plate  Works,  Shef- 
field. 

Aged  78,  Elizabeth  Resbury,  wife  of  Charles 
Few,  esq.,  of  Co  vent-garden,  and  Streatham-hill, 
Surrey. 

Suddenly,  of  apoplexy,  M.  Fortoul,  the  French 
Minister  of  PubUc  Instruction. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law,  Wm .  Mair, 
esq^  of  Notting-hill-sq.,  aged  78,  Harriet,  relict 
of  Thomas  Newman,  esq.,  of  Cambridge. 

Aged  77,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Ann  Sewell,  Newbury, 
Berks,  widow  of  John  SeweU,  esq.,  of  Fore-st., 
city,  London. 
At  Brighton,  aged  62,  Lieut-Col.  J.  Singleton. 
William  Smith,  esq.,  of  the  firm  of  Everett  and 
Smith,  bankers,  of  Salisbury.  This  death  causes 
a  vacancy  in  the  Salisbury  Town  Council,  of 
which  he  was  an  Alderman.  We  beUeve  Mr. 
Smith  twice  filled  the  responsible  office  of  Chief 
Magistrate,  and  had  been  a  member  of  the  pre- 
sent Council  for  upwards  of  twenty  years. 

At  Maberly-terrace,  Ball's-pond,  aged  69,  Wm. 
TVakefield  eso . 

At  Wolsingiiam,  aged  64,  Elizabeth,  wife  of 
Jonathan  Woolcr,  esq. 

July  9.  Aged  75,  Samuel  Cowper  Brown,  esq., 
of  Saint  Sidwell's,  Exeter,  formerly  of  Lewisham, 
Kent,  surgeon. 

At  Great  Bars,  Staffordshire.  Anne,  wife  of 
Howard  Hetcher,  esq.,  of  Walsall. 

Aged  69,  Thomas  Griffith,  esq.,  TreTalyn  Hall, 
Wrexham,  Denbighshire. 

At  his  mother's  residence,  St.  George's-terrace, 
Hyde-park,  Charles  Williams,  youngest  son  of 
the  late  Capt.  Hayes,  R.M. 
At  Sudbury,  aged  79,  Mr.  Alderman  Jones. 
At  Llandaff,  aged  65,  Maria  Eleanor  Knight, 
relict  of  the  late  Dean  of  Llandaff,  and  daughter 
of  the  late  Llewellyn  Traheme,  esq. 
At  Brighton,  Col.  the  Hon.  Jamee  Knox. 


262 


Obituary. 


[Aug. 


At  Glasgow,  aged  42,  'William  MoNanghtan, 
esq.,  accountant. 

At  Clifton  Grove  Crescent,  Glasgow,  aged  56, 
Mr.  Peter  Massie,  of  Manchester,  brother  of  the 
Bev.  Dr.  Massie,  of  London,  and  of  the  Rev.  Ro- 
bert Massie,  of  Atherstone. 

At  Arbroath,  aged  82,  John  8kair,  esq.,  of  Lu- 
nanbank. 

At  Great  Ormond-st.,  aged  37,  William  Henry 
Smith,  esq.,  civil  engineer,  deeply  lamented  by 
his  widow  and  young  family. 

At  Bishopwearmouth,  aged  45,  Charles  Tay- 
lor, esq. 

At  the  Oaklands,  Manchester,  the  residence  of 
her  grandfather,  James  Kershaw,  esq.,  M.P., 
aged  5,  Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Arthur 
Tidman,  M.  A.,  of  Woodstock. 

July  10.  At  his  residence.  Grove-end-road, 
8t.  John's-wood,  aged  41,  Matthew  Clement 
Allen,  esq. 

At  Cardiff,  aged  69,  Anne,  widow  of  Charles 
Bage,  esq.,  of  Shrewsbury. 

At  Blackheath-hill,  aged  29,  Henry  Davis  Ben- 
well,  surgeon. 

At  Fermoy,  aged  21,  Arthur  Poyntz  Bridson, 
esq.,  the  Royal  Regiment. 

At  Croydon-common,  aged  69,  Elizabeth  Ann, 
relict  of  William  Eggleston  Brooke,  esq. 

At42,  Upper  George-st.,  Bryanston-sq.,  Bridget, 
dau.  of  Thomas  Burbidge,  esq.,  of  Green-st., 
Grosvenor-sq. 

At  the  village.  Da  Pntron,  Guernsey,  Anna 
Maria,  wife  of  the  Rev.  F.  C.  Carey,  and  dau. 
of  William  CoUinson,  esq.,  of  Hessle,  near 
Hull. 

At  Brighton,  Rebecca,  widow  of  Edward  Chi- 
nery,  esq.,  of  Long  Melford,  Suffolk. 

At  Canterbury,  aged  67,  Thomas  Dorman,  esq., 
many  years  distributor  of  stamps  for  the  county 
of  Kent. 

At  Buntingford,  Herts,  aged  64,  George  Gaff- 
ney,  esq.,  surgeon. 

At  Carlton-hill  east,  St.  John's-wood,  aged  73, 
Thomas  Garret,  esq. 

In  Berkeley-sq.,  Bristol,  Johanna, wife  of  Wm, 
Odv  Hare,  esq. 

Of  paralysis,  at  Belvedere,  Bath,  aged  70.  T. 
Wm.  Harrington,  late  Capt.  in  the  8th  Light 
Dragoons. 

July  10.  At  Port  Carlisle,  drowned  whilst 
bathing,  two  daughters  of  Mrs.  Hindc,  and  one 
daughter  of  Mr.  Caleb  Hodgson,  all  of  Carlisle. 

At  Wilton-pl.,  Belgrave-sq.,  Flora-Lee-Grant, 
second  dau.  of  the  late  Colonel  Mac  Lcod,  of  Col- 
becks. 

At  Heighington,  Eleanor -Dorothy,  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  James  Robson,  Vicar  of  Aycliffe. 

At  Cadogan-pl.,  Mary  •Elizabeth,  wife  of  Henry 
Wilson,  esq.,  of  Stowlangtoft  Hall,  Suffolk,  eldest 
dau.  of  C.  W.  Digby,  esq.,  and  niece  of  John 
Floyer,  esq.,  M.P. 

July  11.  At  her  residence,  Watt's-buildings, 
Kingsland-road,  aged  97,  Hannah,  relict  of  James 
Alden,  esq. 

At  Robert-terr.,  Chelsea,  Ann,  widow  of  Mr. 
Wm.  Asprey,  formerly  of  Bruton-st.,  Berkeley- 
sq.,  and  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  John  Peacock, 
esq. 

At  Great  Ormond-st,  Queen's-sq.,  aged  71, 
John  Berthon,  esq.,  formerly  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

At  Bankside,  Southwark,  aged  36,  Hamilton 
Blackwood,  esq. 

At  Winkfteld-park,  near  Windsor,  Berks, 
Honoria,  widow  of  Wm.  Blane,  esq. 

At  Sponcer  House,  Cobham,  Surrey,  aged  38, 
Charles  WooUett  Bowra,  esq.,  late  of  Hongkong. 

In  London,  aged  27,  George  Bryan  Bryan,  esq., 
barristor-at-law. 

At  Terrington,  aged  88,  Mrs.  Rachel  Ellerby. 

In  Bedford-pl.,  Old  Kent  Road,  Elizabeth  Pike, 
dau.  of  the  late  Edward  Lyne,  esq. 

At  Boxworth  Grove,  Bamsbury  Park,  Joseph 
Mortimer,  esq.,  late  of  Ringmorc. 

Great  Portland-st.,  aged  90,  Mrs.  Kezia  Riddle, 
formerly  of  Abingdon-st,  Westminster. 


At  Honeyland,  near  Exeter,  aged  28,  Harriett» 
wife  of  James  Sanders,  esq. 

July  12.  At  Greenbank,  near  Whitehaven, 
Harriet,  fifth  dau.  of  Thomas  Benn,  eeo.,  R.N. 

At  Tyssen-terr.,  Dalston,  aged  79,  Mrs.  Jane 
Dyster. 

At  Souldem,  near  Deddington,  Oxon,  Emma, 
sister  of  the  late  Richard  Drofe  Gough,  eaq. 

At  Shide,  in  the  parish  of  Carisbrooke,  ule-of- 
Wight,  aged  103,  Mrs.  Jennv  Harwood.  Her 
Majesty  had  for  years  allowed  her  6«.  per  week 
from  her  private  purse. 

At  Farleigh,  Edburton,  aged  67,  Sarah,  relict 
of  Mr.  Henry  Ireland,  and  dau.  of  the  late  John 
Harwood,  esq.,  of  Pulborough. 

At  Brussels,  aged  23,  Thomas  Piokard,  aolj 
son  of  Charles  James  Hyde,  esq. 

At  Hazeleigh,  Woolston,  aged  46.  Charles  Wil- 
liam  George  St.  John,  formerly  of  ue  South  Col- 
lege, Elgin,  N.B.,  youngest  survivins  son  of  the 
late  Hon.  Gen.  St.  John,  of  Chailey,  Sussex. 

At  Belmont,  Kent,  aged  39,;Jno.  Townend,  eeq. 

Aged  66,  Ann,  widow  of  iohn  Underwood,  esq., 
of  Acton-hall,  Suffolk. 

At  Osbaston-lodge,  Leieestershire,  Edward, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Edward  Whitby,  esq. 

At  the  residence  of  her  uncle,  Comm.  J.  Woods, 
R.N.,  Gibraltar-pl.,  Chatham,  aged  23,  Sarah 
Amy,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Wm.  Woods,  of 
Woolwich  Dockyard. 

July  13.  At  Grove-road,  Brixton,  aged  61, 
William  Burden  Bromehead,  esq. 

At  Margate,  Sarah,  wife  of  Tnomas  Drake,  of 
Down  Cottages,  Shacklewell,  Middlesex. 

Frances,  eldest  and  beloved  dau.  of  William 
Homidge,  esq.,  of  Kilbnm. 

At  Chesham-pL,  aged  32,  Montague,  second  son 
of  William  Ogle  Hunt,  esq. 

At  Stoke-Newington,  aged  22,  Esther  Sophia, 
wife  of  John  Jennings. 

At  Gray's-inn-sq  ,  aged  78,  James  Smith,  esq., 
late  of  Coppice-green,  Shiffhall,  Salop. 

July  14.  At  Llandudno,  aged  34,  Johnson 
Bourne,  esq.,  Capt.  1st  Derby  Militia,  and  late 
Capt.  4lRt  Reg. 

At  Union-hall,  Kinfare,  Caroline  Catherine, 
only  dau.  of  Joseph  Brindley,  esq. 

In  Paris,  Mary,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Thomas 
Brumby,  esq.,  of  St  James's-st.,  and  St  Mary 
Abbot's  terr.,  Kensington. 

Jane,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  C.  B. 
Courtenay,  esq.,  M.D.,  formerly  of  Great  Marl- 
borough-st.,  and  of  Langley,  Bucks. 

Aged  61,  Joseph  Farrington,  of  36,  Spital-sq. 

Aged  79,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Fenton,  for  upwsurda 
of  53  years  an  inhabitant  of  Garrett,  in  the  parish 
of  Wandsworth,  Surrey. 

At  Worthing,  aged  35,  Miss  Hams,  of  Munster- 
house,  Fulham. 

At  the  HotweUs,  Clifton,  aged  70,  Samuel 
Harard,  eso. 

At  Bristol,  Louisa  Anna  Maria,  relict  of  Edw. 
Humpage,  Esq.,  late  of  Stroud,  Gloucestershire. 

Charles,  third  son  of  George  Jepson,  esq.,  of 
Gainsborough. 

At  Brompton,  aged  41,  George  Lewis,  esq.,  late 
Principal  of  Dacca  College,  Bengal. 

Aged  84,  Mr.  Thomas  Mcllish,  last  survivor  of 
the  immediate  family  of  Samuel  MelUsh,  esq^ 
formerly  of  Shadwell,  and  Hale  End,  Wsltham- 
stow. 

Aged  55,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Mr.  John  Milbank, 
of  Ormond-pl.,  Old  Kent-road. 

At  Edinburgh,  aged  52,  John  Taylor,  M.D., 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians. 

At  Brighton,  aged  79,  Edward  Utterson,  esq. 

July  15.  In  Upper  Grosvenor-st,  aged  08, 
Lieut.-Col.  Thomas  Alcock,  formerly  cf[  the 
H.E.I.  Company's  Service. 

Aged  53,  Samuel  Barker,  eeq.,  of  the  Don  Pot- 
tery, and  Mexbro'-house,  near  Botheram. 

At  Little  Canfield  Hall,  Essex,  aged  88,  Wyatt 
Barnard,  esq. 

At  his  residence,  York-gate,  RegentVperk, 
aged  55,  Franda  Clarke,  esq. 


18o6.] 


At  BnuiBwIek-flq.,  BrTanHolm?,  nq.f  of 

At  Ciunberwell-icTove,  aged  Mt  JohD 
lrtghSuekhoii«,«q. 
At  Riple)',  Bged  SS,  EluRbcIh  Ann,  vid 

Woking,  uid  dsu.  ot  Ibe  Ute  Col.  Abingt 

Jvlp  16.    At  Huron,  iged  31,  f.Ueb,  « 

At  Woodnd*.    Plymouth,  tged  84,  W 
Collier,  etto.,  a  ttigfaly-TCBpected  meoiber  i 

Uw.  wq.,M.P.  forr  '    " 
At  Chflnurord,  Bg 


itrwt  B  (trerhoond  ran  sfmlM 
wan  imniediately  laktD  into  the 


le  ground.    H« 


aged  83,  Mary, 


Vetherill  Oltler,  e»q.' la'l ._   _ 

Council  of  the  leund  of  Andgua. 
At  Biclunand,  .Miaa  Ilannsh  Penn.  great  grand- 


tatd,  aged  IB,  John  Rl 


for  the  I>DnHUblD  ti 


Iged  19,  Edward  Stoneham,  egq.,  of  Cnrfin^, 

II  Hull,  aged  73,  Robett  Cnminln  Toong.  e«q. 
ri£j^  IB.     Aged  7?,Tli0Duia  Longmoro,  eaq,. 


TABLE  OV  MORTALITY  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OF  LONDON. 

(JVom  the  Setunu  issued  iy  tie  Beffutrar-Oeneral.) 


IJ.'atlifl 

:t»;i'*t<'ri''l. 

HirtI 

s  KcgUtraed. 

Week  ending 

111 

1? 

1? 

If 

M 

II 

1 

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1 

S. 

1 

Satunlay, 

S| 

§1 

sl 

n 

^ 

431 

156 

139 

_ 

9(13 

813 

758 

1B70 

2S    . 

678 

163 

161 

IfW 

.17 

1118 

884 

853 

1737 

July        6    . 

607 

1G3 

167 

143 

Al 

1027 

77* 

780 

lo54 

hm 

KS 

lit 

no 

774 

1525 

,.       19    .      5i;i 

llil       i:u 

1.-.2 

-l(J 

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lOlS 

798 

765 

1563 

AVERAGE  PRICE  OP  CORN,  Jdii  19. 
-  WliGBt.    I    Barle;.    I      Oata.      I      Rj'e. 


I    40    2      I    24  11 


»  11      I    45    6 


43     7 


PRICE  OF  HAT  AND  STRAW  AT  8MITHFIELD,  Julj  19. 

Hoy,  6/.  1Z».  to  6/.  15*.— Straw,  U.  4i.  to  \l.  8*.— aovar,  6i.  6*.  to  6/.  10^ 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE  MARKET,  July  18. 

To  sink  the  Olbl— per  stona  of  Slba. 


Muthm 
Veal  .. 
Pork   .. 


ht 

Od. 

5> 

id. 

W. 

2d. 

h,. 

Od. 

ff. 

Sd. 

Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  JvLl  21. 

Bearts 8,640«      91&t 

Sheep  and  Lambs   S6,630»     4,810t 

CalvCT 406*       349t 

PLgs    320"       not 

Imparled  bom  Gensuf,  Holland,  Fnnoe,  and  Bpaln. 

COAL  MARKET,  Jolt  19. 

Walla  Enda,  ic.  16*.  Gd.  to  20*.  Od.  per  ton.    Other  aorta,  14*.  Sd.  to  17*.  Orf. 

TALLOW,  per  ewt.~Town  Tallow,  64».  3d.    Yellow  RnsaiaL,  53*.  Orf. 

WOOL,  Down  Tegs,  per  lb.  IM.  to  16rf.    Leicester  Fleece^  18rf.  to  IBd.  CoraUngi, 

lU.  to  16di. 


•  Including  foreign  breeda. 


|f'aiireDbeit'a  TEierm. 

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DAILY  PRICE  OP  STOCKS. 


Si 

June. 

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.iDnulUM. 

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13.16pni. 

11. 18  DID. 

16.21  pm. 

17.20  pm. 
17.20pm. 
17.20pm. 
16.20pin. 
16.19pm. 
16.19piu. 
18.21vTn. 

19.22  pm. 
20  pm. 

19.23  pm. 
20.2-tpm. 

23  pni. 
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D  ALFRED  WHITMOBE, 

Stock  Mid  Share  Broken, 

17,  Cii^uge  Alley,  Los 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

SEPTEMBER,  1856. 


CONTENTS. 

PAas 

MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE.— Parker's  Ephemerifl 266 

Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban 267 

The  Faussett  Collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  Antiquities 277 

The  History  of  the  Saracens  282 

Chester  and  its  Environs 291 

Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  Domination    298 

Bonstetten's  Antiquities  of  Switzerland 804 

John  Marston  806 

Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.    No.  II.  Reculver  and  the  Wentsum 818 

The  Seventeenth  Report  on  the  Public  Records  318 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN.— List  of  Licences  to  Crenellate,  trcm  the 
Patent  Rolls  in  the  Tower,  323 ;  County  History,  331 ;  Meeting  of  German  Antiqua- 
ries, 332 ;  Decimal  Coinage,  333 ;  Regalia  of  East  Retford,  334 ;  Runic  or  Clog  Al- 
manacs, 335 ;  Difference  bietween  a  Kentish  Man  and  a  Man  of  Kent— The  Nanmial 
Gallery,  336;  Surnames    837 

HIS  i'ORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS  —Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  the  Regency, 
337  ;  Peebles  and  its  Neighbourhood ;  Murray's  Handbook  for  Wiltshire ;  Selections 
from  Fuller ;  Peel's  Poems,  340 ;  Foxglove  Bells ;  Machell's  Poems,  341 ;  Catalogue 
of  Cambridge  Manuscripts ;  Miller's  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  342 ;  the  l^glish 
Bible  in  Paragraphs ;  Pratt  on  Scripture  and  Science ;  Hook  on  the  Lord's-day,  343 ; 
Sharpens  Critical  Notes  on  the  New  Testament ;  Hunt  on  Stammering ;  Howe's  Letter 
to  Gladstone ;  Smith's  Harmony  of  the  Divine  Dispensation  ;  Gumpach  on  the  Moon's 
Rotation,  344 ;  Phillipson's  Lonely  Hours ;  Riley's  Dictionary  of  Latin  Qnotations ; 
Bohn's  Libraries 345 

ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES.  —  Archseological  Institute,  346;  Suffolk  Institute  of 
ArchflBologry,  349 ;  Kilkenny  Arcbceological  Society,  352 ;  London  and  Middlesex 
Archaeological  Society,  354;  Wiltshire  Archoeological  and  Natural  History  Society, 
357  ;  The  Architectural  Museum,  359 ;  The  Chapter-house,  Salisbury — Roman  Ann- 
quities,  560  ;  Human  Remains  at  Dover — Hog^arth's  Tomb — Mr.  Image's  Antiquities 
— Antique  Sword — Suffragan  Bishops 8gl 

NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH.— British  Association— National  Reformatory  Union— Irish  Agri- 
cultural Society— National  Gallery- Discovery  in  Physiology,  362;  The  Artillery  at 
Woolwich— Balmoral— Cheap  Titles— Picture  Sales,  363 ;  Quick  Travelling— Action  for 
Libel— Speculation  in  1856,  364 ;  Ancient  French  Poetry  in  England   8^5 

HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE.— Foreign  News,  365 ;  Domestic  Occurrences  868 

Promotions  and  Preferments  875 

OBITUARY ;  with  Memoirs  of  The  Earl  of  Shrewsbury— The  Bishop  of  Grahamstown— 
Dr.  Buckland,  Dean  of  Westminster— Rev.  Samuel  J.  Allen — Madame  Vestris — Mr. 
John  Mitchell 876 389 

ClEKOT  DXCXASSD  889 

DsATHS,  arranged  in  Chronological  Order 890 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  394 ;  Meteorological 

Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks  895 


By  sylvanus  UEBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 

Mb,  Ubbaf.— In  "  Parker'B  Epheraeria  for  the  Tesr  of  our  Lord  1710" 
lowing  "  Brief  Chronologj-  of  Memorable  things  to  the  present  Year,  1710 :" 


Ui  be  Duilt  ^^  almmlfr-HaU  li 
nDriViri'Kiuiflnl.>iici!»l 


m  of  Do  III 


le  Firal  Uipof  Frtalmj  Wiia  Innplrpd. 
M  Si,  Faott  Sl/uple  WMbj  Llelitnin?  nri^d. 
Ee  that  irilc  ProJcM  fftiiJo  raasc'i  Plul.   . 
ce  th'  Iri3h  ilauacre,  nol  jBt  fiirgHt. 
se  Noble  Sf.nJTurd  M  Uib  Sealfcld  (ell.      . 
ce  /  dy  Ji«  Fiitht  wlii^rwl  loud  Fiimt  doth  Irl 


»  «;d,  li 


liiIlU  M 


Since  <K»d  Ucn  /or'l  rejoyc'd,  and  Jteteli  mourn'd. 

Knre  ^hela  were  at  OmrjH^OoM  DIbwcUhI, 

eioce  L  mdm  -wim  irtlli  Ihe  meal  Tliigiie  InfuctHl. 

Sinn  fwidnii'iDTnuUUl  Flni  In  i^r;i(f'm4(i,  . 

BincclbeBiimlngCninetin /hri'Mi'rrr,  . 

BincD  tb'  lufcraii!  Jtj/f-Iluuiu'  n,l  wb.  detwttd.    . 

Since  Oi'.fli  and  Thrrr.n  wen- iiiri  the  rAamfi  eceeled 

Since  the  (jini-il  OaU  lor  I'lTjurj  n  J.^ui|>■ll  ufs  Prieetly  Hi 

Since  J.r Willie  Serond dill tlio  Thnnip  mcend. 

BJnw  .Ifonn,  .,„((■,  KtbelHon  hiul  bllnsl  End. 

Since  the  :ii:\ya  lliahops  to  iJlB  Zliwr  yrvYC  lent, 

Since tbe  i.nnl  J.ffnw,  thither  nbui  wcni      . 

Bince  the  Prince  of  Ora"gr  kndnl  «l  Ibrioy. 

Since  the  ViU  King;  yoBM  to  J>u  la  did  mnk«  bi 

Since  (1  ^'l;„„  and  J^arv  WKe  at  WafmnMlrrCniKa;\. 

Since  \i'  ir  nilh  JVonw  the  Tnicu]*!  loud  did  sound. 

emeetli.'^ickitluuiBnttrfittlieBoffM, 

Hince  J'li'iti-li  and  IrM  Gqre  ^A  Agrim  ttiiXi. 

Since  J/nrj  wii  lut(  Quocn  died  it  Whilr-Hail.     . 

Since  Cruel  [Xditli  gsre  Olmlrr't  BukB  n  Pidl.       . 

MnceGr™HiuKUj4.V.Vi'iuilu  (he  Throne  Mcendmi.  . 

Since  Wrir  PimliJin'd  with  fWniT.  -irWph  Is  not  ended. 


Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me  w! 
mentioned  in  large  type  eicupt  Queen 
jqtecting  the  "  high  wind  in  Somakm  ?" 


»  the  Prophet  EME9,  the  oolj  lun 

P    AIk  give  mi  aaj  infomution  r 

Tottn,  Ac. 


THE 


GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 


THE  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  SYLYANTJS  URBAN. 

CHAPTER  III. 

SAVAGE  AND  JOHNSON,  AND  MY  JOHNSONIAN  PBISNDS. 

The  annals  of  our  Clerkenwell  Parnassus,  which  I  gave  in  my  last  chap- 
ter, were  perhaps  tedious,  but  they  form  an  essential  part  of  my  biography, 
as  I  owed  so  much  of  my  vigorous  growth  to  my  devotion  to  Poetry. 
Having  commemorated  some  of  the  minor  songsters  who  were  then  my 
associates,  I  have  now  to  speak  of  those  who  obtained  a  larger  audience, 
and  achieved  a  more  prominent  and  permanent  fame.  The  great  poets  of 
my  youthful  days  were  Pope  and  Thomson.  Many  a  striking  passage  from 
the  Essay  on  Man,  when  still  warm  from  the  anvil  of  the  Mulciber  of 
Twitnam,  was  introduced  to  a  wider  popularity  amidst  the  select  poetry  of 
Sylvanus  Urban ;  and  the  flowers  of  Thomson,  in  their  fresh  vernal  bloom, 
were  duly  interwoven  in  our  monthly  chaplet.  I  am  not  aware,  however, 
that  Cave  received  any  direct  contributions  from  the  former  of  those  illus- 
trious masters  of  song ;  but  he  copied  the  productions  of  Thomson  at  least 
with  the  author's  consent  and  approval*.  From  that  spoilt  child  of  genius, 
Richard  Savage,  Cave  had  many  communications,  and  not  only  at  the  time 
when  Savage  was  the  comrade  of  Johnson, — the  partaker  of  his  thoughts, 
and  a  fellow-outcast  on  the  desert  world  of  London  life, — but  from  a  period 
before  Johnson's  advent  to  this  mighty  Babylon. 

Savage,  reckless  of  time  and  of  money,  and  of  still  more  valuable  friend- 
ships, was  especially  careful  of  his  verses,  and  nervously  anxious  that  they 
should  always  appear  in  their  proper  guise  and  costume**.     It  was  this 

•  In  the  Magazine  for  August,  1736,  appeared  the  following : — "  N.B.  The  poem  in 
blank  verse,  mtitled.  To  Mr.  James  Delacourt  on  his  Pro8i>ect  of  Poetry,  is  come  to 
hand,  but  we  not  only  find  it  published  already  in  a  Monthly  Collection  for  Nov.  1734, 
but  are  assur'd  from  Mr.  Thomson^  that  tho'  it  has  some  lines  from  his  Seasons,  he 
knew  nothing  of  the  Piece  till  he  saw  it  in  the  Daily  Journal."  Of  private  intercourse 
with  Thomson,  a  record  is  preserved  in  a  note  of  Cave  to  Birch,  dated  August  12, 1738, 
in  which  an  appointment  is  made  to  visit  Claremont,  dine  at  Richmond,  and  to  give 
Mr.  Tliomson  notice  of  their  coming  to  the  inn  in  the  latter  place. — Nichols,  Literary 
Anecdotes,  v.  41. 

•*  "  A  superstitious  regard  to  the  correction  of  bis  sheets  was  one  of  Mr.  Savage's 
peculiarities :  be  often  altered,  revised,  recurred  to  his  first  reading  or  pmictuation,  and 
again  adopted  the  alteration;  he  was  dubious  and  irresolute  without  end,  as  on  a 
question  of  the  last  importance,  and  at  last  seldom  satisfied :  the  intrusion  or  omission 
of  a  comma  was  sufficient  to  discompose  him,  and  he  would  lament  an  error  of  a  single 
letter  as  a  heavy  calamity.     In  one  of  his  letters  relating  to  an  impression  of  some 


268  Autohiofjraphy  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Sept. 

feature  in  his  character  that  first  brought  him  to  my  acquaintance.  In  the 
Magazine  for  August,  1733,  we  had  taken  from  one  of  the  newspapers  some 
verses  of  his,  addressed  "  To  a  Young  Lady."  There  was  no  real  error 
committed  in  this  copy,  but  it  contained  the  first  reading  of  a  couplet  which 
the  poet  had  subsequently  altered.  We  were  therefore  requested  by  him 
to  state  that  it  had  been  "  incorrectly  printed,"  and  "  with  the  author's 
consent"  we  were  enabled  "  to  obhge  the  publick  with  a  genuine  copy*'." 

This  induced  him  to  prefer  the  Gentleman's  to  the  London  Maga- 
zine, and  more  particularly  when  the  editor  of  the  latter  (Mr.  Kimber),  on 
a  similar  occasion,  which  happened  shortly  after,  treated  him  differently**. 
Many  of  his  poems  were  inserted  in  our  pages  during  the  years  1736  and 
1737;  and  it  was  from  himself  that  we  received  (through  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Birch)  the  poetical  answer  (said  to  have  come  from  an  unknown  writer 
in  Wiltshire)  to  some  lines  severely  alluding  to  his  fatal  duel®,  a  great 
portion  of  which  answer  is  quoted  by  Johnson  in  his  life  of  this  unfortunate 
man. 

Among  his  other  contributions  (in  Feb.  1737)  was  The  Bastardy  the 
vindictive  effusion  he  had  addressed  to  his  reputed  mother.  The  following 
introduction,  suggested  by  himself,  at  once  shewed  to  the  world  that  he  was 
a  correspondent  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  and  to  his  mother  that  the  blow  was 
repeated  by  his  own  hand : — 


(( 


The  following  POEM  w(m  printed  some  Years  ago^  but  is  become  so  Scarce  {thtf 
five  Editions  of  it  have  been  publish' d)  that  it  must  be  new  to  most  of  our  Jteaders,—-^ 
Such  of  them  as  have  read  it,  will  easily  pardon  us,  for  repeating  so  agreeable  an  enter^ 
tainment,  especiallg  as  it  has  been  revis'd  by  the  Author, 

The  BASTARD. 

A  POEM  inscribed  with  all  due  reverence  to  Mrs.  Bret,  once  Countess  of  MaoclesfielcL 
By  Richard  Savage,  Esq;  Son  of  the  late  Earl  Rivers. 

Decet  hsec  dare  Dona  Novercam.     Ov.  Met** 

I  mentioned  in  my  last  chapter  how  the  Queen  Consort  was  pleased  to 
be  chief  patron  of  the  muses,  while  the  sovereign  himself  would  have  nothing 

verses,  he  remarks,  that  he  had,  with  regard  to  the  correction  of  the  proof,  'a  speU 
upon  him ;'  and  indeed  the  anxiety  with  which  he  dwelt  on  the  minutest  and  moit 
trifling  niceties  deserved  no  other  name  than  that  of  fascination." — Johnson. 

'  See  the  Magazine  for  March,  1734,  p.  157.  The  couplet  altered  is  the  last  but  one. 
It  stood  at  first-— 

"  You  love,  yet  ft-om  your  lover's  wish  retire ; 
Doubt,  yet  discern ;  deny,  and  yet  desire." 

And  as  altered,  thus : — 

"  You  love,  and  yet  your  lover's  plea  reject ; 
Shun,  yet  desire ;  discern,  and  yet  suspect." 

'^  "  I  have  bought  the  London  Magazine,  which,  instead  of  inserting  my  verses  from 
a  correct  copy,  is  pleased  to  refer  me  hack  to  August,  1733,  to  an  incorrect  one.  Indeed, 
I  never  knew  that  they  were  there  at  all ;  hut  incorrect  I  am  sure  they  must  be,  if  in 
at  all  at  that  time." — Savage  to  Birch,  in  Sept.  1734. 

*  These  lines  had  appeared  in  the  Weekly  Miscellany,  and  were  quoted — in  order  to 
give  an  opportunity  for  the  reply — in  the  GENTLEMiif's  MAOAZOfS  for  April,  1735^ 
p.  213.    Savage  sent  the  reply  (signed  Wiltshire),  with  the  following  note  :— 

"  Dear  Sir,— I  must  entreat  y  Favour  of  you  to  transmit  y«  enclosed  to  y«  Printer  of  y«  Oentleman's 
Magazine.    Please  to  bestow  a  wafer  on  it.    Pray  read  it.    I  am,  D'  M'.  Birch,  Yours  to  comoMUid, 
"  Greenwich,  May  14,  1735.  R.  Sataob." 

Nearly  a  twelvemonth  after,  he  sent  hia  indignant  poem  on  Walpole,  "  A  PoiT'g 
Dependance  on  a  Statesman,"  (vol.  vi.  p.  234^)  through  the  same  channel : — 

'*  Dear  Sir,— By  conveying  y«  enclosed,  without  loss  of  time,  to  Mr.  Cave,  you  will  add  to  tbe  tanin- 
merable  obligations  already  owed  you  from 

«<  Your  most  aflbctiaiiate  asd  obedieiit  Scrtaat, 
<*  Afril  S,  1786.  E.  8ata«k." 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  209 

to  do  with  them.  This  was  fully  exemplified  in  the  case  of  Savage.  Colley 
Gibber  was  the  oflScial  Poet  Laureate,  as  Johnson  has  bitterly  comme- 
morated ; — 

"Augustus  still  survives  in  Maro's  strain. 
And  Spenser's  verse  prolongs  Eliza's  reign  ; 
(Jreat  George's  acts  let  tunefiil  Gibber  sing, 
For  nature  formed  the  Poet  for  the  King !" 

The  tuneful  Colley  sang,  therefore,  as  in  duty  bound,  the  Royal  Birth- 
day Ode,  the  Ode  for  the  New  Year,  and  other  customary  compositions  of 
that  nature.  But  Savage  undertook  to  be  the  "Volunteer  Laureat"  of 
Poetry's  true  patron,  her  Majesty  Queen  Caroline.  With  a  good  fortune 
almost  without  a  parallel  in  such  volunteers,  his  advances  were  recognised^ 
and  he  was  assigned  an  annual  pension  of  fifty  pounds.  Eventually  he  was 
much  dissatisfied  that  this  led  to  nothing  better,  as  Johnson  has  related  at 
length  in  his  life  of  this  extraordinary  man.  However,  the  pension  was 
continued  so  long  as  the  Queen  lived,  which  was  for  six  years ;  and  on  the 
seventh  anniversary,  her  Majesty  being  then  deceased.  Savage  addressed 
the  King  in  "  A  Poem  sacred  to  the  Memory  of  the  late  Queen."  King 
George  on  this  attack  maintained  the  consistency  of  his  character.  He 
was  hke  the  deaf  adder  that  stoppeth  her  ears,  and  refuseth  to  hear  the 
voice  of  the  charmer,  charm  he  never  so  wisely.  The  production  in  ques- 
tion, "The  Volunteer  Laureat,  Numb.  VII.,  for  the  1st  of  March,  1738," 
was  inserted  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  that  month :  the  two 
preceding  compositions  of  the  same  kind  having  been  inserted  in  former 
years.  In  the  next  Magazine  (that  for  April,  1738,)  the  first-written  of 
this  series  of  compositions  was  republished,  introduced  by  a  letter  describing 
the  circumstances  under  which  Savage  had  adopted  this  method  of  attract- 
ing royal  attention,  when  disappointed  of  the  Laureate's  place  upon  the 
death  of  Mr.  Eusden.  This  letter  is  by  Dr.  Johnson  directly  attributed 
to  Savage  himself;  but  it  is  signed  T.  B.,  the  initials  of  his  friend,  the 
Reverend  Mr.  Birch. 

I  may  mention  here  that,  at  the  beginning  of  1737,  Mr.  Cave  undertook' 
to  print  for  Savage  his  **  Works  in  Prose  and  Verse."  This  was  to  be 
done  by  subscription,  and  one  condition  was  "  That  each  subscriber  do  pay 
half-a- guinea  in  hand."  Subscriptions  were  to  be  taken  in  at  Mr.  Norton's, 
the  Rainbow  Coffee-house,  in  Lancaster- court,  near  St.  Martin's  Church,  in 
the  Strand,  as  well  as  by  Dodsley  and  Millar,  the  booksellers,  and  by  Mr. 
Cave.  The  half- guineas  were  not  only  received,  but  I  am  sorry  to  say 
spent,  at  the  first  of  these  places,  or  at  others  of  a  similar  kind.  The  book 
was  deferred  from  time  to  time,  and  at  last  it  never  appeared  at  all. 

Whilst  thus  assisting  to  heap  upon  Savage  that  flattery  and  attention 
of  which  he  demanded  so  much,  and  which  the  literary  world  of  that  day, 
from  Mr.  Pope  downwards  8,  was  ready  to  bestow  too  profusely, — Cave  was 
at  that  very  time  somewhat  slow  to  recognise  the  greatest  good  fortune 
that  ever  awaited  him.  It  will  at  once  be  perceived  that  I  allude  to  the 
accession  to  his  crew  of  the  more  elegant  as  well  as  far  more  useful  coad- 
jutor, the  profoundly  learned,  the  sagacious,  the  eloquent,  and — at  this 
period  at  least — the  laborious  Johnson;  that  great  moralist,  with  whom 


'  The  proposals  will  be  found  in  the  Magazine,  voL  viL  p.  128. 

»  In  Augtist,  1736,  were  inserted  verses  addressed  to  Savage  by  John  Dyer,  the 
author  of  Qrongar  HUl,  and  in  November  following  others  by  D.  Thomas,  of  Neath. 
Savage's  answer  to  Dyer  appears  in  the  Magazine  for  December  following. 


270  Autobioyraphy  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Sept. 

virtue  was  not  merely,  as  with  Savage,  a  sentiment,  but  a  vital  and  active 
principle,  controlling  the  conscience,  and  issuing  forth  into  practice. 

The  fact  of  Samuel  Johnson  having  spent  the  early  years  of  his  literary 
life  in  my  special  service  is  one,  perhaps,  as  well  known  as  any  in  the  his- 
tory of  our  literature,  because  his  biography  by  Boswell,  in  which  the  cir- 
cumstances are  detailed,  is  the  most  favourite  book  of  its  class.  In  the 
relation  I  have  now  to  give,  my  readers  must  necessarily  find  much  with 
which  they  are  already  familiar,  and  I  can  only  gratify  their  curiosity  by 
the  introduction  of  some  minute  facts  which  have  hitherto  escaped  the 
Johnsonian  biographers. 

Johnson  made  his  first  overture  to  Cave  in  the  following  remarkable 
letter : — 


Sib,  Nov.  25,  1734. 

As  you  appear  no  less  sensible  than  your  readers  of  the  defects  of  your  Poetical 
Article,  you  will  not  be  displeased,  if,  in  order  to  the  improvement  of  it,  I  com- 
municate to  you  the  sentiments  of  a  i>erson  who  will  undertake,  on  reasonable  termfly 
sometimes  to  fill  a  colmnn. 

"  His  opinion  is,  that  the  publick  will  not  give  you  a  bad  reception,  if,  besides  the 
current  wit  of  the  month,  which  a  critical  examination  would  generally  reduce 
to  a  narrow  compass,  you  admittetl  not  only  Poems,  Inscriptions,  &c.  never  printed 
before,  which  he  will  sometimes  supply  you  with  ;  but  likewise  short  Literary  Disser- 
tations in  Latin  or  English,  critical  remarks  on  authors  antient  or  modem,  forgotten 
Poems  that  deserve  revival — or  loose  pieces,  like  Floyer's'*,  worth  preserving.  By 
this  method  your  Literary  Article,  for  so  it  might  be  called,  will,  he  thinks,  be  better 
recommended  to  the  publick,  than  by  low  jests,  aukward  buffoonery,  or  the  dull  scur- 
rilities of  either  party.  If  such  a  correspondence  will  be  agreeable  to  you,  be  pleased 
to  inform  me,  in  two  jwsts,  what  the  conditions  are  on  which  you  shall  expect  it.  Your 
late  ofler  gives  me  no  reason  to  distrust  your  generosity. 

"  If  you  engage  in  any  literary  projects  besides  this  paper,  I  have  other  designs  to 
impart,  if  I  could  be  secure  from  having  others  reap  the  advantage  of  what  I  sbould 
hint. 

"  Your  letter,  by  lx?ing  directed  to  S.  Smith,  to  be  left  at  the  Castle  in  Birmingham, 
Warwickshire,  will  reach 

"  Your  humble  servant." 

Cave  answered  this  letter,  as  appears  by  his  own  indorsement,  on 
the  2nd  of  December,  but  in  what  terms  I  cannot  tell — probably  responding 
not  very  eagerly,  as  no  immediate  results  ensued.  It  was  not  unnatural 
that  Cave  should  pay  little  attention  to  the  advice  of  an  anonymous, 
or  pseudonymous,  stranger,  whose  exordium  was  in  so  grating  a  note  as  to 
hint  at  "  defects  in  your  poetical  article," — defects  which  the  writer  might 
presume  to  be  admitted  by  the  offer  of  prizes  for  compositions  of  a  supe- 
rior quality,  but  of  which  Cave  himself  was  scarcely  conscious.  In  fact, 
so  strong  did  we  already  consider  ourselves  in  this  respect,  that  we  were 
accustomed  to  fill  monthly  with  Poetry  seven  or  eight  closely  compacted 
pages,  in  which  often  more  than  thirty  pieces  were  presented  to  our 
readers. 

Johnson  meanwhile,  during  the  years  1735  and  1736,  pursued  bis 
irksome  labours  as  a  country  schoolmaster.  He  admired  and  appreciated 
the  Magazine,  and  considered  that  it  was  well  calculated  to  make  known 
his  professional  wants.  Accordingly,  the  following  advertisement  twice* 
appeared  in  its  pages  : — 

*•  A  Treatise  on  Cold  JBaths,  written  by  Sir  John  Floyer,  was  printed  in  the  Maga- 
zine for  1734,  p.  197,  having  been  written  some  years  before.  Floyer  was  a  Lichfield 
man,  and  highly  esteemed  by  Johnson.  Mr.  Nichols  supposed  that  be  might  have  sent 
this  ])nper :  it  was  printed  without  introduction  or  comment. 

'  Vol.  vi.  pp.  360, 428. 


1356.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  271 

AT  Edial,  near  Litchfield  in  Stafford- 
shire,  Young  Gentlemen  are  Boarded, 
and  Taught  the  Latin  and  Greek  Languages, 
by  Samuel  Johnson. 

After  the  failure  of  this  school,  on  the  2nd  of  March  in  the  following 
year^  Johnson  started  from  Lichfield  for  the  metropolis  in  company  with 
one  of  the  very  few  pupils  he  had  taught  at  Edial,  but  one  whose  name 
was  destined  to  become  as  widely  celebrated  as  his  own, — the  future  tra- 
gedian, David  Garrick.  Garrick  came  to  study  the  law.  Johnson  brought 
in  his  pocket  his  unfinished  tragedy  of  Irene,  which  was  brought  on  the 
stage,  by  Garrick' s  aid,  twelve  years  after. 

Mr.  Boswell  thought  that  Cave  was  the  first  London  publisher  who 
employed  Johnson.  I  cannot  undertake  to  supply  the  deficiency  of  infor- 
mation that  is  felt  on  this  point.  But  Johnson  had  struggled  on  during 
four  months  in  London,  earning  some  scanty  maintenance  from  Wilcox, 
or  Lintot,  or  other  parties,  before  he  addressed  himself  to  Cave.  Two 
years  and  eight  months  had  elapsed  from  the  date  of  his  anonymous  letter 
already  cited,  before  he  first  wrote  to  Cave  under  his  real  name,  on  the 
12th  of  July,  1737.  He  was  at  this  time  lodging  in  "Church-street, 
Greenwich,  next  door  to  the  Golden  Heart,"  and  described  himself  as  '*  a 
stranger  in  London,'*  who,  having  observed  Cave's  "  very  uncommon  ofiers 
of  encouragement  to  Men  of  Letters,"  begged  to  propose  to  him  the  plan  of  a 
new  translation  of  Sarpi's  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent.  I  am  still  unable 
to  relate  what  reception  was  given  by  my  friend  Cave  to  this  second  appli- 
cation of  Johnson,  He  entertained  the  project  for  Sarpi's  History  about 
a  twelvemonth  later;  but  in  the  summer  of  1737  Johnson  returned  to 
Staffordshire.  Before  the  end  of  the  same  year  he  was  again  in  London, 
and  had  taken  up  his  residence  in  Woodstock- street,  near  Hanover-square. 
It  was  in  the  month  of  February,  1738,  that  he  at  length  obtained  the 
favourable  ear  of  Mr.  Cave.  Our  rivalry  with  the  London  Magazine  was 
then  at  its  height.  Cave's  friends  proffered  their  encouragement  in  the 
most  acceptable  form — in  poetical  tributes ;  and  Johnson,  having  dis- 
covered this  avenue  to  my  worthy  parent's  esteem,  addressed  him  (in  my 
person)  with  his  Latin  ode 

Ad  Urbanum^ 

This  ode,  which  is  well  known  to  the  readers  of  Boswell,  was  inserted" 
among  our  "  Poetical  Essays"  in  March,  1738,  with  the  author's  initials,  S.J. 

I  believe  it  was  accompanied  by  a  private  note,  which  has  not  been  pre- 
served " ;  but  in  a  few  days  after  Johnson  addressed  to  Cave  his  memo- 
rable letter,  with  which  he  sent  his  satire  on  London,  as  a  poem  placed  in 

^  Letter  of  Gilbert  Walmsley,  Esq.,  to  the  Rev.  John  Colson,  printed  in  BosweWs 
Johnson, 

'  The  late  Mr.  Nichols  {Preface  to  Q^neral  Indexes,  p.  xiii.)  was  of  opinion  that  six 
Latin  lines,  on  the  Magazine  and  its  prizes,  which  are  attached  to  the  title  of  voL  vi., 
had  been  sent  by  Johnson ;  but  they  were  the  production  of  RusTicus,  the  contributor 
of  several  epigrams,  among  which  are  some  in  Latin  (see  voL  v.  95,  210;  vi.  52,  107 
162,  224,  287,  351,  352,  417). 

"  Vol.  viii.  p.  156.  In  the  Magazine  for  May,  p.  268,  appeared  a  very  good  English 
translation  signed  Beiton.  In  the  volume  for  1784  was  inserted  a  still  better  by 
Samuel  Jackson,  Esq.,  of  Canterbury. 

■*  "  When  I  took  the  liberty  of  wHting  to  you  a  few  days  ago,  I  did  not  expect  a 
repetition  of  the  same  pleasure  so  soon ;  for  a  pleasure  I  shall  always  think  it,  to  con- 
verse in  any  manner  with  an  ingenious  and  candid  man."  This  is  the  commencement  of 
his  letter  next  mentioned. 


272  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [Sepf. 

his  hands  "  to  dispose  of  for  the  henefit  of  the  author."  This  was  an 
office  which  Cave  was  prompt  to  undertake :  he  returned  a  pecuniary  pre- 
sent, and  engaged  to  consult  Mr.  Rohert  Dodsley,  the  bookseller,  who 
might  at  least  allow  his  name  to  be  placed  on  the  title-page.  Dodsley  pre- 
ferred purchasing  the  whole  copyright,  for  which  he  paid  ten  guineas : — "  1 
might,  perhaps,  (Johnson  afterwards  told  Boswell,)  have  accepted  of  less ; 
but  that  Paul  Whitehead  had,  a  little  before,  got  ten  guineas  for  a  poem, 
and  I  did  not  like  to  be  less  than  Whitehead."  '*  London**  wasimmediately 
put  to  press  at  St.  John's  Gate;  and  in  the  Magazine  for  May,  when 
some  extracts  were  given,  it  was  described  as  a  poem  "  become  remarkable 
for  having  got  to  the  second  edition  in  the  space  of  a  week." 

Johnson  now  began  to  perform  what  he  had  proposed  in  1734.  He  sent  to 
us  several  short  pieces  of  poetry,  which  were  interspersed  with  those  of  our 
other  contributors.  They  were  all  without  signature;  and  whilst  many 
have  been  identified,  some  perhaps  have  escaped  detection.  Indeed,  these 
pieces  have  never  been  properly  edited  in  Johnson's  collected  Works, 
though  most  of  them  are  placed  in  Croker's  edition  of  Boswell.  In  April, 
1738,  were  inserted  two  Latin  lines  addressed  to  Savage,  a  Greek  epigram 
to  Miss  Carter  (upon  which  I  shall  have  something  more  to  say),  a  Latin 
translation  of  the  same,  and  a  Latin  couplet  which  Johnson  had  addressed 
some  years  before  to  Miss  Mary  Aston. 

These  are  known  and  ascertained ;  but  in  the  same  number  are  also,  un- 
claimed, a  Latin  epigram  on  Venus  in  armour,  and  some  Latin  lines  £la 
Cantico  Solomonis, 

In  May  appeared  the  following  epigram : — 

The  Logical  Waeehouse, 

occasioned  by  an  Auctioneer's  having  the  ground-floor  of  the  Oratory  in  Lincoln's- Inn- 
Fields,  [above  which  was  the  rostrum  of  the  celebrated  orator  Henley.] 

Dissimili  domus  una  duos  tenet  arte  tumentcs ; 

Prfficones  ambo,  Nuinmus  utrique  Deus. 
Quseris,  Quis  prior  est  fama  meritisve ;  supema 

Cui  pars  verbosro,  vel  datur  ima,  domus  ? 
Supra  Pra»co  Dei — strepit  infra  Prajco  Bonorum : 

Hic  bona  queis  opus  est  venditat,  ille  Sonum. 

Philologub. 

All  of  these,  if  I  recollect  rightly,  were  supplied  by  Johnson,  as  were  the 
copies  in  the  same  numbers,  of  some  Latin  lines  on  Dr.  Radclifie,  by  Noel 
Broxholme,  and  of  some  on  the  death  of  George  Prince  of  Denmark,  by 
Dr.  Aldrich.  Johnson's  first  prose  contribution  that  can  now  be  recog- 
nised appeared  in  the  Magazine  for  July,  and  bore  the  signature  Eubulub. 
It  is  headed,  '*  Hemarkahle  Example  in  a  Prince  and  Subject,"  and  its 
contents  are  extraordinary.  Beginning  with  directing  attention  to  some 
interesting  matters  to  be  found  in  Du  Halde's  China,  of  which  Mr.  Cave 
was  then  printing  a  translation  made  by  Guthrie  and  Green,  it  proceeds  to 
relate  an  occurrence  which  had  recently  occurred  at  home — when,  at  the 

baptism  of  King  George  the  Third,  the  Marquess  of ,  as  the  Lord  of 

the  Bedchamber  then  in  waiting,  had  successfully  asserted  his  claim  to 
stand  as  proxy  for  the  Elector  of  Hesse,  the  child's  maternal  grandfather, 
although  the  Prince  of  Wales  had  at  first  appointed  "  a  noble  Duke." 

In  the  Magazine  for  Nov.  1738,  appeared  (signed  S.  J.)  "The  Life  of 
Father  Paul  Sarpi,  author  of  the  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent:  for 
printing  a  new  Translation  of  which,  by  S.  Johnson,  we  have  published 
proposals." 
1 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  278 

These  were  the  most  remarkable  contributions  of  Johnson  during  the 
first  year  of  his  retainder  in  our  service  ;  but  Cave  did  not  spare  him  in  any 
respect.  His  aid  was  required  in  almost  every  department, — to  take  the 
place  of  Mr.  Moses  Browne  and  Mr.  John  Duick  as  poetical  referee  °,  to 
assume  the  office  of  judge  on  the  prize  verses,  to  make  selections  from  im- 
portant new  books,  such  as  Du  Halde's  China,  to  answer  the  queries  of 
correspondents,  and,  above  all,  to  put  into  shape  the  imperfect  notes  of  the 
Debates  in  Parliament.  All  these  points  will  be  found  mentioned  in  a 
letter?  written  by  Johnson  to  Cave,  in  September,  1738,  in  answer  to 
one  in  which  his  taskmaster  had  "  seemed  to  insinuate  that  he  had  pro- 
mised more  than  he  was  ready  to  perform." 

The  business  of  the  Debates  involves  a  history  of  so  much  interest,  as 
well  in  Johnson's  share  of  it,  as  in  other  respects,  that  it  will  afford  me 
ample  materials  for  a  distinct  chapter. 

In  one  of  Johnson's  earliest  letters  to  Cave,  he  writes, — "  I  have  com- 
posed a  Greek  epigram  to  Eliza,  and  think  she  ought  to  be  celebrated  in 
as  many  languages  as  Lewis  le  Grand."  Miss  Elizabeth  Carter  was  a 
young  lady  whose  learned  accomplishments  were  then  the  subject  of  much 
admiration.  Born  in  December,  1707,  she  had  not  yet  attained  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  Her  first  production  inserted  in  the  Magazine  was  in  April, 
1734,  p.  247,  being  an  enigma  upon  Fire*i.  In  1735  she  contributed  a 
translation  of  the  30th  ode  of  Anacreon,  which  was  signed  Camilla  ; 
but  in  1738,  when  her  communications  were  numerous,  she  usually  called 
herself  Eliza.  It  was  under  that  signature  that  she  sent  us  the  enigma, 
or  *•  riddle,"  upon  a  Dream,  printed  in  the  Magazine  for  Feb.  1738,  p.  99, 
and  the  subject  of  Johnson's  Greek  epigram  above  mentioned,  which, 
with  its  Latin  version,  appeared  in  the  number  for  April,  p.  211.  The  lady 
readily  replied  in  both  languages  (May,  p.  272).  In  the  following  July 
(p.  372),  Johnson  paid  her  a  still  more  elegant  compliment : — 

Ad  E  LIS  AM  Popi  Horto  Lauros  carpewtem, 

miifsios  Popi  dum  ludit  Iceta  per  hortos, 

Mn  avida  lauros  carpit  Elisa  manu. 
Nil  opus  estfurto.    Lauros  tibi,  dulcis  Elisa, 

Si  neget  optatas  Popiis,  Apollo  dahit. 


o     «  ' 


The  *  Verses  to  Lady  Firebrace'  may  be  had  when  you  please,  for  you  know  that 

such  a  subject  neither  deserves  much  thought  nor  requires  it.*'     This  refers  to  the 

**  Verses  to  Lady  F ce  at  Bury  Assizes,"  which  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's 

Magazine  for  Sept.  1738,  p.  486.     "  It  seems  quite  unintelligible,"  remarks  Mr.  Croker, 

**  how  these  six  silly  lines  should  be  the  production  of  Johnson," — though  they  have 

always  been  printed  among  his  poetical  works.     They  begin, — 

"  At  length  must  Suffolk's  beauties  shine  in  vain, 
So  long  renowned  in  B— — n's  deathless  strain  ?" 

"  Johnson  (adds  Mr.  Croker)  I  suppose  never  saw  her ;  the  lines,  if  his  at  all,  were  made, 
we  see,  to  order,  and  probably  paid  for."  Whence  the  order  originated,  it  is  now  diffi- 
cult to  say ;  but  I  am  able  to  give  the  name  of  the  person  designated  in  the  second  line. 
He  was  a  well-known  character  in  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  who  went  by  the  name  of  Count 
Bryan ;  and  who  had  written  several  poetical  pieces  which  were  inserted  in  the  Maga- 
zine, some  of  which  are  now  curious  for  the  allusions  they  make  to  the  prindpal  families 
then  resident  in  his  neighbourhood.  See  "  The  Ladies  at  Bury  Fair,"  in  voL  i.  446 ; 
"The  Glories  of  Bury,"  in  vol.  iii.  657;  and  other  pieces  in  vol.  v.  823,  325,  738; 
vol.  viii.  98,  99.  The  lines  attributed  to  Johnson  must  have  been  intended  to  provoke 
this  Suffolk  poet  to  fi*esb  efforts. 

P  Inserted  in  Boswell's  Life. 

'  A  riddle,  "  Coceval  with  the  world,"  &c.,  unsigned.  It  was  answered  by  Sylvius 
(John  Duick)  in  June,  1735,  p.  821,  in  some  lines  addressed  "To  Miss  Cabt— B,  author 
of  the  Riddle  in  Nov.  1734."  In  p.  379  the  young  lady  replied  to  Sylvius,  "Un- 
skilled in  numbers,"  kc. 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  k  n 


274  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Sept. 

The  incident  upon  which  these  lines  were  founded  was  a  real  one,  which 
had  been  witnessed,  if  not  by  Johnson  himself,  by  Cave  or  Birch.  The 
youthful  poetess,  with  becoming  modesty,  answered,  next  months  both  m 
Latin  and  English  :  — 

"  En  marcet  Lawnis,  nee  quicquam  juvit  Elizam 
Furtim  sacrilega  diripuisse  manu : 
Ilia  petit  sedem  magis  aptam,  tempora  PoPI ; 
Etflorere  negat  pauperiore  solo.** 

"  In  vain  Eliza^s  daring  hand 

Usurped  the  laurel  bough ; 
Remov'd  from  Pope's,  the  wreath  must  fade 

On  ev'ry  meaner  brow. 
Thus  gay  Exotics,  when  tran8ferr*d 

To  climates  not  their  own. 
Lose  all  their  lovely  bloom,  and  droop 

Beneath  a  paler  sun."  Eliza. 

Cave  now  undertook  to  publish  Miss  Carter's  poetical  productions  in  the 
quarto  form  then  customary ;  and  they  formed  a  pamphlet  of  twenty-two 
pages,  on  the  title-page  of  which  stands  the  view  of  St.  John's  Gate.  Be- 
fore the  end  of  the  same  year  Miss  Carter  had  translated,  and  Cave  had 
printed,  a  translation  of  Crousaz's  Examen  of  Papers  Essay  on  Man ; 
and  in  1739  there  proceeded  from  the  press  of  St.  John's  Gate,  Sir  Isaac 
Newton^ s  Philosophy  Eaplainedfor  the  Use  of  the  Ladies,  translated  from 
the  Italian  of  Signor  Algarotti.  In  both  of  these  works  she  was  en- 
couraged by  the  advice  of  Johnson,  who  also  advised  her  to  undertake  the 
translation  of  Boethitis  de  Consolatione,  *'  because  there  is  prose  and  verse  ; 
and  to  put  her  name  to  it  when  published"."  In  after  life  they  entertained 
the  highest  respect  for  each  other,  but  were  not  on  intimate  terms,  as 
may  be  concluded  from  the  single  letter  of  Johnson  to  the  lady  bearing  the 
date  1756,  which  appears  in  the  memoirs  of  Boswell. 

I  should  be  glad  to  shew,  at  greater  space  than  now  remains  to  me,  how 
much  Miss  Carter,  and  Johnson,  and  Savage,  and  Sylvanus  Urban  himself, 
as  well  as  many  other  deserving  persons,  were  indebted  at  this  period  to 
the  kindly  offices  of  that  amiable  and  intelligent  person,  the  Reverend 
Thomas  Birch,  afterwards  better  known  as  Dr.  Birch,  Secretary  of  the 
Royal  Society,  Director  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  a  Trustee  of  the 
British  Museum.  This  worthy  gentleman,  without  the  advantage  of  a 
university  education,  raised  himself  to  an  eminent  station  in  society,  and 
to  respect  as  a  useful  historical  writer,  by  his  own  assiduity  and  talents. 
He  was  our  near  neighbour,  living  in  St.  John's-street,  opposite  to  Mr. 
Bettenham  the  printer ;  and  was  ready  to  afford  us  occasional  assistance, 
as  in  the  decision  on  the  prize  poems,  which  I  mentioned  in  my  last  chap- 
ter, in  communicating  with  his  numerous  literary  friends,  and  also  with  his 
political  connections,  in  respect  to  the  parliamentary  debates.  But  his  time 
was  too  fully  occupied  in  the  great  work  in  which  he  had  engaged,  the 
English  edition  of  BayWs  General  Dictionary,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Rev.  J.  P.  Bernard,  Mr.  Lockman,  and  Mr.  Sale,  to  allow  him  to  become  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  Magazine.  Johnson,  appreciating  his  bio- 
graphical skill,  addressed  to  him,  in  Dec.  1738,  a  Greek  epigram,  which 
was  published  in  the  Magazine  for  that  month,  p.  654,  and  the  same  in  a 

'  Vol.  viii.  p.  429.     In  the  same  place  are  three  translations  of  Johoaon's  epignuB, 
by  Alexis,  Mr.  Stephen  Duck,  and  Urbanus. 
•  Letter  of  Cave  to  Birch,  Nov.  28,  1738. 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvantis  Urban.  275 

Latin  version  in  the  following  number,  p.  94 ;  and  he  always  continued 
Dr.  Birch's  "  most  affectionate  humble  servant,"  as  several  letters  printed 
in  Boswell  still  manifest. 

Towards  the  wayward  and  erratic  Savage,  the  steady  and  systematic 
Birch  proved  a  constant,  unfailing  friend.  It  has  been  said  that  Johnson 
formed  his  acquaintance  with  Savage  at  St.  John's  Gate*.  I  do  not  think 
that  was  the  case.  Savage  was  a  person  so  thoroughly  known  throughout 
the  literary  world  of  London^,  that  I  believe  he  had  been  introduced  to 
Johnson  before  the  latter  found  his  way  to  Clerkenwell,  and  that  they  were 
already  intimate  associates  during  Johnson's  first  sojourn  in  London  in  the 
year  1737.  Whatever  doubts  may  have  arisen  on  the  point,  Savage  was 
certainly  "  the  friend^^  who,  in  the  exordium  of  Johnson's  satire  on  Lon- 
don, is  described  as  *'  injur  d  Thales,"  then  about  to  "  bid  the  town  fare- 
well," and  fix  his  residence  "  on  Cambria's  solitary  shore."  It  is  true  that 
Savage  did  not  actually  leave  London  for  Swansea  until  some  time  after  ^, 
nor,  when  he  started,  did  he  embark  upon  the  Thames ;  but  his  intention 
of  leaving  was  talked  of  long  before  it  was  executed  ;  and  it  is  remarkable 
that  we  can  trace  both  Savage  and  Johnson  to  a  residence  at  Greenwich  7. 
"  The  seat  that  gave  Eliza  birth"  was  familiar  to  each  of  them ;  and  why 
should  we  doubt  that  they  had  visited  it  in  company  ? 

"  On  Tharaes's  banks,  in  silent  thought  we  stood 
Where  Greenwich  smiles  upon  the  silver  flood." 

The  lines  which  have  been  thought  to  point  to  Savage's  unfortunate  homi- 
cide with  a  satire  too  severe  for  friendship*,— 

"  Some  frolic  drunkard,  reeling  from  a  feast. 
Provokes  a  broil,  and  stabs  you  for  a  jest," — 

are  in  fact  (with  the  preceding  couplet)  derived  directly  from  the  original 
passage  in  Juvenal,  besides  that  they  had  too  many  other  and  more  exact 
fulfilments  in  modem  life  than  the  fatal  accident  of  Savage,  to  convey  any 
particular  reflection  upon  him.  On  the  other  hand,  the  following  lines,  put 
into  the  mouth  of  Thales,  exactly  describe  Savage's  sentiments  of  inde- 
pendence :  — 

"  But  what,  ray  friend,  what  hope  remains  for  me, 

Who  start  at  theft,  and  blush  at  perjury  ? 

Who  scarce  forbear,  though  Britain's  court  he  sing. 

To  pluck  a  titled  poet's  borrow'd  wing ; 

<  Mr.  Boswell  says, — "  As  Savage's  misfortunes  and  misconduct  had  reduced  him  to 
the  lowest  state  of  wretchedness  as  a  writer  for  bread,  his  visits  to  St.  John's  Cbte 
naturally  brought  Johnson  and  him  together."  But  Savage  was  not  strictly  a  pro- 
fessional author,  such  as  Johnson.  He  was  a  poet,  and  dependent  on  his  poetry  for  his 
living,  but  he  lived  more  upon  his  friends  than  his  poetry.  His  personal  visits  to 
St.  John's  Grate  were  not  frequent. 

"  "  Wherever  he  came,  his  address  secured  him  friends,  whom  his  necessities  soon 
alienated ;  so  that  he  had,  perhaps,  a  more  numerous  acqmuntance  than  any  man  ever 
before  attained,  there  being  scarcely  any  person  eminent  on  any  account  to  whom  he 
was  not  known,  or  whose  character  he  was  not,  in  some  degree,  able  to  delineate." — 
Johnson. 

«  "London"  remarks  Mr.  Boswell,  "was  published  in  May,  1738,  and  Savage  did 
not  set  out  for  Wales  till  July,  1739."  Boswell  had  ftirther  been  assured  that  Johnson 
said  he  was  not  acquainted  with  Savage  when  he  wrote  his  London ;  but  he  had  not 
himself  heard  Johnson  say  so.  This  evidence  is  surely  insufficient  for  Mr.  Croker  assum- 
ing "  the/act — ^that '  L<mdon*  was  written  before  Johnson  knew  Savage." 

r  Savage  writes  to  Birch  from  Greenwich  on  the  14th  of  May,  1735,—"  I  have  been 
here  some  days  for  the  benefit  of  the  air."  Johnson,  we  have  before  seen,  was  lodging 
at  Greenwich  when  he  wrote  to  Cave  in  July,  1737. 

One  of  the  severest  strokes  in  the  satire  touched  Savage's  sorest  pcnnt." — Croker, 


S    *i 


276  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Sept, 

A  statesman's  logick  unconvinc'd  can  hear. 

And  dare  to  slumber  o'er  the  Gazetteer; 

Despise  a  fool  in  half  his  pens'on  drest, 

And  strive  in  vain  to  laugh  at  Clodio's  {originally  H y  or  Hervey's)  jest." 

The  allusion  in  the  second  of  these  couplets  to  plucking  the  wing  of  the 
**  titled  poet,"  or  Laureate,  who  sang  the  court  of  Britain,  is  applicable  to 
no  one  with  the  like  meaning,  or  with  much  meaning  at  all,  but  to  the 
author  of  the  Volunteer  Laureate,  There  are  some  remarkable  passages 
in  Johnson's  description  of  Savage's  precarious  mode  of  life,  which  give 
a  painful  picture  of  what  he  endured,  and  Johnson  in  some  measure 
shared : — 


"  He  lodged  as  much  by  accident  as  he  dined,  and  passed  the  night  sometimes  in 
mean  houses,  which  are  set  open  at  night  to  any  casual  wanderers ;  sometimes  in  cellars, 
among  the  riot  and  filth  of  the  meanest  and  most  profligate  of  the  rabble ;  and  some- 
times, when  he  had  no  money  to  support  even  the  expenses  of  these  receptacles,  walked 
about  the  streets  till  he  was  weary,  and  lay  down  in  the  summer  upon  a  bulk',  or  in 
the  winter,  with  his  associates  in  poverty,  among  the  ashes  of  a  glass-house. 

"  In  this  manner  were  passed  those  days  and  those  nights  which  nature  had  enabled 
him  to  have  employed  in  elevated  speculations,  useful  studies,  or  pleasing  conversa- 
tion. On  a  bulk,  in  a  cellar,  or  in  a  glass-house,  among  thieves  and  beggars,  was  to  be 
found  the  author  of  The  Wanderer^ — the  man  of  exalted  sentiments,  extensive  views, 
and  curious  observations, — the  man  whose  remarks  on  life  might  have  assisted  the 
statesman,  whose  ideas  of  virtue  might  have  enlightened  the  moralist,  whose  eloquence 
might  have  influenced  senates,  and  whose  delicacy  might  have  polished  courts." 

"  Whoever  was  acquainted  with  him  was  certain  to  be  solicited  for  small 
sums :"  but  he  always  asked  favours  of  this  kind  without  the  least  submission 
or  apparent  consciousness  of  dependence.  "  When  once  gently  reproached 
by  a  friend," — and  there  is  no  doubt  that  friend  was  Johnson  himself,-^ 
"  for  submitting  to  live  upon  a  subscription,  and  advised  rather  by  a  reso- 
lute exertion  of  his  abilities  to  support  himself,"  he  could  not  be  persuaded 
to  relinquish  the  plan  he  had  formed  for  a  life  in  the  country,  of  which  he 
had  no  knowledge  but  from  pastorals  and  songs.  Such  was  the  man  who, 
deeply  versed  in  all  the  phases  of  London  society,  and  twelve  years  the 
senior  of  Johnson,  offered  irresistible  attractions  to  the  inquiring  and  re- 
flective mind  of  the  young  author  of  The  Rambler,  It  was  Savage's  ac- 
complished skill  in  "  all  the  graces  of  conversation*'  that  formed  his  great 
merit  in  the  eyes  of  Johnson.  **  He  was  never  vehement  or  loud,  but  at 
once  modest  and  easy,  open  and  respectful ;  his  language  was  vivacious 
and  elegant,  and  equally  happy  upon  grave  and  humorous  subjects."  "  He 
was  naturally  inquisitive,"  and  as  ready  to  impart  as  to  ask  for  in- 
formation : — 

"  Such  was  the  man  (remarks  Boswell)  of  whom  it  is  diflUcult  to  speak  impartially, 
without  wondering  that  he  was  for  some  time  the  intimate  companion  of  Johnson ;  for 
his  character  was  marked  by  profligacy,  insolence,  and  ingratitude ;  yet,  as  he  undoubt- 
edly had  a  warm  and  vigorous,  though  unregiilated,  mind,  had  seen  life  in  all  its 
varieties,  and  been  much  in  the  company  of  the  statesmen  and  wits  of  his  time,  he 
could  communicate  to  Johnson  an  abundant  supply  of  such  materials  as  his  pbilo* 
sophical  curiosity  most  eagerly  desired.  [Here  follows  the  passage  as  to  St.  John's 
Gate,  the  literal  accuracy  of  which  I  have  already  controverted.] 

"  It  is  melancholy  to  reflect  that  Johnson  and  Savage  were  sometimes  in  such  ex- 
treme indigence,  that  they  could  not  pay  for  a  lodging ;  so  that  they  have  wandered 

■  Bulks  were  excrescences  of  the  shops,  now  cleared  away  from  our  crowded  thorongh« 
fares,  except  perhaps  in  such  places  as  Clare-market,  which  retun  their  primitive 
aspect.  They  were  wooden  stands,  or  boxes,  on  which  a  porter  could  set  down*hla 
load,  certain  wares  might  be  displayed,  and  beneath  which,  shutters,  baskets,  op  b«nel% 
could  be  packed  away. 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  277 

together  whole  nights  in  the  street.  Yet  in  these  almost  incredihle  scenes  of  distress, 
we  may  suppose  that  Savage  mentioned  many  of  the  anecdotes  with  which  Johnson 
enrichcKl  the  life  of  his  unhappy  companion  and  those  of  other  poets. 

"  He  told  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  that  one  night  in  particular,  when  Savage  and  he 
walked  round  St.  Jaraes's-square  for  want  of  a  lodging,  they  were  not  at  all  depressed 
hy  their  situation ;  but,  in  high  spirits  and  brimful  of  patriotism,  traversed  the  square 
for  several  hours,  inveighed  agunst  the  minister,  and  resolved  they  would  stand  by 
their  country  I" 

Savage  died  at  Bristol  on  the  last  day  of  July,  1743,  and  in  the  Maga- 
zine for  the.  following  month  Johnson  announced  his  intention  to  write  hia 
I^ife.  It  appeared  as  an  octavo  volume  in  February ,  1 744,  and  it  placed 
its  author  8  reputation  as  a  prose  writer  as  high  as  his  poetical  fame  had 
been  raised  by  his  London.  Cave  gave  him  for  this  book  the  sum  of 
fifteen  guineas.  Shortly  after,  Mr.  Walter  Harte,  author  of  a  Life  of  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus,  was  dining  with  Cave  at  St.  John's  Gate,  and  in  the 
course  of  conversation  highly  praised  the  new  book.  When  Cave  next 
met  him  he  remarked,  **  You  made  a  poor  man  very  happy  t'other  day." 
'*  How  could  that  be  ?**  replied  Harte  :  **  nobody  was  there  but  ourselves.'* 
Cave  reminded  him  that  he  had  sent  a  plate  of  victuals  behind  the  screen : 
there  sat  Johnson,  who  did  not  choose  to  appear,  on  account  of  the  shabbi- 
ness  of  his  dress  ;  but  he  afterwards  expressed  high  delight  at  the  enco- 
niums  on  his  book  which  he  had  overheard. 

Such  was  the  dependent  state  of  Samuel  Johnson  in  the  year  1744. 


THE  FArSSETT  COLLECTION  OF  ANGLO-SAXON 

ANTIQUITIES*. 

Such  of  our  readers  as  were  present  at  the  Archaeological  Congress  at 
Canterbury,  in  September,  1 844,  will  remember  the  interest  which  was  ex- 
cited by  what  we  may  fairly  designate  as  the  "  discovery"  of  a  treasure  of 
Anglo-Saxon  antiquities  in  a  neighbouring  parish.  It  was  known  from  tbe 
work  of  Douglas  that  a  zealous,  if  not  a  very  skilful,  antiquary  of  his  day, 
the  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett,  of  Heppington,  near  Canterbury,  had  made  exten- 
Five  excavations  among  the  early  Saxon  cemeteries  of  East  Kent,  and  that 
he  had  collected  from  them  a  large  number  of  antiquities  of  a  very  re- 
markable character;  but  there  was  not  more  than  a  vague  notion,  even  among 
a  few  of  the  most  zealous  of  our  antiquaries,  that  that  collection  still  ex- 
isted, and  that  it  remained  undisturbed  in  the  same  place  where  it  had  been 
first  deposited.  The  archaeologists  were  invited  from  Canterbury  to  Hep- 
pington, inspected  with  admiration  Bryan  Faussett*s  collection,  and  the  six 
or  seven  volumes  of  the  journal  of  his  excavations,  returned  to  Canterbury  to 
express  their  admiration  of  what  they  had  seen,  and  talked  much  of  the  pro- 
priety of  publishing  the  journal.  Nobody,  however,  came  forward  with 
money  to  support  such  an  undertaking,  and,  as  the  attention  of  antiquaries 
was  called  to  more  accessible  objects,  this  remarkable  collection  seemed  to 
be  falling  back  into  the  same  oblivion  in  which  it  had  remained  so  long. 


•  « 


Inventorium  Sepulchrale:  an  Acoonnt  of  some  Antiquities  dug  up  at  GKlton^ 
Kingston,  Sibertswoh^  Barfinston,  Beakesbourne,  Chartham,  and  Crundale,  in  the 
county  of  Kent.  fix>m  ▲.D.  1757  to  A.D.  1773.  By  the  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett,  of  Hep- 
pington. Edited,  from  the  original  manuscript  in  the  possession  of  Joseph  Mayer,  Esq., 
with  Notes  and  Introduction,  hy  Charles  Eoacb  Smith."  (LondoDy  4/to,,  Printed  for 
the  subscribers  only.)  *» 


278        The  FaiaxeU  Collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  Aniigmtus,     [Sept. 

Denth,  however,  came  in  hia  due  coarse,  and  made  a  change  in  the  pro- 
prietorship, and  the  new  inheritor  of  (he  Faussett  property  thought  proper 
to  offer  the  collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities  with  the  manuecripta  for 
Bale.  This  took  place  somewhere  ahout  two  years  ago.  They  were  first 
ofiered  to  the  Biitiah  Museum,  and  the  circumslancea  of  their  lejection  by 
the  trualeea  of  that  establishment  are  too  well  known  for  ua  to  dwell  upon 
them  here ;  the  Fausaett  collection  of  antiquities  passed  into  the  hands  of 
the  munificent  and  judicious  collector,  Joseph  Mayer,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool,  of 
whose  extensive  and  celebrated  museum  it  now  forms  a  part.  Antiquaries 
in  general  have  thus  had  cause  to  rejoice  in  its  fate,  for  one  of  Mr.  Mayer's 
first  cares  after  obtaining  poEseasion  of  them  was  to  undertake  the  publica- 
tion of  FauBsett's  manuscript  Journal,  with  a  series  of  engravings  of  all  the 
articles  of  the  collection  itself  which  seemed  worthy  of  being  engraved.  We 
need  say  no  more  in  commendation  of  the  manner  in  which  this  work  has 
been  edited  than  that  it  was  entrusted  to  the  care  of  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith. 

Bryan  Faussett's  manuscript  was  simply  a  descriptive  Journal  of  hia 
successive  excavations,  and  of  the  discoveries  to  which  they  led;  fortu- 
nately for  its  utility,  without  throwing  the  ailicles  together  according  to 
any  antiquarian  or  theoretical  classification,  either  as  to  their  individuality 
according  to  the  graves  in  which  they  were  found,  or  in  their  groups  as 
separate  cemeteries.  These  groups  were  sepaiated  at  considerable  dis- 
tances, and  had  no  immediate  connection  with  each  other.  The  first  group 
that  Faussett  examined  and  described  was  found  al  a  place  called  Gilion, 
in  the  parish  of  Ash,  near  Sandwich,  and  was  brought  to  tight  in  the  digging 
of  a  sandpit.  The  second  group,  which  was  a  very  rich  one,  was  found  in 
the  parish  of  Kingston,  between  Canterbury  and  Dover.  The  third  was 
found  at  Sibertswold  Down,  in  the  parish  adjoining  to  Ash  ;  the  fourth  in 
the  parish  of  Barfriston,  so  well  known  for  its  interesting  Norman  church  ; 
and  the  two  others  in  the  parishes  of  Beakesboume  and  Chartham.  Another 
group  which  Faussett  explored,  in  the  parish  of  Crundaie,  was  purely 
Roman,  with  no  apparent  intermixture  of  Saxon  interments.  Sometimes  all 
outward  indication  of  these  cemeteries  is  now  gone,  and  they  are  ocily  dis- 
covered by  accidental  digging ;  but  more  commonly,  where  they  occur  on 
the  Kentish  downs,  which  have  not  been  disturbed  by  cultivation,  ibe 
small  mounds  or  barrows  which  covered  each  grave  remain,  in  a  more  or 
less  perfect  condition,  to  point  them  out  to  our  notice.  The  accompanying 
sketch  of  Barfriston  Down,  taken  c.  1854,  will  give  our  readers  the  best 


1856.]    The  Faussett  Collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  Aniiguities.        279 

notion  of  the  manner  in  which  these  mounds  or  barrows  are  grouped  to- 
gether. 

So  much  has  been  written  and  said  on  the  subject  of  Anglo-Saxon  anti. 
quities  during  the  last  few  years,  that  it  is  quite  unnecessary  for  us  now  to 
tell  our  readers  in  general  terms  of  the  endless  variety  of  objects  which 
these  graves  contain.  Bryan  Faussett's  Journal  derives  much  of  its  value 
from  the  circumstance  that  he  has  in  most  cases  let  these  various  objects 
speak  for  themselves,  instead  of  confuRHig  the  reader  with  heaps  of  ground- 
less conjectures,  which  are  the  greatest  bane  of  archaeological  science.  Of 
many  of  these  objects — we  may  venture  to  say,  of  the  great  majority — the 
character  and  uses  are  sufficiently  obvious ;  but  this  is  not  the  case  with 
others,  many  of  which  will  only  be  explained  by  further  discoveries  and  a 
larger  Geld  of  comparison  ;  and  it  is  but  just  to  slate  that  the  publication 
of  the  volume  before  us  has  furnished  very  valuable  materials  for  that  com- 
parison, which  already  give  us  some  new  lights.  In  the  brief  review  of  the 
contents  of  such  a  volume  which  our  limited  space  will  allow,  we  will  rather 
allude  to  a  few  particular  points  than  attempt  to  give  any  condensed  view 
of  the  whole. 

The  circumstance  which  strikes  us  most  on  opening  this  volume  and 
glancing  over  its  beautiful  plates,  is  the  quantity  and  rich  character  of  the 
jewelry  and  of  the  other  objects  of  personal  ornament  which  these  ceme- 
teries have  yielded  to  the  collector,  and  which  bespeak  a  very  considerable 
degree  of  social  refinement  end  of  skill  in  manufacture.  It  shews  us  that 
the  reputation  enjoyed  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  goldsmiths  in  the  middle  ages 
was  not  unmerited.  A  good  example  of  the  general  style  of  this  orna- 
'  n  is  fur[iished  in  the  accompanying  cut  of  the  two  parts  of  a  girdle. 


clasp,  or  buckle,  found  at  Gilton,  in  the  parish  of  Ash.  "It  is  presumed," 
observes  Mr.  Roach  Smith.  "  that  fig.  1.  was  riveted  upon  the  opposite  side 
of  the  girdle,  so  that  when  it  was  fastened,  fig.  2  became  united  in  front  of 
the  body.  Fig.  1.  was  fabricated  in  this  manner; — upon  an  oblong  plate 
of  silver  gilt  was  laid  a  smaller  plate  of  gold,  covered  with  delicately  worked 
figures  in  gold  wire,  twisted  or  notched  ;  upon  the  edges  of  this  plate,  and 
extending  to  the  borders  of  the  larger  one,  was  soldered  a  frame  of  silver 
set  with  garnets  upon  reticulated  gold-foil ;  it  wm  then  riveted  to  the 


280        The  Famietl  Collection  of  AnglO'Saxon  AntiquUiea.    [Sept. 

prdle  at  both  ends.     The  buckle  attachment  is  conetrucud  in  the  same 
manner  with  silver  boseee  gilded." 

Among  what  are  supposed  to  have  been  pemonid  ornaments,  we  may 
e  the  occurrence  in  a  few  instances  of  a  ball  of  crystal,  generally 
about  an  inch  and  a,  half  in 
diameter.  The  example  repre- 
sented in  the  accompanying  cut 
was  found  by  FauEsett  in  a 
grave  on  Kingston  Down.  Two 
such  crystal  balls  have  been 
found  in  graves  on  Chessel 
Down,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  by 
Mr.  Hillier.  Tiiey  have  been 
fcjuiid  also  in  the  Prankish 
v'rnves  on  the  other  Bide  of  the 
(Channel.  The  old  writers  ima- 
gined— one  can  hardly  under- 
stand why — that  these  crystal  balls  were  instruments  of  magic.  It  ia 
evident,  from  portions  of  the  mounling  which  are  sometimes  found  with 
them,  that  they  were  suspended  to  some  part  of  the  person.  It  is  re- 
markable also  that  the  graves  in  which  they  have  been  found  seem  to 
have  been  those  of  persons  of  greater  wealth,  if  not  of  gieater  rank,  than 
those  of  the  generality  of  the  interments  ;  which  would  lead  one  to  suggest 
whether  the  ball  of  crystal  may  not  itself  have  been  in  some  way  or  other 
emblematical  of  rank — a  notion  which  was  often  attached  to  crystal  in  the 
middle  ages.  It  might  be  alleged  in  support  of  this  notion,  that  a  similar 
ball  of  crystal  was  found  in  the  tomb  of  King  Childeric,  opened  at  Toumaj 
in  the  year  1658,  and  it  may  have  some  relation  to  the  ball  which  became 
at  a  later  period  one  of  the  insignia  of  the  imperial  dignity,  and  has  been 
supposed  to  represent  the  globe  of  the  earth. 

With  regard  to  another  object  which  was  evidently  attached  to  the  person, 
Mr.  Akerman  has  latterly  made  tlie  rather  unfortunate  suggestion  that  it  may 
be  a  briquet  or  steel  for  striking  a  light.    The  accompanying  example,  which 


was  found  at  OKCiigal,  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  ts  taken  from  Mr.  Smith's 
introduction  to  Faussett's  Journal.  Its  resemblance  to  the  same  part  of 
the  medieval  gipclire  would  tiatuially  suggest  to  ua  that  it  is  the  clasp  of 
a  small  bag  or  purse,  and  on  this  example  there  are  distinct  traces  of  the 
material  of  which  the  bag  was  made.  Uther  examples  have  been  found 
under  circumstances  which  leave  no  doubt  of  this  being  the  correct 
explanation  of  them,  and  one  found  at  Chessel  Down,  with  a  brotire  rim, 
or  binding,  which  went  entirely  round  the  purse,  is  engraved  in  the  first 
part  of  Mr.  Hillier's  excellent  History  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

In  one  article  the  Kentish  Anglo-Saxon  graves  are  remarkably  deficient ; 
that  is.  pottery.  The  reason  of  this  deficiency  is  partly,  no  doubt,  because 
it  is  evident  thtkt  it  waa  not  the  prmctice  of  tfae  KentUh  Sutoiu  to  bom 


1856.]     The  Fauttett  Collection  qfJnglo-Saxon  Antiquities.        281 

their  dead,  so  that  we  do  not  find  funereal  urna  in  their  burial-places.  It  is 
Bomewbat  curioua,  too,  that  the  pottery  found  in  the  Kentish  graves,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  articles  for  domestic  nee,  resembles  that  found  in  the 
Fraiikixh  graves  in  Normandy,  rather  than  that  found  in  other  parts  of 
England, — as  though  the  Saxons  in  Kent  had  imported  it  from  the  oppositQ 
coast  of  Gaul.  The  funereal  urns  are  chiefly  found  in  cemeteries  in  the 
district  occupied  hy  the  different  branches  of  the  Angle  race, — as  in  East- 
Anglia,  Mercia,  Lincolnshire  (Middle  Anglia),  and  Noithumbria ;  and 
tiiey  are  very  peculiar  in  style.     The  two  examples  here  given  were  found 


respectiTcly  at  Kingston,  near  Derby,  and  at  Little  Wilbraham,  in  Cam- 
briiigesbire,  and  will  serve  to  give  a  general  notion  of  their  character. 
Urns  of  this  character  are  not  met  with  in  the  Kentish  graves,  although 
one  or  two  occur  in  the  Fausseit  collection,  on  one  of  which  Mr.  Roach 
Smith  was  not  a  little  surprised  to  discover  a  sepulchral  inscription,  and  to 
find,  moreover,  that  that  inscription  was  Bouan.  The  inscription  is— 
D.  H. 

LAELIAE 

RTFINAE 
VIXIT.  A.  XUl. 
M.  ill,  D.  VI. 
Mr.  Smith  communicated  a  note  on  this  inscription,  through  Mr.  Wright, 
to  the  Ethnological  section  of  the  British  Association  at  the  meeting  at  Glas- 
gow, last  year,  which  has  been  printed  in  the  new  volume  of  the  Report  of 
the  Association.  We  are  iciclined  to  agree  with  Mr.  Smith  in  the  opinioa 
that  this  is  one  of  two  urns  which  Brjan  Faussett  is  known  to  have  ob- 
tained from  Norfolk.  He  seemed  in  this  paper  rather  inclined  to  modify 
Ills  previously  formed  opinion,  that  these  urns  are  purely  Saxon,  and  to 
think  that  they  may  poesibly  belong  to  the  very  latest  period  of  Roman 
rule,  or  to  the  intervening  period  between  the  separation  of  this  province 
from  the  empire  and  its  conquest  hy  the  Teutonic  invaders.  We  are  in- 
clined to  adhere  to  the  former  opinion,  which  seems  to  be  sustained  by 
several  significant  facts,  hut  in  either  case  the  question  raised  by  this  ia- 
scriplion  is  a  curious  one.  If  it  belongs  to  the  close  of  the  Roman  period, 
it  shews  that  down  to  the  last  the  Roman  inhahilanls  of  this  island  still  prac- 
tised cremation  of  the  dead,  and  used  pagan  inscriptions  and  ceremonies — for 
the  invocation  Diu  Manibut  would  not  be  used  by  Christians.  If  it  be- 
longs to  the  Saxon  period,  it  shews  that  a  part  of  the  old  Roman  population 
continued  to  exist  in  tlie  island  intermixed  with  the  Saxons,  but  retaining 
their  old  customs. 

GiHT.  M*e.  Vol.  XLVI.  o  o 


282       The  Faussett  Collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  Antiquities.     [Sept. 

Faussett's  Journal  of  his  discoveries  is,  as  we  have  already  intimated, 
little  more  than  a  bare  enumeration  of  the  articles  he  found— a  collection  of 
materials,  from  which  it  is  not  easy  to  make  an  extract.  An  excellent  in- 
troduction by  Mr.  Smith,  in  which  the  objects  are  classified  and  explained, 
gives  this  volume  all  the  value  of  an  elaborate  treatise  on  Anglo-Saxon  anti- 
tiquities.  But  the  most  attractive  part  of  it  is  the  beautiful  series  of  plates, 
engraved  by  Mr.  Fairholt,  and  coloured  elaborately  with  the  hand.  They 
are,  we  think,  the  best  pictorial  representations  of  objects  of  antiquity  we 
have  ever  seen.  The  volume  is  very  appropriately  dedicated  to  Mr.  Mayer, 
an  excellent  portrait  of  whom  accompanies  it,  and  who,  if  it  were  possible 
to  lessen  the  interest  felt  by  antiquaries  as  to  the  locality  where  such  a  col- 
lection is  preserved,  by  the  manner  in  which  they  are  described  and  en- 
graved, has  certainly  gone  far  towards  producing  that  result. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  SARACENS ». 

A  FAITH  and  on  empire  numbering  as  its  votaries  and  subjects  the 
inhabitants  of  perhaps  nearly  a  third  part  of  the  world,  owe  their 
origin  to  a  camel-driver  of  Mecca,  who  commenced  his  life  in  penury, 
without  friends  and  without  resources.  This  wonderful  and  eventful 
drama,  with  its  shifting  scenes  of  successive  dynasties,  with  its  rapid 
transition  from  one  country  to  another,  forms  the  subject  of  Mr.  Free- 
man's lectures;  and  in  them  we  are  indebted  to  him  for  a  graphic 
and  vigorous  narrative  of  this  portion  of  Eastern  history,  valuable 
not  only  in  its  details,  but  also  for  its  clear  and  comprehensive  views 
of  the  bearings  of  the  whole  subject,  its  effects  on  Eastern  and  "Western 

Eolitics,  and  of  the  character  and  capabilities  of  the  system  established 
y  the  Apostle  of  Islam.  Of  many  of  the  periods  thus  brought  under 
his  consideration,  Mr.  Freeman  has  of  necessity  treated  within  the 
limits  of  a  concise  summary ;  but  this  will  rather  add  to  than  detract 
from  the  interest  of  his  narrative  with  those  who,  while  they  desire 
an  accurate  general  survey  of  Mahometan  conquests,  would  gladly 
be  spared  the  wearisome  details  which  on  so  many  parts  of  Eastern  his- 
tory have  stamped  the  character  of  unbroken  monotony,  and  which, 
while  they  baffle  the  powers  of  more  than  usually  retentive  memories, 
have  the  effect  of  rendering  the  whole  subject  to  many  minds  utterly 
distasteful  and  repulsive. 

But  although  this  character  belongs  only  to  certain  periods  and  par- 
ticular countries,  the  intolerable  sameness  which  accompanies  an  enalesa 
multiplicity  of  detail  will  at  times  overbalance  the  interest  which  more 
persevering  students  may  take  in  the  history  regarded  as  a  whole.  Thia 
charge,  however,  cannot  fairly  be  brought  against  the  present  volume,  in 
which  the  form  of  a  lecture  has  enabled  the  writer  to  present  us  with  a 
vigorous  narrative  in  a  succession  of  vivid  and  faithful  pictures ;  and 
whether  the  reader  agrees  or  not  with  the  several  views  advanced  in 
them,  or  coincides  in  all  his  judgments  of  personal  character,  he  will 


•  "  The  History  and  Conquests  of  the  Saracens.  Six  I/ectnrcs  delivered  before  the 
Edinburgh  Philosophical  Institution.  By  Bdward  A.  Frerauui,  M.A^  late  IVUow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford."    (Oxford :  J.  H.  and  J.  Parker.) 


1856.]  The  History  of  the  Saracens.  288 

Rnd  a  forcible  delineation  of  Mahometan  history  generally  with  its  rela- 
tion to  the  outlying  countries,  whether  of  the  Christian  or  heathen 
world. 

It  is  indeed  this  just  appreciation  of  the  character  and  working  of  the 
Mahometan  system,  and  the  substitution  of  truer  views  with  regard  to 
the  Byzantine  empire  and  its  Ottoman  conquerors,  which  imparts  to 
this  volume  its  special  value.  His  estimate  of  individual  merit  may 
present  topics  on  which  some  may  give  up  a  decisive  verdict  as  hopeless, 
while  others  may  be  fairly  permitted  either  in  part  or  wholly  to  reject 
that  of  the  writer. 

On  a  first  survey  of  the  whole  subject  we  may  be  at  a  loss  to  pronounce 
whether  the  rapidity  and  the  greatness  of  the  changes  at  particular 
periods,  or  their  slender  final  results,  are  matter  of  the  greatest  astonish- 
ment. While  the  Teutonic  nations  of  Europe  exhibit  on  the  whole  a 
progressive  history,  during  which,  amidst  many  apparent  and  some  real 
retrograde  movements,  the  several  relations  of  ruler  and  subject  have 
undergone  a  continual  modification  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  state, — 
while  they  have  displayed  a  constant  tendency  to  substitute  a  just  and 
impartial  law  for  all  men  in  place  of  irresponsible  individual  action,  the 
Eastern  world,  in  spite  of  the  great  apparent  reform  of  the  Prophet  of 
Islam,  in  spite  of  the  elevating  character  of  certain  portions  of  his  teach- 
ing, and  the  beneficent  sway  of  the  best  amongst  their  rulers,  has  con- 
tinued in  all  essential  points  unchanged  from  the  days  when  Salmanas- 
sar  and  Nabucadonosor  looked  down  with  an  impious  pride  on  a  host 
of  abject  and  unresisting  slaves.  Nay,  even  Mahometanism  itself,  as 
Mr.  Freeman  has  well  shewn  in  his  introductory  lecture,  while  in  many 
respects  it  has  effected  a  great  change  for  the  better,  has  in  others  intro- 
duced permanent  changes  for  the  worse.  The  Caesar  of  Bvzantium,  the 
vicegerent  of  the  Prophet  at  Damascus  or  Bagdad,  were  both  despots : 
but  the  rule  of  the  former  was  professedly  based  on,  and  guided  by,  a 
code  of  written  laws ;  the  latter  governed  as  the  hereditary  representative 
of  the  Apostle  of  God,  in  all  the  plenitude  of  divinely  delegated  power. 
And  if  the  check  imposed  on  his  arbitrary  will  by  the  possession  of  a 
spiritual  authority  was,  as  all  must  allow  it  to  have  been,  an  immense 
improvement  on  the  sway  of  the  old  Assyrian  and  Babylonish  tyrants 
who  owned  no  restraint  of  law  or  conscience,  still  this  very  change  ren- 
dered the  hope  of  all  further  improvement  utterly  visionary  and  futile. 
It  imposed  some  check  on  mere  unthinking  and  impulsive  action,  but  it 
established  the  principle  of  despotism  on  firmer  grounds  than  ever. 
Thus  again,  if  the  corruption  and  licentiousness  of  Arabian  society  was 
balanced  by  European  profligacy,  and  if  the  limits  imposed  by  Mahomet 
for  the  lessening  of  this  evil  were  undoubtedly  beneficial,  still  as  cer- 
tainly their  sanction  stereotyped  the  institution  of  polygamy.  Finally, 
the  Christian  nations  of  Europe,  while  they  possessed  in  their  faith  the 
very  highest  rules  of  action,  and  had  set  before  them  the  standard  of 
perfect  righteousness,  were  yet  left  free  in  the  choice  of  their  civil  polity, 
and  could  cultivate  unchecked  the  several  departments  of  human  know- 
ledge, while  the  system  of  Mahomet,  based  on  the  will  of  a  single  man 
and  intended  to  uphold  the  authority  of  a  single  ruler,  professed  to  fur- 
nish a  full  civil  as  well  as  ecclesiastical  code,  and  interfered  with  each 
man*8  personal  concerns  and  the  conduct  of  his  daily  life,  and  thus 
shaped  or  crushed  the  development  of  art,  and  science,  and  civilization. 
Hence  also  this  system,  founded  as  it  was  on  an  appeal  to  human  pas* 


284  The  History  of  the  Saracens.  [Sept. 

sions,  advanced  to  its  culminating  point  with  impetuous  rapidity,  and 
then  exhibited  the  transient  effects  of  earthly  impulse  and  human  zeaL 
Not  thirty  years  had  passed  away  from  the  death  of  the  great  lawgiver 
of  Islam,  before  the  murder  of  two  of  his  vicegerents  shewed  how  power- 
fully the  elements  of  suspicion,  jealousy,  and  hatred  were  at  work  to  un- 
dermine the  fabric  of  his  power,  and  how  speedily  that  power  was  de- 
generating into  an  ordinary  Oriental  despotism. 

But  we  should  be  dwelling  too  exclusively  on  the  hidden  but  real  de- 
fects of  his  system,  were  we  to  pass  by  the  marvellous  results  attained 
by  himself  and  his  followers  before  the  symptoms  of  that  decay  became 
manifest.  Without  deciding  here  whether  it  were  the  greatest  earthly- 
genius,  accompanied  by  a  full  consciousness  of  personal  rectitude  and 
the  conviction  of  a  divine  mission,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  the  mere  force 
of  circumstances,  which  impelled  Mahomet  to  enter  on  the  course  which 
issued  in  such  momentous  consequences,  we  have  before  us  the  undoubted 
facts  that  a  nation  made  up  of  disunited  and  frequently  hostile  tribes  was 
by  him  consolidated  into  one  political  body ;  that  it  was  by  him  inspired 
with  an  irresistible  zeal,  and  having  laid  aside  old  idolatries,  and  ex* 
changed  its  superstitions  for  faith  in  one  living  God,  went  forth  to  en- 
force its  doctrines  on  others  at  the  sword's  point ;  that  the  fugitive  from 
Mecca  found  himself  in  a  few  years  at  the  head  of  a  vast  confederacy 
and  an  invincible  army,  and  was  enabled  in  kingly  guise  to  address 
himself  to  Khosru  and  Heraclius,  the  representatives  of  Caesar  and 
Artaxerxes ;  that  his  successors  advanced  with  unabated  energy  on  the 
career  of  conquest  to  which  the  fugitive  who  had  preached  meekness  at 
Medina  had  committed  himself  with  insatiable  eagerness ;  that  by  them 
the  Boman  empire  was  shorn  of  its  fairest,  if  not  its  most  important, 
provinces ;  that  in  no  more  than  three  battles  the  power  of  the  Per- 
sian SassanidsD  was  shattered,  and  their  last  representative,  Yezdijird, 
the  last  national  sovereign  of  Persia,  fled  from  the  field  of  Nahavend  to 
die  an  exile  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin. 

But  before  this  had  come  to  pass,  the  brightest  days  of  Islam  were 
already  ended.  The  stormy  Caliphate  of  Othman  was  drawing  to  its 
close ;  a  magnificent  and  voluptuous  luxury  was  taking  the  place  of  the 
stem  virtues  of  Abu-Bekr  and  of  Omar;  and  political  dissensions  were 
paving  the  way  for  the  civil  wars  which  distracted  the  unhappy  reign  of 
the  brave  and  chivalrous  Ali.  And  thus,  in  less  than  thirty  years  from 
the  death  of  Mahomet,  in  the  midst  of  strife  and  confusion,  fomented  by 
the  most  favoured  of  his  wives,  the  daughter  of  Abu-Bekr,  the  dynasty 
of  his  own  personal  comrades  closed,  and  the  son  of  Ali  bartered  away 
for  his  life  the  inalienable  spiritual  rights  which  he  possessed  as  Vicar 
of  the  Prophet,  to  the  bitterest  of  that  Prophet's  enemies.  Still  (al- 
though at  this  point  the  sect  of  the  Shiahs,  or  followers  of  Ali,  took  its 
rise,  and  maintained  that  Hassan  could  never  strip  himself  of  his  spiritual 
title,  and  that  therefore  his  rival  was  possessed  of  the  mere  temporal 
power  of  the  Caliphate,)  the  idea,  nevertheless,  on  which  the  Moslem 
system  was  founded  continued  in  theory  unimpaired,  and  Moawiyah,  the 
first  of  the  Ommiads,  claimed  to  govern  as  the  sole  rightful  representa- 
tive of  the  Prophet.  Then  followed  a  period  of  ninety  years,  at  the  end 
of  which,  A.D.  750,  a  civil  war  transferred  the  Caliphate  from  the  de- 
scendants of  Ommiah  to  those  of  Abbas,  the  uncle  of  Mahomet ;  but 
during  this  period,  fraught  with  momentous  events,  the  head  of  the 
Moslem  world  was  lapsing  more  and  more  into  the  vulgar  Eastern  tyrant. 


1856.]  The  History  of  tJie  Saracens.  285 

while  the  arms  of  his  people  were  victorious  everywhere  except  against 
the  CcBsar  of  Constantinople,  from  whom  the  lord  of  Islam  was  driven 
to  purchase  peace  at  the  cost  of  an  annual  tribute.  Thus  again,  although 
the  Caliphate,  after  its  transference  by  Almansor,the  second  of  the  Om- 
miads,  from  Damascus  to  Bagdad,  increased  in  outward  splendour  and 
material  resources,  the  greatest  prize  of  Moslem  hopes  continued  unat- 
tained ;  and  after  the  arms  of  the  Saracen  had  under  Tarik  extended 
their  dominion  into  Spain,  and  under  Catibah  into  the  birthplace  of  the 
Seljukian  Sultans,  the  land  between  the  Oxus  and  the  Jaxartes,  the 
vigour  of  old  Borne  enabled  Leo  the  Isaurian  to  beat  back  from  the 
walls  of  Constantinople  a  second  Saracen  invasion,  and  to  avert  from 
Europe  a  peril  far  more  pressing  and  more  terrible  than  that  which 
Charles  Martel  dissipated  on  the  plain  of  Tours.  But  when,  five  years 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  Ommiads,  the  fugitive  Abdalrahman  revived 
their  dynasty  in  Spain,  the  idea  of  the  Caliphate  was  set  aside  in  fact  as 
well  as  in  theory ;  and  rival  Caliphs  from  Bagdad  and  Cordova  challenged 
the  obedience  of  all  the  Faithful.  This  position  and  these  claims  were 
indeed  forced  upon  the  Spanish  Caliph.  The  vicegerent  of  Mahomet 
was  primarily  a  pontiff,  or  a  preacher,  as  we  may  please  to  style  him, 
who  had  grown  subsequently  into  a  temporal  ruler ;  and  this  idea  affected 
immediately  every  sect  and  every  rebellion,  whether  successful  or  other- 
wise. If  any  sought  to  impugn  the  temporal  sway  of  the  Caliph,  they 
could  only  do  so  by  calling  in  question  his  spiritual  title ;  and  by  con- 
sequence, every  sect  which  shook  off  its  religious  obedience  was  driven 
into  open  rebellion,  and  had  to  be  put  down  by  force  of  arms ;  while, 
in  like  manner,  every  successful  opponent  laid  claim  to  the  same  spiri- 
tual allegiance  which  he  had  refused  to  his  former  sovereign. 

Henceforth  the  several  Moslem  dynasties,  as  they  had  sunk  to  the 
level  of  ordinary  Oriental  tyrannies,  go  through  the  course  which  from 
the  dawn  of  history  seems  to  have  been  allotted  to  all  Eastern  kingdoms. 
Two  or  three  vigorous  princes,  two  or  three  profligate  and  incapable 
despots  helpless  in  the  hands  of  unscrupulous  and  over-powerful  vice- 
roys, who  lord  it  over  the  head  of  Islam,  as  the  Mayors  of  the  Palace 
over  the  contemptible  Merovingians,  and  then  a  humiliating  fall,  utterly 
devoid  of  all  heroism  and  dignity — sum  up  their  successive  phases. 
Thus,  when  the  Bagdad  Caliphate  had  risen  to  its  greatest  splendour 
under  Haroun  Al  Easchid,  the  fifth  Abbasside  ruler,  (the  contemporary 
of  Charlemagne,  but  more  familiarly  known  as  the  hero  of  the  Thousand 
Nights  of  Arabian  romance,)  it  hastened  from  his  time  and  by  his  acts  to 
its  downfall.  The  subdivision  of  his  dominions  amongst  his  three  sons 
sowed  the  seeds  of  future  faction  and  dissension,  while  it  shewed  more 
clearly  than  ever  how  completely  the  notion  of  a  spiritual  power  had 
been  abandoned.  Al  Amin,  the  eldest  of  his  sons,  to  whom  he  left  the 
Caliphate,  was  overthrown  by  his  brother  Almamoun,  from  whom  he  had 
sought  to  take  his  viceregal  throne  in  Khorassan.  Almamoun,  on  his 
success,  assigned  his  own  former  dominions  to  his  general,  Taher  Zul- 
yemnin,  in  gratitude  for  his  services ;  and  from  him  sprang  the  dynasty 
of  the  Taherites.  Such  was  the  most  seemly  origin  of  the  many  king- 
doms nominally  subordinate,  but  really  independent,  which  were  fast 
impairing  the  powers  of  the  Caliph.  Others  started  into  existence  from 
the  open  resistance  of  the  imperial  deputies ;  and  the  Caliph  was  forced 
to  bestow  on  the  successful  rebel  some  nigh-sounding  title  which  justified 
his  opposition.    Not  unfrequently  he  was  oompeUed  to  transfer  such 


286  The  History  of  the  Saracens.  [Sept. 

titles  from  a  weaker  to  a  more  powerful  chieftain,  who  still,  however, 
professed  himself  the  loyal  subject  of  the  descendant  of  the  Prophet. 
Meanwhile  the  throne  of  Bagdad  was  becoming  the  sport  of  the  Turkish 
mercenary  guards,  who,  with  the  one  exception  that  they  chose  their 
princes  from  the  reigning  family,  changed  at  will,  like  the  rrsetorians  of 
old  Rome,  the  ruler  who  claimed  the  allegiance  of  the  whole  body  of  the 
Faithful.  To  escape  from  this  intolerable  tyranny,  the  Calipah  Al 
Mostekfi,  in  less  than  a  century  and  a  half  from  the  death  of  Uaroun, 
appealed  for  succour  to  Ahmed,  the  prince  of  the  Dilemite  dynasty, 
which  had  recently  acquired  power  in  a  great  part  of  ancient  Persia. 
But  the  deliverer  of  the  Caliph  soon  became  his  oppressor  and  tormen- 
tor ;  the  disputes  of  Ahmed's  successors  for  his  title  of  Prince  of  Princes 
kept  Bagdad  in  commotion  for  more  than  a  century,  until  the  Caliph  Al 
Kayem  was  deposed  by  one  of  them,  who  substituted  the  name  of  the 
rival  Fatimite  Caliph  who  ruled  in  Egypt. 

This  powerful  dynasty  owed  its  existence  to  the  sectarian  feuds  which 
divided  the  followers  of  Ali  amongst  themselves,  just  as  their  whole  body 
was  at  variance  with  the  orthodox  Sonnites,  who  upheld  the  reigning 
family.  For  several  generations  the  descendants  of  Ali  led  lives  of 
seclusion  and  asceticism,  interrupted  occasionally  by  the  outbreak  of  a 
rebellion  which  they  headed,  but  more  generally  contented  with  a  theo- 
retical claim  to  the  obedience  of  all  true  believers,  which  they  enforced 
by  the  sanctity  of  their  conduct.  But  the  death  of  the  sixth  Imam, 
Jaffer,  gave  rise  to  dissensions  which  issued  in  the  establishment  of  a 
rival  Caliphate.  His  eldest  son,  Ishmael,  having  died  before  him,  Jaffer 
left  his  nominal  authoritv  to  another  son,  Moussa.  This  arrangement 
was  contested  by  many  of  his  followers,  who  refused  their  obedience  to 
any  but  the  descendants  of  Ishmael.  The  new  sect  proceeded  to  assign 
higher  honours  to  the  son  of  Jaffer  than  the  whole  Shiah  body  had  h«- 
stowed  on  the  family  of  Ali.  One  of  IshmaePs  professed  descendants, 
named  Mahomet,  acquired  under  the  title  of  Al  Mehdi,  or  the  Leader, 
a  considerable  power  in  Africa,  and  left  behind  him  a  dynasty  of  princes 
called  after  him  the  Almohades,  who  styled  themselves  Fatimite  Caliphs, 
from  Fatima,  the  daughter  of  Mahomet,  and  wife  of  Ali. 

Thus  at  the  deposition  of  Al  Kayem,  the  Ishmaelite  sect,  which  at  a 
somewhat  later  period  gave  birth  to  the  horrible  fraternity  of  the  Assas- 
sins, could  for  a  moment  boast  of  something  like  an  undivided  Fastem 
Caliphate ;  but  the  despised  descendants  of  Abbas  had  appealed  for 
succour  to  a  far  more  formidable  deliverer  than  Ahmed  the  Dilemite : 
and  at  his  summons  the  Seljuk,  Togrel  Beg,  came  from  the  lands  beyond 
the  Oxus,  to  rescue  nominally  the  Commander  of  the  Faithful,  to  extend 
really  his  own  power.  This  great  prince  was  the  third  of  the  dynasty  of 
Seljuk  the  Turk,  who,  leaving  the  ruler  of  the  Chozars,  became  a  Ma- 
hometan and  rose  to  power  at  Samarcand.  His  grandson,  Togrel,  be- 
came possessed  of  a  far  greater  empire  by  the  overthrow  of  the  Ghazne- 
vide,  or  first  Turkish  dynasty  in  Persia.  But  the  Seljukian,  like  the 
Ommiad  and  Abbasside,  rulers,  experienced  the  fate  of  ordinary  Oriental 
monarchs.  TogreFs  immediate  successors,  Alp  Arslan  and  Malek  Shah, 
advanced  their  power  to  its  highest  point ;  after  them  the  usual  tale  of 
subdivision  and  internal  faction  is  repeated,  until  their  house  fell  before 
the  third  Turkish  dynasty  of  the  Chorasmians. 

The  days  of  the  Abbasside  Caliphs  were  now  drawins  to  their  dose. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  thirteentn  century  Jenghiz  Oan  came  with 


1856.]  The  History  of  the  Saracens.  287 

his  wild  hordes  from  the  distant  land  of  the  liogul ;  scarcely  fifty  years 
later,  Hulaku,  the  brother  of  Mangu  Khan,  who  sat  on  the  throne  of 
Jenghiz,  overthrew  in  the  person  of  Al  Mostassem  the  empire  of  the 
Abbassides.  The  year  of  the  sack  of  Bagdad  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  birth  of  Othman,  the  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Ottomans,  the 
youngest  branch  of  the  Turkish  family,  which  has  furnished  a  longer 
succession  of  powerful  and  able  sovereigns  than  any  other  monarchy, 
whether  of  the  East  or  West. 

Thus  was  the  Mahometan  world  exhibiting  a  history  which  in  many 
respects  furnished  a  close  analogy  to  the  Roman.  This  analogy  Mr. 
Preeman  has  ably  and  clearly  pointed  out,  and  with  it  has  refuted  some 
fallacies  which  have  recently  been  popular. 

Both  empires  were  closely  bound  up  with  their  religion;  Christian 
and  Roman  had  from  the  fourth  century  become  synonymous  terms ; 
while  the  authority  of  the  Caliph  was  in  its  origin  essentially  a  religious 
one.  But  the  greatest  triumphs  of  either  faith  were  to  be  achieved 
neither  by  the  Roman  nor  the  Saracen.  What  the  Teutonic  races  were 
to  Rome,  that  the  Turks  were  to  Islam.  The  former,  in  destroying  the 
dominion  of  the  Csesars,  and  overthrowing  the  civilization  of  the  ancient 
world,  adopted  the  religion  of  those  whom  they  had  conquered,  and 
breathed  a  fresh  spirit  into  an  old  and  effete  society.  In  a  similar  way, 
the  Turk  achieved  for  the  Moslem  faith  what  the  Saracens  had  never 
been  able  to  accomplish.  To  these,  the  mountain  range  of  Taurus  pre- 
sented a  barrier  which  they  could  not  pass :  twice  had  the  armies  of  the 
Caliph  been  beaten  back  from  the  waUs  of  Byzantium,  while  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Caesars  sat  on  his  throne  long  after  the  last  Saracen 
Caliph  had  been  laid  in  his  grave.  The  greatest  achievement  of  Moslem 
aspiration  was  reserved  for  the  Ottoman  Turk  ;  and  the  house  of  Othman 
has  reigned  for  four  centuries  in  that  city  towards  which  the  descendants 
of  Moawiyah  turned  their  eyes  in  vain. 

In  fact,  the  creed  of  Mahomet  seems  to  exhibit  a  charmed  power  of 
drawing  successive  races  within  its  circle.  The  Turkish  dynasties  of 
Khorassan,  the  Ghazncvid,  Seljukian,  and  Chorasmian,  raise  the  faith  of 
the  prophet  to  a  higher  power,  while  that  of  his  descendants  is  on  the 
wane.  To  the  great  Turkish  race  which  included  not  those  only  which 
have  been  already  named,  but  the  Tartar  also,  and  whose  home  was  the 
western  part  of  Central  Asia,  succeeded  the  savage  Mogul  from  more 
eastern  regions.  With  a  Deistic  form  of  religion  the  followers  of  these 
merciless  conquerors  united  a  most  barbarous  cruelty  ;  but  after  awhile 
their  chiefs  also  felt  the  influence  of  the  spell,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century  Ghazan  Khan  professed  himself  a  Moslem,  and 
a  hundred  thousand  Mogul  warriors  followed  his  example. 

In  Persia  the  influence  of  the  Moslem  creed  was  throughout  modified 
by  the  national  spirit.  The  nation  had,  it  is  true,  embraced  the  faith  of 
the  Prophet  with  wonderful  rapidity  when  their  last  national  sovereign, 
Yezdijird,  fled  from  the  field  of  Nahavend.  But  the  Persian  had  not  for- 
gotten the  days  of  Artaxerxes  three  hundred  years  before ;  and  as  that 
wonderful  revival  had  been  closely  associated  with  the  religion  of  Zoro- 
aster, so  now,  in  receiving  the  doctrines  of  Islam,  they  seemed  resolved 
to  shew  their  real  independence  by  receiving  them  in  their  own  way. 
The  sect  of  Ali  appears  from  the  first  to  have  had  a  peculiar  attraction 
for  the  Persian :  this  religious  bond  united  him  with  the  Turk,  until  at 
length,  under  Shah  Ishmael,  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century, 


288  The  History  of  the  Saracens.  [Sept. 

that  creed  became  the  dominant  religion  of  Persia.  The  Suffavean 
dynasty,  so  called  from  the  Sheik  Sefi  of  the  days  of  Timour,  was  not 
indeed  a  national  one  ;  but  their  religious  faith  went  far  to  redeem  their 
foreign,  origin ;  and  the  Persian  held  it  to  be  some  compensation  for 
adopting  the  faith  of  his  conquerors,  that  a  sect  which  had  been  publicly 
cursed  by  the  Caliphs  of  Bagdad  had  enthroned  one  of  its  members  on 
the  seat  of  the  Sassanidae.  The  same  national  spirit  prompted  the 
legend  that  the  first  Ghaznevide,  Sabektekin,  was  the  legitimate  de- 
scendant of  Yezdijird.  To  run  counter  to  this  spirit  by  the  profession  of 
the  Sonnite  creed,  was  reserved  for  another  deliverer  of  Persia,  Tha- 
masp  Kouli  Khan,  better  known  as  Nadir  Shah,  the  detestable  devas- 
tator of  Delhi. 

Nadir  by  this  profession  made  himself  in  theory  a  less  instead  of 
a  more  arbitrary  sovereign  than  his  predecessors.  Of  all  Mahometan 
empires,  none  was  so  completely  absolute  as  the  Suffavean  dynasty  of 
Persia :  the  Ottoman  Padishah  had,  at  least,  the  check  of  pontiffs  and 
legal  expounders,  as  well  as  of  the  written  code  furnished  by  the  Koran  ; 
but  the  Persian  Shah,  ruling  solely  as  the  representative  of  an  invisible 
Imam,  possessed  of  the  entire  authority  of  the  Prophet  himself,  acknow- 
ledged no  restraints,  and  felt  no  curb  but  that  of  his  own  conscience. 
But  Mahometanism  exhibited  itself  in  a  more  beneficent  phase  in  the 
great  dynasty  founded  two  centuries  before  the  time  of  Nadir,  by  the 
Mogul,  or  practically  the  Turk  Baber,  in  Hindostan.  Baber  himself  rose, 
on  the  whole,  far  above  ordinary  Eastern  conquerors;  his  son  Hu- 
mayun  learnt  still  further  the  lesson  of  moderation  in  a  season  of  exile. 
But  if  the  Moslem  faith  seemed  to  catch  something  of  a  tolerant  spirit 
by  its  very  contact  with  the  passive  creeds  of  Hindostan,  the  feeling  of 
astonishment  must  almost  have  exceeded  that  of  thankfulness,  when  the 
conquered  race  found  itself  under  the  righteous  sway  of  a  sovereign 
who,  professedly  a  Mahometan,  proclaimed  the  principle  of  universal 
toleration,  and  adhered  to  it  with  the  most  unswerving  consistency 
through  a  reign  of  nine-and-forty  years.  But  the  equity  of  the  im- 
mortal Akbar  was  after  all  an  exotic,  for  which  the  soil  of  Islam  could 
furnish  no  adequate  nourishment;  and  in  three  generations  after  him 
Aurengzebe  the  magnificent  and  the  faithless,  swept  away  the  reforms 
of  his  almost  faultless  predecessor. 

This  brief  summary  of  Saracenic  history,  and  that  of  the  nations  con- 
nected with  them,  the  wide  scope  of  the  subject  has  compelled  us  to 
give  in  our  own  words ;  we  could  scarcely  have  done  so  in  those  of 
Mr.  Freeman  without  quoting  half  his  volume.  But  what  is  the  lesson 
which  that  history  should  teach  us  ?  What  is  the  character  and  the 
value  of  the  system  of  which  that  history  is  the  issue  ?  The  question 
carries  us  at  once  to  the  character  of  the  Apostle  of  Islam  himself;  and 
on  this  subject  we  cannot  but  regret  to  find  Mr.  Freeman  employing 
expressions  which  we  would  hope  that  longer  consideration  may  lead 
him  to  modify.  We  agree  most  heartily  with  his  assertion  that  '*  it 
shews  very  little  confidence  in  our  own  system,  not  to  be  ready  fully  to 
recognize  whatever  amount  of  excellence  may  be  found  in  that  of  our 
adversaries,"  (p.  41).  We  fully  believe  that  a  great  proportion  of  the 
evils  of  society  in  general  are  owing  to  the  fault  here  reprobated.  But 
it  is  equally  certain  that  the  greatest  liar  may  at  a  given  time  utter  words 
of  truth,  and  that  the  truth  spoken  by  such  a  one  is  as  much  truth  as  if 
it  came  from  the  most  veracious  of  mankind.  But  it  would  seem  that 
3 


1856.]  The  History  of  tlie  Saracens.  289 

Mr.  Freeman  deliberately  assumes  the  truth  of  a  part  of  a  man's  teach- 
ing and  the  equity  of  some  of  his  actions  as  a  voucher  for  the  sincerity 
of  his  whole  career,  when  we  find  him  thus  summing  up : — 

"After  all  comes  the  great  qnestion.  Was  tbe  man  who  effected  in  his  own  dar  so 
great  a  reform,  an  impostor  ?  Was  his  whole  career  one  of  she^r  hypocrisy  ?  Was 
his  divine  mission  a  mere  invention  of  his  own,  of  whose  falsdiood  he  wascDiiscioas 
throoghont  ?  Such  was  the  notion  of  the  elder  controversialistB,  like  Prideanx :  bat  to 
an  unprejudiced  obsen^er  it  carries  its  confutation  on  the  &ee  of  it.  Surely  nothing 
but  the  consciousness  of  really  righteous  intentions  could  have  carried  3fahomet  so 
steadily  and  consistently  without  ever  flinching  or  wavering,  without  ever  betraying 
himself  to  his  most  intimate  companions,  from  his  fint  revelation  to  Kbai^jah  to  hu 
last  agony  in  the  arms  of  Ayesha.  If  the  whole  was  impoetore,  it  was  an  imposture 
utterly  without  parallel,  from  its  extraordinary  subtlety  and  tbe  wooderfdl  k]iig-«gfated- 
ness  and  constancy  which  one  must  attribute  to  iu  author." — (p.  57.) 

It  appears  almost  superfluous  to  bring  instances  to  the  contrary,  but 
we  may  safely  say  that  the  soothsayer  of  Moab  was  thoroughly  conscious 
of  deceit  and  imposture  when  he  went  about  to  seek  for  enchantments, 
and  as  thoroughly  conscious  of  truthfulness  when  he  asserted  that  God 
is  not  a  man,  that  he  should  lie ;  and  we  mar  be  sure  that  he  was  as 
fully  convinced  of  a  divine  mission  as  ever  Mahomet  could  have  been  in 
his  sincerest  moments,  when  he  returned  to  Balak  that  memorable 
answer  which  is  so  strongly  insisted  on  by  the  Hebrew  prophet  of  a 
later  day.     Mr.  Freeman  believes — 

"  That  Mahomet  was  fully  convinced  of  hb  own  misnon ;  that  in  tbe  name  of  God  and 
in  the  character  of  his  apostle  he  wrought  a  great,  though  imperfect,  reform  in  bis  owb 
country.  I  will  go  even  further,"  he  adds :  **  I  cannot  eonoeal  my  eoovictioa  that  m  s 
ccrtfun  sense  his  belief  in  his  own  mission  was  weO  founded.  Surely  a  good  and  siaeere 
man,  full  of  confidence  in  his  Creator,  who  works  an  immense  reform,  both  in  £iith  and 
practice,  is  truly  a  direct  instrument  in  tbe  hands  of  God,  and  may  be  aoid  to  bare  a 
commission  from  Him." — (p.  60.) 

It  is  of  this  righteous  man,  this  apostle  of  Grod,  that  we  are  told^  that 
"  assuming  for  the  time  his  principle  of  propagating  his  religion  bv  force, 
there  is  really  but  little  to  condemn  in  his  conduct,"  (p.  i%; ;  and  again, 
that  "  under  his  circumstances,  it  is  really  no  very  great  ground  for  con- 
demnation that  he  did  appeal  to  the  sword,"  (p.  51).  It  i*  thiji  sincere 
reformer  of  whose  character  we  are  to  form  our  judgment,  by  pladn^  him 
in  favourable  contrast  **  with  his  own  degenerate  followers — with  Timour 
at  Ispahan,  with  Nadir  at  Delhi,  with  the  wretches  who  in  our  own  times 
have  desolated  Chios,  and  Cyprus,  and  Cassandra,"  (p.  46).  We  fthould 
have  supposed  that  arguments  and  contrasts  such  as  these  would  justify 
almost  any  amount  of  iniquity,  and  that  the  promul/^tor  of  necessaiy 
reforms,  the  prophet  conscious  of  a  divine  mission,  might  fairiy  be  com- 
pared with  men  of  a  higher  caste  than  the  veriest  scourges  that  hare 
made  whole  kingdoms  desolate.  And  when  compared  with  the  hij^hir 
standard  of  another  Apostle  to  heathens,  who  command^  his  disdpUfS 
never  to  return  evil  for  evil  to  any  man,  how  does  he  exhibit  at  once  all 
the  dross  of  an  earthlv  and  selfish  spirit !  But  we  may  be  met  In  t\te 
plea  that  we  cannot  tell  how  much  or  how  little  Mahomet  knew  of  Chris- 
tianity, we  cannot  decide  how  much  or  how  little  he  wrote  of  the  Koran^ 
we  can  make  no  accurate  separation  of  the  truth  and  legend  which  is 
mixed  up  in  his  history.  It  may  be  so ;  yet  it  seems  to  ht:  idmliU'A 
that  a  translator  of  at  least  parts  of  the  Gospel  inUt  Arabic  was  tbe  first 
man  whom  he  consulted  on  the  subject  of  tne  revelations  mad^  to  him, 
and  that  many  of  the  precepts  of  the  Gospel  are  inserted  in  those  parU 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  »  P 


290  The  History  of  the  Saracens.  [Sept. 

of  the  Koran  which  are  moat  generally  attributed  to  him.  And  yet  the 
self-styled  prophet,  who  could  speak  high-sounding  words  of  the  mercy 
and  righteousness  of  God,  could  tell  his  followers  that  "the  law  of  re- 
taliation was  ordained  to  them  for  the  slain,  that  the  free  should  die  for 
the  free ;"  this  promulgator  of  a  new  faith  could  on  his  first  attainment 
of  any  temporal  power  send  forth  his  disciples  to  violate  the  truce  of  the 
holy  month,  and  then  provide  a  convenient  revelation  in  justification  of 
it.  For  himself  personally,  he  seems  during  all  his  earlier  years  to  have 
led  an  honest  and  (we  can  scarcely  use  a  higher  word)  a  respectable  life, 
with  a  strong  conviction  of  the  doctrine  of  the  divine  unitv,  and  a  very 
feeble  belief  that  the  Divine  Being  whom  he  professed  to  oSey  could  ac- 
complish anything  for  Himself.  Hence  it  was  that  he  failed  utterly  in 
effecting  any  wide  reform  until  he  appealed  to  the  argument  of  the 
sword ;  but  the  appeal  once  made  roused  the  whole  energies  of  a  nation 
with  whose  character  such  faithless  and  selfish  principles  were  altogether 
in  harmony.  The  essential  inferiority  of  his  character  to  that  of  the 
great  Hebrew  prophets  is  manifested  by  the  mere  fact  that  he  was  un- 
able to  resist  tne  very  weakest  temptations  arising  from  the  possession 
of  temporal  power.  Mr.  Freeman  inclines  to  think  that  his  conduct 
with  reference  to  the  wife  of  Zeyd  is  the  only  instance  of  conscious  im- 
posture, even  if  that  be  one ;  we  are  firmly  convinced  that  another  in- 
stance is  presented  by  the  declaration,  that  as  different  prophets  bad 
been  sent  to  illustrate  the  different  attributes  of  God,  he,  the  last  of  the 
prophets,  was  sent  with  the  sword.  But  we  must  forbear  to  multiply 
examples  which  are  ready  to  our  hand ;  we  can  but  lament  that  a  judg- 
ment so  partial  and  so  dangerous  in  its  moral  tendencies  should  mar  a 
volume  of  such  deep  interest.  We  can  but  regret  the  haste  which  has 
applied  to  the  prophet  of  Islam  in  the  second  stage  of  his  career  the 
words,  "  I  am  not  come  to  send  peace  on  earth,  but  a  sword."  Surely 
Mr.  Freeman  must  be  aware  that  there  is  an  infinite  difference  between 
the  purpose  of  a  man's  teaching  and  its  consequences. 

Tliose  who  may  desire  a  most  careful  and  judicious  examination  of 
many  points  which  we  have  been  compelled  altogether  to  pass  by,  we 
would  refer  to  Mr.  Freeman's  most  animated  and  graphic  narrative ;  and 
whatever  judgment  they  may  form  of  the  passages  which  we  have  called 
in  question,  we  are  sure  that  they  must  heartily  agree  with  the  well- 
merited  tribute  which  he  pays  to  the  memory  of  the  illustrious  Akbar. 
We  think,  too,  that  they  must  acquiesce  in  his  conclusion,  that  "  the 
more  gloiy  we  yield  to  Akbar,  the  more  shame  we  cast  upon  the  Maho- 
metan religion ;"  that  "  his  tolerance  proves  its  intolerance ;"  and  that 
"  there  are  those  in  our  own  day  who  assuredly  need  the  lesson,  that  a 
Mahometan  government,  to  become  really  tolerant,  must  cease  to  be 
Mahometan,"  (p.  243). 


1856.]  291 


HAin)BOOK  TO  CHESTER  AND  ITS  ENTIEONS*. 

The  guide-book  style  is  proverbial,  and  the  work  before  us  offers 
no  exception  to  the  general  rule, — the  writer  follows  the  persecuted  style  to 
its  utmost  limits ;  and  an  involuntaiy  smile  will  come  across  the  reader^s 
face  ever}'  now  and  then  at  some  extra  effusion  of  grandiloquence  and 
bombast.  But  it  would  not  be  fair  to  visit  upon  the  head  of  this  writer  the 
sins  of  all  his  predecessors,  and  it  is  a  far  more  agreeable  task  to  praise 
what  is  deserving  of  praise  than  to  look  for  faidts. 

The  work  is  extremely  well  got  up,  the  paper  and  printing  are  excel- 
lent, and  the  illustrations  both  on  wood  and  steel  very  well  executed — far 
above  the  average  of  such  publications.  The  author  has  carefully  digested 
all  the  historical  information  which  is  extant  respecting  his  native  town, 
and  presents  his  readers  with  a  very  fair  summary  of  it.  He  has  the  great 
merit  of  being  very  honest  and  plain-spoken,  and  rather  bold  in  his  stric- 
tures; and  setting  aside  the  various  puffs  for  the  different  hotels  and 
tradesmen's  shops,  which  are  probably  inserted  at  so  much  per  line,  and  for 
which  the  author  is  hardly  responsible,  the  book  is  well  done,  and  the 
result  is  both  amusing  and  instructive.  Unfortunately,  the  author  is  en- 
tirely ignorant  of  mediaeval  architecture,  as  he  candidly  confesses  : — 

**  And  here  let  us  observe  that,  as  our     scriptions  on  the  '  dogmatic  teaching'  of 
knowledge  of  architectural  detail  is  un-     other  and  abler  heads." 
happily  small,  we  must  rely  for  our  de* 

'  It  is  a  pity  that  some  friend  did  not  suggest  to  him  the  propriety 
of  learning  something  about  a  subject  in  which  information  is  now  so  easily 
acquired,  before  he  presumed  to  write  a  Guide  to  Chester.  The  first 
objects  of  antiquarian  interest  in  the  ancient  city  of  Chester  are  the  walls 
and  the  towers  with  which  it  was  fortified,  and  which  the  citizens  pride 
themselves  as  having  preserved  more  perfect  than  any  other  city  in  Eng- 
land. We  search  over  handbooks  in  vain  for  the  period  when  these  walls 
were  built. 

We  are  told,  indeed  : — 

"  The  walls  beneath  us  are  full  of  inter-  masonry  may  yet  be  distinguished,  form- 

est  to  the  archax>logi8t,  for  through  al-  ing  the  lower  courses  nearest  the  founda- 

most    their   entire    length  between  this  tions." 
tower  and  the  eastgate,  the  old  Roman 

It  is  probably  true  that  they  are  built  on  Roman  foundations,  but  of 
what  date  is  the  superstructure  ?  The  Phoenix  Tower  before  us  bears  an 
inscription  stating  it  to  have  been  built  in  1618,  but  this  applies  only 
to  the  inner  face  of  the  wall  and  the  room  built  upon  it.  The  extreme  cir- 
cular wall  belongs  to  the  old  fortifications,  which,  although  much  patched 
and  rebuilt  in  places,  are  probably  for  the  most  part  of  the  time  of  Ed». 
ward  I.     But  we  must  proceed  to  give  specimens  of  the  work  : — 

"  We  are  now  at  an  interesting  portion  known  as  Newton's  Tower ;  but  the  men 

of  the  walls.     Do  you  see  that  mouldering  of  the  present  day  call  it  the  Phcenix 

old  turret  some  fifty  yards  a-head  of  us  ?  Tower,  from  the  figure  of  the  phoenix,. 

Tlirce  hundred  years  ago  it  was  familiarly  which  is  the  crest  of  one  of  the  city  com- 

■  "  The  Stranger's  Handbook  to  Chester  and  its  Environs.  By  Thomas  Hughes. 
With  Forty -seven  new  Illustrations,  by  Qeorg^  Measom,"  &c.  (Chester :  CatheralL 
8vo.,  132  pp.) 


Handbook  to  Chester  and  Us  Environs.  [Sept. 


paniis,  ornamenting  tlic  front  of  IlioHtmc- 
iure.  Look  up,  as  we  iiiiprDuoli  it,  and 
TCfld,  ovor  its  ulovatvd  jKirtHl,  thcBluHIing 
announcL-meiit,  tliat 


KINO  CHAliLES 

STCNJD  on  THIH  ToWEB 

Sbfteuher  24tli,  16t5,  and  i 
Ilia  Aruv 

(>N  ROWTL 


"  Wfll,  here  wc  are,  on  a  bcaatifiil  mi 
dow,  eighty-four  aorcs  in  cittnt,  I'lml 
Naturc'a  nwii  manllo  uf  bri^litcet  j^i 
ami  lieariiin  tlie  eujilioniovu  ii 
ItinHlo.vc.    Thin  Hplcntliil  i>a«ti 
clioorfij  to  liHik  upon,  liait  not  alwuja  worn 
the  Hinnu  piy  aHjai't.     In  agtH  past  imil 
punc — when  thu  Soion  and  tlie  Norman 
brld  iway  over  the  limd — wlu'n  nilomial 
UverjHHif  «m  Init  a  aiinplv  Rahi 


nCnntinl  Htnne  (Toas,  acqnirod  the  name  of 
the  ItocHleye,  or  the  Itlanit  of  lie  Croti." 
"  TliG  Dee  llridge  is  of  great  antiqaitj, 
having  been  erectnl  in  1280  by  the  riti- 
zi'nti,  nnder  a  pcrein])tory  order  to  that 
etftct  from  King  Kilward  1.  IVeviom  to 
tliat  dat^  tliere  had  heen  a  tcoodea  bridge 
here,  originating  with  that  amazuniao 
'edifler"  of  Chester,  the  Mercian  I'rineca 
Kthcltledn;  IiQt  ttiat  pmwaicc  waa  cunti- 
nuully  Huliject  to  intemii>tiun)i,  both  tnna 
the  violence  of  the  tides,  and  the  rectlew 
zeal  of  the  WeWmien, — tieni'c  the  erei.'tioa 
of  the  of  t'">  present  bridpe.  It  consirtu  at  pre- 
loir  in  sent  of  seven  awhes  of  irrpgnlur  mzo,  bat 
iH  Kuid  to  liave  originally  Ixniited  of  two  or 
three  more,  noir  built  up.  It  waa  widened 
in  1826,  by  the  addition  of  a  pngectin^ 
fiHitputli,  seven  ftet  wide,  which  has  Home- 
wluit  dectmyed  its  antiijoated  ajiiicaTBiice 


the  infant  commerce  of  Kiglnnd  wan  bonio  fr™"  this  poln 
along  the  unrginit  hillowa  of  the  l>ee,  up         "OntheBround-HoorofMeiimn.Prichard 

to  tlip  vcri'  wulla  of  Chenlcr.    In  those  and  l>oild'H  tnqiet  warelioosc  in  Kutgate- 

days  the  ■jmei'nu  lawn  liefore  uh  wai  «i-  street,  tlicro  is  a  euriouii  and  intere»tinf{ 

vered  with  water  nt  cveiy  tiiUr,  mvc  imly  old  eryjit,  erected,  it  is  suppuHcd.  in  the 

tt  Inmk  or  eye  of  land  near  the  centre,  eif-Iith  ivntury— an  illuBtrationof  whichU 

which  being  anniiounti^l  by  a  jiLiin  sub-  here  ^reii." 

For  the  eighth  001111117,  we  may  read  with  more  probability  the  four- 
teenth or  firieetith.  It  is  in  all  probability  a  remiiunt  uf  a  peries  of  Bimilar 
vniilted  rlininhcrs  wliich  foi'ined  the  subslrucHive  of  all  the  principal  mer- 
clianln'  houscH  in  Chester,  as  iii  miiiiy  other  towns  in  the  middle  ages. 
ITipse  lower  chambers  were  liiilf  under  ground,  and  formed  the  Btore-roomii 
and  place  of  security  for  ^odn  ;  the  upper  parts  of  the  houses  were  built 


185(1.] 


Handbook  to  Chester  and  its  Environs. 


of  wood  only,  and  were  repeatedly  destroyed  by  fire,  while  these  substriic- 
tuies  remained  uniiijiiied.  There  is  anollier  of  these  vaulted  chambers  in 
a  very  perfect  state  in  Bridge-street,  erroneously  supposed  to  have  been 
a  chapel.  It  is  cloaily  work  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  in  all  pro- 
bability was  built  tor  a  niercliant'a  warehouse  only  : — 

"The  lower  irarts  of  several  of  tlio  the  lead  on  the  stone-work,  tlmt  a  coupio 
hoiuex  ID  tho  Giur  princripal  streets  of  of  lamps  liad  been  used  for  ligliUng.  Ilie 
OiCHtvr  exhibit induliitalileiii^nstlintthey  entrance  to  tlic  east  end  is  1>y  a  flight 
have  been  built  on  the  remains  of  the  reli-     of  stqia  cut  oat  of  the  rock  to  the  height 

SVnui  iHiihUngiii  with  which,  prior  to  tlic     of  three  feet.    On  t)ie  south  side  in  on 
eliinnnlion,  the  city  abuundcd.  Anglo-Norman -Gothic  iloorwa]',  which  is 

"TheanrientCrj'ptdiseoveredby Messrs.      attained    bv   three   or    four    scinicircuhir 
Powell  and  Kdwariln  is  of  an  ublong  fomi,      ateps,  and  forms  an  outlet  witliin  ita  inner 
running  fVoin  east  to  west.  The  following 
"a  dimensions,  viz,  length,  fortj-ti 


a  nii'be  on  the  south  side  of  the  window  is 
a  font  in  cxeellent  preservation. 

"  llie  nrehitceture   is  Anglo-Norman- 
Gothic,  and  the  groina  are  of  the  third 


J  1230,111 


f)?et ;  tireadth,  fitteen  feet  three  liiehes ; 

height,  from  the  Hurface  of  the  floor  to  the 

hitersei'tion  of  the  gniinings  of  the  roof, 

frnirteen  feet.    Tliis  cryjit  was  partially 

lightiHl  thnnigh  the  upper  jiart  of  the     class  of  groining,  which  ts 

west  enil,  in  wliitli  there  ore  three  small     use  ai>out  the  year  IISO,  and  wai 

windows,  (lividetl  tiy  stone  inullions,  and     eeeded  in  the  next  class  of  groina  i 

protected  by  iron  bun.  The  upper  |>art  of    year  1280;  «o  that  if  we  ilate  this 

the  groining  on  tho  centre  window  appears     an  being  erected  alH»it  the  j 

to  have  iicen  cut  away  to  adnnt  of  more      shall  wit  be  far  Iroui  the  ei*  oi  lut  ruu 

light.    On  examining  the  intersection  of     cunstructiou." 

the  groins,  marks  were  discovered  tVom 

Respecting  the  "  indubitable  origin  of  the  reli};ioua  building."  we  must 
refer  to  what  we  have  just  said. — What  is  meant  by  the  "  Anglo-Norman- 
Golhic"  Style  we  do  not  quile  understand ;  but  the  date  assigned  to  this 
vaulted  chamber  is  probably  about  connect. 

Tlie  popular  notion  that  every  Gotliic  building  was  necessarily  ecclesi* 


294 


Handbook  to  Chester  and  its  Environs, 


[Sept. 


astical  is  altogether  erroneous.  The  small  round  stone  basin  placed  in  a 
niche  in  the  wall  and  called  a  Font !  has  much  more  the  appearance  of  a 
quern,  or  the  lower  stones  of  a  hand-mill  of  the  period. 

The  city  of  Chester  is  built  upon  a  rock  of  soft  red  sandstone,  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  very  irregular,  and  it  seems  probable  that  one  use  of  these 
vaulted  chambers  was  to  fill  up  the  hollow  spaces,  and  make  a  level  sur- 
face for  the  passages  or  rows  which  were  made  under  the  wooden  houses  on 
the  top  of  these  stone  vaults.  There  are  traces  of  many  of  these  ground 
vaults  in  the  cellars  of  the  houses.  The  wooden  structures  themselves  are 
chiefly  of  the  time  of  James  I.,  a  flourishing  period  at  Chester,  as  in  most 
other  towns. 


"Westward,  ho!  a  few  steps,  and  we 
find  ourselves  moving  along  Watergate- 
street;  once,  and  when  Chester  was  a 
thriving  port,  the  chief  street  of  the  city. 
As  with  meny  so 

*  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  streets^ 
Which  taken  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to  fortune ;' 

but  the  tide  for  Watergate-street  has 
ebbed  away,  and  now  flows  in  other  and 
more  favoured  channels.  Still,  as  we  shall 
presently  see,  this  street  is  not  behind  any 
of  its  neighbours  in  absorbing  interest. 
You  will  perceive  that,  like  Eastgwte- 
street,  it  has  the  Cestrian  characteristic 
on  either  side, — its  high-level  Kow.  The 
one  upon  the  right  hand,  adjoining  St. 
Peter's  Church,  is,  perhaps,  as  good  a  speci- 
men as  we  have  now  left  to  us  of  the 
*  rows'  of  the  last  century.  Had  we  the 
time  to  spare,  -a  ramble  along  this  row, 
and  a  hole-and-corner  visit  to  the  numerous 
alleys  that  intersect  it,  would  convince  the 
most  sceptical  that  there  is  more  in  Chester 
than  meets  the  eye.  But  we  must  away, 
— for  see !  here  is  an  odd-looking  tene- 
ment, on  the  other  side  of  the  street,  in- 


viting our  attention.  Two  hundred  years 
ago  that  house  was  in  the  pride  of  youthy 
and  the  residence  of  a  family  of  'some 
rank  and  standing,'  as  is  evidenced  by 
the  armorial  bearings  carved  on  one  of  the 
beams;  but,  as  somebody  or  other  (Long- 
fellow, we  believe,)  has  justly  enough  ob- 
served, *  it  is  not  always  May !'  in  proof 
of  wfiich  this  house  has  of  late  years  been 
occupied  as  a  sausage-shop,  and  now 
shelters  the  defenceless  head  of  a  barber. 
Small  and  low  are  the  rooms  of  this  house 
— absurdly  so  to  the  critic  of  the  pnssent 
generation;  and  so  contracted  is  the 
ceiling  of  the  row  at  this  point,  that  no 
man  of  ordinary  stature  can  pass  along 
without  stooping.  Is  it  not  a  quaint  old 
spot  ?  Look  up  at  yon  inscription  on  the 
cross-beam.  Tradition  avers  that  this 
house  was  the  only  one  in  the  city  that 
escaped  the  plague  which  ravaged  the  dty 
during  the  seventeenth  century.  In  grati- 
tude for  that  deliverance,  the  owner  of 
the  house  is  said  to  have  carved  upon 
the  iront  the  words  we  are  now  reading — 


1652.    God's  pbovidence  is  mine  inhebitance.    1652. 


"On  the  right  hand,  lower  down,  is 
Goss-street ;  and  still  lower,  Crook -street, 
both  destitute  of  interest  to  sight-seers: 
but  exactly  opposite  to  Crook-street  stand 
three  tine  gable-fronted  houses,  the  centre 
one  of  which  deserves  our  attention  and 
admiration.  This  house  is,  without  ex- 
ception, the  most  curious  and  remarkable 
of  its  kind  in  Chester,  and  one  which,  per- 
haps, has  no  parallel  in  Cireat  Hritain. 
Prout  has  immortalised  it  in  one  of  his 
inimitable  sketches,  of  which  the  accom- 
panying woodcut  is  a  reduced,  yet  faithful 
copy.  The  origin  of  the  house  seems  to 
be  lost  in  fable ;  but  in  the  present  day  it 
is  usually  styled  Bishop  Lloyd's  House, 
from  the  fact  of  that  Cestrian  prelate 
dying  about  the  date  (1615)  carved  on 
one  of  the  panels,  and  from  certain  coats- 
of-arms  which  decorate  the  front,  bearing 
gome  analogy  to  the  bearings  of  his  family. 
Grotesquely  carved  from  the  apex  of  the 
gable  to  the  very  level  of  the  row,  this 


house  exhibits  a  profrision  of  ornament 
and  an  eccentricity  of  design  unat tempted 
in  any  structure  of  the  kind  within  onr 
knowledge.  It  is,  indeed,  a  unique  and 
magnificent  work  of  art.  To  say  nothing 
of  the  designs  in  the  higher  compartments, 
it  must  suffice  here  to  state  that  the  sub- 
je<!ts  of  the  lower  panels  lay  the  plan  of 
human  redemption  prominently  before  the 
eye.  In  the  first  panel  we  have  Adam 
and  Eve  in  paradise,  in  a  state  of  sinless 
nudity ;  then  comes  the  first  great  conse- 
quence of  the  Fall,  Cain  murdering  Abel 
his  brother.  To  this  follows  Abraham 
offering  up  his  son  Isaac;  typical  of  the 
*  one  great  sacrifice  for  us  all.'  The 
seventh  compartment  has  a  curious  repre- 
sentation of  the  Immaculate  Conception, 
whereby  'Christ  Jesus  came  into  the 
world  to  save  sinners.'  Ridiculous  have 
been  some  of  the  attempts  of '  Local  Gmde- 
makers'  to  arrive  at  the  real  meaning  of 
this  desigrn :  some  have  gravely  set  it  down 


Handbook  to  Chester  and  itt  Environ*. 


[Sept. 


■a  the  'Flight  into  Egypt;'  while  another 
and  later  '  unRirtunatc'  hai  supiently  pro- 
nounced it  to  be  ■  Susannah  and  the 
Elders.'  The  eighth  jMiiiel  gymboUies  the 
completion  of  the  great  soeriUcc,  tlie  Cru- 
cifixion of  Christ,  in  Simeon'ii  prophecy  to 
the  Virgin,  — '  Yea,  n  ewor J  shall  pierce 
through  thine  own  hesrt  also.'  The  tlireo 
centre  oompartnicnt»  contain  the  anna  of 
the  rdgiiing  monarch,  James  I.,  Enghintl's 
Solomon,  aa  he  was  called, — the  siipiiosed 
arms  and  quartering«  of  Biflhop  Lloj'd,— 
and  a  Latin  iiixcriptiini,  with  the  date 
1615.     Ifitbetruetlmt 


[Of  be 


ajoyfoi 


art,  be  an  oliject  of  interest  ai 
strangers, '  till  time  itself  shall  be  no  more.' 
We  Bliould  step  up  into  the  row  at  this 
point,  and  scrutinize  the  indescribable  fornu 
of  men  and  beasts  which  ornament  and 
support  the  oaken  pillars  in  Aont." 

"Nearly  oppositv  to  this  places  up  a 
narrow,  inconvenient  pasnge,  is  a  bonse 
which  invitei,  and  eminently  deserves,  our 
notice  and  admiration.  This  house  ii 
styled  indifferently  the  Old  Palacb,  and 
Stanley  House,  IVom  its  liaving  bem 
originally  the  city  palace  or  residence  of 
the  Stanleys  of  Alderley,  a  fiimily  of  note 


2fc*^t 


in  the  com  t  and  now  ennol  led  Tl  a 
is  an  elaboraUlj  can  -d,  three  gabled 
house,  and  la  perhaps  the  o  1  <st  umuut 
Intcd  specimen  of  a  t  mber  hoiise  re  nam 
ing  in  the  c  ty  the  date  of  ts  erect  on 
being  carved  on  the  front  1&91  The 
somhre  digmty  of  its  eiten  r  iiertades 
also  the  internal  construction  of  this 
house,  —  the  large  rooms,  the  gianelled 
wails,  the  oaken  floors,  the  massive  stair- 
case, uU  |xiinting  it  nut  as  the  abode  of 
aristocracy  in  tlie  olden  Umo." 


S>arc<'l>  so  far  down  as  Kerpmnt- 
la  c  a  1  n  tl  e  op|>osit«  side  of  Bridge- 
st  cot  s  a  M  and  handsome  range  of 
bu  Id  nps  rected  in  1868,  by  Mr.  Alder- 
ma  iio  Ic  ()n  the  higher  side  of  these 
{rruLHes  a  d  ai^oining  the  Feather* 
Hotel  exist  a  Roman  BypocamH  and 
Sttvating  Bath,  of  surpassing  interest,  and 
in  a  state  almost  as  perfect  as  when  first 
erected.  The  following  account  of  thia 
'ancient  of  ibiys'  is  the  n-sult  of  a  recent 
personal  viut  to  the  bath. 


1856.] 


Handbook  to  Chester  and  its  Environs. 


297 


"It  conaieU  of  two  rooms,  considcrsbly 
below  the  present  level  of  the  street — the 
first  being  fifteen  feet  tong,  eight  feet 
wide,  and  about  six  and  a  li^f  feet  deep. 
The  Hypocaust  is  of  rectangular  shape, 
about  the  eame  size,  but,  except  at  tbe 
eotranee,  not  more  than  half  as  deep,  as 
the  lirat  chamber.  It  was  original];  sup- 
ported by  thirty-two  square  pillars,  two 
and  n  half  feet  high,  and  one  foot  in 
diameter  at  top  and  bottom  :  twenty-eight 
of  these  pillars  still  remdn.  Brick  tiles, 
eighteen  inches  square  and  three  inches 
thick,  surmount  these  pillars ;  and  over 
these  are  placed  tiles  two  feet  square,  per- 
forated here  and  there  with  small  holes, 
through  which  the  heat  ascended  to  the 
ruealiHff  chamber  altove.  The  sweating 
room,  or  Sudatory,  was  immediately  over 
the  Hypooaust,  and  was  fitted  with  seats 
for  tile  bathers,  who  soon  found  them- 
selves in  a  hot  perspiration.  They  were 
then  scraped  carefiilly  with  an  instrument 
conatructcd  for  the  purpose,  or  else  plunged 
into  a  cold-water  bath ;  after  whicli  they 
were  rubbed  down  with  towels,  anointed 
with  fresh  oil,  and  then  repdred  to  the 
tiring  room:  there  they  dressed  them- 
Helves,  deposited  their  denarii  for  the  at- 
tendants, and  then  went  their  way,  having 


eryoyed  a  luxury  which  few  but  Romans 
had  tlien  learned  to  indulge  in- 

"  As  we  have  before  stated,  the  build- 
ings above  and  around  have  been  only 
recently  rebuilt ;  but  Messrs.  Royle,  the 
proprie1«rs,  vrith  that  antiquarian  zeal, 
and  true  public  spirit  which  have  ever 
distinguished  them,  took  especial  precau- 
tions to  preserve,  both  from  injury  and 
molestation,  this  curious  relic  of  proud  old 
Rome.  Since  the  adjacent  premises  have 
been  rebuilt,  the  bath  is  much  eauer  of 


<s  than 


IS  before 


inspect  these  r 
personal  sacriBce,  nther  of  cleanliness  or 
comfort." 

"A  little  higher  up  than  Broken- 
shin  Bow,  we  may  profitably  turn  round 
and  survey,  from  this  slight  eminence,  the 
lower  part  of  the  street  we  have  just  tra- 
versed, together  with  the  curious  archi- 
tecture of  the  liouses  in  Shoemaker's  Row. 
The  scene  is  a  picturesque  one,  with  its 
oddly-carved  Iwams  and  overhanging  ga- 
bles, which  look  as  if  ready  to  fell  down  on 
the  beholder-  But  in  order  more  fully  to 
impress  it  on  your  memory,  we  present  yon 
farther  on  with  a  fsithfnl  sketch  of  North- 
gate-street,  as  seen  from  this  point." 


Our  limits  forbid  our  entering  upon  the  tempting  subjects  of  the  Cathe- 
dral and  St.  John's  Church,  which  are  honerer  better  known,  and  more  of 
the  usual  eccleeiasticnl  character,  therelbie  lees  peculiar  to  Chester  than 
the  wails  and  the  iowb. 

Gbkt.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  q 


298  [Sept. 


GBEECE  imDEB  OTHOMAJ!^  AKD  VENETIAN  DOMINATION-. 

When  we  say  that  the  latest  volume  of  Dr.  Finlay  is  a  worthy  successor 
of  his  preceding  works  on  the  History  of  Modem  Greece,  we  intend  thereby 
to  pay  a  high  compliment  to  the  knowledge,  accuracy,  and  intelligent  dis- 
crimination of  the  indefatigable  author.  His  reputation  as  an  historical 
writer  will  not  suffer  from  the  volume  before  us.  But  if  we  feel  justified 
in  adding  that  the  interest  attached  to  it  far  exceeds  that  of  the  preceding 
volumes,  we  are  at  the  same  time  bound  to  declare  that  this  additional 
merit  is  due,  not  to  the  historian,  but  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  history. 
The  historian  is  unchanged,  but  he  is  treating  of  a  period  which  derives  a 
special  interest  from  the  events  of  the  last  few  years,  and  the  direction  of 
men's  thoughts  at  the  present  day.  The  condition  of  the  Greek  rayah — 
Turkish  rule  (or  misrule) — Turkish  intolerance — the  progress  of  Russian 
influence — the  character  and  condition  of  the  modem  Greek, — topics  such 
as  these  could  not  fail  to  obtain  interested  readers  for  a  book  of  even  less 
claim  to  literary  merit. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  of  Turkish  intolerance,  and  of  Turkish 
oppression.  On  both  these  counts  Dr.  Finlay  stoutly  defends  the  Otho* 
mans,  and  contends  that  their  government  of  the  Greeks  will  bear  favour- 
able comparison  in  most  respects  with  that  of  the  Byzantine  emperors,  the 
Venetian  republic,  or  even  of  his  majesty  King  Otho  himself.  The  fiscal 
exactions  and  oppression  of  the  Sultan  and  his  pashas  he  considers  less 
severe,  though  perhaps  more  gaUing,  than  that  of  the  emperors.  The  diffi- 
culty of  obtaining  judicial  redress  is  described  as  common  alike  to  Greek 
and  Mussulman.  When  he  has  occasion  to  record  an  act  of  ferocity  com- 
mitted by  the  Othomans,  such  as  the  flaying  alive  of  the  Venetian  Bragan- 
dino  after  the  capitulation  of  Famagosta,  1571,  the  author  reminds  us  tliat 
it  was  *'  an  age  of  blood,"  and  mentions  some  contemporary  acts  of  cruelty 
on  the  part  of  Christians, — the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  the  deso- 
lation of  Novgorod  by  Ivan  the  Terrible.  Not  only  are  the  Venetians  said 
to  have  retaliated  such  cruelties  on  the  Turks,  as  in  the  case  of  the  barbarous 
piracy  and  murder  committed  by  Petro  Emo,  1584,  |(p.  107,)  but  their 
terrific  cruelties  to  the  Greeks  of  Crete  are  also  brought  forward  in  promi- 
nent relief. 

For  our  own  part,  we  readily  admit  that  the  cruelty  of  individual  Turks 
was  equalled  by  Christian  popes,  inquisitors,  kings,  and  judges ;  but  if 
a  distinction  be  drawn  between  oppression  and  wanton  cruelty,  we  see 
nothing  in  the  measures  of  the  Othoman  government  but  the  acts  of  a 
grinding  oppression.  Turkish  rule  in  Greece  may  have  been  less  oppressive 
than  Venetian  rule  in  Crete,  (p.  100  et  seq.,)  or  the  government  of  the 
Phanariots  (Greek  officials  in  the  Turkish  service)  in  the  Trans- Danubian 
provinces,  (p.  297) ;  it  may  compare  with  the  rule  of  many  contemporary 
Christian  monarchs ;  it  may  have  been  no  more  severe  than  was  absolutely 
necessary  in  the  temper  of  the  times,  and  under  the  peculiar  circumstances 
of  a  numerically  inferior  military  race  established  as  conquerors  in  a  con- 
quered country, — but  severe  and  oppressive  it  undoubtedly  was.  To  the 
restrictions  on  commerce  and  the  impediments  to  agriculture  under  the 
Timariot  system,  and  the  vexatious  mode  of  collecting  the  tithe-produce ; 

•  "  The  History  of  Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  Domination.     By  George 
Finlay,  LL.D.,  Ac."     (Blackwoods.  8vo.) 


1656.]      Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  Domination.         299 

to  the  fiscal  exactions  and  rapacity  of  pashas ;  and,  above  all,  to  the  collec- 
tion of  the  tribute-children,  enforced  for  upwards  of  two  centuries,  we  must 
attribute  the  utter  desolation  apparent  in  Greece  about  1680,  quite  as  much 
as  to  the  devastations  of  war,  the  ravages  of  corsairs,  and  the  perpetual 
slave-forays  of  Mussulman  and  Christian.  That  the  Greeks  welcomed  the 
change  of  empire  from  Constantine  to  Mohammed,  that  they  so  long  re- 
mained quiet  and  faithful  subjects  of  the  Porte,  and  preferred  Othoman  to 
Venetian  domination,  is  due  not  so  much  to  milder  treatment  experienced 
at  the  hands  of  the  Infidel,  as  to  their  own  bigotry  and  hatred  of  Catholi- 
cism. This  is  evident  from  the  eagerness  they  evinced  in  the  eighteenth 
century  to  exchange  the  Othoman  for  the  Russian  yoke,  at  a  period  when 
the  Othoman  government  was  considerably  milder  than  it  had  been  before. 
As  soon  as  they  ceased  to  regard  the  Sultan  as  the  Defender  of  the  Ortho- 
dox Faith,  they  ceased  to  be  contented  under  his  rule.  It  was  the  con- 
summate policy  of  Mohammed  in  re-establishing  the  patriarchate  in  direct 
dependence  on  himself,  that  gave  the  Saltans,  through  the  Greek  bishops, 
their  main  hold  on  their  Greek  subjects.  When  the  Czar  robbed  them  of 
that  title,  he  took  with  it  the  goodwill  of  the  Greeks.  But  whether  the 
harshness  of  the  Othoman  government  was  a  political  necessity,  or  what- 
ever the  cause,  one  thing  is  certain,  that  religious  intolerance  had  nothing 
to  do  with  it.  We  fully  coincide  with  the  author,  that  of  all  governments 
the  Othoman  is  the  least  open  to  the  charge  of  intolerance.  The  feiots  fully 
warrant  what  Dr.  Finlay  writes : — 

"  Until  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  oentuiy  the  Othoman  government  was  remarkabla 
for  the  religious  toleration  it  displayed.  The  Jews,  when  expelled  firom  Spain,  were 
charitably  received  in  Turkey.  The  orthodox  who  were  denied  the  ezerd4e  of  thdr 
religious  forms  in  Italy,  and  the  heretics  who  were  driven  into  exile  by  the  tyranny  of 
the  Inquisition,  found  that  toleration  in  the  Othoman  dominions  which  was  denied  in 
every  Christian  land." — (p.  139.) 

"  The  contrast  between  Mussulman  toleration  and  papal  intolerance  was  too  glaring 
not  to  extort  some  sentiments  of  gratitude  towards  the  Sultan,  even  from  the  ham 
character  and  utter  selfishness  of  the  Greek  people.  While  the  pope  and  the  Christian 
princes  in  Western  Europe  were  fierce  in  their  persecution  of  heresy,  and  eager  to 
extend  the  cruelties  of  the  Inquisition,  the  Sultans  of  Turkey  and  Egypt  were  mild  in 
their  treatment  of  unbelievers,  and  tolerant  in  the  exercise  of  their  undoubted  authority 
as  absolute  sovereigns.  Not  only  was  the  Christian  treated  with  more  humanity  in 
Mussulman  countries  than  the  Mohammedans  were  treated  in  Christian  lands ;  even  the 
orthodox  Greek  met  with  more  toleration  from  Mussulmans  than  from  CathoUcs." 
—(p.  153.) 

The  conqueror  of  Constantinople  restored  the  Greek  patriarchate,  recog- 
nised the  whole  ecclesiastical  establishment,  and  permitted  public  worship 
in  the  churches,  at  a  time  when  no  Christian  monarch  would  suffer  the 
erection  of  a  mosque  in  his  dominions,  or  the  exercise  of  the  Mohammedan 
religion !  The  Turks  were  bigots,  but  not  persecutors ;  they  obeyed  the 
precepts  of  the  Koran  more  implicitly  than  Christians  obeyed  those  of  the 
Gospel ;  and  the  Koran  forbids  the  forced  conversion  of  adults,  (p.  47). 

True,  that  projects  for  the  extermination  of  the  Christians  were  enter- 
tained by  individual  Sultans.  Selim  I.,  a  man  of  singular  ferocity  and 
bigotry,  was  eager  to  compel  all  his  subjects  to  embrace  the  faith  of  ortho- 
dox Mussulmans,  and  actually  issued  orders  to  that  effect,  having  previously 
murdered  forty  thousand  Shiis,  or  sectaries  of  Ali ;  but  the  Christians  were 
saved  by  the  intervention  of  the  Grand  Mufti,  the  chief  of  the  Mohammedan 
hierarchy  !  What  a  comment  on  the  advice  of  the  archbishop  of  Valentia 
io  Philip  III.  of  Spain  so  late  as  1602,  when  be  recommended  selling  the 


300         Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  Domination.     [Sept. 

children  of  the  Moriscos  in  Spain  as  an  act  of  mercy  on  their  souls,  and  a 
holy  measure  for  bringing  a  large  sum  of  money  into  the  king's  treasury ! 

This  diabolical  project  was  again  revived  in  1646,  by  Sultan  Ibrahim,  and 
again  the  chief  of  the  hierarchy  refused  to  sanction  the  cruelty.  He  declared 
that  the  laws  of  Mahomet  forbid  the  issue  of  such  a/<?/t;a,  for  the  Koran 
prohibits  the  murder  of  men  who  have  laid  down  their  arms  and  consented 
to  pay  tribute  to  true  believers.  Compare  their  conduct  with  the  treatment 
of  the  Albigenses,  the  Massacre  of  8t.  Bartholomew,  the  persecutions  in 
our  own  country,  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  and  Moors  from  Spain,  the 
horrors  of  the  Inquisition, — and  we  think  the  comparison  will  tell  little  in 
favour  of  Christians,  however  we  may  declaim  against  Turkish  intolerance. 

If  anything  could  make  us  shut  up  the  book  in  disgust,  it  would  be  the 
desire  to  avoid  the  humiliating  spectacle  of  utter  degradation  which  Greece 
presented  for  nearly  three  centuries  after  its  conquest  by  the  Turks.  No 
phase  of  degradation  seems  wanting — political,  ecclesiastical,  moral,  or 
physical : — "  The  people  resigned  to  passive  slavery,  the  nobles  and  dignified 
clergy  active  as  well  as  servile  sycophants." 

It  will  be  necessary  to  notice  briefly  the  several  classes  into  which  society 
was  divided. 

The  monastic  clergy,  to  whom  alone  the  path  of  ecclesiastical  preferment 
was  open,  intrigued  and  bribed  themselves  into  office,  and  became  the  ready 
and  servile  instruments  of  the  Sultan  for  keeping  their  countrymen  in  sub- 
jection to  his  authority.  The  wealthy  and  privileged  monasteries  were  the 
refuge  of  those  of  the  aristocracy  who  aspired  to  ecclesiastical  promotion, 
and  to  these  the  open  simony  of  ecclesiastical  nominations  opened  a  wide 
field  for  political  intrigue.  These  unprincipled  and  corrupt  dignitaries  were 
long  the  sole  national  leaders  of  the  Greeks,  and  no  language  is  too  strong 
to  reprobate  the  manner  in  which  they  used  as  well  as  gained  their  power. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  increasing  importance  of  the  communica- 
tions of  the  Porte  with  the  Christian  powers  opened  a  new  political  career 
to  the  Greeks,  and  gave  rise  to  a  class  of  Greek  officials  in  the  Turkish  ser- 
vice called  Phanariots,  from  their  place  of  residence  in  Constantinople.  The 
importance  and  influence  of  this  class  was  increased  in  1716  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Phanariot  voivodes  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia.  It  is  not  for  as 
ta  dwell  on  the  unmitigated  extortion  and  cruelty  of  their  administration, 
but  briefly  to  notice  the  general  influence  of  the  Phanariot  class  on  the 
national  character.  We  therefore  merely  remark,  that  if  anything  could 
exceed  the  immoralitv  of  the  ecclesiastical  leaders,  it  was  the  dissoluteness 
of  these  their  political  leaders,  and,  that  the  corrupting  influence  extended 
over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Greek  population. 

Besides  these,  there  were  the  secular  clergy,  an  ignorant  and  obscure^ 
but  honest  class  of  men,  who  exercised  no  inconsiderable  influence  on  the 
great  body  of  the  people ;  the  industrious  classes  in  the  towns,  who  were 
compelled  to  accept  the  leading  of  the  official  aristocracy  and  dignified 
clergy ;  and  the  agricultural  population,  in  whom  alone  the  author  discovers 
any  trace  of  manly  vigour  or  patriotic  feeling. 

We  have  enumerated  these  several  bodies,  with  their  distinguishing 
characteristics,  not  only  for  the  insight  they  give  us  into  the  Greek  national 
character,  but  because  the  author  considers  that  "  these  heterogeneous 
elements  prevented  the  Greeks  from  coalescing  into  one  body^  and  offering 
an  united  national  resistance  to  the  Othoman  domination,*'  (p.  185).  We 
scarcely  see  ourselves  how  these  divisions  can  be  regarded  as  the  cause,  so 
much  as  the  efiect,  of  their  political  degradation.     Long  ere  these  different 


1856.]     Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  Domination.         801 

bodies  were  developed  in  the  forms  he  describes,  the  Greeks  had  sunk  to 
the  lowest  depth  of  infamy  into  which  a  civilized  race  has  ever  fallen,  when 
they  submitted  with  apathy  to  the  imposition  of  a  human  tribute,  and  in- 
flicted on  the  national  honour  "  a  stain  which  will  remain  as  indelible  as  the 
glories  of  ancient  Greece  are  enduring,  and  which  they  might  have  escaped 
if  they  had  resisted  with  any  degree  of  national  vigour,"  (p.  46).  This  it 
was  that  kept  them  in  slavery.  We  cannot  be  surprised  at  any  extent  of 
slavery  and  debasement  in  a  nation  which  for  two  centuries  could  submit 
quietly  to  so  inhuman  and  degrading  an  impost.  They  are  only  the  natural 
consequences  of  a  circumstance  itself  unaccountable.  From  the  time  that 
this  tribute  fell  into  disuse,  the  improvement  of  the  Greek  nation  com- 
menced. 

There  is  certainly  that  in  the  Greek  character  which  is  better  adapted  for 
individual  than  for  political  success.  Jealousy  and  suspicion,  envy,  cunning, 
and  intrigue,  are  apt  to  mar  political  combinations.  Modem  travellers  all 
agree  that  these  are  still  characteristic  qualities  of  the  Greek ;  and  whatever 
time  may  effect  hereafter,  little  progress  has  yet  been  made  in  reforming 
the  national  character. 

It  is  not  uninteresting  to  trace  the  rise  and  progress  of  Russian  influence 
in  Greece : — 

"  As  early  as  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great  the  statesmen  of  Rosna  bad  endeavoured 
to  employ  the  religious  prejudices  of  the  Greeks,  and  th^  devotion  to  the  eoelesiastical 
establishment  of  the  orthodox  Church,  as  a  means  of  creating  a  political  attachment  to 
the  Czar."--(p.  301.) 

Peter  appears  to  have  believed  in  1710  what  Nicholas  said  in  1863, 
"  that  he  had  to  deal  with  a  sick  man  ;*  and  undoubtedly  he  must  have 
been  as  much  astonished  by  the  disastrous  termination  of  his  campaign  on 
the  Pruth,  as  Nicholas  was  by  the  sick  man's  unwonted  vigour  at  Silistria 
and  elsewhere. 

That  event  certainly  checked  the  extension  of  Russian  influence  until 
Catharine  II.  revived  the  project  of  conquering  Constantinople,  and  with  it 
the  intrigues  in  favour  of  a  Greek  insurrection,  1764.  In  1770  the  futile 
campaign  of  Alexis  Orloff  commenced,  and  in  four  years  peace  was  con- 
cluded by  the  memorable  treaty  of  Kainardji.  Notwithstanding  the  heart- 
less abandonment  of  the  Moreot  Greeks  by  the  Russians,  their  treaty 
'*  established  the  moral  influence  of  Russia  over  the  whole  Christian  popula- 
tion in  Turkey,  which  henceforth  regarded  the  sovereign  of  Russia  as  the 
legal  protector,  if  not  as  the  legitimate  emperor,  of  the  Orthodox/' 
(p.  322). 

Russia  did  not  indeed  care  to  see  that  the  seventh  article,  which  engaged 
the  Porte  to  protect  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church,  was  duly  observed, 
except  when  it  suited  her  own  interests ;  and  her  conduct  shewed  that  she 
valued  it  only  as  a  pretext  for  interfering  with  the  Turkish  government,  and 
for  acquiring  political  influence  over  the  subjects  of  the  Porte.  The  Greek 
protectorate  was  to  the  Russians  what  the  key  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  was 
to  the  French — a  claim  to  be  advanced  or  withheld,  as  convenience  dictated. 

The  influence  thus  gained  was  further  consolidated  by  a  commercial 
treaty  obtained  by  Catharine  in  1783,  which  gave  to  the  Greeks  of  the 
Archipelago  the  privilege  of  sailing  under  the  Russian  flag. 

War  between  Russia  and  the  Porte  again  broke  out  in  1787,  and  the 
agents  of  the  former  power  strove  with  all  their  might  to  fan  the  flames  of 
insurrection  in  the  Greek  provinces.  Manifestoes  were  scattered  in  all 
directions,  urging  the  Greeks  to  aid  the  Bossians  in  expelling  the  Turks 


302         Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  Domination.     [Sept. 

from  Europe.  Instigated  by  the  Russian  emissaries,  the  Albanians  of  Soli 
quitted  their  barren  and  almost  inaccessible  mountains,  and  invaded  the 
plains,  carrying  off  the  cattle  and  plundering  the  farms  of  the  Mussnlroan 
landlords,  and  of  the  Christian  rayahs,  who  lived  peaceably  under  Turkish 
domination.  Abandoned  by  the  Russians,  they  were  speedily  subdued,  and 
compelled  to  beg  a  truce  with  their  former  lords. 

In  this  war  Russia  gained  but  few  laurels  at  sea.  Lambros  Katzones,  a 
Greek  in  the  service  of  the  empress,  fitted  out  a  fleet  of  twelve  small 
vessels,  and,  with  more  valour  than  discretion,  engaged  an  Algerine  squadron, 
but  was  defeated,  and  barely  escaped  with  one  vessel.  But  the  Greeks  and 
others  were  not  idle.  Under  the  Russian  flag  many  privateers  were  fitted 
out,  and  inflicted  more  injury  on  their  unfortunate  friends  than  on  their 
Moslem  foes.  Dr.  Finlay,  when  first  visiting  Greece  in  1823,  had  the 
fortune  to  fall  in  with  more  than  one  individual  who  corroborated  the  fol- 
lowing  dreadful  statement : — 

"  In  December,  1788,  William  Davidson,  a  young  seaman  from  the  north  of  England. 
sailed  from  Leghorn  in  a  privateer,  under  the  Russian  flag,  mounting  twenty-two  guns, 
and  carrying  two  hundred  and  fifteen  men.  This  vessel  returned  to  Leghorn  in 
August,  1789,  and  during  a  cruise  of  only  eight  months  it  captured  upwards  of  forty 
vessels,  and  killed  ahout  fifteen  hundred  meny  some  of  whom  were  slain  in  battle,  but 
far  the  greater  part  were  murdered  in  cold  blood  on  the  deck  of  the  privateer,  by  order 
of  the  captain,  after  they  had  surrendered  prisoners  of  war.  Several  Greek  islands 
were  plundered ;  the  defenceless  town  of  Cassel  Rosso  was  taken,  all  the  Turks  in  the 
place  were  murdered,  though  they  offered  no  resistance,  and  half  the  houses  were  wan- 
tonly burned.  The  plunder  collected  from  the  Greek  inhabitants  was  very  considerable^ 
and  even  the  churches  were  robbed  of  their  gold  and  silver  omamento,  images,  and 
candlesticks.  On  some  occasions  the  privateers  spared  Greek  ships  under  the  Turkish 
flag,  when  they  were  the  property  of  Greek  merchants ;  but  the  cruelty  with  which 
they  treated  even  their  countrymen  at  other  times,  can  only  be  correctly  described  by 
the  murderers.  The  circumstances  attending  the  capture  of  a  Turkish  galley,  witn 
eighty-five  men  on  board,  are  thus  narrated : — The  prisoners  were  all  confined  for  one 
night  in  the  hold.  Many  of  them  must  have  been  Christians  compelled  to  work  at  the 
oars.  In  the  morning  they  were  brought  on  deck  one  by  one,  and  *  their  heads  were 
cut  off  as  ducks'  heads  are  cut  off  at  home,'  says  the  narrator,  *  and  then  we  threw  them 
overboard.'  This  was  the  first  time  tlie  whole  crew  were  obliged  to  take  their  turn  in 
murdering  the  prisoners,  and  the  £nglish  at  first  refused ;  but  when  the  captain  told 
them  they  were  cowards,  and  that  he  could  not  believe  they  were  really  £ngl«8hmen, 
they  did  the  same  as  the  rest,  and  afterwards  were  even  worse  than  the  others,  for  they 
were  always  first  when  such  work  was  going  on.  Yet  even  these  privateers  were  not 
the  worst  on  the  Grecian  seas.  On  the  coast  of  Maina  vessels  found  shelter  which 
openly  carried  on  piracy,  and  these  pirates  treated  even  the  Russian  flag  with  no  more 
respect  than  the  Othman,  if  they  supposed  it  covered  a  rich  prize.  ITie  privateer  in 
which  Davidson  served  fell  in  with  a  large  ship  to  the  west  of  Cerigo.  It  was  pursued, 
and  did  not  refuse  to  fight,  for  *  to  our  misfortune,'  as  Davidson  says,  it  proved  to  be  a 
celebrated  pirate,  mth  thirty-two  guns  and  three  hundred  and  seventy-eight  men.  A 
severe  engagement  took  place,  which  lasted  more  than  four  hours,  and  when  the  pirate 
struck  to  the  superior  order  and  discipline  and  the  heavier  weight  of  metal  of  tlie 
privateer,  it  was  found  that  he  had  lost  fifty -four  men  killed  and  forty -three  wounded. 
The  success  of  the  victor  was  in  part  attributed  to  the  confusion  which  was  caused  on 
board  the  pirate  by  the  variety  of  nations  comprising  the  crew.  The  wounded  were 
immediately  put  to  death.  Next  morning  the  prisoners  were  examined,  and  when  thej 
confessed  that,  like  their  captors,  they  were  in  the  habit  of  killing  the  crews  and  sink- 
ing the  shi])s  they  took,  the  GrawH)- Russian  privateer  captain,  forgetful  of  his  own  con- 
duct, told  them  they  should  die  by  the  cruellest  death.  He  was  as  brutal  as  his  word^ 
for  the  next  day  he  murdered  them  in  so  horrible  a  manner  that  it  is  necessary  to  re- 
cord the  fact  in  the  words  of  the  eye-witness.  His  diary  says  : — *  August  f>th.  We  got 
whips  in  the  mainstay,  and  made  one  leg  fast  to  the  whip,  and  the  other  to  a  ring-^lt 
on  the  deck,  and  so  quartered  them  and  hove  them  overboard.'  The  lure  which  entieed 
the  crews  of  the  privateers  to  act  these  scenes  of  horror  was  the  immense  booty  they 
obtained.    Each  of  the  EngUsh  sailors  received  as  his  share  of  the  priie-money.  alUr 


1856.]     Greece  under  Oihoman  and  Venetian  Domination,         308 

the  eight  months'  cruise,  the  sum  of  nine  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  nearly  £200 
sterling." 

To  such  an  extent  were  these  piracies  carried,  that  Russia  found  it  neces- 
sary to  disavow  them,  and  refuse  the  sanction  of  her  flag.  The  peace  of 
Yassi  was  concluded  in  1792,  and  once  more  freed  the  peaceable  Greeks 
from  their  pseudo-friends. 

The  many  examples  given  by  Dr.  Finlay,  of  which  we  have  given  a  spe- 
cimen above,  and  the  recent  affair  of  Sinope,  shew  that  cruelty  is  not  neces- 
sarily confined  to  the  Turks,  but  may  also  be  indulged  in  by  men  who  do 
not  believe  in  the  Koran. 

Dr.  Finlay  states  in  the  preface  that  his  "  object  in  becoming  an  author 
was  to  trace  the  success  of  the  Greek  revolution  to  its  true  cause."  Their 
progress  towards  independence  is  thus  traced  : — 

Towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  burden  of  the  Othoman 
domination  was  so  much  lightened,  that  the  Greeks  rapidly  improved  in 
numbers,  wealth,  and  importance.  Various  causes  also  tended  to  political 
centralization »  and  to  combine  the  heterogeneous  elements  before  spoken  of. 
A  large  population  was  united  by  common  interests  in  administrative  affairs, 
and  the  people  at  large  learned  from  the  collisions  of  the  Phanariots  with 
the  ecclesiastics,  that  the  interests  of  the  nation  and  the  policy  of  the 
hierarchs  of  the  Orthodox  Church  did  not  always  point  the  same  way. 

The  vast  extension  of  Greek  commerce  under  the  Russian  flag  not  only 
tended  to  develope  a  feeling  of  national  union,  but,  by  bringing  them  in 
contact  with  free  nations,  inspired  them  with  a  desire  for  freedom.  The 
foundation  of  schools,  and  advance  in  education,  and  above  all,  the  forma- 
tion of  a  common  literary  dialect  of  the  modem  language,  all  tended  to 
national  centralization.  The  possession  of  municipal  rights  gave  to  this 
literary  centralization  of  language  political  power,  whilst  the  influence  of 
the  French  Revolution  prevented  its  being  pressed  into  the  service  of  bigotry 
and  despotism,  as  an  instrument  for  enslaving  Greece  to  Orthodox  Russia. 

Such  are  the  circumstances  which  Dr.  Finlay  considers  to  have  made 
a  Greek  revolution,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  affairs,  inevitable.  From 
becoming  the  historian  of  that  revolution  our  author  shrinks,  on  account  of 
"  the  difficulty  of  combining  calm  criticism  of  the  acts  of  living  men  with  an 
impartial  narrative  of  contemporary  events."  Nevertheless,  we  shall  live  in 
hope  that  the  difficulty  of  the  task  will  only  induce  the  desire  to  overcome 
it.  We  should  add  that  the  style  is  plain  and  severe,  (the  general  reader 
may  even  be  tempted  to  call  it  dry,)  but  by  no  means  unclassical  or  un- 
pleasing ;  and  as  a  matter  of  taste,  we  much  prefer  it  to  the  flowery  and 
inflated  commonplaces  we  so  often  meet  with. 

We  conclude  our  notice  with  an  extract  which  discusses  a  question  of 

considerable  present  political  importance  : — 

"  The  possibility  of  ultimately  rendeiing  Christians  and  Mohammedans  equal  in  the 
eye  of  the  law,  under  an  Othoman  Sultan,  admits  of  doubt ;  and  the  project  is  not 
viewed  with  much  favour  either  by  Christians  or  Mohammedans.  It  is  quite  as  violently 
repudiated  by  the  Grreeks  as  hy  the  Turks.  As  fiir  as  reg^ards  Arabs  and  Armenians,  the 
possibility  b  readily  admitted ;  but  both  the  Othomans  and  the  Qroeks  aspire  at  being 
a  dominant  race.  As  the  Othoman  government  has  grown  more  moderate  in  its 
despotism,  the  Greek  subjects  of  the  Sultan  have  risen  in  their  demands.  They  now 
assume  that  their  orthodoxy  is  irreconcilable  with  Othoman  domination ;  and  they  be- 
lieve that  it  is  the  duty  of  all  Christian  powers  to  labour  for  their  d^venmce  ftom 
a  yoke  to  which  they  submitted  with  unexampled  docility  for  four  centuries.  The 
rivalry  of  the  Greeks  and  Othomans  produces  a  hatred  which  is  much  more  deeply 
rooted  than  the  mere  aversion  caused  by  the  reliffioQS  differences  of  the  other  Christiaiis 
and  Mohammedans  in  the  empire." — (pp»  87, 88.) 


304  [Sept 


AlS^TIQiriTIES  OP  SWITZERLAKD». 

As  the  science  of  archaeology  advances,  its  students  will  not  be  content 
to  restrict  their  researches  solely  to  the  antiquities  of  Great  Britain,  and 
to  publications  devoted  exclusively  to  the  productions  of  our  native  soil. 
They  will  demand  for  the  better  comprehension  and  understanding  of  what 
may  be  strictly  termed  the  national  antiquities,  an  insight  into  the  ana- 
logous remains  of  neighbouring  countries  from  which  our  ancestors  came, 
and  with  which  they  held  more  or  less  intercourse.  It  is  in  the  abundance 
of  materials  supplied  for  comparison  that  the  antiquary  finds  his  safeguard 
and  his  profit ;  from  the  paucity  with  which  they  are  often  furnished,  he 
frequently  is  led  into  error  himself,  and  perpetuates  mistakes  for  the  mis- 
direction of  others. 

It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that  the  antiquaries  of  England  and 
those  of  the  Continent  have  established  any  advantageous  relationship, 
by  making  themselves  acquainted  with  the  discoveries  made  by  their  col- 
leagues ;  and  at  the  present  day,  one  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  with  the  fact, 
that  many  of  our  best  antiquarian  works  appear  to  be  unknown,  or  not 
accessible,  even  to  eminent  antiquaries  in  France  and  Germany.  Examine, 
for  instance,  the  recent  excellent  edition  of  the  Notitia  Dignitatum^  etc,  by 
Bocking,  at  Bonn ;  and  it  will  be  apparent  that  the  learned  editor  had  not 
at  command  Horsley's  Britannia  Romana,  as  well  as  some  other  English 
works  of  more  recent  date,  all  of  which  the  nature  of  the  new  edition  re- 
quired an  examination  of;  and  a  similar  want  of  acquaintance  with  the 
publications  of  our  neighbours  across  the  Channel  may  be  too  often 
noticed  in  the  antiquarian  disquisitions  published  in  this  country.  It  is 
with  pleasure,  therefore,  we  notice  the  Baron  de  Bonstetten's  volume 
among  us,  because  it  cannot  fail  to  be  of  use  as  a  work  of  reference,  and 
will  serve  to  give  some  insight  into  the  various  classes  of  antiquities  found 
in  Switzerland,  to  those  who  are  not  fortunate  enough  to  possess  the  pub- 
lications of  the  antiquarian  societies  of  Zurich  and  of  Geneva. 

The  Recueil  is  chiefly  limited  to  the  Baron's  own  collection ;  and  the 
objects  are  classed  under  four  different  epochs:  1.  Primitive  epoch,  or 
stone  age ;  2,  The  Helvetic,  and  Helveto-Roman ;  3.  The  Roman ;  and 
4.  The  Burgundian  and  Allemanic  epoch; — but  by  far  the  greater  number 
come  under  the  two  latter  divisions :  some  few,  however,  appear  to  have 
come  from  Italy,  or,  at  least,  it  is  doubtful  if  they  belong  exclusively  to 
Switzerland,  As,  for  example,  fig.  1,  pi.  xvii.  resembles  the  urns  found 
at  Albano,  near  Rome ;  fig.  3  of  the  same  plate,  and  fig.  6,  pi.  xvi. 
seem  allied  to  vases  found  at  Bologna.  Some  of  the  Celtic  weapons  are 
of  much  interest.  The  bronze  poignard  with  bronze  handle  (fig.  8,  pi.  i.), 
found  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhone,  nejir  Sierre,  in  Valois,  is  of  great  beauty. 
It  resembles  one  found  near  Thoune,  and  may  also  be  compared  with 
others  discovered  in  our  own  country.  Indeed,  most  of  the  Celtic  anti- 
quities may  find  their  parallels  in  our  own  museums:  the  swords  are  pre- 
cisely the  types  of  those  from  the  Thames  and  other  parts  of  the  kingdom  ; 
but  it  would  not  be  so  easy  to  find  an  example  mounted  in  an  ornamented 
handle  like  fig.  4,  pi.  iii.,  preserved  in  the  museum  of  Berne. 

*  Secueil  (TAnfiquites  Suixses.     Par  M.  Lo  Baron  Q.  de  Bonstetten.     Folio,  with  28 
Plates  coloured  by  hand.     (Iknie,  Paris,  and  Leipsic.)  1855. 
5 


1856.]  Antiquities  of  Switzerland.  805 

The  students  of  our  Saxon  antiquities  will  find  in  the  Baron  de  Bon- 
stetten  a  valuable  auxiliary ;  for  although  his  work  does  not  contain  such 
masses  of  objects  as  appear  in  some  of  our  recent  publications  devoted 
especially  to  the  record  of  excavations  of  extensive  cemeteries,  yet  it 
affords  types  of  the  weapons  and  ornaments  of  kindred  peoples  which  the 
English  antiquary  cannot  fail  to  turn  to  good  account  in  illustrating  and 
explaining  analogous,  but  often  imperfect,  remains  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
graves.  We  have  in  figs.  15  and  16,  pi.  vi.  the  iron  sword  with  handle 
complete ;  another,  ^^,  5,  pi.  xxv.  with  the  remarkable  handle  and  guard 
attached  is  similar  to  a  few  rare  examples  found  near  Sandwich  and  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight ;  while  the  spear,  fig.  6,  pi.  xxiii.  with  a  cross  bar,  finds  its 
counterpart  in  specimens  from  London,  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  collection, 
now  in  the  British  Museum  :  and  the  Baron  furnishes  us  with  types  of  the 
damascened  girdle- buckles,  such  as  are  peculiarly  Germanic  or  Frankish, 
and  are  never  discovered  in  England, 

The  tessellated  pavements  of  Orbe  (pi.  xix.)  must  not  be  passed  over 
without  a  word  of  commendation.  The  larger  design  represents  a  man 
driving  a  pair  of  oxen  in  a  waggon  which  bears  a  remarkable  resemblance 
to  those  with  which  the  eye  is  so  familiar  in  France  and  Germany  at  the 
present  day ;  the  scene  is  also  occupied  with  a  herdsman  blowing  his  horn^ 
and  a  man  carrying  a  bucket  or  pail,  and  a  long,  flat  object,  which  may 
possibly  be  intended  for  a  trough. 

Nothing  which  can  throw  light  on  the  habits  and  customs  of  a  people 
can  be  considered  as  unworthy  the  attention  of  the  antiquary ;  and  cer- 
tainly no  habit  has  been  of  more  rapid  growth,  or  has  exercised  a  greater 
influence  upon  society  in  general,  than  that  of  smoking  tobacco.  Its 
origin,  moreover,  is  very  obscure ;  but  we  doubt  if  ever  any  utensil 
devoted  to  the  burning  and  inhalation  of  the  tobacco-plant,  or  of  any 
other  vegetable  of  narcotic  powers,  has  ever  been  discovered  with  remains 
of  antiquity  not  previously  molested  or  disturbed.  The  iron  tobacco-pipe 
in  the  Avenches  museum,  found  at  the  foot  of  a  Roman  wall  in  the  wood 
of  Faoug'  will  not,  therefore,  curious  as  it  is,  be  accepted  as  a  relic  of 
any  remote  antiquity ;  notwithstanding  the  citations  of  similar  discoveries 
given  by  the  Baron  de  Bonstetten,  who.  it  should  be  understood,  does  not 
himself  seem  to  accept  the  notion  of  its  ancient  origin  without  some  re- 
servation. The  Baron  refers  to  alleged  discoveries  of  pipes,  in  clay  and 
in  iron,  in  three  distinct  districts  in  Switzerland,  in  connection  with  urns 
and  with  Roman  remains ;  some,  in  clay,  found  in  a  Roman  cemetery 
at  Dieppe,  by  the  Abb6  Cochet;  and  those  mentioned  in  Dr.  Wilson's 
"Archaeology  of  Scotland,"  With  the  last  we  are  perfectly  familiar; 
they  are  found  everywhere  ;  but  never  actually  with  Roman  remains,  unless 
the  soil  in  which  they  are  entombed  has  been  excavated  or  dug  into  in 
modern  times :  and  this,  we  make  no  doubt,  is  the  case  with  the  tobacco- 
pipes  found  in  France  and  in  Switzerland. 


GE5rr.  Mi.&.  Vol.  XLVI.  %  r 


306  [Sept. 


JOHN  MARSTON*. 

Of  the  distinguished  writers  who  had  bo  large  a  part  in  making  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  "  the  proudest  age  of  our  national  glory,"  it  has  been 
the  good  fortune  of  some  to  increase  in  honour  with  advancing  years,  whilst 
others,  hardly  at  all  inferior  to  them  in  the  esteem  of  contemporaries,  have 
fallen  in  the  meantime  more  and  more  into  the  world's  forgetfulness.  In  the 
main,  no  doubt,  this  dispensation  has  been  just  and  well-founded,  though 
sometimes  proceeding,  in  both  directions,  into  unwarrantable  extremes. 
Fashion,  habit,  opportunity,  have  attracted  to  the  works  of  greater  and 
of  truer  genius  a  homage  so  universal  and  absorbing,  that  authors  of  lesser 
note  have  been  almost  perforce  passed  over  and  forgotten. 

An  oblivion  of  this  kind  has  well-nigh  fallen  to  the  lot  of  John  Marston. 
But  for  the  genial  love  of  a  few  modern  critics,  who  made  known  the  neg- 
lected merits  of  the  dramatists  whom  Shakespear  and  Ben  Jonson  had 
eclipsed,  even  his  name  might  have  been  by  this  time  remembered  only  by 
some  little  band  of  students  of  an  obsolete  literature.  The  severe  and  sum- 
mary  judgment  of  Mr.  Hallam,  who  dismisses  him  as  *'  a  tumid  and  rant- 
ing tragedian,  a  wholesale  dealer  in  murders  and  ghosts,"  would — if  it  had 
stood  alone — have  helped  to  hasten  this  result.  Happily,  a  broader  sym* 
pathy  with  intellectual  power  and  beauty  has  prevailed  against  this  sentence, 
and  preserved  to  us  the  writings  of  a  man  who,  in  his  own  day,  rivalled 
Hall  as  a  satirist  and  ranked  among  the  highest  as  a  playwright. 

Of  Marston's  personal  history  but  little  has  been  ascertained.  Even  the 
year  of  his  birth  is  not  exactly  known.  It  is,  however,  pretty  certain  that 
— about  the  time  when  Shakespear,  after  marrying  Anne  Hathaway,  and 
making  his  escape  from  the  complicated  consequences  of  deer-stealing  at 
Charlcote,  had  settled  down  into  a  shareholder  of  the  Blackfriars  Theatre ; 
and  Ben  Jonson,  freed  from  the  toil  of  brick-laying,  was  signalizing  his 
courage  as  a  private  soldier  in  Holland — Marston,  who  had  the  advantage 
of  descending  from  a  better  family,  was  taking  his  bachelor's  degree  at  one 
of  the  colleges  at  Oxford.  After  this,  we  are  told  that  he  "  went  his  way, 
and  improved  his  learning  in  other  faculties,"  He  went  probably  to  Lon- 
don ;  and  undoubtedly,  as  the  event  shewed,  in  whatever  other  faculties  his 
learning  was  improved,  no  insignificant  portion  of  his  time  and  thought  was 
given  to  satiric  and  dramatic  verse.  The  stage,  indeed,  appears  to  have  been 
in  that  age  the  great  allurement  to  the  genius  of  the  young — as  Marston*8 
example,  along  with  that  of  many  another  proud  and  scholarly  young  poet, 
proves.  We  can  imagine  how  these  recluse  students,  coming  from  their  still 
and  solemn  schools  into  the  magic  circle  of  the  playhouse,  may  have  been 
moved  by  its  gaieties  and  pomps,  and  poetry  and  wit,  and  by  the  town-bred 
ease  and  glittering  accomplishment  and  love  of  pleasure  of  the  gallants  and 
the  men  of  note  whose  common  rendezvous  it  was,  into  an  enthusiasm  to- 
wards the  stage  for  the  sake  of  its  own  abundant  fascinations,  almost  aa 
much  as  for  the  sake  of  the  easy  gratification  which  it  promised  to  their  in- 
clinations towards  profit  or  renown.  However  this  may  have  been  in  Mar- 
Fton's  case,  it  was  not  long  before  he  became  a  labourer  in  the  seductive  craft. 
The  greater  part  of  his  satires  were  published  about  five  or  six  years  after 
he  quitted  Oxford,  and  within  another  year  or  two  he  had  become  a  writer 

■  "  Tlio  Works  of  John  Marston,  with  Notes,  and  some  Account  of  his  Life  and 
Writings.  By  J.  0.  HaUiwell,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A."  (London :  John  Russell  Smith.  8  vols., 
small  8yo.) 


1856.]  John  Marston.  807 

for  the  stage.  The  successive  plays  which  he  composed,  and  the  literary 
quarrels  which  he  got  embroiled  in,  are,  thenceforth,  the  main  incidents 
which  have  been  preserved  concerning  him.  With  the  satirist  Hall  he 
seems  to  have  been  engaged  in  more  than  one  encounter  of  scurrility ;  and 
with  Ben  Jonson,  who  was  nevertheless  the  most  intimate  of  his  friends 
among  the  playwrights,  he  seems  to  have  lived  in  a  state  of  intermittent 
feud  and  reconciliation.  He  died  on  the  25th  of  June,  1634,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Temple  Church,  London. 

In  turning  from  the  writer  to  his  works,  we  must  begin  by  giving  notice 
of  their  utter  unsuitabiiity  to  any  but  a  very  limited  and  special  class  of 
readers.  They  certainly  ought  not,  and  probably  were  not  intended  by 
their  present  editor,  to  be  put  into  the  hands  of  any  but  students  of  a  by- 
gone literature  and  bygone  manners  of  life.  Everybody  who  is  at  all  ac- 
quainted with  the  writings  of  our  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age  counts 
upon  a  certain  measure  of  indecency  as  a  set-off  to  the  sweet  and  striking 
beauties  they  are  rich  in,  and  is  content  to  take  the  weed  along  with  the 
flowers  that  it  clings  to.  But,  in  these  works  of  Marston,  the  commonly 
received  proportion  is  not  kept.  He  has  indeed  quite  as  many  and  as  great 
merits  as  most  of  his  dramatic  contemporaries,  but  then  he  has  more 
grossness.  It  is,  in  fact,  very  rarely  that  a  page  is  met  with  continuously 
free  from  image,  or  allusion,  or  expression,  of  a  loose  and  lewd  character,  ana, 
commonly,  the  impurity  is  set  before  us  in  the  most  objectionable  terms. 
It  was  indeed  urged  against  him  by  an  antagonist,  in  his  own  time,  that  he 
would  '*  boldly  nominate  a  spade  a  spade  ;*'  and  this,  along  with  the  fact  of 
the  public  condemnation  of  one  of  his  poems,  *'  Pigmalion's  Image,"  on  ac- 
count of  its  licentiousness,  by  two  contemporary  prelates,  makes  it  pretty 
evident  that  his  pen  exceeded  even  the  common  license  of  that  coarse,  un- 
scrupulous age.  It  should,  however,  in  fairness  be  added,  as  some  extenua- 
tion of  this  indecency,  that  the  manners  of  the  society  to  which  Marston's 
writings  were  addressed  marked  out  this  particular  form  of  profligacy  as  a 
theme  almost  inevitable  by  one  who— in  whatever  mould  his  compositions 
happened  to  be  cast — was  a  satirist  in  heart  and  soul. 

And  that  this  was  the  case  with  Marston  no  reader  of  his  works  will  for 
a  moment  doubt.  Hazlitt,  with  whom  he  was  a  special  favourite,  says  ''  he 
was  properly  a  satirist."  There  is,  indeed,  in  the  heartiness  of  his  invectives 
something  to  support  his  own  assurance,  that  he  *'  was  create  to  whip  incar- 
nate fiends."  As  far  as  we  can  conceive  of  any  creation  for  so  mean  a 
purpose  as  that  of  whipping  fiends,  or  even  satirizing  mortals  into  virtue, 
it  would  be  with  qualities  like  those  which  Marston  manifests  in  his  satires 
that  the  castigator  ought  to  be  endowed.  In  imagining  such  a  being,  we 
should  suppose  him  to  be  lynx-eyed  in  his  detection  of  wrong,  and  loud, 
and  fierce,  and  vigorous  in  his  denunciation  of  it ;  stern,  and  fearless,  and 
defiant  of  all  consequences ;  and  infinitely  less  disposed  to  wound  with  a 
sharp  and  polished  wit  than  with  the  more  club-like  weapon  of  vehement 
rage :  and  these  are  the  very  characteristics  of  the  satires  we  are  now 
considering.  Earnest,  outspoken,  and  unsparing,  the  writer  seems  to  be 
doing  his  chosen  work  without  a  thought  beyond  it.  Scarcely  ever  is  the 
reader's  attention  claimed  by  any  singular  grace  of  phrase,  any  finely- 
elaborated  humour,  or  any  of  those  sunny  gleams  of  poetic  beauty  which 
are  apt  to  burst  upon  us  so  bewitchingly  in  some  of  the  plays  of  his  con- 
temporaries, as  well  as,  very  rarely  indeed,  yet  sometimes,  in  his  own. 
In  a  passage  of  the  ''  Scourge  of  Yillanie,"  his  high  endeavour  as  a  satirist 
is  thus  described : — 


808  John  Marston.  [Sept. 

"  In  serious  jest,  and  jesting  seriousnesses 
I  strive  to  scourge  polluting  beaBtlinesse; 
I  invocate  no  Dalian  deitie. 
No  sacred  offspring  of  Mnemosyne ; 
I  pray  in  aid  of  no  Castalian  muse. 
No  nymph,  no  femal  angell,  to  infuse 
A  sprightly  wit  to  raise  my  flagging  wings, 
And  teach  me  tune  these  harsh  discordant  strings. 
I  crave  no  syrens  of  our  halcion  times. 
To  grace  the  accents  of  my  rough-hewed  rimes ; 
But  grim  reproofe,  steme  hate  of  villany. 
Inspire  and  guide  a  satyres  poesie. 
Faire  detestation  of  foule  odious  sinne. 
In  which  our  swinish  times  lye  wallowing. 
Be  thou  my  conduct  and  my  genius, 
My  wits  inciting  sweet-breath'd  Zephirus. 
O  that  a  satyres  hand  had  force  to  pluck 
Some  fludgate  up,  to  purge  the  world  from  muck ! 
Would  God  I  could  turn  Alpheus  river  in. 
To  purge  this  Augean  oxstall  from  foule  sinne  V 

And  this  endeavour  he  is  not  often  distracted  from  by  any  of  the  baits 
and  lures — the  painted  buttei-flies  or  pretty  wayside  flowers — by  which 
fancy  loves  to  lead  astray  her  susceptible,  easily-seduced  children.  He 
keeps  his  object  steadily  in  sight  before  him,  and,  be  the  pathway  that  he 
travels  rough  or  smooth,  beats  straightly  on  towards  it.  Like,  in  many 
features,  to  the  great  Roman  satirist,  he  declares  himself  willing  also— 
rather  than  restrain  his  rage — to  be  like  him  in  his  disastrous  fortune. 

And  yet  sometimes,  amidst  his  racy,  negligent  verse,  we  hit  upon  a  figure 
finely  ilhistrative  of  the  sense,  or  a  passage  worth  preserving  for  the  sake 
of  its  felicitous  expression.  Two  or  three  examples  of  these,  selected  from 
tho  '*  Scourge  of  Villanie,"  will  make  the  reader  acquainted  with  the 
satirist's  pleasantest  and  gracefullest  manner.  In  dwelling  on  the  misspent 
time  of  those  young  men  who  give  to  elegant  accomplishments  and  manly 
exercises  too  great  a  space  in  their  regard,  after  a  frank  and  full  admission 
of  the  propriety  of  these  ornaments  in  a  subordinate  relation  to  the  nobler 
ends  of  life,  he  says : — 

"  but  being  absolute. 

It  argues  too  much  time,  too  much  regard 

Imploy'd  in  that  which  might  be  better  spar'd 

Then  substance  should  be  lost.     If  one  should  sewe 

For  Leshic^s  love,  having  two  dales  to  wooe^ 

And  not  one  more,  and  should  imploy  those  twaine 

The  favour  of  her  wayting-wench  to  gaine. 

Were  he  not  mad  ?" 

Again,  there  is  no  inconsiderable  ease  and  grace  in  his  descnption  of  one 
whose  talk  is  a  mosaic  of  dramatic  scraps, — of 

"  him,  that  nere  of  ought  did  speake 
But  when  of  playes  or  players  he  did  treat — 
Hath  made  a  common-place  booke  out  of  playes. 
And  speakes  in  print :  at  least  what  ere  he  sales 
Is  warranted  by  curtaine  plaudities. 
If  ere  you  heard  him  courting  Lesbias  eyes. 
Say  [curteous  Sir]  speaks  he  not  moringly 
From  out  some  new  pathetique  tragedy  ? 
He  writes,  he  rails,  he  jests,  he  courts  [what  not  ?] 
And  all  from  out  his  huge  long-scraped  stock 
Of  well-penn*d  playes." 

And  again,  in  illustration  of  the  great  truth  that  we  must  not  attribute 


1856.]  John  Marston.  809 

to  the  Divine  Being  the  vice  which  comes  on  in  the  absence  of  that  sacred 
grace  which  He  withdraws; — the  satirist  makes  use  of  this  admirable 
analogy : — 

"  Who  sales  the  sunne  is  cause  of  ugly  night  P 

Yet  when  he  vailes  our  eyes  from  his  faire  sight. 

The  gloomy  curtaine  of  the  night  is  spred." 

It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged  that  passages  in  this  vein  are  "  few 
and  far  between ;"  peeping  out  at  rare  intervals,  and  in  unexpected  places ; 
whilst  scurrile  epithets  and  coarse  and  strong  vituperation  are  scattered 
broadcast  on  the  poet's  page. 

It  might  have  been  well  for  Marston's  reputation  if  he  had  never  written 
the  **  Pigmalion."  It  told  against  him  in  his  lifetime,  and  it  is  intolerable  now. 
The  light  and  pleasant  versification,  the  vivid  descriptions,  and  the  ani- 
mated, we  had  almost  said  impassioned,  tone  of  some  parts  of  this  little 
poem,  only  make  it  the  more  abominable.  Wanton  indecency  is  common 
enough  in  all  Marston's  writings  to  prove  his  liking  for  it,  but  not  to  be- 
as  it  is  undoubtedly  in  the  "  Pigmalion" — the  substance  and  the  staple  of 
his  work.  This  misuse  of  genius  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  on  account  of 
the  inherent  beauty  of  the  poet's  theme.  The  artistic  spirit  of  the  Greeks 
informs  and  beautifies  the  fable ;  and  the  chaste  and  glorious  fragment  of  a 
great  French  writer  of  the  last  century  has  taught  us  how  magnificent  the 
strain  should  be  in  which  it  is  appropriately  sung. 

It  would  be  doing  great  injustice  to  the  dramatic  character  of  Marston, 
if  we  were  to  judge  of  his  plays  without  considering  some  of  the  circum- 
stances peculiar  to  the  times  in  which  they  were  composed.  In  that  ear- 
liest  age  of  our  English  drama,  the  motley  audience  of  pleasure-seeking 
dames  and  dissolute  gallants  were  attracted  to  the  theatre  chiefly  to  enjoy 
a  new  amusement  and  a  new  excitement,  which  were  found  to  be  more  vivid 
than  those  of  the  older  favourites — the  bear-garden  included — which  were 
abandoned  for  them.  They  went,  as  Sir  Walter  Scott  has  said,  "  to  be 
pleased,  *  they  knew  not  why,  and  cared  not  wherefore,''  "  There  were  not 
many  critics,  and  no  theatrical  reporters  for  the  press,  amongst  them ;  and, 
above  all,  there  was  no  great  reading  public  outside,  forming  a  high  court 
of  appeal,  in  which  the  most  favourable  judgment  of  the  play-goers  might 
be  utterly  and  finally  reversed.  Immediate  effect  became,  therefore,  the 
dramatic  writer's  chief  aim  ;  and  matter  for  a  merry  laugh  in  comedy,  or  a 
thrill  of  horror  or  of  awe  in  tragedy,  was  more  sought  for  than  any  of  those 
subtler  excellencies  which  taste  and  time  might  bring  to  light.  We  shall 
hardly  err  in  attributing  to  this  circumstance  much  of  that  unpremeditated 
air  and  careless  conversational  dialogue  which  are  common  to  Marston, 
and  to  so  many  of  his  contemporary  brethren  of  the  craft,  and  which,  to 
modem  readers,  will  hardly  compensate  by  their  greater  ease  and  natural- 
ness for  the  cost  in  other  qualities  at  which  they  are  obtained.  It  must  be 
remembered,  too,  in  justice  to  the  claims  of  Marston,  that  he  lived  in  an 
age  of  genius,  not  of  taste.  The  great  writers  of  his  time  were  scarcely 
more  superior  to  their  successors  of  a  century  later  in  originality  and  power, 
than  those  successors  were  superior  to  them  in  correctness,  and  refinement, 
and  elaborate  grace.  Even  Shakespear  himself — mightiest  of  all  times, 
and,  by  an  insight  almost  divine,  truest  far  to  universal  nature, — has  pas- 
sages of  vapid  rant  and  jingle  which  Addison  or  Congreve  would  have 
scorned  to  write.  And  if  the  greater  light  itself  could  sometimes  flare  and 
sometimes  fade,  the  lesser  ones,  at  least,  preserved  no  steadier,  chaster 
flame.    Marston,  at  any  rate,  had  no  such  merit :  of  all  the  exaggerations, 


310  John  Marston.  [Sept. 

and  inflated  finery,  and  extravagant  conceits  which  were  the  literary  fashion 
then,  he  had  his  full  share  ;  and  he  had,  as  we  have  already  said,  more  than 
his  full  share  of  that  prevailing  grossness  which  was  a  sin  against  something 
infinitely  more  venerable  than  any  of  the  fluctuating  laws  of  taste. 

In  the  edition  of  the  works  of  Marston  which  is  now  before  us  there  are 
eight  plays,  and  in  the  composition  of  one  of  them  both  Chapman  and  Ben 
Jonson  were  associated  with  our  author.  Of  those  to  which  his  claim  is 
undivided,  the  first — not  in  merit,  but  in  order  of  representation  merely — 
is  the  tragedy  of  "  Antonio  and  Mellida.*'  It  is,  however,  scarcely  possible 
to  read  this  play  without  being  struck  with  the  glaring  imitation  of  no 
small  number  of  the  well-remembered  scenes  in  Shakespear.  A  great  ad- 
mirer of  Marston  has  indeed  gone  so  far  as  to  assert  that  '*  the  best  and 
most  afi'ecting  situations  and  bursts  of  feeling"  come  under  this  discredit- 
able category.  Two,  at  least,  are  undeniably  belonging  to  it.  The  meeting 
in  the  beginning  of  the  third  act,  between  Andrugio  and  Lucio,  has  the 
closest  possible  resemblance  to  the  memorable  meeting  on  the  heath  be- 
tween Lear  and  Kent ;  and  the  introduction,  in  the  second  part  of  the 
tragedy,  of  the  Duke  of  Genoa's  ghost,  to  make  known  the  atrocious  crimes 
of  Piero,  and  to  stir  Antonio  to  vengeance,  is  a  very  evident  and  somewhat 
awkward  appropriation  of  the  ghost-machinery  in  "  Hamlet.** 

If  it  would  answer  any  good  purpose  to  make  the  most  of  Marston's 
obligations  to  his  immortal  contemporary,  we  might  easily  bring  forward 
against  him,  from  the  same  play,  other  instances  of  imitation  just  as  pal- 
pable as  these.  But,  in  truth,  when  we  have  transferred  to  Shakespear's 
credit  all  that  he  has  any  claim  to,  there  still  remains  in  **  Antonio  and  Mel- 
lida" — mingled,  indeed,  with  an  ample  makeweight  of  rant  and  rubbish — 
some  very  powerful  and  pathetic  scenes,  and  some  isolated  passages  of  sin- 
gular sweetness.  The  prologue  to  the  second  part  is  said  by  Charles  Lamb 
to  be  "  as  solemn  a  preparative  as  *  the  warning  voice  which  he  who  saw 
the  Apocalypse  heard  cry.'  "  The  beginning  of  the  fourth  act  would  be  of 
itself  enough  to  build  up  the  reputation  of  a  poet :  it  would  be  both  natu* 
ral  and  fine,  if  its  beauty  were  not  marred  by  the  interposition  of  a  half-page 
of  Italian  verse  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  afiecting 
dialogues.  It  is  from  this  portion  of  the  play  that  we  shall  pluck  a  sped. 
men  or  two  of  Marston's  best  dramatic  manner.  The  first  of  our  quotations 
has  been  already  praised  by  Hazlitt  for  its  **  exquisite  beauty  and  origin- 
ality."    Antonio  says : — 

"  As  having  clasp't  a  rose 

Within  my  palmc,  the  rose  being  tane  away. 

My  hand  retaines  a  little  breath  of  sweete  : 

So  may  man's  tnmke ;  his  spirit  slipt  away. 

Holds  still  a  faint  perfume  of  liis  sweet  guest." 

Our  second  quotation,  with  less  tenderness,  is  in  a  higher  tragic  tone. 

Andrugio,  in  the  midst  of  calamity  and  destitution,  thus  nobly  speaks  his 

notion  of  a  prince : — 

"  Why  man,  I  never  was  a  Prince  till  now. 
'Tis  not  the  bared  pate,  the  bended  kneels 
Gilt  tipstaves,  TjTian  purple,  chaires  of  state, 
Troopes  of  pide  butterflies,  tliat  flutter  still 
In  greatnesse  summer,  that  conflnnc  a  prince  : 
'Tis  not  the  unsavory  breath  of  multitudes, 
Show^ing  and  clapping,  with  confused  dinne ; 
That  makes  a  prince.     No,  Lucio,  he's  a  king, 
A  true  right  king,  that  dares  doe  auf^ht,  save  wrong, 
Feares  nothing  mortaU,  but  to  be  unjust; 


1856.]  John  Marsion.  311 

Who  is  not  blowne  up  with  the  fluttering  piiffiw 

Of  spungy  sycophants ;  who  stands  unmov'd, 

Despight  the  jostling  of  opinion ; 

Wlio  can  enjoy  himsclfe,  maugre  the  throng 

That  strive  to  presse  his  quiet  out  of  him  j 

Who  sits  upon  Jove's  footstoole,  as  I  doe. 

Adoring,  not  affecting,  majestie ; 

Whose  brow  is  wreathed  with  the  silver  crowne 

Of  cleare  content :  this,  Lucio,  is  a  king. 

And  of  this  empire,  every  man's  possest. 

That's  worth  his  soule." 

The  closing  scene  of  the  tragedy — where  Antonio  is  mourning  for  his 
Mellida,  and  his  mother,  Maria,  for  her  murdered  husband, — ^is  written  also 
in  the  genuine  tone  of  grief : — 

Antonio, — **  First  let's  cleanse  our  hands. 

Purge  hearts  of  hatred,  and  intombe  my  love. 
Over  whose  hearse  FU  weep  away  my  braine 
In  true  affection's  tearcs. 
For  her  sake,  here  I  vowe  a  virgine  bed. 
She  lives  in  me ;  with  her  my  love  is  deade. 
Senator, — We  will  attend  her  moumfuU  exequies ; 

Conduct  you  to  your  calme  sequestred  life. 

And  then 

3Iaria. — Leave  us  to  meditate  on  misery. 

To  sad  our  thought  with  contemplation 

Of  past  calamities.     If  any  aske 

Where  lives  the  widdowe  of  the  poisoned  lord  ? 

Where  lies  the  orphant  of  a  murdered  father  ? 

Where  lies  the  father  of  a  butchered  sonne  ? 

Wliere  hvcs  all  woe  ? — conduct  him  to  us  there, 

The  downe-cast  ruines  of  calamitie." 

Our  space  will  not  admit  of  any  separate  comment  on  each  of  the  several 
plays  of  Marston,  nor  would  such  a  comment  be,  in  fact,  other  than  weari- 
some to  the  most  enduring  reader.  In  all  important  features  there  is  a 
strong  family  resemblance  between  them,  indicative  of  one  paternity.  There 
is  the  same  uninteresting  plot,  worked  out,  for  the  most  part,  by  similar 
clumsy  contrivances ;  the  same  profusion  of  exaggerated  and  extravagant 
bombast ;  the  same  coarseness,  now  and  then  degenerating,  as  in  "  The 
Insatiate  Countess"  or  "  The  Dutch  Courtezan,"  into  absolute,  unbearable 
beastliness ;  the  same  unscrupulous  adaptations,  in  a  greater  or  a  less 
degree,  from  his  contemporaries  ;  and,  with  all  this,  the  same  occasional 
exuberance  of  feeling,  and  of  fancy,  and  of  taste.  And  there  is,  too,  in 
almost  all  the  plays,  the  same  cold  and  shrewd,  sarcastic  moralizer,  assum- 
ing in  every  new  part  another  outward  character  and  garb,  but  not  a  dif- 
ferent nature ;  serving  usually  the  same  purpose  in  the  business  of  the 
piece ;  and  seeming  always  to  suggest  a  drawing  from  the  life,  of  which — 
as  a  celebrated  critic  has  surmised — the  model  may  have  been  the  dramatist 
himself. 

Two,  however,  of  this  family  group  of  plays — "  Parasitaster"  and  "  The 
Malcontent" — have  an  unquestionable  superiority  in  merit  over  all  the  rest, 
and  it  is  in  these  that  the  part  we  have  been  glancing  at  is  brought  out 
in  greatest  prominence  and  power.  The  Fawne  in  "Parasitaster,"  and 
Malevole  in  "  The  Malcontent,"  are,  in  fact,  the  best  and  best-sustained  of 
all  Marston's  dramatic  creations.  Alike  in  many  of  their  chief  features, — 
in  the  princely  state  which  both  of  them  disguise,  in  their  moral  superiority 
over  all  the  persons  who  surround  them  on  the  stage,  in  the  quick-sight- 
edness  to  vice  and  folly  which  this  vantage-ground  of  intellect  affords 


312  John  Marston.  [Sept. 

them,  and  in  the  ruthless  bitterness  of  their  reproofs, — they  differ  mainly 
in  the  more  indignant  mood  to  which  misfortune  chafes  Malevole.  In  the 
last  act  of  "  Parasitaster"  there  is  a  humorous  closing  scene,  in  which  this 
gibing,  flouting  spirit  in  the  Fawne  is  admirably  well  exhibited  at  the  cost 
of  the  silly  duke,  Gonzago,  who  has  been  made,  chiefly  by  the  artifices  of 
the  Fawne  himself,  an  unwilling  and  altogether  unconscious  instrument  in 
bringing  about  the  marriage  which  concludes  the  play.  "  Am  not  I  an 
asse,  think  you,  ha  ?"  exclaims  the  simple  duke,  on  discovering  how  he 
had  been  played  on  :  '*  I  will  have  them  both  bound  together  and  sent  to  the 
Duke  of  Ferrara,  presently."  And  his  son-in-law  replies  to  him, — "  I  am 
sure,  good  father,  wee  are  both  bound  together  as  fast  as  the  priest  can 
make  us  already.  1  thanke  you  for  it,  kind  father  ;  I  thank  you  onely  for't." 
Not  so,  however,  does  *' The  Malcontent"  end.  In  the  final  scene,  the 
bitterness  of  Malevole's  spirit  disappears,  and  his  nobleness  and  dignity 
alone  remain.  Triumphant  over  those  who  had  conspired  to  dethrone  him, 
the  first  impulse  of  his  recovered  greatness  is  to  exclaim,  to  the  wickedest 
and  meanest  of  the  foes  who  cringe  and  crouch  before  him, — 

"Slave,  take  thy  life! 
Wert  thou  detenced  through  blood  and  woundcs. 
The  sternest  horror  of  a  civell  tight 
Would  I  atclieeve  thee ;  but,  prostrat  at  my  feet, 
I  scorn  to  hurt  thee.     'Tis  the  heart  of  slaves 
That  daines  to  triumph  over  peasants  graves ; 
For  such  thou  art,  since  birth  doth  neere  inrole 
A  man  mong  monarkes  but  a  glorious  soule. 
O,  I  have  seen  strange  accidents  of  state ! — 
The  flatterer  like  the  ivy  clip  the  oke. 
And  wast  it  to  the  hart ;  lust  so  confirm'd 
That  the  black  act  of  sinne  itselfe  not  shamd 
To  be  Urmde  courtslnp. 
O  they  that  are  as  great  as  be  their  sinnes. 
Let  them  remember  that  th'  inconstant  people 
Love  many  princes  merely  for  their  faces 
And  outward  shewea ;  and  they  do  covet  more 
To  have  a  sight  of  these  men  then  of  their  vcrtues. 
Yet  thus  much  let  the  great  ones  still  conceale. 
When  they  obserN'e  not  Heavens  imposd  conditions, 
They  are  no  kings,  but  forfeit  their  commissions." 

It  will  be  evident  enough,  from  the  little  we  have  found  to  speak  well  of 
in  these  volumes,  that  we  cannot  for  a  moment  class  Marston  with  the 
greatest  of  the  great  writers  who  have  made  the  age  of  Elizabeth  an  im- 
mortal epoch  in  our  literary  history.  It  was  probably  only  an  accident  of 
the  times  that  deprived  the  Church  of  a  vehement  pn-acher,  or  the  law- 
courts  of  an  impassioned  pleader,  and  gave  to  posterity  instead  a  fierce, 
unpolished  satirist,  and  an  unequal  and  not  very  eloquent  playwright.  Of 
learning,  and  of  energy,  and  strong,  expressive,  and  not  always  inharmonious 
speech,  he  shews  good  store ;  but  not  much  of  the  untaught  beauty  that 
delights  us  in  the  plays  of  Massinger,  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  and  of 
Shakespear.  Whatever  else  he  may  have  been,  he  falls  far  short  of  our 
ideal  of  a  great  poet,  or  even  of  an  able  dramatist.  The  lesser  praise  of  a 
rude,  indignant  strength  in  exposing  folly  and  denouncing  sin  is  that  which 
we  can  most  heartily  and  honestly  accord  him.  Of  any  grander  spiritual 
gift  than  this — of  any  of  that  almost  divine  imagination  to  which  the  secrets 
hid  from  reason  are  revealed,  and  the  inmost  chambers  of  all  nature's 
treasuries  of  beauty  are  unbarred  ;  or  of  any  of  that  still  more  nearly  divine 
affection  which  opens  the  heart  with  eager  sympathy  to  all  the  glsidnesses 
6 


1856.]  John  Marston.  318 

and  sorrows,  and  all  the  unseen  yet  heroic  sufferings  and  struggles  of  the 
careworn  family  of  man,  —  be  it  enough  to  say,  we  find  no  proof  in 
Marston's  writings. 

And  yet  we  would  not  that  this  republication  of  them  should  have  been 
withheld.  Every  portion  of  our  older  literature  that  has  any  individual 
character  to  recommend  it,  should  be  gladly  welcomed  in  these  modern 
times.  It  is  a  new  page  in  the  history  of  our  national  growth,  a  new  in- 
sight into  the  vigorous  youth  of  that  maturity  to  which  society  has  now 
arrived.  It  makes  us  acquainted  with  some  circumstances,  others  have 
passed  over,  concerning  the  daily  life  of  our  ancestors,  their  social  and 
domestic  habits,  their  manners,  their  occupations  and  amusements,  or  the 
virtues  and  the  vices  they  were  most  inclined  to ;  and  it  does  this  more 
plainly  and  more  trustworthily  tlian  the  chronicle  or  memoir  that  was 
written  for  a  later  age.  Even  the  very  language  of  these  republications, 
when  unaltered  and  unpruned,  is  no  insignificant  inheritance  to  gather  in. 
In  its  rude,  uncultivated  vigour,  every  word  tells.  Its  animated  picturesque- 
ness  is  often  worth  more  than  all  the  elaborate,  over-polished  elegance 
which  is  the  prevailing  vice  of  our  most  popular  modern  compositions.  On 
these  grounds,  then,  as  well  as  on  account  of  any  actual  literary  merit  it 
possesses,  this  reprint  must  be,  in  its  degree,  a  not  unacceptable  boon  to 
students ;  the  more  so  if  it  should  incite  them,  by  suggestion,  to  a  fresh 
perusal  of  the  masterpieces  of  the  age  in  which  Marston  lived,  and  of  the 
tongue  in  which  his  works  are  written. 

Of  Mr.'Halliwell's  part  in  these  volumes  we  must  speak  in  terms  of  un- 
qualified praise.  Patient,  diligent,  and  well-informed,  he  has  spared  no 
pains  to  put  forth  his  work  in  the  most  correct  and  most  commodious 
state.  His  prefatory  notice  and  appended  notes  present  the  reader  with  a 
large  amount  of  interesting  information,  in  the  least  obtrusive  or  pedantic 
manner.  But  especial  praise  and  thanks  are  due  to  him  for  the  straight- 
forward manliness  with  which  he  has  determined,  in  an  age  of  afiected  and 
somewhat  squeamish  propriety,  to  reprint  his  author  faithfully,  without  dis- 
figurement or  change  of  any  kind.  In  the  case  of  so  free  a  writer  as  Mar- 
ston, no  trifling  courage  was  demanded  for  this  honest  course.  Mr.  Halli- 
well  has,  in  this  particular,  chosen  well.  Indeed,  the  whole  of  his  editorial 
duties  appear  to  have  been  performed  judiciously  and  skilfully,  and  con- 
scientiously, and  with  the  very  agreeable  result  of  producing  an  edition  of 
an  old  author  undoubtedly  enhanced  in  value  by  the  care  it  has  received 
at  his  hands. 


STROLLS   OjS^   THE   KENTISH   COAST. 

No.  II.— RECULVER  AND  THE  WENTSUM. 

If  we  compare  small  things  with  great,  we  may  remark  that  the  Kentish 

Stour  has  its  Delta  as  well  as  the  Nile  and  the  Rhine,  and  that,  like  those 

more  celebrated  streams,  its  course  has  now  an  inglorious  ending,  and 

its  waters 

"  Steal  through  sands  obscurely  to  the  sea." 

Once  it  was  far  otherwise :  a  broad  ocean-stream  flowed  from  north-west 
to  south-east  some  dozen  miles  inland  of  the  North  Foreland ;  and  to  com- 
mand the  passage,  which  served  as  a  station  for  their  fleet,  a  stately  fort 
was  erected  at  either  extremity  by  the  Romans.  We  have  already  visited 
QsNT.  MAa.  Vol.  XLVT.  8  s 


314  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.  [Sept. 

the  southern  fort,  Rutupium,  or  Richhorough,  and  we  will  now  ask  the 
reader  to  repair  with  us  to  its  fellow,  the  Regulhium  of  Rome,  the  Racolfs- 
ceaster  of  the  Saxons,  and  the  Reculver  and  the  Sisters  of  our  own  day. 

We  travel  from  Ramsgate  by  the  railway  to  Grove  Ferry,  a  distance  of 
nine  miles,  passing  close  to  the  church  of  Minster,  but  leaving  that  of 
Monkton,  though  in  sight,  a  mile  inland.  We  have  now  the  Stour  and 
Richhorough  on  the  south,  and  on  the  north  a  wide  expanse  of  marsh,  out 
of  which  rises  the  tall,  handsome  tower  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Wade.  We  pass 
several  small  reedy  streams,  and  shortly  before  reaching  the  station  we 
catch  a  glimpse  of  two  peculiar-looking  spires ;  these  are  the  Sisters,  that 
we  have  come  to  see,  and  the  water-courses  are  the  remains  of  the  Rutu- 
pian  haven. 

When  we  leave  the  train  we  have  an  eight  miles'  walk  before  as,  and 
one  in  itself  not  particularly  attractive ;  but  the  object  of  our  search  lies  in 
an  obscure  and  not  readily  accessible  district,  and  hence  the  injuries  it  has 
suffered.  About  a  mile  on  we  pass  through  the  village  of  Chislett,  which 
presents  nothing  to  detain  us ;  and  we  see  here  and  there  a  few  cottages, 
with  neat  flower-gardens,  and  almost  covered  with  clustering  roses.  Thus 
we  accomplish  half  our  journey,  when  what  appears  one  black  spire,  but  is 
in  reality  two,  comes  in  sight ;  and  by  means  of  this  landmark  we  make 
our  way  along  a  bye-road,  up  hill,  over  an  unenclosed  country,  cultivated 
in  patches  of  wheat,  and  beans,  and  canary-seed.  We  feel  the  fresh  breeze 
from  the  sea,  and  see  in  the  sky  the  long  trails  of  smoke  from  the  steamers. 
Three  miles  of  this  upland  brings  us  to  a  large  black  mill,  and  then  we 
have  Regulhium,  holding  Reculver  in  its  circuit,  less  than  a  mile  off.  We 
now  descend  into  the  marsh,  and  pursue  a  footpath  faintly  marked  beside 
one  of  the  streams ;  we  cross  two  bridges,  of  a  single  plank  each,  and  then 
again  come  on  a  cart-road,  the  northern  side  of  which  is  bounded  by  a  wall 
thickly  clothed  with  vegetation,  and  enclosing  gardens  and  the  coast-guard 
station ;  it  is  of  Roman  masonry,  but  neither  in  height  nor  in  picturesque 
effect  approaches  the  north  wall  of  Ilutupium.  At  the  end  of  a  couple  of 
hundred  yards  we  find  ourselves  before  an  ivy-clad  house,  styled  "  King 
Ethelbert  Inn*,"  opposite  which  stand  a  couple  of  cottages,  roughly  con- 
structed of  stone  from  some  older  edifice ;  we  pass  between,  and  at  last  we 
are  upon  the  sea-shore,  with  the  remains  of  the  desecrated  church  of  Re- 
culver right  before  us,  the  preventive  service  boat  covered  with  canvas 
lying  on  the  pebbly  beach  below,  and  a  coast-guard  man,  with  telescope  in 
hand,  pacing  up  and  down  on  the  cliff. 

Though  our  walk  has  been  sufficiently  long,  we  cannot  help  drawing  near 
for  a  hasty  view  of  the  singular  scene.  On  the  very  verge  of  a  grassy  cliff 
we  have  the  west  front  of  the  church.  An  ornamented  doorway,  now 
bricked  up,  appears ;  as  also  two  pointed  windows,  with  a  circular  opening 
above.  The  front  is  flanked  by  two  square  towers,  and  these  are  each  sur- 
mounted by  a  strange  pyramidical  erection,  composed  of  numerous  iron 
chains  stretched  into  something  of  the  shape  of  a  low  spire,  but  blackened 
by  a  coat  of  tar,  and  supporting  a  huge  gridiron  vane,  like  those  on  some 
of  the  beacons  in  the  Thames.  We  just  pass  a  buttress  which  is  within 
a  dozen  feet  of  the  edge  of  the  cliff,  see  beyond  it  the  east  wall,  with  the 
opening  for  a  large  window,  obser^'e  one  solitary  tomb  with  a  few  upright 
gravestones,  and  then  retrace  our  steps  towards  a  little  summer-house  on 
the  cliff  belonging  to  the  "  King  Ethelbert  Inn,"  the  only  one  in  the  place ; 
and  while  we  enjoy  the  rest  and  refreshment  which  we  need,  we  endeavour, 

*  Not  *'  the  Ethelbert  Arms,"  as  a  late  writer  on  Recolver  has  designated  it»  to  in- 
troduce a  joke  at  the  expense  of  the  Heralds'  College. 


1856.]  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.  815 

by  a  resume  of  what  we  have  read,  to  prepare  for  observing  with  accuracy 
the  contrast  presented  by  the  past  and  the  present  state  of  both  Roman 
fortress  and  Christian  church. 

Of  Regulbium  we  have  nothing  more  than  its  mere  mention  in  the  Im- 
perial Notitia,  but  we  see  from  its  remains  that  it  was  of  square  form,  and 
of  a  larger  area  than  Rutupium.    Some  early  Saxon  or  Jutish  chief  gave  it 
his  own  name  of  Raculf,  and  under  that  appellation  it  was  granted,  as  the 
Saxon  Chronicle  tells  us,  in  the  year  669,  by  Egbert  of  Kent^  to  '*  Bass, 
the  man-priest,  that  he  might  build  a  minster  thereon."     A  town  either 
tlready  existed,  or  soon  arose   there,  for  only  ten  years  later  his  suc- 
cessor, Lothaire,  dated  a  charter  from  "civitate  Racuulf ;"  in  949  Edred, 
'*  monarch  of  all  Albion,"  granted  both  the  minster  and  the  town  to  Christ 
Church,  Canterbury' ;  and  the  living  still  belongs  to  the  Archbishop.    Occa- 
sional mention  is  made  of  the  place  during  succeeding  ages,  but  nothing  to 
indicate  the  fate  that  has  befallen  it  in  recent  times.     Leland,  in  the  time 
of  Henry  VIII.,  speaks  of  the  town  as  half-a-mile  inland,  but  with  the 
suppression  of  the  monastic  establishment,  the  care  necessary  to  guard  the 
soft  sandy  cliff  from  the  ravages  of  the  ocean  seems  to  have  been  relaxed, 
and  in  consequence  the  space  between  the  sea  and  the  Roman  fortress  grew 
yearly  less  and  less.     At  length,  about  1 790,  the  north  wall  was  under- 
mined and  fell,  and  no  proper  steps  to  avert  the  mischief  being  taken,  fresh 
portions  of  the  cliff  were  swept  away  each  succeeding  winter.     In  1805 
there  remained  onlv  a  narrow  cart-road  to  the  north  of  the  churchvard 
wall,  but  still  nothing  was  attempted ;  the  churchyard  wall  followed  its 
Roman  predecessor,  a  large  part  of  the  inclosure  was  next  ingulfed,  and 
early  in  1808  the  parishioners  applied  to  the  Archbishop  for  leave  to  aban- 
don the  church.     The  permission  was  shamefully  granted,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1809,  its  demolition  was  commenced.     The  church  thus  sacrificed 
was  a  handsome  building,  consisting  of  nave,  aisles,  and  chanceV,  with  a  fine 
east  window,  and  it  had  two  towers  and  spires,  and  a  trebly-recessed  porch, 
at  the  west  end.     It  contained  several  monuments  and  brasses,  and  some 
painted  glass ;  its  pillars  were  probably  the  remains  of  some  Roman  edifice, 
and  it  was  traditionally  said  to  be  the  burial-place  of  Ethelbert,  the  first 
Christian  king  of  Kent ;  but  none  of  these  things  availed  to  save  it  from  de- 
struction.    The  lead  was  stripped  off  and  sold  for  £900,  the  tombs  were 
broken  down,  and  the  brasses  stolen,  the  walls  converted  afresh  to  building 
purposes  of  the  meanest  kinds ;  and  how  and  why  a  portion  of  the  west 
front  escaped  the  general  wreck  is  set  forth  in  an  inscription  on  a  stone 
over  the  bricked-up  doorway,  which  few  at  the  present  day  we  may  presume 
can  read  without  pain  and  shame,  and  the  expression  of  a  wish  that  as  much 
care  had  been  taken  to  preserve  the  church  as  has  been  shewn  for  the 
landmark.     It  reads  thus  : — 

"  These  towers,  the  remains  of  the  once  venerable  church  of  Reculver,  were  purchased 
of  the  parish  by  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House  of  Deptford  Strond  in  the  year 
1810,  and  groins  were  laid  down  at  their  expense  to  protect  the  cliff  on  which  the 
church  had  stood  <=;  and  when  the  ancient  spires  were  afterwards  blown  down,  the 

*•  Already  mentioned  in  a  former  paper  (pp.  65,  70)  as  the  founder  of  a  church  at 
Sandwich,  and  another  at  Minster. 

'  The  measures  of  the  corporation  have  been  so  effectual,  that  not  a  foot  of  the  cliff 
has  been  lost  since  the  towers  came  into  their  possession.  A  fresh  groin,  of  cut  itODfi^ 
has  been  laid  down  within  the  last  three  years,  but  the  action  of  the  sea  has  already  so 
smoothed  its  surface  as  to  make  it  slippery  walking.  The  name  of  the  Sisters,  com- 
monly given  to  the  spires,  explains  itself;  but  tradition  founds  it  on  a  legend  of  the 
shipwreck  of  the  abbenof  Feversham  and  her  aster  when  on  a  pilgrimage  to  a  renowned 
shrine  of  Our  Lady  at  B^dstow,  now  Broadstairt. 


816  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.  [Sept. 

present  substitutes  were  erected,  to  render  the  towers  still  sufficiently  consj^coous  to 
be  useful  to  navigation.— Captain  Joseph  Cotton,  Deputy-Master.    1819." 

These  matters  premised,  we  enter  on  our  exploration.  We  see  just  be- 
hind our  refectory  a  few  rude  masses  which  represent  the  west  wall  of  Re- 
gulbium ;  the  north  wall  has  altogether  disappeared,  except  one  huge  block 
at  the  east  angle,  which  is  propped  up  with  stout  timber,  as  its  fall  migbt 
block  up  the  passage  along  the  beach  below ;  but  the  east  and  the  south 
walls  are  tolerably  complete,  and  clothed  with  ivy,  through  which  in  one 
place  appears  a  wild  fig-tree,  and  in  others  the  dwarf  elder,  bryony,  and 
bindweed.  These  walls  indicate  that  the  included  space  was  once  at  least 
eight  acres  :  the  northern  part  is  occupied  by  the  ruins  of  the  church,  the 
centre  by  the  cottages  of  the  coast-guard,  and  the  southern  part  by  neatly- 
kept  kitchen-gardens,  amid  which  we  see  the  old  vicarage- house,  once  more 
used  as  a  private  dwelling,  though  on  the  abandonment  of  the  church  it  was 
turned  into  an  inn  called  **  the  Hoy^.** 

We  now  hold  our  course  eastward  for  something  less  than  a  mile  and  a 
half  along  the  sea-wall,  until  we  arrive  at  the  Northmouth  sluice,  where  the 
numerous  streams  that  represent  the  Wentsum  are  gathered  into  one,  and 
are  discharged  through  massive  flood-gates  into  the  sea.  The  wall  is  about 
ten  feet  wide  at  top,  and  twice  as  high  ;  it  is  almost  perpendicular  to  the 
marshes,  but  slopes  more  gradually  to  the  sea,  and  is  on  that  side  protected 
by  banks  and  ridges  of  shingle,  the  preservation  and  extension  of  which  are 
the  constant  care  of  a  body  of  commissioners.  Notices  are  posted  denoun- 
cing all  the  rigour  of  the  law  against  any  one  who  shall  remove  stones  or 
sand  from  the  beach ;  piles  of  wattles  are  found  deposited  here  and  there, 
and  men  are  employed  in  working  them  up  into  huge  hurdles,  which  being 
fastened  down  on  the  shore,  are  washed  over  by  every  tide,  entangle  the 
ocean  debris,  and  serve  to  bind  the  loose  and  shifting  pebbles  together. 
When  the  tide  is  out,  there  still  remain  innumerable  little  pools  in  the 
hollows,  and  these  are  fringed  with  so  many  gay  flowers,  that,  though  the 
walking  is  not  agreeable  to  tender  feet,  we  stroll  awhile  beside  them,  and 
admire,  if  we  are  cautious  in  gathering,  the  sea-holly,  with  its  bright  blue 
flowers,  its  formidable  spikes,  and  its  glaucous  leaves ;  we  also  find  plants 
that  may  be  more  safely  handled,  as  the  bright  yellow  poppy,  and  the  pur- 
ple rocket,  the  mallow  and  the  feverfew,  of  pink  and  white,  and  thrift  of 
various  shades,  from  white,  to  red,  and  deep  blue.  The  sea,  too,  falls  with 
a  musical  plash  on  the  bank  of  shingle,  and  as  we  saunter  on  we  feel  that 
the  poet  says  truly, — 

"  Ocean  exhibits,  fathomless  and  broad, 
Much  of  the  power  and  m^esty  of  God." 

Arrived  at  the  sluice,  we  see  a  placid  canal,  not  covered  with  vegetation 
like  the  other  streams  of  the  district,  as  the  gates  here  are  frequently 
opened ;  it,  however,  bears  little  resemblance  to  anything  that  we  can  sup- 
pose the  Roman  haven  to  have  been,  for  not  a  single  boat  is  now  borne  on 
its  waters.  We  descend  the  bank,  and  return  on  the  inner  side  of  the  wall 
to  Reculver,  as  we  have  thus  the  opportunity  of  adding  a  number  of  hand- 
some marsh-flowers  to  those  we  have  already  collected  on  its  sea-face.  We 
find  the  tall  ^wering  rush,  with  its  heads  of  pink  and  white  flowers ;  blue 
and  yellow  flags;  the  great  ox-eye,  or  moon- daisy;  the  purple  marah 
cinquefoil,  and  the  marsh  marigold;    white  and  yellow  water-lilies;   the 

^  Tliis  desecration  did  not  prosper.  According^  to  the  testimony  of  some  of  ths 
present  inhabitants  of  Reculver,  nothing  went  well  with  the  publican :  his  fiunily  was 
perpetually  disturbed  by  strange  noises  and  pranks  similar  to  those  recorded  of  the 
Merry  Devil  of  Woodstock ;  ana  he  was  eventually  obliged  to  redrew  a  rained  niaa. 


1856.]  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.  817 

great  white  bindweed ;  the  delicate  pink  meadow-sweet ;  wild  mustard,  of 
a  brilliant  yellow ;  vetchlings  of  various  tints ;  blue  speedwell ;  and  the 
lovely  forget-me-not. 

We  are  once  more  at  the  ruined  church,  and  as  we  learn  that  a  turret 
stair  still  exists,  we  ascend  by  it  to  the  top  of  the  north  tower,  and,  under 
nautical  guidance,  take  a  bird's-eye  view  of  a  wide  district.  To  the  north 
rolls  the  sea,  apparently  boundless  in  that  direction ;  in  the  extreme  east  we 
see  the  square  tower  and  pinnacles  of  St.  John*8  Church  at  Margate,  with 
the  spire  of  Birchington  and  the  fanciful  "  Waterloo- tower"  in  Quex-park, 
nearer  at  hand.  To  the  south-east  stands  the  high  tower  of  St.  Nicholas, 
with  that  of  Monkton  beyond.  Farther  off,  in  the  same  direction,  the  spire 
of  Minster  is  visible,  as  is  the  hill  of  Richborough,  and  the  rocks  at  Cliff* s- 
end,  in  Pegwell-bay.  The  miserable  little  modern  church  of  Reculver*  is 
seen  among  three  or  four  cottages  at  Hillborough,  rather  more  than  a  mile 
to  the  south-west;  beyond  it  appears  the  handsome  tower  of  Heme,  but 
Bleanwood  limits  our  view  in  that  direction,  and  we  look  in  vain  for  Sturry, 
with  its  lofty  chestnut  trees,  the  pillar  on  the  Danejohn,  or  the  Bell  Harry 
tower  of  Canterbury  Cathedral.  Westward  we  see  the  long  pier  and  the 
clock-tower  of  Herne-bay,  and  our  view  closes  with  the  bluff  chalk  cliff  of 
Warden-point,  the  Land's-end  of  the  Isle  of  Sheppey. 

We  now  descend  from  the  tower,  and  seat  ourselves  on  the  rough  bench 
before  the  church-door,  to  consider  the  most  advisable  route  for  our  return. 
We  may  proceed  eastward  along  the  wall  to  Westgate-bay,  and  so  past 
Dandelion  to  Margate,  or  we  may  cross  the  marsh  to  St.  Nicholas,  and 
thence  to  Minster,  having  in  either  case  a  four  miles*  ride  by  railway  to 
Ramsgate ;  but  the  first  is  a  journey  of  twelve  miles,  and  the  second  of 
eight.  We  think  either  too  great  an  addition  to  our  stroll,  and  therefore 
prefer  a  three  miles*  walk  along  the  cliff  to  Herne-bay,  and  the  omnibus 
thence  to  Sturry,  the  next  station  to  Grove  Ferry,  where  we  commenced 
our  walk  to  Reculver. 

Little  need  be  said  of  Herne-bay  :  a  few  good  houses  appear  scattered 
by  twos  and  threes  along  the  beach,  the  spaces  between  being  cultivated  in 
a  slovenly  way,  with  patches  of  beans,  cabbages,  and  potatoes,  contrasting 
very  unfavourably  with  the  neat  plots  around  the  cottages  of  the  coast- 
guard. "  Wellington- square''  has  three  sides  partially  built,  with  a  showy- 
looking  modern-antique  church  on  one  side,  and  gas-works  tumbling  to 
ruin  on  the  other.  A  few  starveling  trees  appear  as  a  belt  for  the  inclosure, 
but  that  is  profitably  occupied  by  a  crop  of  wheat.  Some  half-dozen  mise- 
rable back  streets  complete  the  great  town.  On  the  beach  we  see  three 
or  four  bathing-machines,  which,  when  used,  are  set  in  motion  by  a  man 
with  a  windlass ;  but  whether  from  the  steepness  of  the  descent,  or  lack  of 
sufficient  employment  for  one  horse  among  them,  is  a  mystery  that  we  do 
not  enter  upon.  The  pier  is  of  considerable  length,  and  is  worth  its  toll  of 
twopence  for  the  view  which  it  gives  of  Reculver  on  the  one  hand,  and  of 
the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  the  East  Swale,  with  its  fleet  of  oyster-boats,  and  the 
odd  looking  town  of  Whitstable  on  the  other. 

The  road  to  Sturry  is  about  six  miles,  and  it  is  an  agreeable  ride.  We 
first  pass  the  village  of  Heme,  where  the  handsome  church,  of  which 
Nicholas  Ridley  was  once  incumbent^  has  been  recently  restored  in  ex* 

*  It  was  opened  in  1813.  It  is  built  in  a  rough  and  poverty-stricken  style;  and 
though  we  have  paid  a  visit  to  it,  we  would  not  advise  any  one  else  to  take  so  mach 
trouble. 

'  He  mentions  it,  with  many  other  places,  in  his  pathetic  epistle  written  immediately 
before  his  death : — "  Farewell,  church  of  Home, . . ." 


318  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast.  [Sept. 

cellent  taste ;  then  come  to  an  ugly  Union-house,  which  occupies  the  site 
of  a  mansion,  and  is  still  girdled  by  a  fine  hedge,  doubtless  once  the  pride 
of  some  opulent  proprietor.  Blean-wood  lies  on  the  east,  and  Thomden- 
yrood  on  the  west ;  and  when  we  have  cleared  these,  a  run  down  hill  of 
a  mile  over  Broad-oak  Common  brings  us  to  the  gate  of  the  rail  way- station » 
and  half-an-hour  later  we  are  once  more  in  Ramsgate. 

Among  the  many  ecclesiastical  restorations  and  memorials  which  so 
honourably  distinguish  the  present  day  from  the  past,  has  any  one  thought 
of  Raculfs  minster  ?  A  chapel  once  existed  there  for  the  performance  of 
the  last  rites  for  shipwrecked  men,  and  such  are  still  occasionally  interred 
in  its  desolate  cemetery.     May  we  indulge  a  hope  that  God  will  one  day 

**  Or  give  the  rich  man  will,  or  grant  the  good  man  power," 

at  least  to  raise  within  the  desecrated  walls  a  modest  chapel,  in  which 
the  office  for  the  burial  of  the  dead  may  be  decently  performed  in  such 
cases.  The  Trinity  Board,  as  Christian  men,  might  be  expected  to  see 
to  this  ? 

THE  SEVENTEENTH  REPORT  ON  THE  PUBLIC  RECORDS. 

The  large  and  increasing  number  of  antiquarian  and  historical  inquirers 
will,  we  think,  be  gratified  at  the  progress  reported  to  be  made  for  the  per- 
manent location  and  arrangement  of  our  national  collection.  Time  indeed, 
many  of  them  will  say,  that  such  was  the  case.  Exactly  two  centuries 
after  the  first  talk  about  a  General  Office  were  steps  Tf^ally  taken  for  com- 
mencing the  building;  and  since  then  the  Reports  of  the  Deputy  Keeper 
have  yearly  informed  us  of  its  progress,  and  what  has  spun  out  the  three 
years  in  which  it  was  expected  to  be  fit  for  use  into  eight.  And  now  that 
the  last  Report  speaks  of  the  repository  as  recoiving  its  lawful  occupants,  it 
may  not  be  out  of  place  to  make  a  few  general  remarks. 

Not  a  session  of  Parliament  has  passed  of  late  without  some  scheme  for 
increasing  the  office  space  at  the  disposal  of  Government,  and  the  Deputy 
Keeper's  Reports  shew  that  the  arrangements  for  the  General  Office  have 
been  obliged  to  be  modified  from  time  to  time  by  the  vast  additions  to  its 
intended  contents  with  which  several  departments  have  favoured  the  esta- 
blishment. It  required  all  the  firmness  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  to  with- 
stand the  attempts  made  to  charge  him  with  the  custody  of  almost  innumer- 
able documents  without  a  place  to  lay  them  in  except  at  the  expense  of  the 
very  documents  for  which  the  General  Repository  was  expressly  built  upon 
its  present  scale.  With  regard  to  the  War  Office, — a  department  which 
has  of  course  been  greatly  pressed  of  late, — the  matter  was  at  last  settled 
by  fitting  up  those  houses  in  Chancery-lane  which  now  present  so  prison- 
like a  look  to  passers-by.  But  the  Record  Office  did  not  escape  without 
having  first  to  provide  temporary  accommodation  for  those  papers,  many  of 
which  cannot  surely  be  intended  for  permanent  preservation.  And  this  re- 
mark leads  us  to  call  attention  to  an  important  point  which  seems  to  require 
a  little  stirring  up.  In  an  early  Report  the  Deputy  Keeper  remarked  that 
allowing  for  all  contingencies  under  which  documents  might  be  useful, 
there  would  still  remain  many  for  which  no  future  use  could  reasonably  be 
expected.  This  was  intended  to  apply  to  the  ancient  portion  of  the  col- 
lection, but  it  is  still  more  applicable  to  the  modern.  The  test  has  been 
partly  applied  to  documents  proposed  to  be  handed  over  to  the  Master  of 
the  Rolls,  but  not  in  all  cases ;  and  never,  we  believe,  to  any  of  the  older 
documents  in  the  branch  offices. 


1856.]       The  Seventeenth  Report  on  the  Public  Records.  819 

Again  looking  back  a  little — to  enable  us  the  better  to  look  forward — 
may  we  not  ask  if  the  time  has  not  arrived  when  the  general  arrangements 
upon  which  the  public  collection  as  a  whole  is  intended  to  be  worked  might 
be  announced?  It  is  no  great  secret  that  such  a  general  scheme  has 
been  drawn  up  and,  we  believe,  approved  of,  but  its  not  having  been  brought 
forward  in  the  Deputy  Keeper's  Reports  would  make  it  seem  to  hang  some- 
where. Six  years  ago  we  remarked  that  the  public  ought  to  be  apprized 
both  of  the  Records  intended  to  be  removed  to  the  new  place  of  deposit, 
and  of  the  regulations  under  which  they  were  to  be  arranged  and  consulted. 
These  are  subjects  which  ought  to  be  well  considered  beforehand,  and  that 
not  only  by  the  authorities^  but  by  those  who  are  interested  in  their  use  as 
well  as  in  their  preservation. 

In  dealing  with  depositories  of  documents  circumstanced  as  many  know 
that  some  of  the  smaller  and  branch  record  offices  were  at  the  time  of  the 
passing  of  the  Record  Act,  the  first  step  was  decidedly  to  ascertain  what 
they  contained ;  then  (if  in  tolerable  condition)  to  make  them  accessible ; 
and  then  to  do  the  best  for  their  preservation.  This  we  believe  too  was 
the  system  laid  down ;  but  we  are  not  quite  sure  that  it  has  been  entirely 
acted  upon.  How  with  regard  to  the  Chapter-house  of  Westminster  for 
instance  }  Previous  to  1840  the  last  Reports  upon  that  office  shewed  that 
there  were  still  in  it  considerable  masses  of  unsorted  documents.  The  only 
general  calendar  it  possessed  was  that  of  which  a  copy  is  in  the  Museum, 
and  that  is  a  maze,  and  notoriously  incomplete,  as  later  reports  have  shewn. 
To  be  sure  it  was  made  at  a  bad  period,  and  was  probably  only  intended  as 
a  starting-point. 

All  antiquarian  inquirers  know  that  office  to  contain  a  store  of  valuable 
matter  that  has  never  been  made  public,  but  have  the  first  two  steps  we 
have  referred  to  been  taken  with  regard  to  its  contents  ?  Are  they  even 
now  ascertained  or  accessible  ?  True  our  pages  have  often  borne  evidence 
of  its  stores,  and  archaeologists  are  well  satisfied  at  the  aid  and  information 
they  get  there,  as  elsewhere ;  but  there  seems  not  to  have  been  any  dealing 
with  its  contents  in  a  systematic  and  philosophical  manner, — such  as  the 
Queen's  Remembrancer's  Records,  for  instance,  have  met  with  at  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Hunter, — yet  we  believe  a  large  proportion  of  those  two  collections 
have  much  in  common,  and  there  was  little  difierence  in  their  con. 
dition.  Here  and  there  through  the  Reports  we  get  a  glimpse  of  the 
actual  state  of  things  in  that  depository.  In  the  Tenth  Report  there  is 
an  account  of  some  progress  having  been  made  in  dealing  with  the  un- 
arranged  documents,  but  it  seems  to  have  been  carried  on  without  much 
spirit,  if  not  under  actual  discouragement.  In  the  Twelfth  Report,  however, 
there  is  a  very  satisfactory  account  of  proceedings  there ;  but  then  they  do 
not  appear  to  have  been  kept  up.  If  the  Deputy  Keeper's  ideas  upon  the 
subject  were  right  when  he  was  keeper  of  the  Chapter-house,  we  certainly 
should  have  expected  to  have  had  much  fuller  Reports  from  the  Assistant 
Keepers  in  charge.  Neither  do  we  gather  that  workmen's  labour  has  been 
much  used  there,  and  yet  everybody  knows,  and  has  long  known,  how  very 
much  it  has  been  needed.  Nine  years,  ago  enough  passed  at  one  of  the 
meetings  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  to  have  produced  some  change,  as 
we  then  hoped. 

Touching  neglected  collections  a  very  satisfactory  work  has  been  com- 
pleted by  the  removal  of  the  Welsh  Records  to  the  General  Repository. 
A  glance  over  Mr,  Roberts'  Reports  shews  that  considerable  energy  and 
skill  have  been  called  into  action  in  getting  together  and  transferring  the 
documents.  Here  is  a  passage  which  shews  that  the  causes  which  operated 


320  The  Seventeenth  Report  on  the  Public  Records.        [Sept. 

so  lamentably  upon  many  of  our  most  precious  documents  in  times  past 
have  not  quite  disappeared. 

By  a  public  return  Mr.  Roberts  found  that  a  Mr.  Jones  of  Bridgend, 
should  be  in  possession  of  some  records  as  late  Registrar  of  Brecon  Circuit, 
but  both  officer  and  documents  were  missing.     Mr.  Roberts  continues  :— 

"  When  in  Glamorganshire  at  the  end  of  last  year  (1854,)  I  made  every  inquiry 
I  could  for  this  Mr.  Jones,  and  went  to  every  place  where  I  heard  there  was  a  chance 
of  finding  him,  but  it  was  only  in  January  1855  I  learnt  his  address  at  Kidwelly.  This 
I  communicated  to  Mr.  Reynolds,  and  he  thereupon  wrote  to  Mr.  Jones,  who  m  reply 
stated,  that  on  giving  up  his  house  at  Bridgend  many  years  before,  he  had  returned  the 
books  and  records  to  Lanelay,  where  they  had  formerly  been  kept  when  Mr.  Vaughan 
was  Registrar.  Upon  this  I  communicated  w^ith  Nash  Edwards  Vaughan,  Esq.,  of 
Rhcola,  the  present  owner  of  Lanelay,  but  not  residing  there,  and  learnt  that  he  had  a 
room  there  in  which  were  various  boxes  of  old  deeds  and  papers,  found  there  when  the 
property  came  into  his  possession,  and  he  ofierod  to  meet  me  at  Lanelay  to  search  them. 
On  our  arrival  there  on  the  17th  of  April,  we  found  a  number  of  boxes  in  a  large  room 
over  some  farm  buildings.  These  were  all  searched  through  in  succession,  some  of  them 
contained  old  printed  books,  with  numerous  deeds  and  papers  of  a  private  nature  ac- 
cumulated in  the  legal  practice  of  Mr.  Vaughan,  the  Registrar.  Three  boxes  only  were 
filled  with  old  records,  relating  to  the  Chancery  of  the  Brecknock  Circmt ;  these  were 
handed  over  to  me,  and  were  brought  up  to  London  with  the  records  from  Brecknock. 

**  None  of  these  records,  however,  came  down  to  the  time  of  the  abolition  of  the 
Courts,  and  consequently  the  later  volumes  of  the  Decrees  and  Orders,  &c.,  &c.,  extend- 
ing down  to  1830,  are  still  wanting." 

Of  course  the  Records  which  should  have  been  safely  kept  or  provided 
for  have  not  yet  been  recovered,  and  they  may  have  been  burnt  with  some 
"  useless  articles." 

This  was  one  of  the  great  risks  of  the  old  state  of  things ;  next  to  that, 
and  operating  as  prejudicially  to  the  public  as  the  other  did  to  the  docu- 
ments, was  the  interest  possessed  by  the  ofiicers  in  the  fees  charged  for 
using  the  Records.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  great  satisfaction 
which  prevails  as  to  the  general  conduct  of  the  present  Record  Offices, 
and  the  attention  and  skill  of  their  ofi&cers,  is  mainly  to  be  attributed  to  this 
one  great  change.  It  was  no  new  theory,  but  antiquaries  and  lawyers  are 
not  the  most  forward  in  the  race  for  improvement.  In  his  Thirteenth 
Report  the  contrast  between  the  principles  of  the  old  and  new  ofiSces  in 
that  respect,  is  well  put  by  Sir  F.  Palgrave. 

With  regard  to  Records  the  last  stronghold  of  these  abuses  is  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  Courts.  Who  among  the  public  would  not  be  glad  to  have 
the  practice  of  the  Common  Law  applied  to  them  ?  though  we  think  that  of 
the  Chancery  would  be  more  consonant  with  the  great  proportion  of  8ub« 
jects  they  deal  with.  But,  in  spite  of  the  general  condemnation  which  their 
system  meets  with  at  all  hands,  as  one  full  of  anomalies  springing  out  of  a 
state  of  things  utterly  barbarous  and  obsolete,  another  '*  Wills  and  Ad* 
ministrations  Bill*'  has  gone  to  the  tomb  of  the  Capulets. 

Now  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  are  in  possession  of  a  very  valuable  collec* 
tiun  of  documents  from  an  early  date,  and  bad  as  is  the  practice  of  those 
Courts  in  itself,  the  care  bestowed  upon  their  Records  and  their  adminis- 
tration of  them  is  scarcely  any  better.  Might  not  these  be  brought  into 
the  Public  Record  OfBce  }  We  think  so ;  and  during  the  time  that  will 
elapse  before  the  next  Ecclesiastical  Courts  Purgation  Bill  is  under  con- 
sideration, should  be  glad  to  see  attention  given  to  a  scheme  for  bringing 
these  valuable  Records  into  the  custody  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls. 
Whether  the  Courts  to  be  substituted  for  those  which  are  condemned 
are  to  be  modelled  upon  the  Common  Law  or  Chancery  systeniy  we 
see  no  reason  why  their  Records  should  be  considered  such  a  special 
7 


1856.]       The  Seventeenth  Report  on  the  Public  Records.  821 

clas8  that  they  could  not  be  united  with  the  national  collection  which 
includes  both  Common  Law  and  Chancery  Records.  A  specialty  there 
may  be  in  the  professional  knowledge  required  for  dealing  with  them, 
but  so  there  is  as  to  many  documents  now  in  the  Record  Offices,  and 
some  of  the  custodians  would  of  course  be  transferred  with  them.  Other 
difficulties  there  might  be,  but  we  think  there  are  few  save  the  sine- 
curists  who  would  not  rejoice  at  such  a  change.  And  now  that  lite- 
rary men  have  been  so  liberally  dealt  with  by  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  the 
treatment  they  experience  at  the  "  Will  Offices''  seems  harder  than  ever. 
In  business  matters  the  contrast  is  scarcely  less.  In  them  is  still  seen  all 
the  rapacity  and  meanness  which  have  characterized  the  conduct  of  nearly 
all  who  have  had  to  perform  a  public  duty  and  been  paid  for  it  by  quasi- 
private  remuneration. 

Among  all  the  suggestions  that  have  been  made  upon  this  subject  we  are 
not  aware  that  this  view  has  ever  ^been  taken.  And  we  think  the  Record 
Office  a  far  better  destination  for  the  Wills  than  the  office  of  the  Registrar- 
General,  which  was  recommended  by  some  in  the  late  debates.  But  as  the 
Census  Papers  of  that  officer  are  now  in  a  Branch  Record  Office,  perhaps 
the  suggestion  was  to  the  same  effect  as  our  own. 

A  considerable  portion  of  this  Report  is  occupied  with  a  refutation  of  the 
objections  urged  a  few  years  ago  by  that  very  practical  department,  the 
Stationery  Office,  against  the  printing  of  the  Calendars  to  Records  in  the 
Appendices  to  the  Deputy  Keepers*  Reports.  We  need  scarcely  say  that 
the  withdrawal  of  those  Calendars  has  very  much  limited  the  circulation  of 
the  Reports  themselves  among  antiquaries  ;  and  this  fact  will  perhaps  be 
admitted  by  Mr.  M°  Culloch  as  a  powerful  argument.  The  reasons  adduced 
by  the  Deputy  Keeper  are  of  great  force,  and  their  consideration  must  lead 
to  a  resumption  of  those  publications.  We  commend  some  of  the  argu- 
ments as  to  printing  Indexes  that  are  not  quite  complete  to  the  considera- 
tion of  the  Museum  authorities. 

But  the  objections  assented  to  by  the  late  Master  of  the  Rolls,  must  not 
be  lost  sight  of.  Undoubtedly  the  quality  of  the  Calendars  and  Returns 
appended  to  other  Reports  besides  the  Ninth,  ought  to  be  borne  in  mind  ; 
and  doing  so,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  admitting  with  Lord  Langdale  that 
the  amount  and  nature  of  the  work  done  might  be  stated  in  the  Reports 
with  sufficient  distinctness  without  printing — as  in  the  Appendix  to  the 
Second  Report — sixty-five  pages  of  an  inventoiy  in  columns,  half  of 
which  and  more  were  filled  only  with  such  details  of  the  condition  of  indi- 
vidual records  as,  "  Requires  repair ;  edges  very  much  worn ;  many  of 
them  eaten  away ;  infusion  of  galls  on  Mem.  4  i"  or,  "  Cover  requires 
repair ;  slightly  defaced  with  ink ;  has  had  new  ticket  and  string.** 
Several  other  Reports  ai*e  encumbered  in  a  similar  manner; — a  need- 
less waste,  which  admits  of  no  defence.  Such  particulars  were,  if  we 
recollect  rightly,  aptly  characterized  at  the  time,  by  the  Leviathan  of  the 
press,  as  "  Musty  Parchment  Mania." 

As  regards  the  Calendars  themselves,  we  think  too  that  great  changes 
for  the  better  may  be  made  in  adapting  them  for  printing.  A  great  deal  of 
the  information  conveyed  even  in  some  of  the  best  of  those  that  have  been 
printed  in  the  Appendices  might  have  been  greatly  condensed,  as  we  do  not 
think  it  essential  that  every  tittle  of  that  information  need  be  conveyed  to  the 
public  in  imperishable  print,  however  useful  it  may  be  to  collect  and  pre- 
serve it.  And  we  are  not  sure  that  economy  of  space  has  ever  been  seri- 
ously regarded.     Take  the  Calendars  of  the  '*  Escheators'  Accounts  and 

QiNT.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  t  t 


322  The  Seventeenth  Report  on  the  Public  JReeords.       [Sept. 

Inquisitions*'  in  the  Tenth  Report,  the  last  containing  such  luBts,  and  whicli 
of  course  had  profited  hy  the  experience  of  its  predecessors.  Line  after 
line  is  there  occupied  with  what  need  not  have  tid^en  more  than  one  fourth 
of  the  room. 

The  Comptroller  of  the  Stationery  Office  perhaps  worked  out  the  case 
against  the  Appendix  to  the  Ninth  Report  more  fully  than  he  argued  it* 
In  that  Appendix  is  printed  a  Calendar  to  the  Patent  Rolls  in  the  Rolls 
Chapel  for  two  of  the  shortest  reigns  in  our  annals,  those  of  Edward  V.  and 
Richard  III.  This  Calendar  occupies  147  pages.  There  is,  besides,  an 
Index  to  the  Calendar  occupying  107  pages.  We  have  here  a  total  of  254 
pages  of  print  for  a  portion  of  only  one  class  of  Records  for  the  space  of  leas 
than  two  and  a-half  years.  Now  the  Comptroller  being  an  apt  man  at 
figures  was  very  likely  to  do  a  little  Rule  of  Three  sum  about  this,  and 
state  it  thus  : — 

Tears  of  Records  Pages  of  Print  Yean 

As  2i  :  254         :  :        600 

which  certainly  gives  a  product  of  60,960  pages  of  print !  Applying  this 
calculation  to  the  collection  generally  we  don't  wonder  at  his  beings 
alarmed,  and  we  think  he  put  his  objections  in  a  very  mild  form. 

There  is  a  subject  which  has  not  yet  been  dealt  with  in  these  Reports, 
but  which  is  of  some  importance,  and  cannot  much  longer  fail  to  command 
attention.  We  mean  the  necessity  of  instructing  the  public  in  the  contents 
of  their  Records  and  affording  them  the  means  of  reading  and  understanding 
them.  There  is  little  (if  any)  more  specialty  about  them  than  about  many 
of  the  artistic  and  scientific  collections  in  the  Museum,  or  other  national 
collections.  The  public  have  a  right  not  only  to  be  told  of  what  the  col- 
lection of  Records  consists,  but  to  be  taught  to  use  and  apply  them.  Much 
has  been  done  in  this  respect  by  the  facilities  afforded  to  literary  in* 
quirers,  and  the  uniform  attention  they  meet  with  at  the  hands  of  the 
Record  Officers.  But  of  all  the  ''  Guides  to  Knowledge*'  that  have  been 
given  to  the  world  by  the  distinguished  men  of  nearly  every  science,  nothing 
at  all  satisfactory  exists  as  a  guide  to  the  Public  Records. 

But  is  there  not  a  "  Handbook  to  the  Public  Records"  by  the  Secretarj 
of  the  establishment  ?  There  is,  but  the  term  is  a  misnomer.  In  all  that 
should  distinguish  a  **  Handbook" — power  to  grasp  the  subject  as  a  whole* 
clearness  of  style  and  lucidity  of  arrangement,  it  is  sadly  deficient.  Even 
its  correctness  is  not  to  be  depended  upon  ;  and  what  merit  it  may  have  is 
rather  as  regards  the  arrangement  of  the  documents  in  the  new  repository. 
This  may  be  useful  in  its  way,  but  is  not  much  towards  its  being  a  '*  Hand- 
book.'' And  really  something  more  might  fairly  have  been  expected  after 
the  terms  used  by  the  Deputy  Keeper  in  his  Twelfth  Report. 

How  far  Mr.  Sims'  forthcoming  *'  Manual  for  the  Genealogist**,"  &c.,  will 
supply  the  want,  remains  to  be  seen.  What  that  gentleman  has  already 
done  promises  well  for  his  new  venture.  But  in  the  elementary  part  of  the 
study; — that  of  mastering  the  various  old  handwritings  and  their  oontrao- 
tions ; — the  works  that  are  generally  consulted  are  not  so  clear,  full,  and 
sound  as  they  should  be.  Much  is  to  be  done  by  fac-similes,  and  we  shall 
be  glad  to  see  how  the  application  of  the  photographer*s  art  can  be  extended 
in  this  direction  and  for  this  purpose. 

^  Since  the  above  was  written,  Mr.  Sims'  Mantial  has  appeared.  It  will  be  foond 
invaluable  work  to  all  persons  engaged  in  genealogical*  topographical,  and  oihsr  ~ 
dred  pursuits. — En.  G.  M. 


1856.]  328 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANU8  URBAN. 

Coimtv  nistory,  Stafford— Meeting  of  German  Antiquaries— Decimal  Coinage— Reflralia  at  East 
Retford— Runic  or  Clog  Almanackft— Difference  between  a  Kentith  Man  and  a  Man  of  Kent 
— The  National  GaUery— Surnames. 

Mr.  Urban, — I  herewith  send  you  a  continuation  of  the  list  of 
licences  to  crenellate,  of  which  the  first  part  appeared  last  month,  and 
shall  be  glad  to  receive  any  more  answers  that  your  readers  may  favour 
me  with.     I  have  already  received  some  valuable  information. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Welshpool,  August  20, 1856.  J.  H.  Parker. 


LICENCES  TO  CRENELLATE,  FROM  THE  PATENT  ROLLS 

IN  THE  TOWER  OF  LONDON. 

^.D.       Anno  Reeni  E.  II. 
'313  1 

1314  I   ^'  Johannes   de  Wengrave,  civis    London...^ 

possit   kernellare . .  quondam  cameram  suam  f  t   _  j     «        Midd 

in  mesuagio  sui  in  vico  de   Bradestrete  in  \ 

civitate 

8.  Johannes  Marmyon mansum\  Tanfidd  Ebor. 

suum  quod  vocatur  Uermitage  in  bosco  suo  dej 

8.  Henricus  le  Scrop mansum     Fletham         Ebor. 

8.  Adomarus  de  Valencia,  Comes  Pembroch. . .  ^  _  ^       ^ 

>  Bampton*      Oxon. 
mansum  j  *^ 

8,  Robertus  de  Keleseye,  civis  London. .  .cfo-^ 

mum  suam  in  vico  de  Westchepe,  ex  parte  V  London  Midd. 

horiali  ejusdem  vici  ) 

8.  Ranulphus  de  Albo  Monasterio*..  ,mansum(  Insula  de     "^  p        , 

suum  de  Ivor  in  1       Sully '      J 

9.  Alicia  de  Leygrave mansum  de  Tomeston  Somerset. 

9.  Rogerus  de  Swynnerton mansum    Swynnerton     Staff. 

^  -_                        _                                              ( Dunstan-     "J  North- 
9,  Thomas,  comes  Lancastr mansum  {    ^ ^         }         , 


( Dunstan-     ^ 
\    burgh        j 


9.  Adam  le  BretK mansum  suum    Tomeston    Somerset. 

10.  Johannes  de  Cherleton mansum  suum    Cherleton       Salop. 

11.  Willielmns  de  Monte  Acuto manerium    Kersington^    Oxon. 

11.  Galfridus  Le  Scrop ,mansum<     y  >Ebor. 

11.  Henricus  de  Wylyngton mansum    Culverden      Glou. 

12.  £do.  de  Passeleye mansum  suum  de    La  Mote        Sussex. 

*  Bread -street,  Choapsido,  nothing  romAins. 

'  The  gatehouse  only  remains  at  all  perfect.    There  are  some  other  ruins. 

•  Thlsgrant  is  said,  in  the  Roll,  to  nave  beea  made  at  the  request  of  the  yenerable 
fikther,  W.  bishop  of  Exeter. 

UslandofScilly? 

ff  This  grant  is  said,  in  the  Roll,  to  have  been  made  at  the  request  of  Alicia  de  Leye- 
grav«L  who  is  afUrwards  desoribed,  Pat.  an.  10  £.  II.,  p.  1,  m.  83»  as  "natriz  nostnu" 
■  Perhaps  Gartington  ? 


324  Correspondence  of  Sylvamis  Urban.  [Sept. 

^^^-       Anno  Regni  E.  II. 

1319!/  12.  Godcfridus  de  Alta  Ripa   (  Elslake  in    "I 

quamdam  cameram  suam  in  I     Craven        J  ^-iw- 


12.  Eicardus  de  Luches manstim\    ^ >Oxon. 


12.  Edmundus  Bacon mansum     Gresham         Norff. 

JChiselhamp-) 
\  ton 

12.  Abbas  et  conventus  beatae  Mariee  Ebor.^^ 

abbathiam  beata  Maria^f  ^^^^'  ^^°'- 

12.  Hugo  de  Loutbre ^  Derwente-  ") 

mansum  suum  de  Wythehope  inj  felles  j     nmbr. 

12.  Robertus  de  Holand mansum  Baggeworth  Leycestr. 

13.  Constantinus  de  Mortuo  Mari. , .  .mansum     Sculton  Norff. 

14.  Henricus  de  Bello  Monte,  Consanguineus)  __  . 

o  >  Whitewyk      Leicestr. 

Regis mansum  j  ^ 

15.  Robertus  Lewer,  dilectus  valectus  noster  . . ") 

nu,nsum}  ^eBtbury         Sutht.' 

15.  W.  Episcopus  Exon clausum  et  ]  P"^^*  *"*  1 

)  Ea:on.,tn  Exon^.) 

15.  Robertus  de  Leyburn .mansum    Dykburst  Cumbr. 

16.  Fulco  Lestrannge   mansum    Wbitecbercbe     Salop. 

19.  Johannes  de  Cherleton. . ,  .domum  suam  in) 

villa  de]  ^^^P-  S*^°P- 

EDWARD  III.  A.D.  [\^}Jj  i^°-  ^^; 

\1377.  June  21. 

.  -.        Anno  Regni. 

1327.        1.  Thomas  Wake,  dilectus  consanguineus  et)  ^    .     ,  _,, 

£,  V         i.  '      r  Cotingham      Ebor. 

ndelis  noster maneriumj  ° 

1.  Alanus  de  Cherleton mansum    Appeleye  Salop. 

1. mansum    Wycheford  Salop. 

1.  Thomas  West    mansum    Rugh  Combe     Wilts. 

1 .  Johannes  de  Pateshull mansum    Bletnesho°         Bedf. 

1 .  Johannes  Wyard,  dilectus  vallettus  noster  C  Staunton    )  .p    , 

mansum  manerii  sui\  Harecourt  / 


*  No  romains  of  the  bouse  of  ibis  period,  but  tbe  site  is  known,  and  is  occupied  l^ 
tbe  mansion  of  tbe  f  imily  of  Piers. 

''  llie  Roll  adds,  *'quod  ipsi  abbatbiam  suam  pradictam  extra  civitatem  nostram 
Ebor.  eidem  civitati  contiguam  muro  do  potra  et  calco  in  solo  suo  proprio  pro  suo  libito 
firmare  et  komoUaro.  Iti  tamen  quod  mums  inter  dictam  abbatniam  et  murum  dTi  • 
talis  prscdictse  i)€r  ipsos  abbatem  et  conventum  constructus  vel  oonsUnendus  sezdeOhn 
pedes  in  altitudine  non  exccdat  ncc  etiam  kemellotur,  &c.'* 

1  Soutbampton  probably  in  error  in  tbe  Roll,  for  Wiltshire. 

-  See  18  Edward  I.  «  Bletsoo  ? 

o  Stanton  Harcourt  is  in  Oxfordshire,  but  on  the  borders  of  Berkshire.  The  exiBtio^ 
remains  are  of  a  later  period,  the  fifteenth  century.    Thwe  are  two  manon  in  this 

girish,  and  the  preieni  entry  probably  does  not  relate  to  Qkb  eeet  of  the  Unraoort 
mily. 


LD. 
827, 
S28 


1856.]  Licences  to  Crenellate,  825 

}Anno  Regni  E,  III. 
1.  Edmundus  de  Bereford,  dilectus  clericus^ 
noster    mansum  manerii  sui]  ^^"^^^^  Warr. 

1.  Abbas et  Conventus  deFourDeys...mait^mJ  Fotheray  \ii\  Lan- 

suum  de\     Fourneys  J    castr. 

1.  Decanus  et  Capitulum  ecclesise  beatseMa-^ 
rifiBP clausum  ecclesits pradictaf^^^^^  W^^* 

2.  Simon  de  Drayton mansum    Drayton         Northt. 

3.  Willielmus  le  Caleys. . ,  .mansum  suum  apud    WaUe.  Heref. 

3.  Robertus  de  Ardem   mansum  suum     Dratton*i        Oxon. 

3. mansum  suum     Perthyng       Sussex. 

3.  Episcopus  Lincoln  . . .  ,muros palatii  sui  in^ 
Civitate  ;  et  diversi  turelli  ibidem,  8fC. '/  ^'^^^^^  Lincoln. 

4.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Ab3mdon . . .  iotum 
situm  Ahhati<B,  videlicet  tarn  domum  Sancti 
Johannis  quam  ecclesiam  heati  Nicholai  infra  ^Abyndon  •      Berks 
precinctum  ejusdem  Abbatice  existentis  muro, 

SfC. 

4.  Willielmus  Bassett mansum    Tuthidy  Cornub. 

4.  Radulphus  de  Bulmere mansum  <  p..    ,    '       I  Ebor. 

4.  Robertus  de  Ardern mansum     Wykham         Oxon. 

4.  Thomas  Tregoz    mansum     Dachesam       Sussex. 

4.  Johannes  de  Brehons... maiierium  suum  de    la  Lee  Line. 

5.  Johannes   de   Granntsete  et  Alicia  uxor 
ejus.  •  •  •  unam  turrim  ad  finem  magni  pontis 

Dublin  versus  villam  et  unam  aliam  ad  come-  v  t^  1 1. 

.     ,.,  J.  ^    ^  ^.  >Dublm  Ireland. 

ram  murt  qui  se  extenatt  a  predicto  fine  pontts 

versus  occidenSy  et  domos  suas  proprias  inter 

easdem  turres  kemellare,  SfC.  * 

p  The  Roll  adds,  "at  the  request  of  our  beloved  chaplain,  Walter  de  London,  our 
alnioner."  The  gatehouses  and  walls  of  the  close  remain.  There  are  considerable  re- 
mains  of  the  bishop's  palace. 

1  Probably  Drayton,  near  Abingdon.    No  remains. 

'  The  Roll  says,  ''muros  palatii  sui  in  civitate  Lincoln,  auod  quidam  palatium  se 
jungit  procinctui  dictse  ecclesiae  beatse  Mariae  Lincoln,  qui  ^uidem  procinctus  de  licentia 
progenitorum  nostroinim  &;c.  clauditur  et  kemellatur,  et  div^rsi  turelli  ibidem  feuiti  sunt 
ut  mcitur,  reparare  et  emendare  necnon  altius  undique  elevare,  kemellare  et  turellare 
&c.  et  si  opus  fiierit  alios  muros  in  circuitu  dicti  palatii  de  petra  et  calce  de  novo  fiioere, 
kemellare  et  turellare,  &c.  Dedimus  insuper,  &c.  veterem  murum  nostrum  et  solum  in 
quo  idom  mums  situatur  qui  so  jungit  palatio  pranlicto  versus  orientem  qui  quidem 
mums  continet  decern  et  octo  perticatiis  et  dimidiam  per  vii72;am  viginti  pedum  de 
ulna  rogia  ut  dicitur,  &;c.  murum  ilium  emendare  vel  eum  si  opus  fuerit  de  novo  facere, 
kemellare  et  turellare,  &;c." — More  of  this  palace,  and  the  royal  gift,  at  Patent  an. 
4  £dw.  III.,  part  i.  membranes  5  and  6. 

•  There  are  considerable  remains  of  the  buildings  of  the  abbey,  part  of  which  be- 
long to  this  period. 

*  The  Roll  sets  forth :  **  Hex,  &c.  Inspeximus  literas  patentes  Celebris  memoriae  domini 
"Edwardi  nnper  Regis  Anglise  patris  nostri  sub  sigillo  quo  utebatur  in  Hibemia  tul^ 


326  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Sept. 

Anno  Regni  E.  III. 

A     5 .  Johannes  de  MolynB manaum    Stoke  Fogeys     Buk». 

5^ mansum    Ditton  Buks. 

6.  Abbas  et  Convent«s  de  Evesham    . . .  A>-|  ^^^^^ 

mum  8uam  ultra  portam  AbbaU<B  uliusj  •'o 

6.  Johannes  de  Wysham manerium    Wodemanton  Wygoriw 

6.  Johannes  de  Mereworth* manerium    Mereworth'  Kane. 

«• r;''""'  ""^'^  Tl  Cheriton       Kane. 

infra  manertum  suum  dej 


7.  Prior  et  Conventus  de  Spaldyng y . ..Priora- 

tum  suum 


aA 

^1  Spaldyag. 


7.  Johannes  de  Beauchaump  de  Somerseted . .  ^  ^^^^iie  •      Somerset 

mansum  j 

7.  .-■ manmm    Estokes  Southamedon^ 

7.  Johannes  de  Molyns  et  Egidia  uxor  ejus^  Weston       \  n  i 

situm  manerii  sui  dej  Turvill        J 

8.  Ricardus  de  Chaurabemoune . . .  .manertum     Medebury*    Devon. 
8.  Thomas  de  Burgh mansum    Walton  Ebor. 

8.  Johannes  de  Bures  et  Hawisia  uxor  ejus^  _, 

>  Botynirton      Glouc. 
mansum  j        ^  ® 

8.  Thomas  Rocelyn mansum  manerii    Eggefeld        Norff. 

8.  Johannes  de  Bures  et  Hawisia  uxor  ejus...^  ^  ^, 

>  Botyngton      Glonc. 
mansum  j        ^  ° 

testimonio  Jobannis  Wogan  dudum  Justiciarii  ipnus  patris  nostri  teme  pradietn  con- 
fectas  in  hftc  verba  :  *  Edwardus,  Dei  Gratia  Rex,  &c.  Quia  acccpimus,  &c.  quod  non  est 
ad  dampnum,  &c  si  conccdamuA  Galfrido  de  Mortone  cin  nostro  Dublin,  quod  ediflcar* 
possit  et  construero  unam  turrim  ad  fincm  magni  pontis  Dublin,  versus  villam,  bene 
kcmellatam  et  batillatam ;  et  unam  aliam  turrim  ad  comeram  rniui  quie  so  extendi^ 
a  prsdicto  fine  pontis  versus  occidens  bene  kemellatam  et  batillatam,  et  domos  suaa 
proprias  sedificare  inter  oasdcm  turres  super  murum  villse,  et  quod  facere  possit  ia 
eisdcm  dumibus  fenestras  et  alias  defensiones  rationabilcs,  ot  quod  domos  illas  kemel- 
lare  possit  versus  venellam  prsedicti  pontis,  ct  quod  spissitudo  et  fortitude  muri  pne- 
dicti  per  hoc  in  aliquo  non  mmuetur  sed  potius  meliorabitur,  ftc.  Teste  J.  Wogan,  Justi- 
ciar nostro  Hibem.  apud  Dublin,  viij  die  Novembr.  anno  regni  nostri  quarto.*  Et  dileo* 
tus  nobis  Johannes  de  Granntesote  et  Alicia  uxor  ejus  filia  et  heres  prsedicti  GalfHdi 
Gui  domos  pnedictas  modo  tenent,  fto.  nobis  supplicavcrint,  fto.  velimus  concedero  eis* 
AC.  turres  et  domos  illas  perficere  et  construero  et  Kemellare  kc.  et  tenere  possint  ribi 
et  heredibus  ipsius  Alicise,  &c." 

At  m.  17,  and  m.  21,  John  de  Granntseto  is  described  as  *'nuper  onus  justic.  nostra- 
rum  do  Banco  Dublin." 

u  The  Roll  adds,  **  ad  requisitionom  dileoti  ot  fidelis  Willielmi  de  Clynton.'* 

■  Nothing  remains  of  this  house. 

y  The  Roll  adds,  *'  ad  requisitionom  dilecti  clerici  nostri  Henrici  de  Edeneetowo." 
*  Hatch  Beauchamp  is  6)  miles  from  Ilminstcr.    Licence  for  a  market  and  a  fidr, 

both  long  sinoe  disused,  was  obtained  by  John  de  Beauchamp,  lord  of  the  manor.  In 

1301. 

■  Hatch  Beauchamp  near  Taunton  ;  there  is  also  Edstock  in  the  same  county.  Thui 
licence  gives  permission  *'  batillaro,  kronellare  et  turellare." 

>>  Modbury.    There  is  an  ancient  manor-houae  here,  still  occupisd  by  tins 
fiunilj. 


1856.]  Licences  to  Crenellate.  827 


.D.       Anno  Regni  E.  III. 

Ise'l     ^*  "^^^"^^  Rocelyn mansum  manerii    Eggefeld        Norff. 

9.  Nicholaus   Bonde . .  • . ^tfaitcfam  cameram^'\ 

,    >  xl6rK68t6Q6      oUu. 

tn  manso  suo 


de] 


^  Wilton  in 
J  Pykerynglith 


ithj 


9.  Johannes  de  Heslarton    mansum  >o..i ^i^^i.  >Ebor. 

9.  Johannes  Lercedekne mansum    Lanihorn.         Comuh. 

9.  Robertas  de  Esselyngton mansum    Esselyngton^^. 

9.  Radulphus  de  Bloiou* mansum  Cole  we  Heys^  Dors. 

9.  — ^— ^— — —    mansum  Tregewel  Comub. 

9.  Ranulphus  de  BlankmousterS. . .  .mansum  Biename  Comub. 

9.  Ranulphus  de  Dacre ^mansum  Naward^  Cumbr. 

9.  Johannes  de  Hodleston mansum  Milium^  Cumbr. 

9  Johannes  de  Chevreston mansum  Yedilton  ^  Devon. 

9.  Johannes  de  Cole mansum  Tamer  Devon. 

10.  Johannes,  Episcopus  Karleol ....  mansum    La  Roos^ 

10.  Johannes  Dauneye,  miles mansum     Shevyok  Comub. 

10.  Abbas  de  Evesham. . . .  domum  extra  por-1  ^      ,  ^.. 

jii  \,'    >  J5vesnam         Wigom. 
iam  Abbatnta)  ^ 

10.  Willielmus  deWhitefeld...m«n«tMW  mandril <  -    V  jDors. 

(  ford  ™  3 

10.  Johannes  de  Sigeston manerium    Beresende      Ebor. 

10.  Henricus,  Episcopus  Lincoln  manwm  manmi     Stowe  Line. 

--,  ..  TBeatse  Marise) 

10.   ■■  moHSum  manerttJ  ,    __     „        VLinc. 

I  de  Netelham  j 

10.    ■-■■      mansum  manerii    Lydyngton"  Rotel. 

10.  Walterus  Heryng  de  Wynterboum (  Langeton. 

mansum\  Heryng. 


«  The  Roll  afterwards  explains,  "  de  novo  constniend.*' 

*  No  county  on  Roll.    E^lynton,  Northumberland,  or  possibly,  Islington,  London. 

*  Ralph  de  Bloyou,  chivaler,  is  again  mentioned  in  the  Pat.  Roll,  an.  11  £d.  III. 
p.  1,  m.  36. 

'  Possibly  Coombe-Keynes. 

'  Printed  Blank  Monsly  in  Cal.  Rot.  Pat 

^  The  celebrated  Naworth  Castle,— a  portion  of  which  is  of  this  period. 

*  Milium.    There  are  some  remains  of  this  house. 

*  Possibly  Yealmpton. 

'  No  county  on  the  Roll.  Rose  Castle  in  Cumberland,  by  the  river  Caude,  near 
Inglewood  Forest.  King  Edward  the  First  lodged  here  in  his  expedition  to  Soot- 
land,  and  dated  his  writs  fbr  munmoning  a  parU^ent,  "apud  la  Rose."  The  Scots 
drove  the  bishop  of  Carlisle  fh>m  Rose  Castle,  and  upon  this  King  Richard  the  Second 
gave  Homcastle,  in  Linoolnshhre,  to  Uie  bishop.  Rose  Castle  was  burnt  down  in  the 
civil  wars,  but  since  restored. 

■  Wyrdesford.  Probably  Woodford,  where  the  remains  are  considerable,  and  worthy 
of  examination. 

■  Liddington,  Rutland.  There  are  remains  of  an  old  hoose  hero^  bat  they  do  not 
appear  to  b«  so  early  as  the  date. 


828  Correspondence  of  Sylvanns  Urban.  [Sept. 

A.D.       Anno  Regni  E.  III. 
Ild36,|  10.  Walterus  Heryng  de  Wynterbourn  ...  mansum    Wynterbourn p. 

U.  Johannes   de    Coloygne^ domos  suas^  ^^.,, 

n      I'll  '  r       '  '4  *        ^  4  ^     > London.  Midd. 

super  Cornhtll  infra  ctvitatem  nostrami 

11.  Robertas, Epi8CopusSarum...ma««/m7»a»erii  Sarum  Wilts. 

..fWodeford    }   „_ 

11. mansum  manerti<  ^  .        .       >  Wilts. 

t  Lpiscopi      3 

11. mansum  manerii  Shireburn'      Dors. 

\  \ ,   . ......  mansum  manerii  Cherdestok      Dors. 

1 1 . mansum  manerii  Poteme  Wilts. 

1 1 .  ■ mansum  manerii  Cannyngg       Wilts. 

11. mansum  manerii  Remmesbury     Wilts. 

11. mansum  manerii  Sonnyng*        Berks. 

11.  Robertas,  Episcopus  Sarum. . .  .manerium     Flet-strete      London. 

..  _  f  Sampford    7  -^ 
11.  Oliverus  de  Denham..  .mansum  manerii  de<  11       V  ^®^^"' 

1 1 .  Matilda  quae  fuit  uxor  Willielmi  de  Ferrers,)  _  _ 

, .    ,        ^  >  Byr  Devon, 

chivaler mansum  j     ^ 

11.  Abbas  et  Con ventus  de  Buckelond  ...  Twa^- )  ^     ,   ,      ,      .^ 

ill  .1'  >  Buckelond      Devon. 

sum  AbbatMCB  suaj 

12.  Johannes  de    Molyns  ....  mansum  infra^ 

Wardam  Caslri  Baymrdij  ^''^''"-         **'^<*- 

12.  Nicholaus  de  la  Beche*  ,,. mansum  manerii     La  Beche", 

1 2.  ■   mansum  manerii     Beaumeys  *. 

12. ■ mansum  manerii     Watlyngtony. 

12.  Johannes  Trussell    mansum     Cublesdon*. 

12.  Willielmus  Heyron. .....  mansum  manerii    Ford'       Northumbr. 

p  No  county  in  the  Roll.     Winterboum  Abbas,  Dorsotshiro  ? 

•>  Tho  Roll  sftvs,  "  dilectus  vallettus  noster." 

'  Sherborne,  Dorsetshire.  The  castle  is  chiefly  of  tho  twelfth  century,  but  a  por> 
tion  may  be  of  this  date. 

■  Leland  says  that  nine  bishops  sate  here  till  Hermannus,  tho  last  of  them,  translated 
the  see  to  Sarum,  whose  bisliops  are  lords  here,  and  had  before  the  Ck)nque8t  a  manor- 
house  hero. 

*  La  Bcche.  The  principal  seat  of  tho  Do  La  Beche  family  was  at  Aldworth,  in 
Berkshire :  the  house  is  outiroly  destroyed,  but  the  site  may  be  traced,  and  the  church 
is  full  of  the  tombs  of  that  family.  Another  branch  of  the  family  had  a  soat  at 
Wokingham,  in  the  same  county,  which  is  also  destroyed. 

"No  county  on  the  Roll.  Watlington  is  in  com.  Oxon.  Nicholas  de  la  Beche  is  again 
mentioned  p.  2,  m.  12  &  24,  and  p.  3/m.  8.  By  Pat.  an.  14  E.  111.,  p.  2,  m.  9, he  reoeirea 
a  grant  of  a  house  in  Trinity  Lane,  London,  K)r  his  services.  Edmund  de  la  Beche  Ui 
described  as  "dilectus  cloricus  noster  et  nuper  Gustos  Garderobe  nostne,"  on  RoU, 
an.  12  E.  III.,  p.  2,  m.  6. 

*  Buaumeys,  in  the  Wiltshire  part  of  the  parish  of  Shinf^eld.  See  Lysons'  Berkahire^ 
p.  361 ;  also  Rot.  Pari.  ii.  108,  Rot.  Orig.  Abbreviatio,  IL  85,  267. 

J  No  county  on  the  Roll.    Oxfordshire  ? 
»  No  county  on  the  Roll.    Staflfordshii-e  ? 

*  Referred  to  again  36  Edward  III.  Quod  Wittess  Heron  in  feodo  tenet  maimiiim 
suum  de  Farde  in  Northumb.  kemellatum  per  nomen  caatri  sui,  &c. 

8 


Soms. 


1856,]  Licences  to  Crenellate^  329 

jy        Anno  Regni  £.  III. 

m)  12.  Galfridas  le  Scrop .fortalicium^i^^^^^        |Ebor. 

2.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Bello  ....  8itum\ 

Ai,j.  *•  > Battle*^  Sassez. 

t  Bottone 

3.  Thomas  de  AledoD mansum  manerii  I  Alulphi         '  Kane. 

( juxtaWye.** 

4.  Radulphus,  Bathon,  et  Wellen.  Episcopus^  , 
Cimiterium  et  procincium  domorum^  J 

4.  Nicholaus  de  Cantilupo mansum     Gryseleye      Notingh, 

C  Bleman-      C  Marchi. 
4.  Thomas  de  Blemansopp man8um<  i  g«Q«;jg 

4.  Willielmus  de  Kerdeston mansum    Claxton  Norff. 

4.  Thomas  de  Blenkensop mansum     Blenkensop  r. 

4.  Johannes  de  Ferres mansum     Beer  Ferres^     Devon. 

4.  Ricardus  de  Merton  ....  mansum  manerii  Torryton*       Devon. 

5.  Robert  us  de  Maners  mansum  Echale      Northumbr, 

5.  Reginaldus  de  Cobham mansum  PringharaJ. 

5.  mansum  Orkesdene      Kent. 

5.  Robertas  de  Langeton mansum\  ,-.  ,     ^ , ,,, 

^  t  Makerfeld^. 

5.  Gerardus  de  Wodryngton mansum    Wodryngton. 

5.  Robertas  Bourghchier mansum    Stanstede*     Essex. 

15.  Thomas  de  Masco  Campo mansum  Bairmore    Northumbr. 

5.  Johannes  de  Pulteneye  . . .  mansum  manerii     Chevele        Cantebr. 

5.  mansum  manerii    Penshurst  ™  Kane. 

5.  • mansum     London.  Midd, 

k  The  Roll  says,  '•  quoddam  fortalicium  apud  manerium  suum  de  Burton  Constable 
de  novo  constniere  et  fortalicium  illud  muro  de  petra  et  calce  ftrmare  et  kemel- 
lare,"  &c. 

<  Battle  Abbey ;  the  gatehouse  and  part  of  the  walls  remain. 

<*  Boujfhton-Aluph,  near  Ashfoni 

*  The  Roll  says,  *' Cimiteriimi  ecclesiie  Cathedralis  Wellen.  et  procinctum  domorum 
suarum  et  Canoniconun  infra  civitatem  Wellen.  muro  lapideo  circumquaque  includere 
et  murum  ilium  kemellare  batellare  ac  turres  ibidem  facere,"  &o. 

*  Wells.  Considerable  part  of  the  fortifications  of  the  close  remain,  with  th« 
gatehouses. 

f  No  county  on  the  Roll. 

*»  Beer- Ferris,  near  Plymouth. 

*  Torryton.     Torryton  Castle  has  been  entirely  destroyed. 
J  No  county  on  the  RolL     Pringham,  alitu  Sterborough  Castle,  Surrey, 
k  Newton  Hall  or  Castle,  the  head  of  the   palatine  barony  of  Newton,   in  Lan- 
cashire. 

1  Stanstede,  or  Stanstead  Hall,  near  Halstead,  Essex.  There  are  tombs  of  the 
Bourchier  family  in  Halstead  Church.  The  place  is  now  called  Stanstead  Montfichet. 
The  moat  remains,  but  no  part  of  the  ancient  house. 

"B  See  Dom.  Arch.,  vol.  ii.  p.  278.  The  licence  is  there  stated  to  hare  been  granted 
15  K  II. ;  but  this  is  probably  an  error  either  of  the  printer  or  of  the  scribe  followed 

Gbitt.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  u  u 


1842 
1348 


830  Correspondence  of  Sylvanui  Urban.  [Sept. 

f;R:  1    Anno  Regni  E.  III. 

.  j  C  Fresshe-      7  insula 

16.  Egidius  de  Bello  Campo mansumi^  ^^^^^  >  Vectw. 

( Monketon      ")  -,, 

16.  Thomas  Uehtred mansuml  yJLoor. 

°  IsupermoramJ 

16.  mansum 


rKexbyjuxta     \^^^ 
^^StaynfordbriggJ 


16.  Bemardus  de  Dalham  (de  confirmatione")"^  . 

domum  fortem  sen  fortalicium  in  loco  de  i 

16.  Willielmus  LengleysP,  "dilectus  vallettus)    „    ,        , 

^    „  .      >  Heyheved. 

ncster    manenumj        -^ 

1 7.  Robertus  Bertram   mansum    Bothale         Northumbr. 

17.  Johannes  Heronn mansum     Crawelawe     Northumbr. 

17.  Johannes  de  Norwi CO... man^t/m  manertt     Metyngham  Suff. 

1 7.  — ^— — —    mansum  manerii    Blak worth  Norff. 

1 7. mansum  manerii    Lyng  Norff. 

17.  Johannes  de  Kiriel mansum     Westyngehangre**  Kane. 

18.  Thomas   de   Heton. . .  .man^m  suum  ac^  rvi      1       li  ' 

castrum  sive  fortalitium  indejaceret 

1 8.  Radulphus  de  Hastyngs mansum     Slyngesby      Ebor. 

18.  Prior  et  Conventus  Roff. ' murum    Rochester       Kane. 


by  the  editor.     It  has  long  been  observed  that  the  character  of  the  arohitectore 
not  so  early  as  Edward  the  Second.     1  his  apparent  discrepancy  is  now  accounted  for. 

B  This  entry  recites  a  previous  grant,  permitting  Bernard  de  Dalham  to  make  a  o«r- 
tain  strong  house  or  fortalice  of  stone  and  lime,  and  to  crenellate  it.  The  preyiooa 
grant  is  dated  at  Shottele,  June  21st,  in  the  14t)i  year  of  Edward  III. 

®  Croydon  ? 

P  The*  previous  entry  mentions  land  hold  by  Wm.  Longloys  at  Ivetonfeld,  in  th% 
Forest  of  Inglewode.  He  is  again  mentioned,  Pat.  an.  16  E.  III.  p.  2,  m.  18,  with  ih% 
manor  of  Ueghheved,  and  land  at  Raghton  and  Gattscales,  the  manors  of  I'ybay  and 
Kounthwayt,  &c.,  in  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  The  home  al 
Hoyhevcd,  or  Highhead  Castle,  Essex,  has  been  rebuilt. 

1  Westyiiffehangre,    Weston-hanger.    There  are  some  remains  here. 

*■  Chillingnam,  Northumberland  ? 

*  The  Roll  states :  "  Si  concedamus,  &c.  Priori  et  Conventui  Roff.  fosaatum  noctmm 
extra  murum  civitatis  Roff.  mii  se  extcndit  a  porta  orientali  ejusdem  civitatis  Tenus 
Cantuar.  usque  portam  dicti  rrioris  versus  austrum,  &c.  ita  quod  iidera  Prior  et  Con- 
ventus  fossatum  illud  firmis  et  terra  implere,  &c.  et  quod  loco  ejusdem  muri  imam 
novum  murum  de  petra  sufficienter  kemellatum  altitudijiis  sexdecim  pedum  extra  dio- 
turn  fossatum  et  uuum  novum  fossatum  extra  eundem  murum  sic  de  novo  fiuaend.  in 
solo  ipsorum  Prions  et  C-onventus  ibidem  in  longitudine  et  latitudine  oompetens  fiuiani 
Buis  sumptibus,  &c.  manutenend.,  &c.  dictum  fossatum  sic  implend.  ooutinet  in  m  quia- 
quaginta  et  quatuor  particatas  et  ouatucrdecim  pedes  teme  et  dimid.  in  longitocyiM 
et  quinque  particatas  et  quinque  pedes  teme  in  latitudine,"  &c. 


(7b  ^  conHwued.) 


1856.] 


331 


COUNTY  HISTORY.— STAFFORD. 


Mb.  Urban, — Now  that  "grim-visaged 
war  hath  smoothed  his  wrinkled  front," 
and  peace  has  again  shed  its  blessings  upon 
us,  literature  and  all  its  kindred  arts  once 
more  meet  the  encouragement  of  the  pub- 
lie ;  and  therefore  now  is  the  time  to  call 
the  attention  of  the  learned  world,  and 
especially  those  inhabiting  the  county  of 
Stafford,  to  an  object  of  great  importance 
to  the  latter — the  topographical  prospects 
of  their  native  county. 

It  is  much  to  be  r^retted  that  there  is 
no  thoroughly  good  history  of  the  county 
of  Staiford,  although  the  materials  for  such 
a  work,  both  in  public  and  private  coUec- 
tions,  are  ample.  The  history  of  Mr.  Shaw 
was  never  completed,  and  the  idea  which 
has  been  entertained  of  completing  that 
work  is  simply  absurd ;  for  how  monstrously 
ridiculous  would  a  description  of  the  city 
of  Lichfield,  as  it  was  sixty  years  ago,  be 
by  the  side  of  an  account  of  any  other 
place  penned  in  1856 ! 

His  history  certainly  shews  a  great  deal 
of  research,  yet  his  style  of  writing  is 
destitute  of  that  taste  and  elegance  which 
OMght  to  characterize  it,  and  without  which 
every  attempt  to  prosecute  so  useful  an 
undertaking]:  must  be  abortive.  To  write 
a  county  history  is  certainly  an  ardimus 
task;  it  rf*quires  a  person  who  comlmies 
the  occupation  of  a  laborious  antiquary  and 

genealogist  with  that  of  a  graceful  and 
uent  writer ;  one  who  can  make  the  most 
unreadable  book  readable,  who  can  invest 
the  driest  subject  with  interest.  I  must 
say  that  such  an  one  is  a  rara  avis ;  there 
are,  however,  some  who  possess  this  art  in 
an  eminent  degree. 

The  next  point  to  be  considered  is  the 
materiaU.  These,  as  I  have  before  as- 
serted, are  ample,  and  if  there  are  any 
papers  the  whereabouts  of  which  is  not 
known,  the  time-honoured  pages  of  your 
MagHzine,  which  brought  many  of  the 
MSS.  made  use  of  by  Shaw  into  his  pos- 
session, are  the  best  medium  for  their  dis- 
covery. 

The  idea  of  writing  a  history  on  the 
haxut  of  Shaw  may  be  considered,  but  how 
far  superior  would  be  an  entirely  new  one. 
Of  course  the  lists  of  incumbents  of  the 
various  parishes,  and  much  other  matter 
contained  in  Shaw,  would  be  useful,  and  I 
would  not  have  him  entirely  discarded. 

The  other  collections  in  existence  for 
such  an  undertaking  are  ably  set  forth  in 


a  letter  addressed  to  the  editor  of  the 
"  Staffordshure  Advertiser,"  by  Mr.  John 
Smart  Bugoe,  about  twelve  years  ago,  (of 
which  I,  fortunately,  have  a  cutting,)  and 
which   I    cannot   do   better  than    quote 
largely  from,   in  the  hope  that  it  may 
stimulate  some  of  your  numerous,  and  I 
am  sure  I  may  add  learned^  correspondents 
to  undertake  this  work  which  has  so  long 
been  a  desideratum.   This  letter  begins  by 
quoting  a  communication  from  Mr.  Hamper 
of  Birmingham,  (the  learned  editor  of  Sir 
W.  Dugdale's  "  Life  and  Correspondence,") 
in  which  he  says  that  "The  voluminous 
collections    of    Wilkes,    Loxdale,    ToUet, 
Blore,  Pegge,  Shaw,  Huntbach,  &c.,  &c., 
were  purchased  by  him  and  Mr.  Hpe  Wol- 
ferstan  with  a  view  to  prevent  their  dis- 
persion— being  advertised  for  sale  by  Leigh 
and  Sotheby  in  1810,  in  thirty  or  forty 
lots — and  that  the  future  historian  of  the 
county  might  have  the  benefit  of  his  pre- 
decessor's labours."    He  also  purchased  all 
the  copper-plates,  published  and  unpublish- 
ed, and  the  original  drawings  of  the  whole 
work,   viz.   forty-three  engraved  for,   or 
illustrative   of,   vol.   i. ;    forty -four  ditto, 
ditto,  voL  ii. ;  ninety-one  prepared  for  the 
continuation ;  total,  178  drawings.     "  Mr. 
Hamper,"  says  Mr.  Bugoe,  "  died  in  1831, 
and  liis  library  was  sold  by  Evans,  of  Pall- 
Mail,  in  July  of  that  year;  but  as  the 
Staffordshire  materials  were  not  included, 
I  requested  a  fViend  at  Birmingham  to 
ascertain  what  hud  become  of  them.     His 
reply  contained  this  passage:  "Mr.  Hamper's 
collection  of  Staffordshire  papers,  &c.,  is 
in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Webb,  solicitor,  of 
Camp-hill,  near  this  place;  the  price  he 
asks  is  £150.     Mr.  Webb  will  be  glad  to 
correspond  with  you  on  the  subject;  and 
I  shotdd  recommend  an  early  application, 
as  he  is  already  in  treaty  with  two  parties." 
The  negociation  for  a  private  sale  of  the 
papers  failed;   and  eventually  they  wore 
disposed  of  by  auction,  being  sold,  in  the 
year  1833,  at  the  rooms  of  Messrs.  Sotheby, 
Wellington-street,   Strand.      I   believe  I 
am  not  guilty  of  any  breach  of  courtesy 
or  confidence  in  stating  that  Mr.  Win. 
Salt,  of  Lombard-street,  London,  was  the 
fortunate  purchaser,  and  is  the  present 
possessor    of   these   valuable    documents. 
They  were  in  a  very  confused  state ;  but 
many  of  them  have  since  been  transcribed, 
arranged,  and  indexed,  under  Mr.  Salt's 
supermtendenoe ;  aided  materially  by  the 


333 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


[Sept 


co-operation  oP  Capt.  Femeyhongh,  Military 
Knisrht  of  Windsor,  and  formerly  of  the 
Staffordshire  Militia,  who  has  himself  heen 
an  enthusiastic  collector  for  many  years. 

In  addition  to  these  MSS.,  Mr.  Suit's 
collection  includes  most  copious  materials 
for  a  history  of  Staffordshire,  cousistinjif  of 
genealogies,  church  notes,  charters,  deeds 
visitations,  prints,  maps,  drawings,  all 
printed  works  relating  to  the  county, 
Shaw's  correspondence,  together  with  his 
unpublished  plates  and  letterpress;  in 
short,  everything  necessary  to  be  consulted 
by  a  person  about  to  enter  upon  such  an 
undertaking*.  Mr.  Bugoo  goes  on  to  say 
that  "  Great  hopes  were  entertaini'd  some 
years  ago  that  the  task  would  have  been 
undertaken  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Cartwright, 
then  of  Kinver,  and  afterwards  Vicar  of 
Dudley,  who,  in  a  letter  to  him  (Mr. 
Bugoe),  dated  Xov.  1830,  stated  that  he 
had  for  a  number  of  years  made  an  amuse- 
ment of  collecting  materials  for  the  pur- 
pose, having  freedom  of  access  to  many 
valuable  archives  in  the  county,  and  that 
he  purposed  commencing  the  arduous  task." 


Mr.  Cartwright's  intention,  however,  ap- 
pears, unfortunately,  to  have  been  relin* 
quished,  which  is  much  to  be  regretted, 
for  he  would  no  doubt  have  produced  a 
work  of  which  the  connty  might  justly  have 
been  proud.  Such,  Mr.  Url»n,  is  the  tab- 
stance  of  Mr.  Bugoe's  letter.  If  any  one 
could  be  brought  to  attempt  this  work, 
I  am  sure  they  would  not  work  singly,  for 
let  any  once  express  a  desire  to  begin,  I 
have  little  doubt  but  that  commnnicationi 
would  pour  in  from  every  side,  and  there 
would  be  no  lack  of  subscribers.  Thus 
being  provided  for  both  in  a  literary  and 
pecuniary  point  of  view,  the  sole  remaining 
thing  to  be  desired  is  the  agend, 

I  make  no  apology  for  thus  filling  your 
columns,  feeling  sure  that  it  will  be  taken 
in  good  part ;  and  it  must  be  confessed  that 
the  subject  is  one  of  great  importance,  not 
only  to  the  county  of  Stafford,  but  to  the 
literary  world  in  general ;  and  I  can  only 
regret  that  it  has  not  fallen  to  the  lot  of  a 
more  experienced  and  more  eloquent  per- 
son than  myself  to  bring  it  before  yoor 
readers.  II.  S.  G. 


MEKTING  OF  GERMAN  ANTIQUARIES. 


Mb.  Urban, — Our  British  archaeolo- 
gical and  scientific  congresses  being  now 
in  a  great  measure  accomplished,  it  may 
possibly  interest  some  who  have  partici- 
pated in  their  researches  to  know  that 
they  may  combine  a  continuation  of  their 
labours  with  a  healthful  and  agreeable 
trip  to  the  Continent. 

The  aggregated  historical  and  anti- 
quarian s<x:ieties  of  Germany  have  insti- 
tuted an  annual  gathering,  which  for  the 
present  year  is  fixed  at  the  episcojul 
city  of  Heldesheim,  in  the  king<lom  of 
Hanover,  from  the  15th  to  the  19th  of 
September.  This  town  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  in  the  north  of  Germany,  for 
its  cathedral,  dating  from  Ludwig  der 
Fromme  (Ludovicus  jnus),  the  son  of 
Charlemagne  (813);  and  in  a  crypt  be- 
neath the  high  altar  is  a  large  rose-tree 
in  full  vigour,  said  to  have  been  planted 
by  him,  and  which  covers  almost  entirely 
the  eastern  apse.  The  cathed.*al  contains 
also  some  good  paintings  and  very  old 
church  ornaments;  but  modem  science 
has  greatly  damaged  the  interest  in 
its  famous  Irmentdule,  which  it  took 
Charlemagne  thirty  years  to  capture,  and 
which  now  is  placed  at  the  entrance  of 
the  choir,  surmounted  by  a  statue  of 
the  Virgin,  to  typify  the  victor}'  of  Chris- 
tianity   over    Wittichind    and    heathen- 


dom. Commensurate  with  the  estima* 
tion  in  which  this  famous  idol  was  held 
throughout  all  the  tribes  of  northern 
Germany  as  long  as  they  were  pagan* 
this  column  was  believed  to  be  an  en- 
tire crystal,  measuring  even  now,  though 
partially  broken,  about  eight  feet:  mo- 
dern investi;;ation  has  dispelled  the  illa- 
sion,  and  under  geological  examination 
the  material  has  been  lowered  down  to 
a  common  stalactite.  The  g^reat  glory 
of  the  cathedral  are,  however,  the  Urge 
bronze  folding  western  portali,  covered 
with  reliefs,  representing  on  the  one  side 
Scriptural  scenes,  from  the  Creation  to 
the  death  of  Abel;  and  on  the  other* 
scenes  in  the  life  of  Christ,  from  the  Na- 
tivity to  the  Ascension.  As  the  date,  MX^ 
is  cast  with  them,  their  high  antiquity  ui 
imdoubted,  -  anticipating  by  about  two 
centuries  the  gates  of  the  Baptistery  at 
Pisa.  In  the  cathedral  there  is  also  a 
bronze  pillar  of  the  same  date  and  work- 
manship, with  the  miracles  of  Christ  run- 
ning round  it,  also  on  reliefs,  in  a  serpen- 
tine Imnd,  like  that  on  Tn^an*s  Pillar  at 
Rome.  Both  gates  and  pillar  have  been 
copied  for  the  Crystal  Palace. 

A  supplemental  meeting  ia  fixed  to 
take  place  on  the  20th,  at  Hanover,  (by 
rail,  about  an  hour*8  ride,)  when  the  new- 
museum,  with  the  spoils  of  innomerable 


*  Pcr^aprt  Home  of  r our  correflpondentn  can  inform  me  whether  the  Mr.  Salt  mentioned  above  Is 
ftill  living ;  and  if  deail,  -where  his  collections  are  deposited  ? 


1856.] 


Correspondefice  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


333 


tamuli,  will  be  exhibited,  with  the  other 
objects  of  art  and  architecture  in  that 
very  interesting  capital. 

Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  riches 
of  the  Hanoverian  territory  in  primseval 
antiqmties,  when,  in  a  radius  of  five  (Ger- 
man miles  round  Uelzen,  on  the  north 
of  Hanover,  the  king's  chamberlain,  Graf. 


y.  Eslorff,  could  number  up  seven  thousand 
various  drui^cal  and  pag^n  monuments. 

W.  Bell,  Phil.  Db, 

P.S. — A  direct  railroad  connects  Hel- 
desheim  either,  on  the  north,  with  Ham- 
burg, or  south,  via  Minden  and  Hanover, 
with  Kdln  (Cologne). 


DECIMAL  COrNTAGE. 


Mb.  Ubban, — You  have  doubtless  of  late 
heard  more  than  enough  of  decimal  coinage. 
Two  systems  or  propositions  have  been  put 
forward;  a  great  deal  has  been  Kiid  and 
written  about  it ;  and,  as  is  usuiil  with  us 
in  matters  of  public  utility  or  convenience, 
nothing  has  been  done.  Many  schemes 
have,  of  course,  been  propounded  for  carry- 
ing out  this  object,  but  two  only  appear 
to  have  claimed  any  attention.  They  are 
both  of  them  based  upon  two  denomina- 
tions of  coin  only,  or  a  double  column  of 
account,  viz.  pounds  and  mils,  and  shil- 
lings and  pence;  1,000  mils  making  1 
pound,  and  10  pence  making  1  shilling. 
Hence  the  advocates  of  either  scheme  are 
named  by  the  other,  (facetiously  or  in 
ridicule,  as  the  case  may  be,)  milmen,  or 
teni)enny  men.  Both  schemes  are  subject 
to  variation:  some  friends  of  the  former 
proposing  pounds  and  florins  and  mils,  or 
florins  and  mils  only ;  and  some  of  the  latter 
party  subdividing  the  penny  into  tenths,  or 
cents.  Of  course  there  are  strenuous  op- 
ponents of  both  schemes,  and  no  lack  of 
assertions  on  either  side  to  prove  a  nega- 
tive on  the  other.  It  is  said  that  the 
unlearned  in  arithmetic  would  be  sadly 
puzzled  to  regnbite  the  pr'ces  of  buying 
and  selling,  or  to  know  when  they  had 
full  value  for  a  day's  laboiir,  or  the  proper 
change  for  a  shilhng ;  forgetting  that  the 
whole  problem  has  been  tested  in  France 
within  Ifss  than  a  century,  and  found  to 
work  well ;  and  not  choosing  to  remember 
that  an  Englishman  may  be  as  intelligent 
as  his  neighbour  in  a  mere  matter  of  money. 
Learned  lecturers,  moreover,  have  set  their 
faces  against  the  said  schemes — more  par- 
ticularly the  latter ;  and  a  meeting  of  the 
merchants  of  London  has  decided  tliat  any 
change  in  the  coinage  of  Engbmd  is  both 
unnecessiiry  and  inexpedient. 

Nevertheless,  Mr.  Urlmn,  you  may  per- 
haps agree  with  me  in  thinking  that  a 
decimal  coinage  in  so  comniorciHl  a  coun- 
try as  ours  would,  when  fiilly  established, 
be  a  great  point  gained ;  and  that  the  dif- 
ficulty (if  there  be  any),  or  more  properly 
the  objection,  lies  rather  in  the  denomimv- 
tion  of  the  money  than  in  its  arrange- 
ment. Mils,  and  florins,  and  cents  are 
foreign  things,  and  utterly  alien  to  Eng- 


lish notions.  Pounds,  shillings,  and  pence 
are  part  and  parcel  of  the  British  constitu- 
tion ;  as  much  so,  in  idea,  as  King,  Lords, 
and  Commons;  and  to  obliterate  the  one 
or  the  other  would  be  (as  Mr.  Canning 
once  said  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  a 
similar  occasion)  about  as  feasible  as  re- 
storing the  Heptarchy.  Doubtless  some 
such  measure  as  this  will  eventually  be 
carried,  and  in  order  that  generations  to 
come  may  see  that  there  is  (or  will  be)  no 
novelty  in  the  proposition  when  again 
made,  I  beg  leave  to  borrow  your  pages 
for  the  purpose  of  putting  on  record  the 
following  scheme,  which  appears  to  be,  if 
not  the  best,  the  only  one  consistent  with 
the  denominations  of  our  money  as  it  is  at 
present,  viz. : — 

10  pennies  =    1  shilling 
100      „       =10      ..       =1  pound. 


M 


ft 


You  perceive,  Sir,  that  the  penny  is  the 
standard  or  unit;  the  good  old  penny, 
dear  to  us  from  the  time  of  the  Romans, 
still  dearer  to  us  from  its  association  with 
sacred  history, — "  He  gave  to  every  man 
a  penny ;"  and  the  good  Samaritan  "  took 
out  two-pence ;"  a  denomination  of  money 
not  quite  '*as  old  as  the  hills,"  perhaps, 
but  certain  to  endure  as  long  as  the  Eng* 
lish  language  shall  exist.  The  cucending 
scale  is  decimal;  the  three  columns  of 
figures  will  remain,  and  for  all  matters  of 
account  the  fractions  of  a  penny  will  be 
decimal  also:  thus,  1,  2,  or  3  tenths,  in- 
stead of  1,  2,  or  3  farthings,  to  be  ex- 
pressed by  a  small  figure  and  a  dot  under 
it  (?),  instead  of  two  small  figures  and  a 
stroke  between  them  (J),  ns  at  present. 
They  may  also  be  counted  as  a  whole 
number  (or  1)  when  more  than  5,  or 
thrown  out  altogether  when  5  or  less,  as 
is  the  general  practice  with  bankers  as 
regards  the  farthings.  They  will  also  give 
wider  ransce  or  scope  for  speculation  to 
large  contractors :  for  instance,  100,000^. 
of  candles,  or  a  million  of  bricks,  or  copper 
caps  for  rifles,  at  so  many  pence  and  tenthi 
per  Ib.f  per  100,  or  per  1,000,  in  lieu  of 
pence  and  farthings.  The  change  from 
old  money  to  new  will  be  the  simplest 
thing  in  the  world,  viz.,  reduce  the  whole 
Amount  into  pence,  and  point  off  into  £.#.<{. 


334. 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


[Sept. 


Now  for  the  arrangfement  of  the  descend- 
ing scale — for  practical  dealings  in  farthing 
mshlights  and  quarter  ounces  of  tea ;  that 
terribU  puzzle  to  the  lower  orders^  (as  we 
are  apt  to  designate  every  man  who  has 
not  a  hundred  a-year,)  that  mystification 
of  Hodge  and  Bumpkin,  which  shall  de- 
prive  them  of  the  power  of  calculating 
their  week's  wages,  and  put  them  in  con- 
tinual fear  of  the  courts  of  insolvency, — 

"  Parturiunt  montes,  et  nascitur  nothing 
at  all}" 

but  leave  things  just  as  they  are,  with  the 
addition  of  mites  or  half-farthings ;  thus : 
1  penny  =  2  half-pennies  =  4  farthings 
=  8  mites.  These  should  be  actual  coins, 
all  of  them,  and  of  copper.  Silver  coins 
might  be  of  %d.,  3rf.,  id.^  5rf.,  lOrf.,  25rf., 
and  50d!.  The  two  last  might  be  called 
dollars  and  half-dollars,  or  crowns  and  lialf- 


crowns,  as  at  present.  Gold  coins  miglit 
be  of  £1,  £2,  and  £5,  and  called  80vereigD% 
if  so  preferred.  The  nominal  guinea  shoiild 
be  £1. 1«.  \d^  being  the  units  of  each  dmo- 
mination  of  money  of  account. 

This  scheme  would  comprise  aU  the 
British  moneys  now  in  use,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  some  further  conveniences  for 
small  change  and  less  bulky  carriage ;  and 
if  a  crown  were  to  be  pLtced  on  the  head 
of  the  sovereign  (the  queen)  upon  the 
gold  coins,  a  coronet  upon  the  silver  cnna, 
and  a  hat  upon  the  copper  coins,  thej 
Would  fancifully  represent  the  bases  of  oar 
political  constitution,  and  might  be  called 
kings,  (or  queens),  lordst  and  commons,  or 
crown-Xy  coronets,  and  h^ts,  just  as  ihey 
are  now  called  yellotchogs,  shiners,  and 
browns. 

Aug.  15,  1856.  W.  C. 


REGALIA  OP  EAST  RETFORD. 


Mr.  Ubban, — As  all  relics  of  our  muni- 
cipal institutions — ^now  fast  fading  into 
oblivion,  from  the  influence  of  modern  im- 
provement— will  always  find  a  welcome  in 
your  pages,  I  beg  to  send  you  a  short  ac- 
count of  what  still  remains  of  the  munici- 
pal reg^ia  of  East  Retford,  Nottingham- 
shire. 

"  These  originally  consisted  of  two  silver 
maces,  g^lt :  the  oldest  and  smallest  was 
given  by  Sir  Gervasc  Clifton,  Bart,  (about 
1620);  the  largest  was  given  by  Sir  Ed- 
ward Nevile,  Bart.,  of  Geme,  in  1679." 
Also  by  the  same  donor — "four  silver 
bowls,  two  silver  salts,  and  twelve  silver 
spoons.  They  also  possess  a  stately  silver 
cup  presented  by  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  ^." 

Of  these,  the  present  description,  though 
short,  will,  I  trust,  be  sufficiently  intelli- 
gible to  your  readers : — 

1.  Maces.  The  smallest  and  oldest  of 
these  is  not  more  than  two  feet  long,  and 
quite  plain,  with  no  other  ornament  than 
the  royal  crown  at  the  summit.  Tlie 
largest  is  of  a  more  elegant  design  and 
workmanship,  llie  bowl  is  of  lai^e  size, 
and  entwined  with  the  rose  and  thistle, 
like  the  acanthus  of  some  varieties  of  the 
Corinthian  capital.  Al)ove  this  is  a  broad 
band  or  fillet,  ornamented  in  rich  relief, 
in  compartments,  with  the  emblems  of 
England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Irehind, 
the  royal  arms,  those  of  the  town,  and 
the  coat  of  the  donor ;  an  inscription  of 
the  name  of  the  donor,  and  date  of  pre- 
sentation. The  whole  is  surmounted  by 
the  royal  crown,  of  admirable  execution. 


Both  these  maces  are  in  the  best  state  of 
preservation. 

2.  The  two  silver  Bowls  are  wanting. 

3.  The  two  silver  Salts  are  perhaps  the 
most  curious  part  of  the  collection,  m 
shewing  the  scarcity  of  tliat  neeossmrf 
article  during  the  reign  of  James  I.  Thej 
are  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  small 
three-cornered  hats  of  a  later  period,  about 
two  inches  on  each  side,  with  a  depressioii 
in  the  centre  which  would  not  contain  a 
modern  tea-spoonfuL  That  there  were 
but  two  of  them,  seems  to  denote  that 
they  were  only  intended  for  the  top  and 
bottom  of  the  table ;  and  we  may  be 
puzzled  to  distinguish  who  sat  "  below 
the  salt." 

4.  The  silver  Spoons.  These  are  still 
twelve  in  number.  The  bowls  are  of  the 
same  sliape  as  those  of  Apostle-spoons; 
and  from  the  to))s  having  the  appearance 
of  l>eing  cut  ofi',  and  the  initiak  of  the 
donor,  G.  C,  engraved  upon  them,  I  am 
rather  incline<l  to  think  they  had  originally 
the  twelve  Apostles  surmounting  them, 
but  removed  by  the  donor  as  savouring  of 
po])ery. 

6.  The  great  silver  Cup  presented  by 
the  Earl  of  Lincoln  is  much  bruised,  as  if 
in  fre(juent  use,  and  the  inscription  nearly 
obliterated,  but  sufficient  is  stil  legible  to 
d(>notc  the  donor's  name  and  the  date, 
1620.  Beneath  is  a  shield,  with  the  an- 
cient anns  of  the  town — a  rose,  upon  a 
chief  a  lion  passant  g^iardant.  The  tinc- 
tures are  not  given,  or  are  obliterated  fay 
wear,    llie  same  arms  will  be  found  on 


•>  **  White'M  His.orical  Directory  and  Gszetteer  of  N'ottinghamshire,'*  Sro.,  1944,  p.  eot. 


1856.] 


Corre9pondenee  tfSylwmui  Urban. 


83<S 


the  great  none.   The  preomt  tnoM,  of  two         Such  kre  the  cnrioiu  Mtide*  wtiidi  com- 

bleoiu,  is  mnre  modem,  but  when  granted  pose  this  iDt«T«stiiig  regilu,  aai  fena  one 

I  could  not  letini.  of  the  very  few  antiquitiee  of  tb«  town,  if 

S.  AiDong  the  regalia  are  silver  medal-  we  except  St.  Swithin's  Church,  which  on 

lions  for  the  cit;  wuti.  oT  ov&l  furm,  sor-  ita  Boath  ride,  on  the  ontride,  hta  a  flgon 

rounded  by  a  wreath ;  within  this  are  the  sitting,  with  a  kind  of  mitre  or  tiara,  and 

old  city  arms  and  the  donor's  name.  holding  np  the  right  hand,  as  if  in  the  act 

7.  Tiro  lilrer   Capi,   ot  the  shape   of  of  benediction.    I  do  not  find  tMi  flgnre 

modem  wine-glaases.  has  ever  been  eiplained.  E.  O.  B, 

KUNIC  OR  CLOG  ALMANACS. 


He.  Ubbui, —  Could  jou  inform  me 
where  the  best  account  is  to  be  obt^ned 
of  the  Runic  Calendars,  as  I  believe  the; 
are  called ;  those,  I  mean,  which  are  cut 
on  a  four-squared  piece  of  wood,  on  which 
the  days,  weeks,  and  months  are  noted  b; 
different  kinds  of  notches,  and  the  holy- 
days  by  symbols. 

My  attention  has  been  drawn  to  a  re- 
presentation of  one  in  Brady's  ClavU 
Cidendaria,  on  which  I  see  that  the  fes- 
tivals of  St.  Ttiomas  of  Canterbury  are 
marked — both  the  day  of  his  death,  Dec. 
29,  and  that  of  his  translation,  July  7. 
Kow  the  latter  event  took  place,  I  believe, 
A.D.  1220.  ThU  would  indicate  at  how 
late  a  period  these  wooden  calendars  were 
used.  Foatibly  an  eiamination  of  some 
might  shew  that  the  marks  of  some  holy- 
days  were  added. 

The  reprcftcntation  in  the  Clava  Calen- 


that  part  of  the  conntry  almost  to  hli 
own  time.  This  was  copied  by  Hone  in 
hii  "  Eveiy-day  Book,"  and  Fosbrooks  In 
his  "EncycloiradiB  of  Antiquities."  But 
the  moet  readily  accesdble  aocoont,  witll 
engravings,  is  in  "  The  Calendar  of  t)w 


lied    froi 


Plot's   "Stafford- 


shire." This  author  says  Lhere  is  o 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  and  that 
there  are  still  in  the  midland  counties 
several  remains  of  them  :  there  is.  I  think, 
one  under  a  glass  cover  in  the  Bodleian 
Library.  Would  a  Iwok  of  reference,  or 
the  knowledge  of  any  of  your  correspon- 
dents, be  able  to  supply  a  complete  list  P 

I  am  induced  to  make  these  enquiries, 
because  in  my  ignorance  I  had  inferred 
from  the  name  Kunic  Calendar,  and  the 
rudeness  (or  simplicity)  of  the  contrivance, 
that  these  were  instruments  of  early  date, 
say  prior  to  the  Conquest.  It  might  be 
interesting  to  discover  to  how  late  a  time 
they  continued  in  use.  1  see  the  feast  of 
the  Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin, 
Dec.  6,  is  marked,  which  was  of  late  in- 
troduction. 

It  might  be  interesting  to  examine  the 
symbols  of  the  saints. 

I  am,  Sic.,  A  CouNTBT  Rbctob. 

Mr.  Urban  beg»  to  inform  "  A  Country 
Rector"  that  accounts  of  the  Clog  Alma- 
nacks,— or  "  Runic  Calendars,"  as  they  are 
called, — have  been  frequently  published. 
Plot  gives  a  description  and  an  engraving 
of  one  in  his  "  History  of  Staffordshire," 
and  states  that  they  contitmed  in  use  in 


336 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


[Sept, 


Saints  of  the  Anglican  Church,"  (Oxford, 
1851).  It  is  there  stated  that  examples 
are  preserved  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum, 
Oxford, — both  from  England  and  from 
Denmark, — and  others  in  the  Cheetham 
Library  at  Manchester.  They  are  proba- 
bly of  very  early  origin,  but  continued  in 
use,  like  the  liunic  characters,  to  quite 


a  late  period,  if  not  absolutely  to  our  own 
day,  in  some  places. 

The  one  preserved  in  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brary is  engraved  in  the  "  Calendar,"  with 
fiill  explanations  of  the  symbols.  Mr.  Ur- 
ban has  much  pleasure  in  being  able  to 
offer  his  readers  a  representation  of  it. 


A  KENTISH  MAN  AND  A  MAN  OF  KENT. 


Mb.  Ueban.  —  S.  F.  H.  (Gent.  Mao. 
June,)  asks.  What  is  the  difference  be- 
tween a  Kentish  man  and  a  man  of  Kent  ? 

Answer. — A  man  of  Kent  is,  or  was,  he 
who  held,  or  holds,  lands  by  the  custom  of 
gavelkind ;  a  Kentish  man  was,  or  is,  any 
other  native  of  the  county. 

The  men  of  Kent  obtained  concessions 
fix)m  the  Conqueror,  by  the  effect  of  which 
they  were  permitted  to  retain  their  ancient 
liberties  (Blackstone),  which  were  not  con- 
fined to  the  rights  of  proprietors  in  gavel- 
kind only,  but  to  an  old  claim  highly  fa- 
vourable to  Kentish  men  in  general. 
"  That  all  the  bodies  of  Kentish  men  be 
free,  as  well  as  the  other  free  bodies  of 
England,"  is  the  first  article  of  the  Cens- 
tumal.  This  privilege  extended  to  every 
native  of  the  county,  and  to  their  children, 
("The  Kentish  Traveller's  Companion," 
790).  Ever  since  the  time  of  Canute  till 
Henry  II.,  they  had  the  precedency  of 
marching  in  our  English  armies,  to  lead 
the  van ;  and  again,  in  former  times,  the 
leading  of  the  front  in  the  armies  abso- 
lutely belonged  to  the  men  of  Kent, 
(FuUer's  "Worthies").  At  the  battle  of 
Hastings  the  men  of  Kent  formed  the  van- 
guard. The  burgesses  of  London  claimed 
and  obtained  the  honour  of  being  the  royal 


body-guard,  and  they  were  drawn  up 
around  the  standard,  (Pal^rave). 

Tlie  partible  quality  of  lands  by  this 
custom  is  undoubtedly  of  British  origin. 
For  reasons  that  have  long  been  forgotten* 
particular  counties  and  cities  were  very 
early  indulged  with  the  privil^e  of  abid- 
ing by  their  own  customs:  such  is  the 
custom  of  gavelkind  in  Kent,  and  such 
are  the  many  particular  customs  of  the 
city  of  London,  (Blackstone). 

Caesar,  after  his  landing  and  march  to 
the  Thames,  found  not  only  that  there 
were  two  different  sorts  of  people,  but  that 
they  hod  a  different  interest ;  one  of  them 
living  wild  in  the  country,  and  the  other 
employed  in  trade.  This  may  be  the  reason 
why  ho  never  mentions  London,  but  onlj 
the  pursuit  of  Cassivellan  over  the  Thames 
(at  Oatlands),  a  great  way  west  of  London, 
— he  had  no  occasion  to  fight  against  a  place 
which  desired  his  friendship,  and  whose 
prince  (the  young  Mander  Oratins)  was 
preserved  by  liim,  ("  Historical  Collections 
of  the  Romans,"  1725,  by  T.  Salmon,  M.A.), 
— and  why  London,  the  Cinque  Ports,  and 
the  county  should,  when  other  parts  were 
conquered,  prosper,  and  easily  obtain  privi- 
leges and  acknowledgments  of  their  rights. 

July  10,  1856.  Ebob. 


THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY. 


Mb.  Ubban, — -Everybody  who  knows 
anything  about  pictures,  knows  that  the 
smoke  of  London  is  very  injurious  to  them, 
if  they  remain  any  length  of  time  there ; 
so  that  the  only  doubt  is,  whether  Gore- 
house  is  removed  from  London  far  enough 
out  of  the  reach  of  smoke :  I  really  believe 
it  is,  and  that  the  south-west  wind,  which 
is  the  most  prevalent  of  any,  would  re- 
move the  mischief  in  that  quarter ;  though 
I  hope  a  somewhat  handsomer  design  will 
be  adopted  tlian  that  of  W.  C,  whose 
Ionic  columns  are  a  quarter  too  long  for 
their  diameter. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  pictures  of 
modem  artists,  being  exhibited  for  so  short 
a  time,  would  not  sufl'er  in  the  least  from 
London  smoke  in  the  present  gallery  in 
Trafalgar-square:  and  whatever  fault  may 
9 


be  most  justly  found  with  the  architecture 
externally  of  the  same  building,  I  know  of 
no  fault  internally  but  what  arises  fWnn 
want  of  space ;  which  not  only  applies  to 
the  room  for  pictures,  but  most  of  all  to 
the  miserable,  dungeon-like  darknen  as- 
signed to  the  sculpture.  When,  therefore^ 
a  National  Gallery  for  old  masters  is  moved 
to  Gore-house,  nothing  is  left  to  be  done 
but  to  add  the  old  National  Gallery  to  the 
Royal  Academy,  by  breaking  through  the 
wall,  and  making  a  moic  decent  accommodai- 
tion  for  the  ri/ting  school  of  art.  And  whilt 
I  am  on  this  subject,  I  think  it  would  tend 
to  bring  forth  more  patrons  of  art,  if  one 
room  was  appropriated  to  amateur  pictures; 
that  they  should  be  admitted  on  paying 
one  donation  of  £5  or  more  to  the  priM 
fund,  the  picture  exhibited  giving  ftee  ed* 


1866.] 


Correspondence  t(f  Sylvanua  Urban. 


S37 


mlflsion,  as  heretofore  with  all ;  that  none 
should  be  excluded,  except  for  want  of 
room,  that  the  best  pictures  should  have 
the  first  choice,  provided  only  one  picture 
of  each  amateur  is  exhibited;  and  that 
only  when  the  walls  are  uncovered  by 
amateur  pictures,  two  or  more  may  be 


exhibited.  In  this  arrangement  might  be 
combined  economy  and  splendour,  instead 
of  the  extravagance  and  uselessness  of  the 
plan  of  W.  C. — Yours,  &c. 

An  amateub  Abtist  aitd  Abohitect. 
Aug,  11,  1856. 


SURNAMES. 


Mb.  Ubban, — I  perceive  in  the  June 
Magazine  a  very  entertaining  article  on 
family  nomenclature.  I  take  the  liberty 
to  send  you  the  following  calculation  as 
regards  the  names  of  Smith  and  Jones, 
taken  from  Directories  of  Birmingham  : — 

Piggot's  for  1826-7. 

Number  of  names  of  persons  in  trade, 

7,326. 
Name  of  Smith,  139,  or  ^  of  the  whole. 
„       Jones,  100,  or  }^  „ 

Kelly's  fob  1854. 

Number  of  names  of  persons  in  trade, 

15,500. 
Name  of  Smith,  317,  or  ^  of  the  whole. 
„       Jones,  217,  or  }^ 


y» 


White's  for  1855. 

Average  number  of  names  of  persons  in 

trade,  19,669. 
Name  of  Smith,  362,  or  ^  of  the  whole. 
Jones,  235,  or  jj  „ 


t> 


PosT-OFPiOE  London  Dekectobt  pob 
1856. 

The  numbers  stand  thus : — ^Names  of  per- 
sons and  firms  in  trade,  nearly  108,388. 
Name  of  Smith,  1,443,  or  ^  of  the  whole. 
„       Jones,     727,  or  ^  „ 

From  which  it  would  appear  that  the 
name  of  Smith  is  more  common  here  than 
in  London,  and  that  as  business  extendi 
the  name  of  Smith  decreases. 

I  should  feel  much  obhged  if  the  writer 
of  the  article  above-named  could  gpve  me 
the  derivation  of  the  name  of  Phelps. 
I  do  not  think  it  comes  from  PhUlips, 
because  the  name  was  distinctly  written 
Phelps  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Could  you  inform  me  what  became  of 
Phelps,  the  Qerk  to  the  High  Court  of 
Justice  at  the  trial  of  Charles  I.  ?  The 
editor  of  "Notes  and  Queries"  kindly 
allowed  me  to  put  the  question  in  his 
Magazine,  but  no  one  answered  it.  Noble 
does  not  mention  him,  though  he  speaks 
of  most  of  the  regicides. 

Yours,  &c.,  Jos.  Lloyd  Phelfb. 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  England  dur* 
ing  the  Regency,  1811— -1820.  By  the 
DrKE  OF  Buckingham  and  Chandos. 
(London  :  Hurst  and  Blackett.  2  vols. 
8vo.) — These  "Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
England  during  the  Regency"  belong  to 
that  pleasant  class  of  books  in  which  our 
own  national  literature  is  lamentably  poor. 
Compared  with  our  friends  across  the 
Channel,  we  have  neither  half  so  many 
books  of  memoirs,  nor  half  such  good  ones. 
Our  coimtrymen  appear,  in  fact,  not  gene- 
rally to  shine  in  that  easy,  unassuming, 
elegant  narration  which  is  the  peculiar 
chu*m  of  a  well- written  work  of  this  kind. 
Nor  do  they,  on  the  whole,  succeed  much 
better  in  the  matter  than  the  manner. 
They  are  too  substantial  and  robust  in 
their  style  of  thought— too  elephantine  in 
their  gait — too  much  writers  of  cumbrous 
history,  rather  than  of  light  and  enter- 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


talning  anecdotes    for  some   fhture  his* 
torian's  use. 

We  are  not  sure  that  the  two  volumes 
now  before  us  will  do  much  to  redeem  our 
literature  from  this  discredit.  A  matter 
of  more  certainty  is  the  interest  attach- 
ing to  that  most  momentous  period  of  our 
national  affairs  over  which  the  Duke's  work 
extends,  and  the  value  of  the  documents 
and  facts  which  he  supplies.  In  these 
respects  the  noble  author  is  alike  and 
equally  fortunate.  Both  abroad  and  at 
home,  the  Regency  was  burdened  with  far 
more  than  a  common  quantity  of  great 
events.  Abroad,  there  was  the  decline  and 
fall  of  that  unparalleled  empire  which  had 
almost  ruled  the  world,  and  which,  indeed, 
had  been  at  all  arrested  in  its  career  of 
conquest  mainly,  if  not  solely,  by  the 
blood  and  treasures  England  had  lavished, 
and  then  was  lavishing  withcmt  stints  ia 


338 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Sept. 


what  was  held  to  be  a  war  of  self-defence 
and  national  preservation ;  whilst  at  home 
there  was  a  long  continuance  of  party 
strife,  more  than  usually  envenomed,  com- 
mencing with  the  Uegeni-y-debates,  and 
never  ceasing  till  the  R«;j:ency  itself  was 
at  an  end, — the  bitter  strufj^gle  of  c(m- 
tending  statesmen,  coeval  with  the  bit- 
terer suffi  rings  of  a  populaitron  over-taxed 
and  half-fed,  and  goaded  often  by  their 
misery  into  a  threitening  discontent  no 
rulers  dared  to  scorn.  In  relation  to  times 
like  these,  it  is  easy  to  conceive  the  worth 
of  trustworthy  revelations  of  what  was 
actually  going  on  in  secret  in  the  court  of 
him  whose  destiny  it  was  to  rule  a  great 
nation  in  that  memorable  season  of  sore 
trial  and  success;— the  occupations  and 
demeanour  of  liim  who  was  "in  all  but 
name  a  king;'*  the  miserable,  peddling 
plots  and  rivalries  of  place-hunting  states- 
men ;  the  mean  and  little  motives  of  what 
sounded  on  the  stage  of  parliament  like 
hij^h-principled  and  patriotic  zeal;  and, 
indeetl,  the  whole  of  that  preparation  in 
the  inner  chambers  of  the  temple,  by 
which  the  outward  majesty  of  govern- 
ment was  brought  about.  (3n  all  these 
particulars  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's 
"  Memoirs"  are  tiill  of  curious  and  correct 
intelligence ;  and  there  is  quite  enough  in 
these  to  secure  the  p()pularity  and  interest 
of  his  work. 

How  far  his  Grace's  labours  may  have 
one  of  the  results  which  seem  to  have 
been  desired  from  them  —the  result,  we 
mean,  of  doing  honour  to  the  character 
and  conduct  of  the  Heg^nt  himself — 
is,  hai)pily,  no  coTiceni  of  ours.  If  the 
reader  will  imagine  an  advocate  making 
an  earncj^t  speech  (m  one  side  of  a  csise, 
and  then  (railing,  by  mistake,  in  8upiK)rt  of 
it,  the  witnesses  belonging  to  the  other 
side,  he  will  have  in  his  mind  hardly  a 
much  broader  contrast  than  that  which 
exists  l)etween  the  author's  own  expressed 
opinion  of  the  Prince  and  the  concurrent 
tendency  of  al.nost  every  circmnstance  he 
tells  concerning  him.  No  high-bred  cour- 
tesies of  manner,  or  well-turned  compli- 
ments to  tliose  who  pleased  him,  can,  in 
fact,  have  any  weight  as  evidence  of  taste 
or  honour,  or  accomplishment,  in  the  face 
of  the  disclosures  which  the  Duke  so  freely 
makes  of  hard  and  damning  facts,  demon- 
strative of  an  utter  and  unyielding  selfish- 
ness, a  self-will  entirely  unmindful  of  the 
feelin;>;s  and  the  rights  of  other  men,  and 
a  coarse  rudeness  which— in  a  position 
that  was  shielded  from  resentment — came 
little  short  of  absolute;  brutality.  It  would 
be  (juite  easy,  by  quotation  from  the 
"  Memoirs,"  to  make  out  this  case  against 
him  who  has  been  lauded  by  ii^udicious 


friends  as  "  the  first  gentleman  in  Europe,*' 
whilst  his  life  has  been  anscrupoloiislT 
branded,  on  the  other  hand,  as  "a  side 
epicure's  dream."  We  would  put  in,  in 
evidence  of  the  princely  toato  and  con- 
siderate feeling,  that  memorable  fHe  at 
Carlton-house  in  compliment  to  a  parent 
who  was  blind  and  miuL,  which  is  thus  de- 
scribed in  a  contemporary  report : — 

"  The  room  at  the  bottom  of  the  staireaae 
reprcfleutcd  a  bower  i%ith  a  grotto,  lin^  with  a 
profusion  of  shrubs  imd  flowers.  The  i^and  table 
extended  the  whole  Icnfcth  of  the  conservatory, 
and  across  Carlton-house  to  the  Icnf^h  of  two 
hundred  feet  Aloufir  the  centre  of  the  tabla. 
about  six  inches  above  the  surface,  a  canal  « 
pure  water  continued  flowinff  from  a  silver  foun- 
tain, beautifully  constructed  at  the  head  of  tlw 
table.  Its  banks  were  covered  with  irreen  moat 
and  aquatic  flowers;  ti:old  and  silver  fish  swmm 
and  sported  throuf^h  the  bubblinif  current,  which 
produced  a  pleasing  murmiur  where  it  fell,  and 
formed  a  cascade  at  the  outlet.  At  the  head  of 
the  table,  above  the  foimtain,  sat  his  Royal  Hi^- 
ncss  the  Prince  Regtnt,  on  a  plain  mahogany 
chair  with  a  feather  back.  The  most  particular 
friends  of  the  Prince  were  arranged  on  each  aide. 
They  were  attended  by  sixty  servitom;  sevea 
waited  on  the  Prince,  besides  six  of  the  KingV  and 
six  of  the  Queen's  footmen,  in  their  state  liveriea, 
with  one  man  in  a  complete  suit  of  ancient 
armour.  At  the  back  of  the  Prince's  seat  ap- 
peared aureola  tables,  covered  with  crimoon 
drapery,  constructed  to  exhibit  with  the  greatest 
efTect  a  profusion  of  the  most  exqmsitely  wrought 
tiilver-gilt  plate,  consisting  of  fountains,  tripodo, 
cpcrgnes,  dishes,  and  other  ornaments.  Above 
the  whole  of  the  superb  display  appeared  a  royal 
crown  and  his  Majesty's  cypher,  G.K.,  splendidly 
illumined.  Behind  the  Prince's  chair  was  most 
skilfully  disposed  a  sideboard,  covered  with  gold 
vases,  urns,  massy  salvers,  and  the  whole  orna- 
mented by  a  Si)ani'«h  urn,  taken  from  on  board 
the  Invincible  Armada.*'— (vol.  i.  p.  100.) 

And  surely  the  personal  honour  of  the 
Prince,  as  well  as  the  measure  of  his  care 
for  manly  frankness  and  for  truth,  when 
they  came  in  the  way  of  his  conacienoe, 
cannot  be  more  nicely  guaged  than  by  the 
following  proceeding : — 

••  The  Prince  received  Lord  Wellealey  with  eat- 
treme  agitation,  which  was  not  lessened  whea 
Lord  Wellcsley  announced  his  having  brought 
the  seals,  and  that  he  would  not  serve  under  Per- 
ceval riyht-nnd'foriy  hours.  The  Prince  grasped 
at  this  expression,  and  said,  *  I  entrmtt  of  you, 
then,  my  dear  Wellesley,  as  a  personal  favour  to 
myself,  that  you  will  not  resign  for  two  or  three 
days.  The  Chancellor  shall  call  upon  yen.  to- 
morrow, and  satisf}'  you  that  this  arrangement 
with  Perceval  is  merely  temporary^  and  that  I 
am  entirely  my  own  master,  and  untrammelkd 
with  respect  to  my  choice  of  a  government ' 

**  Ix)rd  Wellesley  then  returned  home,  and  his 
friends  were  reassured  in  some  degree  by  what 
hud  passed,  of  his  being  vet  the  Princess  Minister. 

"On  Sunday  (IHth)  t'he  Chancellor  saw  Lofd 
Wellesley  at  Apsley-housc,  about  two  in  tke 
afternoon.  When,  upon  I^rd  Wellesley*8  befia- 
ning  the  discourse,  by  saying  that  he  underatood 
the  lance's  continuance  of  Perceval  was  meiely 
temporary^  Lord  Eldon  said,  *  There  mast  be 
some  strange  misapprehension  in  this  bosiiieas. 
I  can  assure  your  Lordship  from  the  Prince  him* 
sf'lf,  that  he  :  Perceval i  is  the  Prince's /i^nN4iii««| 
Minister,  and  it  is  upon  this  basis  that  I  aoi  te 
confer  with  you."— (vol,  1,  p.  WO.) 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


339 


Or  the  fastidiotui  delicacy  of  conduct 
which  became  a  Prince,  to  whom  station 
gave  immunity  from  the  common  respon- 
dbilities  by  which  society  puts  down  all 
coarse  and  arrogant  aggression,  is  finely 
illustrated  in  the  following  anecdote,  re- 
ferring to  his  Royal  Highness's  conduct  in 
relation  to  Lords  Grey  and  Grenville,  who 
had  declined  his  invitation  to  them  to  take 
part  in  the  government : — 

"Two  days  ago  the  Prince  (who  bad  met 
Lauderdale  at  a  dinner  of  the  Duke  of  York's 
a  fortnight  past)  inAited  Lauderdale  to  a  dinner 
at  which  the  Princess  Charlotte,  the  Duke  of 
York,  two  or  three  ladies,  with  Sheridan,  Lord 
Erskine,  Adam,  and  two  or  three  more  of  his 
family,  making  from  sixteen  to  twenty,  were  at 
table  at  Carlton-house.  A  good  deal  of  wine 
passed  even  before  the  dessert ;  and  before  the 
servants  had  quitted  the  room  the  Prince  began 
a  furious  ana  unmeasured  attack  upon  the  let- 
terSf  and  writers  of  the  letters.  This  went  on 
some  time.  The  Princess  Charlotte  rose  to  make 
her  first  appearance  at  the  Opera,  but  rose  in 
tears,  and  expressed  herself  strongly  to  Sheridan 
as  be  led  her  out,  upon  the  distress  which  she  had 
felt  in  hearing  her  father's  language.  Nor  should 
it  be  forgot  that,  at  the  Opera,  seeing  Lord  Grey 
in  the  box  opposite  to  her,  she  got  up  and  kisi<e<l 
her  hand  to  him  repeatedly  in  the  sight  of  the 
whole  Opera. 

"After  her  departure  from  Carlton-house, 
Lauderdale,  with  great  respect,  but  with  irreat 
earnestness  and  propriety,  addressed  the  Prince 
upon  his  abuse  of  his  friends,  vindicated  the  let- 
ters in  the  strongest  terms,  declared  his  adher- 
ence to  every  word  and  sentiment  in  them,  and, 
having  spoken  verj-  strongly,  but  very  respect- 
fully, got  up  to  make  his  bow.*  The  Prince  stopped 
bim,  and  made  him  sit  down  for  a  little  while 
longer,  when  they  all  broke  up ;  and  the  next 
morning  Lauderdale  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Prince, 
repeating  in  writing  all  be  had  said  on  Saturday. 

♦'  The  next  day,  Sunday,  upon  Lord  Moira's 
calling  at  Carlton-house,  by  the  Prince's  order, 
the  Prince  sent  out  his  page  in  waiting  to  him, 
to  tell  him  that  he  had  been  so  drunk  the  pre- 
ceding night,  he  was  not  well  enough  to  see  him, 
but  ordered  the  page  to  tell  him  that  he,  the 
Prince,  had  settled  the  Catholic  question,  which 
was  not  any  longer  to  form  a  Government  ques- 
tion."—(vol.  i.  p.  250.) 

It  is,  however,  hardly  worth  while  to 
dwell  any  longer  upon  the  Regent's  cha- 
racter. Tlie  gloss  and  glory  tliat  sur- 
rounded him  have  pretty  nearly  all  evapo- 
rated now,  and  those  who  worshipped  once 
have  found,  by  this  time,  that  their  idol 
was  of  commonest  clay. 

Besides  that  portion  of  their  contents 
which  is  strictly  political,  and  deals  almost 
exclusively  with  matter  of  too  old  a  date 
to  be  attractive  to  the  reader  for  amuse- 
ment's sake,  the  Duke's  volumes  contain  a 
variety  of  entertaining  gossip  about  events 
and  persons  who  have  retamed  the  privi- 
lege of  being  always  interesting.  In  this 
category  we  cannot  fail  to  place  some  of 
the  amusing  love-sorrows  of  the  Duke 
of  Clarence,  afterwards  our  sailor-king. 
Surely,  never  mortal  of  mature  age, 
bordering  on  the  sere,  was  more  sub* 
oeptible  or  more  onfcnrtunate  :— 


"  You  have  probably  heard  all  the  history  of 
the  Duke  of  Clarence.  Before  he  went  to  Hums- 
gate,  he  wrote  to  Lady  C L to  propose, 

who  wroie  him  a  very  proper  letter  in  answer, 
declining  the  honour  m  the  most  decided  terms. 
After  his  arrival,  he  proposed  three  or  foiur  times 
more ;  and  upon  his  return  to  town,  sent  her  an 
abstract  of  the  Koyal  Marriage  Act  altered,  as 
he  said  it  had  been  agreed  to  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  whom  he  had  consulted ;  and  also  con- 
veyed the  Queen's  best  wishes  and  regards — to 
neither  of  whom  had  he  said  one  single  word  on 
the  subject.  Upon  finding  she  had  accepted  Pole 
(who,  by  the  bye,  is  solely  indebted  to  him  for 
this  acceptance),  he  wrote  to  Lord  Keith,  to  pro- 
pose for  Miss  Elphinstone,  who,  in  the  most 
decided  and  peremptory  terms,  rejected  him ; 
he  is,  notwithstanding,  gone  to  his  house.  Dur- 
ing all  this,  when  he  returned  to  town,  he  wrote 
to  Mrs.  Jordan,  at  Bushy,  to  say  she  might  have 
half  the  children,  viz.  five,  and  he  would  al- 
low her  800/.  per  annum.  She  is  most  stout  in 
rejecting  all  compromise,  till  he  has  paid  her 
what  he  owes  her ;  she  stating  that,  during  the 
twenty  years  she  has  lived  with  him,  he  has  con- 
stantly received  and  spent  all  her  earnings  by 
acting ;  and  that  she  is  now  a  beggar,  by  linng 
with,  and  at  times,  supporting  him.  This  she  re- 
peats to  all  the  neighbourhood  of  Bushy,  where 
she  remains,  and  is  determined  to  continue. 

**  While  all  this  gallantry  was  going  forward  at 
Ramsgate,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  (who  must 
interfere  in  everything)  apprised  Mrs.  Jordan  of 
what  he  was  doing.  Mrs.  Jordan  then  writes 
him  a  most  fiurious  letter,  and  another  to  the 
Duke  of  C\imberland,  to  thank  him  for  the  infor- 
mation ;  and  by  mistake  directs  them  wrong  ;  in 
consequence  of  which  there  has  been,  of  course, 
a  scene  between  the  brothers." 

A  second  disappointment,  of  the  same 
tender  nature,  soou  succeeded : — 

*•  There  is  a  grand  emotion  in  the  royal  family, 
and  with  some  reason.    The  Duke  of  Clarence 

has  thought  proper  to  propose  to  Miss  W , 

who  has  accepted  him. 

*'  The  Prince,  accompanied  by  the  Duchess  of 
Gloucester,  went  to  Windsor  on  Tuesday,  to  in- 
form the  Queen  of  this  happy  event,  who  was,  of 
course,  outrageous.  The  council  have  sat  twice, 
upon  the  business ;  and  it  is  determined,  as  I 
understand,  to  oppose  it  I  have  not  looked  to 
the  act ;  but  as  Leach  quoted  it  to  me,  it  states 
that  a  prince  of  age,  notifj-ing  his  intended  mar- 
riage, prenous  to  its  taking  place,  shall  be  at 
liberty  to  marry  without  the  consent  of  the  King, 
unless  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament  should  ad- 
dress the  Crown  against  it.  This  will,  of  course, 
take  place ;  but  you  uiay  imagine  the  bustle  it 
creates  in  the  royal  concerns.  The  drawing- 
room,  on  Simday,  was  put  off;  on  Monday  it 
was  resumed  ;  and  whether  it  will  take  place,  or 
not,  on  Thursday,  seems  yet  uncertain :  it  now 
stands  for  it. 

••My  own  private  belief  is  that  the  Prince  has 
been  encouraging  the  Duke  of  Clarence  tu  it  at 
Brighton,  and  now  turns  short  round  upon  him, 
as  is  usual,  finding  it  so  highly  objectionable. 

••  I  don't  know  whether  }  ou  know  Miss  W : 

she  is  a  fine  vulgar  Miss." — [vol.  ii.  p.  231.] 

From  this  delicate  embroilment  his 
Royal  Highness  was,  however,  relieved  by 
the  friendly  interposition  of  Lord  Eldon 
and  the  Duke  of  York.  His  perplexities 
of  this  kind  were  shortly  afterwards  ter- 
minatwl  by  a  marriage,  in  accordance  with 
the  wishes  of  his  anxious  and  alarmed 
family. 

There  are  two  memorable  persons  with 
whom,  we   tlunk,  the  'writer   of  tbes^ 


310 


Miscellaneous  Revietvs. 


[Sept. 


memoirs  deals  with  an  minecessary  harsh- 
ness— poor    Sheridan,    and    the    ill-fated 
Caroline  of  Brunswick.     We  are  not  dis- 
posed to  do  battle  for  either  of  them ;  but 
we  would  gladly  hope  that  the  time  may 
come  when  their  manifold  faults  will  be 
judged  of  fairly,  with  all  extenuations,  and 
sore  temptations,  and  sharp-pointed  goad- 
ings,  and  aggravating  provocations,   not 
lost   sight  of,  and  without  the  exagger- 
ation of  a  still  vehement,  if  not  virulent, 
party-feehng,  which  always  imbitters  truth, 
and  scarcely  sometimes  avoids  misrepre- 
sentation.    The  genius    and  the    degra- 
dation of  the  unequalled  poet,  orator,  and 
wit  might  move  us  to  a  just  and  merciful 
consideration  n  )w ;  and  surely  the  ill-fated 
Queen,  in  her  disconsolate  and  disregarded 
woe,  did  amplest  penance  for  the  worst 
her  enemies  can  urge  against  her.     Pro- 
tected once  by  that  party,  if  not  induced 
by   those  very  persons,  who    afterwards 
became  her  miTciless  assailants,  the  sus- 
picion will  occur,  that  the  relations  of  that 
party  to  a  ruling  power,  favourable  in  the 
one  case,  and  unfavourable  in  the  other, 
to  her  whose  character  and  happiness  were 
at  stake   in   both,  were  not  without  an 
influence  on  the  very  different  conclusions 
which  they  came  to  in  the  two  investi- 
gations.    But  if  this  was  not  as  we  sus- 
pect, the  sufferings  she  had  in  the  mean- 
time undergone  might  surely  plead  for  her 
for  forgett'ulness,  if  not  for  g^ace. 


Peebles  and  its  Neighbourhood,  mth  a  Run 
on  Peebles  Railway,  (Edinburgh :  W.  and 
R.  Chambers.  12mo.,  116  pp.) — This  is  a 
small  but  valuable  contribution  to  Scottish 
topography.  It  commences  with  an  ac- 
count of  the  perils  which  in  former  times 
beset  the  unlucky  wight  who  might  have 
to  travel  the  twenty-two  miles  inter\'euing 
between  the  ancient  burgh  of  Peebles  and 
the  good  town  of  Edinburgh.  Tlie  writer 
traces  the  history  of  caravan,  fly,  and 
coach,  which  respectively  took  ten,  five, 
and  three  hours  to  go  over  the  ground; 
and  the  railway,  which  conveys  passengers 
in  ninety  minutes ;  while  the  two  or  three 
passengers  a-day  have  increased  to  the 
average  number  of  330. 

Peebles  is  prettily  situated  on  the 
Tweed,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  royal 
burghs  in  Scotland ;  of  its  early  history  but 
little  is  known.  It  first  comes  into  notice 
in  records  of  the  eleventh  century,  in  con- 
nection with  the  bishopric  of  Glasgow,  to 
which  it  originally  l)elonged.  About  the 
year  1106  Peebles  experienced  a  grievous 
assault  from  the  Eni^lish  under  Sir  Robert 
Umphraville,  Vice-admiral  of  England, 
who,  having  invaded  Scotland,  took  Peebles, 
which   was    crowded   with   merchandif^, 


and,  according  to  Hardyng's  Chronicle,  ac- 
quired the  cognomen  of  Robin  Mendmarkd, 
from  causing  his  men  to  measure  out  the 
cloth  with  their  bows  and  spears.  It  was 
burned  to  the  ground  in  the  English  in* 
vasion  of  1545,  and  afterwards  rebuilt  on 
its  present  site.  The  town  and  neighbour- 
hood present  many  attractions  to  the 
tourist  and  the  antiquary.  Peeblesshire 
abounds  in  ancient  British  remains,  and 
at  Lym,  five  miles  from  the  town,  are 
the  remains  of  a  Roman  camp. 

A  Handbook  for  Travellers  in  WUi' 
shire,  Dorsetshire,  and  Somersetshire!  wUk 
a  Travelling  Map,  (London :  J.  Murray. 
12mo.,  235  pp.) — Mr.  Murray  has  made  A 
very  useful  addition  to  his  invaluable  series 
of  handbooks  by  preparing  one  for  the 
three  named  southern  counties.  If  we  say 
that  it  is  as  carefully  done  and  as  full  ot 
information  as  any  of  its  predecessors,  we 
shall  have  said  all  that  need  or  can  be  said 
in  its  praise. 

An  Essay  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Thotnas  Fuller;  with  Selections  from  hu 
Writings,  By  Henry  Roosbs.  (Long^ 
mans'  Traveller's  Library.  Messrs.  Long- 
man have  brought  their  Traveller's  Library 
to  a  conclusion.  It  includes  fourteen  m 
Mr.  Macaulay's  brilliant  essays,  selections 
from  Sidney  Smith's  writings,  a  number 
of  voyages  and  travels,  and  well-selected 
works  in  other  branches  of  literature — the 
last  volume,  being  that  now  before  nt. 
Mr.  Rogers'  Essay  first  appeared  in  1842^ 
in  the  ** Edinburgh  Review;"  to  this  he 
has  appended  a  selection  of  sparkUng 
passages  from  Fuller's  writings,  under 
the  title  of  "Fulleriana,  or  Wisdom  and 
Wit  of  Thomas  Fuller."  As  a  general 
rule,  we  dislike  selections,  but  Fuller  is  an 
author  that  would  never  be  popular  with 
the  multitude,  on  account  of  his  quaintneai 
of  style,  and  therefore  a  selection  may  not 
only  be  allowable,  but  praiseworthy;  and 
being  done  so  judiciously  as  this  by  Mr. 
Rogers,  it  may  lead  many  persons  to  take 
up  Fuller's  works  who  woidd  otherwise  bo 
deterred  from  doing  so. 

The  Poetical  Works  of  Edmund  JVal- 
(London  :  Rivingtons.  12mo.)  These 
]K>ems  are  at  least  out  of  the  usual  w»y. 
Mr.  Peel  is  a  kind  of  literary  I>omb^. 
His  measures  march  in  such  majestic  sort» 
that  one  is  almost  tempted  at  first  to  be« 
lieve  that  there  must  be  something  yery 
unusual  in  them,  although  it  is  not  quite 
easy  to  determine  what.  A  closer  examina- 
tion  shews  that  any  such  supposition  is  com- 
pletely unfounded,  and  that  their  statdi^ 
ness  is  only,  as  one  might  espresi  %  aUs- 


is:6.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


311 


deep.  It  does  not  penetrate  below  the 
surface ;  in  fact,  we  should  almost  be  led 
to  imagine  that  the  author  must  have 
assumed  his  pomposity  of  diction  merely 
to  conceal  his  poverty  in  better  things, — 
just  as  a  certain  order  of  tradesmen  often 
flaunt  out  in  redoubled  magnificence  when 
they  perceive  that  their  state  is  bordering 
upon  insolvency. 

Mr.  Peel's  is  a  large  book — 483  closely 
printed  pt^es.  Beside  a  host  of  smaller 
poems,  it  contains  four  or  five  of  very  con- 
siderable length.  These  long  composi- 
tions are  got  up  in  the  most  approved 
fashion.  There  is  nothing  at  all  wanting 
to  them — except,  perhaps,  it  may  be  ideas. 
Each  one  is  furnished  with  a  separate 
dedication,  and  each  one  is  properly  di- 
vided into  parts  and  cantos.  Re«dly  there 
is  something  quite  tremendous  in  the 
scale  upon  which  Mr.  Peel's  book  is  cast. 
Just  fancy  with  what  a  thrill  of  horror 
some  unfortunate  individual  who  has  bor- 
rowed a  volume  of  poems  to  beguile  a 
leisure  afternoon,  will  discover  that  works 
like  the  following  form  only  a  portion  of 
its  contents  : — "  Judge  not,"  a  poem  "  in 
three  p-irts,"  of  which  "the  first  part 
treats  of  persons ;  the  second,  of  peoples ; 
the  thml,  of  religions ;"—"  The  Fair  Is- 
land," a  poem  "  in  six  cantos ;" — "  Salem 
Redeemed,  or  the  Year  of  Jubilee  ;  a 
lyrical  drama  in  three  acts."  We  have 
said  Mr.  Peel's  volume  is  a  large  one,  but 
yet  it  seems  hardly  credible  how  it  can 
hold  so  much. 

The  following  passage  will  give  the 
reader  some  idea  of  Mr.  Peel's  style.  It 
is  from  his  poem  "  Judge  not"  : — 

**  WTio  caus'd,  in  lands  remote,  from  hungry 

soil 
To  spring  spontaneous  from  the  virgin  soU, 
Succulent  herb  and  sulutary  root. 
And  fruit-tree  laden  with  clclicioua  fruit, 
And  milky  cocoa-nut  and  sug:ir-cane, 
Nectarian  juices  and  nutritious  grain  T 
Who  rear'^d  the  palm,  and  the  pomegranate 

placed 
Amidst  a  weiiry  land— a  lonely  waste  ? 
StorM  the  Banana  with  ambrosial  food. 
And  made  the  Plantain  as  in  Eden  good  ? 
Bathed  in  upspringing  light  the  Mangostcen, 
Red  as  the  dawn  upon  the  dewy  green, 
And  fill'd  with  bread-fruit  those  Hesperian 

isles 
Where  summer  on  the  blue  Pacific  smiles." 


Foxglove  Bells:  a  Book  of  Sonnets. 
By  T.  Westwoody  author  of  "  Berries  and 
Blossoms"  Src.  (London:  Gilbert  Bro- 
thers. 12mo.)— "Foxglove  Bells"  is  the 
title  of  a  very  modest-looking  little  book 
of  sonnets.  Mr.  West  wood  proves  himself 
to  be  entirely  at  home  in  that  difficult 
kind  of  poetical  construction.  Taking  them 
as  mere  specimens  of  versification,  his 
sonnets  be»r  no  contemptible  relation  even 
to  tho«e  of  that  great  master  in  the  same 


department  of  art  whose  precedent  he 
quotes  for  having  chosen  it.  ITiroughout 
the  book  we  are  never  once  distressed  by 
any  of  those  pitiable  makc-shifls,  or  awk- 
ward twists  and  distortions  of  expression, 
by  which  sonnet- writers  of  the  lower  grade 
so  continually  harrow  up  our  souls;  and 
the  sense  of  each  sonnet  is  always  full  and 
complete  in  itself,  and  thoroughly  deve- 
loped. 

In  the  higher  excellencies  of  the  craft, 
also,  Mr.  Westwood  is  not  deficient.  His 
sonnets  cannot  perhaps  be  said  to  lay 
claim  to  any  great  d^ree  of  genius,  but 
they  have  undoubtedly  very  considerable 
sweetness.  Indeed,  their  sweetness  is  one 
of  their  greatest  faults.  They  are  too 
entirely  sweet, — a  little  admixture  of  a 
ruggeder  element  would  have  been  a  great 
improvement.  One  would  soon  get  tired 
of  living  upon  nothing  else  but  honey. 
Mr.  Westwood  should  aim  at  greater  vi- 
gour. He  should  rear  his  verse  of  some- 
thing stronger  than  flowers.  Let  him 
adorn  it  as  richly,  as  lavishly,  as  he  will, 
but  let  the  structure  itself  be  of  good, 
solid  material,  whidi  will  bear  the  wear 
and  tear  of  the  day. 

We  cannot  resist  the  pleasure  of  offer- 
ing to  our  readers'  notice  one  of  Mr. 
Westwood's  compositions,  which  we  will 
give  without  note  or  comment : — 

"  War,  war  I  a  thousand  slumbering  echoes 
wake 
To  life  at  that  dread  sound— starting  with  won- 
der, 
To  hear  again  the  rolling  battle-thunder. 
Deep  boom  on  boom,  thro'  opening  gorges  break 
Over  the  hollow  hills.— War  !  the  dead  shake 
Their  cerements— bones  of  famous  captains  stir 
And  tremble  in  their  rocking  sepulchre. 
And  windH,  thro*  churchyards  wandering,  seem 

to  take 
Burdens   that  are  not  theirs,   murmurs   and 

moans, 
And  battle-shouts,  unheard  for  centuries, 
While,  in  lung-nilent  halls,  mysierious  tones 
At  dead  of  nighr  in  weird  succession  rise ; 
From  helm  and  shield  a  ghostly  splendour  falls, 
And  the  old  banners  rustle  on  the  wails." 

We  think  that  there  is  very  little  doubt 
that  Mr.  Westwood  will  do  something  far 
better  than  he  has  yet  done,  if  he  has  only 
enough  courage  and  perseverance.  But 
he  will  need  a  great  deal  of  both.  Poetry, 
like  her  sister-arts,  is  a  somewhat  austere 
maiden,  who  exacts  a  very  long  and  de- 
voted wooing  ere  she  deigns  to  smile. 

Poems  and  Translations,  By  MRS. 
Mac  HELL.  (London :  John  W.  Parker 
and  Son.  12mo.) — The  productions  of 
the  small  poets  of  the  day  bear,  for  the 
most  part,  so  near  a  resemblance,  that 
the  same  criticism  is  nearly  applicable  to 
them  alL  It  is,  in  fSact,  rather  difficult  to 
find  somethiDg  freth  to  say  of  every  new 


842 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Sept. 


**  many  other  works  on  Anglo-Saxon  his- 
volume  of  poenis  that  comes  before  our 
notice.  They  are  all  of  them  cast,  with 
more  or  less  successtiilncss,  upon  the  Ten- 
nysonian  model;  they  have  all  the  same 
regular  stock-list  of  images;  their  de- 
scriptions are  all  made  up  of  precisely  the 
same  ingredients, — of  "plaintive  waves," 
and  "  countless  stars, "  and  *•  heathery 
hills,"  and  "shimmering  golden  com;" 
they  all  profess  the  s;ime  pertinacious  pre- 
ference to  "evening's  silent  hour"  over 
the  "garish  day;"  they  all  sing  of  the 
same  loves  and  woes.  A  good  bit  may  be 
discovered  here  and  there  in  most  of  them, 
if  anyone  has  the  courage  and  patience  to 
hunt  it  out  from  amidst  all  tlie  super- 
abundance of  rubbish  with  which  it  is  over- 
laid; but  it  is  rarely,  we  should  think,  that 
any  individual  is  found  enterprising  enough 
for  the  undertaking. 

Mrs.  Miicheirs  volume  of  "Poems  and 
Translations"  is  not  below  the  average. 
Its  faults  are  purely  negative  ones, — faults 
of  omission,  not  commissicm.  The  num- 
bers How  evenly  enough,  there  are  pretty 
thoughts  and  pretty  feelings  in  it,  but 
there  is  nothing  fresli, — there  is  nothing 
that  has  not  been  said  better  before.  The 
translations  are  better  than  the  original 
compositions,  "llie  First  Regret,"  from 
Lamartinc,  is,  to  our  minds,  verj/  much 
superior  to  anything  else  in  the  volume. 
We  wish  our  space  would  allow  us  to  quote 
it ;  but  it  is  far  too  long  to  be  given  entire, 
and  to  give  part  would  be  to  spoil  the 
whole.  Until  now  the  poem  was  unknown 
to  us, —henceforth  it  will  be  no  more  a 
stranger.  Its  mournful,  sweet  burden 
lingers  in  the  memory  like  a  strain  of 
plaintive  music. 

Tiie  following  extract  from  an  original 
poem,  "  To  Death,"  will  enable  the  reader 
to  form  some  idea  of  Mrs.  Machell's 
merits : — 

"  Faith— Courage— Lore !    What  are  they  until 
Death 
St  impn  them  with  truth's  irrevocable  seal? 
Mere  words,  depending  on  man's   changing 
breath, 
Falftehoods  the  morrow  may  perhaps  reveal. 
But  thou  art  merciful,  and  in  the  hour 

Of  I  ortai  trial  oft  wilt  interpose 
To  place  our  virtue  beyond  frailty's  power, 
Or  shelter  in  the  grave  our  guilt  and  woes  I 

"  Thou  art  the  truth— the  certainty— the  hope 
Of  our  mysterious  being.    Who  could  bear 
With  their  own  passions  and  the  world  to  cope 
In  lie's  fierce  warfare,  if  thou  wert  not 
there 
Awaiting,  like  a  mother,  to  whose  breast, 

When  all  the  tumults  of  the  da.r-tinie  cease, 
She  takes  her  wearied  children  to  their  rest — 
And    gently    folding   them,  she  whispers. 
Peace?" 


A  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscripts  pre- 
served in  the  lAhrary  qf  the  UniversiUf  of 


Cambridge,  Sdited  hy  the  Syndics  of  ike 
University  Press,  (Cambridge:  University 
Press.  London:  Hamilton,  Adams,  and 
Co.  8vo.,  556  pp.)— "Better  late  than 
never"  appears  to  have  been  the  motto  of 
the  learned  Syndicate  under  whose  auspices 
this  interesting  volume  has  been  issued. 
The  preface  gives  us  a  short  sketch  of  the 
history  of  the  University  Library  and  its 
benefactora— of  whom  George  I.  appears  to 
have  been  the  greatest,  possibly  for  the 
reason  stated  in  the  well-known  epigram 
on  his  sending  a  regiment  of  horse  to 
Oxford,  and  Moore's  library  to  Cam- 
bridge : — 

"  To  one  he  sent  a  regiment ;  for  why  T 
That  learned  body  wanted  loyalty  ; — 
To  the  other  he  sent  books,  &s  wi-ll  dLsoerniny 
llow  muca  that  loyal  boay  wanted  learning." 

Bp.  Moore's  library  consisted  of  30,000 
volmnes  of  printed  books  and  MSS.  Yet» 
strange  to  say,  notwithstanding  their 
value,  and  the  value  of  subsequent  ad- 
ditions, no  tolerable  catalogue  existed  till 
towards  the  end  of  the  last  century,  when 
Mr.  James  Nasmith  compiled  one.  That 
the  Press  Syndicate  felt  it  would  be  useless 
to  print,  and  tl>ey  therefore,  in  1851,  set 
about  preparing  a  new  one.  The  compi* 
lation  was  committed  to  Mr.  C.  Hardwickt 
of  Catherine  Hall,  who  undertook  the 
Anglo-Saxon,  Anglo-Norman,  and  early 
English  literature,  and  acted  as  editor^ 
assisted  by  seven  other  gentlemen,  each 
having  a  separate  department.  The  work 
has  been  well  and  judiciously  executed, 
and  when  completed,  the  editor  promises 
a  set  of  copious  Indices,  with  a  Table  de- 
noting, as  far  as  possible,  the  last  owner 
from  whom  each  MS.  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  University. 

History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  from  the 
Earliest  Period  to  the  Norman  Conquesif 
compiled  from  the  best  Authorities,  ta- 
cluding  Sharon  Turner.  By  Thomas  Mil- 
ler. (London  :  H.  G.  Bohn.) — Mr.  Bohn 
has  done  such  good  service  to  popular  lite- 
rature by  publishing  really  standard  works 
in  his  libraries,  that  we  much  regret  the 
introduction  of  the  present  one  into  the 
series,  and  feel  satisfied  that  it  could  never 
have  come  properly  under  his  notice,  or 
he  would  have  rejected  it.  Mr.  Miller 
appears  to  be  about  as  incapable  of  writing 
a  history  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  as  a  country 
plough  I  loy  would  be  to  write  a  leader  in 
the  "  Times."  True,  Mr.  Miller  says  that 
he  has  "endeavoured  to  avoid  the  dry, 
hard,  matter-of-fHct  style  of  previous  his- 
torians," and  to  give  his  book  "all  the 
fascination  of  fiction ;"  but  as  he  takes 
credit  to  himself  for  having,  in  addiUcm  to 
the  works  of  Sharon  Tuner,  consulted 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


348 


tory>  manners,  and  literature/'  so  we 
may  fairly  assume  that  he  would  have  us 
receive  all  his  statements  as  true.  How 
much  they  are  worth,  as  well  as  hiS' style, 
may  be  judged  of  by  the  short  extracts 
appended.  We  may  observe,  that  when- 
ever Mr.  Miller  feels  himself  at  a  loss  for 
fact,  he  finds  no  difficulty  in  supplying 
that  deficiency  by  the  most  grandiloquent 
expressions,  or  by  the  veriest  common- 
places.    In  starting  he  observes : — 

"  Almost  everjr  historian  has  set  out  by  regret- 
tmg  how  little  is  known  of  the  early  history  of 
the  early  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain.  A  fact 
which  only  the  lovers  of  hoar  antiquity  deplore, 
since,  f^om  all  we  can  with  certainty  glean  fh>in 
the  pages  of  contemporary  history,  we  should 
find  but  little  more  to  interest  us  than  if  we  pos- 
sessed written  records  of  the  remotest  origin  of 
the  Red  Indians..  .  .  They  were  priest-ridden  bj 
the  ancient  Druids,  who  cursed  and  excommuni- 
cated without  the  aid  of  either  bell,  book,  or 
candle ;  burned  and  slaughtered  all  unbelievers, 
just  as  well  as  Mahomet  himself,  or  the  bigoted 
fanatics  who,  in  a  later  day,  did  the  same  deeds 
under  the  mask  of  the  Romish  religion." 

Of  Elgiva,  the  wife  of  £dwin,  we  are 

told:— 

"  Odo  separated  the  king  from  his  wife.  Not 
contented  with  this,  the  cruel  archbishop  sent  a 
party  of  savage  soldiers  to  seize  her — to  drag  her 
uke  a  criminal  from  her  own  palace,  and — oh ! 
horrible  to  relat<' — to  brand  that  beautiful  face, 
which  only  to  look  upon  was  to  love,  with  red- 
hot  iron."  Afterwards,  *•  so  dreadfully  was  the 
body  of  that  lovely  lady  mangled,  that  the  blood 
roils  back  chilly  into  the  heart  while  we  sit  and 
sigh  on  her  sufferings  ....  But  Odo  reaped  his 
reward.  •  Vengeance  is  Mine,  saith  the  Lord,* 
and  before  Ilis  imerring  tribunal  the  spirit  of  the 
mitred  murderer  centuries  ago  trembled." 

Of  Saxon  architecture  we  are  informed: — 

**  The  few  remains  we  possess  display  great 
strength  and  solidity,  without  grace.  The  co- 
lumns are  low  and  massy,  the  arches  round  and 
heavy.  Their  chief  ornament  in  building  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  zigzag  moulding,  which 
resembles  shark's  teeth.  The  very  word  they 
used  in  describing  this  form  of  ornament  also 
signified  to  gnaw  or  eat ;  and  from  the  Saxon 
word  fret  or  teeth-work,  the  common  term  fret- 
work arose !" 

The  work  is  accompanied  by  plates 
which  are  in  every  way  worthy  of  it :  for 
these  we  do  not  hold  Mr.  Miller  respon- 
sible, but  we  equally  regret  their  appear- 
ance in  any  of  Mr.  Bohn's  publications. 
The  chamber  of  Edwin  and  Elgiva  is  a 
Norman  building  of  the  eleventh  century. 
The  church  in  which  the  Trial  by  Ord&d 
is  represented,  has  a  pulpit  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  Nor  are  the  dresses  and 
armour  more  appropriate.  We  have 
hitherto  had  occasion  to  speak  well  of 
the  series  of  works  of  which  this  forms  one, 
and  our  regret  is  consequently  all  the 
greater  to  find  so  poor  a  book  admitted 
into  the  collection. 


The  English  Bible :  containing  the  Old 
and  New  Teitament^,  according  to  theAth 


thorised  Version,  newly  divided  into  ParO' 
gra/phsi  with  concise  Introductions  to  the 
several  Books ;  with  Maps  and  Notes  illus- 
trative of  the  Chronology,  flistory,  and 
Geography  of  the  Holy  Scriptures :  con- 
tainlng  also  the  mostremarkable  Variations 
of  the  Ancient  Versions  and  the  chief  Be- 
suits  of  Modem  Criticism,  Parts  I.  to  X. 
(London:  Robert  B.Blackader.) — We  have 
much  pleasure  in  introducing  this  edition 
of  the  Bible  to  the  notice  of  our  readers, 
as  it  combines  in  one  work  the  advantages 
offered  in  several  difivrent  editions :  these 
advantages  are  m^nly  the  division  into 
paragraphs  without  altogether  destroying 
the  division  into  verses — the  most  impor- 
tant parallel  passages  being  printed  at 
length  in  the  margin ;  the  marginal  ren- 
derings of  the  translators  are  also  given ; 
also  many  hundred  notes  illustrative  of  the 
localities,  natural  history,  language,  &c.  llie 
chronol(^  has  been  very  caret  uUy  attended 
to,  and  the  poetical  books,  as  well  as  the 
hymns  and  canticles,  and  various  passages 
of  poetry  scattered  throughout,  have  b^n 
printed  rhythmically,  on  the  system  of  po- 
etic parallelism.  The  work  is  done  in  a  very 
loyal,  reverent,  and  praiseworthy  manner, 
and  well  deserves  the  attention  of  all  per- 
sons who  may  desire  to  see  in  what  manner 
improvements  may  be  made  in  our  present 
version  without  any  rash  alterations.  Maps 
are  mentioned  in  the  title-page,  but  we 
have  not  been  able  to  discover  any.  An- 
other deficiency,  and  one  which  will  be 
some  drawback  to  the  usefulness  of  the 
work,  is  the  deficiency  of  marginal  refe- 
rences :  it  is  true  that  the  principal  pas- 
sages are  given  at  length,  but  besides  these 
we  should  like  to  have  many  others. 

Scripture  and  Science  not  at  Variance ; 
or,  the  Historical  Character  and  Plenary 
Inspiration  of  the  Earlier  Chapters  of 
Genesis  unaffected  hy  the  Discoveries  of 
Science.  By  the  Ven.  John  H.  Pratt,  Arch- 
deacon of  Calcutta.  (London :  Hatchard. 
8vo.,  75  pp.) — For  persons  who  receive  the 
Bible  as  the  inspired  Word  of  God,  but 
who  are  disturbed  by  the  apparent  con- 
tradiction between  some  of  its  statements 
and  certain  facts  in  nature  brought  to 
light  by  modem  science,  this  work  will  be 
of  great  service.  The  Archdeacon  shews 
that  such  contradictions  are  merely  appa- 
rent, and  that  the  most  devout  mind  may 
readily  admit  the  truth  of  modem  science, 
and  yet  feel  that  the  Scriptures  emerge 
not  only  unhurt,  but  fraught  with  a  fuller 
meaning,  after  undergoing  the  most  fiery 
ordeaL 

The  hordes  Bay.  By  Walter  Far- 
quhar  Hook,  D.I).,  Vicar  of  Leeds.  (Lon- 
don :  John  Muxray  8vo.^  9^  PP*)~~~^^ 


3U 


Miscellaneotis  Reviews, 


[Sept. 


can  merely  draw  attention  to  this  pam- 
phlet, having  neither  time  nor  inclination  to 
discuss  the  question,  whether  the  Sunday 
should  he  observed  with  all  the  strictness 
of  the  Jewish  Sabbath,  or  in  the  liberal, 
but  not  less  religious,  manner  which  Dr. 
Hook  recommends.  In  practice,  we  strong- 
ly suspect  that  many  who  are  loudest  in 
their  demand  for  a  better  observance  of 
the  day  fall  very  far  short  of  their  own 
theory.  We,  however,  cannot  take  up  the 
question ; — like  most  others,  it  has  two 
sides,  and  much  may  be  said  on  either. 


Critical  Notes  on  the  Authorised  Eng- 
lish Version  of  the  New  Testament ;  being 
a  Companion  to  the  Author's  New  Testa- 
ment transhted  from  the  Ancient  Greek, 
By  Samfel  Sharpe.  (London:  Thomas 
Hodgson.  12mo.,  150  pp.) — Mr.  Sharpe 
having  published  a  translation  of  the  New 
Testament,  has  now  put  out  a  volume 
of  notes,  being  a  recapitulation  of  the  cor- 
rections or  emendations  made  in  the 
former  volume.  We  must  confess  to  so 
strong  a  prejudice  in  favour  of  the  autho- 
rised version,  that  we  cannot  look  with 
favour  on  anything  which  proposes  to 
supersede  it.  Any  work  explaining  the 
present  translation,  or  clearing  up  douht- 
ftil  or  difficult  passages,  we  are  most 
thankful  for,  and  in  that  light  welcome 
this  little  volume,  although  not  dis])osed 
to  subHtitute  Mr.  Sharpe's  version  for  our 
own.  As  a  companion  work  it  is  useful. 
Some  of  his  renderings  are  preferable  to 
the  present,  but  some  are  decidedly  in- 
ferior. 


A  Treatise  on  the  Cure  of  Stammerinr/  ; 
vyith  a  Notice  of  the  Life  of  the  late 
Thomas  Hunt,  and  a  General  Account  of 
the  various  Systems  for  the  Cure  of  Im- 
pediments in  Speech.  By  JAMEd  Hunt. 
(London  :  Longmans.  8vo.,  104  pp.) — An 
account  of  the  system  employed  by  Mr. 
Hunt,  together  with  a  numlKT  of  testi- 
monials to  his  abilitv. 


Letter  to  the  Sight  Hon.  W.  E.  Glad- 
stone,  M.P.,  by  the  Hon.  Joseph  Howe ; 
being  a  Seview  of  the  Debate  on  the 
Foreign  Enlistment  Bill,  and  our  Sela- 
tions  with  the  United  States.  (London : 
J.  Ridgway.  8vo.,  71  pp.) — Mr.  Howe,  it 
ajipears,  took  a  very  active  part  in  that 
unfortunate  attempt  to  enlist  men  in  the 
United  Stiites  which  so  nearly  produced 
a  fracas  with  this  country,  and  resulted  in 
the  dismissal  of  our  ambassador.  Feeling 
ag^ieved  by  the  tone  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
reuiarks  respecting  him,  be  has  written 
the  present  pamphlet  in  vindication  of  hia 
own  conduct. 
10 


An  Inquiry  into  the  Musical  Insinus 
tion  of  the  Blind,  in  Spain,  France,  and 
America.  By  Edmuitd  C.  Johnson.  (Lon- 
don :  M.  Mitchell.  8vo.,  42  pp.)— Daring 
the  summer  of  1854  Mr.  Jolinson  visitea 
the  Blind-school  at  Barcelona,  also  various 
schools  in  France,  devoting  his  attenfioii 
principally  to  the  musical  instruction  re- 
ceived by  the  pupils,  and  has  now  given 
us  the  results  of  his  observationsy  together 
with  some  remarks  on  education  in  Ame- 
rica. Specimens  of  the  "tangible  l^po- 
graphy,"  by  which  ingenious  contrivance 
the  blind  read  with  their  finger-endfl^  are 
inserted. 


The  Harmony  of  the  Dimne  JHtpen^ 
sations ;  being  a  series  of  Discourses  on 
select  portions  of  Holy  Scripture,  designed 
to  shew  the  Spirituality,  Efficacy,  and  JETor- 
mony  of  the  Divine  Revelations  made  to 
Mankind  from  the  Beginning,  With  Notet^ 
Critical,  Historical,  and  Explanatory, 
By  Geobgb  Smith,  F.A.S.  (London: 
Longmans.  8vo.,  35iB  pp.) — Mr.  Smith 
appears  to  have  felt  that  the  pulpit  has 
hardly  kept  pace  with  the  times ;  that  the 
cUscoveries  of  Layard,  Bawlinson,  Botta, 
and  others  in  the  East,  have  not  yet 
reached  the  public  car  through  the  pul{nty 
and  therefore  has  prepared  these  dis- 
courses. The  author  m^es  some  apologj 
for  their  sermonic  appearance,  bat  dis- 
claims any  pretension  to  the  office  of  the 
Christian  minister.  The  subjects  treated 
of  are — Iledemption  promised;  the  Way 
of  Life;  the  Mediatorial  Way  of  Acoeis 
to  God ;  the  Tabernacle  of  David ;  Christ 
on  the  Propitiatory  between  the  Uving 
Cherubim;  the  likeness  of  a  Man  apon 
the  Tlux)ne;  the  Son  of  God  in  the  Fiery 
Furnace ;  I'aradisc  reg^ned  and  Redemp- 
tion consummated. 


A  Popular  Enquiry  into  the  Moon's 
Eolation  on  her  Axis.  By  JOHANNES  VOjr 
GuMPAcn.  With  numerons  illustrative 
Diagrauis.  (London  :  Bosworth  and  Har- 
risou.  8vo.,  186  pp.) — The  history  of  the 
question,  "Does  the  moon  rotate  on  her 
axis?"  is  a  curious  one.  Mr.  Jelinger 
Symons,  one  of  her  Majesty's  Inspectors 
of  Schools,  in  his  examination  of  some 
children  in  one  of  the  rural  cUstricta^  dis- 
covere<l  that  they  had  very  imperfect  no- 
tions of  the  matter;  also  that  their  teachei* 
were  in  the  same  position;  and  ftirther, 
that  the  books  used  in  schools  contained 
statements  which  be  considered  diame- 
trically opposed  to  the  troth.  Mr.  Symons 
therefore  wrote  to  the  "Times,"  stating 
that  the  books  were  wrong,  inasmuch  as 
they  affirmed  the  moon*s  rotation,  when  in 
his  opinion  it  did  no  such  thing.    Ib  rq^f 


1856.] 


Miacellaneoug  Reviews. 


315 


to  Mr.  Symons,  hundreds  of  letters  poured 
into  the  editor's  box :  some  appeared  from 
Cambridge  wranglers,  others  from  Oxford 
graduates,  T.C.13.A.B/8,  and  royal  astro- 
nomers; but  in  endeavouring  to  set  Mr. 
Symons  right,  they  managed  to  contradict 
each  other,  and  further  complicated  the 
matter,  leaving  the  question  where  it 
stood; — when  it  is  settled  to  every  one's 
satisfaction,  we  will  not  fail  to  inform  our 
readers. 

M.  Gumpach  asserts  that  the  moon's 
rotation  is  "  a  bare  physical  impossibility ;" 
he  supports  this  assertion  by  a  large  array 
of  authorities,  and  illustrates  his  state- 
ments with  clearly-drawn  diagrams.  The 
work  also  contains  a  history  of  the  dis- 
cussion, and  a  selection  of  the  principal 
letters  which  passed  between  the  contend- 
ing parties.  The  discussion  forms  a  curious 
chapter  in  the  hist&ry  of  scientific  know- 
ledge in  the  nineteenth  century. 

Lonely  Howrs.  Poems  by  Caboline 
GiFFAED  Phillipson.  (Loudou :  John 
Moxon.  12mo.) — We  take  exception,  in 
limine,  to  this  volume.  The  frontispiece 
is  a  deliberate  attempt  to  bribe  the  lite- 
rary judge  by  a  glimpse  of  the  beautiful 
countenance  of  the  authoress  on  whose 
effusions  he  has  to  pass  sentence.  Such 
an  enormity  admits  of  no  palliation. 

Nevertheless,  the  poems  of  themselves 
would  have  deserved  a  kindly  w^ord.  Pen- 
sive, elegant,  and  not  unmusical  in  versi- 
fication, they  might  be  safely  left  to  stand 
upon  their  own  undoubted  merits.  With- 
out attaining  any  of  the  higher  excellence 
of  impassioned  or  imaginative  poetry,  they 
have  a  feeling  and  a  grace  of  manner  that 
will  be  more  widely  appreciated  than 
writings  in  a  more  original  and  deeper 
vein. 

Our  space  will  scarcely  admit  of  any 
quotation,  yet  we  cannot  resist  a  portion 
of  some  stanzas  "On  the  Death  of  a 
Sister  :"— 

"  'Tis  terrible  to  think  of  — 

'Tis  painful  to  our  hearts  — 
But  yet  we  have  a  balsam 

To  heal  us  of  our  smarts  ! 
We  know  that  thou  hast  left  us 

But  for  a  little  while. 


That  we  again  mav  meet  thee, 
And  see  thy  Joyful  smite ! 

"  Yes.  see  thee  —  where  the  sunshine 

Will  know  no  cloud  or  change. 
And  where  all  else  is  beautirul, 

And  nothing  durk  or  strange ! 
In  thine  otm  nomey  bright  spirit. 

From  whence,  to  bless  our  sight. 
Thou  ventur'dst  for  an  hour  on  earth, 

Then  took  a  long,  hist  flight !" 

Amongst  the  variety  of  strains  belong- 
ing to  these  "  Lonely  Hours,"  the  greater 
number  are  as  good,  many  better,  than 
the  one  that  we  have  quoted  from.  Here 
and  there  we  find  a  tame  and  languid  line, 
indicative  of  carelessness ;  redeemed,  anon, 
by  lines  as  true  and  humorous  as  those 
"  On  seeing  the  Tax-gatherer  coming  ;"— 
a  sight  too  often  fatal  to  the  poet's  gentle 
musings. 

Dictionary  of  Latin  QitotationSf  Pro- 
verbs,  Maxims,  and  Mottoes,  Classical  and 
MeditBval ;  including  Law  '/erms  and 
phrases;  wUh  a  Selection  of  Qreek  Quo* 
tations.  (London  :  H.  G.  Bohn.)  — ^Mr. 
Riley,  with  Mr.  Bohn's  assistance,  baa 
collected  the  largest  and  best  collection 
of  Latin  proverbs  and  phrases  we  have. 
The  volume  contains,  in  all,  more  than 
seven  thousand  of  the  choicest  sayings  and 
morceaux  of  the  ancients,  with  their  ooixe- 
sponding  English  equivalents — not  merely 
a  literal  translation,  but  in  many  instances 
with  the  nearest  English  proverb  or  say- 
ing also  :  e.  g.,  Currus  bovem  trahit — 
"ITie  chariot  is  drawing  the  ox,"—'*  The 
cart  is  before  the  horse."  All  persons, 
whether  readers  or  writers,  will  find  it  a 
valuable  addition  to  their  books  of  refer- 
ence. 

Mr.  Bohn  has  also  recently  added  to 
his  Classical  Library,  The  Oration  of  De- 
mosthenes against  the  Law  of  Leptines, 
Midias,  Androsion,  and  Aristocrates, 
translated,  with  Notes,  Sfc,  by  Chi.bls8 
Rann  Ksnkedt.  Also  the  second  and 
concluding  volume  of  Quintilian's  Insti- 
tutes of  Oratory ;  or.  Education  of  an 
Orator,  In  twelve  hooks.  Literally 
translated,  with  Notes,  by  the  Rev. 
John  Sslbt  Watson. 


Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


Yy 


316 


[Sept. 


ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES. 


AECnJEOLOGICAL      INSTITUTE     OF    GEEAT 
BEITAIN  AND  lEELAND. 

Meeting  in  JSdinhurgh,  1856. 

Tuesday,  July  22.  —  The  inaugural 
meeting  was  held  in  the  Queen-street 
Hall,  at  twelve  o'clock.  At  the  hour  ap- 
pointed, the  Lord- Provost,  Professor  Cosmo 
Innes,  J.  C.  Colquhon,  Esq.,  &c.,  attended 
the  President,  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide, 
to  the  chair.  Upon  this  the  Lord- Provost 
delivered  a  congratulatory  address  wel- 
coming the  Institute  to  Edinburgh,  which 
was  responded  to  by  Lord  Talbot,  who 
expressed  the  satisfaction  that  was  felt 
by  himself  personally,  and  the  members 
of  the  Institute  generally,  that  the  first 
meeting  held  beyond  the  limits  of  Eng- 
land should  have  been  at  a  city  so  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  annals  of  the 
past,  and  possessing  such  great  monu- 
mental and  historical  interest  as  Edin- 
burgh. 

'Die  President  then  called  on  the  Rev. 
J.  Collingwood  Bruce,  LL.D.,  who  de- 
livered a  most  graphic  and  interesting  dis- 
course "On  the  Practical  Advantages  ac- 
cnung  from  Archaeological  Inquiries." 

Cosmo  Innes,  Esq.,  Professor  of  History 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  moved 
the  thanks  of  the  meeting  to  Dr.  Bruce 
for  his  able  discourse,  and  proceeded  to 
read  a  paper  "  On  the  Present  State  of 
Archoeologpcal  Inquiry." 

J.  C.  Colquhon,  Esq.,  and  others,  then 
addressed  the  assembly,  and  the  meeting 
concluded. 

The  Museum  of  the  Institute  was  then 
opened  at  the  National  Qallery. 

An  evening  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Queen-street  Hall,  at  hidf-past  eight  o'clock, 
when  Robert  Chambers,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot., 
read  a  memoir  "  On  the  Ancient  Domestic 
Buildings  of  Edinburgh,  and  the  Histo- 
rical Associations  connected  with  them," 
illustrated  by  a  series  of  views  of  the  more 
remarkable  and  characteristic  edifices,  many 
of  which  have  been  demolished. 

On  Wednesday,  July  23,  the  section  of 
History  met  at  the  rooms  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  use  of  which  had  been  most 
liberally  granted  to  the  Institute, — Pro- 
fessor Cosmo  Innes,  President  of  the  sec- 
tion,  in  the  chair.  The  first  communica- 
tion read  was  "  Notices  of  the  foundation 
of  Heriot's  Hospital,  Edinbui^h,  and  of 
the  Contract  betwixt  the  Town-Council 
and  William  Aytoune,  1631-2,  for  com- 
pleting the  Building,"  by  David  Laing, 
Esq.,  F.SJL  Scot.     Iliis  g^ve  rise  to  a 


slight  discussion  as  to  the  architect  of 
Heriot's  Hospital,  and  an  opinion  was 
generally  expressed  that  the  building  was 
wrongly  attributed  to  Inigo  Jones,  and 
that  it  was  more  probably  to  be  aiagned 
to  a  Scotch  architect,  who  may  have  had 
the  benefit  of  the  advice  of  Jones  in  the 
original  formation  of  his  plans. 

ITie  Honourable  Lord  Neaves  then  read 
an  interesting  essay  on  the  "Oauanic 
Controversy."  He  considered  the  poenu^ 
so  far  as  they  are  genuine,  to  be  Irish 
compositions,  relating  to  Irish  personages, 
real  or  imaginary,  and  to  Irish  events, 
historical  or  legendary,  which,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  free  communication  betwem 
the  countries,  had  been  widely  diffused 
through  the  Scottish  Highlands.  In  their 
present  dress,  he  believed  they  had  been 
subjected  to  much  alteration  and  revision 
by  Macpherson,  who  had  brushed  them 
up,  varied  and  interpolated  them,  but  to 
whom  a  great  debt  of  gratitude  was  doe 
for  his  &*st  calling  public  attention  to 
compositions  of  so  much  real  beauty  and 
value. 

After  a  few  remarks  elicited  by  tlie 
paper,  for  which  the  warmest  thanks  were 
returned  to  the  learned  author,  Mr.  Jo- 
seph Robertson,  Deputy-Keeper  of  Regis- 
ters, made  a  short  communication  relating 
to  the  Knights  Templars  in  Scotland. 

llie  section  of  Antiquities  met  at  the 
same  time  in  the  Queen-street  Hall,  under 
the  presidency  of  Dr.  Quest,  Master  of 
CaiuH  College,  Cambridge,  when  the  fol- 
lowing memoirs  were  submitted  to  the 
meeting. 

"  A  notice  of  a  remarkable  Runic  In- 
scription discovered  during  the  recent  re- 
pairs at  Carlisle  Cuthedr^"  by  Edward 
Charlton,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Secretary  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  Newcastlo-on- 
Tyne. 

**  On  the  Barrier  of  Antoninus  Pius,  ex- 
tending from  the  shores  of  the  Forth  to 
the  Clyde,"  by  Jolm  Buchanan,  Esq.,  of 
Glasgow. 

"On  the  early  Sculptured  Monuments 
of  Scotland,"  by  John  Stewart,  Esq.,  Se- 
cretary of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland. 

"  On  the  Condition  of  Lothian  previous 
to  its  Annexation  to  Scotland,"  by  J.  Hodg- 
son Hinde,  Esq.,  y.P.S.A.  Newcastle. 

"  On  the  Discovery  of  the  City  of  Laaea, 
in  Crete,"  by  James  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Jordan- 
hill. 

"  Notices  of  Masons*  Marks,  especiallT 
those  occurring  on  Buildings  in  Scotkad*^ 


1856.] 


Arch(Bolo(jical  Institute. 


347 


by  Andrew  Kerr,  Esq.,  of  her  Majesty's 
Board  of  Works,  Edinburgh. 

"On  a  Runic  Monument  in  the  Isle 
of  Man,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Gumming, 
M.A. 

"Observations  on  Tenure- Horns,"  by 
W.  S.  Walford,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

**  On  the  Houses  of  Fitzalan  and  Stuart, 
their  Origin  and  early  History,"  by  the 
Rev.  R.  Wynne  Eyton,  F.S.A. 

At  half-past  one  the  members  of  the 
Institute  and  visitors  were  hospitably  re- 
ceived by  the  Lord- Provost,  and  other 
governors  of  the  institution,  at  Heriot's 
Hospital.  After  inspecting  the  hospital, 
and  the  various  antiquities  preserved  within 
its  walls,  the  party  partook  of  limcheon  in 
the  hall,  and  then  proceeded,  under  the 
able  guidance  of  Mr.  Robert  Chambers, 
to  visit  the  more  interesting  buildings  re- 
maining in  the  Cowgate,  Canongate,  and 
High-street,  terminating  with  the  castle. 
Mr.  Chambers'  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  historical  associations  connected  with 
the  localities  rendered  him  a  most  able 
and  interesting  cicerone. 

An  evening  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Queen-street  Hall,  when  an  able  and  ela- 
borate discourse  was  delivered  **  On  the 
Sculptures  of  Trajan's  Column,  and  the 
Illustrations  which  they  supply  in  regard 
to  the  Military  Transactions  of  the  Romans 
in  Britain,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  Collingwood 
Bnice,  LL.D.,  illustrated  by  accurate 
drawings  of  the  whole,  on  a  lai^e  scale. 

There  was  also  submitted  to  the  meet- 
ing "  A  notice  of  the  highly  interesting 
Diplomatic  (communications  regarding  Pub- 
lic Ai&irs  in  Scotland  and  England  in  the 
time  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  Eliza- 
beth, made  by  the  Envoys  of  the  Republic 
of  Venice,  to  the  Doge  and  Senate,  pre- 
served at  Greystoke  Castle,"  sent  by  the 
kind  permission  of  Henry  Howard,  Esq., 
by  the  Rev.  John  Dayman. 

On  Thursday,  July  24,  an  excursion  was 
made  to  Abbotsford,  and  the  Tweedside 
abbeys.  Leaving  Edinburgh  at  nine,  the 
party  proceeded  to  Melrose,  and  thence 
to  Abbotsford.  After  lunching  at  the 
inn  at  Melrose,  the  beautiful  ruins  were 
thoroughly  explored,  and  the  members 
then  proceeded  to  the  abbeys  of  Dry- 
burgh  and  Kelso.  At  the  former,  rain 
unfortunately  set  in  rather  heavily,  and 
the  party  returned  to  Edinburgh  very 
wet,  but  nevertheless  very  much  pleased 
with  their  day's  excursion. 

In  the  evening  Lord  Neaves  and  Mrs. 
Neaves  threw  open  their  house  to  the 
members  of  the  Institute  for  a  conver- 
sazione, which  was  very  largely  attended. 

On  Friday,  July  25,  the  sections  of 
Architecture   and  History  met   contem- 


poraneously— the  former  under  the  Pre- 
sidency of  Dr.  Whewell,  Master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge — when  the  following 
communications  were  made : — 

"A  Sketch  of  Scottish  Architecture, 
Ecclesiastical  and  Secular,"  by  J.  Robert- 
son, Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot. 

"  On  the  various  Styles  of  Glass  Paint- 
ing (chiefly  as  accessory  to  the  Decorat- 
ing Ecclesiastical  Structures),  illustrated 
by  parallel  examples  in  MS.  Sculptures 
and  Fresco  Decorations  of  the  Middle 
Ages,"  by  George  Scharf,  Esq.,  Jun.  F.S.A. 

"On  New  or  Sweetheart  Abbey,  and 
its  Architectmpal  Peculiarities,"  by  the 
Rev.  J.  L.  Petit,  F.S.A. 

"  On  Dunblane  Cathedral,  and  the  corre- 
spondence between  its  Architectural  His- 
tory and  that  of  the  Cathedral  of  Llan- 
daff,'*  by  Edward  Freeman,  Esq.,  M.A. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Historical  Sec- 
tion, Professor  Innes  in  the  chair,  a  most 
interesting  communication  was  made  by 
Mark  Napier,  Esq.,  Sheriff  of  Dumfries, 
"  On  the  Progress  and  Prospects  of  Science 
in  Scotland  at  the  close  ot'  the  Sixteenth 
and  commencement  of  the  Seventeenth 
Centuries,  as  compared  with  the  same  at 
Cambridge  a  century  later ;  with  illustra- 
tions of  several  remarkable  coincidences  be- 
tween the  genius,  studies,  and  discoveries 
of  Napier  of  Merchistoim  and  Sir  Isaac 
Newton."  Upon  the  conclusion  of  this 
paper,  J.  M.  Keuible,  Esq.,  remarked  "on 
the  h'gher  rank  taken  by  Alchemical  pur- 
suits on  the  continent  of  Europe  during 
the  century  which  intervened  between 
Napier  and  Newton.  An  Alchemist  was 
attached  to  almost  every  German  court — 
as  we  should  now  say,  'put  upon  the 
Civil  List.'"  He  also  drew  attention  to 
an  unpublished  letter  of  Leibnitz,  speak- 
ing of  Napier  as  "unapproachable,"  and 
giving  a  high  character  to  the  Grcgories. 
Mr.  Yates  desired  to  vindicate  the  cha- 
racter of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  from  the 
charge  of  covetously  seeking  to  multiply 
gold.  His  object  was  "chemical'*  not 
''alchemical"  The  work  of  Agricola, 
De  He  Metal lica,  stated  to  have  been 
constantly  in  his  hands,  is  really  a  very 
valuable  treatise  on  Metallurgy.  New- 
ton's purpose  was  to  elicit  the  truth  by 
means  of  experiments. 

Dr.  Guest  then  read  a  paper  on  "the 
Four  Roman  Ways;"  after  which  Pro- 
fessor Innes  and  Mr.  Kemble  made  some 
remarks  on  the  Rickmid-street. 

A  communication  was  also  submitted 
to  the  meeting  by  W.  Hylton  Longstaffe, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  "  On  the  connection  of  Scot- 
land with  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace." 

An  excursion  was  then  made  to  Dir- 
leton  Castle,  where  a  collation  was  pro- 


348 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Sept. 


vided  by  Christopher  Nesbit  Hamilton, 
Esq.,  M.P.,  the  proprietor.  An  extem- 
pore discourse  ou  the  history  of  this  in- 
teresting relic  of  military  architecture 
was  given  by  Joseph  Robertson,  Esq., 
who  afterwards  explained  the  building 
in  a  peripatetic  lecture. 

On  returning  to  Edinburgh,  a  meeting 
was  held  in  the  Queen-street  Hall,  when 
a  communication  of  no  ordinary  interest 
wa«  made  by  Professor  Simpson,  "On 
Veitiges  o^  Roman  Surgery  and  Medicine 
in  Scotland  and  England."  Among  the 
many  interesting  facts  brought  forward 
was  that  of  the  use  of  ancBhthetlcs  by 
the  Romans :  mandragora  being  em- 
ployed for  the  same  purpose,  though  not 
to  the  same  extent,  as  chloroform.  At 
the  close  of  the  meeting  the  members 
of  the  Institute  repaired  to  a  conver- 
sazione at  the  house  of  the  Lord- Pro- 
vost and  Mrs.  Melville,  which  terminated 
a  somewhat  fatiguing  but  very  delight- 
ful day. 

On  Saturday,  July  26,  a  general  meet- 
ing was  held  in  the  Queen-street  Hall, 
Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide  in  the  chair, 
when  Mr.  Kemble  made  a  long  and  valu- 
able communication  "On  Antiquities  of 
the  Heathen  Period,"  with  especial  re- 
ference to  specimens  contained  in  the 
•Museum  of  the  Institute.  Lord  Tall)ot 
called  attention  to  the  proof  of  the  faci- 
lities of  commercial  intercourse  existing 
at  that  early  period  supplied  by  the 
wide-spread  use  of  weapons  of  bronze^  in 
all  of  which  tin  was  an  integral  part; 
the  whole  of  which  metal  appears  to 
have  been  derived  from  the  Cassiterides, 
or  Scilly  Isles.  He  also  remarked  on 
the  weapons  of  pure  copper  found  in 
tombs,  and  asked  if  iron  weapons  had 
been  (hscovered  in  graves  of  the  earlier 
period.  Mr.  Kemble  replied  in  the  nega- 
tive; but  Mr.  Rhind  stated  that  some 
steel  weapons  had  been  found  in  Etrus- 
can tombs. 

Mr.  Laing  then  made  a  communica- 
tion "On  Portraits  of  Lady  Jane  Grey," 
and  Mr.  Rhind  "  On  the  systematic  Classi- 
fication of  l^rimeval  Relics. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  to  the 
Museum,  where  Mr.  Kemble  gave  a  con- 
tinuation of  his  lecture,  illustrated  by  the 
example^s  before  him ;  after  which  Mr. 
Schiirf  delivered  some  observations  "on 
the  Art  of  Sculpture  in  Ivory,  as  ex- 
emplified by  the  sorii-s  exhibited  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Institute." 

From  the  Museum  a  large  body  of  mem- 
bers accompanied  Mr.  Robert  Chambers 
to  St.  Giles*  Church,  St.  Margaret's  Chapel, 
and  Hoi V rood  Palace.  Mr.  Chambers  him- 
self  gave  an  account  of  the  historical  as- 


sociations, Mr.  J.  H.  Pttrk60%  of  Oxibrd, 
kindly  volunteering  some  remarks  on  the 
architectural  peculiarities  of  the  bnildingB. 
They  then  proceeded  to  the  rained  Chmp^ 
of  St.  Anthony,  at  the  foot  of  Arthiur's 
Seat,  and  to  St.  Margaret's  Well,  an  elegant 
little  Gothic  building  with  a  groined  raolt 
supported  by  a  central  pillar ;  once  stand- 
ing picturesquely  on  the  side  of  a  brae, 
but  now  entombed  in  the  substructure  of 
a  railway-station,  and  only  dimly  visible 
by  the  light  of  candles. 

In  the  evening  a  large  party  assembled 
at  the  residence  of  Mr.  R.  Chambers,  and 
were  entertained  with  a  series  of  Scottish 
airs,  chiefly  of  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. 

On  Monday  a  meeting  was  held  at  the 
Royal  Society's  Rooms,  at  ten  o'clock, — 
Professor  Innes  in  the  chfur, — when  the 
following  communications  were  made : — 

"  An  original  unpublished  Letterof  James 
the  Fifth  to  his  Uncle  Henry  the  Eighth," 
by  J.  Burtt,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  of  the  Chapter- 
house. 

"  On  the  Coronation  Stone  of  Scotland 
now  preserved  in  Westminster  Abbey," 
by  Joseph  Hunter,  Esq.,  V.P.S.A. 

"On  the  State  of  the  Castle  of  Edin- 
burgh previous  to  the  Siege  of  1573,"  by 
Mr.  Robert  Chambers. 

Sir  Henry  Dryden  then  offered  some 
observations  "  On  the  Antiquities  of  Orknqr 
and  Shetland,"  copiously  illustrated  by  his 
own  beautiful  drawings ;  in  the  course  of 
which  he  commented  very  severely  on  the 
barbarous  treatment  to  which  the  noble 
Cathedral  of  St.  Magnus  Kirkwal  had  been 
subjected  by  the  Town-Council  during  the 
repairs  of  the  last  and  present  year. 

A  memoir  was  then  read  by  Mr.  J.  K. 
Burton,  "  On  the  Analogy  of  Scottish  and 
French  Architecture,"  which  elicited  some 
interesting  remarks  ifrom  Lord  Talbot,  Mr. 
Kemble,  and  Mr.  Hamilton  Gray. 

Tlie  last  paper  was  one  of  great  re- 
search, "  On  the  St.  Claira  of  Roslyn,"  by 
Alexander  Sinclair,  E'tq. 

An  excursi(m  was  then  made  to  Borth- 
wick  Castle,  interesting  as  the  place  where 
Queen  Mary  resided  for  a  few  days  with 
liothwell,  iHjfore  the  affair  of  Carberry  Hill, 
and  thence  to  Hawthorndene  and  Boelin. 

In  the  evening  a  conversazione  toc^ 
place  in  the  Museum  of  the  Institute,  which 
was  brilliantly  illuminated,  displaying  the 
rich  collection  of  antiquities  there  tem- 
porarily arranged  to  the  g^reatest  advan- 
tage. Among  those  present  were  thdr 
Graces  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Northum- 
berland, the  Earlof  Kintore,  Lord  Neaves, 
Lord  Handysidc,  IVofessor  and  Mrs.  Innes^ 
11  Commendatore  Canina,  Dr.  Waagen, 
Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson,  Ac,  Ac 


1856.] 


Archcsohgical  Institute. 


34.9 


On  Tuesday  morning,  July  29th,  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  members  of  the 
Institute  took  place  at  the  Royal  Society's 
Booms,  Lord  Talbot  de  MalaJiide  in  the 
chair.  The  report  of  the  Central  Com- 
mittee was  read,  and  unanimously  adopted; 
after  which  the  Committee  for  the  ensuing 
year  was  chosen,  and  several  new  mem- 
bers elected.  The  next  business  which 
came  before  the  meeting  was  to  determine 
the  place  of  meeting  for  the  ensuing  year. 
It  appeared  that  friendly  overtures  had 
been  received  from  Southampton,  Exeter, 
and  other  places,  but  an  invitation  of  so 
warm  a  character  had  been  promised  from 
the  Archsological  Association  of  Chester, 
as  well  as  from  the  Historical  Society  of 
Liverpool,  that  it  was  unanimously  re- 
solved that  Chester  should  be  the  place  of 
meeting  for  the  year  1857. 

ThefoUowing  memoirs  were  then  read: — 
"  On  the  Round  Towers  of  Abemcthy 
and  Brechin,"  by  T.  A.  Wyse,  Esq.,  M  D. 
"  On  the  Family  of  the  Murrays  of  Per- 
dew,  in  Fifeshire,  and  of  two  Memorials  of 
them  in  the  Abbey  of  Dunfermline,"  by 
W.  Downing  Bruce,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

"  On  the  Excavations  made  on  the  site 
of  the  ancient  city  of  Panticapa^um,  in  the 
Crimea,"  by  Dr.  Duncan  Macpherson,  In- 
spector of  Military  Hospitals.  This  most 
valuable  communication  was  received  with 
much  interest,  and  was  followed  by  an  im- 
portant discussion,  in  which  Signor  Canina, 
Mr.  Kemble,  Mr.  Yates,  Mr.  Hamilton 
Gray,  and  the  President,  took  a  part,  as 
to  the  relation  of  these  remains  to  those  in 
Etruria,  and  the  people  to  whom  they 
were  to  be  assigne<l. 

A.  K.  Rhind,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  then  read  a 
memoir  "On  Megalithic  remains  iuMalta ;" 
and  a  communication  of  great  value  and 
interest  was  read  from  J.  Barnard  Davis, 
Esq.,  "  On  the  Bearings  of  Ethnology  on 
Archajological  Science." 

On  the  conclusion  of  the  memoirs  the 
meeting  terminated  with  the  usual  votes 
of  thanks  to  the  contributors  of  papers, — 
to  the  contributors  to  the  museum,  espe- 
cially her  Most  Gracious  Majesty  the 
Queen,  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland, and  the  Marquis  of  Breadalbane  ; 
and  to  the  Lord-Provost,  the  Roval  So- 
ciety,  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the 
Scottish  Academy,  and  other  public  bodies 
and  private  individuals,  to  whose  friendly 
co-operation  the  Institute  was  so  greatly 
indebted. 

Mr.  Yates  then  proposeil  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  Lord  Talbot,  Mr.  Way,  Mr. 
Tucker,  and  the  other  officers  of  the  Insti- 
tute, which  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Kemble, 
who  bore  testimony  to  the  zealous  and 
generous  manner  in  which  Lord  Talbot 


has  ever  exerted  himself  in  promoting  the 
spread  of  archseological  knowledge.  After 
]^rd  Talbot  had  returned  thanks.  Lord 
Handyside  expressed  the  sense  of  the  ho- 
nour which  the  inhabitants  of  Edinburgh 
felt  had  been  done  them  by  the  meeting  of 
the  Archaeological  Institute  in  their  city, 
and  of  the  gratification  experienced  from 
its  proceedings. 

Mr.  Hunter  bore  testimony  to  the  kind 
and  liberal  hospitality  which  had  been  dis- 
played towards  the  members  of  the  Insti- 
tute by  the  inhabitants  of  Edinburgh,  and 
with  the  utmost  expression  of  grateful 
feelings  for  the  pleasure  they  had  expe- 
rienced during  the  meeting  which  had  now 
terminated,  the  members  separated. 


SUFFOLK  INSTITUTE  OF  ABCILEOLOaY,  &C. 

The  summer  meeting  of  this  society 
was  held  on  Thursday,  July  2ith,  on 
which  occasion  the  members  and  their 
friends  made  an  excursion  on  the  rivers 
Orwell  and  Stour,  landing  at  various  places 
to  visit  the  objects  of  most  interest  on  the 
banks. 

C.  F.  Grower,  Esq.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
been  elected  to  fill  the  office  of  President 
for  the  day,  the  secretary  was  requested 
to  read  the  paper  on  Freston  Tower. 

After  giving  a  description  of  this  strik- 
ing and  pleasing  feature  in  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  Orwell,  the  paper  proceeded 
to  refer  to  the  popular  notions  of  the  place 
and  its  history.  "  The  Rev.  Richard  Cob- 
bold,  in  the  preface  to  his  novel  of  *  Fres- 
ton Tower,*  says, — 

*  Thou»andB  of  conjectures  have  been  formed 
as  to  its  origin  and  use.  After  many  years  of 
promised  hope  to  unravel  the  mystery,  the  pre- 
sent work  will  afford  an  enteitaining  and  in- 
structive record  of  its  origrin.  It  will  be  found 
connected  with  the  history  of  one  of  the  most 
learned  youths  of  his  age,  even  with  that  of  the 
boy-bachelor  of  Oxford  ;  with  the  stirring  events 
of  the  Reformation ;  with  the  pride  and  the 
downfall  of  the  proudest  Chancellor  England 
ever  knew ;  and  will  afford  a  lesson  to  readers 
of  both  sexes  of  the  ptmishment  of  haughtinefls, 
and  the  reward  of  true  nobility  and  patience, 
even  in  their  present  existence.' 

"And  then  the  reverend  novelist  pro- 
ceeds to  narrate  that  the  tower  was  built 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  by  a  Lord  de 
Freston,  a  distant  relation  and  the  first 
patron  of  the  boy -bachelor,  at  the  sug- 
gestion and  from  the  designs  of  another 
young  kinsman,  named  William  Latimer, 
as  a  place  of  study  and  recreation  for  the 
Lord's  only  daughter,  the  youth^l  learned 
Ellen  de  Freston.  Every  room  was  dedi- 
cated to  a  different  occupation,  which 
claimed  its  separate  hour  for  work.  Thus 
the  lower  room  was  devoted  to  charity  in 
the  reception  and  relief  of  the  poor;  the 
second  to  tapestry-working ;  the  third  to 


3:o 


Aiiiiquarian  Researches. 


[Sept. 


music ;  the  fourth  to  painting ;  the  fifth  to 
literature ;  and  the  sixth  to  astronomy, — 
the  instruments  necessary  for  which  stu(]y 
were  fixed  upon  the  turret.  It  was  fre- 
quently visited  by  Wolsey  when  a  boy, 
and  had  been  completed  only  two  yeare 
when  Wolsey  was  sent  to  college  by  Lord 
de  Freston.  However  ingenious  and  pretty 
this  history  may  be,— and  it  has  doubtless 
done  much  to  increase  the  interest  of  the 
public  in  this  curious  remain  of  domestic 
architecture, — there  is,  unhappily,  no  foun- 
dation for  it  in  history.  There  is  no  au- 
thority for  assigning  it  to  a  period  so  early 
as  the  fifteen th  century,  or  in  any  way 
connecting  it  with  the  early  history  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey.  Independently  of  tlie 
style  of  architecture,  which  indicates  a 
date  full  half  a  century  later,  it  is  certain, 
as  Kirby  himself  has  declared,  that  the 
tower  is  unnoticed  in  a  very  extensive  plan 
and  description  of  the  Manor-house,  with 
its  offices  and  outbuildings,  in  the  time  of 
Henry  the  Seventh ;  that  the  Wolfer- 
stons,  and  not  the  Frestons,  resided  here  at 
the  period  laid  in  the  novel;  that  the 
Latimers  did  not  become  connected  with 
Freston  till  some  years  later ;  and  that  in 
a  note  in  some  MS.  collections  for  Suffolk, 
dated  in  1565,  it  is  referred  to  as  '  part 
of  a  house  lately  built.'  But  Mr.  Fitch, 
who  has  kindly  permitted  me  to  have  free 
access  to  his  valuable  Suff()lk  MSS.,  in- 
forms me  that  there  is  still  stronger  evi- 
dence against  the  novelist's  '  history'  in  a 
Visitation-book  of  1561,  where  the  tower 
is  described  as  '  being  built  within  twelve 
years,*  twenty  years  after  the  death  of  the 
Cardinal.  It  is  therefore  conjectured  that 
the  tower  was  built  by  Edmund  Latymer, 
about  the  year  1549,  as  a  quiet  retreat  or 
'pleasaunce  tower*  for  the  better  enjoy- 
ment of  the  extensive  and  charming  views 
which  are  to  be  obtained  from  it.  The 
history  of  the  manor  can  be  traced  from 
the  year  1218  to  the  present  time,  as  be- 
longing to  the  Frestons,  Wolferstons,  I^aty- 
mers,  Goodyngs,  &c.,  to  the  present  owner, 
John  Bemers,  Esq.,  of  Woolverstone  ;  but 
it  is  unnecessary  at  this  time  to  occupy 
your  attention  with  the  detail  of  facts,  or 
to  address  any  words  of  caution  to  such  an 
assembly  as  this,  against  receiving  the 
fancies  of  the  novelist  as  sober  truths  of 
history." 

The  company  landed  at  Erwarton,  where 
they  were  met  by  the  Rev.  C.  Bemers, 
the  rector,  and  conducted  by  him  over 
the  church  and  through  the  rectory- 
grounds  to  the  old  hall. 

The  church  of  Erwarton  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Mary.  In  plan  it  consists  of  a 
chancel,  nave,  with  clerestory',  aisles,  and 
north  porch,  and  tower  at  the  west  end. 


Most  of  the  work  is  late  Perpendicular, 
with  tolerable  two  and  three-light  win- 
dows. The  chancel  and  upper  part  of 
the  tower  were  rebuilt  in  1838,  at  the 
cost  of  the  late  Archdeacon  Bemers. 
The  lower  stage  of  the  tower  has  a  good 
doorway,  having  a  square  drip-moulding 
springing  from  corbels  carved  into  figures 
of  lions  crowned,  and  having  in  the  centre 
of  the  transom  the  figure  of  an  angel. 
The  font  is  an  octagon,  the  base  of  which 
is  modem;  and  the  basin  and  pedestal 
have  been  recut.  The  angles  of  the  latter 
have  leopards  or  other  animals  attached. 
The  panels  of  the  basin  have  roses  alter- 
nating with  two  lions  and  two  angels 
holding  shields — the  one  charged  with 
the  cross  of  baptism,  and  the  other  with 
the  emblem  of  the  Trinity.  The  roof  of 
the  south  aisle  is  of  old  carved  timber, 
having  the  pomegranate  ornament,  and 
the  date  and  initials  R.  £.,  1650;  but 
this  is  no  part  of  the  original  structure, 
having  been  removed  from  another  place 
and  presenteii  to  the  late  Archdeacon 
Bemers  by  Mr.  Fitch,  of  Ipswich.  The 
monuments  in  this  usle  are  among  the 
most  interesting  examples  of  the  Deco- 
rated period  that  are  to  be  found  in  the 
county.  The  earliest  of  these  is  said  to 
be  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Bartholomew 
Davilers,  who  died  in  the  fourth  year 
of  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  1276.  and  was 
probably  the  founder  of  the  church.  This 
tomb  has  panels  of  quatrefoils,  with  shields 
bearing  the  arms  of  Hastings,  Valence, 
Latimer,  and  Calthorpc.  The  effigy  is  in 
chain-armour  down  to  the  knee,  over 
which  is  a  surtout  with  his  sword  buckled 
over  it,  and  from  the  knee  downwards  it 
is  ring-armour.  On  his  left  arm  is  a 
shield  bearing  the  arms  of  Davilers,  ar- 
gent, three  inescutchcons  gules.  The  legs 
are  crossed,  and  rest  upon  a  lion.  The 
adjoining  monument,  to  the  memory  of 
another  Sir  Bartholomew  Davilers,  wlio 
died  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  (1331),  and  his  wife  Joan,  relict 
of  John  (le  Caldecote,  who  survived  him, 
is  a  much  more  costlv  erection,  and  of  a 
later  date.  The  male  effigy  is  in  plate- 
armour,  parts  of  which  appear  to  have 
been  painted  and  gilt.  The  head,  adorned 
with  a  coronal  or  circlet,  rests  upon  a 
helmet  which  has  for  its  crest  a  boar's 
head.  The  feet  are  upon  a  lion.  The 
female  is  on  the  right  han(L  Round  her 
head  is  a  fillet,  and  the  liair  is  enclosed 
in  netwoik;  the  feet  rest  upon  a  dog. 
This  tomb  is  like  the  former,  but  has  a 
very  elaborate  canopy,  with  the  sunflower, 
and  a  great  variety  of  ornamental  detail. 
The  shields  in  the  {nncls  in  front  of  the 
tomb  bear  the  arms  of  Maltravers,  Scaloi^ 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


351 


Ufford,  Beake,  and  Vere.  Further  on,  by 
the  east  window,  is  a  Jacobian  tomb  to 
one  of  the  Calthorpes.  Opposite  to  this 
tomb  are  some  fragments  of  armour,  viz. 
three  helmets,  a  gauntlet,  and  a  coronal. 
The  helmets  have  all  spikes  at  top;  one 
has  a  visor,  another  with  bars,  and  the 
third  is  incomplete.  There  was  a  good 
deal  more  armour  in  this  church  a  few 
years  since,  but  what  has  become  of  it 
is  not  known.  It  is  much  to  be  re- 
gretted that  such  very  interesting  me- 
morials of  former  times  and  customs 
should  have  been  so  disregarded.  They 
should  be  as  religiously  taken  care  of  as 
the  monmnents  to  which  they  originally 
belonged.  The  tomb  in  the  north  aisle 
is  plain,  but  has  a  fine  canopy,  though 
not  equal  to  that  in  the  south  aisle.  It 
has  a  female  eiiigy,  said  to  be  Isabel, 
daughter  and  one  of  the  co-heiresses  oif 
the  second  Sir  Bartholomew  Davilers,  who 
carried  Erwarton  to  the  Bacon  family,  by 
her  marriage  with  Sir  Robert  Bacon.  In 
this  aisle  there  is  a  small  brass,  with 
an  inscription  to  Katherine  Lady  Com- 
wallis;  and  in  the  floor  of  the  nave  and 
other  parts  of  the  church  are  many  me- 
morials of  great  interest  to  members  of 
the  ennobled  families  of  Calthorpe,  Parker, 
and  Comwallis.  In  the  south  aisle  is  a  flat 
stone,  from  which  the  brass  of  a  knight, 
with  his  head  resting  on  a  tilting  helm, 
has  been  riven. 

Few  manors  in  the  county  oflfer  so  many 
features  of  historic  association  as  the  Manor 
of  Erwarton,  To  go  no  further  back  than 
the  time  of  the  first  Edward,  we  find  that 
in  1227  Erwarton  was  the  inheritance  of 
the  De  Auwhelytrs  or  Davilers  family,  who 
held  the  hereditary  office  of  Constable  of 
Norfolk  and  Sufix^lk,  and  whose  possessions 
in  these  counties  were  held  by  the  ser- 
jeantry  of  conducting,  as  such  constable, 
the  foot-soldiers  of  the  two  counties  for 
forty  days  at  the  king's  summons,  from 
St.  Edmund's  Ditch  —  now  called  the 
Devil's  Ditch,  and  by  some  considered  to 
be  a  corruption  of  Daviler's  Ditch — on 
Newmarket-heath,  to  the  king's  army  in 
Wales ;  for  which  service  he  was  to  receive 
at  the  said  ditch  sometimes  4d.  and  at 
others  3d.  per  head,  for  their  mainten- 
ance for  the  forty  days;  and  afler  that 
time  he  and  his  men  shall  be  maintained 
at  the  king's  cost.  In  this  family  Er- 
warton continued  for  four  generations, 
and  the  effigies  of  several  of  its  knights 
and  ladies  in  the  parish  church  are  among 
the  finest  monumental  memorials  of  the 
period  in  the  county.  Isabel,  one  of  the 
co-heiresses  of  the  last  Sir  Bartholomew 
Davilers,  who  died  in  1330,  carried  it  by 
marriage  to  the  Bacons,  who  held  their 


land  by  the  same  tenure.  From  the  Bacons 
it  soon  passed,  also  by  marriage,  to  Sir 
Oliver  Calthorpe,  of  Bumham,  in  Norfolk, 
ancestor  of  the  nobleman  who  now  bears 
that  name  and  title.  This  family,  during 
their  residence  here,  made  many  splendid 
alliances :  among  others,  with  the  illustri- 
ous house  of  Howard ;  the  noble  families  of 
Scroop  and  Grey  of  Ruthin ;  the  learned 
Chief  Justice,  Sir  John  Fortescue;  and 
the  Boleyns  of  Blickling,  the  representa- 
tives of  the  best  blood  of  the  French  no- 
blesse. Of  this  family.  Amy,  daughter  of 
Sir  William  Boleyn,  who  married  Sir 
Philip  Calthorpe,  of  Erwarton,  was  aunt 
to  the  accompliiihed  but  unfortunate  se- 
cond queen  of  Henry  the  Eighth.  Eliza- 
beth Calthorpe,  her  cousin,  married  Sir 
Henry  Parker,  eldest  son  of  the  first  Lord 
Morley,  and  took  with  her  the  manor  of 
Erwarton.  Of  this  noble  family  nothing 
is  known  before  the  fifteenth  century, 
when  we  find  Sir  William  Parker,  then 
a  young  man,  intermarrying  with  Alice 
Ijovell,  daughter  of  William  Lord  Morley, 
one  of  the  greatest  and  noblest  heiresses  of 
the  age,  and  a  near  connection  of  the 
House  of  York.  He  became  standard- 
bearer  to  King  Richard  the  Third,  and 
obtained  the  hereditary  Marshalship  of 
Ireland.  By  the  marriage  of  their  son 
with  Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  John  St.  John 
of  Bletsoe,  the  intimate  relationship  with 
royalty  was  still  ftirther  cemented.  Sir 
Philip  Parker,  son  of  Sir  Henry  and  Alice 
St.  John,  settled  at  Erwarton,  and  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood  from 
Queen  Elizabeth  in  her  progress  through 
this  county  in  1578.  He  built  the  hidl, 
which  is  still  standing,  and  his  arms  ap- 
pear in  a  panel  on  the  principal  part  of 
the  house ;  and  those  of  Parker  and  Mor- 
ley, with  the  date  1575,  still  remain  on 
glass  in  one  of  the  upper  windows.  This 
mansion  has  been  sadly  n^lected,  but  one 
room  retains  the  original  panelled  ceil- 
ing; another  has  a  panelled  fireplace; 
and  in  the  hall  and  on  the  staircase  are 
some  remains  of  mural  painted  decoration. 
The  gateway,  a  very  singular  erection 
of  brick,  is  a  monument  of  the  debased 
taste  in  architecture  of  the  time  of  James 
the  First.  A  daughter  of  Sir  Philip  mar- 
ried Sir  William  Comwallis,  a  learned 
essayist,  of  a  very  ancient  SuiOTolk  family, 
and  the  ancestor  of  the  celebrated  Marquis 
Comwallis,  the  conqueror  of  Tippoo  ^tib. 
The  family  of  Parker  was  raised  to  the 
Baronetcy  in  1660,  and  continued  to  reside 
here  till  the  death  of  the  fifth  baronet 
and  extinction  of  the  male  line  in  1740-1, 
when  it  became  successively  the  residence 
and  property,  by  female  descent,  of  the 
widow  <^  the  second  Lord  Chedworth; 


352 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Sept 


and  of  the  Earl  of  Egmont,  who  died  in 
1748,  and  was  buried  in  the  parish  church. 
Tlie  hall  was  purchased  in  1786,  of  the 
Earl  of  Egmont,  by  William  Bernew,  Esq., 
and  is  now  the  property  of  John  Berners, 
Esq.,  of  Woolverstone  Park. 


KILKENNY   AND  SOUTH-EAST  OF   IBELAND 
AECHJEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  July  meeting  of  the  society  was 
held  at  tlie  Tholsel,  on  the  2nd  ult.,  James 
G.  Robertson,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

Tlie  following  communication  was  read 
from  Richard  Caulfield,  Esq.,  Cork  :— 

"  I  found  the  following  inventory  of  the 
insignia  of  the  Corporation  of  Cork  among 
the  Sarsfield  MSS.  The  document  is  not 
dated,  but  from  the  writing  I  would  infer 
it  to  be  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth 
or  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
William  Sarsfield  was  Mayor  of  Cork  in 
1542,  and  again  in  1556;  Thomas  Sars- 
field, in  1580;  James  Sarsfield,  in  1599; 
Thomas  Sarsfield,  in  1603;  William  Sars- 
field,  in  1606 ;  Thomas  Sarsfield,  in  1639. 
It  was  probably  during  the  mayoralty  of 
one  of  these  that  the  insignia  was  pur- 
chased. It  was  Queen  Elizabeth  who  gave 
them  the  very  beautiful  collar  of  SS., 
which  they  now  possess  : — 

MACKA,   HWOKD,   AXD  OTHER  EXAIONE8  OF  TE 
COKPORATIOX. 

£    8.    d. 

Two  maces  gt.  63  oz.,  at  5s  3d  .        .  16  10  09 

Making  and  engravini?,  at  2s  6d       .  07  17  06 

Fiftv-two  oz.  in  ShrM.  maces,  at  Ss  3d  13  13  00 

Malcing  and  engraving,  at  2b  Gd       .  06  10  00 

Pocket  mace,  7  oz.  at  Ss  3d       .        .  01  16  09 

Making  and  engraving,  at  28  6d       .  00  17  06 

Waterbayliffes  oare,  14  oz.,  at  5s  3d  03  13  06 

Making  and  engraving     .        .        .  01  15  00 

Citty  Seals,  making  and  Kilver .        .  01  10  00 

Mayoralty  Seal 01  05  00 

Sword.  20  oz.,  at  5s  3d— £5  05  00, 
making  and  engraving  2  li.  Scab- 
bard 35,  gilding  3  li.  blade  lOs      .  12  10  00 

£67  10  00 
Mr.  Caulfield  also  forwarded  drawings 
of  both  sides  of  the  silver  oar,  the  badge 
of  the  Cork  watcr-btulifiT,  bearing  at  one 
side  the  royal  arms,  and  the  cj'pher  of 
the  letters  M  and  W  combined  with  two 
crowned  R's.  The  other  side  boars  the 
arms  and  motto  of  the  city  of  Cork. 

A  communication  was  received  from 
George  Bern,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool,  as  fol- 
lows : — 

"  In  the  'Ulster  Journal  of  ArchaK)logy,* 
vol.  iii.  p.  315,  are  two  accounts,  by  two 
narrators,  concerning  the  demolition  of 
a  large  cairn  on  the  hill  of  Scrabo,  in  the 
county  of  Down.  In  both  is  related  the 
discovery  in  the  cairn  of  a  smoking-pipe, 
or  Dane's  pipe,  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
the  antiquity  or  comparatively  recent 
origin  of  which  Las  given  rise  to  mnch 
11 


speculation,  and  is  altogether  an  tuiBettled 
point.  The  discovery  of  this  one,  how- 
ever, in  a  cmm  so  old,  seemed  to  afford  to 
the  writer  of  one  of  the  papers  indis- 
putable testimony  in  favour  of  the  former 
opinion— to  use  his  own  words,  *  it  sets  the 
question  at  rest  for  ever;'  though  oddly 
enough  for  a  question  sealed  and  settled 
for  ever  by  his  means,  lie  introduces  at  the 
end  of  his  paper  these  very  qualifying 
observations,  which  quite  neutralize  his 
statement : — '  I  cannot  vouch  for  the  acca- 
racy  of  what  I  have  written  regarding  the 
opening  of  the  cairn  and  its  contents; 
and  hamng  learned  that  some  of  the  vfork- 
men  have  given  a  different  version  of  the 
matter,  I  shall  merely  say  that  I  took 
down  verbaiim  the  particulars  given  to  me 
by  Mr.  Patton,  jeweller,  of  Ncwtonards, 
as  stated  to  have  been  received  by  him 
from  the  man  who  found  the  coins.'  The 
other  narrator,  with  more  caution  and  cor- 
rectness, and  I  think  in  a  more  just  spirit 
of  inquiry,  says — *I  do  not  venture  to 
found  any  argument  on  the  discovery  of 
the  smoking-pipe,  because  neither  I  nor 
any  of  my  fellow-inquirers  have  actually 
seen  it ;  and  although  this  is  not  the  first 
instance  that  has  come  before  me  of  these 
pipes  being  found  in  places  of  undoubted 
antiquity,  still  I  am  not  in  possession  of 
sufficient  data  to  come  to  any  condunon 
on  the  subject.' 

"  Being  myself  completely  in  doubt  re- 
garding this  question,  but  at  the  same  time 
disposed  to  consider  that  evidence  hitherto 
had  been  more  in  favour  of  the  modem 
origin  of  these  articles  than  other^'ise, 
and  in  spit<;  of  the  authoritative  dictum  of 
one  of  the  writers  alluded  to,  believing 
that  the  way  and  manner  of  the  discovery, 
the  kind  of  second-hand  evidence  support- 
ing it,  added  really  nothing  to  our  know- 
le<lge  (m  the  subject,  that  it  brought  this 
vexed  question  no  nearer  to  an  end,— any 
more,  indeed,  than  ifa  pipe  had  been  foonc^ 
or  had  been  said  to  be  found,  at  any  other 
old  cairn  or  fort, — a  matter  of  frequent  oc- 
currence. In  a  short  article  in  the  '  Ulster 
Joiu*nal  of  Archajology,*  voL  iv.  p.  4s  I  ven- 
tured so  to  express  myself,  hoping  either 
for  farther  proof  or  explanation,  or  a  con- 
currence in  my  own  view,  when  the  mani- 
fest weakness  of  the  evidence — ^the  con- 
flicting, the  imperfect,  the  inconclusive 
evidence  —  was  pointed  out.  Instead  of 
this  result,  however,  my  surprise  was 
great  to  find  in  the  last  number  of  the 
'  Kilkenny  Archsological  Journal,'  Na  u. 
p.  50,  these  words  from  the  tame  writer, 
Mr.  Carruthers,  who  made  the  original 
statement,  and  on  whose  inferences  I  took 
the  liberty  of  remarking : — '  Anonst,  1866. 
At  this  time  some  workmen  having  re- 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


353 


moved  the  stones  which  composed  the  cairn 
on  Scraho-hill,  near  Newtonards,  county 
of  Down,  discovered  a  stone  eight  feet 
long,  hroad  in  proportion,  and  so  heavy, 
that  to  remove  it  they  were  obliged  to 
blast  it  with  gunpowder,  when  a  grave 
was  exhibited  formed  of  blocks  of  stone,  in 
which  was  a  human  skeleton  greatly  decom- 
posed, at  one  side  of  the  head  of  which 
was  a  smoking-pipe,  ctmmonly  called  a 
Dane's  pipe;  at  the  s'.de,  about  two  and 
a  half  ounces  of  very  rude,  thin,  silver 
Danish  coins.*     Now  this  is  a  circumstan- 
tial, explicit,  unqualified  statement,  with- 
out note  or  comment,  and  is  certainly  at 
variance  with  the  general  scope  and  tenor 
of  the  account  as  given  originally,  and 
with  the  two   quotations  which   1   have 
made  in  the  former  paragraph.     It  would 
require  the  reader  to  believe  as  a  fact  cer- 
tain and  established,  that  when  this  great 
cairn  was  removed,  a  sepulchral  chamber  of 
very  remote  antiquity  was  disclosed,  cover- 
ed with  a  stone  so  stupendous  as  not  to  be 
moved  till  broken  up  with  gunpowder; 
that  when  this  was  accomplished,  there 
was  discovered  underneath  a  smoking-pipe, 
a  number  of  Danish  coins,  and  the  bones, 
including  the  skull,  of  a  human  being ;  all 
these  objects,  if  the  statement  were  to  be 
relied  on,  being  of  course  coeval,  and  all 
lying  there  centuries  upon  centuries  before 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh  or  his  tobacco  were 
ever  heard  of.     Now  if  the  writer,  or  any 
other  observer  of  equal  competence  and 
ability,  had  seen  all  this,  (and  it  would 
have  been  no  harm  to  have  had  the  ocular 
demonstration  of  two  or  three  witnesses  to 
cumulate  the  proof  of  such  a  miracle,)  no 
doubt  the  evidence  would  have  been  com- 
plete ;  it  would  have  been  the  most  unex- 
ceptionable,   important,    and    unexpected 
testimony  to  the  great  antiquity  of  Dane's 
pipes,  which,  so  fur  as  I  know,  has  ever 
been  brought  to  light,  and  might   have 
convinced  the  most  incredulous.    It  would 
have  been  quite  a  difterent  kind  of  proof 
from  vague  traditions  of  the  monks  having 
smoked    coltsfoot,    and    disputed    resem- 
blances to  tobacco-pipes  on  rude  sculpture 
of  a  date  anterior  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
tobacco-plant  in  Europe,  and  other  uncer- 
tain   statements   of  that  character.      It 
would  have  been  tangible  evidence,  and 
would  have  fonned  a  stable   foundation 
for  all  future  inquirers  on  smoking  mat- 
ters, proving  not  alone  the  universality, 
but  the  immeasurable   antiquity   of  the 
practice.      On  seeing    the   extraordinary 
statement,  therefore,  reproduced  in  this 
objectionable  manner    in  the   *  Kilkenny 
Transactions'  I  carefully  read  over  again 
the  two  original  accounts  which  appeared 
in  the  *  UMer  Journal*  of  the  demolition 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XL VI. 


of  the  cairn,  the  discoveries  which  resulted, 
and  all  the  attendant  circumstances,  and 
again  affirm  that,  besides  the  inherent  im« 
probability,  they  contain  nothing  whatever 
to  warrant  the  broad  unqualified  assertion 
embodied  in  the  recent  number  of  the 
former  publication.    The  process  of  demo- 
lition or  removal  was  not  witnessed  by 
the  writer,  but  half  a  year  after  it  was 
completed  and  the  ground  entirely  cleared 
the  workmen  are  interrogated  as  to  these 
curious  matters.     So  far  from  a  skeleton 
having  been  found  entombed  in  the  syste- 
matic manner  described,  with  a  pipe  near 
its  head, — perhaps  in  its  jaw, — one  account 
says  no  skull  was  found  at  all,  no  pipe  was 
seen  by  any  of  the  recent  investigators; 
some  say  the  huge  stone  under  which  all 
these  marvels  were  discovered  was  in  a 
manner  detached,  that  it  had  slipped  away 
from  its  originid  position,  and  that  the 
smoking-pipe  was  found  outside  the  en- 
closure altogether.    At  the  lower  end  of 
the  great  slab  spoken  of  the  coins  were 
found,  not  covered  by  the  large  stone,  but 
by  others  of  smaller  size,  forming,  there  is 
little  reason  to  doubt,  a  concealed  horde  of 
comparatively  modem  date.  On  the  whole, 
therefore,  the  evidence  is  altogether  hear- 
say,— every  way  uncertain, — in  some  re- 
spects contradictory,  and  of  no  value  at 
least  fully  to  prove  a  case  in  any  court 
either  of  law  or  archa^olc^y." 

The  Rev.  James  Graves  read  the  follow- 
ing transcript  of  a  letter  from  General 
Preston  to  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde,  dated 
from  Kilkenny,  and  shewing  that  acts  of 
courtesy  passed  between  the  contending 
parties  at  a  period  when  they  were  op- 
posed in  the  field,  —  at  least,  that  the 
Royalist  General  had  liberated  General 
Preston's  page.  Whether  the  hanging 
of  "one  Lilly"  can  be  defended  on  the 
grounds  pleaded  by  Preston,  is  a  question. 
The  spelling  and  orthography  of  Preston's 
secretary,  the  name  only  being  in  auto- 
graph, is  curious.  The  letter  is  addressed, 
"l-'or  the  most  honorable  the  Lord  Mar- 
quess of  Ormond,  these,  at  Dublin,"  and 
docketed  in  Ormonde's  hand,  "Colonell 
Preston's,"  dated  the  26th  of  March, 
16  43  :— 

"Right  honnoble— I  conceave  by  your  Lord- 
ship's Lcttre  you  take  in  ill  parte  the  hanging  of 
one  Lilly  which  heerctofore  served  in  your  Army, 
but  when  your  Lordshipp  vnderstand  the  cause,  I 
beleeve  you  wilbc  better  satisfied,  the  said  Lilly 
havinge  served  in  our  Army  and  runn  away  to 
yours,  and  wee  havinge  taken  him  afterwards, 
wee  caused  the  millitarie  Lawes  to  bee  putt  in 
execution,  accordinge  to  the  Customc  of  the 
Countrie  wherein  I  served,  who  gives  noe  quarter 
to  such  men  as  beinge  vncapuble  thereof,  as  I 
hope  your  Lordshipp  will  conceav  to  be  soe  fit- 
tinge,  and  could  wish  yt  your  Lordshipp  would 
vse  all  such  as  nmn  away  from  your  Armv  that 
you  &ide  againe  in  the  same  nature.    Oiving* 

z  z 


35  i 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


yo'.ir  Lordshipp  thanks  fcr  sendinge  my  sonn's 
page  bicke ;  I  remiine 

•'  Your  Lordshipp's  most  himiblc  servant, 

**  T    I^REISTOM 

"Kilkenny,  26  Martii,  1643." 

Colonel  Thomas  Preston,  a  brotlier  of 
Lord  Gorinanston's,  had  served  many  years 
in  the  Low  Countries,  in  the  service  of 
Spain,  where  he  distinpcuislied  himself  by 
his  gallant  defence  of  Gene. >,  in  1041.  He 
came  to  Ireland  in  September,  1642,  and 
in  the  October  following  was  appointed 
Provincial  General  for  Leinster,  by  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Confederate 
Catholics.  —  Carte's  "  Ormond,"  vol.  i. 
pp.  367  and  36D. 

Papera  from  Dr.  O'Donovan,  the  Rev. 
James  Graves,  and  Evelyn  P.  Shirley,  Esq., 
were  then  submitted  to  the  meeting,  atler 
which  the  usual  adjournment  to  the  liist 
Wednesday  in  September  took  place. 


LONDON  AND  MIDDLESEX  ABCHJEOLOGICAL 

SOCIETY. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  this 
society  took  place  at  the  Architectural 
Museum,  Canon-row,  Westminster,  on 
July  31. 

Lord  Robert  Grosvenor,  M.P.,  occupied 
the  chair. 

The  Hor.  Secretary  proceeded  to  read 
the  report,  which  stated  that,  although  six 
or  seven  mcmtlis  had  elai)sed  since  the  in- 
auguration of  the  society,  three  general 
meetings,  exclusive  of  the  present  one,  had 
been  held — two  in  the  city  of  London,  and 
one  in  Westminster.  At  these  meetings 
ten  papeTS  were  read,  giviiig  informatiim 
on  many  interesting  antiquities ;  also  nu- 
merous works  of  art  were  exhibited.  The 
attendance  was  on  all  occasions  considera- 
ble, shewing  that  the  objects  of  the  society 
were  being  duly  and  generally  appreciated. 
The  number  of  members  had  increased  to 
250,  of  which  number  15  were  life-mem- 
bers,— thus  demon.«trating  the  very  satis- 
factory progress  which  the  society  had 
made  within  only  one  year.  The  council 
trusted,  when  the  objects  and  the  plan  of 
operations  of  the  society  became  widely 
known,  that  the  imraber  of  members  would 
be  increased.  The  council  considered  that 
it  was  advisable  to  have  the  publication  of 
their  transactions  issuiKl  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  tl:ey  had  made  arrangements  for  the 
immediate  issue  of  the  first  part.  They 
were  in  friendly  relations  with  the  Surrey 
Archaeological  Society,  the  Ecclesiological 
SoL'iety,  and  the  Suffolk  Institute  of  Ai- 
chflBology. 

The  statement  of  receipts  and  expendi- 
ture shewed  that  the  money  received 
amounted  to  £202  8s.  6d.;  expended, 
£100 ;  and  balance  in  hand,  about  £93. 


Lord  R.  Grosvenor,  in  moving  that  the 
report  be  adopted,  congratulated  the  society. 
Although  in  its  infancy,  very  marked  pro- 
gress had  been  made;  and  although  the 
society  might  be  said  only  to  have  just  cut 
its  teeth,  its  progress  towards  rapid  ma- 
turity was  very  gratifying.  After  advo- 
cating the  claims  of  the  society,  on  its  own 
intrinsic  merits,  his  Lordship  urged  the  im- 
portance of  the  publication  of  the  society's 
transactions  without  delay.  The  aodety'a 
report  very  much  reminded  him  of  the 
Queen's  speech,  for  it  appeared  that  the 
society,  like  the  empire,  was  in  friendly 
relations  with  all  maidcind.     (Cheers.) 

Mr.  Asphitel,  in  seconding  the  motion* 
noticed  the  wide  field  of  operations  open  to 
the  society.  The  whole  of  London  was 
within  their  district,  in  which  many  most 
interesting  antiquities  were  neglected  or 
overlooke<l. 

The  report  and  balance-sheet  were 
adopted,  and  the  election  of  officers  and 
council  concluded. 

G.Gilbert  Scott,  Esq.,  A.R.A.,  announced 
that  the  Abbey  having  been  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  the  society  by  liord  John 
Tliynne,  he  would  accompany  the  mem- 
bers, and,  in  conjunction  with  the  Rev.  C. 
Boutell,  ex]>lain  the  principal  objects  of 
beauty  and  interest  in  the  structure.  When 
the  memliers  and  visitors  assembled  in  the 
abl>ey,  a  circle  was  formed,  and  Mr.  Scott 
proceeded  to  deliver  a  lecture  on  the  origin 
and  antiquities  of  the  abbey.  The  lecturer, 
who  was  assisted  by  diagrams,  l)egan  by 
pointing  out  that  the  early  history  of  the 
abl)ey  was  involved  in  obscurity — that  a 
rougl)  guess  made  the  structure  originally 
a  ])agan  temple — that  the  first  builder  was 
believed  to  l)e  Sel)ert,  a  Saxon  sovereign. 
Tliat  having  been  destroyed  by  the  Danes, 
it  was  afterwards  refounded  by  King  Ed- 
gar, as  a  compensation  for  not  performing 
a  vow  he  had  made  to  go  to  Rome,  in  con* 
sequence  of  his  long  exile  in  Normandy. 
In  the  year  1050  the  structure  was  nearly 
completed,  and  it  was  certainly  consecrated 
before  that  monarch's  death.  Sir  C.  Wren 
gave  a  history  of  the  apse  and  the  form 
of  the  cross  exhibited  in  the  siructure. 
Henry  III.  commenced  rebuilding  the 
abbey,  and  alx)ut  1220  the  ladye-chapel 
was  added.  Tliis  monarch  had,  no  doubty 
weak  points,  but  he  was  one  of  the  greatest 
patrons  of  native  art,  sculpture,  and  paint- 
ing which  this  country  ever  had.  He  in- 
troduced from  the  Continent  all  the  im- 
provements that  had  been  made  in  paint- 
ing and  architecture;  but  investigation 
proved  that  even  at  that  early  period  this 
country  was  not  wholly  dependent  on 
France  for  its  architecture.  We  obtainod 
astragals  from  Fraaoe  in  this  buldfaig^  it 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


355 


was  trap,  but  we  introduced  traoerv.  There 
was  a  fine  speHinen  of  tracery  in  Mat- 
tholomew-the-Great  Church,  and  he  \*nshed 
particularly  to  call  attention  to  the  chapel, 
radiating  from  the  outer  aijile  of  the  apse. 
A  specimen  of  the  same  kind  of  architec- 
ture was  to  be  found  at  Poictiers,  and  at 
Gloucester  Cathedral;  the  excavations  at 
Leominster  shewed  the  stvle  was  known  in 
the  time  of  Henry  I. ;  other  sijecimons 
were  to  be  seen  at  St.  Mnrtin-aux-Clianijw 
in  Paris;  the  specimens  were  quite  Ro- 
manesque in  the  early  transition  radiating 
diapek.  At  Noyon,  the  chapel  of  St.  Denis, 
and  at  Rennes,  the  same  style  prevailed. 
Then  followed  the  cathedral  of  Amiens, 
which  was  the  tj'pe  of  ahnost  even*  other 
cathedral  afterwards  bu'lt  in  France,  and 
on  the  borders  of  Germany  and  Belgium. 
This  cathedral  afforded  a  perfect  specimen 
of  the  elongated  chapel.  But  although 
the  idea  of  the  building  of  Westminster 
Abbey  was  undoubtedly  taken  from  Fraiu-e, 
in  many  important  resi)ects  the  structure 
d'flfered  from  the  French  mo<lels.  llie  five 
chapels  of  Westminster  Abbey  were  all 
formed  on  the  chord  of  the  semicircle 
which  formed  the  apse.  At  Amiens  Cathe- 
dral there  were  seven  such  chapels,  but 
they  were  not  commenced  on  a  chord  of  a 
circle,  but  were  formed  one  bay  in  advance. 
This  was  different  to  Westminster  Abbev, 
where  the  line  radiat<'d  backward  and 
westward,  having  a  blank  bay  in  the  aisle, 
by  which  means  the  chapels  were  made 
larger  in  proportion  to  the  church  than  in 
other  instances.  The  double  advantage 
was  thus  obtained  of  gaining  in  size  and 
making  the  chapels  of  more  beautiful 
figure.  It  could  be  shewn  that  Rouen 
Cathedral  was  intended  to  be  built  like 
Westminster  Abbey,  but  for  some  reason 
the  builder  departed  from  the  plan,  and 
only  made  a  little  chapel,  certainly  inferior 
in  beauty  to  that  of  the  Westminster  plan. 
The  work  done  to  Westminster  Abbey  in 
Henry  the  Third's  time  shewed  them  how 
rigidly  the  original  style  was  adhered  to. 
In  1269  the  body  of  the  Confessor  was 
carried  to  its  shrine  in  the  abbey,  and 
the  new  part  was  consecrated.  It  would 
be  difficult  to  point  out  in  what  the  sur- 
passing beauty  of  the  whole  design  con- 
sisted, for  80  much  depended  upon  taste ; 
but  certainly  he  must  assert  that  West- 
minster Abbey  contained  the  elements  of 
beauty  far  beyond  other  churches  —  far 
beyond  that  of  Amiens  and  Rennes ;  for 
though  the  scale  was  less,  the  proportions 
were  more  beautiful.  He  believed  it  would 
be  easy  to  shew  that  all  the  proportions  of 
the  abbey  were  founded  on  the  principle 
of  the  equilateral  triangle,  and  that  those 
parts   which  strike  the  eye  as  the  moat 


beautiful  were  laid  down  on  the  propor- 
tions of  the  triangle.  Ireomasons  had 
two  princii)les  in  thtir  art,  that  of  the 
square  and  that  of  the  triangle,  but  they 
considered  the  triangle  the  best.  Kirg 
Henry  III.  bn>ught  over  to  this  countiy  a 
nutnber  of  fi>reign  artists  to  c.irry  out  and 
emWUish  this  work  ;  but  though  the  idea 
of  the  abbev  was  French,  the  details  were 
English.  There  i*-as,  without  doubt,  a 
sprinkling  of  foreign  workmen  employed 
on  the  abbey,  especially  in  the  car\*ing. 
ITie  work  of  ft»reign  artists  was  as  easy  to 
recognise,  and  as  distinct,  as  were  diffier- 
ent  handwritings.  One  leading  feature  of 
French  art  was  the  exclusive  use  of  the 
moulded  capitals,  as  distinct  from  carved 
capitals.  The  moulded  capital  was  the 
tyi>e  of  French  design,  any  other  style  was 
the  exception.  In  this  Engl  md  had  the 
advantage;  she  had  many  varieties,  and 
the  most  beautiful  were  to  \ye  found  in  the 
ablK\v.  It  was  surprising  to  find  ihit  ^u.h 
a  i)lain  capital  was  used  in  the  abbey — 
plain  capitals  were  generally  confined  to 
country  churches;  but  the  reason  was  ob- 
vious. In  the  case  of  the  abbey,  the  capi- 
tals were  of  hartl  Purbock  marble,  atid  not 
so  easilv  worked  as  a  softer  material.  The 
pillars  and  triforium  wire  of  this  marble, 
and  when  polished,  which  no  doubt  thiy 
were,  must  have  looked  most  magnificent. 
Part  of  the  transept  was  finished  by  Henry 
III.  Afler  his  death  the  work  was  con- 
tinued by  Edward  I.  Edwaid  III.  built 
the  choir  ;  Richard  II.  added  to  it,  but  it 
was  finished  bv  Henrv  VIII.  On  exa- 
mination,  it  would  be  seen  that,  from  the 
first  pillar  to  the  end  of  the  screen,  the 
building  took  place  in  the  reign  of  Richard 
II.,  but  not  in  the  onlinary  architecture 
of  the  period.  All  the  architects  appeared 
desirous  of  assimilating  their  work  to  thtt 
of  the  13th  century.  Respecting  the 
shrine  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  it  ap- 
peared Abbot  Weir  went  to  Rome,  and 
brought  over  here  two  master  workmen  to 
execute  the  Mosaic  work  in  glass,  the  same 
as  appears  in  the  churches  of  St.  Sophia 
at  Constantinople,  St.  Mark's  at  Venice, 
and  in  the  works  round  Rome.  The  name 
of  one  of  the  workmen  was  Peter,  a  Roman 
citizen.  He  helped  to  execute  the  shrine. 
Tlie  substance  of  the  shrine  was  I*urbeck 
marble,  inlaid  with  grey  Mosaic.  The 
other  workman  was  named  Odorico,  and 
he  was  employed  to  executo  mosaic  in  por- 
phyry for  floors.  This  workman  executed 
that  part  of  the  pavement  round  the  shrine 
of  the  Confessor,  and  the  high  altar;  both 
portions  are  inlaid,  but  lx)th  were  allowed 
to  fall  into  a  state  of  decay  and  dilapi- 
dation.— The  lecturer  concluded  his  in- 
tereeting  statement  by  saying   that  he* 


356 


AntiquuHan  Researches. 


[Sept. 


shovdd  be  ready  to  attend  the  members 
and  visitors  round  the  abbey,  and  point 
out  the  ptirts  best  worthy  of  their  notice. 

The  Rev.  Charles  Boutell  then  proceeded 
to  lecture  on  the  monuments.  The  monu- 
ments, he  said,  formed  a  distinct  feature  of 
the  abbey,  differing  from  every  other  Eng- 
lish ecclesiastical  edifice.  The  abbey,  in 
addition  to  its  cathedral  character,  must 
be  considered  as  being  also  a  vast  national 
monumental  shrine.  The  monuments  he 
would  divide  into  two  important  classes — 
those  which  from  their  intrinsic  character 
were  suitable  to  such  a  place,  and  those 
which  were  introduced  as  works  of  art, 
but  inconsistent  with  the  character  of  the 
place,  though  not  inconsistent  as  concerned 
the  memory  of  illustrious  individuaLs.  He 
must  guard  himself  when  speaking  of  monu- 
ments as  inconsistent  with  the  abbey,  a- 
gainst  being  understood  to  detract  from 
the  memory  of  the  persons  commemorated. 
He  only  intended  to  speak  of  them  as 
works  of  art,  to  make  room  for  many  of 
which  the  most  exquisite  details  of  archi- 
tecture have  been  ruthlessly  destroyed. 
As  works  of  art,  some  of  these  monuments 
were  worse  than  worthlass,  and  room  had 
been  made  for  them  by  cutting  away 
mouldings  of  the  finest  period  of  Gothic 
archifecturc.  Many  of  the  monuments 
combined  nt  ^resting  sp^imens  of  archi- 
tecture, heraldry,  wood-carving,  and  sculp- 
ture, together  with  all  that  was  otherwise 
artistically  admissible.  Here  tlie  lecturer 
produced  a  sketch  of  the  shrine  of  Edward 
the  Confessor.  Taking  the  shrine  as  the 
centre,  it  would  be  seen  there  was  an  inner 
circle  of  royal  tomlw  ;  next  there  was 
another  circle.  On  the  outer  side  of  the 
ambulatory  there  was  another  scries  of 
monuments,  and  the  groups  of  a])sidal 
chapels  would  be  found  each  to  contain  its 
own  monuments,  all  subordinuted  to  the 
Confessor-shrine,  which  was  to  be  taken  as 
the  common  centre  Henry  the  Seventh's 
Chapel  completed  the  series.  The  society 
proposed  to  publish  a  fac- simile  of  the 
plan,  so  as  to  record  the  position  of  all  the 
early  monuments,  only  a  few  of  which  were 
noticed  by  the  early  historians.  On  enter- 
ing the  gallery  from  the  north  aisle,  they 
would  come  upon  the  tomb  of  Aymer  de 
Valence,  which  was  rich  alike  in  archi- 
tectural design — richness  without  break- 
ing up  the  breadth  or  interfering  with  the 
excellence  of  eflTect  of  the  whole.  The 
effigies  and  armour  were  perfect,  shewing 
to  what  excellence  the  art  had  attained 
even  at  that  remote  period.  In  the  popu- 
lar descriptions  the  two  tombs  were  de- 
scribed as  those  of  Knights  Templar.  He 
hoped  the  mistake  would  hereafter  be  cor- 
rected, as  one  was  of  the  knight  and  the 


other  his  wife.  The  tomb  of  De  Vere  was 
worthy  of  inspection.  There  were  four 
kneeling  knights  supporting  the  slab  on 
which  was  placed  the  various  pieces  of 
armour  worn  by  the  knight.  All  the  do- 
tails  were  spirited  and  excellent.  The 
tombs  of  the  Abbot  Islip  and  of  St.  Eras- 
mus were  worthy  of  regard.  In  the 
chapels  the  tombs  of  D'Aubigny  and  his 
lady  were  conspicuous.  In  Henry  the 
Seventh's  Chapel,  the  only  remarkable 
tomb  was  that  of  the  founder  ahd  his 
queen,  Elizabeth  of  York.  One  of  the 
chapels  would  be  found  crowded  with  fine 
specimens  of  early  monuments — those  of 
John  of  Eltham,  W.  de  Valence ;  and  there 
would  be  found  also  a  fine  brass  of  the 
widow  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  Re- 
turning to  the  shrine  of  Edward,  they 
would  find  the  tomb  of  Edward  the  First, 
in  which  the  remains  of  that  monarch 
were  discovered  abr^ut  a  century  ago, 
attirjd  in  his  royal  robes.  He  thought 
the  tomb,  though  plain  now,  must  have 
been  decorated  in  some  removable  way, 
either  with  drapery  or  enamelling,  which 
hnd  d'sa])peared,  as  it  was  hardly  to  be 
thought  that  a  king  who  had  so  elaborately 
decorated  his  wi'e  Eleanor's  tomb,  would 
have  nothing  for  his  own  tomb  but  a  plain 
mass  of  stone.  The  next  tomb  was  that 
of  Henry  III.,  whereon  was  a  very  fine 
recumbent  figure,  and  the  draped  figure  of 
his  wife  Eleanor.  He  might  say  that  for 
draped  figures  there  were  few  in  existence 
superior  to  these.  He  trusted  that  ere 
long  the  real  value  of  these  tombs,  as 
studies  of  works  of  art,  would  be  generally 
recognised.  One  remarkable  feature  in 
the  tomb  of  Queen  Eleanor  was  the 
heraldry — the  arms  of  Castile  and  Leon 
were  to  be  seen,  not  as  quarters,  but  as  a 
single  coat.  The  shields  with  which  the 
abbey  was  enriched  were  not  only  valuable 
as  works  of  art,  but  as  conveying  much 
historical  information.  In  fact,  ho  con- 
sidered that  heraldry  mijjht  not  only  be 
considered  as  a  science,  but  as  elucidating 
history.  The  iron -work  of  the  tomb  had 
recently  been  restored  by  Mr.  Scott,  and 
was  well  worthy  attention.  The  canopy 
was  a  recent  introduction  in  the  tomb  of 
Henry  V. ;  that  tomb  had  been  greatly 
mutilated,  as  it  was  enriched  with  solid 
silver,  and  the  heiid  was  also  of  the  same 
material.  These  had  been  taken  away  on 
account  of  their  intrinsic  value.  The  tomb 
of  Queen  Philippa  was  also  a  fine  work  of 
art,  elaborately  enriched,  but  cruelly  muti- 
lated. The  same  might  be  said  of  the 
tomb  of  Edward  the  Tliird.  He  had 
already  made  reference  to  the  tomb  of 
John  of  Eltham.  That  tomb  was  originally 
sunnoonted  by  a  beantiAil  moDomental 


18:6.] 


Antif/uarian  Researches, 


357 


canopy,  but  that  had  wholly  disappeared. 
The  armour  also  illustrated  admiral)ly  the 
transition  period  from  mail  to  plate.  The 
tomb  of  St.  Benedict,  and  another  tomb  of 
an  archbishop,  were  rarely  shewn,  but  they 
were  wi*ll  worthy  of  inspection,  l)eing  fine 
specimens  of  the  work  of  the  fourteenth 
century. — The  lecturer,  amidst  general 
applause,  concluded  by  informing  the  com- 
pany that  the  illustrations  of  the  tombs 
in  the  chapels  would  be  by  lecture,  as  the 
chapels  were  too  small  to  hold  more  than 
a  tithe  of  the  company  at  one  time. 

Mr.  Scott  then  took  the  members  and 
visitors  round  the  abbey,  pointing  out  in  a 
lucid  and  interesting  manner  the  various 
architectural  beauties.  Mr.  Boutell  did 
the  same  with  reference  to  the  tombs,  and 
the  company  left,  highly  gratified  with 
the  amusing  and  instructive  morning's 
business. 

In  the  evening  a  cxmsiderable  body  of 
ladies,  members,  and  visitors  assembled  at 
the  Museum,  at  a  conversazione,  at  which 
Mr.  Ik)utell  gave  some  very  interesting 
particulars  concerning  the  shields. 


WILTSHIRE    ARCH^OLOGICAL    KSD    NATTT- 
EAL  HIS  TOBY  SOCIETY. 

Annual  Meeting.  —  The  members  and 
friends  of  this  well-conducted  society  as- 
sembled at  Warminster,  on  Tuesday,  Au- 
gust 5,  for  three  days'  business  and  recre- 
ation. 

The  proceedings  commenced  on  Tues- 
day, in  the  Town -hall,  the  chair  being 
taken  by  the  Rev.  Prebendary  Fane,  who 
acted  as  President  i^ro  tern,  for  the  Mar- 
quis of  Bath.  The  room  (although  not  so 
full  as  might  have  been  anticipated)  con- 
tained many  well-known  archreologists 
from  various  parts  of  the  coimty,  and  a 
considerable  assemblage  of  ladies  and  gen- 
tlemen from  the  immediate  neighbour- 
ho«)d  of  Warminster.  At  half-psmt  one 
oVlock  the  rev.  chairman  addressed  the 
meeting,  and  having  set  forth  the  objects 
the  society  had  in  view,  he  went  on  to  ex- 
plain the  causes  of  its  lK?ing  instituted  in 
this  county.  Having  annoimced  in  de- 
tail the  various  proceedings  which  had 
been  arranged  for  the  present  meeting, 
the  chairman  in  conclusion  expressed,  on 
behalf  of  his  fellow-townsmen,  the  great 
pleasure  they  experienced  at  the  meeting 
of  the  society  in  Warminster. 

Mr.  Ravenhill  then  announced  that  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  who  was  to  have 
presided  at  the  evening  conversazione ,  and 
who  had  come  into  the  neighbourhood  the 
previous  evening,  liad  been  taken  so  un- 
well in  the  middle  of  the  night  that  he 
had  been  obliged  to  return  to  Salisbury. 


The  Dean  was  prevented  from  being  pre- 
sent by  an  engagement  in  London. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Lukls  (one  of  the  secre- 
taries) then  read  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee, which  commenced  by  stating  that 
the  society  is  making  gradual  and  steady 
progress  in  the  county ;  though  the  com- 
mittee have  to  deplore  the  loss  by  decease 
of  two  life-members  (Mr.  Neeld  and  Mr. 
Poynder),  and  by  withdrawal  or  removal 
from  the  county  of  nine  members.  The 
cash  account  of  the  society  up  to  the  end 
of  the  year  1855  exhibits  a  baknce  in  the 
hands  of  the  treasurer  and  local  secre- 
taries of  £287  2s.  lOid.  After  apolo- 
gizing for  the  late  period  at  which  the 
publication  of  the  magazine  took  place 
last  year,  owing  to  many  unavoidable  cir- 
cumstances, the  report  thus  proceeds: — 
"  It  has  been  suggested  by  Mr.  Scrope  that 
the  committee  should  issue  from  time  to 
time  in  the  MagazAne,  reprints,  either  lite- 
rally or  in  abstract,  of  parts  of  large,  ex- 
pensive, and  inaccessible  works  already 
published  on  Wiltshire,  as  well  as  curious 
pamphlets  connected  with  the  county, 
which  may  be  out  of  print.  These  would 
be  found  most  useful  by  those  who  desire 
to  furnish  the  society  with  communica- 
tions respecting  their  own  localities,  but 
who  have  no  means  of  reference  to  many 
of  these  expensive  and  comparatively 
scarce  works.  By  way  of  explaining  their 
meaning,  your  committee  would  parti- 
cularize the  kind  of  auxiliary  publications 
to  which  they  allude,  viz.  abstracts  or  ex- 
tracts from  Sir  R.  C.  Hoare's  Ancient  and 
Modem  Wilts ;  the  W^iltshire  institutions, 
from  the  Salisbury  Register;  the  account 
of  religious  houses  from  Dugdale's  Monas- 
ticon  ;  Tanner's  Notitia,  and  the  Monas- 
ticon  Wiltoncse ;  Aubrey's  unpublished 
works ;  the  large  volumes  of  published 
records;  curious  notes  from  parish  r<^s- 
tcrs;  manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum; 
biographies  of  eminent  Wiltshire  men; 
local  monographs,  or  descriptions  of  parti- 
cular objects,  houses,  churches,  and  the  like, 
which  may  have  appeared  in  other  publica- 
tions.— The  general  object  of  the  society 
is,  in  short,  to  bring  together  to  one  point, 
if  possible,  whatever  bears  upon,  or  is 
likely  to  illustrate,  Wiltshire  history.  The 
committee  have  not  been  altogether  un- 
mindful of  the  other  interesting  and  im- 
portant branch  of  the  society's  pursuits, 
viz.  natural  history,  Wiltshire  ornitho- 
logy, &c.  In  conclusion,  the  committee 
state  that  they  are  to  be  favoured  with  a 
series  of  papers  on  the  "Flora"  of  the 
county,  scientifically  arranged,  by  a  gen- 
tleman who  has  been  for  some  years  en- 
gaged in  preparing  them;  but  they  are 
not  at  present  sufficiently  prepured  to  lay 


358 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Sept. 


any  distinct  project  "before  the  society  for 
the  more  permanent  establishment  of  a 
county  museum." 

nie  report  was  at  once  adopted,  and 
ordered  to  be  printed  in  the  next  Quar- 
terly Magazine. 

The  chairman  then  announced  that  Mr. 
P.  Scrojw,  M.P.,  had  expressed  a  wish  to 
resign  the  office  of  president  of  the  so- 
ciety ;  and  althcmgh  every  member  of  it 
would  deeply  regret  the  loss  of  such  a  pre- 
sident, it  woultl  be  some  satisfaction  to 
know  that  the  individual  whom  the  com- 
mittee had  selected  as  his  successor  was  a 
gentleman  whose  power  of  languajre,  and 
whose  possession  of  some  of  the  choicest 
treasures  of  art  which  this  coimtrv  con- 
tained,  peculiarly  fitted  him  for  the  post. 
The  resolution  wliich  he  had  Ixen  re- 
quested to  move  was,  "  That  the  grateful 
thanks  of  the  meeting  be  given  to  Mr. 
Poulctt  Scrf)}>e  for  his  past  exertions  on 
behalf  of  the  societv,  and  his  continued 
desire  to  ])rom()te  its  ])rosperity  ;  and  that 
the  Kiyrht  Hon.  Sidnev  Herbert  be  re- 
quested  to  acc(!pt  the  office  of  president 
during  the  next  three  years."  The  reso- 
lution was  unaniujously  adopted. 

The  officei*s  of  the  society  having  been 
appointed,  and  the  routine  business  dis- 
posed of,  the  Hev.  J.  O.  Picton,  of  Kowde, 
proceeded  to  deliver  an  address  on  the 
general  subject  of  "  Archajol^gy."  At  its 
close  the  mcetirg  broke  up,  and  in  a 
short  time  afttrwaids  the  whole  party  re- 
assembled, for  dinner,  in  the  large  National 
School-room  in  West -street,  which,  under 
the  superintendence  of  the  H(!v.  Vicar,  had 
been  beautifully  decorated  for  the  occa- 
sion. The  chair  was  occupied  by  the  Mar- 
quis of  Bath;  the  company  altogether 
numbering  about  230. 

A  conversazione  subsequently  took  place 
at  the  Town-hall,  under  the  presidency  of 
Archdeacon  Macdonald.  The  papers  read 
in  the  course  of  the  evening  were  on  "  the 
Wiltshire  Fossil  Mammalia,"  bv  Mr.  ("un- 
ningt<m ;  a  highly  interesting  lecture  by 
Mr.  Lambert,  of  Salisbury,  "  on  Ancient 
Music,"  interspersed  with  admirable  vocal 
illustrations  by  the  lecturer,  to  a  piano- 
forte accompaniment. 

T/ie  Museum. — llie  large  room  on  the 
ground-floor  of  the  Tcm-n-hall  was  appro- 
priated to  the  reception  of  those  objects  of 
interest  to  archtroloprists  and  the  lovers  of 
natural  history  which  the iuimeiliate migh- 
bourlu)od,  aided  by  contributicms  of  dis- 
tant residents,  supplied  to  the  gratification 
of  all  to  whoni  this  portion  of  the  archax)- 
l(^ical  gathering  presents  sptn-ial  attrac- 
tions. The  contributors  of  former  years 
manifested  their  acx;ustomed  liberality,  and 
were  most  obliging  iu  subinittiDg  the  con- 


tents of  their  private  collections  to  the  in- 
spection of  the  company. 

The  meeting  on  Wednesday. — The  day 
was  at  its  commencement  somewhat  cloudy. 
Of  this  many  took  atlvantage,  and  went 
to  Battlesbury  and  Scratchbury,  under 
the  direction  of  the  Rev.  J.  Baron.  Others, 
fearing  that  these  clouds  only  foretold 
still  greater  heat  (in  which  they  were  not 
far  wrong),  preferred  looking  over  the 
many  objects  of  interest  in  the  Museum. 
All — whether  firom  the  morning  excursion 
to  Battlesbury,  or  from  the  Museum — 
started  for  Longleat  in  the  afternoon.  It 
was  understood  that  the  grounds  were  to 
be  open  to  the  public  at  2.30 ; — the  time 
was  pimctually  observed.  The  gardens 
were  never  more  beautiful.  At  three  the 
first  body  of  luncheoneers  were  admitted 
to  the  noble  hall.  All  that  Gunter  could 
do,  all  that  the  Marquis's  cellar  could  do, 
was  done  for  the  guest*.  Anything  more 
magnificent  we  never  saw  in  its  way.  Wo 
only  fear  that  it  was  too  munificent.  We 
heard  apprehensions  expressed  that  this 
was  a  suicidal  jwlicy — and  that  if  the 
committee  were  wise,  thev  would  for  the 
future  interdict  champagne  and  ices,  and 
all  the  delicacies  of  the  season,  and  strictly 
confine  hosts  to  moderation — cold  meats 
and  Wiltshire  ale.  However  this  may  be, 
GOO  persons  availed  themselves  of  the 
Mar(|uis*s  hospitality,  whereby  the  society 
derived  some  considerable  profit  at  the 
Marquis's  expense.  After  luncheon,  or 
dinner, 

A  lecture  was  delivered  on  the  terrace, 
by  Canon  Jackson,  the  secretary,  '*on 
Longleat."  He  commenced  by  offering  the 
thanks  of  the  society,  in  a  few  well-chosen 
words,  to  Lord  Bath  for  his  reception. 
He  then  said, — "  You  are  a  topographical 
society  for  Wilts,  and,  as  such,  you  should 
assemble  nnthin  the  limits  of  your  county. 
You  are  nearly  trespassers,  for  you  are 
within  three- fourths  of  a  mile  of  Somerset, 
in  the  hundred  of  Hevtesburv.  As  to 
the  parish,  the  house  is  situated  in  two 
parishes :  wh("n  my  1-K>rd  Bath  writes  his 
letters,  he  is  in  Homingsham ;  when  he 
diues,  he  is  in  Limgbridge  Deverill.  What 
is  the  derivation  of  Longleat  ?  Sir  Bichard 
Hoare  says,  Ijonqa  latay  the  long  brood; 
but  that  derivation  is  to  be  objected  to. 
Here  are  two  adjectives  and  no  nonn. 
I'he  truth  is,  the  word  leaf  is  a  noun  of 
Saxon  origin,  meaning  an  atjueduct,  or  a 
mill-race,  t)r  a  course  of  water  of  flich 
kind.  Tlie  water  originally  supplied  a 
mill,  and  there  now  (as  Ix)rd  Bath  said) 
was  'tradition  of  a  mill  near  the  old 
stable.'  On  the  site  of  this  house  stood 
once  a  priory  of  Black  Canons,  conriating 
of  a  prior  and  four  or  fiye  monki^  main- 


1836.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


359 


tained  by  the  ad]oiiiing  lands.  There  were 
diflferent  altars  here,  which  Canon  Jackson 
mentioned.  The  namesof  several  priors  were 
preserved ;  there  was  an  inventory  of  the 
plate  and  garments,  some  of  which  did  not 
seem,  froui  the  description,  to  be  alto- 
gether clerical.  The  priory  in  the  twenty - 
first  year  of  Henry  V'lII.  was  dissolved, 
and  added  to  H  in  ton  Charterhouse.  In 
1539  Hinton  Charterhouse  itself  was  dis- 
solved. Longleat  was  acquired  by  Sir 
John  Thynne  through  the  influence  of 
Protector  Somerset.  He  was  before  no 
way  connected  with  Wilts;  but  being 
secretary  to  the  Protector,  he  picked  up 
some  crumbs  from  his  table.  At  first  it 
was  an  humble  purchase  of  one  hundred 
acres.  Then  the  baronet  married  the  rich 
Sir  Richard  Gresham's  daughter,  a  lady 
with  a  handsome  foitime  in  esse,  and  more 
in  futuro.  He  added  to  his  estate.  His 
good  fortune  created  jealousy.  He  was 
summoned  before  the  Privy  Council,  but 
gave  a  good  account  of  his  possessions, 
and  was  dismissed  unharmed.  He  had 
sixteen  children.  In  1566  he  gave  the 
order  to  build  Longleat.  Who  was  the 
architect  ?  Tradition  says  John  of  Padua, 
and  tradition  is  right."  Canon  Jackson 
then  entered  into  some  interesting  parti- 
culars respecting  the  transition  style  of 
domestic  architecture,  from  the  fortified 
place  to  the  more  luxurious  mansion. 
"  Longleat  has  this  j)eculiarity, — it  may  be 
regarded  as  unique  in  its  way.  It  is  a 
mixture  of  Tuscan,  Ionic,  Corinthian  ar- 
chitecture; no  one  story  being  like  an- 
other. You  may  think  it  })arbarous,  but 
the  result  is  good.  It  is  not  ecclesiasti- 
cal, because  there  are  no  pointed  windows 
and  no  tracery-work  ;  it  is  the  new  Italian 
style.  It  was  adhered  to  till  Elizabeth, 
and  even  James.  There  are  various  in- 
stances in  this  county.  Sir  John  Thynne 
was  his  own  clerk  of  the  works.  In  three 
years  he  spent  £8,000, — a  large  sum  for 
those  days.  Queen  Elizabeth  came  to  see 
him  before  he  had  finished  his  house.  She 
built  no  palaces  lierself,  but  encouraged 
others  to  do  so  when  she  came  to  visit 
them.  Sir  Christopher  Wren  was  after- 
wards employed  on  the  house.  The  Duke 
of  Monmouth  visited  Longleat.  Crowds 
followed  him,  shouting  for  the  Protestant 
duke  and  casting  flowers  in  his  path. 
Within  a  few  months  he  and  his  host 
both  died  violent  dciiths, — Monmouth  on 
Tower-hill,  Mr.  Thynne  murdered  near 
Whitehall."  Canon  Jackson  traced  the 
murder  of  Mr.  Thynne,  an  account  of 
which  has  appeared  in  the  "  Archa^olog'cal 
Magazine."  He  passed  a  warm  and  well- 
deserved  eulogy  on  the  late  Marquis  of 
Bath,  the  Lord-lieutenant  of  Somerset,  for 


his  public  spirit,  and  uniform  kindness 
and  amiableness  of  disposition.  He  con* 
gratulated  the  society  and  the  county  on 
the  determination  shewn  by  the  present 
Marquis  to  follow  in  his  ancestor's  steps. 
The  lecture  wjis  most  succeasfal; — at  its 
close  Captain  Gladstone  invited  the  com- 
pany to  thank,  with  voice  and  heart,  the 
Marquis  for  his  hospitality,  the  Canon  for 
his  learning. 

The  society  assembled  'again  in  War- 
minster at  seven  o'clock,  in  the  Town-halL 
The  Rev.  J.  Baron  gave  a  lecture  up-stairs 
on  Anglo-Saxon  Derivations.  The  Rev. 
Mr.  Smith  and  Mr.  Clerk,  down-stairs,  lec- 
tured on  the  Bustard  and  on  Coins.  These 
lectures  were  all  ch'efly  matters  of  detail. 
The  evening  finished  with  an  address  from 
Mr.  Fane. — Local  Newspa/per, 


THE  ASCHITECTUfiAL  MUSEUM. 

The  annual  conversazione  took  place  on 
Wednesday  evening,  July  16tb,  and  was 
more  numerously  attended  than  on  any 
previous  occasion. 

The  Earl  de  Grey,  the  President  of  the 
institution,  took  the  chair,  and  called  upon 
the  Treasurer  (Mr.  Scott)  to  read  his  re- 
port. 

The  Treasurer,  in  stating  the  objects  for 
which  the  museum  bad  been  established, 
the  evidences  of  its  practical  usefulness 
during  the  past  year,  and  the  many  and 
important  additions  which  have  been  made 
to  the  collection  of  casts  and  specimens, 
took  the  opportunity  to  mention  that  the 
Department  of  Science  and  Art  had  con- 
tributed a  sum  of  £100  to  the  funds  in 
return  for  the  admission  of  the  students 
of  the  department  to  the  advantages  offer- 
ed by  the  museum;  and  that  his  Royal 
Highness  Princre  Albert,  in  presenting  a 
donation  of  £50,  had  consented  to  become 
the  patron  of  the  institution. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Wordsworth  moved,  and 
Mr.  Sydney  Smirke  seconded,  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  contributors  of  specimens 
named  therein,  observing  that  the  value 
of  those  specimens,  so  liberally  given,  would 
in  a  great  measure  depend  upon  the  spirit 
infnsed  into  them  by  the  master-mind  di- 
recting those  individuals  for  whose  especial 
benefit  this  extensive  collection  had  been 
formed,  and  that  the  period  was  looked 
forward  to  when  they  would  have  a  place 
more  worthy  to  receive  such  additions. 

Mr.  H.  Cole  and  the  Rev.  Charles  Boutell 
proposed  and  seconded  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
the  officers  of  the  museum,  testifying  to 
their  exertions  for  its  welfare. 

A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  President  for 
his  conduct  in  the  chair  having  been  moved 
and  seconded  by  Mr.Godwinand  Mr.  Parker 


360 


Antiquanan  Researches, 


[Sept. 


of  Oxford,  and  the  Earl  de  Grey  having 
responded,  assuring  the  meeting  of  the 
pleasure  he  had  in  promoting  the  interests 
of  the  institution,  the  formal  j)roceeding8 
terminated,  but  the  meeting  did  not  sepa- 
rate until  a  late  hour. 


The    Chapter-housr,    Salisbury. — 
For  very  many  years  the   chapter-house 
attached  to  this   beautiful  cathedral  has 
been  suttered  to  remain  in  a  most  dilapi- 
dat^Hl  and  ruinous  condition.     That  such  a 
state  of  thinj^  should  be  permitted  to  go 
on  without  steps  being  taken  to  arrest  the 
ravages  of  time  and  neglect,  was  a  subject 
of  regret  to  every  person  who  visited  this 
elaborate  sjiCcimen  of  ancient  architecture, 
and  by  no  person  was  there  deeper  anxiety 
evinced  in  this  resiHJct  than  by  the  lute 
Bishop  Denison.     It  cannot,  therefore,  be 
a  matter  of  suq)rise,  on  the  decease  of  this 
esteemed  j>relate,  that  it  should  have  at 
once   occurred    to   those   best   acquainted 
with  his  Lordship's  wishes,  that  the  most 
appropriate  memorial  which  could  be  de- 
vised to  peri)etuate  his  memory  would  be 
the  entire  restoration  of  the  chapter-house. 
Accordingly,  a  large  sum  of  money  was 
readily  subscribed  for  the  purpose  by  the 
clergy  and   laity  of  his   diocese,  and   by 
other  frienils,  and  the  works  entrusted  to 
Mr.  Clutton,  architect,  of  London.    At  the 
time  the  restoration  was  commenced,  the 
structural  defects  of  the  editice  were  chietly 
the  following: — The  disturbance  of  seven 
out  of  the  eight  buttresses;  the  di>place- 
ment  of  the  vail  w  alls  over  the  eight  win- 
dows;  and  the  deflection  of  the  central 
pillar.     With  a  view  to  relieve  the  but- 
tresses,  and    also    to  keep  together  the 
shattered  portions  of  the  building,  it  was 
deemed  necessary,  about  the  latter  j)art  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  to  connect  the 
walls  and  central  pillar  by  tension-rods  of 
iron.     The  work,  therefore,  first  done  was 
the  enlarging  and  strengthening  the  but- 
tresses.    The  direct  effect  of  this  was  to 
render  the  etlifice  permanently  secure,  and 
to  make  the  removal  of  the  ti'usion-rods, 
which  were  a  great  disfigurement  to  the 
interior,   an   operation  of  perfect   safety. 
In  the  interior,  the  central  pillar  has  been 
taken  down  and  rebuilt — the  decayed  stone- 
work,  the  I'urbeck  marble  shafts,  and  the 
sculptures  below  the  bases  of*  the  windows, 
representing  ]ioi*tion8  of  Scripture  history 
from   the   creation   to   the   overthrow  of 
Pharaoh  and  the  Egyptian  host,  have  been 
entirely  restored.     It  may  here  be  men- 
tionetl  tliat,  in  carrying  out  the  restoration, 
the  greatest  care  has  been  taken  to  retain 
the  original  features  of  the  building,  and 
not  to  re-touch  any  of  the  old  work,  bat 
11 


simply  to  replace  the  parts  broken  away. 
The  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  committee 
have  not  enabled  them  to  carry  the  deco- 
rative part  of  the  restoration  beyond  the 
polychromy  of  the  vaulting  and  the  polish- 
ing of  the  Purbeck  marble  shafts.     The 
works  thus  far  executed,  including  a  hand- 
some   mosaic    tile-pavement,    which    has 
been  laid  down,  have  entailed  an  outlay  of 
£1,821 ;  and  as  the  amount  of  subscrip- 
tions received  is  but  £4,586,  the  expendi- 
ture has  exceeded  the  receipts  by  £234. 
The  works  which  are  still  required  to  com- 
j)lete  the  restonition  are — The  restoring  of 
the  vestibule,  the  entrance-doors  to  the 
vestibule  from   the  cloisters,  the  stained 
glass  windows,  and  the  polychromatic  deco- 
ration of  the  arcades,  and  of  the  sculptures 
above  them.     Of  this  last,  a  specimen  has 
been  finished,  which,  from  the  traces  that 
remained  of  the  original  decoration,  has 
enabled    the    artist    (Mr.    Hudson,    who 
executed  it  gratuitously,)  to  reproduce  the 
colours  with  the  greatest  accuracy.     It  is 
estimated  that  the  works  rema'ning  to  be 
done  will  require  an  additional  outlay  of 
£3,000.     Mr.  White,  of  Vauxhall  Bridge, 
was  the  contractor,  and  Mr.  J.  B.  Philip 
the  sculptor.     The  re-opening  took  place 
on  the  30th  of  July.     At  2. 15  the  Dean, 
Sub- Dean,  Canons,  and  Prebendaries  as- 
sembled at  the  cathedral  vestry,  and  from 
thence  proceeded  with  the  Minor  Canons 
and  choir  to  the  cha])ter-hou8e.   Here  they 
were  addressed  by  the  Lord -Bishop,    llie 
pn)cesHion  then  re|)airetl  to  the  west  end  of 
the  cathedral,  and  met   the  Mayor  and 
Corporation.     In  passing  down  the  nave, 
the  choir  sang  Mozart's  anthem,  "  I  will 
give  thanks."     The  afternoon  service  was 
then  commenced,  and  during  it  the  Rev. 
Francis  Lear,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Bishopstone, 
was  installed  as  I'rebendary  of  Bishopstone. 
Tlie  Lord-Bishop  of  the  diocese  preached 
an  aj)propriate  sermon  from  the  5th  of 
Revelations,  12th  verse.   At  its  conclusion, 
a  liberal  collection  was  made  towards  the 
restoration  fund,  and  the  processi(»n  again 
returned  to  the  chapter-house,  the  choir 
chanting  as  it  moved  along.     After  sing- 
ing Kichanlson's  anthem,  **0,  how  ami- 
able,'* the  very  Rev.  the  Dean  addressed 
the  Mayor  and  Corporation,  detailing  the 
works  which  liad  been   executed  in  the 
various  parts  of  the  building,     lliis  con- 
cluded the   ceremony.     Ih*.  Corfe   played 
the  voluntaries,  and  Mr.  J.  Richnnlson  ably 
presided  at  the  organ  during  the  service. 
The  cathedral  dignitaries,  local  clergy,  and 
Mayor  and  Corporation  dined  with  the 
Bishop  at  the  palace  in  the  evening. 

Moman  Antiqttiiies.  —  Architectural 
operations  in  Rome  have  just  given  rise  to 
most  interestmg  arcLieological  and  trtlt- 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researchei. 


861 


tical  diflooverieB.  In  digging  for  the  foun- 
dations of  some  additions  to  Signer  Pilip> 
pani's  palace,  on  the  Piazza  della  Pilotta, 
the  workmen  recently  came  upon  a  colossal 
statue  of  a  toga'd  figure  in  admirable  pre- 
servation, wanting  only  a  portion  of  the 
nose,  and  representing,  according  to  the 
inscription,  "  Dc^matii,"  on  the  baae.  Dog- 
roatius,  the  brother  or  cousin  of  the  Em- 
peror Constantino,  who  is  known  to  have 
built  a  magnificent  portico  on  that  precise 
spot,  with  a  noble  ascent  to  his  Thermee 
on  the  Quirinal  Hill. 

Discovery  of  Human  Remains  at 
Dover  Castle,  —  While  the  men  em- 
ployed by  Messrs.  Lee  and  Lavers  were 
engaged  dicing  at  the  site  of  the  pro- 
posed new  officers*  quarters,  near  the 
military  hospital  at  the  castle,  they  came 
upon  the  remains  of  three  or  four  human 
bodies,  which  appeared  to  have  been 
rudely  interred  there  at  some  remote 
period  of  time.  Some  of  the  bones  were 
of  extraordinary  size,  and  evidently  be- 
longed to  a  more  stalwart  generation  than 
our  own;  and  from  the  indication  pre- 
gented,  and  from  what  is  known  of  the 
locality,  it  is  probable  that  these  remains 
have  been  mouldering  at  this  spot  since 
the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  thought  that 
the  bones  will  be  taken  up  and  brought 
within  the  precincts  of  the  old  Roman 
pharos.  In  the  course  of  another  month 
the  contract  taken  by  Mr.  Diggle,  for  re- 
puring  and  cutting  new  embrasures  at 
the  East,  Bell,  and  Spur  batteries,  Dover 
Castle,  will  be  completed.  The  execution 
of  these  works,  which  reflect  most  credit- 
ably upon  the  contractor,  will  have  cost 
about  £11,000. 

Hogarth* s  tomb,  in  Chiswick  Church- 
yard, has  just  been  restored  at  the  expense 
of  an  admirer  bearing  the  name  of  the  great 
painter.  The  restoration  has  been  made 
in  exact  accordance  with  the  first  design. 
To  secure  the  permanent  safety  of  the 
tomb  it  was  necessary  to  disturb  the  coffins 
beneath.  Very  few  persons  were  present 
when  this  was  done.  Those  who  were 
there  saw  the  large  coffin  of  his  mother- 
in-law.  Lady  ThomhiU,  the  still  larger 
coffin  of  his  widow,  and  the  **  little"  coffin 
of  the  great  painter  of  mankind.  One 
who  was  present  assured  us  that  he  saw 
the  "torpid  hand"  of  the  painter  of  "Mar- 
riage ^  la  Mode"  and  the  **  Harlot's  Pro- 
gress." 

In  a  beautiful  little  valley  near  Stock- 
holm, a  most  remarkable  stone,  covered 
with  Bunic  characters,  and  of  considerable 
(Umensions,  has  been  discovered.  The  in- 
scription is  complete,  and  the  ornaments 
are  well  executed. 

The  hock-bone  of  an  immenfe  animal 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


was  recently  discovered  in  the  bed  ef  the 
river  Ancholme,  near  Brigg,  Linoolnshire. 
The  hock  is  64  inches  m  circumfererca, 
and  the  bottom  part  of  the  bone  (which 
has  been  cut)  is  48  inches  in  circumfe- 
rence. It  appears  to  be  the  hock-bone  of 
the  megatherium.  It  is  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mr.  R.  E.  Leary,  printer,  Lin- 
coln. 

The  firiends  of  the  Bury  Athensum  will 
be  glad  to  know  that  the  most  interesting 
fossils  were  secured  by  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Dennis,  at  Mr.  Image's  sale,  and  the 
Curator,  Mr.  Scott,  will  now  be  able  in 
the  course  of  a  few  weeks  to  place  the 
geological  department  in  the  Museum  on 
a  novel  and  instructive  basis.  It  may  not 
be  generally  known  that  no  funds  are 
available  for  Museum  purposes,  and  Mr. 
Denms  has  already,  we  believe,  commenced 
the  attempt,  and  with  fiivourable  success 
at  present,  to  raise  by  the  assistance  d 
kind  friends  a  sum  of  money  equivalent 
to  the  amount  expended. 

An  Austrian  officer,  fishing  lately  in  the 
Rhine,  pulled  up  from  the  tobtom  a  sword, 
which  the  antiquaries  pronounce  to  have 
belonged  to  the  Emperor  Adolphus.  Tha 
Duke  of  Nassau  has  purchased  it  from  the 
lucky  fisherman  for  the  sum  of  one  hun- 
dred and  nxty  florins. 

The  Paris  papers  mention  the  discovery 
in  that  city,  in  the  course  of  the  demo- 
lition of  aome  houses,  of  the  remains  of  a 
Roman  cemetery  of  the  time  of  Constan* 
tine  the  Great  and  his  immediate  succes- 
sors. 

Two  petrified  Indians,  in  stone  coffins, 
apparently  of  great  antiquity,  are  reported 
to  have  been  disco\'ered  near  Kingston, 
Canada,  while  excavations  were  being  made 
on  one  of  the  raih  o  ids. 

The  *<  Literary  Gazette"  states  that  a 
Mr.  John  Shakspeare,  who  claims  a  dis* 
tant  relationship  to  the  poet,  is  about  to 
cover  Shakspeare's  house,  at  Stratford, 
with  a  building  of  glass  and  iron,  to  pro- 
tect it  from  the  weather.  The  cost  is  es- 
timated at  about  £3,000. 

Suffragan  Bishops, ^^The  parliamen- 
tary return  relating  to  the  recent  ap« 
pointment  of  a  suflragan  for  Jamaica 
contains  a  list  of  sufiragans  consecrated 
since  the  Reformation.  Amongst  others 
were  the  following: — 1538,  Henry  Hol- 
beck,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Rochester  and 
Lincoln,  Bristol,  Worcester. — 1&66,  March 
9,  Richard  Barnes,  afterwards  Bishop  of 
Carlisle  and  Durham,  Nottingham,  Lin- 
coln.— In  none  of  these  cases  did  a  suf- 
fragan succeed  to  the  diocese  in  which 
he  had  acted  as  coadjutor.  An  act  of 
parliament  was  passed  in  1812,  52  Gko. 
IIL  c.  62,  relating  to  the  appointment  of 

3a 


362 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Sept. 


coadjutor  bishops  in  Ireland,  but  no  co- 
adjutor bishops  have  been  appointed  under 
it.  According  to  Chamberlajne's  Anglia 
Notitia,  the  suffragan  bishops  were  reck- 
oned among  the  "Spiritual  Commons." 
The  following  is  a  list  of  the  suffragan 
titles  created  by  the  act  of  Henry  VIII., 
which  is  still  in  force : — For  the  diocese 
of  Canterbury,  Dover ;  for  York,  Notting- 
ham and  Hull;  for  London,  Colchester; 
for  Durham,  Berwick;  for  Winchester, 
Guildford,  Southampton,  and  the  Isle  of 
Wight;  for  Lincoln,   Bedford,  Leicester, 


Grantham,  and  Huntingdon;  for  Nor- 
wich, Thetford  and  Ipswidi ;  for  Salisburf , 
Shaftesbury,  Melton,  and  Marlborough; 
for  Bath  and  Wells,  Taunton ;  for  Here- 
ford, Bridgenorth ;  for  Coventry  and  Lich- 
field^ Shrewsbury;  for  Ely,  Cambridge; 
for  Exeter,  St.  Germans;  for  Carlisle, 
Penrith.  The  mode  of  appointing  suf&a- 
gans  was  for  the  archbishop  or  bishop 
who,  for  the  better  government  of  his 
diocese,  desired  a  sufiragan,  to  present 
"  two  able  men"  to  the  king,  who  chose 
one. 


NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


T%e  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  held  its  twenty-sixth 
annual  meeting  at  Cheltenham,  com- 
mencing on  the  6th  of  August,  under  the 
presidency  of  Professor.  Daubeny.  The 
Earl  of  Burlington  and  Lord  Stanley  were 
elected  to  fill  vacancies  in  the  committee, 
caused  by  the  deaths  of  Lord  Cathcart 
and  Sir  John  Johnstone.  The  President, 
in  an  eloquent  address,  reviewed  the  pro- 
gress scientific  knowledge  had  made  during 
the  year;  and  in  the  several  sections  a 
variety  of  papers  were  read.  One  by  Mr. 
Jelinger  Symons,  on  Lunar  Motion,  caused 
considerable  disturbance.  The  meeting 
concluded  on  the  18th.  The  next  meeting 
is  arranged  to  take  place  at  Dublin. 

The  National  Reformatory  Union  held 
a  conference  at  Bristol  on  the  19th,  20th, 
and  21st  of  August,  at  which  Lord  Stan- 
ley presided;  and  several  animated  dis- 
cussions took  place  respecting  the  best 
mode  of  reclaiming  criminals.  Many  per- 
sons, including  Lord  Brougham,  are  of 
opinion,  that  if  more  attention  were  paid 
to  the  education  of  the  young,  and  to  their 
moral  training,  there  would  be  fewer  cri- 
minals to  require  reformatory  treatment. 

The  Royal  Agricultural  Improvement 
Society  held  their  annual  show  at  Ath- 
lone.  The  exhibition  of  stock  of  all 
kinds  is  described  as  being  unusually  fine. 
At  the  banquet,  where  the  Duke  of  Lein- 
gter  presided,  the  Lord-lieutenant,  his  chief 
guest,  stated,  among  other  things,  some 
ftatistics  shewing  the  recent  progress  of 
the  country.  Since  1848,  no  less  than 
176,000  acres  have  been  drained  by  the 
Board  of  Works;  and  more  than  double 
that  area  by  private  hands.  Within  the 
last  twenty  years  more  than  a  million 
acres  of  waste  have  been  reclaimed.  From 
the  returns  lately  coUected  by  the  oon- 
ftabulary,  but  not  yet  ready  n>r  publica- 


tion, he  learned  that,  since  last  yesr,  there 
had  been  an  increase  of  83,683  acres  in 
the  growth  of  wheat,  114^774  in  the 
growth  of  green  crops,  and  65,773  in  the 
growth  of  flax.  The  increase  in  horses 
amounts  to  18,000,  in  cattle  to  25,000,  in 
sheep  to  9O,0kX).  The  decrease  in  pigs 
amounted  to  250,000;  but  it  is  thought 
that  this  arises  from  taking  the  returns  at 
an  earlier  period  than  usual.  There  has 
been  a  permanent  rise  in  the  rate  of 
wages;  and  a  recent  workhouse  return 
shews  17,771  fewer  paupers  than  in  the 
corresponding  week  last  year.  Lord 
Clonbrock,  the  Earl  of  Clancarty,  and 
Mr.  Justice  Keogh  addressed  the  com- 
pany in  similarly  encouraging  strains. 

The  Irish  Summer  Assizes  of  1856  are 
not  likely  to  be  soon  forgotten  by  the 
legal  profession  in  all  its  branches.  With 
one  or  two  exceptions,  the  criminal  busi- 
ness was,  so  far  as  the  circuits  have  been 
completed,  all  but  nil,  and  the  lists  of 
reconls  to  be  disposed  of  was  equally  scanty 
and  profitless.  In  Clonmel,  the  capital  c^ 
South  Tipperary,  at  one  time  the  focus  of 
crime  and  litigation,  the  criminal  calendar 
occupied  three  hours,  and  the  trial  of 
records  six  more,  being  the  lightest  com- 
mission which  was  ever  held  there.  The 
exceptional  cases  are  those  of  Westmeath 
and  Mayo. 

National  Oallery. — Five  more  pictures 
have  been  recently  added  to  this  collec- 
tion:— I.  The  Melzi  Perugino.  Rumour 
states  that  it  cost  £3,600.  II.  The 
Madonna  and  Child,  by  Bartolommeo 
Vivarini;— cost  £97.  III.  Half-length 
portrait  of  a  young  man,  by  Bartholo- 
meus  Venetus; — cost  £48  10s.  IV.  The 
Madonna  and  Child,  by  Girolamo  da 
Libri.  v.  The  Madonna  and  Child*  by 
Francesco  Taoooni. 

IHscovety  in  Pkjfsiolc^. — The  Astie 


1856.] 


Notes  of  the  Month. 


363 


Cocper  prize  of  £300,  presented  triennially 
through  the  College  of  Surgeons,  has  this 
year  been  awarded  to  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson. 
The  subject  of  the  essay  was  the  Coagula- 
tion of  the  Blood.  The  prize  essay  con- 
tains the  announcement  of  a  very  import- 
tant  discovery.  The  cause  of  the  coagula- 
tion of  the  blood  has  hitherto  been  a  mys- 
tery to  physiologists.  Dr.  Richardson  has 
d<»monstrated  that  the  cause  of  the  fluidity 
of  the  blood  is  the  presence  in  the  blood 
of  the  volatile  alkali,  ammonia  This  fact 
he  has  an*ived  at  by  a  series  of  well- 
conducted  experiments. 

Miss  Jessie  Meriton  White  has  applied 
at  King's  College,  London,  for  permission 
to  become  a  candidate  for  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Medicine.  The  senate  have 
submitted  a  case  for  the  opinion  of  coun- 
sel as  to  whether  their  charter  enables 
them  to  do  so. 

Mr.  J.  Talboys  Wheeler,  whose  "Life 
and  Times  of  Herodotus"  has  given  him 
considerable  reputation,  and  whose  able 
"Analyses  of  Herwdotus  and  Thucydides" 
evince  his  capacity  as  a  precis  writer,  has 
been  recently  appointed  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  War  Department.  Mr.  Wheeler 
owes  his  appointment  solely  to  his  literary 
merits. 

The  Botanical  Society  of  France  have 
this  year  held  an  extraordinary  session, 
which  was  devoted  to  exploring  a  i)art 
of  the  mountains  of  Auvergne.  The 
session  opened  at  Clermont-Ferrand  on 
July  21. 

The  Artillery  at  Woohcwh.  —  The 
scene  upon  Woolwich  Common  in  July 
gave  the  visitor  some  notion  of  life  in  the 
British  encampment  in  the  Crimea.  The 
Royal  Artillery,  as  they  arrived  from  the 
Crimea,  were  encamped  upon  the  upper  part 
of  the  Common.  Here  were  Crimean  heroes, 
Crimean  beards,  like  those  worn  by  the 
Dukes  of  Cambridge  and  Newcastle ;  Cri- 
mean complexions,  approaching,  in  certain 
cases,  a  fine  coffee  colour ;  Crimean  medals, 
with  three  and  four  clasps ;  Crimean  tents ; 
artiUery  that  ascended  the  heights  of  Alma, 
indented  with  musket  shots,  and  the  rough 
wear  and  tear  of  active  service ;  CVimean 
goats;  Crimeim  ponies  and  b&t  horses ;  and 
even  a  Crimean  dromedary.  The  latter 
animal  was  taken  at  Sebastopol,  and,  be- 
coming lawful  prize  of  war,  was  brought 
to  this  country  by  the  artillery.  These 
animids  are  used  by  the  Crim  Tartars  in 
carrying  burdens,  and  several  were  pur- 
chased by  the  commissariat,  and  found  to 
be  of  great  service  in  carrying  hay,  straw, 
and  other  forage,  from  Balaklava  to  the 
camp.  The  artillery  also  brought  over 
with  them  a  large  number  of  Spanish 
nmles,  of  greater  size  than  have  ever  been 


seen  in  this  country  before.  Some  of 
them  are  fifteen  and  sixteen  hands  high, 
of  powerful  build,  but  active  withal.  The 
men  say  they  carried,  upon  the  soft  roads 
in  the  Crimea,  loads  which  English  horses 
would  have  foundered  with.  The  horses,  of 
which  there  were  several  hundreds,  formed 
the  outer  line  of  the  camp.  They  were  tied 
to  a  long  rope,  and  placed  so  close  together 
that  they  had  an  unlimited  privilege  of 
kicking  each  other.  The  soldiers,  who 
have  that  free  and  easy  manner  which 
troops  only  learn  in  campaigning,  wear, 
on  fatigue  duty,  odd  looking  gay  caps 
which  they  have  picked  up  at  Sebastopol 
and  among  the  Crim  Tartars.  They  mani- 
fested the  utmost  delight  at  reaching  the 
shores  of  Old  England  again. 

Balmoral. — The  new  palace  is  nearly- 
finished,  and  presents  a  very  picturesque 
appearance.  The  grounds  about  the  estate 
are  finely  laid  out,  and  the  gardens  are 
as  far  advanced  as  could  be  expected  in 
a  place  where  the  sun  is  not  seen  for 
four  months  in  the  year,  when  he  never 
rises  above  the  altitude  of  Lochnsgar. 
Preparations  for  the  early  arrival  of  her 
Majesty  are  in  a  very  forward  state. 

Cheap  Titles. — ^The  following  advertise- 
ment lately  appeared  in  the  "  Athenaeum :" 
"  Title  of  Count  or  Baron. — A  gentleman 
of  good  position,  who  has  held  a  private 
appointment  under  a  royal  prince,  offers 
to  introduce  a  properly  qualified  person, 
with  a  view  of  obtaining  either  > of  the 
above  titles,  which  can  be  had  upon  very 
moderate  terms.  A  similar  opportunity 
of  obtaining  rank  and  position  is  seldom 
to  be  met  with.  A  marquisate  is  also  to 
be  had,"  &c.  Who  would  not  be  a  baron, 
count,  or  marquis,  when  such  titles  can 
be  had  on  very  moderate  terms  ? 

At  the  sale  of  Lord  Orford's  pictures 
a  celebrated  picture  by  Rubens,  called 
the  "Rainbow  Landscape,"  fetched  the 
extraordinary  price  of  £4,550.  The  sub- 
ject of  this  picture  represents  a  party 
of  peasants  returning  home  at  evening 
from  harvest-work,  soon  after  a  shower, 
and  various  others  engaged  in  fiEurming 
employments ;  a  group  of  cattle  waterine, 
and  a  brood  of  ducks  hurrying  to  a  po^ 
display  all  the  magic  of  Rubens'  pendL 
A  mass  of  wood  on  the  right  forms  a  per- 
spective which  is  lost  in  a  delightful  dis- 
tant landscape ;  a  rainbow,  with  a  gprand 
sweep,  unites  the  colouring  of  the  whole  in 
the  richest  harmony. — At  the  sale  of  the 
collection  of  sculpture,  bronzes,  decorative 
furniture,  &c.,  the  Duke  of  Cleveland  was 
the  purchaser,  for  160  guineas,  of  a  pair 
of  magnificent  slabs  of  malachite,  sur- 
mountmg  carved  console  tables,  with 
Cupids  underneath. 


36  i 


Notex  of  the  Month, 


[Sept. 


At  the  sale  of  the  Wolverton  picturei, 
Opie'8  "Two  Peasant  Children"  fetched 
810  guineas;  Lo  Spagno's  "Glorification 
of  the  Virgin,"  620  guineas  (for  the  Na- 
tional Gallery);  MuriUo's  "  Christ  Sinking 
under  the  Cross,"  690  guineas ;  Sasso  Fer- 
rato*s  "  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,"  1,025 
guineas ;  and  Kuhens'  "  Kainbow  Land- 
scape," 4,550/. ; 

At  a  recent  sale  of  pictures  by  the  Old 
Masters,  at  Messrs.  Christie  and  Manson^s, 
Teniers*  "  Egg  Dance,"  from  the  collection 
of  the  late  Mr.  W.  Smith,  M.P.  for  Nor- 
wich, was  sold  for  660  guineas ;  Kuysdael's 
"  Castle  of  Bentheim,"  on  the  Moselle,  a 
grand  and  noble  landscape,  from  the  same 
collector,  fetched  1,210  guineas.  A  sea- 
piece,  by  Van  der  Velde,  realized  210 
guineas;  and  a  landscape,  by  Van  der 
Heyden  and  Van  der  Velde,  294  guineas. 

The  Morland  Collection. — The  thirty - 
eight  pictures  the  property  of  the  late 
Jesse  Curling,  Esq. — all  Morlands,  except 
two  by  Towne  and  one  by  H.  Fredericks, 
— which  were  lately  brought  to  the  ham- 
mer by  Mr.  Quallettay,  realized  a  total 
of  2,197/.  16*.  Qd.  Deducting  the  25/. 
paid  for  the  two  pictures  by  Towne  and 
the  one  by  H.  Fredericks,  this  gives 
2,172/.  16*.  6rf.  for  thirty-five  Morlands— 
a  pretty  fair  indication  of  the  value  set 
upon  them  by  the  amateurs  of  England. 
We  have  not  been  able  to  learn  whether 
any  were  purchased  for  the  National 
Gallery,  which  ought  to  possess  some 
adequate  specimens  of  the  works  of  this 
wayward  genius. 

Quick  Travelling. — Just  as  the  Indian 
mail-packet  "Ava"  was  pre^Muing  to 
leave  Southampton,  an  American  gentle- 
man rushed  into  the  docks  and  requested 
a  imssage  to  Calcutta.  He  had  arrived  at 
Liverpool  on  the  previous  day  from  New 
York  by  the  royal  mail-steamer  "  Africa," 
after  a  voyage  of  10  days,  having  travelled 
a  distance  of  3,000  miles,  and  afterwards 
proceeded  to  London,  where  he  remained 
a  few  hours.  Should  he  reach  his  desti- 
nation in  the  usual  time  occupied  in  the 
transmission  of  the  mails,  he  will  have 
accomplished  nearly  12,0Ck)  miles  in  47 
days,  thereby  shewing  an  average  of  con- 
tinuous travelling  of  nearly  11  miles  per 
hour,  or  alx)ut  260  miles  every  24  hours 
— in  fact,  a  distance  greater  than  half 
the  circumference  of  the  earth. 

Action  for  Lihel. — An  action  has  been 
tried  before  the  Edinburgh  Court  of  Ses- 
sions, brought  by  Mr.  Duncan  M'Laren, 
the  late  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Edin- 
burgh, in  opposition  to  Mr.  Black,  against 
Mr.  Ritchie,  the  proprietor  of  the  "  Scots- 
man" newspaper,  for  a  libeL  The  plain- 
tiff alleged  that  he  had  been  held  iq>  for 


public  contempt  and  ridicule  by  the  paper 
in  question,  in  a  series  of  articles  and 
squibs  which  appeared  in  that  joomal 
during  the  prog^ress  of  the  election.  The 
damages  were  laid  at  £1,000,  and  a  yerdict, 
awarding  £400  to  Mr.  M'Laren,  was  g^ven 
in  the  Edinburgh  Jury  Court,  as  damages 
for  the  alleged  libels ! 

Speculations.  —  The  following  is  a  list 
of  the  new  companies  introduced  on  the 
Stock-Exchange  since  the  1st  of  January, 
1856 :— 


Company. 

Capital. 

Acadian  Iron 

200,000 

Alliance  Bank 

800,000 

Bank  of  Egypt 

250,000 

Ottoman  Bank 

500,000 

Bank  of  Switzerland 

800,000 

Pernauibuco  Railway 

1.200,000 

Riga  Railway 

1,600,000 

Ceylon  Railway 

800,000 

Eastern  Bengtd  Railway 

1,000,000 

Italian  Junction     . 

1,000,000 

Lombardo- Venetian 

6,000,000 

Euphrates  Valley   . 

1,000,000 

Indian  Mercantile  Agency 

1,000,000 

Colonial  Fibre 

100,000 

Hultsdorf  Mills  (Ceylon) 

100,000 

Turkish  Gas  .... 

100,000 

Caisse  des  Mines    . 

800,000 

Quartz  Reduction  (California) 

50,000 

Soci<?t6  des  Clippcri  Fran^ais  . 

800,000 

Trinidad  Fuel 

50,000 

Ruhrort  Coal  Mining  Company 

160,000 

Soci^t^  Parisienne  for  supply- 

ing Coals  to  Paris 

800,000 

Fibre  and  Paper     . 

100,000 

Fairfield  Candle     . 

160,000 

Great  Yannouth  Fishery 

30,000 

Hansor's  Oliphant  Gas   . 

50,000 

Imperial  Hotel 

1,000,000 

Western  Bank  of  London 

400,000 

National  Discount . 

1,000,000 

West  Metropolitan  Bank 

300,000 

Bank  of  Wales        . 

100,000 

Unity  Bank   .... 

300,000 

London  Armoury   . 

60,000 

London  Wine 

50,000 

British  Slag  .... 

50,000 

Bernard's  Patent  Boot  and  Shoe 

120,000 

Metropolitan  Milk 

50,000 

N.  and  S.  Wales  Steam  Fuel  . 

30,000 

Metropolitan  Field  Bleaching 

and  Scvmring 

30,000 

Sunken  Vessels  Recovery 

60.000 

Surrey  Ganlens 

40,000 

West  Ham  Distillery 

200,000 

Thames  Steam-tug  and  Light- 

erage         .... 

200,000 

Mid  Kent  Railway  . 

70,000 

Brighton  Hotel 

saooo 

The  aggregate  o^ital  apparently  de- 
manded for  the  abore  is  £2^40(XOOO. 


1856.] 


Notet  of  the  Month. 


365 


Ancient  French  Poetry  in  England. — 
M.  de  la  Villemarqu^  was  sent  last  year 
to  England  by  the  Minister  of  Public  In- 
•traction,  the  lamented  M.  Fortoul,  for 
the  purpose  of  endeavouring  to  discover 
in  the  public  libraries  any  interesting 
MSS.  relating  to  the  language  and  the 
literature  of  the  western  departments  of 
France.  M.  de  la  Villemarqu^'s  attention 
was  also  directed  to  any  extensive  poems 
in  the  French  language  that  he  might 
meet  with,  and  to  songs  that  would  be 
thought  suitable  for  insertion  in  the  great 
collection  of  popular  poetry  now  prepar- 
ing  for  publication,  by  order  of  the  £m- 
peror. 

In  the  British  Museum,  M.  de  la  Ville- 
marqu^  found  an  inedited  fragment  of  a 
poem  by  Merlin.  The  fragment  consists  of 


the  preamble  to  the  poem,  and  contaiiui 
258  verses,  which  are  entitled, "  lui  eom* 
ence  content  Merlyn  Ambrone  fiU  n^ 
(sic)  et  de  sa  nessance  (sic)  et  de  Ba  mere,** 

At  Cambridge  M.  de  la  Yillemarqn^ 
made  a  still  more  interesting  disoovery  of 
a  fragment,  unknown  to  M.  Frandsqne 
Michel,  of  the  poem  of  Tristan, 

At  Oxford,  in  the  Douce  library  in  th« 
Bodleian,  a  collection  of  old  French  songs 
was  found,  which  had  formerly  belonged 
to  the  Norman  family  of  De  Ooniay.  These 
songs  appear  to  have  been  written  aboat 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and 
relate  to  Flanders,  Artois,  Champagne, 
and  Anjou,  and  amount  to  245  in  number : 
among  them  are  57  pastorals  and  188 
ballads. 


HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE. 


FOREIGJ^  I^WS. 


fSrance.  —  The  official  returns  of  the 
casualties  sustained  by  the  French  army 
in  the  East  from  the  first  landing  of  the 
troops  in  Turkey  on  the  1st  of  May,  1854, 
to  the  80th  of 'March,  1856,  the  date  of 
the  conclusion  of  peace,  have  been  pub- 
lished. These  returns  include  both  the 
men  who  died  from  illness  and  who  fell  in 
the  field.  Their  number  amounted  to 
62,492  —  namely,  officers  of  all  ranks, 
1,284 ;  non-commissioned  officers  and  cor- 
porals, 4,403  ;  and  soldiers,  56,805.  Du- 
ring the  period  of  two  years  which  the 
expedition  lasted,  the  French  army  lost 
besides— in  Algeria,  5,246  men;  in  Italy, 
1,088;  in  the  Baltic,  during  the  expe- 
dition of  1854,  1,059;  and  in  France, 
13,635;  in  aU,  21,028.  So  that  the  total 
losses  o\'  the  French  army  from  the  Ist  of 
May,  1854,  to  the  30th  of  March,  1856, 
amounted  to  83,520  men. 

Spain.  —  The  insurrection  appears  to 
have  been  put  down  in  nearly  every  quar- 
ter, but  not  without  considerable  blood- 
shed. O'DonncU  remains  at  the  head  of 
affairs,  and  Espartero  has  again  retired 
into  private  life. 

Austria  is  at  present  making  very  seri- 
ous efforts  to  increase  her  navy.  The  first 
line-of-battle  ship  (90  guns)  which  she 
ever  thought  of  possessing  is  on  the  stocks 
at  Pola,  under  the  name  of  the  Emperor, 
and  is  to  have  a  screw-propeller,  with  an 
800  horse-power.  Two  other  ships  of  the 
same  dimensions  are  to  be  urged  on  as  rapid- 
ly as  possible.  Independently  of  these  Anst- 


rate  vessels,  two  screw-frigates,  the  Adrim 
and  the  Danube,  are  being  finished  in 
the  yards  of  Moggia,  as  well  as  a  screw- 
corvette  at  Venice.  At  the  same  time  the 
armament  of  a  screw  despatch-boat,  the 
Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy,  is  so  nearly  com- 
pleted, that  she  will  be  ready  for  sea  in 
the  beginning  of  August.  To  complete 
these  measures,  Austria  is  about  to  found 
two  maritime  arsenals,  one  at  Flume  and 
the  other  at  Lussin.  Since  the  war  in  the 
East,  all  the  nations  of  Europe  perceive 
clearly  that  a  naval  force  is  indispensable 
to  enable  them  to  preserve  their  rank  and 
power  in  the  world. 

Russia. —  It  is  stated  that  the  Emperor 
has  ordered  that  the  ecclesiastics  of  all  the 
Christian  creeds  professed  in  the  Russian 
empire  shall  be  officially  invited  to  be  pre- 
sent at  the  coronation;  also  representa- 
tives from  the  Mohamedan,  Jewish,  and 
other  sects. 

The  Crimea. — The  Russian  authorities 
have  resumed  the  exercise  of  their  func- 
tions throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the 
Crimea.  A  camp  of  6,000  men  has  been 
formed  on  the  heights  of  Inkermann. 
The  Russian  clergy  have  celebrated  at 
Balaklava  a  high  mass,  at  which  every- 
body attended  barefooted,  as  a  sign  of 
mortification.  A  grand  procession  after- 
wards took  place,  when  holy  water  was 
poured  forth  in  profusion,  in  order  to 
purify  the  town.  Colonel  Stamati,  com- 
mander of  BalaUava,  had  issued  a  pro- 
clamation recommending  his  men  and  tiie 


366 


Foreign  News. 


[Sept. 


inhabitants  to  respect  the  funeral  monu- 
ments of  the  allied  armies.  He  had  like- 
wise invited  the  families  of  Balaklava  and 
Kamiesch  to  return  there,  in  order  to  re- 
cover possession  of  their  lands,  and  rebuild 
their  houses  on  a  new  plan,  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  commission  of  civil  and  mili- 
tary engineers,  which  had  left  Odessa  for 
the  purpose. 

The  last  man  of  the  English  in  the 
Crimea  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the 
Land  Transport  Corps,  who,  long  after 
the  Crimea  was  given  up  and  all  had  em- 
barked, was  found  lying  very  drunk  in 
one  of  the  ditches.  He  was  carried  to  the 
beach  by  six  Cossacks,  and  pulled  off  to 
the  last  ship  quitting  the  port.  So  tipsy 
was  he,  that  he  had  to  be  hoisted  on  boturd. 

Italy. — After  the  capitulation  of  Rome, 
Ciceruacchio  left  the  city  in  company  with 
General  Garibaldi,  but  they  appear  to 
have  been  separated  soon  afterwards,  when 
the  latter  endeavoured  to  reach  Venice, 
and  the  fate  of  the  former  remained  until 
now  a  mystery.  A  few  days  ago,  how- 
ever, the  following  letter  appeared  in  the 
Movimento  of  Genoa,  from  General  Gari- 
baldi, which,  if  substantiated  by  credible 
evidence,  cannot  but  excite  the  strongest 
feelings  of  disgust  towards  the  authors  of 
such  horrible  iniquities : — 

'*  Mr.  Editor, — Since  my  retreat  from 
Rome  until  this  day,  I  flattered  myself 
that  I  might  find  Ciceruacchio  and  his 
sons  in  some  concealment  in  the  Appe- 
nines ;  but  to-day  the  sad  certainty 
reaches  me  that  the  virtuous  townsman  of 
Rome  was  shot  at  Contarina,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Po,  by  Austrian  soldiers, 
commanded  by  an  officer  of  the  imperial 
family.  The  persons  shot  were  seven — 
Ciceruacchio,  two  sons  (one  of  19,  the 
other  of  13  years),  the  young  chaplain 
Romarino  Stefano,  Parodi  I-<orenzo,  cnp- 
tain  in  the  Italian  Legion  of  Montevideo, 
and  two  other  individuals,  whose  names  I 
don't  know.  I  claim  your  favour  to  ask, 
in  the  name  of  society,  through  the 
public  press,  an  account  of  these  indi- 
viduals from  the  authors  of  this  misdeed, 
which  certainly  is  necessary  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  families  of  the  deceased,  re- 
membering at  the  same  time  that  not  one 
of  the  Austrian  prisoners  of  Luino  or  of 
the  Romagna  was  ever  shot.  Observe  also 
that  Ciceruacchio,  his  young  son,  and 
Romarino,  although  they  accompanied  me 
in  the  retreat,  never  carried  arms. 


« 


With  respect,  yours, 

"  G.  Gabibaldi. 
"  Genoa,  Aug.  6." 

Prussia. — His  Royal   Highness  Prince 
Adalbert,  Lord  High  Admiral  of  the  Prus- 


sian navy,  who  was  at  Gibraltar  on  the 
10th  August,  in  the  Prussian  frigate  Dant- 
zig,  was  anxious  to  inspect  personally  the 
scene,  on  the  Riff  coast,  of  an  outrage 
some  time  since  on  a  Prussian  ship,  whose 
crew  was  massacred  by  these  ferocious  and 
blood-thirsty  hordes,  and  accordingly  pro- 
ceeded in  his  barge  to  the  scene  of  the 
encounter  a  few  days  antecedent  to  the 
10th  last,  when  his  landing  was  not  only 
opposed,  but  he  was  fired  upon.  This 
roused  the  spirit  of  the  gallant  royal  sailor, 
who  returned  to  his  frigate,  manned  and 
armed  her  boats,  and  then  again  sought 
the  scene  of  his  latent  opposition.  This 
time  vast  numbers  of  the  pirates  had  col- 
lected, and  made  a  formidable  demonstra- 
tion ;  but  the  Prince-admiral,  nothing 
daunted,  but  the  rather  having  his  valour 
whetted  by  the  force  of  the  opposing  army, 
dashed  ashore,  charged  the  Riffians  up  a 
steep  hill,  and,  sword  in  hand,  made  a 
bold  and  valiant  front.  The  result,  how- 
ever, is  disastrous  to  describe  :  the  gallant 
Prince  was  speedily  struck  down  with  a 
ball  in  his  thigh,  his  aide-de-camp  (flag- 
lieutenant)  was  mortally  wounded,  the 
mate  of  the  party  shot  in  the  arm ;  seven 
men  were  killed,  and  seventeen  wounded : 
these  were  left  in  the  field,  being  unable 
to  get  them  off.  In  fact,  the  whole  of  the 
Prince's  party  were  nearly  cut  off.  The 
survivors  were  ultimately  got  on  board 
the  frigate,  and  subsequently  to  Gibraltar 
hospital.  Tlie  killed  were  interred  with 
full  military  honours,  and  the  Prince- 
admiral's  wound  was  doing  well  at  the 
date  of  our  advices.  Her  Majesty's  slup 
Vesuvius  was  despatched  immediately  to 
the  Morocco  authorities,  to  demand  an 
explanation  and  satisfaction.  The  event 
caused  the  utmost  indignation  and  excite- 
ment at  Gibraltar. 

Honolulu. — The  King  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  is  about  to  marry ;  and  he  had  re- 
ceived the  following  congratulation  from 
his  House  of  Representatives : — 

"  To  his  Majesty  Kamehameha  IV, 

"  Sire — The  representatives  of  the  peo- 
ple have  received  with  great  satisfi^ction 
your  Majesty's  gracious  message,  announc- 
ing that  it  is  your  Mtgesty's  intention  to 
be  united  in  marriage,  on  or  about  the 
third  Thursday  in  June  next,  to  Emma, 
daughter  ofT.  C.  B.  Rooke,  Esq.,  M.D., 
and  granddaughter  of  the  late  John 
Young,  Esq.  The  representatives  of  the 
people  have  much  pleasure  in  offering  to 
your  Majesty  their  true  cong^tulations 
on  the  auspicious  event  about  to  take 
place,  and  in  assuring  your  Migeity  of 
their  belief  that  the  proposed  nnioD  will 
be  hailed  with  entire  satisfaction  and  plea- 


1856.] 


Foreign  News. 


867 


snre  by  your  Majesty's  subjects  generally. 
That  this  marriage  may  increase  the  hap- 
piness of  your  Majesty,  and  of  the  bride 
elect,  and  tend  to  insure  the  perpetuity  of 
the  Hawaian  sovereignty,  and  promote  tlie 
welfare  of  the  nation,  is  the  earnest  desire 
of  your  Majesty's  dutiful  subjects." 

The  King  was  much  pleased,  and  replied 
to  his  faithftil  Commons — "  Your  voice  is 
that  of  the  nation  speaking  through  its 
representatives,  and  it  is  a  great  satisfac- 
tion to  me  to  have  your  approval  of  the 
important  step  I  am  about  to  take." 

United  States. — A  horrible  accident  hap- 
pened on  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railway 
on  the  17th  of  July.  I,i00  children,  of 
various  ages,  started  from  Philadelphia, 
with  their  teachers  and  friends,  for  a  pic- 
nic on  grounds  about  twelve  miles  from 
the  city.  The  train,  being  unusually  heavy, 
was  detained  beyond  its  time.  The  regular 
down  passenger-train,  instead  of  waiting 
at  the  turn-out,  pushed  on  at  full  speed, 
and  in  rounding  a  curve  the  two  trains 
came  in  collision.  The  results  were  too 
dreadful  to  believe.  The  two  locomotives 
were  locked  together  in  one  undistinguish- 
able  mass.  Three  of  the  cars  on  the  ex- 
cursion-train were  ground  to  splinters,  and 
the  unhappy  children  crushed  beneath  the 
ruins.  The  next  two  cars  were  thrust 
forward  over  the  ruins,  and  into  this  mass 
of  broken  iron,  splintered  wood,  and  man- 
gled limbs  and  bodies,  fire  from  the  loco- 
motive fell,  igniting  the  whole.  Then 
ensued  a  scene  too  horrible  for  description. 
The  dead  were  charred  and  burnt  so  as  to 
be  beyond  the  rea^ition  of  their  friends. 
The  agonies  of  the  dying  were  made  more 
excruciating  by  suffocating  sinoke  and 
heat,  while  the  wounded  and  mangled, 
pinned  by  the  firm  masses  which  covered 
them,  met  a  slow  death  by  fire.  Tlie 
total  number  of  the  victims  by  this  whole- 
sale slaughter  is  not  yet  ascertained,  but  it 
is  supposed  to  exceed  one  hundred.  No 
excuse  is  offered,  as,  indeed,  none  could  be 
made.  The  guilty  conductor,  whose  reck- 
lessness caused  this  destruction,  put  an 
end  to  his  own  life  by  arsenic. 

Another  accident  of  less  frightfiU  pro- 
portions happened  upon  the  Lakes,  the 
same  day.  The  steamer  "Northern  In- 
diana," plying  between  Buffalo  and  Toledo, 
was  burnt  to  the  water's  edge,  with  the 
loss  of  thirty  or  forty  lives. 

A  fearful  tornado  passed  over  a  portion 
of  Franklin  county  on  the  14th  of  July, 
doing  an  incalculable  amount  of  damage, 
— sweeping  down  forests,  scattering  fences, 
destroying  all  manner  of  buildings  and 
other  property,  and  leaving  nothing  but 
desolation  in  its  track.  There  were  361 
buildings  of  all  kinds  injured,  including 


128  dwellings,  four  stores,  two  churches, 
and  three  schoolhouses. 

The  American  mail  brings  intelligence 
of  the  election  of  General  Walker  to  the 
Presidency  of  Nicaragua,  and  of  the  defec- 
tion and  open  revolt  of  ex- President  Rivas 
and  the  Minister  of  War.  The  minority 
of  the  Rivas  Cabinet  is  said  to  adhere  to 
Walker,  who  has  declared  Rivas  and  his 
follower^  traitors, 

India. — The  retirement  of  Sir  Jamsetjee 
Jeejeebhoy,  now  a  feeble  old  man,  seventy- 
three  years  old,  into  private  life,  has  called 
forth  a  public  meeting  in  his  honour,  at 
which  Lord  Elphinstone  presided,  and 
which  voted  the  erection  of  a  statue  to 
this  great  public  benefactor.  Himself  the 
architect  of  his  own  fortune,  Sir  Jamse^ee 
has  expended  in  public  benefactions  alone 
no  less  a  sum  than  the  equivalent  of 
£250,000,  and  in  private  charities,  it  is 
supposed,  about  as  much.  Among  the  for- 
mer are  a  large  native  hospital  in  Bombay, 
for  the  reception,  not  of  Parsees  only,  but 
of  natives  of  every  caste  and  creed;  a 
causeway  between  the  islands  of  Bombay 
and  Salsette,  which  cost  nearly  20,000; 
and  a  bund  or  dam  across  the  river  at 
Poonah,  for  the  purpose  of  husbanding 
the  water,  of  which  the  expense  was  about 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Mahim  Causeway. 

The  bill  for  permitting  the  re-marriage 
of  Hindoo  widows,  though  not  formally 
passed,  may  be  considered  safe:  58,000 
persons  petitioned  against  it,  and  55,000 
for  it.  When  the  bitter  prejudices  of  the 
old  Hindoos  agiunst  any  innovation — sim- 
ply as  such — are  remembered,  these  num- 
bers are  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of 
opinion  in  favour  of  the  bilL  Another  evil 
of  great  magnitude— the  privileges  of  the 
"Koolin,"  or  high-caste  Brahmins— is  to 
be  at  once  abolished.  The  attempt  is  even 
to  be  made  to  abolish  polygamy.  The  com- 
mittee of  the  Calcutta  University  have  re- 
solved that  the  titles  of  degrees  shall  be 
the  same  as  those  in  England :  so  in  a  few 
yciirs  Joygopal  Qhose,  M.A.,  or  Eshurch- 
under  Chuckerbutty,  B.A.,  will  take  theur 
places  among  the  literati  of  the  world. 
They  have  also  resolved  to  grant  honours 
for  history  and  a  knowledge  of  physical 
science.  A  terrible  outbreak  of  cholera 
has  occurred  at  Agra,  which  struck  down 
even  the  Europeans.  The  water  of  the 
Jumna  has  become  putrid,  apparently  from 
the  discharge  of  stagnant  water  from  the 
Jumna  canal.  The  natives  appear  to  be 
almost  insane  with  fright.  They  declare 
that  a  mysterious  horseman  is  riding  over 
the  counbry,  and  wherever  his  horse's  hoofs 
strike  there  the  pestilence  appears.  They 
are  actually  offering  ap  figpires  of  this  de- 
mon-rider in  the  temples.    Some  officials 


868 


Foreign  News. 


[Sept. 


of  the  Punjab  have  recently  called  atten- 
tion to  a  fHghtfiil  practice  there  prevalent. 
Bands  of  lepers  go  roaming  about  extort- 
ing contributions  from  the  people  by  the 
threat  of  bathing  in  the  wells.  The  con- 
tagious character  of  this  disease  in  the 
Punjab  is  fully  proved.  Major  Lake  is 
building  an  asylum,  and  as  soon  as  it  is 
completed,  stern  and  summary  measures 
must  be  adopted  for  the  suppression  of  this 
horror.  The  murderer  of  Sha  Soojah,  that 
feeble  puppet  set  up  by  the  English  to  rule 
the  wild  Atfghan  tribes,  died  lately  at  Ca- 
bul.  The  attendance  at  his  funeral  of  the 
Governor  of  Cabul  and  his  coadjutor,  Dost 
Mahomed's  son,  would  appear  to  be  the 
homage  of  the  Baruckzye  race  to  the  me- 
mory of  one  who  removed  from  their  path 
a  scion  of  the  royal  and  rival  family  of  the 
Suddozyes.  All  is  quiet  in  the  Punjab,  and 
in  Upper  India  generally.  The  Madras 
railway  was  opened  as  far  as  Arcot,  a  total 
distance  of  65i  miles,  on  the  28th  of  June. 
After  some  inaugurating  ceremonies  at  the 
Madras  station,  the  train,  which  was  a  long 
one,  and  well  filled,  started  for  Arcot, 
which  it  reached  in  three  hours. 

A  native  gentleman  has,  through  the 
medium  of  the  Director  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, offered  a  prize  of  500  rupees  to  the 
writer  of  the  best  essay  on  the  following 
subject : — "  Traits  in  the  English  character 
which  contribute  to  the  commercial  pros- 
perity of  England,  and  those  in  the  Indian 
which  hinder  that  of  India/'  The  essay 
to  be  in  English,  not  exceeding  in  size  50 
pages  of  the  "  Bombay  Quarterly  Review," 
and  to  be  accompanied  by  a  free  Guzera- 
thee  translation. 


The  Armies  and  Navies  of  the  Leading 
European  Powers. —  Mr.  Wraxall,  in  a 
recent  work  published  by  Messrs.  Cham- 
bers, represents  the  total  strength  of  the 
active  English  army  at  147,089  men,  with 
a  himdred  and  tw^enty  horsed  guns,  be- 
sides the  East   Indian  army  of  320,000 


men;  and  120,000  militia.  The  British 
navy  consists  of  545  ships  in  coramisrion^ 
or  partially  equipped,  besides  nearly  150 
vessels  of  a  smaller  description,  and  more 
than  that  number  of  large  steamers  be- 
longing to  private  companies,  but  avail- 
able for  the  public  service  in  time  of  war. 
To  make  up  the  crews  of  the  whole  fleet 
more  than  150,000  men  would  be  required. 
This  vast  force  includes  94  sail  of  the  line. 
The  French  army  is  computed  at  566,000 
men,  in  addition  to  180,000  forming  an 
unorganised  reserve  ;  and  100,000  Na> 
tion^  Guards.  The  navy,  including  58 
sale  of  the  line,  contained  328  vessels^  re> 
quiring  96,000  sailors  to  man  them.  To 
the  account  of  Russia  Mr.  Wraxall  places 
an  active  army  of  637,000  men,  in  addi- 
tion to  a  reserve  of  258,000,  with  garrison 
troops,  irregulars,  and  military  coloniita, 
affording  an  army  disposable  for  field-8er> 
vice  of  alx>ut  half-a-million  of  soldiers.  Be> 
fore  the  war  she  possessed  186  ships, — only 
4  sail  of  the  line,  however,  and  350  gun- 
boats. The  same  qualiflciUiion,  before  the 
war,  applies  to  Turkey,  which  had  474^860 
men  under  arms,  distributed  into  regiilar% 
irr^ulars,  reserves,  and  auxiliaries ;  with 
70  ships  of  war,  and  a  marine  of  40,000 
men.  Sardinia  is  quoted  at  47,000  men 
and  29  ships ;  Austria,  at  450,000  troops 
for  the  field,  and  200,000  g^arrison  re- 
serves ;  Prussia,  at  580,000,  of  which  two- 
thirds  might  be  employed  beyond  the  fron- 
tier;  the  German  Confederation  at  180,000. 
The  military  forces  of  Norway  and  Sweden 
are  represented  by  an  army  of  167,500 
men ;  those  of  Denmark  by  22,900  on 
active  Hcr\'ice ;  those  of  Belgium,  includ- 
ing reserves,  by  100,000;  and  thote  of 
Holland  by  51,000.  The  several  naviea, 
from  Austria  to  Holland,  may  be  manned 
by  about  20,000  sailors, — so  that  the  Eu- 
ropean powers  employ,  for  naval  and  mili- 
tary purposes,  an  aggregate  of  not  much 
less  than  5,000,000  of  men. 


DOMESTIC    OCCIJEEENCES. 


The  session  of  Parliament  was  closed 
by  commission  on  the  29th  July. 

The  Houses  assembled  on  the  31st 
January.  The  Commons  sat  for  106  days, 
extending  over  838^  hours,  while  3  "  no 
houses"  and  7  "counts  out"  occurred; 
the  Lords  sat  for  88  days,  extending  over 
223^  hours.  The  divisions  in  the  Lords 
have  amounted  to  23,  in  the  Conrnions 
to  198. 
12 


The  risumS  of  the  more  important  events 
of  the  session  is  as  follows : — 
Jaxxtaby. 

31st.  Parliament  opened  by  the  Qoeen 
in  person,  llie  Address,  moved  in  tht 
House  of  Lords  by  the  Earl  of  Goiford* 
and  seconded  by  the  Earl  of  Abingdon, 
and  moved  and  seconded  in  the  Commons 
by  Mr.  Byng  and  Mr.  Baxter,  was  agreed 
to  in  both  Houses  withoat  an  amendment. 


1856.] 


Domestic  Occurences. 


369 


In  the  Lords,  the  speech  was  closely  cri- 
ticised by  the  Earl  of  Derby. 

Febeuart. 

Ist.  Mr.  Lowe,  the  Vice-President  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  brought  in  bills  to 
amend  the  Law  of  Partnership,  and  for 
the  Incorporation  and  Regulation  of  Joint- 
Stock  Companies  and  other  associations. 
Read  a  first  time. 

4th.  Mr.  Lowe  brought  in  a  bill  for  the 
abolition  of  Passing  Tolls  and  the  regula- 
tion of  Local  Dues  upon  Shipping.  Read 
a  first  time.  Mr.  Whiteside  and  Mr.  J. 
D.  Fitzgerald  brought  in  a  variety  of  bills 
for  the  reform  of  the  Court  of  Chancery 
and  the  abolition  of  the  Encumbered 
Estates  Court  in  Ireland.  Lord  Duncan 
(for  the  Lord-Advocate)  brought  in  several 
Scotch  bills. 

5th.  On  the  motion  of  Lord  Palmer- 
ston,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr. 
W.  Lev  on  his  retirement  from  the  office 
of  Clerk -assistant  to  the  House.  Sir  G. 
Grey  brought  in  a  bill  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  county  and  borough  police, 
which  was  read  a  first  time.  Mr.  Bro- 
therton*s  motion  for  the  "early  closing" 
of  the  House  was  lost  by  111  to  50. 

7th.  In  the  House  of  Lords,  Lord  Lynd- 
hurst,  in  a  most  able  speech,  moved  that 
the  letters  patent  purporting  to  create 
Sir  James  Parke  a  Baron  of  the  United 
Kingdom  "  for  life,"  be  referred  to  a  Com- 
mittee of  Privileges.  The  motion  was 
carried,  in  opposition  to  the  Government, 
by  a  majority  of  138  to  105.  Mr.  Collier 
brought  in  a  bill  to  transfer  the  testa- 
mentary jurisdiction  of  the  ecclesiastical 
courts  to  the  suj)orior  courts  of  common 
law  and  the  county  courts.  A  motion  by 
Captain  Scobell  for  a  select  committee  to 
inquire  into  naval  administration  was  lost 
by  171  to  80. 

8th.  Earl  Granville  brought  in  a  bill 
apix)inting  a  Vice-president  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education.  The 
Partnership  Amendment  and  the  Joint- 
Stock  Companies  Bills  were  read  a  second 
time. 

lltli.  Brief  discussions  took  place  in  the 
House  of  Lords  respecting  the  Crimean 
Commissioners'  Report,  the  Wensleydale 
Peerage,  and  an  alleged  discrepancy  be- 
tween certain  diplomatic  notes  from  Colonel 
Rose  and  Lord  Stratford  de  Redclifle.  Sir 
C.  Wood  proposed  the  navy  estimates,  and 
several  votes  were  agreed  to. 

12th.  A  Committee  of  Privileges  met, 
and  the  inquiry  into  the  Wensleydale  Peer- 
age was  proceeded  with.  Mr.  Napier  pro- 
posed a  resolution  upon  the  subject  of  the 
amendment  of  the  laws.  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  Government,  it  was  slightly 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol,  XL VI, 


modified  in  its  terms,  and  the  motion  was 
then  agreed  to. 

14th.  Sir  F.  Kelly  brought  in  bills  for 
the  consolidation  of  the  Statute  Law,  and 
of  the  laws  relating  to  bills  of  exchange 
and  promissory  notes.  Sir  J.  Shelley  moved 
for  a  return  of  the  ages,  &c.,  of  the  Irish 
judges.  The  motion,  though  vigorously 
opposed  by  Mr.  Napier  and  others,  wiis 
carried  by  132  to  121. 

15th.  Mr.  Roebuck  introduced  the  sub- 
ject of  our  relations  with  America,  and  a 
brief  debate  ensued,  which  was  shared  in 
by  Lord  Palmerston  and  Mr.  Disraeli. 
The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  brought 
in  a  bill  to  amend  the  act  relating  to  the 
superannuation  of  the  civil  service. 

18th.  The  Committee  of  Privileges  on 
the  Wensleydale  Peerage  sat  again.  The 
Court  of  Chancery  (Ireland)  Bill  was  read 
a  second  time  in  the  Commons,  and  re- 
ferred to  a  Select  Committee. 

21st.  The  Earl  of  Derby  brought  under 
the  notice  of  the  House  the  relations  be- 
tween the  Commander-in-Chief  and  the 
Secretary  for  War.  Sir  J.  Walmsley 
brought  on  his  motion  for  opening  the 
National  Gallery  and  British  Museum  on 
Sundays,  which  was  lost  by  376  to  48. 

22nd.  Tlie  Committee  of  Privileges  met 
again,  when  a  motion  by  Lord  Glenelg 
to  refer  certain  questions  to  the  judges 
was  lost  by  142  to  111 ;  and  one  by  Lord 
Lyndhurst,  declaring  the  report  of  the 
committee  to  be,  that  neither  the  letters 
patent  nor  the  writ  of  summons  issued  to 
Lord  Wensleydale  could  entitle  him  to  sit 
and  vote  in  Parliament,  was  carried  by  92 
to  57.  In  the  other  House  the  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer  made  a  financial  state- 
ment and  moved  certain  resolutions — one 
of  which  related  to  a  loan  of  £5,000,000. 
The  army  estimates  were  discussed,  and 
several  votes  taken. 

25th.  Sir  F.  Thesiger  moved  that  the 
Local  Dues  on  Shipping  Bill  be  read  a 
second  time  that  day  six  months.  After 
a  long  discussion  the  debate  was  adjourned. 

26th.  Lord  Palmerston  withdrew  the 
Local  Dues  on  Shipping  Bill. 

28th.  On  the  motion  of  the  Earl  of 
Derby,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  in- 
quire into  the  subject  of  the  appellate 
jurisdiction  of  the  House  of  Lords,  with  a 
view  to  its  improvement.  Mr.  Muntz  pro- 
posed a  motion  with  reference  to  our  mo- 
netary system,  which  was  opposed  by  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  was  lost 
by  115  to  68.  The  case  of  "Talbot  v. 
Talbot"  was  brought  under  notice  by  Mr. 
J.  G.  Phillimore. 

29th.  The  Earl  of  Albemarle  moved  for 
returns  relative  to  torture  in  India.  Mr. 
Roebuck  moved  a  resolution  condemnatory 

3b 


370 


Domestic  Occurrences, 


[Sept. 


of  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  general 
officers  to  report  upon  the  Report  of  the 
Crimean  Commissioners  ;  but,  after  a  long 
debate,  "  finding  himself  in  a  minority," 
he  withdrew  it. 

MARCH. 

3rd.  Mr.  Layard  called  attention  to  the 
state  of  our  relations  with  Persia.  The 
army  estimates  in  supply. 

4th.  Earl  Stanhope  proposed  an  address 
to  her  Majesty  on  the  subject  of  a  national 
portrait  gallery. — Agreed  to.  Sir  De  L. 
Evans  moved  for  a  select  committee  to 
report  upon  the  expediency  of  abolishing 
the  sale  of  commissions  in  the  army  ;  but, 
after  a  debate,  withdrew  his  motion. 

6th.  Sir  W.  Clay  carried  the  second 
reading  of  his  bill  for  the  abolition  of 
Church-rates  by  221  to  178. 

9th.  Lord  John  Russell  moved  a  series 
of  resolutions  on  the  subject  of  national 
education ;  but,  after  a  lengthened  debate, 
withdrew  them,  in  order  to  their  being 
discussed  in  a  committee  of  the  whole 
House  on  the  10th  of  April. 

10th.  The  Government  carried  the  se- 
cond reading  of  the  Counties  and  Boroughs 
Police  BiU  by  259  to  106.  Lord  Palmer- 
ston  consented  to  the  appointment  of  a 
committee  to  inquire  into  the  Local  Dues 
on  Shipping  Bill ;  and  Mr.  Lowe,  in  con- 
sequence of  an  informality,  withdrew  his 
Partnership  Amendment  BilL 

13th.  Sir  C.  Napier  brought  forward 
his  motion  for  a  committee  to  inquire  into 
the  operations  of  the  Baltic  Beet.  Sir 
James  Graham  replied,  and  the  motion 
was  ultimately  withdrawn. 

14th.  Parliament  adjourned  for  the  Eas- 
ter recess. 

31st.  Parliament  re-assembled,  and  Lord 
Palmerston  announced  that  a  treaty  of 
peace  had  been  signed  on  the  previous  day 
at  Paris. 

▲PBIL. 

1st.  Mr.  Roebuck  brought  on  a  motion 
with  respect  to  the  salaries  of  the  county 
court  judges,  but  ultimately  withdrew  it. 
Sir  G.  Grey  introduced  a  bill  for  the  re- 
form of  the  Corporation  of  London. 

4th.  Sir  J.  Graham  having  brought 
under  review  the  conduct  of  Sir  C.  Napier 
at  Acre,  the  House  went  into  supply,  and 
continued  upon  the  estimates  all  the  even- 
ing. 

8th.  Mr.  Muntz  proposed  a  resolution 
with  respect  to  the  equitable  acyustment 
of  the  income-tax,  which  was  lost  by  194 
to  63.  The  Lord- Advocate  introduced  his 
Scotch  Education  Bills. 

9th.  Mr.  M.  Gibson  moved  the  second 
reading  of  his  Oath  of  Abjuration  Bill. 
Sir  F.  Thesiger  proposed,  as  an  amend- 
ment, that  it  be  read  a  second  time  that 


day  six  months.  After  an  able  debate,  the 
biU  was  read  a  second  time  by  230  to  195. 

10th.  A  long  debate  upon  the  first  reso- 
lution in  Lord  J.  Russell's  Education  Bill 
took  place  in  committee,  Mr.  Henley  hav- 
ing moved,  as  an  amendment,  "that  the 
chairman  do  leave  the  chair."  The  debate 
was  adjourned. 

11th.  The  adjourned  debate  was  re- 
sumed, and,  after  a  protracted  discussion, 
Mr.  Henley's  amendment  was  carried  by 
260  to  158. 

14th.  The  subject  of  torture  in  Madras 
was  discussed  in  the  House  of  Lords,  at  the 
instance  of  the  Earl  of  Albemarle. 

15th.  Mr.  Spooner  carried  his  motion 
that  the  House  should  go  into  committee 
to  consider  the  grants  relating  to  the  en- 
dowment of  Maynooth,  by  159  to  133,  and 
he  subsequently  obtained  leave,  by  159  to 
142,  to  bring  in  a  bill  upon  the  subject. 

16th.  Mr.  Fagan  lost  his  Ministen' 
Money  (Ireland)  Bill,  on  the  second  read- 
ing by  201  to  121. 

18th.  The  Marquess  of  Salisbury  brought 
forward  the  question  of  secondary  punish- 
ments. Sir  Erskine  Perry  drew  attention 
in  the  Commons  to  the  increasing  annnal 
deficit  in  the  revenue  of  India,  and  the 
House  afterwards  went  into  supply. 

21st.  The  Lord  Chancellor's  Church 
Discipline  Bill  was  lost  in  the  Lords  by 
41  to  33,  the  amendment  having  been 
moved  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
Parliament  a(\joumed  over  two  days,  iu 
order  to  be  present  at  the  naval  review  at 
Spithead. 

24th.  Lord  Goderich  carried  an  address 
to  her  Majesty  on  the  subject  of  admis- 
sions to  the  civil  service  by  108  to  87. 

25th.  In  the  Lords,  Eurl  St.  Germans 
lost  his  Marriage  Law  Amendment  Bill, 
on  the  second  reading,  by  43  to  24.  The 
Police  (Counties  and  Borough)  Bill  was 
proceeded  with  in  committee. 

28th.  Mr.  \Miiteside  brought  on  a  mo- 
tion condemnatory  of  the  conduct  of  the 
Government  in  relatiim  to  the  finll  of  Kara. 
The  debate  was  acyourned. 

29th.  The  Kars  debate  was  resumed, 
and  again  adjourned. 

MAY. 

1st.  The  Kars  debate  was  resumed,  and 
the  motion  defeated  by  a  minority  of  803 
to  176. 

2nd.  The  bands  in  the  parks  on  San- 
days  attracted  some  attention  in  the  Com- 
mons, and  the  Police  Bill  was  proceeded 
with  in  committee. 

5th.  The  address  to  her  Miyesty  on  the 
treaty  of  peace  was  moved  in  the  Ixurdi 
by  the  Earl  of  EUesmere,  seconded  by 
Lord  Glenelg;  and  in  the  Commons  it 
was  moved  by  Mr.£velyn  DeniioPb  and 


1856.] 


Domestic  Occurrences, 


371 


seconded  by  Mr.  H.  Herbert.  In  the  latter 
the  debate  was  adjourned. 

6th.  The  debate  on  the  address  was  re- 
sumed, and  the  motion  was  ultimately 
agreed  td  without  a  division. 

8th.  Both  Houses  met  early,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Buckingham  Palace  to  present 
the  address  to  her  Majesty,  Subsequently, 
Lord  Panmnre  in  the  Lords,  and  Lord 
Palmerston  in  the  Commons,  moved  the 
thanks  of  Parliament  to  the  army,  navy, 
and  marines  employed  in  the  late  war,  and 
to  the  embodied  militia.  The  motions 
were  unanimously  agreed  to.  A  message 
from  her  Majesty  informed  both  H«mses 
that  she  had  been  graciously  pleased  to 
confer  upon  General  Williams  the  dignity 
of  a  Baronet,  and  recommending  the  be- 
stowal upon  him  of  a  pension  of  £1,000 
a-year.  The  Mai*quess  of  Clanricarde 
brought  before  the  House  the  proposed 
pension  of  £5,000  per  annum  to  the  Mar- 
quess of  Dalhousie,  late  Governor-general 
of  India. 

9th.  Her  Majesty's  message  with  respect 
to  General  Williams  was  considered  in  both 
Houses,  and  addresses  agreed  to.  In  the 
House  of  Commons,  Ix)rd  Palmerston  an- 
nounced that  her  Majesty  had  granted  an 
amnesty  to  all  political  olfenders.  Ad- 
journed for  the  Whitsuntide  recess. 

19th.  Parliament  re-assembled  after  the 
holidays.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
made  his  tinancial  statement. 

20th.  The  Divorce  and  Matrimonial 
Clauses  Bill  was,  at  tlie  instance  of  the 
Lord-Chancellor,  read  a  second  time,  and 
sent  to  a  select  committee.  Mr.  H.  Berke- 
ley's attempt  to  bring  in  a  bill  for  the 
ballot  was  defeated  bv  151  to  111. 

21st.  Mr.  Packe  withdrew  his  Church- 
rates  Bill. 

22nd.  Lord  Colchester  moved  a  series  of 
resolutions  condemnatory  of  the  declara- 
tion respecting  international  maritime  law, 
signed  by  the  Plenipotentiaries  at  Paris. 
A  long  and  important  debate  ensued,  which 
resulted  in  the  resolutions  being  negatived 
by  156  to  102. 

26th.  The  Joint-Stock  Companies  Bill 
went  through  committee,  and  the  Partner- 
ship Amendment  (No.  2)  Bill  was  read  a 
second  time  in  the  Commons. 

27th.  The  Earl  of  Elgin  brought  under 
consideration  the  subject  of  military  esta- 
blishments in  the  North  American  co- 
lonies. 

29th.  In  consequence  of  the  peace  re- 
joicings. Parliament  did  not  meet. 

30th.  The  Cambridge  University  Bill 
got  into  committee  in  the  Commons,  and 
several  clauses  were  agreed  to. 

JUNE. 

4th.   Mr.  G.  Moore  carried  the  second 


reading  of  his  Irish  Tenant-Right  BiU  by 
88  to  59. 

5th.  Mr.  S.  Herbert  called  attention  to 
the  education  and  instruction  of  officers  in 
the  army. 

6th.  The  Appellate  Jurisdiction  Bill 
passed  the  Lordis. 

9th.  Mr.  Mihier  Gibson's  Oath  of  Abju- 
ration Bill  passed  the  Commons;  an  amend- 
ment, moved  by  Sir  F.  Thesiger,  being  lost 
by  169  to  110.  The  Cambri<§e  University 
Bill  went  through  committee. 

10th.  Mr.  Ewart  brought  on  his  annual 
motion  for  a  committee  to  inquire  into  the 
operation  of  the  system  of  punishment  of 
death.    Lost  by  158  to  64. 

12th.  Sir  G.  Grey  proposed  the  edu- 
cational estimates  in  committee  of  supply. 

13th.  Sir  C.  Wood  proposed  the  navy 
estimates  in  committee  of  supply. 

16th.  In  the  Lords  the  Joint-Stock  Com- 
panies Bill  was,  after  some  objections  raised 
by  Lord  Overstone,  read  a  second  time  by 
18  to  5.  In  the  Commons,  the  quef^tion  of 
our  relations  with  the  United  States  was 
raised  by  Lord  J.  Russell. 

17th.  Mr.  WaJpole  moved  an  address  to 
the  Crown  on  the  subject  of  education  in 
Ireland,  and  carried  it,  against  the  Govern- 
ment, by  113  to  103. 

20th.  Lord  Palmerston  withdrew  the 
Agricultural  Statistics  Bill. 

23rd.  Lord  Lyndhurst  moved  the  second 
reading  of  the  Oath  of  Abjuration  Bill  in 
the  Lords,  but  was  defeated  by  a  majority 
of  110  to  78.  In  the  Commons,  Mr. 
Eortescue  succeeded  in  carrying  a  motion 
relative  to  Irish  education,  which  was  in- 
tended to  alter  the  decision  at  which  the 
House  arrived  on  the  17th.  Mr.  Walpole, 
however,  did  not  oppose  it. 

25th.  An  attempt  of  Mr.  H.  Herbert  to 
defeat  the  second  reading  of  Mr.  Spooner*8 
Maynooth  Bill  proved  unsuccessful,  his 
motion  for  "this  day  six  months"  being 
lost  by  174  to  168. 

26th.  In  the  Lords,  the  Matrimonial 
Causes  and  Divorce  Bill,  after  some  de- 
bate, went  through  committee.  Sir  G. 
Grey  withdrew  the  London  Corporation 
Bill ;  and  Mr.  Spooner  withdrew  his  May- 
nooth Bill. 

27th.  Lord  Lyons  (late  Sir  E.  Lyons) 
took  his  seat  in  the'  House  of  Peers.  In 
the  Commons,  Lord  Elcho  carried  a  motion 
for  a  commission  to  determine  the  site  of 
the  National  Gallery,  against  the  Govern- 
ment, by  153  to  145.  Mr.  Bouverie  with- 
drew the  Scotch  and  Irish  Pauper  Re- 
movals Bill.  The  Juvenile  Offenders  (Ire- 
land) Bill,  the  Education  (Scotland)  Bill, 
and  Sir  W.  Clay's  Cliurch-rates  Abolition 
Bill  were  likewise  withdrawn. 

30th.  The  Earl  of  Derby  withdrew  his 


372 


Domestic  Occurrences, 


[Sept. 


Oatli  of  Abjuration  Amendment  Bill.  Mr. 
G.  H.  Moore  brought  on  the  "American 
Question,"  and,  alter  a  lengthened  dis- 
cussion, the  debate  was  adjourned. 

JULY. 

1st.  Tlie  debate  upon  Mr.  Moore's  mo- 
tion was  resumed,  and  the  motion  rejected 
by  274  ^o  80. 

•1th.  Tlie  Partnership  Amendment  Bill 
went  through  committee  in  the  Commons. 

7th.  The  Appellate  Jiu-isdiction  Bill  was 
read  a  second  time  in  the  Commons,  Mr. 
Bowyer's  amendment  being  lost  by  191  to 
142  Mr.  Wilson  brought  in  the  Appro- 
priation Bill. 

8th.  Tlie  Public  Health  Bill  was  thrown 
out  on  the  motion  for  going  into  committee 
by  73  to  61. 

9th.  Tlie  orders  for  proceeding  with  the 
Civil  Service  Bill  and  the  Tenant-Right 
(Ireland)  Bill  were  respectively  discharged. 

10th.  The  bill  for  granting  retiring 
pensions  to  the  Bishops  of  London  and 
Duriiam  was  introduced,  and  read  a  first 
time  in  the  Lords.  The  orders  for  pro- 
ceeding with  the  Vaccination  Bill  and  the 
Wills  and  Administration  Bill  were  dis- 
charged in  the  Commons.  The  Appellate 
Jurisdiction  Bill  was  defeated,  on  the  mo- 
tion of  Mr.  R.  Currie,  by  155  to  133. 

lltli.  Sir.  W.  F.  Williams,  the  hero  of 
Kars,  took  his  seat  for  Calne.  The  SaiUeir 
frauds  and  the  County  Courts  Bill  were 
the  principal  subjects  which  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  House. 

14th.  The  affairs  of  Italy  were  discussed 
in  both  Houses,  at  the  instance  respec- 
tively of  Lord  Lyndhurst  and  Lord  J. 
Russell.  A  clause  having  been  introduced 
into  Mr.  Lowe's  Partnership  Amendment 
(No.  2)  Bill,  by  a  majority  of  108  to  102, 
the  right  hon.  gentleman  withdrew  the 
bill. 

15th.  The  Bishops  of  London  and  Dur- 
ham Retirement  Bill  was  read  a  second 
time  in  the  Lords  by  47  to  35.  At  the 
instance  of  Sir  C.  Wood,  the  Coast-guard 
Service  Bill  was  read  a  second  time.  Mr. 
J.  D.  Fitzgerald  vindicated  liimself  in 
relation  to  the  escape  of  James  Sadleir 
from  justice. 

lyth.  The  ministerial  fish  dinner  at 
Cireenwich. 

21st.  Our  relations  with  the  Brazils, 
and  tlie  dismantling  of  the  fortresses  of 
Ismail  and  Reni,  were  referred  to  by  the 
Earl  of  Malmesbury.  In  the  other  House, 
Mr.  V.  Smith  brought  on  the  Indian 
budget. 

22nd.  Motions  with  reference  to  an 
amended  translation  of  the  Bible,  the 
length  of  members'  speeches,  Spanish 
claims,  and  General  Beatson,  successively 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  Commons. 


23rd.  The  Bishops'  Retirement  Bill  was 
ftilly  debated  in  the  Commons,  and  the 
second  reading  was  carried  by  151  to  72. 

24th.  Mr.  Roebuck  moved  the  expul- 
sion from  the  House  of  James  Sadleir ; 
but  after  a  debate,  the  "previous  ques- 
tion" was  agreed  to, — ^the  general  impres- 
sion appearing  to  be  that,  following  pre- 
cedent, the  time  for  action  had  scarcely 
arrived.  The  Bishops*  Bill  went  throogh 
committee. 

25th.  Mr.  Disraeli  passed  the  session 
in  review,  remarking  upon  the  number  of 
measures  which,  although  they  had  been 
introduced,  had  not  been  brought  to  a 
successful  issue.  Lord  Palmerston  vin- 
dicated the  exertions  of  the  Government. 

26th.  Mr.  Gladstone  moved  for  papers 
with  relation  to  the  Episcopal  Church  of 
Scotland,  which  were  not  refused  by  the 
Government. 

29th.  Parliament   prorogued  by   royal 
commission,  with  the  following  speech : — 
"  My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, 

**We  are  commanded  by  her  Miyesty 
to  release  you  from  further  attendance 
in  Parliament,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
express  to  you  her  warm  acknowledgments 
for  the  zeal  and  assiduity  with  which  you 
have  applied  yourselves  to  the  discharge  of 
your  public  duties  during  the  session. 

"  When  her  Majesty  met  you  in  Parlia- 
ment at  the  opening  of  the  session,  her 
Majesty  was  engaged,  in  co-operation  with 
her  allies  the  Emperor  of  the  French,  the 
King  of  Sardinia,  and  the  Sultan,  in  an 
arduous  war,  having  for  its  object  matters 
of  high  European  importance;  and  her 
Majesty  appealed  to  your  loyalty  and 
patriotism  for  the  neccessary  means  to 
carry  on  that  war  with  the  energy  and 
vigour  essential  to  success. 

**  You  answered  nobly  the  appeal  then 
made  to  you;  and  her  Mi^esty  was  en- 
abled to  prepare  for  the  operations  of  the 
expected  campaign,  naval  and  militai'y 
forces  worthy  of  the  power  and  reputation 
of  this  country. 

*'  Happily,  it  became  unnecessary  to  ap- 
ply those  forces  to  the  purposes  for  which 
they  had  been  destined.  A  treaty  was 
concluded  by  which  the  objects  for  which 
the  war  had  been  undertaken  were  fully 
attained;  and  an  honourable  peace  has 
saved  Europe  from  the  calamities  of  con- 
tinued warfare. 

"Her  Majesty  trusts  that  the  benefits 
resulting  from  that  peace  will  be  extensiye 
and  permanent ;  and  that,  while  the  friend- 
ships and  alliances  which  were  cemented 
by  common  exertions  during  the  contest^ 
will  gain  strength  by  mutual  interests  in 
peace,  those  asperities  which  inherently 
belong  to  conflict  will  g^ve  place  to  the 


1856.] 


Domestic  Occurrences. 


373 


confidence  and  good-will  with  which  a 
faithful  execution  of  engagements  will  in- 
spire those  who  have  learnt  to  respect  each 
other  as  antagonists. 

**  Her  Mtyesty  commands  us  to  thank 
you  for  your  support  in  the  hour  of  trial, 
and  to  express  to  you  her  fervent  hope 
that  the  prosperity  of  her  faithful  people, 
which  was  not  materially  checked  by  the 
pressure  of  war,  may  continue,  and  be 
increased  by  the  genial  influence  of  peace. 

"Her  Majesty  is  engaged  in  negotia- 
tions on  the  subject  of  questions  in  con- 
nexion with  the  affairs  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, and  her  Majesty  hopes  that  the 
differences  which  have  arisen  on  those 
matters  between  her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment and  that  of  the  United  States  may 
be  satisfactorily  adjusted. 

"  We  are  commanded  by  her  Majesty 
to  inform  you  that  her  Majesty  desires  to 
avail  herself  of  this  occasion  to  express  the 
pleasure  which  it  afforded  her  to  receive, 
during  the  war  in  which  she  lias  been 
engaged,  numerous  and  honourable  proofs 
of  loyalty  and  public  spirit  from  her 
Majesty's  Indian  territories,  and  from 
those  colonial  possessions  which  constitute 
80  valuable  and  important  a  part  of  the 
dominions  of  her  Majesty's  Crown. 

"  Her  Majesty  has  given  her  cordial 
assent  to  the  act  for  rendering  more  eflfec- 
tuiil  the  police  in  counties  and  boroughs 
in  England  and  Wales.  This  act  will 
materially  add  to  the  security  of  person 
and  property,  and  will  thus  afford  in- 
creased encouragement  to  the  exertions  of 
honest  industry. 

"  Her  M^esty  rejoices  to  think  that  the 
act  for  the  improvement  of  the  internal 
arrangements  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge will  give  fresh  powers  of  usefulness 
to  that  ancient  and  renowned  seat  of 
learning. 

**  The  act  for  regulating  joint -stock  com- 
panies will  afford  additional  facilities  for 
the  advantageous  employment  of  c^ipital, 
and  will  thus  tend  to  promote  the  de- 
velopment of  the  resources  of  the  country ; 
while  the  acts  passed  relative  to  the  mer- 
cantile laws  of  England  and  of  Scotland 
will  diminish  the  inconvenience  which  the 
difference  of  those  laws  occasioned  to  her 
Majesty's  subjects  engaged  in  trade. 

"  Her  Majesty  has  seen  with  satisfaction 
that  you  have  given  your  attention  to  the 
arrangements  connected  with  county 
courts.  It  is  her  Majesty's  anxious  wish 
that  justice  should  be  attainable  by  all 
classes  of  her  subjects,  with  as  much  speed 
and  with  as  little  expense  as  may  be  con- 
sistent with  the  due  investigation  of  the 
merits  of  causes  to  be  tried. 

"  Her  Majesty  trusts  that  the  act  for 


placing  the  Coast-guard  under  the  direc- 
tion  of  the  Board  of  Admiralty  will  afford 
the  groundwork  for  arrangements  for  pro- 
viding, in  time  of  peace,  means  applicable 
to  national  defence  on  the  occurrence  of 
any  future  emergency. 

"  Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Commons, 

"  We  are  commanded  by  her  Majesty 

to  thank  you  for  the  readiness  with  which 

you  have   granted  the  supplies  for  the 

present  year. 

"  My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, 
"Her  Majesty  commands  us  to  congra- 
tulate you  on  the  favourable  state  of  the 
revenue,  and  upon  the  thriving  condition 
of  all  branches  of  the  national  industry ; 
and  she  acknowledges  with  gratitude  the 
loyalty  of  her  faithful  subjects,  and  that 
spirit  of  order  and  that  respect  for  the  law 
which  prevail  in  every  part  of  her  domi- 
nions. 

"  Her  Majesty  commands  us  to  express 
her  confidence  that  on  your  return  to  your 
homes  you  will  promote,  by  your  influence 
and  example,  in  your  several  districts,  that 
continued  and  progressive  improvement 
which  is  the  vital  principle  of  the  well- 
being  of  nations;  and  her  Mt^esty  fer- 
vently prays  that  the  blessing  of  Almighty 
God  may  attend  your  steps,  and  prosper 
your  doings  for  the  welfare  and  happiness 
of  her  people." 

The  royal  commission  for  the  proro- 
gation of  Parliament  was  read  by  one  of 
the  clerks  at  the  table. 


Heb  Majesty  has  been  taking  a  trip 
along  the  coast  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert, 
as  far  as  Plymouth ;  returning  to  Osborne 
vid  Exeter,  Salisbury,  and  Gosport.  The 
royal  flotilla  consisted  of  the  Victoria  and 
Albert,  the  Fairy,  the  Irene,  a  Trinity 
yacht,  the  Vivid,  the  Black  Eagle,  and 
the  Salamander.  The  Queen  was  accom- 
panied by  Prince  Albert  and  five  of  their 
sons  and  daughters.  Mr.  Labouchere  also 
attended  her  Majesty.  The  Victoria  and 
Albert  entered  the  estuary  of  the  Dart. 
The  rain  fell  heavily;  and,  the  Queen  re- 
maining on  board  her  yacht,  Prince  Albert 
went  up  the  river  as  far  as  Totness.  When 
the  weather  cleared,  her  Majesty  was  rowed 
in  her  barge  as  far  as  Dittisham.  On  their 
return  they  landed  at  Dartmouth,  and 
drove  to  those  points  of  the  coast  com- 
manding the  best  views  of  the  bay.  HaT- 
ing  slept  on  board,  the  Queen  sailed  for 
Plymouth;  and,  says  the  courtly  chroni- 
cler, "  some  members  of  the  royal  family 
experienced  inconvenience  from  the  bois- 
terous state  of  the  weather  during  the 
passage  from  DartmoutlL"    While  at  Fly- 


374 


Domestic  Occurrences, 


[Sept. 


mouth,  the  Queen  and  Prince  Albert 
visited  Mount  Edgecumbe,  Kcyham  Yard, 
and  Mount  Wise;  and  steaming  up  the 
Tamar,  they  landed  and  drove  through 
the  grounds  of  Eudslcigh  Cottage,  a  sum- 
mer seat  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  near 
Tavistock.  They  also  steamed  up  Cat- 
water  to  Saltram,  the  residence  of  Eurl 
Morley,  and  drove  through  the  grounds. 
On  her  way  back  to  her  ship,  the  Queen 
drove  through  Plymouth  and  Stonehouse. 
On  Friday  her  Majesty  took  the  railway 
to  Exeter,  and  thence  to  Salisbury.  Here 
she  slept;  and  on  Saturday,  August  16, 
proceetUng  to  Gosport,  she  landed  at  Os- 
borne. 

The  review  at  Aldershot  of  the  troops 
which  had  come  home  from  the  Crim«  a,  by 
the  Queen,  took  place  on  the  IGth  of  July. 
The  Royals  and  Scots*  Oreys,  only  a  few 
of  whom  were  mounted,  took  the  lead,  and 
were  followed  by  the  6th  EnniskiUen  Dra- 
goons, some  parties  of  dismounted  Cri- 
mean Dragoons  from  various  regiments, 
and,  finally,  by  the  representatives  of  the 
gallant  11th  Hussars,  some  25  officers  and 
men,  "few  and  faint,  but  fearless  still." 
The  line  of  the  infantry  was  preceded  by 
the  boys  from  the  Koyal  Military  Aca- 
demy, Sandliurst,  the  Sappers  and  Miners 
followed,  and  the  Rifles  brought  up  the 
rear.  The  93rd  Highlanders,  which  were 
80  much  admired  at  Chobham,  and  which, 
having  suflcred  very  little  during  the  Cri- 
mean campaign,  are  almost  all  veterans, 
marched  with  a  strength  and  steadiness 
wonderful  to  behold.  No  doubt  the  cos- 
tume adds  to  the  effect,  but  a  more  splen- 
did body  of  men  has  seldom  been  seen. 
None  but  the  Crimean  troops  marched 
past,  and  it  was  impossible,  therefore,  to 
institute  any  comparison  with  the  Guards, 
but  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  both  in 
height  and  breadth  the  93rd  are  superior 
to  the  battalions  on  the  ground  yesterday, 
which,  admirable  as  they  are,  contain 
many  young  soldiers,  the  representatives 
of  those  who  perished  at  the  Alma  or 
Inkennann,  in  tlie  blowly  conflicts  of  the 
trenches,  or  of  yet  more  fktal  disease.  The 
Riiles,  on  whom  perhaps  more  than  any 
one  corps  the  hard  work  of  the  siege  de- 
volved, were  in  fine  condition.  Almost 
every  man  wore  the  Crimean  medal,  with 
three  or  more  clasx)s.  Several  wore  the 
Caffre  medal  also,  and  some  the  Sardinian 
decoration.  It  was  strange  to  sec  how 
much,  in  all,  sun  and  exposure  had  told 
upon  their  countenances.  Many  were 
burnt  to  a  degree  of  swarthiness  most  un- 
usual in  natives  of  our  climate,  and  though 
in  high  health,  the  worn  features  and 
eager  glance  told  almost  as  expressively  of 
hard  recent  service  as  the  shaggy  betirdi 


and  faded  appointments.  Though  many 
were  very  young,  all  had  a  look  of  age— lo 
soon  does  war  and  its  cares  tell  upon  the 
frame.  Most  of  the  mounted  officers  rode 
Arabs,  or  horses  of  the  country,  and  every 
regiment  was  attended  by  one  or  more 
Russian  dogs.  A  variety  of  military  ma- 
nceuvres,  in  which  the  German  troope 
much  distinguished  themselves,  followed — 
it  beinp:  after  seven  when  all  was  over. 

Opening  of  the  New  Bridge  at  SO' 
Chester.  —  The  lai^e  and  massive  iron 
bridge  over  the  Medway  at  Rochester, 
which  has  taken  several  years  in  its  con- 
struction, having  been  completed,  was 
formally  opened  to  the  public  on  the  20th 
of  August.  Precisely  at  three  o'clock  a 
procession,  consisting  of  the  mayor  (Mr. 
F.  Farrell)  and  corporation,  accompanied 
by  the  recorder,  mace-bearers,  and  the 
other  civic  functionaries,  proceeded  from 
the  Guildhall,  dressed  in  their  robes,  and 
walked  in  pi*ocession,  preceded  by  the 
band  of  the  Chatham  division  of  Royal 
Murines,  to  the  bridge-chamber,  where 
they  were  met  by  the  bridge-wardens  and 
assistant- wardens,  and  the  procession  moved 
over  the  old  bridge  to  the  approaches  of 
the  new  bridge  on  the  Strood  side.  On 
the  ])rocessiou  arriving  at  the  new  bridge, 
they  were  received  by  the  chief  engineers^ 
the  contractors,  and  the  other  persons  who 
have  been  engaged  in  its  construction. 
The  procession  then  slowly  walked  over 
the  bridge,  and  on  arriving  at  the  middle 
of  the  centre  arch,  the  Earl  of  Romney, 
as  chief  warden,  declared  the  structure 
open  for  the  full  use  of  the  public  The 
new  bridge,  which  is  built  of  iron  on 
granite  piers,  was  commenced  in  18dO, 
the  first  pile  having  been  driven  on  the 
3rd  of  April  in  that  year.  The  eng-neer 
selected  for  the  erection  of  the  structure 
was  Sir  W.  Cubitt,  and  the  contractors, 
Messrs.  Fox  and  Henderson ;  the  iron-work 
having  been  executed  and  cast  by  Messrs. 
Cockrane  and  Co.,  Woodside  Iron-works^ 
Dudley.  The  foundations  consist  of  iron 
cylinders,  each  nine  feet  in  length,  with  a 
diameter  of  seven  feet,  each  weighing 
about  five  tons.  These  cylinders  were 
sunk  to  the  required  depth  by  means  of 
great  pressure— the  water  at  the  same  time 
bi'ing  kept  out  by  means  of  compressed 
air.  In  many  instances,  these  cylinders 
had  to  be  sunk  forty  feet  below  the  bed  of 
the  river,  until  they  reached  the  hard 
chalk,  which  aflbrded  a  firm  basis.  The 
cylinders  were  then  filled  with  concrete, 
forming  a  solid  mass  of  two  rows,  of  six 
cylinders  in  each  row,  for  each  pier,  with 
the  exception  of  that  on  the  Strood  side, 
where  there  are  thirty  cylinders,  llie 
courses  of  masonry  commence  at  low  water- 


1836.] 


Promotions  and  Preferments. 


375 


mark,  and  are  carried  eighteen  feet  above 
low  water.  The  bridge  consists  of  three 
arches,  the  centre  one  of  which  has  a  span 
of  170  feet,  and  each  of  the  side  arches 
140  feet.  Tlie  width  of  the  bridge  from 
parapet  to  parapet  is  forty  feet ;  and  the 
extreme  length,  including  the  approaches, 
1,200  feet.  In  consequence  of  the  deter- 
mination of  the  Admiralty,  it  was  necessary 
to  construct  a  portion  of  the  bridge  as 
a  swing;  and  this  is  looked  upon  as  a 
triamph  of  engineering  skill.  Tins  swing- 
bridge  gives  a  roadway  of  the  same  width 
as  the  rest  of  the  bridge,  and  is  109  feet 
in  length ;  the  weight  to  be  moved  being 
200  tons.  When  this  portion  of  the  bridge 
is  thrown  open,  there  will  be  a  clear  width 


of  fifty  feet  for  vessels  to  pass  through. 
The  iron  castings  of  the  bridge,  which  are 
brought  prominently  out  into  view  by  a 
judicious  system  of  painting,  are  of  most 
beautiful  workmansfaap  and  finish,  and  the 
design  altogether  at  once  grand  and  grace- 
ful. There  is  scarcely  any  sinking  of  the 
foundations  perceptible,  the  only  deflexion 
being  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  the 
crown  of  the  centre  arch,  derived  from  the 
cohesion  of  the  parts.  The  old  stone  bridge 
will  be  immediately  removed,  and  an  es- 
planade constructed  out  of  a  portion  of  the 
materials.  This  bridge  was  built  in  the 
year  1392.  A  grand  and  imposing  display 
of  fireworks  took  place  on  the  old  bridge  in 
the  evening. 


PROMOTIONS,  PREFERMENTS,  &c. 


Gazette  Preferments,  &c. 

July  22.  To  be  Ambassador  Extraordinary  to 
the  Emperor  of  all  the  Uussias,  on  the  occasion 
of  his  Imperial  Majesty's  Coronation,  the  Rt. 
Hon.  the  Earl  Granville.' 

To  be  Knights  Commanders  of  the  Bath,  Sir 
Wm.  Thos.  Denison,  Knt.,  and  Rear-Admiral 
Charles  Elliot. 

To  be  a  Baronet  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Sir 
Allan  Napier  Macnab,  of  Wentworth,  Canada 
West. 

July  2b.  To  be  Comptroller  of  II.  M.  house- 
bold,  the  Hon.  Viscount  Cattlero8se,vice  Viscount 
Drumlanrigge,  resigned. 

July  28.  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge  was  this  day,  by  coimiiand  of  her 
Majesty,  introduced  to  the  Privy  Council, 

To  be  one  of  H,  M.  .\ssistant  Insi)octors  of 
Schools,  the  Rev.  Robert  Edgar  Hughes. 

Aug.  1.  To  be  Bishop  of  Christchurch,  New 
Zealand,  the  Rev.  Henry  John  Chitty  Harper, 
D.D. 


Aug.  12.  Col.  William  Cartwright  and  Lieut.- 
Col.  Woodford  to  be  Inspectors  under  the  Police 
Act  of  last  session. 

Atig.  20.  The  Queen  has  been  pleased  to  direct 
letters  patent  to  be  passed  under  the  Great  SeaL 
granting  the  dignity  of  a  Baron  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  unto  the 
Right  Honourable  Edward  Strutt,  and  to  the 
heirs  male  of  his  body  lawfully  begotten,  by  the 
name,  style,  and  title  of  Baron  Belper,  of  Bclper, 
in  the  county  of  Derby. 

To  be  I.ieut. -Governor  of  the  newly-formed 
Colony  of  Natal,  John  Scott,  esq. 

The  Hon.  Campbell  Scarlett  to  be  Minister  at 
the  Court  of  Brazil. 

The  Rev.  Gilbert  Frankland  Lewis  to  be  Canon 
of  Hereford. 


Members  returned  to  serve  in  Parliament, 

County  of  Dorset.— Henry  Gerald  Sturt,  esq. 
Jiot  ting  ham.— ChATles  Paget,  esq. 


OBITUARY. 


THE  EABL  OF  SHREWSBURY. 

August  10.  At  Lisbon,  aged  23,  Ber- 
tram Arthur  Talbot,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  in 
England,  Earl  of  VVaterford  in  the  Irish 
peerage,  and  claiming  to  be  Hereditary 
Lord  Steward  of  Iri»land.  His  Lordship 
was  the  only  son  of  the  late  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Charles  Thomas  Tallwt,  nephew  of 
Cliarles,  fifteenth  earl,  by  Julia,  third 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  Henry  Joseph 
Ticlibome,  Bart,  (siw'e  re-married  to  Mr. 
Washington  Hibbert,  of  Bilton  Grange, 
near  Rugby),  and  was  bom  December  11, 
1832.  He  was  educatc«l  almost  entirely 
by  private  tutors,  under  the  roof  of  Alton 
Towers,  by  the  lute  earl  and  countess,  to 
whom  he  was  devotedly  attached.  He 
was   Premier   Earl  in    the   English  and 


Irish  peerages,  Vice-Admiral  of  Cheshire, 
a  Deputy -Lieutenant  for  Staffordshire,  and 
High  Steward  of  Allbrighton  in  the  same 
county;  he  also  held  the  honorary  dis- 
tinctions of  a  Knight  Commander  of  Malta, 
and  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  order  of 
Pope  Pius  IX.,  and  it  was  reported  that 
he  was  about  to  be  nominated  a  knight 
of  the  order  of  St.  Patrick.  Lord  Shrews- 
biuy  al  o  claimed  the  office  of  Hereditaiy 
Lord  High  Steward  of  Ireland,  and  his 
claim  was  under  the  consideration  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  having  been  referred  to  a 
Committee  of  Privileges,  when  his  death 
supervened. 

Since  the  death  of  the  last  Duke  of 
Shrewsbury,  in  1717,  it  is  not  a  Uttle  sin- 
gular that  the  earldom  has  never  passed 


376  The  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, — The  Bishop  of  Grahamsioum,  [Sept. 


directly  from  a  father  to  a  son.  The  thir- 
teenth earl,  being  a  Jesuit  priest,  of  course 
did  not  a^ume  the  title,  which  accordingly 
passed  to  the  son  of  his  brother  George,  as 
fourteenth  earl,  and  the  last  of  his  male 
descendants  is  now  deceased.  It  would  be 
alike  tedious  and  profitless  to  trace  the 
exact  pedigree  for  the  last  century,  which 
merely  exhibits  a  series  of  nephews  and 
cousins  inheriting  in  succession;  we  will 
therefore  only  mention  that,  the  son  and 
the  nephew  of  John,  sixteenth  earl,  having 
died  diu*ing  their  minority,  Bertram  Arthur 
Talbot  in  1846  became  heir-presumptive 
to  the  Shrewsbury  title  and  estates,  to 
which  he  succeeded  as  seventeenth  earl  on 
Nov.  9,  1852,  he  being  at  that  time  a 
minor. 

Lord  Shrewsbury  was  a  person  of  sin- 
gularly mild  and  gentle  disposition,  and  of 
refined  and  elegant  tastes;  he  was  an 
accomplished  scholar,  especially  in  modern 
languages,  of  which  his  long  residence 
upon  the  Continent  liad  made  him  a  per- 
fect master.  His  charities  were  most  ex- 
tensive, and  his  death  must  prove  a  **  heavy 
blow  and  great  discouragement*'  to  the 
pro8X)ects  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
in  this  country.  He  has  left  two  sisters, 
both  recently  raised  by  her  Majesty  to 
the  precedence  of  the  diiughtere  of  an  earl : 
the  younger.  Lady  Guendaline  Talbot,  is 
unmarried ;  the  elder  sister.  Lady  Annette, 
was  married  in  January,  1855,  to  Sir 
Humphrey  de  Trafford,  of  Trafford  Park, 
Lancashire.  The  property  of  Alton  Towers 
and  the  other  estates  have  been  devised  by 
the  will  of  the  late  earl  to  Lord  Edmund 
Bernard  Howard,  the  infant  son  of  the 
present  Duke  of  Norfolk,  with  remainder 
to  his  Grace's  other  younger  sons,  and  to 
liis  brother,  Jjord  Edward  Howard,  M.P., 
who  is  married  to  the  late  earl's  cousin. 
Miss  Augusta  Talbot. 


The  Bishop  op  Grahambtown. 

Maif  16.  At  Grahamstown,  South  Africa, 
the  Bight  Rev.  John  Armstrong,  D.D., 
first  Bishop  of  Grahamstown,  aged  42. 

The  deceased  prelate  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Dr.  Armstrong,  a  physician  of  eminence 
in  the  early  part  of  this  century,  one  of 
the  earliest  workers  in  the  question  of 
sanitary  reform,  and  one  to  whom  medical 
science  is  indebted  for  the  present  rational 
mode  of  treating  febrile  diseases.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  energy  of  character  and  of 
a  very  original  turn  of  mind,  but  died 
comparatively  young,  in  1829. 

John  Armstrong  was  bom  August  22, 


1813,  at  Bishopwearmouth,  and  soon  after 
his  father's  removal  to  Ixmdon,  followed 
him,  and  was  placed  at  the  Charterhouse 
School.  From  the  Charterhouse  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained  one  of  the  Crewe  exhibitions, 
and  in  Michaelmas  Term,  1836,  g^raduated 
as  third  class-man  in  classics ;  the  present 
Bishop  of  Rupert's  Land  and  the  late  Rev. 
W.  Adams  taking  honours  at  the  same 
time.  He  did  not  remain  long  in  Oxford 
after  taking  his  B.A.  degree,  but,  obtain- 
ing a  nomination  in  Somersetshire,  was 
ordained  deacon,  and  subsequently  priest ; 
soon  after  which  he  accepted  the  curacy 
of  Clifton,  where  he  remained  till,  in  1841, 
ho  removed  to  Exeter,  having  been  elected 
Priest-Vicar  of  the  Cathedral,  and  Saints*- 
day  preacher.  He  also  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment of  Rector  of  St.  Paul's  in  that  city. 

While  at  Exeter,  Mr.  Armstrong  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Architectural  Society, 
and  l)eing  suddenly  called  upon  to  supply 
a  paper  in  place  of  one  promised,  but  not 
sent,  by  another  member,  wrote  an  ex- 
cellent tract  entitled  "  A  Paper  on  Monu- 
ments." This  contains  some  very  striking 
thoughts,  new  at  that  day,  but  which  have 
been  since  adopted  by  all  writers  on  the 
subject,  and  which  have  produced  a  good 
effect  upon  the  style  of  recent  fiineral  me- 
mentoes. 

As  Saints'-day  preacher,  Mr.  Armstrong 
was  called  upon  to  fill  the  cathedml  pulpit, 
where  he  delivered  the  series  of  Sermong 
for  the  Festivah,  which  he  shortly  alter 
published.  These  sermons  exhibit  mach 
thoughtful  piety,  and  an  original  mode  of 
treating  the  subject  which  marked  a  mind 
of  no  common  order. 

Al)out  tills  time  disturbances  arose  in 
various  quarters  in  consequence  of  the 
closer  attention  paid  to  rubrical  directions, 
and  of  the  distrust  and  jealousy  with  which 
any  attempted  improvement  was  received. 
The  parish  of  Tidenham  in  Gloucester- 
shire was  by  no  means  free  fVom  agitation, 
arising  from  this  cause,  when  the  late  in- 
cumbent offered  to  exchange  with  Mr. 
Armstrong,  who  accepted  the  proposal^ 
and  at  once  set  about  the  arduous  ander- 
taking  with  the  flnn  determination  of  re- 
storing peace  and  quii'tness  to  the  parish, 
if  he  could  by  any  possibility  accomplish  it. 

It  was  here  that  his  firmness  of  manner 
became  apparent — refusing  to  gjive  up  any 
essential  form,  but  in  non-essentials  meet- 
ing the  objectors  with  that  gentlenew 
which  was  so  natural  to  him*.  It  is  not  to 
be  wondered  that  he  soon  conciliated  many 


»  While  at  St.  Paul's,  Exeter,  there  were  disturbances  respecting  the  surplice  questkiii,  and  irrerml 
noisy  meetings  held  at  public-houses,  where  resolutions  were  passed  condemnatory  of  the  Bector's 
proceedings :  to  these  he  paid  no  attention,  but  when  tome  of  the  regular  choroh  attcadanti  made 
the  same  request,  he  at  once  gave  up  the  sorplice. 

15 


1856.]  Obituary. —  The  Bishop  of  Grahamstown, 


Zll 


of  the  loudest  of  his  predecessor's  oppo- 
nents, and  in  a  short  time  rendered  Tid- 
enham  a  qniet  and  well-conducted  parish. 
One  of  his  first  steps  was  to  reorganize  the 
schools,  which  he  accomplished  hy  dint  of 
close  personal  attention,  and  hy  the  assist- 
ance of  his  excellent  wife,  Frances,  eldest 
daughter  of  Edward  Whitmore,  Esq.,  to 
whom  he  was  married  in  Fehmary,  1843. 

Soon  after  his  appointment  to  Tiden- 
ham,  Mr.  Armstrong  published  an  excel- 
lent little  Manual  of  Prayers  for  clergy- 
men, entitled  "  The  Pastor  in  his  Closet." 
Without  doubt  this  contained  the  very 
prayers  he  had  compiled  for  his  own  use, 
and  from  the  earnest  use  of  which  he  de- 
rived so  much  strength  and  assistance  as 
enabled  him  to  bear  up  against  the  many 
difficulties  which  surrounded  him. 

Mr.  Armstrong  also  published  three  single 
sermons, — "  The  Church's  Office  towards 
the  Young;"  "The  Opposition  of  the 
World ;"  and  "  The  Blessedness  of  tlie  Dead 
in  Christ  our  Consolation  in  Trouble." 

No  sooner  liad  Mr.  Armstrong  got  his 
parish  into  good  working  condition,  than 
he  commenced  that  mission  of  love  which 
he  regarded  as  his  special  work,  viz.  the 
restoration  of  fallen  women.  Up  to  this 
time  the  Cliurch  had  moved  but  slowly ;  to 
use  his  own  heart-stirring  words,  *' Scarcely 
has  a  hand  been  put  forth  to  fetch  back 
the  wandering  sheep — we  might  almost 
call  them  *  lambs,' — to  separate  the  less 
defiled  from  the  more  hardened  sort,  to 
arrest  the  novices  of  vice  in  the  earlier 
stages  of  their  de**cent.  Ask  whom  we 
will,  what  they  have  done  in  any  degree, 
at  any  time,  for  the  reformation  of  fallen 
women,  and  we  have  to  pause  for  a  reply. 
....  Yes,  our  erring  sisters,  dying  of  their 
sins  and  weighed  down  with  ill-dissembled 
wretchedness,  have  been  piteously  passed 
by.  Human  mercy  has  stooped  to  all  but 
them."  Such  was  the  condition  of  things 
so  recently  as  in  the  year  18^18,  and  well 
and  nobly  did  this  holy  man  of  God  stand 
forward  in  the  breach,  and,  like  his  great 
Master,  fly  to  the  relief  of  the  sinner  and 
the  outcast.  How  well  he  performed  his 
work  the  institutions  at  Clewer,  Wantage, 
Bussage,  Shipmeadow,  Highgato,  and 
other  places,  testify.  Down  to  the  time 
of  his  leaving  England,  he  ceased  not  to 
plead  for  these  objects  of  mercy ;  and  the 
very  last  sermon  published  by  him  before 
leaving  for  his  distant  diocese  was  one  that 
he  wrote  for,  but  was  too  ill  to  preach  he- 
fore,  the  Church  Penitentiary  Association. 

ITie  great  secret  of  Mr.  Armstrong's 
success  in  this,  as  in  all  his  other  works, 
was  the  practical  nature  of  what  he  recom- 
mended. He  shewed  how  the  work  might 
be  done,  and  he  set  abont  doing  it  himselfl 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


He  was  no  dreamer,  no  mere  theorist ;  he 
had  all  the  energy  of  a  Loyola,  all  the  de- 
votion and  piety  of  a  Xavier.  Descended 
from  the  Armstrongs  of  the  Border,  he 
had  all  the  fiery  zeal  and  shrewdness  of 
his  ancient  kindred,  purified  by  a  firm  and 
devoted  attachment  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
Church  of  England.  He  had  a  heart  over- 
flowing with  love,  and,  like  his  blessed 
Master,  preferred  displaying  that  love  to 
those  whose  necessities  were  greatest;  while 
his  buoyant,  hopeful,  and  cheerful  temper, 
added  to  his  lively  faith  in  God's  gootl 
providence,  led  him  through  difficulties 
which  would  have  deterred  most  others. 

In  setting  about  his  penitentiary  work, 
he  wrote  an  article  which  appeared  in  the 
**  Quarterly  Review"  for  December,  1848 ; 
another  for  the  "  Christian  Remembrancer" 
of  January,  1849 ;  a  third  in  the  "  English 
Review  ;*'  followed  up  by  "  An  Appeal  for 
the  formation  of  a  Church  Penitentiary," 
and  a  series  of  articles  in  the  "  Morning 
Chronicle"  and  other  papers.  He  soon 
interests  a  large  number  of  influent'al 
men  in  the  cause,  and  procured  the  for- 
mation of  the  Church  Penitentiary  Asso- 
ciation. Besides  the  papers  mentioned 
above,  he  also  composed  some  devotional 
tracts  for  penitents,  and  two '  or  three 
pamphlets  bearing  on  the  same  subject. 
In  addition  to  his  published  writings,  the 
correspondence  in  carrying  out  this  object 
nuist  have  entailed  upon  him  an  enormous 
amount  of  labour. 

In  the  year  1818  a  serios  of  Tracts  was 
announced  illustrative  of  the  Seasons  of 
the  Church,  to  be  written  by  various 
authors,  in  a  plain,  familiar  style,  upon  a 
1)1  an  altogether  new,  and  the  editorship 
was  oftered  to  Mr.  Armstrong.  At  this 
time  but  few  persons  knew  him  as  an 
author,  and  it  was  considered  a  bold 
undertaking  for  an  almost  untried  man. 
In  writing  to  an  ac(iuaintance,  Mr.  Ann- 
strong  said — "  If  Mr.  Parker  intrusts  me 
with  the  work,  I  will  do  my  best  to  carry 
out  his  views.  Although  unused  to  edi- 
torial lalwurs,  I  am  painfully  alive  to  the 
want  these  tracts  projwse  to  meet,  and 
can  heartily  enter  npon  the  work."  And 
this  most  certainly  he  did,  sparing  no 
pains  or  labour  to  render  the  series  suit- 
able to  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  in- 
tended. ITie  first  tract,  "  A  Few  Thoughts 
upon  Godly  Order,"  was  written  by  Mr. 
Armstrong,  as  a  specimen  of  the  style 
in  which  the  projwsed  tracts  would  be 
published,  and  it  at  once  commanded  re- 
spect. The  first  part,  consisting  of  Tracts 
for  Advent,  which  were  wholly  written  by 
the  editor,  appeared  in  November,  1848, 
and  excited  considerable  attention.  Edi- 
tion after  edition  was  called  for;  and  so 

3o 


378 


Obituary. — The  Bishop  of  Grahamstown. 


[Sept. 


judicious  had  the  editor  been,  that  the 
tracts  not  only  escaped  attack  in  quarters 
where  there  was  every  reason  to  expect  it, 
but  they  were  purchased  by  many  who, 
considering  sound  Church  principles  in- 
compatihle  with  evangelical  piety,  had 
previously  held  aloof  from  sound  Church 
books. 

We  next  find  Mr.  Armstrong  enlarging 
liis  sphere  of  usefulness  to  the  Church,  by 
undertaking  the  editorship  of  a  series  of 
"  Tracts  for  Parochial  Use."  The  tracts 
in  circulation  amongst  Churchmen  were 
mostly  very  misuitable  to  the  times. 
"Black  Giles,"  "Tawney  Rachel,"  "The 
Orange-girl,"  and  similar  tracts,  had  done 
good  service,  and  were  perhaps  suitable  at 
the  tunes  when  they  were  written,  but  fell 
short  of  modem  requirements.  Mr.  Bums, 
who  had  published  a  series  of  Church 
Tracts,  had,  with  some  of  the  writers  in 
his  series,  joined  the  Ilomish  communion, 
and  consequently  many  clergymen  felt 
they  could  not,  with  any  confidence,  cir- 
culate them.  To  remedy  this,  it  was  pro- 
posed to  issue  a  somewhat  extensive  series, 
iidapted  to  all  the  requirements  of  an 
ordinary  i)ari8h.  The  plan  was  accord- 
ingly carefully  drawn  up — 8])ecial  wants 
met  by  special  tracts.  Tlie  specimens  first 
issued  met  with  so  welcome  a  rece])tion, 
that  editor  and  publisher  were  encouraged 
to  proceed,  and  the  series  went  on  monthly 
until  above  two  hundred  various  tracts 
appeared.  So  useful  have  these  been  con- 
si  ilered,  that  they  have  not  only  been 
adopted  in  most  parishes  in  England,  and 
in  several  of  the  colonies,  but  they  have 
also  been  nearly  all  reprinted  in  the  United 
States  of  America. 

On  the  completion  of  the  "  Parochial 
Tracts,"  Mr.  Armstrong  commencetl  a 
series  of  "  Sermons  for  the  Christian  Sea- 
8<ms;"  in  conducting  which  he  shewed 
the  same  ability  and  judgment  as  in  the 
tracts:  but,  though  successful  in  their 
object,  the  sermons  naturally  did  not 
obtain  the  same  large  circuhition  as  the 
Tracts.  An  article  in  the  "  Quarterly  Re- 
view" on  Price's  ('andle  Factory  was  also 
written  by  him  :  it  is  not  the  least  pleasing 
of  his  writings,  and  aflbrded  him  the  op- 
portunity for  urging  some  practical  lessons 
on  the  duties  of  employers. 

While  at  Tidenham,  Mr.  Armstrong  suc- 
ceeded in  building  a  new  church  in  a  dis- 
tant part  of  his  extensive  parish ;  also  two 
schoolrooms,  with  teachers*  residences — cmo 
in  the  same  district,  and  one  at  the  other 
extremity  of  the  parish.  Both  of  these 
schoolrooms  were  used  as  chapels  on  Sun- 
days, and  were  attended  by  part  of  the 
population,  who  would  not  go  to  the  parish 
church. 


In  May,  1853,  he  commenced  a  work  of 
an  entirely  difierent  nature.  It  was  an 
attempt  to  provide  innocent  and  amusing 
reading  for  every  day,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  National  Miscellany."  This  he  con- 
tinued to  edit  till  nominated  to  the  re- 
cently formed  diocese  of  Grahamstown, 
of  which  see  he  was  consecrated  Bishop 
on  St.  Andrew's  Day,  1853,  in  company 
with  Dr.  Colenso  as  Bishop  of  Natal.  The 
consecration  took  place  at  Lambeth  Church, 
which  was  crowdeil  with  an  attentive  audi- 
tory. The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  was 
assisted  by  the  Bishops  of  Ijondon,  Cape- 
town, and  Oxford,  and  the  last-named  pre- 
late delivered  a  most  impressive  and  so- 
lemn discourse,  eminently  suitable  for  the 
occasion. 

As  a  scholar,  Mr.  Armstrong's  attain- 
ments are  not  to  be  compared  with  the 
Maltbys,  the  Monks,  and  the  Blomfields 
of  the  English  bench ;  but  although  infe- 
rior to  them  in  mere  scholarship,  he  was 
excelled  by  none  in  his  use  of  plain,  nerv- 
ous, Saxon  English  ;  indeed,  in  this  rc8p<'ct, 
his  compositions  are  quite  models  worthy 
of  imitation  by  all  who  aim  at  plain-speak- 
ing. And  in  the  pulpit,  although  he  was 
without  that  declamatory  eloquence  for 
which  some  preachers  are  distinguished, 
his  sermons  would  cause  a  deeper  impres- 
sion, and  be  longer  remembered,  than  those 
of  most  men.  Without  coarseness  or  vul- 
garity, he  could  readily  seize  and  apply 
some  familiar  illustration  of  his  subject, 
and  at  once,  and  as  acceptably,  convey  his 
meaning  to  the  red  and  grey  cloaks,  as  to 
the  more  highly  polished  of  his  hearers. 
To  those  who  were  intimately  acquainted 
with  him,  it  was  clear  that  he  was  a  close 
observer  of  human  nature,  and  studied  to 
adapt  himself  to  its  failings.  "I  find  it 
will  not  do  to  tell  my  people  their  duty,** 
he  observed  on  one  occtisi(m ;  '"  1  must . 
make  them  feel  interested  in  doing  it.** 

During  the  interval  between  his  conse- 
cration and  setting  out  for  his  charge. 
Bishop  Armstrong  prepared  for  the  press 
a  volume  of  sermons,  most  of  which  had 
been  preached  at  Tidenham.  They  were 
chieHy  of  a  practical  character,  and  exhibit 
a  deep  foeluig  of  pastoral  responsibility, 
and  an  earnest,  strong  desire  to  win  the 
souls  of  those  committed  to  his  care.  They 
are  dedicated  to  his  late  parishioners,  as  a 
memorial  of  his  afitn.'tion  for  them. 

Bp.  Annstrong  left  England  on  the 
22nd  of  July,  185-1',  accompanied  by  his 
wife  and  family,  and  landed  at  Algoa  Hay 
on  the  12th  of  October.  In  his  "Notes 
from  South  ^Vfrica,"  he  gives  an  amusing 
account  of  his  undignified  mode  of  landing 
and  subsequent  progress  up  the  country. 
He  reachwl  Grahamstown   Nov.  6,  vod 


1856.]  Obituary. — The  Bishop  of  Grahamsiown. 


879 


from  that  date  until  a  short  period  preced- 
ing his  decease,  his  daily  life  exhibited  one 
unceasing  round  of  laborious  duty.  In 
January,  1855,  the  Bishop  went  to  visit 
the  Chief  Umhalla :  their  first  night's 
trouble  he  thus  describes : — 

"  When  it  began  to  wax  towards  even- 
ing, we  drew  near  to  the  river  Koonap ; 
and  as  we  had  fully  reckoned  on  reaching 
the  inn  on  the  opposite  side,  and  had  made 
no  provision  for  a  night  in  the  bush,  we 
were  by  no  means  gratified  to  find  that 
the  river  had  risen,  and  that  our  muleteers 
dared  not  cross.  There  was  no  help  for 
it,  so  the  remains  of  our  luncheon,  which 
consisted  of  part  of  a  bottle  of  bad  porter, 
and  a  few  battered  and  shattered  cakes, 
with  no  soothing  cup  of  tea,  made  up  a 
very  poor  and  scanty  meal  for  the  tired 
and  hungry  travellers.  Nor  is  a  mule- 
waggon  a  very  8j)acious  bedroom  for  five. 
However,  we  crumpled  ourselves  up  as 
well  as  we  could;  and  after  an  uneasy 
night,  in  which  the  young  ones  were  mi- 
intentionally  kicking  and  bumping  each 
other,  we  gladly  saw  the  sun  rise,  and 
looked  anxiously  towards  the  river." 

Of  his  sagacity  and  judgment  some 
idea  may  be  formeti  from  the  following 
extract  from  a  letter  which  he  sent  home 
soon  after  his  arrival  in  the  colony  : — 

"  War  Ls  an  expensive  luxury.  England 
had  not  hmg  ago  a  severe  war  with  the 
Kafiirs,  which  cost  her  some  millions  of 
pounds  sterling.  She  has  now  on  hand  the 
great  war  with  Russia,  which  taxes  her 
power  to  the  utmost ;  and  to  indulge  in  a 
second  war  with  the  Kaflirs,  while  Sebas- 
topol  is  not  yet  taken,  she  wisely  considers 
to  be  hardly  prudent.  A  second  war  with 
these  valiant  Kaffirs  is  actually  impend- 
ing, however,  and  all  at  once  a  brilliant 
idea  strikes  the  new  Governor,  Sir  Oeorge 
Grey.  This  is,  that  mus.fions  are  nmch 
cheaper  than  marauding  expeditions, — that 
conversion  is  a  much  more  econoniical 
process  than  conquest.  Instead  of  order- 
ing out  regiments  and  armies  from  Eng- 
land, therefore,  at  the  expense  of  millions, 
he  has  appropriated  £30,000  or  £-40,000 
a-year  for  the  support  of  missionaries.  By 
comparing  the  respective  amounts,  it  will 
be  seen  that  this  change  of  policy  is  an 
extraordinarily  good  bargain  for  the  British 
government ;  and  we  earnestly  hope  that, 
from  motives  of  wise  political  economy, 
they  will  continue  to  put  this  newly-dis- 
covered principle  in  constant  practice. 
Cheaper  ?  Yes,  wonderfully  cheaper !  The 
only  unaccountable  thing  about  it  is,  that 
it  has  never  been  done  in  India,  and  in 
every  other  possession  of  the  British 
crowni.  It  would  have  saved  unknown 
millions  of  money, — let  alone  the  millions 


of  souUy — which  last  are  unknown  in  the 
calculations  of  political  economy.  Tlie 
great  increase  in  the  means  thus  at  his 
command  fills  the  heart  of  our  bishop 
there  with  hopeful  eagerness  and  anxiety 
for  more  men.  Forty  thousand  pounds  is 
a  small  sum  to  go  to  war  with,  but  it  is 
an  enormously  large  sum  for  a  poor 
colonial  bishop  to  have  at  his  command 
for  carrying  on  the  war  with  paganism. 
We  earnestly  trust  that  the  Church  at 
home  may  be  able  to  send  him  the  men" 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the 
last  letter  he  wrote  to  the  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel : — 

"  It  is  now  little  more  than  a  year  since, 
with  much  anxiety,  and  yet  I  must  say 
with  something  of  ardour  also,  I  laid  a 
plan  before  Sir  George  Grey,  our  Governor, 
by  which  I  committed  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land to  the  prompt  occupation  of  a  lai^e 
missionary  field.  I  undertook  to  plant 
missions,  pending  the  good-will  of  the 
chiefs,  in  Sandili's  country  and  in  Kreli's, 
and  among  the  Fingocs  at  Keiskamma 
Hoek,  and  among  the  Kaffirs  labouring  in 
this  city, — in  addition  to  a  promise  of  en- 
larging our  then  infant  operations  in  the 
territory  of  the  Cliief  Umhalla.  Such  pro- 
mises were  momentous;  and  in  making 
them  while  there  were  neither  missionaries 
nor  money  within  reach,  I  confess  tliat  I 
could  not  but  somewhat  tremble,  even 
though  I  believed  that  God  was  Himself 
calling  us  to  toil  for  the  conversion  of  the 
heathen  here ;  and  even  though  I  had  a 
strong  conviction  that  the  heart  of  the 
Church  of  England  would  at  last,  by  God's 
grace,  yearn  in  true  Christian  love  towards 
the  people  of  a  land  so  long  neglected  by 
her. 

"  Having  made  these  promises,  my  next 
step  was  personally  to  visit  the  chiefs ;  and 
this  visit,  marke<l  by  such  kind  greetings 
and  such  kind  offers  of  protection  to  mis- 
sionaries, filled  me,  I  confess,  with  hope 
and  joy. 

"  And  now  let  me  describe  our  condition 
in  the  actual  progress  that  has  been  made. 
First  of  all,  the  good  news  came  that  the 
Society  itself,  shewing  a  generous  ardour 
in  the  cause,  made  a  grant  of  £1,500. 
Next,  missionaries  8i)rang  up,  or  rather 
were  quickly  given  to  us,  and  went  forth 
gladly  into  the  wilderness.  I  have  just 
returned  from  visiting  three  out  of  the 
four  stations.  I<Hrst,  I  went  to  St.  Luke's, 
in  Umlialla'scoimtry. . .  I  found  Mr.  Green- 
stock  already  able  to  preach  with  ease  and 
animation  in  Kaffir,  llie  congregation 
was  considerable,  and  most  attentive.  The 
chief  himself,  when  not  prevented  by 
illness,  was  always  present,  and  he  en- 
couraged the  people  to  go.    The  natives. 


^80 


01 


Obituary. — The  Bishop  of  Grahamstotvn. 


[Sept. 


who  had  known  no  Sundays,  now,  for  some 
little  distance  round,  generally  respected 

the  day,  and  abstained  from  work I 

am  in  no  expectation  of  speedy  conver- 
sions; but,  looking  soberly  at  the  ease,  I 
left  the  station  with  feelings  of  thankful- 
ness to  God,  and  with  a  good  hope  of  a 
eoming  harvest,  even  though  the  *due 
time*  might  yet  be  far  off.  The  same 
mission-body  had  established  an  outpost 
in  a  thickly -peopled  district  some  ten 
miles  off." 

Of  an  equally  encouraging  nature  are 
the  details  he  gave  respecting  the  mis- 
sions at  Sandili's,  Kreli's,  and  at  Keis- 
kanmia  Hoek;  and  in  the  following  we 
observe  that  cheerful  hope  which  was  so 
prominent  a  feature  in  his  character : — 

"Thus  you  see  the  cause  we  have  for 
the  deepest  tliankfulness  to  God,  who  has 
blessed  us  so  wonderfully  during  the  past 
year.  We  may  well  go  on  our  way  re- 
joicing, when  we  find  that,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Kaffir  school  here  (which 
we  trust  is  just  al)out  to  conmience),  we 
have  been  enabled  to  fulfil  our  pledge,  and 
a  large  body  of  persons,  whether  clergy  or 
catechists,  whom  we  knew  not  of  when  the 
pledge  was  made,  are  now  actual  dwellers 
among  the  heathen.  The  Church  at  home, 
which  so  nobly  rej<p<mded  to  us,  may  well 
rejoice  with  us  over  her  timely  and  warm 
resjwnse. 

**Aud  now  for  the  future.  While  1 
shew  you  what  has  so  far  been  done,  I 
must  plainly  tell  you  that  I  am  learning 
day  by  day  the  vastness  of  the  work  com- 
mitted to  us,  and  the  need  of  immediate 
and  still  greater  eflbrts.  After  all,  we  are 
only  ploughing,  as  it  were,  a  few  acres, 
with  almost  a  whole  country  before  us. 

"  In  my  ride  from  St.  Luke*8  to  St. 
John's  1  passed  through  nmnlxerless  val- 
leys, ea<!h  with  its  Kaffir  kraal ;  and  I  saw 
one  large  kraal,  just  about  half-way,  which 
it  is  very  imj)ortant  we  should  fix  upon  as 
the  site  for  a  mission,  from  which  the  mis- 
sionary might  radiate.  It  is  a  great  matter 
to  have  these  links  in  our  work,  so  as  to 
have  one  system  in  operation,  extending, 
with  evident,  visible  unity,  from  point  to 
point. 

"  The  most  important  district,  however, 
is  that  of  the  Chief  Kreli.  WHiile  it  is  tlie 
most  remote,  it  is  also  by  far  the  most 
populous;  and  at  present  this  vast  tribe, 
spread  over  a  large  area,  has  no  mission 
whatever  except  our  own,  under  Mr. 
W^aters.  The  whole  country  is  0])en  to 
us,  we  are  not  near  any  other  religious 
body ;  wo  could  c*arry  on  a  great  work 
here,  in  our  own  Clmrch  way,  without  any 
interference  with  others,  and  without  bomg 
interfered    v/ith,—  without   any   jars   or 


clashings.  I  wish  that,  in  God's  name, 
a  noble  band  of  some  twenty  of  our 
brethren  would  offer  themselves  and  come 
out  together,  and  together  take  spiritual 
possession  of  this  country,  that  they  might 
with  many  voices  preach  the  saving  doc- 
trines of  the  Cross.  I  long  for  a  great 
work ; — *  The  Lord  gave  the  word,  great 
was  the  company  of  the  preachers.'  It  ib 
no  less  than  a  company  of  faithful  men, 
warmed  with  a  holy  love  for  souls,  that  I 
so  ardently  desire.  A.  passage  in  Mr.  Water** 
last  letter,  written  on  the  spot,  makes  a 
stronger  appeal  for  help  than  I  can  do : — 
*  I  have  promised  to  go  and  see  Ilingwi, 
the  Queen  of  the  Tambookies,  who  wishes 
to  liave  a  missionary  for  her  people.  What 
shall  I  say  ?  or  what  shall  I  do  ?  The 
mission-field  seems  boundless  —  the  skirts 
of  every  mountain  and  the  banks  of  every 
river  are  crowded  with  living  souls,  with- 
out any  one  to  pohit  the  way.' " 

But  we  have  not  space  to  follow  him  in 
his  joumeyings,  in  his  visits  to  unreclaim- 
ed sav^^,  nor  in  his  midnight  bivouacs, 
and  mid-day  toilings  under  a  burning  sun, 
— beneath  which  labours  he  at  last  suc- 
cumbed. 

He  had  been  suffering  more  or  less  from 
the  time  he  first  reached  the  colony,  from 
general  debiUty  and  irritability  of  stomach, 
as  well  as  from  a  pulmonary  complaint. 
His  latest  journey  into  the  interior  caused 
him  great  mental  and  physical  fatigue,  and 
the  jolting  of  the  waggon  produced  an 
efiect  similar  to  sea-sickness,  which  he  was 
not  able  to  shake  off  on  his  return.  He  con- 
tinued to  sufier  from  sickness  of  stomach, 
and  what  is  technically  termed  jitfrotU ; 
notwithstanding  which,  and  an  attack  of 
infiuenza  besides,  he  determined  to  deliver 
the  introductory  lecture  (*'0n  the  Lifts 
and  Poetry  of  Goldsmith")  at  the  Gni- 
hamstown  General  Institute, — an  institu- 
tion which  originated  with  himself,  and  in 
the  success  of  which  he  took  a  lively  in- 
terest. This  eflbrt,  however,  proved  too 
much  for  his  diminished  strength,  and  in 
a  few  days  small  six>t«  of  purpura  b^pui 
to  appear,  shewing  the  extremely  debili- 
tated state  of  his  constitution.  'This  very 
soon  assumed  the  highly  dangerous  form 
oi purpura  luBmorrkoffica,  in  which  copious 
bleeding  from  internal  mucous  membranes 
takes  place;  and  in  s\nie  of  every  ettbrt 
which  medical  skill  could  suggest  to  stay 
the  progress  of  the  disease,  the  ha;niorrhage 
was  not  checked  until  Thursday  morning. 
At  this  time,  other  favourable  symptoms 
arising,  hopes  began  to  be  entertained  that 
the  sufferer  might  yet  rally;  but,  alas! 
the  vital  lowers  had  been  too  much  ex- 
hausted,— ^fiiiuting  ensued  on  the  least  at- 
tempt at  exertion,  and  although  the  symp- 


1856.]  Obituary. — The  Bishop  of  Grahamstown. 


381 


toms  oontinnod  to  progress  favourably,  the 
slight  effort  of  cndcuvouring  to  nign  his 
name  to  a  paper  on  Friday  evening  led,  it 
is  supposed,  to  the  rupture  of  some  inter- 
nal vessel,  (not  an  uncommon  event,  as  we 
understand,  in  this  form  of  the  disease,) 
for  the  pen  suddenly  dropped  from  his 
hand,  he  gave  a  sudden  exclamation,  ac- 
companied by  a  motion  of  the  hand  to  his 
chest,  and  yielde<l  up  his  spirit  to  Him 
who  gave  it.  He  fell  asleep  in  perfect 
peace,  trusting,  with  the  simplicity  which 
BO  marked  his  Christian  character,  his 
widow  and  five  children  to  God  and  the 
Church  whom  he  served  so  faithfully. 

The  Rev.  Jolm  Hardie,  the  late  Bishop's 
chaplain,  thus  writes : — 

"  Chrahamstoi^n,  May  24,  1856. 

"  Rev.  and  dear  Sir, — It  is  my  painful 
duty  to  announce,  tlirough  you,  to  the 
venerable  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel,  the  death  of  our  beloved  Bishop, 
which  took  place  after  a  short  illness,  on 
the  IGth  of  this  month.  His  strength 
had  been  on  the  decline  for  some  montlis, 
but  his  zeal  would  allow  liira  no  rest ;  and 
I  have  reason  to  believe  that  the  fatigues 
and  anxieties  of  a  visit  to  the  missions  in 
Caffraria,  fi*om  which  he  had  just  returned, 
had  so  reduced  his  vital  powers,  that  they 
were  unable  to  cope  with  the  disease  {pur- 
pura h<tmorrh(i(/ica)  which,  after  a  short 
inter\'al,  attacked  him.  He  may  bo  truly 
said  to  have  died  in  the  harness  of  a  Chris- 
tian soldier.  It  was  my  privilege  to  minis- 
ter to  him  in  his  last  days  on  earth ;  and, 
in  the  midst  of  sorrow  tor  his  loss,  it  is  a 
comfort  to  be  able  to  l)ear  witness  to  his 
friends  at  home,  that,  as  his  life  had  been, 
such  was  his  end, — full  of  faith,  and  hoi)e, 
and  love.  After  he  had  made  his  peace 
with  Gotl,  and  sealed  it  by  the  reception 
of  the  Holv  Communion,  he  blessed  his 
wife  and  children  with  much  emotion. 
From  that  moment  nothing  disturbed  liim 
more.  A  few  hours,  entirely  free  from 
pain  and  troubleil  thoughts,  during  which 
he  frequently  joined  in  prayer,  wt*re  yet 
vouchsafed  to  him,  and  at  last  he  fell 
asleep,  almost  without  a  pang. 

"  To  us,  who  have  watched  the  course, 
short,  yet  already  fruitful,  of  his  a))ostolic 
labours  in  bouth  Africa,  the  loss  seems 
irreparable;  but  our  sight  is  too  short 
to  reach  the  issues  of  God's  counsels. 
Faith  teaches  us  that  His  work  has  not 
been  begun  by  His  servant  in  vain,  but 
that  other  labourers  will  be  raised  up  in 
succession  to  carry  it  on. 

"  May  they  bo  as  gentle,  and  pure,  and 
wise  as  he  who  has  been  thus  early  called 
to  his  reward ;  and  may  they  walk  in  his 
footsteps,  who  himself  strove  humbly  to 
follow  his  blessed  Lord's !" 


A  letter  on  the  same  mournful  subject 
has  since  been  received  from  the  Bishop 
of  Capetown,  and  has  arrived  only  just  in 
time  for  insertion : — 

"It  is  with  the  deepest  grief  that  I 
write  to  announce  to  you  that  last  night's 
post  brought  the  news  of  the  death  of  my 
dear  brother  the  Bishop  of  Grahamstown, 
after  a  short  illness.  He  died  in  the 
evening  of  Friday,  the  16th,  and  was  to 
be  buried  on  Monday.  I  uiclose  his 
chaplain's  short  and  hurried  note  to  me 
on  this  sad  occasion,  and  also  Sir  G.  Grey's 
khid  note.  With  him,  I  think  the  Bi- 
shop's death  not  only  one  of  the  greatest 
calamities  that  could  have  befallen  the 
Church  here,  but  a  heavy  loss  to  all  South 
Africa.  During  the  short  time  that  he 
has  been  amongst  us,  he  had  endeared 
himself  to  very  many,  and  won  the  re- 
spect and  confidence  of  his  diocese.  His 
many  gifts,  his  deep  and  fervent  piety, 
were  producing  a  great  impression  around 
him.  Over-work  and  over-anxiety  have, 
I  believe,  been  the  chief  causes  of  his 
death,  which,  from  all  I  gather  fVom 
those  around  him  at  the  time,  was 
hastened  by  the  misrepr^eutations  of  cer- 
t^n  persons,  not  in  his  dioc*ese,  but,  alas ! 
in  mine 

"No  one  will  succeed  or  give  satisfac- 
tion in  the  very  arduous  post  now  vacant, 
but  one  of  like  mind  with  the  late  Bishop, 
and  williug  to  walk  in  his  steps.  He  must 
be  a  sound  and  zealous  Churchman,  filled 
i^nth  a  missionary  spirit,  not  easily  daunted 
by  difficulties,  bold  and  prompt  in  his 
plans,  yet  with  sober  and  matured  judg- 
ment, not  afraid  of  incurring  responsi- 
bility, a  thorough  man  of  business,  and 
one  who  will  work  cordiallv  with  the  de- 
voted  set  of  men  alreadv  in  the  field." 

Governor  Sir  Geoi^e  Grey,  in  announc- 
ing their  Bisliop's  death  to  the  Secretary 
for  the  Colonies,  says : — 

"  The  deceased  prelate  had,  in  the  short 
time  during  which  he  filled  the  see  of 
Grahamstown,  rendered  the  most  important 
and  valuable  services  to  this  country.  Per- 
sonally, I  cannot  do  otherwise  than  deplore 
in  his  death  the  loss  of  a  wise  and  z<^ilou8 
friend,  and  of  a  most  devoted  assistant  in 
those  plans  which,  under  the  auspices  of 
her  Majestj''8  (rovemment,  were  being 
carried  out  in  this  country. 

"The  public  generally  will  lament  the 
death  of  one  who  had  already  done  so 
much  to  advance  the  interests  of  this 
country,  and  who  was  so  evidently  re- 
solveil  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  life  to 
the  task  of  promoting  the  moral  and 
spiritual  welfare  of  the  diocese  intrusted 
to  his  charge." 

The  Bishop's  death  was  made  known  by 


382 


Obituary. —  The  Bishop  of  Orahamstown, 


[Sept. 


the  tolling  of  the  church  hell ;  most  of  the 
tradesincn  kq)t  one  shutter  up  the  follow- 
ing (lay,  and  on  the  following  Monday,  the 
day  of  the  funeral,  which  was  at  the  puhlic 
expense,  all  the  shops  and  stores  were 
closed.  The  Lieut.-Govemor  and  all  the 
officials  attended  the  funeral,  each  one 
striving  to  shew  the  greatest  possihle  re- 
spect for  the  deceased.  Kight  clergymen 
in  their  surplices,  the  candidati's  for  ordi- 
nation, the  lx>y8  of  St.  Andrew's  Grammar- 
school,  founded  hy  the  late  Bishop,  joined 
the  procession  at  the  cathedral,  and  at  the 
cemetery  the  funeral  service  was  read  by 
the  Kev.  J.  Hardie.  The  following  is  ex- 
tract i*d  from  one  of  the  local  papers : — 

"The  cathwlral  was  ftlled  with  people 
of  all  ranks  and  denominations,  and  there 
was  sadness  visible  on  the  faces  of  all. 
The  stores  and  shops  were  closed  at  the 
hour  of  interment,  not  only  in  the  main 
streets  through  which  the  mournful  pro- 
cession passed,  but  in  other  parts  of  the 
city.  The  funeral  train  was  long,  embrac- 
ing nil  classes,  and  the  ministers  of  all  the 
Christian  churches.  The  road  leading  to 
the  graveyard  was  thronged  with  ladies, 
numbers  of  whom  were  in  deep  mouniing, 
anxious  to  i)ay  the  last  respet^t  to  the  de- 
parted. On  Simday  the  cathedral  was 
Inmg  with  black;  the  trw»ps  marched 
noiselessly  to  church,  the  bands  being 
silent;  and  touching  allusicms  were  made 
by  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Heavyside  and  Hankes 
in  their  sermons,  morning  and  evening,  to 
the  amiable  character,  the  virtues,  the 
good  works,  and  Christian  lal)Ours  of  him 
for  whom  thev  mourned.  No  invitations 
were  issued  to  the  funeral — the  time  fixed 
was  simply  announced ;  and  if  the  deej)  and 
general  sorrow  of  a  whole  community  can 
aff()rd  any  alleviation  of  the  grief  of  the 
bereaved,  this  consolati<m  will  Ikj  theirs. 
'I'he  coffin  was  i)lain,  and  upon  it  were  in- 
scribed the  words — •  Jobn,  first  Bishop  of 
(inibamstown,  aged  tbrty-two  years,  de- 
jiarted  this  life  on  the  16th  of  May, 
185()."' 

Thus  died,  in  his  forty-tliird  year,  one 
of  the  best  and  noblest  of  men.  In  com- 
mon with  many  others,  we  hoped  his  use- 
ftil  life  might  be  spared  for  many  years  to 
come;  but  when  we  look  back  upon  his 
career,  w(;  see  more  deeds  of  usefulness,  of 
love,  of  benevolence,  than  most  of  us  may 
hope  to  accxjmplish  in  the  full  period  of 
threescore  years  and  ten,  or  even  if  we 
should  be  spared  to  see  fourscore.  He  was 
indeed  a  burning  and  a  shining  light. 

Tlie  following  extract  from  the  Wesleyan 
paper,  tbe  "Journal,"  expresses  the  feel- 
ings of  that  Ixxly  towards  the  late  \Vi- 
shop : — 


"  We  aimounce  with  intense  sorrow  the 
death  of  Mr.  Armstrong,  the  Lord-Bishop 
of  Grahamstown,  at  his  residence  on  West 
Hill,  laftt  evening,  at  eight  o'clock.  A 
gloom  has  by  this  sad  event  been  cast 
upon  the  whole  community,  and  a  very 
general  feeling  of  heartfelt  s^TnjMithy  and 
sorrow  is  expressed  by  members  of  every 
denomination  with  the  bereaved  family 
and  Church  which  are  more  immediately 
affected  by  his  liOrdship's  decease.  It  is, 
however,  a  public  loss,  and  will  be  felt  as 
such  by  the  whole  province.  No  one  who 
has  witnessed  the  late  Bishop's  energy  in 
promoting  the  moral,  religious,  and  intel- 
lectual happiness  of  all  classes  of  the  pt  o- 
pie  ;  his  deep  anxiety  to  afford  wholesome 
instruction  and  amusement  to  the  working 
classes,  for  whose  lienefit  he  exercised 
more  than  ordinary  powers ;  his  efforts  to 
create  a  literary  taste  and  infuse  new  life 
and  vigour  in  these  respects  into  the  com- 
munity, will  for  a  moment  refuse  the 
highest  admiration  and  praise  to  his 
efforts — which  have  indeed  been  the  means, 
to  a  large  extent,  of  creating  and  fostcrinf^ 
a  thirst  for  pleasures  which  a  short  time 
ago  did  not  so  genendly  exist.  In  the 
Church  which  his  Ivortlship  governed  his 
lal)Ours  were  untiring,  and  the  rapid  strides 
it  has  taken  since  liis  arrival,  which  was 
only  eighteen  months  ago,  sulMciently  indi- 
cate the  prodigious  efforts  made  to  comply 
with  the  demands  of  the  peoi)le,  and  snj)- 
l)ly  the  wants  of  the  colony.  We  shall 
refer  to  the  subject  next  week.  ITie  fune- 
ral takes  ))lace  on  Monday  afternoon,  at 
three  o'clock,  and  we  are  convinced  that 
every  inhabitant  will  pay  the  last  tribute 
<  r  respect  to  the  remains  of  a  holy  and 
\ (.nerable  prelate  and  an  amiable  and  ac- 
com])lished  citizen." 

Tlie  Roman  Catholic  "Colonist"  also, 
"with  feelings  of  deep  and  unfeigned 
regret,"  announces  the  demise  of  "this 
great  and  go(Ml  man." 

It  remains  but  to  be  stated  that  the 
Bishop  lc»st  one  child  soon  after  his  arrival 
at  the  Cape,  and  that  he  has  left  but  a 
very  slender  provision  for  his  widow  and 
five  children.  They  have  no  1(^1  claim 
ujxm  the  colonial  or  home  government, 
but  they  have  a  moral  claim  upon  the 
sympathies  and  u})ou  the  pnises  of  all 
Churchmen,  and  we  trust  that  ample  pro- 
vision will  l)e  made  fi)r  their  comfortable 
supiK)rt. — Literary  Churchman, 


Sir  John  Mitxey  Dotle,  K.C.B. 

Auqujrf  9. — Almost  suddenly,  at  his  re- 
sidence in  the  Ix)wer  Ward,  Windsor 
Castle,  Sir  John  Milley  Doyle,  K.C.B., 
aged  75. 


1856.]  Obituary.— Sir  John  Milley  Doyle,  K.C.B. 


383 


Sir  John  entered  the  army  as  comet  in 
179^i,  and  served  in  the  Egyptian  cam- 
paign of  1801,  under  the  illustrious  Aber- 
cronibie.  He  was  present  at  the  various 
actions  of  the  8th,  13th,  and  21st  of 
March,  the  capture  of  Grand  Cairo  and 
Alexandria,  and  the  other  operations  of 
tliat  campaign.  He  afterwards  served  in 
the  Peninsula  from  February,  1809,  to  the 
end  of  that  war  in  1814,— first  in  com- 
mand of  a  regiment,  and  sulwequontly  a 
brigade  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington; 
he  was  present  at  the  action  of  (trijon, 
passage  of  the  Douro,  i\ientes  d'Onor, 
first  siege  of  Badajoz,  siege  and  assault  of 
Ciudad  llodrigo,  the  battles  of  Vittoria, 
the  Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  and  others. 

Sir  John  received  a  medal  for  his  ser- 
vices in  Kgypt,  and  a  cross  and  one  clasp 
for  Fuentes"^  d'Onor,  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Vit- 
toria, the  Pyrenees,  and  others;  and  was 
elected  a  military  member  of  the  Imperial 
Ottoman  Order  of  the  Crescent,  21st  of 
March,  1801;  a  Military  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Most  Ancient  Order  of  the 
Tower  and  Sword  of  Portugal,  12th  of 
March,  1812;  a  Military  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Most  Honourable  Order  of 
the  Bath,  2nd  of  Jan.,  1815;  and  a  MiU- 
tary  Knight  of  the  Spanish  Order  of  St. 
Ferdinand,  2l8t  of  April,  1821 ;  and  repre- 
8ent<Hi  the  county  of  Carlow  in  parliament 
in  1831-2. 

In  June,  1823,  Sir  John  chartered  a 
*/^a;»-ve8sel,  the  Koyal  CJcorge,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Lisbon,  where  he  received  the 
king's  (Don  John  the  Sixth)  directions 
that  he  should  iuniiediafely  repair  to 
court.  His  Majesty  then  recjuested  to 
know  whether  Sir  John  would  venture  to 
deliver  to  the  princesses,  his  daughters, 
then  in  the  besieged  town  of  Cadiz,  letters 
from  him  and  the  queen,  and  also  to  con- 
vey their  royal  highnesses  and  Don  Se- 
bastian to  Lislwii,  if  they  were  desirous  of 
accompanying  him — to  which  he  willingly 
assented.  The  king  then  read  to  Sir  John 
the  letters  he  had  written,  in  order  that 
he  might  communicate  the  contents  to  the 
princesses,  if  he  should  eventually  be  ob- 
liged to  destroy  the  de8i)atches. 

Thirty-six  hours  after  this  interview  he 
delivered  the  letters  into  the  hands  of  the 
princesses,  who  received  them  with  grate- 
ful feelings,  and,  after  a  delay  of  eight 
days,  they  gave  him  their  despatches,  but 
were  obliged  to  decline  returning  to  Lis- 
Ixm,  as  they  were  not  permitted  to  take 
Don  Sebastian  with  them.  His  majesty 
was  unbounded  in  his  expressions  of  grati- 
tude, and  fonvarded  him  a  letter,  of  which 
the  following  is  a  translation : — 
"  Sir  Jouk  Millet  Dotlk, 
"I,  the  king,  send  yoo  greeting,  desirous  of 


giving  you  an  additional  proof  of  the  esteem  and 
conflideration  in  which  I  hold  you,  and  which 
you  merit  from  me,  as  well  for  the  services  you 
have  rendered  in  my  army,  where  you  held  the 
rank  of  colonel,  as  for  many  other  particular  mo- 
tives wliich  I  have  present  in  my  mind,  I  deem  it 
just  to  promote  you  to  the  rank  of  Honorary 
Knight  Commander  of  my  Koyal  Military  Order 
of  the  Tower  and  Sword,  of  which  you  are 
already  a  knijtht ;  and  that  you  may  so  under- 
stand it,  and  he  authorised  to  wear  the  insignia 
pertaining  to  knights  commanders  of  the  said 
order,  I  send  you  these  presents ;  and  may  our 
Lord  preserve  you  in  Ilis  holv  guidance. 

* "  Hy  the  King. 

"  f Countersigned),     I)* Almeida  De  Lacerda. 

"  Given  at  the  Palace  of  Alfeite,  near  Lisbon, 
Feb.  17,  1825." 

Sir  John  endured  a  long  and  painful 
imprisonment  in  Portugal  at  the  hands  of 
the  Miguelite  government,  from  his  known 
attachment  to  the  cause  of  Don  Pedro, 
and  from  his  having  afforded  protection 
to  a  great  many  Portuguese,  by  assisting 
them  with  pecuniary  and  other  means  to 
effect  their  escape  from  the  kingdom, 
whence  he  himself  returned  to  London  in 
1828. 

In  1832,  while  Sir  John  was  in  parlia- 
ment, he  was  requested  by  his  late  Majesty 
Don  Pedro  to  join  the  liberating  army  at 
Oporto  :  Sir  John  consented,  and  was  im- 
mediately afterwards  gazetted  a  Mtigor- 
general  in  the  Portuguese  service,  and 
aide-de-camp  to  his  imiwrial  Majesty.  From 
this  day  his  fortunes  seem  to  have  de- 
clined. His  case,  and  the  ingratitude  he 
experienced  from  the  Portuguese  govern- 
ment, were  so  ably  laid  before  the  House 
of  Lords  by  the  Duke  of  Richmond  on  the 
5th  of  March,  1846,  that  a  brief  notice 
will  suffice  to  shew  the  hardship  under 
which  he  laboured. 

As  already  stated,  Su*  John  entered  the 
Liberating  Army  in  1832,  and  was  ap- 
pointed aide-de-camp  to  the  Regent  Don 
Pcilro,  who  was  then  making  an  attempt 
to  restore  to  the  throne  his  daughter 
Donna  Maria,  the  late  queen  of  Por- 
tugal. It  should  be  here  observed  that 
Admiral  Sartorius  had  previously  entered 
into  a  contract  with  the  Portuguese 
Regency,  that  all  British  officers  and 
privates  should  be  paid  according  to  the 
British  regulations  of  their  respective 
ranks.  In  consequence  of  the  failure  of 
funds.  Sir  John  Doyle  and  all  others 
consented  to  receive  Portuguese  pay  up 
to  the  time  when  the  army  should  arrive 
at  Lisbon,  then  to  be  reimbursed  the 
difference  between  that  and  British  pay. 
It  may  be  as  well  to  remark  that  at 
the  time  they  so  consented,  the  British 
officers,  without  distinction  of  rank,  only 
received  £2  10s.  per  month,  which  was 
most  irregularly  paid.  The  Liberating 
Army  took  Lisbon  in  1833,  and  the  war 
terminated    in    May,  ISak    When   Sir 


384     Obituary.— iSir  John  Milley  Doyie.—Dr.  Buckland,     [Sept. 


Jolin  applied  for  the  arrears  of  pay,  ac- 
cording to  the  contract,  he  was  told  he 
should  be  settled  x^nth  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  other  British  officers, — only, 
however,  on  condition  of  resigning  his 
commission  in  the  Portuguese  service, 
which  entitled  him  to  the  rank  and  pay 
of  a  Lieutenant-general  for  life.  In  order 
to  obtain  an  immediate  settlement,  Sir 
John  complied,  and  received  a  sum  of 
money  fur  short  of  the  amount  due; 
and  to  obtain  even  this  simi,  he  was 
compelled,  under  a  threat  of  getting 
nothing,  to  give  a  receipt  in  full.  Every 
other  officer  was  similarly  coerced,  and 
gave  similar  receipts  in  Lisbon;  but  the 
case  was  so  flagrantly  one  of  opi)reR8ion, 
that  the  British  government  interposed, 
and  the  result  was  that  a  mixed  com- 
mission was  appointed  to  sit  in  London 
for  the  adjustment  of  the  claims  of  Sir 
John  and  the  other  officers.  This  com- 
mission recognised  and  caused  to  be  paid 
every  claim  with  the  exception  of  that 
of  Sir  John,  luid  it  can  only  be  supposed 
that  they  refused  his  because  he  was  the 
main  cause  of  the  commission  having  been 
appointed  in  London,  which  resulted  in 
obliging  the  Portuguese  government  to 
pay  the  Briti«h  auxiliaries  £160,000, 
which  they  had  j)reviously  denied  owing. 
Sir  John  therefore  petitioned  the  House 
of  Lords  that  his  claim  might  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  law-officers  of  the  crown : 
it  was  supported  by  Lords  Brougham 
and  Cottenham,  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
I^rd  Howard  de  Walden,  &c. ;  but  up 
to  the  diiy  of  his  death  he  never  received 
the  rcniress  he  latterly  so  much  needed. 

Sir  John  was  ap])ointed  a  Military 
Knight  of  Windsor  in  July,  1853,  and 
shortly  afterwards  received  an  appoint- 
ment as  Serjeant-at-Arms  to  her  Majesty : 
his  last  aj)j)earance  in  public  in  this  latter 
capacity  was  at  the  re(?ent  proclamation 
of  |>eacc  by  the  Karl-Marshal  in  London. 
He  had  been  honoured  by  her  Majesty 
and  Prince  Albert  with  many  marks  of 
their  roval  condescension  after  his  resi- 
dence  at  Windsor,  and  had  gained  the 
love  and  resjHJct  of  all  who  had  the  plea- 
sure of  knowing  him.  Sir  John  has  left 
an  aged  sister  to  deplore  his  loss. 

He  was  interred  on  the  (Jreen,  on  the 
south  side  of  St.  (ii(»oi^e's  Chapel,  on  Wed- 
nesday, August  13.  His  funeral  was  strictly 
private ;  he  was  followed  to  the  grave  by 
a  few  of  his  immediate  friends;  his  bro- 
ther Knights,  by  whom  he  was  most  justly 
and  deservedly  resi)ected,  also  attended  to 
pay  the  last  sad  tribute  of  esteem  to  their 


trallant  comrade. 


15 


G.  T. 


Db.  Buckland,  Dkaw  op  Wbstminsteb. 

August  14.  At  Clapham,  where  he  had 
been  placed  in  confinement  for  some  years, 
aged  72,  the  Very  Rev.  Wm.  Buckland, 
D.l).,  Dean  of  Westminster,  and  Rector  of 
Islip,  Oxon.  Dr.  Buckland  was  bom  at  Ax- 
minster,  in  Devon,  in  the  year  1784.  He 
received  his  early  education  at  Winchester, 
and  in  1801  obtained  a  scholarship  in 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  He  took 
his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1803,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  his  college  m  1808. 
At  this  time  Oxford  was  the  most  un- 
promising school  in  the  world  for  natural 
science.  Nevertheless  there  were  chairs 
of  Botany,  Chemistry,  and  Mineralogy,  to 
indicate  to  the  student  that  all  human 
wisdom  was  not  bound  up  in  claarics  and 
mathematics.  The  tastes  of  young  Buck- 
land  led  him  to  the  study  of  mineralogy, 
and  in  1813  we  find  him  appointed  to  the 
Readership  of  Mineralogy,  and  in  1818  to 
the  Readership  of  Geology.  In  these 
positions  he  succeeded  in  attracting  at- 
tention to  the  departments  of  physical 
science  which  he  taught.  But  as  he  ex- 
cited interest  he  excited  opposition,  and 
every  onward  step  that  he  made  towards 
giving  the  science  of  geology  a  position  in 
the  University,  raise<l  an  opponent  to  its 
claims.  Through  his  long  life  he  had  to 
flght  for  his  science  in  his  Alma  Mater. 
But  he  gained  the  victory, — and  Strick* 
land  and  Phillips,  his  successors,  have  ob- 
tained a  universal  recognition  of  the  value 
and  importance  of  their  teachings. 

In  18:20  Dr.  Buckland  delivered  a  lec- 
ture before  the  University  of  Oxford,  which 
was  afterwards  published  under  the  title 
of  "  Vindici^B  GeohgiccB ;  or,  the  Con- 
nexion of  Religion  with  Geology  expUun- 
ed."  In  this  work  he  shewed  that  there 
could  Ikj  no  opposition  Initween  the  works 
and  the  Word  of  (lod,  and  that  the  influ- 
ence of  the  study  of  natiural  science,  so  far 
from  leading  to  atheism  and  irreligion, 
necessarily  le<i  to  the  recognition  of  God 
and  to  his  worship.  At  this  time,  how- 
ever, Dr.  Buckland  still  adhered  to  the  old 
liy7K)thesis  of  the  universality  of  the  de- 
luge. He,  however,  became  convinced  of 
the  untenability  of  this  position,  and  in 
his  Bridgewater  Treatise,  published  in 
1836,  entitled  "Geology  and  Mineralogy 
considered  with  reference  to  Natural  Theo- 
l*^J?y»''  we  find  him  adopting  the  views  of 
Lyell  and  others. 

Dr.  Buckland's  name  will  be  ever  asso* 
ciated  in  this  country'  with  his  discoreries 
of  the  remains  of  animals  in  the  eaves  of 
Kirkdale,  and  other  iiarts  of  England. 
Of  these  discoveries  he  first  gave  an  acoount 
in  the  Philosophical  Transaetiont,  in  a 
paper  entitled  "  Account  of  an  Assemldiige 


1856.]      Obituary. — Dr.  Bucklandy  Dean  of  Westminster.         385 


of  Fossil  Teeth  and  Bones  of  Elephant, 
Rhinoceros,  Hippopotamus,  Bear,  Tiger, 
and  Hysena,  and  Sixteen  other  Animals, 
discovered  in  a  Cave  at  Kirkdale,  York- 
shire, in  the  year  1821."  These  dis- 
coveries and  others  served  as  a  hasis  for  a 
work  published  in  1823,  entitled  *'  Beii- 
qui€B  IHluviance ;  or,  Observations  on  the 
Organic  Remains  attesting  the  Action  of 
an  Universal  Deluge."  Although  the  oc- 
currence of  these  remains  are  now  ac- 
counted for  on  a  different  theorv,  the 
great  value  of  this  work  remains,  as  a 
record  of  the  first  discovery  of  the  remains 
of  animals  of  which  most  have  since  dis- 
appeared from  tliis  part  of  the  world,  and 
thus  revealing  the  nature  of  the  animal 
inhabitants  of  Great  Britain  previous  to 
the  arrival  of  man.  In  addition  to  the 
above  account  of  the  bones  of  animals 
found  in  caves  in  Great  Britain,  Dr.  Buck- 
land  described  many  from  the  Continent ; 
as  the  bones  of  hyajnas  found  in  the  cavern 
of  Lemel,  near  Montpellier,  and  the  bones 
of  bears  found  in  the  Grotto  of  Osselles, 
or  Luingey,  near  Besancjon. 

His  contributions  to  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Geological  Societg  were  very  nume- 
rous, and  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Bib- 
Uographia  Oeologice  et  Zoologice,  pub- 
lished by  the  Ray  Society  in  1848,  we  find 
references  to  sixty-one  clistinct  works  and 
memoirs.  Dr.  Buckland's  social  habits 
often  led  him  to  work  with  others.  Thus 
we  find  him  early  in  his  career  working 
out  the  south-westeni  coal  district  of  Gay- 
land  in  company  witli  liis  friend  Cony- 
beare.  In  conjunction  with  the  same  dis- 
tinguished geologist,  he  published  "  Sec- 
tional Views  of  the  North- East  Coast  of 
Ireland,"  and  "  IlUistrations  of  the  Land- 
slip on  the  Coast  of  Devonsliire."  With 
the  late  Sir  H.  de  la  Beche,  he  published 
a  paper  in  the  Tvansactioiht  of  the  Geo- 
logical Socipfy  "  On  the  Geology  of  the 
Neighbourhood  of  Weymouth."  In  c'>n- 
junction  with  the  late  Mr.  Greenoup^h,  he 
published  a  paper  on  "  Vitreous  Tribes  in 
Sand-hills,  near  Dirg,  in  Cuml)erland." 
With  Mr.  Sykes,  a  pai)eron  tlie  interior  of 
the  dens  of  living  hya?nas.  His  papers 
generally  display  great  powers  of  observa- 
tion, with  unwearied  industry ;  and  many 
of  the  general  conclusions  arrived  at  by  the 
author  have  now  become  part  and  parcel 
of  the  great  laws  of  geological  science. 

In  1825  Dr.  Buckland  accepted  from 
his  college  the  living  of  Stoke  Charity, 
near  Whitchurch,  Hants ;  in  the  same  year 
he  was  promoted  to  a  Canonry  in  the  Ca- 
thedral of  Christ  CTiurch,  and  married 
Miss  Mary  Morland,  of  Abingdon.  In 
1818  he  had  been  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society ;  and  in  1829  he  was  chosen 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


a  member  of  the  council  of  that  body,  and 
was  re-elected  on  each  successive  occasion 
till  his  illness  in  1849.  In  1813  he  be- 
came a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society, 
and  was  twice  elected  President  of  that 
body.  He  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
foundation  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  was  one 
of  those  who  took  the  bold  step  of  inviting 
this  body  to  hold  its  second  meeting  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.  On  this  occasion  he 
was  President  of  the  Association.  From 
that  time  to  1848  he  was  constantly  pre- 
sent at  the  meetings  of  the  body,  and  read 
many  of  his  papers  before  them. 

In  1847  Dr.  Buckland  was  appointed  a 
Trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  development  of  that 
department  more  especially  devoted  to 
Geol(^  and  Palaeontology.  He  also  se- 
conded, to  the  utmost  of  his  power,  the 
eftbrts  of  Sir  Henry  de  la  Beche  to  esta- 
blish the  Museum  of  Economic  Geology, 
which  is  now,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Government  Geological  Survey,  working  so 
successfully  in  Jermyn -street  as  the  School 
of  Mines.  In  1845  Dr.  Buckland  received, 
at  the  hands  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  the  Dean- 
ery of  Westminster,  vacated  by  the  pre- 
sent Bishop  of  Oxford.  This  brought  him 
to  reside  in  London,  where  he  immediately 
t(X)k  a  lively  interest  in  all  questions  in- 
volving social  amelioration.  He  exerted 
himself  to  gain  a  more  free  admission  for 
the  public  to  the  monuments  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  He  joined  the  ranks  of 
sanitary  reformers,  and  brouj^ht  his  great 
knowledge  of  geology  to  bear  on  the  ques- 
tions of  water  supply,  sewerage,  and  other 
health  questions.  Dr.  Buckland  seems  not 
to  have  devoted  himself  to  questions  of 
technical  theology.  His  views  on  this  sub- 
ject are  chiefly  contained  in  the  "  Bridge- 
water  Treatise"  and  the  VindicicB,  Amongst 
the  list  of  published  works  we  find  one 
sermon,  and  that  devoted  to  the  subject  of 
death  :  it  was  published  at  Oxford  in  1839. 
— AtheiKBum. 


The  Ret.  Samuel  James  Allen. 

April  29,  1856.  Aged  58,  the  Rev. 
Samuel  James  Allen,  M.A.,  upwards  of  six- 
teen years  Vicar  of  Kasingwold,  Yorkshire. 

He  was  deservedly  beloved  and  re- 
spei'ted  in  his  parish  and  neighlwurhood ; 
and  the  friends  who  knew  him  best  valued 
him  the  most  highly.  As  a  sound  divine, 
a  learned  antiquary,  and  a  conscientious 
pastor  of  his  flock,  he  was  conspicuous 
amongst  those  who  were  qualified  to  judge 
of  character  and  attainments.  But  it  was 
in  the  domestic  relations  of  life  that  he 
afforded  the  most  useful  example.  His 
younger  brother,  the  Rev. E.Allen,  writing 

3d 


386 


Obituary. — Jtev.  Samuel  Janies  Allen. 


[Sept. 


of  him,   says,   "  My  recollections  of  him 
from  childhood  are  almost  reverential," 

Samuel  James  Allen  was  bom  in  the 
eastern  part  of  London,  near  the  ancient 
church  of  St.  Katherine,  by  the  Tower, 
before  that  venerable  church  was  removed 
to  make  way  for  the  St.  Katherhie's  Docks. 
He  was  the  eldest  of  a  large  family ;  four 
brothers,  including  the  subject  of  this  bio- 
graphical notice,  having  been  educated  for 
the  ministry.  Their  father,  in  active  busi- 
ness, was  a  man  of  sincere  and  unaffected 
piety,  and  strong  common  sense,  who,  with 
moderate  means,  deemed  tlie  outlay  on  his 
children's  education  a  good  and  solid  in- 
vestment. Samuel  was  placed  young  at 
Merchant  Taylors*  School,  where  he  re- 
ceived for  some  years  the  classical  instruc- 
tion which  (and  which  alone  in  his  school- 
days) the  place  afforded.  Being  superannu- 
ated, that  is,  having  reached  St.  Barnabas' 
Day,  1816,  after  he  was  eighteen  years  old, 
without  any  Merchant  Taylors*  fellowship 
awaiting  him  at  Oxford,  he  accepted,  hi 
the  autumn  of  that  year,  at  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge,  one  of  the  exhibitions 
attached  to  Merchant  Taylors*  School. 
At  college,  he  was  rather  kiio^Ti  among 
his  friends  as  a  devoted  antiquary,  and  a 
ready  poet,  than  as  a  lover  of  mathematics, 
which,  in  his  time,  (witli  the  few  ex- 
ceptions of  great  University  prizes  in 
classics,)  offered  the  almost  only  road  to 
academical  honour  and  distinction  at  Cam- 
bridge. But,  though  unsuited  by  natural 
tastes,  and  the  bent  of  previous  studies,  to 
relish  the  peculiar  pursuits  of  the  spot,  Mr. 
Allen  was  never  an  idle  student.  Often 
has  the  writer  of  this  short  memoir  seen 
him  at  midnight, 

"  Pale  o'er  his  lamp,  and  in  his  coll  retired," 

poring  over,  and  that  not  uselessly,  ancient 
manuscripts,  or  printed  collections  of  ge- 
nealogy and  topography.  Indeed,  before 
■ettling  at  Cambridge,  his  literary  merits 
and  congenial  views  had  attracted  the  notice 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Dunham  Whitiker, 
the  eminent  historian  of  Whalley,  Craven, 
Richmondshire,  &c.,  respecting  whom  the 
Editor  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
Feb.  7,  1822,  justly  said,  "The  king  has 
not  living  a  more  true  and  loyal  subject, 
the  Church  a  more  useful  Minister,  or  the 
literary  world  a  more  distinguished  orna- 
ment." 

That  admirable  person  always  shewed 
great  confidcncre  in  the  accuracy  and  in- 
telligence of  Mr.  Allen,  who  materially 
assisted  him  in  some  of  the  elalK)rate 
works  which  are  now  so  highly  esteemed, 
and  so  frequently  consulted.  It  may  bo 
interesting  to  some  readers  to  know  that, 
in  consequence  of  the  suspension  of  Dr. 
Whitaker*8  labours  by  paralysis,  and  his 


lamented  death,  Mr.  Allen  was  engaged 
by  the  publishers  of  the  history  of  Rich- 
mondshire to  complete  that  history,  and 
that  some  of  the  chapters  of  it  were  en- 
tirely  written  by  him.  It  may  also  be 
mentioned  that  he  has  left  a  large  col- 
lection of  MSS.  relating  to  the  antiqui- 
ties of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire. 

His  powers  of  poetry  were  considerable. 
When  a  young  man  at  college,  he  was 
deeply  moved,  in  common  with  all  per- 
sons of  good  and  loyal  feeling,  by  the 
premature  and  melancholy  death  of  the 
Princess  Charlotte.  In  him  this  feeling 
was  expressed  in  some  beautiful  stanzas, 
composed  on  the  evening  of  November 
the  19th,  1817,  on  the  occasion  of  her 
funeral.  His  later  efforts  in  verse  were, 
many  of  them,  excellent,  and  were  marked 
with  tliat  religious  tone  and  bearing  which 
well  became  the  compontions  of  a  clergy- 
man. But  he  was  never  so  utuated  as  to 
be  enabled  to  venture  on  the  publication 
of  his  poems,  even  if  he  had  estimated 
them  as  highly  as  they  deserved.  He 
took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1820,  and  of 
M.A.  in  1824.  Not  long  after  taking 
orders,  he  was  presented  to  the  perpe- 
tual curacy  of  Salesbury,  near  Blackburn, 
and  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Lord  de 
Tabley.  In  the  year  1833  he  was  ap- 
pointed preacher  before  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  On  the  Sundays  in  January, 
183  i,  he  delivered  in  St.  Mary's  some  clear 
and  sensible  sermons  on  the  Church,  which 
were  afterwards  printed  in  an  8vo.  volume, 
under  the  title  of  "  Lectures  in  Defence 
of  the  Church  of  England,  as  a  National 
and  Spiritual  Institution."  In  him  the 
Church  found  a  true  and  dutiful  son,  and 
a  wise  and  discreet  defender. 

Whilst  engaged  as  a  parochial  minister 
at  Salesbury,  in  Lancashire,  and  subse- 
quently nt  Burnley,  as  master  of  the  Free 
School  there,  as  well  as,  last  of  all,  at 
Easingwold,  near  York,  he  was  from  time 
to  time,  on  repeated  occasions,  appealed 
to  by  his  bretliren  among  the  clergy  to 
advocate  the  objects  of  useful  charities 
from  the  pulpit,  and  to  support  the  cause 
of  the  several  societies  in  connexion  with 
the  Church,  lliis  kind  of  aid  he  was 
always  ready  and  willing  to  render  to  the 
best  of  his  power;  and  some  of  his  ser- 
mons preached  for  these  charities  were 
printed,  and  (circulated  widely. 

Among  his  publications  were  —  "The 
Claim  of  God's  House  on  the  Affections," — 
On  laying  the  first  stone  of  a  Church  at 
Burnley,  .June  2\,  183k  "  What  does  the 
Church  for  the  People  ?"— Visitetion  Ser- 
mon,  Blackburn,  July  7,  1834.  "The 
Christian's  Duty  in  times  of  Natioiial  De- 
generacy,"— Society  for  the  Propagmtkm 
of  the  Gospel,  Whallev,  June  ^  1880. 


]  856.] 


Rev.  Samud  James  Allen. — Madame  Vestris. 


387 


"  Our  Lord's  Prayer  for  Unity," — Viaita- 
tion  Sermon,  Thirsk,  July  29, 1841. 

Tlie  present  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
when  Bishop  of  Chester,  conferred  the 
living  of  Easingwold  on  Mr.  Allen,  in 
consideration  of  his  learning  and  piety, 
and  the  high  estiuiation  in  which  he  was 
held  in  the  diocese. 

His  epistolary  style  was  singularly  feli- 
citons.  It  would  be  well,  in  many  in- 
stances, if  the  correspondents  of  such  a 
man  were,  by  common  consent,  to  preserve 
his  letters,  and,  marking  out  the  private 
portions  of  the  several  communications, 
n-fer  the  literary  treasure  to  his  sur- 
viving relatives  and  friends,  for  their 
discretion,  with  a  view  to  pubUcation.  Of 
course,  much  delicacy  and  judgment  would 
be  demanded  in  the  exercise  of  such  a 
privilege:  but  a  single  sheet  of  paper  well 
filled  by  a  masterly  pen  often  contains  so 
much  concentrated  wisdom,  and  is  so  pro- 
fitable in  the  reading,  as  to  make  it  a  thou- 
sand pities  that  it  should  remain  concealed 
in  a  writing-desk,  or  be  entirely  lost.  As 
a  proof  of  the  value  attached  to  Mr.  Allen*s 
correspondence,  it  may  be  stated,  that  a 
friend  now  living,  who  applied  to  him  for 
counsel  and  advice  on  an  important  sub- 
ject, considered  his  letters  so  valuable  as  to 
liave  tliem,  with  the  writer's  permission, 
printed  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  others. 

Mr.  Allen  had  been  suflering  from  paraly- 
sis for  two  years  previous  to  his  death.  The 
first  attack  was  a  very  severe  one ;  and  his 
life  was  despaired  of  for  some  time;  but 
he  afterwards  rallied,  and  was  enabled  to 
enjoy  society  and  exercise,  and  to  attend 
the  services  of  tlie  Cliurch.  One  striking 
feature  of  his  character  was  his  great  afiec- 
tion  for  the  house  of  Gwl.  He  was  never 
absent,  at  the  stated  times  of  divine  ser- 
vice, unless  by  absolute  necessity ;  and  this 
feeling  grew  more  intense  as  his  infirmities 
increased  On  the  day  before  the  last 
fatsil  seizure,  he  had  walked  to  and  from 
church.  An  extract  from  a  letter  to  his 
brother,  written  a  few  days  previous  to 
th's  attack,  will  shew  his  habitual  frame 
of  mind.  Referring  to  the  sad  event  of 
the  death  of  his  brother,  the  Rev.  Isaac 
K.  Allen,  a  chaplain  in  India,  he  said, — 
"  Wednesday,  April  23,  will  be  the  anni- 
versary of  Isaac's  day  of  departure.  How 
insignificant  do  all  intervening  events  ap- 
pear, in  comparison  with  the  close  of  the 
race,  and  arrival  at  the  wished-for  goal ! 
God  grant  us  grace  to  act  constantly  on 
this  conviction,  as  to  all  our  plans  and 
engagements !" 

His  last  communication,  dated.  Easing- 
wold,  April  26,  1856,  was  addressed  to  the 
writer  of  this  notice,  a  school-fellow  and 
fellow-collegian.  Mr.  Allen  was  called,  after 
writing,  into  the  garden  of  his  vicarage. 


to  superintend  the  arrangement  of  some 
stones,  which  had  originally  formed  an  old 
market-cross,  when  he  was  seized  with  a 
fit  of  sickness  and  fainting,  with  convnl- 
sions.  On  the  29th  he  quietly  breathed  his 
last,  in  the  midst  of  his  weeping  family. 

llie  remains,  which  were  borne  from  the 
vicarage  to  the  church  on  the  shoulders 
of  eight  poor  men,  were  followed  by  a 
large  number  of  the  clergy  and  laity,  and 
by  a  long  line  of  poor  people,  who  felt 
that  they  had  lost  their  pastor  and  friend. 
The  corpse  was  deposited  in  a  vault  in 
Easingwold  churchyard,  in  which  the  re- 
mains  of  Mrs.  S.  J.  Allen,  to  whom  he  was 
devotedly  attached,  had  been  interred  some 
years  before. 
"  The  hemobt  of  the  just  is  blessed." 


Madame  Vesteis. — Mbs.  Mathews. 

Au^.  8,  at  Grove  Lodge,  Fnlham,  aged 
59,  Lucia  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Mr.  Charles 
Mathews,  Comedian,  daughter  of  the 
celebrated  engraver,  Francesco  Bartolozzi. 

Mrs.  Mathews  was  bom  in  the  year 
1797,  and  from  the  first  gave  evidence  of 
extraordinary  abilities  as  a  musician  and  a 
linguist.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  she  was 
married  to  M.  Armand  Vestris,  the  princi- 
pal dancer  at  and  ballet-master  of  the  then 
King's  Theatre,  in  the  Haymarket,  at 
whose  soUdtation  she  entered  upon  the 
dramatic  profession,  appearing  first  as  Pro* 
seri)ina  in  the  opera  of  II  Itatto  di  iVo- 
serpina,  at  the  theatre  to  which  her  hus- 
band was  attached.  Having,  however, 
scarcely  made  the  sensation  which  was 
expected,  she  did  not  remain  in  London, 
but  accompanied  her  husband  to  Paris, 
where  she  played  for  some  time  in  drama 
and  tragedy  in  the  French  language,  of 
which  she  was  a  perfect  mistress.  On  her 
return  to  England  in  1819,  she  accepted 
an  engagement  with  Mr.  EUiston,  at  Drury- 
lane,  and  Mozart's  opera  of  Don  OiO' 
vanni  being  at  that  time  at  the  height  of 
its  popularity,  she  shortly  afterwards  esta- 
blished her  fame  in  a  burlesque  of  that 
master-piece  called  "  Giovanni  in  London," 
in  which  she  as  the  hero,  and  Harley  as 
Leporello,  .created  an  extraordinary  sensa- 
tion. From  this  time  her  success  was 
complete,  and  she  reigned  the  spoilt  fi^ 
vourite  of  the  London  public  both  at 
Drury -lane  and  Covcnt-g^arden,  playing 
what  is  technically  termed  "first  light 
comedy,"  such  as  Lydia  Languish  in  "  The 
Rivals,"  Letitia  Hardy  in  "The  Belle's 
Stratagem,"  Miss  Hardcastlo  in  "She 
Stoops  to  Conquer,"  &c.  Characters  of 
more  serious  interest  she  never  attempted. 
In  the  year  1829  she  became  lessee  of  the 
Olympic  Theatre,  whidb  she  transformed 
into  the  most  elegant  "temple  of  the 
drama"  in  London.    Assisted  by  an  ad- 


3S3 


Obituary. — Madauie  Vcsiris. — Mr.  John  Mitchell.       [Sept. 


mirable  company,  and  having  at  her  com- 
mand the  freshest  and  smartest  dramatic 
authors  then  on  town,  her  theatre  soon 
became  the  most  popular   in  the  metro- 
polis.    There  were   first   produced   those 
brilliant    extravaganzas    and    revues    of 
Messrs.  Planchd  and  Charles  Dance  upon 
which  they  have  scarcely  since  improved, 
and  upon  wliich  their  fame  is  built.     On 
the  7th  of  December,  1835,  Mr.  Charles 
Mathews,  who  had  been  brought  up  as  an 
architect,  made  his  first  appearance  on  the 
stage  at  the  Olympic,  in  a  farce  called  the 
"  Old  and  Young  Stager,"  in  which  he  was 
admirably  supported  by  Liston,   at  that 
time  the  prop  of  the  establishment.     In 
the  year   1838,   Madame  Vestris,   whose 
husband  had  died  in  1825,  married  Mr. 
Charles  Mathews,  and  leaving  the  Olym- 
pic under  the  management  of  Mr.  Planchd 
they    immediately   started    for  America. 
With  our  transatlantic  neighbours,  how- 
ever, the  favourites  of  the  Olympic  were 
a  failure,  and  they  returned  to  England  in 
1839,  in  the  September  of  which  year  they 
entered  upon  the  lesseeship  of  Covent- 
garden.     Under  their  management  were 
produced  some  of  the  chefs-d'oeuvre  of  mo- 
dem dramatic  authorshij),  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  "  London  Assurance," 
"Time    Works   Wonders,"   "Old    Ileatis 
and  Young  Hearts,"  and  some  excellent 
pantomimes,  "  The  Castle  of  Otranto,"  the 
"Great  Bod  of  Ware,"  &c.,  and  some  of 
Mr.  Planche'8  best  burlesques.  Among  the 
company  were  Messrs.  Farren,  Strickland, 
C.  Mathews,   Harley,   Keeley,  Anderwm, 
Bartley,  &c.,  and  Mesduuies  V^estris,  Nis- 
bett,  Orger,  Humby,  &c.    The  8iK>culation, 
however,  did  not  answer,  and  the  lessees 
gave  up  management  at  the  end  of  their 
third  season,  in  April,  1842. 

After  this  they  accepted  a  short  tem- 
porary engngement  at  Drury-lane  with 
Mr.  Mncrcjidy,  and  a  more  lengthened  one 
w^ith  Mr.  Webster,  at  the  Haymarket.  In 
1846  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mathews  joined  Mr. 
Maddox's  company  at  the  Princess's,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  18^7  they  opened  the 
English  Opera  House  in  Wellington-street, 
under  the  name  of  the  Lyceum.  Here 
the  old  Olympic  revels  were  renewed, 
several  of  the  former  actors  and  authors 
attached  to  the  management  flocking  to 
the  newly-raised  standard.  Madame  Ves- 
tris played  two  or  three  important  parts, 
gnch  as  the  "  Wonderful  Wcmian,"  and  the 
"  Pride  of  the  Market,"  and  made  a  great 
liit  in  more  pathetic  chara<;ters,  as,  for  in- 
sttmc(%  in  Mr.  Slingsby  Lawrance's  "Chain 
of  Events,"  and  in  the  translation  of 
Madame  de  Girardin's  play.  La  Jove 
I  ait  Peur^  under  the  name  of  "Sunshine 
tlirough  the  (^louds."  But  her  ttrength 
now  began  to  fail  her,  and  ihe  principally 


confined  herself  to  the  direction  of  the 
stage,  in  which  she  shewed  that  taste  and 
talent  for  which  we  have  before  described 
her  as  being  so  remarkable.    For  the  occa- 
sion of  her  husband's  benefit,  on  Wednes- 
day, July  26,   1854,  she  made  her  last 
appearance,    in    "Sunshine    through    the 
Clouds,"  and  since  that  she  has  bcnen  con- 
fined always  to  the  house,  and  principally 
to  her  room,   where  she  expired   at  12 
o'clock   on  the  night  of  Friday,  Aug.  8, 
after  suffering,  for  many  months,  under  an 
excruciating  and  incurable  disease.     Re- 
nowned during  her  youth  for  her  beauty 
and  esprit,  and  during  the  latter  years  of 
her  life  for  her  admirable  taste  and  know- 
ledge of  everything  appertaining  to  dra- 
matic effect,  few  women  have  had  their 
names  bnmght  so  prominently  before  the 
world;    indeed,  as  it  is  the  practice  of 
would-be  wits  to  father  their  dull  jokes 
and  pointless  inanities  upon  Sheridan  or 
Curran,  in  order  that  they  may  pass  mas- 
ter, so  was  it  the  habit  of  the  flanenr*  and 
diners-out  of  twenty  years  ago,  to  attri- 
bute   the   most    romantic    anecdotes   of 
boundless    extravagance    or   bizarre    be- 
haviour to  Madame  Vestris.    In  creating 
for  her  this  unenviable  notoriety,  jealousy 
had  no  small  share.     It  is  weU-known 
that  in   the  eyes  of  the  mean-spirited, 
there  is  nothing  so  criminal  as  succeM, 
and  we  regret  to  say  that  in  the  theatrical 
profcHsion  the  truth  of  this  axiom  is  too 
frequently  elucidated.     Madame  Vestris 
had  not  only  a  talent  for  dramatic  repre- 
sentation, that    is  to  say,  for  acting  a 
character,  but   she  possessed  that  much 
rarer  qualification, — the  power  of  harmon- 
ising dramatic  effect  with  the  realities  of 
every-day  life.     During  her  management, 
and  under  her  artistic  eye,  were  for  the 
firnt  time  produced  comedies  of  modem 
life,  in  which  the  dress  and  behaviour  of 
the  characters,  and  the  adjuncts  and  ac- 
cessories of  the  scene  were  such  as  the 
audience  were  rarely  accustomed  to  see. 
Had  a  "  super"  to  come  on  and  deliver  a 
message,  he  was  drilled  to  do  it  rimplj 
and  naturally,  and  not  to  announce  it  in 
the  blood-and-thunder  voice  which  these 
}>ers<)ns  usually  conceive  to  be  inseparable 
from  acting;  while  the  speechless  noble- 
men and  guests  at  an  evening  party  were, 
by  her,  rescued  from  the  wild  state  of 
apparel  in  which   they  had  hitherto  in- 
dulge<l,  and  clothed  in  ordinary  evening 
costume. 


Mr.  John  Mitghbll. 

A«q,  12.  At  Paisley,  Mr.  John  IfitchelU 
a  well-known  inhabitant  of  that  town* 
aged  71. 

For  a  long  series  of  years  JtAm  WAMD^ 
name  was  associated  mora  or  kai  with 


1855.] 


Mr.  John  Mitchell. — Clergy  Deceased. 


889 


our  local  literature,  as  poet  and  pfablisber. 
When  he  began  to  write  verses,  we  are 
not  aware.  Between  30  and  40  years  ago 
he  was  engaged,  we  know,  in  the  pro- 
duction of  a  little  periodical,  named  the 
"Moral  and  Literary  Observer,"  which 
WAS  carried  on  successfully  for  some  time. 
In  this  labour  he  was  associated  with 
Charles  Marshall,  a  young  townsman,  then 
just  beginning  to  push  his  way  in  life  and 
literature, — ^now  the  Rev.  Charles  Marshall 
of  Dunfermline, — who,  by  a  curious  coinci- 
dence, arrived  in  Paisley  on  a  visit  on  the 
very  day  when  his  old  coadjutor  bade 
adieu  to  li'e.  The  "Observer"  contained 
some  very  good  things  in  prose  and  verse, 
some  of  the  best  being,  we  believe,  by  Mr. 
MarshalL  The  imprint  of  this  little  peri- 
odical was  in  the  following  words : — "  Pub- 
lished every  Saturday  morning,  by  John 
Mitchell,  28,  Wellmeadow-street,  Paisley. 
Price  three  halfpence,  payable  on  delivery. 
Printed  by  S.  Young." 

Although  not  very  hijflily  endowed  with 
poetical  genius,  the  subject  of  our  notice 
possessed  remarkable  fiacility  in  the  com- 
position of  verses,  and  occasionally  he  rose 
to  a  level  considerably  above  mediocrity. 
Had  he  possessed  less  fieu;ility  in  compo- 
sition, and  aimed  more  at  concentration  of 
thought,  his  effusions,  though  possibly  not 
so  voluminous,  would  doubtless  have  been 
more  highly  prized.  The  bulk  of  his  verses 
are  comprised  in  four  volumes,  of  which 
we  give  the  titles  and  dates: — **A  Night 
on  the  Banks  of  the  Doon,  and  other 
Poems,  (156  pp.).  Dedicated  to  Mr.  John 
Robertson,  manufacturer.  Paisley :  printed 
by  John  Neilson,  for  the  author.  1838." 
"  The  Wee  Steeple's  Ghaist,  and  other 
Poems  and  Songs,  (208  pp.).  Dedicated 
to  the  late  Professor  Wilson.  Paisley: 
Murray  &  Stewart.  1840."  "One  Hun- 
dred Original  Songs,  (112  pp.).  Dedicated 
to  the  late  Mr.  Barr,  of  Drum.  Paisley : 
James  Motherwell,  1845."  "My  Chiy 
Goose-quill,  and  other  Poems  and  Songs, 
(208  pp.).  Dedicated  to  James  Whitelaw, 
Engineer,  Glasgow.  Paisley :  Caldwell  k 
Son.  1852."  Besides  these  substantial 
volumes  he  published  from  time  to  time  a 
great  many  productions  in  a  more  fugitive 
form.  His  muse,  indeed,  was  most  pro- 
lific, and  could  have  enabled  him  to  sup- 
ply verse  to  any  extent.  Of  course,  writ- 
ing so  much,  and  with  such  eoM,  many  of 
his  productions  are  but  indifferent.  A 
careful  selection  from  his  wh<de  works, 
however,  might  furnish  very  readable 
matter  for  a  volume  of  considerable  size. 
In  the  prefEtce  to  his  first  volume  of  poetry, 
he  expressed  it  as  the  amount  of  his  am- 
bition to  occupy  a  respectable  podtion 
among  the  minor  poets  of  Us  oountiy ; 


and  while  none  will  venture  to  didm  Ibr 
him  a  place  among  our  great  bards^  few; 
we  believe,  will  deny  that  he  has,  to  some 
extent,  made  good  his  chum  to  the  poii- 
tion  to  which  he  aspired.  In  Blac&ie^ 
"Book  of  Scottish  Song,"  and  various 
other  collections,  numerous  specimens  of 
his  lyrical  compoalions  will  be  foimd. 
The  most  important  prose  work  witih 
which  his  name  is  associated  is  one  whioh 
was  the  joint  production  of  himself  and 
Mr.  J.  N.  Didoe.  This  is  the  "  PhOosa- 
phy  of  Witchcraft,"  a  volume  of  424  pagei^ 
published  in  1840,  by  Oliver  and  nSy^ 
Edinburgh,  and  whidi  contains  a  gxw 
deal  of  very  curious  and  interesting  matt« 
on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats. 

Mr.  Mitchell  was  a  member  of  the  fn^ 
temity  of  St.  Crispin— a  olaes  wlaeh  hM 
had  numerous  poetical  devotees.  We  be- 
lieve, however,  that  he  has  had  nothing  to 
do  with  the  manufacture  of  riioe-leauur 
for  a  number  of  years  past.  He  was  wsil 
known  throughout  Renfrewshire,  and  lat- 
terly he  obtiwied  a  livelihood  by  hawking 
his  own  and  other  literary  productions. 


CLEBGT  DECEASED. 

April  5.  At  MellKranie,  Anstndia,  tlie  lev. 
W.  P.  8coU.  late  of  Nottingham,  and  fbnMriv 
pastor  of  m  Baptiat  ehuroh,  8parro««US^ 
Loofrhborough. 

Majf  27.    Betwaen  Kofarea  aatd  Jaira^  on  Us 


Julv  10.    At  the  Tythhig,  Woreaater,  acsd 
I,  toe  Bar.  Jame$  Haatmg*,  Baetor  of  MarOay 


way  to  Kurraehaa,  Selnda,  the  Bey.  B, 
tingdon,  MJk.,  Chaplain  to  the  Hon.  East  India 
Company. 
10. 
101, 
(1796),  Worceaterahire. 

Aged  27,  the  Bev.  IFm.  Morri$  Motuley,  UJL. 
Utte  of  Sydney  Soaaez  College,  Camlniaga,  aaa 
curate  m  Cold  Aahby,  Normamptonahire,  oolj 
surviTing  son  of  the  Bev.  William  Moadif, 
Vicar  of  Cold  Aahby. 

July  12.  At  the  ^caraga,  aged  57,  the  Bav. 
Bobert  Dallin^  Yioar  of  Budston  (IfM),  Tork- 
shire. 

At  Bangor,  aged  55,  the  Bev.  Jokm  Z$wk 
Hughes. 

July  15.  At  the  Yiearaga,  aged  56,  the  Bev. 
JoMph  Maddy,  B.A.,  18»,  Magdatene  Oallaia^ 
Oxford,  Viear  of  Swafftaam  Prior  (IMS),  Ons- 
bridgeahire. 

Julv  18.  At  Aaben  BeetorT,  Eaaeac,  agad  ••» 
the  Ber.  FeUr  Bourehier  Wyneh,  B.A.  lAlt, 
M.A.  1815,  Oriel  CoUege,  Oxford. 

At  Combe  Fknrey  Honae.  aged  78,  the  Bev. 
Hmuy  Seylar,  aaa,,  lata  oi  Hardingtoa. 

July  10.  In  Newland,  Sherborne,  aged  ML 
the  Ber.  John  TSmdaU^  fonnarly  of  OxCara,  and 
recenUrtiie  mimatar  of  the  ladepandant  Oi^gtif 
Long-ail  eel. 

July  21.  At  Peterbowwigh,  acM  82.  tka  Bvr. 
Thomas  MUlSf  M.A.,  Beetor  of  Nortfaboraogh, 
and  haacTBxy  canon  of  Petarboroairh  CathadnL 

July  26.  At  the  Paraonage,  aged  81,  the  Bar. 
Thomas  Jenner  Bofg,  B.A.  1800.  M.A.    180S» 

July  27.  At  aea,  on  the  paaaage  Aram  Sootli 
AnatraUa  to  Kngland,  aged  87,  the  Bar.  Sdward 
jET.  Burnett,  M.A.,  of  Mertoa  OoUega,  OislBiC 
eldeat  aoa  of  the  Bar.  J.  B.  Bamet^  Beetar  or 
Hanta,)  OhivlalB  to  the  BIJbor  oT 


390 


Obituary. 


[Sept. 


July  29.  At  Kennington,  aged  77,  the  Kev. 
John  Bishopp,  B.A.  1805,  M.A.  1809,  St.  Peter's 
College,  Cambridge. 

JulyU.  In  the  Regent's  Park,  the  Rev. 
William  Crawley  Leach,  B.A.  1821,  M.A.  1825, 
Ttinitv  College,  Cambridge,  Rector  of  Little 
Stonham  (1812),  Suffolk. 

Aua.  4.  At  Locking,  aged  63,  the  Rev.  Alfred 
Harford,  B.A.  1824,  M.A.  1830,  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  Vicar  of  Locking,  and  Rector  of 
Hutton  (1825).  Somerset. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  83,  the  Rev.  George 
Street,  B.A.  1797,  M.A.  1806,  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  Rector  of  Langton  (1800),  Lincolnshire. 

Aug.  5.  At  the  Rectory,  Caterham,  aged  87, 
the  Rev.  James  Legrew,  B.A.  1792,  M.A.  1795, 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Rector  of  Cater- 
ham (1831),  and  Chaldon  (18.36),  Surrey. 

At  the  .Rectory,  Wootton-Glanville,  aged  82, 
the  Rev.  John  Wickens,  B.A.  1797,  M.A.  1802, 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  Rector  of  Swjtc  (1817), 
and  of  Wootton-Glanville,  Dorset. 

Aug.  6.  At  the  Vicarage,  Great  Grimsby, 
aged  57,  the  Rev.  Francis  Thomas  Attwood,  B.A. 
1823,  M.A.  1826,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
Vicar  of  Great  Grimsby  (1831),  Lincolnshire,  and 
of  Hammersmith  (1826),  Middlesex. 

Aged  55,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Sweet  Escott,  B.A. 
1822,  M.A.  1835,  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  Vicar  of 
Gedne^,  (1835),  Lincolnshire. 

At  his  residence,  8,  Cleveland-road,  Islington, 
aged  65,  the  Rev.  William  Groser,  for  45  years 
minister  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  editor  of 
the   "  Baptist  Magazine,"  and  secretary  of  the 
B.>ptist  Irish  Society. 

Aug.   7.    At    Hackney,    aged    67,    the    Rev. 
William  Elisha  Law  Faulkner,  B.A.  1812,  M.A. 
1820,   Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,   Per- 
petual Curate  of  St.  James's  (1839),  Clerken\?cll, 
London. 

Aug.  8.  Suddenly  at  Garelochhead,  the  Rev. 
Professor  Smith,  of  Queen's  College,  Canada. 
The  Rev.  gentleman  was  about  to  return  to 
Canada,  the  scene  of  his  labours,  when  he  was 
cut  off  in  the  prime  and  vigour  of  his  days.  He 
had  lately  come  home  to  this  country  for  the 
benefit  of  the  health  of  his  wife,  who  died  some 
weeks  ago,  and  whom  he  has  now  so  soon 
followed. 

Aug.  9.  At  Brandeston  Vicarage,  Suffolk,  aged 
76,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Broadhurst,  41  years  Vicar 
of  the  parish.  His  loss  is  most  deeply  felt  by  his 
relatives  and  parishioners. 

Aug.  12.  On  his  passage  to  England,  on  board 
the  "Canadian,"  aged  34,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
William  Marsh,  B.A.  of  Toronto,  Canada  West. 
Mr.  Marsh  drank  off  a  glass  of  disinfecting  fiuid, 
mistaking  it  for  mineral  water. 

Aug.  14.  At  Withcote-hall,  Leicestershire, 
aged  76,  the  Rev.  Henry  Palmer. 

At  Rushton  Rectory,  Northamptonshire,  aged 
66,  deeply  regretted,  the  Rev.  John  Wetherall, 
M.  A.,  Rector  of  that  parish,  hon.  canon  of  Peter- 
borough, and  rural  dean. 

Aug.  At  the  Rector)-,  Great  Smeaton,  near 
Northallerton,  aged  36,  the  Rev.  John  Barry, 
M.A.,  rector  of  that  place,  and  eldest  scm  of 
Robert  Barry,  Esq.,  of  Park-hill,  Fylingdales, 
near  Whitby. 

Lately.  The  Rev.  Ralph  Stoney,  Perpetual 
Curate  of  Terrj-glass,  dio.  Killaloe. 

The  Rev.  G.  S.  Rogers,  Curate  of  Omagh. 

At  an  advanced  age,  the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Kgan, 
for  nearly  35  years  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of 
Kerry. 

DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IN  CHBONOLOGICAL  ORDER. 

March  8.  At  Tarsus,  in  Syria,  J.  Clappcrton, 
esq.,  her  Majesty's  Vice-Consul  there,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  John  Clapperton,  Johnstone. 

March  14.  At  the  British  Consulate,  Johanna, 
aged  30,  George  Morgan  Patmore,  esq. 


April  25.  At  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  aged 
29,  Henry,  fourth  son  of  the  late  Rev.  C.  E.  Birt, 
of  Wantage. 

April  28.  At  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  aged  72, 
the  Hon.  Wm.  Wade  W^est,  Comm.  R.N.,  and 
member  of  the  Legislative  Council  in  that  island. 

In  May  last.  At  Blakeston,  South  Australia, 
aged  49,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Francis  Davison,  esq., 
J. P.,  and  third  dau.  of  the  late  John  Hawdon, 
esq.,  Walkcrflcld,  Durham. 

May  2.  At  Sydney,  N.S.W.,  aged  26,  William 
Bcnj.  Goodman,  esq..  Inspector  of  Schools  for  tiie 
Diocese  of  Sydney,  youngest  son  of  T.  Goodman, 
esq.,  of  Edgbaston,  neat  Birmingham. 

May  7.  At  Sydney,  N.S.W.,  aged  22,  Esther 
Charlotte,  wife  of  Edw.  Maitland,  esq.,  and  seccmd 
dau.  of  William  Bradley,  esq. 

May  21.  At  Guanasevi,  Mexico,  offerer,  aged 
32,  Wm.  Lyster  Hay  Mackintosh,  esq.,  second 
son  of  J.  Mackintosh,  esq.,  of  Tottorickfe,  HCTti. 

May  24.  At  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  oimalignant 
cholera,  aged  25,  Edmund,  second  son  of  the  Rer. 
Charles  Hume,  Rector  of  St.  Michael's,  Wood-st. 

June  6.  At  Luckie,  Sivia,  in  India,  aged  28, 
Walter  King,  esq.,  C.E.,  yoimgest  son  of  the  late 
Rich.  King,  esa.,  of  Plymouth  and  Bigadon. 

June  12.  At  Doloebagey,  IsUind  of  Ceylon,  aaed 
32,  John  Spottiswoode  Robertson,  ( sq.,  6t  Hillside, 
eldest  surviving  son  of  William  Robertson,  esq., 
Litely  one  of  the  Deputy  Keepers  of  the  Recunis 
of  Scotland. 

Suddenly,  at  the  British  Consulate,  Margill, 
near  Bussorah,  Turkish  Arabia,  aged  34,  Charles 
Ramnnel,  esq.,  C.E.,  fourth  surviving  son  of  the 
hite  Gibon  Rammel,  esq.,  of  Dcnt-de-Lion,  near 
Margate. 

June  16.  At  Kolapore,  Bombay,  suddenly,  of 
disease  of  the  heart,  aged  24,  Fred.  Langford, 
Lieut.  16th  B.N. I.,  second  son  of  the  late  Rev.  F. 
L.  Yonge,  Torrington,  Devon. 

June  17.  At  Delhi,  aged  28,  Katherine  Marg., 
wifeof  Elliot  Voyle  Da  vies,  esa.,  M.D.,  H.E.I.C.8., 
and  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Jas.  Maitland,  D.D., 
minister  of  Kells. 

June  25.  At  Havannah,  of  yellow  fever,  aged 
28,  Capt.  Thos.  Northhouse,  of  the  ship  "  (iuecn 
Victoria."  He  was  son  of  Mr.  II.  T.  Northhoniie, 
of  Hull.  The  deceased  had  been  twice  at  the 
Arctic  Regicms  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin, 
where  he  sutlered  great  privations.  Since  then 
he  hjis  been  twice  shipwrecked — at  Tampico,  and 
near  Constantinople. 

.ruly  5.  At  Wigan,  Susan,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  l>oria,M..\.,  Head  Master  of  the  Grammar 
School,  Wigan,  Marquis  di  Spineto. 

July  9.  At  Ipswich,  aged  55,  Margaret,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  Bull,  Rector  of  Tattingstone. 

At  Monkwearmouth,  aged  72,  Lieut.  Newton. 
He  was  stati<med  at  one  of  the  middle  deck  guns 
of  the  •*  Neptune,"  98,  at  the  batUe  of  Trafalgar, 
and  was  also  strokesman  of  the  barge  that  bore 
the  French  Admiral  a  prisoner  on  board  the 
"  Victory."  Mr.  Newton  also  saw  a  good  deal  of 
service  on  board  the  "Dreadnought"  and 
••  Ocean." 

July  10.  At  Cocken-hall,  aged  49,  William 
Stimdish  Standish,  enq.,  of  Cocken-hall,  and 
Duxburv-park,  Lancashire. 

July  l2.  On  board  H.M.S.  ••  Firebrand,"  re- 
turning from  the  Crimea,  of  Asiatic  cholera,  Lieut. 
Francis  Temple,  Royal  Artillery,  only  surviving 
son  of  Adm.  F.  Temple,  of  Truro,  Cornwall. 

At  Pl,\'mouth,  Maria,  widow  of  Lieut.  Thomas 
Taplen,  R.N. 

July  13.  At  Inagua,  Baliamas,  West  Indies, 
Caroline,  ^ifo  of  the  Rev.  William  Littlewood* 

At  Falmouth,  aged  56,  Mrs.  Colonel  Kemps. 

At  his  rcHidenee,  the  Ark,  Mclksham,  Wilts, 
aged  28,  Henry  Adey  Hoi  worthy,  esq. 

July  11.  At  Llandudno,  near  Carnarvon,  aged 
34,  Johnson  Bourne,  esq.,  Capt.  1st  Derby  Militia. 
He  entered  the  army  at  an  early  age,  and  served 
in  the  17th  Foot  in  the  East  Indies,  and  sub- 
sequently with  the  41st  Regt.  He  landed  with 
the  army  in  the  Crimea  in  September,  1854,  and 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


391 


was  prenent  at  the  battles  of  the  Alma  and  Inker- 
mann,  and  the  repulse  of  the  great  sortie  from 
Seba^itopol  on  the  26th  of  October.  He  was  in- 
valided home  in  the  spring  of  1855,  when,  the 
state  of  his  health  being  such  as  not  to  admit  of 
bis  again  returning  to  the  Crimea,  he  retired  from 
the  service  by  the  sale  of  his  commission.  He 
soon,  however,  again  sought  for  employment  in 
a  less  active  branch  of  that  profession  in  which 
he  had  served  upwards  of  16  years,  and  to  which 
he  was  so  much  attached,  and  he  succeeded  to  the 
vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Capt.  Thorold, 
in  the  1st  Derby  Militia. 

At  Demerara,  aged  17,  Richard  Inglett  For- 
tescue  Weston  Conway  Brickdale,  eldest  son  of 
the  Rev.  Richard  Brickdale,  of  Felthorpe,  Nor- 
folk. 

July  15.  At  Madeira,  William  Henry  Benson, 
esq.,  M.D.,  formerly  house-surgeon  to  the  In- 
ftrmarv,  Newcastle. 

At  Kinross  Green,  aged  84,  Mrs.  Janet  Morison, 
widow  of  the  Rev  James  Uay,  D.I).,  Kinross. 

July  16.  At  his  residence  in  Ferris-town, 
Truro,  aged  57,  Capt.  Thomas  Pengelly. 

In  St.  Giles-st.,  Norwich,  aged  34,  Elizabeth 
Hustler,  wife  of  Charles  E.  Tuck,  esq.,  and  dau. 
of  the  late  James  Amys,  esq.,  of  Botesdale-lodge, 
Essex. 

At  Writtle,  Essex,  aged  84,  Mary,  widow  of 
George  Evans,  esq. 

July  17.  At  Evii^on,  near  Cheltenham,  Lady 
Brook  Faulkner. 

At  Charmouth,  aged  75,  Mary,  widow  of 
Nathaniel  Stockdale,  esq.,  of  Drimpton. 

July  18.  At  Londonderry,  IreUind,  aged  77, 
Lieut  -Col.  Chetham,  late  of  the  6l8t  Regt. 

At  Edinburgh,  aged  69,  Mrs.Catharine  M'Laren, 
widow  of  the  Rev.  Patrick  M'Laren,  minister  of 
the  parish  of  Ruthven. 

At  the  Nook,  Irthington,  Cumberland,  very 
suddenly,  aged  62,  Robert  Bell,  esq. 

At  his  residence,  Glenfleld,  near  Bath,  aged  77, 
John  Charles  Pigott,  esq. 

At  Calthorpe  Fields,  Edgbaston,  aged  78,  Harry 
Hunt,  esq. 

At  Taverham,  Norfolk,  aged  51,  Nathaniel 
Waldi'grave  John  Branthwayt  Micklethwait, 
esq.,  late  Lieut. -Col.  of  Scotch  Fusilier  Guards. 

At  Bath,  aged  89,  (icneral  Martin  White, 
H.E.I. C.S.,  Bengal  Establishment. 

At  Wimpole-st.,  aged  62,  Mary,  relict  of  J. 
Green  Wilkinson,  esq. 

At  Raven.sbourne,  Berwick-on-Tweed,  aged 
89,  Mrs.  Young,  relict  of  Mr.  D.  Young,  and 
formerly  widow  of  Robert  Selby,  esq.,  of  North 
Earl,  Northumberland. 

July  19.  At  Hackney,  aged  90,  Mrs.  Frances 
Thody  Burkitt. 

At  Kelso,  aged  90,  Mrs.  Jane  Michelson,  widow 
of  Thomas  Barstow,  esq. 

At  the  residence  of  his  mother,  Lewes-cresc., 
Kemp-town,  Brighton,  aged  47,  Henry  H.  W^illis, 
esq.,  of  the  Knoll,  Blackheath,  and  Crossby-sq., 
Loudon. 

At  Gravesend,  aged  67,  Col.  Charles  Shee, 
second  son  of  the  late  Sir  George  Shee,  Bart. 

Aged  59,  J.  B.  Moens,  of  Upper  Clapton,  Mid- 
dlesex. 

At  the  residence  of  her  brother,  H.  Newington, 
esq.,  Watlington,  Sussex,  aged  93,  Miss  Mary 
Ne\*-ington,  la'e  of  the  Vineyard,  Ticehurst. 

In  tiie  Workhouse,  St.  Mary,  Whitechapel,  to 
which  he  was  removed  from  his  miserable  lodg- 
ing in  Charlotte-st.,  suffering  from  weakness  and 
general  debiliiy,  Signor  Charlton,  a  professional 
Harlequin.  The  deceased  was  last  engaged  at 
Drury-Uine  theatre,  at  Christmas,  in  the  panto- 
mime, and  since  that  time  he  and  his  family  have 
been  reduced  to  a  starving  condition.  He  has  left 
a  young  wife  and  several  children  totally  unpro- 
vided for. 

July  20.  At  Hafton-hoasc,  Argyleshire,  the 
Hon.  Maria  Corinna,  wife  of  Capt.  C.  Monteith 
Hamilton,  92  Highlanders,  and  third  dan.  of 
Viscount  Gort ;  and  on  the  same  day,  in  London, 


the  Hon.  Julia  Georgina  Yereker,  yotmgest  dau. 
of  Viscount  Gore. 

At  Nottingham,  aged  about  60,  Dr.  John  Cal- 
thorpe Williams,  of  Nottingham,  as  he  was  re- 
turning in  his  carriage  f^m  Wollaton-hall 
(Notts),  the  seat  of  Lord  Middleton,  after  dining 
with  his  lordship,  and  when  near  the  town  the 
horse  became  restive.  He  was  pitched  out  tit 
the  carriage,  and,  falling  upon  his  head,  was  to 
severely  injured  that  he  never  recovered.  Dr. 
Williams  was  a  man  of  eminence  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  author  of  a  valuable  work  on  the  sight. 
He  was  physician  to  the  Notts  Lunatic  Asylum, 
and  was  highly  esteemed  by  his  fellow  towns- 
men. 

At  his  residence,  Flatbush,  Indiana,  Mr.  Denvae, 
one  of  the  few  surviving  heroes  of  the  American 
Revolution.  He  was  bom  in  the  town  of  New 
Utrecht  on  the  18th  of  October,  1760,  and  was 
consequently  96  years  of  age.  He  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Long  Island,  Trenton,  Princeton, 
and  was  present  in  several  other  contests.  In  the 
war  of  1812  he  received  a  captain's  commission, 
and  was  stationed  at  Fort  Greene.  He  was  also 
present  at  the  evacuation  of  New  York  by  Uie 
British. 

At  Brussels,  aged  63,  Robert  Tucker  Allawaj, 
esq.,  M.D.,  F.L.8.,  M.R.C.S.L.,  R.N.,  &c. 

Aged  66,  Thomas  Atkinson,  esq.,  of  Castelnau 
Villas,  Barnes,  late  of  the  General  Post-office. 

In  the  Crescent,  Plymouth,  Cwdelia  Anne, 
widow  of  the  Rev.  Duke  Yonge,  Vicar  of  An- 
tony, sister  of  Lord  Seaton. 

Aged  71,  Mr.  Thomas  Hlall  Bansom,  of  Bloom- 
field-st,  Finsbury-circus. 

At  Ladbroke-sq.,  aged  56,  John  Hardwick,  esq. 

At  Midhurst,  Sussex,  aged  64,  Mr.  John  Foord 
Naish. 

At  Addison-terr.,  Kensington,  aged  74,  Sarabf 
wife  of  Henry  Plinke,  esq. 

At  the  Grange,  Hanham,  Charles  A.  Whittack. 
esq.,  eldest  surviving  son  of  the  late  Scunuel 
Whittuck,  esq.,  Hanham  Hall,  Gloucestershire. 

At  Surbiton,  Kingston,  Sussex,  aged  57,  Capt. 
Webster,  formerly  of  Ash  well,  county  of  Rutland. 

At  Derby-road,  Nottingham,  aged  35,  wife  of 
Thomas  Wilson,  esq.,  M.D. 

July  21.  At  Clifton,  Bristol,  Thomas  Henry 
Winwood,  esq.,  of  Tyglyn-Ayron,  Cardiganshire, 
High  Sheriff  of  the  county. 

At  Northbrook-house,  Bishop's  Waltham,  aged 
38,  George  Wilder,  esq.,  late  of  Netley-loc^ge, 
near  Southampton,  son  of  Mrs.  Dixon,  of  Stan- 
sted  Park. 

At  Millbrook,  Child  Okeford,  Blandford,  aged 
78,  George  Peach,  esq. 

Elizabeth,  wife  of  Samuel  Rickards,  esq.,  Shali- 
mar  Acton,  Middlesex,  and  Piccadilly,  London. 

At  Old  Basing,  Hants,  aged  61,  Audry  Ann, 
wife  of  Comm.  Vicary,  R.N. 

At  Chesterton,  near  Cambridge,  David  and  Mrs. 
Mary  Ann  Middleton,  aged  81  and  83,  parents  of 
Mr.  D.  Middleton,  steward  to  Lord  Monson.  at 
the  old  family  seat.  Burton.  The  aged  pair  nad 
been  married  60  years,  and  had  lived  44  at  Ches- 
terton. From  the  proceeds  of  a  small  farm  they 
had  not  only  brought  up  a  numerous  family  re- 
spectably, but  were  enabled  to  give  scope  to  that 
kindly  feeling  which  finds  pleasure  in  relieving 
the  wants  of  the  distressed.  Boih  expired  within 
ten  minutes  of  each  other,  and  both  were  interred 
in  one  grave 

July  22.  At  Elmer-lodge,  Beckenham,  aged  79, 
Edward  Richard  Adams,  esq. 

At  his  residence,  Brockley,  Somersetshire, 
aged  76,  William  Cox,  esq. 

Aged  34,  George  Bryson Clarke,  esq.,of  Monton- 
house,  Greenheys,  near  Manchester. 

At  his  resilience,  Forest-hill,  Sydenham,  aged 
83,  Philip  Lawton,  eso. 

At  his  residence.  Park-hill,  Clapham,  John 
Ferguson,  esq.,  M.D.,  late  of  Kingston,  Janudes. 

July  23.  At  Leamington,  aged  68,  the  Hon. 
Georgiana  HombT,  widow  uf  the  Rev.  Geoffirey 
Hornby,  Rector  of  ^ury,  Lancashire. 


392 


Obituary. 


[Sept. 


Aged  87,  Catherine,  widow  of  Thomas  Rodwell, 
esq  ,  of  Highgate,  Middlesex. 

At  Chiselhurst,  lAgei  93,  Frances,  widow  of 
OUbert  Buchanan,  LL.D.,  of  Woodmanstemc, 
Surrey,  who  was  nearly  50  years  Rector  of  that 
parish. 

At  Lythwood-hall,  Salop,  aged  45,  Maria  Lev- 
land,  wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  Hornby,  and  youngeKt 
dau.  of  the  lute  Sir  Wm.  Fieldcn,  Bart.,  of  Fenis- 
cowles,  Lancashire. 

Mary  Keene,  w  f e  of  Charles  Jones,  esq.,  of 
Carlton-hill,  St.  John's-wood,  and  of  the  Audit- 
office,  Somerset -house. 

At  Tayles-hill,  Ewt  11,  Surrey,  aged  57,  Frederic 
Millet,  esq.,  late  Member  of  the  Supreme  Council 
of  India. 

At  his  residence,  Lower  Bclgrave-st.,  Pimlico, 
aged  71,  John  Polwarth,  esq. 

At  his  residence.  Melton-house,  Yorkshire, 
Andrew  Fitzgerald  Reynolds,,  esq.^  barrister-at- 
law  and  distributor  of  stamps  at  Kingston-upon- 
Hull. 

At  Brighton,  aged  75,  Frederick  Window 
Young,  esq.,  of  Mortimer-st.,  Cavendish-sq. 

Near  Bangor,  North  Wales,  John  Price  Hunt, 
a  Scripture  reader  of  St  Martin's  Ciiurch,  Bir- 
mingham, who  met  his  death  under  t(  ry  dis- 
tressing circumstances.  It  appears  be  left  home 
accompanied  bv  a  young  man  of  about  twenty 
years  of  age.  lie  took  private  lod^iings  at  Ban- 
|tor,  and  determined  upon  a  trip  to  the  Great 
Penrhyn  slate  quarries ;  after  seeing  that  place, 
he  thought  of  making  an  ascent  to  the  summit  of 
Camedd  Llewelin,  the  rival  ot  Snowdon  as  to 
height  and  scenery ;  they  mistook  the  mountain, 
however,  and  found  tliemsclves  on  the  summit  or 
Camedd  David,  ano'her  very  high  hill ;  after  re- 
maining ihere  a  very  short  time  they  decided 
upon  going  homeward  to  Bangor,  hue  mstead  of 
keeping  to  the  same  route  by  wh  ch  they  went 
up,  they  kept  too  much  to  the  east ;  after  gointf 
about  100  yards  the  young  man  said  ho  v\oiild 
turn  back,  but  Hunt  determined  on  going  down. 
Nothing  more  was  hoard  of  him  until  Saturday 
last,  when -70  men  examined  all  tuc  cliffs,  and 
founi  he  ha  i  fallen  over  a  perpendicular  rock  of 
80  yards.    Verdict  accordintfly. 

July  24.  At  Boreham-st.,  Wartling,  aged  73, 
Capt.  Edward  Blackman,  of  the  Madras  Infantry. 
He  was  in  the  engagement  at  Assay  in  1803. 

At  Ramsgate,  Hannah,  wife  of  Septimus  Slade, 
esq.,  of  West-end,  Hampstead,  and  yoimgest  dau. 
of  the  late  R  Staner,  D  I).,  Bp.  of  Nova  S<otia. 

At  Brighton,  aged  85,  Catherine,  widow  of 
Henry  St.  John,  esq.,  of  Crouch-hill,  Middlesex, 
and  sister  of  the  late  Edmund  Wigley,  escj.,  of 
Shakenhurst,  near  Bewdley,  some  time  M.P.  for 
W^orcester. 

At  Cheltenham,  Harriet  Sarah,  eldest  dau.  of 
Major-Gon.  Clark  Kennedy,  C.B.  and  K.IL 

Harriet  Shillito,  widow  of  George  Shillito,  esq., 
of  Forest-hill,  Sydenham. 

July  25.  Aged  84,  Thos.  Chalk,  esq.,  an  old  and 
much  respected  inhabitant  of  Chelmsford,  Ehsox. 

In  the  Pontifical  States,  aged  65,  Mr.  Christopher 
Fitzsimon.  The  deceased  was  son-in-law  of  the 
late  Daniel  O'Connell,  with  whom  be  was  united 
in  political  action  for  a  long  series  of  years. 
From  1832  to  1840  he  represented  his  native 
county  of  Dublin  in  parliament,  when  he  reiired 
on  his  appointment  to  the  Hanaper-office.  In 
private  me  he  was,  perhaps,  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  cotmtry  gentlemen — alike  a  favourite 
with  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic. 

At  Liscard,  in  the  parish  of  Wallasey,  aged  (57, 
Frances  Lowe  Byrth,  sister  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Byrth,  Rector  of  Wallasey. 

At  Cefn-y-fforest,  Glamorganshire,  aged  100 
years,  Mr.  Thomas  Prichard. 

At  hiH  residence,  Inverleith-row,  Edinburgh, 
aged  79,  Alexander  Ross,  esq.,  late  of  the  Hon. 
£.  I.  Company's  Civil  Service,  Bengal. 

At  Red  House,  Amesbury,  Wilts,  aged  73,  Ann, 
relict  of  Francis  Stephen  Long,  esq. 

16 


At  Soho  House,  near  Birmingham,  aged  69, 
J.  Toy,  esq,,  formerly  of  East  Acton,  Middlesex. 

At  Coborn-st.,  Bow,  aged  41,  Capt.  Malcdm 
M*Int}Te,  one  of  the  survevors  to  Lloyd's. 

July  26.  In  Hill-st..  Berkeley-sq.,  aged  72,  the 
Hon.  Lucy  Cust,  second  surviving  dau.  oi  the 
first  Lord  Brownlow. 

At  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  aged  65,  T.  Debenham* 
esq.,  late  of  Depden,  in  the  county  of  Suffolk. 

July  27.  At  her  house,  in  Southampton,  aged 
87,  Mrs.  J.  Purvis,  widow  of  the  late  Vice-A&a. 
Purvis,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Adm.  Sir  Archibald 
Dickson,  Bart. 

At  Fawsley  Park,  Northamptonshire,  aged  75, 
Selina  Mary,  Lady  Knightley,  relict  of  Sir  Chas. 
Knightlcy,  Bart.,  and  daughter  of  Felton  Lionel 
Uorvey,  esq.,  cousin  of  the  present  Marquis  of 
Bristol. 

Aged  77,  Mr.  Edward  Baxter.  He  was  a  Man- 
chester merchant,  who,  during  the  first  thhrty 
years  of  the  present  centurj',  took  a  prominent 
part  in  everv  movement  in  favour  of  popular 
rights,  and  devoted  his  time,  his  energies,  and 
fortune  to  advance  the  progress  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberty.  At  the  crisis  of  the  Reform  BUI 
he  brought  up  the  great  Manchester  addresa  to 
Lord  Grey,  and  on  that  occasion  was  admitted  hj 
the  Duke  of  Wellington  to  a  private  interview,  in 
which  he  urged  upon  the  Duke  the  danger  of 
longer  resistance  to  the  roused  democracy  of 
England.  He  was  afterwards  offered  the  first 
seat  in  Parliament  for  the  new  borough  of  Man- 
chester, but  declined  the  honour,  and  nominated 
his  friend,  Mr.  Mark  Phillips.  He  soon  after  re- 
tired from  business,  and  left  Lancashire,  to  travel 
on  the  continent,  and  more  recently  to  reside  in 
Londcm.  Of  bite  years  he  took  no  part  in  public 
affairs,  but  was  known  to  many  by  the  generoua 
charities  of  his  private  life. 

At  York,  ajfod  62.  W.  L.  Newman,  esq.,  for  82 
yo.irs  Actuary  and  Secretary  of  the  Yorkshire 
Fire  and  Life  Assurance  Company. 

At  Brighton,  aged  53,  Mary,  relict  of  Le« 
Wilson,  e"»q.,  Norwood,  Surrey. 

Aged  86,  Mrs.  Ann  Page  Fitz\iilliam,  widow  of 
Ca'sar  Page  Fitzwilliam,  esq.,  of  Versailles. 

At  Salisbury-st.,  Strand,  Susan  Anne  Fallon, 
elder  dau.  of  the  late  Malachi  Fallon,  esq.,  for- 
morlv  assistant  barrister  for  the  county  Limerick, 
IrclVnd.    R.I.  P. 

Aged  75,  George  Walker,  esq.,  of  Killingbeck 
Lodge,  near  I^ods  eo.  York. 

At  Stirling's-house,  Wantage,  Berks,  aged  66, 
John  Brooks,  omi. 

July  28.  At  Alfriston,  aged  74,  Thomas  King, 
cuj.,  formerly  of  Lewes,  solicitor,  and  for  manj 
years  of  the  Hon.  Ct»n»*  *>f  Cientlemen-at-Arma. 

At  Newport,  Islc-of-Wight,  aged 61,  Wm.  Fire- 
brace,  e!<q.,  late  Major  Il.M.'s  58th  Regt. 

At  hif*  residence,  Dovecot -house.  Knotty  Ash, 
near  Liverpool,  aged  69,  Marcus  Hill  Bland,  esq., 
late  of  (iibraltar. 

A(red  G5,  James  Brady,  of  Staple-inn,  and 
Canonbury-sq.  Islington,  tiolicitor, 

July  29.  At  the  Grove,  Lymington,  aged  82, 
Jus.  \Vm.  Lukin,  esq.,  of  Sandhill-lodge,  Fmrd- 
ingbridge,  Hants,  for  many  years  one  of  the 
Justices  of  the  Peace  for  the  above  and  neigh- 
bouring county  of  Dorset. 

At  Cowley-house,  the  residence  of  her  son-in- 
law,  Mary,*wife  of  the  R<'v.  F.  J.  Hilliard,  Rec- 
tor of  Little  Wittenham,  Berks,  and  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  John  Duthy,  es<{.,  of  Ropley,  Hants. 

At  North  End-house,  Portsea,  age<l  80,  Sarah, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Morgan,  D.D.,  Chaplain 
H.M.  Dock  vat  rt. 

At  his  roMdi-nce  in  (iloucester-pl.,  Portman-sq., 
John  Rennie  MandorH<m,  esq.,  late  Capt.  in  toe 
maritime  service  of  the  Hon.  East  India  Coin- 
pan  v. 

At  Tunbridge  Wells,  aged  65,  Charles  Wardell, 
esq.,  of  Westboume-terr.,  London. 

In  West  Pallant,  Chichester,  aged  67,  John 
Attree  Fuller,  esq.,  f<»inerly  of  Newtek, 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


893 


At  Greenstead,  Colchester,  Marr,  the  Tvifc  of 
J.  U.  Argent,  esq.,  late  Collector  of  H.  M.  Customs 
at  that  port 

July  30.  At  Hornby-castle,  near  Catterick, 
aged  81,  the  Duchess  Dowager  of  Leeds.  The 
remains  of  her  Grace  were  interred  in  the  family 
vault  at  Ilarthill  Church,  near  Worksop,  on 
Wednesday  last,  attendea  by  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Leeds,  the  Misses  Lane  Fox,  C.  L. 
Fox,  esq.,  Colonel  Hudson,  the  Rev.  Chas.  Hud- 
son, Rector  of  Saundby,  &c. 

At  Lyme  Regis,  aged  78.  Monique,  widow  of 
Alan  Bellingham,  esq.,  of  Castle  Bellingham, 
countv  of  Louth. 

At  llunton,  Dulcibella,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
Moore,  Rector  of  Hunton  and  Canon  of  Can- 
terburv. 

At  Ivensington,  of  consumption,  brought  on  by 
exposure  and  over-exertion  in  the  Black  Sea 
during  the  late  war,  John  Macbride  MiHsing,  esq., 
R.N.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Missing, 
M.A. 

From  cancer,  aged  62,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  John 
Honey,  esq.,  of  Eton  Villa,  Haverstock-hill,  Hamp- 
stead,  and  Ironmonger-lane,  City. 

At  Archerstown,  Westmeath,  Ireland,  aged  41, 
Frances  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Samuel  Arthur  Re vnell, 
esq.,  and  only  dau.  of  the  late  Major-General 
Nugent,  C.B. 

July  31.  In  Lockyer-st,  aged  71,  Elizabeth, 
relict*  of  the  late  John  O'Cock,  esq.,  of  Down- 
house,  near  Taunton. 

At  Edward-st.,  Portman-sq.,  aged  75,  Ann 
Maria,  relict  of  Thomas  Ponsonby,  of  Regent- 
circus,  Piccadilly,  London. 

At  Jacob's  Sedlescomb,  aged  69,  Ann,  wife  of 
Robert  Mercer,  esq. 

At  Ilonnington  Grange,  Shropshire,  aged  34, 
John  Rhodes,  eldest  son  of  John  Rhodes  Ralph, 
esq.,  of  Savile-lodge,  Halifax. 

At  Birmingham,  Lieut.  A.  Keir  Lowndes,  2nd 
Regt.  Warwickshire  Militia,  and  formerly  of  the 
29th  Bombay  N.I. 

At  Colham-house,  Hillingdon,  agped  55,  George 
DanicU,  esq.,  late  of  Edward-st.,  Portman-sq. 

At  Ilorsendon-house,  Bucks,  the  residence  of 
his  son-in-law,  aged  70,  Thos.  Oliver  Anderson, 
CHq,,  one  of  her  Majesty's  Counsel,  and  Bencher 
of  Lincoln' s-inn. 

At  Gordon-st.,  Gordon-sq.,  aged  30,  Charles 
Mitchell  Charles,  esq.,  son  of  Robeit  Charles, 
esq,,  of  Taviton-st. 

Aged  30,  Capt.  G.  H.  Robeson,  late  of  the 
Turkish  Contingent. 

Aged  79,  Daniel  Gurteen,  sen.,  esq.,  at  his  resi- 
dence, Ilavi-r-hill,  Suffolk. 

Lately.  In  Belgrave-sq.,  Mr.  James  Goding, 
founder  of  the  well-known  firm  of  (ioding  &  Co., 
of  the  Li<m  Brcwcrv,  Lambeth.  He  married,  in 
1828,  Lady  Jane  Family,  third  dau.  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Coventry,  by  whom  he  leaves  no  issue. 

At  St.  Petersburg,  from  the  effects  of  his 
wounds,  Admiral  Surcow,  of  the  Russian  navy. 
It  was  he  who  directed,  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol, 
with  CoL  Narew,  the  construction  of  the  bridge  of 
wood,  eight  hundred  metres  long,  which  enabled 
the  Kussian  army  to  evacuate  the  place  after 
the  taking  of  the  Malakoff. 

At  the  College,  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  the 
Esquimaux,  named  Erasmus  Kallihima,  who 
joined  Capt.  Erasmus  Ommaney  in  her  Majestv's 
ship  •' Assi.sfcince"  in  1850,  near  Walstemholm 
Sound,  near  Baffin's  Bay,  when  he  was  proceed- 
ing in  search  of  Franklin's  expedition.  On  his 
return  from  the  Arctic  Seas,  Capt  Ommaney 
placed  him  at  St.  Augustine's  College,  Canterbury, 
to  be  educated  for  a  missionarj* ;  last  year  he  was 
sent  to  the  College  at  Newfoundland,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Bishop,  to  be  prepared  for  a 
mission  to  I^abrador.  His  amiable  (qualities  and 
docile  demeanour  procured  him  the  mterest  and 
sympathy  of  many  kind  friends.  His  funeral 
was  attended  by  the  Bishop  of  Newfoundland 
and  the  clergy  of  the  College. 

Another  explorer  of  Central  Africa  has  fallen  a 

Geih:.  Mao.  Vol.  XL VI. 


victim  to  the  terrible  climate — ^M.  Cootourier,  a 

Soung  Frenchman.  He  died  at  Brezina,  an  oasis 
1  the  Sahara,  where  he  was  stopping  to  learn 
some  of  the  native  languages. 

Robert  Schumann  has  died  in  the  lunatic 
asylum  at  Bonn,  of  which  he  has  long  been  an 
inmate.  His  death  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  sub- 
ject of  regret ;  for  it  must  be  a  relief,  rather  than 
a  calamity,  to  his  afflicted  widow  and  children. 
But  all  will  lament  the  imtimely  fate  of  a  cele- 
brated man,  struck,  in  the  prime  of  his  age,  and 
the  midst  of  his  career,  by  a  blow  which  reduced 
him  to  hopeless  imbecility.  Schumann's  artistic 
character  is  a  quwstio  vexata  ;  many  holding  that 
he  was  misled  by  delusive  theories  from  the  true 
path  to  greatness.  But  it  will  be  generally  agreed 
that  he  was  a  man  of  original  genius  and  raie  in- 
tellectual endowment,  that  he  has  produced  worl-  s 
of  power  and  beauty,  and  that  his  name  will  live 
in  the  annals  of  German  art. 

At  Glasgow,  Alexander  Macbeth,  who  served 
on  board  the  **  Victory,"  imder  Lord  Nelson,  at 
the  memorable  battle  of  Trafalgar.  He  joined 
the  "Clyde"  frigate  in  Leith  Roads,  in  March, 
1803,  and  was  afterwards  drafted  on  board  the 
"  Victory." 

Aug.  1.  At  Ryde,  aged  38,  Henry  P.  P.  Bour- 
chier,  late  Capt  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Company's  steam-ship  *<  Bentinck,"  and  second 
son  of  the  late  Rear-Adm.  Bourchier. 

At  Carlsruhe,  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  Maria, 
wife  of  M.  Otto  Cotu-tin,  and  eldest  dau.  of  the 
late  Lieut-Gen.  Sir  Edward  Barnes,  G.C.B.,  &c. 

At  Basedow,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Ade- 
lide,  wife  of  Otto  Count  Schlippenbach,  (Chamber- 
lain to  H.  M.  the  King  of  Pru&sia,)  and  dau.  of 
Th(Mt.  de  Grenier  de  Fonblanque. 

At  Buckingham  Vale,  Clifton,  aged  47,  W.E.P. 
Goodenough,  esq.,  second  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Goodenough,  Rector  of  Broughton  Pogis, 
Oxfordshire. 

At  Cheadle  Bulkeley,  aged  45,  Charles  Hudson, 
esq.,  solicitor,  one  of  the  county  coroners  for 
Cheshire,  acting  for  the  Stockport  and  Hyde 
Division. 

At  Bonn,  aged  60,  Sir  Robert  Innes  Grant, 
Bart.,  of  Dalvey. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law,  StMatthew's 
Rectory,  Bethnal-green,  aged  81,  Sarah,  relict  of 
Mr.  lYancis  Fowler,  of  Chew  Magna,  near  Bristol. 

Aged  38,  Scrgt.  Wallis,  a  native  of  Bamsley. 
Yorkshire.  Sergt.  Wallis,  who  was  in  the  ihid 
battalion  of  the  Rifle  Brigade,  was  in  the  whole 
of  the  Crunean  campaign,  and  he  arrived  at 
Aldershott  in  the  enjoyment  of  good  health. 
On  arriving  at  the  camp  he  took  off  his  knap- 
sack and  coat,  and  said,  "  Thank  God !  I  have 
arrived  safely  in  old  England  again  :  1*11  now 
have  a  good  rest."  As  soon  as  he  had  ut- 
tered these  words  he  fell  down  and  died  in- 
stantly upon  his  knapsack.  At  the  battle  of  the 
Alma  he  escaped  uninjured.  He  was  hotly  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  Inkermann,  which  he  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  bloodiest  battles  on  record, 
and  where,  after  firing  away  all  their  ammunition^ 
thev  had  to  knock  out  the  brains  of  the  enemy 
with  the  butt-end  of  their  rifles,  and  run  them 
through  with  their  bavonets.  He  performed 
trench-work  for  11  montlis,  and  one  night  a  shell 
ft-om  the  enemy  fell  at  his  side,  exploded,  and 
smashed  the  stock  of  his  rifle,  and  cut  the  scabbard 
of  his  bayonet  in  two ;  but  he  miraculously  escaped 
injury,  with  the  exception  of  a  scratch  on  the  back 
of  his  ear.  In  the  assault  upon  the  Redan  he  was 
engaged  in  carrying  scaling-ladders  and  wool- 
bags,  during  which  time  be  was  exposed  to 
showers  of  grape  and  canister,  which  mowed 
down  large  numbers  of  his  comrades.  Throu^ 
all  these  perils  he  passed  imscathed,  to  be  sum- 
moned just  when  he  promised  to  himself  "a  good 
rest." 

At  Oak-Bank,  St.  Helena,  aged  89,  Ann,  widow 
of  John  Melliss,  esq.,  of  Hon.  E.  I.  C.'s  Service. 

Aug.  2.  Charles  Thomas  Cartwright,  esq.,  late 
Capt.  in  the  H.  E«  I.  Company's  Service,  and  third 

8s 


394 


Obituary. 


[Sept. 


son  of  Samuel  Cartwrigrht,  esq.,  of  Old  Burliugr- 
ton-»t. 

At  Bradninch  Parsonapre,  ai?cd  18,  Laura  Jane, 
dau,  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  li.  Coulcher. 

At  Tiverton,  aped  45,  Mary  Ann,  wife  of  George 
Patcrsou,  e>q  ,  M.D. 

At  Tiverton,  Marv  Anne,  wife  of  George  Pur- 
sons,  M.D.,  F.H.C  P.E. 
At  Hilton,  ajjed  37,  Allpre:«i*  Osborne,  esq. 
At  Spalding,  aged  78,  Mrs.  Taylor,  mother  of 
Capt.  Taylor,  of  that  j)lace. 

At  H.ikewell,  aged  71,  Catherina,  Mife  of  George 
R.  BarKer,  esq. 

In  the  Cathedral  Close,  Lichfield,  aged  GG, 
Miry,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Ilev.  Fairfax  Nar- 
clilfe,  of  Ashboiirn,  Derbyshire. 

Aii(/.  3,  aged  73,  Joseph  Attree,  esq.,  of  Suther- 
land-sq.,  Walworth,  late  of  II.M.'s  Ordnance. 

At  the  Granimar-sch(K)l,  Chigwell,  Essex, 
Maria  Elizabeth,  widow  of  the  Itcv.  S.  Crooke, 
late  of  Bromley,  Kent. 

At  B  irmouth,  North  Wales,  Emily  Elizabeth, 
youngest  dau.  of  Ilaydon  Stephens  Alderscy, 
esq.,  of  Puokeridge,  II«*rts. 

At  liis  residence,  Chiddingfold,  Surrey,  aged 
62,  Jonathan  Barrow,  esq.,  late  of  Cannon-st., 
city,  London. 

At  Ilackney-wiek,  aged  86,  Sarah,  relict  of 
Peter  Ernst,  esq. 

At  Prestbury,  near  Cheltenham,  aged  67,  Mary, 
widow  of  the'  Rev.   Francis  Demainbray,  late 
Rector  of  Barcheston,  Warwickshire. 
At  Cotherston,  age<l  72,  George  Alderson,  esq. 
At  Gloucester-terr. ,  Ilydc-park,  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Low,  Widow  of  Dr.  John  Low,  of  Jersey. 

At  Ashcott,  aged  91,  Catherine,  widow  of 
George  Wavry,  es(i.,  of  Shapwick,  Somerset. 

Aug.  4,  at  Iluntsham-court,  Devon,  aged  44, 
Fanny,  the  beloved  wif(;  of  Arthur  II.  D.  Troyte, 
esq.,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Robert  Williams,  esq., 
of  Dorchester. 

At  her  residence,  Exeter,  Sarah,  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  John  Iloblyn,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Newton 
St.  Cvrea. 

At  Trull,  M;irv  Elizabeth,  wife  of  the  Rev.  C. 
8.  Seller,  inr.'umbent  of  that  parish. 

At  Brighton,  aged  (>6,  Thomas  Garle,  esq.,  of 
Hamilt(m-terrace,  St.  John's-wo(Kl. 

At  Round  Oak,  Englefleld-green,  aged  66, 
Lieut.-Col.  Charles  John  Barnett,  formerly  of 
the  3rd  or  Scotch  Fusilier  Guards,  and  II.B.M.*s 
Consular-General  in  Egypt. 

In  Union-st.,  Stonehouse,  aged  77,  Lieut.-Col. 
Thomas  lA?uion,  late  of  the  Royal  Marines. 

At  Dildawu,  Castle  Douglas,  Mrs.  Cowan, 
aged  K9. 

At  Ken-«ington-park-terrace  North,  Charlotte 
Augusta,  wife  of  Capt.  Purcell,  50th  Regt., 
younge.st  dau.  of  (Charles  Ironside,  esq. 

At  St.  George's-road,  aged  3  months,  Beatrix 
Emma,  dau.  of  the  ILm.  Cornwallis  Maude. 

Atn/.  5.  at  her  residence,  in  Clarence-terr.,  the 
Right  Hon.  Lady  Ravensworth,  eldest  dau.  of 
Lord  (iciorge  Seymour,  youngest  son  of  the  first 
Marquess  of  Hertford,  and  sister  of  Sir  Hamilton 
Seymour,  G.C.H.,  and  the  Countess  of  Shannon. 
At  North  Brink,  Wisbech,  aged  69,  Robert 
Francis  Pate,  esq.  Mr.  Pate  had  filled  the  office 
of  High-Sheriff  of  the  counties  of  Ciiiubridge  and 
Huntingdon. 

At  Alnwick,  Mr.  James  Doyle,  staff'-scrgeant 
of  the  Northumberland  Light  infantry  Reuriment 
of  Militia,  who  served  during  the  Peninsular  war 
witli  the  4()th  Regiment,  and  was  present  at 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Badajoz,  Salamanca,  Vittoria, 
Pyrenees,  Orthcs,  and  Touloust',  as  also  at  the 
battle  of  Waterloo.  At  the  conelu-<ion  of  the  war 
he  proceeded  to  the  East  Indies  with  his  regiment, 
wliere  he  "jerved  upwards  of  14  years. 

At  Violet-cottage,  Bothwell,  James  John.ston, 
es<i.,  ensinerr,  a  native  of  Falkirk,  N.B.,  and  late 
of  t  lie  Col  pine  Iron- works,  Russia.  On  the  out- 
break of  the  recent  war  he  was  offered  the  chief 
eugincer.ship  of  the  navv  and  works  at  Cronstadt, 
by  the  late  Emperor  S'icholas,  but,  witli  the 


spirit  of  a  true  patriot,  be  rejected  the  loeratiTe 
office,  rather  than  appear  in  opposition  to  the 
interests  of  his  native  country. 

At  the  house  of  his  father-in-law,  Highwortht 
Wilts,  aged  49,  John  Tucker,  esq.,  of  Westham 
Abbey,  Essex. 

At  Redhill,  near  Wrington,  Somersetshire^ 
aged  72,  John  Elton,  esa. 

At  her  residence,  in  the  New  Kent-road,  aged 
58,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Benjamin  Dyer,  esq.,  R.N.» 
late  of  Stonehouse. 

At  Llangibby,  Monmouthshire,  drowned  while 
bathing  in  the  river  Usk,  aged  30,  Edward 
Arthur,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Pldward  Sydney 
Stewart,  esq.,  R.N.,  of  Llanhenock. 

At  Brighton,  aged  60,  Wiihclmina,  widow  of 
William  Newman,  esq. 

At  Clapham-common,  aged  32,  Henrietta  Elixa, 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Edwd.  Merriman,  late  of  Ufra- 
combe. 

Aug.  6.  At  the  house  of  Spencer  Perce vaL 
e8(i.,  Portman-sq.,  Margaret  Elliot,  widow  of 
James  Elliot,  esq.,  of  Woolttee. 

At  Topsham,  aged  67,  Charles  Lambart,  eaq.. 
Commander  R.N. 

At  Dover,  accidentally  drowned  while  bathing', 
aged  21,  J.  Whitmore  Winslow,  esq.,  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  eldest  son  of  the  KeT.  Ootaviuji 
Winslow,  D.D.,  of  Leamington  Spa. 

At  Cambridge,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Biohard 
Clay,  esq. 

At  Laputa-lodge,  Ballyshannon,*  aged  5  days, 
Laura,  dau.  of  Capt.  Sir  Thos.  Oresley,  bart. 
At  Springfield,  aged  58,  W.  Tyrell  Wilson,  esq. 
At   Widcombe,  Bath,  Judith  Maria,  relict  of 
Stephen  Turner,  esq. 

Francis,  second  son  of  Wm.  CresswcU,  esq.,  of 
Sussex-gardens,  Hyde-park. 

At  his  residence,  Camden-st,  Camden-town, 
aged  73,  Robert  Johnston,  esq.,  of  the  Stock 
Exchange. 

Aug.  7.  At  the  Thicket,  Southsca,  aged  67, 
Jane  Charlotte,  wife  of  Mi^.-Gen.  Whylock,  late 
of  the  Royal  Marines. 

In  Clarendon-sq  ,  Leamington,  aged  83,  Anne, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  T.  C.  U.  Chamberlain,  of  War- 
dington,  Oxon,  and  Rector  of  Churchoyer,  War- 
wickshire. 

At  Cawder-house,  Glasgow,  Robert  Baird,  esq., 
of  Auchmedden,  Lord  Dean  of  Guild  of  Glasgow. 
At  her  residence,  St.  James's-sc^.,  Bath,  Mm, 
S.  II.  Miles,  widow  of  F.  C.  MUes,  esq.,  and  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  T.  C.  Hyde,  esq.,  Shirley,  South- 
ampton. 

At  Camden-town,  age<l  77,  Jane,  relict  of  Tho- 
mas (rriffith,  esq.,  solicitor,  of  Bedford-row, 
London. 

At  Taunton,  aged  36,  Walter  Joseph  Hithcock, 
esq.,  solicitor. 

At  Raglan,  Monmouthshire,  aged  57,  Frederie 
Broom  (trant,  esq.,  of  the  Pool-house,  Astley, 
Worcestershire. 

At  Folkestone,  Thomas  Corynden  Fordyce  Lux- 
more,  Cadet  R.  M.  Academy,  Woolwich,  son  of 
Col.  Luxmore,  lute  R.  E. 

At  Edwardes-sq.,  Kensington,  Miss  McDougal, 
only  child  of  Mr.  Alexr.  McDougal. 

At  Ewden,  Henley-on-Thames,  aged  27,  Mina 
Walter,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  H.  Car- 
negie Knox,  Vicar  of  Lechlade. 

At  Dudbridge-hou.se,  near  Stroud,  Gloucester- 
shire, aged  83,  Sarah,  the  wife  of  William  Mar^ 
ling,  esq. 
.Vt  Finsbury-clrcus,  aged  65,  R.  Kelsey,  cw. 
At  the  Co'ttage,  (Juernsey,  Sophia  Caroline, 
dau.  of  the  late  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Octavius  Carey, 
C.B.,  K.C.H. 

Aug.  8.  At  her  residence,  Anstey  Manor-house, 
Hants,  aged  81,  EUzubeth  Mary  Miller,  dan. 
of  the  late  and  sister  of  the  present  Sir  Thomaa 
Miller,  Bart.,  of  PYoyle,  near  Alton,  Hants. 

At  Brighton,  aged  68,   Mary  Ann,  relict  of 
Clias.  W.  (tardiner,  esq.,  of  Cocnnbe-lodge,  1\liit- 
church,  Oxon. 
At  her  house,  York,  aged  83,  Elisabeth,  reUet 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


895 


of  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Donnison,  late  Vicar  of  Felis- 
Idrk. 

At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Lucy,  widow  of  Lieut.- 
CoL  Sir  Wm.  YounK,  Bart.,  of  Boilicborough 
Caotle.  CO.  Cavuu,  Ireland. 

At  Southwell,  Notts,  aged  32,  John  iRaac  Mar- 
fleet,  jun.,  esq.,  eldcHt  8on  of  John  Isaac  Marfleet, 
esq.,  of  WintUorpe-grove,  Notts. 

At  Woodside,  Esher,  aged  62,  John  Walton,  esq. 

At  his  residence,  St.  Mary's-sq.,  Lambeth, 
aged  82,  lieut.-Gen.  Philips  Hay. 

At  Urove-st.,  Mile-end-road,  aged  77,  Ann,  re- 
lict of  John  Manwarring,  esq. 

At  Cheltenham,  Susan  Baroness  Nolcken. 

Aug.  9.  At  Portsea,  Mrs.  Browne,  relict  of 
the  Rev.  W.  R.  Browne,  M.A. 

At  Tonbriilge- Weill*,  aged  39,  Miss  Sarah  Ed- 
monds, of  Glouce.oter-place,  Brighton. 

At  Topsham,  aged  67,  Charles  Lambert,  esq.. 
Commander  H  N. 

At  Netherton,  Morpeth,  aged  60,  Andrew  Robt. 
Fenwick,  esq.,  one  of  her  iHajesty's  Justices  of 
the  Peace  for  the  county  of  Northumberland, 
agent  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Deceased's  father 
and  grandfather  had,  like  himself,  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle's  estates  in  North- 
umberland. 


At  Buxton,  Derbyshire,  aged  38,  Robt.  Blaynej, 
esq.,  of  the  txxlge,  Evesham,  Capt.  in  the  Wor- 
cestersbiro  Militia,  and  a  Deputy-Lieut,  for  the 
county  of  Worcester. 

At  \Varley-hill,  Agnes  Margaret,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  late  Rev.  Jos.  Clay,  of  StapenhUl,  Derbyshire. 

After  a  few  days'  iiLness  Irom  paralysis,  ag^ 
77,  Rear-Adm.  Ilenry  Fanshawe,  of  Tilbuster- 
lodge,  Godstone. 

At  Rockfort,  Buncrana,  aged  69,  Patrick  Gil- 
mour,  esq.,  J.  P.,  of  the  Grove,  Londonderry. 

Aged  43,  Uenry  Philip  CholmelL>y,  esq.,  of 
Brandsby-hall,  Yorkshire. 

At  Holbeach.  Lincolnshire,  aged  80,  Henry 
Peareth  Burrell,  esq.,  of  Littlehoughton,  near 
Alnwick. 

Aged  63,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Dr.  Cooke,  of 
Trinity-sq.,  London. 

Aug,  10.  At  Bath,  Bertha,  youngest  dau.  of 
the  late  David  Ricardo,  esq.,  M.P.,  of  Gatcombe- 
park,  Gloucestershire. 

At  Montagu-pl.,  Montagu-sq.,  London,  aged  75, 
Catharine  Mary,  wife  of  Miohael  J.  Blount,  esq., 
R.  I.  P. 

At  Highfleld-house,  Notts,  AlAred  Lowe,  esq., 
one  of  her  Majesty's  Justices  of  the  Peace  for  the 
county  of  Nottingham. 


TABLE  OF  MORTALITY  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OF  LONDON. 
(From  the  Returns  issued  hy  the  Registrar- OenercU.) 


Week  ending 
Saturday, 


July 

Aug. 


y* 


26 

2 

9 

16 

23 


Deaths  Registered. 


522 
695 
712 
760 


§ 


u 


147 
152 
159 
150 


146 
120 
151 
145 


146 
123 
154 
156 


9 


34 
27 
54 
39 

28 


I 


995 
1025 
1232 
1250 
1122 


Births  Registered. 


S 

-a 


844 
869 
782 
793 

778 


764 
870 
803 
782 
751 


I 


1608 
1739 
1585 
1575 
1529 


PRICE  OF  CORN. 


Average 
of  Six 
Weeks 


\Vheat. 


(  \Vheat 
<  *.  d, 
t  57    4 


Barley. 
s.     d, 
41    7 


Oats. 
s,  d, 
26    6 


Rye. 
«.    d, 

48    3 


Beans. 
s,  d. 
45    3 


Peas. 
s,  d. 
42    8 


Week  ending  \  ^ 
Aug.  16.     /71     0 


|437      I    26    3      |443      |444      |39    0 


PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD. 
Hay,  4/.  10*.  to  hi,  15*.— Straw,  11.  8*.  to  1/.  12«.— Oover,  U,  0#.  to  6^.  Os. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  OflGil— per  stone  of  81be. 


Beef    3#.  lOd.  to  4*.  lOd.  | 

Mutton  4*.    4<i.  to  6*.    2d, 

Veal    3*.    8<i.  to  6*.    Orf. 

Pork    4*.    2<i.  to  6*.    Od. 

Lamb 4*.    8rf.  to  5*.  lOrf. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Aug.  18. 

Beasts 4,000      1,088* 

Sheep  and  Lambs  21,150      3,343* 

Calves 400         107* 

Bgs    380         190* 


•  These  numbers,  included  In  the  preceding,  were  imported  ftrom  the  Continent. 

COAL-MARKET,  Aug.  22. 

Wallsond,  &c.  17*.  Od.  to  19*.  Od.  per  ton.     Other  sorts,  14*.  M,  to  18*.  3<f. 

TALLOW,  iHir  ewt.— Town  Tallow,  55*.  9d.     Yellow  Russia,  54*.  Od, 

WOOL,  Du\^Ti  Tegs,  per  lb.  16rf.  to  11  d\,    Leicester  Fleeces,  13d.  to  15J. 

Combings,  lOd,  to  Vi>\d. 


METEOROLOGICAL  DIARY,  BY  H. 

OOtTLD,  Ute  W,  CART.  181,  SiMiro. 

fVom  Julg  25  to  AugMl  24*  1866,  6ott  iitclun 

«. 

Ftthrenlitif  i  Thenii. 

^4 

If 

f!i 

1 

Wrathei. 

Si 

II 

1 

1 

Weather. 

.Tiilv 

□ 

t. 

D 

in.  i>U. 

AuR 

t. 

= 

D 

m.pU. 

?& 

fU 

n 

ri7 

29.84 

7« 

7fl 

m 

2'J,  83 

loody,  bir 

2fi 

fia 

Id 

fi7 

hxc,  cloudy 

11 

fW 

H^ 

70 

,85 

«V 

(W 

m 

h't 

.10 

do.  do.  ruin 

1? 

7?, 

Ml 

loaiydioweri 

»S 

711 

li'^ 

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do. 

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(i-i 

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•£A 

«-i, 

7X 

<Wi 

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i-Idv.  fair,  ram 

14 

(W 

ftrt 

If? 

,98 

Id. 

:h(i 

RS 

«i 

«!! 

wn 

1.1 

f^i 

71 

Ji7 

,93 

io. 

HI 

71 

fl^ 

7tl 

w;( 

lo. 

l«l 

m 

71 

AR 

,91 

A  ) 

15 

At,. 

■  SI 

?. 

7-1 

^,■1 

!» 

do. 

IN 

r>7 

(Wl 

iVS 

,45 

iidoudj,  rain 

77 

K4 

(W 

IV 

ilo. 

Itt 

I>7 

R9 

A!) 

,B7 

BonatKil™!. 

4 

fiS 

H» 

K1I 

17 

do. 

V*l 

fiS 

fiO 

,48 

do. 

fi 

(SR 

V4i 

m 

V:^ 

do. 

■-.l 

AN 

,S1 

H 

tMI 

71 

l!l 

do. 

■.i!! 

fiB 

W 

Afi 

,68 

douflv,  do. 

V 

M 

(H 

2! 

!t7 

do. 

lilt 

fiS 

(id 

«i 

ao.  11 

H 

(tl 

fia 

(>N 

ddv.  fair,  rain 

■,',4 

ris 

rt?, 

4Mi 

,09 

dight  shower. 

y 

60 

G9 

62 

t)l 

DAILY  PRICE  OF  STOCKS. 


nnuiacs.    Stock. 


<l,OW 


- 

5 

31  aj 

li 

2171 

8 

217 

la 

2181 

i;t 

2171 

i-t 

15 

2181 

11 

2181 

IJi 

218 

20 

2181 

21 

218 

10  pm. 
10  pm. 
ll.Upm. 


11.24IHQ. 

21.24  pm. 
20.33  pm. 

aoptn. 
20.S3IHI]. 

18  pm. 
14.17piii. 
14.18pm. 
16.19pii]. 
17. 19pm. 
16.19pm. 
14.17pm. 
13.16pm. 

6.10  pm. 

8.12  pm. 


1001 
1001 
1001 


8.12p(n. 
S.lSpm. 
9.13pm. 
9.12  pm. 
10.13pm. 
10.13  pm. 
ll.Upm. 
11.18pm. 
11.14pm. 
3^         234    12.1Epm^  11.14pm. 
EDWARD  AKD  ALFRED  WHITMOHE, 
Stock  and  Sliure  Broken, 

17,  Chniige  Alle;,  Lo 


15  p 


100( 
100k 
lOOi 
lOOi 

loot 

1001 
1001 
lOOi 


\ 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

OCTOBER,  1856. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE.— Parker's  Ephemeris 398 

St.  Peter's  Church,  Northampton   899 

Botliwell,  a  Poem,  by  Professor  Aytoun     402 

The  Tudor  Statute-book  409 

Tliierry 's  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  417 

A  Sonnet, — "  Here  sacred  Silence  reigns" 419 

Professor  Wilson  420 

Perthes's  Memoirs    426 

The  (ireek  Epigram 434 

Literary  Forgeries    441 

S(X'iety  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.     Ft.  I 443 

The  Skotcher,  by  Rev.  J.  Eagles     448 

The  Prisoners  of  Poictiers    452 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  I' RBAN.— Courtship  of  George  VilUers,  459;  Ex- 
penses of  an  Ambassador,  463  ;  A  Ballad,  temp.  James  I.,  46C ;  Licences  to  Crenellate        467 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS —Dr.  Kitto,  476;  Marriott's  Poems, 
179  ;  Stothert'R  Poems,  479  ;  Bell's  Early  BaUads,  480  ;  Wither's  Hymns  and  Songs  of 
the  Church,  4H0 ;  Efril^son's  Ixixicon  Poeticum,  4S() ;  Lsinpc's  History  of  the  Norwegian 
M<mastcrieH,  481 ;  A:iM?n'8  Norwegian  Proverbs,  481 ;  Thiers'  History  of  the  Consulate, 
4S-2 ;  Lancashire  Historic  Society's  Transactions,  483 ;  Worcestctshire  Notes  and 
Queries,  482;  Cottage  Prints     484 

ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES.— British  ArchaBologic;il  Association,  484;  Cambrian  Ar- 
chccoloj^eal  Association,  491 ;  Society  of  Anticjuuries,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  493 ; 
Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archooological  Society,  495  ;  Somersetshire  Archapo- 
logical  and  Natural  Uistorv  Society,  497  ;  Kilkenny  aiil  South-east  of  Ireland  Archeco- 
l(  gical  Society,  497  ;  Architectural  Society  of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Northampton,  499  ; 
Antiquarian  Discovery,  499;  Discovery  of  a  Roman  Villa,  500;  Persecution  of  the 
Et>sex  Clergy  by  the  Puritans 500 

NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH.— Opening  of  a  PubUc  Park  in  Birmingham,  501 ;  Average  Price 
of  Wheat  from  16-11  to  1855,  502  ;  Gloucester  Musical  Festival,  602 ;  Decline  of  the  Bar, 
502;  Inauguration  of  the  Wellingrton  Statue  at  Manchester     502 

HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE.— Foreign  News,  503;  Domestic  Occurrences  508 

OBITUARY  ;  with  Memoirs  of  Sir  Richard  Westmacott,  R. A. —Robert  Lucas  Pearsall,  Esq. 

—Mr.  William  Yarrell— Mr.  James  Hann— Henry  Aston  Barker,  Esq 599 5^8 

Cleuoy  deceased  518 

Deatus,  arranged  in  Chronological  Order 519 

Registrar-ffcneral's  Return  of  Mortality  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  527 ;  Meteorological 

Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks  528 


By  SYLVANUS  UEBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Me.  Urbak, — In  reply  to  your  corre- 
spondent "  Enquirer,"  I  would  observe  that 
in  an  account  of  the  French  and  English 
prophets  who  infested  London  during  1707 
and  following  years,  by  Dr.  Hughson,  pub- 
lished 1814,  I  find  the  name  of  Thomas 
Emes,  who,  it  is  said,  was  commonly  called 
Dr.  Emes,  a  reputed  Socinlan,  who  had 
received  the  spirit  and  become  a  prophet, 
and  to  whom  the  spirit,  tlirough  several  of 
the  rest  of  the  prophets,  had  promised 
should  do  many  marvellous  things.  Tliis 
Emes  was  taken  ill  on  the  fourth  of 
December,  died  on  the  22nd,  and  was 
buried  on  the  25th  of  the  same  month, 
1707,  in  the  burying-place  in  Bunhill- 
fields.  After  he  was  dead,  instead  of  being 
laid  out  as  is  usual,  he  was  kept  in  bed 
till  there  was  scarce  any  enduring  it, — 
several  imagining  he  would  come  to  life 
again.  The  day  he  was  buried,  one  John 
Potter,  at  a  meeting  in  South wark,  declared 
that  Emes  should  bo  raised  from  the  dead. 
This  John  Potter  \vas  a  packer  in  Alder- 
manbury,  in  good  business.  These  "pro- 
phets" went  missions  to  Bristol,  Coventry, 
Oxford,  &c.  Forster,  a  prebendary  of 
Sarum,  declared  for  the  "prophets"  in 
the  pulpit,  for  which  he  was  suspended 
six  months  by  Gillxjrt,  Bishop  of  Sarum. 
The  famous  William  Whiston,  in  his  ser- 
mons delivered  at  Bow  Church,  at  Boyle's 
Lectures,  inveighed  most  forcibly  against 
these  impostors. 

The  "  high  wind  in  November"  was  the 
great  storm  which  happened  on  the  27th 
November,  1703,  when  about  two  thou- 
sand stacks  of  chimneys  were  blown  down 
in  and  about  London,  where  the  damage 
was  computed  at  near  two  millions  sterling. 
At  Bristol  it  was  about  two  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds.  In  one  level  in  Gloucester- 
shire fifteen  thousand  sheep  were  drowned ; 
one  hundred  and  twenty-three  persons 
were  killed  by  the  falling  of  dwellings: 
amongst  these  was  Bishop  Kidder  and  his 
lady,  by  the  fall  of  part  of  the  episcopal 
palace  at  Wells.  Those  who  perished  in 
the  waters,  in  the  floods  of  the  Severn  and 
Thames,  and  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  were 
computed  at  eight  thousand;  and  the  en- 
tire loss  was  supposed  to  be  greater  than 
that  produced  by  the  Fire  of  London,  1666, 
which  was  estimated  at  four  millions.  An 
annual  sermon  to  commemorate  the  event 
is  preached  at  the  Baptist  Meeting-house, 
Little  Wild-street,  Lincoln's -inn -Fields, 
for  which  a  legacy  of  £40  was  left  by  John 
Taylor,  a  member  of  that  society,  who,  it  is 
8tate<l,  was  remarkably  preserved  during 
the  great  storm,  and  died  in  1729.  Hone's 
"Every -day  Book"  states  his  name  to  be 


Joseph  Taylor,  and  that  he  was  a  book- 
seller in  Paternoster-row.  I  give  the  name 
John  on  the  authority  of  a  work  published 
in  1835,  entitled  "A  Brief  History  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  Little  Wild-street." 
I  remain,  &c.,  John  Thomab. 

Clyd<ich. 

Mb.  Ubban, — Although  I  am  not  in  any 
way  able  to  find  out  who  is  the  "  Prophet 
Emes"  mentioned  in  "  Parker's  Ephemeris 
for  the  year  1710,"  I  can  nevertheless  in- 
form your  correspondent  "  Enquirer"  that 
the  "high  wind  in  November**  refers  to 
the  great  stonn  that  took  place  on  the 
night  of  the  26th  November,  1708. 

The  first  lighthouse  built  on  the  Eddy- 
stone  rock  (by  Mr.  Winstanley,  of  Essex,) 
was  then  destroyed,  nothing  remaining  but 
a  few  iron  stancheons  and  a  chain. 

If  your  correspondent  has  ever  read 
"  Jack  Sheppard,"  one  of  Ainsworth's 
popular  novels,  he  will  probably  recollect 
some  account  therein  given  of  the  terrible 
hurricane  which  has  since  been  r^arded  •• 
an  event  in  the  annals  of 
Cloisters,  Westminster.         Old  Bobbab. 

Mb.  Ubban, — Your  correspondent "  En- 
quirer" will  find  all  about  the  "high  wind 
in  November "  in  the  "  Collection  of 
Casualties  and  Disasters  occasioned  by 
the  Great  Storm,"  which  I  published  in 
the  year  1704.  My  friend  Dr.  Isaac  Watts 
also  wrote  a  Hymn  on  the  occasion,  which 
Hymn  will  be  found  in  his  works.  If 
ftirther  information  be  reqmred,  I  will 
refer  "Enquirer"  to  some  other  contem- 
porary accounts. — Your  friend. 

The  Shacles,  Dan.  De  Fob. 

Mb.  Ubban, — In  the  notice  of  the  late 
Mr.  Qeorge  Gwilt  printed  in  the  August 
number  of  the  Qentlehan*8  Magazine, 
the  family  of  the  deceased  is  erroneously 
enumerated  as  "  three  sons  and  four 
daughters."  I  have  the  authority  of  Mrs. 
Jackson,  one  of  the  surviving  daughters, 
for  stating  that  the  late  Mr.  George 
Gwilt's  fiimily  consisted  of  four  sons  and 
six  daughters :  five  of  the  latter  are  now- 
living,  and  one  son,  Alfred, — who,  by  the 
way,  is  the  second  son,  and  not  the  "  third" 
son,  as  stated  in  the  memoir. 

I  am,  Slc.,  E.  C.  I. 

Mb.  Ubban,  —  Is  it  known  who  wrote 
"Baron  Muncliausen's  Travels?"  and  when 
did  the  work  first  appear  ? 

Yours,  &c,  Dbofox. 

Mr.  Sylvanus  Urban  will  continue  bis 
Autobiography  in  the  Magazine  for  No- 
vember. 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 


ST.  PETER'S  CHURCH.  NORTHAMPTON. 

This  church  is  well  kuowD  as  a  reraarkablj'  rich  specimen  of  the  Norman 
style,  especisUly  since  Mr.  Baker,  the  historian  of  the  county,  called  atten- 
tion to  it ;  and  Miss  Baker  actually  cleaued  with  her  own  hands  the  whole 
of  the  beautiful  capitals  from  the  plaster  and  whitewash  with  which  they 
were  choked  up.  The  repairs  and  restorations  effected  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Scott  a  few  years  since,  have  rendered  it  still  more  worthy  of  atten- 
tion ;  and  the  remarkable  discoveries  then  made  have  added  to  the  interest 
which  attaches  to  it.  We  propose,  therefore,  to  give  our  readers  some 
account  of  this  interesting  fabric,  and  what  little  is  known  respecting  its 
history.  We  are,  fortunately,  able  also  to  present  them  with  engravings, 
by  Le  Keui,  of  the  exterior  and  interior,  from  drawings  by  the  late 
Mr.  Mackenzie,  made  before  the  late  alterations. 

Very  little  appears  to  he  really  known  respecting  the  history  of  this 
church.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  given  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Andrew's, 
in  Northampton,  in  1084,  by  the  founder,  Simon  de  St.  Liz  (Senhs?),  the 
first  Earl  of  Northampton.  That  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  great  abbey  of 
La  Charite-sur- Loire,  one  of  the  two  great  Cluniac  abbeys  in  France,  and 
was  furnished  with  Cluniac  monks  from  that  abbey.  The  founder  gave  all 
the  churches  in  Northampton  to  his  new  foundation,  and  it  is  assumed 
that  this  was  one  of  them,  but  we  do  not  find  it  specially  mentioned  by 

The  earliest  mention  of  it  by  name  that  me  have  been  able  to  find  is 
about  eighty  years  after  this,  in  a  charter  of  Henry  II.,  a 
parliament  was  sitting  at  Northampton,  ^r,, 

confirming  the  grant  of  Simon  de  St.  Liz 
the  third  of  that  name,  E^rl  of  Northamp- 
ton, the  grandson  of  the  founder.  This 
latter  date  agrees  much  better  with  the 
character  of  the  architecture  than  the  ^ 
former.  It  is  of  very  late  Norman,  and 
very  rich,  the  capitals  beautifully  carved, 
in  a  manner  for  which  sculptors  could 
hardly  have  been  found  in  England  be-  ^-'-^-.i.  .--  ~ 
fore  n  50 ;  and  the  pillars  are  ornamented 
with  bands — generally  a  mark  of  transition 

to  the  Early  English  style.   This  grant  was  also  confirmed  by  Hugh  WcNs. 
Bishop  of  Lincoln,  in  whose  diocese  it  then  was.     This  bishop  occupied 


400  St.  Peter's  Church,  Northampton.  [Oct. 

the  see  from  1209  to  1234.  It  is  not  probable  that  he  would  have  been 
called  upon  to  confirm  a  grant  made  a  hundred  and  twenty  yeara  before  his 
time,  though  probable  enough  for  one  that  had  been  made  onlv  forty  or  fifty 
years.  There  appears  to  have  been  some  dispute  about  the  matter,  as  King 
Henry  III.  recovered  the  patronnge  from  the  priory,  and  it  continued  in  the 
crown  until  the  time  of  Edward  HI.,  who  granted  it  to  the  master,  brethren, 
and  sisters  of  St.  Catharine's  Hospital,  near  the  Tower  in  London,  with 
whom  it  still  continues.  The  earhest  incumbent  on  record  is  Thomas  de 
Fiskerton,  presented  by  the  prior  and  convent  of  St.  Andrew  in  1 220'. 

The  original  plan  of  the  church  was  oblong  with  aisles,  and  rather  long 
in  proportion  to  its  width,  wilh  a  tower  at  the  west  end.  The  outer  walls 
of  the  aisles  have,  however,  been  partially  rebuilt,  having  had  Perpendi- 
cular windows  inserted,  but  the  old  Norman  plinth -mou Id inga  remain;  the 
doorways  are  unusually  small  and  plain  for  so  rich  a  church.  The  aisles 
are  low  and  narrow,  and  have  a  clerestory  over  them,  the  exterior  wall  of 


which  is  enriched  with  a  Norman  arcade,  every  siith  or  seventh  arch  of 
which  is  pierced  for  a  window.  This  arrangement  is  peculiar,  and  can  only 
be  accounted  for  bv  supposing  that  the  architect  had  intended  the  arcade 
for  ornament  only,  but  that  on  completing  his  task  the  interior  of  the  nave 
was  found  too  dark,  and  to  obviate  the  defect  he  pierced  some  of  the  divi- 
sions of  the  arcade.  The  consequence,  however,  of  this  is,  that  the  clerestory 
windows  (from  the  arcade  having  been  originally  designed  without  any 
rej,'ard  to  the  interior)  are  totally  devoid  of  regularity,  in  aonie  places  ap- 
pearing above  the  keystone  of  tlie  arch,  in  others  above  the  springing. 

The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  church  is  the  Tower  at  the  west 
end,  about  which  there  was  always  something  puzzling  to  architectural 
antiquaries.  It  has  a  fine  and  rich  tower-arch,  and  is  also  ornamented 
on  the  exterior  with  an  unusual  abundance  of  earface  ornament  of  very 
rich  character,  an  arch  stilted  up  in  a  \cvv  unusual  manner  and  not  going 
through  the  wall,  and  small  arcades  of  round-headed  arches,  with  string- 
courses of  ornament  between.  It  has  triple  round  buttrcRses  Kt  the 
angles,— a  very  unusual  feature,  said  to  be  unique,  in  England,  though 
more  common  in  France,  as  nt  St.  Remi  at  Rheims,  and  many  other 
places.  To  this  tower  a  belfry-story  had  been  added  in  the  Perpen- 
dicular style  of  the  fifteenth  century,  with  a  battlement,  and  the  buttreaaes 

"  vol.i.  pp.  US,  452;  and  "Hon.Ang." 


18-16.] 


Si.  Peter's  Church,  Northampton. 


Mr.  Scott  has  discovered 


carried  up  in  imitation  of  the  original 
that  the  tower  had  been  entirely  re- 
built, and  carried  back  one  bay  into  the 
church,  the  foundations  of  the  original 
tower  being  distinctly  traced  nn  the 
weft  aide  of  the  ]iresent  one.  The  old 
materials  were  used  up  again,  but  in  an 
ignorant,  bungling  manner ;  and  it  is 
fcost  probable  that  the  rich  ornamental 
work  which  now  enriches  the  external 
surface  of  the  tower  ou  the  west  side, 
formed  originally  part  of  a  rich  Norman 
western  doorway.  It  is  singular  that 
the  tower -arch  should  have  been  so  well 
rebuilt^.  This  arch  u  trel)ly  recessed, 
and  loaded  with  ornament  from  the 
ground  to  the  summit. 

'I'he  principal  arcades  or  pier-archeB  of 
the  nave  have  eight  arches  on  each  side, 
rather  small,  and  not  recessed,  but  the 
edges  richly  ornamented  with  zigzags. 
The  pillars  are  alternately  single  and 
double,  with  a  vaulting-shaft  between 
carried  straight  up  to  the  roof,  with  a 
capital  at  the  top  only,  and  that  rather 
plain  :  these  were  evidently  intended  to 
carry  a  flat  boarded  ceiling,  according  to  the  usual  Norman  fashion.  The 
cajjitals  of  the  pillars  are  enriched  with  ornaments  of  various  kinds",  of  late 
character.  Some  of  the  shafts  have  surface  ornament,  consisting  of  chevrons, 
the  cable,  and  interlaced  work  resembling  basket-work.  The  bases  have 
late  mouldings,  and  stand  on  square  plinths,  the  angles  in  some  cases  orna- 
mented wiili  a  sort  of  beak.  These  foot  ornaments  are  another  indication 
of  a  late  date.  There  is  a  sepulchral  arch  of  the  fourteenth  century  in  the 
wftll  of  the  south  aisle.  The  font  is  fine,  of  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century, — an  octagon,  panelled  with  very  bold  and  good  work. 


I*  For  ciigravingtt  of  tliia  H-ork,  aeo  "  Parker's  Manual  of  Surfece  Ornament." 
'  Kor  cngravingB  of  these  cnpitiila,  sec  "  Patker'a  ManualB  of  Gothic  Omainmt,"  Na.1.; 
"  Britlon'H  Archiiectnml  Antiquities ;"  and  the  "  Olomiy  of  Architecture." 


402  St.  Peter^s  Church,  Northampton.  [Oct. 

The  east  end  was  modem  and  very  bad,  evidently  a  piece  of  patchwork ; 
in  pulling  down  which  Mr.  Scott  fortunately  discovered  sufficient  fragments 
of  the  old  work  to  make  out  the  original  design,  and  was  thus  enabled  to 
effect  a  perfect  restoration.  On  examining  the  ground  eastward  of  the 
church,  the  foundations  of  the  original  east  end  were  also  discovered,  so 
that  in  this  instance  a  real,  conscientious  restoration**  was  effected,  and  an 
example  set  of  patience  and  care  amply  rewarded,  which  we  hope  will  excite 
the  emulation  of  other  architects,  and  lead  to  a  more  careful  study  of  our 
ancient  buildings,  instead  of  the  offhand  manner  in  which  what  are  mis- 
called restorations  have  usually  been  made  of  late  years.  One  of  the  bases  of 
the  two  easternmost  piers  built  into  the  wall  was  found  to  have  been  worked 
out  of  portions  of  a  churchyard  cross  covered  with  Runic  patterns,  but  as 
the  Norman  work  was  of  the  latter  part  of  the  twelfth  century,  it  does  not 
necessarily  follow  that  this  cross  was  earlier  than  the  eleventh,  although  it 
may  have  been  so. 


BOTHWELL  •. 


In  his  choice  of  subjects  Professor  Aytoun  gives  proof  of  a  good  deal  of 
that  high  adventurous  courage  which  distinguishes  the  greater  number  of 
the  heroes  of  his  lays.  He  seizes  on  a  set  of  well-known  and  deeply -stained 
delinquents — characters  as  justly  infamous  for  heartlessness  or  profligacy 
as  his  Claverhouse,  his  Prince  Charlie,  his  Bothwell,  or  his  Queen  of  Scots, 
—  and  then  endeavours,  by  sheer  force  of  a  rhetoric  illumined  and  en- 
riched by  gleams  of  genuine  eloquence,  to  do  away  with  the  decisions  of 
history  concerning  them,  and  to  set  them  before  the  reader  with  their  sins 
fused  from  them  in  the  heat  and  splendour  of  his  animated  verse.  Such 
an  attempt  would  be,  of  course,  in  ordinary  hands,  absurd ;  but  the  marvel 
is,  how  much  Dr.  Aytoun's  rapid  glowing  manner  has  enabled  him  to  succeed 
in  it,  and  to  cast  over  his  very  disreputable  personages  "  a  heavenly  hue  of 
words,  like  sunbeams,"  which  has  dazzled  the  understandings  and  drawn 
tears  from  the  eyes  of  half  the  young  ladies  in  the  kingdom,  and  has  dis- 
turbed for  awhile  the  oldest  and  the  heartiest  convictions  of  a  far  less  sus- 
ceptible and  less  romantic  class  of  readers. 

It  is  on  something  better  than  a  surmise  we  assume  that  Mr.  Macaulay 
and  Sir  Walter  Scott  have  been  the  poetical  progenitors  of  Professor  Aytoun. 
Without  imputing,  at  present,  a  single  line  or  stanza  of  the  "  Lays  of  the 
Scottish  Cavaliers,"  or  of  "  Bothwell,'*  to  imitation,  we  take  it  for  granted 
that  the  first  conception  of  these  works  was  suggested  by  the  noble  ballads 
of  the  two  writers  we  have  just  named.  We  can  imagine  Professor  Aytoun 
reading  with  a  throbbing  heart  and  a  glowing  eye  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake," 
or  the  lay  of  "  Horatius,"  and  then — as  his  admiration  lighted  up  a  kindred 
inspiration  into  flame — exclaiming,  "  anch'  io  sono  pittore :"  and  worthily, 
if  he  had  made  it,  would  such  a  boast  have  been  supported  by  his  subsequent 
performances.  Inferior,  on  the  whole,  to  both  of  his  great  predecessors,  he 
is  inferior  to  them  alone,  in  the  animated  strength  and  spirit  of  his  narra- 


•*  For  an  interesting  uccomit  of  this  restoration,  see  the  Report  of  the  Rev.  T.  Jamen 
to  the  Northampton  Architectural  Society  for  1R50,  and  the  "  Ecclesiolngigt,"  vol.  xi. 

•  "  Bothwell.  A  Poem,  in  Six  Parts."  *By  W.  E<lmon(lBtoune  Aytonn,  D.C.L.  (Edin- 
hnrph  and  Ijondon :  W.  Blackwood  &  Sons.) 


1866.]  BothwelL  403 

tive,  the  easy  mastery  of  his  metre,  the  truth  and  terseness  of  his  imagery, 
and  the  tenderness  of  passages  more  richly  laden  with  feeling  and  imagina- 
tion which  aic  scattered  with  a  sparing  hand  tliroughout  his  work.  And 
there  is  less  of  this  inferiority  discernible  in  "  Both  well"  than  in  the  earlier 
volume,  and  less  resemblance,  also,  to  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  Mr. 
jVIacaulay's  poems;  whilst  there  is,  at  the  same  time,  more  to  those  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott.  Dr.  Aytoun  may  have  been  made  aware  of  the  disadvan- 
tageous comparison  which  could  not  fail  to  be  suggested  to  every  reader  of 
his  lays  who  was  not  unacquainted  with  the  "  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,"  and 
may  have  designedly  endeavoured  to  avoid  any  new  occasion  for  it  in  the 
composition  of  this  more  eIaJ)orate  and  longer,  as  well  as  better,  manifesta- 
tion of  his  skill  and  strength. 

The  plan  of  Dr.  Aytoun*s  new  poem  is  eminently  simple.  The  outcast 
Bothwell,  during  his  Danish  imprisonment  in  the  fortress  of  Malmoe,  takes 
a  retrospect  of  the  circumstances  which  have  had  the  most  to  do  in  hurling 
him  from  his  pride  of  place  into  the  shame  and  wretchedness  of  the  dungeon 
in  which  he  soliloquizes.  Foremost  amongst  these  has  been  his  mad  devo- 
tion to  the  beautiful  young  Queen.  It  is  this  which  has  branded  him  with 
the  guilt  of  foul  conspiracy  and  cowardly  assassination — which  has  made 
him  the  blunt,  strong  tool  of  craftier  intellects  than  his  own — which  has 
goaded  him  on,  under  the  cozenage  of  secret  enemies,  into  a  succession  of 
rush  and  fatal  steps  which  have  led  him  headlong  to  his  ruin — and  which,  as 
the  bitterest  consciousness  in  his  review,  have  made  that  descent  infamous 
by  outrages  on  her  who  has  been  all  the  while  infinitely  dearer  to  him  than 
his  life,  or  happiness,  or  fame :  for  to  Bothwell's  understanding  and  to 
Both  well's  heart,  Mary  is  as  pure  and  saint-like  in  her  innocence  as  she  is 
p(irfect  in  her  personal  loveliness.  In  the  sickening  torment  of  a  captivity 
without  hope,  his  faith  in  her  is  unclouded,  and  almost  his  sole  remorse 
arises  from  the  evil  she  has  suffered  at  his  hands.  Undesignedly,  he  has 
been  the  instrument  of  cruellest  injury  to  her  whom  he  would  have  shielded 
from  all  injury  at  every  cost. 

Now  in  the  Bothwell  of  Professor  Aytoun's  verses  all  this  is  veiy  unex- 
ceptionable. An  imaginary  hero  is  bound  by  immemorial  custom  to  enter- 
tain this  conviction  of  the  spotlessness  of  his  ladye-love.  He  could  hardly 
otherwise  maintain  that  holy  and  entire  idolatry  which  has  come  to  be 
almost  indispensable  in  fictitious  composition.  But  when  Dr.  Aytoun 
endorses  the  unhappy  lover's  monologue,  and  gives  it  currency  under  his 
authority  as  a  faithful  record  of  some  passages  in  the  history  of  Bothwell 
and  of  Mary,  the  case  is  widely  different.  We  have  a  right  to  ask,  then, 
not  simply  whether  the  representations  of  character  are  suited  to  the  writer's 
purposes,  and  are  consistently  maintained,  but  also — and  the  question  in- 
volves far  higher  interests  than  those  of  any  work  of  fiction — whether  they 
arc  really  in  accordance  with  established  facts.  In  the  glowing  praise 
which  he  gives  to  Mary's  personal  loveliness  and  bewitching  sweetness  of 
manner,  nobody  will  disagree  with  Dr.  Aytoun.  Undoubtedly  she  was  in 
these  respects  as  true  an  impersonation  of  the  highest  grace  and  glory  of 
womanhood,  as  she  was  of  its  lowest  degradation  in  her  dispositions  and 
conduct.  This  moral  depravity  might  be  indeed  almost  inferred  from  the 
fact  that  a  creature  so  munificently  gifted  in  all  that  could  attract  and 
charm,  died — friendless  and  unwept — on  the  scaffold  raised  for  her  by  her 
queenly  cousin.  But  there  is  directer  evidence  than  this  that  Mary  com- 
bined in  herself,  strong  as  at  the  spring-head,  all  the  vices  of  that  unhappy 
line  of  monarchs  who  descended  from  her.     We  have  no  desire  to  enlarge. 


404  Bothwell  [Oct. 

at  present,  on  the  ingrained  falsehood,  the  unbridled  licentiousness,  or  the 
savage  bigotry,  by  which  she  was  as  much  distinguished  as  by  her  great 
accomplishment  and  glorious  beauty;  but  we  are  bound  to  give  to  the 
many  who  will  read  Dr.  Aytoun's  verses  with  all  their  kindliest  sympathies 
awakened  and  excited  by  his  skill,  a  word  of  caution  against  the  mistake 
of  supposing  that  they  are  pitying  any  real  personage  when  they  mourn  over 
the  wrongs  and  sorrows  of  the  spotless  Mary  of  his  tale.  The  Mary  of 
Scottish  history  was  a  very  different  character  from  her  whom  he  delights 
to  paint  in  all  the  fairest  and  the  freshest  hues  that  can  embellish  innocence. 
To  say  nothing  of  the  suspicious  nature  of  the  Queen's  attachment  to 
Hizzio,  or  hurried  visit  to  the  wounded  Bothwell, — counts  in  history's  in- 
dictment of  her  which  Dr.  Aytoun  chooses  to  represent  under  an  aspect 
that  transforms  them  into  still  more  endearing  virtues, — he  finds,  on  Mary's 
part,  much  to  pity  and  to  praise,  but  nothing  to  condemn,  in  connection 
with  that  melancholy  catalogue  of  crimes  which  has  made  her  reign  memo- 
rable,— the  murder  of  her  husband,  the  abduction  and  outrage  by  Bothwell, 
and  the  divorce  of  Bothwell's  first  wife  as  a  preliminary  to  his  union  with 
the  Queen.  In  her  relation  to  the  whole  of  these  transactions  Dr.  Aytoun 
pictures  Mary  as  a  long-suffering  victim  near  akin  to  saint.  But  her  con- 
temporaries judged  otherwise.  They  held  her  to  be  the  willing  accessory 
in  all  of  them,  the  prime  instigator  of  some  of  them.  They  associated  the 
tragedy  in  the  Kirk-of- Field  with  the  past  and  the  future ; — it  was  her  fell 
revenge  for  the  assassination  of  her  minion  Hizzio,  her  preparation  for  the 
ill-omened  marriage  with  her  favourite  Bothwell.  Her  truest  friends  and 
most  sagacious  councillors  warned  and  besought  her  unavailingly  against 
this  crowning  act  of  her  infatuation.  "  In  spite,"  we  are  told,  "  of  the  un- 
wonted frankness  of  Elizabeth's  expostulations, — unmoved  by  the  affec- 
tionate entreaties  of  Beaton, — untouched  by  the  generous  fidelity  of  Herries, 
—deaf  to  the  sage  counsel  of  Melville, — without  regard  to  the  general  in- 
dignation of  Scotland,  England,  and  Europe, — she  persisted  in  her  pursuit 
with  a  headlong  precipitation,  which  only  a  frantic  passion  could  beget, 
and  which  there  are  not  many  examples  of  the  strongest  passion  having  ever 
inspired."  Within  three  months  of  her  husband's  murder  she  married  him 
whom  every  finger  pointed  at,  and  every  voice  accused,  as  the  murderer ; 
and  married  him  whilst  there  must  still  have  been  ringing  in  her  ears  the 
declaration  of  the  clergyman  by  whom  the  banns  were  published,  '*  that  the 
tmion  would  be  evidence  of  the  wedded  parties  being  accomplices  in  the 
murder  of  the  husband  of  one  of  theiny  And  shortly  afterwards  these 
convictions  received  the  fullest  confirmation  from  a  discovei*y  of  the  cor- 
respondence between  the  guilty  pair. 

Such,  then,  was  the  illustrious  criminal  whom  Professor  Aytoun  has  pour- 
trayed  in  little  short  of  an  angelic  nature.  And  it  is  due  to  him  to  own 
that  his  work  is  done  well,  and  that  he  has  even  succeeded  best  on  those 
occasions  where  the  facts  were  most  sternly  arrayed  against  him.  With 
tw^o  or  three  exceptions,  it  is  these  portions  of  his  poem  that  will  be  read 
with  most  emotion,  that  will  be  most  eagerly  and  oftenest  turned  to,  and 
that  will  be  most  faithfully  and  fondly  treasured  in  the  memory  of  the 
reader.  Compact,  free,  and  glowing  in  expression,  they  breathe  the  fullest 
life  and  vigour  of  his  eloquence.  We  could  not  give  a  better  example  of 
his  best  manner,  than  by  quoting  some  of  these  passages.  Take,  for  instance, 
the  captive  earl's  accomit  of  that  memorable  visit  which  his  royal  mistress 
made  him  after  his  encounter  with  John  Elliot  of  the  Park, — a  visit  which 
was  certainly  imputed  at  the  time  to  a  motive  far  less  creditable  ihaii 
1 


1856.]  Bothwell.  405 

queenly  commiseration  of  the  sufferings  of  her  brave  defender.  From  the 
time  of  his  desperate  fight  with  Elliot,  Bothwell  has  been  bedridden  by  his 
wounds  : — 

"  But,  O,  that  day,  when  first  I  rose, 

A  cripple,  from  my  lair — 
Threw  wide  the  casement,  breath'd  my  fill 

Of  fresh  and  wholesome  air — 
Drank  in  new  life,  and  felt  once  more 

The  pulse's  stirring  play — 
O,  madly  in  my  heart  is  writ 

The  record  of  that  day  ! 
I  thought  to  hear  the  gorcock  crow. 

Or  ouzel  whistle  shrill ; 
When,  lo,  a  gallant  company 

Came  riding  up  the  hill. 
No  banner  was  clisplay'd  on  high. 

No  sign  of  war  was  seen. 
No  armM  band,  with  spear  and  brandy 

Encompassed  Scotland's  Queen. 
She  came,  on  gentle  errand  bound — 

The  bounteous  and  the  free — 
She  came  to  cheer  her  wounded  knight,. 

She  came  to  smile  on  me. 

"  She  waited  not  for  guard  or  groom. 

But  pass'd  into  the  hall ; 
Around  her  were  the  four  Maries, 

Herself  the  rose  of  all. 
I  never  thought  that  woman's  voice 

Could  thrill  my  being  so. 
As  when  she  thank'd  me  for  my  zeal 

In  accents  soft  and  low. 
1  saw  the  tear  within  her  eye, 

Wlien,  bending  down  to  me. 
She  placed  her  lily  hand  in  mine. 

And  bade  me  quit  my  knee. 
*  Dear  lord,'  she  said,  *  'tis  woman's  right- 
To  comfort  when  she  may ; 
Then  chafe  not,  if  we  take  by  storm 

Your  Border-keep  to-day. 
We  come  not  to  invade  your  hall. 

Or  rudely  mar  your  rest ; 
Though  well  I  know,  at  fitter  time, 

I  were  a  welcome  guest. 
But  could  I  quit  the  Border-side 

Without  my  thanks  to  him 
Who  paid  his  service  far  too  well. 

At  risk  of  life  and  limb  ? 
Oh,  Bothwell !  you  have  bravely  done. 

And  all  my  thanks  are  poor ; 
Would  God  that  more  were  bent,  like  yon^ 

To  make  my  throne  secure ! 
True  heart !  strong  arm !  I  cannot  place 

A  chaplet  on  your  brow. 
For  the  old  laws  of  chivalry 

Are  dead  and  vanish'd  now ; 
But,  trust  me,  never  waa  a  queen 

More  debtor  to  a  peer. 
Than  I,  hrave  earl,  am  proud  to  own. 

Before  the  presence  here !' " 

Quite  in  a  different  character  from  this,  yet  quite  as  good  in  its  way,  is 
the  description  of  that  dream  in  which  the  cardinal  events  of  Bothwell's  life 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  3  o 


406  Bothwell.  [Oct 

in  his  relations  to  the  Queen  are  supposed  to  have  been  foreshadowed  to 
him.  If  we  conceive  the  half-formed,  unrecognised  idea  of  his  great  crime 
dimly  yet  habitually  haunting  him,  it  is  in  some  such  form  as  this  that 
imagination  might,  in  the  moments  of  her  unparticipated  reign,  give  shape, 
and  substance,  and  completion  to  the  thought.  The  murder  and  the  ill- 
starred  marriage — the  tragic  opening,  and  the  close  in  misery  so  portentous 
—might  thus  connect  themselves  in  the  troubled  vision  of  his  selfish  and 
aspiring  mind.  In  a  dream  of  horror  and  of  terror,  in  which  his  limbs  are 
powerless  and  his  soul  appalled,  the  Earl  is  summoned  by  a  voice  ex- 
claiming— 

"  Rise  up,  Lord  Bothwell,  firom  thy  bed. 
Rise  up,  and  follow  me  !" 

The  sequence  of  the  dream  is  thus  told  : — 

"  I  rose,  but  not  as  men  arise 

At  hasty  call  or  loud ; 
I  rose  as  rigid  as  a  corpse 

Swath'd  in  its  burial- shroud. 
Spell-bound  I  stood  upon  the  floor, 

Bereft  of  power  or  will. 
For  well  I  knew,  where'er  he  went. 

That  I  must  follow  still. 
Then  up  the  stair  he  led  the  way. 

By  winding  steps  and  steep. 
Out  to  the  topmost  battlement 

Of  old  CraigmiUar's  keep. 
The  moon  was  down,  but  myriad  stars 

Were  sparkling  in  the  sky — 
*  Behold  V  he  said,  and  rds*d  his  hand — 

They  seem*d  to  wane  and  die. 
They  pass'd  from  out  the  firmament. 

Deep  darkness  fell  around — 
Darkness,  and  horror  as  of  hell. 

And  silence  most  profound. 
No  wind,  no  murmur,  breath,  nor  stir, 

'Twas  utter  blankness  all, 
As  though  the  face  of  God  were  hid. 

And  heaven  were  wrapp'd  in  pall. 

'  Behold  again !'  the  deep  voice  said. 

And  straight  arose  a  spire 
Of  lurid,  red,  and  dismal  light. 
Between  me  and  the  mountain-height, 

A  peak  of  wavering  fire : 
Above  it  was  a  kingly  crown — 

Then  sounded  in  my  ear, 
'  That  glorious  prize  may  be  thine  own ! 
Nor  only  that,  but  honour,  power. 
Beauty,  and  love — a  matchless  dower — 

Dominion  far  and  near ! 
All  these  await  thee,  if  thy  heart 

Is  tempered  like  thy  steel. 
Keen,  sharp,  and  strong,  and  prompt  to  strike — 

To  strike,  but  not  to  feel ! 
That  crown  was  won  by  valiant  Bruce, 

He  gained  it  by  the  blow 
That  on  the  slippery  altar-steps 

Laid  the  Red  Comyn  low ; 
He  won  and  wore  it  as  a  king. 

And  thou  may'st  win  it  now  !* 

I  spoke  not,  but  he  heard  my  thought : — 
'  Well  done,  thou  dauntless  peer ! 


1856.]  Boihwell  407 

1  love  the  brave  and  venturous  will 

That  knows  nor  ruth  nor  fear ! 
Come,  then,  1  swear  by  yonder  fire — 

An  oath  ne*er  broke  by  me — 
That  thou  shalt  sit  in  Damley's  place 

When  Darnley  dies  by  thee ! 
Away  that  pageant  V — Spire  and  crown 

Shut,  like  the  lightning's  leap ; 
But  overhead  a  meteor  came 
Slow-moving,  tinging  with  its  flame 

The  murky  clouds  and  deep ; 
It  shed  a  ghure  on  Arthur's  Seat, 

It  widen'd  like  a  shield. 
And  burst,  in  thunder  and  in  fire. 

Above  the  Kirk-of-Field." 

One  of  the  subordinate  particulars  in  which  Professor  Aytoun  very  com- 
monly reminds  us  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  is  in  the  more  pensive  character  of 
the  introductory  stanzas  to  each  of  the  cantos  into  which  his  composition 
is  divided.  The  resemblance  is  all  the  more  striking  from  the  superiority 
of  these  passages  to  those  which  come  after  them.  In  Professor  Aytoun's 
case  this  superiority  is  so  decided  as  to  give  rise  to  a  feeling  of  disappoint- 
ment and  regret  that  the  sweeter  strain  should  be  so  soon  permitted  to  die 
away,  in  order  to  give  place  to  rhetorical  declamation.  We  know  of  no  other 
stanzas  in  the  long  extent  of  "Both well'*  in  which  there  is  as  much  sus- 
tained beauty,  as  much  depth  and  tenderness  of  feeling,  and  sweetness  of 
versification,  as  in  the  following  passage,  which  introduces  to  us  Professor 
Aytoun's  fifth  part : — 

"  Ascension-morn !   I  hear  the  bells 

Ring  irom  the  village  far  away : 
How  solemnly  that  music  tells 

The  mystic  story  of  the  day ! 
Fainter  and  fainter  come  the  chimes. 

As  though  they  melted  into  air. 
Like  voices  of  the  ancient  times. 

Like  whispers  of  ascending  prayer ! 
So  sweet  and  gentle  sound  they  yet. 

That  I,  who  never  bend  the  knee. 
Can  listen  on,  and  half  forget 

That  heaven's  bright  door  is  shut  for  me. 
Yes,  universal  as  the  dew, 

Which  falls  alike  on  field  and  fen. 
Comes  the  wide  summons  to  the  true. 

The  false,  the  best  and  worst  of  men. 
Ring  on,  ye  bells !     Let  others  throng 

Before  the  holy  rood  to  pray ; 
Let  them  have  comfort  in  the  song 

That  celebrates  this  holy  day. 
Ring  on  for  them  !    I  hear  you  well. 

But  cannot  lift  my  thoughts  on  high ; 
The  dreary  mists  that  rise  from  hell 

Come  thick  between  me  and  the  sky !" 

It  would  be  easy  to  extend  our  remarks  to  any  length  by  commenting  on 
the  good  or  bad  lines  which  Bothwell's  declamations  offer  us  in  great  abund- 
ance ;  but  the  goodness  and  the  badness  both  depend,  in  almost  every  in- 
stance, on  the  garb  of  words,  which  is  sometimes  close  and  elegant,  and  well- 
becoming,  and  sometimes  loose  and  slovenly  to  the  last  degree.  A  consider- 
ation of  more  interest  than  any  such  minute  criticism  is  that  of  the  place 
which  Dr.  Aytoun's  production  is  entitled  to  amongst  the  marketable  wares 
which  literature  accumulates  for  entertainment,  or  instruction,  or  delight. 


408  BothwelL  [Oct. 

We  apprehend  that  the  author's  best  friends  will  be  too  prudent  to  claim 
any  very  conspicuous  distinctions  for  him.  Our  quotations — fair  ones,  cer- 
tainly, or,  indeed,  somewhat  favourable — will  support  us  in  the  assurance 
that,  whatever  else  its  warp  and  woof  may  be,  "  Bothwell"  is  not  woven 
from  the  golden  threads  of  genuine  poetry.  It  gives  us  no  glimpses  of  that 
profound  insight  into  universal  nature  which  is  so  sure  an  indication  of  the 
poetic  faculty, — no  serene  philosophy  in  sweet  and  simple  numbers, — no 
deep  and  trembling  sympathy  with  all  visible  and  vocal  beauty,  whether  be- 
longing, as  its  place  of  birth,  to  (he  material  world  around  us,  or  to  the  un- 
derstanding and  the  heart  of  man, — no  subtle  analogies,  discerned  by  the 
imagination,  and  set  before  us  by  the  same  transmuting  power  in  all  the 
reality  of  consummate  life  and  loveliness, — no  gorgeous  images  that  dazzle 
and  delight  by  their  magnificence, — no  bewitching  melodies  of  verse,  even, 
that  sink  into  the  memory's  depths  as  a  reserved,  unfading  joy  for  ever, — 
none,  in  a  word,  of  those  high  and  glorious  influences  which  the  great  masters 
of  the  art  have  taught  and  trained  us  to  exact,  as  indispensable  proofs,  from 
all  who  would  have  a  place  allowed  them  amongst  the  laurelled  brethren  of 
the  grand  poetic  guild.  No  artifices  of  rhyme  and  metre,  no  picked  and 
pithy  sonorousness  of  language,  can  ever  compensate  for  those  deficiencies. 
Yet  these  subordinate  accomplishments,  manifesting  themselves  in  the  narra- 
tion of  an  interesting  tale,  may  suffice — and  in  Dr.  Aytoun's  case  have,  we 
believe,  sufficed — for  the  composition  of  a  work  more  certain,  for  awhile,  of 
wide-spread  popularity,  than  many  of  the  productions  most  richly  laden  with 
the  truest  poetry  of  genius.  The  animated  rhetorical  eloquence  of  his  me- 
trical romance  will  be  appreciated  by  the  taste  of  that  multitude  whose  fore- 
fathers doted  on  the  spirited  and  striking  verse  of  Scott,  whilst  they  left  the 
most  precious  effusions  of  Wordsworth,  of  Coleridge,  and  of  Shelley,  to  rot 
as  rubbish  in  the  bookseller's  cellars,  or  to  rest  as  lumber  on  his  shelves.  Dr. 
Aytoun's  "Bothwell"  has  no  such  neglect  as  this  to  dread.  It  comes  up 
to  the  highest  demands  of  those  who  love  to  discuss  the  merits  of  the  last 
new  poem  or  romance.  Agreeable  and  varied,  though  not  varied  enough, 
in  incident ;  easy,  elegant,  and  sometimes  forcible,  in  language ;  almost 
always  accurate  in  the  least  intiicate  form  of  rhyme  and  metre  ;  interspersed 
with  lively  images  and  passages  of  very  considerable  eloquence — it  will  please, 
and  interest,  and  excite  the  greater  number  of  its  readers,  and  will  give  them 
all  the  satisfaction  of  a  poem,  without  taxing  their  unwilling  faculties  with 
that  toil  of  emotion  and  of  thought  which  every  true  poem,  for  its  adequate 
acceptance,  needs.  It  has  in  it,  in  a  word,  all  the  essential  qualities  of  popu- 
larity, not  of  permanency. 

The  volume  is  "  got  up"  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  it  a  graceful  orna- 
ment  for  any  table — a  not  unbecoming  burden  for  the  fairest  hand.  In  paper, 
printing,  and  binding  it  is  alike  creditable  to  the  publishers'  taste  and  care. 
The  **  rivulet  of  text"  in  truth  "  meanders  through  a  meadow  of  margin  ;" 
but  then  the  rivulet  itself  is  admirably  clear,  and  bright,  and  well-embanked, 
whilst  the  meadow  is  beyond  measure  rich  and  beautiful. 


1856.]  409 


THE  TUDOR  STATUTE-BOOK. 

This  subject  is  so  wide  that  it  would  seem  to  demand  volumes  for  its 
discussion,  as  would  indeed  be  the  case  if  we  purposed  to  dwell  upon  each 
individual  enactment.  Such,  however,  is  not  our  design,  as  we  conceive 
that  a  comparatively  few  examples,  fairly  chosen,  will  afford  a  picture  true 
in  the  main,  not  merely  of  the  government,  but  of  the  social  condition  of 
England,  throughout  the  sixteenth  century.  The  people  in  those  days 
were  conceived  to  **  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  laws  but  to  obey  them/' 
and  therefore  a  line  of  conduct  was  marked  out  for  them,  even  in  food, 
clothing,  wages,  and  dwellings,  from  which  they  might  not  depart,  except 
under  severe  penalties.  The  idea  that  each  man  might  do  as  he  would  with 
his  own,  was  a  "  dangerous  position,"  which  under  the  Tudors  received  a 
practical  refutation  at  the  hands  of  the  hangman. 

In  pursuing  our  inquiry,  we  will  first  advert  to  the  frame  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  next  to  the  tone  and  temper  of  successive  parliaments ;  then  we 
will  enumerate  the  chief  enactments  which  bore  on  the  every-day  life  of  the 
people,  citing,  in  some  cases,  the  preambles  of  the  acts,  which  may  be  taken 
as  official  expositions  of  the  relations  that  existed,  or  it  was  thought  should 
exist,  between  the  governing  and  the  governed  classes ;  and  will  conclude 
with  such  an  estimate  of  the  England  of  the  Tudors  as  our  materials  will, 
we  think,  fully  warrant. 

I.  One  of  the  earliest  of  the  Tudor  statutes,  that  establishing  the  court 
of  Starchamber,  [3  Henry  VII.  c.  1*,]  may  be  fairly  cited  in  proof  of  the 
assertion  that  all  real  power  was  meant  to  be  centred  in  the  crown.  What 
had  been  the  occasional  practice  of  former  kings,  of  deciding  on  various 
matters  brought  before  them  without  any  very  strict  regard  to  the  letter 
of  the  law,  is  here  seen  reduced  to  a  system  which  placed  every  man  at  the 
mercy  of  the  king's  council,  as  it  in  effect  superseded  all  law  : — 

"Tlie  king  our  sovereign  lord  remembereth  how  by  unlawful  maintenance,  giving  of 
liveries,  signs  and  tokens,  and  retainders  by  indenture,  promises,  oaths,  writing  or 
otherwise,  embraceries  of  liis  subjects,  untrue  demeaning  of  sheriffs,  in  making  of 
panels  and  other  untrue  returns,  by  taking  of  money  by  juries,  by  great  riota  and  un- 
lawful as8enil)lies,  the  policy  and  good  rule  of  this  realm  is  almost  subdued,  and  for  the 
known  punishment  of  this  inconvenience,  and  by  occasion  of  the  premises  nothing  or 
little  may  be  found  by  inquiry,  whereby  the  laws  of  the  land  in  execution  may  take 
little  effect,  to  the  increase  of  nmrders,  robberies,  perjuries,  and  unsureties  of  all  men 
living,  and  losses  of  their  lands  and  goods,  to  the  great  displeasure  of  Almighty  God." 

The  court  thus  established  was  to  consist  of  the  chancellor,  treasurer, 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  one  other  councillor,  a  bishop,  and  the  two  chief 
justices,  and  its  power  extended  to  the  punishment  of  all  classes  of  offenders 
equally  as  if  they  had  been  *•  convict  after  the  due  order  of  the  law."  To 
supply  it  with  causes,  justices  were  directed  to  hold  new  inquests  to  inquire 
of  the  concealments  of  former  jurors,  and  it  became  the  great  instrument  of 
the  extortions  of  Empson  and  Dudley.  A  statute  was  passed  in  1497  [11 
Henry  VII.  c.  24 J  denouncing  heavy  punishment  on  jurors**  who  gave 
untrue  verdicts  ;  but  it  would  appear  not  to  have  been  enforced  in  relation 
to  causes  before  the  Starchamber,  as  the  false  jurors  and  false  witnesses 

"  In  citing  the  statutes  we  employ  the  edition  in  11  vols.,  folio,  published  (1810-28) 
by  the  Record  Commissioners;  we  mention  this,  as  the  numbering  in  that  edition 
differs  in  many  cases  from  the  ordinary  one. 

^  An  act  for  remedying  the  abuse  of  insufficient  jurors  had  been  passed  in  14S4, 
[1  Richard  III.  c.  6]. 


410  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [Oct. 

called  "  promoters^"  manifestly  carried  all  before  them,  at  least  as  long  as 
Empson  and  Dudley  lived,  and  were  placed  in  the  pillory  by  scores  on  the 
fall  of  their  patrons. 

But  beside  allowing  the  establishment  of  this  court,  which  might  at  any 
time,  if  the  king  was  so  minded,  supersede  all  the  rest,  extraordinary 
powers  were  conferred  on  Henry  by  his  parliament.  He  was,  for  a  resison 
which  sounds  strangely  to  modem  ears,  allowed  to  reverse  acts  of  attainder 
on  his  own  authority.  [19  Henry  V^II.  c.  28] : — 

"  Til  is  present  parliament  .  .  .  draweth  so  near  to  an  end,  and  after  the  same  his 
highness  is  not  minded, /or  the  ease  of  his  subjects,  without  great  necessity  and  urgent 
causes,  of  long  time,  to  call  and  summon  a  new  parliament." 

Some  of  these  acts  of  attainder  had  been  obtained  in  a  way  which  be- 
came but  too  common  under  the  Tudors,  namely,  without  hearing  the 
accused.  Thus  we  find  in  1491,  [7  Henry  VH.  c.  23,]  Sir  Robert  Cham- 
berlayn,  late  of  Barking,  and  Richard  White,  late  of  Thorp,  Norfolk, 
accused  of  corresponding  with  the  king  of  France,  and  the  statute  con- 
cludes, *'  Be  it  therefore  ordained  and  enacted,  by  authority  of  this  present 
parliament,  that  the  said  Robert  and  Richard  stand  and  be  attainted  of 
high  treason  **." 

Another  statute  of  the  same  session  [c.  22]  relates  that  one  John  Hayes 
had  received  a  traitorous  letter  (which  is  recited),  and  had  not  made  it 
known,  nor  attempted  to  detain  the  messenger ;  he  is  doomed,  as  guilty  of 
misprision  of  treason  : — 

**  Be  it  therefore  ordained,  by  the  advice  of  the  lords  spiritual  and  temporal,  and 
commons  in  this  present  parliament  assembled,  and  hy  authority  of  the  same,  that  the 
said  John  Hayes  1>e  convicted  and  attainted  of  misprision  hy  him  committed  and  done 
against  the  king's  most  royal  person  of  and  for  his  uulawful  demeaning  and  conceal- 
ment  in  the  premises  afore  rehearsed,  and  that  he  by  the  same  authority  forfeit  therefor 
all  his  goods,  and  over  that,  his  h(xly  to  abide  in  prison  therefor,  unto  the  time  he  have 
made  line  and  ransom  for  the  same." 

The  fears  and  jealousies  that  must  necessarily  beset  the  usurper's  throne 
led  Henry  VII.  to  obtain  a  statute  [3  Henry  VII.  c.  14],  upon  which  his 
son  improved  [33  Henry  VIII.  c.  12],  and  which  erected  a  special  court  to 
try  offences,  which  might  touch  the  king  : — 

"  Forsomuch  as  hy  quarrels  made  to  such  as  hath  been  in  great  authority,  office,  and 
of  counsel  with  kings  of  this  realm,  hath  ensued  the  destruction  of  kings,  and  the 
near  undoing  of  this  realm,  so  it  h»th  ap])cared  evidently,  when  compassing  of  the 
death  of  such  as  were  of  the  king's  true  subjects  was  liad,  the  destruction  of  the  prince 
was  imagined  thereby.** 

In  virtue  of  the  statute  thus  introduced,  the  lord-steward,  lord-treasurer 
and  controller,  with  a  jury  **of  twelve  sad  and  discreet  persons  of  the 
cheque-roll  of  the  king's  honourable  household*,"  were  to  inquire  of  **  con- 

<=  "  Tlie  lord-mayors  and  other  magistrates  of  London  suflere<l  severely  from  these 
men:  Sir  William  Capel  (mayor  in  1503)  j)aid  in  1195  a  fine  of  £1,000; 'he  was  now 
(1507)  accused  of  nepli^ence  in  the  discharjye  of  his  office,  and  refusing  to  pay  a  com- 
position of  £2,000,  was  imprisono<l  in  the  Tower  until  llenrj'*s  death ;  Sir  Thomas 
Knesworth  (mayor  in  1505)  ])aid  £1,100 ;  Sir  Lawrence  Aylmer  (mayor  in  1199)  paid 
£1,000,  and  was  likewise  committed  to  prison ;  sherifls  and'  aldennen*  also  were  heavily 
fined,  and  one  of  the  latter,  Stow  says,  *  was  so  vexed  hy  the  said  promoters  that  it 
short enwl  his  life  by  thought-taking.*  ** — Annals  of  England,  vol.  ii.  p.  132. 

**  Tliis  enactment  would  seem  to  have  fumishc<l  the  model  for  the  attainder  of  Sir 
John  Fcnwick,  in  1G97,  by  act  of  pariiament,  [8  &  9  Will.  III.  c.  4]. 

«  From  the  Stiitute-book  we  leani  the  ex])enst»  of  the  household  under  the  first  and 
the  last  of  the  Tudors.     In  1  i97  the  cost  was  fixed  at  £12,059  98.  lid.  [11  Henry  VII. 


1856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-booh  411 

federacies,  coinpassings,  conspiracies,  imaginations,  with  any  person  or  per- 
sons, to  destroy  or  murder  the  king,  or  any  lord  of  this  realm,"  or  any 
other  member  of  the  royal  household  ;  and  the  persons  accused,  if  found 
guilty  by  a  jury  of  '*  other  twelve  sad  men,*'  were  **  to  have  judgment  and 
execution  as  felons  attainted  were  to  have  by  the  common  law." 

"  A  declaration  what  offences  shall  be  adjudged  treason,"  [25  Edward 
III.  stat.  5,  c.  2,]  confined  the  grievous  penalties  of  the  traitor  to  those  who 
manifestly  laboured  to  kill  the  king,  or  overthrow  his  government,  or  dis- 
honour his  bed ;  but  this  reasonable  limit  found  no  favour  in  the  eyes  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  his  parliament  passed  a  statute  in  1534,  [26  Henry 
VIII.  c.  13,]  *' whereby  divers  offences  be  made  high  treason,  and  taking 
away  all  sanctuaries  for  all  manner  of  high  treasons,"  the  reason  for  which 
is  thus  given  : — 

"  Forasmucli  as  it  is  most  necessary,  both  for  common  policy  and  duty  of  subjects, 
above  all  things  to  prohibit,  provide,  restrain,  and  extinguish  all  manner  of  shameful 
slanders,  perils,  or  imminent  danger  or  dangers  which  might  grow,  happen  or  arise  to 
their  sovereign  lord  the  king,  the  queen,  or  their  heirs,  which  when  they  be  heard, 
seen,  or  understood,  cannot  be  but  *  odible'  [odious]  and  also  abhorred  of  all  those  sorts 
that  be  true  and  loving  subjects,  if  in  any  point  they  may,  do,  or  shall  touch  the  king, 
his  queen,  their  heirs  or  successors,  upon  which  dependeth  the  whole  unity  and  universal 
weal  of  this  realm,  without  providing  wherefore  too  great  a  scope  of  unreasonable 
liberty  should  be  given  to  all  cankered  and  traitorous  hearts,  willers,  and  workers  of 
the  same ;  and  also  the  king's  subjects  should  not  declare  unto  their  sovereign  lord 
now  being,  which  imto  them  hath  been  and  is  most  entirely  both  beloved  and  esteemed, 
their  undoubted  sincerity  and  truth." 

The  offences  thus  **made  treason"  are,  attempting,  or  wishing,  any 
bodily  harm  to  the  king  or  queen,  denying  any  of  their  titles,  slandering 
them  as  heretics ;  and,  among  other  things,  attempting  to  keep  possession 
of  forts,  ships,  arms,  &c.,  belonging  to  the  king,  when  legally  summoned 
to  surrender  them.  Several  of  these  treasons  were  abolished  in  1547,  [1 
Edward  VI.  c.  1,]  but  many  of  them  were  revived  in  1549  and  1552,  [3 
and  4  Edward  VL  c.  5  ;  5  and  6  Edward  VI.  c.  11,]  and  though  again 
abolished  by  Mary  [1  Mary,  c.  1],  were  again  placed  in  the  statute-book 
by  Elizabeth,  who  indeed,  in  1559,  1571,  and  1585,  even  added  to  their 
number,  [1  Eliz.  c.  5 ;    13  Eliz.  c.  1  ;  27  Eliz.  c.  2]. 

Henry  VIII.  evinced  his  dislike  to  sanctuaries  by  several  statutes,  and  in 
the  one  that  we  are  now  considering  he  gives  his  reason,  conveniently  for- 
getting that  the  fugitive  earl  of  Richmond  had  owed  his  life  to  such  an 
asylum:— 

"  And  to  the  intent  that  all  treasons  should  be  the  more  dreaded,  hated,  and  de- 
tested, to  be  done  by  any  person  or  persons,  and  also  because  it  is  a  great  boldness  and 
an  occasion  to  ill-disposed  persons  to  adventure  and  embrace  their  malicious  intents 
and  enterprises,  which  ^1  true  subjects  ought  to  study  to  eschew ;  be  it  therefore 
enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  no  offender  in  any  kinds  of  high  treason,  what- 
soever they  be,  their  aiders^  consenters,  counsellors  nor  abettors,  shall  be  admitted  to 
have  the  benefit  or  privilege  of  any  manner  of  sanctuary,  considering  that  matters  of 
treason  toncheth  too  nigh  both  the  surety  of  the  king  our  sovereign  lord's  person,  and 
his  heirs  and  successors." 

One  mode  which  the  crown  had  in  Tudor  times  of  raising  supplies  was 
by  way  of  *'  benevolence,"  or  forced  loan  ;  but  we  see  from  a  statute 
of  1495,  [11  Henry  VII.  c.  10,]  that  there  was  a  difficulty  in  realizing  the 

c.  62],  while  in  1563  it  was  £40,027  48.  2id.  per  annum  [5  Eliz.  c.  32].  After  every 
allowance  for  diflcrencc  in  value,  it  seems  impossible  to  doubt  but  that  Henry  was  mean 
or  Elizabeth  extravagant. 


412  The  Tudor  Statute-book,  [Oct. 

amounts  which  had  been  thus  promised,  and  they  were  accordingly  made 

recoverable  by  a  summary  procedure  : — 

"  Prayen  the  Commons  in  this  present  parliament  assembled,  that  whereas  diven  and 
many  of  yom*  subjects  severally  granted  to  your  highness  divers  sums  of  money  qf  their 
free-will  and  benevolence  for  tlie  defence  of  this  your  realm,  toward  the  chaise  and  great 
expenses  that  your  highness  sustained  and  bare  for  the  said  defence,  as  well  in  your  said 
voyage  royal  in  the  parts  heyond  the  sea,  as  on  this  side  in,  for,  and  about  the  same, 
which  voyage  your  said  highness  took  upon  you  in  your  most  royal  person,  to  the  great 
jeopardy  and  Labour  of  the  same,  as  well  for  the  said  defence  of  this  your  said  realm  aa 
for  the  surety,  profit,  weal  and  commodity  of  us  all  your  true  liegemen  and  subjects  in- 
habited in  the  same,  of  which  smu  of  money  divers  your  said  subjects  full  lovingly  have 
made  to  you  true  pajTnent  according  to  their  grants,  and  other  many  several  sums  of 
money  by  divers  your  subjects  to  you  in  that  part  granted  as  yet  remain  not  content 
nor  paid,  part  whereof  rest  in  the  hands  of  the  said  granters,  and  part  in  the  hands  of 
the  commissioners,  collectors,  and  receivers  in  that  part  assigned  for  the  levy,  rearing, 
and  keeping  of  the  same,  which  is  not  only  to  the  damage,  loss,  and  hurt  of  your  said 
highness,  but  also  to  the  murmur,  grudge,  and  iniscontenting  of  such  your  said  sabjects 
as  have  made  their  said  payments  in  that  liehalf/* 

To  remedy  this,  proclamation  was  to  be  made  for  the  payment  of  the 
"  free  gifts"  within  three  months,  and  lest  this  should  be  disregarded, — 

"  The  said  commissioners  to  have  autliority  and  power  to  make  process  to  take  every 
such  person  or  persons  as  so  shall  make  default  of  payment  by  his  body,  and  the  same 
to  commit  to  the  common  gaol,  there  to  remun  and  abide  without  bail  or  mainprise 
unto  the  time  he  hath  paid  his  said  duties,  or  else  find  sufficient  surety  for  the  payment 
of  the  same  to  the  said  commissioners  agreeable ;  and  if  any  such  person  that  hath  not 
made  payment  of  his  said  duty  granted  l)e  deceased,  that  then  the  goods  and  chattels  of 
him  deceased  being  in  the  hands  of  his  executors  or  administrators  not  administered  be 
charged  and  chargeable  to  the  said  payment." 

II.  That  the  parliaments  of  the  Tudors  were  but  too  ready  to  gratify 
every  caprice  of  their  rulers,  can  be  readily  proved  by  the  mere  enumera- 
tion of  a  few  of  their  statutes ;  that  the  list  is  not  longer  is  owing,  not 
to  any  resolute  opposition  that  they  ever  offered  to  any  demand  of  the 
crown,  but  to  the  perverse  ingenuity  of  the  royal  councillors,  who  inter- 
preted old  laws  in  a  new  sense,  and  thus  avoided  the  necessity  of  asking^ 
for  fresh  enactments  so  frequently  as  less  sophistical  reasoners  would  have 
done.  They  had  in  this  course  the  support  of  the  judges,  who  hesitated 
not  to  avow  that  things  so  contrary  to  law  as  arbitrary  fine,  imprison- 
ment, and  torture,  were  to  be  justified  by  prerogative,  which  was  thus 
made  to  eke  out  the  statute-book  and  to  strangle  justice. 

One  most  glaring  instance  of  parliamentary  subserviency  is  that  already 
noticed,  of  allowing  the  king  to  reverse  acts  of  attainder  [19  Henry  VII. 
c.  28],  a  power  also  granted  to  his  successor,  [14  and  15  Henry  VIII.  c. 
21].  Equally  flagrant  is  one  allowing  Edward  VI.  to  set  aside  any  law  that 
might  be  passed  before  he  had  attained  his  24th  year,  [28  Henry  VIII.  c. 
17];  the  statutes  [31  Henry  VIII.  c.  8,  and  34  and  35  Henry  VIII.  c. 
23J  which  allow  proclamations  to  be  as  valid,  under  certain  circumstances, 
as  acts  of  parliament,  need  only  to  be  noticed  to  be  condemned  ;  the  con- 
tradictory acts  of  settlement  of  the  crown,  [25  Henry  VIII.  c.  22  ;  28 
Henry  VIII.  c.  7 ;  35  Henry  VIII.  c.  1,]  with  their  cruel  penalties  and 
their  extravagant  grant  to  Henry  of  power  to  will  away  the  kingdom,  are 
deep  stains  on  the  statute-book ;  but  the  servility  of  the  Tudor  parliaments 
is  perhaps  most  ofl^ensively  shewn  by  two  other  acts,  [21  Henry  VIII. 
c.  24;  35  Henry  VIII.  c.  12,]  which  not  only  release  Henry  from  his 
debts,  but  (the  latter)  actually  compel  persons  who  had  received  part  pay- 
ment  to  refund,  and  bear  the  loss  of  the  whole. 

It  would  appear  that  the  administrators  of  the  laws  were  not  more 
2 


1856.]  The  Tudor  StahUe^book.  413 

worthy  than  the  law-makers.  They  might  administer  even-handed  justice 
where  subjects  only  were  concerned,  but  when  the  crown  was  a  party  a  fair 
trial  was  evidently  hopeless.  Of  the  hundreds  who  were  arraigned  for 
treason  during  the  Tudor  era.  very  few  indeed  are  recorded  as  having  ven- 
tured to  assert  their  innocence  by  a  plea  of  not  guilty';  when  once  within 
the  meshes  of  the  law,  all  courage  seems  to  have  forsaken  them, — a  fact 
irreconcilable  with  upright  judges  and  honest  jurors. 

III.  All  through  the  Tudor  era  the  government  attempted  to  direct  the 
conduct  of  men  in  various  matters  which  are  evidently  beyond  legislative 
control.  Henry  YII.  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  pulling  down  of  towns, 
and  EHzabeth  laboured  with  as  little  success  to  hinder  the  growth  of  London. 
The  preamble  of  Henry's  act  [4  Henry  VH.  c.  19]  says: — 

"  The  king  oar  soyereign  lord,  haring  a  singular  pleasure  above  all  things  to  avmd 
such  enormities  and  nuschiefe  as  be  hnrtftd  and  pr^udicial  to  the  common  weal  of  this 
his  land  and  his  subjects  of  the  same,  remembereth,  that  among  all  other  things  great 
inconveniences  daily  do  increase  bj  desolation,  and  palling  down,  and  wilfhl  waste  of 
houses  and  towns  within  this  his  realm,  and  laying  to  pasture  lands  which  aocustomably 
have  been  used  in  tilth,  whereby  idleness,  ground  and  beginning  of  all  mischiefs,  dai^ 
doth  increase ;  for  where  in  some  towns  two  hundred  persons  were  oeca{ned  and  lived  by 
their  lawful  labours,  now  be  there  oociqned  two  or  tlu«e  herdsmen,  and  the  residue  fiu 
in  idleness,  the  husbandry,  which  is  one  of  the  greatest  commodities  of  this  realm,  is 
greatly  decayed,  churches  destroyed,  the  service  of  Qod  withdrawn,  the  bodies  there 
buried  not  prayed  for,  the  patron  and  curates  wronged,  the  defence  (^  this  land  against 
our  enemies  outward  enfeeUed  and  impaired ;  to  the  great  displeasure  of  God,  to  the 
subveraon  of  the  policy  and  good  rale  of  this  land,  and  [if]  remedy  be  not  hastily  there- 
fore purveyed..." 

To  avoid  these  evils,  the  owners  of  houses  let  to  farm  are  ordered  to 
maintain  thereon  houses  and  buildings  necessary  for  tillage,  not  for  pasture 
merely ;  and  if  they  make  default,  the  feudal  superior  is  to  receive  half  the 
rent  until  the  terms  of  the  act  are  complied  with.  In  a  contrary  spirit, 
Elizabeth's  parliament  prohibited  the  building  of  cottages  unless  with  four 
acres  of  land  perpetually  annexed,  and  then  to  be  inhabited  by  one  family 
only,  [31  Elizabeth,  c.  7]. 

Political  considerations  led  Henry  VII.  to  procure  a  statute  relating  to 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  [4  Henry  VH.  c.  16,]  which,  though  of  course  inopera- 
tive, was  only  repealed  in  the  last  session  of  parliament,  along  with  many 
other  obsolete  enactments.     Its  preamble  runs  thus : — 

"  Forasmuch  as  it  is  to  the  king  our  sovereign  lord's  great  surety,  and  also  to  the 
surety  of  the  realm  of  EnglancU  that  the  Ifde  of  Wight,  in  the  county  of  Southampton, 
should  be  well  inhabited  with  EngKsh  people  for  the  defonce  aa  weU  of  [against]  his 
ancient  enemies  of  the  realm  of  France  as  of  other  parts,  the  which  isle  is  U^  deotyed 
of  people,  by  reason  that  many  towns  and  villages  have  been  let  down,  and  the  fields 
diked  and  made  pastures  for  beasts  and  cattle,  and  also  many  dwelling-places,  farms^ 
and  farm -holds  have  of  late  time  been  us^  to  be  taken  into  one  man's  hold  and  hands, 
that  of  old  time  were  wont  to  be  in  many  several  persons'  holds  and  hands,  and  many 
several  households  kept  in  them,  and  tbeareby  much  people  multiplied,  and  the  same  isle 
thereby  well  inhabited,  the  which  now,  by  the  oeeaaion  aforesaid,  is  desolate  and  not  in- 
habited, but  occupied  with  beasts  and  cattle^  so  that  if  hasty  remedy  be  not  provided 
the  isle  cannot  be  long  krot  and  defande^  but  open  and  ready  to  the  hands  of  the 
king's  enemies,  which  God  forbid." 

'  Such  a  proceeding  was  evidently  resarded  as  an  aggravation  of  their  offence. 
King  Edward  says  in  his  Journal  that  Sur  Balph  Fan^  one  of  Somersef  s  associates, 
"  answered  like  a  ruffian,"  and  remarks  as  sometning  wonderfol  the  ''long  controversy" 
which  occurred  at  the  trial  of  another.  In  Mary's  rdgn  the  jurymen  who  acquitted 
Sir  Nicholas  Throgmorton  were  imprisimed  for  their  veraict,  and  even  in  the  time  of 
James  1.  Stow  says  that  the  plea  of  "not  guilty"  of  Sir  Sverard  Digfay  and  others  was 
"  to  the  admiration  of  all  the  hearers." 

Gkkt.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  .  8  h 


414.  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [Oct. 

That  the  Isle  might  be  again  well  peopled,  no  one  person  was  to  hold 
more  than  ten  marks  of  rent ;  those  who  had  more  were  to  relinquish  the 
surplus  by  Michaelmas,  1490  : — 

"  Provided  always  that  they  which  have  paid  any  fines,  or  made  buildings,  or  done 
great  reparation  upon  any  such  farms  and  be  ])ut  from  the  same  farm  by  reason  of  this 
act,  shall  be  recompensed  for  such  building  or  reparation  as  right  and  good  conscience 
require :  the  recompense  to  be  adjudged  by  the  discretion  of  the  captain  of  the  said  isle 
for  the  time  being,  or  his  lieutenant  of  the  same  in  his  absence/' 

Though  not  so  ostentatiously  labouring  in  the  cause  of  sanitary  improve- 
ment as  is  the  fashion  at  the  present  day,  the  Tudor  government  forbade 
butchers  to  slaughter  cattle  in  London  and  other  towns,  under  a  penalty  of 
12d.  for  each  bullock,  and  8d.  for  any  other  beast,  [4  Henry  VII.  c.  3]  ; 
but  this  act  was  repealed  in  1533  [24  Henry  VIII.  c.  16],  on  a  represent- 
ation from  the  London  butchers  that  drains  had  been  provided,  so  that  the 
"jeopardous  abiding  of  the  king's  most  noble  person,"  when  visiting^ 
London,  which  had  been  alleged  as  the  reason  for  its  enactment,  no  longer 
existed. 

Wages,  clothing,  and  the  supply  of  food  were  regulated,  or  attempted  to 
be  regulated,  in  statutes  which  abound  in  curious  information.  The 
statutes  of  preceding  princes  regarding  wages  and  labourers  do  not  come 
within  our  province,  but  we  find  an  act  "  for  servants'  wages,"  [1 1  Henry 
VII.  c.  22, J  which  is  not  the  less  to  our  purpose,  although  repealed  soon 
after  its  enactment,  "for  divers  and  many  reasonable  considerations,"  [12 
Henry  VII.  c.  3].  We  learn  from  it  that  labourers  in  husbandry,  of  every 
grade, — men,  women,  and  children, — were  to  receive  from  £1  68.  8d.  to 
68.  8d.  per  annum,  with  an  allowance  of  from  5s.  to  Ss.  for  clothing ;  skilled 
workmen,  as  "  a  free  mason,  master  carpenter,  rough  mason,  bricklayer, 
master  tiler,  plumber,  glazier,  carver,  or  joiner,"  were  to  have,  from  Easter 
to  Michaelmas,  6d.  a-day,  without  meat  or  drink,  and  from  Michaelmas  to 
Easter,  5d. ;  the  master  shipwright,  "  taking  the  charge  of  the  work, 
having  men  under  him,"  was  to  have,  from  Candlemas  to  Michaelmas,  5d. 
a-day,  the  hewer  4d.,  the  caulker  4d.,  the  mean  caulker  3d.,  the  clincher  3d., 
and  the  holder  2d. ;  from  Michaelmas  to  Candlemas  they  were  to  receive, 
the  first  three  Id.,  the  others  a  ^d.  the  day  less.  When  any  of  these  were 
fed  by  the  master,  their  ration  was  valued  at  2d.  a-day,  which  was  deducted 
from  their  wages  ;  but  this  could  not  apply  to  the  labouring  holder,  whose 
whole  wages  for  the  winter  half-year  was  one  halfpenny  less.  The  rights 
of  property  were  quite  as  well  understood  then  as  now,  and  we  have  strin- 
gent regulations  for  procuring  a  fair  day's  work  for  what  was  then  con- 
sidered a  fair  day's  wages ;  the  hours  of  labour,  too,  we  see  were  at  least 
as  long  as  those  now  in  use  in  any  handicraft,  for  if  early  closing  was  the 
rule,  so  was  early  rising : — 

"  And  furthermore,  whereas  divers  artificers  and  labourers  retained  to  work  and  serve 
waste  much  part  of  the  day  and  deserve  not  their  wages,  sometime  in  late  coming  unto 
their  work,  early  departing  therefrom,  long  sitting  at  their  breakfast,  at  their  dinner 
and  noon-meat,  and  long  time  of  sleeping  at  afternoon,  to  the  loss  and  hurt  of  such  per- 
sons  as  the  said  artificers  and  lalwurers  be  retained  with  in  service ;  it  is  therefore  esta- 
blished, enacted,  and  onlained,  by  authority  aforesaid,  that  every  artificer  and  labourer 
be  at  his  work,  between  the  midst  of  the  month  of  May  and  the  midst  of  the  month  of 
September,  before  five  of  the  clock  in  the  morning,  and  that  he  have  but  half-an-hotnr 
for  his  breakfast,  and  an  hour-and-a-half  for  his  dinner,  at  such  time  as  he  hath  season 
for  sleep  to  him  appointed  by  this  statute,  and  at  such  time  as  is  herein  appointed 
that  he  shall  not  sleep,  then  he  to  have  but  an  hour  for  his  dinner,  and  half-an-hour  for 
his  noon  meat ;  and  that  he  depart  not  from  his  work,  between  the  midst  of  the  said 
months  of  March  and  September,  till  between  seven  and  eight  of  the  clodc  in  the  even* 


1856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  415 

ing ;  and  if  they  or  any  of  them  offend  in  any  of  these  articles^  that  then  their  deikalta 
be  marked  by  him  or  lus  deputy  that  shall  pay  their  wages,  and  at  the  week's  end  their 
wages  to  be  abated  for  such  rate  of  time  as  they  have  offended  contrary  to  this  statute; 
and  that  from  the  midst  of  September  to  the  midst  of  March  every  artificer  and  labonrer 
be  at  their  work  in  the  springing  of  the  day,  and  depart  not  till  night  of  the  same  day ; 
and  that  the  said  artificers  and  labourers  sleep  not  by  day,  but  only  from  the  midst  of 
the  month  of  May  unte  the  middle  of  the  mouth  of  August/' 

As  it  was  thought  practicable  to  regulate  the  wages  of  the  workman,  it 
was  necessary  also  to  see  to  the  prices  of  the  articles  that  he  was  to  con- 
sume or  wear,  and  hence  the  laws  which  have  furnished  such  abundant 
scope  for  the  censure  of  political  economists, — those,  namely,  which  relate 
to  the  freedom  of  the  market  and  the  freedom  of  apparel.  A  statute  of  1534 
[25  Henry  VIII.  c.  2]  gave  power  to  the  king's  council  "  to  set  and  tax 
reasonable  prices  of  all  kinds  of  victuals,  how  they  shall  be  sold  in  gross  or 
by  retail;"  forestallers,  regraters,  monopolizers,  were  rigorously  detdt  with, 
[5  and  6  Edward  VI.  c.  15].  The  price  of  wine  is  repeatedly  subjected 
to  the  care  of  the  legislature,  especially  by  23  Henry  VIII.  c.  7;  28 
Henry  VIII.  c.  14 ;  34  and  35  Henry  VIII.  c.  7 ;  37  Henry  VIIL  c.  23 ; 
and  7  Edward  VI.  c.  5 ;  which  last  statute  forbids  any  one  not  having  100 
marks  yearly  in  land  to  keep  more  than  ten  gallons  in  his  house ;  allowB 
taverns  to  be  open  only  in  cities,  and  then  not  more  than  two  in  each,  ex- 
cept in  London,  where  forty  may  be  kept,  but  under  the  strict  supervision 
of  the  magistracy,  in  virtue  of  a  statute  of  the  thirteenth  century,  [13  £d» 
ward  I.  c.  5.] 

The  due  manufacturing  of  cloth  gave  rise  to  numerous  statutes,  as  well 
before  as  during  the  Tudor  era, —  as  1 1  Henry  VII.  c.  27,  "  against  the  de- 
ceitful making  of  fustians  ;"  3  and  4  Edward  VI.  c.  2,  "  for  the  true  mak- 
ing of  woollen  cloth;"  and  35  Elizabeth,  c.  9,  "touching  breadths  of 
cloth  ;*'  beside  many  others  for  calendering  worsteds,  the  true  making  of 
coverlets,  and  the  making  of  hats  and  caps.  The  tradesmen,  however, 
submitted  with  an  ill  grace  to  these  restrictions,  and  charged  such  "  out- 
rageous prices"  for  their  goods,  that  the  parliament  in  1489  formally  com- 
plained of  them  8,  and  enacted  [4  Henry  VII.  c.  8]  that  no  higher  price 
should  be  asked  or  paid  them  than  16s.  a-yard  for  "  woollen  cloth  of  the 
finest  making,  scarlet  grained,  or  other  cloth  grained  what  colour  soever  it 
be."  In  the  same  session  they  forbad  the  prices  of  hats  to  exceed  Is.  Sd., 
or  of  caps  28.  Sd.  [c.  9].  What  efiPect  these  enactments  produced  we  are 
not  informed,  but  we  find  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth  the  cappers  complaining 
of  the  decay  of  their  trade,  and  endeavouring  to  force  people  to  wear  their 
productions,  [13  Eliz.  c.  19]. 

The  apparel  of  the  people  also  early  engaged  the  attention  of  the  legis- 
lature. Several  statutes  of  the  time  of  Edward  III.  exist,  (37  Edward  III. 
cc.  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,)  which  are  intended  to  restrain  "the  out- 
rageous and  excessive  apparel  of  divers  people  against  their  estate  and 
____^ »  - 

«  "  Forasmuch  as  drapers,  tailors,  and  others  in  the  city  of  London  and  other  places 
within  this  realm,  that  use  to  sell  wooUm  doth  at  retail  by  the  yard,  sell  a  yard  of  doth 
at  excessive  price,  having  unreasonable  lucre,  to  the  great  hurt  and  impoverishing  of 
the  king's  liege  people,  buyers  of  the  same,  aoainst  eqmty  and  good  oonsdenoe."  .... 
''Prayen  the  Commons  in  this  present  paruament  assembled,  that  where  aibre  this 
time  it  hath  been  daily  used  and  yet  is,  that  oertiun  craftsmen  named  hatmaken  and 
capmakers  do  sell  their  hats  and  caps  at  such  an  outrageous  price,  where  a  hat  standetli 
not  them  in  Is.  4d.  they  will  sell  it  for  8s.  or  Ss.  4d., — and  also  a  cap  that  standeth  not 
them  in  Is.  4d.  they  ^nll  sell  it  for  4b.  or  5s.,  and  because  they  know  weiU  that  every 
man  must  occupy  them,  they  will  sell  them  at  no  eader  price,  to  the  great  charge  and 
damages  of  the  king's  subjects,  and  agamst  all  good  reason  and  oooadeofis." 


IIT)  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [Oct. 

degree,  to  the  great  destruction  and  impoverishment  of  all  the  land ;"  these 
forfeit  to  the  king  the  forbidden  finery ;  but  Edward  IV.  imposes  heavy 
pecuniary  penalties  [3  Edward  IV.  c.  5,  and  22  Edward  IV.  c.  1],  to  which 
Ilenry  VIII.  [1  Henry  VIII.  c.  14,]  adds,  for  "the  meaner  sort  of  men/' 
imprisonment  for  three  days  in  the  stocks. 

Another  statute  of  Ilenry  VIII.  dwells  on  the  necessity  of  repressing 
"  the  inordinate  increase  daily  more  and  more  used  in  the  sumptuous  and 
costly  array  and  apparel  worn  in  this  realm,  to  the  manifest  and  notorious 
detriment  of  the  common  weal,  the  subversion  of  good  and  politic  order, 
and  distinction  of  people  according  to  their  estates,  dignities,  and  degrees, 
and  to  the  utter  impoverishment  and  undoing  of  inexpert  and  light  persons 
inclined  to  pride,  the  mother  of  all  vices,"  [7  Henry  VIII.  c.  6J. 

Henry's  last  statute  on  the  8ui)ject  [24  Henry  VIII.  c.  13]  is  especially 
minute  in  its  directions.  The  royal  family  alone  might  wear  purple  silk,  or 
cloth  of  gold  of  tissue.  Dukes  and  marquisses  were  allowed  cloth  of  gold 
in  tlieir  doublets  and  sleeveless  coats,  but  it  was  not  to  exceed  the  value  of 
£5  the  yard  ;  peers  only  might  wear  foreign  woollen  cloth  (except  in  their 
bonnets),  crimson,  scarlet,  or  blue  velvet,  fur  of  black  jennets  or  lucems, 
and  embroidery ;  persons  having  less  than  £200  a-year  were  forbidden 
the  use  of  any  chain  or  ornament  of  gold  above  the  weight  of  one  ounce ; 
those  with  less  than  £100  a-year  were  prohibited  from  using  "satin, 
damask,  silk,  camblet,  or  taffeta,"  and  those  of  less  property  than  £40 
could  not  have  the  satisfaction  of  even  wearing  *'  aiglets,  buttons  or 
brooches  of  gold,  or  silver  gilt,  or  counterfeit  gilt.'*  Husbandmen  were 
forbidden  to  indulge  in  greater  expense  than  2s.  a-yard  for  the  cloth 
for  their  hose,  2*.  Sd.  for  that  of  their  coat  or  jacket,  and  48.  for  that  of 
their  gown ;  neither  were  they  to  have  in  their  doublets  "  any  foreign 
things  except  fustians  and  canvas,  nor  any  fur;'*  serving-men  and  journey- 
men in  handicrafts  were  restricted  to  the  sum  of  \s,  4d.  for  their  hose, 
and  28.  Sd.  for  their  gowns,  jackets,  and  coats,  by  the  yard  ;  and  they  were 
strictly  forbidden  to  display  on  their  doublets  "  any  other  thing  than  fustian, 
canvas  or  leather,  or  woollen  cloth,  nor  any  fur." 

There  are  numerous  exceptions,  however ;  as,  in  the  first  place,  the  royal 
servants  of  every  degree  are  to  wear  **  any  manner  of  apparel  according  to 
licence"  from  the  king,  or  the  lord-steward,  or  the  lord-chamberlain  ;  serv- 
ing-men may  wear  their  master's  livery,  though  richer  than  otherwise  to  be 
allowed ;  they  may  have  silk  ribands  for  their  bonnets,  and  may  display 
their  master's  badge,  though  of  silver;  articles  of  silver,  won  as  prizes  in 
games  of  activity,  as  leaping,  wrestling,  and  casting  the  bar,  may  be  worn 
on  the  bonnet,  and  mariners  may  have  whistles  of  silver  with  a  silver  chain. 
Ambassadors,  aliens,  players,  as  well  as  ecclesiastics  in  the  performance  of 
divine  service,  are  exempt ;  as  are  women,  except  the  wives  and  daughters 
of  husbandmen  and  labourers. 

These  acts  did  not  answer  their  purpose.  In  1554-5  it  was  thought 
necessary  to  pass  another  statute,  "for  the  reformation  of  excess  in 
apparel,"  [1  and  2  Philip  and  Mary,]  which  laid  a  penalty  of  £10  and 
three  months'  imprisonment  on  all  persons  having  less  than  £20  a-year 
who  should  wear  **  any  manner  of  silk  in  or  upon  his  hat,  bonnet,  nightcap, 
girdle,  hose,  shoes,  scabbard,  or  spur-leathers  ;**  and  persons  who  kept  ser- 
vants or  apprentices  who  had  been  found  offending  in  this  wise  were  to 
forfeit  £100. 

Elizabeth,  perhaps,  did  as  much  as  any  of  her  predecessors  to  give  effect 
to  these  laws,  by  enacting  [5  Ehz.  c.  6,]  that  persons  selHng  ibreiga 


1856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  417 

apparel  to  those  with  less  than  £3,000  a-year  should  not  be  able  to  re- 
cover the  price  by  action  at  law,  where  they  had  allowed  twenty-eight  days' 
credit  or  more ;  but  the  uselessness  of  the  struggle  against  the  tastes  or 
fancies  of  the  people  was  at  last  seen,  and  all  these  statutes  of  apparel  were 
repealed  in  the  first  parliament  under  the  Stuarts,  [1  James  I.  c.  25]. 

{To  he  continued^ 


THIERRY'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  N'ORMAK  CONQUEST*. 

In  his  short  preface  to  these  volumes  the  translator  speaks  of  them  as 
**  the  noblest  of  M.  Augustin  Thierry's  noble  productions."  This  praise  is 
not  too  high  for  the  occasion  or  the  man.  In  all  the  history  of  literature — 
bright  as  its  annals  sometimes  are  with  the  record  of  a  pure  and  lofty 
heroism — we  shall  find  nothing  to  surpass  the  calm,  enduring  courage  of 
this  illustrious  historian.  The  biographical  notice  which  is  prefixed  to  the 
translation  contains  a  deeply  interesting  indication  of  the  author's  labours 
and  successes,  and  a  very  affecting  picture  of  his  proud  serenity  and  still 
unflagging  zeal  amidst  calamities  almost  unequalled.  Blind  and  paralyzed, 
he  found  in  these  afflictions  nothing  to  abate  the  vigour  of  his  intellect  or 
heart.  An  able  writer,  in  the  "  British  and  Foreign  Review,"  has  given 
us  a  glimpse  of  him  as  he  was  in  his  days  of  physical  helplessness : — 

"  The  visitor  goes/'  be  tells  us,  "  expecting  to  see  the  animated,  enthusiastic  author 
of  the  *  Norman  Conquest ;'  and  he  sees  the  servant  hearing  in  his  arms  a  helpless  crea- 
ture, who,  however,  when  gently  placed  m  his  chair,  hegins  to  talk  with  all  the  faith 
and  enthusiasm  of  youth.  The  spirit-sighted  countenance  of  the  *  old  man  eloquent' 
warms  into  a  glow  as  he  speaks  of  his  favourite  study.  You  foi^et,  as  you  hear  him  talk, 
that  he  is  so  afflicted.     He  does  not  forget  it,  but  he  does  not  repine." 

No  condition  of  humanity,  as  we  conceive  it,  can  be  much  grander  than 
that  of  an  equanimity  and  intellectual  life  like  this  in  bodily  suflfering  and 
disease.  It  is  fitted  to  inspire  us  with  courage  amidst  the  worst  misfor- 
tune, with  resignation  under  the  heaviest  burden  of  an  unavoidable  evil. 
The  high,  unyielding  constancy  and  faith  that  such  a  lesson  teaches,  were 
thus  announced  by  the  sufferer  himself  in  the  closing  words  of  one  of  his 
most  interesting  works.     He  says  : — 

"  WTiy  say,  with  so  much  bitterness,  that  in  the  world,  constituted  as  it  is,  there  is 
no  air  for  all  lungs,  no  employment  for  all  minds  ?  Is  not  calm  and  serious  study  there  ? 
and  is  not  that  a  refuge,  a  hope,  a  field,  within  the  reach  of  all  of  us  ?  With  it,  evil 
days  are  passed  over  without  their  weight  being  felt ;  every  one  can  make  his  own 
destiny ;  every  one  employ  his  life  nobly.  This  is  what  I  have  done,  and  would  do 
again  if  I  had  to  recommence  my  career ;  I  would  choose  that  which  has  brought  me 
where  I  am.  Blind,  and  suffering  without  hope,  and  almost  without  intermission,  I  may 
give  tliis  testimony,  which  from  me  will  not  appear  suspicious :  there  is  something  in 
the  world  better  than  sensual  enjoyments,  better  than  fortune,  better  than  health  itself; 
it  is  devotion  to  science." 

Twenty  years  after  this  passage  was  written,  the  life  of  Augustin  Thierry, 
as  our  readers  will  remember,  very  recently  ended. 

■  "  History  of  the  Conquest  of  England  by  the  Normans.  By  Augustin  Thierry, 
Member  of  the  Institute.  Translated  from  the  Seventh  Paris  Edition,  by  William  Ha«- 
litt,  Esq.     In  Two  Volumes."     (London  :  H.  G.  Bohn.) 


418  Thierry's  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest.  [Oct. 

"  The  History  of  the  Conquest  of  England  by  the  Normans*'  was  the 
earliest  of  Thierry's  great  works,  and  probably  the  most  popular.  The 
idea  of  it — that  of  the  persistent  individuality  of  the  conquered  people  long 
after  they  had  been  as  it  were  enslaved  by  the  conquering  race — had  oc- 
curred to  him  in  the  very  dawn  of  his  historic  studies,  and  had  given  birth 
to  one  of  his  very  first  historic  essays.  But  he  had,  in  that  juvenile  pro- 
duction— which  was  published  in  the  Censeur  Europeen — pushed  his  theory 
too  far.  A  few  years  of  laborious  research  and  meditation  enabled  him  to 
correct  the  errors  he  had  fallen  into,  and  to  give  to  the  world  this  great 
work,  in  which  the  idea  of  the  two  antagonistic  races  is  preserved  as  a  light 
that  allows  us  to  see  clearly  throughout  the  turmoils  and  discordancies  of 
dark  and  stormy  centuries.  In  describing  his  conception  of  this  ampler  and 
more  faithful  history,  he  says  : — 

"  I  therefore  turned  once  more  to  my  old  subject  of  predUection,  and  approached  it 
more  boldly,  with  more  knowledge  of  events,  in  a  more  elevated  ligbt,  and  with  a  firmer 
grasp.  ...  I  resolved  (let  the  expression  be  for^ven)  to  build  my  epic,  to  write  the 
history  of  the  conquest  of  England  by  the  Normans,  by  going  back  to  its  first  caoses, 
and  afterwards  coming  down  to  its  last  consequences ;  to  paint  this  great  event  with 
the  truest  colours,  and  under  the  greatest  possible  number  of  aspects ;  not  only  to  give 
England  as  the  theatre  of  a  variety  of  scenes,  but  all  the  countries  which  had  more  or 
less  felt  the  influence  of  the  Norman  population,  or  the  blow  of  his  victory." 

How  well  he  succeeded  in  this  immense  undertaking,  it  is  not  necessary 
now,  nor  is  this  hasty  notice  of  a  new  translation  an  appropriate  place,  to 
shew.  The  voice  of  lettered  Europe,  with  hardly  a  dissentient,  has  pro- 
claimed how  sound,  yet  luminous,  his  theory  was,  and  how  faithfully  his  work 
was  done.  But  he  desired  to  be  an  innovator  in  the  form  as  well  as  the 
idea  of  his  history.  **  I  was  ambitious,"  he  tells  us,  "  to  display  art  as  well 
as  science,  to  write  dramatically  with  the  aid  of  materials  furnished  by  sin- 
cere and  scrupulous  erudition."  So  triumphantly  did  he  attain  this  second- 
ary end,  that,  on  the  publication  of  his  work,  he  became  enrolled  at  once 
among  the  greatest  of  the  great  historical  writers  of  the  age.  Never,  pro- 
bably, before  had  history  been  so  presented  to  the  world.  His  vast  masses 
of  information  were  marshalled  in  exactest  order,  and  with  admirable  ease ; 
important  persons  and  events  were  brought  out  in  bold  relief,  and  were 
sustained  and  set  off,  not  encumbered,  by  the  accessories  accumulated  round 
them;  and  his  narrative — lighted  up  by  strong  and  lucid  intellect,  and 
warmed  by  feeling  and  imagination — was  always  clear,  animated,  eloquent, 
and  picturesque.  It  is  only  a  natural  result  of  this  combination  of  qualities 
that  the  reader's  interest  is  enchained  and  his  afiections  moved,  by  the  real 
events  and  the  real  personages  passing  in  review  before  him  on  the  histo- 
rian's page,  quite  as  strongly  and  as  deeply  as  by  the  most  masterly  crea- 
tions of  romance  or  play.  In  this  regard  alone,  without  consideration  of 
the  marvellous  amount  of  learning  it  contains,  this  history  of  the  conquest 
of  England  will  always  be  entitled  to  a  very  high  place  amongst  the  works 
of  literary  art. 

In  that  early  essay  in  the  Censeur  Europeen  which  we  have  already 
referred  to,  M.  Thierry  had  traced  the  distinction  of  races  undoubtedly  too 
far,  inasmuch  as  he  imagined  it  to  be  still  visible  in  the  Cavaliers  and 
Roundheads  of  our  revolutionary  times ;  in  the  finished  history  this  error 
was,  as  we  have  said,  corrected,  and  the  fusion  of  the  two  races  held  to  be 
completed  about  four  centuries  after  the  conquest  had  itself  occurred.  The 
historian's  own  words  on  this  important  point  are : — 

"  We  may  assign  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Seventh  as  the  epoch  when  the  distinctkm 


1856.]  Thierry* 8  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest.  419 

of  ranks  ceased  to  correspond  with  that  of  races*  as  the  commeiiGement  of  the  society 
now  existing  in  England." 

Tlie  only  indication  now  remaining  of  the  old  prolonged  diversity  is  the 
greater  predominance  of  names  of  French  aspect  in  the  higher  classes  of 
our  population : — 

"  Such/'  in  the  closing  language  of  the  work, "  is  all  that  now  remains  of  the  aneieiit 
separation  of  the  races,  and  only  within  this  limit  can  we  now  repeat  the  words  of  the 
old  chronicler  of  Gloucester, — 

'  Of  the  Normans  he  these  high  men,  that  he  of  this  land.'  ** 

The  name  of  the  translator  is  testimony  enough  to  the  fidelity  of  ver- 
sion  and  freedom  of  style  with  which  his  portion  of  the  present  work  is 
executed.  In  these  respects,  the  most  fastidious  reader  can  desire  nothing 
different.  But  we  are  bound  to  notice,  as  an  important  feature  which  be- 
longs, we  believe,  exclusively  to  this  edition,  the  extensive  and  valuable 
appendices  of  documents  illustrative  of  the  main  body  of  the  history.  The 
whole  of  these,  which  amount  to  more  than  a  hundred  pages  of  condensed 
matter,  as  well  as  many  of  the  foot-notes  peculiar  to  this  translation,  are 
rare  and  curious,  and  very  considerably  enhance  the  value  of  the  publica- 
tion. On  the  whole,  we  congratulate  the  reading  public  on  the  possibility 
of  possessing  so  superior  a  book  at  so  small  a  cost,  and  hope  to  see  before 
long  the  same  facilities  existing  in  the  case  of  the  "Letters  on  (he  History 
of  France*'  and  the  *'  Merovingian  Narratives"  of  the  same  disting^oished 
and  lamented  author. 


^       T«0 


tiould  not  know  how  to  leap  and  run  as  well  as  other  men,  or  even  box  ft!i% 
vrestle,  for  the  matter  of  that.  To  ourselves,  we  confess  there  always  seema 
jomething  to  regret  in  the  disproportion  that  so  commonly  existe  between 
the  mental  and  physical  organizations  of  men  of  genius.  To  say  the  least 
of  it,  it  is  infinitely  disappointing  to  find  a  mind  whose  vastness  has  filled  the 
whole  civilized  world,  tenanting  the  body  of  a  puny  or  a  dwarf.  Size  of 
person,  alone,  is  always  imposing,— when  it  is  united  with  conresponding 
size  of  inteUect,  one  can  readily  understand  men  bemg  the  Lords  ot  ^.rea- 
tion.  And  it  was  one  of  these  men— one  of  tiiese  princes  of  Nature  s  royal 
family- that  Professor  Wilson  really  was.  We  can  picture  bun  as  he  murt 
have  been  "  in  the  bounding  fever  of  his  prime :" — 

"Hyperion's  curls;  the  front  of  Jove  himself; 
An  eye  like  Mars,  to  threaten  or  command; 
A  station  like  the  herald  Mercury, 
New-lkphted  on  a  heaven-kianng  hiH; 
A  coi^ination,  and  a  form,  indeed. 
Where  every  god  did  seem  to  set  his  seal. 
To  give  ihe  world  assnranoe  of  a  man." 

It  is  impossible,  we  think,  to  read  Professor  Wilson's  writings,  without 
forming  a  tolerably  correct  conjecture  as  to  the  sort  of  mau  by  whom  they 
were  written.  A  man  of  physical  wedmess,  whatever  his  other  powers 
might  have  been,  could  never  have  written  in  the  same  way ;— could  never, 
for  example,  have  written  such  essays  as  these  before  us.  However  ind^- 
pendent  tiie  mind  and  body  may  seem  to  be  of  each  oUier,  a  man  s  bodily 
state  does  nevertheless  greatiy  infiuence  the  character  of  what  he  wntea. 
If  Pope  had  not  been  deformed,  he  could  never  have  written  the  «  Dunciad. 
Gmrr.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  *  ' 


420  [Oct. 


PROFESSOE  WILSON ». 

"  Blackwood's  Magazine,"  middle-aged,  respectable,  and  sober  as  it  is 
now,  is  a  very  different  tiling  from  *'  Blackwood's  Magazine"  as  it  was  five- 
and-thirty  years  ago.  In  some  respects,  no  doubt  it  is  a  gainer  by  the 
change  that  lias  come  over  it  with  the  lapse  of  years ;  but  yet  one  cannot 
help  but  give  a  sigh  to  the  memory  of  its  youthful  days.  The  wit,  the 
humour,  the  poetry,  the  buoyant  life,  the  rollicking  merriment  even,  with 
which  they  overflowed  so  abundantly,  shed  a  charm  around  it  such  as  can 
belong  to  no  other  period  of  its  existence,  and  such  as  belongs  to  no  period 
whatever  of  the  existence  of  any  other  periodical.  Indeed,  it  would  be 
difficult  to  name  any  other  mag-azine,  except  our  own,  that  was  ever  so  for- 
tunate in  its  supporters.  The  almost  unbounded  liberty  which  it  allowed 
gave  it  a  peculiar  attraction  to  the  young  Tory  geniuses  of  the  day.  Nothing, 
to  these  young  zealots,  could  possibly  have  been  more  tempting  than  the 
permission  to  say  what  they  pleased  of  Francis  Jeffrey,  and  Keats,  and 
Hunt,  and  Hazlitt,  as  well  as  of  some  weightier  and  more  learned  citizens 
of  the  republic  of  letters. 

The  time  when  Thomas  Pringle  resigned  its  editorship  is  the  time  from 
which,  in  reality,  the  birth  of  "  Blackwood"  must  be  dated :  only  then  can  it 
be  said  to  have  begun  to  live;  and  live  it  then  did,  in  good  earnest.     Tlie 
ten  or  a  dozen  years  that  immediately  followed  were  probably  the  most 
brilliant— certainly  the  most  lawless — of  its  career.     Nominally  under  the 
control  of  **  Old  Ebony,"  as  its  proprietor  was  not  very  reverently  styled, 
it  was  in  truth  under  no  control  at  all  but  that  of  the  wild  genius  of  its  con- 
tributors, and  a  more  wild,  more  thoroughly  untamed  set  of  madcaps  than 
tK/3o<k«,c,  lo  wme  aramaticaliy  witn-vix;  <)^»a'of"io*»?cf-J/2/^rfl4  4i\©flev4'\/y'Bf«a"'- 
wre  and  scrupulous  erudition."    So  triumphantly  did  he  attain  this  second- 
ary end,  that,  on  the  publication  of  his  work,  he  became  enrolled  at  once 
among  the  greatest  of  the  great  historical  writers  of  the  age.     Never,  pro- 
bably, before  had  history  been  so  presented  to  the  world.     His  vast  masses 
of  information  were  marshalled  in  exactest  order,  and  with  admirable  ease ; 
important  persons  and  events  were  brought  out  in  bold  relief,  and  were 
sustained  and  set  off,  not  encumbered,  by  the  accessories  accumulated  round 
them;  and  his  narrative — lighted  up  by  strong  and  lucid  intellect,  and 
warmed  by  feeling  and  imagination — was  always  clear,  animated,  eloquent, 
and  picturesque.     It  is  only  a  natural  result  of  this  combination  of  qualities 
that  the  reader's  interest  is  enchained  and  his  affections  moved,  by  the  real 
events  and  the  real  personages  passing  in  review  before  him  on  the  histo- 
rian's page,  quite  as  strongly  and  as  deeply  as  by  the  most  masterly  crea- 
tions of  romance  or  play.     In  this  regard  alone,  without  consideration  of 
the  marvellous  amount  of  learning  it  contains,  this  history  of  the  conquest 
of  England  will  always  be  entitled  to  a  very  high  place  amongst  the  works 
of  literary  art. 

In  that  early  essay  in  the  Censeur  Europeen  which  we  have  already 
referred  to,  M .  Thierry  had  traced  the  distinction  of  races  undoubtedly  too 
far,  inasmuch  as  he  imagined  it  to  be  still  visible  in  the  Cavaliers  and 
Roundheads  of  our  revolutionary  times ;  in  the  finished  history  this  error 
was,  as  we  have  said,  corrected,  and  the  fusion  of  the  two  races  held  to  be 
completed  about  four  centuries  after  the  conquest  had  itself  occurred.  The 
historian's  own  words  on  this  important  point  are : — 

"  We  may  assign  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Seventh  as  the  epoch  when  the  distinctkm 


1856.]  Professor  Wilson.  421 

in  England  ;" — a  proficiency  little,  if  any,  superior  to  that  which  he  had  at- 
tained in  every  other  athletic  exercise.  Of  his  running  he  has  given  a  most 
characteristic  description  in  the  book  before  us,  in  an  article  on  "  Gym- 
nastics.'* On  one  occasion,  when  returning  alone  from  a  fishing  excursion, 
he  was  attacked  by  a  huge  Highland  bull.  To  attempt  to  give  battle  would, 
of  course,  have  been  absurd ; — the  only  hope  he  had  was  in  his  swiftness  of 
foot.  Dealing  the  animal,  therefore,  one  hearty  blow  with  his  rod,  he  took 
to  his  heels,  the  enemy  pursuing  at  full  speed : — 

"We  heard  the  growl  somewhat  deepening  behind  us,**  he  says,  "and  every  time  we 
ventured  to  cast  a  look  over  oiu*  shoulder,  his  swarthy  eye  was  more  and  more  visible. 
But  bad  as  that  was,  his  tail  was  worse,  and  seemed  the  bloody  flag  of  the  pirate.  The 
monster  had  fom*  legs — we  but  two;  but  our  knees  were  well  knit,  our  hamstrings 
strong,  our  ankles  nimble  as  fencer's  wrist,  and  our  instep  an  elastic  arch,  that  needed 
not  the  springboard  of  the  circus — nothing  but  the  bent  of  the  broad  mountain's  brow. 
If  he  was  a  red  bull — and  who  could  deny  it  ? — were  not  we  one  of  the  red  deer  of  the 
forest,  that  accompanies  on  earth  the  eagle's  flight  in  heaven  ?  Long  before  gaining  the 
edge  of  the  wood,  we  had  beaten  the  brute  to  a  stand-stilL  There  he  stood,  the  un- 
wieldy laggard,  pawing  the  stony  moor,  and  hardly  able  to  ronr.  Poor  devil,  he  could 
not  raise  an  echo !  He  absolutely  lay  down — and  then,  contempt  being  an  uneasy  and 
unchristian  feeling,  we  left  him  lying  there,  like  a  specimen  of  mineral(^,  and  wan< 
dered  away  in  a  poetical  reverie,  into  the  sun  and  shadow  of  the  great  pine-forest.** 

From  running,  the  author  goes  on,  in  the  essay  we  quote  from,  to  treat 
successively  of  all  the  other  branches  of  gymnastics ;  and  it  is  easy  to  see 
what  an  absorbing  interest  the  subject  had  for  him.  It  appears  a  little 
strange  to  us,  now-a-days,  to  hear  a  poet  and  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
descanting  so  learnedly,  and  with  such  evident  gusto,  upon  topics  which  we 
have  been  taught  to  consider  so  entirely  anomalous  to  the  pursuits  of  either 
vocation.  And  yet  we  do  not  know  any  reason  why  poets  and  philosophers 
should  not  know  how  to  leap  and  run  as  well  as  other  men,  or  even  box  and 
wrestle,  for  the  matter  of  that.  To  ourselves,  we  confess  there  always  seems 
something  to  regret  in  the  dispropoition  that  so  commonly  exists  between 
the  mental  and  physical  organizations  of  men  of  genius.  To  say  the  least 
of  it,  it  is  infinitely  disappointing  to  find  a  mind  whose  vastness  has  filled  the 
whole  civilized  world,  tenanting  the  body  of  a  puny  or  a  dwarf.  Size  of 
person,  alone,  is  always  imposing, — when  it  is  united  with  corresponding 
size  of  intellect,  one  can  readily  understand  men  being  the  Lords  of  Crea- 
tion, And  it  was  one  of  these  men — one  of  these  princes  of  Nature's  royal 
family— that  Professor  Wilson  really  was.  We  can  picture  him  as  he  must 
have  been  "  in  the  bounding  fever  of  his  prime  f' — 

"  Hyperion*s  curls ;  the  front  of  Jove  himself; 
An  eye  like  Mars,  to  threaten  or  conuuand  ; 
A  station  like  the  herald  Mercury, 
New-lighted  on  a  heaven-kissing  hill ; 
A  combination,  and  a  form,  indeed. 
Where  every  god  did  seem  to  set  his  seal. 
To  give  the  world  assurance  of  a  man.'* 

It  is  impossible,  we  think,  to  read  Professor  Wilson's  writings,  without 
forming  a  tolerably  correct  conjecture  as  to  the  sort  of  man  by  whom  they 
were  written.  A  man  of  physical  weakness,  whatever  his  other  powers 
might  have  been,  could  never  have  written  in  the  same  way ; — could  never, 
for  example,  have  written  such  essays  as  these  before  us.  However  inde- 
pendent the  mind  and  body  may  seem  to  be  of  each  other,  a  man's  bodily 
state  does  nevertheless  greatly  influence  the  character  of  what  he  writes. 
If  Pope  had  not  been  deformed,  he  could  never  have  written  the  "  Dunciad," 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI.  3  i 


422  Professor  Wilson.  [Oct. 

or  his  "  Eloisa  to  Abelard;"  if  Byron  had  not  been  lame,  he  could  never 
have  written  "  Lara,*'  or  the  **  Corsair  ;*'  a  healthy  man  could  not  have 
written  the  "  Suppiria  de  Profundis ;"  and  no  one  but  such  a  frail  little  bit 
of  mortality  as  their  author  really  was,  could  have  written  *'  The  Essays  of 
Elia.'*  And  just  so,  as  we  have  said,  none  but  a  man  of  exubei*ant  animal 
vigour,  like  Wilson,  could  have  written  as  he  wrote.  In  all  his  writings 
there  is  an  indescribable  buoyancy,  an  overflowing  life,  which  nothing  but 
the  consciousness  of  abundant  health  and  strength  could  give.  He  "  re- 
joiceth  as  a  strong  man  to  run  a  race."  This  peculiar  tone  in  his  compo- 
sitions is  the  more  to  be  remarked,  perhaps,  because  some  of  their  other 
prominent  characteristics  would  lead  us  not  to  expect  it.  There  is  no 
writer  we  can  recall,  to  whose  genius  the  adjective  sweet  is  more  thoroughly 
applicable*  His  passages  of  tenderest  and  most  pathetic  sweetness  are  in- 
variably his  best  passages ;  indeed,  so  exquisitely  beautiful  are  some  of 
these,  that  it  would  be  well-nigh  impossible,  we  believe,  in  the  whole  range 
of  English  literature,  to  find  anything  superior.  In  other  writers  this 
quality  too  often  degenerates  into  effeminacy  and  sickliness, — in  Wilson 
it  is  always  healthful  and  manly.  Let  our  readers  judge  for  themselves 
from  the  following  extract,  taken  from  a  paper  entitled  '*  Old  North  and 
Young  North."  The  author  is  speaking  of  his  first  residence  at  Ox- 
ford : — 

"  For  having  bade  farewell  to  our  sweet  native  Scotland,  and  kissed,  ere  we  parted, 
the  g^raas  and  the  flowers  with  a  shower  of  filial  tears — ^having  bade  farewell  to  all  her 
glens,  now  a-glimmer  in  the  blended  light  of  imagination  and  memory — ^with  their 
cairns  and  kirks,  their  low -chimneyed  huts  and  their  high-torreted  halls — their  free- 
flowing  rivers,  and  lochs  dashing  like  seas — we  were  all  at  once  boried,  not  in  the  Cim- 
merian gloom,  but  the  Cerulean  glitter,  of  Oxford's  ancient  academic  groves.  The 
genius  of  the  place  fell  upon  us ; — yes  !  we  hear  now,  in  tlie  renewed  delight  of  the  awe 
of  our  youthful  spirit,  the  pealing  organ  in  that  chapel  called  the  Beautiful— we  see  the 
flaints  on  the  stained  windows — at  the  altar  the  picture  of  one  up  Calvary  meekly  bear- 
ing the  cross !  It  seemed,  then,  that  our  hearts  had  no  need  even  of  the  kindness  of 
kindred — of  the  country  where  we  were  bom,  and  that  had  received  the  continued 
blessings  of  our  enlarging  love  !  Yet  away  went,  even  then,  sometimes,  our  thoughts  to 
Scotland,  like  carrier-pigeons  wafting  love-messages  beneath  their  unwearied  wings ! 
They  went  and  they  returned,  and  still  their  going  and  coming  was  blessed.  But  ambi- 
tion touched  us,  as  with  the  wand  of  a  magician  from  a  vanished  world  and  a  vanished 
time.  The  Greek  tongue — multitudinous  as  the  sea— kept  like  the  sea  sounding  in  our 
ears,  through  the  stillness  of  that  world  of  towers  and  temples.  Lo !  Zeno,  with  his 
arguments  hard  and  high,  beneath  the  p(»rch !  Plato  divinely  discoursing  in  grove  and 
garden!  The  Stagyrite  searching  for  truth  in  the  profounder  gloom!  The  sweet 
voice  of  the  smiling  Socrates,  cheering  the  cloister's  shade  and  the  court's  sunshine  ! 
And  when  the  thunders  of  Demosthenes  ceased,  wc  heard  the  harping  of  the  old  blind 
glorious  Mendicant,  whom,  for  the  loss  of  eyes,  Apollo  rewarded  with  the  gift  of 
unmortal  song  V* 

And  again,  as  another  illustration  of  the  peculiarity  we  allude  to,  take 
this  exquisite  little  lucubration  about  Byron  : — 

**  The  wicks  of  our  candles  are  long — and  their  light  is  lost  in  that  of  the  spacious 
window,  from  the  moon  and  stars.  There  thou  standest,  pale,  glimmering,  and  ghost- 
like— image  of  Byron.  Methinks  the  bust  breathes  !  Surely  it  g^ve  a  sigh — a  g^roan 
— such  as  often  rent  and  rived  that  bosom  of  flesh  and  blood !  But  thou  art  but 
a  mockery  of  the  mighty —moulded  of  the  potter's  clay !  Lo !  the  stars,  which  a  voice, 
now  for  ever  mute,  once  called  *  the  poetry  of  heaven  !'  Onwards  they  come — clouds 
upon  clouds — thickening  and  blackening  from  the  sea, — heaven's  glories  are  all  ex- 
tinguished, and  the  memory  of  Byron  forsakes  me— like  a  momentary  brightness,  self- 
bom,  and  signifying  something  imperishable — in  the  mysterious  moral  of  a  dream !" 

The  dissimilarity  in  the  tone  of  such  passages  as  these — and  Professor 
WiIson*8  writings  abound  in  such— and  that  of  the  flights  of  some  other 


1856.]  Professor  Wilson.  428 

writers,  in  styles  '*  alike»  but  oh !  how  different,'*  must  be  palpable  enough 
to  everyone.  There  is  the  same  distinguishing  character  in  Professor 
Wilson's  poetry  ;  in  his  poetry,  strictly  so  called,  we  mean,  for  the  greater 
part  of  his  prose  is  poetry  in  all  but  rhyme  and  metre.  He  has  not  the 
remotest  kinship,  as  a  poet,  either  to  the  maudlin,  or  the  mystical,  or  the 
"  spasmodic''  order, — to  one  or  the  other  of  which  they  would  fain  persuade 
us,  just  now,  all  genuine  poets  must  belong ;  yet  that  he  is,  nevertheless,  a 
genuine  poet,  and  that  of  no  inferior  rank,  who  that  reads  can  doubt  ?  To 
him  in  a  pre-eminent  degree  was  vouchsafed  that  highest  privilege  of  the 
poet's  vocation, — the  privilege  of  a  free,  unrestrained  communion  with 
Nature.     To  him  was  granted  the  happy  fortune  of 

*'  findings  in  her  eyes 
Maternal  favour — ^undisxmss'd  to  sit 
At  her  dread  feet,  while  her  mach-miunng  voice 
Like  muffled  thunders  of  a  storm  unboFBt 
Did  murmur  to  her  heart ;" 

and  to  him  she  taught  the  secret  of  the  eloquence  of  her  creations.  She 
taught  him  to  find 

" tongues  in.  trees,  books  in  the  running  brooks, 

Sermons  in  stones," 

and,  above  all, 

"  good  in  everything.'^ 

If  it  were  not  inconsistent  with  our  present  business,  we  might  adduce, 
from  Professor  Wilson's  poems,  superabundant  evidence  to  establish  his 
claim  to  the  title,  not  only  of  a  genuine,  but  of  a  fine,  poet.  Fortimately 
for  us,  however,  as  we  said  just  now,  his  prose  compositions  are  in  them- 
selves sufficient  to  place  the  fact  beyond  dispute.  Aye,  even  though  we 
were  not  permitted  to  bring  any  witnessing  quotations  from  the  "  Noctes," 
the  book  before  us  would  furnish  us  with  more  than  enough  to  serve  our 
purpose.  Can  anything  be  more  truly  poetry,  for  instance,  than  this  pas- 
sage from  the  very  first  paper  it  contains.  After  having  described,  with 
infinite  pathos,  the  dismal  pangs  that  '*  clutch  the  heart*'  when,  *'  after 
grief  and  guilt  have  made  visitations  to  the  soul,"  we  behold  again,  though 
it  be  only  in  a  vision,  some  place  that  we  have  known  and  loved  in  happier 
and  more  sinless  days,  the  author  goes  on : — 

"  But,  reader,  if  thy  early  footsteps  were  f^ee  and  nnoonflned  over  the  beantifiil 
bosom  of  the  rejoicing  earth,  thou  wilt  understand  the  pasnon  that  the  dream  of  some 
one  solitary  spot  may  inspire,  rising  suddenly  up  from  oblivion  in  all  its  primeval  loveli- 
ness, and  making  a  sileht  appeal  to  thy  troubled  heart  in  behalf  of  innooenoe  evaniriied 
long  ago,  and  for  ever !  From  the  image  of  such  spots  you  start  away,  half  in  love^ 
half  in  fear,  as  from  the  visionary  spectre  of  some  dear  friend  dead  and  buried,  fkr 
beyond  seas,  in  a  foreign  country.  Such  power  as  this  may  there  be  in  the  little  moorland 
rill,  oozing  from  the  burchen  brae— in  some  one  of  its  fairy  pools^  that,  in  your  lonely 
angling-days,  seemed  to  you  more  especially  delightful,  as  it  swept  sparkling  and  sinff- 
ing  through  the  verdant  wilderness — ^in  some  one  deep  streamless  dell  among  a  hundred, 
too  insi^rnificant  to  have  received  any  name  from  the  shepherds,  but  first  disoovered  and 
enjoyed  by  you,  when  the  soul  wit£an  you  was  bright  with  tiie  stirred  fire  of  young 
existence— in  some  sheltered,  retired  nool^  whither  aU  the  vernal  hill-flowers  had  seemed 
to  flock,  both  for  shadow  and  sunshine — in  some  g^reenest  glade,  fiur  within  the  wood's 
heart,  on  which  you  had  Iain  listening  to  the  cushat  crooning  in  his  yew-grove— ay,  in 
one  and  all  of  such  places,  and  a  l^ouwind  more,  you  feel  that  a  power  f^  ever  dweDt 
omnipotent  over  your  spirit, — adorned,  expanded,  strengthened,  although  it  may  now  be^ 
with  knowledge  and  science,— a  power  ezting^hing  all  present  obj^ti^  and  all  their 
accomtmnying  thoughts  and  emotions,  in  the  inexpressibly  pensive  fight  of  those  bliss ■ 
ful  days  when  time  and  space  were  both  bounded  to  a  pdnt  by  the  perfect  joy  of  the 
soul  that  existed  in  that  KOW,  happier  than  any  angel  in  heaven." 


42  Jj  Professor  Wilson.  [Oct. 

A  passage  like  this  would  be  enough,  we  repeat,  if  he  had  never 
written  anything  else,  to  prove  a  man  to  be  a  poet; — indeed,  it  18  precisely 
in  passages  like  this  that  the  true  poet  is  to  be  recognised.  When  a 
man  lakes  some  common  feeling  of  humanity,  and  describes  it  with  a  force, 
and  a  truth,  and  a  minuteness  which  gains  for  it  instantaneous  reception 
into  every  heart,  and  brings  tears  of  recollection  into  every  eye,  then  we 
know  that  man  to  be  a  poet.  Hostile  judgments  may  pronounce  otherwise  ; 
hostile  judgments  may,  in  fact,  say  what  they  will ;  moistened  eyes,  quiver- 
ing lips,  choked  voices,  are,  after  all,  the  best  criticism.  What  is  it  but 
because  this  power  of  reproducing  that  which  we  have  all  felt  and  known 
belonged  to  him  in  so  marvellous  and  matchless  a  measure,  that  has  obtained 
for  Shakespere  a  fame  that  will  be  extinguished  only  when  time  itself  shall 
be  no  more ;  what  is  it  but  the  possession  of  this  power  that  has  given  to 
Cowper  a  place  in  every  homestead  in  the  land ;  what  is  it  but  the  posses- 
sion of  this  power  that  sheds  such  a  wondrous  charm  around  the  very  name 
of  Robert  Burns }  In  these  touches  of  nature  Professor  Wilson's  writings 
are  singularly  rich.  How  many  thousand  hearts  have  beat  responsive  to  the 
beautiful  faithfulness  of  the  recital  of  "  The  Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay ;" 
of  the  tale  of  the  joys  and  sorrows  of  "  The  Foresters,"  and  of  the  pictures 
of  the  "  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scottish  Life/'  Professor  Wilson  had 
seen  much  of  the  world,  and  had  studied  all  he  had  seen  with  the  most 
earnest  and  profound  attention.  Of  these  studies,  he  gives  in  one  of  the 
articles  from  which  we  have  already  quoted,  the  following  noble  descrip- 
tion.    He  says : — 

"  The  peace  and  happiness  that  have  hlossomed  hi  the  bosom  of  innocent  lifb,  the 
loves  tliat  have  interwoven  joy  with  grief,  the  hoyteB  that  no  misery  can  overwhekn, 
the  fears  that  no  pleasure  can  assuage,  the  gnawing  of  the  worm  that  never  dies,  the 
bliss  of  cous<;ience,  the  bale  of  remorse,  the  virtue  of  the  moral,  and  the  piety  of  the 
rclii^ioiis  spirit, — all  these,  and  everything  that  human  life,  in  its  inexhaustible  variety, 
could  disclose,  became  the  subjects  of  inquiry,  emotion,  thought,  to  our  intellect  seeking 
knowledge  of  human  nature,  to  us  a  student  desirous,  in  restless  and  aspiring  voatby  to 
understand  something  of  his  own  soul — of  that  common  being  in  which  he  Hves  and 
breathes,  and  of  which,  from  no  other  source,  and  no  other  aid,  can  he  ever  have  any 
uninspired  revelation." 

But  we  are  lingering  too  long  over  the  "  imaginative*'  part  of  our  volume. 
We  must  glance  now  for  a  moment  at  the  "  critical"  essays.  Professor  Wilson 
was  as  able  in  criticism  as  he  was  in  everything  else,  which  is  not  saying  a 
little.  His  criticism,  in  fact,  is  of  the  vei*y  highest  kind, — acute,  delicate, 
conscientious,  and  without  one  particle  of  rancour,  or  one  trace  of  self- 
sufficiency.     He  was  not  one  of  those  critics — 

"  that  other  names  efface, 
And  fix  their  own,  with  labour,  in  their  place  ;** 

never,  in  any  instance,  can  he  be  charged  with  the  attempt  to  shew  off  his 
own  ability  at  the  expense  of  the  author  under  review,  to  be  very  witty 
upon  very  small  grounds,  or  very  severe  upon  very  small  provocation, 
without  any  regard  whatever  to  the  feelings  of  his  unhappy  victim.  Keen 
as  was  his  sense  of  the  ludicrous,  and  overflowing  as  was  his  fun,  they  never 
betrayed  him  into  barbarity.  Even  upon  books  of  very  mediocre  merit, 
his  strictures,  except  under  peculiar  circumstances,  were  uniformly  favour- 
able. The  most  conspicuous  characteristic  of  his  criticism,  indeed,  was  his 
disposition  to  find  beauties  rather  than  defects.  No  flower,  however  much 
it  miij^ht  lie  out  of  the  way,  or  however  much  choked  up  it  might  be  by 
weeds  and  briars,  ever  escaped  his  eye,  or  failed  to  elicit  from  him  a  hearty 
word  of  recognition.     The  contrast  is  really  amusing  between  the  tone  of 


1856.]  Professor  Wilson.  425 

his  criticisms  and  that  of  the  dashing  animadversions  of  some  of  the  re- 
viewers of  the  present  day.  Not  but  Professor  Wilson  could  be  bitter 
enough  when  it  so  pleased  him, — we  do  not  mean  to  say  that, — but  it  was 
not  often  that  he  put  forth  his  power.  At  the  devoted  heads  of  the  Whigs, 
he  would  now  and  then,  we  confess,  let  fly  some  rather  rude  missiles  ;  but  to 
all  besides  he  was  the  gentlest  of  critics.  Not  even  to  the  most  unmitigated 
blockheads  did  he  use  unnecessary  cruelty.  Nothing  can  be  truer  than 
what  he  has  himself  told  us  about  the  subject : — 

"  The  plain  matter  of  fact  is,  that  we  insult  and  slay — nobody.  Sometimes,  when  we 
meet  an  ass  who,  in  the  march  of  intellect,  is  faithless  to  his  natural  love  of  thistles  by 
the  roadside,  and  is  not  contented  till  he  is  catting  capers  in  a  flower-garden,  like  Love 
among  the  roses,  or  treading  down  com-flelds  or  vineyards,  whereby  much  bread  and 
wine  is  prevented  from  cheering  the  hearts  of  men,  we  take  him  by  the  tail,  or  ears, 
and  do  drag  or  kick  him — we  shall  not,  onght  not,  cannot  deny  it — out  of  the  enclosure, 

and,  in  conclusion,  off  the  premises Observe,  too,  that  we  drag  or  kick  him,  tail 

or  ear-ways,  *  as  gently  as  if  we  loved  him.*  The  truth  is,  we  do  love  him,  although  he 
be  such  an  ass  as  not  to  know  it ;  for  were  the  poor  braying  animal  to  be  suffered  to 
cat  his  fill,  and  afterwards  to  get  at  water,  why  he  would  burst,  and  then  his  death 
would  be  laid  at  our  door,  and  all  Cockaigne  would  cry  out  that  we  had  killed  King 
Cuddy." 

We  cannot  conclude  without  a  word  of  hearty  thanks  to  the  editor  of 
Professor  Wilson's  works,  for  the  treat  he  has  been  the  means  of  giving  us. 
It  is  an  incalculable  advantage  to  possess  these  beautiful  papers  in  their 
present  convenient  form,  instead  of  having  to  hunt  them  up  and  follow 
them  about  in  old  magazines.  Professor  Ferrier  deserves  the  gratitude  of 
the  whole  reading  public  for  the  gift  with  which  he  has  presented  it.  Little, 
if  any,  of  the  multifarious  literature  of  the  day  has  afforded,  or  will  afford, 
as  many  hours  of  delight.  We  shall  look  out  with  anxious  expectation  for 
the  forthcoming  of  the  next  volumes.  There  is  many  a  beautiful  essay  still 
remaining,  that  it  will  be  an  infinite  enjoyment  to  us  to  read  again,  at  our 
ease,  in  die  fine  text  of  Professor  Ferrier's  publication. 


PERTHES'S  MEMOIRS ». 


History  is  frequently  best  studied  in  biographies.  In  the  lives  of  in- 
dividuals who  have  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  events  of  their  time,  we 
obtain  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the  secret  springs  of  great  actions 
than  is  supplied  by  the  historian,  who  deals  chiefly  with  events.  A  nation's 
heroes  must  not  always  be  sought  in  the  court  and  the  camp,  nor  are 
those  who  most  influence  the  age  in  which  they  live  always  the  most  marked 
or  best  recognised  by  public  ken.  The  most  industrious  historian  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  would  scarcely  have  thought  of  looking 
for  a  hero  behind  the  counter  of  a  bookseller's  shop  in  a  narrow,  dingy 
street  in  Hamburgh.  Yet  Perthes  was  a  man  who  exercised  no  insigni- 
ficant influence  upon  the  intellectual,  moral,  and  political  progress  of  his 
time.  Entertaining  an  exalted  idea  of  the  nature  of  his  calling,  he  digni- 
fied it  by  the  lofty  principles  under  which  he  carried  it  on.  Neither  sub- 
dued nor  ridden  by  the  routine  of  his  crafl,  he  gave  an  ideal  worth  to  his 

■  "  Memoirs  of  Frederick  Perthes ;  or,  Literary,  Religious,  and  Political  Life  in  Ger- 
many, from  1789  to  1843.  From  the  German  of  Clement  Theodore  Perthes."  (Edin- 
burgh :  Thomas  Constable  &  Co.    2  vols.,  8vo.) 


426  Perthes^s  Memoirs.  [Oct. 

work ;  and  the  volumes  before  us  proclaim  the  heroism  of  the  shop  that 
transformed  bookselling  into  a  mission  of  intellectual  morality,  and  which 
eventually  spread  its  pure  influence  over  a  large  portion  of  the  German 
empire. 

The  year  1772  was  a  very  calamitous  year  for  Germany.  Dearth  and 
famine  were  almost  everywhere  present,  while  scarcely  any  district  escaped 
the  visitation  of  a  malignant  pestilence.  It  was  in  this,  *'  the  great  hunger 
year,"  that  Frederick  Christopher  Perthes  was  born  at  Rudolfstadt,  on  the 
21st  of  April.  While  but  a  child  his  father  died,  leaving  his  widow  and 
family  almost  destitute.  Until  his  seventh  year  he  found  a  home  with  his 
maternal  grandmother,  and  upon  her  death  was  transferred  to  the  keeping 
of  his  uncle  and  aunt.  In  their  household  he  was  brought  up  with  tender 
and  even  parental  affection.  The  impressions  of  his  childhood  were  so 
deeply  graven  upon  his  mind  as  to  influence  him  through  Hfe.  Born  with 
an  excitable  temperament,  he  always  ascribed  to  his  uncle  and  aunt  the 
horror  with  which  he  regarded  every  kind  of  immorality,  and  also  that  re- 
spect for  the  rights  of  others  so  often  alien  to  extremely  energetic  charac- 
ters such  as  his. 

His  early  education  was  irregular  and  imperfect.  Upon  attaining  his 
fourteenth  year  he  was  taken  to  Leipzig,  and  apprenticed  to  one  Bohme, 
a  bookseller.  Here  his  lot  was  a  hard  one,  and  he  found  but  little  oppor- 
tunity for  that  self-improvement  he  desired  to  make  ;  and  when  more  leisure 
came,  his  poverty  forbad  the  employment  of  a  teacher.  In  conformity  with 
the  fashion  of  that  day,  he  took  to  the  study  of  philosophy.  Kant  was  a 
tough  morsel,  so  he  sought  refuge  with  Cicero,  in  a  translation  of  De  Offi- 
ciis,    "  Here  he  believed  he  had  found  true  satisfaction  !" 

In  due  time  he  fell  in  love  with  his  master's  daughter,  but  his  affection 
was  not  reciprocated :  she  had  been  his  faithful  nurse  during  illness,  and 
continued  to  be  his  playfellow  and  companion  in  subsequent  years.  She 
grew  into  a  very  handsome  girl  of  sixteen.  Lovers  without  number  soon 
gathered  round  her,  yet  she  could  not  do  without  the  shy  and  anxious 
apprentice  at  the  other  side  of  the  room,  who  numbered  only  nineteen 
years,  and  who  never  expressed  his  feelings  to  her  except  by  the  involun- 
tary attention  that  he  bestowed  upon  everything  she  said  and  did. 

But  the  course  of  Perthes's  love  was  far  from  smooth.  **  Assuredly  she 
is  not  in  love  with  me,'*  he  writes  to  his  uncle.  He  looked  into  the 
maiden's  eyes,  but  found  there  nothing  but  a  deathlike  coldness : — "  Cold  as 
ice,  hard  as  iron."  He  sought  to  overcome  his  passion  by  plunging  deeper 
into  Kant's  philosophy ;  but  more  effectual  was  the  aid  of  an  intimacy 
formed  with  seven  young  Swabians,  men  of  talent,  education,  and  good- 
humour.  Through  them  he  had  his  first  genuine  experiences  of  the  joyous 
life  of  youth,  and  the  acquaintance  of  Herder,  Schiller,  and  Goethe. 

The  term  of  his  apprenticeship  expired,  he  went  to  live  at  Hamburgh 
with  the  bookseller  Hoffman,  a  man  of  education,  and  possessed  of  much 
knowledge  of  the  world.  The  business  was  one  that  called  forth  all  his 
powers,  and  his  Hamburgh  life  became  a  tolerably  happy  one  for  the  nonce, 
though  it  was  not  long  before  he  felt  its  insufficiency  to  satisfy  him.  His 
heart  yearned  for  the  society  of  many,  and  of  cultivated  men : — "  Such 
society  is  necessary  for  me,  and  I  must  compass  it,  unless  I  am  to  sink  en- 
tirely." Hamburgh,  at  that  time  the  most  stirring  city  of  Germany,  was 
exactly  the  place  where  an  ardent  desire  for  the  variety  and  excitement  of 
improving  society  might  best  be  satisfied.  Still  there  were  impediments 
in  the  way.     Bookselling  was  not  considered  "  respectable"  by  the  Ham- 


1856.]  Perthes's  Memoirs.  427 

burgh  merchantocracy ;  besides,  Perthes  was  poor,  and  without  "  influen- 
tial"  friends.  Gradually,  however,  he  made  his  way ;  his  undaunted  spirit 
could  not  but  burst  through  the  conventional  cordon  that  opposed  his  way 
to  **  good  society.*^  When  twenty-two  years  of  age,  he  became  acquainted 
with  three  men  who  were  destined  to  exercise  a  powerful  influence  on  his 
moral  progress,  *'  Little  Perthes  has  the  most  manly  spirit  of  us  all,"  said 
his  friends,  and  they  could  tell  of  the  surprizing  power  which  his  invincible 
will  had  exercised  over  the  stubbornness  and  physical  superiority  of  strong, 
rough  men.  Perthes  was  conscious  of  his  power,  and  in  reliance  on  it 
would  often,  both  then  and  in  more  advanced  life,  advance  boldly  to  en- 
counter difficulties  in  circumstances  under  which  men  who  possessed  more 
physical  strength  would  have  quietly  held  on  their  way : — 

"  His  small  and  slender,  though  firm  and  well-formed  body,  his  curling  hair  and 
fine  complexion,  and  a  peculiarly  delicate  curve  in  the  formation  of  the  eye,  gave  to  his 
appearance  an  almost  girlish  form.  Singularly  susceptible,  the  slightest  allusion  to 
women  brought  the  colour  to  his  cheeks.  When  he  had  determined  on  carrying  out 
some  settled  purpose,  the  decision  and  resoluteness  of  his  mind  were  manifest  in  the 
expressiveness  of  his  slender  form ;  his  strong,  sonorous  voice,  his  bearing,  his  every 
gesture  mdicatcd  that  he  both  could  and  would  carry  out  his  resolution." 

"  Perthes,"  writes  one  at  this  time,  "is  a  man  to  whom  I  feel  marvel- 
lously attracted,  by  his  tender  susceptibility,  and  his  earnest  striving  after 
all  that  is  noble."  Another,  at  a  later  period,  says,  "  I  could  not  withdraw 
my  eyes  from  him  :  the  charm  of  his  external  appearance  I  could  not  but 
regard  as  the  true  expression  of  his  inner  nature."  How  deep  was  the 
impression  Perthes  received  from  his  contact  with  men  of  superior  stamp, 
we  learn  from  his  letters  to  his  uncle  : — 

"  I  am  now,"  he  writes,  "  enjoying  to  the  uttermost  all  that  a  quick  and  ardent  sen- 
sibility can  enjoy.  I  have  found  tliree  friends  full  of  talent  and  heart — of  pure  and 
upright  minds— and  distinguished  by  great  and  varied  culture.  When  they  saw  me 
striving  after  the  good,  and  my  love  for  the  beautiful — when  they  perceived  how  I 
sought  and  endeavoured,  they  gave  me  their  friendship ;  and,  oh !  how  happy  I  now 
am  !  Through  them  1  have  attained  what  I  stood  most  in  need  of.  They  know  how  to 
call  into  life  and  activity  all  that  is  best  in  me." 

The  society  in  which  Perthes  now  mixed  made  him  feel  keenly  the  defects 
of  his  own  education, — defects  which  he  saw  little  likelihood  of  his  now 
being  able  to  supply :  the  daily  calls  of  business  occupied  every  hour. 
"  III  culture,"  he  says,  "  I  make  no  progress,  and  cannot  hope  to  make  any: 
this  is  a  source  of  grief  to  me."  He  hoped  to  be  able  to  retire,  one  day, 
with  a  small  income,  to  some  secluded  spot,  where  he  might  devote  himself 
to  study,  and  give  unity  to  his  various  but  only  partially  digested  know- 
ledge ;  and  he  shaped  his  plans  accordingly.  His  future  was  rendered 
pretty  sure  by  his  uncle's  promise  to  give  him  the  reversion  of  his  business 
at  Gotha.  His  plan  of  life  was  so  simple,  that  he  did  not  see  how  anything 
could  occur  to  thwart  it. 

At  the  outset  Perthes  had  regarded  bookselling  as  a  means  of  acquiring 
property  and  achieving  independence ;  but  with  such  a  nature  as  he  pos- 
sessed, it  was  not  possible  to  carry  out  a  mercenary  career  solely.  A  sense 
of  the  importance  of  his  calling  to  the  whole  intellectual  life  of  his  country- 
men soon  took  such  entire  possession  of  his  soul,  that  during  the  whole 
course  of  his  long  life  the  mere  question  of  gain  had  little  weight  with  him. 
He  thought  that  where  a  large  conception  of  the  nature  of  the  book-trade 
did  not  exist,  learning  and  art  were  endangered  by  its  operations.  In 
more  than  one  district  where  literature  lay  dead,  he  had  seen  it  revive  and 
flourish  by  the  settlement  of  an  active  bookseller  in  the  locality.     Viewing 


428  Perthes' 8  Memoirs.  [Oct. 

the  business  in  this  light,  he  could  not  but  complain  that  far  too  little 
attention  had  hitherto  been  devoted  to  this  most  interesting  branch  of 
industry.  He  had  also  observed  that  where  a  bookseller  possessed  an 
educated  taste,  works  of  a  high  class  were  in  demand  ;  and  that  where,  on 
the  other  hand,  a  bookseller  was  a  man  of  low  taste  and  immoral  character, 
a  licentious  and  worthless  literature  had  a  wide  circulation.  Supported  by 
these  facts,  Perthes  ascribed  to  the  book-trade  in  general,  and  to  each 
individual  bookseller,  an  important  influence  on  the  direction  in  which  the 
public  sought  its  mental  food ;  and  clearly  perceiving  the  influence  of 
literature  upon  thought  and  life,  he  was  convinced  both  then  and  throughr 
out  his  whole  life,  that  the  book-trade,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  was 
conducted,  had  a  most  important  part  to  play  in  giving  direction  to  the 
course  of  events,  political  and  moral. 

With  these  views,  through  the  assistance  of  friends,  he  started  as  book- 
seller,— "  a  bold  and  adventurous  undertaking,"  but  the  success  of  which 
soon  proved  that  he  had  not  miscalculated  the  important  movements  and 
requirements  of  the  literary  life  of  that  period. 

His  new  position  was  well  calculated  to  extend  his  acquaintance  with 
the  intellectual  men  of  that  period.  Among  the  first  that  found  his  way  to 
the  **new  shop"  was  "a  tall,  slender  man,  with  a  finely  formed  face,  a 
darkish  complexion,  and  glorious,  thoughtful,  blue  eyes."  Superiority  was 
stamped  upon  him,  but  it  was  neither  cold  nor  repulsive.  His  dress, 
expression,  and  bearing  had  the  air  of  being  studied,  and  yet  were  perfectly 
natural.  He  appeared  to  be  about  fifty,  but  in  all  his  movements  there 
was  the  ease  and  power  of  youth.  This  was  Jacobi,  younger  brother  of 
the  poet  of  that  name  ;  he  had  come  from  Diisseldorf,  and  was  at  that  time 
residing  at  Hamburgh  and  Holstein.  He  was  early  distinguished  by  his 
deep  religious  feeling.  He  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  metaphysico-theo- 
logical  speculation,  and  rendered  great  service  to  the  philosophy  of  his  time 
by  his  criticisms  on  Mendelssohn,  Kant,  Fichte,  and  Schelling. 

His  attractive  appearance  inspired  Perthes  with  immediate  confidence, 
and  he  expressed  to  the  astonished  philosopher  the  reverence  and  affection 
with  which  he  had  instantaneously  been  inspired.  Pleased  with  his  candour 
and  animation,  Jacobi  invited  him  to  visit  his  family, — from  which  Perthes  de- 
rived much  benefit  in  furthering  his  mental  development.  "I  love  and  honour 
the  glorious  man  as  I  love  and  honour  none  beside,"  he  writes  to  his  uncle  : 
"  I  met  him  with  a  full  heart ;  he  recognised  it,  and  thought  it  worth  his 
while  to  occupy  himself  with  my  inner  being."  Other  "  influential"  men 
were  in  due  time  added  to  Perthes*s  circle  of  friends  ;  influential,  not  in  the 
worldly  sense,  but  for  high  intellectual  and  moral  power.  There  was 
Claudius,  "  earnest  and  humorous,"  Niebuhr,  Stolberg,  Voss,  and  others 
whose  fame  has  not  reached  our  shores.  They  exercised  a  powerful 
influence  both  on  his  intellectual  development  and  on  his  worldly  pros- 
perity. But  we  must  pause  to  describe  an  event  of  so  great  importance 
that  it  was  to  become  the  source  of  all  his  earthly  happiness.  Perthes 
takes  to  himself  a  wife  : — 

"  Caroliiio  Claudius,  eldest  daughter  of  Mattliias  Claudius,  was  two-and-twenty  when 
Perthes  first  visited  at  her  father's  house.  Althougfh  there  was  nothing  remarkable  or 
dazzling  in  her  general  appearance,  notwithstanding  her  fine  regular  features,  her  slen- 
der figure,  and  her  delicate  complexion,  yet  the  treasures  of  fancy  and  feelings  the 
strength  and  repose  of  character,  and  the  clearness  of  intellect  which  shone  in  her  deep 
hazel  eyes,  gave  her  a  quiet  hut  irresistible  charm.  ITiroughont  her  whole  life  ■he 
inspired  unbounded  confidence  in  all  who  approached  her.  To  her  the  glad  brought 
their  joys,  secure  of  finding  joyous  sympathy ;  and  to  many  of  the  afflicted  both  in  body 
4 


1856.]  Perihes's  Memoirs.  429 

and  in  mind,  she  ministered  consolation,  taught  resignation,  and  inspired  them  with 
fresh  courage.  Accustomed  to  the  simple  life  of  her  parental  home,  contact  with  the 
hustle  of  the  outward  world  appeared  to  her  as  fraught  with  danger  to  her  childlike, 
simple  walk  with  God.  Household  duties,  study,  and  music  occupied  her  time.  "Wlien 
more  advanced  in  life,  she  retained  a  rich,  clear  voice,  and  a  fine  musical  taste.  She  was 
acquainted  with  the  modem  languages,  and  had  gone  far  enough  in  Latin  to  enable 
her  subsequently  to  assist  her  sons." 

Her  bright  eyes  and  clear  open  look  pleased  Perthes,  and  he  loved  her, 
and  was  loved  in  return.  Caroline's  love  was  frankly  confessed  and 
pledged,  but  to  her  father  the  decision  not  unnaturally  appeared  a  hasty 
one ;  Perthes  was  only  four-and-twenty,  had  but  just  established  a  busi- 
ness attended  with  much  risk,  and  his  mind  was  fermenting  with  a  struggle 
between  conflicting  moral  principles.  Although  he  would  not  oppose  the 
marriage,  yet  he  could  not  at  first  be  persuaded  to  give  his  full  and  formal 
consent.  But  it  was  not  long  withheld;  the  wedding  took  place  in 
August,  1797. 

Caroline's  aflfection  for  her  husband  was  strongs;  but  she  did  not  find 
her  married  life  easy.  Two  creatures  more  different,  in  culture  and  ten- 
dency, than  Perthes  and  his  wife,  it  would  be  diflScult  to  find.  "  Yet," 
said  Perthes, — 

''In  the  first  hour  of  our  acquaintance  Caroline  recognised  what  of  worth  there  was 
in  me,  and  loved  me,  and,  in  spite  of  all  that  she  subsequently  discovered  in  my  charac- 
ter that  was  opposed  to  her  own  modes  of  thought  and  life,  her  confidence  has  remained 
unshaken  and  unalterable.  I,  on  my  part,  soon  perceived  her  love,  and  at  once  appre- 
hended the  true  and  noble  nature,  the  lofty  spirit,  the  life-heroism,  the  humility  of 
heart,  and  the  pure  piety  which  now  constitute  the  happiness  and  blessing  of  my 
life." 

Had  Perthes  and  Caroline  not  met  till  later  in  life,  it  is  probable  they 
would  have  repelled  each  other ;  but  now  the  fusion  of  two  characters  so 
diverse  was  facilitated  by  the  passionate  ardour  of  youthful  affection, — an 
ardour  which  long  sur\'ived  their  marriage. 

The  business  Perthes  had  established  was  not  immediately  prosperous, 
but  the  timely  accession  of  capital  enabled  him  to  adhere  to  his  **  lofty 
aim."  He  entered  into  partnership  with  Besser,  whose  calmness  and 
presence  of  mind  under  harassing  and  complicated  circumstances,  united 
with  the  vigorous  mind  and  active,  invincible  spirit  of  Perthes,  carried 
the  business  through  great  difiiculties  to  a  position  of  consideration  and 
influence. 

But  the  even  tenor  of  Perthes's  life  was  soon  to  be  disturbed  by  the 
political  storm  now  looming  in  the  horizon.  The  events  of  1805  and  1806 
involved  the  loss  to  him  of  all  that  he  had  realized  by  ten  years  of  toil  and 
anxiety.  In  those  sad  years  of  political  oppression  for  Germany,  the  im- 
portance of  the  family  life,  in  all  its  calm  independence,  revealed  itself  to 
many.  The  darker  the  political  atmosphere  appeared,  the  more  gratefully 
did  Perthes  acknowledge  the  value  of  the  gift  Uiat  had  been  bestowed  upon 
him  in  Caroline.  To  shut  himself  up  within  the  happy  and  attractive  circle 
of  his  family  and  his  business  was  not,  however,  in  Perthes's  nature  ;  his 
inclination  and  the  influence  of  the  times  led  him  rather  to  take  a  lively 
interest  in  those  events  which  commanded  the  attention  of  the  whole 
civilised  world. 

For  the  deliverance  of  Germany  from  the  yoke  of  the  oppressor,  Perthes 
looked  to  united  action  on  the  part  of  the  German  nation  itself.  He  was, 
however,  too  practical  and  clear-sighted  to  involve  himself  enthusiastically 
in  any  undefined  and  ill-digested  plans.     Yet  it  was  impossible  for  him  to 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  3  k 


430  Perthes' i  Memoirs.  [Oct. 

stand  still  as  it  were  in  beating  the  air  in  attempts  to  act  upon  others ;  he 
must  work  from  a  centre,  and  he  found  it  in  his  calling  of  bookseller.  He 
therefore  organized  a  periodical  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  alive  the  embers 
of  patriotism,  and  preparing  fuel  for  the  flames  of  liberation  that  must  one 
day  burst  forth.  To  the  '*  National  Museum,**  as  the  new  journal  was 
called,  many  among  the  most  eminent  thinkers  contributed,  and  upon  its 
appearance  in  1810,  was  favourably  received ;  but  it  was  soon  silenced,  for 
Hamburgh  became  a  French  city,  and  its  burghers  subjects  of  Napoleon. 

In  the  eventful  year  1813  Perthes  took  an  active  part  in  the  events  that 
led  to  the  temporary  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Hamburgh,  and  its  speedy 
re-occupation  by  Davoust.  On  regaining  possession  of  the  town,  the  French 
proclaimed  a  general  pardon ;  but  ten  names  were  exempted  from  the 
amnesty,  and  one  of  the  ten  was  Perthes.  He  was  obliged  to  flee,  his  pre- 
mises and  dwelling  were  taken  possession  of  by  the  authorities,  and  his  pro- 
perty sequestrated.  He  was  now  penniless,  but  his  courage  and  faith  in 
God  never  deserted  him. 

We  pass  over  the  episode  of  his  forced  banishment  from  Hamburgh  :  in 
May,  1814,  the  Hamburghers  got  rid  of  Davoust,  and  Perthes  returned  to 
his  home  and  his  business.  Such  was  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by 
all  parties,  that  he  had  been  deputed  to  represent  the  Hanse  towns  at  the 
Diet  of  Frankfort,  where  he  formed  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
sturdy  Baron  von  Stein.  Entertaining  broad  and  liberal  views  of  all 
things,  but  not  infected  with  the  then  prevailing  rage  for  pure  constitu- 
tionalism, according  to  English  or  French  models,  Perthes  exhibited  more 
wisdom  in  his  conduct  at  this  period  than  most  of  his  ardent  compatriots. 
He  saw  clearly  that  ''  nothing  but  a  strong  and  firmly  established  mon- 
archical  government  will  still  be  necessary  for  us.*'  For  liberalism,  as  in- 
terpreted by  those  who  received  that  word  from  the  French,  he  had  no 
respect,  but  for  liberality^  "  the  fruit  of  love,'*  the  greatest. 

Perthes's  correspondence  during  this  period,  and  during  the  war  in  France, 
embraices  many  interesting  particulars,  and  we  see  that  the  demands  of  a 
business  to  be  recovered  and  reestablished  did  not  so  entirely  engross  his 
attention,  as  to  divert  him  wholly  from  the  attempts  which  were  then  being 
made  to  restore  the  old  civic  constitution.  As  much  as  his  position  and 
the  circumstances  of  the  time  permitted,  he  performed,  like  a  true  patriot. 
*'  Germany  had  come  out  of  the  war  with  a  glowing  faith  in  its  own  great- 
ness ;  a  faith  which  was  the  result  of  the  spirit  of  poetry,  of  idealism,  and 
of  romance — of  the  admiration  of  German  science  and  art,  and  of  the  pride 
of  having  brought  the  war  to  a  successful  termination."  Many  centuries  of 
contradictions  and  anomalies  in  the  political  existence  of  Germany  had  to 
be  attacked  and  overcome.  Germany  had  possessed  a  political  existence 
for  centuries,  but  no  political  life  :  at  this  time  she  had  neither.  In  the 
schemes  for  political  organization  now  put  forth,  the  unity  of  the  German 
nation  was  the  basis,  but  the  practical  difficulties  were  insurmountable. 
Austria  was  grasping,  Prussia  dishonest.  Besides,  although  every  one 
knew  what  he  did  not  want,  and  ardently  proclaimed  it,  none  could  state 
precisely  and  practically  what  he  did  want.  Amid  all  the  fluctuating 
events  of  the  years  1814  and  1815,  Perthes  firmly  adhered  to  the  conviction 
that  the  nationality  of  the  Germans  was  the  gift  of  God,  and  he  believed  that 
Germany  would  never  rest  until  it  had  attained  the  full  recognition  of  its 
nationality ;  but  this  problem  of  German  nationality  seems  beset  with  un* 
usual  difficulties,  for  it  remains  yet  unsolved. 

The  distress  called  forth  by  the  terrible  events  of  1814  and  1815  severely 


1856.]  Perihafs  Memoiri.  481 

afflicted  Hamburgh.  The  whole  trade  and  commerce  of  that  city  had  given 
place  to  a  deathlike  stiUness.  When  trade  ceased,  hunger  began  to  tell  upon 
the  working  population,  whose  labour  yields  their  daily  bread.  Thousands 
had  lost  home  and  all  when  Davoust  set  fire  to  the  suburbs ;  and  though 
death  had  made  provision  for  a  large  number  of  the  120,000  grey-headed 
and  helpless  men,  women,  and  children  whom  Day  oust  had  driven  out  of 
the  city  on  a  cold  December  night,  still  thousands  survived  to  return,  bring- 
ing sickness  and  sorrow  with  them,  and  no  property  of  any  kind,  save  what 
they  carried  on  their  persons.  To  provide  food  and  lodging,  and  a  bed  of 
straw  for  each,  was  the  least  that  could  be  done.  In  every  comer  urgent 
wants  that  craved  immediate  attention  sprang  up.  The  public  charities 
were  admirably  worked,  and  turned  to  the  best  account ;  collections  were 
made  from  the  wealthy  burghers,  and  sums,  larger  or  smaller,  were  sent 
from  various  European  cities.  Perthes,  with  a  few  others,  undertook  the 
distribution  of  a  portion  of  these  funds,  and  the  minute  accounts  still  pre- 
served attest  the  care  and  conscientiousness  with  which  he  discharged  this 
duty. 

It  was  at  this  time,  also,  that  the  London  Bible  Society  beg^  to  direct 
its  efiforts  towards  Germany,  which  resulted  in  the  founding  of  the  Ham- 
burgh-Altona  Bible  Society.  Its  preliminary  meetings  were  held  in  Perthes*s 
house ;  and  when  its  twenty-fifth  anniversary  was  celebrated  in  1839,  the 
important  services  he  had  rendered  to  the  society  in  its  infancy  were  grate- 
fully acknowledged. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  Perthes  relates  the  following  :— 

"  During  the  first  ten  years  of  my  establishment  at  Hambnrgh  I  sold  not  a  t&Dgiib 
Bible,  except  to  a  few  bookbinders  in  neighbouring  ooantry  towns ;  and  I  remember 
very  well  a  good  8(»rt  of  man  who  came  into  my  shop  for  a  Bible,  and  took  great  pains  to 
assure  me  that  it  was  for  a  person  about  to  be  oon&med,  fearing  evidently  lest  I  shoiikL 
suppose  it  was  for  himself.*' 

Ever  active  in  promoting  good  works,  Perthes  continued  pursuing  the 
even  tenor  of  his  way  until  the  death  of  his  wife  in  the  year  1822.  Being 
then  fifty  years  of  age,  he  carried  out  his  long-cherished  object  of  removing 
to  Ootha,  and  pursuing  there  "the  quieter  and  less  wearing  vocation"  of 
publisher.  Resigning  the  Hamburgh  business  to  his  partner  Besser,  he 
quitted  scenes  which  had  become  painful  to  him  since  the  death  of  his 
Caroline.  This  event  caused  Perthes  to  feel  the  constant  bustle  of  business 
most  irksome,  while  a  quieter  life  and  a  simpler  style  of  living  seemed  in- 
dispensable for  the  motherless  children. 

He  was  now  called  upon  to  begin  life  again,  as  it  were,  under  new  circum- 
stances. His  departure  from  Hamburgh  he  had  felt  keenly,  and  the  shadow 
of  the  last  sad  months  spent  there  followed  him  into  his  new  home.  Writing 
to  Count  Adam  Moltke,  he  says : — 

"  It  is  a  heavy  year  that  lies  behind  me.  Ky  diildhood  was  passed  in  poverty )  as  a 
youth  I  was  thrown  about  fh>m  place  to  i^aoe,  till,  as  a  oompeniation  ibr  all  beiidei^ 
Wandsbeck  was  given  me  as  a  home.  Home  died  with  Caroline.  The  ffradoal  removsl 
from  my  desolate  house  of  objects  endeared  by  memory,  the  last  look  into  the  now 
empty  rooms,  which  for  dghteen  years  had  been  oonsecrated  by  the  dosest  ties, — all 
this  cut  me  to  the  heart  We  nrast  be  unspeakably  goilty  in  God's  a^lit»  otbawks 
when,  through  the  darkness  in,  whidi  we  walk,  Hght  maam  thzough  love^  death  would 
not  be  permitted  to  take  it  away." 

In  a  letter  to  Besser  he  says : — 

"  It  is  not  the  labour,  nor  the  turmoil,  but  the  emptiness  of  the  pnnniit^  wUch  weighs 
upon  me  now.  Eveiything  seems  to  me  null  and  vmd,  and  I  can  no  logger  get  i^  an 
interest  in  things  as  I  used  to  do." 


432  Perthes 8  Memoirs,  [Oct. 

Again,  he  says : — 

"  My  spirit  is  deeply  troubled.  This  retaming  home  without  CaroHne,  without  find- 
ing the  love,  the  fulness  of  soul  from  which  I  drew  my  life,  is  horrible.  I  can  impart 
nothing,  receive  nothing ;  all  is  barren  and  dead." 

The  state  of  mind  exhibited  in  these  passages  did  not  seem  propitious 
for  a  man  commencing  life  anew  at  fifty :  but  time,  the  healer  of  all  human 
woes,  brought  its  sovereign  balm  to  that  of  Perthes.  He  found  relief  in 
the  active  occupation  incident  to  his  new  career.  Writing  to  a  friend  at 
this  period,  he  says : — 

"  It  was  no  small  matter  to  me  to  grive  up  a  long- established,  certainly  unqmet,  but 
perfectly  secure  situation,  for  a  new  and  certainly  quiet,  but  by  no  means  an  assured 
future.  However,  if  one  ever  wishes  to  make  a  decided  change  in  life,  it  most  be 
while  one  has  still  strength  not  only  to  break  oflf  from  the  old,  but  to  found  the  new  j 
otherwise  there  results  a  wretched  half-and-half  existence,  full  of  divided  regrets  and 
weak  yearnings  after  the  past,  and  a  depressed  disposition,  which  unfits  for  businefliy 
and  never  can  prosper.  Ten  years  later  I  should  not  have  been  able  to  carry  out  my 
resolve ;  now,  God  will  help  me  onward." 

We  have  already  spoken  of  the  exalted  notions  with  which  Perthes 
entered  upon  a  business  life,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  find  that  he  had  not 
miscalculated  upon  so  critical  a  problem.  Seldom, — too  seldom,  it  must  be 
confessed — can  success  in  business  be  secured,  in  these  competitive  days, 
upon  any  other  than  sordid  principles.  Many  who  have  essayed  the  ex- 
periment of  Perthes  have  found,  to  their  cost,  that  a  shopkeeper  cannot 
serve  both  God  and  mammon.  The  calling  in  which  Perthes  engaged  was, 
however,  an  exceptional  one,  in  its  direct  influence  upon  the  intellectual  and 
moral  condition  of  society.  A  bookseller  can  be  an  important  instrument 
for  good  or  for  evil,  both  by  his  negative  as  well  as  by  his  positive  actions : 
still  more  so  can  the  publisher.  Perthes's  views  on  this  head  are  worthy  of 
quotation.   He  says,  in  a  letter  written  soon  after  his  settlement  at  Gotha  : — 

"  You  are  aware  that  I  rank  the  book-trade  highly,  as  the  indispensable  condition  of 
a  German  literature.  Now  the  strength  of  the  book-trade  is  the  bookseller's  shop. 
This  poHsesscH  the  art  of  diffusing  books  widely,  and  an  appreciation  of  the  best  works, 

with  a  determination  to  sell  them  rather  tlian  any  other,  tliat  gives  it  moral  worth 

Publishing  is  the  other  branch  of  the  trade,  in  all  its  relations  perfectly  distinct  from  the 
first ;  but  only  he  who  is  experimentally  acquainted  with  the  shop  can  become  a  pub- 
lisher advantageously  to  himself  or  to  literature Book -making  prevails  in  almost 

every  branch  of  literature ;  criticism  is  in  the  last  stage  of  decline :  but  we  may  assume 
with  certainty  that  the  nation  is  better  than  its  authors,  and  has  literary  wants  they 
do  not  satisfy." 

Perthes's  purpose  was  to  become  an  historical  publisher,  and  in  further- 
ance of  his  plans  he  associated  himself  with  Heeren,Ukert,Raumer,Schlo88er, 
Eichhorn,  and  Rehberg,  who  expressed  cordial  sympathy  in  his  views,  and 
promised  advice  and  active  assistance.  His  lively  interest  in  the  eccle- 
siastical and  religious  movements  of  his  own  time,  as  well  as  his  personal 
acquaintance  with  many  leading  theologians,  led  him,  "according  to  his 
custom  of  linking  his  spiritual  life  with  his  outward  calling,"  also  to  be- 
come a  theological  publisher,  and  he  had  the  merit  and  honour  of  giving  to 
the  world  the  productions  of  such  minds  as  Neander,  Ritter,  Stolberg, 
Ullnian,  Fleury,  I'holuck,  Nitzsch,  Sartorius,  Bunsen,  and  others  of  note. 
With  regard  to  theology,  it  was  in  its  scientific  rather  than  in  its  devotional 
aspect  that,  as  a  publisher,  Perthes  was  most  engaged  with.  He  seemed 
to  possess  an  instinctive  discernment  both  of  what  was  essentially  necessary, 
and  what  was  required  or  rendered  superfluous  by  the  mood  of  the  moment, 
and  theologians  themselves  deferred  to  his  experience.     Fortunately,  he 


1856.]  Perthes^ 8  Memoirs,  438 

TV  as  sufficiently  affluent  to  be  able  to  carry  on  his  calling  on  a  most  liberal 
scale.  If  the  matter  in  question  were  an  able  work,  whose  character  suited 
him,  he  was  a  stranger  to  close  calculations.  He  often  accepted  writings 
by  which  he  foresaw  that  he  should  be  more  or  less  a  loser,  expecting  his 
publications,  as  a  whole,  but  not  each  separate  work,  to  bring  him  a  fair 
profit.  But  he  found  towards  the  end  of  his  life  that  this  maxim  might  be 
carried  too  far.     He  writes  in  1 842  : — 

**  In  the  course  of  the  last  four  years  I  have  had  some  painful-  experiences.  The 
works  by  which  I  have  lost  considerably  are  scientific,  and  acknowledged  to  be  able 
and  admirable.  I  have  done  all  1  could  to  forward  such,  but  the  sacrifice  is  too  great ; 
I  must  draw  in.  I  rather  rejoice  at  it  than  regret  it,  but  I  am  firmly  convinced  that 
the  scientific  department  of  my  business  will  not  last  much  longer.  For  some  years 
back,  book-collectors  and  library  posst^ssors  have  been  becoming  rarer.  Large  works 
on  science  have  but  a  small  sale  ;  the  book-trade  is  supported  by  writings  of  the  heUe9 
lettres  school,  which  are  bought  by  lending  libraries  and  book-clubs ;  by  school-books 
and  abridgments,  and  by  handbooks  for  the  different  professions." 

The  experience  of  our  own  publishers  is  doubtless  very  similar  to  that 
of  Perthes.  If  we  were  called  upon  to  account  for  so  deplorable  a  state 
of  things  literary,  we  should  ascribe  it  to  our  contracted  scheme  of  educa- 
tion, and  to  the  ignorance  of  *'  educated"  people.  Their  limited  knowledge 
of  the  interest  and  value  of  scientific  subjects  narrows  their  sympathies,  in 
intellectual  pursuits,  to  mere  personal  matters ;  hence  the  novel  and  his- 
torico-biographical  fiction  engross  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  attention  of  the 
patrons  of  literature. 

To  the  end  of  his  long  life  Perthes  continued  to  pursue  the  career  he  had 
marked  out  for  himself;  fortunate,  more  than  falls  to  the  lot  of  most  men, 
in  securing  the  reward  his  noble  and  unselfish  views  justly  entitled  him  to. 
Honoured  for  his  uprightness,  candour,  justice,  and  liberality,  no  less  than 
for  his  mental  activity  and  energy,  his  reputation  and  influence  spread 
wider  year  by  year.  He  numbered  among  his  friends  some  of  his  country's 
wisest,  noblest,  and  best.  Fulfilling  his  duties  as  a  husband,  father,  and 
citizen, — having,  indeed,  no  ambition  but  to  do  the  duty  that  laid  nearest  to 
him,  and  to  ennoble  his  calling  by  making  it  subservient  to  the  great  ends 
he  had  in  view, — Perthes  is  an  example  to  imitate  and  to  encourage : — 

"  The  history  of  a  human  being  resolves  itself  into  the  history  of  his  affections.  And 
at  the  close  of  his  life  the  only  question  should  be,  How  sincerely  and  strongly  have  I 
loved  God,  my  neighbour,  and  myself,  with  that  spirit-love  which  is  divine  ?"...."  Love 
is  the  sum-total  of  life,  and  it  is  only  according  to  our  measure  of  it  that  we  are  ac- 
cessible to  truth." 

Such  are  his  own  words,  and  they  form  a  just  clue  to  the  principles  to 
which  his  whole  life  were  in  obedience.  Perthes  was  an  honest  man, — the 
noblest  work  of  God. 

On  the  18th  May,  1843,  this  good  man  breathed  his  last,  and  his  remains 
were  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  Gotha,  around  which  his  assembled  friends 
sang  one  of  his  favourite  hymns. 


434  [Oct. 


THE  GREEK  EPIGRAM. 

Those  beautiful  remains  of  Greek  poetry  which  are  preserved  to  U8 
under  the  term  Epigrammata,  have  long  attracted  the  attention  of  scholars, 
and  their  several  merits  are  now  duly  appreciated.  Many  of  these  short 
pieces  are  valuable  as  historic  inscriptions,  as  contemporary  records  of 
public  transactions  ;  many,  as  disclosing  to  us  the  still  more  interesting 
events  of  private  life :  in  these,  evidently  written  from  the  heart,  we  have 
the  loves  and  the  enmities,  the  hopes  and  the  disappointments,  the  joys 
and  the  sorrows  of  that  sensitive  and  intellectual  people ;  sometimes  chaining 
us  in  astonishment  by  sublimity  of  thought,  and  sometimes  subduing  the 
heart  by  the  most  pathetic  touches  of  tenderness.  An  English  critic,  of 
the  most  exact  taste  and  judgment,  has  marked  the  distinction  between 
a  man  of  wity  a  man  of  sense,  and  a  true  poet :  it  may  be  said,  generally,  of 
the  inscriptions  we  are  speaking  of,  that  they  exhibit  some  of  the  most 
perfect  examples  of  each  of  these  intellectual  attributes  that  are  to  be  met 
with  in  Greek  literature ;  well  calculated  to  enlarge  the  mind,  to  strengthen 
the  judgment,  and  to  refine  the  taste.  It  can  hardly,  therefore,  be  without 
its  interest  or  its  use  to  select  a  few  specimens  which  exhibit  one  or  other 
of  these  characteristic  excellences  ;  accompanied  with  a  translation,  into 
Latin  or  English,  as  either  language  may  seem  better  suited  to  convey  the 
spirit  of  the  original. 

For  concentrated  energy  of  thought  and  diction,  it  might  be  difficult  to 
find  anything  superior  to  the  three  following.  The  first  is  by  Lucian : 
Clytemnestra  addresses  Orestes,  who  had  just  raised  his  sword  to  slay 
her : — 

yourri)p,  %  (t*  4\6x^v(rfp'  kvtQpiy^avro  8i  /aa^oL — Stephens^  p.  40. 

"  Strike  at  my  womb ! — it  bore  thee ;  or  my  breast ! — 
It  nurtured  thee  in  infancy  to  rest." 

The  second  is  on  the  Omniscience  of  the  Supreme  Being,  by  the  same  :— 

*Av$p(iirovs  fi^p  f(r«s  K'fi<T9ii,  Atotop  ri  iroiiiaaSt 
oh  \-fiaus  8i  flfovs,  o65e  \oyi^6fAfvo5. — Sleph.  p.  55. 

"  Man's  secret  acts  by  man  are  vainly  songht. 
But  known  to  God  his  soul's  most  secret  thought." 

The  third  is  the  "Step-mother,"  by  Parmenio  j  on  a  statue  of  Juno  giving 
the  breast  to  Hercules  : — 

Kln^v  fir)rpvir)p  t€X»^o^«to'  rotipfKa  fia^hp 

tls  p66op  &  irK<l(rTris  oh  irpoafBrjKt  yd\a. — Steph.  p.  333. 

"  Callidns  hie  sculptor  mira  facit  arte  novercam ; 
En !  mammam  infanti  dat,  sine  lacte,  Dea." 

For  sublimity,  there  is  hardly  a  finer  prosopopoeia  in  the  Greek  writers 
than  that  of  Virtue  guarding  the  tomb  of  Ajax,  by  Asclepiades : — 

'A  8'  iyio  a  rXd/xup  *Apfrdk  irapii  rcfi^f  KdBrjfiai 

Alapros  rvfiB<ft  Ktipafitpa  TrXondfjiouif 
Bvfi6p  Ax^^  fifyd\(i>  /3€/3o\7}jucVa,  oSp€k*  *Ax<uo7s 

a  Zo\6^p<i»p  iiwdra  Kptlatrop  4fiov  KtKpirai, — Steph,  p.  237* 

"  Ad  tumulum  AJacis  ciistos,  en !  pallida  Virtus 
Invigilo ;  passas  dilaniata  comas ; 
iKgra  dolens,  et  fracta  animum  :  nam  Graia  Juventuf 
Me  spretam  indecori,  posthabuere  Dole." 


1856.]  The  Greek  Epigram.  435 

There  is  a  fine  prosopopceia  also  by  Philippus,  in  his  lines  on  a  Bride, 
who  died  on  the  day  of  her  marriage : — 

"hpri  fitu  iv  6a\dfios  Ni/c«inr/5os  ^8^$  hr^Kti 

\finhif  kA  yafiiKOis  dfiuos  ^X**P*  KpSrois' 
Oprjvos  5*  its  bfiivaiov  iKd^fMatrty'  ^  Sc  raXaiva, 

otmoo  vdvTa  •}  vy^f  Kol  v4kvs  4fi\tTfT0. 
^aKpv6eis  at^jij,  rl  rroaiv  v6fx<f>rjs  SicAi/eraf, 

avrhs  4<f>*  apTa-^lfio.s  t  tpir6fjt.€vos  \4xfcriv. — Sleph.  p.  224. 

Which  may  be  thus  paraphrased : — 

"  The  hymns  were  sung  upon  thy  hridal  day, 
Tlie  mellow  flutes  and  pipes  did  sweetly  play ; 
But  Sorrow,  in  her  sable  garb  and  state. 
Unseen  and  silent  at  the  banquet  sat. 
O'er  the  pale  brow  of  the  yet  virgm-bride 
Dim  shadows  pass'd;  she  bow'd  her  head,  and  died* 
Oh  Death !  stem  ravisher !  who  oouldst  dispel 
The  dawnmg  joys  of  those  who  lovM  so  well !" 

Herrick,  in  his  "  Hesperides,*'  has  an  epigram  on  the  same  subject  from 
the  Greek  of  Meleager;  indeed,  several  of  Herrick's  ideas  are  taken  from 
the  Greek  and  Latin  writers.  The  thought  in  the  following  lines,  by 
iEmilian,  is  exceedingly  pathetic  : — 

'EXkc  rd\ap  irap^  fxriTphs  Zv  ovk  tri  fia^¥  &fiA|cts, 

tKHvaov  varariop  vafia  KarafpB.fityris. 
il^^  yhp  ^i<f>(((T^.i  \,'n'6rivoos*  aXKh  rh  fiifTf^s 

^ikrpa  KoX  c(V  kV-ip  xaiioKOfjL€iP  KfAxOoy. — Steph.  p.  231. 
"  Take,  take,  poor  babe !  the  last  warm  stream  that  now, 
l*ierc*d  by  their  swords,  thy  mother  can  bestow : 
Ah  !  still  she  gives,  unconscious  tho*  she  be. 
From  her  dead  breast,  the  source  of  life  to  thee." 

An  aflfecting  painting  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  of  the  young  fawn  drawing 
the  udder  of  its  lately-slain  dam,  expresses  a  similar  thought.  Sir  Edwin 
entitles  it  **The  Random  Shot." 

There  is  much  tenderness  and  regret  in  the  following,  by  Anyte : — 

AulaSia  ^rj  tc(8c  varpl  (pi\<p  irtpl  x<<jpc  ^oXoOira 

cTir*  *Epar^^  x^^'pot^s  SdKpvirt  \(i$ofi4va, 
&  ireCrtp,  odroi  It'  f I/a1,  fitKas  5'  ifihu  6fifia  KoXiJirrci 
rj^  inroipBifjLfirrjs  Kvd  cos  Odyaros. — Steph.  p. 288. 
"  Ha'c  Erato,  patri  castis  amplexibus  haTens, 
Ultima,  per  gelidas  imbre  cadente  genas : 
Hcu  !  moritura  tua  est,  pater  O,  tua  fiha  supplex; 
Lumina  jam  tenebris  mors  odiosa  premit." 

A  very  competent  critic  has  remarked,  in  respect  to  style,  that  sweetness, 
simplicity,  and  terseness  are  characteristics  of  the  Greek  epigram.  The 
three  following  are  good  examples  of  this,  and  display  also  that  elegance  of 
thought  which  is  pecuhar  to  the  Greeks.  The  first  is  on  a  Sleeping  Cupid, 
by  Statyllius: — 

Eu8€is  i.yp^iriovs  4xdywv  0vriroi<n  fit;:ifiyaSt 

€{;8€iv  irnp^St  2,  r4KOS*A<ppoy€vovs; 
oif  Trt{iK7\v  Tvp6t<Tffay  4-^pfi4yos,  oh*  k^i\wtro¥ 

4k  Kfpdos  rpdWwy  iLyrir6voio  fi4\os 
&Woi  Oapatiraxrav  iyi)  8*  ay4p(i)xt  94^otKa 

fii)  fioi  KoX  Kv^ctruv  TiKphp  tvtipov  Xips. — Steph.  p.  332. 
"  Xate  dea !  placido  potes  indulgere  sopori. 

Qui  miseros  torques  ignibus  ipse  tuis  P 
Fax  tibi  rcstincta  est ;  nee  jam  tua  sajva  sagitta 

Labitur  ex  arcu,  quaUs  ut  ante,  levi. 
Sint  alii  audaces !  sed  me  timer,  improbo,  turbat 

Ne  mihi,  vel  somno  vinctus,  aoerba  pares." 


436  The  Greek  Epigram.  [Oct. 

The  second  is  by  Plato,  on  Cupid  sleeping  in  a  grove : — 

"hKffos  S'  ws  lK6(ii<TQa  fiadvctKioy  tftpo^ifv  tv^ov 
Trop<pvp4ois  fiijKoiiriy  ioiK6ra  naida  KvOrifjrjs. 
o£»5*  ^x  '  l^^^Kov  <f}ap4TpriVf  ov  Kafiirv\a  T6^a* 
&AA^  T^  fi^v  hfvZptfffftv  iv*  tbmrdXoiai  KptficutrOf 
avrhs  5'  iv  Ka\vK€(r<ri  ^dScov  treirf^rj/xfuos  Sirvy, 

Kr}pox^TOis  ivrhs  Kayuf  o7s  itrl  x^^Actn  ^aivov. — Stepfi,  p.  S32. 

"  Far  in  a  grove  we  found  th'  unconscious  boy. 
Glowing  Uke  ripen'd  fruit,  Cy thera's  joy. 
Above  him  on  a  bough  his  arms  were  himg. 
The  arrows  idle,  aud  the  l)Ow  unstrung : 
Ti-anquil  he  lay  on  clust'ring  roses  wild. 
And  gently  in  Ids  dreams  the  sleeper  smil*d : 
Bees  dropp'd  around  the  sweet  balm  of  the  south. 
Adding  fresh  fragrance  to  his  dewy  mouth." 

And  in  the  following,  by  Archius,  the  thought  is  very  beautiful  :— 

Avo-ittirris  6  veoyvhi  4iri  Kprjfiyov  vdis  tpirtcv, 

*A<TrvvaKT€lr)5  Hpx^To  Svcfiopirjs. 
Tf  8c  ix€6a)ir)yTia€v,  &nh  <Tr4pv<i»v  irpo^tpovtra 

fia^hu,  Tov  \otfio7  \vTopa  koI  daydrov. — Sleph,  p.  19. 

"  Lysippes  scopuli  dum  vertice  luderet  infans, 
Astyanacteam  coDpit  inire  necem : 
At  mater  bene  docta,  soluta  veste,  mamillam 
Profert ;  hunc  redimens  morte,  fameque  simul." 

This  epigram  was  gracefully  paraphrased  by  the  late  Mr.  Rogers. 

For  short  descriptive  pieces  of  pastoral  poetry,  few  writers  surpass  Leo- 
nidas  of  Tarentum  ;  his  "  Shepherd's  Tomb"  is  eminently  beautiful  :— 

Tloifi4vfS  6t  ravTrjv  opeos  ^d-x^^  olo-7r6\€ir€f 

alyas  k'  fVfidWovs  4fx^ar4ovrii  oty, 
KKuraySpri  {irphs  yrjs)  6\lyrjy  x^P**'  o^A.^  vpoffrjtfri 

riyoiTff  x^o*'^'?^  fWfKa  ^(p(rf(p6yrii. 
/3Arjx»?<''tt*'''»''  ^i€S  MO'i  4ir'  a^tarToio  Sf  iroifiijy 

v4Tprjs  avpi^ot  7rprj4a  fioaKOfx4yaiS 
tiapi  8c  vpdoTu  \fifx(i>  10  '  &i6os  afi4p(Tas 

X«^iTi7£  <m<p4T<a  TVfiBoy  ifih '  fTTt<pdytf. 
Ka\  Tts  inr*  tvdpvoio  Karaxpaiyoiro  ydXaKTOs, 

oths  iifioKyaioy  fxavrhy  &  aax^f^^f'o^t 
Kprjirt^  vypalyooy  4'irnvtxHiov'  titrX  Qavyrta^'y 

tlaly  iLfioi^aiai  K<fu  (l>6ttx4<'ots  x^^ptTfy. — Stepfi.  p.  283. 

"  Quisquis  es  ha?c  montis  qui  forte  cacumina  lustrans, 

Lanigeras  dulci  gramine  pascis  oves ; 
O  Te,  per  Terram,  Te  per  Plutonia  regna, 

Hunc,  prccor,  in  tumulum  dona  suprema  feraa; 
Carmine  arundiueo  pastor  demulceat  umbras, 

Balatus  teneros  plurima  reddat  ovis ; 
Fundat,  vere  novo,  quie  prajbent  prata  viator, 

Et  mea  purpureis  Horeat  uma  rosis  j 
Ubera  dent  pecudum  niveos  bene  pressa  liquores, 

Et  grata  irriguum  lac  mea  busta  bibant. 
Tali  bus  his  mentis  cineres  lenibis  auiicos, 

Hox;  animal  tenui  muncra  casta  placcnt.'' 

So  the  signs  of  approaching  spring,  by  Theatetes,  is  another  beautiful 
example  of  descriptive  poetry,  marked  by  distinctness  and  truth : — 

*HS^  Ka\\'K4Tr}\oy  ^ir*  ehndpTroiffi  Aoxctos 

\i]iov  4k  ^oh4otv  iwdo<p6p(i  KoXvKcoy. 
^h^  4v  iLKPffi6ytffffty  lao^vy4tav  KVirapiatrwv 

fiovcofxay^s  tctti^  04Kyfi  &/LAa\\o8eTi7  ■/. 
Koi  <f}iK'jvais  vvh  yfiaca  idfiois  rtv^aaa  xcA,i8ci;y 

iicyoyck  in\\oxvTois  ^^tvo^oKti  da\dfiois,  , 

5 


1856.] 


The  Greek  Epigram. 


obx  iiri  pvfftAlvnv  iu^iv  iprtryoftimt, 
vavrl\tt  royroniiovTi  not  opfioiorript  flpji^i^ 

TtvBISe!  )|  TpljXTii  afifiiitaaar  Uur, 
ij  aitdpji'  aifShtyra  wapSt  QvitAOttri  VMpiiffait 

irpoitos  'lovfoB  Ti>/.a  6aKaaaaitipii.—Sleph.  p.  77, 
"  Jam  bcDQ  purtariens  onmis  revivtiscere  diva, 

Promere  jam  ralyces,  vere  tepente,  rosaa ; 
DiTinqne  ligat  m^esor  redolentea  meUa  muuplo^ 

Fronde  snli  nmbrosa  festA  cicadu  canit* 
Jam  pia  Bub  traUbus  nidum  Btupendit  Mrundo, 

Jun  polios  lutea  oolligit  alma  domo. 
Stat  mare  pacatum ;  zephjriiqne  vocatibiw,  aud«S 

Velivolas  prnrn  luivits  micat  aqims. 
Amiilius  liaad  a^bmt  pnppea  &elA  turliida  pouti, 

Uaud  levia  LorriBono  Uttore  itpuma  tiunct. 
Tnni'  tibi,  qju  triljuis  portos,  flnctoBqoe  Bereniu, 

SiBpIn  ut  fodli  BuigainoleDts  deo; 
Ant  waviu  balantei  rtridoiu  libetur  ud  araaj 

SSic,  nauta,  Icarium  per  mar?  tutus  eaa," 
The  "  Mountain  Spring,"  by  Leonidaa,  ahort  as 
much  pastoral  wildnesa  :■ 


exhibits  a  scene  of  ] 


Stpiiir  I 


ikUoy 


islif 


Kfiai  tt  tip  Kili^  iroi^if  vif  iriT6r. 

ra^,  Bapnalii!  ^vxpiripov  nfdtts. — St'ph.  p.  336. 

"  Ha !  trnv'ller !  drink  not  here  ;  the  sun's  bright  beam 

Hath  wunu'd,  and  panting;  tloclis  liave  stirr'd  tlie  atroam : 

But  (.'liinb  yon  Bt«cp  to  nheiv  the  wild  goatH  feed. 

Where  the  dark  pine-bonghs  overhang  the  mead  i 

Beneath  the  rouk  a  living  fountain  flowa, 

Sparkling,  and  colder  tban  the  northern  snows." 

Tbere  is  much  elegance  in  the  inscription,  by  Plato,  upon  the  pedestal  1 

of  a  group  in  sculpture,  representing  a  Satyr,  and  near  him  a  Cupid. J 

sleeping  by  a  fountain  : — 

Thy  Bpoji/ou  irirupoi'  Tlxi'ilifoTO  BuSo^f'o  X'^Pi 

ropipvpfav  fiiQvoi,  \aphw  SSwp  vpo-xttt. 
t&CTj\'iV  i'  tffuPt  ^ipt>y  WAa,  ^4  Td;(a  mvpoif 

Hii^irpf  iriAf  Kiiam  iiX-yitumr. — SIrpli.  p.  S3S. 
"  Me  tjatymm  Bromii  redivivum,  ei  marmore  duro. 

Ri-dtudit  nrtiflda  aola  magistra  maaua. 
Suavia  iijimpharum  looius,  Uryadumqao  sodalis, 

Pnebeo  nanc  Uticcs  qui  modo  vina  dabani. 
PeTyp,  bospcs,  todte;  male  grotiim  eompriiue  Tocem, 

Kn  I  puero  veneria  dat  lua  dona  sopor." 
And  in  that  by  AIcieub,  on  a  statue  of  Fan  playing  on  his  pipe: — 

'E^irvii  nitr  \apo7aiP  ipti0ir^  X'^^'V  ^>>C<ni>'i 

IliMi/n  teiiiiriif  -riprinim  tinuii, 
tuKiAiUr  aipiTffi  T(iBir  iiifjn'  Ik  H  auvifiav 

itAaft  rattiirar  ^fiiuaot  apiiarlTir. 
iliiiX  do!  ^uiixoXo  Kirri  aphar  tyBigr  Ix'Bi 

fitaniaea  rififait  rail  St  iit9utp,ia  ir.^Sltph.  p.  SSS. 
"  En  !  douB  AreadiEC  muaam  meditatur  avslu 
MontivagsTn,  calomo  Mat*  UbelU  Umm : 
GiBT.  Mio.  Vol.  XLVI.  8 1. 


438  The  Greek  Epigram.  [Oct* 

Spiritns  harmonia)  resonat  super  sothcra  sadom, 

Dum  ciet  cxhilirans  fistula  dulce  meloe. 
Nereides  circuin,  mirantes  carmina,  pulsant 

Candidulo  faciles  gramma  keta  pede." 

Siraonides  has  a  graceful  epigram  addressed  to  a  Vine  that  was  planted 
by  the  tomb  of  Anacreon ;  it  possesses  what  is  justly  called  the  charm  of 
propriety  : — 

*H/i*fpl  iro\v04\KT(ipa  ix(6urp6<p€  fi^rep  drdpris 

of/\r;s.  ^  (TKoXihu  ir\4yfxa  (^vaeis  €\ikos» 
Trftov  T]fii\<Tuas  * \vaKpfiovros  ^ir*  &KpTp 

CT'fiXri,  Kal  Aeirry  xdojxaTi  rovZi  Td<pov, 
us  6  (piKaKpTjros  re  Koi  oivofiop^s  (piKSKUfior, 

jrapyvxios  Kpovoi  r^v  <pi\6vaiSa  x^^V^' 
K^v  x^oJ'i  ireirTT?i;s,  Kc^aA^s  i^^irtpOe  <f>fpoiro 

d.y\aby  vpalcoy  ^6rpvv  &ir*  kKpcfxSvtaV 
Koi  fnu  iel  r4yyoi  porepij  Zp6(T0Sy  ^y  6  ytpaths 

\ap6Tfpov  fici\aKwy  tirvitv  ix  (TTOfidraoy. — Sfeph,  p.  270. 

"  Alma  meri  genetrix,  curarum  dnlcd  lenimen ! 

Quae  ramos  graciles  texere  la3ta  soles ; 
Plurimus  incolumi  palmes  tuus  hsiereat  umse. 

Mollis  ubi  in  tacita  sedc  pocta  jacet. 
Ebrius  illc  tui  fautor,  lepidusque  sodalis 

Pulsabat  Paphiam  nocte  dieque  lynun. 
Tempora  maturis  nitcant  redimita  racomis, 

Dum  rdtem  egregium  conscia  terra  premit. 
Et  bene  sopitum  perfundat  roscidus  imber : — 

Stillabat  suavi  dulcius  ore  melos." 

The  uncertain  knowledge  of  a  future  state  possessed  by  these  gifted 
writers  necessarily  gives  a  dark  and  gloomy  colouring  to  their  allusions  to 
death.  With  a  few  exceptions,  it  is  regarded  by  them  as  a  subject  either 
of  useless  regret,  or  of  unfeeling  indifference.  Even  later  writers  adopted 
the  same  tone.  Thus  the  sole  reflection  of  Statyllius  Flaccus  on  the  Ship- 
wrecked Traveller  is  the  barren  truth,  that  death  is  unavoidable ;  and  yet 
how  concisely  and  gracefully  expressed  : — 

Aalhaira  Koi  fiaylrfv  hXorjs  vpotpv,  6vra  OoKdmis 

yavriyhy  Ai^vKois  Kfififvoy  4y  }l/afiddoi^f 
ohx  4/C&T  i]i6vtoy  nv/xdrcfi  fiefiaprjfi^yoy  uirv^, 

7t  (xyhyf  iiirh  ffrvytpris  8s  K^ixt  yawpBopi'qSf 
iK7avt  \vyphs  tx^^'    "^^  fidrrfy  irpbi  K{>fiar*  ifiSx^ft 

r^y  ivl  yrj    <p€vyu>y  (loipay  6<p€t\ofjt,fyrjy ; — Steph,  p.  246. 

**  Naufragus  irato  jactatus  gurgite  ponti, 

Marmaricos  tandem  fertur  ad  usque  sinus. 
Hie  terra  prostratum,  et  vinctum  lumiua  somno, 

Vipera  letbali  \'ulnera  cajca  petit : 
Heu  !  frustra  nos  fata  cavebimus !  obrutus  illic 

Fluctibus ;  hos  fugicns,  ictus  ab  angue^  pent.** 

The  transitoriness  of  beauty  and  youth  is  alluded  to  by  Rufinus  in  a  tone 
of  tender  melancholy  that  is  very  pleasing : — 

TlffAxw  (To\t  'Poh6Kk(ia,  T6i(  (TT^c^oT,  AyBtai  irA^4<*^> 

abrhs  if<p*  rj/xerfpcus  ^pf\pdfjLfyos  ira\dixais. 
iarl  Kpiyoyt  ftoZii]  rt  «(i\v{,  yortp^  t*  iiytftdoyrif 

Koi  ydpKiaaos  vyphsi  Kcd  Kvayavy^s  toy. 
ravra  (rTty^ap.4y7\j  A^^ov  ^ifydj^avxos  iovaa. 

kvQuSy  Koi  \iiy€is  Kcd  (nJ*  koX  6  <rr4<payos, — Steph,  p.  47^, 

"  Take,  take  this  flowering  wreath  from  me, 
Twin'd  by  these  hands,  and  twiu'd  for  thee. 
Narcissus  here  its  scent  discloses. 
With  lilies,  violets,  and  roses : 


1856.]  The  Greek  Epigram.  439 

And  when  they  bind  thy  lovely  brow. 
Let  pride  to  gentler  feelings  bow. 
At  thought  of  that  no  distant  day, 
When  thou,  as  these,  must  fade  away.** 

Antipater  of  Thessaly  has  a  fine  moral  epigram  upon  a  Light  Sea- 
Bark:— 

r^v  fiiKp^v  fit  \4yova'if  koI  oIk  tffOL  Trovroirop^Cffaii 
vavcrX  ZkiQvviiv  &Tpoftop  €V7r\otriu. 

irav  iaov.    ov  fxirpuy  if  Kplats,  iAAi  rixv^' 
l^ffrw  mi^ahiois  irtpp  irXiov.   &\Ao  yap  &AA}7 

Bdpffos'  4yd)  5'  cfTjy  Halfioffi  ffM^ofi4vri, — Steph,  p.  80. 

**  They  tell  me  I  am  shght  and  frail, 
Unskill'd  to  breast  the  waves  and  gale : 
'Tis  true ;  yet  many  a  statelier  form 
Than  mine,  has  founder'd  in  the  storm. 
It  is  not  size,  it  is  not  power. 
But  Heav*n,  that  saves  in  danger's  hour ; — 
Trust,  helmsman,  to  your  spars ;  but  see ! 
God,  'midst  the  tempest,  saved  e'en  me !" 

With  respect  to  the  kind  of  wit  exhibited  in  the  Greek  epigram,  one 
example  may  suffice ;  for  their  humorous  pieces  are  necessarily  less 
valuable  and  instructive  than  those  of  a  higher  character.  Dr.  Jortin, 
when  remarking  on  the  Sibylline  Oracles, — to  which,  as  may  be  supposed, 
he  lends  a  very  academic  faith, — cites  an  epigram  by  Lucilius,  with  the 
remark,  that  it  was  as  good  an  oracle  as  the  Sibyl  ever  uttered.  The 
following  is  of  the  same  kind  ;  and  both  were  obviously  intended  to  ridicule 
those  pious  frauds  which  existed  in  the  earliest  ages,  and  which  will  no 
doubt  continue  to  exist  as  long  as  avarice  and  superstition.  Its  author  is 
unknown : — 

The  Astrologer. 

KaKKiytPTis  iiypoiKos  8t€  <rir6pov  ^fifiaXt  yat^ff 

oIkov  *Api<rro<l>dyovs  ^\d€y  is  &(TTpo\6yov, 
^T€€  5*  4(€p€fiy(i}y  fi  Btpcos  alffiov  abr^ 

^crrai,  Koi  aray^cov  li(l>0oyos  cuiro^it;. 
Bs  8«  \dfia»y  ypritfudaSf  \nr\p  irivaKSs  rt  irvKd^aw, 

bdKTv\d  T«  yvdfxxruy,  (pd4y^aro  Ka\\iyfV€u 
tfiTfp  ^To/ijS  T^dfj  rhv  &povpioy  ^cffov  itvdxpVt 

/L47j5e  TIP*  vXalriP  r4^€Tai  6.v6o(rvvriPt 
H7fZ4  irdyos  ft^^rj  t^p  af/AaKa,  firjB^  x^^^^V 

CLKphp  kvoZpv^d^  Spdy/xaros  6ppvfi4povt 
fiTj^i  pffipol  Kfip'jcat  T&  A'^ta,  firiB4  tip  &Wriv 

Ijfpos  fj  yaiffs  6\l/€rat  &ixir\cuciriVt 
4(rd\hp  oroi  rh  Ofpos  fiaPTfvofi.ai.  tZ  5*  iLtroKSr^xis 

Tovs  (Trdxvas.   fio^vas  ZflitOt  ris  i.Kpl^as. — Steph.  p.  1 33. 

"  Calligines  cultor,  dum  semina  crederet  arvis, 

Astrologi  tripodem,  consiliumquc  petit : 
Quaerens,  an  faciles  votis  feUcit<?r  austri 

Spirarent  ?  falci  messis  an  ampla  foret  ? 
llicet  astrologus  magicas  accingicr  artes, 

Et  levit^r  digitos  flectere,  vera  canens : 
Si  satis  imbre  levi  bibulum  madefeceris  agrum, 

Si  nulla  et  Cererem  la^serit  herba  novam. 
Si  tibi  nee  sulcoe  confundant  frigora,  nee  si 

Grandine  brumali  sancia  arista  cadat. 
Si  nihil  hostilis  dctondeat  hinnulus  arva. 

Si  neque  vel  tell  us,  la?va  nee  astra  nocent — 
Aujriir  ego  conm  tihi  plenum,  et  projcino  messas 

lumieusam ; — at  caveas,  Kustice,  ceutipedas. 

c. 


440  [Oct. 


LITERARY  FORGERIES. 

A ITEW  chapter  remains  to  be  added  to  the  next  edition  of  the  "  Curi- 
osities of  Literature/' — ''  On  the  Impositions  of  Literary  Swindlers,  and  the 
Credulity  of  Scholars/*  a  chapter,  the  materials  for  which  may  be  gathered 
in  ample  abundance  from  the  times — to  go  no  higher — of  Chatterton  and 
Ireland,  till  quite  recently,  when  Simonides  gained  such  unenviable  notoriety. 
Some  twenty  years  ago  the  learned  world  was  startled  to  hear  that  the  lost 
books  of  Sanconiathon's  Phoenician  History  had  been  brought  to  light  from 
the  recesses  of  the  Portuguese  monastery  of  Santa  Maria  de  Merinhao,  by 
a  Colonel  Pereira ;  and  true  enough  a  volume  in  genuine  Greek  characters 
was  edited  by  a  Dr.  or  Herr  Wagenfeld,  who  had  succeeded  in  manufactur- 
ing a  spurious  composition,  blending  fluent  Greek  and  colourable  ancient 
history  in  equal  proportions  ;  a  composition,  however,  which  the  Grotefends 
and  the  Schmidts  of  Germany  refused  to  swallow.  Happily,  such  cases  are 
rare  indeed  among  scholars,  who,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  when  they  yield  to  the 
temptation  of  deceiving  the  public,  are  only  conscious  to  themselves  of  in- 
tending a  little  mischievous  waggery,  and  of  watching  the  effects  of  their 
perverted  ingenuity  on  a  credulous  public,  without  stopping  to  reflect  on  the 
immoral  nature  of  their  proceedings.  Such  an  excuse,  however,  cannot 
possibly  be  extended  to  the  unprincipled  Greek,  Simonides,  whose  forgeries 
have  been  executed  with  all  imaginable  talent  and  skill,  but  with  a  direct 
view  to  money-making.  Constantine  Simonides  is  now  said  to  be  in  his 
3 6th  year,  and  to  be  a  native  of  the  island  of  Sym^,  in  the  ^gean  sea, 
where  his  father,  who  is  still  living,  is  a  merchant.  Constantine  received 
an  excellent  education,  and  resided  for  a  long  time  during  his  youth  in  the 
monasteries  on  Mount  Athos,  where  he  devoted  himself  cluefly  to  the 
study  and  practice  of  early  Greek  calligraphy,  and  towards  acquiring-  an 
extensive  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Egyptian  antiquities.  At  the  same  time 
he  occupied  himself  with  the  arts  of  design  and  lithography,  both  of  which 
came  to  his  aid  in  his  admirable  imitations  of  ancient  manuscripts. 

It  was  in  the  year  1847  that  he  first  made  his  appearance  on  the  stage 
of  public  life,  by  offering  for  sale  at  Athens  a  number  of  what  he  pretended 
to  be  the  rarest  and  oldest  MSS.  of  works  which  had  long  been  g^ven  up 
for  utterly  lost ;  as  well  as  of  standard  works  in  the  existing  classical 
literature.  His  statement  of  the  way  in  which  he  became  possessed  of 
them  was  to  the  eflect  that  his  uncle  had  discovered  them  in  a  monastery 
on  Mount  Athos,  and  that  he  (Constantine)  had  brought  them  away 
secretly ;  being  afraid,  as  he  pretended,  of  enemies  and  spies,  of  whom  he 
professed  to  stand  exceedingly  on  his  guard.  We  will  not  dwell,  however* 
upon  his  exploits  at  Athens  and  Constantinople,  from  both  of  which  cities 
he  was  compelled  to  withdraw  in  disgrace,  but  accompany  him  to  England, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  year  1854,  in  order  to  complete  our  previous 
account  to  the  latest  time. 

In  London  his  first  visit  would  be,  of  course,  to  the  British  Museum, 
where  he  disposed  of  some  genuine  MSS., — for  he  took  care  to  have  a  few 
of  these  among  his  spurious  wares; — but  Sir  Frederick  Madden  foiled 
Simonides  in  his  attempts  to  dispose  of  any  of  his  forgeries*.  We  are  not 
fully  aware  of  the  measure  of  iiis  success  among  private  individuals  in 


■  See  Gent.  Mag.,  vol.  nlv.,  p.  375,  for  Sir  F.  Madden's  account  of  thii  tnmnction. 


jj 


1856.]  Literary  Forgeries.  441 

England,  bat  have  heard  that  traces  of  his  presence  may  be  discovered  in 
the  vast  collections  of  Middle-Hill.  For  the  sale  of  his  MSS.  in  Eagknd 
he  is  said  to  have  received  important  suras  of  money. 

From  England  he  returned  to  Leipzig  in  1855,  after  stopping  a  few  days 
in  Berlin. 

His  proceedings  in  Leipzig,  and  subsequently,  relate  chiefly  to  the  re- 
markable case  of  the  pretended  MS.  of  "  Uranios,"  which  will,  in  all  proba- 
bility, form  the  concluding  act  in  his  disgraceful  career,  unless  he  can 
discover  some  new  country,  to  which  the  fame  of  his  tricks  has  not 
travelled. 

At  Leipzig,  in  July,  1855,  Simonidps  went  to  reside  with  a  countryman 
of  his  own,  named  Alexander  Lykurgos^,  from  whose  pamphlet  of 
'*  Revelations "  we  are  chiefly  indebted  for  the  present  statements,  and 
who  was  cognizant,  he  says,  of  the  previous  suspicious  proceedings  of 
his  compatriot,  but  esteemed  him,  nevertheless,  on  account  of  many 
valuable  qualities  and  accomplishments,  and  wished,  by  proper  manage- 
ment and  advice,  to  lead  him  to  become  a  good  character.  Lykurgos 
charitably  attributed  the  previous  disorderly  career  of  Simonides  to  the 
excessive  licence  of  an  unbridled  fancy,  and  an  enthusiasm  which  only 
needed  restraint  to  be  directed  to  worthy  purposes.  How  deceived  he 
was,  good  easy  man,  we  shall  see  anon.  Simonides  was  not  long  in 
acquainting  his  friend  respecting  the  manuscript  treasures  brought  from 
Mount  Athos.  Of  these  MSS.,  that  one  described  as  "  Uranios'*  has  be- 
come most  notorious,  from  the  belief  in  its  authenticity  entertained  by  the 
celebrated  Greek  scholar.  Professor  William  Dindorf,  of  Leipzig,  by  whose 
representations  the  University  of  Oxford  was  induced  to  print  a  speci- 
men of  the  MS.,  said  to  have  been  written  by  Stephanus  of  Byzantium, 
and  to  be  a  record  of  the  early  history  of  Egypt.  Lykurgos  says  that  a 
critic  in  the  "Athenaeum"  has  fallen  into  a  great  error  in  stating  that 
Dindorf  has  perhaps  seen  more  Greek  MSS.  than  any  living  scholar ;  on 
the  contrary,  the  greater  part  of  Dindorf 's  labours  consists  in  his  making 
use  of  the  results  which  other  scholars  have  obtained  from  their  study  of 
manuscripts.  Although  Dindorf  was  deceived,  it  was  only  for  a  short  time ; 
for  his  obstinate  belief  in  the  genuineness  of  the  "  Uranios,"  notwith- 
standing the  warnings  of  Lykurgos,  could  not  resist  the  investigations  of 
the  profoundly  learned  Egyptian  scholar,  Lepsius,  who  was  the  first  to 
detect  the  cooked-up  text,  partly  derived  from  his  own  works  and  the 
works  of  Chevalier  Bunsen,  or  refuse  to  yield  to  the  experienced  glance  of 
Tischendorf,  whose  extensive  travels  in  search  of  ancient  MSS.  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  enabled  him  to  pronounce  at  once  that  the  palimpsest  of  "  Uranios*' 
was  a  forgery.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  illustrious  Humboldt 
refused  to  yield  his  belief  to  the  genuineness  of  "  Uranios,"  while  most  of 
the  scholars  of  Berlin  were  disposed  to  acquiesce  in  a  contrary  opinion. 
Professor  Dindorf  allows  that  he  advised  Simonides  at  first  to  try  and  sell 
the  MS.  in  England,  where  it  might  be  disposed  of  to  most  advantage; 
but  says  that  he  afterwards  withdrew  from  any  thought  of  a  personal 
agency  in  the  aflfkir,  and  that  he  neither  oflfered  the  MS.  for  sale  in  England 
nor  in  any  other  place,  except  at  Berlin.  We  know  its  history  there,  and 
how  Simonides  was  apprehended  at  Leipzig,  when  on  the  point  of  starting 

'•  1.  EnfhiiUmtgen  iiher  den  Simonides — Dindorfschen  Uranios,  2**  Aufla^e,  von 
Alexander  Lifkurgos.     (Leipzig,  1856.  8vo.) 

2.  Simonides  und  aein  Frozess.    (Berlin,  1856.  8vo.) 


442  Literary  Forgeries.  (O 

afresh  for  Eng-knd,  with  all  bis  packages  and  effects  ready  for  the  joarni 
liow  he  was  transported  to  UerliD,  put  in  prison  there,  tried,  and — acqaitt 
to  the  surprise  and  astonishment  of  all.  The  reason  assigned  for  t 
unlooked-for  escape  of  Simonides  from  merited  punishment,  is  said  to  hi 
been  his  ignorance  of  the  transaction  of  Professor  I>indorf  with  the  Bei 
Acitdemf,  which  purchased  the  MS.  of  "  Uranioa"  for  5000  dollars,  by 
advice  of  Diiidorf ;  and  in  consequence  of  this  ignorance,  Simonides,  by  ' 
law  of  Prussia,  was  held  not  amenable  to  punishment.  On  the  29th  of  Mai 
Simonides  made  his  triumphant  appearance  at  the  Cafe  Fratifait  Jn  Leip] 
boasting  of  his  innocence,  and  declaring  his  resolution  to  have  aatiefact 
for  the  unjust  persecution  he  had  suffered  from  the  Leipzig  scholars.  1 
Professors  of  Iterlin,  he  said,  [tette  Lvkurgos),  accompanied  him  as  a  gvu 
of  honour  to  the  rail wav- station,  and  Lcpsins  offered  him  money,  should 
have  occasion  for  it.  He  mas  even  offered  the  choice,  he  atfirmed.  of 
ceiving  back  his  MS.,  or  money  in  exchange  for  it.  This  state  of  thin 
however,  did  not  last  long ;  for  on  March  30  the  police  gave  him  notice 
quit  Leipzig,  and  to  bend  his  ftepa  homewards;  and  at  3  f.m.  on  the  sa 
diiy  he  tiiok  his  departure  for  Vienna,  with  a  guard  of  police  on  thia  oc 
sion  to  do  him  honour. 

As  to  Professor  Diud  or  fa  concern  in  this  unfortunate  affair  of  "Uranio 
no  one  will  believe,  who  knows  the  high  character  of  the  worthy  Profeac 
and  his  devotion  to  Greek  literature,  but  that  hia  only  fhalt  consisted 
letting  his  zeal  outrun  bis  discretion,  in  the  hope  of  ushering  a  long-l 
work  into  notice  and  fame,  and  thus  diverted  his  attention  from  the  vi 
suspicious  nntecedcnts  and  character  of  Simonides.  That  the  Profesf 
who  had  been  so  long  the  friend  and  correspondent  of  the  late  eroin 
Greek  Professor  at  Oxford,  should  have  induced  the  Curators  of  the  V 
versity  Press  to  listen  to  his  proposal  to  print  a  specimen  of  "  Uranioa,' 
not  to  be  wondered  at,  considering  Dlndorf's  reputation  at  Oxford,  as 
editor  of  many  Greek  classics  printed  at  the  University  Press  ;  but  tut 
Oxford  has  scholars  of  her  own  capable  of  editing  any  ancient  autb 
without  seeking  to  delegate  such  an  office  to  foreign  scholars,  howe 
eminent.  Oxford  was  not  deceived  by  Simonides;  on  the  contrary,' 
ablu  and  accomplished  Sub-Librarian  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  the  R 
11.  O.  Coxe,  (who  edited  a  (Catalogue,  in  2  vols.  4to.,  of  the  Greek  MS 
in  the  Bodleian),  immediately  iletcctcd  the  forged  Greek  MSS.  placed 
fore  bim  by  Simonides,  and  coiiipcllcd  him  to  make  a  hasty  retreat  fr 
the  banks  of  tlie  Isis.  We  know  also  that  a  translation  of  the  celebra 
arlicle  in  the  Anyr.iiinne  Zeiliini/,  published  more  than  two  years  ain 
was  in  circulation  in  Oxftird  at  tiiat  time,  in  quarters  not  likely  to  see 
original,  and  bad  the  effect  of  ncling  as  a  fuithcr  warning  against  t 
attempts  of  Simonides  lo  foist  off  bis  false  wares  in  that  great  mart 
literiiture;  where  we  pray  tliat  "  true  religioQ  aud  learning  may  for  e 
flourish  and  abound." 


1856.]  443 

SOCIETY  FOR  THE  DIFFUSION  OF  USEFUL  KNOWLEDGE. 

PART  I. 

Literary  history  is  by  no  means  the  least  interesting  branch  of  study. 
Our  own  biography,  of  which  we  have  given  already  some  portions,  is, 
as  matter  of  course,  the  most  worthy  of  investigation,  as  being  the  most  im- 
portant, the  most  entertaining,  and  the  most  instructive  ;  but  next  to  that  we 
may  perhaps  place  that  of  the  Society  whose  name  heads  this  article.  Not 
that  there  is  much  likeness  between  Mr.  Urban  and  the  Society.  The  one 
has  ever  been  all  modesty  and  diffidence  ;  the  other,  like  some  unfortunate, 
possessing  neither,  but  endeavouring  to  supply  their  want  by  ill-becoming, 
gaudy  second-hand  finery. 

It  was  in  the  year  of  grace  1827,  a  period  little  short  of  a  century  after 
the  appearance  of  the  first  number  of  the  Gentlema.n's  Magazine,  that 
another  periodical  prodigy  arose,  and  for  a  time  became  lord  of  the  as- 
cendant as  the  reigning  literary  exhalation  of  the  day,  which,  rising  like  a 
meteor,  as  a  meteor  flashed  itself  out,  leaving  no  trace  behind.  We  there- 
fore propose  to  revive  the  memory  of  the  "  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of 
Useful  Knowledge"  from  the  oblivion  which  has  attached  to  it,  by  giving 
a  summary  of  its  origin,  progress,  decline,  and  ultimate  decay,  with  a  list 
of  its  publications,  and  the  names  of  the  authors,  or  rather  compilers,  of 
them. 

It  might,  in  addition,  be  desirable  to  have  been  able  to  state  the  effects  of 
the  Society  during  its  short  career  of  thirteen  years,  but  we  must  leave  to 
others  the  task  of  making  that  discovery — what  we  have  failed  in  doing — any 
impression  whatever  made  on  the  public  mind  by  the  publications  in  ques- 
tion, or  any  profit  derived  from  them,  except  to  the  authors,  on  whom 
a  friendly  government  lavished  preferment  and  promotion  without  stint, 
from  the  highest  offices  in  the  state  to  commissionership  of  every  descrip- 
tion, and  the  humblest  colonial  and  fiscal  appointments. 

But  still,  as  has  been  before  observed,  the  compositions  issued  partook  of 
the  meteoiic  character  and  all  the  flash  was  in  the  pan — more  akin  to  the 
flimsy  fictions  of  the  French  Encyclopedists  than  to  the  sterling  substai  ce 
of  the  British  mental  requirements. 

The  proximate  cause  of  the  premature  decrepitude  of  the  ambitious 
undertaking  may  be  found  in  the  abstruse  subjects  of  the  treatises,  which 
ranged  over  the  heads  of  the  persons  for  whom  they  professed  to  be  written, 
and  entered  not  into  the  heads  of  one  of  them  :  and  how  should  they,  when 
the  mere  titles  of  some  of  those  works  are  considered  ? — e.g.  Polarization  of 
I^ight, — Probability, — Differential  Calculus, — Dynamics, — Signs  of  Thought, 
natural  and  arbitrary, — Affinity, — Association  of  Habits  and  Ideas, — Conic 
Sections,  &c.  The  authors,  however,  had  no  reason  to  be  dissatisfied  with  the 
thirty,  and  fifty,  or  one  hundred  guineas,  obtained  for  each  treatise  ;  and  the 
public  were  gulled  into  the  belief  that  knowledge  could  be  thus  acquired 
and  diff'used. 

A  member  of  the  committee,  Mr.  Bingham  Baring,  now  Lord  Ashburton, 
early  saw  the  futility  of  this  proceeding,  and  in  consequence  devised  his 
nostrum  of  Common  Things  for  Common  Men,  but  with  no  better  success ; 
while  Lord  Stanley's  subsequent  less  intelligible  scheme,  of  workmen's  self- 
sustaining  associations,  has  proved  equally  impracticable  and  abortive. 

In  the  result  it  will  appear  conclusively  established,  that  all  attempts  at 
public  education,  beyond  Scripture  and  other  reading,  with  writing  and 


444 


Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.         [Oct 


r 


mere  elementary  arithmetic,  have  hitherto  met  with  no  success,  and  thui 
the  Mechanics*  Institutions  throughout  England  have  altogether  failed  ol 
their  original  intent,  and  are  reduced  to  mere  reading-rooms,  or  are  other- 
wise  dormant  or  expiring  ;  while  the  earliest  of  these,  founded  with  all  appli. 
ances  and  means  to  boot,  by  Dr.  Birkbeck,  and  designated  par  eminence  ai 
the  London  Mechanics'  Institution,  could  not  avert  the  common  fate,  afiei 
resorting  to  every  expedient  of  balls,  concerts,  and  public  amusements^  to 
protract  a  torpid  existence. 

For  the  great  mass,  or,  according  to  fashionable  phraseology,  the  million^ 
it  is  demonstrable  that  for  all  useful  purposes,  tuition  in  reading,  writing,  and 
arithmetic  will  amply  suffice  for  all  purposes  of  national  education  ;  while  in 
the  rare  instances  of  genius  or  talent  being  so  developed,  it  will  by  its  own 
native  energy  soar  to  higher  pursuits  and  aspirations,  attract  notice  and 
conciliate  patronage,  thus  making  or  forcing  its  way  to  knowledge  and  dis- 
tinction. 

On  a  review,  in  a  future  part,  of  the  several  treatises  published,  and  of  the 
abrupt  and  extraordinary  manner  in  which  they  were  closed  by  a  rechaufft 
of  treatises,  or  rather  lectures,  which  had  already  been  delivered  on  various 
occasions  and  at  various  towns  in  England,  on  the  political  constitutions  oi 
the  several  kingdoms  of  the  world,  an  opportunity  will  occur  for  a  more 
specific  view  of  the  causes  of  the  failure  of  the  Society  in  particular,  and  ol 
the  various  endeavours  to  promote  a  more  extended  course  of  populai 
education  in  general. 

The  first  of  these  propositions  will  be  sufficiently  established  by  the  list 
we  propose  giving  in  our  next  part  of  the  several  treatises  issued  by  the 
Society.  These,  gradually  advancing  to  a  sale  of  many  thousands,  and  ther 
as  gradually  subdividing  to  hundreds,  and  in  either  case  rather  bought  thai 
read,  were  printed  in  small  type,  and  mostly  in  double  column,  so  as  tc 
unfit  them  for  standard  library  volumes ;  they  therefore  soon  sunk  withii 
the  unfathomable  vortex  of  ephemeral  waste  paper,  and  have  since  becomi 
scarce  only  because  they  are  of  no  value,  and  have  now  recovered  somi 
value  only  because  they  are  scarce. 

The  Society  originated  with  Lord,  then  Mr.,  Brougham,  who  in  May 
1827,  convened  a  few  personal  friends  at  his  chambers  in  Lincoln's  Inn 
and  suggested  to  them  in  detail  the  expediency  of  establishing  an  associa 
tion  for  promoting  useful  information.  His  plan  was  considered  and  ap 
proved,  a  provisional  committee  named,  subscriptions  raised,  and  chamben 
in  Furnival's  Inn  engaged  as  an  office  wherein  to  hold  the  meetings  anc 
cany  out  the  objects  of  the  Association. 

Having  given  this  outline  sketch  of  the  formation  of  the  Society,  we  re- 
serve for  a  future  number  a  more  detailed  recapitulation  of  its  proceedings ; 
subjoining  only  the  first  official  announcement  of  its  plan,  the  names  of  iti 
first  officers  and*  committee,  and  a  copy  of  the  charter  conferred  on  it  at  i 
later  date  by  the  Crown. 

PROSPECTUS. 


The  object  of  the  Society  is  strictly 
limitiKl  to  what  its  title  imiwrts,  namely, 
the  imparting  useful  information  to  all 
classes  of  the  community,  particularly  to 
such  as  arc  unable  to  avail  themselves  of 
experienced  teachers,  or  may  prefer  learn- 
ing hy  themselves. 

The  phm  proposetl  for  the  attainment  of 
this  object  is  the  periodical  publication  of 
6 


Treatises,  under  the  direction  and  with  tlu 
sanction  of  a  superintending  Committee. 

As  numerous  Societies  already  exist  fn 
the  disseminaticm  of  Kcli^ouii  Iniitnictioii 
and  as  it  is  the  object  of  this  Society  tc 
aid  the  pn)p^>88  of  tho^c  branches  of  gene 
ral  knowledge  which  can  be  diffused  amonc 
all  classes  of  the  community,  no  TVeatiai 
published  with  the  sanction  of  the  Gom< 


1 856.]        Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Usejkd  Knowledge. 


445 


mittee  shall  contam  any  matter  of  Con* 
troversial  Divinity,  or  interfere  with  the 
principles  of  revealed  reli^n. 

1.  Each  Scientific  Treatise  will  contain 
an  Exposition  of  the  fundamental  Princi- 
ples of  some  Branch  of  Science,  proofii  and 
illustrations,  application  to  practical  uses, 
and  an  explanation  of  facts  or  appearances. 

2.  For  this  purpose,  the  greater  Divi- 
sions of  Knowledge  will  he  snhdivided  into 
Branches ;  and  if  one  of  such  Subdivisions 
or  Branches  cannot  be  sufficiently  explained 
in  a  single  Treatise,  it  will  be  continued  in 
a  second. 

3.  When  any  part  of  a  Subdivision  is  of 
sufficient  practical  importance  to  require 
being  minutely  pursued  in  its  details,  an 
extra  or  separate  Treatise  upon  such  part 
will  be  given,  without  interrupting  the 
Series ;  and  care  will  be  taken,  as  rar  as 
possible,  to  publish  those  Treatises  first  that 
relate  to  subjects  the  knowledge  of  which 
is  necessary  for  understanding  those  which 
follow. 

4.  Thus  the  great  division  of  Natural 
Knowledge,  commonly  called  Natural 
Philosophy,  will  be  subdivided  into  dif- 
ferent branches,  as,  Elementaiy  Astronomy 
—  Mechanical  Powers  —  Application  of 
these  to  Machinery — Hydrostatics — Hy- 


draulics —  Pneumatics  —  Optics  —  Elec- 
tricity— Magnetism.  Separate  Practical 
Treatises  will  be  given  on  BialUng — Mill- 
work — Optical  Instruments;  and  Treatises 
on  Geometry,  Algebra,  and  Trigonometry 
will  be  published,  before  exten£ng  Natu- 
ral Philosophy  to  its  higher  branches  of 
Dynamics,  Hydrodynamics,  and  Phyucal 
Astronomy, — the  object  bdng  thus  to  fiir- 
nish  the  means  of  acquiring,  step  by  step, 
the  whole  of  any  department  of  Science, 
to  the  study  of  which  interest  <x  inclina- 
tion may  lead. 

6.  To  each  Treatise  will  be  subjoined  a 
reference  to  the  works,  or  parts  of  works, 
in  which  the  same  subject  is  discussed 
more  at  large,  with  suggestions  for  en- 
abling the  rtudent,  who  may  fieel  so  dia- 
posef  to  proeecnte  his  studies  fbrther. 

6.  Each  Treatise  will  consist  of  about 
thirty-two  pages  octavo;,  printed  so  as  to 
contain  the  quantity  of  above  one  hundred 
ordinary  octavo  pagesi,  with  neat  Engrav- 
ings on  Wood,  and  Tables.  It  will  be  sold 
for  Sixpence ;  and  one  will  appear  on  the 
1st  and  15th  of  each  month.  Bea&g 
Sodetiesi,  Mechanics'  Institutions,  and 
Education  Comnuttees,  in  the  country, 
will  be  fbmished  with  supplies  at  a  libetal 
abatement  in  price. 


COMMITTEE  OF  THE  SOCIETY. 

Chairman^R.  BROUGHAM,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.R.8. 


Hight  Hon.  J.  Abebcbombie,  M.P.,  His 
Majesty's  Judge- Advocate-General. 

Wm.  AiiLEN,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Althobp,  M.P. 

Rt.  Hon.  Lord  ArCKLAiO). 

Capt.  Fka.  Beaufoet,  R.N.,  F.R.S. 

C.  Bell,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

T.  W.  Beaumont,  Esq.,  M.P. 

T.  F.  BuxiON,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.R.S. 

J.  Carter,  Esq.,  M.P. 

R.  Otwat  Gate,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Wm.  Crawford,  Esq. 

T.  Daniel,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

T.  Denman,  Esq.,  Common  Sergeant  of 
the  City  of  London. 

Hon.  G.  Agar  Ellis,  M.P.,  F.R.S. 

T.  F.  Ellis,  Esq. 

Robert  Forsteb,  Esq. 

I.  L.  GoLDSMiD,  Esq.,  M.R.S.L. 

Olinthus  Gbeoobt,  LL.D. 

H.  Hallam,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

Capt.  Basil  Hall,  R.N.,  F.R.S. 

M.  D.  Hill,  Esq. 

Rowland  Hill,  Esq. 

Leo  Horner,  Esq.,  F.R.S.  L.  &  E.,  War- 


Stephbn  LusHnrcKTOK,  D.C.L.,  M.P. 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh,  M.P.,  F.R.S. 

B.  H.  Malkin,  Esq. 

Rev.  Edw.  Maltby,  D.D.,  F.R.S. 

J.  Marshall,  Esq.,  M.P. 

John  Mabtik,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Jambs  Mill,  Esq. 

Rt.  Hon.  Lord  NuasNX,  M.P. 

Sir  H.  Pabnbli^  Bart.,  M.P. 

Gbobob  Philips,  Esq.,  M.P. 

T.  Spbing  Riob,  Esq.,  M.P.,  FJLS.,  Under 

Secretary  of  State. 
Sam.  Rogbbs,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.SJL 
P.  M.  RoGBT,  M.l>.,  F.R.S. 
Lord  John  Russbll,  M.P. 
Sir  J.  Soablett,   M.P.,  His   Miyesty's 

Attomey-Cl^eneraL 
J.  Smith,  Esq.,  M.P. 
WiLLLAM  Stuboh,  Esq. 
Bt.  Hon.  Lord  Suffield. 
Dan.  Stkes,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Dr.  A.  T.  Thomson,  F.L.S. 
William  Etton  Tookb,  Esq. 

C.  B.  Wall,  Esq. 

H.  Wabbvbton,  Esq.,  M.P.,  FJLS. 
H.  Watmouth,  Esq. 
J.  Wbottbslxy,  Esq. 


den  of  the  University  of  London. 
Henry  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 
James  Loch,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.G.S. 

2Vea«Nrer— William  Toqki^  £^[.»  F  JLSi,  y.*P.  Soe.  Aiti. 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVL  8  M 


416  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.  [Oct. 


■/ 
I 


CHARTER  OF  INCORPORATION. 

WILLIAM  THE  FOURTH,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Ore«t 
Britain  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  Faith, 

To  all  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come,  greetiitg. 

AViiEitEAS  our  trusty  and  well-beloved  Knowledge,"  by  which  name  they  shall 
WiHiaui  T(H)ke,  of  Kussell-square,  in  our  have  perpetual  succession,  and  a  oommoQ 
(•A)unly  of  Middlesex,  Es<]uire,  a  Fellow  of  seal,  with  full  i)ower  and  authority  to 
till*  Koyal  Society  of  London,  and  others  altar,  vary,  break,  and  renew  the  wime 
()f  our  loviuj^  subji'cts,  have  formed  them-  at  their  discretion,  and  by  the  same  name 
iH'lves  into  a  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  to  sue  and  be  sued,  implead  and  bo  im- 
Ustful  Knowlinlp^t',  by  caiLsinf^  to  be  cx)m-  pleaded,  answer  and  be  answered  unto, 
posed,  compiled,  and  written.  Treatises  and 
\Vorks,  and  Klemcntary  IViicts  on  or  re- 
latin*?  to  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Letters,  and 
by  causinj^  to  be  made,  engraved,  and 
ci)nstructed,  prints,  maj)a,  j)lans,  models, 
and  instruments  coimected  with  Arts, 
Sciences,  and  Le'tei^s,  and  by  causing 
such  treatis.?s,  works,  tracts,  prints,  maps, 
])lans,  models,  and  instruments  to  be 
printed,  made,  and  published  in  an  eco- 
nomical manner,  and  to  be  sold  at  a  rea- 
sonable price;  and  have  subscribe!  and 
c<.)lhjcted  considerable  sums  of  money  for 
those  purpt)ses;  and  we  have  been  be- 
sought tt)  grant  to  them,  and  to  those 
who  shall  hereafter  become  mend)ers  of 
the  same  Society,  our  Royal  Charter  of 
Incorporation  for  tlie  puriM)ses  aforesaid: 
Now  know  ye,  that  we,  being  desirous  of 
encoiU'aginti:  a  design  so  lauchible  and 
salutary,  of  our  especial  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  have  willed, 
gr  inted,  and  declared,  and  do  by  these 
pieiv'nVs  f)r  us,  our  heirs  and  8uccessf)rs, 
will,  grant,  and  declare,  that  the  said 
William  Tooke,  and  those  others  of  our 
ItA'ing  subjects  who  constitute  the  Lon- 
d:»n  (Jeneral  Committee  of  the  said 
Societv,  or  who  have  been  elected 
Honorary  ^Members  of  the  said  Society, 
or  who,  since  the  thirty-first  day  of 
Di'co  nber  liwt,  have  respectively  sub- 
scribed the  sum  of  one  pound  or  up- 
wards to  the  funds  of  the  sjiid  Society, 
ac.d  shall  continue  to  contribute  to  the 
fuiuLs  of  the  said  S(M*iety  such  annual 
sum  as,  under  the  future  bye-laws  of  the 
sa'd  ScK'iety,  shall  be  payable  from  the 
members  thereof  respectively,  or  who 
have  at  any  time  heretofore  resiHictively 
subscribed  the  sum  of  ten  pounds  or  up- 
wards, in  one  sum,  to  the  funds  of  the 
saiil  S>)ciety,  or  who  shall  at  any  time 
hcnafler  become  meml)ers  of  the  said 
Society,  according  to  such  regulations  or 
bve-laws  as  shall  be  hereatU'r  framed 
and  enacted,  shall,  by  virtue  of  these 
I)res«nts,  be  the  memlx»rs  of  and  fonn 
one  b;Kly  politic  and  corporate,  for  the 
pm'poses  aforesai  1,  by  the  name  of  "The 
Society  fok  the  DiFiL'dioN  of  Useful 


in  every  court  of  us,  our  heirs  and  ruc- 
cessors,  and  be  for  ever  able  and  caimblo 
in  the  law,  to  purchase,  receive,  posscas 
and  enjoy  to  them  and  their  succestfors, 
any  goods  and  chattels  wluitsoevcr;  aiid 
also,  be  able  and  capable  in  the  law, 
(notwithstanding  the  statutes  of  Mort- 
main,) to  take,  purchase,  possess,  hold 
and  enjoy  to  them  and  their  sueccsson, 
a  hall,  and  any  messuages,  lands,  tene- 
ments, or  hereditaments  whatsoever,  the 
yearly  value  of  which,  inclu(Ung  the  site 
of  the  said  hall,  shall  not  exceed  in  the 
whole  the  sum  of  one  thousand  pounds, 
computing  the  same  respectively  at  the 
rack  rent,  which  might  have  been  had 
or  gotten  for  the  same  respectively,  ut 
the  time  of  the  purchase  or  acquisition 
thereof;  and  to  act  in  all  the  coneoriis 
of  the  said  body  politic  and  cor])oratc, 
for  the  pur])ose8  aforesiud,  as  fully  and 
eftectually  to  all  intents,  effects,  con- 
structions and  pur])oses  whatsoever,  as 
any  other  of  our  li^e  subjects,  or  any 
other  body  politic  or  corporate  in  cup 
united  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  not  being  under  any  disability, 
may  or  might  do  in  their  respective  oon- 
cems:  and  we  do  hereby  grant  oup 
especial  licence  and  authority  unto  all 
and  every  person  and  persons,  bodies 
IM)litic  and  coq)orate,  (otherwise  i*omiie- 
tent,)  to  grant,  sell,  alien  and  convey  iu 
mortmain,  unto  and  to  the  use  of  the 
said  Society  and  their  succcssons,  any 
messuages,  lands,  tenements,  or  here- 
ditaments, not  exceeding  such  annual 
value  as  aforesaid.  And  our  will  and 
])leasure  is,  and  we  further  grant  and 
declare,  that  there  shall  always  bo  a 
(Tcneral  Committee  to  direct  and  manage 
the  whole  concerns  of  the  sud  body  poli- 
tic and  corporate;  and  that  such  GKmeral 
Committee  shall  have  the  entire  direc- 
tion and  management  of  the  same,  in 
manner  and  subject  to  the  regulations 
hereinatl^r  mentioned.  And  we  do  bcre- 
by  also  will,  grant,  and  declare,  that  the 
said  General  Committee  shall  connst  of 
a  Hiairman,  Mce-Chairinan,  and  Trea- 
surer, and  not  more  than  siity,  and  not 


1856.]        Society  for  the  Dijfimon  of  Uieful  Knowledge. 


447 


less   than  forty,  other    membera,  to   be 
elected  from  time  to  tune  by  the  sud 
General    Committee,  ont    of   the    other 
members  for  the  time  being,  of  the  said 
body  politic  and  corporate;  and  that  oar 
right  trusty  and  well-beloved  Conndllor, 
Henry  Lord  Brougham  and  Vaux,  Lord 
High   Chancellor   of  that    part    of   oar 
united   kingdom    of  Great    Britain   and 
Ireland,  called   Great    Britain,  shall   be 
the  first  Chairman  of  the  said  General 
Committee;   our  right  trusty  and  well- 
beloved   Councillor,   John    Russell,   com- 
monly called   Lord    John    Russel^  shall 
be  the  first  Vice-Chairman   of  the  said 
General   Committee;   and  that  the  said 
WiUiam  Tooke  shall  be  tbe  first  Trea- 
surer of  the  said  body  politic  and  cor- 
porate;  and  that  they  the  said  Henry, 
Lord  Brougham  and  Vaux,   John   Rus- 
sell, commonly  called  Lord  John  Russell, 
and  William  Tooke,  or  any  two  of  them, 
shall  and  may  within  one  month  after 
the  date  of  this  our  charter,  under  their 
respective    hands,    nominate,    constitute, 
and  appoint  the  several  persons  who  now 
constitute  the  London  General  Committee 
of  the  said  Society  as  aforesud,  to  be  the 
General    Committee    of   the    said    body 
politic  and  corporate,  for  all  the  purposes 
contemplated  by  this  our  charter,  as  ap- 
plicable   to    such    General    Committee: 
and  we  do   hereby  further  will,   grant, 
and  declare,  tliat  it  shall  be  lawfhl  for 
the  General  Committee  of  the  said  body 
politic    and    corporate,    after    the    same 
General  Committee  shall  have  been  no- 
miniited,   constituted,   and   appointed   as 
aforesaid,  to  hold  meetings  from  time  to 
time,  for  the  purposes  of  the  sud  body 
politic  and  corporate,  and  to  appoint  Sub- 
committees, consisting  either  entirely  or 
partly  of  members  of  the  said  General 
Committee,  or  entirely  or  partly  of  other 
members   of  the   said   body   politic   and 
corporate;   and  to  confer  on  such  Sub- 
committees, the  like  powers  and  duties 
as    the    said    General    Committee    may 
exercise  or  perform,  for  such  time  and 
with  such  restrictions  as  the  said  General 
Committee  shall  think  expedient;  and  at 
any  meeting  of  the  said  General  Com- 
mittee, at  which  ten  or  more  of  the  ex- 
isting   members  of  such   General  Com- 
mittee shall  be  present,  to  make  and  esta- 
blish such  bye-laws  as  they  shall  deem 
to  bo  useful  and  necessary  for  the  regu- 
lation of  the  said  body  politic  and  corpo- 
rate, for  the  admission  of  members  into 
the  said  body  politic  and  corporate,  fat 
the   management    of  the  estates,  goods, 
and  business  of  the  said  body  politic  and 
corporate,  and   for  fixing  and  determin- 
ing the  manner  of  electing  the  Chair- 


man, Vlce-ChEunnan,  Treasurer,  and  other 
members  of  the  said  General  Committee 
and  Sub-Committees,  and  the  period  of 
their  continuance   in   office;   as   also   of 
electing  and  appointing  two  Auditors,  a 
Secretary,  and    such    other   oHScers,   at- 
tendants, and  servants  as  shall  be  deemed 
necessary   or  useM   for   the   said   body 
poli^  and  corporate;  and  such  bye-laws 
from  time  to  time  to  alter.  Vary,  or  re- 
voke, and  to  make  such  new  and  other 
bye-laws  as  they  shall  think  most  useftd 
and  expedient,  so  that  the  same  be  not 
repugfnant  to  these  presents,  or  to  the 
laws   and  statutes   of  this   our  Realm; 
and   also   to   enter  into   any  resolution, 
and  make  any  regulation  respecting  any 
of  the  afTura  and  concerns  of  the  said 
body  politic  and  corporate  that  shall  be 
thought  necessary  and  proper:  And  our 
will  and  plcasore  farther  is,  that  at  all 
meetings  of  the  said  General  Omunittee, 
consisting  of  not  leas  than  ten  members, 
or  of  such  greater  or  less  number  as  shall 
be  fixed  by  the  bye-laws  to  be  made  in 
pursuance  of  these  presents,  the  minority 
of  the  members  present  shall  decide  upon 
the  matters  propounded  at  such  meet- 
ings, the  person  then  pi^dding  having, 
in  case  of  an  equality  of  votea^  a  second 
or  casting  vote,  and  the  dednons  at  such 
meetings    shall    bind   the    said   General 
Committee,   and    the   said   body  politic 
and  corporate,  except  in  the  case  herein- 
after specially  provided  for :  And  we  far- 
ther will,  grant,  and   declare   that   the 
said  General  Ccmnmittee  shall  have  the 
sole  management  of  the  income  and  funds 
of  the  said  body  poUtic  and  corporate, 
and   also    the    entire    management    and 
superintendence  of  all  the  other  afiaira 
and  concerns  thereof;  and  shall  or  may, 
but  not  inconsistently  with  or  contrary 
to  the  provisions  of  this  our  charter  or 
any  existing  bye-law,  or  the  laws  and 
statutes  of  this  our  realm,  do  all  aubh 
acts  and  deeds  as  shall  appear  to  them 
necessary  or  essential  to  be  done  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  into  eflect  the  objecta 
and  views  of  the  smd  body  politic  and 
corporate:   and  we   further  wiU,   grant, 
and  declare,  that  the  whole  property  of 
the  said  body  politic  and  corporttke  shall 
be  vested,  and  we  do  hereby  vest  the 
aame,  in  the  sud  Sodety,  subject  to  the 
diapoaition  and  control  of  the  aaid  (Gene- 
ral  Committee    thereof,  and  who    ahall 
have  foil  and  abaolute  power  and  autho- 
rity to  aell,  alien,  charge,  or  otherwiae* 
dispose  <^  the  aame  as  they  ahall  think 
proper,  in  the   name  of  tjfie  aaid  body 
politic  and  corporate,  and  under  the  com- 
mon aeal  thereof;  provided  always,  that 
nq  aale,  alienation,  charge,  or  other  dis- 


448 


Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,         [Oct. 


r 


position  of  any  messuages,  lands,  tcne- 
nients,  or  hereditaments  belonging  to  the 
said  body  politic  and  corporate,  shall  be 
made,  except  under  the  sanction  of  a 
meeting  of  the  said  General  Committee, 
at  which  three-fourths  of  the  members 
of  the  said  General  Committee  for  the 
time  being,  shall  be  present :  And  we 
lastly  declare  it  to  be  our  royal  will  and 
j)loasure,  that  no  resolution  or  bye-law 
shall,  on  any  account  or  pretence  what- 
soever, he  made  by  the  said  body  politic 
and  cori)()rate,  in  opposition  to  the  gene- 
ral   scope,   true    intent   and  meanhig  of 


this  our  charter,  or  the  laws  or  statutes 
of  this  our  realm ;  and  that,  if  any  soch 
rule  or  bye-law  shall  be  made,  the  same 
shall  be  absolutely  null  and  void,  to  all 
intents,  eifects,  constructions,  and  pur- 
poses whatsoever.  In  witness  whereof^ 
wo  have  caused  these  oiur  letters  to  be 
made  patent.  Witness  oursclf  at  our 
Palace  at  Westminster,  this  sixteenth 
diiy  of  May,  in  the  second  year  of  our 
reign. 


By  Writ  of  Privy  Seal, 


SCOTT. 


(To  be  Continued.) 


THE  SKETCHER'*. 

Two  or  three  pleasant  pages  of  biographical  notice  introduce  to  us 
"  The  Sketcher,"  and  interest  us,  by  anticipation,  in  the  work.  The  son 
of  an  elegant  scholar,  and  bred  up  under  literary  teachers  and  in  good 
schools,  it  was  natural  enough  that  Mr.  Eagles,  at  an  early  age,  gave  proof 
of  his  unusual  taste  for  art.  During  his  studentship  at  Oxford  this  bias 
of  his  mind  was  plainly  manifested,  and  it  continued  with  him,  active  and 
unerring,  to  the  close  of  life.  For  many  of  his  latter  years  he  relinquished 
the  parochial  duties  of  his  profession,  and  gave  himself  wholly  up  to  his 
artistical  pursuits.  Secluded,  and  somewhat  reserved  in  manner,  he  brooded 
on  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  in  books,  and  reproduced  his  ideal  of  it  both 
on  canvas  and  in  type.  In  each  of  these  departments  he  was  equally  suc- 
cessful ;  and  seldom,  probably,  in  this  world  of  toil  and  care,  is  any  man 
enabled  to  pass  through  a  life  more  full  of  pleasantness  and  poetry  than  hi« — 
which  was  cheered  and  brightened  by  the  love  and  honour  of  many  friends, 
dignified  by  the  consciousness  of  piety  and  usefulness,  and  delighted  by  an 
unrestrained  and  irreproachable  indulgence  in  those  occupations  to  which 
the  bent  of  all  his  powers  led  him. 

The  volume  of  his  works  which  is  now  presented  to  the  public  consists  of 
a  collection  of  essays,  which  were  originally  contributed  to  **  Blackwood's 
Magazine,*'  something  over  twenty  years  ago,  under  the  title  of  **  The 
Sketcher.**  Buried  in  the  marvellous  treasure-chambers  of  that  vast  mis- 
cellany, it  was  quite  desirable  that  it  should  be  disinterred,  and  published 
separately,  for  such  purposes  as  writings  full  of  thought  and  grace  might 
serve.  In  the  beginning  of  the  first  essay  the  design  of  the  book  is  stated 
to  be — 

"  To  lay  before  the  lovers  of  art  some  ol>ser\'ations  and  principles  of  study,  the  result 
of  nt^itlier  a  few  years  nor  a  few  lal>oiirs.  And  this,"  continues  the  author,  "  I  pn)|KMio 
t^>  niysi'lf  to  do  in  a  nov<?l  way — hy  inviting  all,  as  fellow -students,  to  an  iinngiimry 
c(»in])ani<)nshi]),  that  amidst  actual  si'enerj'  we  might  leani  together  what  natuix>  is; 
what,  Wyond  the  mere  imitative  process,  is  reriuired  of  those  who  would  receive  her 
Ixjst  lessons ;  how  the  iXK^try  that  is  ever  in  her  may  be  drawn  into  the  mind,  and  ho 
transfemHl  visihly  on  the  jminter's  canvim,  and  that  thus  Nature  and  Art  may  l>e  Iwtt^n* 
known,  and,  hv  hciiig  jMM^tically  felt,  their  differences,  agreements,  and  mutualities 
hctler  nndcrstotnl, — and  ])oth  more  lovetl  for  their  own  and  each  other's  sake.*' 


*  *•  Thi*  Sketchor.    IJy  thi'  Rev.  John  Eagles,  A.M.  Oxon."   (KdiuburghamlLuiiduu : 
William  HhickwiHxl  and  Siuis.) 


/ 


1856.]  The  Sketcher.  449 

For  this  result  which  Mr.  Eagles  sought  for,  there  is  undoubtedly  both 
high  and  clamorous  need.  No  deeper  ignorance  can  be  conceived  of  than 
that  which  prevails,  generally,  on  all  the  subjects  comprehended  in  his 
scheme.  Many  lovers  of  art,  and  professional  artists  too,  are  apt  to  rest 
contented  with  that  impulsive  emotion  of  pleasure  which  is  called  up  within 
them  by  the  external  object,  without  endeavouring  either  to  understand  the 
philosophy  of  the  impression  they  experience,  or  to  render  it  by  culture 
more  permanent  and  vivid.  A  beautiful  scene  in  nature  is  to  them  a  happy 
combination  of  form  and  colour,  likely,  in  a  faithful  representation,  to  give 
rise  to  some  degree  of  the  same  agreeable  emotion  as  is  excited  by  the  pre- 
sence of  the  real  landscape.  Beyond  this,  they  neither  know,  nor  covet, 
anything.  All  the  certainties  that  a  long  succession  of  philosophers  have 
by  observation  and  analysis  learned  concerning  the  true  nature  of  beauty, 
and  the  unlimited  improbableness  of  that  faculty  for  entertaining  it  which 
is  called  taste — practically  seful  as  it  might  be  in  the  discipline  of  natural 
power,  in  the  multiplication  of  the  sources  of  an  elevated,  innocent  delight, 
and  in  the  dissemination  of  these  advantages,  by  means  of  early  training,  to 
the  young  inquirers  growing  up  around  us, — are  actually  ignored,  as 
though  they  had  never  been  arrived  at,  by  all  but  a  few  minds  in  which 
quick  and  ardent  sensibilities  to  beauty  have  not  impaired  the  vigour  and 
activity  of  thought. 

How  great  may  be  the  influence  of  the  Sketcher's  labours  in  promoting  a 
more  conscientious  study  both  of  nature  and  of  art,  and,  especially,  of  the 
relations  which  they  bear  to  one  another,  we  are,  of  course,  unable  to  deter- 
mine. But  we  can  unhesitatingly  declare  that,  if  his  success  in  this  respect 
should  be  at  all  commensurate  with  the  merit  of  his  book,  it  will  be  very 
considerable.  A  more  sensible,  judicious,  or  attractive  instructor  cannot 
hideed  be  well  desired.  He  teaches  us  the  mysteries  of  his  craft  in  old 
Walton's  manner,  and  with  the  same  loving,  winning  charm.  The  pleasant 
rambles  that  he  takes  us — the  pleasanter  talk  with  which  he  entertains  us 
on  the  way — the  golden  lessons  of  experience,  breathed  unostentatiously 
into  our  ears,  as  we  journey  onwards,  or  pause  awhile  in  some  sweet  rest- 
ing-place to  look  and  learn  around  us — the  gushes  of  song  that  diversify 
our  entertainment  and  make  it  more  delightful — are  all  conceived  in  a  spirit 
wise  and  gentle  as  the  immortal  Angler's  own.  But  then,  over  and  above 
these  methods  of  allurement  and  instruction  which  belong  to  them  in 
common,  the  Sketcher  has  resources  of  attraction  which  his  great  original 
wanted.  His  occasions  lead  us  amidst  lovelier  and  more  varied  scenes  ; 
his  sul)jcct  is  a  wider  and  a  nobler  one.  commanding  sympathy  from  well- 
nigh  countless  hearts ;  his  own  accomplishments  are  rich  and  scholarly  ; 
and  his  theme  invites,  rather  than  admits  of,  a  ceaseless  stream  of  deep, 
clenr,  genial  criticism,  on  many  a  dainty  work,  by  some  great  predecessor 
in  the  art.  His  whole  heart  and  soul,  too, — but  in  this,  again,  he  is 
the  counterpart  of  Izaak  Walton, — are  in  his  occupation ;  and  as  we 
go  witii  him  in  our  glad  companionship  we  feel,  in  every  word  that  falls 
from  him  on  his  fond  pursuit,  the  deep  and  glowing  earnestness  of  an 
enthusiast,  but  of  an  enthusiast  whose  reason  is  kept  calm  and  clear,  and 
all-controlling,  amidst  the  license  of  the  fancy  and  the  utmost  warmth  of 
the  afllections. 

In  a  work  in  which  hardly  a  page  is  without  something  to  attract,  it  is 
difficult,  amidst  the  multiplicity  of  good  things,  to  know  where  to  make  a 
selection.  The  following  passage,  coming  at  the  close  of  an  interesting 
notice,  and  correction  of  the  errors  in  Allan  Cunningham's  life,  of  the 


450  The  Sketcher.  [Oct. 

puinter  Bird,  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  example  of  the  Sketcher's  ekiU 
in  word-paintinij.     He  says  : — 

"  While  I  had  been  givinf^  this  account,  Pictor,  who  did  not  at  first  intend  to  sket<rh 
at  this  si)<>t,  finding  the  tale  likely  to  be  of  some  lenprth,  had  begun  a  study  of  some 
broken  ground,  and  a  few  leaves  shooting  out  and  curiously  bending  over  into,  and  re- 
lieved by,  the  depth  of  the  dell  which  we  were  about  to  enter.  It  was  a  beautiful 
study  ;  the  little  flower  and  leaves  had  a  sensitive  cast  about  them— they  looked  inquir- 
ingly into  the  deep  shade,  as  if  scjniehow  connected  in  interest  with  all  below.  Tlus 
peculiarity  did  not  escaj)e  Pictor,  who  repeated  Wortisworth's  creetl :  — 

•  And  'tis  my  faith  that  every  flower 
Enjoys  the'air  it  breathes.' 

We  now  entered  the  dell,  and  it  was  not  long  Ixifore  we  cainc  upon  a  very  striking 
scene,  which,  though  liaving  something  in  counnon  with  others  described,  wa»  yet  in 
reality  very  different.  It  is  difficult  to  i)aint  a  piclure  in  words,  and  perhajta  the 
reader  may  think  I  have  already  tired  his  patience  ])y  the  attempt.  Imaj^nc  you  are 
looking  to  the  centre  of  the  piece.  You  see  down  through  a  great  depth  of  deep 
bluish -grey,  (yet  blending  with  it  so  many  colours,  it  Is  difficult  to  say  what  it  in;  but 
it  is  very  dark,  and  perhaps  blue-grey  prevails) ;  this  shade  gradually  becomes  liff^htcr 
as  it  approaches  the  sides  of  the  picture,  and  loses  itself  on  the  right,  where  it  ia  ap- 
proached by  a  golden  light  of  distant  illuminated  trees.  Tlie  right  is  one  of  those 
ridges  that  separate  the  dells  from  each  other;  it  has  receding  parts,  out  of  which  grow 
large  trees,  ])art  of  the  stems  of  which  only  are  seen  tlu-owing  themselves  out  in  varions 
directions,  but  more  or  less  tending  to  the  centre.  This  niigc  terminates  abruptly  in 
rock — of  no  great  depth,  perhaps  twenty  feet — and  is  here  broken  into  the  foreground, 
which  forms  the  passage  through  the  dell.  At  the  edge  where  the  bluish  depth 
described  commences,  is  a  fallen  trunk  stretching  its  length  across,  and  gracefully 
throwing  upwards  the  end  towards  the  left ;  thiLs,  in  composition,  uniting  the  two 
sides.  But  the  line  of  the  bank,  or  continuation  of  the  foreground,  runs  down  towards 
the  lefl  comer,  over  wliicOi,  of  a  ligliter  crolcmr,  though  falling  into  the  deep  grey,  is  a 
misty  distance  of  wood,  broken  only  by  the  stems  of  tall  trees,  tliat  rise  up  boldly  iVom 
it,  and  spread  out  their  iKjnding  bnmches  to  the  right :  these  are  dark,  but  some  light 
slender  ones  rLsc  up,  as  it  were  seeking  them,  and  insinuating  their  tendril-like  boughs 
among  the  stronger  branches,  all  dro])ping  with  thick  foliage,  but  playfully  and  lightly 
eilged.  On  the  right  there  is  a  C(>ntinuati(m  of  the  rocky  ridge  into  the  central  depth, 
where  it  is  lost,  but  you  see  the  continimtion  further  marked  by  the  tops  of  brown 
trees  that  evidently  sh(H>t  from  it  below.  Near  the  centre  the  rock  is  rather  abrupt, 
and  out  of  it  there  grows  a  cluster  of  beautiful,  graceful  trtH»,  one  of  which  rises  up 
right  through  the  whole  sliad(»;  and  nearly  half-way  up  its  suKKjth  and  clean  hole 
it  is  strongly  illuminated  by  a  sunlight — the  same  whicli  gilds  the  background,  over  the 
ridjije  towards  the  right.  Tliis  tree,  and  the  rock  from  which  it  grows,  form  the  cha- 
racter of  the  picture ;  all  else  is  exc^'llent,  but  the  more  so  because  it  accords  with  that 
key  to  the  sentiuient.  The  nn-ks  arc  just  the  colour  to  bring  out  the  greens,  of  which 
there  is  great  variety,  all  set  off  ajipropriately  in  their  dillerent  pirts  by  the  rctls  and 
greys  of  the  rock.  Imagine  the  wliole  overarched  with  foliage,  the  blue  sky  cmly  seen 
dotted  through  it;  and  from  the  nearest  rcH'k,  in  the  very  foreground,  a  great  branch, 
boldly  thrown  to  the  very  centre  of  the  picture,  with  its  large  leavw  as  it  were  drop- 
ping gold  and  verdure,  dark-green,  yet  tnms]>arently  illuniinatiHl  at  their  edges. 
]M<).is-e()vered  stones  are  thrown  about,  and  luxuriant  weeils  and  lejifage  growng,  and 
springing,  and  Iwiuling  all  around." 

Descriptions  of  sea  and  sky  and  landscaj)c,  as  effective  and  detailed  as 
tbis,  and  certainly  not  less  agreeable,  are  scattered  through  the  volume 
with  so  liberal  a  hand  as  to  make  up,  upon  the  whole,  the  most  marked  of 
its  constituent  parts.  And  next,  probably,  to  these,  in  the  frequency  with 
which  we  meet  them,  and  the  pleasure  tlicy  afford  us,  are  the  Sketcher's 
free  and  earnest  criticisms  on  some  of  the  most  celebrated  painters  and 
productions  in  his  own  department  of  tlie  art.  The  whole  of  these  are 
fresh  and  vip^orous,  and  fearless  in  their  execution,  abundant  and  profound 
in  knowledge  ;  and  sometimes,  it  may  be,  a  little  bordering  on  injustice  in 
their  intimated  or  outspoken  condemnation  of  the  works  in  which  nature 
has  been  copied  faithfully,  without   receiving  anything  from  the  iinugi- 


185G.]  The  Skelcher.  451 

nation  of  the  artist.  His  own  idolatry,  or  rather  his  own  enlightened 
worship  founded  upon  insight  and  conv^iction,  is  given,  as  is  meet,  to 
Poussin.  On  many  another  painter  he  expatiates  with  a  frank  and  hearty 
eloquence  of  admiration,  which  bears  full  witness  to  the  ardour  of  his 
sympathies  with  excellence,  although  it  may  leave  us  still  in  doubt — as, 
indeed,  his  volume  does — whether  excellence  of  every  kind  was  able  to 
arouse  them. 

We  are  the  more  disposed  to  mistrust  the  catholicity  of  the  Sketcher's 
taste  in  this  respect,  because  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  his  want  of  that 
catholicity  in  regard  to  other  things.  A  scholar,  an  artist,  and  a  poet,  cul- 
tivating his  own  graceful  accomplishments  in  dignified  retirement  amidst 
his  pictures  and  his  books,  may  be  well  excused  for  any  personal  indif- 
ference to  science,  or  any  personal  dislike  to  those  social  changes  which 
tend  to  put  enjoyments  and  advantages  like  his  own  within  the  reach  of 
thousands  to  whom  they  are  at  present  as  unattainable  as  the  comfortable 
homes  and  habiliments  they  now  rejoice  in  would  have  been  a  few  centuries 
ago.  As  far  as  the  ignorance  or  prejudice  of  the  individual  is  concerned, 
it  is  only  matter  for  a  smile  or  sigh ;  but  then  we  must  not  be  expected  to 
think  much  of  the  catholicity  of  mind  of  him  in  whom  we  find  them,  or  to 
approve  at  all  of  his  putting  them  forward  in  an  attractive  and,  in  all  that 
relates  to  his  own  art,  instructive  work.  Yet  flippant  and  dogmatic  pas- 
sages in  this  vein — passages  disparaging  the  toils  and  trophies  oif  the  intel- 
lect, because,  forsooth,  the  truth  might  mar  the  fictions  which  imaguiatioD 
loves  to  weave — are,  unhappily,  but  too  common  in  the  Sketcher's  pages. 
Thus  in  one  place  we  are  sagely  told — *'  There  may  be  a  surfeit  of  know- 
ledge, as  of  other  things,  that  creates  disease,  makes  the  heart  gross,  and 
the  fancy  sick."  In  another,  there  is  a  pathetic  notice  of  some  "fedr 
lass  of  nineteen,"  whose  sin  was  a  desire  to  inspect  the  machinery  of  a 
manufactory,  and  whose  mind,  we  are  informed,  could  only  he  occupied  an 
these  things  at  the  expense  of  purer,  feminine  thoughts.  In  another,  in 
connection  with  the  depravity  of  this  same  young  lady,  we  learn  that 
'*  dull  utilitarian  knowledge  is  as  much  an  ague,  as  the  passions,  when 
unruly,  are  the  fevers  of  the  heart."  And  in  a  very  noteworthy  tirade 
against  the  communication  of  any  of  the  "heterogeneous  and  tatterde- 
malion stores  of  knowledge  of  the  pawnbroker"  to  young  girls — a  tirade,  by 
the  way,  which  should  arouse  in  arms  against  him  all  the  charming  alumni 
of  the  college  in  Bedford-square, — he  enforces  a  system  of  training  for  our 
English  maidens  very  much  akin,  as  we  conceive  it,  to  that  which  has 
been  already  found  to  answer  well  in  preparing  Circassian  beauties  for  the 
joys  and  honours  of  an  Eastern  harem. 

We  touch  upon  these  absurdities  because  they  are  the  spots  and 
blemishes  on  an  otherwise  fascinating  work.  That  the  Sketcher  should 
have  written  them  more  than  twenty  years  ago  is  less  hard  to  understand, 
than  that  he  should  have  left  them  unerased  when  his  eflusions  underwent 
the  last  corrections  of  his  skill  and  care.  Society  had  travelled  far  enough, 
through  mighty  and  portentous  changes,  in  the  intervening  time,  to  mBke 
it  prudent  as  well  as  courteous  that  such  prejudices — ^where  they  still 
lived — should  iiave  been  as  much  as  possible  hidden  from  the  public  eye. 
If  they  were  too  dear  to  him  to  be  destroyed  as  worthless  altogether,  the 
Sketcher  should  have  put  them  into  some  unvisited  hiding-place  in  his 
mind,  as  he  would  have  put  old-fashioned  furniture  into  a  lumber-room,  or 
garments  of  an  obsolete  fashion  into  some  ancient  and  unopened  press. 
The  only  dangers  to  be  apprehended  now  from  knowledge  are»  that  it 


I 


452  The  Skeicher.  [Oct 

should  make  the  myriads  more  intelligrcnt  even  than  it  was  the  privilege  o 
their  masters  formerly  to  be ;  and  should  make  our  young  women,  withoui 
the  least  abatement  of  the  poetry  and  feeling  that  belong  to  them  a?  theii 
beauty  does,  the  companions,  counsellors,  and  friends,  and  not  the  playthingi 
merely,  of  the  men  whose  good  fortune  it  may  be  to  be  united  to  them. 

Our  brief  excursion  with  the  Sketcher  has  been  far  too  agreeable  to  ui 
to  allow  us  willingly  to  take  our  leave  of  him  in  terms  of  disapproval  oi 
complaint.  Our  parting  words  must  be  words  of  admiration  and  esteem, — 
words  expressive  of  the  delight  we  have  received  from  his  abundant  me« 
mories  of  old  classic  lore,  his  meditative  wisdom,  and  his  rich  and  thought 
ful  cast  of  j)oetry  and  eloquence.  Nor  would  we  leave  the  reader  with- 
out enabling  him  to  feel  the  companionable  charm  which  belongs  to  thi 
Sketcher  in  a  genial  mood.  Let  him  take  the  following  as  a  first  ex- 
ample : — 

"  Allan  CMimiiTi^hinn  acquaints  iis,  that  ono  day,  while  flainslwronph  was  studying  ir 
his  favourite  \v(hk1s  in  Suffolk,  Margiin^t  Burr,  in  all  the  hliwni  and  ])eiuity  of  Hixt4*cn 
canu!  suddenly  across  the  1an(l«ca])e.  Wlio  can  doulit  that  sunshine  from  his  penci 
followed  her  stciw?  WliatcviT  season  it  was  wlien  he  sketched,  ere  he  finished  hii 
jtictnve,  and  his  wlioh'  hsart  uas  in  it,  tlure  was  fresh,  joyous,  delii^Iitful  Mai^arol 
IJnrr  -  jiftcrwiinls  Mrs.  (i;iin>i)<iroutrir — jmd  the  season  was  ciinverUHl  into  spring; 
'I'liere  was  the  luauynHKni  Ion;;  U'fore  the  i^mhiihv  n-.onth.  There  is  nothing  hriibil  ii 
autunni,  whose  pirlauils  are  ftniereal,  (-ast  hv  the  moaning'  winds uj'on  the  preat  ponem 
ci'nu'U'vy—  the  earth.  How  unlike  must  he  these  two  pictures — lH»th  jKH-'try !  I  dan 
to  s:»v,  in  tho  hist  he  had  no  other  fi»^ire  l»ut  sweet  Marpiret  Ihirr,  that  none  nii*;hi 
hwjk  on  lur  hut  hinisrlf.  IJut  the  hojK',  the  joy,  the  sjirinfr  of  life  was  thereliy  thi 
hi'tter  felt.  It  was  not  solitude,  hecauttf  iht-re  was  )nit  onf  tijrure,  for  the  {minter  him 
S(lf  was  ever  then*,  and  he  knew  wlioever  should  look  at  the  i»ictun^  would  feel  hiiusol 
j)rrsent  t<K),  and  tlie  sweet  maid  would  never  be  alone,  for  there  would  ever  be  eyes  t 
K»v  and  a  heart  to  love  her." 

If  our  readers  cannot  feel  the  sweetness  of  a  descnptive  criticism  1  kc 

this,  we  shall  grudge  them  that  ideal  of  an  Ijiglish  winter-piece  which  w< 

have  set  aside  as  a  concluding  and  consummate  treat.     It  is  as  follows  :— 

"  Trilliant,  indeed,  mij^dit  Iw  the  jnctuns  that  such  a  vi«'w  of  it  [Knpland]  woui 
(»fl'er.  The  no]>le  uiansion,  the  fon'st,  the  <leer,  the  ctiuiinpr  guests,  laughing  in  praiet; 
and  health,  thiir  rich  etjuipnunts,  all  suihtMv  admitting  contract  of  colour,  thi*  wanntl 
of  vi^iirous  vitality  jrlowinj;  in  their  cheeks,  the  result  of  pU*asant  exercise — ladieH,  an< 
l)altreys  proud  of  their  Imrthen,  and  nuire  (^hulsonte,  as  tlu-y  evir  are,  in  such  a  sciim n 
— th(!  h»rj;e  retinue— the  jHHir  not  unheeded,  nor  unthankful:  all  those,  with  sueli  inci 
dents  as  the  jMu-t  woidd  conceive  and  the  i>ainter  execute,  would  make  wintiT-imHti*  drli 
cious,  and  vie  with  any  of  any  season.  What  an  admirahle  su1)je<'t  wtadd  Iw  the  chMinp 
in  of  a  u inter  day,  with  its  solemn  sky,  shcwhij;  the  lijjhthjp-up  of  the  old  inanHioi 
anion jr  the  tnt's,  l<Mikinj:  like  a  castle  of  enchantment;  for  then  how  much  would  b 
untold  and  lefl  to  he  hnajrined  I — 

•  Oh  :  'ti««  merry  in  tho  hall, 
Whtii  iK'aidh  VuK  all.' 

And  when  was  that  hut  when  the  ashen  fap)t  was  blazing,  and  jocund  winter  made  a) 
cheerful,  thou-'h  he  whistled  somewhat  rudely  ?" 


THE  PRISONERS  OF  ROICTIERS. 

(From  the  French  of  S.A.U.  Le  Due  d'Aumale.) 

The  Philobiblon  Society  has  issued  to  its  members  the  second  vohimi 
of  its  Miscellany,  which  is  not  less  richly  stored  than  its  predecessor  will 
historical,  bibliographical,  and  literary  curiosities.  The  longest  article,  aiic 
one  of  the  most  important,  is  contributed  by  his  Royal  liigbness  the  Duki 

7 


1856.] 


The  Prisoners  of  Poictiers. 


453 


of  Aumale,  being  a  memoir  upon  the  captivity  of  King  John  of  France  in 
England  after  the  battle  of  Poictiers ;  accompanied  by  various  documents 
relative  to  his  household  expenditure,  some  of  which  have  been  recently 
published  by  the  Societe  de  V  Histoire  of  France,  and  others  are  now  pro- 
duced for  the  first  time  from  the  archives  of  the  house  of  Conde.  We  beg 
to  present  our  readers  with  a  translation  of  the  more  interesting  portions 
of  his  Royal  Highness's  memoir,  introducing  a  few  specimens  of  the 
accompts. 


King  John  had  displayed  at  the  battle 
of  Poictiers  (fought  on  Sept.  19,  1356,) 
the  most  brilliant  valour  as  a  soldier,  bat 
complete  incapacity  as  a  commander.  After 
having  by  deplorable  tactics  assured  the 
victory  to  his  enemy,  he  had  witnessed 
the  bravest  of  his  relations  and  friends 
fall  around  him ;  he  had  seen  three  of 
his  sons  and  a  part  of  his  army  leave  the 
field  of  battle  a  little  sooner  than  they 
should  have  done  ;  hut  nothing  could  force 
him  from  the  combat.  On  foot,  almost 
alone,  anned  with  an  axe  which  he  wielded 
with  equal  strength  and  skill,  he  defended 
himself  until  exhausted,  and,  having  re- 
ceived two  wounds  on  the  head,  he  waa 
at  length  obliged  to  surrender.  It  was 
then,  perhaps,  that  he  incurred  the  greatest 
danger.  A  crowd  of  knights  and  esquires 
surrounded  him,  disputing  the  lucrative 
honour  of  having  captured  him,  and  bid 
fair  to  smother  him  in  their  struggle ■. 
Tlie  Prince  of  Wales  found  it  necessary 
to  intervene  to  withdraw  the  King  from 
their  ])nital  raj)acity.  Treated  with  the 
most  delicate  courtesy  by  the  conqueror, 
John  was  conducted  to  Bortieaux,  where 
also  were  assembled  the  principal  prisoners 
made  in  tlie  campaign. 

In  the  first  place,  the  princes  of  the 
blood,  or  as  they  were  then  called  ies  Sires 
des  Jleurs-de-lySy  Philippe  de  France, 
Jacques  de  Bourbon,  Jean  and  Charles 
d'Artois. 

Philippe  de  France,  le  maUn^,  that  is, 
the  youngest  of  the  King's  sons,  was  then 
fifteen  years  of  age  ;  he  subseijuently  be- 
canie  l)uke  of  Hurgimdy,  and  died  in 
1 10 1.  'Hie  ccmduct  of  this  young  man, 
or  rather  child,  in  the  battle  of  Poictiers 
had  been  greatly  admired ;  he  would  not 
cpiit  his  father,  and  had  followed  him  on 
foot  to  the  hottest  of  the  strife.  Placed 
behind  him,  he  warne<l  him  of  the  blows 
which  were  directed  at  him :  "  P^e, 
f/ardez-rou.s  a  droite  !  phre,  gardez-votts  ck 
(jatiche  r  It  was  thus  that  the  prince 
began  to  earn  his  surname  of  le  Hardi, 
It  is  obser\'a])le  also,  in  perusing  the  pre- 
sent  accounts,   that  he  had  already  ac- 


quired that  taste  for  splendour  and  ex- 
pense by  which  both  himself  and  his 
descendants  were  subsequently  charac- 
terized. 

Jacques  de  Bourbon,  the  first  Comte  de 
la  Manche,  but  afterwards  better  known 
as  Comte  de  Ponthieu,  the  younger  bro- 
ther of  Herrc  I.  Due  de  Bourbon,  Jean 
d'  Artois,  Comte  d'  Eu,  and  Charles,  Comte 
de  Longueville,  his  brother,  were  the  other 
prisoners  of  the  royal  blood  of  France. 
Besides  these  princes,  of  the  great  ofiicers 
of  the  crown  the  most  prominent  was 
Amoul  sire  d'  Audenham,  marshal  of 
France,  a  very  brave  soldier,  already  ad- 
vanced in  age,  and  who  had  arrived  at  his 
high  dignity  solely  by  his  valour ;  in  other 
respects,  a  very  indifibrent  captain,  Hke 
the  greater  part  of  liis  contemporaries. 
For  we  may  make  the  passing  remark 
that,  of  all  the  Frenchmen  of  this  period, 
Duguesclin  is  the  only  one  who  deserves 
to  figure  among  the  great  warriors  com- 
memorated in  history;  he  was  the  first 
of  his  compatriots  that  knew  how  to 
conceive  the  plan  of  a  campaign  with 
skill,  and  to  carry  it  out  with  steadiness. 
D* Audenham  tooli  part  in  all  the  negotia- 
tions that  went  on  during  the  king^s 
captivity.  Jean  de  Melun,  comte  do  Tan- 
carville,  g^reat  chamberlain  of  France,  Jeau 
seigneur  de  CliAtillon,  Jean  comte  de  Sau- 
cerre,  and  Jean  comte  de  Joigny,  were 
also  among  the  prisoners  of  high  rank. 

Thus,  from  the  earliest  period  of  his 
captivity.  King  John  had  around  him  a 
perfect  court.  He  was  in  other  respects 
encompassed  with  respect.  Notwithstand- 
ing that  Edward  the  Third  in  all  his 
processes  affected  to  term  him  only  "  our 
adversary  of  France,"  for  all  the  world 
besides  he  remained  the  King  of  Franco ; 
and  he  was  served  and  honoured  as  such. 
An  air  of  plenty  reigned  in  his  house, 
thanks  to  the  generous  sympathy  of  some 
of  his  subjects.  At  the  first  news  of  his 
disaster,  the  Comte  d'  Armagnac^  his  lieu- 
tenant in  Languedoc,  had  sent  him  every 
kind  of  provision  for  the  table,  with  276 
marks  of  silver  plate ;  and  the  estates  of 


*  The  claimn  of  many  of  them  are  still  preserved ;  but  it  was  ascertained  that  the  Kinfc  had  delivered 
hi.o  sword  to  Denys  de  Morbeke,  a  knight  of  Artois.  Froissart's  assertion  of  this  fact  is  confirmed  bj 
a  cortiflcntc  pjanted  to  Morbeke  by  King  Edward  on  ttie  declaration  of  King  John,  Dec.  20, 1337, 
printed  in  Uymer's  "Fccdcra." 

GiiNT.  Mag.  Vol.  XLYI.  3  N 


454 


The  Prisoners  of  Poictiers. 


[Oct. 


that  province,  or  rather  of  that  region, 
(for  all  tlie  Routh  of  Franiie'went  by  the 
name  of  Languodoc,)  established  extra- 
onlinury  taxes  to  be  phiccd  at  the  disposal 
of  the  King.  In  the  north  and  centre 
of  France  it  w;us  ditVerent.  Tliere,  whilst 
there  had  been  more  suffering  from  the 
evils  of  war,  no  remedy  had  been  applied 
to  the  errors  of  government ;  society  was 
not  protected  by  thf)se  powerful  municipal 
institutions  which  were  so  vigorous  in 
the  south,  where  the  manners,  not  less 
than  the  language,  had  preserved  the 
Koman  impress;  but  all  authority,  whe- 
ther royal  or  feudal,  was  next  to  nothing. 
The  regency  had  devolved  on  a  weak  and 
timid  prince,  who  might  hereafler  acquire 
in  the  school  of  adversity  all  the  qualities 
of  a  great  king,  but  who  had  not  as  yet 
any  prestige,  nor  any  regal  power.  Among 
the  nobles,  tlie  bravest  were  dead  or  i)ri- 
soncrs,  and  the  two  great  battles  of  Crecy 
and  Poictiers,  lost  at  the  interval  of  ten 
years,  had  removed  all  the  flower  of  the 
arist(XTacv ;  the  castles,  scattercni  among 
the  provinces  devastated  by  the  enemy, 
contained  searcely  any  but  women,  old 
men,  cliildren,  and  men  that  had  lost 
their  honour.  Tlte  peasants,  irritatetl  by 
the  excess  of  misi»i*y,  were  everywhere 
in  rebellion ;  and  whilst  the  Jart/Kcrie 
completed  the  desolation  of  the  country, 
the  hoKj'f/coLve  of  the  towns,  dominating 
in  the  States  (Jeneral,  led  by  a  luild  re- 
former, Elienne  Marcel,  assmned  the  ])lace 
of  the  vampiished  royalty  and  nobility, 
and  undertook  at  once  to  repidse  the 
foreigner,  to  change  the  officers  and  system 
of  gov  cm  ui  en  t,  ])erha]>s  even  to  raise*  a  new 
dvnasty  to  the  throne.  An  eminent  histo- 
rian  (Thierry)  has  recently  develojied  and 
criticised  with  etpial  sagacity  and  chxpience 
this  great  wjcial  and  ]M)litical  movement 
of  the  fourteenth  centur\' ;  we  refer  the 
curious  reader  to  his  eb'gant  j>ages,  having 
now  said  enough  to  explain  how  the  cap- 
tive king  could  from  the  nortli  of  France 
expect  neither  aid  for  his  wants,  nor  defe- 
rence to  his  wislies. 

In  trutli,  when  John,  (in  March,  1357,) 
concluded  u  tnice  with  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  the  tidhigs  of  that  arrangement 
caused  tlio  utmost  excitement  in  Paris. 
Tlie  cry  of  treason  was  raised,  and  the 
lords  whom  the  King  had  sent  from  Bor- 
deaiLx  to  make  known  his  will  to  his  son, 
w(?re  obligiil  to  conceal  tlu?ms<'lves  and  to 
quit  the  capital  in  haste.  The  truce  wan 
observed  for  better  or  worse ;  but  it  was 
c-vidcTit  tbat  the  struggle  was  not  near  its 
coni'lusion.  Kdw:M'd  tlie  Third  was  aware 
that  the  continuetl  presence.'  of  "his  ad- 
verrinry"  on  the  soil  of  France  restricted 
the  niutionn  of  his  army,  and  threatened 


more  than  one  danger.  He  therefore 
directed  his  8on  to  bring  his  priaonerH  to 
England,  and  the  Black  Prince  embarked 
with  them  on  April  11,  1357,  in  a  numer- 
ous fleet,  which  arrived  at  Sandwich  on 
May  4.  Some  days  after,  the  Prince  n^'ith 
King  John  and  the  French  lords  proceeded 
to  Canterbury,  to  make  their  offerings 
to  Saint  Thomas,  and  there  they  were 
welcome<l  by  a  dei)utation  from  the  city 
of  London.  On  the  24th  of  the  same 
month,  the  cavalcade  arrived  at  that 
capital,  and  the  King  of  France  was  lodf[:cd 
in  the  palace  of  the  Savoy,  sitnate  in  the 
Strand,  and  which  then  belonged  to  the 
Duke  of  Lancaster.  It  was  not  long  be- 
fore he  was  there  visited  by  the  King  and 
Queen  of  England. 

For  nearly  two  years  the  Savoy  palaoo 
continued  his  usual,  but  not  sole,  residence. 
He  a])])car8  to  have  made  during  this  in- 
terval frecpient  visits  to  Windsor,  and  pro- 
bably other  excursions  of  which  no  trace 
remains.  A  large  degree  of  liberty  was 
accorded  to  him,  as  well  as  to  the  other 
l)risoners  of  mark.  Tliey  were  permitted 
(as  Froissart  says)  uiwn  their  honour  only 
to  hawk,  hunt,  ride,  and  take  all  their 
recreaticms  as  they  pleiiseiL  John  was  not 
yet  forty  years  of  age ;  he  was  courtofiiis, 
afl'able,  bivish,  careless,  and  the  good  na- 
ture of  his  disposition  had  won  him  the 
name  of  le  Bon.  Little  enough  cfmi'cmcd 
in  the  miseries  of  his  kingdom,  much  tor> 
ciisy  in  all  the  negix'iations  which  were 
made  for  pea<.'e,  he  wiis  chiefly  inclined  to 
l)leasure,  and  t^)  physical  exercises.  So 
the  horses,  <V>gs,  and  hawks  hold  a  pro- 
minent ])lace  in  his  household  accompts. 
But  we  also  And  there,  though  in  small 
innnber,  some  ])urchases  of  liooks,  and  even 
some  expcnsi^s  of  binding.  He  gave  -In.  -id. 
for  a  romance  of  Kenart  (Reynard  the 
Fox),  28s.  8d.  for  a  romance  of  liohercnc 
(larin,  and  IDs.  for  (me  of  the  Toumament 
of  Antichrist.  Mai^ret  the  binder  re- 
ceived JJ2d.  for  covering  anew  and  putting 
four  cla«(ps  on  a  French  bible;  James, 
another  binder,  had  3s.  Gd.  for  rebinding 
one  of  the  breviaric»s  of  the  chapel,  putting 
to  it  a  new  lK)ard,  covering  it  with  a  Ver- 
million skin,  and  other  items;  a  g;imiture 
of  latcn  nails  for  a  romance  of  Guilon 
cost  20d. 

King  John  had  also  among  his  valets- 
de-chambre  a  painter  of  some  distinctiim, 
Maistre  (rirart  dHh'leans,  whom  lie  had 
before  emjdoyed  in  135G  to  decorate  the 
chateau  of  \'audreuil  in  Normandy.  We 
learn  from  these  ac(y)in])ts  that  during  his 
ca])tivity  the  King  em]>loycil  this  artist  to 
execute  some  pi(rtun*«  and  other  works  of 
art,  such  as  to  complete  a  set  of  ehcMjanen 
{itn  jeu  (/'  tchfcs),  to  ornament  lome  fur- 


1856.] 


The  Prisoners  of  Poictiers. 


455 


niture,  &o.  We  must,  however,  admit 
that  the  foremost  place  among  the  "  extra- 
ordinary" expenses  is  occupied  by  the 
wardrobe  of  Messire  Philippe  de  France 
and  that  of  Messire  Jehan  the  Fool. 

From  among  the  many  tailoring  bills 
for  the  prince  we  take  the  following  (p. 
89).  It  is  for  the  making  of  a  "  pourpoint," 
or  quilted  jacket,  of  cloth  of  gold,  which 
material  had  been  previously  purchased : — 

*'  For  two  ells  and  a  half  of  lining  (toilc)^  vjd. 
For  two  ounces  of  silk,  iijs.  For  three  quarterns 
of  wax  taper,  vjd.  (this  was  to  wax  their  threadl. 
For  three  pounds  of  taUow  candle,  vjd.  (the  work 
was  done  in  December) .  For  the  making  of  four- 
score buttons,  xviijd.  For  four  straps  of  buck- 
skin, ijd.  For  half-a-quarter  of  black  sendal  (a 
kind  of  tiffety)  to  garnish  the  sleeves  of  one  of 
the  king's  coats,  iiijd. ;  and  for  one  ounce  of  thread 
to  sow  the  sleeves,  ijd.  The  last  was  a  little  addi- 
tional job  done  b^'the  two  compaignona  employed, 
who  were  occupied  altogether  for  eight  days,  and 
received  for  each  day's  work  vjd.,  in  all  viijs., 
besides  jd.  each  dav  for  their  hover  of  ale.  In  ad- 
dition a  pound  an  J  a  half  of  cotton  (to  stuff  the 
pouri>oint)  cost  xd.  ob.,  and  iijd.  was  paid  for 
carding  the  same.    Total  of  the  work,  IBs.  S^d." 

Mona.  Philippe's  shoes  were  very  liberally 

provided,  as  appears  by  the  following  bill 

(p.  92)  of— 

**  William  Cannoll,  Cordwainer,  of  London. 
*'  For  two    do/en    pair   of  shoes,  at   vijs.  a 

dozen,  xiiijs. 
*'  For  one  pair  of  boots  [estuiaux)  of  calf,  vs. 
**  For  one  Hhoc-caso  {estucfa  ttoler)  xijd. 
*'  Total,  xxs.  the  1 3th  Jan.,  paid  at  the  order  of 

the  maistre  d^ostel.** 

It  will  scarcely  be  credited  that  on  the 
last  day  of  the  same  month  (p.  99)  Mons. 
Philippe  ro<iuired  another  dozen  pair  of 
sIkx's,  and  another  pair  of  boots,  of  the 
same  description,  and  from  the  same  cord- 
wainer ;  so  that  he  must  have  worn  a  new 
pair  of  shoes  every  day. 

As  for  Maitter  Jehan  le  Jbl,  in  March 
(]).  Ill)  we  read  of  his  having  been  pro- 
vided with  white  furs,  which  cost  thirteen 
shillings,  to  trim  his  gown  (robe)^  hood, 
and  tijjpets  (aumxices).  In  April,  6s.  8d. 
was  paid  for  the  making  for  him  of  a  cote 
hard'ip  and  hovsse,  the  materials  for  which 
had  been  given  by  the  Duke  of  Lancaster. 
The  hoHsse,  which  is  said  to  have  been  a 
flowing  gown,  was  desclwqueft'y  or  chequer- 
ed, like  that  of  a  modem  harlequin. 

Tlie  King  himself,  so  far  as  these  ac- 
compts  shew  us,  seems  to  have  been  more 
extravagant  in  jewellery  than  in  clothes. 
We  now  transcribe  one  of  his  biUs  from — 

"  Hankin,  Gold>4mith.  of  London. 
"For  fitting  up  the  box  (firaffeoir)  which  is 
daily  supplied  with  spices,  for  silver  and  work- 
inansliip,  iijs.  Item,  for  gold  to  make  a  ring  in 
which  if>  set  a  fair  ruby  which  the  Kin^  has 
buu^MU  at  Lcmdon,  xixs.,  and  for  the  making  of 
the  ring,  xxvjs.  viijd.  Item,  for  gold  and  making 
of  the  pendant  of  the  King's  little  signet,  ijs.  vjd. 
Item,  for  gold  to  put  a  balass  ruby  in  a  clasp 


{fermail)j  vs.,  and  for  the  making  of  the  clasp, 
xxvjs.  viijd.  Item,  for  gold  to  make  a  ring  m 
which  the  King  has  placed  a  little  diamond, 
vs.  vjd.,  and  for  the  making,  xiijs.  iiijd.  Item, 
for  the  foil  of  the  said  balass  ruby,  vs.  Item,  for 
the  gold  of  a  clasp  with  a  griffin  in  the  middle, 
iiijs.  vjd.;  and  for  the  making  of  the  clasp, 
xxxs.  Item,  for  the  key  to  a  lock  which  Master 
Gerard  has  made  for  the  King,  ijs.  vjd.  Total, 
vijl.  vijs.  viijd." 

The  following  description  of  the  King's 
new  signet  is  especially  remarkable : — 

"To  Thfines  de  la  Bnme,  for  a  vcllow  stono 
bought  of  him  for  the  King,  to  make  him  a  signet, 
which  signet  is  of  a  crescent  surrounded  with 
stars  {un  creisaant  aetmf  d'estoilea) ;  paid,  by  the 
King's  order,  eight  Philippe  crowns,  amounting 
to  xxvjs.  viijd." 

The  consumption  of  sugar,  confections, 

and  spices  in  the  royal  household  was  very 

great,  and  from  one  of  the  long  bills  of 

Michael  Gerard,  grocer,  of  London,  which 

amounted  to  £7  18s.  9d.,  we  select  the 

following  items,  (p.  115)  : — 

"  19  lb.  of  loaf  sugar,  at  21d. 
4  lb.  of  white  honey,  8d. 

1  quartern  of  clean  annis,  5d. 

2  Id.  of  cinnamon,  at  14d. 

3  lb.  of  baladU  ginger,  Ss. 

}  quartern  of  long  pepper,  3d. 
lb.  of  garingal,  3s.  4d. 
1  lb.  of  cloves,  3s.  4d. 


A  lb.  of  mace,  18d. 


lb.  of  grain  of  paradise,  20d. 


}lb.  of  cut  ginger,  lOd. 


12  lb.  of  pignona,  at  14d. 

A  receipt  to  cure  the  ears,  16d. 

4  lb  of  madrian^,  at  lOd. 

9  lb.  of  moist  sugars,  at  19d. 

I  lb.  of  mouscade  nuts,  and  a  little  paper  for 
Thomassin  Doucet,  (who  was  the  spiccr  and 
confectioner  of  the  King's  chamber,)  to  write 
the  work  of  his  office,  2s.  2d 

For  wood  and  coals,  and  other  things  necessary 
to  make  the  confections  from  the  above  mate- 
rials by  the  said  ThomaH.sin,  14d." 

Among  our  many  extinct  trades,  that  of 

a  butcher  is  now  quite  forgotten,  though 

we  retain  the  surname  of  Uatcher,  which 

was  probably  of  the  same  origin*,  and  we 

still  talk  of  a  rabbit-hutch.    The  following 

shews  that  the  original  trunk -maker  under 

St.  Paul's  was  so  designated : — 

•*  To  Peter  the  Hucher,  of  London,  for  a  square 
oaken  chest  for  Denys  de  Ck)llors,  to  hold  the 
WTitings  and  papers  for  the  business  of  the  King's 
expenditure,  and  for  bringing  it  to  the  Savoy, 
vs.  vjd." 

The  grocer  Michael  Gerard,  as  we  have 
seen  already,  sold  paper  as  well  as  sugar. 
On  another  occasion  he  was  paid,  for  four 
quires  (mains)  of  paper  of  the  greater  size 
(forme),  3s. ;  for  one  of  the  smaller,  4d. ; 
for  a  pound  of  wax,  8d. ;  and  for  a  paper 
to  make  the  journal,  2s. 

But  we  must  content  ourselves  for  the 
present,  at  least,  with  the  slight  sketch  of 
the  domestic  expenses  of  the  fourteenth 
centuTY^'hich  these  extracts  have  now  un- 


^  Elsewhere  called  conaerve  de  Madriain,      •  Suere  easBon  ;  there  was  also  aucre  caaaetin,  at  21d. 
<*  JIuche  is  now  French  for  a  kneading-trongh  or  meal-tub.   We  used  to  talk  of  the  buttery-Aoto*. 


450 


The  Prisoners  of  Poictiers. 


[Oct. 


folded,  and  return  to  the  historfcal  memoir 
of  H.  U.  H.  the  Due  d*  Aumdle  :— 

With  his  rei)utation  as  a  brave  and 
honourable  knight,  with  his  tastes,  and 
his  disposition,  King  John  could  not  fail 
to  please  the  English  barons.  There  ex- 
isted little  animosity,  and  almost  a  per- 
fect c<>nf()rmity  of  hmguage  and  manners 
between  the  nobility  of  the  two  nations, 
and  the  French  captives  seem  to  have 
woven  around  them  nmnerous  and  agree- 
able asscx'iations.  Tlie  illustrious  and 
valiant  companion  of  the  Ulack  Prince, 
Sir  John  ('handos,  presented  to  the  King 
four  greyhounds;  the  countesses  of  War- 
ren and  Pembroke  frequent  supi)lies  of 
various  game,  :md  fisli.  Tliese  two  ladies 
are  both  half- French :  the  former  being 
a  diiughter  of  the  Comte  de  Barr  (and 
gninddaughter  of  King  Kdward  1.),  and 
the  latter  born  of  the  illustrious  house  of 
Chatillon.  Isabella,  the  dowager  quwn 
of  Edwaixl  ir.  wius  also  living  during  the 
first  year  of  King  John's  captivity,  and 
he  was  fncpiently  at  her  ciourt.  This 
])rinccss,  as  the  daughter  of  Philippe  lo 
Ik'l,  and  the  last  survivor  of  the  direct 
C'apctian  line,  had  ])rought  to  the  royal 
family  of  Kngland  its  claim  to  the  crown 
of  France :  but  this  rivalry,  so  t^'rrible  in 
its  cllects,  did  not  ])revent  Isabella  from 
shewing  hci*self  full  of  regartl  for  the 
adversary  of  her  son  and  his  companions. 
She  received  the  King  at  her  table ;  and 
we  even  tind  that,  to  chann  away  his 
sorrows,  she  lent  him  the  two  most 
favourite  ronrances  of  the  time,  the  Saint 
(Jraal  and  the  Lancelot.  nie  other 
French  prisonei*s,  —  the  Comte  de  Pon- 
thieu,  the  Sire  d'Aubigny,  the  Seneschal 
of  Toulouse,  the  Marechal  d*Audenham, 
and  the  (.'omte  d(^  Tancar>'illc  figure 
amongst  her  most  frecpient  visitors,  and 
the  ease  with  which  they  went  to  see 
luT  in  her  residence  at  Hertford  is  one 
of  the  best  proofs  of  the  liberty  which 
they  enjoyed*. 

Ihit  this  liberty  n]>pear8  to  have  been 
restrained  a  little  after  the  death  of  Queen 
Isabella  had  occurred  on  the  23rd  of 
August,  1858.  Tlie  negotiations  which 
were  continually  pursued  with  the  ut- 
most activity  from  the  time  that  Jean  le 
IJon  had  come  to  Kngland,  had  not  yet 
])roduced  any  result;  the  humiliating 
conditions  arcept(Kl  by  the  captive  King 
were  always  rejectwl  by  his  son  the  Re- 
gent, whether  the  young  ])rince  in  that 
res])ect  yield«Hl  to  the  ]>ublic  indignati(m, 
or  whether  that  his  judgment  and  patri- 
otism prevailed  over  his  filial  obedience. 


Did  Edward  the  Third  hope  to  overoome 
this  resistance  most  readily  by  atraiteii- 
ing  the  captivity  of  the  vanqatshed  of 
Poictiers?  did  he  suspect  some  attempt 
for  his  deliverance?  However  that  wa% 
in  December  1358  steps  were  taken  to 
remove  the  King  of  IVance  to  the  castle 
of  Somcrton  in  Lincolnshire;  the  bag- 
gage was  already  packed  and  about  to 
depart ;  four  tons  of  wine  had  been  pro- 
vided in  that  fortress  for  the  use  of  the 
English  men-of-anns  destined  to  monnt 
guard  there;  when  the  remove  was 
countermanded  for  some  reason  that  does 
not  api)ear.  John  and  his  suite  remained 
at  the  Savoy  Palace;  but  they  had  no 
longer  free  course  to  Windsor  or  to  the 
environs,  and  Uogcr  de  Bcauchamp  warn 
charged  to  keep  constant  watch  npon 
the  King;  sixty -nine  soldiers  or  servants 
of  various  kinds  l)cing  placed  mider  his 
orders  for  that  pur])ose. 

However,  no  hindrance  seems  to  lure 
been  ofl'ereil  to  the  communications  of  the 
King  with  his  subjects.  Messengers  of 
all  kinds  readily  obtained  safe-oonduct% 
some  to  go  into  France,  and  others  to 
come  thence.  Among  the  latter  there 
was  a  party  whose  arrival  must  have 
been  particularly  welcome  to  John.  Ten 
knights  and  citizens  of  Langucdoc,  be- 
hmging  to  the  Senechalcies  of  Beancaire, 
Toulouse  and  Carcassoime,  to  the  towns 
of  Beziers  and  Narlmnue,  provided  with 
])assports  from  the  Po])e,  from  the  Comte 
of  Poictiers  (the  King's  son  John,  lieu- 
tenant-general of  Langucdoc),  and  fWnn 
the  kings  of  France  and  England,  came 
as  far  as  London  to  seek  their  sovereign, 
charged  by  the  estates  of  the  province 
to  ascertain  his  good  health,  and  to  offer 
to  him  the  persoTLs,  i>roi>erty  and  families 
of  the  inhabitants  for  his  deliverance. 
Tlie  long  and  trouh1es<}mo  journey  under- 
taken and  accomplished,  not  without 
pi^ril,  by  these  courageous  men,  was  in 
itself  an  act  of  devotion  which  could  not 
fail  to  touch  the  h(.>art  of  the  King. 
But  the  dei)uties  bronght  him  also  a 
testimony,  not  K>ss  precious,  of  the  affec- 
tion of  his  subjects  of  Ijangucdoc,  a  iire- 
sent  of  money  very  considerable  for  the 
period,  and  which  brought  upon  the 
change  of  London  an  amount  not  leas 
than  1208/.  14s.  iM.  This  sum  arrived 
seasonably,  for,  since  the  King  had 
quitted  lk>rdeaux,  his  resources  had 
l)een  very  straitened,  and  he  was  mnch 
cmlmrrasscd  to  provide  for  the  current 
expenses  of  the  six  offices  of  his  hoose- 
hold,  for  the  entertainment  of  his  ofBcers 


•  ThcHC  particulars  are  derived  from  a  Paper  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Bond  in  the  85th  Tolumeof  ths  ** 
ologia,"  founded  on  a  houwhold  book  of  the  Quem  preserved  in  the  Cottoniaa  eoUectkm. 


1856.] 


The  Prisoners  of  Poictiert. 


457 


and  servants,  for  the  moderate  gratuities 
which,  at  the  feasts  of  Easter  or  St. 
John,  lie  gave  them  in  the  form  of  wages, 
and  altogether  for  the  various  extra- 
ordinary expenses  of  his  little  court.  He 
did  not  receive  in  this  respect  any  assist- 
ance from  the  English  king,  although 
the  latter  subsequently  claimed  the  ex- 
penses of  keeping  his  captive  at  the  rate 
of  10,000  ryals  a  month,  independently 
of  the  sum  fixed  for  the  King's  ransom. 
John  had  consequently  already  been 
obliged  to  have  recourse  to  various  bur- 
densome loans,  but  which  do  not  appear 
to  have  been  renewed  at  a  later  period, 
whether  it  was  that  their  negotiation  had 
become  more  difficult,  or  whether  the 
King's  financial  position  permitted  him 
to  abstain  from  such  ruinous  operations. 
In  effect,  from  this  time  forward,  our  ac- 
compts  make  mention  of  a  variety  of 
receipts,  wliich  may  be  grouped  in  three 
classes : — 

1.  The  presents  of  money  made  to  the 
King  by  his  devoted  subjects.  Subse- 
quently to  those  from  Languedoc  already 
descnbed,  considerable  sums  arrived  from 
the  Cardinal  do  Tulle,  and  the  towns  of 
Amiens  and  Laon. 

2.  The  recovery  of  debts  due  to  the 
crown,  of  imposts  conceded  by  provincial 
parliaments,  and  sums  spared  by  some  of 
his  most  devoted  servants. 

3.  llie  produce  of  the  sale  of  horses 
and  other  articles,  particularly  wine;  for 
John,  proud  cavalier  as  he  was,  did  not 
disdain  to  make  a  little  by  commerce.  Some 
of  the  wine  which  he  received  from  the 
affectionate  generosity  of  the  inhabitants 
at  Languedoc,  as  well  as  other  parties, 
being  more  than  sufficient  for  his  con- 
sumption, was  resold  at  a  handsome  profit. 

The  rich  merchants  of  London  were  the 
agents  of  all  these  financial  operations; 
tluMT  facilitated  the  sale  of  the  material 
produce,  and  managed  the  exdumge  and 
rcccii)t  of  the  ftmds  sent  from  France. 
These  agents  were.  Sir  John  Stody, 
vintner,  then  mayor  of  Ijondon  j  Adam  de 
Hury,  skinner,  who  arrived  at  the  same 
dignity  in  1364;  and,  more  usually,  the 
famous  Henry  l*icart,  who  is  celebrated 
in  the  chronicles  for  having  given  a  mag- 
nificent l>anquet  to  the  kings  of  France, 
Cyprus,  Scotland,  and  England,  and  who, 
though  sui)posed  to  have  been  a  Gascon, 
had  also  held  the  chief  government  of 
L(mdon,  in  the  year  1356.  He  was  the 
wine-merciumt  and  banker  of  Edward 
the  ThuxL 

Having  now  seen  the  budget  of  ways 
and  means  sufficiently  established  for  the 


royal  prisoner,  we  return  to  the  narration 
of  the  vicissitudes  of  his  captivity.  After 
having  suffered  the  abridgment  of  his 
liberty,  already  mentioned,  in  Dec.  1358, 
on  the  4th  of  April  1359  he  was  removed 
to  the  castle  of  Hertford,  where  he  had 
previously  experienced  the  courteous  hos- 
pitality of  Queen  Isabella.  AVhen  there 
he  was  apprised  of  the  rupture  of  the 
negotiations  for  peace  of  which  he  had 
signed  the  preliminaries  before  his  depar- 
ture from  London,  llie  dauphin  had  de- 
finitively refrised  to  adhere  to  the  treaty 
fonned  by  his  father.  He  had  acted  wisely 
and  patriotically,  but  the  blow  was  painful 
to  the  King ;  "  Ha !  ha !  Charles,  my  boy," 
he  cried,  "  you  are  counselled  by  the  kmg 
of  Navarre,  who  deceives  you,  and  would 
deceive  forty  such  as  you!"  But  John 
deceived  hhnself.  It  was  the  unanimous 
sentiment  of  the  nation  that  his  son  had 
followed;  they  were  "the  prelates,  the 
nobles,  the  councillors  of  the  good  towns" 
who  had  arrived  at  this  disagreeable  re- 
solution; and  they  unanimously  replied 
to  the  knights  and  lords  who  brought  the 
King's  letter,  that  they  had  much  rather 
continue  to  endure  the  great  mischief  in 
which  they  found  themselves,  than  that 
the  kingdom  of  France  should  undergo 
such  humiliation '. 

As  soon  as  the  reply  of  the  regent  and 
his  council  was  known  at  London,  Edward 
the  Third  luinounced  his  early  passage 
into  France  with  a  powerfrd  army;  his 
preparations  having  been  otherwise  long 
since  commenced.  The  French  prisoners 
were  not  forgotten  in  the  measures  taken 
upon  this  occasion.  On  the  21st  of  June, 
thirty-five  persons  of  King  John's  suite, 
and  among  them  the  chaplain  who  was  at 
once  his  poet  and  falconer,  Gaces  de  la 
Buigne,  together  with  nearly  all  the  ser- 
vants of  the  Comte  de  Ponthieu  and  otl-:  r 
captive  lortls,  received  orders  to  return  to 
l«Vance.  On  the  26th  of  the  following 
month,  the  number  of  persons  permitted 
to  reside  with  the  King  and  his  son  were 
limited  to  twenty,  the  whole  of  whom 
were  designated  by  name  in  the  license 
for  their  stay;  but  John  remonstrated 
energetically  against  this  new  deprivation, 
and  he  obtained  that  nineteen  names 
should  be  added  to  the  list,  and  he  was 
permitted  to  keep  about  him  lus  tailor, 
Tassin  du  Breuil,  his  painter,  Girard 
d'  Orleans,  and  his  son's  falconer,  Jean  de 
Milan,  who  had  been  before  sentenced  to 
dismissal. 

This  reduction  of  the  household  of  the 
captive  King  was  a  preparation  for  another 
change  of  residence.     The  stay  at  Hert- 


'  Froissart. 


458 


The  Prisoners  of  Poictiers, 


[Oct 


ford  soems  never  to  linvc  been  intended  to 
be  more  than  teniix>rarv.  It  did  not  last 
<liiitc  four  months,  and  ceased  as  soon  as 
the  castle  of  Somerton  could  l>e  prepared 
for  the  reception  of  its  illustnons  guests. 
Leaving  Hertford  on  the  2J)th  of  July, 
they  arrived  in  their  new  abode  on  the  Ith 
of  August,  1359.  A  knight  hainieret.  Sir 
William  Deyncourt,  was  entrusted  with 
the  estrort  of  the  King  during  his  journey, 
and  with  his  custodv  at  S(mierton :  three 
other  knights,  twenty -two  men  of  arms, 
and  twenty  archers,  were  placed  under 
l»is  orders ;  but,  notwithstanding  the  si)e- 
cial  connnission  of  Devncourt,  Sir  Ilenrv 
de  (ireystock,  the  constable  of  the  castle, 
retiunetl  what  we  call  in  modern  military 
language  the  command  of  the  place. 

The  surveillance  exercised  over  tlie 
French  became  daily  more  strict.  In 
Noveml)er  Edward  had  croascil  the  sea, 
leaving  England  almost  emptied  of  sol- 
diers ;  and  the  prince  'Hiomas,  one  of  his 
sons,  invested  with  the  regency  of  the 
kintiftlom,  fcmnd  it  necessary  to  i>lace  some 
restrictions  on  the  connnunicatioiLs  which 
the  ])risoners  had  hitherto  readily  enjoyed 
with  France,  'llie  sjife-conducls  registereil 
bv  Kvnier  bwome  nmch  more  rare,  and 
the  objects  of  such  as  were  ginntwl  are 
always  carrfully  specilicil.  It  even  re- 
(piircd  a  special  order  for  the  Kind's  secre- 
tary .lean  le  Itoyer,  (who  had  in  May 
a<>coin])anied  tho  lords  then  sent  to  the 
l)an]>liin,)  to  Ik?  received  at  Somerton  and 
return  to  his  master's  service ;  nor  was  he 
jKM'mitted  to  resitle  in  the  castle  except  in 
])la<v  of  the  minstrel  Sa\ixonnet,  who  re- 
turni^il  to  Friiuce.  All  the  licenses  of 
rtvidence  accordwl  to  the  King's  servants 
were  renewed  monthly.  Soon  a  report 
was  spread  that  the  enemy  meditate<l  a 
des<'ent  upon  England,  and  that  an  at- 
tempt would  be  made  for  the  deliveinnce 
of  the  illustriotis  ])risoner.  Various  mea- 
sures were  taken  for  tlie  defence  of  the 
kingdom,  and  it  was  J!ulge<l  jimdent  to 
transfer  the  King  into  a  jilace  stronger  and 
more  accessible  from  LondoTi  than  So- 
merton. J(»hn  of  Huckingham  and  i{al])h 
S])igoniell  were  onhtred  (on  March  1, 
VMji))  to  conduct  hhn  to  the  castle  of 
llerkham]>6tead.  Iliis  movement  was 
alM>ut  t<i  bi*  executed  when  the  regent 
learned  the  descent  of  a  FrtMich  expedition 
near  Winchelsea,  and  the  destructitm  of 
that  little  town.  Tho  impiietudc  was 
great;  order  was  immediately  given  to 
slmt  up  everywhere  the  French  prisoners 
in  stniUg  castUv,  and  to  bring  to  London 


King  John  with  liis  son  and  smt^r.  TIm 
great^'st  prccautionH  wcro  directed  foi 
guarding  him  during^  the  journey,  and  (n 
the  25th  of  March,  1360,  he  was^nstalled 
no  longer  in  the  paluce  of  the  Savoy,  bul 
at  the  Tower.  Tlie  bannerctD  John  anc 
Roger  de  Beauchamp  were  appointed  aueii 
for  liis  custodv. 

Ilowever,  Edward  the  Tlurd  had  fonnc 
in  France  a  resistance  l)eyond  what  he  hac 
expected.  He  was  master  of  tlie  opei 
country ;  no  army  could  be  brought  agniusi 
his ;  but  the  great  towns  defende<l  theni< 
8i»lves  with  the  most  courageous  obstinacy', 
and  all  of  them  successiidly  rqmlsed  tlu 
attacks  of  the  English,  llie  citizens  ol 
Paris  gave  the  example;  they  ha<l  almn- 
doned  the  provost  Marcel^  on  the  day 
when,  at  the  commencement  of  the  strog' 
gle,  he  had  sacrificed  the  cause  of  the  na< 
tion  to  his  ]>olitical  passions.  Tlieir  dis- 
content  had  always  yielded  to  their  patriot* 
ism.  Edward  did  not  mi8ap]>re1uiid  the 
attitude  of  the  nation.  He  soun  dis- 
coverinl  that  the  contest  would  )>e  inter- 
minable; besides,  the  sight  of  pnmncii 
horribly  devastated,  without  cultivation, 
and  iM)vered  with  ruins,  saddeni^d  liii 
noble  heart;  to  crown  all,  a  violent 
storm  which  assailed  him  near  (liartrei 
struck  his  mind  with  a  kind  of  Kuper- 
stitious  terror.  He  sheweil  himself  men 
conciliating,  aiui  offered  to  the  regt'iit  con 
ditions  whi(rh,  though  still  very  hartl,  wcTf 
more  acce])table.  'Hie  ]>eace  was  signec 
at  Hretigny  on  May  8,  1360. 

^riiis  g(HMl  news  reached  King  John  oi 
the  15th  of  the  same  month,  and  the  Bcr- 
j(Mint  of  the  English  quetoi  who  bronghf 
him  the  int^'lligenco  received  the  largi 
gratuity  of  one  hundnnl  nobles.  However, 
the  King  coidd  not  be  released  until  aftei 
the  i)ayn)ent  of  600,(.XX)  crowns  in  gold, 
which  fonne<l  the  first  division  of  hii 
ransom ;  and  as,  in  tlie  state  of  his  king- 
dom, this  enormous  sum  ivuld  not  he 
readily  got  together,  little  haste  wan  made 
for  his  departure  from  Ltmdon,  hut  hii 
strict  captivity  ceased.  l-Vom  that  period 
the  ac(M)m]>ts  shew  him  going  and  coining, 
hunting,  making  visits,  and  altogether  cn« 
joying  the  same  comparative  liberty  wliicli 
had  l»een  allowed  bun  during  the  earlj 
days  of  his  stay  in  England.  Ou  the 
3(nh  of  June  he  de{)arte<l  for  Dover,  where 
he  arrivi>il  on  the  6th  of  July.  On  the  same 
diiy  Edwartl  the  Thinl  sent  him,  as  a  token 
of  friendship,  the  cup  which  he  was  him- 
self accustometl  to  use,  and  John  in  re- 
turn ])resi>nteil  to  Edward  his  own  caakci 


f  Orders  of  the  14th  and  17th  March,  I3C.(),  in  Rj-nior. 
^  Tic  was  shtin  ])y  the  citizen  Jeun  Marr  el  ou  the  Slst  July,  135K,  as  he  was  about  to  open  the  poitl 
St.  Antoine  to  the  Knglish  and  Navnrrois. 


1856.] 


The  Prisoners  of  Poicders. 


459 


wliich  had  belonged  to  Saint  Louis,  and 
which  had  always  been  preserved  as  a 
relic.  Two  days  after,  the  King  sailed  for 
Calais,  but  he  still  remiined  for  more  than 
three  months  in  that  town,  and  even  that 
long  delay  would  not  have  sufficed  to  col- 
lect the  sum  exacted  by  Edward,  without 
a  sad  expedient  enforced  by  existing  cir- 
cumstances.     Matteo   Oaleazzo   Visconti, 


doge  of  Milan,  offered  to  pay  immediately 
600,000  florins  if  the  hand  of  Isabella  of 
France,  the  King's  daughter,  were  ac- 
corded to  his  son  Giovanni  Oaleazzo.  The 
bargain  was  struck,  and,  in  the  enei^ctic 
words  of  Villani,  John  sold  his  own  flesh 
to  recover  his  liberty.  At  length,  on  Oct. 
25,  13G0,  he  re-entered  his  own  kingdom, 
and  slept  within  the  walls  of  Boulogne. 


CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN. 

Courtship  of  George  Villiers— Expenses  of  an  AmbaAsador — A  Ballad  temp.  James  I.— Licences  to 

Crcnellate. 


THE  COURTSHIP  OF  GEORGE  VILLIERS,  SECOND  DUKE  OF 

BUCKINGHAM. 

A  FRIEND  has  recently  shewn  lis  two  original  letters*,  penned  in  the 
early  days  of  that  spoiled  child  of  fortune,  the  "gallant  and  gay'*  George 
Yilliers.  They  relate  to  liis  marriage,  which  was  most  flattering  in  its 
prospects,  but  failed  to  steady  his  character,  or  to  realize  any  true  domestic 
happiness.  It  was  an  event  of  some  historical  importance,  considering  the 
party  witli  whom  it  was  contracted ;  and  though  it  may  be  difficult  to  esti- 
mate the  extent  of  its  political  influence,  yet  we  probably  are  not  wrong  in 
regarding  it  as  one  of  the  causes  which  contributed  to  the  restoration  of 
the  monarchy. 

The  great  parliamentarian  general,  now  Lord  Fairfax,  had  an  only 
daugliter  and  heiress,  just  of  marriageable  age,  having  been  born  on  the  6th 
of  July,  1636.  The  Duke  of  Buckingham  was  nine  years  older.  He  had 
fought  with  the  King  at  Worcester,  and  had  escaped  to  the  continent.  His 
only  brother.  Lord  Francis  Villiers,  had  been  slain  in  his  early  youth, 
valiantly  fighting  under  the  oak  at  Kingston,  in  the  year  1648.  The 
Duke's  estates,  said  to  be  "  the  greatest  of  any  subject  in  England,"  had 
been  seized  by  the  parliament**,  and  some  of  them  had  been  assigned 
to  Lord  Fairfax.  This  circumstance  led  to  communication  with  that  stern 
Presbyterian  chieftain,  and  seems  to  have  recommended  to  either  party  an 
alliance  which  on  the  one  hand  would  restore  the  Duke  to  a  portion  of  his 
patrimony,  and  on  the  other  make  the  heiress  a  lady  of  the  foremost  rank 
in  the  country.  Besides,  it  has  been  remarked  that  it  secured  to  Fairfax 
and  his  family  an  amnesty  at  the  hands  of  injured  royalty,  should  royalty 
regain  the  ascendant.  The  story  is  thus  told  by  the  lady's  relative, 
Mr.  Bryan  Fairfax  : — 

"  There  now  happened  a  great  turn  in  the  course  of  his  life.  My  Lord  Fair£uc  had 
part  of  the  Duke's  estate,  alwut  £5,000  per  annum,  allotted  him  by  the  parliament  to- 
wards the  payment  of  his  arrears  due  to  him  as  a  General  *,  &c.,  and  he  remitted  more 
tliaii  would  have  purchased  a  greater  estate.     They  gave  him  the  manor  of  Helmesly, 

*  Tlioy  were  formerly  in  the  possession  of  James  Gomme,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  but  we  cannot 
find  that  any  public  notice  has  ever  been  taken  of  them. 

^  **  The  parliament  seized  on  his  estate,  the  greatest  of  any  subject  in  England, 
havinj]^  now  his  ])rother'8  estate  fallen  to  his ;  the  yearly  value  was  above  £25,000.  It 
haj)peiicd  that  the  manor  of  Helmesly,  which  was  his  hrother^s,  was  given  to  my  Lord 
Fairtax,"  &c. — Life  of  the  Duke,  hif  Bryan  Fairfax, 

<^  Fairfax  resigned  his  commission  as  General  in  1650,  not  approving  of  the  war  with 
Scotland. 


4G0  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Oct. 

the  seat  of  the  noble  family  of  Rutland'',  in  Yorksliire,  oh  a  sah'e  for  the  wound 
he  received  there,  being  shr>t  tlirou;xh  the  b:)dy.  They  jjave  him  also  York -house,  in 
Ix)ndon,  which  was  also  the  Duke's.  The  Duke  heard  how  kind  and  generous  my 
Lord  Fairfax  was  to  the  Countess  of  Derby,  in  paying  all  the  rents  of  the  lale 
of  Man,  which  the  |)arliament  had  also  assigned  to  him  for  his  arrears,  into  her 
ow^  hands,  and  she  confessed  it  was  more  than  all  her  servants  before  had  done. 
The  Duke  had  reason  to  hope  my  Ijord  had  the  same  inclinations  as  to  this 
estate  of  his,  which  his  Lordshi])  never  accounted  his  own,  and  the  Duke  wanted 
it  (i.e.  such  relief)  as  much  as  the  Countess.  He  was  not  deceived  in  his  hopes; 
for  my  Lord  Fairfax  >^'ished  only  for  an  opi)()rtunity  of  doing  it.  He  lived  in 
York-house,  where  every  chamlKT  was  adorned  with  the  arms  of  ViUiers  and 
Manners,  lions  and'  peacocks.  He  was  destrended  from  the  same  ancestors,  Karls 
of  Rutland,  Sir  Guy  Fairfax's  two  sons  having  inan'ied  two  of  the  daughters  of 
the  Earl  of  Rutland,  which  my  liord  took  frequent  occasion  to  remember,  'fhe  Duke 
resolved  to  try  his  fortune,  which  had  hitherto  been  adverse  enough,  and  he  had  some 
revenge  on  her  (i.e.  Fortune)  by  his  translation  of  the  ode  in  Horace,  Fortuna  steri* 
fatfa  nef/oiiis.  Over  he  came  into  England  to  make  love  to  his  (l^ord  Fairfax's)  only 
daughter,  a  most  virtuous  and  amiable  Lady.  He  found  a  friend  to  propose  it,  and  I 
think  it  was  Mr.  Robert  Harlow  *.  Tlie  parent*  consented,  and  the  young  lady  could 
not  resist  his  charms,  being  the  most  graceful  and  beautiful  person  that  any  court  in 
Europe  ever  saw,  &c. ;  all  his  trouble  in  wooing  was,  Jlfi  came^  he  saw,  and  conquered. 
When  he  oime  into  England  he  was  not  sure  either  of  life  or  liberty.  He  was 
an  outkw,  and  hod  not  made  his  peace  with  Cromwell,  who  would  have  furhid  the 
banns  if  he  had  known  of  his  coming  over.  Cromwell  had  a  greater  sliare  of  his 
estate',  had  daughters  to  marry,  and  would  not  liave  liked  such  a  conjunction  of  Man 
and  Mercury  as  was  in  this  alliance,  knowing  my  Lord's  aflTections  to  the  royal  family, 
which  did  afterwards  ])nHluce  gcxnl  effects  towards  its  restoration. 

"  They  were  married  at  Xun-Appleton,  six  miles  from  York,  Sept.  7,  1657,  a  new 
and  noble  house  built  by  my  I^)rd  Fairfax,  and  where  he  kept  a  noble  hospitality. 
His  friend  A])rabam  Cowley  wrote  an  epithalamium,  now  ])rinted. 

"  When  ('romwell  beard  of  it,  he  rested  not  till  he  had  him  in  the  Tower,  and  would 
have  brought  him  to  Tower-hill  had  he  lived  a  fortnight  longerff. 

"  He  had  liberty  given  him  to  be  at  York -house  with  his  lady;  but  going  toCobham 
to  see  his  sister '*,  he  was  taken  and  st?nt  to  the  Tower'.  Tliis  so  angered  Fairfax  that 
he  went  to  Whitehall  to  the  Pi*ote<rtor.  and  ex^tostulated  the  c^ase  so  as  it  put  him  into 
great  i)itssion,  turning  abnii)tly  from  him  in  the  gallery  at  Wliitehall,  cocking  his  hat, 
and  throwing  bis  cloak  under  his  ann  as  he  used  to  do  when  he  was  angry.  Tlius  I 
sjiw  him  take  his  last  leave  of  his  old  acquaintance  Cnmiwell,  whose  sen'ants  cxiiected 
he  would  be  sent  to  iK'ar  the  Duke  company  at  the  Tower  the  next  morning,  but 
the  I*rotector  was  wiser  in  his  ])assions. 

"  I  carried  the  Duke  the  news  of  the  Protector's  death,  and  he  had  then  leave  to  be  a 
prisoner  at  Windsor  Castle,  where  his  friend  Ab.  Cowley  was  his  constant  companion. 
Richard  (!romwell  soon  after  alMlicated,  and  then  his  lil>erty  came  of  course. 

"  This  was  the  hajipicst  time  of  all  the  Duke's  life,  when  he  went  to  his  father-in* 
law's  house  at  A])pU'ton,  and  there  livcil  onlerly  and  decently  with  his  own  wife ; 
when  he  neither  wanted  nor  so  al)ounde<l  as  to  be  tem])te<l  to  any  extravagance,  as  he  was 
after  when  he  came  to  i)ossess  his  whole  estate.  lie  now  understood  the  meaning  of 
the  ]janidox,  Di.nidhnn  plvs  ioto^  witli  which  he  u-u'd  to  |)ose  young  scholars  *  and 
found  by  experience,  that  the  half  or  third  part  of  his  own  estate  wlilth  henoi»-  ex\jaycd, 
was  more  than  the  whole  which  he  had  at  the  King's  and  his  rcstauration. 

*'  Now  he  lived  a  most  rc;iulnr  life,  no  courtships  but  to  bis  own  wife,  not  so  much  as 
to  his  after-])eloved  and  costly  mistress,  the  iihilosophcr's  Ht(me.  My  Lord  Fairiax  was 
much  ])lensed  with  his  company,  and  to  see  him  so  conformable  to  the  onlers  and  good 
government  of  the  family.     If  they  had  any  ])lots  together,  they  were  to  the  best  pur- 

••  Dcwendinl  to  them  from  the  lords  Rcmks  of"  Hamlake,"  as  it  was  called  in  ancient 
times.  Tlie  Diike's  mother,  the  heiress  of  Francis  Earl  of  Rutlimd,  ha<l  brought  it  to 
the  hoiLse  of  ViUiers.  It  wiis  at  the  house  of  a  tenant  near  Helmesly  that  tlic  Duke 
bresithed  his  last— convertinl  by  Pope  into  "the  worst  inn's  worst  room." 

•  Who  Mr.  Robert  IIarl(»w  was  we  do  not  know.  'Hie  Duke  hiniwlf  mentions  "Mrs. 
Worsnam"  as  the  origin  of  his  hoju's,  but  she  is  (spially  unknown  to  us. 

'  lie  had  iniriicularly  the  niaiisiou  of  Ncwhall,  in  Essex. 

»  Cromwell  dic<l  on  the  :inl  of  Scptenil)cr,  IG58,  almost  a  year  aft4»r  tlie  marriage. 

»•  The  Duchess  of  Richmond.  »  On  the  21lh  uf  Angust,  1658. 

8 


1856.]  Correspandefice  of  SylvanuB  Urban,  461 

poses,  the  restoration  of  the  Royal  Family." — Life  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  printed 
in  1758. 

Even  with  this  very  explicit  narrative  there  remains  something  mysterious 

about  the  marriage,  which  is  not  surprising,  considering  the  secrecy  with 

which  it  wa9  necessarily  conducted.     In  Douglas's  Peerage  of  Scotland^ 

(edit.  Wood,)  vol.  i.  p.  563,  it  is  stated  that  the  Duke  was  married  at 

Hackney,  near  London,  on  the  19th  of  November,  1657 ;  instead  of  the  7th 

of  September  at  Nun-Appleton.     Lysons  was  quoted  as  the  authority,  but 

we  turned  to  Lysons  without  finding  the  statement  confirmed.     Under  this 

difficulty  we  have  written  to  the  incumbents  of  Hackney,  and  Nun-Appleton 

respectively,  and  have  received  from  both  the  most  obliging  answers.     The 

Rector  of  Hackney  has  informed  us  that  the  marriage  does  not  occur  in  the 

register  of  his  parish ;  and  the  Rector  of  Bolton  Percy  has  found  in  his 

register,  but  under  the  date  of  the  15th  instead  of  the  7th  of  September,  the 

following  entry : — 

"  George  Yilliers  Duke  of  Backingham  and  Mary  y^  daoffhter  of  Thomas  Lord  Fair- 
fax Baron  of  Cameron,  of  Nnn-Apleton  within  this  pivish  ofBolton  Percy,  were  maiy  ed 
the  fifteenth  day  of  September  An.  Dfii.  1657.   Test  Hy.  Faurfia  reef.'' 

The  two  letters  would  seem  to  have  been  written,  the  first  about  two 
months,  and  the  second  only  a  fortnight,  before  the  marriage  was  com- 
pleted : — 

1.  To  Lord  Fairfax. 
My  Lobds, 

Since  my  condition  whilst  yon  were  here  made  mee  tmcapable  of  pacing  yoa  my  re- 
spects as  I  desired  to  have  done,  1  hope  yoa  will  not  be  offimded  if,  as  soon  as  1  am  at 
liberty,  I  doe  myselfe  the  hononr  of  wayting  upon  your  Lordship,  there  being  nothing 
I  am  soe  ambitious  of  as  the  good  fortune  to  let  you  know  how  high  avalne  and  esteeme 
1  have  for  your  Lordship  and  your  fiunily,  and  with  how  much  passion  I  long  to  be 
owned  by  your  Lordship  as. 

My  Lorde, 

Your  Lordship's 
London,  Most  humble  and 

Jul^  10.  Most  fiiithfbl  servant, 

BUOKIKOHAIC. 

2.  To  Lad^  Fairfax. 
Madame, 

I  shall  hope  from  the  intercession  of  the  person  that  does  mee  the  ikvoor  to  deliver 
this  to  you,  what  I  could  hardly  have  expected  upon  any  other  account,  that  your  Lady- 
ship will  bo  plcas'd  to  pardon  mee  the  boldnesse  of  writing  lately  to  your  Daughter. 
Mrs.  Worsnam  was  the  first  that  gave  me  the  confidence  of  making  my  adresses  to 
her,  and  it  was  by  her  meanes  only  that  I  had  the  hapines  of  wayting  upon  her,  and  if 
that  interview  has  made  me  soe  little  Master  of  my  selfe  as  not  to  bee  able  to  refirain 
the  laying  hold  of  an  oportunity  was  offered  me  of  letting  her  know  the  paine  I  en- 
dure for  her  sake,  I  hope  your  Ladeship  may  be  persuaded  to  make  the  true  interpre- 
tation of  it,  and  to  beleeve  it  could  proceed  <mly  ftom  an  ezoesse  of  that  reqpect  and  de- 
votion I  ever  shall  heare  Mistris  Farfax,  whom  Qf  my  fortune  were  in  any  Idnde  pro- 
portionable to  my  affection)  I  should  have  the  inapudenoe  to  pretend  to  deserve,  at  least 
as  much  as  any  other  body  whatsoever,  rinoe  I  am  sure  it  is  impossible  to  love  or 
honnour  anything  more  than  1  truly  doe  her,  or  to  wish  tar  anythixup  with  greater 
longing  or  impatience,  than  I  doe  for  some  means  of  giving  both  her  and  yonr  Ladiship 
undeniable  proofes  of  it,  bong  confident  that  if  your  Ladiship  knew  the  nature  of  the 
passion  I  have  for  her,  you  cmdd  not  be  soe  ill-natured  (bow  averse  soever  shee  nught 
bee)  as  not  to  pitty  my  condition,  or  to  reftise  the  endeavouriiMf  to  fhrther  mee  by  your 
favour,  to  the  enjoyinff  of  what  only  in  this  world  can  ram  mee  perfectly  h^ipj* 
That  is,  Madame,  the  honour  of  being  your  Ladiship's  Most  DutiftQ  Son ;  as  I  shall, 
however  (whether  your  Ladiship  will  or  noe),  challenge  eternally  that  of  bcdng, 

Madame, 
Ai^.  23.  Tour  Ladyship's 

For  the  Right  Honorable  Most  himible  and  most  obedient  Servant^ 

The  Lady  FarfiuL.  BvoxiIOSAlCi 

QxNT.  Mao.  Vol.  XLYL  3  o 


462  Correspondence  of  Sylvama  Urban.  [Oct. 

Of  the  Duchess,  her  cousin,  Bryan  Fairfax  gives  ihe  following  character : — 

"  Mary  Dutchess  of  Buckingham  was  the  only  daughter  of  Thomas  Lord  Fairfax  and 
Anne  the  daughter  of  Horace  Lord  Yerc,  a  most  virtuous  and  pious  ladv  in  a  vicioiu 
age  and  court.  If  she  had  any  of  the  vanities,  she  had  certainly  none  of  tne  vices  of  it. 
Ttic  Duke  and  she  lived  lovingly  and  decently  together ;  she  patiently  bearmg  with 
those  faults  in  him  which  she  could  not  remedv*.  She  survived  liim  many  yean^ 
and  died  neer  St.  James's  Westminster,  and  was  miried  in  the  vault  of  the  fiunily  of 
Villiers,  in  Henry  Vllth's  chapel.  An.  1705,  iEt.  66." 

The  Duchess  of  Buckingham  is  once  mentioned  by  the  Count  de  Oraiii<- 
mont  in  his  Memoirs,  on  occasion  of  the  Duke*8  fatal  duel  with  the  E^l  of 
Shrewsbury  in  1667.     He  says : — 

''The  Queen  was  at  the  head  of  those  who  exclaimed  against  so  public  and  seandakma 
a  crime,  and  against  the  impunity  of  such  a  wicked  act.  As  the  Duchess  of  Backing- 
ham  was  a  short  fat  body,  like  her  majesty,  who  never  had  had  any  children,  and  whom 
her  husband  had  abandoned  for  another,  this  sort  of  parallel  in  their  situations  inters 
ested  the  Queen  in  her  favour.  But  it  was  all  in  vain.  No  person  paid  any  attention 
to  them :  the  lic^entiousness  of  the  age  went  on  uncontrolled,  though  the  Queen  endea- 
voured to  raise  up  the  serious  part  of  the  nation,  the  politicians  and  devotees^  as  enemiea 
against  it." 

In  the  Memoirs  of  the  English  Court  by  Madame  Dunois,  quoted  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  edition  of  Grammont,  it  is  remarked  : — 

"  The  Duchess  of  Buckingham  has  merit  and  virtue.  She  is  brown  and  lean,  bat  bad 
she  been  the  most  beautifiil  and  charming  of  her  sex,  the  being  his  wife  woold  have 
been  sufficient  alone  to  have  inspired  him  with  a  dislike.  Notwithstanding  she  knew 
he  was  always  intriguing,  yet  she  never  spoke  of  it,  and  had  complaisance  enoogli  to 
entertain  his  mistresses,  and  even  to  lodge  them  in  her  house :  all  which  she  soffiered 
because  she  loved  him." 

It  will  be  observed  that  one  of  these  authors  calls  this  accommodating 
lady  fat,  and  the  other  lean :  all  authorities,  however,  agree  that  she  was 
short.  The  old  Viscountess  de  Longueville,  (grandmother  of  the  last  Elarl 
of  Sussex,)  who  died  in  1763,  aged  near  100,  used  to  tell  many  anecdotes 
of  the  days  of  Charles  the  Second : — 

"  She  described  the  Queen  sm  a  little  ungraceful  woman,  so  short-legg^  that,  when 
she  stood  ui)on  her  feet,  you  would  have  thought  she  was  on  her  knees,  and  yet  so  long- 
waistiHl,  that  when  she  sat  down  slie  appear<^  a  well-sized  woman.  She  also  described 
the  Duchess  of  Buckingham,  to  whom  she  was  related,  as  much  such  another  in  person 
as  the  Queen ;  a  little  round  crumpled  woman,  verv  fond  of  finery.  She  remembered 
puying  her  a  visit  when  she  was  in  mourning,  at  which  time  she  was  lying  on  a  sofis^ 
witli  a  kind  of  loose  robe  over  her,  all  edged  or  hiced  with  gold."  (MS.  Notes  in  Oldys** 
coi)y  of  Langbainc.) 

This  last  circumstance  tallies  with  Bryan  Fairfaxes  allusion  to  the  un- 
fortunate Duchess  partaking  of  "  the  vanities,"  if  not  "  the  vices,"  of  the 
court.  She  is  probably  the  short  Duchess  figured  in  Sandford's  Corona- 
tion Procession  of  James  II.  Plate  13,  walking  next  to  the  tall  Duchess  of 
Richmond.  There  are  also  two  engraved  portraits  of  her:  one  by  Wor- 
lidge,  and  the  other  by  I.  I.  Claessens,  in  Harding  s  Grammout.  Thej 
are  both  from  a  miniature  at  Strawberry -hill,  attributed  to  S.  Cooper,  but 
the  head  is  one  very  little  in  the  style  of  the  Duchess's  day. 

H<'r  burial  is  recorded  in  the  register  of  Westminster  Abbey  on  the  30lh 
of  October,  1704.     (Collectanea  Topographica  et  Genealogica,  viii.  14.) 

J.  G.  N. 


^  'file  Duchess  had  no  children.  Fairiax,  notwithstanding  his  partiality  towards  the 
subject  of  his  ))iograi)hy,  owns  that  '*  his  amours  were  too  notorioof  to  be  eonoealed 
and  too  scandalous  to  be  justilied." 


1856.]  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  *         463 


EXPENSES  OF  AN  AMBASSADOB.    a.d.  1 J66. 

Mr.  Urban, — As  an  old  correspondent  xiow  and  then  renewing  his'  inter- 
course with  your  Magazine,  allow  me  to  lay  before  your  readers  an  ambassador's 
account  of  the  expenses  of  a  mission  to  Spain  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elisabeth. 

John  Man,  who  had  been  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Parker,  and  by  whom,  upon  a 
dissension  among  the  Fellows  in  1562,  he  had  been  appointed  Warden  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  was  selected,  in  1565,  to  go  ambassador  to  Spain.  Francis 
Allen,  in  a  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  dated  Westminster,  December  11, 
1665,  says — **  About  the  end  of  this  week  the  Ambassador  of  Spain  is  looked  for. 
And  as  Mr.  HoUys  goeth  shortly  into  France,  so  doth  one  Mr.  Man,  of  Oxford,  go 
into  Spaine  to  King  Philip.  The  Queen  on  that  respect  hath  presently  promoted 
the  same  Mr.  Man  to  the  Deanery  of  Gloucester.** 

The  original  of  the  instructions  giren  to  the  Dean  of  Gloucester,  signed  at  the 
beginning  by  the  Queen,  and  at  the  end  by  Lord  Burghley,  is  still  preserred  in 
the  Cottonian  volume,  Vespas.  c.  vii.  fol.  291,  dated  Greenwich,  Feb.  20, 1565-6. 

The  following  account  of  his  expenses  outward,  with  the  charge*  he  was  put 
to  for  presents  upon  his  reception  at  Madrid,  is  pres^rred  in.  another  volume  of 
the  same  collection,  entirely  in  his  own  handwriting. 

Yours  faithfully,  HiNai  Ellis. 

"  The  Bill  of  the  Costes  of  transportation  of  myself,  my  men,  and  my  stufllB,  from  the 
Court  of  England  to  the  Court  of  Spaygne. 


»   I 


MS.  Vei^asian  C.  xiiL  foL  407. 

In  primis  for  Post  horses  from  London  to  PlimSthe,  being  eight  score" 

and  thirtene  myles,  at  the  rate  of  ij*.  the  myle,  for  my  sel^  my  ser- 1  -  h  «••  vii*< 
vaunts  and  a  guyde  from  towne  to  towne>  in  iHl  xiiij,  horses,^  for  everie  |        •  HI  •  'Hj  • 
horse  xxviij*.  x**.,  in  all  xx^*.  iij*.  viij**.  .  .  .  ,) 

Item  in  rewardes  to  the  guydes  .....     xz*. 

Item  for  cariage  of  aloade  of  stuffe,  by  cart,  and  viij.  horses  from  Lon-'^ 

don  to  Plimoth,  being  viij.  score  and  xiij.  myles,  at  the  rate  of  ij*.  the  >  ^",  x».  viy**. 
mylc,  xj".  x".  vi\j*.     .  .  .  .  .  .  ,) 

Item  in  rewardes  to  the  Carters  at  sevcrall  tymes        .  .  .     xxx*. 

Item  to  the  M".  of  the  Trinitie  of  PlimSth  for  transportation  of  my 'I  --^^h 
self,  my  servaunts,  horses,  and  stuffe,  and  xx***.  French  Crownes       ./      ^^  * 

Item  in  rewardes  to  the  mariners,  8  French  crownes   .  •  •    llvi^'* 

Item  for  Cariage  of  my  stuffe  on  ship  boorde  .  .  .  .     v*. 

Item  to  the  pilate  for  safe  conducting  the  Ship  over  the  barre  of  Bil-\  _-"•! 
bowe,  3  French  crownes        .  .  .  .  .  ./       ^ ' 

Item  for  Cariage  of  my  self,  my  servanntes  and  stuffe  in  a  pinnes, 
from  Porto  Galleto  to  Bilbowe  .... 

Item  for  the  hycr  of  xiij.  Mnles,  from  Bilbowe  to  Madrid,  after  the^ 

rate  of  xij.  Crownes  a  moyle,  Clvj.  Crownes,  everie  Crowne  at  the  Vxl^".  xyj*. 
rate  of  vj».,  xlvj**.  xvj«.  .  .  .  .  .  .J 

Item  to  the  Muletors,  our  guydes         .....     xxx*. 
Item  for  conveying  my  stuffe  from  Bilbowe  to  Ordunia,  10  crownes,"!  ...u 
after  the  rate  of  vj".  the  crowne        .  .  .  .  ./  ^  * 

Item  for  my  ij.  mens  costes,  and  theyre  mules,  going  twise  to  Ordania,^ 

for  my  stuffe,  from  Madrid,  60  crownes,  afte  the  rate  of  vj".  the  >  xviy". 
crowne,  xviij".  .  .  .  .  ,  .  ,) 

Item  for  howserome  of  my  stuffe  at  Ordunia,  andVrytingof  pasportes,\  -j^yji 
6  crownes,  after  the  rate  of  vj'.  the  crowne  .  .  .  •/ 

Item  for  the  hycr  of  vj.  mules  for  the  oonvaying  of  my  stoffe  from"\ 

Ordunia  to  Madrid,  after  the  rate  of  xy.  Crownes  a  mule,  Ixxij.  >  xxj^^  xij*. 
crownes,  at  the  rate  of  yj*.  a  crowne,  xjg'^.  xii*.         .  .  .J 

Sunuua,  Cbtviij'  xvy*.  x*. 


*  \  xvi\j*«  yj** 


464  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Oct. 

Ordiiiarie  Rewardcs  at  my  first  coining  given  unto  the  Officers  of  the  Court. 


xxuy". 

XX". 

VUJ*. 

xy-. 

XUJ". 
XXV". 

x». 

XX*. 


In  primis  to  tlie  Porters  of  the  chayne 

To  the  porters  of  tlie  haule       .... 

To  the  j)orters  of  the  little  haule 

To  the  porters  of  the  princes  haule 

To  the  Ushers  of  the  little  haule 

To  the  porters  of  the  King's  Chamber 

To  the  Khigs  dromers  and  fifers 

To  the  Quenes  porters  of  the  haule  and  Cliambor 

To  the  iK>rtierrt  of  the  Princesa 

To  the  Khig's  Violines  .... 

To  the  llorbingers,  20  Crownes,  after  the  rate  of  vj".  the  Crowne       .    vj>*. 

Summa,  xiiij".  xv". 
Summa  tot*.,  Clxxxiij".  xij*.  x**. 
Ilec.  alreadi,  C". 

After  residing  for  a  short  period  at  Madrid,  Mr.  Man  was  accused  of  hayinp; 
spoken  irreverently  of  the  Pope,  upon  which  he  was  excluded  from  Court,  and 
afterwards  sent  from  Madrid  to  reside  in  a  village,  bis  servants  compelled  to  be 
present  at  mass,  and  the  exercise  of  his  own  religion  in  bis  own  bouse  forbidden. 

It  is  more  than  possible  that  Queen  Elizabeth  thought  Mr.  Man  imprudent. 
The  ambassador  from  Spain,  mentioned  in  Francis  Allen^s  letter,  who  arrived  pre- 
viously to  Plan's  mission  from  England,  was  Guzman  de  Sylva,  whose  name  by  the 
English  was  pronounced  Goozman.  Anthony  u  Wood  says  that  Queen  Elizabeth 
used  merrily  to  say,  that,  as  her  brother  the  King  of  Spain  had  sent  to  her  a 
6^oo.t^-man,  so  she  had  sent  him  a  Man-goose.  Man  returned  in  1567.  The 
following  is  the  account  of  his  expenses  on  his  return.  He  died  in  London, 
March  18,  1568. 

"MS.  Cotton.  Julius  C.  ix.  fol.  83. 

M^  Man  his  bill,  late  Ambassado'  in  the  Courte  of  Spainge,  for  transportation  of 
him  self,  his  men,  and  carriage  from  the  Coxurte  of  Spainge  to  the  Court  of 
Englande. 

In  primis  for  portap^o  of  Lres  since  the  bcginninge  of  Januarie,  till  myl     .y 
arrivall  in  Englundc .  .  .  .  .  .  •  / 

Item  to  the  Swretories  clerkes  for  my  pasportc  of  the  Kingo  at  Madrid,!  --::::■ 
fowrc  Frenche  crownes  .  .  .  .  .  ./        ^  ' 

Item  for  xvj.  post  horses  from  Madrid  to  S*.  ^ebastiane,  beingo  xxx*' 
postes  at  iij".  the  poste  for  evtrie  horse,  Lxxij". 

Item  in  rewarde  to  postiliones  .... 

Item  for  a  coi-he  ibr  my  self,  xij.  daies  forwardc,  &  viij.  daics  of  retumO; 
at  xj".  the  daie  ..... 

Item  to  the  jSIuletours,  and  for  the  Mules  meate 

Item  for  iiij.  Mules  of  cariage  for  my  stutfe  irom  the  Courte  of  Spaingel      n 
to  S*.  Sebastian  .  .  .  .  .  .  ./        * 

Item  to  a  notarie  for  giveing  testimoniall  of  the  bargainc  for  my  cariage    vj*. 

Item  to  the  Customer  at  Agrada,  for  passage  of  my  cariage  from  Castile  1  _«^i  ^"-^ 
into  Xavarra  .  .  .  .  .  ./•'*^* 

Item  to  the  notarie  of  Agrada  for  my  pasporte  there    .  .  .    xy*. 

Item  to  the  watcrhe  at  the  gates  of  Agrada       ....     ig".  viy*. 
Item  for  passjige  at  the  ferrie  .  .  .  .  .  •    y*- 

Item  to  the  Customer  of  Pamplona  for  passage  by  the  Kingdome  of)    .  .,     ...^ 
Navarra         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  ./       "^  *     ^  * 

Item  for  traus^wrtaoon  of  my  men  &  stufTe  by  Sea  from  S*.  Sebastianl  __^u 
to  Kenton  in  Devonshere      .  .  .  .  .  ./  ^^  * 

Sompagine,  cxlij".  x'.  viij^. 

Item  lor  t ransportacon  of  my  men  &  stuffe  by  sea  from  Kenton  to 
Excestre        ...... 


}  Lxxy". 

uj".  VJ».  Vllj*. 


..•II 

ly". 


Ol  .       *»A 

>  XV'.  \y. 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


465 


Item  for  xv.  horses  for  my  men  and  stuffe  from  Excester  to  London,  1      ..|i     , 
bcinge  140  myles  at  ij'*.  the  myle  a  horsse    .  .  .  .  /  ^^^^  '  *  * 

Item  in  rewardes  to  guides  and  carriers  ....     xxx'. 

Item  for  x.  horses  from  London  to  Dover,  for  my  men  that  met  w***.  me'J 

there,  beinge  Lvij.  myles  at  ij*.  the  myle  for  everie  horsse,  at  the  rate  >iiij".  xv*. 
of  ix'.  vj**.  eche  horse  .  .  .  .  .  .) 

My  omie  chardges  w**».  vj.  parsons  passinge  from  S*.  Sebastian  into  and 

thorowe  Fraunce. 

From  S*.  Sebastian  to  Paris,  Liiij.  postes  w**».  viij.  horsses,  everie  horse 'I  j  ....h 
at  everie  poste  ij«.  vj**.,  one  poste,  xx".  the  whole       .  .  ,]     ^  ' 

Item  to  be  allowed  for  twoe  longe  postes  uppon  everie  horse,  vij**.  ob.  in"^    , 
whole  .  .  ,  .  .  .  .  •  /  ^  * 

Item  in  rewardes  to  postiliones  from  S*.  Sebastian  to  Farris 
Item  to  the  scrcho''  at  Ironn  in  Spainge  .  .  . 

Item  to  the  notarie  for  my  pasporte     .... 

Item  to  the  watche  at  the  passage  of  Beovia,  devidingo  Spayne  and 
Fraunce         ....... 

Item  to  the  ferrie  man  for  passage  there 

Item  at  S^  Juan  de  Luz  in  Fraunce  for  passinge  the  Bridge    . 


xij".  vj**. 
nij*.  vj«. 


XX 


Som  pagine,  iiijv".  ix*.  ij**. 

Item  at  the  passage  of  Goronda  from  Bourdeaux  to  Lermonte . 

Item  at  the  passage  of  Dordonia  .... 

Item  at  Poictiers  to  the  clerkes  for  the  governors  pasporte 

Item  to  a  messinger  sente  from  Orleanns  to  Paris  to  provide  me 
Lodgeinge    ...  .... 

Item  from  Parris  to  Bolloyne,  xvi.  postes  wth  xj.  poste  horses  at  y*.  vjf 
the  horse  for  everie  poste,  one  poste  xvij*.  vj*.,  the  whole 

Item  to  the  pastiliones  ..... 

Item  for  a  Coche  for  my  self  for  xij.  dales  forwarde  and  backwarde,  at 
X'.  the  dale    ....... 

Item  for  liorsemeate,  and  to  the  Cocheman       .  .  • 

Item  for  my  passage  from  Bollouie  to  Dover    . 

Item  for  a  bote  at  BoUoigne  to  cary  me  and  my  men  to  the  shipp 
another  at  Dover  to  lande,  for  cariadge  of  my  stuffe  into  the  shippe 
&  to  lande  w**'.  porters  ..... 

Item  for  xvj.  horsses  from  Dover  to  London,  Lvj.  myles  at  ij**.  a  myle 

everie  liorse,  at  the  rate  of  ix*.  vj*.  eche  horse 
Item  for  tlie  hier  of  a  litter  and  horses  from  Dover  to  London 
Item  to  two  men  going  w***.  the  litter  .... 

Item  to  other  that  came  w***.  post  horses 

Sm  pagine,  xlij".  xiiij*. 
Item  for  horscmcate     ...... 

Item  for  xvj.  liorses  from  London  to  Windsoro 
Item  for  a  litter  from  London  to  Windsore 


vuj*. 
vijs 

}  ^j'. 
}  xiiij". 

XXUIJ". 
XXX". 

vi»». 
>xxx". 

I  vij".  xiij«. 
xl-. 

XX*. 

▼•. 

XV*. 

*•*  *ll 

uy". 
xnj*.  mj*. 


Sin  ptc,  v'*.  viiij*.  iiij*. 
SmTot"*.,  cclxxvj".  ij».  yJ. 


th 


More  dewc  unto  him  for  his  diett,  accomptinge  from  the 

Aiigustc  inclusive  to  the  vj*"*.  of  October  exdusive,  beinge  xxxvy .  V  cxxiij  *.  yj».  viy*. 
daics  afler  the  rate  of  five  marckes  the  daie  .  .  .  j 

per  me  Jo.  Man. 

SmTotalis.  tarn    'j       ^ 

pro  transportaJ-     \  ^^^^i  jj^n  ^:s  x*. 
qua  pro  diette,  &c. )  •'*        •     J  •     • 

£x  iF  me  Uomfridum  Shelton. 


466 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanvs  Urban^ 


[Oct. 


A  BALLAD. 


Mr.  Urbajt,  —  I  send  you  a  copy  of  a 
ballad  which  has  been  met  with  in  rather 
an  unexpected  place  for  such  a  composition, 
and  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  in 
print.  In  the  21st  year  of  King  James  I., 
(a.d.  1623-4,)  one  Henry  Moore  was  prose- 
cuted in  the  Court  of  Star-Chamber,  at  the 
suit  of  the  King's  Attorney-General,  for 
having  used  contemptuous  and  treasonable 
speeches  in  some  house  of  entertainment 
(not  named)  in  London ;  maintaining  that 
King  Henry  VIII.  was  a  vicious  man,  a 
tyrant,  and  a  8r.crilege, — Queen  Elizabeth  a 
bastard,  &c., — being  the  articles  of  faith  in 
which  most  Roman  Catholics  of  the  period 
were  brought  up,  and  for  the  expression  of 
which  so  many  suffered. 

In  defence,  Moore  alleged  that  he  had 
been  much  aggravated  in  the  expressions 
he  had  used  by  the  singing  of  **  diverse 
libells  or  songes  in  skome  of  the  Romayne 
religion,"  by  some  of  those  who  witnessed 
against  him;  and  he  put  in  evidence  a 
copy  of  the  following  ballad,  as  one  of  the 
songs  so  sung,  and  cross-examined  the 
witnesses  as  to  their  having  composed  or 
sung  it.  One  of  them  he  asked,  "And 
whether  did  you  offer  to  give  anie  man  a 
copy  of  this  song  that  wold  give  you  eight 
farthing  tokens;  yea  or  no?"  But  to 
these  questions  negatives  were  given.  In 
all  this,  how  much  there  is  similar  to  what 
has  occurred  in  other  and  later  political 
trials. 

At  the  period  of  the  ballad  Prince 
Cliarles  had  just  returned  from  his  un- 
satisfactory expedition  to  Spain  in  search 
of  a  wife ;  and  the  burden  of  the  song  is 
to  abuse  the  **  Toleration"  which  was  then 
so  strenuous  an  object  of  contention  on  the 
part  of  the  Catholics,  and  for  the  assur- 
ance of  which  the  conclusion  of  the  pro- 
jected marriage  with  the  Infanta  was  so 
anxiously  desired.  It  was,  however,  as 
stoutly  opposed  by  the  lai^er  and  more 
popidar  portion  of  the  community. 

Ballads  being  then  so  much  in  use  for 
the  expression  of  popular  opinion,  were 
doubtless  ]>retty  plentiful  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  the  {Spanish  marriage ;  but  I  think 
very  few  have  descended  to  our  times, — 
which  would  be  reason  enough,  indepen- 
dently of  its  merits,  for  its  insertion  in  your 
pages.     Tlie  somewhat  mournful  allusion 


to  Buckingham  shews  he  had  not  theft 
quite  lost  the  popular  fitvoor,  thoogh  it 
was  much  on  the  wane. 

Yours,  &c,,  J.  B. 

**  Rare  thinffes  are  come  from  Spayne, 
From  Charles  &  his  joy,  ^ 
C^unells  &  elephantes 

And  o».  vice  roy ; 
But  here  will  greater  good 

Go  from  o'.  nation — 
The  papistes  the  do  brag 
Of  toUerac'on. 
Clergy  men  looke  aboat  &  now  lamemt  it, 
"lis  for  y.  pride  of  lif,  therefore  repent  it. 

**  Noble.braTe  Buckingham, 
Thou  hast  high  honor. 
Yet  doest  this  land  much  harme — 

Lord  looke  upon  her. 
Custos  w*.  threasurer* 

And  all  that  fi&ction 
Are  said  to  be  then  men 
For  tollerac'on* 
Clergymen,  &c. 

•*  Our  priestes  are  worldly  growne — 
Though  their  gold  lasteth. 
They  still  Ifxka  after  more 
While  the  light  wasteth. 
The  whore  of  Babikm 

Her  ooei^)ao*on 
Still  renewes,  and  she  sues 
For  tolleratkm. 
Clergymen,  &o. 

"  Tf  she  bringes  orer  mines 
Toule  not  abide  thenu 
Nor  will  yoa  praise  thev  bmmM 

Till  you  hare  tried  them. 
Plaine  dealing  leacherye 
Toulc  have  none  do  it. 
The  whore  I  named  before 
Sheele  put  yo«  to  it. 
Clergymen,  &e. 

'*  Pardons  &  pretty  thiages 
Wt*>.  reli^ues  manie 
She  will  bnng  here  to  sell, 

Tf  youle  buy  anie. 
Bald  pated  friers  too 
In  the  old  fashion, 
They  can  shrire  anie  wyf 
By  tolleratioB. 
Clergymen,  &c. 

*'  Puritines  they  are  mad. 
Their  glory  burnetii. 
Good  Rubjectcs  they  are  aad. 

Piety  moumcth. 
Manie  now  do  covet 

To  9e  the  straung  fashion. 
But  when  they  have  tried  it 
Theil  curse  toUerac'oa. 
Clergymen,  &c." 

"  lfi».,  20O.,  24».  die  Decembrl  anno  21*.  Ja.  B. 
M**.  that  thiH  writinge  was  shewed  to  NidioUw 
Lound  Clarke,  Robert  Blofeilde,  Gregory  Ctiard^ 
and  Michael!  Parkinfi,  witnesses  produced  m 
croMe-examined  bv  Henry  More  def*.  «tt  the 
suite  of  his  Ma**.  Attorney  Oenerall  at  tlM  Qrve 
of  their  depot<icions  taken  in  this  ho^.  eo",  of 


Starchumber. 


Rich.  Kippax, 


*  Henry  Lord  MandeviUe,  and  others ;  both  offices  being  then  in  commlwinn. 


1856.]  467 


Mr.  Urban, — I  now  send  the  completion  of  the  list  of  Licences  to 
Crenellate,  and  shall  be  glad  of  further  information  respecting  what  may 
remain  of  any  of  the  places  named. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Orford,  Sept.  1856.  J.  H.  Parkek. 


LICENCES  TO  CRENELLATE,  FROM  THE  PATENT 
ROLLS  IN  THE  TOWER  OF  LONDON. 

(ConUmtedJhm  p.  330.) 


5.       Anno  Regni  E.  III. 

;?'\  18.  Robert  Sifreyf  SiSt,, possit  kemeUaremansutn)  ^^  ,  _ 

^4-/  ,  ^  Hoke  Dors. 

stiam  ae  ) 

1 8.  Prior  et Conventus  de  Giseburghe . . mansum     Giseburghe. 

19.  Robertus  de  Hagerston mansum     Hagerston  Northombr. 

1 9.  Gilbertus  de  Whitleye mansum    Wkitleye'  Northumbr. 

19.  Willielmus  de  Clynton,  Comes  Huntyng-  \ 

don ....  quoddam    mansum    ad    opus    dilecti  /  i^^xg^Q]^  u     "Warr 

nobis  Johannis  de   Clynton,  nepotis  ejusdem  ( 

Comitis  ' 

19.  Rogerus  Hillary mansum     Berkmondescote     Staff. 

)  9.   Prior  et  Conventus  de  Roff.  ^ . .  quendam  murum      Rochester     Kane. 

19.  Prior  et  fratres  ordinis  Sancti  Augustini  \ 

de  Salop quendam  murum  lapideum  cum  >  Salop  Salop. 

duahus  turrihus  rotundis  y  j 

C  ^N estswvn~  ^  ^Jorth" 

20.  Rofferus  de  Widerino:ton mansum  \  .  \       . 

^  °  Cborn  )  umbr. 

20.  Homines  villaB  de  Penereth . .  .villam predictam     Penereth  *, 
20.  Episcopus    London. . .  ,castrum    suum    de^ 

Storteford  et  turrim  ejusdem  j 

20.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Langeley. . .  ,quod-\ 

dam  campanile  infra  Abbatiam  de  novo  con-  \  Langeley  ^. 
struendum.  ) 

*  Whitloy,  in  the  parish  of  Tynemouth. 

«  For  an  account  of  Maxstoke  Castlo,  see  Dom.  Arch.,  vol.  ii.  p.  246. 

>  The  Roll  explains,  **  quendam  murum  de  petra  et  oalce  a  porta  orientali  oivitatis 
Roff.  usque  ad  i)ortam  Sancti  Guilli.  inter  dictam  dvitatem  et  gardinum  eorundem 
Prions  et  Ck)nventus  faoere,  sec.  et  kemellare,  &c. 

7  The  KoU  says,  ''quendam  murum  lapideum  extra  villam  predictam  una  euro 
duabus  turribus  rotunois  superedificatis  et  una  domo  kemellata  desuper  eundem 
murum  constructa,  muro  ejusdem  villse  adjunctum,  8lc.  ad  elargationem  manri,"  &o. 

*  There  are  some  remains  of  the  castle  at  Penrith,  Cumberland,  but  they  appear  to 
be  of  a  later  date. 

»  Bishop's  Stortford,  Hertfordshire, 
b  Abbot's  Laugley,  Hertfordshire. 


468  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Oct. 

A.D.       Anno  Regni  E.  III. 

1345,1  20.  Ricardus  de  Merton*^ mansum  Torriton         Devon. 

20.  Gilbertus  Chasteleyn mansum  Kengham*^, 

21.  Thomas  de  Ferrariis mansum  Moreende       Northt. 

21.  Humfridus  de  Bohun,  Comes  Hereford,  -l  tit  -^  i  «  Es 

mansum  maneriii 

21.  mansum  manerii    Brymshoo  Tissex. 

21.  ■ .mansum  manerii    Apechilde'  iEiSsex. 

21.  — mansum  manerii    Depeden*  E^sex. 

21. ,  mansum  manerii     Walden  Sssex. 

21. mansum  manerii    Enefeld  Midd. 

21, mansum  manerii    Wockeseye  Wilts. 

21.  mansum  manerii     Uphavene  *>  Wilts. 

21.^ mansum  manerii    Sende*  Wilts. 

21.  mansum  manerii    Whitenhurst*'    Glouc. 

22.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Langedon . . .  ./^or-^l^ 

tarn  sive  domum  porta  Abbatia  suaj        ° 
22.  Johannes  de  Grey  de  Retherfeld... maiwum     Retherfeld*     Oxon. 

22. mansum    Sculcotes™     Ebor. 

22.  Radulphus,  Baro  de  Stafford mansum     Stafford. 

22. mansum    Madlee". 

22.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Whalleye. . .  .eccle-  '\ 

siam  suam  et  clausum  AbbaticB  sua  t  ^^ 

22.  Matilda,  qucD  fuit  uxor  Johannis  de  Mar-  i  Westcan-   "J  _, 

myon,  militis mancrium  j  feld  J 

22.  Abbas  de  Holmcoltran manerium  )  -iir  i     i-,        p      |. 

infra  limites  de  Holmcoltran  ) 

25.  Marmaducus  Conestable . . . . ^tfanefam   ca- \ 

meram  suam  infra  manerium  suum  de  >  FlaynburghP    Ebor. 
quod  supra  costeram  maris  situatur  j 

26.  Marmaducus  le   Conestable  ....  mansum  )  Insulam  de  *> 

suum  infra  )  Flaynburgh  ) 
26.  Homines  villaB   de   Herewycz  ....  villam     Herewyc2*». 
26.  Johannes  de  Sutton,  de  Holdemesse -\  -v 

quasdam  domes  in  quodam    loco    vocato   /e  >> ,  '     >  Ebor. 

Hermilgate  in  3  ^^^'^  3 


«  The  Roll  adds,  "  pro  bono  servitio  quod  nobis  in  giierra  nostra  Frano.  impendit." 

**  Probably  Kinghani,  Chipping-Norton,  Oxfordshire. 

«  Writtle,  near  Chelmsford. 

'  On  the  same  Roll,  part  S,  m.  12,  is  a  licence  to  crenellate  the  manerium,  fto.  of 
this  place.  fs  Depiicn,  near  Saffron  Walden.  ^  Upbaven,  near  Dorises. 

*  Socnd,  near  Mclksham.  ^  AVhcatonhurst,  near  Qlouoester. 

1  Rotherficld  Gravs,  near  Henlcy-on-Thamcs.     There  are  some  renuJns  of  this 
mansion.         »  Sculcoate,  near  Hull.         *>  Probably  Madelev,  Holme,  8taiE9rddurei» 

»  Whalley  Abbey,  Lancashire,  of  which  there  are  considerable  remaixu. 

p  Flamborough,  near  Bridlington.  i  The  town  of  Harwichi  in  Suflblk. 

9 


Licences  to  Crenellate, 

D.       Anno  Regni  E.  III. 

l^g'  \  26.  Homines  de  Gippewico villam  Ipswich 

27.  Willielmus,  Baro  de  Craystok mansum  Craystok' 

27.  Thomas  de  Musgrave mansum  manerii  Harcla*. 

29.  Gilbert,  Episcopus  Karliol mansum  La  Rose  *. 

31.  Abbas  de  Sancto  Albano. . .  .mansum  Ab-^ 

....  ,       ^11   ..       f  St.  Alhans. 

batia  sive  eandem  Aobattam  ) 

33.  Rector  et  fratres  de  Edyndon mansum     Edyndon" 

34.  Prior  et  Conventus  de  Lewes. . .  ,Priora-^  _ 

L  Lewes  ^ 
turn  ac  ecclesiam  et  domos  ejusdem  Prioratus) 

34.  Johannes  de  Puddesay manerium^  «  ,. 

juxta  Salleye.  i 

36.  Prior  et  Conventus  de  Drax  ....  ecclesiam ")  ^ 

.,         f  Draxy 
et  campanile  sua  ) 

37.  Maior,  ballivi  et  probi  homines  . . .  civitatem     Coventre. 

38.  Maior  et  balUvide  Coventre  ac  Thomas  de\ 
Nassyngton,  Willielmus  Wolf,  et  Willielmus  >  Coventre 
de  Corby  ■ civitatem) 

39.  Willielmus,  Ahba9  de  Quarrera  et  Con-^ 

ventus  ejusdem  \oc\^ ..  .locum  vocatum  Fisshe-  ?  Quarrera 
hous  et  diversas  placeas  terra  ^ 

40.  Willielmus  de  Aldeburffh,  miles  . . .  manswmX  ^t  j 

°  ..  V  Harewode 

maneruK 

40.  Adam  de  Coppendale,  de   Beverlaco . . . .  )  .       ^ 

quoddam  mansum  suum  in  villd  de  S 

4 1 .  Abbatissa  et  Conventus  Shafton ....  eccle- '%  Shaftes- 

siam  ahbaticB  et  campanile  ejusdem  i  bury 


469 

Suff. 
Cumbr. 


Wilts. 
Sussex. 


Ebor. 


Warr. 

( Insula 
)  Vecta. 

Ebor. 


] 


Dors. 


'  Tliis  is  identified  with  Graystok  by  Inq.  p.m.  an.  84  E.  I.  No.  40. 

*  T!ie  Koll  adds,  "quod  propo  Marchium  Scociae  situatur  et  per  Scotos  inimicos 
nostros  sa^pius  ante  haDc  tcmpora  corabnstum  extitit  et  destructuu]."  The  Pat.  an.  34 
E.  III.  p.  1,  m.  11,  says  this  manor  is  in  com.  Westmoreland. 

t  See  10  Edw.  III.  p.  327.  Constable  of  the  Castle  of  la  Rose,  John  de  Dokwra,  np- 
pointed  for  life  by  the  Bishop  of  CarMe,  an.  6  Hen.  IV.,  Doc.  1.  Pat,  on.  10  Hon.  1 V. 
part  1,  H).  22. 

«  This  entry  on  the  Roll  is  a  pardon :  *'  Ad  rogatum  vonerabilis  patris  Willielmi  de 
Edyndon,  episcopi  Winton.,  perdonavimus  eidem  episcopo  ac,  Ac.  Kectori  et  fratribiis 
donius  ordinis  Sancti  Augustini  de  Edyndon  per  ipsum  episcopum  de  novo  fiindats, 
transgressionem  (juam  focerunt,  mansum  eorundem  Rectoris  et  fratnim  ibidem,  muro 
de  petra  et  calce  firmando  et  kemellando,  licentia  nostra  super  hoc  non  obtenta.  Et 
concedimus,  &c.  mansum  teuere  possint,"  &c.  There  are  many  previous  and  subsequent 
entries  on  the  Patent  Rolls  concerning  this  house.  Pat  an.  34  £.  ill.  m.  4,  says  it 
was  in  the  diocese  of  Sarum.     Pat.  an.  85  E.  III.  p.  8,  m.  14. 

*  There  are  some  remains  of  this  Priory.  r  Drax,  near  Snaitb. 

*  These  are  assigned  to  apportion  the  expense  of  walling  and  crenellating  the  town 
among  the  merchants  and  inhabitants.  Another  entry  is  on  Pat.  an.  40  E.  III.  p.  1,  m.  9. 

*  The  Roll  adds,  '*in  proprio  solo  ipsorura  Abbatis  et  Conventus  infra  dictam  Insulam 
tain  in  loco  vocato  Fisshehous  snper  costte^rn  maris  situate  quam  alibi  ubi  eis  melius 
expedire  videbitur  diversas  placeas  terrse  tanias  quantas  et  de  quo  procinctu  els  placuerit 
muro  de  potra  et  calce  includere,  firmare  et  kemellarc  et  csstra  vel  fortalicia  inde  facere. 
More  in  Pat.  an.  40  E.  III.  p.  1,  m.  15. 

^  Beverley,  Yorkshire. 


Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


8p 


A.D. 

1365,\ 
1366./ 


470  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Oct. 

Anno  Regni  £.  III. 

41.  Willielmus  Trussell  de  Cublesdon,  miles...  ^  Shirrene-    "^  ^^ 

situm  manerii  j  shales  j  ^' 

43.  Abbas  -et  Conventus  de  Waltham  Sanctae^  _^ 

Crucis  . . .  ,mansum  AbbaticB  et  procinctum  >  ., ,  \  Essex. 

.     ,   '  I  Abbey  J 

43.  Walterus  Huwet*^ mansum     Estham. 

43.  Prior   et    Conventus   ecclesiae   cathedralis  \ 
beatfD  M arise  Wygorn  ....  Prioratum  suum  I 

circumquaque  ac  domos  et  alia  edificia  in  eodem  i    Worcester    Wygorn, 
Prioratu  existentia  J 

44.  Johannes  de  Chidiok,  miles. ..  .manermm'j  p.. ,.  ,  ^ 
de   Chidioky   super  costeram  maris  situatum) 

{le  Ponde     ^ 

46.  Gives   et   probi    homines    civitatis    Novoe")^  ,.  ,  __., 

cj  .  .^  ^      ^Salisbury  Wilts. 

barum ctvitatem  )  ^ 

47.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Wynchecombe*...'^  "Wynche- 
Abbatiam  suam  ac  domos  et  edificia  ejusdem  j  combe  ^ 

47.  Johannes  de  la  Mare,  chivaler  . . .  .mansum     NonnyK        Somerset. 

48.  Willielmus  de  Tliorp manerium     Makeseye       Norht. 

48.  Johanna  quae  fuit  uxor  Willielmi  de  Sancto^ 
Quintino. . .  ,quoddam  campanile  quod  ipsa  in  >  Harpham**. 
Cimiterio  Capellce  de  Harpham  facere  proponit ) 

49.  Abbas  et   Conventus   Abbatioe   de  Selby"> 

. .  .ecclesiatn,  claustrum  et  mansum  Abbatia  deS         ^ 

50.  Willielmus  de  Kerdeston.,  miles ^..ma««i»»     Claxston         Norff. 

50.  Nicholaus   Benton  ^  . , .  ,  muros    domorum ")  Fallard-       ")  --^., 

,  f     4  t  Wilts. 

suarum  in  manerio  suo  de)  eston.  j 

5 1 .  Abbas  et  Conventus  Abbatioe  Scce.  Wer-  •>     ,  _, 

1  1.1.  ^-      f  Chester  Cestr. 

burgae abbatiam  j 

5 1 .  W^artinus  de  Insula mansum     Shirbum  *     Ozon. 

c  IIi>  is  a^ain  mentioned  on  this  Roll,  at  membrane  1. 

**  Near  Charmouth,  in  Dorsetshire. 

«  There  w^as  an  abbey  of  this  name  in  com.  Glouc.  The  Roll  adds,  "ad  requiaitiiMiem 
diiecti  clerici  nostri  mapstri  Johannis  tie  Branketre." 

'  Winchcomhe,  Gloucofitershire. 

r  Nutmoy  Castle,  Somerset.  The  walls  of  this  castlo  remain  perfect,  and  the  moat 
round  it.  This  castle  was  a  place  of  arms  in  the  civil  wars,  dependent  cm  Briatol 
Castle,  and  was  hunit  after  the  surrender  of  Bristol. 

•»  Ifari)hani,  near  Bridlington,  Gloucestershire. 

i  This  entry  states  that  a  licence  had  been  granted  to  his  father,  bat  that  the  houM 
was  only  commenced  by  him. 

^  *'  Ad  re(|uisitionem  diiecti  ct  fidclis  nostri  Willielmi  de  Monte  Acuto,  ComitLi  Sftimii.** 

»  Shirbum  Castlo,  near  Watlin^n,  Oxfordshire.  The  walla  are  perfect^  wHh  Um 
moat ;  the  house  is  still  inhabited,  and  the  interior  is  modemiaed. 


.D. 

577, 
i78 


1856.]  Licences  to  Crenellate.  471 


RICHARD  II.   A.D.  \^?J2:  J''''!  on 

X 1399.   Sept.  29. 


;|     1.  Radulphus    episcopus    Saresbiriensis,    et| 

successores  sui ctvitatem]  ^*™™  ^^^- 

'  manenum    Sarum  Wilts. 


manerium    Bisshopwodford™    Wilts. 

'  manerium     Shirbourne**. 

WMnerium     Chirdestoke^ 

manerium    PottemeP. 

' _— _ manerium     Canynge**.  J 

'  manerium    Bammesbary'. 

manerium     Sunnyng        Berks. 

. .  manerium  in    Fletstrete  in  suburbio    London. 

Willielmus,  episcopus  Cicestr....  froan«rmm    Amberle'        Sussex. 

2.  Johannes  de  Fenwyk. . .  .mansum  sive  ma  A  '\  ]^orth- 

neriumf  ^^^"^^^     /umbr. 

3.  Johannes  d'Arundell,  miles. ....  .mansum    Bechesworth^.     Surr. 

3.  Thomas,  episcopus  Exonien^...ybr/a/tbtttm     Chudeley       Devon. 
3.  Ricardus  Lescrop,  Cancellarius  noster.  ••On  i. 

in  Wencelowedale  ■ manerium  i 

3.  Gilbertus  de  Culwen,  miles domum  (  Wirkyng-   ^ 

apud  manerium  » |  ton  »>  j  Cumbr. 

3.  Johannes  de  Chidiok^ manerium     Chidiok. 

3.  Johannes  de  Cobeham mansum   ma  A 

nm.m7^°"^y°e''      Kane. 

4.  Willielmus  Asthorp,  miles,  et  Margareta"!^ 

uxor  ejus mansum  maneriij         ^      * 

5.  Johannes  Rous^. . . ,  domum  supra  Januam 

manerii  sui 


^m\  _      _   -  ___ 

,  VRagele'  Warr. 


«  Woodford,  near  Salisbury.  ■  Sherborne  Castie,  Dorsetshire, 

o  Chardstock,  near  Beaminster,  Dorset.         p  Potteme,  near  Devizes,  Wilts. 
4  Bishops- Cannings,  near  Devises.  '  Ramsbury,  near  Aldboume. 

■  Amberley,  near  ArundeL        *  Fenwick,  in  Stamfordham  parish,  near  Corbiidge. 
«  Betchworth,  near  Dorking. 


>  The  Roll  explains,  *'apud  manerium  suiun  de  Chudele  in  Com.  Devon,  vel  alibi 

>lacuerit  super  terras  Buas  proprias  infra  epi 

fortalicium  facere,"  fto.  r  Chudleigh. 


ubi  melius  sibi  pfacuerit  super  terras  suas  proprias  infra  episoopatum  suum  Exoniie,  &o., 
'  rtalicium  facere,"  &c.  r  Chudle' 

*  The  Roll  adds,  *'  seu  unam  plaoeam  infra  idem  manerium." 


*  TQo  noil  aads,  **  seu  unam  plaoeam  mffa  idem  manenum. 

»  The  Roll  explains,  "  quanoam  domum  per  ipsum  ut  didt  apud  manerium  saum 
de  Wirkyngton  in  Com.  Cumbr.  juxta  Marfiniam  Soocice  muro  ae  petra  et  caloe  edi- 
ficatam  firmare  et  kemellare,"  &o.  ^  Wigton  t 

c  This  is  a  ratification  of  the  previous  grants  '  Cooling,  near  Boohester. 

«  The  Roll  says,  "  Perdonavimus  Jobamii  Rous  transgressionem  quam  fecit  kemel- 
lando  ct  fortificaiido  quandam  domum  supra  Januam  manerii  sui  de  Ragde  in  Com. 
Warr.,"  &c.  '*  Et,"  &c.,  "  ooncessimus  et  licentiam  dedimus  "  fto.,  "quod  ipse  reel- 
dnum  manerii  prcdicti  muro,"  &c.,  "  fortificare  et  kemellare,    &o. 

'  Ragley,  near  Alcester. 


Reste  °*. 


472  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [Oct. 

A.D.       Anno  Regni  R.  II. 

i?So'  \     ^*  ^^^^^  ^^  Pembrugge,  miles  ....  mansum  «  T Castro  de    "J 

^^^^'  ^  manerii  sut  de\Tonge         /  ^^^P- 

5.  Johannes  de  Nevill  de  Raby,  mWes... quan-y 

dam  placeam  ^  /  Shirefhoton '    Ebor . 

5.  Willielmus  de  T ODciy ve, .,  ,guandam  mi-) 

nutam  placeam  vocatam  Shof or d  in  parochia  de  i  '^  amesion        LUentJ. 

6.  Abbas  et  Conventus  de  Thornton... ywaw- J  Abbatia  de  "^     P 

dam  7iovam  domum^\T\iom\.oxi,  J     ^         '-• 

7.  Alexander,  episcopus  Ebor manerium,'\ 

suum  dej  ^^® 

7.  Johannes  de  Cobbehara  de  Devenshire"  ...  (  Hendre  in   "J 

mansum  1  Cobbeham  J  ^.anc. 

7.  Ricardus  Waldcgrave,  chivaler...  w«n^Mm "I  re  ^n 

in  Villa  de  Seinte  Marie  Bures  °,  j  °°     L   *^  'J 

8  Michael  de  la  Pole mansum  manerii    WyngefeldP      Suff. 

8. mansum  manerii    Stemefeld  **       Suff. 

8. mansum  manerii    Himtyngfeld  '  Suff. 

9.  Edwardus  Dalyngrigge,  chivaler  ...manmrn) 

manmV/^^y^*°^'     Sussex. 

9.  Ricardus   Abberbury,  senior  ...  .yMoe/rfam'J 

castrum  *|  I>onyngton    Berks. 

9.  Matilda  de  Well quandam  mansionem  "     London  Midd. 

10.  Johannes  de  Thornbury,  chivaler. ..  .c?Mrt5'| 

domos  suos  infra  manerium  ]  Bygrave  »        Hertf. 

11.  Henricus,  episcopus  Nor wicen...  ma«tfr*M»t    North  Elmany    Norff. 
11. manerium    Gaywode*      Norff. 

9  The  Roll  adds,  "  vel  partem  ejusdom  mansl  prout  sibi  placuerit  muro,**  &c. 

•>  Tho  Roll  says,  *'in  solo  suo  apud  Shirefhoton  in  Com.  Ebor.  quandam  plaoeam 
prout  sibi  placuerit  muro,"  &c.,  "et  Castrum  indo  facere,"  &c.  *  Sheriff- Hutton. 

•»  The  Itoll  adds,  **  per  communes  nuper  iusur^entcs  pro8tratam,"and  "ad  suppU- 
cationem  ven.  patris  Willielmi  de  Courtenay,  archiep.  Cantuar." 

»  Tho  Roll  adds,  "  desuper  et  juxta  portam  Abbatise  suae  de  Thornton  muro,"  Bua, 

">  The  Roll  adds,  "  et  quoddam  forcelettum  ibidem  pro  voluntate  sua  pro  fortifica- 
tione  ejusdem  manerii  facere,"  &c. 

°  The  Roll  adds,  '*  ad  supplicationem  dilecti  consangiiinei  ot  fidelis  nostri  Petri  de 
Courteney,  militis.*'  o  Bures,  (St.  Mary,)  near  Nayland. 

p  \Viu>^cl(l,  near  Harleston.  4  Stemfield,  near  Saxmundham. 

'  Huntinfrfiold,  near  Ualesworth. 

•  The  Roll  adds,  ''juxta  mare  in  Com.  Sussex,  muro/*  &c.,  ot  Castrum  inde  in  de- 
fensioncin  patriae  adjacentis  pro  resisteutia  inimicorum  nostronim  construere^"  &o.  The 
walls  of  the  castle  are  perfect,  and  very  interesting. 

<  The  Roll  adds,  '*iu  solo  suo  propno  apud  D(>nyngton  in  Com.  Berks  de  novo  oon- 
stnicro  ac  petra,"  &c.,  "  kcrnellare,"  &c.  It  is  near  Newbury,  and  part  of  it  is  standing. 

"  The  Roll  adds,  "in  hospitio  suo  infra  clausum  domus  fratrum  ordinis  oarmehe 
Lfondon.  muro,"  ^c,  *'  keniellare,*'  &c.,  "  et  eandem  mansionem  uc,"  &a,  komellatam 
tenori  possit  eidem  Matill.  ad  totam  vitam  suam  et  post  deoessum  simm  praeiatis  fratri- 
bus  ad  qiios  prH.>(licta  iimnsio  pertinebit  in  perpetuum,"  &c.     *  Bygrave,  near  Baldook. 

r  North  Elmhani,  near  Rcepham.  *  Qaywdod,  near  Lynn* 


1856.] 


Licences  to  Crenellate, 


473 


>. 


} 


Ebor. 


Anno  Regni  R.  II. 

l'\  11.  Johannes  Russell.  ,mansionem  sive  habitatio  Strengesham  *  Wygorn. 
1 1 . mansionem  sive  habitatio    Dormeston  ^   Wygorn. 

1 1 .  Prior  et  Conventus  de  Bridlyngton  *^ ....  J  Bridlyng- 

prioratwm  illii/ni\  ton 

12.  Abbas  et  Conventus  Abbatise  de  Thorn- "^ 

ton aJJa^tam/ Thornton    [Lincoln]. 

15.  Johannes  le  Rous  de  Raggeley^.  .7Wflpn^wm<  p       ,  .        ^l  Glouc. 

16.  Johannes  Devereux .manerium    Penshurst '      Kane. 

16.  Radulphus  de  Lomley,  chivaler  ...  castrmn     LomleyS. 

16.  Johannes   Midelton,  clericus,   custos    Ca-'l 

pellae  Beatse  Maria; ....  titrrim  super  Port-  >  Kilkenny. 
tern  vocat  Benetys  hrigge  adjunctam  Capelke) 

16.  Johannes,  Dominus  de  Lovell...^w«nmww*^     Werdour 
18.  Hugo  Cheyne,  chivaler manerium     Longefeld'. 

20.  Thomas  Brook,  chivaler. . .  .mcmsum  infra') 

>  Holdich 
manenum  suumj 

20.  Willielmus   Stukeland,   clericus. ..  .g't^n-'^ 

dam  earner  am  suam  in  villa  dej 

22.  Abbas  et  Conventus  monasterii  Cestriffi...'^ 

manerium  f  Salghton. 

22.  manerium     Sutton. 

22. manerium    Jus. 


Penreth 


Wilts. 


Devon. 

{March. 
Scocise. 


manerium 

22.  Willielmus  de  Stirkeland . . . .  wwtWTi  man- 


iim  man-\ 
telettum^]  P^'"*^*'* 


(  March. 
\  Scocise. 


»  Rtronsham,  near  Pershore.  *»  Dormston,  near  Worcester. 

c  The  Roll  explains  the  ro^al  reason  for  granting  this  licence:  "  ob  reverentiam  JO' 
hannis  do  Thweng  nuper  Pnor  de  Bridlyngton  ;"  and  after  "ilium"  adds,  ** maris  et 
doinibiLS." 

^  riio  Roll  adds,  *'  Ex,  &o.,  pordonavimus  ei  transgressionem  quam  fecit  kemellando 
parcellam  mancrii  praedicti  obsquo  liccntia  nostra,"  &c. 

e  Staiidloy-Pontlarge,  near  Winchoombe.     '  Penshurst*  near  Tunbridge.  See  vol.  ii. 

K  Tlio  Roll  says,  **quoddam  castnim  apud  Lomley  de  novo  facore  et  construere." 
Lumley  Castle  is  in  Com.  Durham. 

•»  The  Koll  siiys,  "quoddam  manerium  suum  de  Werdour  in  Com.  Wilts,**  &c.,  "ber- 
noUarc,"  &c.,  **  et  Castrum  inde  facere,"  &c.  Wardour  Castie  was  besi^ed  in  the  civil 
wnT^,  and  defended  bv  Lady  Arundel.  It  was  shattered  by  springing  a  mine,  and  has 
never  boon  repaired,  but  there  are  considerable  remains. 


f> 


&o.» 


*  Loiigfield,  near  Dartford,  Kent. 

k  The  Roll  recites  the  previous  grant  thus:  ** nuper,**  &c.,  " concessimus,' 
'Micoiitiam,"  &c.,  **kemellandi  quandam  cameram  in  villa  de  Penreth  super  March* 
Scociac.  Nos  do  uberiori  gratia  nostra  concessimus.**  &c,  "licentiam  quod  ipse  uuum 
mantelettum  de  petra  et  calce  fiicero  et  camera)  pnedictae  conjimgcre  et  mantelettum 
procdictam  kcmollaro,"  &c  The  name  is  misspelt  in  both  instances :  there  can  be  no 
doubt  it  ought  to  bo  Strickland. 


m 


474  Carrespondence  of  Sylvamis  Urban.  [Oct. 


HENRY  IV.  A.D.  \]^^-   S^*,?SX 

\  1413.    March  20. 

^•^-  ^    Anno  Regni  H.  IV. 

140  K J     ^'  Thomas  Tunstall,  miles mcmerium    Thorslond       Lane. 

4.  Jacobus  de  Kadclif,  armiger  ...  mcmerium^,  ^^P    ,  ..^^ 
"  quod  de  ducatu  Lane,  tenetury  j 

4.  Johannes  Corp quoddam  1iospitium\ 

juxta  introitum  porttis  villa  dei  ^^^^^^^^^     l^evon. 

7.  Johannes  de  Stanley,  miles  ....  quandam\ 

domum  quam  ipse  d€J  Lyverpole       Lane. 

7.  Senescallus  hospitii  Regis novo  con- 

struxit  in  villa  de 
7.  Thomas  Wykeham,  armiger man8tm\ 

11.  Abbas  et  Conventus  Monasterii  CestrisB")  _  ,  , 

>  oalghtOD. 
manenum  f       ° 

1 1. munerium    Sutton. 

1 1. manerium    Jus. 


HENRY  V 


.    A.D.  I 


1413.   March  21. 
1431.  August  31. 


3.  Maior  et  Communitas® villam  de    Wynchelse      Sussex. 

HENRY  VI.    A.D.  (  ;*«?•   S^*  }\ 

\  1461.   March  4. 

4.  Henricus,  episcopus  Winton.,  et  alii  P  . . . .  "J 

manerium  in  Rykmersworth  ^  j 

5.  Humfridus,  Dux  Glouc.  et  aHi '  manerium  >  .       . 

j  Axmistre  ". 

1  *'  Cum  muris  de  potris  et  calcc  do  novo  inclndoro  ot  infra  eosdem  mnros  quandam 
aulam  cum  duabus  turribus  do  potris  et  calco  similiter  de  novo  facere  et  eosdem  murcMl 
aulam  et  turres  sic  factos  kemollaro  ct  batoUarc,"  &c.  ■»  Radcliflfe,  near  Bury. 

n  This  entry  on  the  Patent  Rolls  is  a  writ  of  Inspeximus,  confimiing  a  previoas 
grant  by  King  Richard  II.  on  the  18th  of  May,  anno  22  Ric.  II.  The  previous  grant 
is  recited  ;  and  for  this  Inspcximus  the  Abbot  and  Convent  paid  a  fee  of  ISe.  4d.  into 
the  Hanapcr. 

o  The  entry  states  that  the  town  had  been  laid  out  too  largo  for  its  population,  and 
permits  a  smaller  lino  of  defence  to  bo  fortified.  The  mayor  and  corporation  are  per- 
mitted "  firmare,  kemcllarc,  turellare  ot  batollaro."  A  gatehouse  of  tnis  period,  oalled 
the  Nora-gate,  is  still  jiroserved. 

p  The  entry  says,  **cum  potris,  calce  et  briko,"  and  gives  licence  "  kemeUaro,  tur- 
rellaro  ct  batcllaro,"  and  also  to  enclose  six  lumdred  acres  of  land  and  wood  in  Rik* 
mcrsworth  and  Watford.  fl  Ixickmansworth,  near  Bury. 

•"  They  had  licence  "kcmcUare,  turrellare  et  Imtollare  ;'*  but  this  entry  was  after- 
wards made  void,  because  it  was  entered  otherwise  on  a  Charter  Roll  of  this  year. 

•  Axmiuster,  Devonshire. 


Licences  to  Crenellate,  475 

Anno  Regni  H.  VI. 
I  "I                  .    . 
2'!   10.  William  de  la  Zouche* manerium     Haringworth. 

11.  Humfridus,    Dux    Gloucestr.    (avunculus^  ^ 

Regis)  et  Alienora  uxor  e^ns, ..  .manerium  >  ,  /Kane 

sive  mansianem  suam  manerii  sui  •*  j  ^'"^^^^^^'^  ) 

13.  Rolandus  Lenthall,  miles,  et  Lucia  uxor^i  Plampton  "J  Here- 

ejus mansumj  Richard  j  ford. 


T?T^TxrAT)T^  TTf  (1461.   March  4 

EDWARD  IV,   A.D.  i  1  .00      .      .,  ^ 

( 1483.   AprJ  9. 

9.  Radulphus  Wolseley,  bxvcnger . ,  ,manerium     Wolseley '^       Staff. 

12.  Johannes    Elrington,   miles    Thesaurarius") 

H*^'  r>     •  •       V  Dixtherne       Sussex, 

ospitii  Regis manenumj  •^uoac*. 

19. .manerium     Udymerey      Sussex. 

LICENCES  BY  PRIVY  SEAL'. 

EDWARD  III. 

1 .  Willielmus,  episcopus  Norwich palatium')  ^^       .  , 

>  pJorwich       N'orfl 
{at que  omnia  mansa  maneriorum  episcopatus  sui)  J 

1 .  Abbas  et  Conventus  Sancti  Benedict!  de  Hulm  ) 


siimn  ahhatia  j 

2.  Ricardus  de  Merton mansionem     Torriton^  Devon. 

5.  Robertus  de  Langeton mamum  Neuton  in  Makerfeld*'. 

11.  Episcopus  Sarisbur. maneria  Poterne  Wilts. 

11. maneria  Canyng,  &c. 

1 1 . • mnneria 

11. maneria  Raranusbury. 

1 1.  ■  maneria  Sunning,  &c. 

11. domum     Flete-strete     Lond. 

12.  Johannes  de  Molyns  ...  domum  in     Castle  Baynard  Ward     Lond. 

*  Pat.  an.  10  Hen.  VI.  part  1,  m.  26,  is  a  Charter  of  Confirmation  for  William  de  la 
Zoucho,  miles,  quoting  a  charter  uf  Richard  II.,  which  grants  to  William  de  la  Zouche 
of  Tottoncys  licence  to  cronellate,  turollate,  &c.  the  site  of  his  manor  of  Haryngworth, 
and  to  hold  a  fair  there,  yearly,  for  three  days.  Dated  at  Redyng,  May  8th,  an. 
10  Ric.  II.     This  confirmation  is  dated  Nov.  16th. 

"  The  Patent  adds,  '*  batcllare  et  turellare  ao  quandam  turrim  infra  parcum  prsedic- 
tuin  similiter  petra  et  calce  de  novo  construere  et  odificare."  Tliis  Patent  had  previ- 
ously pvon  licence  "  to  enclose  two  hundred  acres  of  land  which  are  outside  the  limits 
of  the  forest,  and  make  a  park."  This  is  now  Greenwich  Park,  and  the  tower,  that 
wtis  rebuilt,  is  now  represented  by  the  Royal  Observatory. 

«  Wolseley,  in  the  parish  of  Colwich,  near  Kugeley.  r  Udimore,  near  Rye. 

*  Tlie  greater  part  of  these  have  been  already  noticed  under  Licences  firora  the  Patent 
Rolls,  and  are  therefore  omitted.        »  Hulme  Abbey,  neir  Alnwick,  Northumberland. 

^  Torriugton.  c  Newton-in-Makerfield,  in  the  parish  of  Win  wick,  Liancashire. 


476 


[0( 


HISTOEICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


I  ' 


Memoirs  of  John  Kitto,  D,D.,  F.S.A. 
By  J.  E.  Ktland,  M.A.  (Edinburgh: 
William  Oliphant  and  Son.  8vo.,  715  pi).) 

More  than  thirty  years  ago,  Plymouth 
Workhouse  had  for  a  few  years  an  inmate 
differing  very  widely  from  the  class  to 
whom  its  walls  usually  gave  shelter.  On 
first  appearances,  it  miglit  have  seemed 
that  this  difference  from  his  com})anions 
was  by  no  means  to  the  young  i)auper*8 
advantage.  A  sickly,  dwarfish  body,  so 
small  that  it  looked  hardly  strong  enough 
to  supj)ort  the  head  upon  its  shoulders, 
and  the  great  aiHiction  of  a  complete  and 
hopeless  loss  of  hearing,  were  not,  cer- 
tainly, to  be  considercil  very  enviable 
marks  of  distinction,  if  these  had  been 
the  only  ones  of  which  the  poor  little 
fellow  had  to  boast.  Happily  for  him, 
and  thanks  to  that  kind  Providence  which 
seldom  gives  a  bale  without  a  proportitmato 
blessing,  they  wore  not  so.  From  his  very 
infancy  the  l)oy  had  given  indication  of  a 
love  of  books  as  ardent  as  it  was  rare. 
Long  before  the  terrible  misfortune  luvd 
bi'fallen  him  which  shut  him  out  from 
almost  all  companionship  save  that  wbich 
they  could  give,  he  had  lejirned  to  find  in 
thorn  his  chief  delight.  He  had  very  little 
cire,  even  at  that  time,  it  seems,  for  so- 
ciety, and  seldom  or  never  took  part  in 
the  amusements  of  the  young  i)eople  of 
the  neighlKMirhood,  but  was  rather  to  be 
foimd  sitting  by  himself  in  his  own  little 
garret-cliaml)er,  or  under  the  friendly  shade 
of  some  tree  or  hedge,  iM)ring  over  a 
cherishwl  book.  The  ingenuity  of  his  ])lans 
to  pnwure  hiniKelf  this  kind  of  indulgence, 
and  the  perseverance  which  he  dis])lay(Ml 
in  carrying  them  into  effect,  sufiiciently 
attest  how  strong  the  passion  was.  We 
can  fancy  with  what  a  true  zest  some 
th<.)rough  old  b(M)k-wr>rm  will  read  this 
part  of  Dr.  Kitto's  history ;  how  infinite 
will  be  his  sympathy  with  the  shy  stolen 
readings  from  the  iMK^ksellers*  windows, 
and  with  thoM>  frequent  loving,  kmging 
visits  to  the  one  book-stall,  with  Ha  kindly 
kcei)er,  in  l)evoni)ort  market.  We  can 
fancy,  too,  how  it  will  move  him  well-nigh 
to  tears  to  follow  the  poor  little  student 
thrcmgh  all  the  varicms  successt^s  of  his 
efforts  to  raise  the  funds  for  his  mcKlest 
j)urchases ;  to  watch  him  hanging  his  small 
exhibition  of  pictures  in  his  little  window, 
and  then  peepinj;  out  from  l>ehind  with 
such  eager  anxiety  to  ascertain  what  chance 
there  seemed  to  be  of  buyers;  to  see  him 
sitting  at  his  artistic  stall  at  I'lynumth 
fair,  and  to  know  what  Hutterings  and 
angu' :h  such  publicity  was  costing  his 
10 


young  timid  hearty  to  see  him  wanderi 
about  day  after  day  with  his  stock  of  lab 
and  advertisements^  sometimes  not  able 
muster  courage,  in  a  w^holc  day  long, 
offer  one  for  sale ;  or  to  see  him  wadi 
for  weary  hours  in  the  mud  and  slongh 
Sutton  Pool,  in  search  of  pieces  of  old  ro 
or  iron,  and  narrowly  escaping  maimi: 
himself  for  life  in  the  pursuit ; — ^to  see  hi 
doing  and  suffering  so  much  so  patient! 
for  the  sake  of  his  dear  love  of  bool 
would,  as  we  have  said,  win  for  the  pc 
boy  the  hearty  sympathy  of  any  felJa 
worshipper. 

When  he  had  been  for  four  years 
resident  in  Plymouth  Workhouse,  Kitt< 
case  at  length  attracted  the  attention 
some  of  the  more  humane  and  diacei 
ing  of  his  townsmen.  It  was  discover 
that  his  ability  and  love  of  knowled 
might  be  turned  to  some  better  purpt 
than  acquiring  the  art  of  making  list  slio 
A  subscription  was  set  on  foot  in  his  1 
half,  by  which  a  sufficient  sum  was  c 
tained  to  snpi)ort  him  for  one  year,  wlii 
he  pursued  his  studies.  Accordingly,  up 
the  17th  of  July,  18:23,  ho  was  disoliarK 
from  the  workhouse;  and  immodiati 
after  was  granted  the  full  use  of  the  pi 
lie  library  of  the  town,  which  was  to  k 
a  most  invaluable  privilc^.  Poswibly  t] 
was  the  happiest  time  of  his  whole  Hi 
happier  than  any  part  of  his  past  life,  < 
may  be  sure  it  i^iis,  and  we  should  vc 
nnich  doubt  whether  any  period  of  ] 
sulwiHjuent  career  ever  yielded  such  stroi 
complete  siitisfaction.  So  long  in  bondaj 
he  was  now  freis  and  the  constant  longi: 
of  his  life  was  gratifieil  at  last,  in  wl 
miLst  have  seemetl  to  him  an  aliuodt  ov< 
whelming  measure:  for  the  first  time 
his  life  he  had  unrestnuned  access  to 
many  gootl  l)ook8  as  he  pleased.  In  o 
of  his  lettiTS  writt<.-n  just  at  tliis  time, 
Kjiys, — "  In  the  most  enthusiastic  of  r 
reveries,  I  never  imagined  that  i  shou 
ever  l)e  as  I  now  am." 

Tliat  Kitto  made  good  use  of  the  oppi 
tunities  thus  afforded  him,  there  can  be 
doubt,  although  we  have  got  no  vciy  f 
infonnation  as  to  the  character  aud  pi 
gress  of  his  studies.  At  first  he  a|»pli 
hiniKi^lf  almost  cxclusiveW  to  metaphysi 
but  this  pursuit  was  evidently  one  t€ 
little  suited  either  to  his  tastes  or  to  1 
l)owers.  Atlerwards,  it  appears^  his  pi 
suits  were  somewhat  desultory.  At  o 
time  he  remarks : — 

••  1  cannot  accuw  myself  of  ha^lnt  wasted 
mii^einploved  u  niommt  of  my  time  alnoe  I  1 
the  wurkliouw,  or  indevd  for  wversl  yean  bci 


1856.] 


MiscellaneoiLS  Reviews, 


477 


that  period,  yet  I  am  not  quite  8atiAfle<l  with  my- 
self. I  have  read  much,  I  have  reflected  much, 
I  have  written  much,  but  I  think  I  should  be 
better  pleased  with  mynelf  if  I  had  uome  deter- 
minate and  regular  pursiut." 

The  waiit  of  a  "  regular  pursuit,"  or  at 
least  of  a  "regular  pursuit**  congenial  to 
his  peculiar  cast  of  mind,  was  one  which 
Kitto  was  long  destined  to  experience.  If 
we  did  not  recognise  a  deep  purpose  in  all 
such  so-called  chances,  we  might  say  that 
it  was  a  mere  accident  hy  which  he  was 
le<l  at  last  into  the  true  path.  He  had 
already,  after  various  previous  changes  and 
buffetings,  accepted  a  situation,  and  was 
on  his  road  to  it,  when  he  met  in  London 
a  valued  friend,  the  gentleman  with  whom 
he  had  spent  some  time  at  Exeter,  who 
was  uj)on  the  eve  of  setting  forth  upon  a 
mission  to  Persia.  Casually,  and  without 
any  expectation  of  receiving  a  reply  in  the 
affirmative,  he  said  to  Kitto,  "  Will  you 
come?"  and  Kitto  answered,  "  Yes"  Thus 
was  the  way  opened  for  all  that  curious 
and  miimte  observation  to  which  we  all,  in 
after  years,  have  owed  so  much.  In  the 
month  of  June,  1829,  Kitto  left  England 
for  the  East. 

It  would  please  us  much  if  we  could 
give  our  readers  some  account,  however 
brief,  of  Dr.  Kitto's  travels,  but  our  space 
is  too  limitetl  to  pennit  the  indulgence. 
He  WHS  absent  precisely  four  years. 

Upon  his  return,  all  idea  of,  or  desire 
for,  fiirtber  wandering,  seems  to  have  been 
tuiiilly  banished  from  his  mind.  In  his 
earlier  <lays  he  had  always  had  a  strong 
longing  to  see  life  \i\i(m  a  wide  scale,  to 
study  man, — to  recompense  himself,  as  it 
were,  tor  the  loss  of  one  sense,  by  the  fuller 
gratificatifm  of  those  that  remained.  This 
wish  was  now  ctmipletely  satisfied;  and 
he  wan  therefore  readv  t<)  settle  down  to 
work.  In  three  months  from  the  time  of 
his  arrival  in  En;;huid,  he  was  provided 
with  go<)d  and  plta«ant  employ  men  t,  and 
also  with  what  wiw  certainly  the  next  best 
thing  he  coidd  have  been  provided  with — 
a  good  and  pleasant  wife.  We  cannot  pass 
over  without  a  word  the  little  glimpies 
with  which  we  are  here  and  there  favoured 
in  Mr.  Hyland's  biography,  of  Dr.  Kitto's 
I)rivate  life.  The  account  Mrs.  Kitto  has 
given  there  of  the  earlier  years  of  their 
marriage  is  very  touching  and  beautiliil : 
none  can  fail,  we  are  sure,  to  understand 
and  feel  for  her  sore  disapi)ointmcnt,  at 
the  first,  in  finding  the  great  sc]>aration 
between  them  which  her  husband's  tastes 
and  pursuits  in  a  measure  necessarily  oc- 
casioned, and  none  can  fail  to  admire  her 
noble  and  loving  resolution  to  remove  the 
barrier : — 

••Instead  of  repininpr,"  she  says,  ''I  tried  to 
find  means  of  access  to  him,— to  bring  myself 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


into  closer  connection  with  him,  by  intercstinfp 
myself  in  his  purKuiti.  I  tried  to  get  him  to 
enlist  me  into  his  service.  This  wish  afforded 
him  great  pleasure,  and  he  was  never  at  a  loss  to 
find  employment  for  me  Daily  we  walked  to- 
gether to  tliC  British  Museum ;  'he,  to  attend  to 
his  duties  relative  to  the  •  Penny  Magazine,'  I, 
to  collect  such  materials  as  he  required  for  future 
use.  Thus  we  pursued  our  course  together,  until 
his  more  onerous  engagements  on  the  '  Pictorial 
Bible'  rendered  it  necessary  for  him  to  sit  at 
home  and  ply  his  pen  assiduously,  whilst  I,  day 
by  day,  went  forth  to  collect  from  all  the  various 
authorities  pointed  out  by  him,  such  materials  as 
he  needed." 

It  would  be  a  good  thing  if  the  wives  of 
all  literary  men  would  learn  something 
from  such  an  example :  the  domestic  life  of 
genius  would  be  then  no  longer  what  it 
too  frequently  is  now. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  extract  we  have 
just  now  given,  Mrs.  Kitto  alludes  to  the 
«  Pictorial  Bible."  This  is  Dr.  Kitto's  great 
work, — the  one  by  which  he  is  most  gene- 
rally known, — the  one  for  which  all  his 
previous  life  had  been  preparing  hira : — 

"  It  has  been  of  infinite  advantage,"  he  says, 
in  writing  of  it  to  Charles  Knight,  ••  as  an  exer- 
cise to  my  own  mind  It  has  afforded  me  an  op- 
portunity of  bringing  nearly  all  my  resources 
into  play ;  rav  old  Biblical  studies,  the  observa- 
tions of  travel,  and  even  the  very  miscellaneous 
character  of  my  reading,  have  all  been  highly 
useful  to  me  in  this  undertaking." 

In  fact,  it  would  have  been  entirely  out 
of  the  question,  in  the  whole  range  of  art, 
literature,  and  science,  to  have  found  an 
emplojTnent  which  was  so  thoroughly 
adai>ti>d  to  him,  and  to  which  he  was  so 
thoroughly  adapted.  His  natural  temper, 
both  moral  and  mental,  calm,  and  patitnt, 
and  so  undauntedly  and  immovably  deter- 
mined, fitted  him  eminently  for  the  busi- 
ness of  research ;  early  discipline  had 
taught  him  to  laugh  at  ditliculties,  and  to 
know  no  **  im])ossible ;"  and  his  acute  and 
correct  iK)wer  of  observation  had  furnished 
him  with  stores  of  minute  information  of 
inestimable  value  to  his  subject,  such  as 
many  another  man,  who  liad  even  enjoye<l 
the  same  opportunities,  would  have  faile<l 
to  secure.  In  spite  of  its  congeniality, 
however,  it  was  a  formidable  undertaking ; 
and  to  the  intense  and  incessant  applica- 
tion which  it  imposed,  he  doubtless  owe<l 
his  subsequent  sufferings  and  premature 
death.  His  "  working  day"  extended,  at 
this  time,  to  sixteen  hours, — long  enough  to 
have  worn  out  a  stronger  frame  than  his. 

The  "  Bible"  was  at  length  finished  in 
1838.  Kitto  seems  to  have  kept  an  anxious 
and  fearfiil  look-out  for  hostUe  criticism  ; 
but  he  had  little  to  fear.  The  result  of 
his  lal)ours  was  well  received.  Tliese 
labours  were  scarcely  well  ended,  when 
they  had  to  be  begtm  anew.  His  next 
undertaking  was  "Tlio  Pictorial  Histoiy 
of  Palestine  and  the  Holy  Land,"  a  work 

3q 


478 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Oct. 


involving  a  longer  and  closer  period  of 

study  even  than  the  last : — 

"  Yet  he  was  never  happier,"  saya  Mr.  Ryland, 
"than  when  thus  enfiriif?^;  and  such  was  his 
love  of  literature,  that  he  won  Id  willinifly  have 
forofKone  all  rest  or  relaxation,  had  that  heen 
possible.  His  most  poifrnant  regrets,  which  at 
this  time  he  often  expressed,  were  on  the  inade- 
quacy of  the  brief  term  of  the  present  life  for  the 
accomplishment  of  ths  ^odX  objects  on  which  his 
heart  was  set  lie  would  rnoinotimes,  in  convers- 
ing with  Mrs.  Kitto,  dwell  with  enthusiastic  de- 
liprht  on  his  literary  projects,  specifying  one  work 
after  another,  calculatmt?  the  time  which  each 
would  be  likely  to  occupy,  and  then  how  many 
Tears  would  be  left  still  to  be  filled  with  other 
laboiirs,  supposing  his  life  to  be  protracted  be- 
yond threescore  and  ten ;  and  then,  suddenly 
checking  his  ardent  imaginings,  would  exclaim, 
*  Alas !  alas !  I  shall  never  accomplish  half  these 

Eurposes !'  At  other  times  he  would  sav,  *  Per- 
aps  it  is  well,  if  I  am  happy  now.  I  have  at- 
tained even  more  than  I  soui^ht,  and  I  might 
get  too  content  ever  to  desire  to  leave  this 
world.'  •• 

Dr.  Kitto's  next  undertaking  of  im- 
portance was  the  editorship  of  "  Tlio  Cy- 
clopecdia  of  Bihlical  Literature."  The 
plan  of  this  publication  wa.s  entirely  his 
own;  and,  as  was  meet  it  should,  it  be- 
came the  means  of  spreading  his  rc])utation 
widely.  Unfortunately,  however,  like 
some  of  his  other  works,  it  gained  him,  as 
he  himself  expressed  it,  more  honour  than 
emolument;  and  to  a  man  dependent  on 
his  pen  for  sui)i)()rt,  and  with  a  large 
family  of  children,  tliis  is  a  somewhat 
doubtful  recompense  for  years  of  hard, 
unwearying  toil.  The  j)ressure  of  pecu- 
niary troubles  began,  in  fai't,  to  grow 
hea\'y.  The  faihire  of  the  house  with 
which  he  had  been  connecte<l,  and  the  ill 
success  of  some  of  his  own  adventurer,  had 
plunged  him  into  difficulties  not  easily  or 
soon  to  be  overcome.  The  spirit  of  faith 
and  confidence  witli  wliich  he  looked  for- 
ward amidst  his  trials  to  "a  go<xl  time 
coming,"  will  be  Iwst  seen  by  his  own 
words : — 

*'  My  temper,"  he  says,  in  a  letter  to  his  old 
friend  Mr. Tnicy,  ♦•is  essentially  hopeful,  and, 
although  liable  to  fits  of  great  deproMicm,  my 
mind  is  seldom  long  in  rocoverintr  its  balance, 
and  rests  aeain  in  the  stnmg  faith  which  (lod  has 
given  to  me,  that  if  I  will  but  wait,  things  are 
working  together  for  my  good,  even,  ]K'rhiips, 
by  ways  that  I  know  not.*  •  WaiV  has  hwn  very 
much  my  motto  of  late,  and  it  is  not  a  bad  one. 

*  n'/ij7,'— this  despondency  cannot  last  for  ever. 

*  Wait,* — the  longest  night  has  a  morning  ♦  IVuit^' 
-  your  lot  is  perhaps  ripening  for  go(Hl,  and  for 
increased  usefulness  to  yourself  and  to  others  ; — 
only  i/fliV,  only  believe,  and  all  will  be  well." 

lliis  same  faith  was  destinwl  ere  long 
to  be  put  to  new  and  more  severe  pr<^>fs. 
Tlie  fiimace-fires  of  affliction  were  lightinl 
red-hot  to  test  it,  but  it  came  out  trom 
them  scatheless.  One  after  another  three 
dearly-loved  children  were  taken  from  his 
hearth ;  but  in  all  his  anguish,  there  was 
mixed  no  murmur  against  the  ciittstening 
hand.     Suffering  was   sent   to  liim, — in- 


tense, unrelenting  suflfering, — hut  it,  too^ 
was  powerless  to  shake  his  confidence  and 
patience.  Finally,  the  angel  of  death 
came  for  him  also,  and  he  obeyed  its  snm- 
mons  with  the  same  calm  trust.  And  it 
is  this  that  above  everything  else  we  ad- 
mire and  love  in  l>r.  Kitto— his  deep, 
true,  religious  faith  There  was  no  osten- 
tation in  it,  no  bigotry,  no  fanaticism,  no 
inconsistency,  not  one  shadow  of  taminff ; 
from  the  earliest  age  at  which  he  coind 
think  at  all,  until  his  latest  breath,  it 
knew  no  change.  The  lights  of  many  men 
liave  burned  with  more  dazzling  lustre, 
but  those  of  few  with  a  strong^  or  a 
steadier  Hume.  Religion  was  the  mot've 
power  of  his  life, — the  end  of  all  his  under- 
takings,— ^the  object  of  all  his  hopes : — 

"  And  biess'd  are  they, 
'^lio  in  this  fleshly  world,  the  elect  of  heaven. 
Their  strong  eye  darting  through  the  deeds  of 

men, 
Adore  with  stedfast,  unpresuming  gaze 
Ilim,  nature's  essence,  mind,  and  energy ! 
And  ga/.ing,  trembling,  patiently  ascend. 
Treading  beneath  their  feet  all  vi.-sible  things. 
As  steps  that  upward  to  their  Father's  throne 
Lead  gradual, — else  nor  glorified  nor  loved.'* 

Whoever  is  familiar  with  "  The  Life  and 
Corresi>ondence  of  John  FosUt"  must  have 
read  with  eager  anticipation  the  anncnince- 
ments  of  another  memoir  by  the   same 
editor.    John  Foster  himself,  with  his  fine 
intellect,  and  his  true  heart,  and  all  bis 
thousand   great    and  little  oddities,   has 
always  been  a  favourite ;  hut  apart  Arom 
this,  Mr.  Kyland's  l)ook  has  a  great  charm 
for  us.     If  we  had  never  hearti  of  John 
Foster  before  we  read   it,  or  if  he  had 
been  a  much  more  commonplace  sort  of 
individual  than  he  was,  we  should   still 
hnve  liked  it.     Then*  is  enough  tact  in  its 
arniugement  to  have  made  uninteresting 
matter   palatable.      It   is   never  tedioos. 
Tliere  was  nothing  certainly  very  romantic 
or  very  various  in  Foster's  life,  and  yet 
through  all  the  two  large  volumes  one 
never   grows  tired.     Unfortunately,   the 
like  cannot  l>e  said  of  the  work  before  ns. 
In  some   res])(><'ts   Mr.  Kyland's   present 
subjci^t    afibnled   l)etter  materials  for  a 
iKwk  thjm  his  previous  one, — l>r.  Kitto's 
WHS  a  nmch  more  unusual  and  ev«itful 
life;— but  it   is   obvious  that  they  were 
materials  that  requiri>d  altogether  a  differ- 
ent mode  of  treatment.     In  writing  upon 
the  sam(>  plan,  Mr.  Kyland  has,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  made  a  failure.     Every  rule, 
it  is  said,  has  exceptions.     In  a  general 
])oint  of  view,  too  much  cannot  be  said  of 
the  principle  so  much  in  vogue  in  the  pre- 
sent age  of  making  a  biography  almost 
solely  a  compilation  of  a  man's  letters  and 
diary.   In  a  man  of  strong  original  power, 
like  Foster,  it  was  the  only  way.     The 
more  wc  have  of  his  thoughts  the  better ; 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Rt  views. 


479 


they  are  always  good :  when  compounded 
by  such  a  nice  hand  as  Mr.  Ryland's,  and 
seasoned  so  judiciously,  they  have  wonder- 
ful relish.  In  Dr.  Kitto*s  case,  however, 
it  is  quite  different.  Dr.  Kitto  was  not  a 
man  of  strong  original  mind.  He  was  not 
one  of  "  the  men  who  think,** — one  of  the 
high  priesthood  of  reasonf—onQ  of  those 
who  have 

"  The  faith,  the  viffour,  bold  to  dwell 

On  doubts  that  drive  the  coward  back, 
And  learn  thro'  wordy  snares  to  track 
Suggestion  to  her  inmost  cell." 

He  had  a  clear,  acute  brain,  a  sound  un- 
derstanding, great  perceptive  faculty,  and 
great  perseverance,  but  little  else.  With 
such  a  man  as  this,  it  is  not  necessary, 
to  enable  us  to  form  a  thorough  judg- 
ment of  him,  that  we  should  read  every 
letter  and  every  scrap  of  diary  he  ever 
wrote — it  is  not  necessarv,  and  neither  is 
it  by  any  means  interesting.  Mr.  Ryland 
gives  too  much  importance  to  the  circum- 
stances imder  which  Kitto's  mind  was 
developed.  He  has  supposed  that  a  man 
who  could  overcome  so  much  must  have 
been  a  man  of  i)eculiar  genius,  which  does 
not  follow.  Genius  often  sinks  under  dif- 
ficulties over  which  talent  and  perseverance 
soon  triumph ;  and  Dr.  Kitto*s  was  pre- 
cisely the  mind  to  attain  at  last  the  object 
it  had  in  view,  whatever  that  object  might 
be.  His  obstinacy  alone  carried  him  over 
obstacles  which  would  have  foiled  most 
other  men.  When  to  this  we  add  an  in- 
dustry as  untiring  as  it  was  great,  and  an 
almost  morbidly  tine  sense  of  duty,  there 
is  very  little  to  marvel  at  in  his  having 
done  what  he  did.  Anything  that  was 
to  be  acquired,  ho  would  have  acquired. 
If  Dr.  Kitto's  correspondence  and  journals 
fiimished  us  with  the  history  of  his  pa- 
tient progress  towards  his  desired  end, 
then,  still,  even  though  they  had  no  par- 
ticular claim  to  originality,  they  should 
have  been  on  no  account  withheld.  But 
they  do  not  do  this,  and  this  is  why  we 
complain  of  their  very  copious  insertion. 
Most,  it*  not  all,  of  his  earlier  letters — and 
these  form  a  very  large  part  of  the  volume 
— were,  as  he  himself  says,  written  for  the 
express  purpose  of  being  shevm  about 
amongst  his  influential  friends,  and  it  may 
be  readily  imagined  what  such  productions 
would  be ; — a  -protege,  without  one  spark 
of  original  genius,  writing  for  the  eyes  of 
his  j)atrons!  Yet  of  these  letters  Mr. 
Ryland  has  given  us  some  scores. 

To  the  letters  from  abroad  there  is  less 
objection,  but  they,  also,  are  far  too  nume- 
rous. In  fact,  to  comprehend  all  farther 
criticism  in  a  word,  we  cannot  but  think 
that  if  Mr.  Ryland  had  made  a  much  less, 
he  would  have  made  a  much  better,  book. 


The  Olden  and  Modem  Times,  unth 
other  Poems.  By  the  Rev.  W.  Smith 
Marriott,  M.A.  (Ijondon:  Rivin^rtons.) — 
The  composition  irom  which  Mr.  Mar- 
riott's volume  takes  its  name  is  written  in 
a  controversial  tone,  fitter  for  a  pamphlet 
than  a  poem.  We  do  not  mean  to  qn^tion 
that  the  views  delivered  in  it  are  good  and 
sound,  but  we  demur  to  the  expression  of 
them  in  verse.  Like  piety,  we  would  keep 
poetry  unsullied  by  the  strife  of  party,  or 
the  sting  of  biting  words. 

Mr.  Marriott,  however,  having  chosen 
verse  as  the  vehicle  of  his  satiric  touches, 
we  are  bound  to  confess  that  he  has  used 
it  cleverly  and  well.  "The  Olden  and 
Modem  Times"  possesses  all  the  merit 
poetry  of  tliat  kind  pretends  to.  The  ex- 
pression is  terse,  the  point  telling,  the 
versification  easy,  and  the  rhymes  correct. 
But  we  think  the  spirit  that  breathes  life 
into  the  strain  would  have  been  more 
poetic  if  it  had  been  more  pacific  "A 
Tribute  to  Dorset,"  which  holds  the  second 
place  in  Mr.  Marriott's  volume,  is  plea- 
santer  far,  from  being  less  polemical.  With 
all  the  good  qualities  of  the  preceding 
poem,  it  enters  only  here  and  there  upon 
debateable  ground.  We  extract  from  it, 
in  reference  to  Weymouth,  a  few  lines 
which  every  reader  will  be  pleased  with : — 

•*  'Twas  there,  with  buoyant  heart  and  pace. 
That  distanc'd  soon  the  slower  grace 
Of  courtly  dames,  unus'd  above 
A  slow  and  mincing  step  to  move,— 
Twas  there  the  youthful  Princess  gain*d 
The  hearts  o*er  which  she  wotdd  have  reign*d; 
But  Heaven  will*d  it  not,  and  man 
Must  not  presume  that  will  to  scan. 
She  laid  an  earthly  sceptre  down 
To  gain,  we  hope,  an  heav'nly  crown. 
'Tis  tlus  consoles  a  nation's  pain. 
For  England's  loss  is  Charlotte's  gain." 

But  we  like  best  of  all  the  poems  in 
the  last  division  of  Mr.  Marriott's  volume. 
In  his  "  Sacred  Pieces"  the  author  takes, 
as  is  meet,  a  higher  tone,  and  rises  to  the 
sweet  and  true  serenity  of  a  poetic  spirit. 
We  hope  tliat  he  will  take  the  wish  kindly, 
that  on  some  future  occasion  he  will  give 
us  more  of  these,  and  fewer  of  the  more 
defiant  strains.  W'e  dare  predict  that,  by 
such  a  modification  of  his  present  course, 
he  will  please  his  readers  infinitely  more, 
and  not  profit  himself  less.  It  is  only  in 
them  that  he  fairly  puts  forth  his  poetic 
strength ;  and  we  are  sure  that  he  cannot 
give  the  public  too  many  of  those  **  sweet 
songs  of  praise"  which,  as  he  himself  tells 
us,  "each  bosom  should  afford.' 


t» 


Sonnets,  chiefly  Astronomical;  and  other 
Poems.  By  the  Rev.  James  A.  Stothert. 
(Edinburgh :  Marsh  &  Beattie.  12mo.) — 
This  unpretending  little  volome  is  full 
of  sweet  and  thoughtful  poetry.    In  the 


480 


Mh'cellaneatis  Reviews. 


[Oct. 


nianap^cment  of  the  sonnet,  with  all  its 
multitnilinous  difficulties,  Mr.  Stothert  is 
very  successful ;  and  it  is  the  form  of 
verse  most  suited  to  his  manner  of  poetic 
conception.  Calm,  earnest,  deep,  and  ele- 
gant in  thouj]:ht,  he  has  done  well  to 
ch(K)se  that  which  is,  when  appropriately 
used,  the  noblest  of  all  measures. 

Over  the  greater  number  of  the  com- 
positions there  is  thrown  the  tender  light 
of  a  devout  feeling ;  not  clumsily,  or  in 
the  least  degree  repulsively,  cast  over 
them,  but  just  gilding  them,  as  it  were, 
with  a  ray  that  indicates  the  habitual 
and  serene  brightness  of  the  mind  from 
which  they  emanate.  We  have  read  with 
great  gratification  these  admirable  com- 
positions of  an  able  and  a  pious  man,  and 
can  heartily  recommend  them  to  the  fire- 
side circles  of  all  serious  and  intelligent 
homes. 

We  subjoin,  as  an  example  of  the  poems, 
a  sonnet  on  "  Intellectual  Peace  :" — 

**  Around  yon  mountain-monarches  airy  height, 
Whose  8ummit  half  a  continent  surveys, 
Loud  thunders   roll,   keen   forked   Ughtning 
playH ; 
O'er    stormy  clouds   fierce    winds   exert   their 

miifht, 
And  drive   them   roaring   through   the  Alpine 
night. 
Beyond  the  flyinif  vapours*  troubled  maze, 
Illumined  by  the  moon's  unclouded  rays, 
The  throne  sublime  of  Peace  and  endless  Light 
KoHtH  (m  its  snowy  head,  where  sound  of  war 

Approaches  not  through  ages  of  repose  ; 
By  day  the  sun,  by  night  the  polar  star 

Ueflccted  ever  from  its  polish'd  snows ; 
To  noble  souls  alone  such  calm  is  given. 
Whose  faith,  'mid  storms  of  doubt,  is  centred 
high  in  heaven." 


us  hope  that  the  work  which  Mr.  Bell 
should  have  done  will  be  taken  up  by  some 
other  person  competent  to  do  the  work. 


Early  Balladjt,  illustrative  of  Historift 
Ttaditiony  and  Customs.  Edited  by  Ro- 
bert Bklt..  (London:  John  W.Parker 
and  Son,  West  Strand.  Small  8vo.,  22 1  pp.) 
— Mr.  Kcll,  in  this  most  recent  addition 
to  his  series  of  annotated  poets,  has  pre- 
sented us  with  a  very  nice  selection  of  early 
ballads,  including  "London  Lackpenny," 
"The  Nut  Brown  Maid,"  Robin  Hood 
ballads,  "Chevy  Chase,"  "  Lord  Lovel,"  and 
other  well-known  favourites,  with  a  small 
selection  of  others  less  familiar.  As  a  very 
judiciou<f  selection  it  deserves  praise,  but 
we  hiirdly  know  how  to  consider  the  vo- 
lume, unless  it  be  as  one  of  the  family  of 
elegant  extracts.  What  we  might  have 
hoped  for  at  Mr.  Bell's  hands  was  some- 
thing like  a  complete  collection  of  our 
early  ballad-lore,  with  an  introduction  to 
each  piece,  or  series  of  pieces.  If  this  had 
been  done,  Mr.  Bell  would  have  deserved 
the  praise  of  every  lover  of  those  beautiful 
reli(|ue8,  in  collecting  which  Bishop  Percy 
made  so  noble  a  bi^ginning.  The  present 
volume  but  whets  our  appetite,  and  makes 


Hymns  and  Songs  of  the  Church,  By 
Geobge  Wither.  With  an  Introduction 
by  Edwabd  Faub.  (London  :  John  Ros- 
sell  Smith.  Small  8vo.,  361  pp.,  with 
Portrait.) — This  addition  to  Mr.  Russell 
Smith's  "Library  of  Old  Authors"  fully  sus- 
tains the  reputation  of  the  series ;  indeed, 
we  think  tliat  this  is  the  handsomcMt 
volume  yet  published. 

Wither's  Ufe  was  a  strangely  chequered 
one,  but,  under  any  and  every  circumstance 
and  change,  his  outspoken,  sturdy  character 
shewed  itself,  whether  we  observe  him  as 
a  bold  champion  of  Chiut:h  and  King,  or 
the  equally  bold  contemner  of  both. 

The  Psalms  and  Hymns  were  intended  aa 
an  appendage  to  Stemhold  and  Hopldna, 
and  King  James  L  granted  the  author  a 
patent,  commanding  them  to  be  so  ap- 
pended to  all  books  sold ;  but  this  was  set 
at  nought  by  the  Stationers'  Company, 
who  were  the  then  monopolists,  and  Wi- 
ther does  not  appear  to  have  gained  much 
by  his  patent.  Mr.  Farr  has  added  a  very 
interesting  biographical  Introduction,  and 
we  hope  to  find  that  the  public  will  put 
their  seal  of  approbation  to  the  present 
edition  of  an  author  who  may  fairly  take 
his  place  on  the  same  shelf  with  George 
Herbert. 


Lexicon  Poeticum  Antiqua  lAngmB 
Septentrionalisy  conscripsit  STElNBJOttir 
EOILS90N.  Edidit  Societas  Regia  Anti- 
quariorum  Septentrionalium.  (Fasc.  I.,  Haf- 
nise,  1854,  iv.  and  2K)  pp.  Fasc  IL,  Haf- 
niffi,  1855,  240  pp.,  royal  8vo.) — This  gre&t 
work,  which  owes  its  origin  to  the  zeid  of 
our  late  distinguished  countryman,  Mr. 
Richard  Cleasby,  who  provided  one-half 
the  funds  required,  and  to  the  talent  of 
the  great  Icelander,  Dr.  Egilsson — now, 
alas  !  also  no  more — is  advancing  rapidly. 
The  last  part,  which  has  just  appeared 
(Aug.  1856),  brings  down  the  lexicon  to 
" KUNNIQB,  caUiduSf  peritus"  and  two  or 
three  more  parts  will  complete  the  work. 
The  poetical  language  of  the  Old-Norse  and 
Icelandic  literature  is  often  excessively 
difficult,  from  the  peculiar  nature  of  the 
Old  Scandinavian  "  kcnnings "  (poetical 
synonyms),  and  the  involutions  and  fiur- 
fetched  meanings  then  so  common.  Every 
student  of  this  rich  literature  will  there- 
fore be  g^teful  for  any  asnstance,  much 
more  for  such  a  masterly  dictionary  of  the 
old  tongue.  All  that  learning  and  im- 
mense reading  and  profbund  criticism  can 
aooomplish,  is  muted  in  this  work,  whidi 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


481 


includes  all  wortls  in  both  manuscript  and 
published  texts.  Seldom,  indeed,  dare  we 
diflfer  from  the  profoundly  accomplished 
author  in  his  explanation.  He  exhausts 
the  meaning  of  every  word  he  handles,  and 
carefiiUy  refers  to  all  its  forms  and  com- 
pounds. As  a  s;)eoiraen,  we  take  the  last 
word  in  the  last  part : — 

**  KuNNlQB,  adj.,  callidwiy  peritu^,  mul- 
tiseius  (kumna) ;  ace.  s.  incite. :  as  kunni- 
gan  Asam  multiscium,  vel  notutn,  celebrcniy 
Rm.  1 ;  dat.  8.  fem.y  kunnigri  callid(Sy 
Volk.  23.  In  composUi'i :  tjolkunnigr, 
happkunnigr,  ohunnigr,  reginkunnigr.  In 
prosa  absolute,  ma(/ice  perifus,  tit  tjolkun- 
nigr,  8E  I.  32 :  'Asa  folk  var  sv4  kvnigt,  at 
allir  Ivtir  gengv  at  vilia  peirra ;  6t.  37 : 
Haraldr  kondngr  sendir  kungan  mann 
(ba{id  kungom  manni  at  fara)  til  'Islands 
(F.  xi.  181) ;  margar  kungar  ovettir  byggja 
land  pat  ('Island),  F.  xi.  182.  2)  oriundtts, 
ortus,  prognatus  {a  kun-kyn  genus),  in 
compos. :  alfkunnigr,  6skunnigr,  vide  et 
godkunnigr,  gMkunuigr  su>b  voce  god- 
kou^mgr." 

This  splendid  work,  by  a  noble  resolu- 
tion of  the  society  which  has  published  it, 
costs  only  four  shillings  a-part.  When 
shall  we  see  Mr.  Cleasby*s  Old-Norse  prose 
lexicon  (said  to  be  in  the  press  in  Oxford), 
and  what  will  be  its  price  ? 


in  elucidating  the  antiquities  of  our  sister 
country. 


De  NorsJce  Klostres  Historie ;  Middel- 
alderen,  a/* Christian  C.  A.  Lanoe.  An- 
den  omarbeidede  Udgave.  Forste  Halvded. 
(Christiania,  1856.) 

The  History  of  the  Norwegian  Monas- 
teries in  the  Middle  Ages.  By  C.  C.  A. 
L  ANGE.  Second  Edition,  entirely  re- written. 
First  Half.    (Christ.  1856.    8vo ,  240  pp.) 

It  is  an  excellent  sign  for  the  Norwegian 
public  that  Lange's  admirable  and  ex- 
haustive history  of  the  Monastic  Orders 
and  Houses  of  Norway,  published  nine 
years  ago,  should  now  demand  a  second 
edition.  The  author  has  taken  the  oppor- 
tunity to  add  much,  strike  out  more  (docu- 
ment-appendices since  1847,  printed  in  the 
Diplomatarium  Nonoegicum^  4'^0»  ^"^^  ^O''" 
rect  a  number  of  small  errors  inevitable  in 
a  work  of  this  nature.  His  zeal  is  inde- 
fatigable No  argument  or  view  is  too 
large,  no  fact  or  parchment  too  small,  to 
escape  him.  The  result  is  most  interesting 
and  valuable,  and  his  work  is  an  honour  to 
his  country. 

Now  that  the  monastic  system  in  Nor- 
way is  thus  satisfactorily  treated,  and  that 
Professor  Keyser  has  published  his  long- 
expected  and  invaluable  first  volume  of  the 
**  History  of  the  Norwegian  Church  during 
Catholidsm,"  our  own  students  have  access 
to  a  large  body  of  &cte  of  the  greatest  uae 


Norske  Ordsprog,  samlede  og  ordnede 
af  J.  Aasen. 

(Norwegian  Proverbs,  collected  and  or- 
ranged  by  J.  Aasen.  (Christiania.  8vo., 
xxiii.  and  262  pp.) 

A-isen's  name  is  well  known  esies^* 
where,  among  those  who  cultivate  North- 
ern studies.  The  author  of  the  great 
dictionary  of  the  Norse  Folk-speech,  the 
Old  Norse  of  their  anc^tors — still  spoken 
all  over  Norway  in  a  simplified  form, 
everywhere  except  in  the  towns, — and  of 
several  other  works  on  the  Grammar  of 
the  language  and  the  traditions  of  the 
people.  No  man  has  done  more  to  elevate 
the  study  of  his  mother-tongue,  and  to 
emancipate  his  countrymen  from  that 
Danish  book-language  imposed  by  force 
and  fashion  upon  the  country,  when  it 
was  a  Danish  vassal-land. 

The  book  before  us  is  a  new  step  in  the 
same  direction.  It  is  a  very  large  collec- 
tion, principally  brought  tc^ether  by  the 
editor  himself  from  the  mouths  of  the 
peasantry,  of  the  saws  and  by-words  in 
use  among  the  Norwegian  people.  And 
all  these  are  put  to  paper  in  the  language 
of  the  commons.  This  renders  the  work 
doubly  interesting  and  valuable.  We  are 
assured  that  there  is  no  doctoring,  to  ren- 
der the  sayings  simpler  to  those  townsfolk 
who  do  not  understand  their  own  lan- 
guage, and  we  have  an  additional  mass  of 
idioms  in  the  common  speech, — and  here 
much  of  the  value  often  lies  in  the  form, 
w^hich  cannot  be  translated. 

As  our  readers  are  aware,  the  dialects  of 
the  Northern  races  —  in  England,  Den- 
mark, Norway,  and  Sweden — are  very 
much  the  same,  with  all  their  differences. 
It  is  in  the  book -language  that  we  find  the 
greatest  changes,  for  here  we  have  that 
mass  of  Latinlsms,  (Gallicisms,  German- 
isms, and  so  forth,  which  have  become  so 
common,  and  which  in  England  half  ob- 
scure the  features  of  our  old  speech.  Every- 
thing, therefore,  which  tends  to  throw  light 
upon  the  northern  element  in  these  kin- 
dred dialects  is  of  interest. 

As  might  be    expected,   most  of   the 

eldest  in  the  proverbs  here  collected  are  in 

stave-rime.      With  this  we  are  all  &mi« 

liar : — 

**  It  ia  hard  to  halt  before  a  cripple." 

"  It  is  too  late  to  spare  when  all  is  8i>ent." 

"  Meat  wao  made  for  mouths." 

And  so  on.    Others  have  end-rhyme,  aa 
with  omrselves : — 

"  Birds  of  a  feather 

Flock  to(fether." 
"Haste 

Makes  waste." 


483 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Oct. 


"  Little  strokes 
Fell  great  oaks." 

And  80  forth.  Often  we  find  a  mixture 
of  the  two,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  North. 

The  author  has  arranged  his  krge  col- 
lection most  wisely, — not  alphabetically, 
which  is  quite  useless,  but  according  to 
subject.  We  cannot  but  quote  a  handful 
out  of  his  bin : — 

**  Tanken  heve  vide  vegar. 

Thought  hareth  wide  ways."— {p.  1.) 
"  Yonde  tankar  skal  ein  mota  paa  durstokken. 

Wand  (woundy,  wicked)  thoughts  shall  meet 
one  at  the  door-stocky  (threshold).— (p.  2.) 
**  D*er  lett  aa  Spaa 

Dat  alle  kann  siaa 

*Tis  light  (easy)  to  spae  (prophesy) 

That  (which)  all  can  we."— (p.  12.) 
*'  Manncn  spaar, 

Store-mannen  raa'r. 

Man  spaeSt 

Stour-Man  (the  Great-Man,  God)  redes  [fixes):' 
—(p.  13.) 
**  Hund  er  hund,  um  so  haari  var  ff>'ltc. 

Hound  ishoundy  if  so^  (although)  its  hairwere 
gilt:*— (p.  13.) 
"  D'er  klen  nund,  som  er  resdd  ein  hare. 

*Tis  a  poor  hound^  which  is  red  (afraid  of) 
a  A«re."— (p.  21.) 
*'  D'er  ingen  smid,  som  kvekk  fyre  ein  gneiste. 

*Tis  no  smith   who  quakes  for  a  spark." — 

(p.  21.) 
"  Han  er  myket  rtedd,  som  inkje  torer  skjelva. 
He  is  much  (rery)  red  (afraid),  who  dare  not 
skelvct  fdare  not  tremble)." — (p.  21.) 
*'  D'er  ofta  rals  under  fagert  8kinn. 
*Tis  often  /o/w(hood)  under  fair  skin:* — 


« 


(p.  37.) 
Dat  k\ 


kysser  sume  dan  handi,  som  dci   vildc 
var  af. 
It  kisses  some  (many  a  one  kisses)  that  hand 
which  they  would  were  off:* — (p.  37.) 
**Dat  syner  paa  verket,  kvat  vitet  er. 
That  (it)  is  seen  oi  th"  work^  what  the  wit  is:* 
-(p.  77.) 
"  Bama-hand  er  snart  fVlt. 
Barn-  (bairn,  child)  -hand  is  soon  filled:* — 
—(p.  135.) 
*'D'er  dag  fraa  morgon  til  myrkning. 
*Tis   day  fra    (from»  morning  to  mirkning^ 
(mirkshut,  twiUght").— (p.  203.) 
*'  Aa  du  vide  verd,  sa'  mannen ;  han  hadde  reist 
ei  mil. 
0  thou  wide  worlds  said  the  man;    he  had 
travelled  a  mile  .'"—(p.  205  ) 
*'  Eg  kjenner  uUi,  sa*  han,  sora  klipte  sui. 
/  ken  (know)  the  xcooly  said  Ac,  who  clipped 
the  *oic."— (p.  207.) 
*'  Dat  heng  i  hop  som  turr  sand. 
It  hangs  in  a  heap  like  dry  sand^  (there  is  nei- 
ther head  nor  tail  in  it,  all  is  confusion) ." — 
(p.  227.) 

We  might  fill  pages  with  these  curious 
adages,  but  must  refrain.  Many  of  our 
readers  will,  we  hope,  study  the  book  for 
themselves. 


History  of  the  Consulate  and  the  Em- 
pire of  France  under  Napoleon ;  forming  a 
Sequel  to  the  "  History  of  the  French  Re- 
volution." By  M.  A.  Thiers.  Vol.  XII. 
(London  :  Willis  and  Sotheron.) — We  are 
glad  to  find  this  work  again  proceeding, 
and  to  have  the  promise  of  its  early  com- 
pletion, for  with  all  its  faults — and  it  has 
many — it  also  possesses  much  merit»  and 


has  the  further  advantage  of  being  ex- 
ceedingly readable.  The  present  volnme 
commences  with  a  review  of  the  state  of 
France  and  of  Europe  immediately  after 
Napoleon's  marriage  with  Marie  Louise. 
With  Austria,  Prussia,  and  NOTthem  Eu- 
rope, Italy,  Holland,  and  Spain,  all  more 
or  less  in  subjection,  and  in  alliance  with 
Russia,  there  was  but  England  to  oppose 
the  Emperor's  wishes.  To  make  fin^^land 
sue  for  peace,  he  contrived  a  system  of 
c(mtinental  blockade,  which  he  hoped  would 
completely  shut  out  her  produce ;  but  he 
little  calculated  the  energy  and  persever- 
ance of  the  enemy  with  whom  he  con- 
tended, and  only  when  he  found  that  he 
could  not  keep  English  and  colonial  goods 
out,  did  he  relax  in  his  endeavours. 

The  other  and  more  interesting  portion 
of  the  volume  is  the  story  of  the  Penin- 
sular War.  It  is  an  old  story,  and  has  been 
often  told ;  but  Uncle  Toby,  and  his  endless 
siege  of  Namur,  was  no  bad  representative 
of  our  modem  Englishman.  We  love  to 
fight  our  country's  battles  over  and  over 
again.  Not  for  the  reason  given  by  the 
Frenchman,  when  he  said  we  were  so  fond 
of  speaking  of  Waterloo  because  it  was  the 
only  battle  we  had  ever  gsdncd,  but  be- 
cause most  of  our  great  battles  were  fought 
for  the  cause  of  freedom,  as  was  pre-emi- 
nently the  case  in  the  last  war. 

The  story  is  now  told  by  a  Frenchman, 
one  whose  idol  is  the  Emperor,  in  whom  he 
can  discover  scarce  a  fault.  Two  chapters 
arc  here  given,  Torres- Vedras  and  Fuentes 
D'Onoro.  Unable  to  place  himself  at  the 
head  of  the  French  anny.  Napoleon  sent 
Marshal  Massena. 

Soult  having  been  twice  tried  against 
the  English,  had  not  in  Napoleon's  opinion 
shewn  sufficient  vigour  to  justify  his  being 
o])posed  to  them  again.  Marslial  Ney  pos- 
sessed, (m  the  contrary,  that  power  of 
energetic  action  which  was  necessary  in  a 
struggle  against  such  enemies,  but  he  had 
never  commanded  in  chief,  and  it  was  ne- 
cessary that  the  general,  to  be  matched 
against  so  skilful  a  tactician  as  Wellington, 
siiould  unite  with  consummate  generalship 
and  great  energy  of  cliaracter  that  habit  of 
command  which  enlarges  the  spirit  and 
renders  it  capable  of  bearing  fitly  all  the 
anxieties  attending  a  great  responsibility. 
Murslud  Massena  was  the  only  man  whom 
ready  spirit,  clear  judgment,  and  ardent 
temperament  rendered  fit  for  such  a  post. 
Marshal  Massena,  with  Ney  and  Junot 
for  his  lieutenants,  would  be  able  to  sur- 
mount all  obstacles. 

Massena  was  not  altogether  sanguine  of 
success,  and,  in  an  evil  hour  for  his  own 
reputation,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  troops  which  were  to  "  drive  the  £ng- 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


433 


lish  into  the  sea."  Wellington  retreated 
before  hiiu,  but  awaited  his  arrival  on  the 
heights  of  Biisaoo,  wliere  was  fought  the 
bloody  battle  of  the  27th  Sept.,  1810; 
after  which  the  English  retired  ^nthin  the 
lilies  of  Torres- Vedras.  These  famous  de- 
fences are  thus  described  by  M.  Thiers : — 

••  At  nine  or  ten  leugucfl  in  advance  of  LlHbon, 
between  Alhaiidra  on  the  Tajnis  and  Torres- 
Yedras  towardfl  the  ocean,  he  had  taken  care  to 
create  a  first  line  of  entrenchments,  which  would 
cut  off  the  promontory  at  a  dozen  league's  at 
least  from  its  extremity  to  the  Kea.  This  first 
line  was  composed  of  the  following  works.  On 
the  bend  of  the  Tagus,  the  heights  of  the  Al- 
handra,  on  one  side,  falling  perpendicularly 
to  the  river,  and  on  the  other  rising  even  to- 
wards Sobral,  formed  over  a  space  of  four  or  five 
leagues  escarpments  that  were  almost  inacces- 
sible, and  washed  in  all  their  extent  by  the  little 
river  Armda.  The  road  which  passes  between 
the  foot  of  these  heights  and  the  Tagus,  and 
which  leads  to  Lisbon  by  the  bank  of  the  river, 
was  cut  off  by  lines  of  cannon.  Ascending  from 
this  point  as  far  as  Sobral,  the  English  had  arti- 
ficially escarped  all  the  hills  which  were  not 
naturally  inaccessible.  In  the  hollows  formed 
by  the  bed  of  the  ravines,  and  presenting  little 
accessible  hills,  thoy  established  such  re<ioubts 
and  abattis  as  entirelv  closed  the  passages. 
Finallv,  they  had  raiseil  on  the  principal  sum- 
mits, forts  armed  with  heavy  artillery,  crossing 
fire  with  each  other,  and  commanding  from  afar 
all  the  avenues  by  which  an  enem  v  could  approach. 
At  Sobral  itself,  a  platform  which  had  little  natu- 
ral strength  was  covered  with  a  multitude  of 
works  of  the  greatest  strength,  and  on  an  emi- 
nence called  Monte-Agraca  had  been  constructed 
a  veritable  citadel,  which  could  only  be  taken  by 
means  of  a  regular  siege.  Beyond  these  ex- 
tended a  new  chain  of  heights,  which  stretched 
as  far  as  the  sea,  and  were  washed  by  the  Zi- 
zambro.  This  little  river  passed  Torres- Vedras 
in  its  windings,  whence  the  immortal  lines  of 
Torres- Vedras  have  received  their  name.  There, 
as  on  the  side  of  Alhandra,  the  heights  had  been 
escarped,  the  gorges  closed  bv  abaftin  and  re- 
doubts, the  summits  crowned  by  forts ;  and  the 
course  of  the  Zizambro  was,  moreover,  rendered 
aUnost  impracticable  by  the  construction  in  its 
bed  of  barricades  which  retained  the  water,  and 
would  preserve  the  marshes  along  its  banks 
through  every  change  of  season. 

•*  The  well-stored  arsenal  of  Lisbon  had  been 
emptied,  to  supply  these  various  works  with 
artillery,  and  all  the  oxen  of  the  country  em- 
ployed in  carrying  the  guns  to  their  appointed 
positions.  The  garrisons  were  permanent,  and 
those  of  some  of  the  woiks  amounted  to  a  thou- 
sand men.  Large  and  ea^y  roads  had  been  pro- 
vided between  the  various  positions,  that  re- 
inforcements might  be  conducted  to  any  of  them 
with  extreme  rapidity.  A  system  of  signals, 
borrowed  from  the  navy,  rendered  easy  the 
transmission  to  the  centre  of  the  line  of  precise 
information  of  all  that  might  be  taking  place  at 
its  extremities.  At  its  very  entrance,  that  is  to 
say,  vis-d-tis  with  Sobral,  was  a  sort  of  battle- 
field, which  had  been  prepare<l  that  the  English 
army  might  be  able  to  advance  in  its  entirety 
upon  the  weakest  point,  and  add  its  defence  to 
the  thousandfold  fire  of  the  surrounding  works. 
The  fortifications  were,  of  course,  garrisoned  by 
Portuguese,  there  being  amongst  them  three 
thousand  Portuguese  artillerymen,  who  had  had 
considerable  training,  and  were  well  skilled.  The 
English  army,  with  the  better  part  of  the  Portu- 
guese troops,  was  destined  to  occupy  the  princi- 
pal encampments,  which  had  been  skilfully  dis- 
posed near  the  most  probable  points  of  attack." 

"Such."  adds  M.  Thiers,  "was  the  unex- 
pected obstacle  by  which  Massena  found  the 


progress  of  his  army  checked,  and  which,  as 
soon  as  he  had  made  the  proper  arrangements 
for  the  encampment  of  his  army,  he  reconnoitred 
during  several  days  with  his  own  eyes.  All  the 
information  that  he  could  obtain  was  unani- 
mously to  the  effect,  that  after  this  first  line  of 
entrenchments  there  was  a  second  and  a  third, 
the  three  being  armed  with  700  pieces  of  cannon, 
and  defended  by  70,000  regular  troops  at  the 
least,  without  taking  into  account  the  militia  and 
fugitive  peasants.  It  was  not,  therefore,  a  sim- 
ple entrenched  camp,  to  be  carried  by  a  bold 
assault,  but  a  series  of  nattual  obstacles,  the 
difiiculties  of  which  had  been  extraordinarily  in- 
creased by  art;  and  whilst  the  English,  more- 
over, by  means  of  the  roads  which  they  had  con- 
structed, and  the  system  of  signals  they  had 
established,  were  enabled  to  throw  the  entire 
mass  of  their  forces  on  any  one  point,  the 
French  met,  on  their  side,  with  an  accidental 
formation  of  the  grround  which  would  preclude 
them  from  any  manoeuvre  of  this  kind." 

On  this  occasion,  as  on  many  others, 
M.  Thiers  indulges  in  various  reflections 
on  what  might  have  happened,  if  the  for- 
tune of  war  had  been  otherwise.  He  thus 
sums  up : — 

"  The  two  brilliant  soldiers  whom  fate  had  now 
brought  face  to  face,  at  the  extremity  of  Por- 
tugal, could  not  have  pursued  any  wiser  line 
of  conduct  than  they  did,  in  fact,  adopt :  the  one 
could  not  have  devised  any  better  means  for  the 
defence  of  that  extremity  of  Portugal  which 
alone  remained  to  him  of  the  Peninsula ;  and  the 
other  made  those  preparations  for  attacking  his 
position  which  were  tne  best  possible.  On  this 
extreme  promontory  rested  the  fate  of  the  na- 
tions of  Europe ;  for  had  the  English  been  onee 
expelled  from  Portugal,  the  universal  tendency 
of  affairs  throughout  Europe  would  have  been 
towards  peace;  and  on  the  other  hand,  were 
they  once  firmly  estabUshed  in  this  country,  and 
Massena  compelled  to  retreat,  the  fortunes  of  the 
Empire  would  begin  to  succumb  to  those  of  Great 
Britain,  as  the  first  step,  perhaps,  towards  some 
immediate  catastrophe :  the  crisis  was  therefore 
of  the  most  serious  nature,  but  its  event  de- 
pended less  on  the  two  generals  charged  with  its 
decision,  than  on  the  two  governments  whose 
duty  it  was  to  supply  them  with  the  means 
of  doing  so ;  the  one  of  these  countries  being 
agitated  by  the  spirit  of  party,  and  the  other 
governed  by  a  master  whom  prosperity  had 
blinded." 

Massena  was  compelled  to  retreat,  and 
Wellington  advanced.  The  battle  of  Fu- 
entes  D*Onoro,  which  shortly  afterwards 
followed,  is  related  in  a  subsequent  chap- 
ter; and,  making  allowance  for  the  opi- 
nions of  the  narrator,  it  is  described  in 
a  fair  manner.  For  the  first  time  we 
have  a  moderately  fur  and  candid  ac- 
count of  the  Peninsular  War  from  a 
French  writer,  and  therefore  we  shall 
look  forward  with  much  interest  for  the 
appearance  of  the  succeeding  volumes. 


Trangactiong  of  the  Historic  Society  of 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire.  Vol.  VIII.  Ses- 
sion 1855-6.  (London :  J.  H.  &  J.  Parker. 
8vo.) — The  contents  of  this  volume  are  of 
a  more  varied  character  than  we  should 
have  expected  to  find  in  the  Transactions  of 
an  MttoriciU  society,  wide  as  the  scope  of 


48  J. 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Oct. 


snch  society  may  l)e.  Amon^t  the  pnpcrs 
in  this  volume  we  have  one  "On  the 
moans  of  testing  Marine  Meteorological 
Instruments ;"  another  "  On  a  Fungoid 
Disease  aftecting  the  Pear -tree  ;"  another 
on  "Results  deduced  from  Ohservations 
taken  with  the  Self-registering  Anemo- 
meter and  Rain-Ouage  at  the  Livei-pool 
Observatory;"  and  others  equally  foreign 
to  what  we  humbly  conceive  to  be  the  ob- 
jects of  the  society.  The  first  paper  in  the 
volume  is  one  of  the  best :  it  is  by  Mr. 
John  Hodgson  Hinde,  "  On  the  State  of 
the  Western  Portion  of  the  Ancient  King- 
dom of  Northumberland,  down  to  the 
period  of  the  Norman  C.'onquest."  Tlio 
next  contains  some  interesting  particulars 
respecting  the  marvellous  growth  of  the 
town  of  Liverpool,  which  contained — 
In  1801  ....     81,910  inhabitants. 

1811  ....  104,860 

1821  ....  142,060 

1831  ....  203,200 

1841  ....  248,830 

1851  ....  339,680 
Another  paper  "  On  the  Rise  and  Progress 
of  the  Manufacturing  Towns  of  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire,*'  by  Mr.  Huxton.  also  con- 
tains some  curious  statistics.  Tliere  are 
various  other  interesting  papers  in  the 
volume,  to  which  a  capital  index  is  ap- 
pended. 


*> 


»> 


ft 


f> 


tt 


Notes  and  Queries  or  Worcestershire. 
By  John  Noake.  (London  :  Longman 
and  Co.  12mo.,  352  i)p.) — Our  readers 
will  readily  call  to  mind  the  quaint  and 
out-of-the-way  bits  of  informaticm  which 
Mr.  Noake  has  contributed  from  time  to 
time  to  "The  Gentleman's  Magazine;" 
but,  with  ourselves,  they  will  be  surprised 


at  the  industry  and  ingenuity  with  wh'ch 
the  work  before  us  has  been  compiled. 
Those  stray  scraps,  together  with  some 
contributed  to  other  periodicals,  and  a  few 
not  before  printed,  are  here  collected  into 
one  of  the  most  entertaining  volumes  that 
can  be  concreived.  So  far  from  being  an 
heterogeneous  jumble,  the  separate  pieces 
fit  together  lilce  a  beautiful  Mo€»ic,  and  the 
doings  of  the  past  are  brought  before  ui 
in  the  most  vivid  colours.  The  first  por- 
tion of  the  volume  is  occupied  by  extracti^ 
with  comments  upon  the  Parish  Records 
of  the  City  of  Worcester.  Next  we  have 
the  County  Sessions  Records ;  Chapters  on 
Witchcraft;  The  Gaol;  ITie  Poor;  Sodsl 
Regulations ;  The  Church  and  the  People ; 
Dissenting  ChajK^ls  and  Meeting-houses; 
Bridges  and  Highways ;  County  MSS. ; 
Charms,  Spells,  Legends,  and  Traditions; 
Old  Customs,  and  Miscellaneous  Notes. 
We  will  make  no  extracts,  but  recommend 
the  volume  to  all  who  love  to  dwell  apon 
bygone  times  and  time-honoured  customs. 

Cottage  Prints,  from  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. (Oxford :  J.  11.  &  J.  Parker.) — 
Twenty -eight  large  quarto  prints,  most  bril- 
liantly coloured,  are,  even  in  these  cheap 
days,  (juite  a  marvel  of  cheapness.  For  the 
nursery  they  are  just  as  suitable  as  for 
the  cottage ;  but  whether  given  to  children 
or  to  the  poor,  we  are  certain  that  they 
will  give  both  pleasure  and  instruction. 
Uncoloured  prints,  however  beautifully 
executed,  are  not  half  so  welcome  as  co- 
loured ones ;  nor  do  they  convey  tlie  same 
amount  of  instruction  to  the  half-edu- 
cated :  we  therefore  gla<lly  recommend 
these  prints. 


ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES. 


BBITISH  AECH^OLOOICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

The  thirteenth  annual  meeting  of  this 
Association  commenced  on  Monday,  Aug. 
25,  at  Bridgwater,  at  which  j)lace  the 
congress  held  its  sittings  until  Thursday, 
and  adjourned  to  Bath  on  Friday,  where 
the  closing  meeting  was  held. 

The  proceedings  commenced  by  a  public 
meeting  in  the  Town-hall,  where* Mr.  T.  J. 
Pettigrew,  vice-president  and  treasurer  of 
the  society,  gave  an  introductory  sketch  of 
the  antiquities  of  Somersetshire.  This 
county  was  as  remarkable  for  its  numerous 
antiquities  as  for  the  variety  of  its  subjects 
pertaining  to  natural  history.  The  Somer- 
setshire Archaeological  Society  had  of  late 
done  much  to  elucidate  the  history  of  the 
11 


county.  These  local  societies,  now  esta- 
blished in  several  counties  of  the  kingdom, 
dated  their  origin  from  the  exertions  of 
the  British  Archax)logical  Association ;  for 
they  were  the  first  constituted  body  to  in- 
stitute an  examination  into  the  different 
localities,  and  made  a  commencement  in 
the  county  of  Kent,  at  a  meeting  held  in 
Canterbury  in  the  autumn  of  1844.  During 
the  twelve  years  that  have  since  elapsed 
various  places  had  been  visited  by  the 
Archa3ological  Institute,  which  had.  suc- 
ceeded in  eliciting  much  valuable  informa- 
tion relative  to  the  antiquities  of  the 
country,  and  had  also  created  a  desire  to 
preserve  them.  It  happened  that  both 
the  Somersetshire  local  society  and  the 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


485 


British  Archseological  Association  had  se- 
lected Bridgwater  as  the  centre  in  which 
their  annual  meeting  for  1856  should  he 
held,  and  it  was  not  until  this  determina- 
tion had  heen  made  on  the  part  of  the 
Association,  that  the  council  hecame  ac- 
quainted with  the  intention  of  the  Somer- 
setshire Society.  The  local  society,  rather 
than  interfere  with  the  proceedings  of  the 
Association,  determined  to  withhold  as- 
semhling  this  year;  and  he  hegged  to 
express  the  thanks  of  the  Association  for 
the  liherality  thus  evinced,  and  for  the 
pr^ence  and  co-operation  of  so  many  mem- 
bers of  the  local  society.  The  lecturer  then 
adverted  to  the  early  history  of  the  county. 
The  primeval  antiquities  of  Somersetshire 
were  either  few  in  number  or  had  been 
scantily  reported.  The  more  remarkaWe 
having  been  pointed  out,  attention  was 
drawn  to  the  numerous  encampments  and 
earthworks  in  Somersetshire^  and  to  the 
Roman  remains  found  in  various  parts  of 
the  county  unconnected  with  the  encamp- 
ments. In  Roman  antiquities  Somerset- 
shire was  pronounced  to  be  exceedingly 
rich,  every  part  of  the  county  appearing  to 
be  capable  of  yielding  examples  illustrative 
of  its  occupation  by  the  Romans.  Villas 
have  been  discovered  and  pavements  exca- 
vated. Many  of  the  churches  of  Somerset- 
shire were  specially  deserving  of  attention. 
They  were  in  general  remarkable  by  the 
absence  of  aisles  (except  in  very  large  edi- 
fices, such  as  St.  Cuthbert),  by  the  frequent 
presence  of  transepts,  by  the  octagonal 
form  of  their  towers,  and  by  the  abun- 
dance of  cruciform  specimens.  The  lecturer 
enumerated  the  leading  peculiarities  of  the 
churches  proposed  to  be  visited  by  the 
Association,  and  concluded  by  an  eloquent 
vindication  of  the  study  of  antiquities,  in 
elucidating  the  history  of  former  ages,  tlie 
progress  of  the  arts,  the  history  of  many 
useful  inventions,  and  the  manners  and 
habits  of  our  ancestors. 

Monday  afternoon  was  devoted  to  an 
examination  of  the  local  antiquities  of  this 
town.  The  parish  church  is  a  large  struc- 
ture of  red  stone,  principally  remarkable 
for  its  slender  spire,  which  springs  from  a 
tower  174  feet  in  height.  It  contains  a 
roof  and  screens  of  black  oak,  and  an  altar- 
piece  of  great  merit,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  taken  from  a  French  privateer,  and 
presented  to  the  town  by  Lord  Pawlett. 
The  Association  next  visited  the  only  re- 
maining vestige  of  the  castle  wall,  now 
forming  the  wall  of  a  stable  in  Castle- 
street.  Bridgwater  Castle,  at  the  time  of 
the  Rebellion,  was  one  of  the  strongest  in 
the  kingdom.  The  Association  also  visited 
the  house  in  which  Admiral  Blake  is  said 
to  have  been  bom. 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


An  evening  meeting  was  held  at  the 
Town-hall,  at  which  a  paper  on  the  history 
of  the  town  of  Bridgwater  was  read  by 
Mr.  G.  Parker. 

Mr.  Planch^  next  read  a  paper  on  the 
Earls  and  Dukes  of  Somerset. 

The  proceedings  cctocluded  with  some 
references  by  Mr.  Black  to  the  mimimenta 
of  the  town  and  corporation  of  Bridgwater, 
which  are  of  great  antiquity,  and  in  excel- 
lent preservation.  Among  other  docu- 
ments was  a  list,  drawn  up  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.,  of  all  the  town-lands  in  the 
county,  in  the  nature  of  an  assessment,  in 
which  the  town  of  Bridgwater  is  called 
upon  to  pay  more  than  double  the  amount 
payable  by  the  inhabitants  of  Bath. 

On  Tuesday  morning  the  Association 
left  Bridgwater,  at  nine  o'clock,  on  a  visit 
to  Glastonbury  Abbey  and  Wells  Cathe- 
dral. Some  interesting  notes  of  Glaston- 
bury, its  legends,  the  holjrthom  treos,  and 
its  abbots,  by  Dr.  Beattie,  which  was  read 
by  Mr.  Wright,  enabled  the  members  to 
appreciate  the  vast  extent  of  the  abbey, 
and  the  magnificence  of  its  appointments. 
St.  Joseph's  Chapel,  one  of  the  best  speci- 
mens of  the  transition  from  the  Norman 
to  the  Pointed  style  was  duly  admired, 
with  its  pretty  triplet  window  at  the  west 
end,  the  sculptured  richness  of  its  north 
entrance,  and  the  light  buttresses  and  airy 
turret  of  the  exterior  wall  on  the  south 
side.  The  ruins  of  the  church  and  the 
roofless  chapel  of  St.  Mary,  with  its 
pointed  windows  and  archways, — the  ab- 
bot's kitchen,  a  curious  specimen  of  archi- 
tecture, with  massive  walls  strongly  but- 
tressed, and  a  picturesque  turret, — and  the 
George  Inn,  the  old  pilgrim's  house,  with 
a  picturesque  front,  dating  from  1475, 
made  up  together  a  rich  feast  of  anti- 
quarian interest. 

The  Association  then  proceeded  on  their 
way  to  WeUs,  where  they  inspected  the 
cathedral  and  other  objects  of  curiosity. 
Mr.  Pettigrew,  the  vice-president,  read 
a  letter  from  the  eminent  antiquary,  Mr. 
John  Britton,  now  in  his  87th  year,  con- 
taining a  concise  account  of  the  antiquities 
of  thb  ancient  city,  its  cathedral,  cloisters, 
chapter-house,  &c.  Mr.  Britton  says  of 
the  Cathedral  of  WeUs :— "  In  this  edifice 
the  whole  history  of  Christian  architecture, 
from  the  Norman  invasion  to  the  Refor- 
mation, may  be  said  to  be  involved.  Al- 
though it  does  not  contain  any  specimen 
of  the  pure  Anglo-Norman  era,  it  displays 
examples  of  the  very  earliest  pointed 
arches,  with  their  usual  concomitant  mem- 
bers. It  was  commenced  about  1213. 
The  lover  of  architectural  antiquities  will 
be  induced  to  dwell  especially  on  the  gor- 
geous west  front,  with  its  elaborate  and 

3b 


486 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[Oct. 


beaatifVil  sculptore,  the  north  porch,  and 
the  whole  assemblage  of  bnildings  as  seen 
from  the  north-west  angle  of  the  cathedral 
yard."  Mr.  Britton  will  be  glad  to  hear 
that  the  nave,  the  transept,  the  choir, 
presbytery,  the  lady-chapel,  the  chapter- 
house^ with  its  unique  approach  and  sin- 
gular crypt,  the  capitals  to  the  V}<rious 
pillars,  of  rich  and  varied  foliage,  the  com- 
plicated clock  in  the  north  transept,  were 
pointed  out  by  turns  to  the  intelligent  and 
enthusiastic  admiration  of  the  members  uf 
the  Association.  The  west  front  has  been 
truly  described  as  one  of  the  noblest  Gothic 
fa9ades  in  the  kingdom,  and  with  its  300 
statues,  forms  a  gallery  of  early  Christian 
art*.  Among  these  remains  of  the  piety 
and  reverence  of  a  former  age,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Association  lingered  with  de- 
light, until  the  approach  of  evening  warned 
them  to  return  to  their  quarters  at  Bridg- 
water. The  visit  to  Wells  was  rendered 
still  more  agreeable  by  the  courtesy  of  the 
Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells.  Lord  Auck- 
land not  only  threw  open  the  episcopal 
palace  and  grounds  to  the  members  of 
the  Association,  but  kindly  accompanied 
them  in  their  visit  to  the  cathedral,  the 
chapter-house,  and  the  refectory.  The 
cathedral  is  now  seen  to  great  advantage, 
in  all  the  freshness  of  an  extensive  resto- 
ration; the  dazzling  whiteness  of  the 
stone  being,  however,  relieved  by  a  judi- 
cious use  of  gold  and  colour.  The  first 
thing  which  strikes  the  visitor  on  entering 
at  the  west  door,  is  the  wonderfiil  boldness 
of  design  and  massiveness  of  the  inverted 
arch  which  supports  the  central  tower. 
It  was  objected  by  some  of  the  members  of 
the  Association,  that  this  arch  obstructs 
the  uninterrupted  view  of  the  building 
from  the  east  end  of  the  cathedral,  and 
that  it  is  not,  in  fact,  necessary  for 
the  support  of  the  tower.  A  further,  and 
it  was  considered  unnecessary  obstruction, 
to  the  view  of  the  ceiling  of  the  building 
from  the  east  end,  is  threatened  in  the 
erection  of  an  organ  over  the  screen  which 
separates  the  choir  from  the  nave.  It 
was  argued  that  to  place  the  organ  in  this 
position  is  against  the  current  of  all 
modem  restorations.  The  bishop's  throne 
has  been  recently  stripped  of  paint  and 
whitewash,  and  may  now  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  richlv  decorated  episco])al 
thrones  in  stone-work  of  which  the  king- 
dom can  boast.  Prebendal  stalls  in  stone 
have  also  been  constructed,  and  fine  cano- 
pied sedilia,  with  light  columns  oi  Purbcck 
marble,  have  been  erected  by  the  altar. 
The  aspect  of  the  choir,  with  its  light  and 
graceful  arches,  and  clustered  pillars,  and 


the  lady-chapel  beyond — anexgnuilte  ex- 
ample of  the  decorated  Gothic— excited 
the  admiration  of  the  visitors  to  the  higbeefe 
point.  The  lady-chapel  has  a  gp-oined  roof 
of  rich  w^orkmanship,  resting  on  diutered 
pillars  of  Purbeck  marble,  five  coloured 
windows,  and  a  tesselated  pavement.  The 
view  of  the  cathedral  from  this  chapel  k 
of  extraordinary  beauty.  Wells  Cathedral 
is  rich  in  shrines  of  the  early  bishops.  The 
shrine  of  Bishop  Beckington,  1465,  is  so 
elaborate  and  delicate  in  its  detail*  that  it 
has  been  compared  to  a  work  of  laee  rather 
than  one  of  stone.  Among  the  othor 
monuments  are  the  shrine  of  Bishop  Dro- 
kensford — ^a  graceful  pinnacle-structure  of 
stone,  the  chantry  of  Bishop  Bubwith, 
1424,  and  the  chantry  of  Dean  Sugar, 
1480. 

The  members  of  the  Aiaoeiation  as- 
sembled in  the  chapter-house,  an  octagonal 
structure  supported  in  the  centre  by  a 
single  pier  of  light  clustered  marble  shafts. 
The  chapter-house  is  by  many  considered 
the  noblest  portion  of  the  cathedral,  and 
is  entirely  unique  among  the  chapter- 
houses of  the  kingdom.  It  was  begun  in 
1293,  and  finished  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
IIL  Mr.  Pettigrew  here  read  a  paper 
on  thd  cathedral,  in  which  the  letter 
from  Mr.  Britton,  upon  the  beauties 
of  the  edifice,  was  prefaced  by  a  feeling 
testimony  to  the  value  of  Mr.  Britton's 
services  to  architecture.  The  reading 
of  the  portion  explanatory  of  the  noUe 
west  front  was  resumed,  after  the  sur- 
vey of  the  cathedral,  on  the  lawn  at  the 
west  end,  when  the  members  were  enabled 
to  compare  the  theories  of  Profeasor 
Cockerell  with  the  impressions  derived 
from  an  ocular  inspection  of  the  sculptures 
of  the  west  front.  Some  of  the  conclusions 
of  the  Professor  were  warmly  disputed  by 
the  Association,  but  all  agreed  in  admiring 
the  richness  and  prodigality  of  execution 
visible  in  the  fa<^e,  and  in  the  richly 
decorated  and  sculptured  buttresses. 

The  bishop's  jialace  is  surrounded  by  a 
moat,  and  by  thick  and  lofty  walls  flanked 
by  towers.  It  was  founded  as  early  as  the 
year  1088,  and  contains  a  chapel  in  the 
Decorated  style,  founded  by  Bishop  Jooelyn 
in  1236,  and  a  great  hall,  now  roofless  and 
incomplete,  built  by  Bishop  Bumell  in 
1275.  The  gallery  of  the  episcopal  palace 
— a  room  eighty  feet  in  length,  with 
groined  roof  and  richly  carved  doors  and 
wainscoting  —  is  hung  with  portraits  of 
several  bishops  of  the  see,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  portraits,  more  or  leas 
authentic,  of  Wolsey,  Grodwin,  Laud,  and 
Ken.    The  members  were  also  oondncted 


•  Vide  PrdeaMr  CockcreU's  History  of  WeUs  CathedrmL 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


487 


by  the  l^shop  to  the  Vicar's  Close,  or  Col- 
lege. St.  Cathbert's  Church,  a  specimen 
of  the  Decorated  stvle,  was  also  visited. 
It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  the  warmest 
thanks  of  the  Association  were  presented 
by  Mr.  Pettigrew  to  the  Earl  of  Auckland, 
for  the  kindness  and  courte^  which  had 
80  materially  enhanced  the  pleasure  and 
profit  of  the  visit  to  Wells. 

On  the  return  of  the  Association  to 
Bridgwater,  a  conversazione  was  held  at 
the  Royal  Clarence  Hotel,  when  Mr.  Cars- 
lake,  town-clerk  of  Bridgwater,  pointed 
out  the  chief  features  of  antiquarian  inte- 
rest in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bridgwater, 
and  a  discussion  ensued,  in  which  the  Rev. 
W.  A.  Jones,  Mr.  Planch^,  and  others 
took  part. 

On  Wednesday  morning,  at  nine  o'clock, 
the  Association  set  out  on  a  visit  to  Mar- 
tock,  Stoke-sob-Hamdon,  Stoke  Church, 
Montacute,  Brympton,  YeoviL  Montacute- 
house,  the  seat  of  the  Phelipses,  is  an 
imposing  and  remarkable  edifice,  pierced 
on  its  east  front  by  no  less  than  forty-one 
Tudor  windows.  The  spaces  between  these 
windows  on  the  second  story  are  occupied 
by  statues.  There  are  here  the  remains 
of  a  Cluniac  monastery,  and  a  mcmument 
and  effigies  of  the  date  of  1484  in  the 
church,  to  the  memory  of  David  Phelips 
and  Anne  his  wife.  On  the  summit  of 
Stoke  Down,  among  the  remauis  of  a 
British  camp,  the  visitor  may  enjoy  a 
panorama  of  great  extent,  and  combining 
many  pictuiesiue  features.  Yeovil  is  a 
busy  town,  tit  jated  in  a  pretty  country. 
Its  chief  manufacture  appears  to  be  that 
of  kid -gloves,  which  is  so  extensively 
carried  on,  that  £70,000  per  annum  are 
said  to  be  annually  paid  to  the  workmen. 

On  Thursday  the  members  of  the  As- 
sociation returned  to  Bridgwater,  after 
visiting  Montacute  and  YeoviL  A  public 
meeting  was  afterwards  held  in  the  Town- 
hall,  Mr.  Pettigrew  in  the  cha-r,  at  which 
a  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  V.  Irving,  on 
the  Cissbury  group  of  camps  in  Sussex, 
and  the  evidence  afforded  by  them  in  il- 
lustration of  the  modes  by  which  may 
be  determined  the  nation  to  which  the 
construction  of  any  particular  earthwork 
intrenchment  may  belong. 

Mr.  Planche  next  read  a  paper  by  Mr. 
J.  G.  French,  on  rayed  banners  and  the 
earlifst  armorial  charges. 

This  morning  the  Association  left  Bridg- 
water by  train  for  Clevedon,  and  proceeded 
to  visit  in  succession,  Clevedon  Church, 
Walton  Castle  and  Church,  Walton-in- 
Gordano  Church,  Canenor  Court,  Clapton- 
in-Gordauo  Church,  Cadbury  Camp,  Tick- 
enham  Church,  and  Clevedon  Court. 

Walton  Church  is  a  solitary  rtdn.    Wal- 


ton Castle  is  situated  on  a  lofty  hill,  com- 
manding a  beautiAil  view.  The  mins  con- 
sist of  an  octagonal  wall,  with  a  tower  at 
each  angle,  and,  in  the  area  thus  formed, 
of  an  octagonal  keep  with  a  tower  at  one 
angle.  Walton-in-Gordano  is  mtnated  in 
a  pretty  dell.  Cadbury  Camp,  a  Roman 
fortification,  is  formed  by  two  rampartt 
made  of  loose  stones.  It  occupies  a  com- 
manding point,  overlooking  the  Yale  of 
Naikea  on  one  side,  and  of  Portbury  on 
the  other.  Clevedon  Court,  the  seat  of 
Sir  A.  H.  Elton,  dates  from  the  rdgn  of 
Edward  III.,  but  was  restored  in  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,  and  has  since  received  many 
alterations  and  additions.  The  fine  front 
is  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  kitchen 
and  parts  of  the  entrance-hall  are  among 
the  most  ancient  parts  of  the  building. 
The  hill  above  the  mansion  oommandi  a 
very  extensive  view. 

The  Association  then  returned  to  Cleve- 
don, a  ri^ng  modem  watering-plaoe,  shel- 
tered by  a  rocky  height.  The  old  village^ 
of  which  the  watering-place  is  an  offshoot^ 
contains  Myrtle-cottage,  the  favourite  resi- 
dence of  Coleridge,  whic^  is  described  in 
his  "  Sibylline  Leaves :" — 

**  Low  was  our  pretty  cot ;  our  tallest  rose 
Peeped  at  the  chamber  window." 

Clevedon  Old  Church  contains  the 
bnrial-place  of  the  Clevedons,  anciently 
lords  of  the  manor.  Sir  Thomas  Cleve- 
don is  represented  by  an  effigy  fully 
armed,  and  resting  its  feet  on  a  boll.  A. 
monument  is  placed  in  the  south  tran- 
sept to  the  memory  of  the  wife  of  Mr. 
Hallam,  the  historian.  Mrs.  Hallam  wae 
daughter  of  Sir  Abraham  Elton,  of  Cleve- 
don Court. 

After  a  day  spent  in  the  enjoyment  of 
the  landscape  presented  by  this  hilly  and 
beautiful  country,  and  in  the  inspection 
of  many  interesting  churches  and  mini, 
the  Association  returned  to  Bridgwater, 
where  they  arrived  about  7  o'clock;  and 
after  the  usual  ordinary  at  the  Royal 
Clarence  Hotel,  the  concluding  meeting 
of  the  Bridgwater  Congress  was  held  in 
the  Town-hall.  A  paper  by  Mr.  Brent, 
jun.,  on  Scribes  and  Notaries,  was  read 
by  Mr.  Pettigrew ;  and  Mr.  Black  again 
deciphered  some  of  the  ancient  rolls  of 
the  corporation  of  Bridgwater. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  having  expressed  the 
warm  sense  entertained  by  the  Association 
of  the  kindness  and  cordiality  with  which 
they  had  been  received  by  the  Mayor  and 
inhabitants  of  Bridgwater,  votes  of  thanks 
to  the  authorities,  the  local  committee^ 
and  the  archffiologists  of  the  neighboor- 
hood  were  unanimously  agreed  to,  and 
suitably  acknowledged. 

On  Friday  the  Vioe-Prandent,  th*  Very 


488 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Oct. 


Rev.  the  Dean  of  Llandaff,  and  the  other 
members  set  out  for  Bath.  The  members 
of  the  local  committee  had  assembled  to 
receive  the  Association  in  the  Royal  Lite- 
rary Institution,  and  Captain  Scobell, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Tite,  M.P.,  Mr.  John  Britton, 
and  several  of  the  jjentry  and  clergy  of 
the  town  and  neighbourhood,  were  also 
present.  Dr.  Markland  having  taken  the 
chair,  welcome<l  the  Association  to  Bath, 
and  read  an  interesting  paper  on  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  the  city.  Tlie 
same  subject  was  further  pursued  in  detail 
by  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Scarth,  who  read  a 
paper  on  the  Roman  anti(^uities  of  Bath ; 
and  by  Mr.  Davis,  who  gave  a  sketch  of 
the  churches  in  Bath.  The  Association 
then  adjourned,  and  re-assembled  at  2 
o'clock,  when  they  proceeded  to  visit  the 
churches  and  public  buildings  of  the  town. 
The  Abbey -church,  of  course,  first  claimed 
their  attention. 

The  Association  next  visited  Bellott's 
Hospital,  founded  by  the  steward  of  the 
household  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  Hetley- 
house,  one  of  the  oldest  mansions  in  Bath, 
built  by  Sir  \V.  Hungerford  in  the  time 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  contains  a  fine  speci- 
men of  the  wood-carvinp:  of  the  period 
over  the  ehimneypiece.  It  is  now  oc<?u- 
pied  as  a  chapel  hy  the  Mormonites,  and 
invitations  to  believe  in  Joseph  Smith 
and  to  emigrate  to  Nauvoo  met  the  eyes 
of  the  lady  visitors.  The  Association 
afterwards  visited  the  City-batlis  and 
Pump-rooms,  and  the  house  once  occu- 
pied by  Beau  Nash.  The  morning's  pere- 
grination concluded  by  a  visit  to  St. 
I^richael's  Church,  where  some  of  the 
ancient  records  of  the  Abbey-church  were 
examined  ami  read  by  Mr.  Black. 

The  AssfKriation  next  adjourned  to  re- 
assemble at  dinner  at  the  Guildhall.  It 
was  originally  intended  that  the  dinner 
should  take  place  in  the  gardens  of  the 
Royal  Institution,  but  this  design  was 
abandoned  in  consequence  of  the  un- 
settled state  of  the  weather. 

Saturday  was  devoted  to  visiting  the 
encampments  and  churches  around  Bath, 
and  the  weather  being  fine,  a  mast  in- 
teresting and  healthful  excursion  was  cn- 
jc)y(Hl  by  between  fifty  and  sixty  ladies 
and  gentlemen.  The  company  assembled 
at  the  Institution,  and  shortly  after  ten 
o'clock  they  set  out  in  half-a-dozen  vehi- 
cles on  their  route.  Tlie  first  object  of  in- 
terest visit tnl  was  old  Widcombe  Cliurch, 
which  was  highly  praised.  Attention  was 
directed  to  the  monumental  inscription 
mentioned  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Davis  in  his  paper, 
and  Mr.  C.  P.  Russell  pointed  out  that 
Mr.  D.  had  lalwured  under  a  misconcep- 
tion as  to  the  name :  instead  of  there  be- 


ing simply  an  initial  letter  ''E,"  it 
stated  by  Mr.  Russell  that  he  had  found, 
on  reference  to  the  Burial  Register,  that 
that  letter  was  the  final  one  of  the  Chris- 
tian name — Joane — ^the  part  of  the  moon- 
ment  containing  the  other  portion  being 
broken  ofL 

Driving  past  Widcombe-honse,  through 
the  adjacent  vale,  and  skirting  the  Abbey 
Cemetery,  the  excursionists  arrived  at 
Prior-park.  Mr.  Davis  announced  to  the 
company  that  the  house  was  built  by 
Allen,  and  the  grounds  laid  out  by  Brown, 
the  first  landscape  g^dener.  Passing  up 
the  principal  8tairc&«e — with  which  aU 
were  much  pleased — the  chapel  was  visit- 
ed, This  portion,  it  was  stated,  was  also 
built  by  Allen,  at  the  same  time  as  the 
house,  and  here  Warburton  officiated  pre- 
viously  to  his  being  made  bishop. 

While  admiring  the  building,  it  was 
suggested  that  it  would  be  an  object  wor- 
thy of  the  archsBolc^sts  to  subscribe  and 
purchase  the  park  and  estate.  Lamenting 
its  forlorn  condition,  yet  expatiating  on 
its  many  and  varied  beauties,  the  party 
left,  and  were  soon  enjoying  a  splendid 
ride  along  the  road  to  Hampton  and  Cla- 
verton  Down,  and  peeping  at  any  and 
every  object  of  interest  it  was  possible  to 
catch  a  glimpse  of,  distant  or  near.  Ar- 
rived in  a  field  on  Claverton  Down,  near 
the  old  race-course,  those  who  chose  left 
the  carriages  and  proceeded  over  the  down ; 
while  those  who  remained  in  them  were 
conveyed  round  through  the  city  to  take 
up  the  party  at  the  turnpike  at  Bathamp- 
ton.  The  bulk  of  the  party  accompanied 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Scarth,  who  pointed  out  the 
line  of  the  Belgic  Boundary  (the  Wans- 
dyke),  and  also  the  trackway  through  the 
camp,  which  was  traversed  ftx>m  the  south 
end  to  that  on  the  east.  Standing  on  the 
brow  of  the  hill  overlooking  Bathampton, 
the  rev.  gentleman  read  a  portion  of  a 
paper  on  the  Belgic  settlement,  indicating 
the  direction  in  which  the  camps  of  Mays 
Knowle,  Stantonbury,  and  Little  Solsbury 
stood,  and  giving  of  them  and  other  parts 
of  the  settlement  many  particulars  of  an 
interesting  character,  llie  Wansdyke,  he 
stated,  extended  from  Savemake  to  Por- 
tishead,  a  distance  of  eighty  miles.  Re- 
ferring to  the  druidical  remains  at  Stanton 
Drew,  he  remarked  that  the  great  temple 
of  which  they  formed  a  part  was  to  the 
western  end  of  the  camps  what  Stoneheng^ 
was  to  the  east  end.  In  traversing  what 
was  formerly  the  stone  avenue  leading  to 
the  temple,  or  site  of  judidal  assemUie^ 
Mr.  Scarth  expressed  regret  that  the  only 
few  remains  should  be  carried  away  to 
form  ornaments  in  gardens,  and  stated 
that  it  was  only  a  toactnaght  prerious  that 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


ASQ 


a  waggon  was  on  the  down  carr^dng  away 
the  stones.  A  ruined  cromlech,  the  spring 
that  supplied  the  camp,  and  the  junction 
at  Batheaston  of  the  two  Roman  roads 
firom  Cirencester  and  Marlborough,  were 
pointed  out  to  the  party. 

Arrived  at  the  Hampton  turnpike,  the 
carriages  were  in  attendimce,  and  a  short 
drive  brought  the  party  to  Hampton 
Church,  which  was  inspected,  and  an  in- 
teresting paper  read  by  Mr.  JeflSrey. 

On  leaving  the  building  they  inspected 
two  figures  of  a  knight  and  lady,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  porch -door.  Mr.  Planche 
announced  them  to  belong  to  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.,  and  to  be  exceedingly  curi- 
ous. A  figure  referred  to  by  Mr.  Jeffrey, 
situate  at  the  outside  end  of  the  building, 
was  then  discussed,  and  was  said  to  have 
surmounted  the  tomb  of  a  bishop  of  the 
eleventh  century. 

Proceeding  to  the  mansion  of  C.  Shep- 
pard,  Esq.,  upwards  of  thirty  satisfied 
their  artistic  taste  by  a  look  at  a  fine  gal- 
lery of  paintings,  and  then  their  bodily 
appetites  with  something  equally  tasty, 
yet,  under  the  circumstances,  more  agree- 
able. Justice  having  been  done  to  the 
elegant  repast  which  Mr.  Sheppard^s  kind- 
ness had  prepared,  the  guests  proceeded 
acrc^s  the  ferry  to  meet  the  others  of  the 
party  who  were  provided  with  refresh- 
ments at  the  residence  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Moore,  of  Batheaston. 

A  visit  was  then  paid  to  Batheaston 
Church,  in  respect  to  which  Mr.  Davis 
pointed  out  that  the  tower — which  was 
four-storied,  and  a  type  of  the  style  of  the 
churches  found  in  Somerset — was  the 
finest  of  its  kind  in  this  part.  The  angular 
turret  was  marked  on  other  parts  of  the 
tower;  and  the  uncommon  part  was  the 
hood-moulding  round  it  under  the  sills  of 
the  window.  A  pine-tree  in  the  garden 
of  Mr.  Rawlinson,  opposite  the  church, 
was  mucli  admired  for  its  rarity  and 
beauty.  Tlie  company  were  informed  by 
the  respected  vicar  of  the  parish  that  it 
was  known  to  be  upwards  of  three  hun- 
dred years  old,  and  the  Marquis  of  Lans- 
downe's  gardener  had  paid  it  a  visit  for 
the  purpose  of  including  it  in  a  work  on 
pines  which  he  was  compiling. 

The  party  then  accepted  the  kind  oflier 
of  Mrs.  Moseley,  of  Ea^le-house,  to  in- 
spect her  collection  of  rubbings  of  brasses, 
Ac.  The  visit  amply  repaid  the  trouble, 
as,  besides  numerous  rubbings  of  a  curious 
description,  there  were  many  objects  of  a 
most  recherchS  character,  including  a  beau- 
tifully preserved  and  illuminated  copy  of 
the  charters  of  King  Charles  II.  to  the 
Merchant  Venturers  of  England.  Taking 
leave  of  these,  the  company  pushed  on  to 


Swainswick— some  taking  to  the  car- 
riages, while  others  preferred  the  walk 
over  Little  Solsbury  camp,  and  through 
the  fields. 

On  arriving  at  the  point  of  meeting, 
the  house  of  Prynne,  recorder  of  Bath, 
who  had  his  ears  cut  off  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  was  pointed  out,  and  a  visit 
paid  to  the  church  adjoining,  of  which 
the  particulars  were  described  by  Mr. 
Jefirey.  It  contains  the  monuments  of 
Prynne*s  parents. 

Driving  on,  the  party  visited  Langridge 
Church,  which  was  regarded  with  con- 
siderable interest,  as  it  was  found  to  con- 
tain several  objects  of  great  antiquity. 
Mr.  Jeffrey  read  an  interesting  account  of 
the  building,  from  which  we  take  the  fol- 
lowing extract : — 

"There  is  lying  on  the  floor  of  the 
tower  a  graceful  figure  of  a  lady,  in  the 
dress  of  the  fourt^nth  century.  It  is 
traditionally  supposed  to  have  belonged  to 
a  tomb  of  the  Walshe  family,  which  for- 
merly stood  near  to  the  north  door  of  the 
nave,  and  was  removed  to  make  way  for 
the  modem  pews.  On  the  same  floor  lie 
a  group  containing  a  figure  of  the  Vir^n 
and  Holy  Child.  Tradition  states  that  it 
was  formerly  standing  in  the  north  wall ; 
but  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  may  be 
the  figure  of  the  Rood  that  formerly 
adorned  the  rood-loft,  and  was  removed  or 
hidden  at  the  time  of  the  destruction  of 
the  rood-lofts.  These  figures  are  now 
covered  with  green  mouldiness,  and  are 
hastening  to  decay,  being  exposed  where 
the  feet  of  the  school-children  must  inflict 
injury  upon  them." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  paper,  the 
figures  referred  to  therein  were  inspected : 
one  of  them  was  pronounced  by  Mr. 
Planch^  to  belong  to  the  time  of  Henry 
III.  or  Edward  I.,  and  the  other— that 
of  the  Virgin  and  Child — to  be  of  Norman 
origin,  of  the  time  of  William  Rufus. 
Mr.  P.  stated  that  the  latter  was  the  most 
interesting  object  he  had  ever  seen,  and 
expressed  his  regret,  in  common  with 
others,  that  it  was  suffered  to  occupy  so 
unworthy  a  place — the  corner  of  the  floor 
in  the  tower — and  also  a  hope  that  draw- 
ings might  be  taken  of  so  valuable  a  relic 

Here  the  Mayor  and  Dr.  Falconer  joined 
the  party,  who  took  the  road  to  Lans- 
downe.  On  arriving  near  the  rectory- 
house,  the  Rev.  Mi*.  Blathwayt  kindly  sub- 
mitted for  inspection  a  battle-axe,  found 
in  a  stone  coffin  dug  up  in  the  garden 
attached  to  his  residence,  and  which  was 
pronounced  to  be  of  Oriental  dengn. 

Arrived  on  Lansdown,  the  carriages  drove 
to  the  monument  of  Sir  B.  Grenville,  and 
then  on  to  the  Grand  Stand,  where  re- 


490 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Oct. 


f^hments  were  again  partaken  of.  Some 
few,  however,  accompanied  by  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Scarth,  walked  to  Prospect  Stile,  to 
enjoy  the  magnificent  view  to  be  obtained 
therefrom,  and  to  view  the  Roman  and 
Saxon  encampments.  That  done,  the  party 
set  out  on  their  ret  mm. 

The  chapel  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  Lans- 
down,  supposed  to  have  been  built  on  the 
site  of  a  hospital  erected  to  give  succour  to 
pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the  shrine  of  St. 
Joseph  of  Arimathea,  at  Glaston,  was 
pointed  out  in  passing.  It  is  in  the  farm- 
yard opposite  the  Blathwayt  Arms.  These 
pilgrims*  chapels  are  often  to  be  found 
near  the  boundaries  of  large  conventual 
houses,  at  the  entrance  of  towns,  at  the 
foot  or  on  the  centre  of  bridges.  The 
interiors,  which  once  gave  rest  to  the 
weary,  and  afforded  a  pittance  to  the  dis- 
tressed and  hungry,  are  now  too  desolate 
and  dreary  even  to  be  sought  as  a  shelter 
for  the  wandering  cattle.  This  chapel  has 
been  for  many  years  a  farm-house.  Traces 
of  the  buttresses  that  supported  the  nave 
or  tower  (if  it  possessed  any)  may  now  be 
seen,  and  Early  English  windows  that  for- 
merly gave  light  to  the  nave  now  perform 
that  office  for  mean  and  servile  uses — some 
are  blocked  up ;  and  the  chancel-arch  may 
be  discovered  in  the  stable  or  cow-house. 
The  interior  presents  no  object  worthy  of 
particular  notice.  Nearly  every  vestige  of 
its  former  uses  is  entirely  removed,  and 
the  space  filled  by  rooms  and  offices  for 
the  use  of  the  tenant  of  the  ChaiKjl  Farm. 

A  visit  had  been  projected  to  Charl- 
combe  Church,  but  owing  to  the  time 
allotted  for  the  excursion  being  expired, 
it  was  passed  over.  The  church  was 
pointed  out  to  and  admired  by  the  visitors 
when  coming  down  the  hill.  The  party 
arrived  in  Bath  about  7  o'clock. 

The  concluding  meeting  of  the  congress 
was  held  at  the  (Guildhall  shortly  after 
eight  o'clock,  and  was  numerously  attended. 
After  partaking  of  a  conversazione  tea  in 
the  Council-chamber,  the  company  as- 
sembled in  the  Hall,  under  the  presidency 
of  his  Worship  the  Mayor,  supported  by 
Mr.  Tite,  M.P.,  John  Britton,  Esq.,  T.  J. 
Petti  grew,  Esq.,  &c. 

Mr.  Tite  read  a  paper  "  On  the  Gradual 
Improvement  in  the  Social  Manners  and 
Condition  of  the  People  of  England  during 
the  Middle  Ages,  as  evidenced  by  the  Im- 
provement of  their  Buildings  and  Habita- 
tions," with  a  few  remarks  on  the  condition 
of  the  people  themselves  during  the  same 
period.  The  paper  was  rendered  unusually 
interesting  by  the  extracts  from  old  writers 
which  Mr.  Tite  had  collected  for  the  pur- 
pose of  presenting  a  correct  view  of  sodety 
daring  the  middM  ages.  The  hon.  member 


observed,  it  would  be  easy  to  continue  these 
sketches,  to  shew  how,  with  the  providen- 
tial discovery  of  printing,  knowledge  be- 
came extended  and  accessible,  men  began 
to  think,  and  liberty  and  freedom,  aner 
many  struggles,  were  established.  Their 
domestic  buildings,  in  like  manner,  im- 
proved with  increasing  civilization,  and 
doubtless  tended  to  promote  it. 

The  Mayor  then  proposed  succeas  to  the 
British  Archaeological  Association,  whose 
object  was  to  encourage  the  promotion  of 
the  arts  and  sciences  of  ancient  times,  and 
to  hand  down  to  future  generations  the 
memorials  of  the  same.  This  Association 
and  the  Archaeological  Institute  were  like 
two  great  rivers,  which  fertilized  the  lands 
through  which  they  passed;  both  helped 
to  spread  education,  and  to  extend  the 
sciences.  Of  late  years  the  sdences  bad 
rapidly  advanced,  and  none  more  so  than 
archieology :  and  what  more  important 
object  could  there  be,  than  to  encourage 
the  study  of  literature  and  art  ?  He  pro- 
posed success  to  the  Association,  and  thanks 
to  them  for  their  visit;  the  only  regret 
connected  with  which  was  that  it  was  so 
brief. 

T.  J.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  in  acknowledg^ing 
the  compliment,  said  he  could  assure  bis 
Worship  and  the  citizens  of  Bath,  that  the 
members  of  the  Association  highly  es- 
teemed the  notice  which  had  been  taken 
of  them,  and  the  cordial  reception  they 
had  received  on  this  occasion.  Manj 
papers  had  been  kindly  promised,  but 
time  would  not  admit  of  their  being  read  ; 
and  they  must  now  wind  up  their  pro- 
ceedings by  thanking  those  who  had  ren- 
dered their  servients  during  the  holding  of 
this  congress.  As  a  first  step  towards 
this  end,  he  begged  to  propose  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  patrons  of  the  congress^ 
Lord  Portman  (who  had  been  unavoid- 
ably prevented  attending  their  meeting), 
and  the  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  wbMe 
kindness  they  had  experienced  on  their 
visit  to  Wells. — The  proposition  was  car- 
ried nem.  con. 

Similar  votes  were  then  passed  to  the 
directors  of  the  Royal  Literary  and  Sden- 
tific  Institution,  for  their  cordial  recep- 
tion of  the  Association ;  to  Mr.  Tite  and 
the  other  gentlemen  who  had  contributed 
to  the  interest  of  the  meeting  by  furnish- 
ing papers  ;  to  Sir  A.  H.  Elton  and  others^ 
for  the  hospitality  they  had  shewn  in 
entertaining  the  members  during  the  ex- 
cursions ;  to  the  local  secretaries  and  com- 
mittee for  their  indefatigable  exertiona 
during  the  cong^rcss ;  and  to  Mr.  Petti- 
grew, to  whom  the  Sodety  was  indebted 
ror  its  existence. 

Mr.  Pettigrew,  in  acknowledging  the 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


491 


compliment,  made  mention  of  the  name 
of  John  Britton,  Esq.,  who,  though  so  ad- 
vanced in  years,  was  still  as  ardent  as 
ever  in  his  efforts  to  promote  the  success 
of  archeeology.  Miglit  he  long  continue 
to  live  and  enjoy  the  honour  he  had 
80  deservedly  obtained.  There  had 
been  no  congress  held  in  the  history  of 
the  Association,  in  which  he  (Mr.  Petti- 
grew)  might  fairly  say  they  had  met 
with  more  objects  of  antiquarian  interest, 
or  more  subjects  for  future  investigation, 
than  the  present.  He  had  derived  great 
satisfaction  in  looking  round  on  the  arti- 
cles preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Royal 
Literary  Institution ;  but  as  they  had  not 
been  made  known  to  the  public,  he  trust- 
ed the  directors  would  accept  his  offer  on 
the  part  of  the  Archseologic^  Association, 
to  bear  the  expense  of  giving  to  the  public 
drawings  of  any  object  wliich  might  be 
thought  desirable.  The  speaker  concluded 
by  proposing  the  thanks  of  the  Association 
to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation,  for  the 
kindness  they  had  shewn  in  promoting  the 
success  of  the  congress. 

The  Mayor,  in  responding,  observed  that, 
much  as  the  excursion  of  that  day  had 
embraced,  there  were  still  many  objects  of 
interest  around  this  city  which  had  not 
been  seen ;  and  he  therefore  trusted  that 
the  time  was  not  far  distant  when  the 
Association  would  think  it  desirable  again 
to  pay  a  visit  to  Bath,  and  extend  it 
to  something  like  a  week,  at  least. — The 
congress  then  terminated. 


CAICBBIAN  ASCH^OLOOICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

This  society  met  at  Welshpool  on  the 
18th  of  August,  for  the  tenth  annual  time 
unce  its  first  institution.  The  rule  of  the 
Association  is  to  take  one  of  the  counties 
of  Wales  and  the  four  march  counties, 
alternately  north  and  south,  every  year; 
and,  after  having  completed  its  cycle,  it 
will  again  go  through  the  counties  in  the 
usual  order.  Wales  unfortunately  has  no 
metropolis,  no  political  and  social  centre ; 
it  is  divided  also,  in  a  very  marked  man- 
ner, into  North  and  South — strong  preju- 
dices existing  between  the  inhabitants  of 
these  two  great  di^-isions.  Besides  this, 
the  mountain-chains  tend  to  isolate  the 
inhabitants  of  the  different  valleys  and 
districts  from  each  other;  while  round 
the  south  coast,  part  of  the  north  coast, 
and  the  marches,  there  exist  several  hete- 
rogeneous tribes  of  men  connected  neither 
with  the  native  Welsh  nor  with  each 
other.  Add  to  these  social  peculiarities 
the  unequal  and  irregular  prevalence  of 
either  hmguage,  Welsh  or  English,  and  it 
will  be  readily  understood  how  much  diffi- 


culty generally  may  be  anticipated  not 
only  in  getting  Welshmen  to  combine  for 
any  purpose,  particularly  an  archseolog^cal 
one,  but  also  in  inducing  them  to  look 
with  favour  on  any  project  or  pursuit  that 
does  not  immediately  affect  their  own 
locality.  The  gentry  of  Wales  residing  ou 
their  estates  are  by  fiu*  less  numerous,  pro- 
portionally, than  in  England :  there  is  also 
a  singular  absence  of  an  educated  middle 
class ;  indeed,  the  middle  class  is  limited 
almost  entirely  to  professional  men  and 
their  families ;  and  the  farmers  are  small 
holders,  and  excessively  ignorant,  though 
well  disposed  when  well  directed.  Tihe 
clergy,  as  a  body,  are  not  men  of  literary 
or  scientific  acquirements : — exceptions,  of 
course,  there  are,  but  they  are  few :  their 
origin,  their  education,  and  their  means 
(with  the  exception  of  those  in  certain 
portions  of  North  Wales  and  Glamorgan- 
shire), do  not  induce  them  to  turn  their 
attention  in  those  directions ;  and  hence,  if 
they  support  any  societies,  they  are  gene- 
rally of  merely  an  ecclesiastical  nature. 

It  is  from  causes  such  as  these  that 
the  Cambrian  Archesolog^cal  Association, 
though  tolerably  numerous  for  the  size  of 
the  principality,  never  musters  in  large 
numbers  at  its  annual  meetings.  The 
North  will  not  travel  to  the  South,  nor 
the  East  to  the  West ;  hence  their  meet- 
ings generally  consist  of  some  thirty  pro- 
fessed antiquaries  or  so ;  and  they  gather 
round  them  for  the  time  being  the  fiiends 
of  archeeology  more  or  less  active  in  any 
given  neighbourhood.  Notwithstanding 
these  apparently  unfavourable  circmn- 
stances,  and  in  spite  of  the  apathy  or  the 
ignorance  of  their  fellow-countrymen,  the 
Cambrian  archsBologists  have  made  up  by 
their  energy  for  their  comparative  paucitv, 
and  their  meeting^  have  always  been  lively 
and  successful.  At  the  present  time,  too, 
in  consequence  of  the  indefiitigable  exer- 
tions of  the  secretaries,  treasurer,  and 
chairman,  their  finances  are  in  a  more 
prosperous  condition  than  those  of  most 
other  archsdolog^cal  societies.  They  pub- 
lish their  Jounial  quarterly;  they  illus- 
trate it  amply  and  well;  they  pay  punc- 
tually ;  and  they  always  have  a  himdsome 
balance  in  hand.  So  much  may  be  done 
by  personal  energy  and  good- will ! 

One  remarkable  circumstance  has  dis- 
tinguished this  Association — ^it  has  been 
highly  fortunate  in  the  choice  of  its  annual 
presidents;  and  a  very  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  success  of  each  annual  meeting 
has  been  due  to  the  activity,  kindness, 
and  hospitality  of  the  noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen who  have  Med  this  office.  Sir 
Stephen  Glynne,  Lord  Dunraven,  Lord 
Cawdor,  Lord  Dynevor,  and  now  Lord 


492 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[Oct, 


Powys,  as  well  as  Mr.  Wynne,  M.P.,  Mr. 
"West,  M.P.,  Sir  Joseph  Bailey,  and  the 
late  Mr.  Robert  Clive, — all  these  eminent 
persons  have  striven  to  do  their  duty  as 
presidents  in  the  most  praiseworthy  man- 
ner. One  remarkable  omission,  however, 
ought  to  be  noted :  only  one  meeting  has 
ever  been  attended  by  a  Welsh  bishop — 
for  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's  was  present 
at  the  Tenby  meeting ;  while  one  bishop 
(Bangor)  and  two  Welsh  deans  (Bangor 
and  St.  Asaph)  do  not  even  belong  to  the 
society.  On  the  other  hand,  almost  every 
learned  man  in  Wales,  every  one  who  has 
any  pretension  to  literary  acquirements, 
with  very  few  exceptions^  may  be  found  in 
the  list  of  members  of  this  flourislung 
little  society. 

Having  premised  thus  much,  we  pro- 
ceed to  observe  that  the  recent  meeting 
at  Welshpool,  though  not  so  stirring  and 
exciting  as  that  of  1855  at  Llandeilo,  was 
notable  for  the  nearly  equal  attendance  of 
members  from  North  and  South  Wales; 
for  the  very  able  and  hospitable  manner 
in  which  the  Earl  of  Powys  discharged 
his  duties  as  president ;  and  most  particu- 
larly for  the  extreme  unfavourableness  of 
the  weather — the  rain  having  descended 
incessantly  during  the  whole  meeting,  with 
the  exception  ot  some  thirty-six  hours ! 
Welshpool,  as  the  principal  town  in  Mont- 
gomeryshire, was  well  chosen  ;  the  neigh- 
bourhood, which  is  of  extreme  beauty, 
being  rich  in  early  British  and  Saxon  re- 
muns,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  Roman 
camps,  mediaeval  castles,  and  curious  paro- 
chial churches.  The  marches  of  any 
country  are  sure  to  be  good  places  of 
meeting  for  archax)l()gi8t8,  especially  if 
they  have  any  debating  powers  among 
them. 

The  meeting  commenced  on  Monday, 
the  18th  of  August ;  and  after  the  Karl  of 
Powys  had  taken  the  chair,  and  made  a 
well-pointed  speech  on  the  advantages  of 
archaK)logical  pursuits,  especially  as  ap- 
plied to  the  neighbourhood  where  the 
members  were  now  assembled,  sketching 
out  at  the  same  time  the  proceedings  for 
the  week,  the  Annual  Report  waij  read  by 
one  of  the  general  secretaries.  A  paper 
was  then  read  by  Mr.  Longueville  Jones, 
the  editor  of  the  Archaohgia  CavibrenMs, 
on  the  antiquities  of  Montgomeryshire 
generally ;  followed  by  all  the  extracts 
from  Leland  relating  to  the  same  county. 

On  Tuesday,  the  19th,  an  excursion  waa 
to  have  been  made  to  the  Breidden-hills, 
aboun(Ung  in  British  fortified  posts,  and 
where  it  has  heen  asserted  that  the  last 
battle  of  Caractacus  took  place;  though, 
at  the  Ludlow  meeting  in  1852,  it  was 
supposed  to  have  been  fixed  at  the  Caer 
12 


Caradoc,  near  Knighton.  The  weather 
forbade  all  stirring  out  of  the  town;  and 
the  meuibers  therefore  spent  the  morning 
in  the  temporary  museum.  This  oollectioa 
is  rich  in  local  charters,  Roman  coins 
and  other  remains,  rubbings  of  early  Bri- 
tish inscribed  stones  and  coffin-lids,  early 
British  weapons,  seals,  photographic  views, 
and  antiquarian  books.  In  the  evening  an 
elaborate  and  highly-interesting  paper  was 
read  by  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Barnwell,  General 
Secretary  for  North  Wales,  on  Camac  and 
the  remains  at  Loc  Mariaker  in  Brittany, 
which  he  had  just  retumedfrom  thorooghiT 
investigating.  Archdeacon  Williams  fol- 
lowed with  the  first  part  of  a  paper  on 
early  Celtic  coins,  as  connected  with  the 
early  coins  of  Greece  and  Phoenician  colo- 
nies. 

On  Wednesday,  the  20th,  the  antiqui- 
ties of  the  town  of  Welshpool  were  visited, 
and  in  the  afternoon  the  Association  was 
received  en  masse  at  Powys  Castle,  by  the 
noble  president.  Here  they  examined  all 
the  pictorial,  bibliographical,  and  archseo- 
logical  treasures  of  the  castle,  and  then 
the  building  itself;  the  preddent  taking 
great  pains  in  explaining  everything  per- 
sonally. A  magni  ticent  luncheon  was  served 
in  the  great  ball-room ;  and  the  members, 
as  far  as  the  weather  would  permit,  went 
round  the  terraces,  cellars,  and  gardens  of 
this  fine  old  historic  place.  At  the  evening 
meeting  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker  gave  an  account 
of  the  architectural  features  of  Powys 
Castle;  and  his  observations  gave  rise  to 
some  interesting  explanations  from  the 
president  and  other  members.  Mr.  T.  O. 
Morgan  read  a  very  clear  and  able  paper 
on  the  marches  of  Wales,  and  the  division 
of  the  princi(;ality  into  counties :  this  was 
followed  bv  a  brisk  discussion  of  the  right 
of  Monmouthshire  to  be  considered  as  an 
English  or  a  Welsh  county;  and  by  a 
paper  on  the  Roman  remains  of  Caersws, 
near  Newtown,  by  the  Rev.  D.  Davies. 
The  object  of  this  paper  was  to  shew  the 
strong  probability  of  this  being  the  site  of 
the  disputed  Mediolakum. 

On  Thursday,  August  21,  though  the 
weather  was  exceedingly  bad,  many  mem- 
bers went  on  an  excursion  to  Clawddloch, 
a  Roman  camp  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Vymwy  and  the  Tanat  (two  streams  well 
known  to  all  fishermen),  and  a  likely  spot 
for  the  site  of  Mediolantm.  They  then 
visited  Llanyblodwell,  the  residence  of  the 
Rev.  John  Parker,  inspected  his  fine  collec- 
tion of  Welsh  architectural  drawings,  and 
were  very  hospitably  entertained  by  him 
at  a  cold  collation.  The  parish  churches 
of  Llansantfiraid  and  Meifod  were  hastily 
visited  as  the  members  returned — through 
a  most  picturesque  country — to  WekhpooL 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


498 


At  the  evening  meeting  Archdeacon  Wil- 
liams read  the  remaining  portion  of  his 
paper  on  early  Celtic  coins ;  and  the  Kev. 
H.  Hay  Knight  discussed  the  authorities 
cited  hy  the  author  at  considerable  length 
and  with  great  acumen. 

On  Friday,  the  22nd,  the  weather  made 
the  amende  honorable;  the  day  was  de- 
licious; and  everybody  went  on  the  ex- 
cursion to  Montgomery  up  the  lovely  vale 
of  the  Severn.  Here  they  examined  the 
castle,  the  British  fortified  posts,  the 
church,  once  collegiate,  (early  pointed  in 
part,)  and  were  welcomed  to  Lymore-park 
by  the  Earl  of  Powys.  In  this  fine  old 
wood-work  mansion,  once  the  residence  of 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury,  the  members 
again  experienced  the  president's  hospi- 
tality; they  then  visited  the  remains  of 
Ofia's  Dyke  and  a  Roman  camp,  and  re- 
turned home.  At  the  evening  meeting 
Mr.  C.  C.  Babington  gave  an  animated  ac- 
count of  the  day's  excursion ;  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Rev.  Rowland  Williams,  Vice- 
Principal  of  St.  David's  College,  who  read 
a  paper  on  the  supposed  reluctance  of  the 
West  British  Church  to  convert  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  The  Rev.  H.  Hay  Knight  next 
read  a  paper  on  the  descent  of  the  three 
great  lines  of  families,  possessors  of  Powys 
Castle;  and  Mr.  Longueville  Jones  followed 
with  one  on  the  plans  of  Welsh  towns 
built  by  Edward  I.,  as  compared  with 
others  built  by  the  same  monarch  in  Guy- 
enne,  &c.  This  concluded  the  regular  busi- 
ness of  the  meeting;  and  after  the  usual 
votes  of  thanks,  &c.,  the  members  sepa- 
rated. 

We  should  add,  that  the  evening  meet- 
ings were  attended  by  all  the  ladies  of  the 
neighbourhood,  headed  by  the  Countess  of 
Powys  and  the  Ladies  Herbert;  that  an 
excellent  public  (Unner  took  place  every 
day  at  the  Royal  Oak  Hotel;  that  the 
meetings  were  held  in  the  County  Hall, 
and  that  the  museum  was  formed  in  the 
Grand  Jury  Room. 

The  meeting  for  1857  is  to  be  held  at 
Monmouth. 


SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQU ABIES,  KEWOASTLB- 
UPON-TTXE. 

The  September  meeting  was  held  on 
the  3rd  ult.,  in  the  Castle  of  Newcastle, 
(John  Clayton,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair). 

Dr.  Charlton  having  read  the  minutes, 
his  colleague.  Dr.  Bruce,  stated  that  he 
had  addressed  a  letter  to  Mr.  Aid.  Hodg- 
son, chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee, 
through  one  of  the  members  of  the  Society 
and  of  the  Town-council,  Mr.  Thos.  Gray, 
on  the  subject  of  the  Black  Gktte.  K  that 
structure  should  be  preserved,  and  also 
Geht.  Mao.  Vol.  XL VI. 


the  houses  extending  th«nce  to  and  round 
the  comer,  in  the  Side,  the  nook,  when 
restored,  would  present  an  architectural 
relic  not  to  be  equalled  in  any  other  quar- 
ter of  Newcastle.  He  must  add,  that  if 
the  east  side  of  the  projected  street  were 
erected,  as  proposed,  the  thoroughfare 
would  be  very  narrow,  and  not  creditable 
to  the  town. 

Dr.  Charlton  read  an  interesting  letter 
from  Mr.  Edward  Spoor,  one  of  the  mem- 
bers, accompanying  Roman  and  other  re- 
mains : — Pottery,  concrete,  &c.,  from  Els- 
don  ;  and  a  kale-pot  and  mortar,  found  on 
the  estate  of  'i'homas  Anderson,  Esq.,  of 
Littleharle ;  with  a  copy  of  a  merchant's 
mark  on  the  ancient  font  of  All  Saints', 
Newcastle,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
Anderson. — Cries  of  "  Hear,  hear,"  were 
evoked  by  a  suggestion  made  by  Mr.  Spoor 
of  a  "Northern  Museum,"  to  which  the 
Roman  and  other  remains  of  the  district 
should  be  sent. 

Dr.  Charlton,  on  behalf  of  the  Rev. 
Daniel  Haigh,  presented  to  the  society 
five  fine  copper-plates  of  early  Northum- 
brian coins,  not  yet  published.  K  the 
Society  chose  to  use  the  plates  for  pub- 
lication, Mr.  Haigh  would  supply  a  de- 
scriptive notice  for  letterpress. 

Mr.  Fenwick  moved  a  vote  of  thanks, 
with  a  request  that  Mr.  Haigh  would 
obligingly  supply  the  proffered  descrip- 
tion. 

In  the  name  of  the  Corporation,  Dr. 
Charlton  presented  a  rosary  which  had 
been  found  in  the  ruins  of  the  old  house 
at  the  head  of  the  Side.  The  relic  was  not 
older,  he  thought,  than  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century.  He  had  been  told  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Gray  that  the  Catholics  had 
their  place  of  worship  there  before  they 
went  to  Westgate,  which  might  account 
for  the  finding  of  the  rosary  in  this  lo- 
cality. 

Mr.  Longstaffe  placed  on  the  table  the 
transcript  from  the  Cotton  MSS.  of  the 
Latin  ballads  named  in  Hutchinson's 
"  Durham,"  ordered  at  the  August  meet- 
ing to  be  procured  for  publication  in  the 
Society's  Transactions,  with  Mr.  Robert 
WTiite's  paper  on  the  Battle  of  Neville's 
Cross : — one,  "  De  Bello  Scotie,  ubi  David 
Brus  erat  captus ;"  and  the  other,  "  Bella 
de  Cressy  et  Nevyle  Crosse."  He  (Mr. 
Longstaffe),  having  glanced  over  the  pages, 
was  afraid  it  would  turn  out  that  King 
David  ran  away  from  the  battle  of  Ne- 
ville's Cross.  (Laughter.) — Mr.  Holdstock, 
in  transmitting  the  transcript,  stated  that 
the  original  must  have  been  written  be- 
fore the  close  of  the  century  in  which 
the  battle  of  Neville's  Cross  was  fought ; 
and  yet  on  page  8  you  will  find  the  ex- 

3b 


494 


Antiquanan  ResearcJies, 


[Oct. 


pression,  "Ne  quasi  marsupia  farcifc;" 
which  1  understand  to  s'gnify,  "  Nor,  like 
the  marsupial  animals,  does  he  put  it  in 
his  pouch;"  which  would  be  curious  be- 
fore the  discovery  of  America  and  New 
Holland,  where  the  marsupia^  such  as  the 
kangaroo  and  opossum,  are  found.  Yet 
this  would  only  be  consonant  to  the  allu- 
sions to  Brazil  and  Bnizil-wood,  upon  the 
records,  long  before  the  birth  of  Columbus, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  discovered  Ame- 
rica. Upon  the  same  page  you  will  find 
the  poet  alluding  at  this  early  period  to 
the  game  of  chess,  which  might  be  of  some 
interest  to  chess-players. 

The  Chairman  stated  that  two  ancient 
graves  had  lately  been  discovered  in 
making  the  excavations  for  the  Border 
Counties*  Railway.  They  were  in  a  light 
gravelly  soil,  on  the  banks  of  the  North 
Tyne,  opposite  the  village  of  Warden. 
Each  contained  a  skull  and  a  number  of 
bones ;  and  in  one  of  them  there  was  an 
iron  pot,  of  bucket  shape,  containing  a 
quantity  of  black  matter. 

Dr.  Bruce  presented,  from  a  donor  whose 
name  he  had  yet  to  learn,  a  relic  of  a 
Roman  statue  of  Victory — the  foot  of  a 
female  figure  on  a  sphere.  It  was  dis- 
covered some  time  ago  at  the  Stanwix 
station ;  and  Mr.  Mossman,  the  artist, 
who  was  copying  Roman  remains,  per- 
suaded the  discoverer  that  the  Castle  of 
Newcastle  was  its  most  fitting  resting- 
place. 

Dr.  Charlton  reminded  the  members  of 
the  possession  by  the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  certain  Roman  and 
mediaeval  antii^uities — relics  of  the  Allan 
Museum,  of  Blackwell.  The  Castle,  he 
thought,  would  be  their  most  suitable 
place  of  deposit ;  for  there  they  would  be 
setn  and  studied,  while  at  present  they 
were  of  no  service  to  archaeolopry.  Dr.  C, 
after  some  conversation  on  this  subject, 
stated  that  he  had  recently  been  in  Nor- 
way, and  was  much  gratified  with  the 
museums  which  he  had  seen  in  that  coun- 
try. At  Bergen,  a  place  of  not  more  than 
from  25,000  to  30,000  inhabitants,  there 
was  a  magnificent  collection  of  antiquities. 
We  had  nothing  here  to  compare  with  it ; 
and  there  was  also  a  fine  colle(;ti(m  at 
Christ'ania.  The  national  aid  aflbrded  in 
Norway  to  such  establishments,  and  to  the 
cause  of  science,  was  most  liberal ;  and  in 
this  respect,  he  must  say,  a  government 
of  farmers  and  dalesmen  was  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  a  government  of  peers  and 
squires. 

Dr.  Charlton  read  a  paper  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Haigh,  of  Erdington,  near  Birming- 
ham, giving  an  account  of  a  monument, 
three  fragments  of  which  arc  set  up  iu 


the  chanc«l  of  the  church  at  Hacknen, 
near  Scarborough,  which  was  dependent 
on  the  monastery  of  Whitby.  Before 
proceeding,  however,  to  describe  the  mo- 
nument, Mr.  Haigh  gave  the  history  of 
Hilda,  the  saintly  foundress  of  the  mo- 
nastery at  Haekness,  bom  in  614 ;  and  of 
her  equally  illustrious  successor,  Elflida. 
This  done,  the  monument,  he  said,  had 
doubtless  been  erected  by  the  inmates  of 
the  monastery  to  the  memory  of  some  of 
the  more  illustrious  members  of  the  com- 
munity. It  is  one  of  a  numerous  class, 
of  wliich  the  Bewcastle  pillar,  once  a  cross, 
is  tlie  most  interesting  specimen  that  re- 
mains to  us.  On  the  western  face  of  the 
Haekness  monument,  which  much  resem- 
bles that  of  Bewcastle  (iu  Cumberland), 
is  a  Latin  inscription  in  Roman  charac- 
ters, which,  being  translated,  runs  : — 
'*  Huaetburga,  may  thy  houses  always  love 
thee,  remembering  the  most  loving  mother. 
— Trecea,  pray  for  hira. — Abbess  Oedil- 
burga,  pray  for  her."  On  the  eastern  face, 
in  Latin:  —  "  Blessed  Oedilburga,  may  they 
always  remember  thee,  dutifully  loving 
thee  !  May  they  ask  for  thee  the  verdant 
everlasting  rest  of  the  saints,  O  lov- 
ing mother. — Apostolic" — (As  the  word 
"  Apostolica"  is  separated  by  a  line  from 
the  rest,  it  may  bo  the  beginning  of 
another  inscription.) — On  the  same  face 
(the  eastern),  there  is  an  inscription  in 
characters  resembling  the  Oghams,  so 
frequently  found  on  Irish  and  Scottish 
mcmuments.  On  the  southern  face,  in 
Latin  :  — "  Tlie  virgin  Bugga."  On  the 
northern  face,  in  Runes,  an  inscription 
which  seerainprly  means — "  M.M.  Cane- 
gyth  placed  this."  This  is  followed  by 
nearly  four  lines  in  secret  characters ;  and 
then  the  word  "Ora,"  the  beginning  of 
an  inscription  in  Roman  letters. — Closing 
a  long  elucidatory  paper  on  the  cross,  Mr. 
Haigh  remarks : — "  This  monument,  then, 
was  designed  as  a  memorial  of  the  ab- 
besses Oedilburga  and  Uuaetburga,  and 
others  of  the  more  illustrious  members  of 
the  community  of  Haekness.  Originally 
raised  to  their  memory  about  the  year  720, 
other  names  were  added  to  it  from  time 
to  time.  This,  proliably,  was  usual  in 
m( masteries  of  tliat  age.  At  any  rate,  we 
have  one  very  remarkable  instance  of  it 
in  the  Abbey  of  (ilastonbur^',  thus  re- 
corded by  William  of  Malmesbury  : — 

••  Willinffly  would  I  record  the  meaning  of 
tho»e  py.ainids,  wliich  are.  almost  incompre- 
he  Hibl-  to  all,  could  I  bat  ascertain  the  truth. 
These,  situated  some  few  feet  horn  the  church, 
bortier  on  the  cemetery  of  the  monk«.  The  lof- 
tiest and  neare-^t  to  the  church  is  twenty-eivht 
feet  hi^h,  and  has  Ave  Htorie«.  Tais,  though 
threa'cning  ruin  fr  >m  itR  extreme  aire.  poMOMea, 
nereriheles**,  nome  traces  of  antiquity  which 
may  be  dearly  read,  though  not  perfectly  under- 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


495 


stood.  In  tbe  highest  story  is  an  imafre  in  a 
pontifical  habit.  In  the  nex%  a  statue  of  reval 
dignity,  and  ihp  letters,  •  Her  Sexi*  and  *  Blis- 
perh.'  In  the  third,  too,  are  the  naines  *  Pen- 
crrst  Bantemp  Pinprpegn.'  In  the  fourth, '  Bate 
Pulfrid'  and  '  Eanfled/  In  the  fifth,  which  is 
lowest,  is  an  iniagc,  aid  the  words  as  follow  :— 
*L'gor  Peslicas'  and  'Biigden  Shelpis  Highin- 
gendes  Bcarno.'  The  o  her  pyramid  is  tweity- 
six  fee  hijfh,  and  has  four  stories,  in  which  are 
read  '  Ken  win,  Hodda  the  Bishop,  Bregarci,* 
and  *  Beorward.*  The  meaning  of  these  I  do  not 
hastily  d^'cide ;  but  I  shrewdly  conjee ure  that 
-within,  in  stone  coffins,  are  contained  the  bones 
of  those  persons  whose  names  are  inscribed 
without." 

To  this  description  it  will  suflBce  to 
add,  that  of  three,  at  least,  of  the  per- 
sons commemorated  on  these  monuments, 
something  of  the  h'story  is  known.  Kent- 
win,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  became 
a  monk  after  resigning  his  crown,  a.d. 
685 ;  Hedda,  bishop  of  Winchester,  died 
A.D.  703;  and  Beorward  was  abl)ot  of 
Glastonbury  a.d.  704,  and  for  some  years 
later,  as  he  is  mentioned  in  connection 
with  St.  Boniface  after  the  ordination  of 
the  latter  to  the  priesthood,  a.d.  710. 

With  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Haigh 
the  proceedings  of  the  meeting  came  to 
an  end. 


LEICESTEBSHIBE  ABCHITECTTEAL  AXD  AB- 
CH^OLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Committee-meeting,  August  25th,  the 
Rev.  J.  M.  Greslov  in  the  chair. 
.  Some  conversation  took  place  respecting 
the  rebuilding  of  the  church  of  H umber- 
stone,  which  is  now  in  contemplation,  under 
the  (Erection  of  Mr.  Brandon,  architect,  in 
consequence  of  an  opinion  being  expressed 
that  this  church  might  be  rettored,  instead 
of  being  rebuilt.  The  committee  were 
unanimous  in  thinking  that  the  demoli- 
tion of  our  ancient  ecclesiastical  build- 
ings, unless  positively  unavoidable,  is  ex- 
tremely to  be  regretted. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Bellairs  exliibited  some  coins, 
among  which  was  a  scarce  denarius  of  An- 
toninus, found  near  the  Foss  Way  at  Nar- 
borough :  oi)verse,  the  head  of  the  em- 
peror, circumscribed,  antoninvs.  avo. 
Pivs.  s.p.p. ;  reverse,  a  female,  standing, 
holding  a  rudder,  cos.  Ilii.  Also  several 
deeds  of  the  thirteenth  centurv,  from  the 
muniment-room  of  the  corporation  of  Lei- 
cester, abstracts  of  which  he  is  engaged  in 
taking.  They  consist  chiefly  of  grants  to 
the  corporation,  and  among  the  witnesses 
to  them  occur  the  names  of  many  eccle- 
siastics, city  officers,  and  members  of  the 
ancient  town  and  county  families. 

Mr.  Neale  exhibited  proofs  of  the  Bar- 
badoes  penny  and  halfpenny :  obverse,  the 
bust  of  a  negro  in  profile  with  a  plume  of 
feathers ;  reverse,  King  George  the  Third 


in  the  character  of  Neptune,  seated  in  a 
car  drawn  by  sea-horses.  A  noble  of  Ed- 
ward the  Third,  a  good  specimen  of  his 
fourth  coinage ; — nobles  of  his  second  and 
tliird  coinages,  weighing  some  grains 
heavier  than  his  fourth,  are  rare:  this 
coin  has  (B  in  the  centre  of  the  reverse; 
the  former  ones  have  X  for  London.  An 
angel  of  Henry  the  Eighth,  a  scarce  coin, 
having  an  amulet  or  "gun-hole"  in  the 
side  of  the  ship ;  mint -mark,  a  fleur-de-lis. 
A  milled  shilling  of  Elizabeth,  in  very  fine 
preservation,  from  the  Bentham  cabinet; 
mint-mark,  a  mullet  of  six  points. 

Mr.  Nevinson  exhibited  a  specimen  of 
Etruscan  ware,  ornamented  with  a  winged 
figure;  a  drawing  of  the  monument  of  a 
priest  in  Castle- Donnington  church ;  and  a 
fac-simile  of  the  name  of  the  notorious 
Bradslmw,  the  regicide,  cut  or  scratched 
(among  those  of  ^her  Roundheads)  upon 
the  right  leg  of  the  alabaster  effigy  of 
Robert  Hasylrig,  Esq.,  in  the  same  church ; 
thus,— "  Bradshaw  februr  20  1655  Me- 
mento Mei  Hie  Scrij  sit." 

Mr.  Gresley  exhibited  an  old  watch,  of 
open  filigree  work  in  ulver ;  a  representa- 
tion of  which  is  given  on  plate  xxxiv.  of 
the  first  volume  of  prints  issued  in  1855 
by  the  Anastatic  Drawing  Society.  Also 
the  ornamented  handle  of  (apparently) 
some  cooking  utensil  of  bronze,  probably 
Saxon,  found  near  the  remains  of  an  an- 
cient kiln  discovered  at  Church  Gresley, 
Derbyshire,  in  1853. 

The  annual  meeting  was  held  in  the 
New  Hall  on  Tuesday,  Sept.  9,  E.  B.  Har- 
topp,  Esq.,  of  Old  Dalby  Hall  (one  of  the 
Presidents),  in  the  chair. 

From  the  financial  statement  read  to 
the  meeting,  it  appeared  that  the  subscrip- 
tions amounted  to  £63  17s.,  and  the  ex- 
penditure, exclusive  of  the  share  in  the 
publication  of  the  yearly  report,  amounted 
to  £36  17s.  3d.  Several  subscribers,  it 
appears,  are  now  in  arrears. 

At  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  a  public 
meeting  was  held,  when  papers  were  read 
by  Mr.  James  Thompson,  Mr.  Wm.  Milli- 
can,  and  the  Rev.  J.  M.  Gresley. 

Mr.  Thompson  commenced  his  paper  on 
Leicester  Castle,  by  noticing  how  few  re- 
mains we  have  amongst  us  of  the  strong- 
hold of  our  Saxon  ancestors,  who,  like  the 
ancient  Spartans,  relied  for  defence  upon 
lines  composed  of  strong  men  who  feared 
no  danger,  and  who  held  death  in  con- 
tempt, rather  than  upon  lines  composed  of 
earthwork  or  masonry.  After  describing 
the  modem  idea  of  a  castle-keep,  he  said 
he  felt  persuaded  our  Saxon  forefathers 
knew  nothing  of  such  kind  of  buildings. 
A  hill,  fortified  with  wooden  palisading, 
was  probably  the  only  idea  they  had  of  a 


196 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Oct. 


castle,  and  such,  probably,  was  the  Mount 
near  the  Castle  of  Leicester,  during  the 
reigns  of  the  kings  of  Mercia,  and  until  the 
time  of  Harold.  After  the  Norman  con- 
quest, it  became  imperative  that  strong- 
holds, to  which  the  Norman  soldiers  could 
retire  for  shelter  and  protection,  should  be 
erected;  and  in  this  way  hundreds  of 
keeps  were  planted  by  William  the  Con- 
queror and  his  leading  rhiefbains  through- 
out the  country;  at  Leicester,  no  doubt, 
as  elsewhere.  The  construction  of  the 
Norman  keeps  was  briefly  described,  and 
the  subsequent  softening  of  the  bitter  en- 
mity between  the  conquerors  and  the  con- 
quered was  noticed,  as  evidenced  by  the 
concession  by  the  Norman  earl  to  the  bur- 
gesses of  licicester  of  the  first  charter  of 
local  liberty.  The  lecturer  then  remarked 
upon  the  erection  of  other  buildings,  such 
as  the  large  banqneting-liall,  and  the  cellar 
for  the  better  convenience  of  the  garrison. 
This  change  took  place  in  Leicester  about 
the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  at  which 
date  the  present  building,  known  as  the 
Castle  of  Leicester,  was  erected.  The  ori- 
ginal state  of  the  great  hall  was  depicted, 
and  the  partial  destruction  of  the  Castle, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  siege  in  1173,  was 
noticed.  A  description  was  then  given  of 
what,  according  to  recent  research,  the 
early  Norman  castles  appear  to  have  been, 
confirming  the  lecturer's  opinions  with  re- 
gard to  Leicester  Castle.  Subsequent 
changes  in  the  Castle  buildings  were  no- 
ticed in  the  order  of  their  occurrence,  and 
the  connection  of  the  royal  house  of  Plan- 
tagcnet  with  this  borough  was  glanced  at, 
— a  connection  which  continued  direct  and 
uninterrupted  for  about  130  years ;  that  is, 
until  the  decease  of  John  of  Gaunt  and  the 
elevation  of  his  son  Harry  to  the  throne  of 
£ngland.  It  was  during  this  period  that 
the  CavStle  became  frequently  the  abode  of 
the  kings  and  queens  of  this  country.  Tlie 
lecturer  then  glanced  at  what  it  may  be 
assumed  the  whole  group  of  build'ugs 
forming  Leicester  Castle  then  were.  This 
was  explained  by  a  plan  which  the  lecturer 
exhibited  to  the  audience.  The  formation  of 
the  New  Work  in  1334  was  noticed,  and  its 
original  boundary  line  pointed  out  upon  the 
plan.  The  many  royal  and  distinguished 
personages  whose  names  are  associated  with 
the  history  of  Leicester  Castle  were  then 
referred  to.  Mr.  Thompson  then  narrated 
subsequent  events,  and  the  circumstances 
connected  with  the  falling  into  dilapidation 
of  the  ancient  buildings.  The  history  of 
the  Castle  was  thus  brought  up  to  the 
siecre  of  Leicester  by  Prince  Rupert,  on 
which  occa'*ion  the  Castle  and  its  appen- 
dages sustained  extensive  injury.  Con- 
tinuing the  history  of  the  haU  to  a  more 


recent  date,  Mr.  T.  nolioed  the  change 
effected  in  its  appearance  early  in  the  iMt 
century,  when  the  eastern  side  of  the  haU 
was  taken  down,  and  replaced  hv  the  brick 
front  now  visible,  and  which  has  totally 
altered  the  aspect  of  the  building.  At  the 
same  time  the  interior  was  altered,  and  the 
north  and  south  ends  were  fitted  np  so  as 
to  serve  as  courts  of  law.  The  last  import- 
ant  change  in  the  great  hall  was  in  1821, 
when  the  area  was  divided  into  distinct 
courts,  as  it  now  appears  to  the  visitor,  the 
large  space  beine  filled  with  a  varie^  of 
contrivances  which  commend  thenis^ves 
to  the  utilitarians  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, but  which  have  involved  a  sacrifice 
of  all  the  historic  and  venerable  assoda- 
tions  of  the  fabric.  Mr.  Thompson  next 
invited  attention  to  what  now  remains  of 
the  ancient  Castle  of  Leicester  and  its  ap* 
pendages,  as,  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  T.  Ne- 
vinson,  he  lately  discovered  them.  The 
timely  and  judicious  repair  of  the  Maga- 
zine by  the  county  ma^strates  was  then 
mentioned.  Some  interesting  particolan 
were  given  of  the  cellar  between  the  Mount 
and  the  assize-halL  A  water-colour  draw- 
ing, taken  by  Mr.  Henry  Goddard,  archi- 
tect, thirty-five  years  ago,  shewing  what 
the  assize-hall  was  at  that  date,  was  ex- 
hibited, and  also  some  other  drawings  taken 
by  Mr.  Goddard,  but  for  whom,  the  out- 
lines of  the  hall,  as  it  then  was,  would  have 
passed  entirely  into  oblivion.  Having  ibl- 
lowed  the  fortunes  of  the  Castle  to  the  pre- 
sent time,  the  lecturer  concluded  with  one 
or  two  observations  on  the  question,  what 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  public  to  do  with  re- 
gard to  the  fabric.  He  urged  it  as  the 
duty  of  the  public  to  see  that  no  farther 
damage  was  done  to  the  building. 

1lie  Chairman  then  called  upon  Mr. 
William  Millican,  architect,  who  read  a 
paper  '*0n  the  Introduction  of  Moulded 
and  Coloured  Brick  into  Street  Archite^ 
ture." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  above  paper» 
the  Rev.  J.  M.  Gresley  was  called  upon, 
and  instead  of  reading  his  promised  paper 
on  Croxden  Abbey,  he  proceeded,  on  ae- 
count  of  the  advanced  period  of  the  even- 
ing, to  read  a  short  and  interesting  paper 
on  "  The  Pilgrim's  Monument  intheChurdi 
at  Ashby -de-la- Zouch,"  said  to  be  the  only 
one  known  of  the  kind.  The  rev.  gentl^ 
man  distributed  several  engravings  of  the 
monument  amongst  the  company. 

On  the  following  day  an  excursion-party 
was  formed,  which  visited  Melton  Chure^ 
on  which  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  J.  Sandilandy 
read  a  paper.  The  party  afterwards  lunched 
at  the  I^esident's,  Mr.  E.  B.  Hartoppa,  of 
Little  Dalby,  and  investigated  the  anti- 
quities of  the  locality. 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


497 


BOIIEBSETSHIRE  ABCHJEOLOGICAL  AND 
NATUBAl  HISTOET  SOCIETY. 

The  eighth  annual  meeting  of  this 
society  was  held  at  the  Town-hall,  Bridg- 
water, on  Monday,  August  28,  W.  Strad- 
Hng,  Esq.,  in  the  chair.  In  deference  to 
the  arrangements  of  the  British  Archseo- 
logical  Association,  who  this  year  held 
their  congress  at  Bridgwater,  no  papers 
were  read  or  excursions  made ;  hut  a 
volume  of  "  Proceedings,'*  for  which  there 
are  abundant  materials  in  hand,  will  be 
issued  as  usual.  The  president  and  offi- 
cers for  the  ensuing  year  were  elected, 
and  the  following  Report  was  unanimously 
adopted : — 

The  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Somersetshire  Archaeological 
and  Natural  History  Society. 

In  presenting  their  Eighth  Annual  Re- 
port, your  committee  have  again  the  plea- 
sure of  informing  you  that  the  number  of 
members  is  well  sustained,  and  consequently 
there  is  every  reason  to  hope  that,  as  the 
society  took  root  rapidly,  so  it  may  grow 
steadily,  and  become  permanently  useful 
to  the  cause  of  archecology  and  natural 
history.  Still,  the  limited  account  of  its 
income  presents  a  serious  obstacle  to  its 
exertions :  and  many  an  opportunity  of 
profitable  investigation,  and  of  obtaining 
valuable  additions  to  our  Museum,  has 
been,  and  will  be,  lost,  if  no  means  can  be 
devised  to  increase  our  funds.  The  com- 
mittee have  not  thought  the  funds  of  the 
society  sufficiently  prosperous  to  justify 
any  considerable  purchases ;  but  numerous 
additions,  many  of  them  of  much  interest, 
have  been  made  to  our  collection  by  the 
kindness  of  individual  contributors. 

The  casts  from  the  Wells  sculptures, 
purchased  last  year,  have  been  carefully 
and  judiciously  arranged,  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  be  at  once  highly  ornamental  to  the 
Museum,  and  to  afford  a  most  interesting 
study  to  the  lovers  of  mediaeval  art. 

The  conversazione  meetings  held  at 
Taunton  during  the  winter  months  have 
been  well  attended,  and  the  papers  read 
on  these  occasions  have  served  materially 
to  promote  the  interests  and  objects  of  the 
society.  ITie  expenses  on  account  of  these 
meetings,  however,  do  not  fkll  upon  the 
general  fiinds  of  the  society,  but  are  de- 
frayed exclusively,  as  heretofore,  by  those 
members  who  attend  them. 

The  committee  confidently  hope  that  the 
volume  of  Proceedings  due  this  year,  the 
publication  of  which  has  been  unavoidably 
delayed,  will  not  be  deemed  inferior  to 
any  which  the  society  has  as  yet  published, 
either  in  matter  or  illustration. 

It   was  originally   intended   that  the 


annual  meeting  of  the  society  should  have 
been  held  at  Bridgwater  in  the  course  of 
the  present  month,  for  the  despatch  of 
business,  and,  as  usual,  for  reading  papers 
and  making  excursions;  but  the  British 
Archaeological  Association  having  fixed 
upon  the  same  time  and  place  for  their 
annual  congress,  the  committee  determined 
to  cede  the  ground  to  them  this  year,  and 
to  recommend  the  members  of  this  society 
to  attend  their  meeting  as  visitors.  Our 
present  annual  meeting  will,  therefore,  be 
held  solely  for  the  purpose  c^  transacting 
the  ordinary  business  of  the  society.  This 
arrangement,  however,  will  not  prevent 
the  issue  of  a  volume  of  Proceedings  to 
our  members,  for  the  current  year — mate- 
rials for  which  of  an  interesting  character 
are  already  in  hand. 

In  conclusion,  your  committee  feel  them- 
selves justified  in  congratulating  the  so- 
ciety both  OB  what  it  has  already  done  for 
the  benefit  of  archaeological  and  natural 
science  in  the  county,  and  on  the  prospect 
before  it  of  increasing  and  pemument  use- 
fulness. 


kilkenny  and  south-east  of  leeland 
archjEOlooical  society. 

The  September  meeting  of  the  society 
was  held  in  the  Tholsel,  Sept.  3,  P.  (yCal- 
laghan,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

The  following  presentations  were  re- 
ceived : — 

By  the  Publisher :  "  The  Gentleman's 
Magazine"  for  July,  August,  and  Sep- 
tember. 

By  the  Oxford  Architectural  Society: 
"  Elevations,  Sections,  and  Details  of  the 
Chapel  of  St.  Bartholomew,  near  Oxford  ;'* 
«  Of  St  Peter's  Church,  Wilcote,  Oxford- 
shire;" "Of  St.  John  Baptist  Church,  at 
Shottesbroke,  Berkshire ;"  "  Of  the  Church 
of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  at  Littlemore, 
Oxfordshire;"  and  "Of  Minster  Lovell 
Church,  Oxfordshire,"  all  folio ;  "  A  Guide 
to  the  Architectural  Antiquities  of  the 
neighbourhood  of  Oxford,"  8vo. ;  "  Pro- 
ceedings" and  "  Reports"  of  the  society, 
from  1840  to  1846,  inclusive;  also  seven- 
teen plates  of  architectural  details. 

The  secretary  announced  that  the  Mar- 
quis of  Kildare  had  entrusted  to  the  com- 
mittee of  the  society,  for  publication,  a 
transcript  of  a  valuable  family  MS.,  being 
the  memorandum-book  of  Gerald,  Earl  of 
Kildare,  commenced  in  the  year  1518. 
This  curious  document  contained  the  Earl 
of  Kildarc's  "  Duties  upon  Irishmen,"  the 
form  of  doing  homage,  a  catal(^e  of  the 
Earl's  library,  a  Ust  of  his  plate;  entries 
of  the  "  chief  horses,  hackneys,  and  harness, 
or  armour,  given  by  the  Earl  to  sundry 


498 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


[Oct. 


persons,  English  and  Irish,"  and  the  ob'ts 
of  "  diverse  ladys  and  gentyUmen  of  the 
Geraldys,"  &c.  The  noble  Marquis  had 
also  given  a  donation  of  £10  to  aid  the 
publication  of  this  valuable  manuscript,  by 
the  society. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  then  passed  to  the 
Marquis  of  Kildare. 

Ogham  Amulet. — Tlie  Rev.  James  Graves 
communicated  the  discovery  of  an  amber 
beatl  inscribed  with  an  ogbam,  winch  had 
been  used  as  an  amulet  for  the  cure  of 
sore  eyes  in  the  county  of  Cork,  and  which 
had  been  purchased  from  its  former  owners 
for  liord  Londesborough. 

Irish  Wolf-dogs. — Mr.  Graves  read  a 
transcript  from  a  letter  preserved  in  the 
Evidence-Chamber,  Kilkenny  Castle,  which 
bore  on  the  subject  of  wolves  in  Ireland  at 
a  comparatively  recent  pericnl,  and  shewed 
the  high  repute  in  wbich  the  Irish  wolf- 
dog  was  held.  Tlie  letter  was  addressed 
"To  the  Honourable  Captain  George 
Mathews,"  by  \V.  Ellis,  secretary  to  the 
Earl  of  Ossory,  then  lord-deputy  to  his 
father,  the  first  Duke  of  Ormonde,  Captain 
Mathews*  half-brother.  It  was  as  follows: — 

"  Dublin  Castle,  >'•  11.  March  1G78— 9. 
"  I  lately  receivetl  cornmandcs  from  the  Earle 
of  Ossory  to  imtt  vou  iu  mind  of  two  wolf-dof?s 
and  a  bitch  which  his  Lordshij)  wrote  to  vou 
Hbout  for  the  Kinff  of  Spajme,  he  desires  they 
may  be  provided  and  sent  with  all  convenient 
speed,  and  that  two  do^s  and  a  bitch  be  also 
gotten  for  the  King  of  Sweden. 
**  I  am  with  all  respect  and  observance,  Sir, 
**  Your  mostobcdiantandmost  humble  servant, 

W.  Elus  " 

The  letter  is  endorsed  in  Captain  Ma- 
thews* handwriting,  "Secretary  Ellis  for 
doggs  to  y*  King  of  Spayne  and  Sweden, 
11th  March,  1078."  The  seal  bears  a  cross 
charged  with  five  crescents;  crest,  a  demy 
figure  of  a  woman  naked,  her  luiir  dis- 
hevelled. 

Old  Church  of  Ballt/haIe.—T]\e  Rev.  P. 
Moore,  K.C.C.,  wrote  to  inform  the  society, 
that  in  a  recent  insi)ection  which  he  mtide 
of  the  steeple  of  the  ChaiH-l  of  BuUyhale, 
which  was  the  belfry -tower  of  the  ancient 
church,  he  had  discovered  on  the  west  side 
a  niche,  containing  the  Virgin  and  Cliild, 
nnder  a  Gothic  canopy,  such  as  is  often 
seen  on  ecclesiastical  seals;  below  which 
was  a  shield,  Waring  the  Butler  arms,  a 
chief  indented,  all  nmch  weather-beaten. 
The  church  must  have  been  originally  a 
very  fine  building,  and  there  yet  remain 
two  beautiful  and  ancient  holy-water 
stoups. 

Dr.  Aquilla  Smith  sent  some  notes  on 
the  use  of  leather  ordnance  in  Ireland. 

A  Tipperary  Tradition. — John  P.  Pen- 
dergast,  Esq.,  in  a  letter  written  from 
Nenagh,  communicated  to  the  secretary 
the  following  legend : — 


"  Some  years  since,  when  on  a  solitary 
Sunday  afternoon  ramble  with  a  conntrr- 
man,  my  only  companion,  I  found  a  tomb- 
stone within  the  walls  of  the  old  mined 
church  of  Knigh,  four  miles  north  £^ 
Nenagh,  near  the  great  swell  of  the 
Shannon,  called  lioughderg,  which  I  found 
so  interesting  that  I  copied  it  into  my 
note-book,  but  unfortunately  lost  it ;  and 
being  determined  to  recover  it,  I  went  out 
there  again  on  Thursday,  27th  July,  and 
rubbing  away  the  moss  and  leaves,  I  found 
it  again,  as  follows : — 


"  •  Here  lieth  the  body  of  Caleb  Minnett,  who 
barbarously  murdered  by  James  Cherry,  Ann 
Parker,  John  M'Donnell,  and  others,  at  Granagfa- 
duff,  the  2nd  of  April,  a.d.  1707.' 


« 


Being  acquainted  with  Mr.  Robert 
Minnett,  of  Annaghbeg,  not  far  distant,  I 
walked  on  to  Church,  another  mile,  where 
I  met  him ;  and  when  walking  home  with 
him,  and  enquiring  if  he  had  any  tradition 
or  memorial  in  the  family  to  explain  the 
transaction  referred  to  by  the  epitaph,  he 
told  me  a  tale  that  would  form  a  better 
foundation  for  a  deep  tragedy,  or  romance, 
than  halt'  the  fictions  invented.  The 
Minnetts  and  Parkers  were  both  familiea 
descended  of  officers  or  soldiers  whose  lots 
fell  in  Tipi)erary,  when  the  Commonwealth 
army  came  to  l)e  satisfied  for  the  arrears 
of  pay  in  lands  in  Ireland  in  the  year  16^ 
Tlieir  estates  joined,  and  the  families  were 
intimate  and  familiar  then,  as  ftofc.  Caleb 
must  have  bi>en  the  son  of  the  first  settler, 
as  he  was  born  in  1G80,  (as  appears  by  an 
entry  in  the  family  Bible,)  and  was  26  when 
he  met  his  death.  Ann  Parker  was  young 
and  beautiful,  and  he  seduced  her.  She 
often  urged  him  to  marry  her,  or  to  engage 
to  do  ho;  but  being  still  put  off  with 
denials  or  excuses,  she  engaged  a  band  of 
her  father's  tenants  to  lie  cencealed  in  a 
quarrv  ncnir  her  ])lace  of  apix)inted  meetinfc 
with  ('aleb  Minnett,  with  orders  that,  if 
his  condtict  was  still  unsatisfactory,  which 
she  would  give  them  notice  of  by  dropping 
her  h.^ndkerchief,  they  should  avenge  her 
wron*?  and  dishonour.  They  met — she 
prayed,  entreated,  and  wept;  but  he  still 
coldly  refused  her  suit.  She  let  fall  her 
han(lkerchief,  and  in  a  few  moments  he 
was  <lead  at  her  feet ! 

"  The  Puritan  morals  of  Caleb  had  evi- 
dently given  way  (as  has  often  been  re- 
marked of  the  C^romwellian  soldiers)  before 
this;  but  stranger  still,  the  fierce  and 
passionate  character  of  Tipperaiy  had  been 
already  adopted  by  Parker*s  family  and 
servants.  To  cap  the  climax,  the  law  it- 
s(>lf  seems  to  have  imbibed  somctliing  of 
the  wild  Irish  nature  and  sympathVf  for 
the  crime  was  never  prosecuted, — it  \)eing 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


499 


thought,  perhaps,  that  it  was  only  *  serving 
him  right.' " 

Dineley*8  Tour  in  Ireland. — The  Rev. 
Mr.  Graves  read  a  portion  of  this  interest- 
ing manuscript,  of  the  reign  of  Charles  11., 
the  publication  of  which  has  been  under- 
taken by  the  society;  Evelyn  P.  Shirley 
Esq.,  M.P.,  having  given  the  transcript  and 
a  donation  of  £5  towards  the  expense  of 
printing.  The  portions  now  read  served  to 
throw  much  curious  light  on  the  social  con- 
dition of  Ireland  in  the  latter  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

Papers  were  ako  received  from  R.  Caul- 
feild,  Edward  Benn,  James  Caruthers,  and 
John  Maclean,  Esqrs. 


AECHITECTITBAL   SOCIETY  OP    THE    ABCH- 
DEACONRY   OP  NORTHAMPTON. 

At  a  committee-meeting  held  Aug.  11, 
the  Rev.  G.  Robbins,  rural  dean,  in  the 
chair,  application  was  made,  on  behidf  of 
the  Photographic  Society,  to  enter  into 
conditional  union  with  this  society.  It 
was  suggested  that  much  mutual  advan- 
tage would  accrue  to  cither  society,  several 
members  of  the  Photographic  Society  hav- 
ing promised  to  enrich  the  sketch-book 
witli  local  architectural  subjects.  Tlie  pro- 
posal and  terms  of  union  were  referred  to 
the  Messrs.  De  Sausmarez  and  West,  as  a 
sub-committee.  A  vote  of  thanks  was  una- 
nimously passed  to  the  St  Alban*s  Archi- 
tectural Society,  for  their  hospitality  and 
free  conveyance  given  to  the  members  of 
the  Northampton  Society  who  attended 
the  architectural  congress  at  St.  Alban's, 
on  the  17th  of  June.  Tlie  Rev.  P.  H.  Lee 
consulted  the  committee  in  regard  to  a 
new  vestry  proposed  to  be  built  at  Stoke 
Bruerne.  A  letter,  accompanied  by  many 
drawings,  was  reatl  from  the  Rev.  E.  Trol- 
lope,  suggesting  that  the  various  archi- 
tectural societies  should  combine  in  pro- 
ducing a  cheap  series  of  appropriate  Chris- 
tian designs  for  sepulchral  memorials,  es- 
pecially to  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
new  cemeteries  now  so  generally  esta- 
blishe<L  llianks  were  voted  to  Mr.  Trol- 
lope  for  his  suggestion,  which  will  be  fur- 
ther considered  at  the  next  meeting.  The 
sum  of  £7  10s.,  received  for  several  non- 
architectural  works,  presented  by  Earl 
Spencer — his  Lordship's  permission  having 
been  received  for  theirdisjKJsal —  was  ordered 
to  be  laid  out  in  appropriate  books  for  the 
society's  library.  The  new  book  prepared 
for  the  reception  of  architectural  sketches 
in  the  archdeaconry  was  laid  on  the  table. 
A  page  is  assigned  for  every  parish  in 
alphabetical  order,  and  the  volume  is  al- 
ready enriched  with  a  variety  of  archi- 
tectural views  and  details,  from  the  pencil 


of  Mr.  Poole  and  others.  The  autumn 
meeting  was  fixed  for  Wednesday,  Oct.  15, 
and  an  evening  meeting  was  suggested  on 
the  same  day,  for  discussing  the  subject  of 
church  bells  and  belfries.  The  distribu- 
tion of  the  volume  of  Reports  is  now  com- 
plete, and  any  member  who  has  not  re- 
ceived the  same  should  communicate  with 
the  Rev.  C.  F.  L.  West,  Northampton. 

Antiquarian  Discovery. — ^A  very  inter- 
esting fresco  has  been  discovered  in  South 
Burlingham  Church  whilst  some  workmen 
were  engaged  in  scraping  the  walls.  The 
sacred  edifice  contains  many  objects  of 
considerable  interest  to  the  antiquary.  It 
has  some  Norman  doorways,  some  beauti- 
fully carved  oak  benches,  an  exceedingly 
rich  oaken  rood-screen,  and  a  very  fine 
and  perfect  oaken  pulpit  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  on  which  the  painting  and  gilding 
remain  almost  untouched ;  there  are  some 
remains  of  painted  glass  in  the  windows, 
and  the  beUs  are  unmistakeably  ancient. 
Not  the  least  interesting  feature  about  the 
pulpit  is  an  original  hour-glass  and  stand, 
which  is  chained  to  it.  The  fresco  is  on 
the  south  chancel  wall,  and  represents  the 
assassination  of  Thomas  A'Becket;  the 
figures  are  outlined  on  the  stucco,  and 
three-quarter  life  size.  St.  Thomas  is  de- 
picted in  the  act  of  kneeling  before  an 
altar  (in  a  Gothic  building),  on  which  is 
a  chalice ;  a  cross-bearer — ^probably  the 
faithful  Edward  Gryne — holds  a  proces- 
sional cross  in  his  left  hand,  his  right 
being  elevated  in  amazement  and  horror. 
A'Becket,  vested  for  mass,  with  a  red 
chasuble  with  border  of  quatrefoils,  rests 
his  mitre  on  the  ground;  lus  hands  are 
joined  in  prayer,  and  his  head  is  turned 
somewhat  to  four  armed  knights  who  are 
assailing  him ;  one  stabbing  him  in  the 
head  with  his  sword,  and  holding  a  dagger 
in  his  left  hand ;  another  is  stnking  with 
a  sword,  and  bears  a  shield  on  his  left  arm, 
charged  with  a  bend  engnuled  between 
two  crescents,  all  within  a  bordure  en- 
grailed ;  a  third  is  striking  with  a  battle- 
axe,  and  his  left  hand  is  on  the  hilt  of  his 
dagger ;  he  bears  on  that  arm  a  shield 
with  a  bear  therein,  indicating  him  to  be 
Reginald  Fitz  Urse ;  the  fourth  knight  is 
drawing  his  sword,  holding  the  scabbard 
in  hu)  left  hand,  while  by  his  side  hangs 
a  circular  buckler.  Upon  the  extreme  right 
is  a  tree.  The  whole  fresco  is  remarkably 
well  done.  The  armour  is  depicted  in  the 
style  of  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  of  which 
time  the  painting  probably  dates.  Two  of 
the  figures  have  vizors ;  upon  the  heads  of 
the  four  are  pointed  basinets  with  camiuls, 
and  the  hauberks  of  mail  shew  beneath 
tightly-fitting  jupons ;  the  anns  have  rere- 


500 


AfUiqttarian  Researches. 


[Oct. 


braces  and  vambraces  of  plate,  and  the 
legs  ctiisarts  and  jambarts ;  the  feet  have 
long  pointed  steel  shoes,  and  on  the  hands 
are  gauntlets,  ^'he  swords  are  all  sus- 
pended from  richly -ornamented  baldricks ; 
all  the  details  being  most  careAilly  and 
minutely  represented.  We  understand  that 
the  church  is  the  property  of  the  Bur- 
roughes  family,  and  there  is  therefore 
every  reason  to  hope  that  this  interesting 
relic  will  bo  caretiiUy  preserved  from  the 
rude  hands  of  Goths  and  Vandals ;  and 
that,  as  it  does  not  depict  any  superstitious 
or  legendary  tale  of  saintly  miracles,  but 
simply  represents  a  fact  in  history,  it  will 
be  suffered  to  remain  to  gratify  the  eyes 
of  many  an  antiquarian  pilgrim  to  the  in- 
teresting Church  of  South  Burlingham. — 
From  the  Bury  and  Naneich  I*ost. 

Discovery  of  a  Roman  Vill<i. — The  re- 
mains of  a  Roman  villa,  which  promises  to 
be  a  very  interesting  one,  have  just  been 
found  near  Linlcy-hall,  in  Shropshire,  the 
seat  of  the  ancient  border  family  of  More. 
The  site,  near  upon  the  boundary -line  of 
Wales,  is  not  far  distant  from  the  mining 
districts  of  the  parish  of  Shelve,  where 
numerous  traces  of  the  Roman  load  mining 
operations  are  sti  1  visible,  and  pigs  of  lead, 
with  the  name  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian 
stamped  upon  them,  have  been  found  at  no 
great  distance  from  Linley.  Tlie  Rev.  T. 
F.  More,  the  present  representative  of 
the  More  family,  has  taken  the  opportu- 
nity of  a  visit  of  Mr.  Thomas  Wright  to 
Linley -hall  to  commence  excavations  with 
the  advice  of  that  gentleman,  and  the  first 
result  was  the  discovery  of  some  small 
apartments,  with  the  remains  of  the  hypo- 
caust  for  warming  them.  The  floors  were 
strewed  with  pieces  of  large  square  Roman 
tiles,  of  flue-tiles  and  roof-tiles,  and  of 
smooth  stucco  from  the  walls.  Mr.  More 
has  since  continued  the  excavations  with 
success,  but  they  seem  as  yet  only  to  have 
extended  to  some  of  the  inferior  parts  of 
the  building,  which  appear  to  have  been 
very  extensive,  as  indications  of  under- 
ground masonry  may  be  traced  over  the 
surface  of  two  extensive  pasture-fields,  as 
well  as  in  Linley-park.  In  the  latter  Mr. 
More  has  followed  up,  in  his  excavations,  a 
strong  wall  to  a  length  of  no  less  than  100 
yards,  and  has  not  yet  reached  the  tennina- 
tion  of  it ;  and  he  has  met  with  an  under- 
ground aqueduct  leading  to  the  villa  from 
a  small  piece  of  water  close  to  Liidey-hall, 
which  there  is  reason  for  supposing  to  have 
been  a  Roman  reservoir. 

Mrs.  Mary   Anne    Dixon,   widow   of  a 

canon  residentiary'  of  York,  has  presented 

two  silver  tankards  to  the  Corporation  of 

Hull.    One  of  them  is  a  "whistle  tan- 

13 


kard,"  which  belonged  to  Anthony  Lam- 
bert, mayor  of  Hull  in  1669,  when  Charies 
I.  was  refused  admission  to  the  town. 
Mrs.  Dixon  "  has  frequently  been  told  that 
there  is  only  another  whistle  tankard  in 
the  kingdom."  The  whistle  oomea  into 
play  when  the  tankard  is  empty;  so  that 
when  it  reaches  the  hands  of  a  toper,  and 
there  is  nothing  to  drink,  he  mnst,  if  he 
wants  liquor,  "  whistle  for  it ;"  whidi  poa- 
sibly  may  be  the  origin  of  the  popular 
phrase. 

Persecution  of  the  Essex  Clergy  hy  the 
Puritans;  commonly  called  the  AcU  ^f 
the  Committee  against  ScandaUmt  Jfiaif- 
ters.— The  Rev.  Stephen  Nettles,  minister 
of  Lexden,  was  well-nigh  seventy  years  old 
when  the  storm  of  persecution  fell  upon 
him.  Neither  the  grey  hairs  nor  the  ex- 
tensive learning  of  the  aged  priest  afforded 
him  any  protection.  He  had  been  true  to 
his  allegiance,  had  treated  the  covenant 
with  contempt,  and  above  all,  had  dared 
to  controvert  the  opinions  of  Selden.  The 
vilest  charges  were  therefore  brought  a- 
gainst  him,  and  the  old  man  was  at  length 
driven  out  of  the  rectory  by  force  of  arms. 
He  was  a  native  of  Shropshire,  was  ad- 
mitted a  Pensioner  of  Queen's  College, 
Cambridge,  25th  June,  1595,  and  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  same,  11th  October,  1599. 
He  took  his  degree  in  Arts,  and  afterwards 
proceeded  to  Bachelor  in  Divinity.  In 
1624  he  was  incorix)rated  Master  of  Arts 
at  Oxford.  He  was  author  of  the  answer 
to  the  Jewish  part  of  Selden's  "  History  of 
Tithes,"  printed  at  Oxford  in  1626.  In 
Newcourt's  Repertorium,  John  Nettles  is 
mentioned  as  rector  of  Lexden  in  1657, 
who  died  in  1669.  He  is  also  named  as 
vicar  of  St.  Peter's,  Colchester,  in  1663 ; 
and  Stephen  Nettles,  vicar  of  Great  Tey 
to  1637.  The  latter  was  also  rector  ot 
Lexden  in  1644,  although  his  name  is 
omitted  by  Newcourt.  Dr.  Walker  calls 
him  "a  smart  and  learned  person,"  and 
says  that  he  was  ejected  from  his  benefice 
in  161^1:,  but  "was  unable  to  learn  the 
particulars  of  his  ill-usage."  Those  are 
now  given  for  the  first  time.  One  man 
said  that  he  was  a  frequenter  of  taverns 
and  ale-houses.  Supposing  this  to  have 
been  true,  there  was  nothing  contrary  to 
morality  in  the  act  itself.  It  was  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  usages  of  society  in  the 
17th  century,  and  down  to  a  much  later 
jiericKl,  for  the  nobility,  clergy,  and  g^try 
to  meet  and  dine  at  taverns  daily.  No 
one  was  obliged  to  drink  immoderately 
because  he  dined  at  a  tavern.  A  (Hnner- 
party,  what  with  tortuous  and  miry  lane% 
and  other  obstacles,  was  not  so  eadlv 
achieved  at  a  country-house  in  the  17tn 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


501 


century  as  now-a-days.    Without  consider- 
able forethought  and  contrivance,  in  many 
a  country-house,  a  man  would  stand  the 
chance  of  going  without  his  own  dinner. 
It  is  most  likely  that  many  gentle  and 
reverend  persons  met  and  dined  together 
frequently  at  taverns  in  Colchester,  with- 
out scandal.     A  man  was  none  the  worse 
for  having  dined  with  old  Isaac  Walton 
at  the  "Devil,"  in  Fleet-street,  or  with 
Sir  Charles  Lucas  and  Mr.  Newcomen  at 
the   "  Cups"   in  Colchester  —  rather  the 
better.    The  l^iritans  wished  to  suppress 
ale-houses  altogether,  as  they  did  to  sup- 
press   everything  that  savoured  of  joy, 
hilarity,  and  kindly  feeling.   Such  a  charge 
as  this  against  Mr.  Nettles  must  not  be 
read  with  our  modem  interpretation.    Ac- 
cording to  the  manners  and  habits  of  the 
17th  century,  there  seems  in  it  nothing 
necessarily  inconsistent  with  the  character 
of  a  clergyman  and  a  gentleman  of  that 
time,  although  evidently  worded  with  the 
intention  of  shewing  that  the   rector  of 
Lexden  was  an  habitual  tippler.  "  He  often 
^veth  ill  language,"  said  another ;  "  and 
hath    sworn    by    his    faith ;    and    Grace 
Gibson  deposeth  that  he  often  swears  by 
faith  and  troth."     Others  deposed  as  fol- 
lows : — "  He  did  not  stir  up  the  parish  to 
take  the  vow  and  covenant,  nor  take  it 
himself,  but  gave  it  to  boys  that  came  out 
of  the  streets  to  play."  Mr.  Nettles  seems, 
from  this,  to  have  treated  the  document 
with   some   kind   of  ridicule.     It   is  not 
likely  that  he  either  seriously  or  jocosely 
administered  an  oath  to  the  boys ;  he  may 
possibly  have  given  them  the  parchment 
for  a  y}lay  thing.    Again :  "  He  never  gives 
notice  of  keeping  the  fast,  and  when  the 


day  comes,  teacheth  them  (the  deponents) 
but  little  to  any  purpose  for  edification. 
He  used  to  begin  the  fast-day  not  till  11, 
and  then  spend  little  above  an  hour,  and 
after  sermon  he  goes  home  to  dinnevy  and 
invites  others  to  dine  with  him  !   He  hath 
oft«n  suffered  bowling  and  foot -ball  in  his 
own  yard  on  a  fast-day ;  and  John  Atkin- 
son further  deposeth   that  he  hatli  seen 
bowling  and  foot -ball  in  his  own  yard  on 
a  fast-day.    He  hath  wholly  neglected  the 
vow  and  covenant,  saying,  we  might  take 
it  or  let  it  alone.     George  Ashby  deposeth 
that  he  said  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
was  an  absolute  rule  to  walk  by.'  *    1 1  is  very 
curious  and  instructive  to  observe  the  in- 
stability and  mutations  of  dissent.      In 
1664,  Nonconformists  were  rigorously  in- 
sisting  upon  the  duty  and  necessity  of 
fasting,  and  persecuting  poor  Mr.  Nettles 
because  he  would  not  go  without  his  dinner 
on  their  fast-days,  which,  of  course,  were 
nothing  to  him.     He  did  not  object  to  say 
prayers  and  preach  a  sermon,  but  he  did 
not  divide  his  (Uscourse  mto  seventeen  or 
eighteen  heads,  nor  occupy  two  hours  in 
its  delivery;    neither  did  he  consider  it 
sinful  to  play  a  game  at  bowls  afterwards. 
John  Makin  saith,  "  That  denying  to  read 
a  brief,  and  being  spoken  to  by  this  de- 
ponent, he,  some  few  days  after,  took  oc- 
casion to  rail  upon  him  and  call  him  *  Jacks 
Rascall,'   and   '  Shacke,*    and   such   other 
terms."     The  preceding  are  divided  into 
various  distinct  depositions,  besides  which, 
several   women   were   procured  to   make 
abominable  accusations  against  him.     Mo- 
rant  says   that  Stephen  Nettles  was  re- 
moved from  Lexden  in  1614,  and  (iabriel 
Wyersdale  put  in  his  room. 


NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


Opening  of  a  I*vhlic  PnrJc  in  Birming- 
ham.— Within  the  last  ft  w  months  Lord 
Calthoipe  and  Mr.  AddcrUy,  M.P.,  owners 
of  a  large  jiortion  of  the  land  in  the 
suburbs  (»f  Birminghnm,  have  handed  over 
to  the  people  of  that  town,  for  purposes 
of  recreation,  the  former  a  park  of  thirty 
acres,  and  the  latter  one  of  ten  acres.  On 
Saturday,  Aug,  30,  the  opening  of  the 
Adderleypnrk  was  celebrated  by  a  pro- 
cession, public  dinner,  <tc.  At  the  dinner, 
to  which  six  or  seven  liundrcd  sat  down, 
Mr.  Adderley  presided,  supported  by  Lord 
Lyttelton,  Mr.  C.  H.  Braccbridge  (Ather- 
Btone-hall),  the  Mayor  of  Birmingham,  and 
many  o\'  the  influential  gentlemen  of  the 
town  and  neighbourhood.     Amongst  the 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


Indies  at  table  were,  Mrs.  Adderley  and 
her  sisters,  and  the  Honourable  Misses 
Leigh,  of  Stoneleigh -abbey.  The  speeches 
were  appropriate  to  the  occasion.  After 
dinner,  an  cpt  n  air  concert  wns  given,  in 
the  course  of  which  an  ode,  compcstd  lor 
the  occasion  by  Mr.  Monckton  Milne s, 
M.P.,  vas  sung  by  a  choral  party.  Danc- 
ing followed,  and  games  of  cricket,  foot- 
biill,  &c.,  cloFed  a  pleasantly  spent  day. 
At  the  cnti  ance  to  the  pnrk,  Mr.  Adderley 
has  erected  buildings  v  hich  ure  to  be  used 
as  mufci  m,  reading-ro(  m,  and  library,  by 
the  working  classes  of  the  neigh bourht  od. 
For  the  purpose  of  furnishing  and  endow- 
ing these^  a  bazaar  was  lield  a  fortnight 
ago  in  Birmingham  Town-hall,  the  pro- 

3t 


Xotet  of  Ike  3fonth. 


502 

weda  of  which  wltb  apwarcU  of  £2,000. — 
T&f  Optaian  of  the  NeK  Mvilc-haU,  in 
llmnd'atrcct,  took  place  on  Sept.  3.  The 
■ttnuiance,  )hon|;b  not  all  that  mij^ht  be 
wiiilied,  wan  an  ftn^d  as  coulcl  he  expected 


[Oct. 


It  this  tim 


"  Mesfliiih"  formed  the 
8ii!i|™i..T0itttBr  of  the  oiM-nhig-  perfnnn- 
niii'e,  tho  [iiindpal  aiiifvrrt  bring  Madaiuo 
(.'Inra  Novella,  M'uw  Holhy,  and  Mr.  imd 
iWadame  Wein,  who  HCHxittcd  theuuelvca 
in  their  nmial  ndjnirulili'  ntvlw. 

At»faS«  frhv  of  a' heat  from  1611  to 
1B5&.~Tlie  fallowing:  table,  abewing  tlie 
yearly  uvcrap'  prii>,.  i  li'  Wheat  per  (Jiiarter, 
w;ui  coniliikil  udcIlt  the  din'ctioii  uid 
BU|H!rintund(.'iu.-c  of  Air.  Henry  S.  bright, 
uf  Hand- 


led. „» 
i«3...eo 

HIS  .  9n  ] 


i.i;ss...s5 

1700.. .S! 

I  t'fii...is 


ITIO  to  41171(1,41  5 
1MI.4H  0  17U...4II  0 
U13...tl    i  VM..ti    1 


IIMe..30    3  17411.. .»    1 

iwir,.  S2  4'l■^l...4l   a 

ISHX    40  101(749.. ,!M     - 
IdHS    26    H  174.1  .2! 

[niii.w    ■■■-■-'■■ 


IVIS...4S 
17i«  .  HH 

i;7i...4s 


(7W...6 


161M    IM    I  1147. 

um . M  111 i:4H.. 3!  ID  wn.M  lo 

OloHi-fKlrr  Mti-iral  Frflin 
woeli'9  fotival  wu  broiiglit  to 
nattrin  ut  ilaylinnk  no  Sept. 
the  cundndirg  ftiU-drm  boll  n 


up  with  the  national  anthem.  About 
three  hundred  of  tlie  (lite  of  tlic  «BinHe» 
of  Glowester,    H-'iv.  .  .    ',,    i   .  .i,r 

attended.  With  tliia  .  ■  ,  ,  -  .  .  ^!it 
to  a  close  one  of  the  iii.  .i  . ;.  i .-.  ■  .ii  and 
diilightfol  fwiivali,  uiinmrro.1  bv  flnv  ™»- 
tretmpt,  that  erer  was  helil  in  Glno^^eater. 
The  accunnts  of  tile  proc-ends  of  liu'  fwtival 
are  not  y«  mnde  up,  hut  they  will  abeir  * 
most  Batiafartory  result,  euffidcnt  to  pTOTA 
tlial:  those  old-established  tnoetinipi  are  nt 
a  lilghly  flouriibiTiB  itate.  Tbc  tot»l  re- 
ceipt* at  tho  doora  of  tlie  calhedral  >1W 
the  morninc*!'  Burred  muaie  ore  J»67  mmI 
furlliiT  <li>niilii)}ia  are  ci]iofU'd,  wliich  will, 
11  i^  l«iiL-v.-,i.  Hivi'll  lliy  >,u\',\,ul  U)  at  lead! 
i'l,iwni,  wbii'li  nill  tie  the  krL'L'i.1  aiooant 
ever  reeeived  ut  (ilimot'slJT  "In  adiUIJon 
to  this  it  ia  expected  Il.e  (■hiirilj  will 
lienelit  by  the  profiii  uf  tlie  f.-(ltViil— a 
new  feature  in  these  uuaiTlilkiug^  tin. 
luilance  generally  having  been  the  other 


fifth  of  wliat  tiny  were  ten  yean  a^ 
The  calls  to  the  bar  have  fkllen  off  to  a 
mire  nothing  compared  with  wliat  thn 
Hero  formerly.  Whereas  the  Uiddle  Tem- 
ple lued  toeall  ji  i,n,\  \.,i-     -..  i ijii 

to  125  or  ISO  a  yi'iiT   I  .  ...  about 

the  average,  and'  i'\  ■  tJiis  number  ihew* 
ajnjpUiiiisurdecrciM 

InaviniratloH  of  I  '■  ■  WtUimijlou  Statat 
at  Maaekrsli^. —  I'Ik-  itatne  of  the  lat« 
Diikii  <il'  ^VolliiiKt^m.  erected  in  front  rf 
the  Ifuviil  intlriiiflrv  at  Mancheater,  wai 
iiuiuguratcl  Aua.  30,  1856.  The  are*  in 
front  o(  the  Inllrmary,  which  a  few  jean 
api  was  niiunly  «-cupi«l  by  a  aiieet  of 
WHtvr,  baa  now  been  converted  into  a  a|iB- 
duua  flaggMl  promunadf,  with  Ibuntniiis 
riring  fmm  two  haginit  of  wattr,  •>  placed 
a»  to  leave  a  *|iace  lielwwn  tliuiii  for  a 
central  (Uitne,  while  the  Statue*  of  Pi«l 
juid  Wellington  occupy  ritci  of  ab(mt 
eqiiiil  t"rii,-nit.i(lc  lo  tin-  rlfrtit  md  left  of 
(!,,,  f:„„„,.;....  It  u,  intended  that  the 
central  space  ahall  sftme  day  l>c  occupied 
by  a  Btahie  of  the  Qneen,  Tlie  aUtue  of 
i<  bronie  flgun, 
1  by  Hr.Nohlc^ 


ltai..M    i 

(!IM...7i    7 
llltl..74    9 


iipm  a  K^TM 


■a  Wisdom,  VWon-   i 

figure  reprraentH  Un ].!.■  It 

cliHnicterofa  wniii.  :    'i  "I   <  ' 

a  very  trulhftil   ■.    The  e< 

tmngnTBtian  dtnr  together  a 


1856.] 


Notes  of  the  Month. 


503 


Gonoonrse  of  people.  Tlie  mayor  and  cor- 
poration walked  in  procession  from  the 
Town-hall  to  the  Infirmary,  accompanied 
by  the  Bishop  of  Manchester  and  the 
principal  suhscribers  to  the  statue,  which 
has  cost  about  £7,000.  Lieut.-General  Sir 
Harry  Smith  and  his  stafif  were  also  pre- 
sent, with  troops  of  the  7th  Dragoon 
Guards  and  25th  Infantry,  to  aid  the 
police  in  keeping  the  lines.  The  autho- 
rities having  taken  their  places  on  a  plat- 
form provided  for  the  occasion,  an  address 
was  delivered  by  Mr.  Alderman  Barnes, 
who  narrated  the  circumstances  connected 
with  the  erection  of  the  statue,  and  in 
the  name  of  the  subscribers  handed  it 
over  to  the  mayor  and  corporation  of  Man- 
chester. The  mayor  having,  on  behalf  of 
the  corporation,  accepted  the  statue,  com- 
manded it  to  be  unveiled,  which  was  done 
amid  loud  cheering,  the  band  playing  the 
national  anthem,  and  the  fountains  be- 
ginning to  play  simultaneously.  Addresses 
were  afterwards  delivered  by  the  Bishop 
of  Manchester  and  Sir  H.  Smith,  and  the 
proceedings  terminated. 

The  sum  of  3,000^.,  presented  by  Mr. 
John  Shakspeare,  as  announced  by  us 
three  months  since  (antCy  p.  876),  towards 
the  purchase  of  property  in  Henley-street, 
Stratford  -  upon  -  Avon,  adjoining  Shaks- 
peare's  house,  has  been  lodged  in  the 
hands  of  the  trustees  of  the  fund.  The 
object,  as  we  then  stated,  is  the  isolation 
of  the  house,  so  as  to  increase  the  security 
against  fire,  and  to  protect  it  with  a 
covering  of  glass. 

Another  Shaksperian  relic  of  more  his- 
torical importance,  if  not  of  equal  popular 
interest,  has  recently  been  discovered — a 
■econd  copy  of  the  earliest  edition  of 
Hamlety  printed  in  1603.  This  treasure 
has  come  into  the  worthy  hands  of  Mr. 


J.  O.  Halliwell,  for  the  price  of  120/. 
Tlie  copy  is  in  gootl  cH)ndition,  and  com- 
plete, with  the  exception  of  the  title-page. 
The  Duke  of  Devonshire's  copy,  the  only 
other  one  known,  is  imperfect  at  the  end, 
and  the  deficiency  will  now,  for  the  first 
time,  be  authentically  supplied.  The  play, 
as  printed  in  4to.,  for  N.  L.  and  John 
Trundell,  is  supposed  to  have  been  taken 
from  an  imi)erfect  copy  in  the  prompt- 
books, or  to  have  been  fraudulently  ob- 
tained. The  Devonshire  copy,  till  now 
unique,  was  discovered  in  1825.  It  has 
been  reprinted.  The  title-page  of  the 
edition  of  1604  describes  the  play  as 
"  newly  imprinted,  and  enlarged  to  almost 
as  much  again  as  it  was,  according  to  the 
true  and  perfect  copy." 

The  twelfth  annual  meeting  of  the  pro- 
moters of  historical  research  in  Switzer- 
land took  place  some  days  ago  at  Solo- 
thume :  the  members  unanimously  agreed 
to  assist  in  the  publication  of  a  book  of 
Swiss  records  and  archives,  the  work  to 
be  a  periodical,  and  embradng  all  the 
cantons  of  Switzerland.  Amongst  many 
interesting  papers.  Dr.  Stahlin,  of  Basle, 
read  one  upon  some  extremely  valuable 
sources  for  the  compilation  of  Swiss  his- 
tory which  he  had  discovered  in  England. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  in  the  history  of 
periodical  literature,  that  the  little,  com- 
paratively insignificant  kingdom  of  Saxony 
publishes  220  newspapers,  whilst  the  whole 
of  Austria  produces  bjut  271,  Bavaria  178, 
Wurtemburg,  99,  Hanover  89. 

German  papers  state  that  a  burial-place 
of  the  ancient  Scythian  kings  has  been 
discovered  at  Alesandropol,  province  of 
Ecathcriuoslaw,  in  Russia,  and  objects  in 
gold,  silver,  bronze,  and  pottery  have 
been  fomid  in  the  tombs. 


HISTORICAL  CHRONICLE. 


FOREIGN  NEWS. 


Mussia.  —  The  Emperor's  coronation, 
which  took  place  on  the  7th  Sept.,  is  thus 
described  by  an  eye-witness : — 

Forty  bishops  of  the  empire  had  assem- 
bled between  the  great  altar  and  the  es- 
trade,  and,  assisted  by  their  attendant 
priests,  were  invoking  Heaven  in  favour  of 
the  Emperor.  Nothing  could  be  more 
magnificent  than  the  robes,  nothing  more 
venerable  than  the  appearance  of  these 
prelates.  At  their  heatl  was  Philaret,  Me- 
tropolitan of   Moscow,  the  most  distin- 


guished name  in  the  Russian  Church,  distin- 
guished for  piety,  for  learning,  and  for  the 
physical  vigour  that  at  ninety  years  of  age 
enables  him  to  continue  in  the  active  dis- 
charge of  his  episcopal  duties.  The  golden 
shrine  of  the  Virgin  lay  open,  containing 
her  portrait,  said  to  be  pointed  by  St.  Luke, 
and  studded  with  jewels  of  immense  size 
and  value.  Wax  tapers  were  burning,  in- 
cense was  rising  in  clguds,  unseen  choris- 
ters were  chanting  most  heavenly  music, 
when  the  hum  of  the  people  without,  and, 


504 


Foreign  News, 


[Oct. 


the  roar  of  artillery,  aniiouiiued  an  imperial 
arrival.  It  waa  the  Knipress-mother,  who, 
although  hroken  down  with  ill-health  and 
sorrow,  had  come  thou:ind->  of  miles  to 
assist  at  the  coronation  of  her  son.  Her 
Majesty,  who  was  accompanied  by  a  bril- 
liant cortege^  immediately  took  her  seat  on 
the  thnnie  allotted  to  her  on  the  estrade. 
At  the  entrance  the  Emperor  kissed  the 
hand  of  the  prelate  with  the  palm  upwards, 
the  mode  in  which  this  salutation  is  jKir- 
formed  in  the  (ireek  Church.  The  Em- 
press was  followed  by  a  fair  bevy  of  maids 
of  honoui*,  in  Parisian  versions  of  the  Rus- 
sian national  costume.  They  looked  most 
ca])tivating  in  their  kakochaiks,  but  the 
fnirest  of  the  fair  was  the  young  Princess 
Sherematieft",  the  granddaughter  of  a  serf. 
The  Emperor  and  Empress  having  duly 
made  reverence  at  the  sanctuary  and 
before  the  sacred  images,  now  slowly  as- 
cended the  cstrade,  and  the  cerenumial  of 
the  conmation  commenced.  The  imperial 
pair  being  seatetl  on  the  ancient  thrones  of 
the  Czars,  the  regalia  was  proi)erly  ar- 
ranged, and  another  bui*st  of  devout  har- 
mony came  frcmi  the  invisible  choir.  The 
Mctn)i)()litan  then  presented  a  professitm 
of  faith,  which  his  Im})erial  Majesty  must 
read,  and  which  he  <lid  rea<l  on  this  occa- 
siim  with  due  emphasis  and  discretion. 
The  drx'ument,  which  was  exceedingly 
lengthy,  took  upwards  of  ten  minutes  in 
the  reading,  during  which  the  most  pro- 
found silence  reigned  in  the  church.  Im- 
mediately after,  the  Emperor  was  invested 
with  the  state  mantle,  and  here  followed 
the  most  interesting  feature  in  the  day's 
proceedings.  Taking  the  crown,  an  im- 
mense one,  blazing  all  over  with  diamonds, 
up  with  his  two  hands,  he  placed  it  on  his 
head,  thereby  intimating  that  fn)ni  no 
earthly  jK)wer,  priestly  or  hiy,  did  he  re- 
ceive liis  sovereignty.  Then  making  a  sign 
U)  the  Emi)re*is,  who  knelt  submissively 
before  him  on  a  golden  cushion,  he  just 
touched  her  forehead  with  it,  and  innnedi- 
atcly  rei)laced  it  on  his  own  hea<l.  This 
was  a  moment  of  intense  interest.  The 
Empress-mother  burst  into  tears,  and  the 
whole  of  the  congregjition,  as  they  fell  on 
their  knees  in  honour  of  the  rite,  sobbed 
and  cried  like  children.  This  was  the  cul- 
minating point  of  the  ceremcniial.  'Hien 
came  the  anointing  ;  the  administration  of 
the  sacrament  to  the  Emperor  in  both  forms, 
the  Empress  in  one;  tlie  mass  and  other 
ceremonials  purely  religious ;  and,  finally, 
the  congratulations,  which  the  Emperor  re- 
ceived with  great  dignity  and  selt-|M)Sses- 
sion.  At  the  same  tune  his  c<mntcnance 
wore  a  rareworn  and  saddenetl  look,  and  he 
scenu'd  like  <»n(*  who  fell  oppre»st'<l  with 
the  sense  of  an  awful  rc^pouBibility.    Now 


came  the  moment  for  which  70,000  people 
outside  had  been  waiting  with  exempliurj 
patience.  A  goi^^us  procession  issued 
from  the  church  door.  In  iVont  was  a 
splendid  canopy,  under  which  walked  the 
Emperor,  with  the  imperial  crown  upon  his 
head,  and  wearing  the  imperial  mantle. 
lliere  was  the  standard,  the  seal,  and  the 
sword  of  the  empire,  the  great  function- 
aries at  a  respectful  distance  behind,  and 
the  dismounted  Oardes  d  Cheraly  in  their 
golden  cuirasses,  lining  the  way.  From  a 
hundred  bands  pealed  out  at  once  the  na- 
tional anthem — "  Ood  save  the  Czar,"  and 
the  shouts  of  the  people  formed  a  tremen- 
dous accompaniment  to  the  music.  The 
countenance  of  his  Majesty  was  most  so- 
lemn ;  he  bowed  rcj)eatedly,  but  never 
smile<l,  and  the  cheers  seemed  to  die  away 
for  want  of  the  imperial  sympathy.  It 
was  a  strikingly  Oriental  sjiectacle;  the 
))ago(la-likc  canopy,  the  great  Czar,  with 
his  immense  crown  of  diamonds  blazing  in 
the  Sim,  the  many  Oriental  costumes,  and 
the  bearded  mujiks,  all  formed  a  picture 
which  I  shall  not  soon  forget. 

The  Emi)eror'8  coronation  has  been  ac- 
companied with  the  issue  of  a  manifesto, 
suspending  the  conscription  for  four  years 
except  in  the  event  of  war,  and  orderinfi^ 
"a  new  census  of  the  population  of  the 
empire,  in  order  that  the  capitation -tax 
may  l)e  equitably  re-assessed,  which  inif^ht 
otherwise  weigh  disproportionately  on  cer- 
tain classes,  numbers  of  which  have  been 
more  or  less  seiuibly  diminished  by  the 
war  and  by  the  epidemic  disease  which 
have  more  particularly  afflicted  them." 

Another  })oint  is  a  concession  to  Po- 
land :  — "  With  respect  to  the  political 
criminals,  lM)th  those  who  belongetl  to  the 
secret  societies  discovered  in  Russia  at 
different  periods  and  those  who  took  part 
in  the  Polish  rebellion  of  1831,  the  Em- 
])eror  orders  that  the  lot  of  some  shall  be 
considerably  assuaged  on  the  scene  of  their 
banishment,  w^hilst  others  shall  be  enabled 
to  settle  in  the  interior  provinces  of  tlie 
empire,  and  the  rest  will  be  restored  to 
full  liberty,  with  leave  to  choose  their  own 
place  of  alxxle  in  any  town  of  the  old 
empire  or  in  the  kingdom  of  Poland,  with 
the  cxce])tion  of  the  two  capitals,  Moscow 
and  St.  Petersburg.  Finally,  to  crown 
withal  his  clemency,  the  Emperor  deigns 
to  grant  to  all  the  political  criminals  so 
|)anioncd  their  rights  of  nobility,  as  also  to 
all  their  legitimate  children  born  since  the 
condenuiaticm  of  their  parents,  whether  the 
latter  be  deatl  or  still  liviug." 

The  Emperor  also  **re\'okes  the  legis- 
lative ]>rovisional  measiu*c  that  has  until 
now  reflated  the  entrance  of  the  nobility 
in    the    governments   of   Vilno,    Koono, 


1856.] 


Foreign  News, 


505 


Grodno,  MinKk,  Volhynia,  Podolia,  and 
Kiev  into  official  service.  For  the  future, 
the  conditions  of  the  public  semce  in  the 
western  provinces  will  be  the  same  as 
those  which  exist  for  the  inliabitants  of  all 
the  other  parts  of  the  empire.  The  sub- 
jects of  his  Majesty  belonging  to  the 
Jewish  creed  have  also  been  the  object  of 
generous  clemency  on  the  part  of  the 
Emperor,  who  has  deigned  to  free  them 
from  the  special  burdens  that  their  re- 
cruitment hitherto  imposed  upon  them. 
Lastly,  tlie  children  of  the  soldiers,  seamen, 
&c.  (cantonists),  bom  during  the  service- 
period  of  their  fathers,  and  who  have 
hitherto  belonged  to  the  army,  will  be 
given  up  for  the  future  to  their  parents, 
and  may  take  upon  themselves  any  con- 
dition they  may  think  lit." 

France. — The  Emperor  and  Empress 
are  at  Biarritz,  leading  a  somewhat  se- 
cluded life.  On  the  9th  ult.  they  both 
astonished  the  Spaniards  of  San  Sebastian 
by  visiting  that  fortress. 

Several  persons  have  been  arrested, 
charged  with  being  members  of  a  secret 
society,  and  it  is  sjiid  they  were  devising  a 
plan  for  the  assassination  of  the  Emperor. 

Spain.—"  Madrid,  Sept.  16.— The  *  Ga- 
zette* publishes  a  royal  decree,  which  re- 
establishes the  constitution  of  1845.  An 
additional  article  lays  down  the  nature  of 
those  offences  of  the  press  which  shall  be 
cognizable  by  a  jury.  It  is  also  stated  in 
the  decree,  that  the  minimum  duration  of 
the  session  of  the  Cortes  shall  be  four 
months  ;  that  the  existence  of  the  Council 
of  State  is  solemnly  acknowledged;  that 
the  consent  of  the  Cortes  shall  be  neces- 
sary for  the  marriage  of  the  sovereign,  or 
that  of  the  heirs  to  the  cro^m,  for  the 
alienation  of  the  royal  patrimony,  and  for 
general  amnesties." 

Belgium. — The  "  Congres  International 
de  Bienfaisance"  was  opened  at  Brussels 
on  the  15th  ult.,  under  the  direct  influ- 
ence of  the  Government;  M.  de  Decker, 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  and  M.  Liedts, 
Councillor  of  State,  taking  part  in  the  de- 
liberations. The  president  was  M.  Charles 
Kc^ier,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Re- 
presentatives. The  Englishmen  present 
were  Mr.  William  Cowper,  President  of 
the  Board  of  Health,  Mr.  John  Simon, 
Mr.  Kdvi-in  Chad  wick,  and  Mr.  P.  O. 
Ward.  M.  Rogier  opened  the  proceed- 
ings with  a  speech  describing  the  object 
of  the  Cimgress :  —  "  I'ame^lioration  phy- 
sique, intellectuelle,  et  morale,  des  classes 
necessiteuses ;  les  questions  qui  conccment 
la  vie  materielle  des  populations — nourri- 
ture,  logcment,  vetements,  travail  ma- 
nuel."  Tlie  Moniteur  Beige  officially  re- 
ports the  speeches  of  the  delegates  from  va- 


rious countries — England,  France,  Prussia, 
Austria,  Holland.  This  Congress  was  to 
sit  for  some  days. 

Holland. — The  King  of  Holland  opened 
the  session  of  the  States-General  on  the 
15th  ult.,  with  a  flourishing  account  of 
the  condition  of  his  dominions.  To  his 
great  joy,  war  has  ceased.  The  colonies 
enjoy  a  "happy  tranquillity;"  measures 
are  in  progress  to  ameliorate  the  lot  of 
the  slaves  in  the  Western  colonies,  so  as 
to  prepare  for  social  reform;  "the  in- 
ternal condition  of  the  country  ought 
to  inspire  us  with  profound  gratitude;" 
"everything  bespeaks  a  good  harvest;" 
railway  projects  give  hope  of  seeing  the 
Netherlands  covered  with  a  network  of 
iron-ways ;  the  favourable  state  of  the 
finances  enables  them  to  continue  the  re- 
demption of  the  public  debt ;  three  mea- 
sures for  education  will  be  presented  to 
the  States-General. 

America.  —  The  rupture  which  had 
taken  place  between  the  Executive  and 
the  Senate  has  been  healed  by  the  sub- 
mission of  the  latter,  who  were  convoked 
in  extraordinary  session* 

American  Ambassadors  and  Ministers  at 
the  Court  of  St.  Jametts. 

The  first,  Gouvemeur  Morris,  of  New 
Jersey.  Commissioner.  13th  October, 
1789. 

Thomas  Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina. 
Minister  Plenipotentiary.  12th  January, 
1792. 

John  Jay,  of  New  York.  Envoy  Ex- 
traordinary.    19th  April,  1794. 

Rufus  King,  of  New  York.  Minister 
Plenipotentiary.     20th  May,  1796. 

James  Monroe,  of  Virginia.  Minister 
Plenipotentiary.     18th  April,  1803. 

James  Monroe  and  William  Rnckney, 
jointly  and  severally  Ministers  Plenipo- 
tentiary and  Extraordinary.  12tb  May, 
1806. 

William  Pinckney,  of  Maryland.  Mi- 
nister Plenipotentiary.  12th  May,  1806; 
renewed  26th  February,  1808. 

John  Quiney  Adams,  of  Massachusetts. 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary.    28th  February,  1815. 

Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania.  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary.    16th  December,  1817. 

Rufus  King,  of  New  York.  Envoy  Ex- 
traordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary. 
5th  May,  1825. 

Albert  Gullatin,  of  Pennsylvania.  En- 
voy Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary. Arrived  in  London  7th  August, 
1826,  and  entered  upon  his  duties  the  fol- 
lowing day.    Ue  was  socoeeded  by 


506 


Foreign  News, 


[Oct. 


James  Barlx)ur,  of  Virginui,  who  ar- 
rived in  London  Slst  August,  1828,  and 
Wgan  his  mission  Scpteml)er  3rd  ensu- 
ing. 

Louis  M'Lanc,  of  Maryland,  was  the 
successor  of  Mr.  Barbour.  He  assumed 
the  office  of  Envoy  in  London  September 
1st,  1829,  and  retired  from  its  duties  June 
21,  1831. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  was 
appointed  by  General  Jackson.  He  en- 
tered upon  the  discharge  of  the  oflBcial 
duties  of  the  mission  September  21,  1831, 
and  continued  at  his  post  until  March  31, 
1832,  when,  hearing  the  Senate  had  re- 
fused to  confirm  his  nomination,  he  had 
an  audience  of  leave  of  the  king  and  re- 
tired from  the  legation,  leaving  Aaron 
Vail,  esq.,  as  Charge  d' Aflfaires ;  who  was 
succeeded  by 

Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Virginia,  who 
arrived  in  London  July  1,  1836.  Mr. 
Stevenson  remained  more  than  five  years 
—from  Ist  July,  1836,  to  October,  1841 
— when  he  returned  home,  leaving  the 
Archives  in  the  keeping  of  Mr.  Aspinwall, 
then  American  Consul  in  London, 

Edward  Everett,  of  Maasachusett«,  waa 
appointed  Envoy,  &c.,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  in  July, 
1811 ;  but  being  in  Italy  at  the  time,  he 
did  not  receive  intelligence  of  the  fact 
until  October  of  that  year,  when  he  re- 
paired to  London,  and  finding  Mr.  Steven- 
son had  returned  to  the  United  States,  he 
took  charge  of  the  mission  immediately, 
delivered  his  credentials  to  the  proper 
authorities,  and  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  his  office.  He  remained  at  his  post 
more  than  four  years  after  his  appoint- 
ment— until  August  8,  1845 — and  was 
succeeded  by 

Louis  M'Lane,  of  Maryland,  who  was 
commissioned  by  Mr.  Polk  in  July,  1845, 
and  arrived  in  liondon  the  ensuing  Au- 
gust. He  was  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties  about  a  year,  and  retire<l  from  the 
mission  Aug\ist  18,  1846,  lea\'ing  James 
M*Henry  Boyd,  esq.,  of  Baltimore,  the 
acting  secretary  of  legation,  as  Cliargo 
d'Aflaires. 

(leorge  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts,  was 
the  next  minister.  He  was  commissioned 
by  Mr.  Polk,  and  arrived  in  liOndon  in 
October,  1846,  and  had  his  first  audience 
of  Lord  Palmerstcm,  then  Foreign  Swre- 
tary,  November  3rd  of  the  same  year. 
He   retired   from    the   office   August  30, 

laio. 

AblK)t  Lawrence,  of  Mass:ichnst»tt.s,  was 
«l)p<)intcd  in  1841),  and  had  his  first  inter- 
view with  JionX  Claren<lon  on  the  11th 
Octolvcr  of  tliat  year.     He  continued  in 

« 

otiicc  until  Septvml>er  30,  1852,  at  which 


date  his  resignation  took  effect,  and  he 
was  succeeded  by 

Joseph  R.  Ingcrsoll,  of  PennsylvaniA. 
Mr.  Ingersoll  entered  upon  his  dutioi  of 
the  mission  October  16,  1852,  and  retired 
therefrom  August  28,  1853. 

James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  waa 
appointed  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Mi* 
niiter  Plenipotentiary,  by  President  Heroe^ 
April  11,  1853.  He  took  charge  of  the 
legation  on  the  23rd  of  August  tbllowingy 
and  retired  from  the  mission  on  the  17tlk 
March,  1856,  having  been  nearly  three 
years  in  commission. 

lliis  comprises  the  names  of  all  who 
have  represented  the  country  at  London 
in  the  highest  diplomatic  grade.  Of  these* 
Monroe,  John  Quincy  Aduns,  and  Bfartin 
Van  Buren  subsequently  became  Preai* 
dent.  In  fact,  the  post  is  a  legitimate 
stepping-stone  to  that  office,  and  the  Pre- 
sident who  has  studied  the  policy  of  £n« 
rope  in  London,  may  be  presumed  to  bring 
a  vast  amount  of  valuable  information  to 
the  service  of  his  country.  The  mission 
is  the  most  important  the  Americans  have  i 
hence  the  necessity  of  having  it  filled  by 
able  men,  both  as  chief  and  secretaries. 
No  administration  with  any  pretensions  to 
a  dignified  and  wise  foreign  policy,  can 
command  respect  in  London,  while  repre* 
sented  there  by  men  of  third,  or  even 
second-rate,  ability. 

The  American  Bonapartes,  —  By  the 
decree  of  the  21st  of  June,  1853,  all  qnea- 
tions  aficcting  the  rank  of  the  members  of 
the  Imperial  family  of  France  were  re* 
ferrc<l  to  a  privy  council,  composed  of  a 
number  of  statesmen  of  the  highest  rank. 
Tliis  council  has  met  to  determine  the 
position  of  the  son  and  grandson  of  Prince 
Jerome,  by  his  first  marriage  with  Eliza- 
beth Paterson. 

On  the  27th  of  December,  1803,  Jerome 
Bonaparte,  then  nineteen  years  old,  mar^ 
ried,  in  the  United  States,  Miss  Elizabeth 
Paterson,  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant of  Baltimore.  The  marriage  was 
not  published  in  France,  nor  was  the  con- 
sent of  the  parents  ever  given, — Mr.  I'ater- 
son,  as  well  oa  Madame  Ijctitia,  having 
protested  against  it.  llic  French  ambas- 
sador, Pichon,  who  was  afterwards  dis- 
graced for  having  failed  to  prevent  the 
marriage,  dc(;lared,  in  the  name  of  the 
First  Consul,  that  it  would  never  be  re- 
cognised by  the  Bonaparte  family. 

Elizabeth  Paterson,  Mrs.  Jerome  Bona- 
parte, lK)re  a  son,  who  is  still  living. 

Jerome  Bonajwrtc,  obedient  to  his  bro- 
ther's command,  returned  to  France,  where, 
two  ycMirs  later,  on  the  12th  of  Augnst, 
180(>,  he  married  the  IVincess  Frederica 
Catherine  Sophia,  daughter  of  the  King  of 


18:^6.] 


Foreign  Xews. 


507 


Wurtemburg.  Tlic  Princess  Matilda  and 
the  Prince  Napoleon  were  the  fruit  of  this 
nnion. 

When,  after  the  Revolution  of  18  i8,  the 
fortunes  of  the  Bonaparte  family  seemed 
once  more  in  the  ascendant,  the  American 
descendants  of  Jerome  determined  to  as- 
sert their  claim  to  the  family  name,  and  to 
participate  in  the  vast  political  power 
which  Louis  Napoleon  whs  beginning  to 
dispense  to  his  relatives ;  and  Jerome 
Paterson  Bonaparte,  with  his  eldest  son, 
the  ofl&pring  of  a  marriage  with  a  lady  of 
Baltimore,  and  late  an  officer  in  the  United 
States  army,  departed  for  Europe  about 
two  years  ago,  where  they  have  since  re- 
mained. The  wife  and  a  younger  son  of 
Jerome  I'aterson  still  reside  in  Balti- 
more, we  believe,  and  decline  to  assert 
their  claims  to  admission  to  the  Imperial 
family. 

The  young  officer  was  presented  at  the 
Imperial  court,  where  he  was  at  first 
graciously  received,  and,  upon  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Eastern  war,  at  his  own 
request,  was  sent  to  the  Crimea,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself,  in  a  moderate  degree, 
during  the  campaign,  under  General 
Morris.  Two  years  ago,  the  Patersons, 
both  father  and  son,  demanded  their  act 
of  naturalization,  in  which  they  were  re- 
ct^niscd  as  members  of  the  Imperial 
family;  and  in  the  official  paper,  the 
Moniteur^  the  title  of  "  his  Imperial 
Highness"  was  given  to  young  Paterson, 
upon  his  appointment  as  lieutenant  in  the 
army.  It  seems  that  from  this  qualified 
membership,  which  might  hereafter  form 
the  ground  of  claims  on  the  part  of  the 
American  Bonapartes,  they  are  now  to  be 
perpetually  excluded. 

Jerome  has  therefore  insisted  upon  the 
immediate  decision  of  the  question,  and 
otters  to  prove  the  illegality  of  the  mar- 
riage, and  the  dissolution  of  it  by  the 
Church.  The  Patersons,  on  the  other 
hand,  deny  the  authority  of  the  decree  of 
1805,  which,  they  contend,  intimated  no 
doubt  of  the  legality  of  the  marriage,  on 
which  only  a  civil  court  could  decide,  but 
merely  forbade  it  to  be  recorded  in  the 
public  registers  of  lYance.  ITiey  refer, 
also,  to  their  uninterrupted  and  uncjues- 
tioned  position  as  legitimate  heirs,  and  on 
the  good  faith  of  Elizabeth  Paterson  in 
contracting  her  marriage  with  Jerome 
Bonaparte.  Jerome,  however,  demurs  to 
this  good  faith,  which  he  attempts  to  dis- 
credit, by  citing  a  clause  in  the  marriage 
contract,  in  which,  in  case  of  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  marriage  union,  at  the  request 
of  the  wife  or  her  parents,  it  is  stipulated 
that  a  jointure  of  60,000  francs  a-year 
shall  be  paid  to  her,  which  sum  Elizabeth 


Paterson  Bonaparte  really  received  during 
her  lifet'me. 

M.  AUou  represents  l^rince  Jerome,  and 
M.  Berryer,  the  illustrious  legitimist,  the 
American  claimants,  before  the  council. 
Interesting  letters  from  Napoleon  I.,  Pope 
Pius  VII.,  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  and  the 
King  of  Wurtemburg,  have  been  produced. 
The  court  consists  of  the  Keeper  of  the 
Privy  Seal,  President ;  MM.  Fould,  Trop- 
long,  De  Momy,  Baroch,  and  Oreano. — 
New  York  Evening  Post. 

The  bone  of  contention  respecting  the 
Bay  Islands,  between  the  Government  of 
the  United  States  and  that  of  England, 
has  been  got  rid  of  by  the  transfer  of  the 
disputed  territory  to  the  Government  of 
Honduras  on  the  following  Articles,  which 
have  been  communicated  by  the  Honduras 
mmister  :— 

"1.  The  restitution  of  the  sovereign 
rights  of  Honduras  over  the  islands  of 
Ruatan,  Bonaceo,  &c.,  and  declaring  them 
•free  territory,'  governed  by  its  proper 
municipality. 

"  2.  Acknowledges  the  territorial  limits 
of  Honduras  marked  in  the  map  by  the 
Hon.  George  Squier, — say,  fit)m  the  river 
Wans  6  Seg6via  to  the  river  Negro. 

"A  tribunal  of  reference  composed  of 
one  citizen  of  Honduras  and  one  British, 
— if  necessary,  an  impartial  third  of  any 
nation, — will  fix  the  boundary,  indemiufy 
the  Mosquito  Indians  for  the  losses  which 
they  suiter,  and  adjust  all  claims  whatever. 

"  3.  Memorandum  of  the  basis  of  nego- 
tiations : — 

"  Senor  Minister, — True  wisdom  teaches 
that  a  nation  should  march  with  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  day.  Honduras  enters 
a  new  political  life;  her  steps  should, 
therefore,  be  to  declare — 

"  1.  That  she  knows  no  enemies  or 
part'cs,  and  forgives  all  past  offences. 

"  2.  Cultivate  friendly  relations  with  all 
who  will  accept  them. 

"  3.  To  avoid  all  compromises,  offensive 
or  defensive  leagues,  so  common  in  Ame- 
rica, and  so  disastrous. 

"4.  To  form  no  league,  diet,  or  con- 
federation. 

"  5.  Invite  all  her  neighbours  to  regu- 
late territorial  limits,  and  to  examine  the 
clai'i»8  made  by  Copan  on  the  part  of 
Florida,  and  that  in  six  or  eight  months 
the  titles  should  be  exhibited. 

"  6.  Prohibit  or  abolish  from  the  public 
press  all  politics,  give  regulations  for  edu- 
cation," &c. 

Walker's  condition  in  Nicarag^  ap- 
pears, even  on  the  showing  of  his  most 
sympathetic  partizans  of  the  New  York 
press,  to  be  growing  more  desperate  every 
day.    The  Nicarag^uans  have  found  the 


508 


Foreign  News. 


[Oct. 


exactions  requisite  to  maintain  a  standing 
army  and  to  conduct  the  service  of  the 
Government  too  irksome  for  endurance. 
The  larger  proprietors  have  deserted  their 
estates,  and  taken  refuge  in  the  neigh- 
bouring Republics.  Though  the  property 
left  behind  them  has  been  declared  con- 
fiscated, it  remains  unproductive  to  the 
State  for  want  of  purchasers. 

AuBTHALiA. — Population  of  Sydney. 
— The  census  papers,  shewing  the  gross 
population  of  the  city  of  Sydney  and  har- 
l)our  of  Jackson  on  the  Ist  March,  185fi, 
have  just  been  published,  and  they  exhilnt 
the  following  results :  —  Houses,  9,603. 
Males,  28,271;  females,  27,166  j— total, 
55,440.  According  to  the  returns  given 
by  the  census  of  1851,  the  total  population 
of  the  city,  not  including  the  shipping  in 
the  harbour,  was  44,2'10.  The  total  in- 
crease, during  the  five  years  past,  of  the 


population  within  the  city  bcmidaries  is 
therefore  8,878.     Tlie  most  remarkable 
iact  shewn  in  the  returns  of  the  last  ceniii% 
is  that  the  number  of  females  is  in  excets 
of  the  number  of  males — a  position  never 
before  realized  in  Sydney  since  the  founda- 
tion of  the  colony.    In  1851  the   males 
numbered  22,296,  and  the  females  21,944^ 
giving  an  excess  of  males  352.     In  1866 
the  females  numbered    26,898,  and  the 
males  26,220,  giving  an  excess  of  females 
678.    The  ratio  of  the  respective  sexes  to 
each  1,000  of  the  entire  population  stood 
thus :  — 1851— male,   504;    female,  486. 
1 856— male,  494 ;  female^  506.   Total  each 
year,   1,000;    or,  in  proportion  to  each 
1,000  males,  the  females  in  1851  numbered 
only  984,  leaWng  a  deficiency  of  16 ;  while 
in  the  present  year  they  numbered  1,026^ 
giving  a  surplus  of  26. — Australian  and 
Neio  Zealand  Oazette, 


DOMESTIC    OCCUEEENCES. 


The  Queen,  the  IVince,  and  several  of 
the  royal  chiltlren  are  enjoying  the  retire- 
ment of  lialnioral.  Most  of  the  ministers 
lire  also  a1)s<^'nt  from  London. 

The  most  exciting  event  of  the  month 
has  been  the  failure  of  the  Koyal  British 
Bank  of  liOndon.  It  was  founded  about 
seven  years  ago,  on  the  joint-stock  prin- 
ciple, but,  almost  from  its  conmiencenient, 
a])pears  to  have  l)een  in  tlie  liands  of  most 
iniprint'ipled  men.  Directors,  managers, 
aiulitors,  and  solicitors  seem  to  have  helped 
theuist'lves  to  the  money  contributed  by 
the  shareholders  and  depositors.  Unfor- 
tunately, they  so  managed  matters  that 
the  law  will  not  reach  them.  For  the  first 
time  a  London  bank  on  joint-st<K'k  princi- 
ples has  failed,  and  involved  a  number  of 
innocent  shareholders  in  ruin. 

I'/ie  Sot/al  Family  of  Ovde.—'V\ie  mo- 
ther and  the  son  of  the  dei>08eil  King  of 
Oude,  the  boy's  uncle,  and  a  large  suite  of 
•'  eunuchs,"  "  moonshees,"  "  native  gentle- 
men," and  ser>'ants,  have  arrived  in  Eng- 
land. They  are  thus  described  at  South- 
ampton : — •*  Few  persons  of  the  male  sex 
have  ever  seen  the  Queen  Dowager ;  and 
the  greatest  difficulty  was  experienccHl 
in  conveyhig  her  from  the  ship  to  the 
land,  and  from  the  land  to  her  carriage. 
*The  pressure  of  the  crowd,'  says  an 
eye-witness,  *  to  get  a  glimpse  of  her, 
wiw  intense,  and  the  gigantic  eunuchs 
wwe  in  agony.  Hie  difficulty  of  getting 
her  Majesty  into  the  carriage  without 
l>elng  seen  was  immense.  At  length  a 
14 


screen  was  placed  against  the  body  of  the 
carriage,  and  her  Majesty  was  just  in  the  ^ 
act  of  stepping  in,  when,  horror  of  hor- 
rors !  two  men  were  detected  on  the 
coachn:an's  box  looking  delil)erately  into 
the  carriage,  and  about  to  stare  her  Ma- 
jesty in  the  face.  A  shout  of  indignation 
drove  them  from  their  exalted  post,  to 
the  infinite  relief  of  the  courtiers.'  The 
Koyal  York  Hotel  is  the  head-quarters  of 
the  i)ai*ty.  They  are  accompanied  by  a 
Major  Bird,  describetl  as  'agi^nt  to  the 
Queen.'  *  Two  finer-looking  princes  one 
would  not  wish  to  see.  The  heir-apparent 
is  a  youth  about  five  feet  ux  inches  in 
height,  with  a  thin,  lithe  figure,  and  look- 
ing not  certainly  more  than  eighteen  years 
of  age.  His  face  was  of  a  {lale  brown 
colour,  and  his  eye  bright  and  intelligent. 
His  uncle,  the  heir-])re8um])tive,  is  a  hand- 
some, stout- built  man,  r^al  in  appear- 
ance. They  were  both  goi^;cously  dressed; 
their  head-dresses  being  in  the  shape  of  a 
helmet,  and  glittering  with  the  lustre  of 
precious  stones.'  On  the  day  of  landuig 
the  M^jor  addressed  the  crowd  in  the 
name  of  his  royal  employers ;  saying  that 
they  had  come  to  demand  a  full  inquiry 
into  the  annexation  of  Oude,  and  to  '  ap- 
peal against  that  act  of  the  East  India 
Company  that  has  deprived  the  royal 
family  of  Oude  of  tlieir  throne  and 
country.'  He  called  for  '  three  cheers  fbr 
the  royal  family  of  Oude;*  which  were 
duly  forthcoming.  On  the  following  day, 
the  Mayor,  Lord  and  Lady  Hardwicke^ 


1856.] 


Domestic  Occurrences. 


£09 


Admiral  Ayscongh,  Sir  George  Wombwell, 
Sir  Qeorge  Pollock,  and  others,  were  pre- 
sented to  the  princes ;  and  several  ladies 
were  received  by  the  Queen-mother.    The 
princes,  by  themselves,  have  driven  about 
the  town,  and  have  been  much   looked 
after.      The   Bajah    of    Surat,   'with    a 
splendid  suite,'  has  gone  to  Southampton 
to  welcome  the   royal  family.      One  of 
the  reporters  makes  this  significant  state- 
ment : — *  The  moonshees  are  busy  all  day 
long  writing  to  distinguished  persons  in 
IncUa,  and  the  secretaries  are  equally  busy 
in  writing  to  members  of  Parliament  and 
distinguished  individuals  in  this  country.' " 
The  new  Diocete  of  Westminster, — Her 
Hiyesty's  Government  have  determined  on 
a  subdivision  of  the  diocese  of  London, 
and  Dr.  Tait,  who  is  to  have  the  super- 
vision of  the  metropolitan  see,  will  have 
only   one-half  the  field  over  which  the 
Bishops  of  London  have  hitherto  presided. 
The  diocese    of  London  will    henceforth 
consist  of  all  that  portion  of  the  metropolis 
which  is  witliin  the  City  walls,  in  ad(Ution 
to  the  extensive  parishes  of  Bethnal-green, 
Clerkenwell,  Islington,  Limehouse,  Shore- 
ditch,  Stepney,  St.  George's  East,  White- 
chapel,  Hackney,  and  Stoke  Newington, 
together  with  several  parishes  in  Essex, 
Kent,  and  Surrey,  which  are  at  present 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of 
London.     A    large   portion    of   what    at 
present    constitutes   the  archdeaconry   of 
Middlesex  will  be  placed  under  the  con- 
trol of  a  Bishop  of  Westminster,  and  the 
Abbey  will  be  his  cathedral  church.    The 


new  diocese  will  comprise  the  whole  of  the 
parishes  within  the  city  of  Westminster, 
St.  Pancras,  Marylebone,  Paddington,  Ken- 
sington, St.  Giles's,  St.  George's  (Blooms- 
bury),  Chelsea,  Hampstead,  Fulham,  Ham- 
mersmith, and  the  several  outlying 
parishes.  There  will  be  one  archdeacon 
for  the  diocese  of  London,  and  two  tot 
the  diocese  of  Westminster. 

Amongst  the  most  valuable  livings  which 
the  Bishop  of  Loudon  will  have  in  his  gift, 
are  the  rectory  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate, 
worth  £2,300  a-year  j  the  rectory  of  Great 
Hadham,  worth  £1,700  a-year ;  the  rectory 
of  St.  Margaret,  Lothbury,  (alternately 
with  the  liord  Chancellor,)  worth  £1,300 
a-year ;  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary,  Newing- 
ton,  worth  £1,000  a-year ;  the  rectory  of 
St.  Andrew  Undershaft,  worth  £1,025 
a-year;  the  precentorship,  chancellorship, 
treasurership,  and  all  the  prebends  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral. 

The  Bishop  of  Westminster  will  have  in 
his  gift,  amongst  other  livings,  the  vicarage 
of  Kensington,  worth  £l,ic)0  a-year ;  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields,  worth 
£1,400  a-year;  the  incumbency  of  Pad- 
dington, worth  £1,200  a-year  j  the  in- 
cumbency of  St.  Paul's,  Knightsbridge, 
worth  1,200  a-year ;  the  vicarage  of  Ful- 
ham, worth  £900  a-year ;  the  incumbency 
of  Bronipton,  worth  £1,700  a-year;  the 
vicarage  of  Hammersmith,  worth  £600 
a-year ;  the  incumbency  of  Highgate, 
worth  £400  a-year;  and  several  minor 
benefices.  No  one  is  at  present  named 
for  the  new  bishopric  of  Westminster. 


OBITUARY. 


Sir  Richaed  Westjiacott,  R.A. 
September  1.  At  hi«  reHidence,  No.  14, 
South  Au«l  ley -street,  aged  81,  Sir  Richard 
Westmacott,  Professor  of  Sculpture  in  the 
Royal  Academy, — of  which  he  was,  with 
one  exception,  the  oldest  member.  He 
was  bom  in  London,  in  the  year  1775. 
His  father,  who  had  received  an  university 
education  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
gave  up  all  pursuit  of  the  learned  profes- 
sions early  in  life,  and  took  to  the  busi- 
ness of  a  statuary,  which  he  followed  for 
some  years  in  Mount-street,  Grosvenor- 
square.  It  was  in  his  father's  studio  that 
young  Richard  Westmacott  imbibed  the 
first  elements  of  taste  in  sculpture;  and 
having  early  shewn  signs  of  future  dis- 
tinction in  this  branch  of  art,  he  was  sent 
to  Rome  in  the  year  1793.  There  he 
studied  with  Canova,  and  made  snch  de- 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


cided  prc^ess  under  the  tuition  of  that 
master,  combined  with  the  influences 
of  the  place,  that  upon  one  occasion  he 
obtained  the  first  gold  medal  of  the  year 
for  sculpture,  which  was  given  as  a  prize 
by  the  Pope  at  the  Academy  of  St.  Luke. 
The  subject  was  a  rilievo,  representing  a 
scene  in  the  history  of  "Joseph  and  his 
Brethren."  llie  first  medal  for  architec- 
ture at  the  same  exhibition  and  in  the 
same  year  was  also  carried  ofi*  by  an  Eng- 
lishman, Richard  Gandy,  A.R.A.,  wlu) 
afterwards  unhappily  became  insane.  This 
production  of  young  Westmacott's  was 
still  exhibited  in  Rome  within  the  memory 
of  many  persons ;  but  it  has  recently  dis- 
appeared. He  also  obtained  a  first  prize 
for  sculpture  at  Florence,  and  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academy  there.  In  1798 
we  find  him  again  in  England,  and  in  the 

3u 


510 


Obituary. — Sir  Richard  Wesimacoii,  R,A. 


[Oct. 


course  of  that  year  he  married  Dorothy 
Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Wilkinson. 
His  first  reputation  in  England  was  made 
about  this  period,  upon  the  occasion  of  a 
design  for  some  public  work  being  thrown 
open   to   general  competition.     Westma- 
cott's  design  was  so  remarkable  as  to  in- 
duce the  judges  to  issue  a  second  and 
higher  prize  for  studies  of  the  same  sub- 
ject.    From  that  period  he  steadily  rose 
in  estimation  with  the  private  pations  of 
the  arts,  who  were  then  both  numerous 
and  discerning ;  and  was  also  employed  in 
most  of  the  important  public  works.     Of 
the  latter,  the  monument  to  Sir  Ralph 
Abercrombie,  in  St  Paul's  Cathedral,  was 
one  of  the  earliest ;  and  as  such  it  is  in- 
adequate to  represent  the  more  mature 
powers  of  the  sculptor.      That  to  Lord 
Duncan   is  a  more  favourable    example. 
St.  Paurs   Cathedral,    indeed,   from    the 
number   and  variety  of  his  productions, 
both  monuments  and  hassi  rilievi^  may  l)e 
consulted  as  a  sort  of  gallery  of  the  works 
of  Sir  Richard  Westmacott.     Among  the 
statuary  executed  for  private  collections, 
some  of  the  most  celebrated  and  charac- 
teristic of  his  works  are  the  following :  — 
"  llie  Houseless  Traveller,"  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne — a  work 
full  of  dignity  and  pathos ;  **  Euphrosyne," 
executed  for  the  late  Marcjuis  of  West- 
minster; "Tlio  Dream  of  Horace, — *Me 
fabulosse  Volture  in  Apulo,' "  &c. — distin- 
guished for  the  exquisite  modelling  of  the 
flesh    of    the   infant ;    the   two    statues, 
"  Cupid"  and  "  Psyche,"  executed  for  the 
late  Duke  of  Bedford ;  and  a  monument 
to  the  meniory  of  Lord  Penrhyn,  at  Pen- 
rhyn,  in  North  Wales — a  work  less  known 
to  the  public  tlum  the  i)reccding.     In  this 
monument,  a  figure  of  a  slater  is  intro- 
duced, in  the  modem  workman's  dress; 
and,  as  a  companion,  a  Welsh  girl,  also  in 
the   costume  of  the    country,   her  head 
bound  round  with  oak-leaves,     lliose  best 
acquainted  with  the  artist's  works   con- 
sider the  figure  of  this  girl  to  Ixj  one  of 
his  happiest  and  most   original  produc- 
tions.     His   monument  to  the  memory 
of    the    "  Countess     Rocksavage,    where 
angels     are     represented     as     guardians 
of  the  departed    spirit — with    the    text 
which     gives     a     name    to     the    work, 
"He   shall  give  His  angels  charge  over 
thee," —  is  more  generally   known.     He 
designed  also  the   "Achilles"   in    Hyde- 
park  ;  the  statue  of  Lord  Erskine,  which 
stands   in  Lincoln's   Inn  Old   Hall,  now 
used  as  the  Lord  Chancellor's  Court ;  that 
of  Nelson,  in  the   Liverpool   Exchange; 
those  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  and  Charles 
James    Fox,  in    Russell  and  Bloomsbury 
S(^uaresj  besides  figures  of  Addison,  Pitt, 


and  many  others.     His  last  work  of  im- 
portance was  the  group  of  sculpture  that 
occupies  the  pediment  of  the  British  Mu- 
seum.     This  was  the   only  occasion   in 
which  Sir  R.  Westmacott  was  induced  so 
far  to  comply  with  the  fashion  of  the  day 
as  to  introduce  the  slightest  possible  ap- 
proach to  polychromy  into  part  of  a  mono- 
clirome  building,  by  tinting  the  tympanum 
of  the  pediment  blue,  and  gilding  some  of 
the  ornaments.    At  the  French  Expodtion 
three  of  his  works  were  exhibited,   and 
were  much  admired, — "  A  Nymph  prepar- 
ing for  the  Bath,"  from  the  collection  of 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle ;  "The  Houseless  Wan- 
derer" alx)ve  mentioned ;  and  a  "  Sleeping 
Infant,"  in  the  possession  of  the  Countess 
of  Dunmore.      Sir    R.   Westmacott  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1805,  and  a  full  member  in  1816.     In 
1827  he  succeeded  Flaxman  as  lecturer  to 
the  Academy  in  Sculpture — an  office  which 
he  held  till   hb  death.     In   1837  he  re- 
ceived the  dignity  of  knightood,  and  in 
the  same  year  as  Professor  Faraday  (the 
precise  date  we  cannot  give),  he  was  pre- 
sented with  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
by  the  University  of  Oxford.  As  a  draughts- 
man, Sir  R.  Westmacott  was  remarkable 
for  his  bold  and    powerful   hand.      His 
lectures    were    treatises   of   considerable 
archaeological  research,  interspersed  with 
practical    remarks    of   great    force    and 
shrewdness,  and  accompanied  by  admirable 
drawings.    On  the  subject  of  Greek  art> 
Sir  R.   Westmacott,   if  not   a  profound 
scholar,  was  as  deeply  versed  by  practical 
study  as  any  member  of  the  Academy. 
Yet   in   composition,   though    thoroughly 
appreciating  the  ancient  schools,  and  com- 
petent to  pass  unerring  judgment  on  the 
genuineness  of  works  reputed  antique,  the 
leaning  of  his  style  was  certainly  towards 
the  naturalistic  in  sculpture.     He  sought 
to  present  thought  and  emotion  rather 
under  their  modem  and  national  types, 
than  under  the  old-world  conventionalities 
of  Greek  and    Roman    artists,    however 
masterly  and  attractive  may  be  the  produc- 
tions they  have  handed  down  to  us.  At  the 
same  time  the  purity  of  his  taste,  which 
had  l)een  formed  upon  these  very  models, 
induced  him   to  be   severe    rather   than 
florid  in  his  com]X)8ition,  with  a  constant 
tendency  to  reject  the  superfluities  of  a 
subject,  and  to  reduce  it  down  to  its  lead- 
ing and  characteristic  features.  Sir  Richard 
Westmacott  took  an  active  part  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  that  body. 
He  was  present,  and  in  his  usual  health,  at 
the  last  audit ;  but  since  that  period,  for 
many  weeks  past,  his  health  has  mdually 
declined,  and  his  death  has  not  been  on- 


1856.]  Sir  Richard  fFestmacott,  B,A. — R.  L.  Pearsall,  Esq.      511 


expected.  He  leaves  a  son,  Mr.  Richard 
Westmaoott,  the  well-known  sculptor,  who 
is  also  a  distinguished  memher  of  the  Royal 
Academy. — Liter  art/  Gazette, 

RoBEET  Lucas  Peabsall,  Esq. 

Aii^f.  5.  At  his  residence,  Wartensee 
Castle,  on  the  Lake  Constance,  Switzer- 
land, Rohert  Lucas  Pearsall,  Esq. 

This  gentleman  was  called  to  the  har  by 
the  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  June  1, 1821. 
He  was  some  time  attached  to  the  Oxford 
drcuit,  and  attended  the  Bristol  and 
Gloucester  sessions ;  his  residence  being  at 
Willsbridge,  in  the  parish  of  Bitton,  near 
Bristol.  But  his  public  career  at  the  bar 
was  short ;  for,  although  an  accomplished 
scholar,  and  as  a  conversationalist  vivid 
and  varied,  still  he  was  of  so  nervous  a 
temperament,  that  he  was  not  suited  for 
success  in  open  court.  His  chief  pursuit 
was  madrigtd  music,  and  some  of  his  own 
compositions  elicited  the  approbation  of 
the  most  eminent  men  in  the  musical 
world.  Of  these,  the  chief  were,  "  Great 
God  of  Love!*'  "Light  of  my  soul;" 
"Lay  a  garland,"  and  the  Norse  melody: 
he  was  also  the  author  of — "Sweet  as 
a  flower  ;*'  "  Take  heed,  ye  shepherd 
swains;"  "It  was  upon  a  Spring-tide;" 
"  I  saw  lovely  Phillis ;"  "  Who  shall 
have  my  lady  fair  ?"  "  All  ye  that  love 
fair  freedom ;"  "  Spring  returns ;"  and 
"  Danderly  Dan :"  the  last  as  playful  as 
the  first  is  g^nd  and  majestic.  One  of 
his  last  contributions  to  madrigal  music 
was  a  quaint  but  characteristic  piece,  in 
which  the  old  minuet  dance  movement  is 
most  happily  introduced,  to  describe  by- 
gone men  and  manners.  Most  of  his  com- 
positions are  favourites  with  the  Bristol 
Madrigal  Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  earliest  members. 

Some  fourteen  years  since,  leaving 
Willsbridge,  Mr.  l*earsall  repaired  to 
Germany,  and  finding  himself  much  at 
home  among  the  many  musical  coteries  of 
Carlsruhe,  he  fixed  his  residence  in  that 
elegant  city.  Shortly  after  he  purchased 
an  ancient  castle  on  the  Lake  Constance, 
which  in  the  eleventh  century  was  occu- 
pied by  a  family  called  the  Knights  of 
Wartensee.  Its  original  tower  is  of  still 
earlier  date,  and  probably  of  Roman  con- 
struction. Here  he  remained  for  some 
thirteen  years,  until  his  death,  still  de- 
voted to  music,  and  not  less  to  the  chi- 
valric  history  and  associations  of  the 
country  of  his  adoption.  Into  these 
his  researches  were  minute  and  pene- 
trating, and,  as  the  result,  he  com- 
municated, through  his  firiend  the  Rev. 
H.  T.  EUacombe,  F.S.A.,  (formerly  Vicar 
of  Bitton,  and  now  of  Clyst  St.  George,) 


three  memoirs  to  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, two  of  which  were  very  elaborate, 
as  well  as  remarkable.  The  first,  read 
to  the  Society  in  Jan.  1837,  is  entitled 
"  The  Kiss  of  the  Virgin  :  a  Narrative  of 
Researches  made  in  Germany  during 
the  years  1832  and  1834,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  mode  of  in- 
flicting that  ancient  Punishment,  and 
of  proving  the  often  denied  and  generally 
disputed  fact  of  its  existence;  and  is 
printed  with  four  plates  in  the  Archao- 
logia,  vol.  xxvii.  pp.  229 — 250.  The  second, 
communicated  in  1840,  consists  of  "  Ob- 
servations on  Judicial  Duels,  as  practised 
in  Germany ;"  it  is  printed  in  the  Archceo- 
log  la,  vol.  xxix.  pp.  348 — 361,  accom- 
panied with  eight  plates.  In  1843  Mr. 
Pearsall  sent  an  account  of  the  monu- 
mental brass  of  Bishop  Hallum,  in  the 
cathedral  church  of  Constance,  printed  in 
the  ArcJuBologia,  vol.  xxx.  pp.  430 — 437, 
with  one  plate,  drawn  and  engraved  by 
the  Messrs.  Waller. 

Mr.  Pearsall  was  also  the  author  of  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "The  Position  of  the 
Baronets  of  the  British  Empire,"  1837, 
and  of  many  anonymous  articles  on  arch»- 
ology  and  music  in  various  periodicals: 
and  we  may  add,  that  he  it  was  who  dis- 
covered the  Irish  records  of  the  reigns  of 
Edward  II.  and  III.  which  were  recovered 
from  Switzerland  by  the  late  I.  F.  Fergu- 
son, as  noticed  in  our  obituary  of  the  latter, 
(June,  1856,  p.  651). 

Mr.  Pearsall  was  a  Knight  of  Malta. 
By  many  of  his  German  Iriends  he  was 
regarded  as  the  best  living  English  com- 
poser. He  has  left  large  MS.  collections 
upon  music. 

About  three  years  since  Mr.  Pearsall  was 
attacked  with  paralysis,  and  from  that  time 
(so  severe  was  the  shock)  to  the  day  of  his 
death,  he  was  almost  unable  to  move  with- 
out help.  Strange  to  say,  however,  on  the 
very  day  on  which  he  expired,  he  felt  an  un- 
usual strength  and  vitality,  and,  after  being 
so  long  confined  to  his  house,  had  himself 
dressed,  and,  with  little  or  no  help,  walked 
out  into  his  grounds,  and  remained  there 
for  some  time,  visiting  various  points  be- 
fore familiar  to  him,  and  which  com- 
manded views  of  the  lovely  and  romantic 
lake,  upon  which  his  windows  looked 
down.  Having  enjoyed  himself  for  some 
time,  communing  with  nature,  he  returned 
to  his  chateau,  retired  to  bed,  and  never 
again  rose  from  it,  having  soon  afterwards 
given  up  his  life  placidly,  without  a  pain 
or  a  moan,  like 

The  viewless  spirit  of  a  lovely  sounds 
A  living  voice — a  breathing  harmony, 
A  bodiless  enjoyment  bom  and  dying 
With  the  blest  tone  that  made  it. 


512 


R.  L.  Pearsall,  Esq. — Mr.  William  Yarrell. 


[Oct. 


Mr.  Pearsall  was  of  a  kind  and  gentle 
disposition,  and  we  have  been  told  an 
anecdote  characteristic  of  the  man, — that 
whilst  composing  some  of  his  best  pieces, 
and  sitting  at  the  piano,  he  had  a  little 
pet  kitten  nestling  in  his  breast,  and  but- 
toned np  in  his  dressing-gown.  His  fune- 
ral was  attended  by  all  the  chief  persons 
and  authorities  in  his  neighbourhood,  a 
pulpit  having  been  raised  in  the  church- 
yard for  the  minister  to  perform  the  fune- 
ral service.  Mr.  I'earsall's  mother  was  a 
Bristol  lady,  a  Miss  Lucas,  one  of  the 
family  to  whom  the  Back  Hall,  in  that 
city,  still  belongs. 


Mb.  William  Yarbell. 

September  6.  At  Great  Yarmouth,  £^^ed 
76,  of  ossification  of  the  heart,  Mr.  William 
Yarrell,  the  eminent  naturalist. 

William  Yarrell  was  born  in  June,  1784, 
in  Duke-street,  St.  James's,  where  his 
father  carried  on  the  business  of  a  news- 
paper agent;  his  only  removal  was  to  a 
neighbouring  house  at  the  comer  of  Ryder- 
street.  There  he  continued  the  business 
in  partnership  with  a  gentleman  whose 
father  had  been  also  a  partner  with  Yar- 
rell's  father,  and  in  this  house  he  dwelt 
unmarried,  with  his  natural  history  collec- 
tions about  him,  till  the  day  of  his  death. 
Ho  entered  the  banking-house  of  Herries, 
Farquhar,  and  Co.  as  clerk  in  1802,  but 
returned  at  the  end  of  six  months  to  his 
father.  Mr.  Yarrell's  taste  for  natural 
history  pursuits  began  first  to  develope  it- 
self in  a  love  of  angling.  The  streams  in 
the  vicinity  of  London  often  tempted  him 
forth,  as  a  boy,  to  a  day's  fishing,  and  the 
perusal  of  old  Izaak  Walton's  charming 
letters  served  to  divert  his  pastime  into 
the  valuable  practical  direction  which  it 
subsequently  took.  From  fishing  William 
Yarrell  was  led  to  the  sport  of  shooting, 
and  became  one  of  the  first  marksmen  of 
his  day.  He  formed  in  early  life  an  in- 
timacy with  Manton,  the  famous  gun- 
maker,  and  with  Shoobridge,  the  well- 
known  hatter  of  Bond-street, — better 
known,  however,  among  sporting  men  as 
an  unerring  shot.  Shoobridge  and  Yarrell 
made  frequent  excursions  into  the  country 
together,  and  shot  in  company  for  many 
years.  Shoobridge  shot  in  matches,  and 
not  unfre(iuently  for  heavy  stakes.  Yar- 
rell, who  was  thought  by  some  to  be  the 
better  shot  of  the  two  —for  he  would  bring 
down  a  dozen  brace  of  sparrows,  from  the 
trap,  with  his  double-barrelled  Mantr)n, 
running — never  wagered  beyond  shooting 
for  a  gun,  a  pointer,  or  a  sporting  picture. 
During  tliis  time  William  Yarrell  had 
been  forming  valuable  collections  of  fishes. 


(< 


birds,  and  birds'  eggs,  stadying  and  f**ftViTig 
notes  of  their  habits,  when,  at  about  the 
age  of  forty,  he  may  be  said  to  have  laid 
doA-n  the  rod  and  gun  for  the  pen.  On 
the  25th  of  March,  1825,  he  addressed  to 
the  conductors  of  the  ''Zoological  Joamal" 
his  first  composition,  consisting  of  "Notices 
of  the  Occurrence  of  some  rare  British 
Birds,  observed  during  the  Years  18239 
'24,  and  '25."  Having  mode  the  acquaint- 
ance of  several  zealous  naturalists,  amoi^ 
whom  we  may  mention  Vigors,  Swainaon, 
and  E.  Bennett,  he  was  elected,  in  1825» 
a  Fellow  of  the  Linna^an  Society,  and  in 
1827 communicated  to  the  society's  "Trans- 
actions" a  paper,  entitled  "Observations 
on  the  Trachese  of  Birds,  with  Descrip- 
tions and  liepresentations  of  several  not 
hitherto  figured."  Later  in  the  same  year 
he  presented  to  the  Royal  Society  a  paper 
"  On  the  Change  in  the  Plumage  of  some 
Hen-Pheasants,"  which  was  printed  in  the 

Philosophical  Transactions."  Notwith- 
standing, however,  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society  considered  Mr.  Yarrell's  paper 
worthy  a  place  in  their  "Transactions," 
the  author  was  never  elected  to  the  F^- 
lowship.  He  was  recommended  for  elec- 
tion, but,  owing  to  the  corrupt  practice-* 
which  still  in  a  measure  prevuls— of  dis- 
regarding the  scientific  claims  of  gentle- 
men connected  with  trade,  while  indiri- 
duals  were  gaining  admission  to  the  sodetj 
on  account  of  mere  social  position  or  oon- 
noisseurship,  it  was  intimated  to  Mr.  Yar- 
rell that  he  had  no  chance  of  success,  and 
he  withdrew  his  certificate.  (The  "  Athe- 
nicum"  states  that  Mr.  Yarrell  afterwards 
refiised  to  allow  himself  to  be  nominated.) 

In  1829  Mr.  Yarrell  communicated  to 
the  Linna>an  Society  the  "  Description  of 
a  New  Species  of  Tringa,  killed  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, new  to  England  and  En- 
rope  ;"  and  the  following  year  two  papers 
"On  the  Organs  of  Voice  in  Birds,"  and 
"On  a  New  Species  of  Wild  Swan  taken 
in  England."  Alx>ut  this  time  the  Zoo- 
logical Club  of  the  Linnsan  Society,  of 
which  Mr.  Yarrell  had  for  six  years  been 
an  active  member,  became  the  foundation 
of  the  present  Zoological  Society,  and  his 
exertions  for  this  society's  welfare  were 
continued  with  unremitting  zeal  to  the 
last.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
its  "Proceedings,"  and  the  three  follow- 
ing papers,  read  in  1833  and  1835,  were 
selected  for  publication  in  its  "Trans- 
actions:"—  "Observations  on  the  Laws 
which  appear  to  influence  the  Assumption 
and  Changes  of  Plumage  in  Birds;" 
"Description,  with  some  additional  Par- 
ticulars, of  the  Apterifx  AutiraUa  of 
Shaw;"  and  "Some  Olnenrations  on  the 
Economy  of  an  Insect  destructive  to  Tor* 


1856.]  Obituary. — Mr.  PVilliam  YarrelL — Mr,  James  Uann.   513 


nips."  To  the  Linnapan  Society's  "  Trans- 
actions" he  furtlier  contributed,  in  1834, 
*'  Description  of  the  Organ  of  Voice  in  a 
New  Species  of  Wild  Swan/'  and  "De- 
scription of  three  British  Species  of  Fresh- 
water Fishes  belonging  to  the  genus  Leu- 
ciscus;"  and  in  1853  a  paper  "On  the 
Habits  of  the  Great  Bustard."  His  last 
and  only  remaining  paper,  published  by 
the  Linnsean  Society,  "On  the  Influence 
of  the  Sexual  Organs  in  Modifying  Ex- 
ternal Character,"  appeared  during  tlie 
present  year,  in  the  newly  arranged 
"Journal  of  I'roceedings."  Mr.  Yarrcll 
contributed  largely  to  the  "Zoological 
Journal"  and  to  the  "Annals  and  Maga- 
zine of  Natural  History,"  including,  among 
other  subjects,  the  discovery,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Jesse,  of  the  oviparous  pro- 
pagation of  the  eel,  and  of  the  specific 
identity  of  the  whitebait;  but  the  grand 
work  of  liis  life  was  the  production,  during 
the  years  1830-40,  of  the  two  well-known 
Histories  of  British  Birds  and  British 
Fishes,  published  by  Mr.  Van  Voorst, 
who  lived  on  terms  of  great  friendship 
with  him,  and  was  selected  by  him  as  one 
of  his  executors.  Our  roll  of  English 
zoologists  does  not  boast  of  a  name  more 
honoured  for  his  researches  into  the  habits 
of  the  fauju  of  his  country,  so  far  as  re- 
gards bircM  and  fishes,  or  more  respected 
for  his  uprightness  and  genial  companion- 
ship, than  that  of  the  lamented  Yarrell ; 
and  the  style  in  which  the  results  of  liis 
agreeable  labours  have  been  published  to 
the  world  presents  a  model  of  kindly,  un- 
obtrusive diction,  choice  woodcut  illustra- 
tion, and  typographic  neatness.  In  1849 
Mr.  Yarrell  was  elected  a  Vice-President 
and  Treasurer  of  the  Linnaean  Society,  and 
the  members  subscribed  for  a  portrait  of 
him  in  oil,  which  is  suspended  in  the 
society's  meeting-room.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  retired  manners  and  extremely 
punctual  habits,  Mr.  Yarrell  was  a  fie- 
quent  diner-out  and  jovial  companion  at 
table.  He  sang  a  cai)ital  song,  and  waa 
a  constant  attendant  at  the  theatre,  gene- 
rally selecting,  with  the  gusto  of  a  dilet- 
tante, the  front  row  of  the  pit.  In  the 
days  of  the  elder  Mathews  he  would 
manage  to  get  the  songs  of  the  great 
mimic,  in  spite  of  the  rapidity  of  their 
utterance,  by  taking  down  the  alternate 
lines  one  night  and  filling  in  the  others 
on  the  next.  A  song  or'  Dibdin*s  we 
heard  him  sing  only  rec<;utly  with  ad- 
mirable spirit  and  pathos.  He  seldom 
missed  attending  the  Linnman  Club  din- 
ners and  country  excursions,  and  was  at 
all  times  among  the  liveliest  of  the  party. 
In  the  present  year  he  took  an  active 
port  in  the  Linnaean  excursion  to  Guild- 


ford. In  addition  to  his  collection  of 
British  natural  history,  Mr.  Yarrell  pos- 
sessed a  valuable  library  of  books  on  the 
subject,  but  he  has  not  made  any  public 
bequest  of  either. — Literary  Gazette. 

On  Sunday,  the  3rd  of  August,  just 
six  weeks  before  his  death,  as  he  was  re- 
turning from  St.  James's  Church,  which 
of  late  years  he  constantly  attended,  he 
felt  himself  seized  with  giddiness  and  a 
want  of  control  over  his  steps.  He  stood 
still  for  a  moment,  and  then  by  an  effort 
reached  his  home.  This  attack  proved  to 
be  a  slight  one  of  paralysis ;  from  which, 
however,  he  so  far  recovered  as  to  be  able, 
on  the  Monday  before  his  death,  to  attend 
a  council  of  the  Linneean  Society,  wh^e 
he  appeared  as  clear  and  nearly  as  well 
as  usual.  In  answer  to  a  wish  expressed 
by  a  very  intimate  and  attached  friend, 
that  he  would  soon  be  well  enough  to  pay 
him  a  quiet  visit,  he  said  that,  although 
pretty  well,  he  felt  a  "  woollineas"  in  the 
brain,  and  that  he  was  still  restricted  in 
his  diet,  &c  However,  on  the  following 
Saturday  he  felt  himself  sufficiently  weU 
to  accompany  an  invalid  friend  to  Tar- 
mouth,  as  his  protector;  and  the  very 
last  act  of  his  life  was  one  of  kindness 
and  friendship.  On  the  following  day  he 
expressed  how  much  he  had  ei^oyed  his 
voyage,  took  his  moderate  dinner  with  an 
appetite,  and  retired  to  bed  with  the  pros- 
pect of  a  good  night's  rest.  He  was,  how- 
ever, shortly  afterwards  seized  with  diffi- 
culty of  breathii^,  which  continued  and 
increased,  notwithstan(Ung  medical  aid, 
which  was  promptly  obtained;  and  he 
breathed  his  last  about  half-past  twelve 
on  the  Monday  morning,  September  1st, 
in  perfect  tranquillity  and  peace.  His 
remains  were  brought  to  Town,  and  on 
the  8th  of  September  he  was  buried  at 
Bayford,  in  Hertfordshire,  where  a  great 
number  of  his  ancestors  and  kinsfolk  lie. 
He  was  followed  to  the  grave  by  his  re- 
lations, Mr.  Bird  and  Mr.  Goldsmith,  and 
his  two  most  intimate  friends,  Mr.  Van 
Voorst  and  l^-of.  Bell,  the  President  of 
the  liinnsean  Society.  There  were  pre- 
sent, also,  several  of  his  Linnsean  friends, 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Hugo,  Mr.  Kippist,  the 
Librarian  of  the  Society,  Mr.  Pamplin, 
the  botanical  publisher,  and  others,  who 
had  come  from  Ijondon  to  pay  the  last 
tribute  of  respect  to  their  departed  friend. 
— AtheruBum. 


Mb.  Jaices  Hakk. 
Aug.  17.     In  the   hospital  of  King's 
College,    London,    aged   57,    Mr.  James 
Hann,  formerly  writing-master  and  after- 
wards   mathematical    master   in    King'v 


514 


Obituary. — Mr,  James  Harm, 


[Oct. 


College    School,   and    author    of  several 
scientific  works. 

Mr.  Hann  was  bom  at  Washington,  co. 
Durham,  m  1799 ;  he  was  an  only  son,  and 
early  in  life  became  stoker  to  his  father, 
who  superintended  the  old  pumping  engine 
at  Hebbum  Colliery,  on  the  Tyne,  and 
afterwards  worked  various  winding  engines 
for  drawing  coals.  He  then  became  en- 
gineer in  one  of  the  small  steamers  plying 
on  the  river.  Brought  up  thus,  as  it  were, 
in  the  arms  of  the  steam-engine,  his  genius 
naturally  turned  to  the  study  of  mathe- 
matics, in  which  science  he  saw  the  high- 
way to  distinction  in  his  profession;  and 
with  him  it  soon  became  a  passion,  which 
engrossed  all  the  solid  thinking  moments 
of  his  future  life.  He  studied  his  favourite 
science  late  and  early,  and  whenever  he 
had  leisure — perhaps  without  the  aid  of 
anything  but  abstruse  elementary  works ; 
for  in  those  days  mechanics'  institutions 
or  cheap  scientific  publications  were  not  so 
plentiful  as  now,  to  aid  the  aspiring  mind  : 
yet  with  all  their  aid,  it  is  doubtful  whe- 
ther the  present  age  will  outstrip  the  last 
in  self-taught  great  men ;  —genius  seems  to 
thrive  best  under  difficulties. 

Mr.  Hann  had  married  very  young; 
and  at  the  time  we  are  si>eaking  of  he 
had  a  family  of  four  children,  so  that  the 
means  of  procuring  proper  books  was  out 
of  the  question.  However,  one  evening, 
on  leaving  his  vessel  on  the  Quayside  of 
Newcastle,  according  to  his  custom,  on  his 
way  home  he  took  a  lo^k  into  the  b(X)k- 
sellers*  shop-windows,  in  search  of  old  or 
new  mathematical  works.  He  saw  in  one 
window  a  rather  soiled  copy  of  Dr.  Olin- 
thus  Gregory's  "Mathematics  for  Prac- 
tical Men,"  marked  at  a  price  consider- 
ably below  the  first  cost.  Though  only  a 
few  shillings,  it  was  a  sealed  book  to  him, 
being  beyond  his  means;  and  he  looked 
longingly  on  it  with  bitter  anguish,  for 
he  thought  if  he  could  but  possess  that 
book  he  would  be  a  made  man,  and  the 
happiest  of  mortals.  He  went  home  to 
Gateshead,  where  he  resided,  deeply  musing 
on  the  perverscness  of  poverty,  it  was 
harvest-time,  and  his  wife  was  out  work- 
ing in  the  fields.  His  eldest  daughter,  a 
mere  child,  was  housekeeper.  He  asked 
the  child  where  her  mother  had  put  the 
money  to  pay  the  rent?  She  told  him 
it  was  in  a  tea-cup  in  the  cupboard.  He 
took  from  the  cup  eight  sliillings,  and 
hastened  away  to  make  the  i)urchase. 
In  the  meantime  the  mother  returned 
from  the  harvest-field,  and  the  child  told 
about  her  father  taking  the  money.  She 
was  quickly  in  chase  of  the  depredator, 
whom  she  soon  overtook,  and  remonstrated 
with  him  in  the  boldest  manner  which 


a  grieved  wife  can  command.  Poor  Hann 
battled  for  his  favourite  book  manftilljr, 
and  at  length  overcame  his  wife's  scraples, 
by  convincing  her  that  if  he  had  that  book 
he  could  enrich  them  all.  She  consented 
to  go  with  him  to  the  shop,  and  see  him 
purchase  the  desired  prize.  He  has  often 
related  the  circumstance,  and  always  de- 
clared that  the  instant  he  was  owner  (^ 
that  book  was  the  happiest  moment  (^ 
his  life.  Strange  as  a  romance,  the  aathor 
of  this  book,  which  inspired  Hann  with 
more  than  enthusiasm  in  Newcastle,  lived 
nearly  300  miles  distant;  yet,  in  after 
years.  Dr.  O.  Gregory  and  Hann  became 
the  most  intimate  friends.  Even  the 
Doctor's  son  was  educated  by  Hann ;  and, 
lastly,  the  author  of  this  treasured  book 
sent  for  Hann,  and  asked  him  to  pre- 
pare for  the  press  some  of  his  unfinished 
works. 

About  this  period,  Mr.  Hann,  who  had 
known  Mr.  Isaac  Dodcis,  of  Gateshead,  from 
childhood,  now  sought  his  counsel ;  and  it 
was  by  him  that  Hann  was  induced  to 
leave  his  work  and  commence  the  office  of 
teacher.  Hann  kept  labouring  and  study- 
ing on,  and  imparted  his  hard-earned 
knowledge  to  pupils  at  niglit  after  his 
daily  occupation  closed.  Mr.  Dodds  kept 
aiding  him,  and  at  length  advised  him  to 
keep  a  school— which  he  did  on  the  South 
Shore,  Gateshead;  but  his  studies  were 
more  his  bent  than  teaching.  His  rapid 
insight  into  everything  pertaining  to  ma- 
thematics made  him  not  so  good  a  teacher 
as  a  scholar,  and  he  found  the  school  did 
not  answer  his  expectations.  Mr.  Dodds 
took  him,  then,  as  an  accountant  in  his 
office.  Even  this  change  of  situation  was 
not  congenial  to  Hann,  for  his  mind  was 
constantly  taken  up  with  mathematical 
studies. 

In  the  year  1832,  Mr.  Dodds*  mechani- 
cal knowledge  and  Hann's  mathematical 
learning  were  welded  together  in  the  most 
useful  way ;  and  in  1833  (while  Hann  n^as 
living  in  a  court  off  Oakwellgate-lane)  they 
conjoiutly  published  a  very  interesting  and 
popular  work — "  Mechanics  for  Practical 
Men.'*     It  had  a  rapid  sale. 

As  a  calculator  on  m'^chanical  moye- 
raents,  Hann  was  exceedi;  i;ly  apt. 

He  had  for  some  years,  up  to  this  tim^ 
been  acquainted  with  the  very  eminent 
Mr.  W.  S.  B.  Woolhouse,  of  mathematical 
wide-world  fame.  This  gentleman  was  like- 
wise a  self-taught  mathematician — ^broogfat 
up  at  North  Shields  behind  the  counter  as 
a  linendraper — a  strange  apprenticeship  for 
so  high  a  reputation  in  the  most  abstrase 
science  !  Mr.  Woolhouse  used  his  influence, 
and  obtained  for  Mr.  Hann  a  situation  as 
calculator  in  the  Nautical  Almanack  06lce, 


1856.]        Mr.  James  Hann. — Henry  A$ton  Barker,  Esq. 


515 


London.  Here  he  laboured  for  several 
years,  still  enjoying  the  friendship  of  his 
patron,  till  the  writing-master's  situation  at 
King^s  College  becoming  vacant,  Mr.  Hann 
applied,  and  was  the  successful  candidate. 
He  was  a  first-rate  penman.  Even  when 
his  hands  were  hard  and  stiff,  he  could 
produce  exquisite  specimens  of  writing. 
He  filled  the  situation  for  some  years,  and 
when  the  mathematical  mastership  became 
vacant,  he  obtained  that  office,  and  offi- 
ciated in  it  till  after  his  wife's  death, 
when  he  became  less  careful  of  his  con- 
stitution, and  resigned  from  ill-health. 

After  this,  he  had  in  tuition  as  private 
pupils  many  wealthy  merchants'  sons,  as 
well  as  those  of  some  eminent  clergymen. 
— Gateshead  Observer, 


Henbt  Aston  Babkeb,  Esq. 

July  19.  At  Bitton,  near  Bristol,  Henry 
Aston  Barker,  Esq.,  aged  82. 

He  was  bom  at  Glasgow,  in  the  year 
1774,  and  was  a  younger  son  of  Mr.  Robt. 
Barker,  a  native  of  the  county  of  Meath, 
by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Aston,  a 
physician  of  great  eminence  in  Dublin. 

Mr.  Robert  Barker  was  the  ingenious 
inventor  and  original  proprietor  of  the 
Panoramas  in  Leicester-square,  of  which 
invention  we  have  received  the  following 
account  from  the  best  authority. 

Mr.  Barker,  who  had  invented  a  mecha- 
nical system  of  perspective,  and  taught 
that  art  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  was 
resident,  was  walking  one  day  with  his 
daughter  (the  late  Mrs.  Lightfoot)  on  the 
Calton-hill,  when,  observing  her  father  to 
be  very  thoughtful,  Miss  Barker  asked 
him  what  was  the  subject  of  his  thoughts. 
He  replied,  that  he  was  thinking  whether 
it  would  not  be  possible  to  give  the  whole 
view  from  that  hill  in  one  picture :  she 
smiled  at  an  idea  so  contrary  to  all  the 
rules  of  art ;  but  her  father  said  he  thought 
it  was  to  be  accomplished  by  means  of  a 
square  frame  fixed  at  one  spot  on  the  hill : 
he  would  draw  the  scene  presented  within 
that  frame,  and  then  shifting  the  frame 
to  the  left  or  right,  he  would  draw  the 
adjoining  part  of  the  landscape ;  and  so 
going  round  the  top  of  the  hill,  he  would 
obtain  the  view  on  all  sides :  and  the 
several  drawings  being  fixed  together  and 
phiced  in  a  circle,  the  whole  view  might 
be  seen  from  the  interior  of  the  circle,  as 
from  the  summit  of  the  hill. 

This  idea  he  forthwith  put  in  execution, 
and  drawings  were  made  by  his  son  Henry 
Aston,  then  quite  a  youth,  of  Edinburgh 
from  the  Calton-hill,  with  Holyrood-house 
in  the  foreground. 

But  the  greatest  difficulty  remained. 


The  drawings  being  made  on  flat  sorfaoes, 
when  placed  together  in  a  circle  the  hori- 
zontal lines  appeared  curved  instead  of 
straight,  unless  on  the  exact  level  of  the 
eye ;  and  to  meet  this  difficulty  Mr.  Barker 
had  to  invent  a  system  of  curved  lines 
peculiarly  adapted  to  the  concave  sur^e 
of  his  picture,  which  should  appear  straight 
when  viewed  from  a  platform  at  a  certain 
level  in  the  centre. 

This  difficulty,  with  many  others  of  a 
similar  nature  which  may  more  easily  be 
imagined  than  described,  having  been  sur- 
mounted, Mr.  Barker  exhibited  his  picture 
— first  in  the  Archer's  Hall,  Holyrood,  and 
secondly  in  the  Assembly-rooms,  Greorge- 
street.  New  Town,  Edinburgh,  and  after- 
wards at  Glasgow. 

So  much  was  thought  of  the  discovery 
of  its  being  possible  to  take  a  view  beyond 
the  old  rule  of  forty-five  degrees,  that  Mr. 
Barker  was  induced  to  take  his  invention 
to  London,  where  he  waited  upon  a  Scotch 
nobleman  with  whom  he  was  acquainted, 
(1  believe  Lord  Elcho,  son  of  the  Earl  of 
Wemys,)  and  who  was  so  greatly  pleased 
with  the  plan,  that  he  encouraged  Mr. 
Barker  to  paint  and  exhibit  pictures  in 
London,  and  even  assisted  him  in  the 
most  essential  manner,  —  by  an  advance 
of  money. 

llius  encouraged,  Mr.  Barker,  after  ex- 
hibiting his  view  of  Edinburgh  in  the 
spring  of  1789,  in  a  large  room  at  No.  28, 
Haymarket,  determined  to  exhibit  a  pic- 
ture of  London,  fer  which  the  drawings 
were  made  by  Henry  Aston  Barker,  from 
the  top  of  Albion  Mills,  near  the  foot  of 
Blackfriars-bridge,  on  the  Surrey  side. 
The  scene  on  the  Thames  was  the  Lord- 
Mayor's  procession  by  water  to  West- 
minster on  the  9th  of  November,  These 
drawings  were  afterwards  etched  by  H.  A. 
Barker,  and  aqua-tinted  by  Bimie,  and 
published  in  six  sheets,  22  in.  by  17. 

This  view  was  more  than  half  a  drde, 
and  was  exhibited  in  the  year  1792,  in 
a  rough  building  at  the  back  of  No.  28» 
on  the  eastern  side  of  Castle-street, 
Leicester-square,  where  Mr.  Barker  then 
resided. 

In  the  year  1793  Mr.  Barker  took  a 
lease  of  a  piece  of  ground  in  Leicester- 
place  and  Cranboume-street,  where  he 
erected  the  large  exhibition-building  in 
which  the  Panoramas  have  been  ever  sincey 
and  are  still,  exhibited.  The  hirge  drde 
is  90  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  small 
upper  circle  is  constructed  within  it,  being 
supported  by  the  centre  oolomn.  It  was 
opened  in  1793  with  a  .view  of  the  Grand 
fleet  at  Spithead. 

As  a  good  name  was  considered  essential 
to  the  saccess  of  the  novel  experiment  on 


516 


Obituary. — Hem^  Aston  Barker,  Esq. 


[Oct. 


the  public  taste,  Mr.  Barker  applied  to 
his  classical  friends,  who  fiimishcd  him 
with  the  very  expressive  and  appropriate 
name  of  navcopa/ua. 

Mr.  Barker's  Panorama  was  not,  how- 
ever, without  rivalry,  even  in  its  early 
days;  Mr.  Robert  Ker  Porter  (after- 
wards Sir  Robert),  painted  and  exhibited 
at  the  Lyceum  three  great  histoncal 
pictures,  —  of  the  storming  of  Sering- 
apatam  in  1799,  of  the  siege  of  Acre,  and 
of  the  battle  of  Alexandria,  March  21, 
1801.  The  printed  descriptions  and  out- 
line sketches  of  Seringapatam  and  Alex- 
andria are  now  before  the  writer.  Those 
three  pictures  were  three-quarters  of  the 
circle.  He  afterwards  exhibited  at  the 
same  place  a  great  historic  and  panoramic 
picture  of  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  which 
picture  he  presented  to  the  Corporation  of 
London,  and  it  is  still  in  existence,  w^e  can 
hardly  say  preserved,  at  Guildhall. 

In  the  year  1802  Mr.  Barker's  eldest 
son,  Thomas  Edward  Barker,  who  was  not 
an  artist,  but  had  been  an  assistant  to  his 
father  in  the  Panorama,  and  Mr.  Ramsay 
Richard  Reinagle,  afterwards  R.A.,  who 
had  painted  at  the  Panorama  for  Mr. 
Barker,  entered  into  a  partnership,  and 
erected  a  rival  panorama-building  in  the 
Strand. 

In  Knight's  "  Ix)ndon,"  vol.  vi.  p.  283, 
it  is  said  that  the  process  of  painting  the 
panoramas  is  distemper,  but  that  is  an 
error  except  as  to  the  original  picture 
of  Edinburgh  and  that  of  London:  the 
panoramas  are  oil-paintings,  and  the  can- 
vas was  used  for  several  pictures,  one 
being  painted  over  the  other  as  long  as 
it  would  last,  except  some  of  the  pictures 
of  the  small  circle,  which,  after  having 
been  exhibited  in  London,  were  sold  for 
exhibition  in  the  provinces. 

After  much  patient  energy  and  perse- 
verance, Mr.  Barker,  ably  assisted  by  his 
son  Henry  Aston,  succeeded  in  establishing 
the  Panorama  in  the  favour  of  the  public ; 
and  at  his  death,  which  happened  on  the 
8th  of  April,  1806,  at  his  house  in  West- 
square,  Southwark,  at  the  age  of  67*,  he 
left  a  comfortable  provision  for  his  widow 
and  family. 

Tliere  are  two  portraits  of  Robt.  Barker: 
one,  engraved  in  1802  by  J.  Singleton, 
after  a  picture  by  (J.  RiJph,  8vo. ;  and 
another,  engraved  by  Flight  from  a  picture 
by  AUingham,  folio. 

Tlie  house  in  which  Henry  Aston  Barker 
resided  with  his  father,  in  Castle-street, 
Leicester-square,  was  nearly  opposite  to 
the  house  of  the  celebrated  anatomist, 
John  Hunter,  whose  habit  of  early  rising 


was  an  object  of  observation  and  emuUu 
tion  to  Henry  Barker;  but  rise  as  early 
as  he  would,  there  was  John  Hnntor 
poring  over  his  anatomical  pr^aratknu. 
At  that  time  several  other  subsequently 
distinguished  persons  resided  in  tlra  same 
street,  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  lived 
Anna  Maria  and  Jane  Porter:  to  the 
latter  Henry  formed  a  boyish  attachment 
and  was  frequently  seen  escortine  her  to 
the  parks,  &c.,  where  she,  being  then  Tetr 
handsome,  attracted  great  attention,  whico 
induced  Henry  Barker  to  resign  the  fiulr 
one  to  the  more  dashing  pret^unons  of  a 
certain  Captain  in  the  Guards. 

Soon  after  coming  to  London,  Henry 
Barker  became  a  pupil  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  where,  among  his  feUow-pnpUe 
and  intimate  associates,  were  John  Wm. 
M.  Turner,  (afterwards)  R.A.,  and  Robert 
Ker  Porter,  the  cousin  of  his  fair  friends 
Anna  Maria  and  Jane;  the  three  were 
great  companions  and  confederates  in 
boyish  mischief. 

Henry  Barker  continued  to  be  the  chief 
assistant  of  his  father  in  the  Panoramas 
until  his  father's  death  m  1806,  when, 
being  his  father's  executor,  he  took  the 
I'anorama  into  his  own  hands,  and  by  his 
eminent  artistic  taste  and  skill  in  his  par- 
ticular branch  of  art,  by  his  energy,  per- 
sevenmce,  and  good  judgment  in  seLacting 
and  placing  before  the  public  what  was 
agreeable  to  them,  he  succeeded  not  only 
in  paying  ofi*  some  incumbrances  whi^ 
had  been  left  by  his  father,  but  in  realising 
the  handsome  provision  nuuie  by  his 
father's  will  for  his  mother  and  sisier% 
and  making  a  moderate  and  well-merited 
provision  for  himself  and  his  own  fiunily. 

Mr.  Barker  frequentlv  travelled,  to  take 
his  own  drawings  for  nis  pictures,  which 
were  always  remarkable  for  faithf^ilnees 
and  truth.  His  first  journey  was  in  1799^ 
to  Turkey,  where  he  took  the  drawings  far 
the  Panorama  of  Constantinople,  which 
was  exhibited  in  1802.  A  picture  from. 
the  same  drawings  was  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Burford  in  1829.  These  drawings  were 
engraved  and  published  in  four  plates. 

Henry  Barker  went  to  Paris,  and  drew 
a  Panorama  of  it  during  the  Peace  of 
Amiens.  He  was  on  that  occanon  intro* 
duccd  to,  and  noticed  by.  Napoleon,  then 
IVemier  Consul,  by  whom  he  was  addrcMod 
as  Citoyen  Barker. 

The  naval  victories  at  the  oommenoe- 
ment  of  this  century  afforded  admirahle 
and  most  popular  subjects  for  the  Pftao* 
rama,  and  Henry  Aston  Barker's  know^ 
ledge  of  nautical  matters,  and  accnmte 
representation  of  shipping,  4c.,  attrMtod 


15 


See  QxxT.  BIao.,  voL  IxztL  p.  389. 


IS^^Cy] 


Obituary. — Ilevry  Asian  Barker,  Esg. 


51 


the  attention,  and  obtained  for  him  the 
friendship,  of  Nelson,  who  was  much 
pleased  \>  ith  the  pictures  of  his  victories 
of  the  Nile  and  Copenhagen.  He  was 
first  introduced  to  Nelson  by  Sir  Wm. 
Hamiltom  at  Palermo,  in  1799 ;  and  was 
kindly  received  and  treated  by  him  at 
0)penhagen,  where  he  went  in  1801  to 
take  drawings  for  a  picture  of  the  Baltic. 

The  peninsular  campaign  also  furnished 
admirable  subjects  for  pietiu'es  of  the  bat- 
tles of  Salamanca,  Vittoria,  Badajos,  and 
others ;  of  which  Mr.  Barker  presented 
«uch  able  and  spirit-stirring  representa- 
tions to  the  British  public. 

The  drawings  for  these  pictures  were 
made  cliiefly,  if  not  entirely,  by  Mr.  Bur- 
ford  ;  but  Mr.  H.  A.  Barker  went  to  Malta, 
ivhere  he  made  tlrawings  of  that  port,  ex- 
hibited in  1810  ;  of  which  the  writer 
has  a  vivid  recollection,  being  the  first 
Panorama  he  ever  saw.  He  also  went  to 
Ellia,  where  he  renewed  his  acquaintance 
with  the  EmiKTor  Napoleon,  by  whom  he 
was  graciously  received.  And  after  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  he  xHsited  the  field, 
and  went  to  Paris,  where  he  obtained 
from  the  officers  at  head-quarters  every 
necessary  iufonnation  ou  the  subject  of 
the  battle. 

A  set  of  eight  etchings  by  Mr.  J.  Bur- 
nett, from  Mr.  Barker's  original  sketches 
of  the  field  of  Imttle,  were  printed  and 
published.  His  drawings  of  Gibraltar  were 
also  published  in  two  large  sheets. 

He  went  to  Venice  with  Mr.  J.  Burford, 
to  take  views  for  a  Panorama,  which  was 
exhibited  in  1819. 

HLs  last  grand  Panorama  was  the  coro- 
nation procession  of  George  the  Fourth  : 
exhibited  in  1822. 

The  Panorama  of  Waterloo  was  very 
successful.  It  had  been  painted  on  an 
older  picture,  but  was  not  painted  out, 
being  laid  by  and  re-exhibited  some  years 
later,  and  was  even  then  so  attractive, 
that  it  hung  on  the  walls  until,  from  de- 
cay, it  fell  from  its  fastenings,  and  was 
removed  piecemeal. 

'J'he  rival  Panorama  in  the  Strand  was 
purchased,  in  1816,  by  Mr.  Henry  Barker 
and  the  late  Mr.  John  Burford,  who  paid 
a  considerable  sum  to  Mr.  Reinagle,  and 
secured  an  annuitv  to  Mr.  K.  E.  Barker 
and  his  wife  for  their  lives,  as  the  price  of 
their  interests  in  the  Strand  Panorama, 
which  Mr.  Barker  and  Mr.  John  Burford 
then  kept  open  in  partnership ;  Mr.  Barker 
retaining  to  himself  the  Panorama  in 
Leicester-square.  But  the  Panorama  of 
Waterloo  had,  fortunately,  been  so  success- 
ful as  to  give  Mr.  Barker  the  opportunity, 
which  he  then  required,  of  retiring  from 
the  labours  and  anxieties  ever  attendant 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


on  exertions  to  please  the  public ;  and  in, 
or  previous  to,  1826,  he  transferred  the 
management  of  both  Panoramas  to  Messrs. 
John  and  Robert  Burford,  who  had  been 
the  able  and  much  esH^emed  assistants  of 
himself  and  liis  father  for  many  years. 

Mr.  John  Burford  dying,  however,  in 
1827,  WHS  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Mr. 
Robert  Burford,  the  present  able  and  in- 
defatigable proprietor  of  the  Panorama  in 
Leicester-square,  which  still  continues  its 
interest  and  attraction  for  the  public,  ^- 
though  the  rival  exhibitions  of  the  Colos- 
seum and  the  Diorama  in  the  Regent's 
Park  have  not  been  able  to  hold  their 
ground. 

In  or  about  1802  Mr.  Barker  married 
Harriet  Maria,  the  eldest  of  the  six 
daughters  of  Rear- Admiral  William  Bligh, 
commander  of  the  "Bounty"  at  the  time 
of  the  celebrated  mutiny  during  a  voyage 
to  transplant  the  brea<l -fruit  from  the 
Society  Islands  to  the  West  Indies,  and 
subsequently  Governor  of  New  South 
Wales.  By  that  charming  and  most  ami- 
able lady  Mr.  Barker  has  left  two  sons  and 
daughters  :  his  eldest  son,  the  Rev.  Henry 
Barker,  is  Vicar  of  Weare,  Somersetshire, 
to  which  church  Mr.  H.  A.  Barker  pre- 
sented an  organ  on  his  son's  institution; 
his  second  son,  William  Bligh  Barker,  was 
brought  up  to  the  medical  profession,  but 
preferred  the  arts;  his  eldest  daughter, 
Elizabeth,  was  the  wife,  now  widow,  of 
the  late  William  Glennie,  Esq.,  R.N.  and 
civil  engineer,  who  died  a  few  months 
since;  and  his  youngest  daughter,  Mary, 
is  wife  of  North  Pritchard,  Esq.,  of  Wills- 
bridge. 

Mrs.  Barker  died  on  the  26th  of  Feb. 
last,  and  was  soon  followe<l  by  her  husband. 
They  were  both  buried  at  Bitton. 

The  distinguishing  characteristics  of  Mr. 
Hem-y  Aston  Barker  were  firmness,  neat- 
ness, and  precision  in  whatever  he  did. 
In  his  works,  in  his  writing,  in  his  con- 
versation, and  in  his  dress,  those  charac- 
teristics were  remarkable.  His  pictures, 
although  on  so  large  a  scale,  were  highly 
finished ;  he  bestowed  perhaps  too  minute 
pains  on  them  ;  but  henee  the  almost  magi- 
cal appearance  of  reality  which  they  pos- 
sessed. He  seemed  to  be  imbued  with  a 
determination  that  whatever  he  did  should 
be  done  as  well  as  he  could  do  it ;  and 
consequently  he  never  did  anything  in  a 
hurry,  or  carelessly.  His  letters  are  very 
indicative  of  this,  being  examples  of  neat- 
ness of  writing  and  expression ;  and  he 
always  wrote  his  signature  at  full  length, 
in  a  large,  upright,  sciuare  hand.  His  man- 
ners and  bearing  were  those  of  a  polished 
gentleman,  and  his  conversation  was  full 
of  liveliness  and  anecdote,  and  was  most 

3x 


518 


Obituaey. — Captain  Hloubray^  R,N. 


[Oct. 


particularly  interesting  from  the  observa- 
tions ho  haci  made,  the  comi tries  he  had 
visited,  and  the  people  he  had  known. 

G.  K.  C. 


Captain  Moubray,  R.N. 

Sept.  20.  At  hi«  apartments  in  Green- 
wich Hospital,  Capt.  George  Moubray, 
R.N.,  one  of  the  Captains  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,  aged  83. 

He  was  the   son  of  George  Moubray, 
Esq.,   of  Cockoidnie,    co.   Fife,   and   was 
born  Feb.  9,  1773,  and  entered  the  navy 
Feb.  1,   1789,  as  midshipman,  on   board 
the  liellona,  74,  on  the  home  station ;  and 
in  June  of  tlio  same  year  removed  to  the 
Adamant,   50,  at  Hidifax.  where  ho   re- 
mained until  June,  1792.    He  then  joined 
in  succesi?ion  the  Hannibal,  74,  and  Juno, 
32,  Captain  Samuel  Hood ;  and  in  January, 
1794,  he  was  acting  as  master's  mate  of 
the  latter  ship  when  she  effected  an  ex- 
traordinary escape   from  the   harbour  of 
Toulon,  into  which  she  had  entered  in 
ignorance  of  the  evacuation  of  the  British, 
lieing  shortly  afterwards  received  on  l)oard 
the  Victory,  100,  ilag-ship  of  Lord  Hood, 
he  served  in  the  boats  at  the  sieges  of  St. 
Fiorenzo  and  Rastia.     He  was  promoted. 
May  27,   179-1-,   to  a  lieutenancy  in   La 
Moselle    sloop.    Captains    Percy    Fraser, 
Charles  Dudley  Pater,  and  Charles  Bris- 
bane,— under  the  latter  of  whom  he  was 
hotly  engaged,  and  all  but  captured,  in 
Hotham's  tirst  partial  action,  March  14, 
1795 ;  and  he  was  subsequently  appointed, 
Aug.  19,  1796,  to  La  Virginie,  40,  (^aptain 
Anthony  Hunt,  in  which  frigate,  after  the 
Spithead   mutiny,  he  escorted   the  Duke 
and  Duchess  of  Wurtemberg  to  Cuxhavon, 
Rear-Admind   Sir  Hugh  Cloberry  Chris- 
tian to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hoj)e,  and  Lord 
Mornington  to  Calcutta,  and  then  cruised 
in   the   East    Indies   until   the   peace    of 
Amiens;  May  7,  1803,  as  senior  to  the 
Si'ahorsc,    38,   Captain    Hon.   Courtenay 
Boyle,    fitting    for    the    Mediterranean; 
Nov.  4,   1801,   to  the  Royal   Sovereign, 
ICH),    bearing    the    flag   of   Sir    Richard 
Bickert<m,  off  Toulon;  and  Oct.  5,  1805, 
as  first  to  the  Polyphennts,  64,  Captain 
liulx'rt    Redmill,   part   of  the   victorious 
Heet  employed  in  the  ensuing  action  off 
Cape  Trafalgar.     Succetniuig  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  hitter  ship  immcnliately  after 
the  action,  owing  to  the  serious  illness  of 
his  captain.  Lieutenant  Moubray  had  the 
goml  fortune,  during   the  gale  that  fol- 
lowed, to  regain  iK>sscs8ion  of  the  Argo- 
nnuta,   Sjianish   80,  and  deliver  her  over 
to   Admiral  Collingw<K)d,  off  Ciidiz.     He 
afterwards  took  in  tow  the  Victory,  with 
tl  e  ImkIv  of  Lord   Xelnon  on  hoard,  and 
couvlucttd  her  lo  the  ii:«»uth  of  the  Straits 


of  Gibraltar ;  and  he  also,  in  spite  of  her 
mutinous  crew,  carried  the  Swiftsure, 
French  74,  in  a  similar  manner  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Cadiz  to  Gibraltar.  On 
Dec.  24,  1805,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  commander;  and  he  was  next, 
Jan.  27,  1809,  and  March  27,  1812,  ap- 
pointed in  that  capacity  to  the  Khodian, 
10,  and  Moselle,  18,  in  which  vessels  he 
served  in  the  West  Indies  the  chief  port  of 
the  time,  with  a  small  squadron  nnder  his 
orders  for  the  protection  of  the  Bahamas^ 
until  March  31, 1813.  Captain  Moubraj, 
whose  promotion  to  post-rank  had  taken 
place  on  Aug.  12,  1812,  was  not  again 
employed  until  Sept.  23,  184i),  when  he 
obtained  command  of  the  Victory,  104,  at 
Portsmouth,  which  he  retained  until  ad- 
mitted into  Greenwich  Hospital  Mardi 
25,  1S46. 

He  married,  June  14, 1812,  Eliza  Pellew, 
eldest  daughter  of  A.  N.  Yates,  Esq., 
naval  storekeeper  at  Jamaica,  by  whom 
he  had  issue  five  sons  and  three  daughters. 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

May  3.  At  Albany.  King  Georfce*H  Sound, 
aged  65,  the  Ven.  John  Ramsden  WoUatton, 
B.A.  1812,  M.A.  1815,  Christ's  CoUcKe,  Cambridge, 
Archdeacon  of  WcRtem  AuHtralia  (1849). 

Axtg.  15.  At  Hilton,  Hunta,  the  Rev.  Mitrtm 
Mason,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Knapwell,  Cambs. 

Aug.  17.  At  Upper  Norwood,  Surrey,  the  Bev. 
W.  Phelps^  F.S.A.,  Rector  of  Oxoombe,  Lin. 
colnshire,  and  formerly  Vicar  of  Meare  and 
Bicknollcr. 

Aug.  18.  At  Edinburgh,  aged  60,  the  Rev. 
James  Boyd,  LL.D.,  one  of  the  Mai^rs  of  the 
High  School. 

Aug,  19.  At  Mnlling-nbbcy,  Kent,  aged  82, 
the  Key.  Aretas  Akers,  B.A.  1847,  Worcester 
College,  Oxford. 

Aug.  22.  Aged  38,  the  Rev.  Frederick  SimO' 
son.  Curate  of  Caistor,  near  Great  Yarmoutn. 
The  Rev,  Mr.  Simpson,  Curate  of  Caiirter,  pro- 
ceeded on  Friday  to  Filby  Broad,  with  one  or 
two  other  gentleinon  and  a  servant,  for  the  pur* 
poHc  of  flRhing.  The  Broad  is  one  of  thoiw  s  •  ail 
lakcH  for  which  Norfolk  is  rather  remarkable, 
and  in  8onic  places  the  waters  are  deep.  The 
party  entered  a  small  sidlinK-lioat,  and  whUe 
they  were  prosecuting  their  fishing  a  sudden  gust 
of  wind  cnpsi/.ed  their  craft,  and  prcci])it:itcd 
them  into  the  water.  Mr.  Simpson  immcdiatvly 
sank,  but  his  companions  contrived  to  keep 
themitelves  afloat  till  they  were  rescued  ttom 
their  perilous  position.  The  body  of  the  unfor- 
tunate gentleman  was  not  recovered  tor  two 
hours,  and  life,  of  course,  was  then  extinct. 

Aug.  23.  At  Jordan  Bank, Momingside,  Edin- 
burgh, after  a  protrnctcd  illness,  aged  40,  the 
Rev.  Macadam  Grigor,  of  Free  St.  George's, 
MontroHi'.  Mr.  Grigor  was  educated  at  the  fmri  h 
school  of  Cromarty,  and  completed  hU  studies  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  onliined 
in  connection  with  the  Free  Church  in  the  year 
184:^  and  was  appointed  to  the  charge  in  the 
parish  of  Culls  and  Kettle,  in  the  Presbytery  of 
Cupar,  where  he  remained  until  1854,  when  be 
was  tran-latwl  to  Free  St.  George's,  MontroAo, 
as  Hucces-Mir  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Laird.  Ammatcd 
by  a  htrouic  desire  faithfully  to  discharge  the 
variotis  Junctions  of  his  in.portmt  enlHng,  hn 
endenied  him.'<elf  to  his  congregation,  ami  gave 
high  promise  ul  hib  increasing  usefulnew.    The 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


519 


hand  of  God  was  painfully  manifested  in  his 
b^'ing  bereft  of  his  wife  and  child  about  two  years 
ago,  since  which  time  his  constitution  has  be- 
come gradually  impaired. 

Aug.  24.  At  West  Rasen  Rectory,  aged  86, 
the  Rev.  Wm.  Cooper^  B.D.,  Rector  of  the  West 
Rasen  and  VVadingham,  Lincolnshire,  Chaplain 
in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and  formerly  Fellow 
and  Tutor  of  St.  John's  Ck)llege,  Cambridge. 

Aug.  25.  At  Mountjoy-st.,  Dublin,  aged  33, 
the  Rev.  Francis  Hassdrd^  Vicar  of  Fuerty,  in 
the  diocese  of  Elphin,  youngest  stm  of  the  late 
George  Hassard,  esq.,  of  Skea-house,  county  of 
Fermanagh. 

At  the  Vicarage,  aged  79,  the  Rev.  Edward 
Rogers,  B.A.  1792,  M.A.  1802,  formerly  Fellow  of 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  V.  ofConstantine 
(1817),  Cornwall. 

At  Richmond,  aged  37,  the  Rev.  George  Philip 
Edward  Macfarlan. 

Aug.  26.  At  Kensington,  aged  68,  the  Rev. 
William  Keary,  Rector  of  Nunnington,  York- 
shire, and  for  many  years  the  faithful,  laborious, 
and  beloved  Curate  of  Sculcoates,  HulL  Mr. 
Kcary  at  different  times  published  several  small 
works  on  the  Romish  controversy. 

Aug.  28.  At  Paris,  aged  46,  the  Rev.  William 
Niud,  Fellow  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
second  surviving  son  of  Benj.  Nind,  esq.,  of 
Pcckham.  This  gentleman  had  been  spending 
part  of  the  long  vacation  in  Paris;  and  on  Thurs- 
day, when  about  to  retire  to  rest,  part  of  the 
house  in  which  he  was  lodging  was  found  to  be 
in  flames.  Mr.  Nind  was  inhabiting  the  second 
floor,  and  in  the  excitement  of  the  moment  lost 
his  presence  of  mind,  and  leaped  from  the  win- 
dow ;  he  fell  on  the  pavement  beneath,  and  was 
taken  up  a  corpse.  Mr.  Nind  took  his  B.A.  de- 
gree in  1832,  and  in  1838  was  installed  in  the 
vicarage  of  Cherryhinton,  which  he  vacated  to 
renew  his  residence  in  the  college  about  eight 
years  ago.  His  quiet  and  gentlemanly  manners 
rendered  him  a  general  favourite.  We  may  add 
that  the  fire  turned  out  to  be  one  of  no  great 
consequence,  and  no  harm  would  have  happened 
to  Mr.  Nind  if  he  had  retained  his  presence  of 
mind.  He  was  author  of  the  *'  Oratory,"  and 
other  religious  poems  written  in  an  excellent 
tone  and  spirit. 

At  York-place,  Edinburgh,  the  Rev.  R.  S. 
Storrs  Dickinso7t,  late  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, United  States. 

At  Riimsgate,  ihe  Rev.  Edw.  Notiidge,  Rector 
of  Black  No  I  ley,  Emscx. 

A I  Killawalla,  Kilmore,  the  Rc-v,  James  Miller. 

Aug.  29.  At  Passy,  Paris,  the  Rev.  Maxwell 
Phayre. 

Aug.  30.  At  Gloucester,  the  Rev.  John  Han- 
tner  L'nderunod,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Bosbury,  in  the 
county  of  Hereford,  Rural  Dean  and  Prebendary 
of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Hereford. 

Sept.  1  At  Kingstown,  the  Rev.  ff.  E.  Priory 
Rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Clonmel. 

Srpt.  3.  At  the  Rectory,  aged  43,  the  Rev. 
Walttr  UamVton  Etty,  B.A.  1835,  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  Rector  of  Langton-on-Swale 
(1847),  Yorkshire. 

Sept.  4.  Aged  75,  the  Rev.  William  Tomlin, 
of  Chesham,  Bucks.  His  death  is  a  severe  loss 
to  the  town  in  which  he  had  lived  for  47  years. 

Sept.  6.  At  Stowmarket,  aged  68,  the  Rev. 
W.  lieynoldsy  Baptist  minister,  late  of  March, 
Cambs. 

Sept.  7.  At  the  Rectory,  Weston  Favell, 
Northants,  aged  30,  the  Rev.  Robert  Hervey 
Knight,  B.A.  1847,  M.A.  1850,  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford. 

The  Rev.  /.  Austen,  Rector  of  Tarrant,  Keyn- 
stonc,  Devon. 

At  Belaugh  Parsonage,  agred  83,  the  Rev. 
Chas.  Tanquvray,  M.A. 

Aged  60,  the  Rev.  T.  Le  Qtiesne  Jones,  M.A., 
Perpetual  Cui*ate  of  North  Nibley,  Gloucester- 
shire. 


Sept.  8.  At  the  Vicarage,  Constantine,  aged 
79,  the  Rev.  Edward  Rogers. 

Sept.  11.  At  Whitby,  aged  46,  the  Rev. 
Joshua  Laycock,  incumbent  of  Aislaby,  near 
Whitby. 

Sept.  12.  Aged  69,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Hubbard, 
for  14  years  Minister  of  the  Independent  congre- 
gation at  Wivenhoe,  near  Colchester. 

At  The  Home,  Shropshire,  aged  67,  the  Rev. 
John  Rogers,  Rector  of  Myndtown  and  Maid- 
stone. 

Sept.  13.  In  Craven-st,  Strand,  aged  91^  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Hutchinson,  Vicar  of  Sawbndge- 
worth,  Herts. 


DEATHS. 

ABBANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  OBDEH. 

April  1.  At  Gladstone,  Port  Curtis,  Australia, 
aged  33,  George  Mackenzie,  fifth  surviving  son 
of  James  Elliot,  esq.,  of  Wolflee,  Roxburgh- 
shire. 

April  4.  At  Beechworth,  Australia,  Leonard, 
fifth  son  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  P.  A.  Irby, 
Rector  of  Cottesbrooke.  Northamptonshire. 

May  20.  At  Adelaide,  Australia,  aged  65, 
John  Sabine,  esq.,  formerly  of  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's. 

May  21.  At  Fanesmith,  Orange  River,  South 
Africa,  aged  28,  Athelstan  Corbet  Marshall, 
eldest  surviving  son  of  Mrs.  Thos.  Marshall,  of 
Croydon,  Surrey. 

Afay  24.  At  Grahamstown,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
aged  36,  Egerton  J.  Pratt,  esq.,  6th  Royal  Regt., 
only  surviving  son  of  George  Pratt,  esq.,  Fort 
Pitt,  Chatham. 

May  30.  At  Zygerburg,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
aged  68,  William  Wickens,  esq. 

At  Norwood,  Adelaide,  New  South  Wales, 
aged  41,  Paul  Granville  Moyle,  esq.,  surgeon, 
second  son  of  Matthew  Paul  Moyle,  esq.,  M.D., 
of  Cornwall. 

June  8.  At  Luckeserai,  near  Monghyr,  in 
India,  aged  28,  Walter  King,  esq.,  C.E.,  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Railway  Company, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Richard  King,  esq., 
of  Plymouth  and  Bigadon. 

June  17.  On  board  the  barque  Peregrine 
Oliver,  off  Bassein,  East  Indies,  aged  31,  William 
Frederick,  yoimgest  son  of  the  late  Thomas 
Sharpe,  of  Bishopsgate-street  within. 

June  26.  At  Capetown,  Col.  George  Simson 
Lawrenson,  C.B.,  of  the  Bengal  Horse  Artillery. 

June  28.  At  Aimere,  Rajpootana,  of  injuries 
occasioned  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  Capt.  Gus- 
tavus  A.  Lister,  7th.  Regt.  Bombay  N.L.,  and 
son  of  the  late  Major  Thomas  St.  George  Lister, 
H.M.'s  7th  Regt 

June  last,  on  his  passage  home  from  Hobart- 
town,  FYederick,  fourth  son  of  tlie  Rev.  Samuel 
Sheen,  Rector  of  Stanstead,  Suffolk. 

July  3.  At  Oorai,  in  the  East  Indies,  Lieut. 
G.  P.  J.  Anstruther,  son  of  Col.  Robert  Lindsay 
Anstruther  (Retired  List),  Bengal  Cavalry. 

July  8,  Mary  Anne,  wife  of  Robert  Allen,  esq., 
and  eldest  dau.  of  John  Beck,  esq.,  of  Hendon, 
and  of  the  Strand. 

July  10.  At  Agra,  of  cholera,  aged  39,  William, 
second  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Michael  Terry,  Rector 
of  Dummer,  Hants. 

July  20.  Suddenly,  at  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
deeply  regretted  by  her  family  and  friends,  Sa- 
rah, wife  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Bryett  T-rner, 
Rector  of  Port  Royal. 

July  22.  At  Peshawer,  aged  34,  Capt.  Alfred 
Wrench,  of  the  5th  Bengal  Light  Cavalry,  second 
son  of  the  late  J.  Wrench,  esq.,  of  Camberwell. 

July  23.  While  on  his  passage  to  England, 
aged  39,  Joseph  Smee ;  and  on  the  25th  of  the 
same  month,  James  Smee,  esa.,  father  of  the  above, 
at  his  residence,  Stonsteau-house,  Forest-hill, 
^>ydenham. 


520 


Obituary. 


[Oct. 


July  28.  At  Basseterre,  St.  Kitt's,  West  Indies, 
ajf -d  <7,  dipt.  J.imes  Spencer  Quvlch. 

July  31.  At  Avenbury  Vicarage,  Hereford- 
shire, Marifaret,  relict  of  Uobert  Dangcrfleld, 
esq.,  of  Dowu-house. 

Aug.  3.  At  Roehampton  Estate,  St.  Jameses, 
Jumuica,  aged  59,  the  Hon.  Isaac  Jackson.  The 
deceased,  who  was  always  proud  of  being  de- 
8cemle<l  from  the  imcient  yeomanry  of  Cmuber- 
land,  L  It  this  country  in  1821,  and  had  ever  since 
been  a  rcMileiit  in  Jainaica,  devoting  an  untiring 
e  ergy  and  vast  ability  to  the  cultivation  of  nu- 
merous e-^tatcs  entrusted  to  i»is  management,  or 
acquired  by  the  fruits  of  that  industry  whose 
results  enabled  hiui  lo  ascend  the  1  dder  of  island 
fame  an  I  fortime  from  its  lowest  to  its  very 
highest  step.  At  (me  p  riod  he  was  manager  of 
two-and-thirty  estates  in  the  county  of  (Cornwall ; 
and  at  the  time  of  his  disease  he  was  one  of  tue 
greatest  agriculturists  m  Jamaica.  To  his  ex- 
cellenc  in  private  life,  the  universal  sorrow 
create.l  by  his  di  ath  has  borne  am^le  testimony; 
and  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  t  e 
Ci'lonial  i  overnment  was  significantly  exhibited 
by  his  pi>ohitment,  not  only  to  t  e  Conunission 
of  tlie  reace  for  several  parishis,  and  to  ihe 
I.ieut. -Colonelcy  of  the  Western  Interior  Kegt. 
of  Militia,  but  by  his  being  requesU  d  by  the  re- 
presentative of  the  Crown,  on  the  promulgation 
of  the  new  Constitution,  to  become  a  member  of 
th  legislative  Council — a  post  of  honotir  in 
^^hich  he  pre-eminently  dlstmguishcd  himself 
not  less  by  the  unostentatious  simplicity  ihan 
by  the  inflexible  independence  of  his  character. 

*  At  Haverbrack,  Westmoreland,  aged  7G,France8, 
relict  ot  the  Rev.  iohn  Hudson,  M.A.,  late  Vicar 
of  Ke  dal,  nd  formerly  Fellow  and  Tiitor  of 
Trinity  College,  Caml)ridge. 

Aug.  6.  At  Brechin,  ag  d  82,  Mrs.  Mary  Moli- 
Bon,  widow  <)f  the  Uev.  George  Whitson,  of 
Parkhill,  on  •  of  the  ministers  of  Brechin. 

At  Kinclune,  KiiMoldrum,  aged  G6,  James 
Ni  oU,  esq.,  of  Kinclune. 

At  Hyde-park,  near  New  York  aged  72,  Mr. 
John  Grinwold,  the  eminent  merchant  of  that 
city.  He  was  well  known  as  the  estabiisher 
of  Gri^  wold's  line  of  New  York  and  Loudon 
packets. 

At  Laputa- lodge.  Bally  shannon,  Laura,  dau.  of 
Capt.  Sir  Thomas  Greslcy,  Bart.,  aged  5  days. 

Aug.  10.  At  Nairn,  N.Q.,  aged  87,  Lieut.-Gen. 
W.  A.  Gordon,  C.B.,  of  Lochdhu,  Col.  of  Her 
Majesty's  54th  Ri  gt  The  decea-ed  officer  en- 
tered the  serWce  in  1794,  served  in  Holland,  and 
from  IHIO  to  1814  in  the  Pcnin  ula,  >>here  he  was 
wouu'led  at  Vittoria.  He  received  a  medal  for 
tlie  Xive,  and  the  silver  war-medal  for  tXientes 
d'Onoro  and  Vitlori  i. 

At  Wool^^icli,  aged  43,  Mounsteven  Wright, 
esq.,  of  the  Turkish  Contingent,  and  formerly  of 
Bodmin. 

Aug.  11.  Aged  79,  Thomas  Hopper,  esq.,  of 
C'i>nnuught-tenace,  surveyor  of  the  county  of 
l-issex. 

At  I..eamington,  aged  G7,  Harriet,  second  dau. 
of  the  late  Joiin  Pinkerton,  esq.,  of  Tottenham. 

At  BouloMne-sur-Mtr,  aged  38,  Arthur  Fisher 
Tompson,  im\ ,  second  son  of  the  late  Edward 
Tornpson,  esq.,  of  Dene-house,  Great  Yarmouth, 
Norfolk. 

At  Genoa,  aged  23,  Edward,  fourth  son  of 
Charles  Balfour,  esq. 

A  red  28,  ^Vnna,  wife  of  James  Firth,  esq  , 
Spring-house,  Ileckmon-iwike,  and  dau.  of  Joseph 
Bailey,  e.sti.,  IIuddcr>field. 

At  i lull-bridge,  near  Beverley,  Yorkshire,  aged 
40,  Kl'/abeth,  wife  of  J.  Stephenson,  esq. 

At  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wight,  Emily,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Charleton  Maxwell,  Rector  of  Leekpatrick, 
CO.  Tyrv)ne,  Ireland,  and  dau.  of  the  Hon.  Rictiard 
Ponsimi-y,  Uite  BLshop  of  Derry. 

Aug.  12.  In  Gloucester-pl..  Portman-sq.,  aged 
85,  Jane,  widow  of  Francis  Canning,  esq.,  of  Fox- 
cote,  Warwickshire.    R.I.P. 


At  Sonthall,  aged  55,  Wm.  BandaU  Vieker% 
esq.,  Baker-st.,  Portman-sq. 

At  the  Spa,  Gloucester,  aged  4SL  James  Bobert 
Wemyss,  esq.,  second  son  of  ths  late  Miliar 
Francis  Wemyss. 

At  Norwood,  Fraaces  Elizabeth,  second  dfto.  ot 
Sir  Wm.  Verner,  Bart ,  M.P. 

At  Welton,  aged  28,  Geo.  AXfttA  Galland,  esq., 
surg^eon,  of  Headingley,  near  Leeds,  third  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  Thos.  Galland,  M.A.,  Weslejan 
minister. 

At  Kensington,  Frances  Isabella  Hamnmnri, 
wife  of  H.  £.  Bower,  esq. 

At  Bainbridge  Holme,  aged  36,  Susannah,  wifis 
of  W.  O.  Bradley,  esq.,  and  third  dau.  of  the  late 
Lieut  W.  Guthrie,  R.N.,  of  North  Shields. 

At  Bath,  Sarah,  wife  of  S.  C.  Price,  esq. 

At  Ryhl,  North  Wales,  aged  78,  Jas.  MeUlaa, 
esq.,  late  of  Edinburgh. 

Aged  75,  Edw.  Yates,  esq.,  of  Comptcm-terr., 
Islington,  and  Barbican,  London. 

Aged  36,  Jas  Hodgson  Compignft,  esq.,  oi 
Reading. 

At  Clifton,  aged  87,  Melasina  Worburton  Bayly, 
relict  of  Nathaniel  Bayly,  esq.,  of  Bath,  and  sister 
of  the  late  Inigo  Thomas,  esq.,  of  Batton,  East- 
bourne, Sussex.  Mra  Bayly  was  mother  of  the 
late  popular  poet,  Thomas  Haynes  Bayly,  who 
died  m  April,  1839,  and  dau.  of  Arthur  Freeman, 
esq.,  of  Antigua,byMargaret,  dau.  of  Sir  George 
Thomas,  the  first  grantee  of  the  baronetcy  held  by 
the  present  Sir  William  Thomas,  to  whom  she 
and  her  distinguished  son  were  thus  not  distantly 
related.  She  was  left  a  widow  about  the  year  \>%Si. 

At  Torrington-pL,  aged  66,  Charlotte  Bowden, 
relict  of  Edward  Bennett,  esq.,  formerly  of  ShiU 
linghara,  ComwalL 

At  Bourn,  Burrington,  oo.  Somerset,  aged  75» 
Alexander  Livingstone,  esq.,  of  Newton-miU» 
Forfarshire,  formerly  Capt.  m  H.  H-'s  60th  Be(. 
of  Foot. 

At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  of  msHgnaet  sore  throat, 
aged  2,  George  Ribton.  youngest  son— on  the 
19th,  of  the  same  disorder.  Philip  Cecil,  aged  6a 
eldest  and  only  surviving  son— and,  on  the  18th, 
of  the  same  disease,  aged  39,  LaTinia,  the  be* 
loved  wife— of  Dr.  PhUip  Cramptoo,  of  Avenue 
Marigny,  Champs  Elysces,  Paris,  and  sixth  daii. 
of  the  late  Charles  Lambert,  esq.,  of  Fltsroy-sq^ 
London. 

At  Trinidad,  West  Indies,  axed  SI,  Charlee 
Tbo.nas  Gower,  esq.,  of  the  Royal  Engineers. 

At  the  residence  of  his  son,  Hough'Jioase, 
Hough,  near  Nantwich,  aged  72,  Edwwrd  Byea» 
esq.,  formerly  an  architect  ai  LiverpooL 

Aug.  13.  At  Boulognc-sur-BIer,  aged  10,  Lady 
Mary  Anne  Nugent,  dau.  of  the  Marquis  of  West* 
meath 

At  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  aged  57,  Harriet,  widow 
of  the  Rev.  Geo.  John  Haggitt,  for  many  yaata 
lecturer  of  St  James's  Church  in  that  town. 

At  Cambridge-st.,  Pimlico,  aged  45,  William 
Pickering  Stevens,  esq. 

At  Harpendcn,  aged  90,  John  Wyatt,  eaq.. 
Senior  Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  Attor> 
ney-Gen.  for  North  Wales. 

At  Ixworth,  Suffolk,  and  late  of  Croeswkk, 
near  Norwich,  aged  67,  Mr.  John  Goldsmith. 

At  Vauxhall,  aged  19,  Elizabeth  Anne,  eldeat 
dau.  of  Jotm  R.  F.  Burnett,  esq. 

At  Biahopgate,  Windsor  Great  Park,  aged  89, 
Wm.  Heron  Mendham,  esq.,  formerly  for  manj 
years  resident  at  Messina. 

At  Brighton,  aged  54,  Hen.  Jas.  Preaoott,  eaq., 
of  Old  Broad-st,  city,  and  St.  James*s-flq. 

At  his  residence,  OlUhigham,  Kent,  aged  5S| 
Frederick  Henry  Dalgety,  esq..  Paymaster  off 
British  DepAts  and  Detachments  at  Chatham,  and 
late  of  the  69th  Regt. 

At  Toravom,  Walter  Ferrier,  esq.,  of  ToniTon. 
W.8. 

At  Bowdon,  near  Manchester,  aged  34,  Lacy, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  l«te  John  Walker,  eaq.,  aou> 
citor. 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


521 


Mrs.  Ashford,  wife  of  Seaman  Ashford,  esq.,  of 
Eye,  and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  Thomas 
Vunneok,  of  Ualesworth. 

At  Ardleigh,  aged  73,  Mary,  last  surviving 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Murtihall  Lu{?ar. 

At  Hinton,  aged  82,  Catharine,  relict  of  John 
norwood,  esq.,  of  Steane-park,  Northampton- 
shire. 

At  Hanley,  Staffordshire,  aged  43,  Frances, 
"Wife  of  Thomas  Head,  esq.,  M.D. 

Aug.  14.  At  Torquay,  the  Hon.  Arthur  Schom- 
berg  Kerr,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Lord  Martin 
K«.rr  and  Charlotte  Countess  of  Antrim. 

In  Bootham,  York,  Margaret,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  late  Geo.  Bebb,  esq. 

At  Islingrton,  aged  50,  Sophia,  wife  of  George 
Phillips,  esq.,  Principal  of  the  Chymical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Inlind  Revenue. 

Suddenly,  at  Homburg,  near  Frankfort,  aged 
66,  Arthur  Tumour  Raby,  esq. 

At  Islington,  aged  24,  Donald  Alexander,  only 
son  of  the  late  Donald  Macleod,  esq  ,  of  Amerpore, 
East  Indies. 

At  St.  John's-terrace,  Notting-hill,  aged  53, 
Kobeit  Dowson,  esq.,  of  the  War  Depaituient. 

At  Valetta,  Malta,  aged  69,  Miss  Mary  Thorn- 
ton, only  sister  of  Sir  William  Thornton,  Auditor- 
General  of  Malta. 

At  the  Gothic  House,  Richmond,  aged  42, 
BiLitilda,  wife  of  Alexander  Baine,  esq. 

Aug.  15.  At  Hopton-court,  aged  82,  Lucy, 
widow  of  Thomas  Botfteld,  esq. 

At  Montpellier-cotta^jre,  Kentish-town,  aged  70, 
"William  Wiltshire  Smith,  esq. 

At  Richmond,  Surrey,  aged  25,  Cotton,  second 
surviving  son  of  Peter  Henry  Berthon,  esq.,  of 
the  Forest,  Walthamstow,  Essex. 

At  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea,  suddenly,  aged  73, 
Frederick  Burmester,  esq.,  of  18,  Devonshire-pl., 
London,  and  Gwj-nne-house,  Woodford-bridge, 
Essex. 

At  W'eston-super-Mare,  aged  76,  Carolina 
Marianna,  widow  of  Richard  Watt  Walker,  esq., 
of  MichelgTove-purk,  Sussex,  eldest  surviving 
dau.  of  the  late  Henry  Swinburne,  esq.,  of  Ham- 
sterley,  Durham,  and  grand-dau.  of  the  late  Sir 
John  sw.nburne,  hart.,  of  Copheaton,  Northum- 
berland. 

At  Hove,  Thos.  Mills,  esq.  This  gentleman  for 
50  years  held  a  farm  under  his  Grace  the  Duke 
of  Richmond,  an  i  we  are  informed  that  his  an- 
cestors were  tenants  on  the  Goodwood  estate  for 
nearly  200  years. 

At  his  residence,  Greenock,  aged  103,  Duncan 
Douglas.  He  was  a  native  of  Glendarvel,  in 
Arg>'llshirc,  but  had  been  for  the  last  sixty  years 
in  Greenock,  where  he  followed  the  occupation 
of  a  carman.  He  had  three  wives,  the  luS'  being 
now  a  widow,  and  a  family  of  16  children,  none 
of  whom  survive  him.  His  faculties  were  pretty 
clear  to  the  last. 

Aug.  16.  At  the  Hill-house,  Dudley,  aged  74, 
Thomas  Badger,  esq.,  a  magistrate  for  the  coun- 
ties of  Stafford  and  Worcester,  and  Deputy-Lieut, 
of  the  latter  county. 

At  CrosM-st.,  Islington,  aged  72,  William  Kidge, 
esq  ,  formerly  of  Chichester. 

At  Brompton,  Mary  Harris,  widow  of  Anthony 
Musgrave,  esq.,  M.D.,  for  many  years  treasurer 
of  the  island  of  Antigua. 

At  Great  Ormond-st.,  Queen-sq ,  suddenly, 
aged  64,  Mary  Ann,  widow  of  Mr.  John  Peacock, 
and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Dencher, 
of  Saxmimdham,  Suffolk. 

At  Southso.i,  aged  36,  Dtmcan  Blanckley  Shaw, 
esq. 

At  Tunbridge- Wells,  aged  66,  Isaac  Hargrave^, 
esq. 

At  Cowden-cross,  near  Edenbridge,  Kent, 
aged  71,  U.J.Giles,  esq.,  surgeon,  formerly  of 
Andover. 

At  Canterbury,  aged  57,  Edward  Sankey,  esq., 
surgetm. 

Aged  85.  Of  a  spasmodic  affleotlonof  the  heart, 


Thomas  KeviU,  esq.,  of  Ranscombe,  and  for- 
merly of  Trevenson-house,  Cornwall,  many  years 
a  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the  former  coimty. 

At  his  residence,  Leicester,  aged  78,  Joseph 
Pegg,  gent. 

A  melancholy  accident  happened  at  Tan-y- 
Bwlch,  in  the  vale  of  Festiniog,  resulting  in  the 
death  of  two  of  the  sons  of  Mr.  J.  W.  Cunning- 
ham,  the  sccreUiry  of  Bang's  College,  London, 
and  grandsons  of  the  Rev,  J.  W.  Cimningham, 
Vicar  of  Harrow-on-the-Hill.  The  two  boys, 
Rowland,  aged  12,  and  Gerard,  aged  9,  obtained 
leave  to  bathe  in  a  shallow  part  of  the  little  river 
Dwyryd.  After  some  time,  however,  when  they 
did  not  come  home,  their  father  became  alarmed, 
and  went  to  look  for  them.  He  found  their  clothes 
laying  on  the  bank,  but  there  were  no  sig^s  of 
the  boys.  After  a  long  search  they  were  both 
found  lying  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  pool  in  the 
turn  of  the  river,  about  100  yards  below  the  spot 
where  they  had  gone  into  the  water.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  they  must  have  been  in  their  play  letting 
their  bodies  float  down  the  stream  in  uie  shiUlow 
water,  and  have  di'ifted  out  of  their  depth  before 
the>'  knew  uf  it.  When  got  out  they  were  both 
quite  dead. 

At  Gorey,  Jersey,  George  William,  yoimgest 
son  of  the  late  Archdeacon  Alexander,  of  Port- 
glenone-house,  co.  Antrim,  Ireland. 

Aug.  17.  Aged  81,  William  Hasledine  Pepys, 
esq.,  F.R.S.,  of  Earl's-ter.,  Kensington,  the  well- 
known  philosophical  inst rumen -maker,  of  the 
Poultry,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  for  nearly 
a  century,  having  been  elected  in  1808.  He  was 
cl  i<  flv  distinguished  for  his  chemical  knowledge 
and  acquire  inents,  and  u  as  the  author  of  various 
improvements  in  chemical  apparatus. 

In  London,  aged  57,  James  Hann,  esq.,  many 
years  Mathematical  Master  of  King's  College 
School.  He  was  author  of  several  highly  reputed 
scientific  works. 

Ann,  widow  of  Wm.  Boothby,  esq.,  late  of  Cal- 
cutta. 

At  her  residence,  Marlborough-pL,  Walworth, 
Surrey,  Catherine,  relict  of  Wm.  Roper  Weston, 
esq.,  and  last  sur-^iving  child  of  the  late  Somnei 
Dixon,  esq. 

In  Upper  Mount-st.,  Dublin,  after  a  short 
illness,  of  diseased  action  of  the  heart,  the  result 
of  excitement  and  fatigue  during  a  protracted 
service  in  the  trenches  before  Sebastopol,  aged 
28,  Major  de  Moleyns,  of  the  Royal  Eng^eers, 
the  eldest  and  much-loved  son  of  Thomas  do 
Moleyns,  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Coimsel  in  Ire- 
land. 

At  St.  Cloud,  Agnes  Rosina,  wife  of  Major  &. 
Carmichael  Smyth. 

At  Oak-villa,  Charlton  Kings,  Cheltenham, 
William  Henry  Baldwin,  esq. 

In  London,  aged  32,  Charles  Owen  Snow,  esq., 
barrister-at-law. 

Ant).  18.  Atfed  68,  Thomas  Clark,  esq.,  of 
Hollygrove-house,  Hounslow. 

At  ^and-haU,  iluwden,  Yorkshire,  aged  83„ 
Ann,  widow  of  Wm.  Scholficld,  esq. 

At  Percy- villas,  Well-st.,  Hackney,  Mary,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  James  N.  Bcnnie,  Curate  of  South 
Hackney. 

At  Ebury-st.,  Lucy  Gilbert,  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  Edmund  Gilbert,  of  Windsor-house,  Bodmin, 
and  sister  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  Gilbert,  Bart. 

At  his  house,  Hamilton-sq.,  Birkenhead,  aged 
85,  John  Wilson,  esq. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Halifax,  aged  47,  Ellen 
Frances,  wife  of  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  Musgrave, 
and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  John  Waterhouse, 
esq.,  of  Wellhead,  Halifax. 

At  Brompton,  Middlesex,  aged  29,  Montagu 
L.  V.  Reynolds,  esq.,  late  94th  Foot. 

At  the  house  of  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  David- 
son, banker,  Carlisle,  aged  45,  Alexander  Glad- 
stone, esq.,  of  Manchester,  formerly  of  St.  Eliza- 
beth, Jamaoia. 


522 


Obituary. 


[Oct. 


At  Bnisseln,  af^ed  17,  Mina  Janet,  younf^est 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  £.  Jenkins.  M.A.,  chaplain 
to  II.  M.  King  Leopold. 

At  Stockholin,  Gen.  Addreas  Bodisco,  the  Rus- 
sian General,  brother  to  Gren.  Bodisco,  captured 
at  Uomarsund,  and  to  the  former  Minister  of 
Russia  at  Washinprton.  lie  had  only  arrived  on 
the  previous  Saturday  from  Lubeck,  to  join  the 
Legation  at  the  Court  of  Sweden  as  Military 
Secretary. 

Aug.  19.  At  his  residence,  New  Park-road, 
Stockwell,  Marcus  Gustavus  Rochfort,  esq.,  late 
Principal  of  the  Kishnaghur  College,  Bengal. 

Aged  66,  James  Sp^oner,  esq.,  of  Mufta-lodge, 
Portmadoc,  North  Wales. 

At  Chelsea,  aged  16  Sophia,  the  youngest 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  K.  8.  Sims,  esq.,  M.D. 

Aged  39,  Professor  Gerhardt,  of  Strasburgh, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  members  of  the 
Academy  of  Strasburgh,  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  the  Faculty  of  Science-*  and  in  the  Upper  School 
of  Pharmacy,  and  a  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Institute. 

At  (ialt,  near  Toronto,  Canada  West,  nged  31, 
John  Macartney  Crosse,  eldest  son  of  tiie  late 
J.  G.  Crosse,  esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Norwich. 

Aged  26,  James  Braddock,  youngest  son  of  the 
late  Charles  Walmsley,  esq.,  solici  or,  ^[arple. 

Auff.  20.  Suddenly,  Mr.  James  Breraner,  civil 
engineer  and  shipbuilder  at  Pulteney-U<wn,  Wick. 
Mr.  liremner  carried  on  tht'  ship-bui  ding  at  Pul- 
teuoy-town  for  nearly  forty  years,  was  u.ost  suc- 
cfsstul  in  riusing  sunken  vessels,  and  taking 
them  off  the  strand,  more  than  two  hundred 
having  been  rescued  by  him  from  dangerous 
suiaiions.  His  share  in  mnoxing  the  sttam- 
ship  •'  Great  Britain"  off  the  strand  in  Dundrum 
Bay  is  W(  11-known  ;  and  the  fatigue  he  then  un- 
derwent tried  liis  iron  constitution  very  much, 
he  haviug  been  almost  constantly  employed  night 
and  day  for  about  three  months.  In  politics  he 
was  a  decided  liberal,  and  lent  not  a  li'tle  aid  to 
the  triumph  of  liberal  principles  in  the  far 
north ;  and  in  his  time  suffered  a  little  boih  of 
persecution  and  prosecution  through  his  Ube- 
r<.lism. 

Aged  58,  Euphemia  Crawford,  dau.  of  the  late 
Janus  Galloway,  esq.,  R.E.,  and  widow  of  Ro- 
b<  rt  Wo(,drowe  Cowan,  esq.,  formerly  of  Wool- 
wich. 

Aged  50,  Harriett,  wil^e  of  James  Pownull,  esq. 
Pennington-hall,  Leigh,  Lancashire. 

At  11  y the,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Thomas  Rees, 
LL.D. 

In  the  Clapham-road,  ag<d  84,  Sophia,  relict 
of  William  Saunders,  esq.,  of  Westerham,  Kent. 

At  Albany-st.,  Regent  s-purk,  aged  63,  Richard 
DilUm  Tennunt,  esq.,  formerly  of  Belfast. 

At  his  residence,  Warwick  st.,  Pioilico,  Mr. 
Hugh  Mnllon,  for  upwards  of  twenty  years  an 
officer  (-f  the  House  of  Commons. 

At  his  lodgings  in  Bell-court,  Gray's-lnn-lane, 
by  cutting  his  throat,  aged  45,  Mr.  Smart,  a 
well-known  portrait-painter.  He  was  in  v(  ry  re- 
duced circumstances,  and  had  lived  in  his  late 
lodging  nearly  three  years,  during  which  pt  riod 
he  never  permitted  any  person  to  enter  his 
apartment.  His  oMii  aspect  was  exceedingly 
wretched,  and  hw  tattered  clothes  frequently  at- 
tracted the  commisseration  of  the  neighbours. 
In  the  room  was  found  a  stale  loaf,44d  in  money, 
and  some  ragged  garments,  which  had  served 
the  deceased  for  clothing  by  day  and  for  a  bed 
at  night  The  only  article  of  furniture  was  a 
chair  without  a  bottom.  There  were  likewise 
found  in  tht;  room  two  beaut. fully  executeit  por- 
traits by  the  decea>*ed  of  a  lady  and  gentleman, 
the  ormer  not  quite  tini.»he'^  The  deceased  hael 
been  very  eccentric  in  his  habits,  and  had  taken 
to  intei.perance.  At  the  suggestion  of  the  coro- 
ner the  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  suicide,  leav- 
ing the  state  of  the  deceased's  mind  an  open 
qne-tion. 

In  L<  adon,  Helena,  relict  of  ChrlBtopLer  Ir- 
ving, l.L.U. 


Sudelenly,  at  Christleton,  near  Chester,  i^ed 
75,  Arabella,  relict  of  Thomas  Pickering,  esq. 

At  South  worth-house,  Wigan,  aged  47,  James 
Eckersley,  esq. 

Aug.  21.  At  Glemham-hall,  Suffolk,  aged  81, 
the  Hon.  Sophia  North,  widow  of  Dudley  North, 
esq. 

At  Melton,  aged  90,  John  Wood,  esq.  He  died 
on  the  same  estate  where  he  was  bom,  and  where 
he    ad  resided  nearly  all  his  long  life. 

At  his  residence,  Welbeck-st.,  Cavendiah-f«q., 
the  Baron  Filippo  Celli,  universally  beloved  and 
esteemed. 

At  Nonnenhom,  on  the  Lake  of  ConBtance. 
Herr  Lindpaintner,  the  well-known  musical 
composer.  He  was  buried  with  great  honours 
at  Stuttgardt,  where  he  had  filled  for  15  years  the 
office  of  eiirector  to  the  grand  opera.  Lind- 
paintner was  the  composer  of  several  operas, 
s^anphonies,  and  overtures.  His  name  will  be  re- 
membered in  England  chiefly  by  the  "  Standard- 
Bearer,"  so  adnurably  sung  by  Piscbek.  Lind- 
paintner conducted  Dr.  Wylde's  New  Philar- 
monic  Concerts  at  Exeter-haU,  after  the  secession 
of  Berlioz. 

At  the  Royal  Hospital,  Greenwich,  aged  83, 
Peter  Moser.  This  veteran  sailor  was  in  several 
engagements  of  the  British  navy  between  1794 
and  1806,  including  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  When 
Nelson  fell,  Peter  Moser  ser^'ed  on  board  the 
Viitory  as  captain  of  the  main-top.  In  recog- 
nition of  bis  services,  which  extended  over  more 
than  20  years,  he  received  two  medals,  (erne  with 
three  clasps,)  and  was  for  the  last  SO  years  of  his 
life  an  inmate  of  the  above  noble  hospital.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  he  had  the  honour  of  carry- 
ing the  first  flag  at  the  public  funeral  of  his  far- 
famed  aelmiral. 

At  his  residence,  Johnstone-st.,  Bath,  aged  50, 
C.  W.  Fuller,  esq.,  late  of  the  Bengal  H.E.I.C.8. 

At  his  reside  nee,  the  Quay,  Gre  at  Yarmouth, 
aged  72,  Charles  Pearson,  esq.,  Captain  in  Her 
Majesty's  Royal  Navy,  and  a  magistrate  of  the 
borough. 

At  Southampton,  of  a  disease  of  the  throat, 
WilUam  Stone,  esq.,  Lieut.  R.N.,  late  Harbour- 
master of  the  Port  of  London. 

At  her  residence,  Hobart-st.,  Stemehoose,  aged 
74,  Mrs  Elizabeth  Manton,  relict  of  John  Man- 
ton,  esq.,  Com.  R.N. 

At  Merle  wood,  Lindale,  near  Kendal,  aged 
55,  Alfred  Binyon,  esq. 

Aug.  22.  At  Poole,  aged  81,  George  Dods, 
esq.,  manager  of  the  Poole  Branch  of  the  Na- 
tional Provincial  Bank  of  England. 

At  the  residence  of  her  eldest  son,  Robert 
Chevallier  Cream,  M.D.,  Rushall,  Wilts,  Sophia, 
relict  of  Robert  Cream,  esq.,  of  Long  Melford, 
Suffolk.  She  was  the  youngest  and  last  surviving 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Temple  Chevallier,  of  Aspall- 
hall,  Rector  of  Badingham,  Cransford,  and  As- 
pall,  Suffolk. 

At  Bramley,  near  I^eeels,  aged  58,  Frederick 
Stowe,  esq.,  of  Westfields-honse,  and  lord  of 
the  manor  of  Puelsey. 

At  Bath,  aged  79,  Mary,  widow  of  the  Rear- 
Admiral  Western,  lateof  Tattingstone-pl.  Suffolk. 

At  Ware-cottage,  Lyme  Regfa,  aged  34,  Sanh, 
youngest  elau.  of  Capt.  Wm.  Kelly,  R.N. 

At  Aston-house,  Oxon,  Anna  Maria,  eldest 
dau.  of  Sir  Henry  John  I^ambert,  Bart. 

At  Saxmundham,  aged  21,  Sarah  Margaret, 
second  dau.  of  J.  B.  Edwards,  esq.,  of  Bury  St. 
Edmund's. 

At  Madeira,  aged  62,  Julia,  eldest  dau.  of  the 
late  John  Lewis,  esq.,  of  tliat  island. 

At  her  residence'.  Castle-gate,.  Nottingham, 
aged  67,  Matilda,  widow  of  the  late  John  Nixon, 
esq. 

At  Chelsea  College,  aged  28,  Owen  Eran,  only 
son  of  Owen  Williams,  esq.,  late  of  Uackner, 
deceased. 

At  Boulogne-snr-Mer,  aged  40,  Jamet  Brooke 
Irwin,  esq.,  late  of  London. 
Auff,2».  At  Cotrell,  GkmorgaiuhSiv^  affed  SO^ 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


528 


Chas.  Frederick  Tyler,  eaq.,  second  son  of  Adm. 
Sir  George  Tyler,  M.P. 

At  Thurso,  N.B.,  cniddenly,  Lieut.-Ck)l.  John 
Ramsay,  lute  of  the  Bombay  Fusiliers,  fifth  son 
of  the  late  Lieut.-Gcn.  the  Hon.  John  Uamsay. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  84,  Lazarus  Jones  Ven- 
ables,  esq. 

Devonshire-rd.,  Princes'park,  Liverpool,  Mrs. 
Chauncy,  relict  of  the  Kev.  Chas.  Chauncy,  Vicar 
of  St.  Paul's,  Walden,  Herts. 

Aged  48,  Ann,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  Hayard, 
Caiarlton-house,  Wantage. 

At  Springfield,  L:isswade,  Walter,  youngest 
son  of  Sir  Thos.  M.  Cunninghame,  Bart. 

At  Connaught-sq.,  Harriet,  wife  of  Thomas 
Jervis,  esq. 

At  Liwark-villas,  Maida-vale,  Mary  Ann,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Sparks  Byers,  Vicar  of  Elsenham, 
and  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Jas.  Brougham, 
esq.,  of  Stob-.irs,  co.  Westmoreland. 

At  the  Paddock-house,  Gloucester,  the  resi- 
dence of  her  son,  aged  74,  Jane,  widow  of  John 
Haines,  esq.,  late  of  Hampstead,  Middlesex,  and 
of  Sidney-pl.,  Bath. 

At  her  son's  hou.se,  at  Tottenham,  aged  96, 
Ann,  relict  of  John  Keeling,  esq.,  of  Broxbourn, 
Herts. 

Aug.  24.  At  Blofield,  near  Norwich,  agred  60, 
John  Jas.  Onslow,  esq.,  Post-Capt.  R.N.,  the  only 
surviving  son  of  tiie  late  Adm.  Sir  Richard 
Onslow,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  and  uncle  of  the  present 
Sir  Henry  Onslow,  Bait.,  of  Hengar-hoose,  Com- 
wall. 

Aged  78,  John  Bond,  esq..  Alderman  and 
Magistrate  of  the  Borough,  Justice  of  the  Peace, 
and  Deputy-Lieut,  of  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

At  Brighton,  aged  81,  Edw.  Protheroe,  esq., 
formerly  member  for  Bristol. 

At  East  Harling,  aged  57,  Geo.  Palmer,  esq., 
only  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Edw.  Palmer,  of  HarUng- 
hall.  Norfolk. 

At  Upton  Lea  Cottage,  Slough,  aged  72,  Simon 
Anderson,  father  of  the  distingruished  tragedian 
James  Anderson. 

Aged  G5,  Jas.  Locke,  esq.,  surgeon,  Albert-terr., 
Westboumo-park. 

At  Soughton-house,  Flintshire,  aged  92,  Phoebe 
Lloyd. 

Aug.  25.  Mr.  Wm.  Clarke,  who  had  justly 
eam^  for  himself  the  title  of  "  the  ^reat  slow 
bowler,"  He  was  not  only  excellent  m  that  de- 
partment of  the  noble  game,  but  was  one  of  the 
best  judges  of  it  and  of  its  disposition  in  the 
field  ever  known ;  and  since  the  formation  of  the 
All  Enghmd  Eleven  he  had  been  its  secretary, 
and  its  successful  general,  winning  even  more 
games  by  his  head  than  his  hand ;  by  his  con- 
summate knowledge  of  every  point,  than  the 
dexterous  jirccision  of  his  imerring  bowling.  His 
merits  as  a  cricketer  and  his  integrity  as  a  man 
will  long  be  reiuembered  on  his  tomb.  W.  Clarke 
was  born  at  Nottingham,  in  1798,  and  died  in 
lA)ndon  on  Monday.  Aug.  25.  His  cricketing 
career  had  extended  over  a  period  of  forty-one 
years. 

hi  Albcrt-st.,  Rcgent's-park,  aged  62,  M.  Jean 
Francois  Baumann,  the  celebrated  musician, 
whose  performances  on  the  hautboy  are  well 
known  to  the  frequenters  of  the  Italian  Opera 
and  the  Ancient  Concerts.  Ba\imann  was  a  Bel- 
gian by  birth,  and  was  for  the  last  quarter  of  a 
century  a  resident  in  this  country.  He  has  left  a 
widow  and  one  child.  As  a  soloist  and  orchestral 
player  his  place  will  not  be  easily  filled.  To  great 
purity  of  tone  he  added  an  executive  facility  of 
marvellous  skill.  At  his  fUneral  on  Friday,  the 
29th  ult.,  his  musical  friends  played  his  beautiful 
German  hymn, — "  Christ  is  my  Saviour." 

In  the  shooting-lodge  of  Peter  Buchanan,  esq., 
at  Glen-Isla,  Forfarshire,  Mr.  Wm.  Connal.  It 
is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  Mr.  Connal 
was,  on  Friday  last,  elected  to  the  office  of  Lord 
Dean  of  the  Guild,  ad  inter imy  in  the  room  of 
Robert  Baird,  es<i.,  who  had  died  only  about  a  fort- 


night before.  Hr.  Connal  held  this  important  mu- 
nicipal office  during  the  entire  term  some  years 
ago. 

At  Lower  £aton-st.,  Grosvenor-pl.,  aged  59, 
John  Littlewood,  esq.,  late  of  Her  Majesty's 
Corps  of  Foreign  Service  Messengers. 

The  only  surviving  dau.  of  the  Rev.  James 
Whiting,  M.  A.,  vicar  of  Royston,  and  late  Chap- 
lain to  H  E.I.C.,  in  Bengal. 

At  his  residence,  Baker-st.,Portman-8q.,  aged 
83,  Michael  Arthur  Gorman,  esq.,  R.I.P. 

At  Bournemouth,  near  Poole,  aged  47,  Major 
Frederick  Lloyd,  of  the  19th  Rcgt.,  Bengal  N.I. 

At  Hastings,  aged  71,  Samuel  Pierce,  eoq.,  late 
of  Chester. 

At  the  Rectory,  Covington,  aged  23,  Sarah, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  C.  A.  Binns,  Rector. 

At  Woodhall- park,  Wenslcydale,  Yorkshire, 
aged  86,  Elizabeth,  relict  of  Rev.  Geofflrey  Wood. 

Aug.  26.  In  Green-st.,  Grosvenor-sq.,  Louisa 
Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  Ool.  George 
Napier. 

At  Plymouth,  aged  68,  Philippa  Vaughan 
Queade,  relict  of  Capt.  Queade,  of  the  40th  and 
77th  Regts.,  and  dau.  of  Henry  White,  esq., 
of  the  Ujiper  Crescent,  Bath,  and  formerly  of 
Whatley,  co.  Somerset. 

Of  paralysis,  at  Dormington-grove,  near  New- 
bury, aged  72,  Harriett  Margaret,  widow  of 
Major  John  Thomas  Eyre. 

At  Albert-terrace,  St.  Leonard's,  aged  14, 
Georgina  Stella,  last  surviving  dau.  of  Ms^or- 
Gen.  James. 

At  Eaton-pl.,  the  Hon.  Geeile  Katherine  An- 
guste  Colville,  aged  14  days. 

Aged  83,  Ann,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  Ray 
Clayton.  Rector  of  Ryburgh. 

At  8,  Gloucester^gardens,  London,  Charlotte 
Arthur,  dan  of  Gen  Sir  John  Fox  Burgoyne. 

Aug.  27.  At  Chichester,  Mrs.  Snooke,  widow 
of  M^or  Henry  Snooke,  of  the  18th  Rojral  Irish 
Regt.,  who  died  at  Jamaica  in  1805 

At  Wotton-under-Edge,  aged  19,  Jane,  second 
dau.  of  Lieut-Col.  T.  Biddle,  late  E.I.C.8. 

At  Foley-place,  Regent-st.,  aged  62,  James 
Francis Tomlinson,  esq.,  surgeon,  Maldon,  Essex. 

At  an  advanced  age,  Thomas  Slipper,  esq.,  of 
Lndham,  Norfolk. 

Eleanor  White,  wife  of  William  White  Wil- 
liams, M.D.,  Superintendent  of  the  Gloucester 
County  Asylum. 

At  Honeyden,  North  Cray,  Kent,  aged  69, 
Emma  Martha  Vardon.  >he  was  the  eldest  sur- 
viving daughter  of  the  late  John  Vardon,  esq.,  oi 
Gracechurch-st.,  of  Wansteadj  Essex,  ana  tii 
Congleton,  Cheshire,  with  whicn  last-named  lo- 
cality this  family  has  been  connected  by  the  ties 
of  property — as  also  formerly  by  thoee  of  real- 
denc«> — from  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Aug.  28.  At  Gibraltar,  of  paralysis,  aged  22, 
Lieut.  Richard  Wilson,  of  the  Second  West  York 
Light  Infantry,  youngest  son  of  Thomas  W.  Wil- 
son, esq.,  of  Fulford,  near  York. 

At  Denbies,  Dorking,  Anne,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  late  Thomas  C^ibitt.  esq. 

Aged  31,  Mary  Blagdon,  wife  of  Mr.  E.  Roesi- 
ter,  solicitor,  Taunton,  and  only  remaining  child 
of  George  Trenchard,  esq.,  of  wild  Oak  House. 

In  Onislow-sq.,  London,  aged  18,  Emily  Unah 
Fitz-Roy,  eldest  dau.  of  Capt.  Robert  Fits- 
Roy,  R.N. 

At  Rockville,  near  Kirkcudbright,  N.B.,  Doe- 
tor  John  Sproat,  for  many  years  a  medical  prac- 
titioner in  Melbourne,  Australia. 

At  Basford,  aged  57,  Mr.  James  Johnston. 
He  was  for  many  years  Sergeant-major  in  the 
Enniskillen  Dragoons.  He  enlisted  in  the  regi- 
ment early  in  life,  and  was  at  the  battle  tii 
Waterloo,  in  which  he  received  several  wounds. 
He  held  the  office  of  Master  of  the  Basford  union 
workhouse  for  18  years,  the  duties  of  which 
office  he  dischargred  with  considerable  ability  and 
satisfaction  to  the  guardians,  by  whom  his  loss 
is  much  regretted. 


524 


Obituary. 


[Oct, 


Avff.  29.  At  T^wi«ham,  Kent,  npr«l'63,  Louira 
Phillippa,  wiff  of  Cupt.  John  Titt  Bontein,  late 
of  the  1st  Lifo-Ctuanls. 

At  Harley-pl.,  at  an  advancwl  age,  Mrs. 
Schimmelpennick.  The  deceaswl  lany  was  an 
authoress  of  Hoinc  fame,  to  vhom  we  arc  in- 
debted for  a  treatise  on  the  Thr-ry  of  Beauty 
(published  in  1815),  Mtmoirn  of  Port  Royal,  and 
other  works.  She  was  the  widow  of  Mr.  Schim- 
melpennick,  of  IJerkeley-Hq. 

At  Brecon,  aged  70,  Ilufrh  Price,  esq.,  of  Castle 
Madoc,  Breconshire,  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy- 
Lieut,  of  that  county,  and  formerly  of  the  11th 
LiKht  Dragoons. 

At  Burnt  Ash,  Blackheath,  Kliza,  wife  of 
Charles  James  Foster,  esq.,  LL.D,  of  St.  George's- 
8q.,  Ixmdon. 

At  East  Villa,  St.  I^onjinl's-on-Sea,  aged  56, 
Elizabeth,  wife  of  Kdward  NorwtMxl,  est}.,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  James  Ford,  rsq.,  of  Bristol. 

At  Hyde,  Isle  of  Wight,  ago<l  70,  George  Ed- 
ward Marshall,  Commander  K.N. 

At  Kirriemuir,  William  Byers,  esq..  Secretary 
to  the  .Aberdeen  and  Scottish  -Midland  Railways. 

At  lA)wer  I'hillimore-pl ,  Kensington,  aged 
79,  John  Moginie,  esq. 

Of  paralysis,  aged  77,  John  Dyer,  esq.,  of 
Trowbridge,  Wilts. 

At  lyondon-fields.  Hackney,  aged  RO,  Robert 
Mai)le*«,  esq.,  late  of  the  Onhuinee  Office,  Tower. 

Aug.  30.  At  Leamington  a  icd  70,  Ann  Towns- 
end,  relict  of  John  Diamimd,  esq. 

At  V.  illcsde  ,  M  ddli-sex,  ged  58,  Harriott 
Mariraret,  relict  of  William  TIenry  Holmes,  esq., 
Manor-liouse,  Kilrca,  Ireland. 

At  Windhor  Castle.  Lieut.  Hugh  Fleming, 
Milit  ry  Knight  f  Wi'.dsor.  L'cut.  Fleming  had 
noon  much  s-rvic*',  having  se;  \o*\  in  he  camp  igns 
of  Flanders  in  1793, 1794,  and  1796,  n  Holiawl  in 
17W»,  in  Germ  nv  in  180.>,  nt  Coi»enpagen  in  1807, 
in  the  Pminsula  from  1809  to  1814.  He  was 
woimdi'd  in  the  actions  of  Bergen  and  Echal.ir, 
and  at  the  siege  of  Valenciennes,  and  was  taken 

Eri.Honer  at  Placentia  on  the  2nd  of  Aupnist,  1809, 
'I .  escaped  ten  dsi\  s  aft^  rwards,  and  rej<)in(»d  the 
nrmy.  lie  has  received  the  w  a-  -medal  with  eight 
clasps. 

At  West  Cowes,  Sarah,  relict  of  T.  A.  Murchin, 
esq  ,  of  the  CJrove,  Hants. 

At  Tarporley,  Tliomas  Bond  Dumville,  e  q., 
solicitor. 

At  the  Manor-house,  Shacklcwell,  Middle  ex, 
aged  C4,  Christianna,  r  lict  o:  J<'h  .  Mumford, 
ei»q.,  late  of  the  same  phice,  and  Milk-M. 

Suddenl  ,  at  the  Manse  of  .Morvcn  Ariryleshirc, 
Lic\it.-Col.  C.  I).  Campbell,  of  Forres,  late  of  .he 
89t;i  Re  t. 

At  Upper  Phillimorc-pl.,  K  nsington,  aged  53, 
11.  E.  Smith,  esci.,  late  of  Scrjeants'-Inn,  Fleet-«t. 

At  S(mth  Brent,  Devon,  age<l  80,  John  Smith, 
esq.,  of  Notte-st.,  i  lymouth,  and  South  Brent. 

At  Iios  <m,  Lintolnsliire,  aged  Ml  W.GiirfU,fsq. 

At  West  Derby, near  Liv  t\h¥A,  aged  8(>, Samuel 
Laftme,  esq. 

Auif.  31.  At  (Jrafton-st.,  L<mdon,  aged  59, 
Sopiii    Lady  Rendlc.sham. 

.Vt  Holt'  n-j  l.icc,  E  s'lm,  a'('<l77,  John  Tr-ttc, 
esf].,  latp  M.r.  for  tin-  county  of  Surrey.  Mr. 
Trc'tcr  wa^  horn  in  1780,  and  early  i  •  life  served 
in  Spiin  a-  (■omnliss!lry-(fl'n^•^al^^'ith  Sir  John 
Mf>ore,  an  ■  al'terward^  with  t'  e  Duke  of  Wel- 
liniT'ou,  as  Storekccper-trenrral  m  the  short  and 
glorious  campaign  which  t.rminatcd  the  war. 

-\t  Stant'in-l)y-Bn'igo.  Derhvshire,  ,\nna,  wife 
of  th''  R"v.  hos.  Wright  Whit  iker,  and  second 
dan.  of  the  late  Rev.  Henr.  l'att<'-ou.  Rector  of 
I)rinkst(me. 

At  Cah»donia-placc,  Clifton,  aged  3.>,  Alfreil 
"Wiiriii!;,  «*'i(|.,  of  ('.iewton-i)riory,  oMicrs<t,  Capt. 
in  the  Sfcon  i  Sumcrs^'t  Militia,  antl  son-in-laiv 
to  Th-mas  (Jill,  esq.,  of  Sydnev-pl  cc,  Bath. 

\t  the    (^i'lencc  of  lu«br)ther,  "idney  Smith, 
c^q..  rp-  rr  IMuIli  .  o'r-pl.,  K<'n^in.:to  ,  Richard 
K.     iiiuh.  fs(i..  s<>fonl  K<»n  c»f  tiie  1  le  Henr 
^»lullh,  «'Mi.,  M.D.,  ol  .'^aLl^bulV 

IG 


At  Court-lodge,  Rhome,  GniTeMnd,  aged  45^ 
Tufnell  Carb(mnel   Barret:,  esq. 

At  Bolnhurst,  Bed  ordshire,  affed  27,  Franeiiy 
youngc  ^i  ton  of  t.e  late  Uev.  >ir  CoTentry  Payii^ 
Bart. 

At  Oioster-pl.,  age  i  37.  T.  omas  Stewar  Traill, 
last  surviving  .son  of  Professor  Traill,  of  the  UbU 
versitv  of  Ediiburgh. 

At  ^imlic«,  aged  30,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  tilt 
late  Cl>arle»  Ferraby,  esq.,  of  SwafThun. 

At  Horsham,  aged  64,  Maria,  elde^t  dan.  of 
the  late  Dr.  Hutchinson,  Vicar  of  Heeding. 

iMteiy.  At  Hanover,  aged  79,  Qen.  Count  de 
Kiclmanscggc,  formerly  Minister  of  War  at 
Hanover. 

Near  Vitre  (De-'x  Sevres),  at  the  age  of  nearly 
100,  Mdlle.  Agithe  de  la  Forest  d'  Armaill^ 
Countess  de  Le>.'gc.  Several  priests  of  ttie  dio- 
ees(>  of  R  nnes  owe  .  their  lives  to  her  protection 
during  the  Reign  of  Terror. 

At  Rome,  I'rinoe  Charles  Doria,  who  every 
year  \%as  accu.ntomed  to  distribute  a  sum  of 
40,o<)0  francs  in  nlms.  He  wus  a  «/fceoiie,  and, 
not  c'mtent  with  what  he  gave  himself,  aned  to 
go  barefooted,  dresse  I  in  coarse  sackcloth,  with 
a  thic  .  cord  round  his  waist,  about  the  streeti, 
imploring  charity  from  the  passers-by  for  thB 
poor. 

At  Iwade,  near  Sittinghoume,  aged  90,  Willlaa 
Craydon,  esq..  chui-chw..zden  for  the  pariah  of 
Iwade  for  s.xiy  years. 

At  Portchester,  aged  81,  Allan  Mockcnxie,  eaq^ 
formerly  Barrack-Master  to  the  Royal  Artillery, 
Woolwich. 

At  Lancrigg,  Grasmere,  aged  20,  Jo^phine 
Fanny,  eldest  dan.  of  Sir  John  Richardson,  C.B. 

Srjtt.  1.  During  the  thtm-ierstorm  on  Monday 
night,  Mr.  William  Leech,  aged  47.  chemiat  and 
druggist  of  Colchester,  was  returning  home  from 
Walton-on-the-Na/c  with  some  fHenda;  when, 
I  ear  Elmstead,  a  terrific  flash  of  lightning  struok 
the  tiorscs,  which  orertum  d  the  vehicle  in  which 
he  was  riding,  throwing  him  to  the  ground,  and 
killi  g  him  on  the  spot 

At  P  ris.  aged  60,  Madame  Marie  de  StOeeile, 
Ahbt  sM  of  the  Ccmvent  of  St.  KUzabeth,  and  aiater 
to  Sir  Jorfiua  Walm>lcy,  M.P. 

Capt.  Samuel  Catt,  of  Rye,  was  unfortunately 
drownc>d  off  the  Kentish  coast.  It  appears  that 
he  left  this  iM)rt  on  Sunday  last,  in  company  of  a 
voung  man  named  Richard  Curd,  of  this  plaoe^ 
m  an  oih'U  boat,  called  the  **  Mullett,"  for  tho 
p  .r|>ose  of  taking  the  said  boat  to  Oldhorott^, 
He  i)ut  into  M  irgate,  and  left  there  again  on 
Monday  evening,  and  after  being  at  sea  »ome 
few  hours  the  shipiwd  a  sea,  and  while  Curd 
was  haling  the  boat,  a  vessel  came  suddenly 
upon  them,  which  s  nt  their  boat  down.  Cura 
fortu  atei  V  caught  hold  of  a  rope  that  huog  tram 
the  vessel  "bow,  and  held  on  till  he  was  picki  d  up 
by  the  crew,  but  t  e  captain  and  the  boat  were 
seen  no  more. 

At  StarcroKs,  aged  26,  Mortimer  Samuel  Biahc^k. 
esq.,  of  Linculn's-.nn,  solicitor,  eldeat  eon  of 
W.  R.  Bisho]),  es(j.,  of  Exeter. 

At  N  orniiigside,  Edinburgh,  Capt.  Janet  ^Pa- 
terwm.  H.E.I.C.S. 

In  BrigttUin,  aged  G2,  Ix'wis  Rapha-l,  esq.,  of 
B  diorvi-])!..  ItUsscU-.sq 

At  H  milKm-ter.,  I^o  don,  aged  54,  Anne,  wife 
of  Roheri  Wyon.  ewj.,  of  Dublin. 

At  Walcot-  l.--.\e>^t,  I^niheth,  Sarah,  wife  of 
Comnnnuer  W.  V.  Re  d,  R.N. 

At  Wi'Hb.ulcn,  aged  72,  P.'.  Passavant,  coq., 
late  of  (Jrce-hill,  Bingl  y,  in  his  73rd  year. 

•S/y>/.  2.  At  Norl-house,  Kensington,  Annie 
Mana  Auh^o,  elde^^t  dau.  of  the  late  Hem.  Wil- 
li im  M<(  iillivray,  and  widow  of  'flumiaii  Richard- 
son .Auldjf. 

At  Bra  in  tree,  age<l  69,  Edward  May,  eaq.,  of 
Tanst(K'k-.sq.,  London,  hteof  the  Howe,  Kwex. 

At  thf  n'sich'nce  of  her  son,  Coinm.  Cndto, 
R.N.,  .\*>hbuniham-rruvc,  (ireenwieh,  aged  la, 
Elixii)M*th,  relict  of  Mr.  John  Cudlip,  auay  )i 
ol  Dciitford  Dockyard. 


856.] 


Obituary. 


525 


At  Wilton-st,  agred  55,  Dudley  Montiigu  Pcr- 
cival,  e^q. 

At  Rotherham,  Yorkshire,  aged  5G,  Alexander 
Grant,  esq.,  only  8iirvi\'ing  brother  of  Mr.  Jumen 
Grant,  EtUu)r  of  the  •*  Morning  Adverliser." 

At  Brou^hty  Ferry,  aged  18,  Eupheraia  Y. 
Macnab,  diu.  of  the  late  Mr.  Macnab,  Tay-square 
Seminurv,  Dundee,  and  grauddau.,  of  Thomas 
Dick,  JLL.D.,  F.R.A.S. 

At  Buckingham,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  Cross. 

At  Falmouth,  aged  78,  Capt.  Morphew :  for  many 
years  he  was  in  command  of  II.  M's.  packet 
••  Nocton,"  at  that  port. 

At  Plean,  Stirlingshire,  aged  6G,  Robert  Lo-wis, 
esq.,  of  Plean. 

At  Park-crescent,  Regent's-park,  London,  aged 
74,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Joshua  Field,  esq. 

At  Wobum-pl.,  Russell-sq.,  Grace  Caroline 
Rouse,  last  surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Benjamin 
House,  esq. 

Aged  73,  David  Aitken,  esq.,  of  St.  Paul's-ter- 
race,  Islington,  Surgeon  of  the  H.E.I.C.S.,  and 
late  of  Kingsland. 

Aged  61,  Mary  Ann,  wife  of  Robert  Renwick, 
esq.,  6,  Hugh-street,  PimUco. 

At  Carlton  Colville,  aged  76,  Mary  Ann,  only 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Chas.  Johnson,  esq., 
formerly  of  Saxmundham. 

At  the  Glen,  Newry,  Ireland,  aged  51,  Samuel 
Livingston  Frazer,  esq.,  solicitor. 

Sept,  :i.  At  Mailing  Deanery,  Lewes,  aged  56, 
Anthony  Sheppey  Greene,  esq  ,  Treasurer  to  the 
Easteni  Division  of  Sussex.  It  is  seldom  we  have 
had  to  record  the  decease  of  a  person  whose  loss 
will  be  more  widely  felt  in  this  neighbourhood. 
He  wa*<  ever  ready — but  in  a  quiet,  unostenta- 
tious way — to  assist  the  distressed,  both  by  his 
advice  and  his  purse,  and  the  poor  have  indeed 
lost  a  most  generous  and  munificent  friend.  In 
his  profession,  his  high  probitv  and  keen  sense 
of  honour  made  him  univeif<ally  respected,  and 
it  may  without  exaggeration  be  siiid,  that  he 
will  go  to  his  grave  esteemed  and  beloved  by  all 
who  knew  him.  Mr.  Greene  was  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Major  Anthony  Greene,  E.I.C.S.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  by  his  first  wife— a  dau. 
of  Capt,  Adam  Callander,  grandson  of  the  last  and 
att^diited  Earl  of  Callandar  and  Livingstone — 
has  left  an  onlv  child,  the  wife  of  Mr.  For&ter 
Smithe,  of  Brighton,  a  county  maHistrate. 

At  St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  aged  82,  Capt.  George 
Williams. 

At  Rose-mount,  Bath,  aged  61,  Armine,  wife  of 
Charles  J.  Furlonge,  esq..  Paymaster  of  the  Bri- 
tish Recruiting  District. 

At  Bath,  Jones  Rudland,  esq.,  late  of  H.M  's 
10th  Regt. 

At  Nunesbury-hall,  Cheshunt,  aged  52,  John 
Lewis  Aubert,  esq. 

St^pt.  4.  At  Eltham,  Kent,  aged  13,  Arthur 
Hanbury,  second  son  of  the  Hon.  II.  Hanbury 
Tracy. 

At  Lettcn  Weiler,  Baden-Baden,  Marianne, 
wife  of  NV.  B.  Clarke,  esq.,  and  dau.  of  the  late 
Dr.  Bever,  of  Norwich. 

At  Derby,  Annie,  wife  of  Mr.  Geo.  Peach,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  John  Stephenson,  esq.,  of  Mur- 
rayficld-house,  Edinburgh,  and  formerly  of 
Derby. 

At  Bath,  Emma,  wife  of  Lieut.-Col.  Raban, 
late  of  the  22nd  Regt. 

At  Rother-hill,  Midhurst,  aged  71,  Catherine 
Elizabeth,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Edward 
Payne,  esq.,  of  Niton-house,  Sussex. 

Sept.  5.  At  his  seat,  0\-in;,'-hou9e,  near  Ayles- 
bury, aged  73,  Sir  Thomas  Digby  Aubrey,  Bart. 
He  was  the  seventh  baronet  of  an  old  knightly 
race,  and  son  of  Richard  Aubrey,  by  the  second 
dau.  of  the  Hon.  Wriothesley  Digby.  In  him 
the  old  family  of  the  Aubreys'  becomes  extinct, 
and  with  it  the  lineal  roprtsentative  (though  in 
the  female  line)  of  the  ancient  family  of  the  Ni- 
gcls  of  Florstal.  His  property  reverts  to  Sir 
Harry  Vamey,  of  Claydon. 

At  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch's  villa, 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


Richmond,  Surrey,  Louisa  Grace,  relict  of  Ma- 
jor-Gen. William  Henry  Cornwall,  and  second 
dau.  of  the  late  Gen.  Lord  Robert  Kerr,  fourth 
son  of  Willam  John,  fifth  Marquis  of  Lothian. 

At  Castletown,  Isle  of  Man,  agfd  28,  Louisa 
Maria,  wife  of  Staff-Capt.  Dickson,  and  dau.  of 
Capt.  Anley,  of  Maitland,  Jersey. 

Aged  62,  Francis  James  Hawkins,  esq.,  of 
Wildorness-cottiige,  Hastings,  and  formerly  of 
Gosmore,  near  Ilitchin,  Herts. 

At  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight,  EUzabeth  Charlotte, 
second  dau.  of  Sir  James  Fellowes. 

At  the  residence  of  her  mother,  Sunbury,  Mid- 
dlesex, Mary  Horton  Broxholm,  youngest  sur- 
viving dau.  of  the  late  Robert  Broxholm,  esq., 
surgeon  of  the  above  place. 

At  Fern-hill,  Berks,  aged  58,  Jn.  K.  Gillkt,  esq. 

At  Invercharron-house,  Rosshire,  N.B.,  agM 
82,  Joseph  Grove,  esq.,  of  Upper  Seymoor-st.- 
west,  Portman-sq. 

At  P^uston-sq.,  aged  48,  Thomas  Porter,  esq. 

Mr.  Lewis  Morgan,  a  gentleman  of  propertr  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Merthyr  Tydvil,  was  killed 
by  a  train  passing  over  him  while  endeaTOur- 
iiig  to  cross  the  Taff  Vale  Railway  on  horseback. 
In  a  pocket-book  found  in  one  of  the  pockets 
were  notes  amounting  to  £270,  and  attached  to 
one  of  the  wheels  of  the  tender,  a  pocket,  torn 
from  the  trousers  of  the  deceased,  contained 
lis.  6d.  in  silver.  P>om  the  marks  of  the  horse's 
hoofs  in  the  road,  it  would  appear  that  the 
animal  was  struck  by  the  buffer  about  the  mid- 
dle, just  as  it  was  crossing  the  outer  rail,  and 
carried  a  considerable  distance  before  it  or  its 
rider  fell  under  the  wheels. 

Sept.  6.  At  Thome,  aged  71,  W.  Beckitt,  esq.. 
solicitor.  The  professional  career  of  Mr.  Beckitt 
extended  through  a  long  series  of  years,  com- 
mencing, we  believe,  in  connexion  with  the  late 
Mr.  Benson,  of  Thome,  during  the  immense 
changes  which  took  place  in  the  several  inclo- 
sures  connected  with  Hatiield-chase,  and  the 
many  improvements  which  followed,  and  was 
intimately  connected  with  that  great  undertak- 
ing. He  had  for  some  years  retired  fnnn  the 
active  labours  of  his  profession  ;  and  his  death  is 
deeply  lamented  by  his  family  and  friends. 

Aged  93,  Anne,  only  surviving  sister  of  Thos. 
Ca.'Jtledine,  sen.,  esq.,  of  Mount  Sorrel,  Leicester- 
shire, and  aunt  to  Mr.  WilUam  Tucker,  of  the 
Lodge,  Higher  Brixham,  Torbay. 

Suddenly,  of  epilepsy  while  on  a  visit  to  Wil- 
liam Gillman,  esq.,  of  Twickenham,  Charles  Ed- 
ward I>ambert,  e.sq.,  late  of  the  5l8t  K.  O.  L.  I., 
only  son  of  William  Charles  Lambert,  esq.,  of 
Knowle,  Dorsetshire. 

At  Ilorksley-hall,  Es-scx,  the  residence  of  her 
dau.,  Mrs.  Blair  Warren,  aged  92.  Catherine. 
relict  of  Lieut.-Col  Watson,  hite  of  the  3rd  Light 
Dragoons,  and  of  Westwood-house,  in  the  same 
county. 

At  Winchester,  aged  52,  Mr.  Charles  Zillwood, 
only  surviving  brother  of  tiie  Rev.  J.  O.  Zillwood, 
Rector  of  Coinpton,  Hants. 

At  Footscray,  Kent,  aged  64,  Eliza,  wife  of 
James  Fuller  Madox,  esq. 

At  Wildecroft  Buckland,  Surrey,  Lucia,  wife 
of  Jas.  J.  Cummins,  esq.,  formerly  of  Cork,  in 
Ireland. 

At  Scarborough,  Julia  Margaret,  wife  of  Thoe. 
C.  Fletcher,  of  Lothburj-,  London. 

At  Meggetland-honsc,  near  Edinbturgh,  John 
Sinclair  Cunningham,  esq.,  manager  of  toe  Com- 
mercial Bank  of  Scotland. 

At  Ciothic-lodge,  Avonue-road,  Maria,  eldest 
diiu.  of  the  late  John  Hedges,  esq.,  of  Hill-honie, 
Tooting. 

Suddenly,  at  Reading,  aged  37,  Mr.  R.  E.  Dent, 
chronometer-maker,  of  London. 

Aged  48,  Francis  Poison,  of  lincoln's-inn,  esq., 
barrister-at-law. 

Aged  35,  IrYank,  second  son  of  the  late  John 
Skelton,  esq.,  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

At  Brighton.  Susan,  widow  of  Major  Charles 
Stuart,  of  Hillingdon-grove,  near  Uxbridge. 

3y 


526 


OlilTUAKY. 


[Oct. 


In  St.Marylebone  WorkhoiK-*,  New-voatl,  whom 
she  had  been  34  years,  in  tho  ln7th  year  of  hor 
age,  Catherine  liughc-^.  One  of  hor  sons  is  .still 
living,  he  bein}?  85  years  of  aj^-i*.  He  was  a  coach- 
man in  a  gentleman's  family,  an<l  he  has  a  retir- 
ing pension  from  his  nia><t('r,  by  wlaicli  he  is  suj)- 
ported.  She  had  the  i>ossession  of  all  her  facul- 
ties up  till  the  day  of  her  death,  and  she  used 
frequently  to  talk  to  the  guardians,  by  whom  slie 
was  much  respected,  upcm  events  which  took 
place  in  the  early  part  of  her  life. 

Sept.  7.  Capt.  U.  Hay,  H.N.,  who  was  the 
tenant  of  the  farm  of  Tiirtloton,  near  Dunse, 
dropped  down  dead  in  the  Kn^^lish  Ciiurch,  in 
Dunse,  on  Sunday.  Capt.  Hay  was  a  resident  for 
a  number  of  years  in  Xewcastle,  and  was  In- 
specting Commander  of  the  Coast-Guard  for  the 
district.  It  is  said  that  ajmplexy  has  been  the 
cause  of  death ;  and  two  of  his  brothers  died 
suddenly. 

At  Pau,  Basses  Pyrenees,  aged  76,  .Tohn 
Hooper  Holder,  esq.,  formerly  of  Stanton  Lacey 
House,  Shropshire. 
Arthur  Morse,  esq.,  of  Swaffham. 
At  8omerset-cott:ige,  Southsea,  Hants,  Grace 
Lindnay  Kippen,  wife  of  Horatio  N.  Kipi)en, 
esq.,  48th  llegt. 

At  Glasgow,  aged  57,  Eliza  Mary,  relict  of 
Edward  liartlett,  of  Buckingham. 

At  Lodge-park,  county  of  Kildare,  aged  75, 
Arthur  Henry,  e.-sq. 

At  iHlingtoii,  Caroline,  relict  of  James  Thick, 
esq.,  of  the  Stock  Kxchange. 

At  Wether  in  gsett  Kectory,  aged  13,  Francis 
John,  youngest  son  of  the  \\>:.\.  Robert  Moore. 

Sept.  8.  At  Draycott-house,  Derby,  aged  38, 
the  Hon.  Robert  Dundas  Murray,  youngest  son 
of  the  seventh  Lord  Eli  bank. 

At  Strandfield,  Instow,  North  Devon,  aged  31, 
Cadwallader  Edwards,  only  son  of  Cadwallader 
Edwards  Palmer,  esq.,  and  grandson  of  the  late 
Very  Rev.  Joseph  Palmer,  Dean  of  Cashel. 

At  Sandhurst,  Louisa  Augusta,  Mifo  of  Lieut. - 
CoL  P.  L.  Macdougall,  and  dau.  of  Lieut. -(ien. 
Sir  William  Napier. 

Aged  72,  Charles  Brenchley,  esq.,  of  Den- 
mark-hill, Caniberwell,  and  f()rmerly  of  Maid- 
stone, Kent. 

At  Clifton,  Arabella  Anne,  widow  of  John 
Cheap,  esq.,  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

At  Winchelsea,  aged  41,  Joel  Wilkins,  es(i., 
surgeon,  of  apoplexv. 

Sept.  9.  At  Southbrooke,  Topsham,  aged  23, 
Henry  Revell  H.  Patch,  esq.,  eldest  son  of 
Maj  )r  Henry  Patch,  H.E.I.C.S.,  Bengal  Presi- 
dency. 

At  Lasswade,  near  Edinburgh,  Louisa  Marion 
Campbell,  wife  of  Major  .\.  N.  Campbell,  18th 
Royal  Irish  Hegt.,  and  ycmnge»t  dau.  of  the  late 
CiDt.  D.  Reid,  R.N.,  of  EUeureach,  Invenicss- 
shire. 
Margaret,  wife  of  Samuel  Brook,  E«:q.,  of  Diss. 
Aged  61,  Miss  8.  E.  Keene,  yotmtje't  dau.  of 
Benj.  Keene,  esq.,  of  Westoe-lodge,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  Swyncombe-house,  Oxon. 

In  the  Brittox,  Devizes,  aged  80,  WnuWaylen, 
csg.,  for  upwards  of  fifty  years  a  medical  prac- 
titioner of  that  town. 

Of  apoplexy,  t  Para<ri-e-torrace,  Stoke  New- 
ingrton,  aged  78,  George  Hood,  es<i.,  late  of 
Ocorgc-st.,  Derby. 

At  Royal-terrace,  Edinburgh,  aged  68,  Alex. 
Oswald  Brodie,  merchant,  of  New  York. 

Of  apoplexy,  at  the  Web<'r  Hotel,  Schaff- 
hausen,  James  Padgett, (•^'[..  '""the  Pantechnicon, 
and  of  IloUand-vilia,  Ad  tisui.-road,  Kensinut  »u. 
At  Park-place,  Che.tenham,  Harriet  Frances, 
■widow  of  the  Rev.  David  Young,  H.E.I.C.S., 
Bombay. 

At  Brighton,  of  apoplexy,  Richard  S.Cock,  esq., 
of  Clifton-road,  St.  John's-wood. 

At  Bays  vater,  aged  G3,  Ma.  y,  wi<l<»w  of  Jo!m 
Tavlor,  of  Bayswater. 

Sept.  10,  'in  Wimpole-st.,  London,  Sophia 
EUxabelh,  third  dau.  >/f  the  late  Chas.  11.  Bar- 


ney, esq.,  of  Bath,  and  granddau.  of  Dr.  Bumeyv 
of  Chelsea  ColleiiC. 

At  Brighton,  William  Paxton  Jervis,  esq.,  of 
Cross-Deep,  Twickenbam,  and  Beech-hill-hoiue, 
near  Woking,  late  Capt.  of  the  I  at  Royal  Surrey 
Militia,  and  formerly  of  the  2nd  Life-Guards. 

At  ( iloucester-cre'scent,  Hyde -park,  aged  60, 
John  Firminger,  esq. 

At  Harwich,  age<i  38,  William  Ca8.s  Randfield, 
esq.,  one  of  the  town-covincil,  and  a  magistrate  of 
that  borou.rh. 

In    London,    aged   22,    James    8.  Anderson, 

youngest  s(m  of  the  late  Dr.  C.  Anderson,  Leith. 

At  Sutton  SuiTcy,  aged  72,  Francis  Goslin,  esq. 

At  Cheltenham,  lierce  Mooro,  esq.,  son  of  ihc 

late  Henry  Moore,  e»<i.,  of  Cremorgan,  Queen's 

County,  Ireland. 

Stpt.  11.  Aged  73,  Charles  Nicholls,  esq.,  Old 
Heath-lodge,  Shrewsbury. 

At  the  (irove,  Bedford,  Geo.  Peter  Livins,  esq., 

(second  son  of  the  late  George  Livins,  esq.,)  for 

many  years  magistrate  for  the  coiinty  of  Bedford. 

At    vValton-house,   Rugby,   aged  71,  Thomas 

Walker,  esq.,  of  Newbold  Grange,  near  Rugby. 

At  Burbugh-villa,  Ui)per  Noiwoo<l,  aged  73, 
John  Baruett,M.I>.,of  Che»ham-pl.,  Belgravc-sq. 
Srpt.  12,  aged  75,  Richard  Palmer  Roupell,  esq., 
of  Cross-st.,  and  of  Asi)en-house,  Streatham-hiU. 
At  Lenton-tt-rraee,  aged  72,  Elizabeth,  relict  of 
Robert  Burgess,  esq.,  formerly  residing  at  Cot- 
grave-pl.,  in  the  county  of  Notts. 

At  Worthing,  aged  21,  Alfred  James  Block* 
burne,  yo»ing<\st  son  of  the  Rt.  Hon.  Francis 
Blackburne,  of  Rathfarnhaiu-castle,  county  Dub- 
lin. 

At  Southsea,  aged  16,  Harriet,  eldest  dau.  of 
Capt.  Edward  Ilerrick,  R.N. 

Aged  76,  Thomas  Milner  Wadcl,  esq.,  surgeon, 
Basinghall-st. 

At  Norwood,  Frances  Elizabeth,  second  dau.  of 
Sir  William  Vemer,  Bart.,  M.P. 

At  Bridlington,  Yorkshire,  aged  43,  Alfred 
Wray  Darling,  es<i.,  of  Westbournc-pl.,  Eaton- 
«!•,  eldest  s(m  of  the  late  lieut.  George  Darling, 
H.  M.'s  24th  Regt. 

At  Greenhithe,  aged  38,  "William,  only  son  of 
Thomas  Colyer,  esq. 

At  Buxton,  Derbyshire,  age<l  75,  Ann,  wife  of 
Thomas  Bittlestcm,  escj.,  of  Birmingham. 

At  Hemus-terrace,  Chelsea,  Harriet  Anne, 
widow  of  John  Mitford  Rees,  esq.,  of  the  Bengal 
Ci\il  Service. 

iSrpt.  13,  at  M>iton-otlgc,  near  Tewkesbury, 
the  residr'uce  of  her  s(m-in-law,  E.  Murrell,  esq., 
aged  70,  Sarab,  relict  of  Col.  Hugh  Houston, 
H.M.S. 

Suddenly,  at  Weymouth,  Margaret,  ^ifc  of 
John  Humtfreys  Parry,  esq.,  serjeant-at-law. 

At  the  Little 'Hermitage,  Rochester,  Jane  Sarah, 
relict  of  the  late  James  Hulkes,  esq.,  of  the  same 
place. 

At  Hartley,  West  pall,  Hants,  age<l  14,  Charles 
James,  only  son  of  the  Rt.  Rev.  the  Bishop  of 
Colombo. 

At  X.'pper  Harley-st.,  aired  Tl,  Manuela  Phi- 
lippa,  M  ife  of  Frederick  Iluth,  esn. 

At  Ryall-hill,  Worcestershire,  John  Anderson, 
es(i.,  formerly  of  Calcutta. 

At  M<mtraVe-house,  aged  53,  Mary  Margaret 
Hampton,  relict  of  Major  Anderson,  of  Montrare, 
FilV^sllire. 

Si'itt.  1 1,  at  Ilolywood,  county  Down,  Jannette, 
wife  of  Prof.  Crai'k,  of  (Jueen's  College,  Belfast^ 
and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Cathcart  Dempster, 
cs(|.,  of  St.  Andrew's,  Fife. 

,\t  rni<m-pl.,  Rcgenfs-park,  Julia,  relict  of 
John  Thomas,  esq.,  of  St.  James  s-place,  St. 
James's-st. 

At  her  .s<m*s  residence,  the  Limes,  Lewisham, 
atfed  8H,  Mary  Anne,  relict  of  Thomas  Legh,  esq., 
formerly  of  Macclesfield,  co.  Chester. 

\t  Pl-'asant-p!.,  .Manor-st.,  Clapham,  aged  70, 

John  Me.id,  i«sq,,  late  of  South-st.,  OrosTenor-sq. 

At    Brun«»wick-pl.,    Regenfs-park,  aged  75, 

John  Pasc.i.  Larkins,  esii.,  late  of  the  Uon.  East 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


527 


India  Company's  Civil  Service,  Bengal  establish- 
ment. 

At  Paris,  aged  17,  Elisabeth,  dau.  of  George 
Locke,  esq.,  of  Milner-sq.,  Islington,  and  Gutter- 
lane,  Chcapsidc. 

At  Wandsworth,  aged  95,  Ann,  widow  of  Mr. 
John  Milestone,  of  Whitbv,  Yorkshire,  and 
mother  of  Mr.  Robert  Milestone,  of  Swiillow-ph, 
Hanovcr-sq.,  London,  by  whom  she  is  deeply  re- 
grettel. 

At  Hi  lond-house,  Lanarkshire,  Margarot,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Walter  Logan,  esq.,  of  Fingallon. 

At  Doncast'^r,  aged  81,  Ann,  relict  of  Joseph 
Croon,  esq.,  of  Hull. 

Ai  Manchester-  t.,  aged  80,  Mary,  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  Will'am  Buckley,  esq. 

Aged  79,  Elizabeth,  relict  of  the  late  William 
Yates,  esq.,  of  Wickersley,  near  Rotherham, 
Yorkshire. 

Srpt.  15.  At  Kensington,  aged  23,  Matilda, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Dr.  Scralchley,  M.D., 
of  the  Royal  Artillery. 

Mary,  wife  of  Thomas  Willis,  M.D.,  of  Lea- 
mington, Warwickshire,  and  relict  of  Col.  We- 
guehn,  H.E.I.C.S. 

At  Uxbridge,  aged  81,  Robinson  Wordsworth, 
esq.,  formerly  of  Harwich  and  Wliitehaven. 


Sept.  16.  At  the  residence  of  Sam.  Coortauld, 
esq.,  Gosfield-hall,  Essex,  Amelia,  fourth  dau.  of 
the  late  Rich.  Giffard  Campion,  esq.,  of  Bushy- 
park,  CO.  Cork,  and  wife  of  Thomas  Jameson, 
esq.,  of  Cork. 

In  Upi)er  Soy mour-st. -west,  aged  81,  Maria, 
widow  of  Thomas  Barrow,  esq.,  Great  Baddon, 
Esspx. 

At  Belgrave-pl.,  Blackheath,  Susannah  Eliza- 
beth, wife  of  the  Rev.  G.  B.  Daubeny. 

AtQueen-st.,  Brompton,  aged  88,  Mrs.  Susanna 
Farr,  younger  dau.  of  the  late  William  Farr,  eaq., 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  of  Great  Tultcney-st.,  Bath,  and 
Iford,  Hants. 

At  Elm-grove,  Kingsclere,  Elizabeth,  third 
dau.  of  the  late  William  Holding,  esq. 

At  Bonchurch,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Frances, 
widow  of  Wasey  Sterry,  esq.,  of  Upminster, 
Essex. 

Sept.  17.  At  York-terrace,  Ilegent*s-park,  aged 
86,  Miles  Burkitt,  esq. 

Sept.  18.  At  St.  Georgc*s-terrace,  Regent's- 
park,  age<l  75.  Mary,  relict  of  John  Cross,  eeq., 
formerly  of  Charterhouse-sq.,  and  Grove-house, 
Cheshunt,  Herts. 

At  his  residence,  Vaga-cottage,  Ross,  Here- 
fordshire, aged  81,  Capt.  Adams. 


TABLE  OF  MORTALITY  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OP  LONDON. 
(From  the  Returns  issued  hy  the  Hegistrar-Oeneral.) 


Week  ending 
Saturday, 


Aug. 
Sept. 


23 
30 
6 
13 
20 


Deaths  Registered. 


fe-  s  <» 


665 
608 
591 
605 
570 


t3§ 


147 
132 
154 
147 
134 


t38 

SI 


154 
152 
159 
151 
147 


^  o 


128 
157 
160 
154 
151 


28 
32 
36 
26 
31 


^ 


1122 
1081 
1100 
1087 
1064 


Births  Registered. 


1 

i 

Ik 

1 

1^ 

& 

& 

778 

761 

1529 

909 

869 

1778 

827 

807 

1634 

814 

739 

1553 

768 

741 

1509 

PRICE  OF  CORN. 

Average   (  WTieat. 
of  Six    <     8.     d. 
Weeks     I.  71    6 

Barley. 
8.     d. 
45     1 

Oats. 
s.     d. 
26  11 

Rye. 
8.     d. 
44     2 

Beans. 
8.    d, 
45    2 

Peas. 
8.     d, 
40    5 

Week  ending  \ 

Sept.  13.    /^9     6 

46     8           25  10          43     9 

45    4 

41     0 

PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD. 
Hay,  U.  Qs,  to  4Z.  10*.— Straw,  1/.  8*.  to  1/.  12*.— Clover,  U.  Os,  to  6^.  66. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATrLE-MARKET. 

To  sink  the  Offal — per  stone  of  81b8. 


Beef    3*.  lOd.  to  4«.  lOrf. 

Mutton  4*.    Orf.  to  5*.    Od. 

Veal    4v?.    2rf.  to5*.    2d. 

Pork    3*.  lOd.  to  4*.  lOrf. 

Lamb 3*.  lOrf.  to  4».  lOd. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Sbpt.  22. 

Beasts 5,616      2,297» 

Sheep  and  Lambs  24,920       6,617» 

Calves 209         670* 

Pigs    260         388» 


*  Numbers  imported  from  the  Continent  during  the  week  ending  Sept.  20. 

COAL-MARKET,  Sept.  22. 

Wallsend,  &c.  17*.  6rf.  to  19*.  Orf.  per  ton.     Other  sorts,  15*.  3rf.  to  18*.  6rf. 

TALLOW,  per  c^-t.— Town  Tallow,  54*.  3d.     Yellow  Russia,  51*.  Qd. 

WOOL,  Down  Tegs,  per  lb.  15r/.  to  16^?.     Leicester  Fleeces,  13rf.  to  I5rf. 

Combings,  lOrf.  to  11  \d. 


538 
METEOROLOGICAL  DIARY,  BY  H.  GOULD,  lite  W.  CART.  181,  8i«am>. 

li-om  Auguit  2^1  to  Sept.  23, 18S6,  boik  inelutiBe. 


VihKnhfiet  Tlienn 

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DAILY  PRICE  OK  STOCKS. 

Bqit. 

Stuck. 

ifuid 

cSl 

£ 

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stJck. 

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MuiiUi-. 
n.om. 

Ei.oou. 

Ki.  Rood.!. 

A.  £I.U1W. 

218 

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96 
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233 
233 

11.13  pm. 

11  pm. 
ll.A,,m. 
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ll.lli™. 
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12.15p>ii. 

16  [HO. 
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13  pm. 

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1001 
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^\ 

E311) 

"'"■ 

EDWARD  ASD  ALFRED  WHITMORE, 
Stock  and  Share  Broken; 


TUE 

GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE 

ANJ& 

HISTORICAl   REVIEW. 

NOVEMBEB,  1866. 


■  • 


CONTENm 

MINOR  CORR^SPO^D^NCE.— I^tynolofly  of  We8tmoreland->The  IfeadeF^ioUj— 9bfriA 

of  Worcestershire — Saxon  word  "thwaite" ,.., ,....,..,.. 030 

Autobiography  of  Sylvanos  Urbfttt 531 

Teobj  audits  Neighboorbood   « 641 

George  WaBhington    , , 681 

Kecent  Alterations  9A  the  Cath^dral^  Christ  Church,  Oxfi>rdi t 561 

The  History  of  a  Blue  Bbok   566 

Oxford  , 671 

Society  for  the  Diflhsioa  of  Useful  Knowledgf.     Pt.  H 674 

Tlie  Twlor  Stfttute-bo<* 67T 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANU8  URBAN.— Subterranean  Chamber,  Christ  Chweh, 
Oxford,  585 ;  Baron  Munchausen,  98S;  Who  was  Poor  RoMnt  MO ;  Hanxej,  Tyttary, 
and  Tyzaek  Families,  592 ;  The  Simonides  Forferie*— Robert  Boinery,  Earl  «i  Wla* 
ehester,  593  ;.  Mary  Queen  of  Soots  6d4 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS  — Maas^UI's  Parag^i^  BruU,  sad 
the  River  Plate,  594 ;  Guixot's  History  of  Ciyilizatlon,  MS ;  Tmert '  Blatory  of  t^ 
Consulate  and  Empire,  599 ;  Coleridge'a  liOcturts  on  Sbal^spearo*  tOO ;  SktkMpnn*^ 
England  — Lays  of  Mainory,  601;  Greenwood's  Catliedra  Petri,  002;  Sartinke's 
Catalogue  60| 

ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES.^Suflsex  Arcba»o)ogic«l  Society,  €03;  SufbU^  l08tttal»«r 
ArcfatDology,  &c.,  006 ;  Society  of  Antiqaaries,  Newcastle-upoa-T>iiej  6U ;  Torkihif  • 
Philosophical  Society , , ,..       ^Xl 

THE  MONTHLY  INTELLIGENCER  025 

Promotions  and  Preferments ,. • ^1 

OBITUARY ;  with  Memoirs  of  Lord  Hardinge— General  Sir  Oolin  HaDcett,  Q.C.B^  K.C.H. 
— Dudley  Montague  Perceral,  Esq.— John  Bernard  Sale,  Esq. — Mrs.  Lee — The  Cooat 
Adolphe  de  Wer«tinski— Mr.  Riohard  Sutton— Ana  Spitp    646—- 655 

CUBOT  I4CKA4XB  ^55 

Deaths,  arranged  in  Chronological  Ordar..., f„..., 660 

Registrar-General's  R«t«ni  of  Mertstttj  Is-  the  Metropdis— Maiicets,  668 ;  Meteorategfcal 

Piary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks 664 


By  STLVANUS  IJEBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Mb.  Urbi-N, — Lately  I  took  occasion  to 
object  to  the  etymology  of  your  favourite 
word  *  Westmerland/  and  it  is  only  fair  I 
should  tell  you  the  reason  why. 

The  moorlands  of  Yorkshire  are  well 
known.  In  Tuke*s  Survey  of  the  North 
Riding,  published  by  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture in  1794,  is  an  accurate  map,  with 
the  various  soils  coloured.  He  makes  the 
eastern  moorlands  commence  near  the  sea 
at  Robin  Hood's  Bay,  and  having  Cleve- 
land on  the  north,  and  the  vale  of  Picker- 
ing on  the  south,  to  extend  nearly  to 
North  Allerton  on  the  west. 

The  middle  moorlands  are  in  fact  part 
of  the  great  range  extending  from  Scot- 
land to  Derbyshire. 

The  western  moorlands  commence  at 
Rey  Cross,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Stain- 
more,  the  boundary  of  the  county  of 
Westmoreland,  and,  with  the  exception  of 
a  little  good  land  on  the  banks  of  the 
rivers,  extend  by  Shap  and  Orton,  beyond 
the  western  side  of  the  county, — the  moat 
thorough  tract  of  moorland  to  be  found 
in  England. 

So  much  for  the  moors,  now  for  the 
meres. 

Some  of  your  readers  will  be  surprised 
to  be  told  that  there  is  not  one  sizeable 
lake  in  Westmoreland.  First,  Winder- 
mere :  the  water  and  three-fourths  of  the 
strand  belong  to  Lancashire;  the  boundary 
comes  in  a  little  below  Bowness,  and  fol- 
lowing the  margin  and  round  the  head  of 
the  lake,  (leaving  the  lake,  as  I  said,  in 
Lancashire,)  runs  along  the  river  Brathay 
to  the  three  shire-stones  upon  Wry-nose- 
head;  thence,  over  the  mountun-tops  to 
Dunmail  Raise,  the  only  cairn  in  Eng- 
land; thence,  over  Helvellyn  and  along 
Glencaim  Beck,  up  the  middle  of  Ulles- 
water,  giving  half  that  lake  to  Cumber- 
land. Rydal  is  not  a  lake ;  Grasmere  is 
a  beautiful  lake,  but  small ;  so  is  Brother- 
water — so  is  Broad-water — so  is  Hawes- 
water :  there  are  no  more. 

Thus,  I  think,  I  have  fairly  established 
what  I  set  out  to  prove, — that  the  county 
of  Westmoreland  is  properly  the  land  of 
the  western  moort,  and  improperly  termed 
the  land  of  the  western  meres. 

A  SSFTUAaSNABlAN. 


Mb.  Ubban, — Your  aeeoont  of  Judge 
Meade  in  the  Minor  Correspondence  of 
the  July  number  of  the  Gentleman's 
MAaAZiNB,  which  I  have  just  seen,  aeems 
to  me  to  be  incorrect  at  first  sight,  for 
you  make  the  Judge  nearly  forty  years  on 
the  bench.  In  fact,  you  have  confounded 
him  with  Lis  son,  who  was  Sir  Thomas, 
while  the  Judge  never  was  honoured  with 
that  d'gnity.  Queen  Elizabeth  not  being 
so  liber^  in  titles  as  her  suecessor.  By  re- 
ferring to  Moranf  8  **  Essex,"  vol.  ii.  p.5d3, 
you  will  see  that  it  was  the  Judge,  and 
not  his  father,  who  cUed  in  1585,  and  who 
married  Joane,  the  widow  of  —  Clamp,  of 
Huntingdon,  amd  who  had  the  three  sons. 

You  will  also  find  that  the  fkther  was 
of  Elmdon,  and  that  the  Judge  purchased, 
as  you  say,  the  estate  of  Wendon  LoltSf 
and  that  it  was  that  estate,  and  not  Elm- 
don, which  Sir  Thomas,  the  son  of  the 
Judge,  possessed  at  his  decease. 

Yovan,  Ac,  Edw.  Fobs. 

Canterhwy, 

Mb.  Ubban, — Can  any  of  your  cor- 
respondents inform  me  who  were  the 
sheriffs  of  Worcestershire  for  the  follow- 
ing years :— 1780,  1823, 1824, 1825, 1827, 
1828,  1831,  1832, 1834, 1836, 1837, 1888, 
1840, 1846, 1847, 1849  ?  Also^  what  were 
their  arms  ?  H.  8.  G. 

Mb.  Ubban, — Your  correspondent  a 
"Septuagenarian"  is  under  a  mistake  in 
supposing  that  thwaite  is  the  Saxon  word 
for  "  a  set  of  fiirm-builcUngs.''  It  signi- 
fies a  spot  cleared  of  wood ;  and  in  Cum* 
berland  to  this  day  the  term  tkwaUimg 
(pronounced  thwetting)  is  applied  to  tlis 
operation  of  clearing.  The  words  pre- 
fijied  to  thwaite  in  many  inst4moes  are 
the  Christian  or  surnames  of  the  per- 
sons who  made  the  dearings;  as  Adam 
thwute,  tSiifnon-thwute,  Su  for  Hugh- 
thwaite.  Lew  for  Lewis,  Cowper,  Ac.,  «c. 
Xan^-thwaite,  Zoio-thwaite,  iSiwa^thwaite^ 
Mickle  (Great)  -thwute,  SUme-W^m^U, 
Bracken  (Fern)  -thwaite,  I^lwf^ff-thwMt^ 
Com-thwute,  and  others,  describe  the  es* 
tent  or  situation  of  the  dearing,  and  Hie 
character  of  the  vegetation  which 
oeeded  the  dearanoe. — Yours,  Ac. 

ACuiCBBZAjr. 


THE 


GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTOEICAL    EEVIEW. 


THE  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  SYLVANTJS  URBAN. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  FABLIAHSNTABY  DEBATES. 

Haying  now  explained  the  plan  upon  which  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine was  first  designed,  and  shewn  the  care  which  was  bestowed  in  culti- 
vating its  earliest  original  feature,  that  of  poetry,  I  proceed  to  relate  some 
particulars  regarding  another  of  its  component  parts,  which  contributed 
very  materially  to  its  popular  success, — I  mean  the  report  of  Parliamentary 
Debates. 

When  I  enter  upon  this  subject,  and  look  at  the  **  broad  sheet*'  of 
the  year  1856,  that  daily  presents,  within  a  few  hours  of  their  delivery,  not 
merely  the  set  harangues  of  the  leaders  of  administration  or  opposition,  or 
the  €7rfa  7rT€po€irra  of  some  favourite  orator,  but  almost  every  word  that  has 
been  publicly  uttered  during  the  sitting  of  the  previous  evening, — when  I 
contemplate  those  long-drawn  columns,  those  yards  and  yards  of  talk,  which 
are  so  far  beyond  the  leisure  of  ordinary  readers,  that  the  editor  charitably 
accompanies  them  with  the  index-finger  of  a  more  manageable  summary  \ 
I  must  acknowledge  that  I  am  impressed,  more  than  by  any  other  existing 
fact  or  circumstance,  with  the  amazing  change  efifected  during  my  lifetime 
in  our  political  literature.  The  debates  which  I  once  published  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  were,  from  a  necessity  which  I  have  to  explain, 
styled  those  of  the  Senate  of  Lilliput ;  but  the  debates  of  the  present  day, 
from  their  voluminous  proportions,  might  advance  a  still  better  claim  to  a 
Brobdingnaggian  title. 

Whilst,  however,  the  inordinate  mass  of  our  modem  debates  amounts  to 
an  inconvenience,  the  perfect  publicity  of  all  that  is  done  or  said  in  parlia- 
ment must  be  viewed  with  congratulation,  for  it  has  actually  become  one  of 
the  guardian  bulwarks  of  the  British  constitution  **.  At  certain  periods  of 
the  last  century,  Diis  aliter  visum,  an  opposite  opinion  prevailed ;  and  in 
the  struggles  which  consequently  ensued  Stlvanus  Urban  played  his 
part  with  determination  and  pertinacity.  He  has  now,  therefore,  something 
to  relate  upon  a  subject  which  unquestionably  forms  an  important  chapter 
of  our  political  as  well  as  literary  history. 

*  These  summaries  were  first  suggested  by  Horace  Twiss,  the  biographer  of  Lord 
Eldon,  and  lie  supplied  them  for  many  years  to  the  Times, 

^  "  The  publication  of  the  debates,  a  practice  which  seemed  to  the  most  liberal 
statesmen  of  the  old  school  full  of  danger  to  the  great  safegpiards  of  public  liberty,  is 
now  regarded  by  many  persons  as  a  safeguard  tantamount,  and  more  than  tantamount, 
to  all  the  rest  together."— Macaulay,  iuay  on  HaUam'a  CanHUtUionul  HUtory. 


532  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Not. 

In  my  early  days  the  foremost  Londoa  newspapers,  with  few  exceptions, 
appeared  only  three  times  a-week,  in  small  sheets,  or  half-sheets,  of  very 
limited  capacity,  lliey  did  not  pretend  to  give  any  systematic  reports  of 
parliament.  That  branch  of  information  was  monopolized  by  the  VoteB 
and  Proceedings  of  the  House  of  Commons^  which  were  not  merely  printed 
for  the  use  of  the  members,  but  largely  sold  to  the  public,  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Speaker ;  but  they  were  not  permitted  to  be  copied  by  un- 
authorised printers,  either  in  newspapers  or  otherwise.  As  to  the  senti- 
ments or  statements  delivered  in  debate,  they  were  not  suffered  to  be 
printed  at  all,  unless  in  the  case  of  some  extraordinary  single  speeches, 
which  occasionally  found  their  way  into  the  newspapers,  communicated  to 
accomplish  a  political  object,  or  perhaps  to  gratify  personal  vanity.  There 
was,  however,  another  contrivance  for  circulating  this  important  but  con- 
traband intelligence.  The  leading  arguments  of  the  most  remurkable  de- 
bates were  written,  in  the  form  of  news-letters ;  and  thus  passed,  sub  rosd^ 
from  hand  to  hand  in  the  coffeie-houses. 

These  written  papers  had,  before  my  birth,  brought  Mr.  Cave  into  some 
trouble  in  the  year  1728.  I  have  already  mentioned  that,  in  common 
with  other  clerks  in  the  Post-office,  he  used  to  act  as  a  purveyor  of  in- 
telligence to  the  country  newspapers.  One  of  his  correspondents  and  best 
friends  was  Mr.  Robert  Raikes,  of  Gloucester,  the  father  of  the  gentleman 
whose  name  is  honoured  as  one  of  the  founders  of  Sunday-schools.  Mr. 
Bobert  Raikes  established  the  Gloucester  Journal^  in  the  year  1722. 
In  March,  1727-8,  a  complaint  was  made  to  the  House  of  Commons  that 
some  notices  of  their  proceedings  had  appeared  in  that  paper.  Raikes  was 
summoned  to  London,  as  well  as  Mr.  J.  Wilson,  his  publisher  at  Bristol, 
and  ordered  into  custody.  When  examined,  Mr.  Raikes  stated  that  he  had 
received  the  intelligences  relating  to  the  proceedings  of  the  House  from 
Edward  Cavb,  of  the  Post-office  m  London.  Hereupon  Cave  also  was  sent 
for,  and  owned  that  he  had  transmitted  to  Raikes  several  written  news- 
letters containing  intelligences  relating  to  the  proceedings  of  the  House ; 
and  he  then  surrendered  other  written  news-letters  which  he  had  received 
from  William  Wye,  John  Stanley,  John  Willys,  and  Ehas  Delpeuck.  These 
four  gentlemen  were  likewise  ordered  into  custody,  and,  except  Willys 
(who  probably  was  not  discovered),  they  all  suffered  some  days'  confine- 
ment. Cave  was  detained  for  ten  days ;  after  which  he  was  reprimanded 
and  discharged, /^ayiny  his  fees,  having  presented  a  petition,  urging  the 
unhappy  plight  of  his  wife  and  family,  who,  by  reason  of  his  confinenaent, 
would  suffer  very  much**. 

The  offence  was  repeated  by  the  Gloucester  Journal  during  the  next 
session ;  but  then  Cave  was  out  of  the  scrape,  though  other  Post-office 
clerks  were  again  accomplices^,   particularly  Mr.  Gythens,  the  clerk  of 

'  In  the  Magasine  for  Jan.  1739,  an  Essay  on  Riots  was  eztraeted  tern  the 
Oloucetier  Journal,  with  those  words  of  commendation : — -  A  News  Fi^er  of  the 
greatest  Account  and  Sale  of  any  published  in  the  Country,  being  drcnkted  bf 
gers  into  Wiltshire  and  all  the  Neighbouring  Counties,  and  even  into  Walm." 

**  Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons,  vol.  xxi.  pp.  85, 118, 119, 127. 

*  It  was  long  before  these  public  officers  relinquished  their  interest  iaJ'Greiffn  ...w,, 
— not  until  after  the  expresses  of  the  late  Mr.  Walter  had  outstripped  in  expedition  tlks 
Government  messengers.  Before  his  time  there  had  existed  "an  invariable  praetioe 
with  the  General  Post-office,  strange  as  it  may  now  appear, — ^the  systematic  retarda- 
tion of  foreign  intelligence,  and  the  public  sale  of  foreign  news  for  the  booefit  of  the 
Lombard-street  officials.''— ifowoir  of  John  Walter,  JSeq. 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  633 

the  Bristol  road,  and  Mr.  John  Stanley  (already  mentioned),  his  a8« 
fiistant^ 

On  this  latter  occasion  the  House  of  Commons  came  to  the  following^ 
resolution  :^- 

"  26th  Feb.  1728-9. — Besotred,  nemine  oontradiceiUe,  That  it  is  an  indignity  to,  and 
a  breach  of  privilege  of,  this  House,  for  any  person  to  presume  to  give,  in  written  or 
^inted  newspapers,  any  account  or  minutes  <^  the  Debates  or  other  prooeedingi  of  this 
House,  or  of  any  committee  thereof. 

"  Resolved,  nemine  contradicente^  That,  upon  discovery  of  the  authors,  printers^  or 
publishers  of  any  such  written  or  printed  newspaper,  this  House  will  proceed  against 
the  offenders  with  the  utmost  severity." 

Such  were  the  checks  which  the  publication  of  the  proceedings  of  our 
legislators  received  on  various  occasions ;  and  yet  those  checks  were  only 
of  temporary  effect.  They  had,  however,  more  influence  towards  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  than  at  an  earlier  period.  In  the  reign  of 
George  the  First  the  press  enjoyed  considerably  more  freedom  than  in  that 
of  his  son,  or  in  that  of  his  great-grandson,  ufitil  the  days  of  Wilkes. 

I  believe  we  owe  the  first  regular  publication  of  a  parliamentary  chroni- 
cle— it  only  occasionally  entered  at  any  length  into  debates — to  Abel 
Boyer,  a  French  Protestant  refugee,  the  author  of  a  Life  of  Queen  Anne« 
and  of  a  French  dictionary  and  grammar,  which  long  maintained  their 
grounds.  But  Boyer  did  not  issue  his  reports  daily,  nor  even  weekly.  His 
Political  State^,  a  monthly  publication  in  the  form  of  an  octavo  pam- 
phlet, first  appeared  in  January,  1710-11 ;  and  an  account  of  parliamentary 
proceedings  and  debates  was  a  part  of  his  original  scheme.  The  names  of 
the  speakers,  when  mentioned,  were  not  printed  at  length,  though  but 
slightly  veiled,  under  their  commencing  and  terminating  letters, — as  the 

Duke  of  B ,  the  Lord  H x,  and  Sir  J n  P n.     Judging 

from  their  conduct  on  several  occasions,  I  should  say  that  the  Lords  were, 
on  the  whole,  more  jealous  of  publicity  than  the  Commons.  They  did  not 
print,  like  the  Commons,  any  minutes  of  their  proceedings,  even  for  their 
own  use* ;  nor  were  their  journals  committed  to  the  press  until  the  year  1752. 
By  a  standing  order  *  of  the  27th  of  Feb.  1698-9,  it  was  a  breach  of  the  pri- 
vilege of  the  House  for  any  person  to  print,  or  publish  in  print,  anything 
relative  to  their  proceedings,  without  the  leave  of  the  House ;  and  so  en- 
tirely did  they  claim  the  exclusive  custody  of  their  records,  that  on  the  7th 
of  May,  1729,  some  leaves  of  the  eighteenth  volume  of  Mymer*9  JFosdera 
(then  recently  printed)  were  ordered  to  be  taken  out  and  destroyed,  because 
they  contained  part  of  a  Journal  of  the  House,  though  of  a  date  so  far  re- 
moved as  the  1st  Charles  I.     It  is  better  remembered,  that  in  1721,  on 

'  Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons,  pp.  227,  238. 

»  Also  of  a  History  of  William  III.,  in  3  vols.  8vo.,  and  AnnaU  cf  the  Beign  of 
Queen  Anne,  tvith  Memoir,  in  12  vols.  8vo.  He  was  bom  in  1667,  came  to  England 
in  1689,  and  died  in  1729. 

^  Before  'J  he  Political  SttUe,  an  annual  register  was  published  under  the  title  of 
The  Compleat  History  of  Europe,  in  which  a  few  remarkable  speeches  and  debates 
were  given,  particularly  those  on  the  Union  with  Scotland  in  1707.  This  work  was 
printed  in  octavo  volumes,  of  which  the  first  of  the  annual  series  belongs  to  the  year 
1701.  Five  introductory  volumes  carried  back  the  events  of  European  history  to  the 
year  1600«  This  valuable  historical  work  forms  fiity-two  volumes,  and  oaases  with  the 
year  1736. 

'  This  useful  step  was  not  taken  until  the  year  1826. 

^  The  occasion  of  making  this  order  was  John  Churchill  having  printed,  without 
leave,  a  bo(4c  entitled,  "  Cases  in  Pkurliament  reK>lved  and  sludged,  upon  Petitions  and 
Writs  of  Error."— Jiwnki/*,  xvi.  391. 


534  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Nov. 

occasion  of  Curll  publishing  the  Works  of  John  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buck- 
inghamshire, their  Lordships  passed  a  resolution  declaring  that  it  was  a 
breach  of  the  privilege  of  their  House  to  publish  the  literary  works  of  any 
deceased  peer,  or  any  part  of  them,  not  published  in  his  lifetime,  or  bis 
life,  or  his  last  will,  without  the  consent  of  his  heirs,  executors,  admi- 
nistrators, or  trustees. 

On  various  occasions  we  find  their  Lordships  resenting  the  publication  of 
their  formal  protests*;  and  in  1716  the  notorious  Curll  was  called  to 
account  for  printing  an  account  of  the  trial  of  the  Earl  of  Wintoun.  But 
this  appears  to  have  been  a  question  of  copyright  rather  than  publicity,  as 
it  was  first  complained  of  on  the  13th  of  April,  after  the  House  itself  had 
ordered  the  account  to  be  printed  on  the  21st  of  March.  Indeed,  perhaps 
in  most  cases  where  the  printers  were  molested,  there  was  some  special 
motive  provoking  the  interference. 

Mr.  Boyer,  in  The  Political  State,  reported  the  debate  of  the  Lords  od 
the  Septennial  Act  at  considerable  length,  but  with  a  caution  that  suggested 
an  extraordinary  plan  of  arrangement.  He  first  stated  (without  disguise) 
the  names  of  the  twenty-four  speakers,  numbering  them  with  figures ;  their 
speeches  followed,  without  their  names,  but  in  the  same  order  as  in  the 
numbered  list.  But  in  the  same  Political  State  the  debates  in  the  Com- 
mons on  the  same  subject  present  the  names  of  the  speakers  printed  with- 
out any  reserve.     This  was  in  the  year  1716. 

Up  to  this  period,  on  the  whole,  the  printers  enjoyed  a  liberty  of  action 
very  preferable  to  the  precarious  course  of  defiance  and  subterfuge  to  which 
they  were  subsequently  driven.  Mr.  Boyer  did  not  hesitate  to  print  bis 
account  of  parliamentary  proceedings,  and  his  occasional  reports  of  the 
debates,  month  by  month,  as  they  arose ;  but  after  he  had  carried  on  these 
useful  labours  for  eighteen  years  unmolested — when  beginning  to  give  bis 
customary  attention  to  the  proceedings  of  the  session  of  1 728-9 — he  was 
startled  by  receiving  from  his  publisher  the  following  letter : — 

«  J».  Gth,  1728. 
"  Sib, — The  Proprietors  of  the  Votes  have  been  with  me,  desiring  me  to  acquaint  yoa, 
that  if  you  meddle  with  the  Parliamentary  Proceedings  in  your  PoUHcal  SUUe,  you 
will  certainly  be  taken  into  custody  for  the  same.     I  thought  it  my  duty  to  acquunt 
you  therewith,  that  you  may  proceed  accordingly ;  and  am,  Sir,  your  humble  servant, 

"  Thomas  Wabicxb." 

This  menace  so  far  intimidated  Mr.  Boyer,  that  he  "thought  fit  to 
cancel  a  whole  half-sheet,  which  had  already  pass'd  the  press,  and  which 
contained  an  account  of  the  Parliamentary  Proceedings  of  the  Month  of 
January";**  and  from  this  time  forward  he  found  it  necessary  to  defer  the 
publication  of  his  parhamentary  report  until  after  the  close  of  the  session. 

The  "proprietors  of  the  Votes"  mentioned  in  Mr.  Warner's  letter  were 
an  association  of  booksellers,  to  whom  the  right  of  printing  the  Votes  was 
farmed  by  his  honour  the  Speaker ;  and  their  motives  were  doubtless  the 
ordinary  motives  of  publishers — the  preservation  of  their  copyright,  and 
an  exclusive  demand  for  their  own  production ;  but  the  intimation  of  their 
intentions  was  so  immediately  followed  by  the  resolution  of  the  House  of 
Commons  itself  in  the  case  of  Raikes,  which  I  have  already  given,  that 
Mr.  Boyer*s  labours  as  a  parliamentary  historian  were  completely  upset. 

^  See  the  Index  to  Lords*  Journals,  vols.  xx. — xxxv.  p.  651. 

"  I  have  found  this  curious  passage  of  the  history  of  our  political  literature — ^wbich 
has  been  entirely  lost  sight  of— in  a  long  and  interesting  pre&ce  prefixed  by  Boyer  to 
his  Political  State  for  January,  1728-9. 


1856.]  Autobioffraphy  of  SykanmM  Urbmu  5S5 

When  the  session  of  1729  had  tenninated.  oq  the  14th  of  May,  lie  gmre 
in  The  Political  State  for  that  month  an  account  of  its  proceedings,  vidi 
very  sparse  notes  of  the  sentiments  of  the  members,  who  were  detoribed  as 
"  an  honourable  gentleman,"  "  a  very  eminent  lawyer,"  "  two  of  the  moit 
eminent  gentlemen  of  the  long  robe,"  &c."  In  the  House  of  Lords,  during 
the  same  session,  the  order  against  the  admission  of  strangers  had  been  so 
strictly  observed,  that  no  account  whatever  of  their  speeches  was  published*. 
On  the  16th  of  Nov.  in  the  same  vear  Abel  Bover  died  r,  and  the 
did  not  again  appear  in  The  Political  St4tte  with  such  fblneas  and 
as  he  had  bestowed  on  them. 

When  the  session  of  1 730  was  over,  the  new  editor  of  The  PoOUeml 
State  ventured  to  publish  one  debate,  and  one  only. — that  on  ForeigB 
Loans,  which  had  taken  place  on  the  24th  of  Fd>.  The  ipeakc 
designated  by  their  initials. 

In  1 731,  after  the  prorogation,  the  debate  on  the  Address  at  dbe 
of  the  session  was  published  with  names  at  full ;  and  in  September  a  debate 
upon  Public  Offices,  whidi  had  occurred  in  Febmary,  was  polished  wick 
the  names  partly  blank. 

In  1732  and  five  following  years  the  lepoits  were  more  copious,  and 
more  in  the  manner  of  Boyer's  time ;  but  their  publication  was  never  eo^ 
menced  until  after  the  session  had  dosed,  and  consequently  tiiey  cnme 
forth  rather  as  history  than  as  news.  And  yet  this  was  the  lonn  in  wbieh 
they  first  attracted  any  considerable  share  of  the  public  altenrion,  wfacA,  bjr 
means  of  the  Magazines,  they  were  introduced  to  a  wider  and  more  ca^ 
tended  circulation. 

I  am  not  able  to  tell  the  name  of  the  gentleman  by  whom  the  debates 
were  arranged  for  The  Political  State  subsequently  to  Boyer^s  death ;  bnt 
I  believe  that  there  were  those  among  the  messengers  and  jonior  offeers  of 
the  Parliament-house  who  found  it  their  interest  to  furmsh  the  materials* 

I  have  admitted  the  merits  of  Boyer,  and  1  can  now  afford  to  do  jottiee 
to  Gordon,  the  reporter  for  the  London  Magazine^  who  certainly  managed 
to  surpass  our  own  friend  Guthrie  ;  and  though  Mr.  Cave  was  exeee^ziztgiy 
anxious  to  obtain  all  the  information  that  he  could,  I  must  confess  that  be 
has  bad  more  than  his  just  share  of  credit  attributed  to  him  in  this  matter^ 
for  he  was  long  outstripped  in  the  race  by  the  L4!mdon  Ma^azime;  tad  it 
was  not  until  he  had  purchased  the  services  of  the  bigh-metded  bcwie  isteaiu 
Johnson  that  he  fairly  won  the  cup,  and  the  conseq'ient  pofmlar  applaote. 

But  1  am  already  attracted  too  far  onwards  by  the  visions  of  o«r  gkrr ; 
for  there  were  yet  some  years  during  which  we  were  contented  to  fc4kMr  m 
the  wake  of  The  Political  State,  and  I  must  now  make  a  dean  breaat  hf 
a  confession  of  our  proceedings. 

It  was  in  April,  1732,  just  fifteen  months  after  the  first  appearance  U 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  that  the  London  Magazine  was  started  m 
direct  rivalry  of  it  9 ;  closely  copying  our  title,  our  pbn,  and  cadi  of  c«r 
component  parts.  In  our  number  for  January,  1732,  we  had  inserted  the 
King's  Speech  at  the  opening  of  the  session,  and  his  answers  to  the  ad* 
dresses  of  both  Houses.  In  the  number  for  July  we  gave  a  pcrdon  o€  tbt 
debate  on  the  King's  Speech^  which  we  derived  from  The  PMiietA  8imU» 

"  Political  State,  voL  zzzviii.  i^  434, 435, 443, 460, 467. 
•  ParUametUartf  Hittory,  voL  viiL  p.  Bffl. 

p  See  a  memoir  of  him  at  the  end  of  the  PoUHeal  8taU  im  thai  y lav;  p.  404. 
<«  The  history  of  this  sni  the  other  eoiiq»etitaoDi  wfaicfa  I  bar*  '      " 

my  career,  I  reserve  for  a  cBstineC  diapter. 


536  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [Nov. 

This  fresh  feature  of  our  Magazine  was  copied,  like  the  rest,  in  the 
London  Magazine  for  August ;  and,  so  far  was  it  found  to  sacceed  with 
the  public,  that  from  this  time  both  Magazines  gave  as  much  of  the  debates 
as  they  could  find  room  for, — though  for  five  years  they  continued  almost 
entirely  dependent  for  material  upon  what  The  Political  State  had  already 
published.  They  followed  this  course  with  advantage,  because  the  price 
of  that  work  continued  to  be  eighteenpence,  but  both  the  Magazines  were 
published  for  sixpence.  It  would  have  been  wise  on  the  part  of  the  con- 
ductors  of  The  Political  State  to  have  descended  to  combat  with  us  on 
our  own  terms,  for  then  their  priority  of  intelligence  would  possibly  have 
carried  the  day.  They  could  not  openly  dispute  the  copyright,  because  the 
article  itself  was  in  reality  contraband. 

Our  pillage  was  certainly  merciless.  But  it  was  done  on  the  same 
footing  as  the  weekly  newspapers  now  copy  from  the  daily  journals. 
There  was  another  pamphlet  resembling  The  Political  State,  called  The 
Historical  Pegister,  which  was  printed  to  serve  the  interests  of  the  Sun 
Fire-office,  and  was  distributed  at  a  reduced  price  to  the  members  of  that 
association '.  This  borrowed  the  debates  from  The  Political  State ;  and 
so  did  TJhe  Compleat  History  of  Europe,  The  practice  was  sanctioned  by 
usage,  if  not  by  strict  honesty. 

As  the  Magazines  were  professedly  compilations  from  contemporary 
papers,  they  pretended  to  few  scruples  as  to  copyright  Our  great  boast  * 
was  to  give 

iWore  (n  <!ftuant{ts,  anD  greatet  Uadetp,  tj^an  ans  Vook  of  tjfte 

i&inD  and  Price  ; 

and  to  fulfil  this  undertaking,  Mr.  Cave  was  always  doing  his  utmost  by 
means  of  small  type  and  closely  packed  pages.  In  our  second  volume  be 
got  into  a  single  page  ^  a  table  of  Government  accompts  which  bad  occu- 
pied seven  pages  in  The  Political  State,  and  that  without  an  additional 
column  for  the  year  1 732.  which  Cave  contrived  to  squeeze  into  the  margin. 
Our  avowed  plan  was  to  give  the  essence  and  substance  of  all  our  con* 
temporaries,  and  our  motto  was  ■ 

E   PLUBIMIS   X7NTJM. 

We  carried  out  this  principle  into  the  Debates.  We  did  not  give  them 
quite  so  fully  as  The  Political  State,  but  we  gave  their  best  parts,  and  as 
fully  as  we  could. 

At  length  the  strength  of  The  Political  State  was  fairly  exhausted,  and 
in  1737  the  debates  appeared  no  longer  in  an  original  form  in  that  work,  but 
they  began  to  be  reported  very  efficiently  in  the  London  Magazine^-^ 
whether  drawn  up  by  Kimber,  the  editor  ",  or  by  Gordon  *  (who  was  cer- 
tainly employed  in  the  following  year),  I  cannot  say. 

■^ _  _  _         _    

'  At  4d.  to  insurers,  and  6d.  to  the  public  The  Mi^torioal  Megitter  wts  ooQUMOeed 
in  1716,  as  a  substitute  for  a  newspaper  previously  printed  for  the  same  object.  It  was 
issued  quarterly,  and  continued  to  the  end  of  1737,  when  the  prohibition  by  the  Home 
of  Commons  of  the  fiirther  publication  of  its  debates  was  made  the  oocasioii  Ibr 
■topping  it. 

*  The  London  Magazine  made  the  like  boast,  as  **  eontaininff  great«  Variefy,  aad 
more  in  Quantity,  than  any  Monthly  Book  of  the  same  Prioe.'^— "  As  tbey  havs  ser- 
vilely copy*d  our  Title,  Plan,  k  Method  of  Printing,  bo  th^  do  not  tidik  to  use  those 
Words  ostentatiously,  and  falsely,  which  the  0£irTLE]CA]r*s  MAOAcm  has  Tttifyd 
Irom  the  Beginning  to  this  Day." — Ghnt.  Mag,  viiL  61. 

'  p.  919. 

"  Isaac  Kimber,  who  had  been  editor  of  tlie  Merniiig  Ckromde  froOB  Jso.  17fl8  %o 
1 


/ 


1856.]  AtUoUography  of  Sylvamu  Urban.  587 

Cave,  though  as  yet  unable  to  take  an  independent  course,  was  desirous 
to  improve  the  reports  all  he  could ;  as  is  shewn  by  the  following  notes 
preserved  among  his  letters  to  Dr,  (then  Mr.)  Birch  : — 

"Sir, — As  yoa  remember  the  Debate,  so  fkr  as  to  perceive  the  Speeches  already 
printed  ^  are  not  exact,  I  beg  the  favour  that  you  will  peruse  the  Inclosed,  and  in  the 
best  manner  your  memory  will  serve,  correct  the  mistaken  passages,  or  add  anything 

that  is  omitted.    I  should  be  very  glad  to  have  something  of  the  Duke  of  N le^s 

Speech,  which  would  be  particularly  of  service ;  and  whatever  trouble  you  shall  tak^ 
shall  be  gratefully  acknowledged  by.  Sir, 

**  Your  obliged  humble  ServS 

"Edw**  Cave. 

"  A  Qentlcman  has  Lord  Bathurst's  Speech  to  add  something  to. 

''  I  shall  be  ready  to  wait  on  you  tomorrow  to  Putney,  in  what  manner  you  chuse. 

"Friday,  \h^^  July,  1737." 

**  Sir, — I  trouble  you  with  y^  Inclosed,  because  you  said  you  could  eamly  correct  what 

is  herein  given  for  Lord  Ch Id's  Speech ;  I  beg  you  will  do  so  as  soon  as  you  can 

for  me,  because  the  month  is  &r  advanced.  I  will  in  return  g^ve  you  a  sheet  of  copy 
relating  to  Mr.  Facio,  and  own  myself, 

"Sir, 
"  St.  John's  Gate,  "  Your  obliged  humble  Serv*, 

"  21  July,  1737.  "  Ed  :  Cave. 

"  P.S. — If  you  can  dictate  better  than  write,  1*11  wait  on  you  (unless  you  please  to 
come  to  me),  to  be  your  amanuensis." 

The  former  of  these  notes  refers  to  the  Lords*  debate  on  the  Porteous 
riot  at  Edinburgh.  Mr.  Birch,  in  reply,  furnished  some  notes  of  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle's  speech,  which  occupy  half  a  column  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  for  July,  1737,  p.  377  ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  this  reportf 
was  overlooked  by  the  editor  of  the  Parliamentary  History ^  and  is  not 
inserted  where  it  should  be,  in  vol.  ix.  of  that  compilation,  at  col.  1294. 
Lord  Bathurst^s  speech  on  the  same  subject  is  also  reprinted  (col.  1299,) 
exactly  as  it  appeared  in  the  London  Magazine  for  June,  p.  292,  and 
without  the  additions  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Cave  ',  with  which,  and  numerous 
corrections  throughout,  it  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
July. 

The  speech  of  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  mentioned  in  Mr.  Cave's  second 
note,  was  one  upon  the  Players'  Bill.  It  had  been  first  published  in 
Fay's  Journal,  No.  5,  and  from  thence  copied  into  the  London  Magazine 
for  June,  1737,  p.  378.  Our  report  was  much  fuller,  occupying  three 
entire  pages  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  July ;  and  the  Political 
State  was  glad  to  take  it  from  us  in  August  (p.  158).  But  this  speech 
presents  another  instr.nce  of  want  of  care  in  the  Parliamentary  History^ 
which  follows  the  imperfect  copy  of  the  London  Magazine, 

May,  1732.  In  treating  of  the  London  Mayatine  hereafter,  I  shall  have  more  to  say 
of  him. 

'  Tliomas  Gordon,  the  translator  of  Tadtus. 

^  i.  e.  in  the  London  Maycusine. 

*  These  consist  of,  "  My  Lords,  it  is  a  general  remark  among  foreigners,  that  no 
country  has  better  laws  than  England,  bat  were  is  no  country  in  which  they  are  wone 
observed,''  &c.,  15  lines,  p.  399;  "There  is  a  sensibility  in  the  people,"  &c.,  80  Imet^ 
p.  400 ;  the  following  short  passage,  relative  to  the  fate  of  Judge  Tresilian :  "  Such  was 
the  resentment  of  the  nation,  that  in  spite  of  all  his  intrigues,  and  notwithstanding  the 
weight  of  court  &vour,  which  will  be  idways  (bond  insignificant  against  a  univeraid  cry 
of  oppression;"  and  another  in  p.  401,  col.  2,  in  reference  to  persons  escaping  toe 
severities  of  the  pillory :  "  And  the  criminal,  instead  of  being  detested  as  a  sower  of 
sedition,  has  sometimes  been  applauded  as  a  khid  oi  sufferer  fat  liberty,  or  the  rights  of 
the  people." 

Gknt.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  a 


538  Autobiography  of  Sylvanua  Urban.  [Nov. 

Our  Magazine  for  August,  1737,  pp.  457 — 463,  commenced  with  the 
entire  speech  of  P(atri)c  L(indsay),  Esq.,  Member  for  the  City  of  £(din- 
bur)gh,  against  the  bill  proposing  to  incapacitate  and  imprison  Alexander 
Wilson,  Esquire,  the  Lord  Provost  of  Edinburgh,  on  account  of  the  Por- 
teous  riots ;  which  was  followed  bv  a  letter  which  Mr.  Lindsav  had  written 
in  defence  of  that  speech.  These  were  copied  in  The  jRolitical  State  for 
September,  with  this  introduction  : — 

"  Tlie  following  Speech  and  Letter  of  P L y^  Esq.,  having  been  asserted  to 

be  genuine,  we  should  do  wrong  to  our  Headers,  if  we  did  not  give  them  a  Place  in  the 
Pomical  State.  Having  for  so  many  Years  fumislied  all  the  Debates  to  others,  we 
may  surely  be  allowed  to  make  some  lleprizals ;  a  Liberty  we  shall  take  but  seldom, 
au(l  very  shortly  not  at  all.** 

Again,  in  our  Magazine  for  Oct.  1737,  we  were  the  first  to  publish  a 
debate  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  same  bill ;  on  which  occasion  we 
remarked  : — 

"  As  we  find  the  single  Speeches  in  Parliament,  of  ichich  the  Gentleman's  MaOA- 
ZINK  has  had  more  than  anif  other,  better  received  than  lohen  several  are  thrown  into 
one  Arffvmenty  after  the  Manner  of  some  ivfto  seldom  distinguish  the  Speakers,  we  shall 
continue  that  Method,  and  venture  to  add  here  one  or  two  in  the  House  of  Lords,  which 
were  perhaps  as  remarkable  as  any  that  happened  during  tlie  long  Debates  in  the 
Scotch  Affair:* 

These  were  two  speeches  by  the  Duke  of  Argyle,  and  two  by  Lord 
Ilardwicke,  and  it  was  by  the  Yorkes  that  they  were  supplied,  through  our 
friend  INIr.  Birch.     They  were  copied  in  The  FoUtical  State  for  November. 

At  the  end  of  the  volume  for  1737,  we  made  the  following  remarks  :— 

"  The  candid  Reader,  who  knows  the  Difficulty,  and  sometimes  Danger,  of  publishing 

Speeches  in  P 1,  will  easily  conceive,  that  it  is  impossible  to  do  it  in  the  very  Worda 

of  the  Speakers.  With  regard  to  the  major  Part,  we  pretend  only  to  represent  the 
Sense  as  near  as  may  l>e  expected  in  a  sunnnary  Way ;  and  therefore,  as  to  any  little 
Exi)ression  being  mistaken,  which  does  not  affect  tlie  8co|M3  of  the  Ai^ument  in 
general,  we  hope,  as  not  being  done  with  Design,  it  will  be  favourably  overlooked." 

If  our  rivals  of  the  London  Magazine  were  indignant  at  our  copying 
their  reports,  they  were  still  more  nettled  when  they  found  themselves 
outdone  by  us.  Early  in  the  following  year  they  appended  this  assertion 
to  their  advertisements  : — 

"  X.B. — The  only  valuable  Part  of  the  Gentleman's  Maqazine  for  the  la«t  Six 
M(mt]is,  particularly  above  half  of  December,  and  the  whole  of  the  Supplement,  in  all 
280  I*apfcs,  and  al>ove  a  Tliird  Part  of  the  Volume,  is  stolen  from  the  London  Magazine 
of  the  preceding  Month,  which  sliews  what  the  Headers  of  that  stale  Collection  may 
expect  in  the  ensuing  Y&xv:*— Craftsman,  No.  601,  Feb.  7,  1737  (i.e.  1737-8). 

This  charge  we  were  able  to  retort  with  a  statement,  that  "the  London 
Mar/azines  had  actually  copied  or  stolen  (to  use  their  own  word,  when  not 
speaking  of  themselves)  above  a  thousand  pages  of  debates  from  the 
Political  State  without  mentioning  where  they  had  them  ■." 

Hut  our  mutual  bickerings  and  borrowings  were  presently  hashed  by  a 
more  authoritative  expression  of  dissatisfaction  from  the  higher  powers. 

In  April,  1738,  the  precipitancy  of  one  of  the  newspapers  in  printing  his 
Majesty's  answer  ^  to  an  address  from  the  Commons  (relative  to  the  depre- 
dations of  the  Spaniards),  before  the  same  had  been  duly  reported  from  the 
chair,  which  in  parliamentary  usage  was  *'the  only  way  of  communicating^ 
it  to  the  public,*'  roused  the  indignation  of  Mr.  Speaker  Onslow,  and  pro- 

■  Vol.  viii.  p.  68. 

»»  See  this  in  the  "Historical  Chronicle"  of  the  Chnt,  Mag,  for  that  montli,  p.  217. 
Its  date  was  April  6 :  the  debate  above  described  took  place  on  the  ISth. 


1856.]  Autobiography  ofSylvantu  Urban,  689 

Toked  him  to  make  a  complaint  to  the  House  ;  and  in  so  doing  he  passed 
some  reflections  upon  the  prevailing  practices  of  the  printers,  which  *'  he 
had  observed  of  late  to  have  run  into  very  great  abuses."  It  is  won- 
derful with  how  general  an  echo  these  remarks  were  received  in  all 
quarters  of  the  House,  and  even  where  a  regard  for  "  the  liberty  of  the 
press"  was  professed.  Sir  William  Yonge,  then  Secretary  at  War,  was 
the  first  to  answer  the  Speaker's  appeal : — 

"  I  have  observed.  Sir,  that  not  only  an  aceonnt  of  what  you  do,  but  of  what  you 
say,  is  regularly  printed  and  circulated  through  all  parts,  both  of  the  town  and  country. 
At  the  same  time,  Sir,  there  are  very  often  gross  misrepresentations,  both  of  the  sense 
and  language  of  gentlemen.  Therefore,  Sir,  in  my  opinion  it  is  now  high  time  to  put 
a  stop  to  it.  Not  that  I  should  be  for  attacking  the  Liberty  of  the  Press;  that  is  a 
point  I  would  be  as  tender  of  as  any  gentleman  in  the  House.  Perhaps  some  gentlemen 
may,  indeed,  think  it  a  hardship  not  to  be  able  to  find  their  names  in  print,  at  the 
head  of  a  great  many  fine  things,  in  the  monthly  Magazines :  but  this,  Sir,  can  never 
prevent  gentlemen  from  sending  their  speeches,  if  they  please ;  it  only  prevents  other 
gentlemen  from  being  misrepresented." 

Sir  William  Yonge  concluded  with  a  recommendation  that  the  standing 
order  against  printing  or  publishing  any  of  the  proceedings  of  the  House 
should  be  enforced,  and  that  it  should  be  extended  to  the  recess  as  well  as 
the  session. 

Sir  William  Windham,  whilst  he  recommended  caution  in  a  question  so 
nearly  connected  with  the  liberty  of  the  press,  was  yet  sensible  that  there 
was  a  necessity  to  put  a  stop  to  the  practice  of  printing  what  were  called 
the  speeches  of  the  House,  on  account  of  the  misrepresentations  and  mon- 
strous mistakes  that  were  committed.  He  was  not,  however,  satisfied  that 
such  prohibition  should  be  extended  to  the  recess.  He  admitted  that  the 
public  would  think  they  sustained  a  prejudice  by  being  deprived  of  all 
knowledge  of  what  passed  in  the  House,  otherwise  than  by  the  printed 
Votes,  **  which  are  very  lame  and  imperfect :" — 

"  They  have  been  long  used  to  be  indulged  in  this,  and  they  may  possibly  think  it  a 
hardship  to  be  deprived  of  it  now.  Nay,  Sir,  I  must  go  further :  I  do  not  know  but 
they  may  have  a  right  to  know  somewhat  more  of  the  proceedings  of  this  House  than 
what  appears  upon  your  Votes ;  and,  if  I  were  sure  that  the  sentiments  of  gentlemen 
were  not  misrepresented,  I  should  be  agunst  our  coming  to  any  Besolutioii  that  could 
deprive  them  of  a  knowledge  that  is  so  necessary  for  their  being  able  to  judge  of  the 
merits  of  their  representatives  within  doors." 

This  was  the  utmost  that  any  member  expressed  in  favour  of  publicity ; 
and  even  Sir  W.  Windham,  before  he  sat  down,  admitted  that  he  thought 
it  high  time  that  some  notice  should  be  taken  of  the  obnoxious  practice ; 
for  **  it  had  grown  to  such  a  pitch,  that  he  remembered  some  time  ago 
there  was  a  public  dispute  in  the  newspapers,  betwixt  two  printers  or 
booksellers  of  two  pamphlets,  which  of  them  contained  the  true  copy  of  a 
certain  hon.  gentleman's  speech  in  this  House." 

The  Right  Hon.  Thomas  Winnington  was  in  no  manner  of  pain  about  the 
liberty  of  the  press  being  in  danger ;  and  did  not  see  why  they  ought  to 
be  less  jealous  of  their  rights  and  privileges  than  the  other  House  was. 
Otherwise  he  feared  it  would  be  thought  out  of  doors  that  they  wanted  the 
power  to  enforce  them  : — 

"  And  then.  Sir,  what  will  be  the  consequence  P  Why,  Sir,  y<»a  will  have  every  word 
that  is  spoken  here  by  gentlemen  misrepresented  by  fellows  who  thrust  themselves 
into  our  gallery.  You  will  have  the  Speeches  <^  this  House  every  day  printed  evea 
during  your  Session.  And  we  shall  be  looked  upon  as  the  most  contemptible  assemUj 
on  the  face  of  the  earth !" 

It  would  be  a  culpable  omission  if  Stlyaitus  Ubbait  did  not  here 


510  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Nov. 

remark,  that  Mr.  Winnington  was  in  this  anticipation  an  exceedingly  false 
prophet.  However,  a  more  eminent  man,  the  great  Mr.  Pulteney  (after- 
wards Earl  of  Bath)  expressed  sentiments  on  this  point  which,  to  modem 
apprehension,  seem  scarcely  less  absurd  and  unconstitutional.     He  said,— 

"  I  think  no  appeals  should  he  made  to  the  puhlic  with  regard  to  what  is  said  in  this 
assemhly;  and  to  print  and  publish  the  Speeches  of  gentlemen  in  this  House,  even 
tliough  tiiey  were  not  misrepresented,  looks  very  like  making  them  accountable  for 
what  they  say  within." 

It  was  well  known,  he  remarked,  that  the  House  of  Peers  could  panish 
the  publication  of  any  part  of  their  proceedings  for  twenty,  thirty,  or  forty 
years  back,  because  it  was  a  court  of  record,  and.  as  such,  its  rights  and 
privileges  never  die ;  and  he  thought  a  printer  might  be  punished  for  pub- 
lishing the  proceedings  of  the  Commons  during  the  recess,  "  because  our 
privileges  as  a  House  of  Parliament  exist  during  the  whole  continuance  of 
parliament.'*  He  proceeded  to  admit  that  a  parliament  might  bd  called  to 
account  after  its  dissolution ;  and  this  admission  he  seems  to  have  made 
chiefly  to  introduce  an  allusion  to  the  prime  minister  having  once,  five-and- 
twenty  years  before,  written  a  bitter  pamphlet,  entitled  **  A  Short  History 
of  the  last  Parliament,"  which  was  dedicated  to  Pulteney,  then  Walpole's 
coadjutor.  He  concluded  with  the  following  insinuations  with  regard  to 
relations  between  the  Government  and  the  press  : — 


"  I  always  thought  that  these  pamphlets  containing  our  Debates  were  circulated  by 
the  Government's  encouragement,  and  at  their  expense ;  tor,  till  the  honourable  gentle- 
man who  spoke  hist  save  one  mentioneil  the  Magazines  in  the  manner  he  did,  I  have 
been  still  used  to  look  on  them  as  a  ministerial  project ;  for  I  imagined  that,  it  being 
found  impracticable  to  make  the  people  buy  and  read  the  Gazetteer  by  itself,  it  was 
contrived  so  as  that  the  writings  of  the  other  party  being  printed  in  the  same  pamphlet, 
it  might  be  some  invitation  to  the  pulilic  to  look  into  the  Gazetteer ;  and  I  dare  say. 
Sir,  the  great  run  which  tlie  Magazines  have  had  has  been  entirely  owing  to  this 
stratagem.  The  good  and  the  bad  are  printed  together,  and  people  are  by  that  meaos 
drawn  m  to  read  both." 

Last  of  all,  Sir  Robert  Walpole  added  complaints  as  strongly  con- 
demning the  published  reports  as  any  speaker  that  had  gone  before  him  : — 

"  I  have  read  some  Debates  of  this  House,  Sir,  in  which  I  have  been  made  to  speak 
the  very  reverse  of  what  I  meant.  I  have  read  others  of  them  wherein  all  the  wit,  the 
learning,  and  the  argument  has  been  thrown  into  one  side,  and  on  the  other  nothing 
but  what  was  low,  mean,  and  ridiculous ;  and  yet  when  it  comes  to  the  question,  the 
Division  has  gone  against  the  side  which,  ujwn  the  face  of  the  Debate,  had  reason  and 
justice  to  8upi)ort  it.  So  that,  Sir,  had  I  been  a  stranger  to  tlie  proceedings,  and  to 
tlie  nature  of  the  arguments  themselves,  I  must  liave  thouglit  this  to  have  been  one  of 
the  most  contem])tible  assemblies  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  \Miat  notion  then.  Sir,  can 
the  public,  who  have  no  other  means  of  being  informed  of  the  Debates  of  this  House, 
than  what  they  have  from  these  papers,  entertain  of  the  wisdom  and  abilities  of  an 
assembly,  who  are  represented  therein  to  carry  almost  every  point  against  the  strongest 
and  the  plainest  argument  and  appearances." 

He  afterwards  added  : — 

"  As  to  what  the  hem.  gentleman  said,  with  regard  to  the  Magazines  being  published 
and  distributed  by  order,  and  at  the  expense,  of  the  Government,  I  do  not  know  if  he 
was  serious  or  not.  If  he  was  serioiw,  he  must  have  a  very  contemptible  opinion  of  the 
imderstanding  of  those  gentlemen  who  have  the  honour  to  serve  his  Majesty,  if  he 
imagines  that  they  would  be  so  weak  as  to  propagate  papers,  every  page  almost  of 
wliich  hath  a  dire<;t  tendency  against  their  own  interest.  If  any  gentleman  will  take 
the  trouble,  which  I  own  I  very  seldom  do,  to  look  into  one  of  these  Magazines,  he  will 
find  four  pages  wrote  against  the  Government  for  one  that  is  in  its  favour;  and 
generally  the  subject  is  of  such  a  nature,  as  would  be  severely  punished  under  any 
other  government  than  our  own." 


1856.]  Auiobioffrdphy  of  Sylvanui  Urban.  641 

All  this  was  true ;  but  at  the  same  time  the  speaker  was  evading  the 
whole  truth.  The  Government  and  its  friends  did  not  commmiicate  di- 
rectly with  the  Magazines,  which  were  not  of  their  party ;  but  they  made 
communications,  when  they  thought  proper,  to  the  Dailif  Gazetteer^  or 
some  other  newspaper,  from  whence  such  semi-official  intelligence  was 
copied  into  the  various  other  journals. 

After  the  expression  of  these  strange  and  unconstitutional  opinions  (as 
they  now  appear  to  us)  the  House  of  Commons  came  to  the  following 
resolution : — 

"  That  it  is  an  high  indignity  to,  and  a  notorioos  breach  of  the  Privilege  of,  this 
House,  for  any  News- Writer  in  Letters,  or  other  Papers,  (as  SOnntes,  or  under  any 
other  denomination,)  or  for  any  printer  or  publisher  of  any  printed  Newspaper  of  any 
denomination,  to  presume  to  insert  in  the  said  Letters  or  Papers,  or  to  give  tiierein  any 
Account  of  the  Debates,  or  other  Proceedings  of  this  House,  or  any  Committee  thereof, 
as  well  during  the  recess,  as  the  sitting  of  Parliament^  and  that  tins  House  will  proceed 
with  the  utmost  severity  against  such  offenders." 

Such  was  the  resolution  which  in  April,  1738,  the  House  of  Commons 
passed  unanimously !  But  before  the  end  of  that  year  their  debates  were 
published  more  completely  than  ever.  This  was  done  by  the  Magazines : 
but  how  they  managed  to  accomplish  their  object,  in  defiance  of  the 
injunctions  of  the  House,  I  must  now  reserve  to  tell  in  another  portion  of 
my  narrative. 


TENBY  JlKD  its  NEIGHBOUEHOOD  ». 

In  a  recent  Number  we  took  the  opportunity  of  the  publication  of  a  new 
Guide-book  to  Chester  to  g^ve  our  readers  some  account  of  the  antiquities 
of  that  interesting  old  city.  In  a  similar  manner  we  hope,  from  time  to 
time,  to  take  opportunities  to  remind  them  of  the  many  objects  of  interest 
with  which  our  own  country  abounds,  and  to  shew  them  that  it  is  not 
necessary  always  to  go  abroad  in  search  of  objects  worthy  of  their  attention. 
It  is  too  often  the  case  that  Englishmen  travel  abroad  year  after  year  to 
view  the  historical  monuments  of  other  countries,  while  they  are  in  entire 
ignorance  of  those  which  they  have  left  at  home. 

The  architecture  of  South  Pembrokeshire  is  very  peculiar  and  remarkable, 
and  may  be  carefully  studied  with  advantage :  although  primitive,  and  often 
rude,  it  is  manly  and  grand  in  its  effect,  even  when  the  buildings  are  really 
small,  as  is  generally  the  case.  It  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  materials^ 
the  climate,  and  the  situation.  The  chief  material  is  a  hard  limestone* 
which  it  is  almost  impossible  to  carve  or  work  into  mouldings ;  and  slate  is 
abundant ;  wood  is  scarce,  and  must  always  have  been  so.  To  meet  these 
difficulties,  the  churches  are  almost  invariably  built  upon  a  cruciform  plan, 
with  stone  vaults  of  the  most  simple  construction,  pointed,  but  without  any 
attempt  at  groining,  or  ribs,  except  in  a  few  instances.  This  kind  of 
vaulting  is  found  also  in  Jersey  and  Guernsey,  and  in  some  parts  of  France, 
especially  in  the  west  and  south-west.  It  appears  to  be  dictated  by  the 
material,  and  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  one  has  copied  from  the 
other.  It  does  not  occur  in  Flanders,  although  the  inhabitants  of  Pembroke- 
shire,  the  ''little  England  beyond  Wales,"  are  said  to  be  of  Flemish  origin, 
and  it  is  the  fashion  to  call  this  provincial  style  Flemish  architecture.     In 


a    « 


A  Guide  to  the  Town  of  Tenby  and  its  Keighhourhood."    (12mo.    Tenby: 
Mason.    1856.) 


542  Tenby  and  its  Neighbourhood.  [Not. 

France,  it  clearly  belongs  originally  to  the  eleventh  centnry,  as  at  St.  Savin, 
vehere  the  paintings  on  the  walls  remain  to  shew  the  date ;  but  so  simple 
and  convenient  a  style  probably  continued  to  be  used  at  all  periods. 
In  Pembrokeshire  there  appears  no  reason  to  suppose  that  these  churches 
are  earlier  than  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  and  to  that  great  building 
period  the  original  parts  of  nearly  every  church  belong.  The  walls  arc 
necessarily  thick  and  massive,  to  carry  these  heavy  stone  vaults:  this  is 
not  in  itself  a  proof  of  their  being  of  the  Norman  period ;  but  when  there 
is  any  carved  work,  or  detail  of  any  kind,  it  is  generally  Norman,  and 
almost  every  church  has  a  Norman  font  of  a  particular  type,  clearly  be- 
longing to  about  the  year  1200.  which  at  least  indicates  that  there  was 
a  church  there  at  that  time.  These  pointed  vaults  conveniently  carry  the 
stone  slabs  or  slates  of  the  roof  without  the  need  of  timber ;  the  eaves  are 
overhanging,  to  throw  off  the  quantity  of  water  which  falls,  without  the 
possibility  of  having  gutters  filled  up.  On  the  point  of  the  gable  is  fre- 
quently a  massive  stone  cross,  with  a  circle  pierced,  of  the  usual  Norman 
character. 

At  the  west  end,  or  more  frequently,  perhaps,  on  one  side  of  each  of 
these  churches,  stands  a  tall  square  tower,  of  very  plain  work,  without 
buttresses,  and  slightly  battering  from  the  base  upwards,  surmounted  by  a 
parapet,  usually  a  battlement,  carried  upon  a  row  of  simple  corbels ;  not 
exactly  what  is  usually  called  a  corbel-table,  because  there  are  no  small 
arches  between  the  corbels,  which  stand  nearly  close  together.  Within 
there  is  generally  a  vault  over  the  ground-floor,  (which  often  forms  one 
of  the  transepts,)  and  frequently  two  other  vaults ;  one  between  the  ring- 
ing-chamber and  the  bells,  the  other  at  the  top,  carrying  a  solid  stone 
roof  with  several  gutters,  and  plain  short  gurgoyles  in  each  face  of  the 
tower.  Many  of  these  towers  are  of  the  same  age  as  the  churches,  and 
some  were  originally  lofty;  others  were  low,  and  have  had  a  belfry- story 
added.  Tliat  of  Castle-Martin  had  originally  a  saddle-back  roof,  as  shewn 
by  the  difference  of  masonry,  a  square  belfry-story  having  been  built  upon 
it.  Some  are  entirely  of  the  fifteenth  century,  built  in  such  careful  imita* 
tion  of  the  earlier  examples,  that  it  requires  some  study  to  distinguish 
them.     This  is  the  case  at  Lamphey  and  at  Gumfreston. 

The  arches  of  these  churches  are  usually  pointed,  but  extremely  rude 
and  rough — merely  holes  cut  through  the  wall,  as  through  a  rock,  without 
any  attempt  at  a  moulding,  or  an  impost,  or  even  a  chamfer.  The  most 
probable  explanation  of  this  is,  that  the  original  Norman  arches  were  very 
small,  little  more  than  doorways,  as  the  Norman  chancel-arch  frequently 
was ;  these  small  openings  being  found  inconvenient,  they  were  afterwardiii 
enlarged  by  cutting  the  present  rude  arches  through  the  massive  Norman 
walls  of  hard  limestone,  which  hardly  admitted  of  any  degree  of  finish  or 
ornament.  What  makes  this  explanation  the  more  probable  is,  that  in 
some  instances,  where  the  nave  has  been  rebuilt  in  the  fifteenth  century,  aa 
in  Carew  Church,  the  pillars  and  arches  are  of  the  usual  form  and  propor- 
tions, and  very  fairly  worked,  although  plain.  It  is  hardly  possible  to 
imagine  that  such  mere  holes  in  the  wall  as  the  arches  in  the  nave  of 
Manorbeer  Church  could  have  been  really  built  at  the  same  time  as  those 
at  Carew,  a  few  miles  distant:  it  is  far  more  probable  that  aisles  were 
added  in  the  thirteenth  century,  outside  the  Norman  walls,  and  these 
openings  pierced  through  them ;  the  north  aisle  was  afterwards  made  of 
double  the  width,  by  rebuilding  the  outer  wall,  but  still  without  disturbing 
the  inner  wall,  which  carried  the  stone  vault. 


1856.] 


Tenbif  and  its  Neighbourkood. 


S4ff 


In  the  chnrchynrds  of  idbdt  of  these  chorchea  there  is  a  mcMtiuuy  chapel, 
with  a  crypt  under  it,  to  receive  the  boDes  dug  up  in  the  churchyard.  ThU 
ia  an  ancient  custom,  more  commoDly  found  in  Brittany,  where  eo  mauy 
old  customs  are  preserved,  than  ta  other  countries,  and  affords  another 
instance  of  the  close  reEemblance  between  the  inhabitants  of  Brittany  and 
Wales.  A  similar  custom  may  occasionally  be  found  in  England,  but  mmv 
commonly  there  is  a  small  crypt  under  a  part  of  one  of  the  aiales  of  the 
church,  as  at  Ripon,  where  such  a  crypt  is  atill  used  for  thia  purpose.  It  it 
probable  that  the  quantity  of  bones  in  the  crypt  of  the  church  of  St.  Ursula 
at  Cologne  were  brought  from  a  neighbouring  cemetery,  and  that  it  i> 
modem  anperatition  only  which  has  converted  them  into  the  bones  of  the 
eleven  thousand  virgins ! 

It  has  been  mentioned  that  the  chnrches  of  Pembrokeshire  are  almost 
invariably  cruciform  in  plan ;  and  as  the  arches  both  to  the  chancel  and  the 
transepts  were  very  small,  and 
they  were  originally  built  with- 
out any  aisles,  the  people  in 
the  transepts  were  inconveni' 
entlr  shut  out  from  the  rest 
of  the  church,  and  would  have 
had  no  chance  of  seeing  the 
altar,  but  for  the  ingenious 
contrivances  called  "  squints," 
which  are  another  peculiar  fea- 
ture of  this  district,  found  in 
almost  every  church.  These 
consist  of  oblique  openings 
from  the  transepts  towards 
the  altar,  across  the  angle 
formed  by  the  walls  of  the 
chancel  and  transept,  with  a 
low  external  wall  and  a  iean-to 

roof  of  a  triangular  shape  just  filling  up  the  angle ;  the  outer  wall  is  nniaQf 
about  four  or  five  feet  high,  and  the  point  of  the  roof  about  seven.  Within, 
these  openings  frequently  firm  an  actual  passage  from  the  transept  to  the 
chancel,  about  two  feet  wide,  and  there  ia  sometimes  a  imall  window  in  this 
passage.  A  similar  arrangement  may  be  found  occasionally  in  other  parts 
of  England  **,  but  nowhere  so  systematically  carried  oat,  or  so  general,  aa  in 
Pembrokeshire. 

This  simple  arrangement  practically  does  away  with  the  objection  com- 
monly  m^ed  against  the  cruciform  plan  for  churches,  and  might  eariij,  sai 
with  advantage,  be  carried  out  elsewhere.  We  cannot  help  admiring  the 
good  sense  of  the  medieval  architects  of  Pembrokeshire  and  the  neighbooF- 
ing  districts,  in  making  such  good  use  of  the  materials  within  their  reach. 
With  such  materials  and  such  a  climate,  it  would  be  hardly  poesible  to 
build  churches  on  any  plan  more  economical,  more  dnrable,  or  better  suited 

■"  See  ArchtBological  Journal,  voL  iiL  pp.  299 — 308.— Perlup*  the  most  psrCMt  d»- 
veloi>ment  of  the  Squint  occurs  in  Minder  Lovell  Chunb,  Oxfiirdthii^  wbov  It  it  not 
mETely  a  common  puaage,  Jlut  high  enough  and  wide  euoogli  tor  »  man  to  pMS 
through,  aa  in  Pembrokeehire,  but  a  loft;  arch,  placed  disgonallj,  forming  a  Kirt  (£ 
flying  buttress  to  the  tower.  Working  dmwingi  of  this  olmrch  were  publuhed  a  few 
jean  since  by  Mr.  Prichard,  the  architect  who  Dow  so  ablv  conduGta  the  n  '  " 
UaudafT  Cathedral. 


544  Tenby  and  its  Neighbourhood.  [Nov, 

for  their  purpose :  neither  wind  nor  rain  could  seriously  injure  them, — as 
the  result  has  proved. 

We  are  sorry  to  be  obliged  to  add,  that  many  of  these  interesting  old 
churches  have  been  recently  restored  by  London  architects,  entirely  igno- 
rant of  the  pecuUar  character  of  the  country ;  consequently  some  of  these 
restorations,  though  very  well  intended,  and  looking  exceedingly  pretty  upon 
paper,  are  entirely  inconsistent  with  the  plain,  massive,  sohd  style  required 
by  the  hard  stone,  and  to  resist  the  tempestuous  winds  and  the  torrents  of 
rain  to  which  this  south-west  angle  of  the  country  is  continually  subjected. 
If  overhanging  eaves  are  preserved,  they  consist  of  deal  boards  covered 
with  thin  blue  slate,  looking  very  much  like  the  coverings  of  those  **  Swiss 
cottages"  with  which  the  suburbs  of  London  are  studded,  and  in  designing 
which  some  of  our  **  church  architects"  acquired  their  taste  for  prettiness. 
On  the  point  of  a  gable,  in  one  instance,  we  find  a  cross  restored;  but  in 
place  of  the  massive  stone  one  of  former  ages,  we  have  one  of  paltry,  thin, 
Brummagem  iron- work.  In  another  instance,  there  happens  to  be  a  very 
beautiful  Decorated  chancel,  rebuilt  by  Bishop  Gower,  the  great  architect 
of  the  county,  of  sandstone  brought  from  some  distance ;  this  has  a  very 
rich  cornice  of  ball-flowers  and  four-leaved  flowers  alternate,  and  the  side 
windows  have  elegant  tracery.  This  beautiful  chancel,  the  only  piece  of 
rich  work  in  the  district,  had  long  been  shamefully  neglected — the  east 
window  destroyed,  and  the  side  windows  walled  up.  A  subscription  was 
recently  raised,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Cambrian  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion, to  restore  it,  and  it  was  put  into  the  merciless  hands  of  a  modem 
London  architect,  who  appears  never  to  have  taken  the  trouble  to  go  and 
look  at  it,  but  sent  down  new  designs  for  a  tolerable  east  window,  not 
very  consistent  with  the  side  windows,  and  a  new  roof  of  the  Suflblk  type, 
high  pitched  and  open  to  the  ridge — of  course  very  well  suited  to  be  covered 
with  thatch,  according  to  the  Suflfolk  fashion, — the  principals  carried  upon 
shafts  and  corbels  neatly  carved — very  well  in  their  way,  only  entirely  out 
of  place :  the  corbels  had  to  be  inserted  in  the  walls,  and  the  beautiful 
stone  cornice  to  be  cut  through  in  every  instance,  to  admit  these  slender 
wooden  shafts.  If  the  Londoner  could  have  spared  time  to  look  at  the 
neighbouring  churches,  he  would  have  seen  that  the  fashion  of  the  county, 
where  stone  vaults  were  not  used,  was  to  take  the  Somersetshire  cradle-roof, 
or  a  canted  roof,  which  does  not  require  corbels  or  shafts,  and  would  have 
left  the  beautiful  cornice  untouched.  There  is  not  the  shadow  of  a  doubt 
that  such  a  roof  had  been  used  originally,  and  any  real  restoration  would 
have  replaced  it ;  but  then  it  would  not  have  been  such  dandy  Gothic^  though 
it  would  have  been  far  less  expensive,  and  would  have  allowed  the  side 
windows  to  be  re-opened,  instead  of  remaining  still  walled  up.  This  new 
roof  also  aflbrds  an  amusing  contrast  between  old  work  and  new :  the 
original  Norman  wall  still  remains  between  the  nave  and  chancel,  with  a 
rude  arch  pierced  through  it,  as  usual ;  the  wall  is  of  course  very  thick,  but 
our  modern  architect  has  no  idea  of  making  his  new  coping  fit  the  old 
wall,  and  has  accordingly  only  covered  the  eastern  part  of  it,  leaving  the 
western  half  of  the  old  rough  wall  entirely  uncovered,  to  receive  all  the  rain 
that  falls  :  fortunately  there  are  no  frosts  in  Pembrokeshire,  or  the  wall 
would  inevitably  be  spHt  before  next  April.  This  is  a  fair  sample  of  the 
careful  manner  in  which  some  London  architects  restore  country  churches.  A 
still  worse  case  is  being  perpetrated  at  this  time  in  the  neighbouring  church 
of  Castle-Martin,  where  the  new  vestry  and  heating  apparatus  have  been 
built  right  against  a  Norman  arch  of  the  chancel  aisle,  merely  because  it 
2 


1856.] 


Tenby  and  ila  Neighbourhood. 


545 


had  previously  been  blocked  up,  and  the  architect  had  never  seen  it.  The 
two  Norman  aisles  of  the  church  had  both  been  destroyed,  and  the  arches 
walled  up,  and  the  restorer  leaves  them  still  walled  up. 

It  is,  however,  only  doing'  justice  to  the  architects  to  state  that  gome 
of  the  restorations  are  very  carefully  and  well  done,  when  they  have  not  at- 
tempted to  do  too  much — the  usual  fault  of  modern  restorers — but  have  had 
the  good  sense  and  good  taste  to  endeavour  to  make  the  church  as  nearly 
as  possible  what  it  was  originally.  This  is  especially  the  case  at  Bosherston, 


,u,«.) 


which  might  pass  for  having  been  merely  repaired  where  neceseary.  It 
must  he  acknowledged,  also,  that  those  churches  which  have  not  been  re- 
stored are  in  a  shamefully  neglected  state  ;  every  ancient  window  destroyed, 
either  by  walling  it  up,  or  by  enlarging  the  opening,  and  inserting  a  staring 
modern  sash-window,  so  that  it  is  really  difficult  to  tell  what  the  original 
windows  of  the  district  were.  It  appears  however,  from  the  ruina  of 
the  castles,  and  a  few  that  have  escaped  in  the  charches,  that  their  form 
was  the  trefoil -headed  lancet. 

The  interiors  also  are  choked  up  with  a  formidable  array  of  sleeping- 
boxes  and  "  sciifiiildyg,"  such  as  our  grandmothers  delighted  in  :  these  are 
all  cleared  awav,  and  low  open  Eeats  substituted,  in  those  churches  whicll 
have  been  restored.  There  does  not  appear,  however,  to  be  any  good 
reason  for  destroying  the  ancient  stone  bench  round  the  walls  of  the 
churches,  which  was  the  universal  practice  of  this  district,  as  of  many 
others.  These  stone  benches  are,  in  fact,  part  of  the  original  furniture  of 
the  churches  when  they  were  built,  when  it  was  the  custom  to  strew  the 
central  pail  with  rushes.  The  open  wooden  benches,  with  hacks  and  stand- 
ards, were  not  commonly  used  much  before  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  are  most  usually  of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  It  would  be  easy  to  place 
boards  on  the  top  of  the  stone  benches,  and  the  other  seats  might  be  so 
arranged  as  to  retain  these  in  use.  Modem  architects  seem  to  have  a 
spite  nj.'ainst  the  old  stone  benches,  frequently  destroying  them  even  in 
the  porches,  where  they  cannot  possibly  do  any  harm,  or  be  in  the  way,  and 
are  often  convenient. 

It  is  time  that  we  turned  our  attention  to  the  town  of  Tenby  and  the 
Ouide-book  which  we  have  placed  at  the  head  of  our  article.  We  have 
rarely  met  with  a  book  of  its  class  so  much  to  our  taste ;  it  is  senuble, 

Uest.  Mio.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  B 


646 


Tenby  and  its  NeighbourJiood. 


[Nov. 


practical,  useful,  and  almost  entirely  free  from  the  bombastic  nonsense 
which  usually  constitutes  the  staple  of  a  local  guide-book.  In  the  present 
instance  much  real  information  is  given  in  a  simple,  unaffected  manner,  and 
while  the  archajologist  finds  all  that  he  can  reasonably  expect,  the  geolo- 
gist, or  the  botanist,  or  the  conchologist  will  also  find  indications  of  the 
objects  of  his  search.  We  cannot  do  better  than  let  the  book  speak  for 
itself  by  a  few  extracts  : — 

"  Sir  James  Clark  mentions,  in  his  work 
on  the  *  Influence  of  Climate  in  the  pro- 
duction of  Consumption,'  that  *a  cold, 
dum}),  and  variable  dimate  gives  the  pre- 
disiKwition  to  the  disease.*  Tenby  then, 
from  its  position,  temperature,  facilities 
for  exercise  in  the  o]>en  air  and  on  the 
sea,  cannot  be  an  improper  place  of  resi- 
dence for  those  with  tender  lungs.  In- 
deed, invaruls  of  all  kinds  will  find  bene- 
fit from  a  temporary,  if  not  a  permanent, 
residence  in  this  little  watering-place." — 
(pp.  5—7.) 

"  So  mild  is  the  climate  of  South  Pem- 
brokeshire that  in  some  parts — as,  for  in- 
stance, in  the  inclosed  ground  at  Stack - 
pole  Court — there  is  almost  a  tropical 
vegetation,  and  phmts  thrive  in  the  oi>en 
air  which  would  require  the  protection 
of  a  greenhouse  in  most  other  parts  of 
England. 

"  The  following  table  gives  the  result  of 
a  careful  analysis  of  the  temperature  of 
Milford  Haven,  kept  by  Sir  Thomas  Pasley, 
at  the  D(K>kyard,  and  which,  lying  exposed 
to  the  breezes  from  the  Atlantic  on  the 
west,  and  the  keen  winds  from  the  IVcscly 
mountains  on  the  north,  is  by  no  means 
the  warmest  locality  in  the  district : — 


"  Tenby  may  justly  claim  pre-eminence 
as  a  bathing-place  of  great  and  increasing 
celebrity ;  its  geographical  position,  varied 
natural  and  artificial  advantages,  genial 
climate,  and  mild  winters,  the  strength 
and  clearness  of  the  sea-water,  the  firm- 
ness and  extent  of  the  sands,  the  purity 
of  the  air,  and  its  freedom  from  smoke, 
combine  to  render  a  sojourn  among  its 
beauties  interesting  to  the  lover  of  nature, 
and  peculiarly  beneficial  to  the  invalid. 
From  the  peculiarity  of  its  situation, 
l)lace<l  as  it  is  on  a  rocky  promontory 
considerably  elevated  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  being  partially  surrounded 
by  high  lands,  which  afibrd  protection 
and  screen  it  from  any  obnoxious  winds 
which  occasionally,  though  rarely,  prevail 
during  the  a\itunmal  and  winter  months, 
it  enjoys  purity  of  air,  without  hurtful  ex- 
pasure  to  cold. 

**  The  climate  of  Tenby,  though  humid 
during  the  months  of  February  and  No- 
veml)er,  is,  for  the  greater  portion  of  the 
year,  dry,  warm,  and  yet  bracing,  the 
average  tempeiiiture  beinjif  about  50°  of 
Fahrenheit.  Extreme  cold  is  seldom  ex- 
jK»rience<l,  and  snow  rarely  hes  upon  the 
ground." 

"  The  country  around  Tenby  aflbrds  ex- 
cellent opportunities  for  the  geologist, 
l)otuni8t,  and  antiijuary;  and  the  facili- 
ties for  making  short  marine  excursions, 
during  the  sinnmer  months,  all  tend  to 
the  re-establishment  of  lost  health,  and 
to  delight  and  amuse  both  the  jileasure- 
8iH.*ker  and  the  invalid,  during  the  fine 
months  of  June,  July,  August,  September, 
and  Octolwr. 


Mean  of  Maximum  and  Jlf<N«fiiit«ii,  1850-58. 


Years. 

Maximiun.        Mhiimum. 

1850 

....       55-70       ....      45-60 

1851 

55-90      ....      43-30 

1K52 

....       56-40      ....      4410 

1853 

....      5322      ....      41-62 

Means  5530  43  05 

Difference  between  Mean  Summer  and  ^THnter 
10-77 

Mean  total  rahi  of  four  years  32*761  "— (pu  80.) 


If  this  analysis  is  to  be  trusted,  and  we  have  no  reason  to  mistrast  it» 
the  climate  is  nearly  as  mild  and  as  equable  as  that  of  Madeira ;  and  now 
that  this  favoured  district  is  thrown  open  to  invalids  by  means  of  the  South 
AValcs  Railway,  we  can  hardly  doubt  that  many  will  be  glad  to  avail  them- 
selves of  it :  — 

the  high  land  of  Penally.  It  is  bailt  upon 
the  point  and  north-eastern  marg^  of  a 
rocky  ]>eninsula,  rising  nearly  100  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  aboot 
1,100  yards  long  by  650  broad.  Thk 
margin  is  concave,  and  inclndes  within  its 
clifis  the  small  bay  of  Tenby,  which  k 
further  sheltered  fiom  the  open  sea  by  a 
rocky  projection  connected  with  the  main 


"  Tenby  stands  on  the  southern  edge  of 
the  Pembrokeshire  coal-field,  upon  the 
carboniferous  and  shale  IhhIh  of  the  moun- 
tain limestone,  here  much  broken  an<l  con- 
torted, and  dipping  locally  southwards  at 
a  very  high  angle.  Tlio  town  is  situated 
np^ni  the  western  side  of  the  Imy  of  Car- 
marthen, a  little  to  the  north  and  east  of, 
and  prote(;ti\l  by,  the  island  of  Caldy,  and 


1856.] 


Tenbi/  and  ita  Neighbourhood, 


minsuk  b;  a  low  uid  narrow  neck  of 
nied  with  the  nuned  works  of 
tbe  ancient  castle,  beneath  wliicli  it  the 
rocky  ielet  of  St.  Catherine.  The  wnds, 
which  have  been  lo  much  admired,  and 
for  whidi  Tenby  u>  §o  joatl;  celebrated, 
■kirt  tbe  bay,  but  are  more  eitenuva  cm 
the  BOutheni  than  the  northern  mde. 

"  Tlie  t«wn  wai  originally  fortified  j 
npoD  ita  Bouth-west  nde  the  walk,  mnnd 
towers,  and  a  gate,  remain  toleraUy  per- 
fect i  on  the  opposite  sides,  the  sea  and 
the  cliffi  rendered  mnch  (wwirtanw  &om 


617 

art  nnnecenery,  and  the  walls  wei^  there- 
fore, proportionably  low.  The  north  gtie, 
which  fomierly  occupied  a  part  of  the  site 
of  the  White  Lion  Hotel,  is  commended 
by  Leland  ss  the  most  perfect  and  beanti- 
fbl  gate  of  the  town.  A.  strong  and  lofty 
wall,  extending  in  a  aoath-westerly  Erec- 
tion, connected  this  gat«way  with  the 
tower  at  the  north-westem  angle.  Tbe 
line  flrom  this  tower,  taming  off  at  a  right 
angle,  and  then  ranning  onward  in  a 
•tnUght  line,  terminates  at  the  Sooth 
Sands.    The  second  tower  in  the  sonth- 


weat  wall,  like  tbe  first,  is  ^vided  into 
two  apartments,  each  roofed  with  stone. 
The  battlements  of  both  are  sapported  by 
corbels.  The  south-west  gate  is  near  the 
centre  of  this  line,  in  a  large  leniidrculir 
tower  or  bastion.  Tbe  bnUi  is  ont  of  all 
proportion  to  the  elevation.  There  is  no 
appearance  of  Ha  ever  having  been  roofed. 
Its  military  character  is  now  ranch  injured 
W  the  battleinenta  having  been  walled  up, 
that  a  narrow  apartment  made  in  the 
wall,  running  round  the  whole,  and  used 
at  present  as  a  magamne,  might  be  roofed. 
This  gate  was  enl^^  by  a  drcular  areh, 
defended  by  a  portcullis.  Another  gate, 
of  great  atrength,  in  the  Mme  tower,  was 
to  be  forced  before  an  enemy  conU  enter 
tbe  town.  Tbe  area  of  this  tower  may  be 
described  as  part  of  a  cirele.  The  second 
gate  is  in  the  straight  wall,  wUch  inter- 
■ecte  it.  The  lower  part  of  the  tower  Is 
■uppor(«d  by  pointed  areho,  although  the 
two  gates  are  aenucircnlar.  The  path 
along  the  summit  of  the  walls  was  fiv- 


Itis 
by  poi 
semicircnlar  tower  staaoa 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  nalh-west 
gate.  Within  a  few  yards  of  this  tower 
a  stone  is  inserted  in  th«  wall,  Ineeribed, 
'A*  1688  E  R  80,'  aDuding  to  the  rep^ra 
in  tbe  thirtieth  year  of  QneenEUiabetliN 
rdgn.  Hie  next  tower  is  sqnan^  All  the 
rest  are  mrcolar  or  semicircnlar,  with  the 
eiaepdoQ  of  the  small  turret  at  the  loath- 
eztrenuty.    Another  ■     " 


nt  Flemldi  towers  attadwd 
to  the  churt^ea.  From  this  p«iut  to  tlM 
eastern  gat«  the  fbrtiflcations  were  carried 
in  a  lower  and  weaker  line  along  the  edga 
oftha  ctiff,  and  adapted  to  aQlti  intga- 


Tenby  and  its  Neighbourhood.  [Not. 


Thia  large  round  tower  with  several  arches  in  the  outer  circumference,  all 
leading  to  tlie  one  (;nte  into  the  town,  is  h.  remarkable  and  very  unusual 
feature  in  the  fortifications.  The  rubbish  with  which  it  is  encumbered 
should  be  cleared  away,  and  tlie  modern  roof  removed.  The  "  apartment 
made  in  the  wall,  running  round  the  whole,"  appears  to  be  the  original 
covered  way  under  the  alurc,  affording  space  for  a  second  row  of  archers, 
for  whom  loopholes  are  duly  provided,  so  that  if  those  on  the  top  behind 
the  parapet  did  not  find  themselves  sufficiently  protected,  those  in  the 
covered  way  could  slill  carry  on  the  defence.  There  is  a  similar  arrange, 
ment  for  a  second  row  of  archers  under  shelter,  along  the  whole  of  the  walla 
of  the  town.  The  arches  which  carried  the  alure  have  unfortunately  been 
destroyed  in  most  parts,  but  enough  remains  to  shew  the  plan  and  arrange- 
ment for  the  defendants.  An  archer  was  stationed  under  each  arch,  stand- 
ing upon  a  wooden  platform  or  gallery,  of  which  the  put-log  holes  only 
now  remain.  These  archers  would  be  in  perfect  security  even  after  those  on 
the  top  had  been  compelled  to  retire,  perhaps,  by  the  wooden  towera  of 
the  assailants  being  brought  too  near,  and  overtopping  the  walls. 

We  venture  to  suggest  for  the  amusement  of  the  visitors  to  Tenby,  thiit 
an  archery  meeting  should  be  held  there,  and  in  the  place  of  the  usual  tar- 
gets, one  of  these  old  towers  and  a  part  of  the  wall  should  be  attacked  and 
defended  in  mediaival  style; — (he  ladies  of  course  being  placed  in  security 
behind  the  battlements  and  in  the  covered  way, — the  gentlemen  being  the 
Bspuilnnts.  The  same  arrangement  of  a  covered  way  in  the  thickness  of  the 
wall  under  the  alure  occurs  in  some  of  the  castles  in  the  ueighbonrhood. 

"(lOMFBESTON  AND  St.  Florekce. —  utinpliire  (OiVitniHm  manYiMKM)  ii  fooDd 
Tlio  ruod  is  tho  eainc  b*  timt  bItcoiIj'  cIc-  growtn);.  The  bsnki  of  the  itraun  are 
ktiIh-iI  to  ScotHlvrougli,  uu  rcncliiiig  the  gny  witli  the  beautiflil  blowomi  of  tho 
liinr  to  whit^b.  the  tnuriKt  iiiiut  jirucceil  \iiiTp\e  laohcAnte  (I^tirum  Saliearia)  uid 
iilrHi);ht  tuwiinU  the  CuiiHi'wa}'  Mill.  On  thi?  great  willoK-herb  {Spi/obium  him- 
thc  briilgc  which  CTfwsra  this  titrciun,  turn),  Khile  the  marsh-nurigold  (CaWia 
(.hough  nearly  two  inUe*  troai  tlie  sea,    palattrit)  brigbteui  tin  Mmh  with  Ha 


1856.]                    Dmby  and  it»  Neighbourhood.  649 

Urge  golden  Bowers.    The  bill  here  rises  of  PembrokasUniads,  Situated  toft  qmet 

abruptly,  and  the  load  contmoHB  to  BMend  nook,  retiring  from  the  northern  nde  of 

till  it  renches  Gumfreston  Choroh,  which  the  long  valley  which  is  boonded  on  the 

lies  in  a  alight  hollow,  distant  ahont  two  south  by  the  hill  of  the  lUdgeway,  and 

miles  from  Tenhy.     It  is  one  of  those  on  the  oppcmte  aide  by  tiie  high  land 

picturesque  and  ample,  jet  aruhit^eturally  stretching   from  Tenbj  towards  Carew, 

curious,  churches  with  which  the  onmty  the  church  of  Qmofreston  Um  imbedded 


amidtt  trees,  and  almost  bidden  from  the 
prying  olieervation  of  man.    The  church 

consists  of  a  nave  and  chancel,  with  a 
tower  Btanding  at  the  junction  of  the  two 
on  the  northern  side,  »nd  a  small  mortuary 
chapel  opiHwite  to  it  on  the  aontb. 


jnsdna,  and  over  the  dnin,  still  standi, 
and  has  stood  from  time  immemorial,  tbe 
Saacte  Bell,  intended  for  the  band,  mght 
inches  high,  of  good  bronse  metal,  thoogtl 
now  cracked,  and  of  plato  woAmaiahip^ 
lithont  any  ornament  or  dcaen-    Td» 


chancel  and  cliapcl  may  be  dttigjuUed  a*  tower  consist!  of  five  ttoiiei.  Wading 
Earlif  Decoraled,  and  lie  rett  of  tkt  edi-  the  lower  one,  or  chapeL  It  is  60  ftet 
ficta»poHly  of  LaU,  partly  of  Full,  Fer-  high  to  the  t«^  of  the  hattlemenls,  absve 
pejtdicular  ekaracier.  At  the  west  end  of  20  ftet  sqaare  at  the  base,  diminishing  to 
the  nave  is  the  only  entrance  into  the  about  14  feet  iqaaTe  at  the  top.  A  grace- 
cliurch,  under  a  porch  of  Early  Perjiendi-  M  mantis  of  ivy  now  ooveia  au  the 
cii'iir  i<Hmi  in  ilt  archinag ;  and  at  the  western  and  sonthern  ildet.  Ttu*  tower 
ripbt^hand  comer  occora  the  stoup  for  ma^  be  oonridcred  ft  bir  type  of  tboM 
holy  wBtor,  an  octagonal  font,  let  into  the  which  abound  in  PMnbukMbin^  and  doei 
main  wall  of  the  church,  and  partly  pro-  not  aj^iear  older  than  the  flftesnth  ob- 
jecting into  the  porch.  A  itone  hoich  toiy.  Such  towers  very  probably  iwrcd 
runs  along  each  wall.  The  chancel  has  as  places  of  secority  as  well  as  bcftoon^ 
bad  its  eaittem  window  altered,  so  as  to  and  thej  now  form  the  most  striUnK 
lose  all  architectural  chanutor,  bnt  it  ii  chanet«ri«tie«  of  the  eecUdasticftl  txda- 
remarkable  for  a  Decorated  piadna  of  tecture  of  thii  part  at  the  nincqiaUtj.'' — 
beautiful  proportions,  with  a  four-Iobed  (pp.  43 — 16.) 
basin  on  the  southern  ude.     Within  this 

We  must  frankly  confees  that  the  "Early  Ferpendicolar  cnrm,"  and 
the  other  charecteiiedcs,  "  partly  of  tmta,  putly  of  Fall  T 


550 


Tenby  and  its  Neighbourhood. 


[Nov. 


character,*'  are  too  deep  for  us,  and  appear  to  be  mere  ftincy.  The  church 
appears  to  us  one  of  the  usual  type  of  the  district,  probably  of  about  the 
year  1200,  with  a  tower  added,  or  rebuilt,  in  the  fifteenth  century.  We 
see  no  reason  for  calling  the  stoup  a  font ;  it  is  merely  a  plain  stone  basin 
let  into  the  wall,  and  rather  larger  than  usual :  there  is  no  ground  to 
suppose  that  there  is  a  drain  to  it,  or  that  it  was  ever  used  for  baptismal 
purposes ;  whereas  the  baptistery,  a  small  semicirculur  projection  from  the 
north  wall  of  the  nave,  just  large  enough  for  the  font  to  stand  in,  is  a  very 
remarkable  and  curious  feature,  and  should  certainly  have  been  mentioned. 

of  Tregyor,  clusters  round  its  grey  and 
ycnerable  church  in  the  hollow  of  a  well- 
wooiled  and  picturesque  valley,  on  tbe 
north  side  of  the  road  between  Tenby  and 
Pembroke,  and  distant  from  the  former 
above  three  miles.  Fenton  says, '  the  £ari8 
of  Pembroke  had  a  park  here,  walled, 
whose  inclosure  may  still  be  traced.'  The 
church  consists  of  chancel  and  nave,  with  . 
north  and  south  transepts :  it  is  therefore 
cruciform ;  and  at  the  extremity  of  the 
south  transept  rises  the  lofty  tower,  cor- 
responding architecturally  with  those  of 
the  district,  and  containing  four  finely- 
toned  l)ells.  The  chancel  and  south  tran- 
sept are  vaulted,  and  the  whole  structure 
is  in  good  repair,  and  well  worthy  tlie  at- 
tention of  the  antiquary.  There  are  still 
standing,  in  different  quarters  of  the  vil- 
lage, several  arched  doorways  and  Flemish 
round  chinmeys,  in  a  state  of  excellent 
preservation.  Turning  towards  the  west, 
the  ruins  of  Carcw  Castle  are  seen ;  and, 
in  the  distance,  the  blue  line  of  hills  is 
broken  by  the  shining  waters  of  Milford 
Haven."— (pp.  46,  47  ) 


"  Contiguous  to  the  churchyard  are 
three  pools  of  clear  water,  possessing  im- 
portant medicinal  properties :  the  lower 
one  impregnated  with  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen, similar  to  the  Harn^te  waters ;  the 
sec-ond  containing,  by  a  recent  analysis 
made  by  the  late  Dr.  Golding  Bird,  proto- 
carbonate  of  iron,  with  oxide,  as  at  Ton- 
bridge  Wells ;  the  third  as  pure  water  for 
drinking  and  domestic  purposes  as  can  be 
found  in  the  neighbourhood. 

"  The  road  here  recommences  its  upward 
course,  till  it  leiuls  to  the  summit  of  VVed- 
lock-hilL  In  a  field  to  the  right  of  the 
road  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  beacon. 
Tlie  view  from  this  eminence  is  beautiful 
and  extensive,  comprehending  the  whole  of 
Tenby  Bay,  with  its  encircling  shores  and 
islands,  the  Bristol  Channel,  and  the  Devon 
and  Somerset  coasts  seaward ;  while,  land- 
ward, lies  the  pretty  valley  of  St.  Florence, 
with  its  grey  church-tower,  and  its  farm- 
houses and  cottages  dotted  among  the 
trees.  Tliis  village,  one  of  the  earliest 
Flemish  settlements  on  this  line  of  the 
coast,  known  formerly  by  the  British  name 

We  should  like  to  know  the  authority  for  calling  these  buildings  Flemish, 
as  we  have  no  recollection  of  anything  resembling  them  in  Flanders,  which 
is  a  flat  country,  where  the  most  common  building- material  is  brick.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  granite  districts  of  Brittany  have  buildings  of  a  very 
similar  character,  and  it  appears  to  us  more  probable  that  the  Welsh  brought 
the  style  over  from  Brittany,  than  the  Flemings  from  Flanders. 

For  an  account  of  the  Submerged  Forests,  and  particulars  respecting 
Ornithology,  Conchology,  and  Botany,  we  must  refer  our  readers  to  the 
Guide-book,  our  extracts  from  which  have  already  exceeded  all  reasonable 
limits ;  but  the  peculiar  interest  of  the  locality  will,  we  trust,  be  found  a 
sufficient  excuse. 


185C.]  551 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON*. 

A  BBTTBR  work — if  he  could  have  written  a  better  one — ^would  hardly 
have  been  so  satisfactory  to  us  as  this  "  Life  of  Geoi^e  Washington,"  by  Mr. 
Washington  Irving.  The  memory  of  America's  most  illustrious  citizen  has 
a  sort  of  claim  to  such  services  as  the  pen  of  the  most  popular  of  her  writers 
can  give  to  it.  The  monument  to  a  great  man,  directing  great  events,  should 
be  constructed  by  the  hand  of  an  accomplif«hed  artist,  that  it  may  do  justice 
to  him,  and  not  disturb — by  coarseness  either  in  design  or  workmanship — 
the  sentiment  of  those  who  come  in  admiration  and  in  love  to  look  upon  it. 
In  tliese  respects,  it  is  enough  for  us  to  say  that  Mr.  Washington  Irving's 
labours,  as  far  as  they  have  yet  been  made  public,  are  alike  worthy  of  him- 
self and  of  the  hero  he  cgmmemorates. 

Mr.  Irving  traces  the  genealogy  of  the  Washington  family  up  to  the  cen- 
tury immediately  afler  the  Conquest,  when  it  was  possessed  of  estates  and 
manorial  rights  which  were  exclusively  enjoyed  by  those  who  had  come 
over  with  the  Norman,  or  fought  under  him,  and  by  their  descendants*  The 
branch  from  which  George  Washington  descended  had  emigrated  to  Vir- 
ginia in  the  year  1657,  and  had  purchased  land  in  the  county  of  Westmore- 
land ;  where — ^"  in  the  homestead  on  Bridgets  Creek"— on  the  22nd  of 
February,  1732,  George  himself  was  born.  Amidst  a  cluster  of  fig-trees, 
flowers,  and  vines,  a  stone  with  an  inscription  on  it  marks  the  spot  where 
his  father's  house  stood.  The  place  is  still  rich  in  grand  and  beautiful 
scenery,  and  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  majestic  Potomac  and  the 
Maiyland  shore.  It  was  a  circumstance  favourable  to  the  boy's  develop- 
ment, that  his  early  years  were  spent  in  a  locality  so  noble.  But  this  was 
not  by  any  means  the  greatest  of  his  good  fortune.  The  guardian  of  his 
childhood  was  **  fit  mother  of  such  a  son," — one  of  those  superior  women 
whose  own  high  qualities  are  hardly  ever  known,  except  as  they  are  trans- 
fused into  the  very  nature  of  their  children,  and  manifest  themselves  in 
them.  Fronj  this  mother,  Washington  inherited  his  virtues ;  and  it  was  her 
happiness,  in  return,  to  receive  from  him — when  his  grateful  country  hailed 
him  as  her  saviour — to  the  full  as  much  respect,  and  deference,  and  love 
as  ever  had  been  rendered  by  the  infant  boy. 

The  colonial  schools  at  that  time  were  far  from  being  good.  All  the 
instruction  Washington  gained  from  them  was  gained  between  his  eleventh 
and  his  fifteenth  year,  and  was  certainly  a  much  fitter  preparation  for  the 
counting-house  of  a  merchant  than  for  the  council-chamber  or  the  camp. 
But  many  of  the  moral  dispositions  by  which  he  was  the  best  qualified  for 
the  arduous  parts  he  acted  afterwards,  were  just  as  vigorous  in  those  school- 
boy-days as  when  he  guided  the  armies  of  liis  countrymen  to  victory,  or 
presided  in  the  councils  of  the  new  republic.  Along  with  the  same  agility 
and  strength  of  body,  there  was  the  same  dignity  of  manner,  the  same  in- 
fiexible  adherence  to  the  truth,  the  same  stern  love  of  justice,  the  same 
steady  courage,  and  the  same  cautious,  yet  unconquerable,  persistency  in 
any  purpose  which  he  had  once  deliberately  chosen  as  his  own.  It  was  the 
natural  consequence  of  these  qualities  that  he  inspired  the  companions  of 
his  bo}'hood  with  the  same  confidence — the  same  feeling  to  which  scarcely 
any  word  but  reverence  does  justice — ^that  was,  in  a  subsequent  day,  the 
common  sentiment  towards  him  of  every  colonist  whose  heart  was  in  the 


•  <t 


liifc  of  George  Washington.    By  Washiugton  Irving.    Volt.  Ly  XL,  and  UL** 
(Loudon :  Uoury  U.  Bohn.     1855-6). 


552  George  Washington.  [Nov. 

national  cause.  So  well,  indeed,  was  he  appreciated  by  his  schoolmateSy 
that,  as  Mr.  Irving  tells  us,  "  he  was  referred  to  as  an  umpire  in  their  dis- 
putes, and  his  decisions  were  never  reversed.  As  he  had  formerly  been 
military  chieftain,  he  was  now  legislator  of  the  school ;  thus  displaying  in 
boyhood  a  type  of  the  future  man." 

The  occupations  of  his  youth  appear  to  have  been  directed  by  a  natural 
bias  into  preparation  for  the  duties  of  bis  subsequent  career.  As  early  as 
his  sixteenth  year,  as  surveyor  to  his  friend  Lord  Fairfax — and  soon  after- 
wards as  public  surveyor — he  engaged  in  modes  of  life  the  best  of  all  fitted 
to  ripen  his  intelligence  and  courage,  to  quicken  his  invention  in  ex- 
pedients, and  to  harden  his  already  powerful  and  manly  frame.  His  first 
excursion  into  the  wilderness  was  undertaken  in  this  employment ;  and  in 
letters  and  a  journal,  written  at  the  time,  he  has  left  graphic  pictures  of  the 
wild  and  strange  adventures, — the  delightful  roaming  over  spurs  of  the 
Alleghanies,  and  through  the  magnificent  forests  on  the  beautiful  banks  of 
the  Shevandoah ; — the  nightly  bivouac  under  the  open  sky,  where,  on  a 
forked  stick  for  a  spit,  he  cooked  his  own  meal  of  game  that  he  had  killed 
upon  the  way,  and  found  a  bear- skin  couch  before  the  fire  a  luxurious  rest- 
ing-place ; — the  interviews  with  savage  Indians,  and  somewhat  less  civil- 
ized squatters ; — the  swollen  rivers  crossed  in  canoes,  the  weary  rides  along 
abominable  roads,  and  all  the  **  moving  accidents  by  flood  and  field,"  com- 
mon to  the  hunter's  and  backwoodsman's  life, — which  happened  to  him  in 
this  brief  exciting  expedition.  But  not  thus,  nor  in  the  athletic  exercises 
and  the  field-sports  that  he  loved,  were  all  his  days  spent  during  the  sur- 
veyorship  of  three  years.  "  On  a  green  knoll,  overshadowed  by  trees,  was 
a  long  stone  building,  one  story  in  height,  with  dormer  windows,  two 
wooden  belfries,  chimneys  studded  with  swallow  and  martin  coops,  and  a 
roof  sloping  down,  in  the  old  Virginia  fashion,  into  low  projecting  eaves  that 
formed  a  verandah  the  whole  length  of  the  house  ;'*  and  here — in  this  pic- 
turesque outlying  settlement  belonging  to  Lord  Fairfax — ^Washington  was 
a  welcome,  favourite  guest,  learning  much  from  his  Lordship's  conversation 
of  the  memorable  scenes  and  men  of  Europe,  and  studying  diligently  the 
few  good  books  which  found  a  place  amongst  the  horses,  dogs,  and  Indians, 
half-breeds  and  leathern-clad  woodsmen,  congregated  always  in  this  sylvan 
hunting-seat. 

As  an  officer  of  the  militia  of  his  native  state,  Washington  entered,  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  on  his  true  vocation.  In  this  first  apprenticeship  to 
war  he  continued  seven  years.  Before  it  closed  he  had  become  com- 
mander-in-chief of  all  the  forces  of  the  colony.  But  he  had  also  ~  and  it 
was  a  far  more  important  acquisition  than  that  of  any  colonial  rank — be- 
come experienced  in  that  difficult  art,  in  which  he  was  afterwards  so  much 
distinguished,  of  carrjing  on  a  constant  struggle  with  immeasurable  odds 
against  him ;  making  the  most  of  insufficient,  ill-equipped,  undisciplined 
troops  ;  and  manifesting  all  the  resources  of  his  rare  ability — undismayed, 
amidst  the  most  untoward  circumstances,  in  the  thickest  press  of  danger, 
and  the  darkest  horrors  of  defeat.  It  was,  indeed,  with  the  reverses  and 
mishaps  of  war  that  his  early  military  life  was  made  the  most  familiar. 
But  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  many  of  the  worst  disasters  of  the  British 
armies,  in  their  conflicts  with  the  French  and  Indians,  might  have  been 
avoided,  if  his  counsels  had  been  listened  to  or  his  plans  had  been  em- 
braced. One  memorable  instance  may  be  referred  to  in  support  of  this 
assertion,  since  it  is  matter  now  of  history  that  the  defeat  and  death  of 
Brnddock,  and  the  dreadful  slaughter  that  attended  it,  were  direct  conse- 
3 


1856.]  Gearffe  Waahingtim.  668 

quences  of  a  disregard  of  precautions  Washington  had  urged  until  hii 
urgency  became  offensive  to  the  General ;  and  it  may  be  added,  as  a  fact  as 
certain,  that  it  was  mainly  owing  to  the  courage  and  the  energy  of  Wash* 
ington,  that  any  remnant  of  our  countrymen  were  saved  from  the  merciless 
havoc  of  that  awful  day.  It  is  evident,  too,  that  if  the  decided  measures 
he  advised  had  not  been  thwarted  and  obstructed  by  the  miserable  spite  of 
a  mean  and  stupid  governor,  the  appalling  tragedies  which  were  enacted  by 
the  Indians  in  the  lonely  homes  of  the  settlers  on  the  frontiers  of  the  state. 
— tragedies  in  which  farms  were  laid  waste,  houses  spoiled  and  burned, 
and  families  slain  and  scalped — might  have  been  at  once  arrested  by  a 
strong  hand ;  since  it  was,  at  last,  by  the  adoption  of  those  very  measures 
that  an  end  was  put  to  the  aggressions,  and  die  outlying  homesteads  were 
protected  from  the  terrible  visitations  of  the  tomahawk  and  brand.  So 
well,  indeed,  had  the  young  commander  borne  himself  under  these  long- 
continued  evils,  of  misfortune,  and  disfavour,  and  defeat,  that  he  had  won 
the  admiration  of  all  classes  in  his  native  state,  and  was  referred  to,  in  a 
service  held  to  implore  Divine  assistance  to  the  Virginian  arms,  as  ''  that 
heroic  youth.  Colonel  Washington,  tohom^  I  cannot  hut  hope.  Providence  has 
hitherto  preserved  in  so  signal  a  manner  for  some  important  service  to  his 
country" 

The  reader  scarc^y  needs  to  be  informed  that  Mr.  Irving' s  account  of 
this  earlier  portion  of  the  life  of  Washington  is  admirably  well  told.  The 
style,  of  course,  has  all  the  sweetness  and  simplicity  which  belong  to  every- 
thing that  comes  from  Mr.  Irving's  pen.  But  that  orderly  arrangement  of 
materials  by  which  various  and  complicated,  and  very  frequently  contem.. 
poraneous  operations,  under  different  commanders  and  in  distant  placeSf 
are  described  without  confusion  and  without  disturbance  to  the  conti- 
nuity of  narrative,  is  a  higher  and  less  confidently  looked-for  merit  in  the 
workmanship  of  these  volumes.  Washington  himself  is  never  long  or  con.* 
sciously  lost  sight  of;  yet,  while  the  prominence  of  that  central  figure  is 
never  sacrificed,  a  multitude  of  interesting  scenes  of  battles,  sieges,  skir- 
mishes, advances,  and  retreats — each  in  itself  well  and  boldly  drawn — are 
grouped  around  it,  to  the  great  advantage  of  the  composition.  Often  as  the 
main  events  of  that  protracted  war  have  been  related,  a  fresh  and  animated 
aspect  is  imparted  to  the  representation,  which  makes  it  equal  in  attrac- 
tion to  the  record  of  achievements  and  reverses  newly  coming  to  us  from 
some  neighbouring  battle-field.  Especially  is  this  the  case  in  the  accoimt 
of  the  victory  and  death  of  Wolfe,  upon  the  heights  of  Abraham, — a  noble 
and  affecting  theme,  which  poets,  painters,  and  hbtorians  have  delighted 
to  commemorate,  but  which  has  never  been  commemorated  more  worthily, 
than  in  Mr.  Irving*s  eloquent  pages. 

As  soon  as  the  security  of  Virginia  was  restored,  Washington  gave  up 
his  military  commission,  and  took  to  himself,  instead,  a  bride,  whom  he 
had  found  time,  in  sunnier  interspaces  of  his  busy  days,  to  woo  and  win. 
The  family  home  was  set  up  at  Mount  Vernon ;  and  there,  at  once,  and 
apparently  without  an  effort,  Washington's  attention  was  transferred  from 
the  sterner  duties  he  had  been  engaged  in  to  the  peaceful  cares  and  labours 
of  a  planter's  life.  From  the  age  of  twenty-seven  to  that  of  forty- three— 
a  long  interval,  in  which  the  prime  of  manhood  was  compri8ed---he  lived 
contentedly  and  happily  in  this  retirement ;  carrying  out  in  all  his  personal 
habits,  and  in  all  his  agricultural  occupations,  the  punctuality,  and  methodj 
and  exactness,  of  which  he  had  been  taught  the  value  by  his  military  train- 
ing.   His  manner  of  life  at  this  time,  aiid  the  uncoDScious  preparation  he 

Gkxt.  Mag.  Vol.  XLYI.  4  o 


554  George  Washington.  {Nov. 

was  making  for  the  great  occasions  of  his  subsequent  career,  were  indeed 

precisely  Uiose  which  our  own  immortal  poet  has  so  happily  described. 

Like  Milton,  he  was — 

"  up  and  stirring  in  winter  oflen,  ere  the  soand  of  any  bell  awoke  men  to  labour  or 
to  devotion ;  in  summer  as  ofb  with  the  bird  that  first  rouses,  or  not  much  tardier,  to 
read  good  authors,  till  the  attention  be  weary^  or  memory  have  its  fbll  fraught ;  then 
with  useful  and  generous  labours  preserving  the  body's  health  and  hardiness,  to  render 
lightsome,  clear,  and  not  lumpish  obedience  to  the  mind,  to  the  cause  of  religion  and 
our  country's  liberty,  wlien  it  shall  require  firm  hearts  in  sound  bodies  to  stand  and 
cover  their  stations,  rather  than  to  see  the  ruin  of  our  protestation,  and  the  enforce- 
ment of  a  slavish  life." 

It  is  instructive  to  observe  the  contrast  between  the  future,  as  events  de- 
termined, and  as  Washington  imagined  it.  In  a  letter  written  at  Mount 
Vernon,  he  says  :  "  I  am  now,  I  believe,  fixed  in  this  seat,  with  an  agree- 
able partner  for  life,  and  I  hope  to  find  more  happiness  in  retirement  than 
I  ever  experienced  in  the  wide  and  bustling  world."  His  biographer,  ako, 
informs  us  that  *'  throughout  the  whole  course  of  his  career,  agricultural 
life  appears  to  have  been  his  heau  ideal  of  existence,  which  haunted  his 
thoughts  even  amid  the  stern  duties  of  the  field,  and  to  which  he  recurred 
with  unflagging  interest  whenever  enabled  to  indulge  his  natural  bias."  It 
must  be  confessed,  too,  that — independently  both  of  this  predisposition  and 
of  some  aflTecting  associations  which  endeared  the  place  to  him — there  was 
enough  about  Mount  Vernon  for  any  man  to  take  -delight  in.  A  commo- 
dious mansion  on  a  wood-crowned  height,  surrounded  by  a  belt  of  orna- 
mented pleasure-grounds  and  gardens ;  farms  adjacent  to  these,  with  their 
special  labourers  for  various  kinds  of  produce ;  beyond  these,  again,  a 
wilder  view  of  forests,  hills,  and  wooded  haunts  of  game ;  and  a  broad  and 
noble  river,  plentifully  stocked  with  varieties  of  fish  at  idl  seasons, 
bordering  the  estate  to  an  extent  of  ten  miles, — afiforded  a  combination  of 
enjoyments,  amidst  which — with  agreeable  society  and  good  books  within 
doors — it  would  be  quite  possible,  without  much  philosophy,  to  find  content. 
So,  at  least,  it  seemed  to  Washington.  No  reader  of  his  life  can  doubt  for 
a  moment  that  his  desires  rarely  strayed  beyond  the  boundaries  of  his  do- 
main, or  that  the  distinguished  ofiSces  and  honours  of  his  mature  age  came 
to  him  absolutely  unsought.  Amidst  the  anxieties  and  hazards  of  the  high 
place  which  fell  to  his  lot,  his  heart  yearned  for  the  still  and  beautiful 
seclusion  of  his  home ;  where,  had  circumstances  so  permitted  the  fulfil- 
ment of  his  hopes,  he  would  have  passed  his  days  in  as  much  happiness  as 
mortals  often  may  do  in  this  world  of  change  and  care. 

It  was  not,  at  last,  in  pursuit  of  any  individual  ends  that  Washington 
abandoned  this  beloved  home.  A  little  cloud  arising  out  of  the  sea^  Wee  a  tnan*M 
hand,  and  growing  quickly  hy  accumulation  until  the  heavens  were  black  with 
clouds  and  %vind,  is  but  a  fair  similitude  for  those  colonial  discontents  which 
spread  from  small  beginnings,  and  with  rapid  growth,  into  resistance  and 
rebellion,  and  the  hardships  and  the  horrors  of  envenomed  war.  The  prin- 
ciple at  stake  throughout  the  contest  was  the  right  of  taxation^  which  was 
claimed  by  the  English  Government  as  a  privilege  belonging  to  the  mother- 
country,  and  repudiated  by  the  colonists  as  an  odious  and  intolerable 
tyranny.  On  this  issue,  resistance  on  the  one  hand  and  coercion  on  the 
other  were  had  recourse  to.  But  it  was  soon  evident  that  the  strength  and 
spirit  of  the  colonists  had  been  greatly  undervalued,  and  that  they  had  not» 
in  fact^  degenerated  much  from  the  stubborn  and  unmanageable  nature  of 

•*  The  men  whose  hearts  were  torches 
For  Freedom's  quenchless  fire/' 


1856.]  George  Washington.  655 

from  whom  they  luid  descended.  The  same  manly  courage  which  had 
animated  so  many  of  the  first  settlers  to  face  every  danger  rather  than  sub- 
mit  to  arbitrary  power,  still  lived  in  undiminished  vigour  in  their  sons.  One 
of  their  important  measures  for  defensive  combination  was  a  congress  of 
delegates  from  the  various  colonies,  in  which  Washington  took  his  seat  as 
one  of  the  representatives  of  Virginia.  Mr.  Irving'^s  narrative  rises  to  a 
higher  tone  as  he  describes  a  little  company  of  these  delegates  departing  on 
their  way  to  the  assembly.     He  says : — 

**  When  the  time  approached  fox  the  meeting  of  the  Qeneral  Congresa  at  Philadelphia^ 
Washington  was  joined  at  Mount  Vernon  by  Patrick  Henxy  and  Edmimd  Pendleton, 
and  they  performed  the  journey  togpether  on  horseback.  It  was  a  noble  companionship. 
Henry  was  then  in  the  yoathfnl  vigour  and  elastidty  of  his  bounding  genins;  ardent^ 
acute,  &ncifTil,  eloquent.  Pendleton^  schooled  in  public  life,  a  veteran  m  council,  witii 
native  force  of  intellect,  and  habits  of  deep  reflectioxu  Washington,  in  the  meridian  of 
his  days,  mature  in  wisdom,  comprehensive  in  mind,  sagacious  m  fbresiffht.  Sudi  were 
the  apo^^ks  of  liberty,  repairing  on  their  august  pilgnmage  to  Philadelphia  from  all 
parts  of  the  land,  to  lay  the  foundations  of  a  mighly  empire.  Well  may  we  say  of  thafe 
eventful  period, '  There  were  g^iants  in  those  days.'  ** 

The  state-papers  of  this  Qeneral  Congress  conunanded  the  admiration  of 
the  great  Lord  Chatham.  But,  as  the  deliberations  of  the  assembly  were 
conducted  with  closed  doors,  we  have  no  certain  information  as  to  Wash* 
ington's  part  in  them.  Mr.  Irving,  indeed,  infers,  from  the  similarity  of 
the  principal  resolutions  to  those  of  a  county  meeting  over  which  Washing- 
ton presided,  that  his  infiuence  in  the  proceedings  was  a  dominant  one. 
Two  other  circumstances  give  countenance  to  the  same  conclusion.  When 
Patrick  Henry,  the  Virginian  orator,  had  returned  home,  on  being  asked 
who  was  the  greatest  man  in  the  assembly,  his  answer  was, ''  If  you  speak 
of  eloquence,  Mr.  Rutledge,  of  South  Carolina,  is  by  far  the  greatest  orator ; 
but  if  you  speak  of  solid  information  and  sound  judgment,  Colonel  Wash- 
ington is  unquestionably  the  greatest  man  on  that  floor.''  And,  a  few 
months  afterwards,  when  Congress — despairing  of  a  peaceable  recovery  of 
colonial  rights — determined  to  redeem  them  by  the  sword,  Washington 
was,  by  a  vote  taken  by  ballot,  unanimously  chosen  as  commander-in-chief 
of  the  provincial  army.  How  the  public  were  rejoiced  at  this  appointment 
may  be  imagined  from  the  fact  that,  even  then,  "  wherever  he  went,  the  air 
rang  with  acclamations." 

The  affairs  of  Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill  preceded  Washington's 
arrival  in  the  camp.  On  his  way  to  it  he  met  a  messenger  spurring  in  all 
speed  to  Congress,  with  intelligence  of  the  latter  of  these  combats,  and 
heard  from  him,  with  an  emotion  of  delight  and  hope,  how  gallantly  the 
yeomen-soldiers  had  behaved.  He  found  Boston,  and  the  British  army, 
beleaguered  by  some  fourteen  thousand  militia,  ill-armed,  wholly  undisci- 
plined, scantily  provided  with  the  most  indispensable  munition, — wanting, 
indeed,  more  or  less,  in  every  military  requisite,  except  courage  and  a  strong 
conviction  of  the  goodness  of  their  cause.  It  was  with  troops  in  this  con- 
dition, and  of  this  kind,  that  he  had  to  fight  the  battles  of  the  revolted 
colonies  against  the  finest  armies  England  could  equip,  commanded  by  her 
ablest  generals.  And  this  hard  and  galling  inequality  of  means  continued 
— as  the  reader  of  the  '*  Life"  will  learn — until  the  momentous  contest,  after 
years  of  an  enforced  restriction  to  defensive  measures  brightened  rarely  by 
brief  seasons  of  attack,  drew  near  its  final  close. 

In  that  portion  of  his  narrative  of  the  War  of  Independence  which  is 
now  published,  a  portion  embracing  the  occurrences  of  only  four  years, 
Mr.  Irving  finds  matter  for  little  short  of  ei^t  hundred  pages  of  the  three 


556  George  Washingion.  [Nov. 

volumes  now  before  us.  In  dealing  with  a  composition  so  compact  and 
well-arranged,  we  should  despair  of  compressing  within  our  brief  limits  any 
consecutive  account  of  the  multitudinous  operations  to  which  the  author 
has  allowed  so  large  a  space,  or,  at  least,  any  account  more  readable  than  a 
meagre  catalogue  of  events  and  dates.  We  are  sure  that  we  shall  cater 
better  for  the  profit  of  our  readers,  and,  we  hope,  for  their  pleasure  also, 
by  giving  them  a  glimpse  or  two  of  Mr.  Irving's  own  record,  and  such  a 
summary  of  the  character  of  Washington  as  the  biography  before  us  fairly 
warrants. 

During  the  monotonous  siege  of  Boston,  Washington  had  more  than 
once  "  suggested  an  attack  upon  the  town,"  which  had  been  just  as  fre- 
quently disapproved  of  by  his  general  officers,  in  councils  of  war.  Whilst 
he  was  waiting  anxiously,  and  watching  for  his  opportunity,  the  British 
army  was  subjected  by  one  of  his  generals  to  this  double  surprise  : — 

"  General  Putnam  having  completed  the  new  works  at  Lechmere  Point,  and  being 
desirous  of  keeping  up  the  spirit  of  bis  men,  resolved  to  treat  them  to  an  exploit.  Ac- 
cordingly, from  his  *  impregnable  fortress*  of  Cobble  Hill,  he  detached  a  party  of  about 
two  hundred,  under  his  favourite  officer.  Major  Knowlton,  to  siuT)rise  and  capture  a 
British  guard  stationed  at  Charlestown.  It  was  a  daring  enterprise,  and  executed  with 
spirit.  As  Charlestown  neck  was  completely  protected,  Knowlton  led  his  men  acron 
the  mill-dam,  round  the  base  of  the  hill,  and  immediately  below  the  fort;  set  fire  to 
the  guard-house  and  some  buildings  in  its  vicinity ;  made  several  prisoners,  and  retired 
without  loss,  although  thundered  upon  by  the  cannon  of  the  fort.  The  exploit  was 
attended  by  a  dramatic  effect  on  which  Putnam  had  not  calculated.  Tlie  British  offi- 
cers, early  in  the  winter,  had  fitted  up  a  theatre,  which  was  well  attended  by  the  troops 
and  tories.     On  the  evening  in  question,  an  afterpiece  was  to  be  performed,  entitled, 

*  The  Blockade  of  lioston,'  intended  as  a  burlesque  on  the  patriot  army  which  was  be- 
leaguering it.  Wasliington  is  said  to  have  l)een  represented  in  it  as  an  awkward  lout, 
equipped  with  a  huge  wig,  and  a  long  rusty  sword,  attended  by  a  country  booby  as 
orderly  sergeant,  with  an  old  firelock  seven  or  eight  feet  long. 

"  The  theatre  was  crowded,  especially  by  the  military.  Tlio  first  piece  was  over,  and 
the  curtain  was  rising  for  the  farce,  when  a  sergeant  made  his  appearance,  and  an- 
nounced that  *  the  alarm-guns  were  firing  at  Charlestown,  and  the  Yankees  attacking 
Bunker's  Hill.*  At  first,  this  was  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  entertainment,  until 
Genond  Howe  gave  the  word,  *  Officers,  to  your  alarm-posts.' 

"  Great  confusion  ensued ;  every  one  scrambled  out  of  the  theatre  as  fast  as  possible. 
Tliere  was,  as  usual,  some  shrieking  and  fainting  of  ladies;   and  the  farce  of  the 

*  Blockade  of  Boston'  had  a  more  serious  than  comic  termination." 

In  Mr.  Irving's  animated  account  of  the  memorable  "  Action  at  Prince- 
ton," we  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  Washington  as  he  was,  habitually, 
on  the  field  of  battle — unconscious,  or  at  least  unmindful,  of  the  danger  he 
incurred  in  his  heroic  efforts  to  encourage  and  sustain  his  men.  From 
"  the  Runnnit  of  a  hill"  Colonel  Mawhood,  who  was  leading  the  advance  of 
some  British  regiments,  saw,  by  the  glittering  of  their  arms  in  the  morning 
Bun,  the  movement  of  a  party  of  American  troops,  under  the  command  of 
General  Mercer;  but — 

"  Tlie  woods  prevented  him  from  seeing  their  numlwjr.  He  supposed  thorn  to  be  some 
broken  portion  of  the  American  army  lining  before  Lord  Comwallis.  With  this  idea, 
he  fiiciHl  alnrnt  and  made  a  retrograde  movement,  to  intercept  them  or  hold  them  in 
check,  while  messengers  sjmrred  off  at  all  speed,  to  hasten  forward  the  regiments  still 
lingering  at  IVinceton,  so  as  comj)letely  to  surround  them. 

"  The  woods  concealed  him  until  he  had  recrossed  the  bridge  of  Stony  Brook,  when 
he  came  in  full  sight  of  the  van  of  Mercer's  brigade.  lioth  parties  pushed  to  get  pos- 
8es8i<m  of  a  rising-ground  on  the  rigljt,  near  the  house  of  a  Mr.  Clark,  of  the  pcfu^fnl 
Society  of  Frit'Tuis.  The  Americans  being  nean^st,  rcachwl  it  firwt,  and  formed  behind 
a  hedge-fence  which  extended  alongasl(»iw  in  front  of  the  house;  whence,  being  chiefly 
armed  with  rifles,  they  oi)eued  a  destructive  fire.     It  was  returned  witti  great  spirit 


1856.]  George  Washington.  557 

by  the  enemy.  At  the  first  discharge,  Mercer  wtis  dismounted,  'his  g^allant  gray*  being 
crippled  by  a  musket-ball  in  the  leg.  One  of  his  colonel?,  also,  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  carried  to  the  rear.  Availing  themselves  of  the  confusion  thus  occasioned,  the 
British  charged  with  tlie  bayonet, — the  American  riflemen,  having  no  weapon  of  the 
kind,  were  tlirown  into  disorder  and  retreated.  Mercer,  who  was  on  foot,  endeavoured 
to  rally  them,  when  a  blow  from  the  butt-end  of  a  musket  felled  him  to  the  ground. 
He  rose  and  defended  himself  with  his  sword,  but  was  surrounded,  bayonetted  re- 
peatedly, and  left  for  dead. 

"Maw hood  pursued  the  broken  and  retreating  troops  to  the  brow  of  the  rising- 
ground,  on  which  Clark's  house  was  situated,  when  he  beheld  a  large  force  emerging 
from  a  wood  and  advancing  to  the  rescue.  It  was  a  body  of  Pennsylvania  militia,  which 
Washington,  on  hearing  the  firing,  had  detached  to  the  support  of  Mercer.  Mawhood 
instantly  ceased  pursuit,  drew  up  his  artillery,  and  by  a  heavy  discharge  brought  the 
militia  to  a  stand. 

"  At  this  moment  Washington  himself  arrived  at  the  scene  of  action,  having  galloped 
from  the  by-road  in  advance  of  his  troops.  From  a  rising-ground  he  beheld  Mercer's 
troops  retreating  in  confusion,  and  the  detachment  of  militia  checked  by  Mawhood's 
artillery.  Everything  was  at  peril.  Putting  spurs  to  his  horse,  he  dashed  past  the 
hesitating  militia,  waving  his  hat  and  cheering  them  on.  Ilis  commanding  figure  and 
white  horse  made  him  a  conspicuous  object  for  the  enemy's  marksmen,  but  he  heeded 
it  not.  Galloping  forward  under  the  fire  of  Mawhood's  battery,  he  called  upon  Mer- 
cer's broken  brigade.  The  Pennsylvanians  rallied  at  the  sound  of  his  voice,  and  caught 
fire  from  his  example.  At  the  same  time  the  7th  Virginia  regiment  emerged  from  the 
wood,  and  moved  forward  with  loud  cheers,  while  a  fire  of  grape-shot  was  opened  by 
Captain  Moulder,  of  the  American  artillery,  from  the  brow  of  a  ridge  to  the  south. 

"  Colonel  Mawhood,  who  a  moment  before  had  thought  his  triumph  secure,  found 
himself  assailed  on  every  side,  and  separated  from  the  other  British  regiments.  He 
fought,  however,  with  great  bravery,  and  for  a  short  time  the  action  was  desperate. 
Washington  was  in  the  midst  of  it,  equally  endangered  by  the  random  fire  of  his  own 
men,  and  the  artillery  and  musketry  of  the  enemy.  His  aide-de-camp^  Colonel  Fitz- 
gerald, a  young  and  ardent  Irishman,  losing  sight  of  him  in  the  heat  of  the  fight, 
when  enveloped  in  dust  and  smoke,  dropped  the  bridle  on  the  neck  of  his  horse,  and 
drcwJiis  hat  over  his  eyes,  giving  him  up  for  lost.  When  he  saw  him,  however, 
emerge  from  the  cloud  waving  his  hat,  and  beheld  the  enemy  giving  way,  he  spurred 
up  to  his  side.  *  Thank  God,'  cried  he,  *  your  Excellency  is  safe !'  *  Away,  my  dear 
colonel,  and  bring  up  the  troops,'  was  the  reply ;  *  the  day  is  our  own !'  It  was  one  of 
those  occasions  in  which  the  Litent  fire  of  Washington's  character  blazed  forth. 

"  Mawhood  by  this  time  had  forced  his  way,  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  through 
gathering  foes,  though  with  heavy  loss,  back  to  the  main  road,  and  was  in  full  retreat 
towards  Trenton,  to  join  Comwallis.  Washington  detached  Major  Kelly,  with  a  party 
of  Pennsylvania  troo])s,  to  destroy  the  bridge  at  Stony  Brook,  over  which  Mawhood 
had  retreated,  so  as  to  imped«  the  advance  of  General  Leslie  from  Maiden  Head. 

'*  In  the  meantime  the  55th  regiment,  which  had  been  on  the  left,  and  nearer 
Princeton,  had  been  encountered  by  the  American  advance-guard  under  General  St. 
Clair,  and  alter  some  sharp  fighting  in  a  ravine,  had  given  way,  and  was  retreating 
across  fields  and  along  a  by-rojid  to  Brimswick.  Tlie  remaining  regiment,  the  40th, 
had  not  been  able  to  come  up  in  time  for  action ;  a  part  of  it  fled  toward  Brunswick, 
the  residue  took  refuge  in  the  college  at  Prhiceton,  recently  occupied  by  them  as 
barracks.  Artillery  was  now  brought  to  bear  on  the  college,  and  a  few  shots  com- 
pelled those  within  to  surrender." 

Towards  the  close  of  Mr.  Irving's  third  volume,  he  describes  the  storm- 
ing of  Stony  Point,  an  enterprise  designed  by  Washington  as  some  sort  of 
counter-check  to  the  ravages  which  were  at  that  time  in  course  of  perpe- 
tration on  the  seaboard  of  Connecticut.  The  command  was  oflfered  by 
Washington  to  General  Wayne,  who  was  known,  on  account  of  his  daring, 
as  Mad  Anthony;  and  popular  tradition  tells  that  his  somewhat  profane 
reply  to  the  proposition  was,  "  General,  I'll  storm  h — 11,  if  you  will  only 
plan  it."  The  enterprise  was  eminently  hazardous,  and  no  precaution  was 
neglected  that  seemed  likely  to  contribute  to  success.  An  unusual  hour 
of  the  night  was  fixed  upon,  men  of  known  determination  were  selected, 
the  attack  was  to  be  made  with  bayonets  only  and  muskets  unloaded,  and 


558  George  Washington.  [Nov. 

a  watchword  and  white  cockades  were  to  keep  the  assailants  known  to  one 
another  in  the  darkness  of  their  midnight  strife.     Thus  prepared, — 

"  On  the  15th  of  July,  about  mid-day,  Wayne  set  out  with  his  light  infimtry  from 
Sandy  Beach,  fourteen  miles  distant  from  Stony  Point.  The  roads  were  rugged,  across 
mountains,  morasses,  and  narrow  defiles,  in  the  skirts  of  the  Dunderberg,  where  fre- 
quently it  was  necessary  to  proceed  in  single  file.  About  eight  in  the  evening  they 
arrived  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  the  forts,  without  being  discovered.  Not  a  dog 
barked  to  give  the  alarm ;  all  the  dogs  in  the  neighbourhood  had  been  privately  de- 
stroyed before  hand.  Bringing  the  men  to  a  halt,  Wayne  and  his  principal  officen 
went  nearer,  and  carefully  reconnoitred  the  works  and  their  environs,  so  as  to  proceed 
nndcrstanduigly  and  without  confusion.  Having  made  their  observations,  they  re- 
turned to  the  troops.  Midnight,  it  will  be  recollected,  was  the  time  recommended  by 
Washington  for  the  attack.  About  lialf-past  eleven  the  whole  moved  forward,  guided 
by  a  negro  of  the  neighbourhood,  who  had  frequently  carried  in  fruit  to  the  garrison, 
and  served  the  Americans  as  a  spy.  He  led  the  way,  accompanied  by  two  stout  men 
disguised  as  farmers.  The  countersign  was  given  to  the  first  sentinel,  posted  on  high 
ground  west  of  the  morass.  While  the  negro  talked  with  him,  the  men  seized  and 
gagged  him.  The  sentinel  posted  at  the  head  of  the  causeway  was  served  in  the  same 
manner;  so  that  hitherto  no  alarm  was  given.  The  causeway,  however,  was  over- 
flowed, and  it  was  some  time  after  twelve  o'clock  before  the  troops  could  cross ;  leaving 
three  hundred  men,  under  General  Muklenberg,  on  the  western  side  of  the  moraas,  as 
a  reserve. 

"At  the  foot  of  the  promontory,  the  troops  were  divided  into  two  columns,  for 
simultaneous  attacks  on  opposite  sides  of  the  works.  One  hundred  and  fifty  volunteers, 
led  by  Lieutenant-colonel  Fleury,  seconded  by  Major  Posey,  formed  the  vanguard  of 
the  right  column;  one  hundred  volunteers,  under  Major  Stewart,  the  vanguard  of 
the  left.  In  advance  of  each  was  a  forlorn  hope  of  twenty  men — one  led  by  Lieutenant 
Gibbon,  the  other  by  Lieutenant  Knox:  it  was  their  desperate  duty  to  remove  the 
abattis.  So  well  had  the  whole  afiair  been  conducted,  that  the  Americans  were  close 
upon  the  outworks  before  they  wore  discovered.  There  was  then  severe  skirmishing 
at  the  pickets.  The  Americans  used  tlie  bayonet,  the  others  discharged  their  muskets. 
The  reports  roused  the  garrison.  Stony  Point  was  instantly  in  an  uproar.  The  drams 
beat  to  arms ;  every  one  hurried  to  his  alarm-post ;  the  works  were  hastily  manned, 
and  a  tremendous  fire  of  grape-shot  and  musketry  opened  on  the  assailants. 

"  nie  two  columns  forced  their  way  with  the  bayonet,  at  opposite  points,  sormonnt- 
ing  every  obstacle.  Colonel  Fleury  was  the  first  to  enter  the  fort  and  strike  the 
British  flag.  Major  Posey  sprang  to  the  ramparts  and  shouted,  "The  fort  is  our 
o\\Ti."  Wayne,  who  led  the  right  column,  received  at  the  inner  abattis  a  contusion  on 
the  head  from  a  musket-ball,  and  would  have  fallen  to  the  ground,  but  his  two  eudes' 
de-camp  supported  him.  Thinking  it  was  a  death-wound,  *  Carry  me  into  the  fort,* 
said  he,  '  and  let  me  die  at  the  head  of  my  column.'  He  was  home  in  between  his 
aides,  and  s(x>n  recovered  his  self-possession.  The  two  columns  arrived  nearly  at  the 
same  time,  and  met  in  the  centre  of  the  works.  The  garrison  surrendered  at  dis- 
cretion. 

"  At  daybreak,  as  Washington  directed,  the  guns  of  the  fort  were  turned  on  Fort 
Lafayette  and  the  shipj)ing.  The  latter  cut  their  cables  and  dropped  down  the  river. 
Through  a  series  of  blunders,  the  detachment  firom  West  Point,  which  was  to  have 
co-oi)t*rat<Hl,  did  not  arrive  in  time,  and  came  unprovided  with  suitable  ammunition  for 
their  battering  artillery.  This  part  of  the  enterprise  therefore  failed;  Fort  Lafayette 
held  out. 

"  nie  stonning  of  Stony  Point  stands  out  in  high  relief  as  one  of  the  most  briUiant 
achievements  of  the  war.  The  Americans  had  effected  it  without  firing  a  mnakei. 
(hi  their  part,  it  was  the  silent,  deadly  work  of  the  bayonet ;  the  fierce  rerastance  they 
met  at  the  outset  may  be  judged  by  the  havoc  made  in  their  forlorn  hope:  out  of 
twenty -two  men,  seventeen  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  whole  loss  of  the 
Americans  was  fifteen  killed  and  eighty-three  wounded.  Of  the  garrison,  sixty-three 
were  slain,  including  two  officers ;  five  hundred  and  fifty-three  were  taken  prisoners, 
among  whom  were  a  lieutenant-colonel,  four  captains,  and  twenty-three  subaltern 
officers." 

It  must  not,  however,  be  supposed  that  successes  like  these  were  the 
common  fortune  of  the  Americans  during  that  portion  of  the  war  which 
Mr.  Irving  has  recorded  in  these  volumes.     At  best,  a  few  such  triumphs 


1856.]  George  Washington.  559 

served  to  brighten  with  their  evanescent  gleams  the  long,  and  arduous,  and 
all  but  hopeless  contest  by  which  the  Americans  endeavoured  to  maintain 
the  independence  they  had  dared  to  claim.  It  is,  indeed,  impossible  to 
reflect  upon  the  odds  against  them  in  the  unequal  conflict  they  engaged  in, 
without  a  feeling  of  surprise,  not  simply  at  their  ultimate  success,  but  even 
at  the  fact  of  their  being  able  to  prolong  the  struggle  through  a  single  year. 
And  it  is  just  as  impossible  to  doubt,  that,  more  than  once  during  the  long 
interval  between  the  evacuation  of  Boston  and  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis, 
the  fi-eedom  that  his  countrymen  were  striving  for  was  saved  by  Washington 
alone.  His  military  skill,  alone,  was  an  inestimable  assistance  to  their 
cause.  He  has  been  often  called  the  American  Fabius,  but  he  was,  when 
occasion  served,  the  American  Marcellus  also.  His  cautious  policy  was 
often  forced  upon  him  by  the  necessity  of  holding  in  check,  with  means 
wretchedly  inadequate,  the  well-appointed  armies  which  were  opposed  to 
him ;  and  it  is  only  by  bearing  this  in  mind — by  remembering  that  the 
troops  which  he  commanded  were  exposed,  in  turn,  to  almost  every  mode 
of  hardship  and  privation ;  that  they  were  often  barefooted,  starving,  and 
half-clothed;  that  they  were  sometimes  destitute  of  tents  and  engineers, 
and  sorely  enough  pinched  for  arms  and  ammunition ;  and  that  the  only 
abundance  ever  found  within  the  camp  was  that  of  zealous,  strong,  and 
brave  men, — that  we  can  form  to  ourselves  any  just  conception  of  the  com- 
prehensiveness of  that  ability  for  war  which  enabled  Washington,  under  all 
these  disadvantages,  to  baffle  the  finest  armies  and  the  ablest  generals 
England  could  send  out,  skilfully  retreating  from  them  when  he  could  not 
fight,  and  fighting  well  whenever  he  could  find  a  favourable  chance ;  to 
take  our  best  commanders  by  surprise  in  the  very  moments  of  their  pre- 
mature triumph ;  and  finally  to  teach  our  rulers,  by  the  bitter  lesson  of  two 
armies  surrendering  without  a  blow,  the  uselessness  of  any  further  efforts 
to  subdue  the  nation  which  they  had  provoked  into  resistance  by  oppression 
and  misrule. 

But  more  valuable  even  than  this  military  genius  was  that  unyielding 
spirit  which  animated  Washington  himself,  and  with  which  he  inspired 
both  the  Congress  and  the  people.  The  great  practical  truth  which  a 
modern  dramatist  teaches  from  the  lips  of  the  younger  of  the  Gracchi, 
that — 

"...  the  brave  man  ne'er  despairs. 
And  lives  where  cowards  die," 

was  never  better  instanced  than  in  this  illustrious  example.  His  calm,  in- 
vincible reliance  on  the  ultimate  success  of  the  confederated  States  never 
waned  or  wavered  in  the  darkest  fortunes  they  were  doomed  to  undergo. 
In  the  worst  emergencies  which  he  experienced,  his  communications  with 
Congress  —  however  urgent  in  their  tone  of  recommendation,  or  remon- 
strance, or  appeal — still  breathed  a  hopefulness  which  the  governing  body 
caught  from  him,  and  which  they  responded  to,  in  spite  of  factious  efforts 
which  were  not  wanting  even  there,  with  constant  confidence  and  love. 
The  same  animating  influence  seems  to  have  fallen  like  a  refreshing  dew 
upon  those  whom  business  drew  about  him.  The  people  themselves  looked 
to  him  with  a  steady  trust  which  lent  alacrity  to  their  exertions,  and  made 
the  hardest  measures  of  privation  more  endurable  when  he  was  known  to 
sanction  or  advise  them.  This  was  the  unavoidable  result  of  his  unimpeach- 
able, but  yet  commanding,  character;  and  if  he  had  done  nothing  more 
than  this — if  he  had  merely  kept  alive  the  sturdy  resolution  which  first 
shewed  itself  at  Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill— if,  after  teaching  Congrese 


560  Oeorge  Washington,  [Nov. 

what  the  sacrifices  were  that  America  was  bound  to  make,  and  training  the 
Americans  to  make  them,  he  had  left  it  to  some  other  benefactor  to  com- 
mand  the  armies  he  had  called  into  the  field,  and  to  lead  them  on  to  vic- 
tory and  independence — the  enduring  gratitude  of  his  countrymen  would 
still  have  been  his  due.  But  when  it  is  remembered  that  these  distinct 
services  of  encouragement,  and  counsel,  and  defence  were  conferred  by  one 
man  ;  and  that  he,  with  a  virtue  hardly  ever  paralleled  amongst  the  great 
generals  who  have  had  at  their  command  the  means  of  ruling  nations  they 
have  freed,  permitted  no  personal  ambition  to  grow  up  out  of  his  labours, 
and  sought  from  ihem  no  advantages  that  were  not  common  to  him  with 
the  meanest  citizen  of  the  States ;  we  are  tempted  to  exclaim  with  the 
poet, — 

"  How  shall  we  rank  thee  upon  glory's  page ! 
Tlioii  more  than  soldier !  and  just  less  than  sage ! 
All  that  thou  art  reflects  less  fame  on  thee. 
Far  less,  than  all  thou  h^eX,  forborne  to  he  !" 

But  the  most  interesting,  and  probably  the  most  instructive,  portion  of 
the  Life  of  Washington,  is  that  which  Mr.  Irving  has  not  yet  given  to  the 
world.  The  materials  which  he  has  still  in  hand  will  come  to  us,  no  doubt, 
exquisitely  wrought  in  elegant  and  graceful  forms,  for  this  has  been  the 
charm  of  all  his  literary  workmanship,  and  he  has  never  yet  worked  upon 
a  grander  or  a  nobler  subject.  The  serene  majesty  of  his  Columbus,  lavish- 
ing the  magnificent  capabilities  of  his  life  in  the  realization  of  his  one  glo- 
rious idea,  is  equal,  not  superior,  to  it  \  but  the  life  of  the  great  Discoverer 
loses  by  its  remoteness  in  time  something  of  that  sympathy  which  is  kindled 
in  us  by  the  life  of  the  great  statesman  and  commander  whom  many,  now 
alive,  remember.  Mr.  Irving  has  still  to  relate  to  us  the  closing  incidents 
of  the  protracted  War  of  Independence,  in  which  events  as  striking  as  the 
treachery  of  Arnold,  the  mournful  fate  of  Andre,  and  the  final  triumph  of 
the  continental  army,  claim  important  places.  And  he  has  still  to  picture 
to  us  the  quiet  and  unostentatious  dignity  of  that  domestic  life  at  Mount 
Vernon  to  which  Washington  hastened  back,  the  delight  and  diligence  with 
which  he  resumed  his  agricultural  occupations,  the  care  which  he  devoted 
to  the  civil  interests  of  his  native  state,  and  the  patriotic  and  high-minded 
disinterestedness  with  which  he  transferred  to  purposes  of  general  educa* 
tion  that  liberal  grant  of  the  Virginian  Legislature  which  he  had  declined  to 
accept  for  himself.  And  Mr.  Irving  has  still  to  describe  to  us  the  memor- 
able journey,  made  amidst  the  blessings  of  a  nation's  gratitude,  from  Mount 
Vernon  to  New  York, — a  journey  with  which  hardly  any  triumphal  march  in 
history  deserves  to  be  compared  ;  in  which  everything,  except  the  roar  of 
cannon,  and  the  flags,  and  the  young  maidens  with  their  garlands  and  white 
dresses,  was  the  unpremeditated  tribute  of  the  people's  reverence  and  love; 
and  in  which  the  toil-hardened  hands  that  were  stretched  forth  to  grasp  his 
as  he  passed  by,  the  whispered  prayers  that  greeted  him  from  the  road* 
side,  and  the  thousand  varying  testimonies  of  a  deep  and  general  emotion 
of  delight  which  welcomed  him,  whilst  they  more  than  once  shook  the  iron 
nerves  of  Washington,  must  still  have  been  a  sweet  reward  for  services  as 
pure  and  high  as  his.  And,  finally,  Mr.  Irving  has  still  to  tell  us  of  those 
eight  years  of  arduous,  able  statesmanship,  in  which  Washington,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  young  republic,  enforced  a  far-sighted  policy  of  wisdom,  peace, 
and  justice,  which  was  probably,  at  that  time,  the  means  of  preserving  to 
his  countrymen,  on  a  secure  foundation,  the  independence  he  had  won  for 
them  by  his  long  devoteduess  in  council,  camp,  and  battle-field. 
4 


1856.]  George  Washington.  561 

The  public,  we  apprehend,  will  look  with  some  impatience  for  the  com- 
pletion of  this  admirable  "  Life."  If  the  portion  yet  to  come  should  be 
executed  with  as  much  painstaking  accuracy,  combined  with  as  much  grace, 
and  elegance,  and  animation,  as  the  volumes  now  before  us  are — and  we  do 
not  for  a  moment  doubt  that  they  will  be — Mr.  Irving  will  have  the  satisfac- 
tion of  having  been  the  first  to  raise  an  enduring  and  becoming  monument 
to  him,  of  whom  a  living  historian  has  well  and  truly  said,  "  of  all  great 
men,  he  was  the  most  virtuous  and  the  most  fortunate*.'* 


THE  KECENT  ALTERATIONS  AT  THE  CATHEDRAL, 

CHRIST  CHURCH,  OXFORD. 

Most  of  our  readers  are  conversant  with  the  fact  that  this  cathedral 
differs  from  others  in  being  also  the  chapel  of  the  college  to  which  it  is 
attached.  The  limited  accommodation  in  the  seating  which  recently  ex- 
isted here,  in  common  with  other  edifices  of  similar  character,  was  felt, 
therefore,  to  be  the  source  of  more  frequent  inconvenience. 

The  number  of  the  sittings  being  93,  and  the  various  persons  belonging 
to  the  college  who  attend  daily  service  being  about  220,  it  has  been  cus- 
tomaiy  to  cover  the  pavement  in  the  centre  of  the  choir  with  light,  move- 
able seats,  facing  west,  to  supply  the  deficient  accommodation.  This 
arrangement,  by  which  the  faces  of  the  Undergraduates  were  turned  to- 
wards the  Dean  and  Canons,  and  was  the  source  of  much  confusion,  has 
been  terminated  in  compliance  with  the  admirable  suggestion  of  the  present 
Dean,  Dr.  Liddell ;  and  other  improvements  have  been  efi*ected,  which  we 
will  now  proceed  to  describe. 

As  some  of  our  readers  may  not  be  acquainted  with  the  characteristics 
of  the  edifice,  we  will  first  shortly  state  its  leading  features.  The  present 
structure  appears  to  retain  no  traces  of  the  earlier  building  which  history 
tells  us  occupied  the  site,  but  was  erected  in  the  Norman  period,  and  was 
the  church  of  the  Priory  of  St.  Frideswide,  consecrated  about  the  year  1 1 80. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  choir-aisle  is  the  Early  English  chapel  of  St.  Frides- 
wide. The  Latin  chapel,  which  forms  another  aisle  still  further  to  the  north, 
was  built  by  Lady  Montacute  in  the  fourteenth  century.  The  most  im- 
portant change  in  the  cathedral  was  made  by  Cardinal  Wolsey,  who  had  the 
intention  of  converting  it  into  the  College  chapel,  and  of  erecting  another 
building  for  the  cathedral  on  the  north  side  of  the  great  quadrangle,  the 
foundation  and  lower  part  of  the  walls  of  which  were  visible  in  the  Canons' 
gardens  within  these  few  years.  At  this  period  the  nave  of  the  cathedral 
was  materially  shortened,  the  south  transept  was  deprived  of  two  bays, 
which  were  merged  into  the  residence  of  the  sacristan,  and  a  richly  groined 
Perpendicular  roof  with  carved  pendants  was  cleverly  fitted  upon  the  Nor- 
man clerestory  to  the  choir.  This  work  was  not  continued  farther  than  the 
transepts,  where  the  alteration  has  been  commenced,  but  not  completed. 

In  the  time  of  Charles  the  First  the  woodwork  recently  removed  was 
erected.     For  that  purpose,  the  pillars  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the 


De  tou8  Jes  grands  homines,  U  a  He  U  pUts  vertueux  et  le  plus  heureux," — 
Washington,"  by  M.  Guizot. 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  D 


a    it 
** 


562       Recent  Alterations  ut  the  Cathedral,  Ch.  Ch.,  Oxford.    [Nov. 

choir  were  "  squared,"  and  the  bases  were  also  cut  away ;  and  the  masonry 
thus  mutilated  was  encased  with  heavily-moulded  Itidian  framing,  inter- 
mixed with  some  remnants  of  Jacobean  workmanship.  The  screen  fixed 
across  the  entrance  to  the  choir,  and  upon  which  was  placed  the  organ, 
with  choristers*  galleries  on  each  side  over  the  Canons*  stalls,  divided  the 
centre  of  the  edifice,  except  the  roof,  into  two  portions :  the  Vice-Chancel- 
lor's seat  and  the  pulpit  used  at  the  University  sermons  being  in  the  nave, 
on  one  side  of  the  screen ;  and  the  Dean's  and  Canons'  and  the  Bishop's 
stall,  with  the  woodwork  in  the  choir  just  described,  on  the  other  side: 
the  choir-aisles  and  the  chapels  being  also  excluded  from  view,  and  almost 
from  any  participation  in  the  services,  by  the  box-like  framing,  which  rose 
to  the  height  of  eleven  feet  from  the  paving. 

By  the  recent  alterations — though  they  are  to  be  regarded  only  as  a  tem- 
porary expedient,  and  we  may  be  allowed,  perhaps,  to  dedgnate  it  as  a  trial- 
scheme — the  cumbrous  woodwork  has  been  wholly  removed,  the  stone 
pillars  with  their  bases  have  been  restored,  and  accommodation  for  235  per- 
sons has  been  provided  in  seats  facing  north  and  south,  placed  in  the  choir, 
imder  the  tower,  and  in  two  bays  of  the  nave ;  the  view  being  unobstructed 
throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  cathedral  from  west  to  east,  with  the 
exception  of  the  two  western  bays  of  the  nave,  which  are  reserved  as  an 
ante-chapel. 

The  old  stalls,  panelling,  seats,  book-boards,  and  kneeling-cushions  have 
been  modified  and  refixed  without  the  high  enclosures,  and  the  whole  is 
subordinated  to  the  main  features  of  the  edifice.  The  organ  is  placed  in 
the  south  transept,  the  site  whence  it  is  probable  Wolsey  intended  to  derive 
his  music,  though  at  a  difi*erent  level — for  there  are  still  existing  in  the  east 
wall  two  boldly  carved  corbels,  which  were  evidently  intended  to  support 
a  music  gallery,  projecting  from  the  triforium.  The  Vice-Chancellor's 
seat  remains,  as  heretofore,  against  the  north-west  pier  of  the  tower ;  the 
Bishop's  throne  is  brought  slightly  forward,  commanding  an  improved  view 
of  the  centre  of  the  building ;  the  choristers'  seats  are  under  the  tower, 
and  the  pulpit  is  placed  near  the  south-east  pier,  commanding  the  choir 
and  nave,  aiKl  advantageously  situated  for  the  north  transept,  in  which 
moveable  seats  are  ofiered  to  the  public,  giving  accommodation  for  131 
persons. 

We  have  said  that  the  scheme  is  but  a  temporary  expedient :  the  old 
organ-case,  the  Dean's  and  Canons'  stalls,  and  the  other  portions  of  the  wood- 
work, of  various  periods  and  forms,  have  all  been  made  to  re-serve  their  re- 
spective purposes,  and  not  a  single  foot  of  new  wood  introduced.  But  the 
works  which  are  intended  to  be  permanent  are  substantially  executed.  Of 
this  latter  class  is  the  warming  and  ventilating  apparatus,  which  has  been 
formed  under  the  floor  by  a  series  of  brick  and  stone  chambers,  and  flues  of 
ample  dimensions,  to  ensure  an  efiective  circulation  of  comfortably  warmed 
(not  sudden  gusts  of  overheated)  air;  whilst  among  the  temporary  works  is 
the  mode  of  lighting,  which  will  be  still  by  candles :  the  perspective  efiect 
will,  however,  be  striking  and  good,  if  (as  we  understand  is  intended)  oak 
triangular  frames  for  six  candles  are  suspended  from  the  arches  of  the  arcade- 
pillars.  The  flues  for  the  warming  apparatus  required  an  excavation  3  fL 
6  in.  square,  and  of  considerable  length,  under  the  paving  of  the  choir  and 
nave  :  to  this  circumstance  we  are  indebted  to  several  interesting  discoveries. 

Between  the  pillars  of  the  second  bay  of  the  arcade  on  the  south  side  of 
the  choir,  was  found  a  stone  coffin,  with  a  raised  lid,  from  5  to  8  in.  Uiick, 
having  a  floriated  cross  sculptured  thereon,  of  fifteenth  century  date.     In 


18&6  J    Recent  Alteraiions  at  the  Cathedral^  Ch,  Ch.,  Oxford.       56a 

the  coffin  were  the  remains  of  an  ecclesiastic,  in  a  rich  diapered  dress  of 
linen  interwoven  with  cotton,  and  a  plain  pewter  chalice  and  paten  lying 
upon  the  chest ;  the  body  and  the  dress  imn^diately  succumbed  to  the  in- 
fluence of  the  atmosphere  upon  its  admission,  and  little  beside  dust  could 
be  seen  in  two  hours'  time,  except  the  tibia  of  the  left  leg,  and  a  velvet 
shoe  belonging  to  that  foot.  From  the  mixed  material  of  the  dress  it  may 
be  inferred  that  it  was  of  foreign  manufacture,  cotton  not  having  been 
brought  to  England  until  the  eighteenth  century.  The  sculptured  lid  is 
laid  on  the  paving  in  the  south  aisle,  where  it  may  be  now  seen.. 

In  the  centre  of  the  choir  was  found  another  similar  coffin.  The-  chalice 
and  paten  were  at  the  foot  of  the  corpse ;  the  texture  of  the  dress  appeared 
similar  to  that  of  the  former  body,  but  was  less  decayed ;  the  lid  ifr  a  simple 
cross,  with  the  ends  of  the  arms  enlarged,  and  is  probably  not  earlier  than 
the  fifteenth  century. 

The  east  tower-piers  required  considerable  repair ;  huge  beams  had  been 
inserted,  and  the  ashlar  face  cut  away,  the  internal  ''rubble  filling"  was 
loose,  and  required  the  utmost  care  to  maintain  the  security  of  the 
pondeious  structure  above.  It  was  observed  upon  the  south  pier,  where 
the  timber  had  not  caused  so  much  damage  as  on  the  north  side-,  that  the 
face  of  the  pier  had  been  set  back  four  inches  to  a  height  of  about  twelve 
feet  from  the  floor,  terminating  at  the  top  with  a  chamfer.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  this  circumstance  is  in  favour  of  the  idea  that  the  woodwork 
which  probably  existed  in  the  earliest  period  of  the  cathedral  extended  be- 
yond the  choir  into  the  tower.  The  chamfer  has  been  permitted  to  remain, 
and  will  be  viewed  with  much  interest. 

A  remarkable  chamber  or  crypt  was  opened  in  the  centre  of  the  paiiing,  be- 
tween the  north  and  south  piers  of  the  tower..  We  have  prepared  the  sub- 
joined cuts  for  the  purpose  of  placing  on  record  as  well  a»  illustrating  this 
discovery,  which  we  think  will  be  found  to  possess  matter  for  unusual  research. 
The  chamber  is  under  the  paving  of  the  choir,  and  immediately  under  the 
place  where  the  organ  lately  stood,  and  behind  the  place  of  the  great  rood 
in  former  times,  measures  seven  feet  in  length  from  north  to  south,  by  five 
feet  six  inches  in  width  from  east  to  west,  and  is  just  high  enough  for  a 
person  to  stand  upright  within  it.  The  walls  are  formed  of  stone  from 
the  neighbourhood,  and  the  chamber  was  probably  covered  by  an  arch  of 
similar  masonry,  a  portion  of  the  dome^  being  still  observable*  On  each 
side  was  a  closet,  or  recess,  which  had  been  apparently  provided  with  flaps 
or  doors,  as  the  place  of  a  stone  or  wood  hanging-piece  is  evident  over 
each  opening.  The  internal  face  of  the  chamber  and  the  closets  is  roughly 
plastered, — traces  of  red  colouring  exist  thereon  ;  and  there  are  also  slight 
remains  of  incised  or  indented  crosses,  about  2|  inches  long,  on  the  west 
wall,  at  four  feet  from  the  base  of  the  wall.     A  piece  of  wood  had  been  in- 


*-  Mr.  Billing,  who  was  kind  enough  to  make  this  drawing  for  us,  has  represented 
the  voussoirs  of  an  arch,  bat  placed  on  a  level  so  that  they  would  inevitably  have  £Edl^i 
tlirough.  This  we  believe  to  be  a  mistake  arising  from  the  hasty  manner  in  which  his 
f(ket<>h  was  necessarily  made.  There  did  not  appear  to  he  any  proof  that  there  was  aa 
arch  or  dome  to  the  chamber  at  all;  if  there  was,  the  crown  of  it  must  have  he^i  oon- 
siderably  above  the  level  of  the  pavement.  It  appeared  to  ns  to  have  been  covered  by 
flat  stones,  supported  on  a  sort  of  shouldered  arches^  or  small  sqainches,  across  the 
angles,  or  possibly  by  a  wooden  trap-door;  and  there  was  a  piece  of  decayed  timber  on 
the  west  side,  nearly  where  Mr.  Billing  has  represented  his  flat  arch,  as  mentioned 
above.  The  wall  on  the  east  side  was  broken  away  in  the  middle,  and  there  may  pro- 
bably have  been  a  doorway  on  this  side,  but  the  evidence  of  this  was  not  very  dear. 


564       Secent  Alteratiom  at  the  Cathedral,  Ch.  Ch.,  (k^ord,     [Nor. 


Berted  nearly  orer  the  west  wail,  but  'we  are  inclined  to  think  this  wu  but 
a  modern  provision  against  a  sinking  of  the  pavement.  The  entrance  wm, 
no  doubt,  from  the  east,  cither  by  a  passage,  by  steps,  or  a  ladder,  possibly 
after  the  same  &shion  as  the  reliquary  cliambers  at  Ripou  and  Hexham. 
It  may  be  fairly  surmised  tliat  this  chamber  is  a  very  early  work,  and  that 
it  was  intended  as  a  place  of  security  for  the  deposit  of  the  relics  and  other 
treasures  of  the  church ;  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  waa  also  adapted 
to  the  exhibition  of  relics  from  the  passage  entrance. 

Numerous  wood  and  leaden  coffins  of  ordinary  character  were  enconn. 
tered,  and  a  few  pieces  of  stone  sculptured  and  gilded,  and  fragments  of 
figured  tiles.  Upon  the  choir-pillars  remain  traces  of  tinting,  in  strong 
red  and  blue  colour  \  upon  tlic  lialf-pillar  next  the  east  wall,  a  painting  is 
discernible  representing  a  stone  coffin  and  two  figures.  Behind  the  wood 
panelling  which  has  been  left  round  the  altar  for  the  present,  are  dia. 
per  patterns  in  colours  painted  upon  the  wall.  The  bases  of  the  ptltara 
(which  have  been  restored)  poiisess  considerable  variety  ;  the  Early  Engliah 
"  holding -water"  base,  the  attic  base,  and  an  indented  pattern,  are  among 
the  most  remarkable. 

We  cannot  close  our  notice  of  these  alt«rationB  without  expressing  our 


1856.]    Recent  Alieraiions  at  the  Cathedral^  Ch.  Ch.,  Oxford.        565 

sense  of  the  pleasure  which  must  be  afforded  to  all  lovers  of  our  cathedral 
structures,  that  so  much  has  been  done  to  divest  this  edifice  of  the  deformi- 
ties which  had  been  built  upon  the  original  structure,  and  also  that  so 
much  harmony  and  good,  unambitious  effect  has  been  manifested  in  thus 
doing  the  best  that  could  be  done  under  the  circumstances.  The  views  of 
the  building  opened  from  the  Norman  transepts  and  the  choir  into  the  later 
and  lighter  architecture  of  St.  Frideswide's  and  the  Latin  chapel,  with 
their  pointed  and  noble  groining,  must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated  in  their 
grandeur  and  beauty ;  whilst  the  whole  effect  from  west  to  east, — particu- 
larly during  service,  when  the  edifice  is  occupied  by  200  men  in  white  sur- 
plices, — though  in  dimensions  the  cathedral  is  the  smallest  existing,  is,  at 
present,  without  a  rival,  and  does  much  credit  to  all  the  persons  engaged  in 
the  alterations. 

We  earnestly  hope  that  the  life  of  the  present  Dean  may  be  long  spared 
to  Christ  Church,  tliat  he  may  proceed  in  the  valuable  improvements  upon 
which  he  has  entered  with  so  much  zeal  and  discrimination,  and  that  the 
example  may  lead  others  to  follow  in  the  same  steps.  The  works,  with  the 
warming  and  ventilation  of  the  hall,  which  has  also  been  completed  during 
the  long  vacation,  have  been  ably  performed  by  Messrs.  Fisher,  of  Oxford, 
under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  John  Billing,  of  Westminster. 


THE  HISTOKY  OF  A  BLUE  BOOK. 

Archbishop  Laud  supplies  us  with  probably  the  first  notice  of  a  Parlia- 
mentary Blue  Book.  On  the  2nd  of  September,  1644,  he  was  brought  to 
the  House  of  Lords  to  make  a  recapitulation  of  his  answers  to  the  charges 
urged  against  him,  and  he  says  *, — 

"  So  soon  as  I  came  to  the  bar,  I  saw  every  lord  present  with  a  new  tliin  book  iq 
folio,  in  a  blue  coat.  I  heard  that  morning  that  Mr.  Pryn  had  printed  my  Diary,  and 
published  it  to  the  world  to  disgrace  me.  Some  notes  of  his  own  are  made  upon  it. 
The  iirst  and  the  last  are  two  desperate  untruths,  beside  some  others.  This  was  the 
book  then  in  the  lords'  hands,  and  I  assure  myself,  that  time  picked  for  it,  that  the 
sight  of  it  might  damp  me,  and  disenable  me  to  speak.  I  confess  I  was  a  little  troubled 
at  it.  But  after  I  had  gathered  up  myself,  and  looked  up  to  God,  I  went  on  to  the 
business  of  the  day,  and  thus  I  spake." 

Several  "  desperate  untruths "  we  see  were  to  be  found  in  "  busy  Mr. 
Pryn's"  blue  book,  and  we  fear  the  same  might  be  said  of  such  publica- 
tions, not  only  two  hundred,  but  twenty  years  ago.  Such  things  are  of 
course  all  changed  now.  Statesmen  at  the  present  day,  particularly  when 
asked  an  awkward  question,  know  nothing  but  what  has  already  appeared 
in  "  the  usual  channels  of  public  information  ;"  and  being  "  all,  all  honour- 
able men,"  w^  cannot  think  of  doubting  their  assertion.  We  know  that  in 
days  gone  by  the  various  agents  of  the  Government  kept  it  informed  of  the 
minutest  details  of  what  was  going  forward  in  the  countries  to  which  they 
were  accredited,  and  we  might  expect  that  they  would  do  so  now,  when  we 
see  such  handsome  sums  yearly  voted  for  "  Diplomatic  and  Consular  Ser- 
vices."    Yet  they  cannot  do  so,  or  our  Blue  Books,  on  political  matters  in 


*  History  of  the  Troubles  and  Trial  of  Archbishop  Laud,  in  the  Library  of  Angb- 
Catholic  Theology,  vol.  iv.  p.  369. 


566  The  History  of  a  Blue  Book.  [Not. 

particular,  would  not  be  so  barren  of  information  as  they  usually  prove ; 
unless,  indeed,  suppressio  vert  is  still  the  order  of  the  day,  and  accomplished, 
as  it  once  was,  something  after  the  following  fashion. 

Existing  arrangements  at  the  Foreign  Office  give  some  degree  of 
probability  to  the  supposition.  Very  minute  Instructions  regarding  Cor- 
respondence are  issued,  in  a  printed  form  (one  of  the  Privately  Printed 
Books),  to  each  ambassador,  charg^  d'affaires,  consul,  and  other  functionary, 
and  he  is  directed,  in  fact,  to  make  his  dispatches  as  numerous  as  possible. 
Beside  ordinary  dispatches  at  short  stated  intervals,  he  is  to  supply  Sepa* 
rate.  Private,  Confidential,  Secret,  Most  Secret,  and  Most  Confidential  com- 
munications ;  and  those  of  the  higher  order  at  least  write  also  private 
letters,  which,  like  those  of  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  give  often 
a  new  aspect  to  official  documents.  These  classes  are  all  separately  num- 
bered, beginning  with  No.  1,  on  the  1st  of  January  in  each  year,  and  they 
are  kept  carefully  apart  in  the  archives  of  the  Foreign  and  the  Colonial 
Office ;  but  they  are  as  carefully  confounded  when  any  of  them  are  given 
to  the  public.  They  are  always  referred  to  as  "  Your  lordship's  dispatch 
(Separate,  No.  42)."  or  *'  Most  Confidential,  No.  6 ;"  and  these  means  of 
identification  are  preserved  in  the  Privately  Printed  Books,  but  they  are 
not  to  be  found,  except  in  very  rare  cases,  and  for  a  purpose,  in  the  Blue 
Books  intended  for  the  public ;  indeed,  the  accidental  retention  of  one  of 
them  is  a  sufficient  and  not  infrequent  cause  of  the  cancellation  of  a  sheet. 

Every  reader  of  the  newspapers  must  have  observed  that  when  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament  moves  for  the  correspondence  on  any  particular  subject, 
the  Minister,  whoever  he  may  be,  ordinarily  declines  to  produce  more  than 
"  copies  or  extracts ;"  and  the  making  of  these  extracts  is  n  business  of 
high  importance,  only  to  be  intrusted  to  well-practised  hands.  As  Mr. 
Bowdler  says  of  his  Family  Shakspeare,  "  nothing  is  added  to  the  original 
text,  but  those  words  and  expressions  are  omitted  which  cannot  with  pro- 
priety be  read" — by  the  great  family  of  non-diplomatists ;  and  at  length 
a  portly  book  appears,  which  is  but  too  often  "  the  play  of  Hamlet,  with 
Hamlet  omitted,*'  The  member  who  has  moved  for  it  knows  well  that  it 
does  not  tell  **  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth ;"  but 
he  has  no  remedy,  as  a  book  "  presented  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament  by 
command  of  her  Majesty"  must  deserve  the  full  confidence  of  every  loyal 
subject. 

The  word  "  extract,"  which  so  frequently  appears  in  the  Blue  Book,  is 
one  especially  calculated  to  mislead.  Sometimes  it  is  properly  employed 
when  half-a-dozen  lines  are  taken  from  a  document  of  as  many  pages ;  but 
more  frequently  it  is  a  mere  mystification,  nothing  being  omitted  but  the 
formal  beginning  and  ending.  Sometimes  parts  of  different  dispatches  are 
worked  up  into  one  consistent  whole,  and  sometimes  one  dispatch  is  split 
up  into  several,  all,  no  doubt,  for  the  purpose  of  "  making  things  pleasant/' 
if  not  clear,  to  the  uninitiated. 

We  have  said  that  the  concoction  of  the  Blue  Book  is  the  work  of  well- 
practised  hands ;  they  are  indeed  the  hands  that  have  prepared  many  of  the 
documents  which  are  now  to  undergo  the  process  of  cooking  to  make  them 
presentable.  People  who  have  thought  upon  the  subject  have  probably 
wondered  how  ministers  of  state  can  find  time  to  write  the  numerous  and 
elaborate  dispatches  which  are  continually  being  published  in  their  names; 
but  the  fact  is,  that  in  general  they  do  not  write  them  any  more  than  they 
read  the  masses  of  papers  to  which  they  are  replies.  A  pr4cis  is  formed  of 
the  chief  points  of  the  ordinary  dispatches  on  any  one  subject,  and  the 


1856.]  The  History  of  a  Blue  Book.  B67 

more  private  ones  receive  on  their  turned-up  comers  brief  explanations 
from  the  Under-Secretaries ;  the  whole  are  then  sent  round  to  the  members 
of  the  Cabinet,  in  an  order  (termed  a  "  circulation")  settled  when  they  take 
office ;  each  makes  his  marginal  comments,  generaJly  brief,  but  sometimes 
written  across  and  across  like  a  lady  correspondent,  and  all  but  undecipher- 
able. The  papers  at  length  come  back  to  the  office  from  which  they 
issued,  a  senior  clerk  takes  them  in  hand,  puts  the  scattered  hints  into 
rather  mystified  English,  known  as  diplomatic  language,  and  submits  them 
to  the  Minister,  and  when  the  draft  has  been  approved  by  him,  it  goes 
forth  as  the  production  of  some  noble  lord  or  right  honourable  gentleman, 
whose  share  in  its  production  has  usually  been  very  small  indeed.  Ordinary 
dispatches  are  manufactured  by  a  similar  process  in  the  chancellerie  of  each 
embassy  abroad ;  and  hence  we  need  not  wonder  at  the  sameness  of  style 
which  they  all  exhibit.  The  Secret  dispatches,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
really  the  work  of  the  person  whose  name  is  appended ;  and  hence  in  them 
is  found  language  polished  or  abrupt,  a  style  neat  or  slovenly,  a  greater  or 
less  attention  to  names  or  dates,  in  short,  all  those  peculiarities  which  must 
appear  in  the  writings  of  individuals  in  contradistinction  to  the  "  regulation 
cut'*  of  the  mere  official  scribe.  Much  of  this  individuaUty  is  usually  de- 
stroyed before  any  such  papers  are  allowed  to  form  part  of  a  Blue  Book,  by 
a  searching  revision,  which  omits  names,  or  by  the  substitution  of  a  word, 
adroitly  transfers  the  blame  of  transactions  from  the  person  originally 
pointed  out,  often  in  unparliamentary  terms,  to  the  body  with  which  he 
acts,  or  to  the  Government  of  which  he,  or  she,  is  the  head. 

Thus,  if  instead  of  trusting  to  the  "copies  or  extracts,"  a  person  could 
inspect  the  dispatches  of  Sir  Howard  Seymour  on  the  affairs  of  Portugal 
in  1846,  as  they  were  originally  written,  and  were  printed,  he  would  find 
Queen  Dona  Maria  da  Gloria  spoken  of  as  the  cause  of  all  the  discontent 
which  in  that  year  brought  the  country  into  a  state  of  civil  war.  She,  in 
answer  to  the  remonstrances  of  the  ambassador,  passionately  declared,  that 
**  she  would  be  a  queen  like  her  ancestors ;"  she  would  keep  M.  Dietz, 
a  German  tutor  of  her  children,  as  a  special  counsellor ;  and  she  would 
trample  on  the  charter.  These  things  were  checked  by  the  firmness  of 
Sir  Howard ;  the  tutor  was  shipped  off,  the  war  was  put  an  end  to,  and  the 
prisoners  who  had  been  sent  to  the  interior  of  Africa  by  the  queen's  per- 
sonal command,  and  in  despite  of  a  capitulation,  were  brought  back ;  but 
it  was  thought  indecorous  to  exhibit  royalty  acting  with  so  much  folly,  and 
the  blame  of  what  could  not  be  omitted  from  the  Blue  Book  was  coolly 
transferred  to  other  quarters.  What  was  manifestly  personal  was  struck 
out,  and  in  the  other  cases  "the  Government"  was  substituted. 

As  another  and  somewhat  earlier  instance  of  "  cooking,"  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  Captain  Elliott,  in  his  dispatches,  ascribed  the  difficulties 
with  the  Chinese  which  arose  in  1838,  to  the  sinister  misrepresentations 
of  the  Americans,  who  desired  to  expel  us,  and  so  gain  exclusive  pos- 
session of  the  opium  market ;  and  the  first  blood  shed  in  the  dispute 
he  declared  was  by  American  seamen  when  celebrating  their  Indepen- 
dence Day.  Our  relations  with  the  Great  Republic  were,  however,  from 
the  Canadian  and  Boundary  questions,  in  an  uneasy  condition  at  the  time ; 
it  was  convenient  to  avoid  further  causes  of  quarrel,  and  these  facts,  and 
others  of  a  kindred  nature,  were  suppressed.  In  consequence,  the  unfor- 
tunate Superintendent  appears  in  the  Blue  Book,  as  first  wantonly  picking 
a  quarrel,  and  then  meanly  yielding;  the  "best  public  instructors"  abused 
him  accordingly,  although  those  who  had  seen  his  whole  correspondence 


568  The  History  of  a  Blue  Book.  [Nov. 

knew  that  he  had  acted  with  prudence,  temper,  and  firmness^  deserving 
very  different  treatment. 

Some  men  have  occasionally  heen  found  to  protest  against  this  mangling 
of  their  dispatches,  hut  such  conduct  is,  with  all  who  have  held,  as  well  as 
with  all  who  hope  to  hold  office,  *'  rank  mutiny ;"  they  are  told  on  all  bands 
that  their  dispatches  are  "public  property,"  and  are  all  but  accused  of 
forging  the  passages,  of  the  mutilation  of  which  they  complain  ;  they  be- 
come marked  men,  and  are  never  more  admitted  within  the  charmed  red- 
tape  circle  **. 

The  general  scope  of  the  Blue  Books  relating  to  foreign  countries  is  to 
explain  away  difficulties,  to  shew  that  all  Governments  are  wise  and 
benevolent,  and  in  short,  to  make  everybody  comfortable,  if  they  will  but 
believe  what  they  read.  But  we  find  a  country  nearer  home,  *'  perennially 
miserable  Ireland,"  as  a  recent  writer  calls  it,  treated  in  another  fashion, 
and  all  its  misdeeds  made  the  most  of.  Thirty,  twenty,  even  ten  years  ago, 
an  Irish  Crime  and  Outrage  Act  was  a  regular  part  of  the  business  of  each 
session  of  Parliament ;  and  to  supply  materials  for  the  Minister's  annual 
bill  of  indictment,  reports  were  called  for  from  the  constabulary,  which  were 
duly  printed  **  for  the  use  of  the  Cabinet,"  and  a  judicious  selection  from 
which  formed  the  staple  of  a  Blue  Book.  A  few  extracts  from  one  of  these 
preliminary  **  Abstracts  of  the  Police  Reports  of  some  of  the  principal  Out- 
rages in  the  Counties  of  Tipperary,  Limerick,  Clare,  Leitrim,  and  Roscom- 
mon, in  the  year  1845,"  are  here  given.  The  whole  number  of  outrages 
is  1,064,  but  a  note  states  that — 

"  1.  Offences  here  det^led  are  unconnected  with  land. 

"  2.  Murders  and  homicides  are  not  included. 

"  3.  Threatenuig  notices  (not  followed  by  any  overt  act)  are  omitted." 

How,  with  such  omissions,  this  can  be  a  return  of  the  "  principal  out- 
rages," does  not  appear  very  clear  on  this  side  St,  George's  Channel. 
Yet  it  is  an  exceedingly  curious  document,  and  exhibits  a  very  unde- 
sirable state  of  things  in  Green  Erin.  Some  few  instances  of  ordinary 
highway-robbery  and  house-breaking  appear,  but  in  general  the  perpe- 
trators of  the  misdeeds  recorded  seem  to  have  been  actuated  by  what 
they  no  doubt  considered  pure  motives ;  a  wild  sense  of  justice  in  fact. 
Thus  Denis  Hernan  has  his  head  cut  open,  and  is  beaten  senseless,  "  be- 
cause he  had  processed  his  sister-in-law,  who  owed  him  money."  Law- 
rence Burke  is  dragged  out  of  bed  and  "  seriously  assaulted,"  "  because 
of  his  cruel  treatment  of  his  wife,  who  is  believed  to  have  instigated  the 
party."  Michael  Rourke,  "  a  comfortable  farmer,"  has  his  windows  broken, 
his  dog  shot,  and  a  gun  discharged  which  lacerated  his  face,  as  "  a  caution 
to  him  to  fulfil  his  promise  of  marrying  a  certain  female."  David  £llisy 
another  farmer,  receives  "  a  slight  blow  on  the  head  with  a  bludgeon,"  as 
a  hint  to  give  a  sufficient  portion  to  his  daughter,  who  has  eloped  with 
John  Ryan. 

The  morals  of  the  community  are  taken  care  of  by  these  midnight  legis- 
lators, who  often  go  disguised  in  women's  clothes,  and  style  themselves 
**  Molly  M*Guire's  children."  They  set  fire  to  one  man's  house,  by  way  of 
enforcing  a  piece  of  friendly  advice  to  part  from  his  wife,  **  as  it  is  sus- 
pected that  she  is  already  married  to  another ;"  they  visit  the  dwelling  of 

^  T\v'o  ''high  officers"  w^ho  administered  for  awhile  the  affairs  of  Canada,  and  whom 
names  will  readily  present  themselves,  may  be  noticed  as  having  fallen  thus  under  the 
censure  of  Downing-street. 
5 


1856.]  The  History  of  a  Blue  Book.  569 

another,  to  **  persuade"  him  to  marry  Nancy  Brien,  and  not  finding  him  at 
Lome,  they  break  his  brother's  arm ;  they  hold  a  pistol  to  the  breast  of 
a  third,  and  swear  him  to  be  an  honest  executor,  **to  send  a  barrel  of 
potatoes  to  Bridget  Dunden,  his  neice,  and  also  to  send  what  her  grand- 
father willed  to  her." 

They  also  strive,  after  a  peculiar  fashion,  to  establish  family  harmony. 
Thcv  swear  one  man's  mother  to  leave  his  house,  "  as  she  is  always 
quarrelling  with  her  daughter-in-law ;"  they  attack  the  house  of  another, 
ind  "  warn  him  to  agree  with  his  brother ;"  and  by  **  seriously  assaulting** 
him  they  compel  Stephen  Bohan  to  swear  to  support  his  brother-in-law 
and  family. 

A  strange  scene  occurs,  under  the  head,  "  County  Leitrim,  June  18, 
1845:— 

"This  morning,  an  armed  party  of  thirty  or  forty  persons,  unknown,  went  to  the 
house  of  Peter  Diffley,  at  Mohill,  and  forcibly  brought  him  to  the  residence  of  a  clergy- 
man, whom  they  caused  to  get  out  of  beil  for  the  purpose  of  marrying  Diffley  to  a  young 
woman  whom  he  had  seduced  under  promise  of  marriage.  After  ceremony,  they  re- 
mained on  the  road  firing  shots  for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes." 

Outrages,  however,  are  not  confined  to  the  poorer  classes.  Many  in- 
stances are  mentioned  of  tenants  burnt  out  by  landlords ;  a  school  is  burnt 
down  by  the  committee  because  the  patron  intrudes  an  obnoxious  teacher ; 
the  butchers  of  Limerick  send  out  men  to  kill  sheep  in  the  fields,  "  in  order 
that  they  might  purchase  them  cheaper  when  brought  to  market." 

Such  are  a  few  of  the  outrages  recorded  in  this  document,  and  although 
prepared  in  the  Castle  at  Dubhn,  and  therefore  probably  enough  one-sided, 
from  its  whole  tenor  it  is  evident  that  the  Irish  police  have  no  idle  time  of  it. 
Their  barracks  are  watched  night  and  day ;  scattered  parties  are  perpetually 
reported  as  fired  on ;  scarce  any  one  will  give  them  information,  even  about 
injuries  inflicted  on  themselves ;  and  those  who  work  for  them,  from  the 
smith  who  repairs  their  arms  to  the  woman-servant  at  the  station,  all  go  in 
danger  of  their  lives.  Their  appearance  at  a  "faction  fight"  unites  both 
parties  against  them.  They  have  also,  as  we  learn  from  a  supplementary 
"  Selection  of  Outrages  specially  reported,  from  Sept.  7,  1845,  to  Feb.  10, 
1846,"  to  endeavour  to  afi'ord  protection  to  particularly  obnoxious  indi- 
viduals, but  are  not  always  successful.  A  steward  is  shot  through  the  hand, 
though  two  policemen  are  stationed  in  the  house  to  guard  him  ;  a  patrol  is 
appointed  to  escort  a  wealthy  grazier  to  and  from  market,  yet  he  is  fired 
at ;  and  a  clergyman,  more  self-relying,  begs  for  arms  to  defend  himself 
while  proceeding  to  or  from  his  church.  His  curious  letter  to  the  Irish 
Secretary,  dated  Feb.  4,  184G,  runs  thus: — 

"  Sir, — 1  beg  to  state  to  His  Excellency  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  that  as 
I  was  returning  home  from  E  on  Sunday  last,  it  being  one  of  my  Sundays  for 

preaching  in  the  cathedral  as  prebendary  of  O and  a  member  of  the  chapter,  I  was 

pursued  bv  a  man  who  rushed  out  of  a  cabin  and  laid  hold  of  my  car :  I  removed  his 
liand,  and  tohl  him  I  would  not  allow  any  person  to  hold  my  car ;  he  then  made  use  of 
most  abunive  and  threatening  language :  my  servant  drove  the  horse  at  fxdl  speed  to 
get  out  of  liis  reach,  when  he  crossed  the  fields,  intending,  as  I  suppose,  to  mtercept 

me  before  I  could  reach  the  jwlice  station  at  B .     While  running  through  the 

fields,  lie  st()j)j)ed  a  few  minutes  at  a  mearing  wall ',  from  which  he  armed  himself  with 
pistols,  as  my  servant  believes.  I  fortunately  reached  the  station  by  the  greatest  exer- 
tion, it  being  one  mile  and  one-half  from  the  place  where  the  fellow  commenced  his 
pursuit ;  I  then  described  the  man  so  accurately,  that  the  police  were  enabled  to  arrest 
him  in  a  very  few  hours  after;  they  found  a  powder-horn  and  some  lead  in  liis  bosom. 

<^  Boundary,  often  of  rough  uncemented  stone  in  the  west  of  Ireland. 
Gext.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVL  4  e 


570  The  History  of  a  Blue  Book.  [Not. 

I  request  to  state  to  His  Excellency  that  I  was  unable  to  have  him  sent  to  priflon  for 
trial,  the  magistrates  not  considering  my  information  sufficient  to  convict  him ;  they 
bound  him  to  keep  the  peace  for  three  years.  Under  these  circumstances,  fearing  he 
might  get  some  of  his  accomplices  to  attack  me  when  going  again  or  returning  from 

E ,  or  on  my  way  to  my  own  church  at  B ,  distant  three  miles  and  one-half  from 

my  residence,  1  trust  His  Excellency  will  order  me  a  short  double-barrel  gun,  or  any 
other  arms  he  may  think  fit  for  iny  protection,  as  I  am  unable,  from  my  limited  income 
and  large  family,  to  purchase  them ;  and  I  sliall  ever  feel  grateful,  and  shall  return 
them  whenever  the  country  shall  become  tranquil  and  the  laws  respected. 

"  I  have,  &c., 

"John  M , 

"  Prebendary  of  O ." 

Talleyrand  is  accused  of  having  remarked  that  the  office  of  the  tongue  is 
to  conceal  the  thoughts,  and  we  will  venture  to  affirm  that  an  analogouB 
effect  is  all  that  is  to  be  obtained  from  Blue  Books  in  general.  How  many 
volumes  have  appeared  on  the  affairs  of  Turkey,  for  instance ;  yet,  even 
with  the  addition  of  the  papers  relating  to  the  *'  eick  man"  which  attracted 
so  much  attention  a  short  time  since  **,  they  give  no  adequate  idea  of  the 
'*  arrangements"  for  the  East  which  have  for  years  occupied  not  only  con- 
tinental but  British  statesmen ;  such  details  can  only  be  hoped  for  by  the 
next  generation,  when  the  Privately  Printed  Books  may  perhaps  appear  iJi 
extcnso.  If  such  should  be  the  case,  the  reader  will  also  learn  many  new 
facts  regarding  the  insurrections  in  Canada,  the  Ionian  Isles,  the  Cape,  and 
Ceylon,  which  have  occurred  during  the  present  reign ;  but  probably  as 
much  interest  may  not  be  excited  by  the  detail  of  bye-gone  troubles,  as  by 
the  history  and  mystery  of  how  Governments  in  1828  and  1845  so  suddenly 
abandoned  the  cherished  policy  of  years,  and  became  "liberal"  in  spite  of 
themselves.  It  would  be  useless  to  refer  to  Blue  Books  of  those  years  for 
information,  yet  there  would  be  found  in  print  the  "wondrous  tale"  of  the 
conversions  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  first  on  the  Catholic  question,  then  on  that 
of  the  Cum  Laws,  not  as  told,  and  to  be  told,  with  diplomatic  caution, 
in  his  "  Memoirs,"  but  his  changing  opinions  as  to  the  safety  of  longer 
withholding  Emancipation  recorded  day  by  day,  his  correspondence  with 
the  law  officers  of  the  Crown  on  the  illegal  character  of  the  Corn  Law 
League,  and  the  ultimate  resolve  to  prosecute  its  leading  members  for  con- 
spiracy, which  was  abandoned  in  consequence  of  a  premature  disclosure  by 
a  journeyman  printer,  who  happened  to  be  a  "  politician." 

**  Tlie  late  Emperor  Nicholas  was  then  unfairly  treated,  and  he  evinced  some 
ma^animity,  or  at  least  self-control,  in  abstaining  fn)m  publishing  in  return  the 
details  of  a  plan  for  a  new  "  territorial  arrangement"  devised  about  IS'IS,  and  which 
exists  in  print,  tliough  not  to  be  found  in  any  Blue  I^k.  Russia  was  to  have  the 
bulk  of  the  spoil,  allowing  a  large  slice  of  Turkey  in  Europe  to  Austria.  But  the  navml 
powers  could  not  agree  alwut  Egypt ;  one  desired  it  as  a  part  of  the  north  ooast  of 
Africa,  of  which  she  was  determined  to  have  the  whole ;  the  other  required  it,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates,  to  secure  a  choice  of  routes  to  India.  This  dif- 
ference could  not  be  adjusted,  and  the  Turks  had  a  respite.  Tlie  expedition  of  Colonel 
Chesney  hud  other  objects  in  view  beside  exploring  the  site  of  Babylon,  or  tracing  the 
Mesopotamian  canals  of  Alexander. 


1856.]  571 


OXFOED. 

The  restoration  of  the  cathedral,  of  which  we  have  given  an  account, 
(see  p.  561),  is  by  no  means  the  only  great  work  that  has  been  carrying 
on  in  Oxford  during  the  present  year.  Indeed,  if  activity  in  building  is 
a  proof  of  life  in  other  ways,  as  is  usually  found  to  be  the  case,  the  popular 
prejudice  about  the  stagnation  of  Oxford  must  speedily  give  way  to  facts, 
and  we  should  rather  be  afraid  that  the  reaction  is  too  violent  to  last. 
We  believe  that  few  places  of  the  same  extent  could  shew  a  similar 
extent  of  building  in  the  same  time. 

At  Exeter  College,  the  new  building  fronting  Broad-street,  where  many 
of  our  readers  may  remember  that  a  row  of  poplars  recently  stood,  has 
been  completed,  with  a  gateway-tower,  forming  a  new  entrance  from 
Broad-street,  between  the  new  building  and  the  part  erected  a  few  years 
since  by  the  late  Mr.  Underwood.  This  building  is  to  form  the  north 
side  of  a  new  quadrangle,  of  which  the  east  side  is  also  rising  rapidly,  and 
is  to  consist  partly  of  additional  sets  of  rooms  for  undergraduates,  and  in 
part  of  the  new  Rector's  lodgings,  in  which  the  old  north-tower  gateway 
of  the  fifteenth  century  will  be  incorporated.  On  the  south  side  will  be 
a  part  of  the  new  chapel  and  a  passage  from  the  old  quadrangle.  The  old 
chapel  and  the  Rector's  lodgings  are  now  levelled  with  the  ground.  The 
new  library  is  roofed  in,  and  completed  as  far  as  the  exterior  is  concerned  ; 
the  fittings  of  the  interior  are  in  rapid  progress.  It  is  a  very  elegant 
building  in  the  early  Decorated  Gothic  style  of  the  time  of  Edward  I.,  and 
has  a  clerestory  to  light  the  upper  room,  and  a  sort  of  cloister  or  lobby 
attached  to  it,  which  promises  to  be  very  convenient.  The  carving  of  the 
foliage  after  nature  is  admirably  executed,  and  the  whole  of  the  work  is  very 
creditable  to  both  architect  and  builder.  The  same  style  of  architecture 
is  to  be  used  for  all  the  new  buildings ;  and  wherever  it  follows  the  natural 
course,  and  the  exterior  is  made  subordinate  to  the  requirements  of  the 
interior,  as  in  the  library  and  the  chapel,  nothing  can  be  better :  this  was 
the  course  pursued  by  the  medieval  architects  themselves.  Modem  archi- 
tects, on  the  contrary,  usually  begin  at  the  wrong  end ;  they  make  a  design 
for  the  exterior  first,  to  look  pretty  upon  paper,  and  then  fit  the  interior  to 
it  as  well  as  they  can.  We  are  sorry  to  observe  that  even  Mr.  Scott  is  not 
always  free  from  this  fashion  of  our  day ;  and  this  is  shewn  in  his  front 
towards  Broad-street,  where  long  hall-windows  are  introduced  to  look 
pretty  and  make  a  variety,  and  are  used  as  staircase- windows,  but  unfor« 
tunately  the  staircases  within  are  fitted  to  them  in  a  very  awkward  and 
inconvenient  manner;  the  oriel  window  over  the  gateway  also  looks 
squeezed  in  for  efiect,  and  the  ang^l  which  carries  it  looks  more  like  one 
of  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  than  of  Edward  I.  There  is  an  affectation  of 
reality  also  in  the  ugly  black  iron  water-pipes  down  this  front,  looking 
very  like  scaffold-poles  left  by  mistake.  IS or  is  this  affectation  consistent 
with  the  battlements  between  the  dormer-windows  of  this  lofty  pile  of 
building ;  nor  can  we  admire  such  reality  as  the  red  tile  crest  on  the  ridge 
of  the  grey  stone  roof.  The  west  side  of  this  new  quadrangle  is  at  present 
occupied  by  the  old  timber  house  known  as  Prideaux*s  building ;  but  this 
is  to  be  entirely  removed,  and  a  new  range  erected,  to  consist  also  of  rooms 
for  undergraduates,  with  the  back  to  Mr.  Parker's  premises.  It  will  be 
seen  that  these  works  amount  almost  to  building  a  new  college,  the  only 
thing  wanting  being  a  new  hall ;  but  as  the  present  hall  is  one  of  the  finest. 


572  0(pford.  [Not. 

ill  Oxford,  it  has  been  preserved,  and  with  it  three  sides  of  the  old  quad- 
rangle. At  Balliol  College,  the  new  chapel  is  progressing  rapidly;  the  walls 
are  nearly  at  their  full  height,  and  the  windows  with  their  tracery  inserted ; 
these  are  very  elegant,  in  the  same  style  as  that  adopted  at  Exeter,  though 
a  different  architect  (Mr.  Butterfield)  is  here  employed.  The  chief  novelty  is 
the  introduction  of  red  sandstone,  brought  from  Staffordshire  and  War- 
wickshire, similar  to  tliat  used  at  Coventry,  in  alternate  layers  in  the 
walls,  and  in  the  voussoirs  of  the  window-arches.  This  is  an  Italian  fashion, 
the  use  of  which  in  England  is  new,  and  we  suppose  is  owing  to  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  Ruskin.  We  cannot  say  that  we  admire  the  effect 
of  it,  in  this  country  and  climate.  It  is  very  good  in  Italy,  where  it  appears 
natural,  but  here  it  seems  forced  and  unnatural:  this  is,  however,  merely  a 
matter  of  taste.  The  Master's  lodgings  and  part  of  the  college  adjoining 
have  been  new  roofed,  or  re-covered,  with  the  grey  Stonesfield  slate,  from 
which  we  conclude  that  there  is  no  probability  of  a  new  front  towards 
Broad-street  at  present.  Our  readers  are  aware  that  an  extensive  range  of 
building  facing  Beaumont-street,  on  the  site  of  the  old  towers  known  by 
the  names  of  C!sesar  and  Pomi)ey,  was  erected  a  year  or  two  since. 

The  new  front  of  Jesus  College  has  also  been  completed  some  months, 
and  is  very  creditable  to  the  architects,  the  Messrs.  Buckler,  who  had  the 
diflicult  task  of  adapting  a  new  Gothic  front  to  a  building  of  the  "Georgian 
era"  without  altering  the  openings.  This  has  been  very  cleverly  managed, 
the  style  adopted  being  that  of  the  Tudor  eia,  which  is  perhaps  better 
suited  for  collegiate  purposes  than  the  earlier  styles.  The  new  gateway- 
tower,  with  its  battlement  and  tall  chimney  enriched  with  panelling,  is  very 
good  and  effective ;  the  plainer  front  towards  Market-street  is  also  very 
well  restored.  The  east  window  of  the  chapel,  which  had  long  been 
blt)cked  up,  has  been  re-opened,  and  fitted  with  painted  glass  in  the  style 
of  the  llenaissance  period.  A  number  of  small  groups  of  figures  repre- 
senting Scripture  subjects  are  separated  by  foliage  instead  of  the  usual 
framework.  This  glass  is  understood  to  have  been  executed  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Winston.  At  Brasenese  College,  a  new  east-window  has 
also  been  recently  put  into  the  chapel,  executed  by  Messrs.  Hardman  of 
Birmingham,  representing  the  principal  events  of  our  Lord's  Passion  in 
small  groups  of  figures,  separated  by  a  groundwork  of  diaper  patterns.  It 
is  better  than  the  generality  of  modern  painted  glass;  but  this  is  one  of  the 
arts  in  which  we  do  not  yet  come  up  to  the  work  of  our  ancestors,  and  we 
cannot  say  that  any  modern  painted  glass  appears  to  us  quite  satisfactory. 
We  hope  that  the  new  windows  now  in  hand  for  Magdalen  College  Chapel 
will  be  a  further  step  in  advance.  The  Founder's  Chamber  in  the  gateway- 
tower  of  this  college  has  also  been  carefully  restored.  The  hall  of  New 
Coileirc  has  been  newly  painted  and  decorated,  and  the  heraldic  eKCutcheons 
carefully  restored.  Considerable  repairs  have  been  made  at  Queen's  College. 
AX'adham  College  has  been  lighted  with  gas.  At  Worcester  College,  a  new 
clock  has  been  erected,  at  an  expense  of  about  two  hundred  pounds,  with  a 
large  face  in  the  pediment  facing  Beaumont-street.  It  must  be  acknow- 
ledged that  this  clock-face  seems  placed  in  a  very  natural  position;  the 
pediment  looks  as  if  it  was  made  on  pur|)ose  for  it.  This  style  of  the 
*•  glorious  Georgian  era"  requires  the  embellishment  of  a  clock-face. 

At  St.  Peter's  Church,  the  chancel  has  been  restored  and  the  south  wall 
rebuilt,  at  considerable  expense:  the  beautiful  Norman  vaulting  was  in 
danger  of  falling,  and  rendered  these  repairs  necessary.  In  Holywell 
Church,  the  roof  of  the  chancel  has  been  painted  in  medieval  style. 


1856.]  Oxford.  573 

At  St.  Mary's  Church,  so  much  alarm  was  felt  as  to  the  state  of  the 
tower,  that  it  was  thought  necessary  to  close  the  church  in  May  last.  Tliis 
has  now  heen  thoroughly  repaired,  and  the  part  wliich  was  bulging  and 
cracking  has  been  screwed  together  with  iron  rods  in  a  very  ingenious  and 
effectual  manner,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Scott.  We  fear  this  has  been 
an  expensive  operation,  though  it  was  clearly  necessary.  The  chief  cause 
of  the  evil  appears  to  have  been  the  great  additional  weight  which  was  put 
on  the  top  of  the  tower  by  rebuilding  the  spire  and  the  pinnacles,  inserting 
a  second  set  of  canopies  over  the  old  ones,  at  each  corner,  six  feet  in  depth, 
consequently  raising  the  pinnacles  by  so  much,  and  rendering  it  necessary  to 
raise  the  spire  also,  to  keep  anything  like  proportion,  and  throwing  out  the 
pinnacles  clear  against  the  sky,  instead  of  nestling  round  the  base  of  the  spire. 
This  improvement  is  said  to  have  added  about  thirty  tons  of  stone  on  each 
corner,  which  the  tower  and  buttresses  were  not  calculated  to  carry.  The 
foundations  had  not  given  way,  but  the  tower  had  bulged,  from  the  extra 
load  put  upon  the  top  of  it;  and  it  is  fortunate  that  the  whole  did  not  come 
to  the  ground  together.  We  believe,  however,  that  it  is  now  made  per- 
fectly secure.  The  mischief  had  hi  part  been  caused  by  the  introduction 
of  a  ringing-loft,  to  accommodate  the  amateur  ringers  in  the  last  century, 
when  the  ignorant  carpenters  had  cut  through  the  principal  arches  at  the 
springing.  This  floor  has  now  been  removed,  and  the  interior  of  the  tower 
restored  to  its  original  height,  and  the  newel-staircase  built  up  solid,  to 
serve  as  an  additional  buttress ;  an  entrance  to  the  belfry  being  made  from 
another  staircase  at  the  back. 

But  by  far  the  most  important  building  which  is  now  carrying  on  in 
Oxford  is  the  new  University  Museum,  in  the  Parks.  This  is  getting  on 
steadily,  and  even  rapidly,  considering  the  extent  of  the  work,  and  is 
already  above  the  level  of  the  first  floor.  The  style  is  also  the  English 
Gothic  of  the  time  of  Edward  I.,  with  some  variations  from  the  Italian, 
especially  the  introduction  of  alternate  layers  of  red  sandstone  with  the 
white  stone:  this,  however,  is  in  the  interior  of  the  quadrangle  only;  the 
front  is  faced  with  white  stone,  the  main  structure  is  of  brick.  The 
arrangements  of  the  interior  appear  to  be  very  commodious  and  complete 
for  the  various  purposes  required ;  and  as  the  exterior  has  been  forced  to 
follow  the  requirements  of  the  interior,  the  result  is  a  very  pleasing  variety 
of  outline,  and  a  most  picturesque  effect.  This  building  will  form  quite  an 
era  in  the  history  of  architecture ;  it  is  the  first  time  that  Gothic  architec- 
ture has  been  really  and  properly  applied  to  a  domestic  building  in  our  day, 
with  due  regard  to  the  principles  of  the  medieval  architects.  Sir  T,  Deane 
and  Mr.  Woodward  of  Dublin  have  the  honour  of  carrying  out  this  great 
work.  A  new  debating-room  is  also  being  built  at  the  Union,  in  the  same 
style  and  by  the  same  architects. 

It  is  a  singular  proof  of  the  influence  of  fashion,  that  all  these  new 
buildings,  though  by  three  different  architects  of  eminence,  are  in  the  same 
style.  This  is  owing  in  part  to  the  dictation  of  the  ecclesiologists  ;  and  as 
it  is  obviously  carried  too  far,  a  reaction  will  probably  follow  in  a  few  years : 
there  is  no  reason  for  entirely  neglecting  the  earlier  and  later  styles,  and 
building  everything  in  the  one  style  which  it  is  the  fashion  to  call  the  best. 
It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  style  of  William  of  Wykcham  is  not  better 
adapted  for  collegiate  purposes  than  any  other.  Messrs.  Buckler  are  entitled 
to  credit  for  their  courage  in  resisting  the  stream,  and  following  the  style  of 
the  fifteenth  century  in  their  new  front  of  Jesus  College,  already  mentioned. 


574  [Not. 

SOCIETY  FOR  THE  DIFFUSION  OF  USEFUL  KNOWLEDGE. 

PART  II. 

As  intimated  in  our  last  number,  we  now  proceed  to  give  the  particulars 
of  the  publications  of  the  Society  which  were  announced  and  heralded, 
with  appropriate  flourish,  by  a  preliminary  treatise  or  discourse,  issued 
anonymously,  but  generally  supposed  to  have  been,  written  for  the  occasion 
by  the  then  plebeian,  afterwards  noble,  and  still  ever  learned,  chairman  of 
the  committee. 

This  promise  of  a  flood  of  learning  was  hailed  with  unbounded  accept- 
ance by  an  admiring  public.  The  discourse  was  published  at  liB/uU  value 
in  a  sixpenny  octavo  form,  and  upwards  of  120,000  copies  were  in  a  few 
weeks  sold ;  more  costly  editions  of  it  were  at  intervals  issued,  at  different 
prices ;  and  one  especially,  consisting  of  twenty-four  copies,  was  printed, 
with  proofs  on  India  paper  of  the  illustrations,  for  presentation  to  the  par- 
ticular friends  of  the  author ;  and  to  each  of  these  twenty-four  copies  only, 
was  added  a  hynm,  set  to  music  with  variations,  emanating,  as  was  supposed, 
from  Holland-house  ; — the  hymn  apparently  written  by  a  person  of  quality, 
on  the  approved  model  of  Po])e*s  burlesque  song  by  an  individual  of  the  same 
species,  with  a  happy  subordination  of  sense  to  sound*. 

As  no  more  than  twenty-four  copies  of  the  hymn  ever  appeared  in  print, 
we  will  enable  the  public  to  form  their  own  judgment  of  this  characteristic 
adherence  to  the  specimen  furnished  by  Pope :  and  well  might  it  be  said 
of  this  poetical  and  musical  effiision,  to  the  author, — 

"  Tliy  clmunt  diffused  a  scientific  ray. 
And  gleams  of  knowledge  bi  ightcn'd  all  the  day." 

HYMN. 

(f^ufjgested  hy  reading  the  Society's  Discourse.) 

"  There  is  a  God,  all  nature  cries, 
A  thousand  tongues  proclaim 

His  arm  Almighty,  mind  all  wise. 
And  bid  each  voice  in  chorus  rise 
To  magnify  His  Name. 

"  Thy  Name,  great  nature's  Sire  divine. 
Assiduous  we  adore, 
Rejecting  godheads  at  whose  shrine 
Benighted  nations,  blcMxl  and  wine 
In  vain  libatit)ns  pom*. 

**  Yon  countless  worlds  in  ])0undles8  space 
Mvriad<»  of  miles  each  hour 

« 

Their  mighty  orl)s  as  curious  trace, 
As  th(»  hlue  circlet  studs  the  face 
Of  that  enamell'd  flower. 


« 


But  Tlioii,  too,  mad'st  that  flowret  gay. 

To  glitter  in  the  dawn ; 
Tlic  Hand  that  fix'd  the  lamp  of  day. 

The  blazing  comet  lannch'd  away, 
Painted  the  velvet  Xnvm. 


Stjc  Pope*8  works  for  a  "  Song  by  a  Person  of  Quality,"  Ix^xiiiing  thus  i 

**  Fluttcrinpr  spread  thy  purple  pinions, 
(Jentle  Cupid  I  o'er  my  heart ; 
I  a  slave  in  thy  dominions : 
Nature  must  give  way  to  art." 


1£56.]        Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.  575 

"  As  falls  the  sparrow  to  the  ground, 
Obedient  to  Thy  will, 
By  the  same  law  those  globes  wheel  round. 
Each  drawing  each,  yet  all  still  found 
In  one  eternal  system  bound. 
One  order  to  fulfil." 

Unfortunately  for  the  author  of  the  preliminary  treatise,  some  half- 
dozen  of  the  1 20,000  copies  of  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  as  many  persons 
really  conversant  with  the  subjects  it  professed  to  elucidate,  and  who,  in 
several  scientific  journals  of  the  period,  detected  the  numerous  errors  with 
which  it  abounded. 

Several  pamphlets  also  appeared  on  the  occasion,  and  among  them  one 
in  which  the  writer  undertook  to  notice  those  errors  seriatim.  This  he  did 
elaborately  and  successfully,  and  would  have  more  conclusively  effected  his 
object,  but  for  the  language  of  banter  assumed  by  him,  instead  of  adopting 
the  graver  and  more  sober  tone  demanded  by  the  subject. 

In  the  subsequent  and  more  expensive  editions  of  the  discourse,  several 
of  these  blunders  were  corrected,  and  others  omitted ;  but  still  the 
greater  number  remained.  We  will  only,  by  way  of  example,  extract  the 
shortest  and  simplest  error  animadverted  on  by  the  pamphleteer,  and  alto- 
gether left  out  in  the  later  editions  :  this,  indeed,  applies  not  so  much  to 
the  question  proposed  as  to  the  time,  as  it  was  alleged,  would  be  required, 
except  by  aid  of  the  wonderful  powers  of  algebra,  to  solve  it. 

The  question  was  thus  put  in  the  discourse  : — 

"If  a  ship — say  a  smuggler — is  sailing  at  the  rat«  of  eight  miles  an  hour,  and  a  revenue- 
cutter,  sailing  at  the  rate  of  ten  miles  an  hour,  descries  her  eighteen  miles  off,  and  gives 
chase,  and  you  want  to  know  in  what  time  the  smuggler  will  be  overtaken,  and  how 
many  miles  she  will  have  sailed  before  being  overtaken, — this,  which  is  one  of  the 
simplest  questions  in  algebra,  would  take  you  a  long  time,  almost  as  long  as  the  chase, 
to  come  at  by  trial  or  guessing,  (i.e.  common  arithmetic).  The  chase  would  be  nine 
hours,  and  the  snmggler  would  sail  seventy-two  miles ;  and  questions  only  a  little  more 
difficult  than  tliis  could  never  be  answered  by  any  number  of  guesses;  yet  questions 
infinitely  more  difficult  can  easily  be  solved  by  the  rules  of  algebra." 

Upon  this  the  author  of  the  pamphlet  ^  remarks  : — 

"  This  is,  at  first  sight,  a  very  difficult  question — very  complicated  in  its  terms  and 
conditions :  these  are,  a  smuggler,  a  cutter,  a  revenue-cutter  truly, — it  is  a  chase,  and 
the  Lord  knows  what.  How  can  such  a  question  he  submitted  to  arithmetical  computa- 
tion  ?  But  1  will  pry  a  little  into  it,  though.  Let  me  see :  the  cutter  gains  two  miles 
an  hour  upon  the  smuggler— how  long  shall  it  be  in  gaining  eighteen  miles  ?  that  is  the 
question.  Well  now,  I  think  nine  times  two  is  eighteen — therefore  nine  must  be  the 
number  of  hours  of  the  chase ;  and  nine  times  eight  make  seventy-two — the  number  of 
miles  run  by  the  smuggler.  I'rodigious !  Eurika,  eurikn,  eurika  !  I  have  found  out  the 
prodigy  in  one  instant — that  puzzle  that  shall  bother  the  brains  of  all  mankind  for  nine 
hours  and  upwards." 

The  detection  then  follows  of  errors  in  the  discourse  on  the  subjects  of 
hydrostatics,  gravitation,  comets,  thunder,  earthquakes,  &c. 

The  pamphlet  has  shared  the  obHvion  of  its  victim ;  and  this  has  been 
the  fate  of  most  answers  and  refutations ;  we  recollect  but  few  excep- 
tions to  this  rule :  the  most  eminent  are  Pascal's  "  Provincial  Letters," 
Andrew  Marvell's  ''  Rehearsal  Transprosed,"  and  Porson's  Letter  to  Arch- 
deacon Travis.  Swift,  speaking  of  this  usual  fate  of  answerers,  and  how 
short-lived  their  labours  are,  adds, — *'  that  there  is,  indeed,  an  exception 
when  any  great  genius  thinks  it  worth  his  while  to  expose  a  foolish  piece, 

^  The  title  of  the  pampldet  is,  "The  Blunders  of  a  Big  Wig;  or,  Paul  l^*s  Peeps 

into  the  Sixpenny  Sciences.     (London :  John  Heamc.    Strand.    1827.)"     Motto : — 

"  Ne  sutor  ultra  crepldam. 
Let  the  Lawyer  stick  to  his  wig." 


576  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.        [Nor. 

as  we  still  read  Marveirs  answer  to  Parker  with  pleasure,  though  the  book 
it  answered  be  sunk  long  ago," 

Some  stress  in  favour  of  the  Society  was  laid  on  the  ground  of  the 
alleged  brevity  and  cheapness  of  the  information  professed  to  be  conveyed; 
but  when  it  is  considered  that  several  of  the  branches  of  science  re- 
quired twelve  or  fourteen  sixpenny  numbers  and  upward,  for  their  elucida- 
tion— these,  when  bound  together,  constituted  a  bulky  volume,  rather  ex- 
ceeding  the  average  price  and  size  of  books  of  the  same  description. 

Having  made  these  preliminary  remarks  on  the  preliminary  discourse 
of  the  Society,  we  now  proceed  to  give  our  promised  list  of  its  pub- 
lications, with  the  names  of  the  authors.  The  treatises  were  issued  in 
sixpenny  numbers,  one  in  every  fortnight,  extending  to  353  in  all.  The 
si)ace  we  can  at  present  spare  will  not  admit  of  our  giving  more  than  the 
first  fifty-four ;  and  we  must  defer  the  remainder  until  a  future  number.  • 

TREATISES  PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY  FOR  THE  DIFFUSION  OP  USEFUL  KNOWLBDGB 

TO  IStH  FEBRUARY,  1828,  AND  BY  WHOM  WRITTEN. 

The  Objects,  Advantages,  and  Pleasures  of  Science. — Preliminary  Treatise. 

1.  Hydrostatics.     H.  Brougliam,  revised  by  IVIr.  Herapath. 

2.  Hydraulics.  )  t\_  ▼      i 

o    iij:         i.'      r  I>r.  Lardner. 

3.  iTicumatics.  j 

4  and  5.  Heat.     Parts  1  and  2.     Mr.  George  Ogg. 

6.  MeclmnicH'  First  Treatise  on  Prime  Movinj^.  "X 

7. Second  Treatise  on  the  Elemeuta  of  Machinery.  I  rk_  t     j 

8.-^ Ditto.     Part  2.  -^   V  Dr.  Lardner. 

9.  Animal  Mechanics.     Treatise  1.  ) 

10.  Familiar  Account  of  Lord  Bacon's  Novum  Organon  Scieniiarum.     Part  1.     Bev. 

J.  Hoppus,  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  LTniversity  College,  London. 

11.  Mechanics.     Third  Treatise  on  Friction.     Dr.  Larducr. 

12.  ()i)tics.     Part  1,     D.Brewster. 

13.  Optical  Instruments.     Parti.     Mr.  Andrew  Pritchard. 
Ik  Vegetable  Physiology.     Dr.  Southwcxxl  Smith. 

15.  Electricity.     Part  1.     Dr.  P.  M.  Hoget,  F.K.S. 

16.  Mathematical  G€H)graphy.     Ed.  Lloyd,  A.M. 

17.  Arithmetic  and  Algebra.     Parti.     Mr.  James  Parker. 

18.  Lord  Bacon's  JS'ovum  Organon,     Part  2.     llev.  Dr.  Hoppiu. 

19.  Optics.     Part  2.     D.  Brewster. 

20.  Life  of  Canlinnl  Wolsey.     Mrs.  Thomson,  wife  of  Dr.  Anthony  Todd  Thnmarm^ 

Professor  of  Medicine  in  University  College,  London. 

21.  Oi)tical  Instruments.     Part  2.     .-  r.  Andrew  Pritchard. 

22.  Electricity      Dr.  Peter  ^lark  Koget. 

23  and  47.  IMiysical  (ieograi)hy.     Henry  Lloyd. 

21.  Life  of  Sir  Christoj)her  VN'ren.     H.  IJellenden  Ker. 

25.  Arithmetic  and  Algebra.     James  Parker  and  A.  Cleasby. 

20  and  33.  Tliermometer  and  Pynwneter.     I^rofessor  Traill. 

27.  Outlines  of  ("leneral  Historj-.     T.  F.  Ellis. 

28.  30,  32, 31, 36, 38, 40, 43,  and  49.     IHstory  of  Greece,  (complete).     Frederic  Malkin. 

29.  Navigation.     John  Wrottesley,  now  Lord  VVrottesley,  P.K.S. 
31.  Life  of  William  Caxton.     Mr.  Wm.  Stephenson. 

35,  37,  42,  and  50.     (ieomctry.     Pierce  Morton. 
39.  Life  of  Sir  Edward  Coke.     J.  P.  Burke. 
41.  (Jalvanism.     Dr.  P.  M.  Uoget. 

44.  Animal  Mechanics.     Sir  Chas.  Bell. 

45.  T.,ife  of  Mahomet.     J.  A.  Boebuck,  M.P.,  first  for  Bath,  and  now  for  Sheffield. 
46  and  53.  Polarization  of  Light.     D.  Brewster. 

48.  \a\{q  of  Xiebuhr.     Mrs.  Austin. 

51.  Life  of  Newton.     Howard  Elphinstone,  LL.D. 

52.  Life  of  Admind  Bluke.     John  Gorton. 
54.  Glossary'.     D.  lk)oth. 

(To  he  continued,) 
6 


1856.]  577 


THE  TFDOR  STATUTE-BOOK. 

{Concluded  from  p,  417.) 

IV.  The  statutes  against  vagrants  and  beggars  maybe  regarded  as  a  fair 
indication  of  the  general  tone  of  the  legislation  of  this  period.  It  is  true  that 
before  the  time  of  the  Tudors  vagrants,  mendicants,  and  thieves  seem  to  have 
been  indissolubly  united  in  the  opinion  of  the  law-makers,  and  that  statutes 
of  Richard  II.  are  to  be  found,  which  empower  justices  not  only  strictly  to 
examine  and  imprison  suspicious  characters  [**  feitors  and  vagabonds." 
7  Richard  II.  c.  5],  but  to  place  in  the  stocks  a  labourer  quitting  his  usual 
place  of  abode  without  being  provided  with  a  license  assigning  a  reasonable 
cause  for  his  so  doing,  [12  Richard  II.  c.  7].  The  first  Tudor  enacted  a 
vagrant  law,  the  preamble  of  which  confesses  that  "extreme  rigour"  had 
been  found  useless ;  but,  regardless  of  this,  his  successors  improved  upon 
their  model  until  they  produced  statutes  as  barbarous  as  can  be  well  con- 
ceived. According  to  this  act  [19  Henry  VII.  c.  12],  **  a  due,  a  diligent, 
and  a  secret  search "  was  to  be  made  four  times  a-year  in  every  shire  for 
"  misruled  persons ;"  and  if  statutes  could  be  taken  as  indicating  the  per- 
sonal characters  of  kings,  this  would  be  found  to  bear  out  the  ordinary 
impression  concerning  Henry,  for  among  other  reasons  for  its  enactment, 
the  economy  of  the  stocks  rather  than  the  gaol  is  urged : — 

*'  Forasmuch  as  the  King's  grace  most  entirely  desireth  among  all  earthly  things  the 
prosperity  and  rcHtfulness  of  this  his  land,  and  his  subjects  of  the  same,  to  live  quietly 
and  surely,  to  the  pleasure  of  God,  and  according  to  his  laws,  willing  alway  of  his  pity, 
and  intimding:  to  reduce  them  thereunto  by  softer  means  than  by  extreme  rigour  there- 
for purveyed  in  a  statute  made  in  the  time  of  King  Richard  the  Second  ■,  considering 
also  the  great  charge  that  shall  grow  to  his  subjects  for  bringing  of  vagabonds  to  the 
gaols  according  to  the  same  statute,  his  Iliglmess  will,  by  authority  of  this  his  present 
j)arliainent,  it  Ik*  ordained  and  enacted,  that  where  such  misdoers  should  be  by  examina- 
tion connnitted  to  the  connnon  gaol,  there  to  remain  as  is  aforesaid,  that  the  sheriffs, 
mayors,  ])ailitls,  liigh  constables  and  petty  constables,  and  all  other  governors  and 
officers  of  cities,  Iwroughs  and  towns,  townships,  villages  and  other  places,  within  three 
days  alter  tliis  act  i)roclaimed,  make  due  search,  and  take  or  cause  to  be  taken  all  such 
va^'a])on(b<,  iiUe  peoi)le  and  suspectetl  persons  living  suspiciously,  and  them  so  taken  to 
set  in  stocks,  tliere  to  remain  hy  the  s])ace  of  one  day  and  one  night,  and  there  to  have 
no  other  siistenance  but  bread  and  water,  and  after  the  said  day  and  night  passed,  to 
be  had  out  and  set  at  large,  and  then  to  avoid  the  town  or  place  where  they  be  taken 
into  such  city,  town,  place,  or  hundred,  where  they  were  bom,  or  else  to  the  place 
where  they  last  made  their  alxnle  by  the  space  of  three  years,  and  that  as  hastily  as  they 
conveniently  may,  and  there  to  remain  and  abide;  and  if  eflsoons  they  be  taken  in  de- 
fault in  the  sjime  town  or  townships,  then  to  be  set  likewise  in  stocks  by  the  space  of 
tliree  (kys  and  three  nights,  with  like  diet  as  is  afore  rehearsed;  and  if  iwiy  person  or 
pcTsons  give  any  other  meat  or  drink  to  the  said  misdoers,  being  in  stocks  in  form 
aloresaid,  or  the  said  prisoners  favour  in  their  misdoing,  or  them  receive  or  harbour 
over  one  night,  that  then  they  forfeit  for  every  time  so  doing  12d"  .... 

"  And  also  it  is  ordained  by  the  said  authority,  that  all  manner  of  be^ars  not  able 
to  work,  within  six  weeks  next  after  proclamation  made  by  this  act,  go  rest  and  abide 
in  his  city,  town,  or  hundred,  where  they  were  bom,  or  else  to  the  place  where  they 
liLst  made  their  alxxle  the  space  of  three  years,  there  to  remain  or  abide  without  beg- 
ging out  of  the  said  city,  town,  hundred,  or  place,  upon  pain  to  be  punished  as  is  afore- 
said ;  and  that  no  man  harbour  nor  keep  any  such  beggar  in  his  house  over  one  night, 
upon  the  same  pain ;  and  that  no  man  be  excused  by  that  he  is  a  clerk  of  an  university 

*  This  statute  [7  Richard  II.  c.  5]  empowers  justices  to  seize  "feitors  and  vagabonds,'^ 
examine  them  diligently,  and  in  default  of  their  giving  "  surety  of  their  good  bearing, 
by  sufficient  mainpernors,  of  such  as  be  distrainable,"  to  commit  them  to  gaol  to  be 
dealt  with  according  to  law  by  the  judges  in  their  circuit. 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  p 


578  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [ 

from  whence  ho  saith  he  eoineth,  without  a  letter  of  the  vice-chancellor  of  th 
versity  from  whence  he  conieth;  nor  none  calling  himself  a  soldier,  shipnu 
travelling  man,  without  he  bring  a  letter  from  his  captain,  or  from  the  town  whi 
landed,  and  tliat  he  \ye  then  ecmmianded  to  go  the  straight  highway  into  his  cob 
and  if  he  dei)art  not  ac(?ording  to  sucli  commandment  in  that  behalf  to  him  givei 
then  he  be  to  be  taken,  reputed,  and  punished  as  a  vaga1)ond;  and  that  he  tha 
hour  any  such  person  shall  forfeit  for  every  one  such  person  that  he  harbouretl 
one  night,  Vldr 

A  slight  touch  of  pity  appears  in  the  following  proviso,  which,  how 
is  not  embodied  in  any  of  the  subsequent  acts : — 

\'  "  Provided  alway,  that  diminution  of  punishment  of  vagabonds  and  hi^gars 

said  may  and  shall  be  had  for  women  great  with  child,  and  men  and  women  in 
sickness,  and  persons  being  impohmt  and  above  the  age  of  60  years,  by  the  disc 

!  of  him  that  hath  authority  to  do  the  suid  punishment,  this  act  notwithstanding/' 

■    '.    .  How  these  enactments  answered  their  purpose  we  learn  from  a  stati 

;  I  the  next  reign,  ''  concerning  punishment  of  beggars  and  vagahonds," 

Henry  VIII.  c.  12]  i— 

"Whereas  in  all  places  throughout  this  realm  of  England  vagabonds  and  beggars  h 

long  time  increased,  and  daily  do  increase  in  great  and  excessive  numbers  by  the  oo 

of  idleness,  mother  and  root  of  all  vices,  whereby  hath  insui^d  and  s^Hrung,  and 

insurgeth  and  springeth  continual  thefts,  murders,  and  other  heinous  offences  and 

enormities,  to  the  high  dis])leasure  of  (i(Kl,  the  inquietation  and  damage  of  the  ] 

people,  and  to  the  marvellous  disturbance  of  the  connuon  weal  of  this  realm. 

j  whereuH  many  and  sundry  good  laws,  strait  statutes  and  ordinances,  have  been  1 

;  i  this  time  devised  and  made,  as  well  by  the  king  our  sovereign  lord,  as  also  by  dive 

:  i  ■  most  noble  jnogenitors  kings  of  England,  for  the  most  necessary  and  due  reformat 

7  \  the  premisses,  yet  that  notwithstanding  the  said  numbers  of  vagabonds  and  b^gi 

Y  ':  not  seen  in  any  part  to  l)e  diminished,  but  rather  daily  augmented  and  increases 

;     I  great  routs  and  companies,  as  evidently  and  manifestly  it  doth  and  may  appear." 

For  remedy  of  these  disorders,  the  justices  in  every  shire  were 
powered  to  grant  licenses  to  beg,  to  aged,  poor,  and  impotent  pen 
but  if  these  wandered  out  of  their  assigned  district  they  were  to  be  p 
the  stocks  for  two  days  and  two  nights  on  bread  and  water ;  and  if  ai 
them  presumed  to  beg  without  having  obtained  a  license,  they  wer 
have  three  days'  imprisonment  in  the  stocks,  or  be  whipped,  at  the 

j  cretion  of  the  justice  before  whom  they  were  brought. 

'  While  the  **  aged  and  impotent"  were  thus  treated,  the  able-bodi< 

course  fared  worse.  Accordingly,  it  was  enacted  that  all  such,  wh< 
men  or  women,  "  being  whole  and  mighty  in  body,  and  able  to  la  be 

\  found  wandering  and  not  being  able  to  give  account  how  they  lawfulh 

tained  a  living,  were  **  to  be  tied  to  the  end  of  a  cart  naked,  and  be  be 
^  with  whips  throughout  the  same  market-town,  or  other  place,  till 

bodies   were  bloody  by  reason   of  such  whipping,"  and  then  orderei 

repair  to  their  native  place,  or  last  place  of  fixed  abode,  and  there  t< 

!  themselves  to  labour,  neglect  of  which  was  to  incur  another  whipping, 

often  as  default  should  be  found.'* 

These  repeated  whippings  seem  the  only  punishment  provided 
"  mighty  beggars*'  of  the  ordinary  kind,  even  if  repeatedly  offending ; 
those  who  added  fraud  to  idleness  were  in  such  case  exposed  to  mtitila 
Scholars  wandering  without  license  from  an  officer  of  their  univei 
sailors  pretending  shipwreck,  fortune-tellers,  and  such,  for  the  se 
offence,  beside  two  whippings,  were  to  be  placed  in  the  pillory  for  t 
hours,  and  to  lose  an  ear ;  and  for  the  third  offence  to  be  punished  aa 
fore,  and  to  lose  the  other  ear. 

In  making  this  barbarous  statute,  the  co-operation  of  the  people  in  ca 


1856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  579 

ing  it  out  seems  not  to  have  been  expected.  Hence  fines  of  3«.  Ad.  and 
6*.  %d.  are  imposed  on  parishes  for  every  day  that  any  impotent  or  "valiant 
beggar"  is  allowed  to  go  at  large;  heavy  penalties  are  laid  on  officers 
who  are  remiss,  as  well  as  on  any  one  who  in  any  way  succours  the  va- 
grants, or  refuses,  when  called  upon,  to  assist  in  their  whipping  and 
mutilation. 

Here,  then,  it  might  be  thought  was  severity  enough,  but  we  have  by  no 
means  reached  the  climax  of  Tudor  vagrant  legislation.  Both  "  impotent 
folk"  and  **  mighty  beggars"  might  by  these  means  be  driven  back  to  their 
native  places,  but  it  was  found  that  the  poor  could  not  be  made  to  cease 
out  of  the  land,  and  something  approaching  to  our  modern  poor-laws  was 
the  result.  In  1536  a  statute  was  passed  [27  Henry  VHI.  c.  25]  com- 
manding the  chief  officers  of  cities  and  towns  to  receive  such  persons,  on 
certificate  that  they  had  been  duly  punished,  and  to  set  them  to  work  for 
their  maintenance ;  and  to  raise  a  fund  for  such  purpose,  the  clergy  were  to 
exhort  people  to  give  alms,  and  some  of  the  poor  were  to  be  appointed  in 
each  parish  to  go  from  house  to  house  "  to  collect  and  gather  broken  meat 
and  fragments,  and  refuse  dnnk,"  which  was  to  be  shared  among  the  set- 
tled poor. 

This  touch  of  humanity  to  the  one  class  is,  however,  abundantly  made 
up  for  by  severity  to  the  other.  "  Idle  persons,  rufflers,  calling  themselves 
serving  men,  having  no  masters,"  "  sturdy  vagabonds,"  and  *'  valiant  beg- 
gars," found  "  playing  the  vagabond"  a  second  time,  beside  whipping,  were 
to  have  the  "  upper  part  of  the  gristle  of  the  right  ear  clean  cut  oflT,  so  as 
it  might  appear  for  a  perpetual  token  after  that  time,  that  they  had  been 
contemners  of  the  good  order  of  the  commonwealth  ;"  and  if  not  thus  cured 
of  idleness,  they  were  *'  to  have  judgment  to  sufl^er  pains  and  execution  of 
death  as  felons  and  as  enemies  of  the  commonwealth." 

Thus  stood  the  law  at  the  death  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  it  was  reserved  for 
the  advisers  of  his  gentle  successor,  Edward  VI.,  to  concoct  a  law  the  most 
odious  perhaps  to  be  found  in  any  code.  This  is  1  Edward  VI.  c.  3,  the 
framers  of  which  evidently  claim  credit  for  their  humanity  in  substituting 
branding  and  slavery  for  death : — 

"  Forasmuch  as  idleness  and  vagabondry  is  the  mother  and  root  of  all  thefts,  robberies, 
and  all  e\'il  acts,  and  other  mischiefs,  and  the  multitude  of  people  giveu  thereto  hath 
always  been  here  within  this  realm  very  great,  and  more  in  number  as  it  may  appear 
than  in  other  regions,  to  the  great  impoverishment  of  the  realm,  and  danger  of  the 
king's  highness*  subjects,  the  which  idleness  and  vagabondry  all  the  king's  highness' 
noble  progenitors  kings  of  this  realm  and  this  high  court  of  parliament  hath  often  and 
with  great  travail  gone  about  and  essayed  with  godly  acts  and  statutes  to  repress,  yet 
until  this  our  time  it  hath  not  had  that  success  which  hath  been  wished,  but,  partly 
by  foolish  pity  and  mercy  of  them  which  should  have  seen  the  godly  laws  executed^ 
partly  by  the  perverse  nature  and  long-accustomed  idleness  of  the  persons  given  to 
loitering,  the  said  godly  statutes  hitherto  hath  had  small  effect,  and  idle  and  vagabond 
persons,  being  unprofitable  members,  or  rather  enemies  of  the  commonwealth,  hath  been 
suflered  to  rcmnin  and  increase,  and  yet  so  do,  who  if  they  should  be  punished  by  death, 
whij)ping,  imprisonment,  or  with  other  corporal  pain,  it  were  not  without  their  deserts, 
for  the  (jxample  of  others,  and  to  the  benefit  of  the  commonwealth ;  yet  if  they  oonld 
be  brought  to  be  made  profitable  and  do  service,  it  were  much  to  be  wished  and 
desired." 

To  bring  about  this  desirable  end,  any  person  was  empowered  to  seize 
another  found  "  loitering,  without  work,  for  three  days  together,"  and  to 
take  him  before  a  justice,  who  was  to  cause  him  to  be  branded  with  "V" 
on  the  breast  with  a  hot  iron,  and  then  to  deliver  him  to  his  captor,  as  a 
slave  for  two  years,  to  be  "  fed  on  bread  and  water,  or  such  small  drink 


580  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [Nov. 

and  refuse  of  meat'*  as  the  master  chose,  who  might  also  beat  and  chain 
him  at  his  discretion  : — 


"  It  shall  be  lawful  to  every  person  to  whom  any  person  shall  be  adjndged  a  dare,  to 
put  a  ring  of  iron  about  his  neck,  arm,  or  his  1^,  for  a  more  knowledge  and  suretj  of 
the  keeping  of  him ;  and  if  any  person  do  take  or  help  to  take  any  such  bond  of  iron 
from  any  such  slave,  that  then  every  person  so  doing  without  the  license  or  assent  of 
his  master  shall  forfeit  for  every  such  default  £10  sterling," 

If  the  vagrant  attempted  to  resist,  he  was  declared  a  felon ;  and  if  he 
tried  to  escape,  he  was  to  be  branded  with  "  S,"  and  was  to  become  a  slave 
for  life. 

Vagrants  who  were  not  thus  seized  by  individuals,  were  to  be  seized  by  the 
magistrates  and  sent  to  their  place  of  birth,  and  a  heavy  penalty  was  laid  on 
the  town  for  each  day  that  they  were  not  employed  in  chains  on  the  roads  or 
other  servile  labour.  Vagrants  of  foreign  birth  were  to  be  sent  to  some  of 
the  ports,  and  there  kept  to  hard  labour  until  an  opportunity  occurred  of  send- 
ing them  to  their  native  country  ;  they  were  not,  however,  to  be  branded. 

The  vagrants  thus  sent  to  their  native  places,  if  their  labour  was  not 
wanted  there,  were  to  be  sold  or  let,  like  cattle,  for  the  benefit  of  the  town. 
Children  might  be  taken  from  their  parents  if  above  the  age  of  seven  years, 
"  whether  they  be  wilHng  or  not,"  and  kept  as  "  apprentices^"  at  any  kind 
of  work  until  they  were,  if  girls,  twenty,  if  boys,  twenty-four  years  of  age ; 
if  they  were  refractory,  they  were  "to  be  openly  beaten  with  rods,**  and  if 
they  attempted  to  escape,  they  were  to  become  "  slaves'*  for  the  remainder 
of  their  term,  and  *'  to  be  kept  and  punished  in  chains  or  otherwise." 

There  are  clauses  in  this  act  for  passing  the  "impotent  poor'*  to  their 
parishes  ;  and  there  are  others  relating  to  '*  clerks  convict,"  which  seem  in- 
tended to  bring  the  lately  expelled  monastics  under  its  operation,  and  this 
was  perhaps  the  real  motive  for  passing  it ;  but  within  three  years  it  was 
repealed,  and  the  comparatively  mild  provisions  of  22  Henry  VIII.  c.  12 
re-estabhshed.  The  act  which  does  this  [3  and  4  Edward  VI.  c.  16]  in- 
forms us  that  "  the  extremity  of  some  of  the  good  and  wholesome  statutes 
against  vagabonds  and  beggars  has  been  occasion  that  they  have  not  been 
put  in  use." 

Under  Philip  and  Mary  the  law  continued  the  same,  and  mendicancy  did 
not  decrease.  A  statute  of  theirs  [2  and  3  Philip  and  Mary,  c.  5]  orders 
the  sums  gathered  for  the  relief  of  beggars  to  be  paid  to  and  disbursed  by 
Christ's  Hospital,  in  London,  and  appoints  a  badge  for  the  licensed  beg- 
gar, who 

**  Shall  at  all  times,  when  the  same  gocth  abroad  to  beg,  wear  openly  upon  him,  both 
on  the  breast  and  the  back  of  his  or  their  outermost  garment,  some  notable  badge  or 
token,  to  be  assigned  unto  him  by  the  mayor  or  head  officer  of  the  same  city,  borungh, 
and  town  corjwrate,  or  parish,  with  the  assent  of  the  justices  of  the  peace  that  shall 
gnmt  the  same  license,  upon  pain  to  be  taken  for  a  valiant  beggar,  and  to  be  pnnuhed 
as  is  afore  remembered,  and  shall  also  carry  his  licence  with  him  upon  like  pain." 

The  act  of  Henry  already  cited  directed  the  clergy  to  exhort  people 
to  almsgiving  after  a  regulated  fashion ;  so  did  the  statutes  of  Edward  VI. 
and  Philip  and  Mary,  with  a  direction  that  the  bishops  should  admonish 
any  who  refused  to  give,  or  discouraged  others  from  giving ;  but  Elizabeth 

^  Tliey  were  usually,  we  may  presume,  to  be  employed  in  hnsbandnr,  not  in  tnidei^ 
as  even  from  the  time  of  Henry  IV.  the  law  required  the  parents  of  apprentices  to 
trades  to  l>c  persons  of  some  i)roperty  (7  Henry  IV.  c.  17) :  this  practice  ^"as  relaxed  in 
favour  of  certain  towns  or  trades,  by  various  statutes,  but  down  to  the  time  of  Kl'sabeth 
the  same  principle  prevailed ;  by  her  well-known  statute  [5  Eliz.  c.  4]  the  children  of 
the  poor  are  allowed  to  be  apprenticed  only  to  certain  handicrafts,  which  sre  named. 


.856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  581 

took  a  more  peremptory  method :  the  man  who  would  not  be  persuaded 
to  contribute  by  the  bishop,  was  to  be  by  him  cited  before  the  justices, 
and  if  he  still  refused,  they  were  to  tax  him  at  their  discretion,  and  commit 
him  to  gaol  in  default  of  payment,  [5  Elizabeth,  c,  3]. 

The  year  1572  found  England  and  Wales  '*  with  rogues,  vagabonds,  and 
sturdy  beggars  exceedingly  pestered,"  and  accordingly  the  statute  14  Eliza- 
beth, c.  5,  was  passed.  Persons  above  the  age  of  fourteen  found  begging 
were  to  be  taken  as  "  vagabonds,"  and  were  to  be  "  grievously  whipped, 
and  burnt  through  the  gristle  of  the  right  ear  with  a  hot  iron  of  the  com- 
pass of  an  inch  about,"  unless  some  honest  householder  would  take  them 
into  service  for  a  year;  for  a  second  offence  they  were  to  be  reckoned 
felons,  unless  they  could  procure  a  master  for  two  years ;  and  for  a  third 
they  were  to  be  put  to  death  without  redemption ;  by  running  away  from  their 
service,  they  incurred  the  penalty  from  which  it  had  relieved  them.  This 
statute  defines  who  are  to  be  considered  *'  rogues,  vagabonds,  and  sturdy 
beggars."  We  find  among  them  pretended  proctors,  professors  of  phy- 
siognomy, palmistry,  *'  or  other  abused  sciences;"  fencers,  bearwards, 
common  players  in  interludes,  and  minstrels,  if  not  belonging  to  a  noble- 
man ;  jugglers,  pedlars,  tinkers,  and  petty  chapmen,  and  finally,  "  all  per- 
sons whole  and  mighty  in  body,  able  to  labour,  not  having  land  or  master, 
nor  using  any  lawful  merchandise,  craft,  or  mystery,  and  all  common  labour- 
ers, able  in  body,  loitering  and  refusing  to  work  for  such  reasonable  wages 
as  is  commonly  given." 

The  statute  40  Elizabeth,  c.  4,  is  much  to  the  same  effect  as  this,  but  is 
directed  more  especially  to  the  coercion  of  refractory  workmen,  who  are  to 
be  "  openly  whipped  until  their  bodies  be  bloody,"  and  then  passed  on  to 
their  native  places.  Statute  43  Elizabeth,  c.  1,  formally  established  over- 
seers of  the  poor,  and  thus  set  in  motion  a  system  of  mixed  relief  and  co- 
ercion which  endured  without  any  important  legal  modification  until  the 
passing  of  the  Poor-Law  Amendment  Act  in  1834,  [4  and  5  William  IV., 
c.  76]. 

The  important  bearing  which  these  statutes  must  necessarily  have  had  on 
all  classes  of  society  will  doubtless  appear  a  sufficient  reason  for  our  having 
treated  them  in  greater  detail  than  we  have  indulged  in  in  other  cases. 

V.  Another  class  of  statutes  of  the  Tudor  era,  those  relating  to  the 
great  religious  changes,  are  far  too  numerous  to  be  here  more  than  alluded 
to.  The  principal  ones  may  be  taken  to  be,  25  Henry  VIII.  cc.  14,  15, 
regarding  what  is  to  be  considered  heresy;  the  statute  overthrowing  the 
papal  power  [25  Henr}' VIII.  c.  21],  those  suppressing  the  monasteries  and 
the  chantries,  [27  Henry  VIII.  c.  28;  31  Henry  VIII.  c  13;  37  Henry 
VIII.  c.  4 ;  1  Edward  VI.  c.  14]  ;  that  empowering  the  king  to  erect  new 
sees,  and  appoint  bishops  by  letters  patent,  [31  Henry  VIII.  c.  9] ;  the 
statute  of  the  six  articles,  [31  Henry  VIII.  c.  14] ;  those  for  uniformity 
of  public  worship,  [2  and  3  Edward  VI.  c.  1  ;  1  Eliz.  cc.  1,  2]  ;  Mary's 
repeal  of  the  statutes  passed  against  the  see  of  Rome,  [1  and  2  Philip 
and  Mary,  c.  8]  ;  and  the  anti-Romish  and  anti-Puritan  acts  of  Elizabeth, 
[13  Elizabeth,  c.  1 ;  35  Elizabeth,  cc.  1,  2,  &c.] 

One  specimen  of  these  politico-religious  enactments  is  here  given ;  the 
citation  is  from  1  and  2  Philip  and  Mary,  c.  9 : — 

"  Forasmuch  as  now  of  late  divers  naoghty,  seditious,  malicious,  and  heretical  per- 
sons, not  havinpf  the  fear  of  God  before  their  eyes,  but  in  a  devilish  sort,  contrary  to  the 
duty  of  their  allegiance,  have  congregated  themselves  together  in  conventicles,  in  divera 
and  sundry  profane  places  within  the  city  of  London,  esteeming  themselves  to  be  in  the 


582  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [Nov. 

trne  faith,  where  indeed  they  are  in  errors  and  heresies,  and  oat  of  the  troe  trade  of 
Christ's  catholic  religion,  and  in  the  same  places,  at  divers  times,  using  their  fantastical 
and  schismatical  servicers,  lately  taken  away  and  abolished  by  authority  of  parliament, 
have,  of  their  most  malicious  and  cankered  stomachs,  prayed  against  the  queen's  ma- 
jesty, that  God  would  turn  her  heart  from  idolatry  to  the  true  faith,  or  else  to  shorten 
her  days,  or  take  her  quickly  out  of  the  way  *= :  which  prayer  was  never  heard  nor  read 
to  have  been  used  by  any  good  Christian  man  against  any  prince,  though  he  were  a 
pagan  and  infidel,  and  much  less  against  any  Clu*istian  prince,  and  especially  so  virtuous 
a  princess  as  our  sovereign  lady  that  now  is  is  known  to  be,  whose  faith  is,  and  always 
hath  been,  most  true  and  catholic,  and  consonant  and  agreeing  with  Christ's  catholic 
Church  throughout  the  world  dispersed :  for  reformation  whereof  be  it  enacted  by  the 
authority  of  this  present  parliament,  that  every  such  person  and  persons  which,  ranoe 
the  beginning  of  this  present  parliament,  have  by  express  words  and  sayings  prayed, 
requiretl,  or  desired  as  is  aforesaid,  or  hereafter  shall  pray  by  express  words  or  sayings, 
that  God  should  shorten  her  days,  or  take  her  out  of  the  way,  (whose  life  Almighty  God 
long  preserve,)  or  any  such  like  malicious  prayer,  amounting  to  the  same  effect,  their 
procurers  and  abettors  therein  shall  be  taken,  reputed,  and  judged  traitors,  and  every 
such  praying,  requiring,  or  desiring  shall  be  judged,  taken,  and  reputed  high  treason; 
and  the  offenders  therein,  their  procurers  and  aliettors,  being  thereof  duly  convicted 
according  to  the  laws  of  this  realm,  sliall  suffer  and  forfeit,  as  in  cases  of  high  treason." 

If,  however,  on  this  arraipiment,  they  "  shewed  themselves  penitent  for 
their  offences,"  and  humbly  desired  mercy,  the  judges  were  empowered  to 
adjudge  such  corporal  punishment,  short  of  death,  as  they  might  think 
proper,  "  and  upon  that  penance  prescribed  and  done,"  they  were  to  be 
discharged  of  the  treason  alleged  against  them. 

VI.  Though  so  many  of  the  Tudor  laws  were  of  a  character  from  which 
we  now  shrink  with  abhorrence**,  it  would  not  be  just  to  endeavour  to  leave 
the  impression  that  that  code  has  no  redeeming  features.  Women  of 
property  received  a  protection  which  they  evidently  needed,  from  a  statute 
3  llenry  VII.  c.  2]  which  declared  taking  them  away  against  their  will  to 
3e  felony ;  the  abuse  of  benefit  of  clergy  was  restrained®  [4  Henry  VII. 
c.  13];  standard  weights  and  measures  were  established  [7  Henry  VII.  c.3]; 
suing  in  forma  pauperis  was  granted  [11  Henry  VII.  c.  11] ;  corporations 
were  checked  when  attempting  to  make  unreasonable  bye-laws^  [19  Henry 
VII.  c.  7]  ;  a  navigation  act  was  passed,  based  on  what  was  till  very 
recently  considered  sound  principles  [32  Henry  VHI.  c.  14]  ;  corrupt  jurors 
were  restrained  [11  Henry  VII.  c.  24;  13  Eliz.  c.  25]  ;  the  Universities 
of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  were  incorporated  [13  Eliz.  c.  29];  and  an  act 

<=  This  charge  against  the  reformed,  of  i)raying  for  the  queen's  death,  has  been  some- 
times regardvd  as  untrue ;  but  we  learn  from  the  indictment  of  William  Thomas,  once 
clerk  of  the  council,  that  some  of  them  contemplate<l  killing  her.  "  In  his  indictment 
he  is  charged  with  ))utting  the  following  *  argument*  in  writing:  *  WTiether  were  it 
not  a  good  device  to  have  all  these  perils  that  we  have  talked  of  [her  proposed 
marria<;e,  and  the  expected  re-establishment  of  liomanism]  taken  away  with  very 
little  bloodshed,  that  is  to  say,  by  killing  the  queen.  I  think  John  FitzwiUiams  might 
be  persuaded  to  do  it,*  &c." — AntiaU  of  EngJandy  vol.  ii.  p.  233. 

*  The  laws,  as  we  have  seen,  were  habitually  harsh,  but  they  were  often  made 
harsher  to  meet  any  emergency,  as  in  1531,  when,  in  consciiuence  of  the  crime  of 
Kichard  Kosse,  the  (rook  of  Bishop  Fisher  of  Ilochester,  poisoners  were  ordered  to  be 
boilcHl  to  death,  [22  Henry  Vlli.  c.  9]. 

*  •*  Whereas,  upon  trust  of  i)rivilege  of  the  Church,  divers  persons  lettered  have  been 
the  mr)re  bold  to  conuuit  murder,  rape,  robbery,  theft,  and  all  other  mischievous  deeds, 
bociinse  tliey  have  been  contiimally  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  the  cleiyy  as  often  as 
they  did  oHeiul  in  any  of  t  he  premisses ;  in  avoiding  such  presumptuous  boldness.  .  ,  .  ** 
it  was  enucted  that  it  w^as  to  be  pleaded  but  once  by  those  who  were  not  in  orders  j 
and  murderers  and  felons  were  to  \ye  branded  on  the  left  thumb  in  open  court.  Bj 
4  Henry  Vil  I.  sess.  2.  c.  2,  the  privilege  was  abolished  as  reg^ards  these  last  offenders. 

'  Their  otlences  hi  this  way  had  caused  the  enactment  of  a  statate  in  1437«  (15 
Henry  VI.  c.  6). 


1856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  583 

was  passed  for  the  relief  of  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  K,  [35  Eliz.  c.  4]. 
Such  proofs  of  wisdom  and  kindness  ought  to  lead  us  to  excuse  the  con- 
trary enactments  against  "fond  and  fantastical  prophecies"  and  witchcraft 
[5  Eliz.  cc.  15,  16],  of  which  the  first  was  doubtless  of  political  importance 
in  its  day  ^,  and  the  second  merely  proves  that  the  sixteenth  century  was 
not  as  enlightened  as  our  own. 

Though  far  from  belonging  to  the  class  of  wise  and  beneficial  laws,  such 
as  we  must  regard  those  mentioned  above  to  have  been,  we  insert  here  the 
chief  part  of  a  statute  [13  Eliz.  c.  19],  as  not  only  a  curious  example  of  ex- 
aggerated importance — the  whole  welfare  of  the  country  depending  on  all 
the  people  wearing  caps — but  as  a  specimen  of  the  singular  laws  to  be  met 
with  in  all  parts  of  the  Statute-book,  having  the  presumed  interest  of  some 
particular  craft,  and  nothing  else,  in  view : — 

"In  most  humble  wise  shewen  unto  the  queen's  majesty,  the  lords  spiritual  and 
temporal,  and  the  commons  in  this  present  pai'liament  assembled,  the  feUowship 
and  company  of  cappers  of  this  noble  realm  of  England,  that  whereas  they  and 
others  occujiying  the  trade  and  science  of  capping  have  in  times  past  until  now  of 
late,  with  the  only  travail  and  industry  of  their  said  trade  and  science  of  capping, 
not  only  maintained  themselves,  their  wives,  children,  and  family  in  good,  reason- 
able, and  convenient  estate  and  degree,  according  to  their  vocation  and  calling ;  but 
have  also  set  on  w^ork  a  great  number  and  multitude  of  other  poor  persons,  the  queen's 
majesty's  subjects,  both  men,  women,  and  children,  and  also  the  halt,  decrepit,  and 
lame,  using  them  in  sundry  exercises  belonging  to  the  occupation  and  art  of  cappers, — 
as  carders,  sj)inners,  knitters,  parters  of  wool,  forcers,  thickers,  dressers,  walkers,  dyers, 
battelers,  shearers,  pressers,  edgers,  liners,  band-makers,  and  other  exercise  who  have 
in  like  manner  thereby  maintained  and  relieved  themselves  and  their  families,  and 
by  reason  of  their  labom*  and  exercise  therein  have  eschewed  and  avoided  not  only 
the  great  annoyance  of  the  towns  they  dwelt  in,  who  for  lack  of  exercise  must  have 
been  enforced  to  beg,  but  also  hath  kept  them  from  ranging  and  gadding  through 
the  realm  in  practising  and  exercising  sundry  kinds  of  lewdness,  as  too  many  of 
them  doth  in  these  days,  as  it  is  evident,  the  more  is  pity:  and  also  by  the  mean 
of  this  good  exercise  and  occupation  a  great  number  of  personable  men  have  at  all 
times  been  ready  and  well  able,  when  they  should  or  have  been  called  to  serve  your 
highness'  most  noble  progenitors,  and  also  your  majesty,  in  time  of  war  or  elsewhere ; 
until  now  of  late  days  that  most  and  in  manner  all  men  have  forborne  and  left  the 
using  and  wearing  of  caps,  to  the  great  impoverishing  and  utter  undoing  of  all  the 
aforesaid  company  and  fellowship  of  cappers,  and  to  the  great  decay,  niin,  and  desola- 
tion of  divers  ancient  cities  and  boroughs  within  this  realm  of  England,  which  have  been 
the  nourishers  and  bringers-up  in  that  faculty  of  great  numbers  of  people,  as  London, 
wljich  by  good  report  maintained  8,000  persons  exercised  in  this  faculty,  also  Exeter, 
Bristol,  Monmouth,  Hereford,  Ross,  Bridgnorth,  Bewdley,  Gloucester,  Worcester, 
Chester,  Xantwich,  Newcastle,  Ulcestre  [Uttoxeter],  Stafford,  Lichfield,  Coventry, 
York,  Beverley,  Richmond,  Derby,  Leicester,  Northampton,  Shrewsbury,  Wellington, 
Southampton,  Canterbury,  and  divers  others,  as  well  bordering  and  adjoining  upon  the 
coasts  of  the  sea  as  in  other  places : 

"  In  consideration  whereof,  and  forasmuch  as  the  said  ancient  and  laudable  science 
and  trade  of  capping  hath  been  of  long  time  ]>ermitted  and  allowed  in  this  most  noble 
realm  as  a  thing  very  commodious  and  profitable,  as  well  for  the  maintenance  and  living 
of  a  great  number  of  persons  within  the  same,  as  also  for  the  upholding  and  replenish- 
ing and  fortif^-ing  of  the  said  ancient  cities  and  borouglis,  and  specially  for  the  trading 
and  exercising  of  the  poorest  sort  of  people  in  honest  labour  and  virtuous  exercise,  and 
therefore  protitable  to  the  commonwealth  ;  and  for  that  also  the  wearing  of  the  same 

»  The  credit  of  originating  a  permanent  provision  for  such  men  in  reality  belongs  to 
Queen  Mary,  as  in  her  will,  dated  March  30,  1558,  she  bequeathed  400  marks  a-year 
for  the  foundation  of  an  hospital  for  old  and  maimed  soldiers,  "  the  which  we  think," 
she  says,  "l)oth  honour,  conscience  and  charity  willeth  should  be  provided  for;"  but 
her  successor  did  not  give  effect  to  her  wish. 

••  Proi)hecies  were  but  a  covert  way  of  spreading  sedition.  In  1541  a  Welsh  minstrel 
was  hanged  for  singing  a  prophecy  against  the  king ;  Elizabeth's  statute  only  visited 
the  ofl'euce  with  tine  and  imprisonment. 


584  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  [Nov. 

caps  are  very  decent  and  comely  for  all  estates  and  degrees,  and  especially  for  all  per* 
sons  inhabiting  witliin  the  cities,  boroughs,  towns,  villages,  or  hamlets  within  thia 
realm :  for  reformation  whereof  it  may  please  the  queen's  highness  and  the  lords 
spiritual  and  temporal,  and  the  commons  in  this  present  parliament  assembled,  and  bj 
tlie  authority  of  the  same,  that  it  may  be  enacted  and  established.  That  all  and  every 
pei*8()n  and  persons  above  the  age  of  six  years  (except  maidens,  ladies,  and  gentlewomen) 
inliabiting,  oounnonitiiig,  and  abiding  within  any  of  the  cities,  boroughs,  towns,  villages, 
or  hamlets  of  this  realm  of  England,  and  except  also  all  noble  )K*rsonages,  and  every 
lord,  knight,  and  gcnlleiiian  of  the  possessions  of  twenty  marks  land  by  the  year,  and 
their  heirs,  and  exctj)t  all  such  as  have  l)orne  office  of  worship  in  any  city,  borough, 
town,  hamlet,  or  shire,  and  also  all  such  as  have  borne  the  office  of  wardens  of  the  wor- 
shipful coni])anies  of  the  city  of  I^oudon,  shall  use  and  wear  u))on  the  Sabbath  and  holy- 
day,  unless  in  the  time  of  their  travel  out  of  such  cities,  boroughs,  towns,  villages,  or 
hamlets,  upon  the  head  one  C4ip  of  wool,  knit,  thicked,  and  dressed  in  England,  made 
within  the  realm  of  England,  and  only  dressed  imd  finished  by  some  of  the  trade  or 
science  of  caj)pers ;  ui)on  i)ain  of  forfeiture,  for  every  day  not  so  wearing,  the  sum  of 
3s.  4d.  of  lawful  money  of  England." 

VII.  Having  now  gone  through  the  Tudor  Statute-book,  we  think  that 
it  will  be  found  to  establish  the  following  conclusions,  the  bearing  of  which 
upon  the  condition  of  all  classes  cannot  be  denied,  nor  their  importance 
over-estimated  : — 

1 .  The  frame  of  government  was  systematically  tyrannical.  The  power 
of  the  crown  grew  daily  greater  and  greater,  all  the  great  parties  in  the 
state  having  been  exhausted  by  the  wars  of  the  Hoses,  and  the  successive 
sovereigns  apparently  never  forgetting  that  their  founder  had  gained  the 
throne  by  the  sword  * ;  perverse  legal  ingenuity  also  helped  them,  by  dis- 
covering that  any  deficiency  of  the  law  to  meet  the  royal  pleasure  might  be 
&u])])licd  by  the  prerogative. 

2.  This  doctrine  rendered  parliaments  unnecessary,  but  it  was  the 
pleasure  of  the  Tudors  to  retain  them,  and  they  justified  this  confidence  in 
them  by  such  unmeasured  subserviency  as  must  deprive  them  of  all  claim 
to  respect  as  the  guardians  of  popular  rights. 

3.  The  power  of  the  crown,  though,  for  form's  sake,  speaking  often  in 
the  name  of  the  parliament,  was  in  reality  boundless ;  food,  clothing,  wages, 
trade,  commerce,  agriculture,  forests,  towns,  and  innumerable  other  matters, 
some  great,  but  more  small,  were  regulated  as  seemed  good  to  authority* 
and  with  little  regard  to  the  views  or  feelings  of  the  parties  concerned. 

4.  In  the  early  part  of  the  Tudor  era  the  rights  of  the  Church  and  of 
the  higher  orders  were  in  some  degree  respected,  but  before  its  close  both 
peer  and  plebeian  were  regarded  as  little  else  than  slaves,  who  were  to  be 
rigidly  restrained  to  certain  paths  of  duty,  and  severely  punished  if  they 
ventured  to  overstep  them. 

5.  Harsh  laws  are  indeed  a  characteristic  of  the  Tudor  era.  The  statutes 
concerning  religion,  which  have  attracted  more  attention  than  the  rest,  are 
generally  known  to  be  so,  and  the  only  apology  to  be  made  for  them  is  that 
they  are  not  more  merciless  than  those  against  ofher  offences ;  for  religion 
itself  was,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  avowedly  an  ofience,  if  its  form  differed 
from  that  adopted  by  the  State. 

6.  The  result  of  this  mode  of  government  was  clearly  unsatisfactory. 
Beside  the  insurrections  by  which  each  Tudor  reign  was  disturbed,  we 
learn  from  the  Statute-book  that  in  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  the  borders, 
of  the  kingdom  were  ravaged  by  plunderers  who  leagued  with  the  Scots 

'  Tliat  such  was  his  own  view  is  evident  from  his  s])eech  to  his  first  parliament,  and 
also  from  the  inscription  for  his  tomb  ordennl  in  his  will,  which  si)eaks  of  "  the  crown 
which  it  pleased  God  to  give  us,  with  the  victory  of  our  eucmy  at  our  first  field." 

t 


1856.]  The  Tudor  Statute-book.  585 

[11  Henry  VII.  c.  9],  and  the  practice  of  levying  black-mail  is  spoken  of 
as  common  near  the  close  of  that  of  Elizabeth  [43  Eliz.  c.  13]  ;  whilst  the 
numerous  statutes  regarding  benefit  of  clergy  and  sanctuary-men  prove 
that  in  other  districts  life  and  property  were  in  but  a  precarious  condition ; 
vet  the  only  attempt  to  remedy  this  state  of  things  was  by  the  enactment 
of  laws  which  were  too  harsh  to  be  put  in  execution. 

If  these  conclusions  be  justly  drawn,  it  certainly  results  that  the  people 
under  the  Tudors  were  worse  cared  for  than  they  are  at  present ;  that  the 
"  golden  days  of  good  Queen  Bess"  are  a  mere  delusion,  the  Tudor  era 
being  a  very  undesirable  one  to  live  in ;  and  that  we  are  justified  in 
affirming  that  England  has  more  real  reason  of  rejoicing  in  the  reign  of 
Victoria  than  our  ancestors  had  under  the  sway  of  their  Maiden  Queen. 


CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN. 

Christ  Church  Cathedral,  Oxford — Baron  Munchausen — Who  was  Poor  Robin  T— Hcnxey,  Tyttery, 
and  Tyzack  Families— The  Simonides  Forgeries— Robert  Somery,  Earl  of  Winohesier — Mary 
Queen  of  Scots. 


CHRIST  CHURCH  CATHEDRAL,  OXFORD. 

Mr.  Urban, — You  will  probably  receive  several  communications  re- 
specting the  curious  subterranean  chamber,  or  crypt^,  which  has  been  dis- 
covered in  the  course  of  the  recent  excavations  in  Christ  Church  Cathedral, 
as  it  has  excited  considerable  interest  here,  and  is  a  puzzle  to  the  local  anti« 
quaries,  who  will  be  glad  of  the  benefit  of  your  experience  as  to  its  use  and 
object,  and  its  probable  date.  It  clearly  was  not  intended  for  sepulture 
of  any  kind,  as  its  length  was  from  north  to  south,  and  graves,  or  vaults 
for  burial,  are  invariably  placed  from  east  to  west.  The  situation  is  im- 
mediately under  the  chancel- arch,  where  the  rood-loft  stood,  and  where 
there  may,  probably,  have  been  originally  an  altar.  This  seems  to  favour 
the  idea  that  it  was  a  place  of  secrecy  for  the  more  secure  preservation  of 
the  treasures  of  the  church  ;  and  the  two  recesses  in  the  wall — one  at  each 
end — seem  to  have  been  lockers,  or  cupboards,  or  the  smaller  one  may  have 
been  for  a  lamp.  The  entrance  was  either  by  a  trap-door  only,  which 
appeared  to  me  most  probable,  or  by  a  passage  under  the  floor  of  the 
chancel,  and  through  a  door  on  the  east  side  of  the  chamber :  the  wall  on 
this  side  is  wanting  in  the  middle,  but  there  is  a  return  at  each  end,  and 
Mr.  Billing,  the  architect,  who  examined  it  as  carefully  as  the  quantity  of 
earth  to  be  moved,  and  the  want  of  time,  would  allow,  is  of  opinion  that 
there  had  been  a  doorway  on  this  side.  In  the  north-west  angle  there  is 
a  small  squinch,  or  shoulder,  to  carry  the  vault ;  this  could  not  be  found 
in  the  other  three  corners,  but  there  was  not  space  enough  to  have  thrown 
a  vault  over,  between  the  top  of  the  walls  and  the  pavement,  so  that  it 
must  in  all  probability  have  been  covered  with  a  flat  stone,  or  stones, 
across,  like  the  form  of  arch  commonly  known  as  the  Carnarvon  doorway,  or 
recently  called  the  shouldered  arch.  If  this  is  a  correct  supposition,  it  is 
probably  Norman  work,  of  the  same  age  as  the  church  itself.     Some  of 

*  See  an  engraving  of  this  crypt,  p.  564. 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  a 


586  Corregpondence  of  Sylvanaa  Urban.  [Not. 

those  who  saw  it  were,  however,  of  opinion  that  it  was  Saxon  worfc,  cor- 
responding with  the  crypts  at  Ripoa  and  Hexham ;  it  differs  from  them, 
however,  in  situation,  and  in  being  a  single  chamber  only,  witboat  the 
passages  on  each  side,  with  the  ascending  and  deiicending  staircaiiea  for  the 
worshippers,  when  the  relics  were  exhibited.  The«e  side-passagea  and  stair- 
cases are  alao  found  in  similar  early  crypts  in  France,  as  at  Auxerre  and 
Tours,  and  St.  Savin,  and  Tournus ;  and  the  absence  of  them  would  seem 
to  shew  that  it  was  not  intended  for  the  exhibition  of  the  relics,  notwith- 
standing some  remains  of  red  colour  and  smell  incised  crosses  on  the 

We  know,  however,  that  there  was  a  church  on  this  site  in  the  Saxon 
times,  and  it  is  at  least  possible  that  this  crypt  may  have  belonged  to  it. 
Antony  Wood  mentions  in  his  "  Annals  of  Oxford." — "  An,  Dom.  1180, 
26   Hen.  II.     This  year  the  must 

glorious  reliques  of  S.  Frideswyde,  • 

the  patroness  of  Oxford,  were  trans-  '■' 

lated  from  an  obscure  to  a  more 
noted  place  in  the  church  that  did 
at  this  time  bear  her  name  (now 
known  by  that  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Christ  Church  in  Oiford),  at  which 
solemnity  the  king,  bishops,  and 
nobles  being  present,  were  then  and 
after  wrought  divers  miracles,  both 
on  clerical  and  kical  people  caus  ng 
thereby  the  fame  of  that  saint  to 
spread  far  and  near."  Wood  refers 
to  the  "Chronicle  of  Thom-is^\  vkes 
sub  anno  1180,  and  to  Fhihppus 
Prior  S.  Frideswyda;.  in  Lib  MS 
de  Miraculis  S.  Frideswidse  in  I 
liodl.  Digby,  177."  The-e  mai 
scripts  hare  now  been  printed  entire 
in  the  great  work  of  the  Itotlnndisls  ■ 
for  Octijber,  recently  published  n 
Urussels.  They  do  not,  however, 
appear  to  throw  any  additional  light 
upon    the    subject     beyond    what 

Wood  has  given.  The  question  naturally  arises  whether  the  subterranean 
chamber  was  fhe  ohecure  place  in  which  the  relics  were  preserved  before 
their  translation.  It  has  frequently  been  supposed  that  portions  of  the 
earlier  church  still  exist,  though  concealed  in  the  later  Norman  work,  and 
it  has  been  thought  that  the  round-headed  doorway,  of  very  rude  construc- 
tion, in  the  wall  under  the  east  window  of  the  lady-chapel,  which  appears 
to  have  no  use  or  meaning  in  the  present  building,  belongs  to  the  £^od 
chnrch  which  stood  here  previously.  Such  was  the  opinion  of  the  late 
Dr.  Ingram,  and  of  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman,  at  the  time  that  he  read  a  paper 
before  the  Oxford  Architectural  Society  on  the  xubject  of  the  Cathedra). 
Ur.  1  ngram  also  considered  the  small  openings  at  the  back  of  the  triforiumr 
which  are  now  walled  up,  and  are  visible  over  the  cloister,  as  part  of  the 
Saxon  work,  hut  Professor  Willis  demonstrated  that  these  were  part  of  the 
Norman  work,  and  correspond  exactly  with  many  similar  openioga  in  other 
Norman  churches. 


1856.]  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  587 

It  appears,  however,  from  the  fragment  of  an  ancient  chronicle,  pre- 
served by  Leland  in  his  Collectanea,  (vol.  ii.  p.  326,)  that  in  the  year  1111, 
when  Roger,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  gave  the  site  to  a  certain  canon  or 
monk  named  Guimond,  that  the  Saxon  building  had  been  of  wood  only, 
and  had  been  entirely  destroyed  by  fire  by  the  Danes.  The  account  given 
by  William  of  Malmesbury,  (De  Gestis  Pontificum,  p.  71,)  in  recording 
the  legend  of  St.  Frideswide,  is  that  the  Danes  fled  into  the  tower  of  the 
church,  which  was  then  set  on  fire;  but  the  injury  done  was  immediately 
afterward  repaired^  which  seems  rather  to  imply  a  stone  building ;  if  so,  it 
must  subsequently  have  been  destroyed,  as  no  portions  of  the  present 
tower  can  be  of  that  period.  But  Guimond  collected  together  several 
monks  or  canons,  and  established  a  monastery,  of  which  he  became  Prior, 
and  he  no  doubt  built  a  stone  church,  according  to  the  custom  of  his  age, 
though  probably  small  and  rude,  as  his  means  were  small,  and  the  early 
Norman  churches  of  that  period  were  not  generally  of  the  size  and  import- 
ance to  whicli  they  attained  about  fifty  years  afterwards.  To  this  church 
of  Prior  Guimond's  I  am  disposed  to  attribute  this  crypt,  and  the  other 
fragments  of  ancient  work  about  the  cathedral,  which  would  give  them 
the  date  of  about  1120,  as  the  church  would  not  be  the  first  thing  to  be 
built.  It  is  even  probable  that  the  present  church,  although  not  conse- 
crated until  sixty  years  afterwards,  is  only  the  completion  of  the  same 
church  begun  by  Prior  Guimond,  as  there  was  nothing  unusual  in  a 
church  being  carried  on  for  more  than  half  a  century  in  those  days ;  and 
the  apparent  anomalies  may  be  accounted  for  by  some  change  of  plan 
during  the  progress  of  the  work.  Willis  in  his  **  Mitred  Abbeys,"  and 
Dugdale  in  his  "Monasticon,"  state  that  the  church  was  begun  by  Prior 
Guimond,  and  continued  by  his  two  successors;  and  Bishop  Kennett.  in  his 
"  Parochial  Antiquities,"  has  given  copies  of  several  charters  from  the 
Register  of  St.  Frideswide,  recording  considerable  donations  during  this 
period  by  King  Stephen,  the  Empress  Maud,  Malcolm  king  of  Scotland, 
Reginald  de  St.  Walery,  &c. 

The  relics  of  St.  Frideswide  long  retained  a  great  reputation  for  their 
miraculous  powers,  and  were  preserved  in  a  splendid  shrine,  which  was  in 
all  probability  of  silver,  enriched  with  precious  stones,  which  it  might  be 
necessary  to  preserve  in  a  place  of  security.  Wood  mentions  in  his  **  Annals,*' 
under  the  year  1 268,  that  "from  the  time  of  the  translation  of  the  reliques  of 
St.  Frideswide,  the  chancellor  and  scholars  of  the  University  would,  in  the 
middle  of  Lent,  and  on  the  day  of  the  Ascension  of  our  Saviour,  go  in  a  gene- 
ral procession  to  her  church,  as  to  the  mother-church  of  the  University  and 
town,  there  to  pray,  preach,  and  oflPer  oblations  to  her  shrine."  Mention  is 
also  frequently  made  of  St.  Frideswide's  Chest,  which  seems  to  have  been  the 
same  as  the  University  Chest,  and  called  by  the  former  name  because  it  was 
kept  in  a  place  of  security  in  this  church,  and  "the  keys  thereof  kept  by 
certain  canons,  by  appointment  of  the  chancellor,"  a.d.  1268,  52-3  Henry 
III.  The  verv  rich,  but  sadlv  mutilated,  wooden  structure  now  called  the 
Shrine  of  St.  Frideswide,  was  evidently  not  a  shrine ;  but  Professor  Willis 
conjectured  with  great  probability  that  it  was  the  watching-chamber,  where 
persons  were  placed  to  watch  when  the  relics  were  exhibited.  Whatever 
its  use  may  have  been,  it  is  probably  part  of  Wolsey's  work,  as  the  style 
of  it  agrees  with  his  age,  and  so  rich  a  piece  of  work  is  likely  to  have  been 
the  gii't  of  so  wealthy  and  munificent  a  benefactor.  Dr.  Ingram,  in  his 
*•  Memorials  of  Oxford,"  attributes  it  to  Cardinal  Morton,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  considers  1480  as  the  probable  date,  but  gives  no  autho- 


Correspontience  of  Sylvanta  Urban. 


[Not. 


rity  for  those  conjectures.  Archbishop  Morton  is  also  said  to  have  been  « 
considerable  benefactor  to  the  nave  of  St.  Mary's  Church  and  to  the  Divinity 
School  ;   the  Blyle  of  both   these   is  considerably  earlier  than  that  of  the 

Your  obedient  Servant, 

J.  H.  Fabkbb. 

O^ord,  October  20,  1856. 


BABON  MUKCHAUSEN. 


Mb.  Use 


IAN, — One  of  yonr  correspond- 
ents UKK  ID  your  last  nninWr,  who  was 
the  aiitbiir,  and  witat  wiu  the  orifcin,  of  tlic 
"  Advonturos  of  the  Baron  llunchaus 


is  furnished  with  a  verj  aUe  Introdoe* 
tory  dissertation  (1>y  Adolf  EUinn)  npon 
"  tlic  life  and  writing*  of  the  aothor,  tba 
sources  and  originals  of  the  HOnchaowi^ 
The  answer  to  this  question  forma  a  cliapter  and  the  litorutnrc  oflictitioQi  tnTeli  in  ga- 
in the  curiouties  uT  litL-rattirc  not    nltn-      iieral."   To  elan  the  "  Adventurea  of  Bun 


1  the  curiouties  uT  litcratnrc  not  alto- 
gether withoDt  interest.  For  the  principal 
part  of  the  information  contnined  in  tlie 
fbllowing  observations,  I  am  indebted  to 
the  last  German  edition  of  tliis  celebrated 
work,  (Qottingen  and  Berlin,  18i9,)  which 


To  class  the  "  Adrentuna  of  Baran 
with  the  flctitioni  traTd*  of 
Loniiivl  Oullircr,  or  of  Rotrioaon  C^l■■)■^ 
H  nutd  be  to  give  them  far  too  high  a  tank 
in  literature.  Still  it  is  allowable  to  ftd 
some  curioiHty  as  to  the  histoij  and  >a- 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


589 


thorship  of  a  book  which  has  given  the 
world  80  much  amusement,  and  which 
supplies  the  recognised  type  of  a  class  of 
persons  by  no  means  extinct  in  society. 

The  first  edition  of  the  work  was  pub- 
lished in  London,  by  Smith,  in  1785,  with- 
out any  author's  name,  under  the  following 
title :  "  Baron  Munchausen's  Narrative  of 
his  Marvellous  Travels  and  Campaigns  in 
Russia."  A  second  edition  came  out  in 
the  following  year,  printed  at  Oxford,  but 
with  the  same  publisher's  name  upon  the 
title-page,  which  bore  the  following  in- 
scription :  "  The  singular  Travels,  Cam- 
paigns, Voyages,  and  Sporting  Adventures 
of  Baron  Munuikhouson,  commonly  pro- 
nounced Munchausen ;  as  he  relates  them 
over  a  bottle,  when  surrounded  by  his 
friends.  A  new  edition,  considerably  en- 
larged, and  ornamented  with  Views  from 
the  Baron's  Drawings."  A  third  edition, 
published  in  London  in  the  same  year, 
by  Keiirsley,  bore  the  additional  title  pre- 
fixed, of  "  Gulliver  revived,"  and  is  noticed 
in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  vol.  Ivi. 
pt.  2,  p.  590. 

In  1787  and  1788  a  fourth  and  a  fifth 
edition  of  the  work  appeared  in  England, 
still  without  any  name  of  author  or  com- 
piler. 

In  1787  the  work  first  issued  in  a  Ger- 
man form,  with  some  additional  stories, 
imder  the  auspices  of  the  poet  Biirger,  the 
author  of  the  "  Leonora,"  and  became  so 
popular,  that  a  second  edition  was  called 
for  in  the  following  year.  In  the  preface 
to  Burger's  second  edition,  he  mentions 
the  fifth  English  edition,  and  speaks  in 
the  following  terms  of  the  origin  of  the 
work  : — "  It  is  in  truth  somewhat  singular 
t^)  sec  the  following  tales,  which  were  pro- 
duced upon  German  soil,  and  have  wan- 
dcrwl  in  various  forms  and  dresses  through 
their  own  country,  at  last  collected  and 
made  known  through  the  press  abroad. 
IVrhaps  Germany  in  this  instance,  as  in 
others,  has  not  done  justice  to  her  own 
deserts.  Perhaps  the  English  know  better 
what  humour  is, — how  valuable  to  the 
world,  and  how  honourable  to  its  possessor. 
However  this  may  be,  we  find  ourselves, 
in  spite  of  all  the  speculations  of  our  own 
vigilant  writers,  obliged  to  import  a  native 
production  from  a  foreign  country." 

The  above  statement  is  sufficient  to 
tlirow  considerable  doubt  upon  the  story, 
current  in  several  Gennan  and  English 
publications,  which  attributes  the  origin  of 
the  book  to  Burger,  who,  having  met  the 
Baron  Jerome  Munchausen  at  Pyrmont, 
and  heard  him  relate  his  waking  dreams, 
is  said  to  have  given  them  to  the  world 
with  his  own  improvements.  Another 
myth  preserved  in  the  older  edition  of  the 


Conversazione-Lexicon,  ascribes  the  origin 
of  these  fables  to  the  table-talk  of  three 
contemporary  heroes  of  the  school  of  Gdt- 
tingen — Burger,  Kastner,andLichtenberg, 
who  are  represented  as  striving  to  surpass 
each  other  in  the  grossness  of  their  ex- 
aggerations, and  gives  Lichtenberg  the 
credit  of  "the  myatijlctgtion,  by  which 
Munchausen  was  made  to  appear  as  the 
German  translation  of  an  English  origi- 
nal." 

In  1824,  after  Burger's  death,  a  writer 
in  a  German  newspaper  conjectured  that 
Burger  had  probably  published  the  Mun- 
chausen simultaneously  in  English  and 
German,  with  a  view  to  obtain  a  lai^^ 
profit  by  the  work.  This  insinuation  gave 
occasion  to  a  letter  by  Karl  von  Reinhard, 
the  friend  of  Biii^r,  and  the  editor  of  his 
works,  in  which  the  true  author  of  Mun- 
chausen was  first  mentioned.  "  The  col- 
lection had,"  he  writes,  "  for  its  compiler, 
the  late  Professor  Raspe,  who  pnblished  it 
after  his  flight  from  Cassel  to  England, 
where  it  met  with  great  approbation,  and 
was  repeatedly  reprinted."  This  state- 
ment, which  was  no  doubt  derived  from 
the  information  of  Burger  himself,  is 
decisive  as  to  the  authorship.  It  was  natu- 
ral enough  that  Burger,  in  his  transla- 
tion, should  leave  unmentioned  a  name 
which  did  not  appear  upon  the  English 
title-page,  and  which  for  certain  reasons, 
which  will  speedily  appear,  would  have 
been  no  recommendation  to  his  country- 
men. 

Rudolf  Erich  Raspe,  distinguishable  to 
us  henceforth  as  the  first  collector  of  Mun- 
chausen's Adventures,  was  not  unknown  to 
the  world  of  his  contemporaries  as  a  Ger- 
man litterateur  and  savant,  and,  unfor- 
tunately also  in  another  character.  He 
was  bom  in  Hanover,  in  1737,  studied 
at  Gottingen  and  Leipzig,  and  held  for 
some  time  the  position  of  a  librarian  in 
his  native  town.  He  was  afterwards  ap- 
pointed a  professor  of  the  Caroline  College, 
and  Curator  of  the  Cabinet  of  Antiquities 
and  Coins,  at  Cassel.  In  the  period  be- 
tween 1764  and  1775  he  published  several 
scientific  treatises  in  Latin,  German,  and 
English,  and  a  poem  called  "  Hermin  and 
Gnnilde,"  described  by  Ellisen  as  "an 
allegorical  would-be  story  of  the  times  ot 
chivalry,"  passably  tolerable,  according  to 
the  taste  of  its  day.  He  also  reviewed  in 
different  German  publications  "Ossian's 
Poems,"  and  "Percy's  Reliques,"  with 
some  translations  from  each.  His  career  at 
Cassel  terminated  in  disgrace.  He  yielded 
to  the  temptation  of  appropriating  some  ot 
the  coins  entrusted  to  his  care,  and  being 
detected,  was  forced  to  have  recourse  to  a 
hasty  flight,  which  ended  in  his  settling  in 


590 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Nov. 


England.  In  this  oonntry,  although  his 
name  was  erased  from  the  list  of  the  Royal 
Society,  of  which  he  had  previously  heen 
an  honorary  member,  his  misconduct  does 
not  seem  to  have  interfered  with  his  suc- 
cess, as  "  a  foreigner  of  merit  and  reputa- 
tion." He  is  so  described  in  the  "  Cata- 
logue of  500  Celebrated  Authors  of  Great 
Britain,"  (liondon,  1788,)  and  contiimed 
his  active  literary  labours  without  inter- 
mission. In  1782  or  1783  he  had  some 
appomtment  as  overseer  of  mines  in  Corn- 
wall, which  he  soon  after  abandoned; 
but  in  1794  he  accepted  the  office  of 
manager  of  mines  at  Muckross,  co.  Done- 
gal. He  died  in  Ireland  in  tlie  same  year, 
before  entering  upon  his  duties.  A  short 
account  of  his  life  and  works  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Biographic  Universellef  where,  how- 
ever, no  mention  is  made  of  his  authorship 
of  the  "  Adventures  of  Baron  Munchau- 


sen. 

Taking  it  now  for  granted  that  Pro- 
fessor Raspe  put  together  and  published 
Munchausen  in  this  country,  what  connec- 
tion, it  may  be  asked,  had  this  famous 
collection  of  lies  with  any  member  of  the 
distinguished  Hanoverian  family  to  whose 
name  they  have  given  an  unenviable  in- 
crease of  celebrity  ?  The  original  com- 
piler made  no  scruple  of  pointing  out  the 
individual  upon  whom  he  purported  to 
father  his  production.  **  Baron  Munchau- 
sen," says  the  preface  to  the  English  work, 
"of  Bodenwerder,  near  Haweln  on  the 
Weser,  belongs  to  the  noble  family  of  that 
name  which  gave  to  the  king's  German 
dominions  the  late  prime  minister,  and 
several  other  public  characters  eiiually  il- 
lustrious." In  Bulger's  translation,  this 
l)ersonality  of  description  is  a  little  modi- 


fied. The  nobleman  aimed  at,  the  Freiherr 
Karl  Friedrich  Hieronymtu  von  Mfui- 
chausen,  had  served  in  his  youth  as  a 
cavalry  officer  in  the  Russian  service,  and 
passed  his  later  days  upon  his  property 
at  Bodenwerder.  The  German  editor 
of  Munchausen  is  able  to  support  the  tra- 
dition of  the  Baron's  story-telling,  by  the 
evidence  of  a  clei^iryman  who  lived  much 
in  the  Baron's  society,  and  who  informed 
Mr.  Ellisen's  father,  a  physician  of  Odttin- 
gen,  who  himself  visited  the  Baron  in  his 
more  advanced  and  quieter  days,  that  the 
old  officer  used  to  relatehis  most  surprinng 
adventures  **  in  a  cavalier  manner,  with  a 
militcuy  emphasis,  but  without  any  pas- 
sion, and  with  the  easy  humour  of  a  man 
of  the  world,  as  things  which  required  no 
explanation  or  proof." 

However  much  the  compiler  of  the  work 
may  have  been  indebted  to  the  Baron 
for  the  suggestions  of  his  mode  of  narra- 
tion, it  is  certain  that  a  large  proportion 
of  the  stories  themselves  are  derived  from 
far  older  originals,  more  fS&miliar  probably 
to  the  IVofessor  than  to  the  Baron.  Some 
of  the  best  known  of  the  hunting  adven- 
tures may  be  found  in  a  dull,  prosy  form 
in  Henry  Bebel's  Facetia,  printed  in 
Strasburg  in  1508 ;  others  of  the  tales 
are  borrowed  from  Castiglione's  CortegiatUf 
and  other  known  sources, — but  they  all 
acquire  a  new  attraction  from  the  charm- 
ing na'ivete  and  jaunty  confidence  of  Mun- 
chausen's narrative.  The  liaron  of  Boden- 
werder still  remains  unsurpassed  in  his 
apeciaUte :  he  manages  his  woipon — the 
long-l)ow — with  the  facility  and  grace  of 
a  master.  F.  N. 

Lincoln's  Inn. 


WHO  WAS  POOR  ROBIN? 


Mr.  Urban, — Perhaps  your  friend  Dan 
De  Foe  may,  in  his  Shady  retreat,  be  able 
to  i)rocure  some  information  re8i)ecting 
P  OK  Robin,  who,  in  his  Almanack  for 
1674,  calls  himself  "  Knight  of  the  Burnt- 
island, and  a  well-wisher  to  the  Mathe- 
matics." 

nie  Almanack  was  printed  for  the  Com- 
pany of  Stationers,  and  the  author  ap])ear8 
t^)  have  been  rather  a  facetious  kind  of 
fellow,  abounding  in  that  kind  of  low  wit 
which  was  so  prevalent  inime<liately  after 
the  Restoration.  At  the  back  of  the  title- 
page  is  a  copy  of  verses  by  John  Hos- 
kina,  "To  my  Friend  the  Authour,"  the 
first  two  lines  of  which  are, — 

•*  How  often  hath  thy  Almanack  been  ap'd 
By  knavci*  &  fools, ./flrA\4</aw*,  Punchnnrllo .'" 

Vr\.\o  was  Jack  Adams  ? — Next  we  have 


a  Regal  Table,  then  an  Almanack  for 
twenty -one  years  to  come,  and  under  it 
the  following  lines : — 

»*  Header,  thi«  Table  is  to  let  thee  know 
How  the  moveable  Feasts  do  come  and  go 
For  one  and  twenty  years  henceforth  compleat. 
^Vhcn  'twill  he Shrore-tide  thou  xaal»i  pancakes 

eat. 
When  Knitter  will  exactly  fall  each  year, 
That  Tansies  on  thy  table  may  appear. 
When  M'hitsontidc  comes  not  to  be  mistaken. 
That  men  do  feed  on  Uamonf*  of  boiPd  baooa ; 
And  also  Advent  Sundny  here  you  see, 
When  stnmfr  Ale  and  Canary  wholenome  be. 
All  which  if  thou  have  money  to  proride  them. 
Thou  wilt  find  good  as  I  have  here  de«cr{b*d 

them." 

Next  a  Table  of  Interest,  with  some 
good  advice : — 

*'  Reader,  and  if  that  thou  a  borrower  be 
What  interest  does  amount  to  here  yoa  wm ; 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvama  Urban. 


591 


Then  keep  from  Ysurers  books  and  Bayliffa 

hands 
Wliich  are  ahnost  as  bad  as  marriage  bands. 
Thougrh  borrowing  som  times  may  a  need 

supply. 
Who  makes  a  trade  on't  will  a  beggar  die." 

Tlieu  follows  tho  "Loyal  Chronology,'* 

the  last  item  of  which  is, — 

"  Since  Dr.  Sermon  cured  his  late  Grace  George 
Duke  of  Albemarl  of  the  Dropsie  with  his 
most  famous  Cathartique  and  Diuterick 
Pills  (in  June  and  July,  1660)  when  no 
other  medicine  could  be  found  effectual.  5." 

After  which  a  very  amusing  "  Fanatick's 

Chronology :" — 

'  Geese  without  or  hose  or  shoes  went  bare  5679 
Maidsdidplacketsintheircoats  first  wear  4827 
Men  did  first  to  th'  trade  of  stealing  take  5003 
Mother  Winter  did  her  puddings  make  58 
That  Venetian  padlocks  were  invented  .  216 
That  old  yotl  he  with  old  Nick  indented  21 
Men  did  first  of  all  wear  perriwigs  .  78 
Cuckolds  horns  were  call'd  by  th'  name 

of  Gigs 2865 

Plumbs  were  first  put  in  Christmas  pies  1-169 
The  Hangman  did  the  riding  knot  devise  3084 


a 


Beds  of  Southampton  wore  a  dagger 

Hectors  did  in  b houses  swagger     . 

Hoyle  the  Alderman  did  hang  himself  . 
I^iblick  Faith  did  cheat  us  of  our  pelf  . 
That  St.  George  did  kill  the  burning 

Dragon 

Spending  twelve  pence  would  get  an  Inn 

ttaggon         

Dr.  Faw-tus  eate  a  load  of  Hay 
The  De\il  in  a  wind  took  Xoll  away 
That  the  Isle  of  Pines  was  first  foimd  out 
The  flying  Serpent  put  men  in  great  doubt 
Ifetrson  did  his  Brother  Cobler  kill 
That  Du  Vail  did  ride  up  Holhorn  hill . 
Women  did  at  Billingsgate  first  scold  . 
Summer  was  hot  weaiher,  Winter  cold 


497 

105 

24 

28 

1247 

100 

203 

16 

7 

6 

10 

3 

508 

5679 

.Men  wore  Trunck-breeches  and  Picka- 

dillies, 93 

The  Black  Munday  was  of  William  Li 22 

Dick  the  Fourth  the  Drapers  did  undo  .  15 
Tho  Brickmakcrs  kept  a  Court  at  Soho  2 
That  Mall  Cut-purse  went  most  brave 

attir'd 37 

The  Scotch  Covenant  in  flames  expir'd .      14 
The  IiarlnjHhire  Maid  so  long  did  fast    .  |     - 
Should  a  C-«  >blcr  do't  would  prove  his  Last  | 
I  Ml  I  the  Ilimer  so  acute  and  witty         .  i     , 
'^  German  Princess  made  a  Tyburn  ditty    ) 

Who  was  "  Hoyle  the  Alderman  ?"  and 
what  is  the  meaning  of — 

•'  Since  Lall  the  Rimer  so  acute  and  witty 
German  Princess  made  a  Tyburn  ditty  T" 

Then  come  the  months  in  order.  On  the 
left-hand  page  is  the  usual  Calendar  and 
Saints*  days,  with  the  addition  of  some 
verses :    those  for  March  will  serve  as  a 
8i)ecimcn : — 
•'  Now  the  winds  do  bluster  high, 
Loud  as  tongues  of  them  that  cry 
}\'alfleet  Ousters  when  they  prate 
'Gainst  each  other  at  Billingsgate. 
Sol  begins  to  gather  strength. 
Days  and  nights  do  share  in  length. 
Beer  brew'd  in  this  month  (they  say) 
FYom  all  months  bears  the  bell  away ; 
It  is  most  transcendent  liquor 
That  will  make  their  tongues  run  quicker. 
Change  their  nose  from  pale  to  red. 
Enough  to  light  them  unto  bed. 
But  who  so  their  noses  handle 
Spend  more  in  beer  than  some  in  candle. 
Now  Physicians  pills  and  potions 
In  men's  bodies  have  their  motions, 


Whereby  they  do  purge  the  parse. 
But  oft  the  body  is  the  worse ; 
Then  my  friend  if  thou  beest  well. 
And  no  ayle  hast  that  thou  canst  tell. 
Neither  purge  nor  vomit  swallow, 
Though  flckle  folks  that  fashion  follow ; 
For  Physick  to  the  well  is  ill. 
Let  time  of  year  be  what  it  will." 

On  the  right-hand  page  is  another  Calen- 
dar, with  the  names  of  "  Sinners"  such 
as  Jack  Cade,  Jack  Straw,  &c.  Shrove 
Sunday  this  year  falling  on  the  first  of 
March,  St.  David  was  left  out,  and  this 
serves  for  a  fling  at  the  Welshmen.  On  the 
last  page  is  a  Ude  Table,  after  which — 

"  Take  Tide  in  Time,  be  thou  or  Greeks  or  Soman  : 
For  Time  nor  Tide  (we  say)  will  stay  for  no 


man. 


f> 


At  the  end  of  all  is  an  Appendix,  but 
quite  distinct,  and  with  a  separate  im- 
print; a  Prognostication,  &c.,  which  is 
intended  as  a  satire  upon  the  astrological 
predictions  appended  to  nearly  all  the 
other  almanacks  of  the  day.  It  contains 
the  usual  diagram,  but  thus  filled  up : — 


ta^ardlo 


liarcti  ttie  lOtH 
90tt  todl. 


fitt  Qan 
anD 
liall  ituDers 


^oll  ttromtoell 


It  is  curious  to  find  so  many  Spanish 
names,  and  shews  how  popular  those  works 
were.  Don  Quixote,  Guzman,  and  Laza- 
rillo  de  Tormes  I  know,  but  am  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  work  referred  to  as 
Buscon,  which  is  thus  described  by  Poor 
Robin: — 

**The  next  Plauet  we  find  in  our  Triangled 
Quadrangle  is  the  Spanish  Buscon,  tchoee  father 
vas  a  SpruciJUr  of  beards  at  Segonia  in  Castile ; 
how  he  came  to  be  stellijied  and  placed  in  the  12 
Houses,  you  may  read  at  large  %n  a  book  called 
Hocus  Pocus  Politics,  as  also  in  Hugh  Peters 
Cases  of  Conscience.'** 

Poor  Robin  addresses  all-potent  Money 

in  lines  which  do  not  all  bear  quoting; 

the  first  run  thus : — 

**  Did  not for  thee. 

And  Shakespear  therefore  writ  his  Comedie! 
The  German  Prinoeas  for  thee  plaid  her  part. 
Though  aiterwards  it  brought  her  to  the  Cart. 
The  Gloster  Cobler  libelled  for  thee, 
Fbr  thee  Dn  Vail  did  thread  the  triple  tree.** 


Corretpondence  of  Sylvamu  Urban, 


[Not. 


We  itre  neit  treated  to  Mune  Common  &moiu  play  called  the  '  London  Pnritali,' 

KoHds  or  Highways:   "Froiu  Richea  to  written  by  Ben  Johnson  in  the  EUmain 

Poverty,  14  miles ;"  "From  a  Single  Lire  shades,  over  a  pint  of  Canuy." 
to  Marriage,  60  miles,"  Ac,,  tic.;  then  to         Who  was  "Poor  RoUn,"  and  bow  long 

a  list  of  booliB  worth  buying,  which  in-  did  his  Almanack  last  7  Perhaps  aome  cor- 

cludei "  Chevy  Chase,"  and  ends  with  "  The  respondent  will  inform       Alt  Ehqcibeb. 


HESZEY,  TYTTEHY,  AMD  TTZACK  FAHILIES. 


Me.  Uhbak, — Towards  tlie  end  of  the 
iiiteenth  century,  'llioniaa  de  Heniell  and 
BaltliBzar  de  UenzeU,  dwelling  at  the 
Vosges,  in  the  country  of  Lorraine,  with 
their  relatives,  —  Tyttcry  aud  —  Tyiack, 
all  Huguenots,  being  dnven  from  their 
native  country  in  a  religious  persecution, 
emigrated  to  England  i  oneofthcHcnzclls 
settling  at  Newcasllc-oii-Tjne,  and  the 
others  in  tlie  counties  of  Worcester  and 
Stafford,  where  they  formed  an  eniainip- 
ment  at  the  Lye,  near  Stonrl)ri<%e,  in  the 
former  mnntj,  on  a  spot  still  called  "  Hun- 
eaty-hill."  FiiKlitig  that  this  supiTior 
kind  of  rlay  which  exists  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood very  nearly  resembled  that  tuicd 
in  their  native  country  fur  the  making  of 
pots  Ibr  glass,  tlioy  erected  a  ghuuiliousc 
here,  and  were  probably  the  lu»t  intro- 
ducen  of  the  broud  or  window -glmui  manu- 
I'ttt-tiiro  into  ICtigland. 

The  Henacys  (ns  tlic  name  was  after- 
wartli  spelt)  arc  represented  by  the  i^d- 
cocks  of  the  Platts,  (who  tat  several  gene- 
rations carried  on  the  ghuis  trade,]  the 
Brettells  of  KiiiBtall-house,  near  Broma. 
grove,  and  the  IKxons,  formerly  of  l>ixons- 
green,  Dudley: — by  the  Pidcocks,  through 
die  mnrriuge  of  wm.  lldcock  with  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Thomas  Henzcv,  esq., 
who  died  in  1712;  liy  tlio  Brettells', 
through  Ihc  marriage,  in  1748,  of  Thomas 
Brcttell'',  esq.,  of  Stourl>ridge,  (afterwards 
of  Finstall-liouse,)  with  Sarali  Ilenxey,  of 
Broseley,  (with  the  connent  of  Susanna 
Barrett,  of  Broseley,  widow);  and  by  the 
Diions,  through  the  marriage  of  Jonathan 
Dixon",  of  Kidderminntet,  with  Mary  Hen- 
sey,  in  1737. 

The  name  of  Hen/ey  prulwlily  still  eiists 
in  Stafibrdnliire,  under  the  altered  form  of 
Ensell ',  and  it  in  still  citant  in  its  original 
form  on  t)>e  hanks  of  the  1'yne:  a  mem- 


ber of  it,  Oeorge  Harle  Hemdl,  flgoMd 

very  conspicuously  last  year  ■>  >  iiIIiiim 
in  the  Bimlon  poisoning  case. 

The  Tyttery  fiunily  was  raprewmted  in 
the  last  century  b<i  the  Rev.  Mr.  .Sanndm, 
of  d  hcnstone,  Staffordshire,  and  hii  brothen, 
one  of  whom  was  an  i^Kitbecary  at  Stour- 
bridge, and  another  followed  the  aaine 
prorcsuon  at  Dadley. 

The  oidy  trace  of  the  Tyaicks  I  can  find 
is  that  a  "  Waldron  Hill,  of  KingnTinfoTd, 
Stalibrdshire,  gentleman,"  was  married,  in 
the  year  1746,  to  Eliiabcth  Tyxaek,  widor, 
by  whom  he  had  issue  John  Hill,  at  Cole- 
borne  Brook,  glaa-natHtfaelurer,  father 
of  the  Itev.  Edw.  HiU.  I  cnclOK  a  sketch 
of  the  Ileiizey  ura)B<,  and  sliall  be  obliged 


to  any  otjoar  corTespondenta  who  cm  n> 
pkin  the  aingular  crest,  which  I  take  to  ha 
a  bar  thol  mimiounteil  dT  ApdUf. 

My  reason  tor  tronbUng  you  with  bIIUw 
oliove  is  tu  aseertiun, — 

1.  'Die  i>atemity  of  Sarah  and  tiaij 
llcuzey,  who  married  respectively  Ili«tt«U 
and  Uiioii.     Were  they  siitersP 


>  I'he  Bi-Mtell  ramilv  appear  to  haie  boon  mnnmpd  witb  the  Ilenun  before,  throiwh  ths  Bantaae 
rjMhuaHenjwy  wilhJainllrelwll,  whodjiidlMI.  /  •         -t  -w 

<■  Thomii  Brettell  wms  1  IwUevp,  the  fint  *>(  the  runil;  wbo  resided  at  HiutaU,  ami  waa  nwt- 
grandbther  gf  tbc  prpacnt  imwcaaor. 

.  ..  ■ — .,.  _  .,T...  ^^  jj       -avxaej,  of  (bli  pvleh,  were  mantod  at  the  M- 

Worceal     ■^  ■--•■■-■■-■' "         "---.""V-?. 


toxeaia  IMx<ni,'  of  l£d<l 

___33Ui 

Soutli  Staffn 

■  Tbewa: 

"The  Book  of  Family  Mgtioeis"  I"  Mrfgned 


n  oflUi  I 


!'■  fnillery,  iBuealed  In  glssa.  Ths  BOtto,  In  a  woA  loIM 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvama  Urban. 


693 


2.  Who  was  "  Susanna  Barret,  of  Brose- 
ley,  widow  ?*' 

8.  What  were  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 
fitmilies  of  Tyttery  and  Tyzack  ?  and  who 
are  the  representativeB  of  the  latter  fiumily  P 


4.  What  are  the  armorial  bearings  of 
Brettell,  who  have  always  bome  thcMe  of 
Henzey^  di£ferenoed  by  a  martlet  P 

H.  s.a. 


THE  SMONIDES  FOBGERIEa 


Mb.  UsBAir, — In  your  last  number  I  no- 
tice an  account  of  the  forged  MS.  of  Oura- 
nios,  and  it  is  stated,  that  on  being  offered 
at  the  Bodleian,  Mr.  Coxe,  the  librarian, 
detected  the  forgery.  The  following  is  the 
anecdote  told  rdative  to  the  occasion,  and 
I  believe  it  is  very  dose  to  the  truth. 

Simonides  had  entered  the  library  with 
no  small  bundle  of  rare  and  cmdous  MSS., 
and  one  by  one  they  were  unrolled  before 
the  authorities. 

"  This  is  of  rather  a  late  date,"  said 
Mr.  Coxe,  as  he  examined  one  of  them. 

"What  date  do  you  give  it?"  said 
Simonides. 

The  fifteenth  oentuiyr." 
Good,"   rejoined  Simonidas  ;. — "  and 
this  one  ?" 

"  The  twelfth  century." 

"  Yon  are  correct ; — and  this  one  P"  and 
Simonides  laid  before  him,  with  more  than 
usual  care,  the  disoolomred  parchment. 
The  librarian's  eye  sparkled.  It  was  a 
rare  MS.,  and  in  fine  condition*  He  was 
not  long,  however,  in  giving  his  opinion. 


it  < 


it 


a 


This  is  certainly  of  the  fifth  or  dxth 
century." 

"-Now  1^,"  said  Simonidas^  "I  have 
something  here  which  is  still  more  in- 
teresting." From  lus  breast-pocket  he 
proceeded  ta  extract,  with  the  most  ex- 
treme care,  that  which  was  to  fill  tlie 
beholders  with  astonishments  It  was  a 
palimpsest,  in  worn  and  tatterecl  oonditioB^ 
it  is  trniB,.  but  s^  legible. 

"What  dal»  do  you  asriga  to  thisP" 
said  he. 

The  librarian  examined,  it  oaseftally  Ibr 
a  few  minutes^  and  then,  looking  Sumonides 
fVill  in  the  face,— 

**  The  nineteenth  eentocy/'  he  replied. 

Simonides  soon  packed  up  the  MSS. 
and  has  not  made  his  appearanee  at  the 
library  since.  This  was  the  self-iame  MS., 
which  was  eventually,  through  the  agentcj 
of  Professor  Dindor^  sold  to  the  Bnssiaa 
Government,  and  of  which  the  first  portioii 
was  printed  in  Oxford, — ^Youn^  &&» 


OiJ>F0!Lia 


ROBERT  SOMERT,  EARL  OF  WINCHESTER. 


Mb.  Ubbav, —  It  appears  from  the 
printed  calendar  of  inquisitions  pott  mot' 
tern,  that  there  was  a  Robert  Somery,  earl 
of  Winchester,  (*'  Comes  Winton,")  yet  no 
such  earl  is  mentioned  by  Dugdale  or  any 
other  writer  on  the  baronage.  The  in- 
quisition on  his  death  was  taken  2  Edw.  L 
(1274).  I  should  be  glad  to  know  what 
issue  or  hdrs  he  left.  From  his  name, 
"  Robert,"  I  conjecture  he  was  related  to 
the  Somerys  of  Worcestershire,  one  of 
whom,  Robert  de  Somery,  represented 
that  county  in  Parliament  in  1S09,  and 
subsequently. 

The  compiler  of  "  the  House  of  Yvery** 
argues  that  the  Somerys  and  Peroevals 
were  the  same  lisimily,  but  gives  no  reason 
for  supposing  that  they  were  the  same 
family  of  Perceval  of  whieh  that  work 
specially  treats,  but  only  that  their  name 
was  Perceval  as  well  as  Somery, — that 
heraldic  writers  sometimes  call  them  liy 
one  and  sometimes  by  the  other  of  these 
names,  and  astngn  the  same  arms  to  both 
names.  In  recc^ds  they  are  called  Somery, 
or  Perceval  de  Somery,  but  I  believe  never 
Perceval  alone. 

.  '  On  some  of  their  seals  appesrs  **a  deni gilBii  sa  a  wrsattt" and  sa  older 
ramp."  impaUng  "  a  lion  rampant.'*        ., 

Gent.  Uaq,  Vol.  XLVI.  4  X 


It  appears  from  that  work,  vol.  t  pp. 
AQ,  60,  that  the  fhmily  of  Perceval  or 
Somenr  bore  two  distinot  coals  of  arms^ 
one  of  whidi  was  either  eumn,  two  lUma 
paucmt  or,  or,  or  two  Uonapanamt  amnre, 
which  latter  appears  someetmieB  angment- 
ed  to  three  lions.  These  are-  the  usoal 
arms  assigned  to  the  ftmily  in  alphabets 
of  anns;  yet  it  is  evident  thiey  borrowed 
them  from  the  Plsganels,  whmn  they  suc- 
ceeded in  the  barony  of  Dudley. 

The  other  coat  mentionedi&  '^the  House 
of  YvoV'  is  stated  i&  thiee  different 
forms,  vuB. — 

1.  Sa.  a  chev.  ar.  between  three  beanf 
paws  erased  or. 

2.  The  same  arms  with  "a  snail  dif> 
forenee,"  not  stated. 

8»  Ar.  a  iiass  sa.  betweea  three  lione* 
paws  in  bend  gules. 

Perhras  the  latter  cost  in  seme  of  the 
above  forms  was  the  ori^nal  cost  of 
Somery,  as  it  Is  certain  tiie  first  eoet^ 
**ll0ns  peasant,'*  could  not  have  been  so. 

Aa  to  tiie  above  fimn  with  "a  small 
diflbrence^"  the  writer  qnotea  aa  andent 

>sa.tlioM 


594 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Nov. 


ordinary  of  arms  in  the  library  of  Jolrn 
Anstis,  Esq.,  Garter  King-at-arms. 

Perhaps  some  of  your  correspondents 
could  state  where  that  ordinary  now  is, 
and  what  was  the  "  small  difference"  above 
mentioned,  and  also  whether  the  Somerys 


bore  bears'  or  lions'  paws  in  any  other, 
and  what,  ways ;  and  I  ¥dBh  also  to  learn 
whether  there  is  any  more  complete  ac- 
count of  this  family  than  those  of  Dugdale 
and  Banks,  who  deduce  merely  the  Ime  of 
the  barons  of  Dudley. — ^Yoors,  Ac    A.  Z. 


MARY  QUEEN  OF  SCOTS. 


Me.  Ukban, — If  Professor  Aytoun,  in 
his  "  Bothwell,"  has  painted  Mary  of  Scot- 
laud  in  fairer  colours  than  the  generality 
of  readers  may  be  inclined  to  allow,  the 
reviewer  of  his  poem  in  your  last  number 
has,  I  think,  fallen  into  the  opposite  and 
less  generous  error  of  describing  "the 
Mary  of  Scottish  history"  as  the  very  im- 
personation of  every  crime,  for  I  conceive 
that  "  history"  has  never  yet  spoken  de- 
cidetUy  on  the  matter. 

It  is  true  that  \iTiters  have  for  ^es 
exerteil  their  powers  on  the  topic  of  the 
guilt  or  innocence  of  Mary ;  but  can  it  be 
justly  affirmed  that  their  researches  have 
added  anything  to  the  dictum  of  her 
cotemporary,  Camden,  who  (not  being 
gifted  with  the  logic  which  "ahnost  in- 
fers" Mary's  guilt  from  her  sufferings)  re- 
marks, "Tliere  are  many  suspicious,  but 
no  proofs." 

The  great  argument  againsb  Mary  is 
a**ually  the  casket  produced  by  her  half- 
brother  and  bitter  foe,  Murray,  and  con- 


taining letters  and  poems  said  to  hare 
passed  between  her  and  Bothwell.  Now 
it  is  well  known  that  Mary  steadily  demed 
their  genuineness,  and  equally  so  that  £Ui- 
abeth's  commissioners  never  pronounced 
them  authentic;  and  whether  we  read 
Chalmers,  Robertson,  or  Laing,  or,  if  we 
can  find  them,  writers  of  even  greater 
differences  of  opinion,  we  can  have  no 
doubt  that  these  documents  would  not  at 
the  present  day  be  received  as  evidence  by 
any  court  in  Christendom. 

Thus,  whatever  may  be  the  case  with 
the  Mary  of  the  poet,  or  the  Mary  of  the 
partisan,  "the  Mary  of  history"  has  no 
formal  sentence  or  deliverance  recorded; 
the  only  verdict  is  the  Scottish  one  of 
"not  proven;"  and  such  being  the  fiut, 
caution,  if  not  charity,  should  warn  a 
modem  writer  from  pronouncing  dog- 
matically on  a  point  on  which  the  co- 
tomi)orarie8  of  the  accused  could  not  make 
up  their  minds. 

W.  E.P. 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


Paraquat/^  Brazil^  and  the  Plate.  Let- 
ters written  in  1852-53.  By  C.  B.  Mans- 
field, Ehcj.,  M.A.  (Cambridge :  Mac- 
millan  and  Co.) — Never  intendcKl  to  meet 
the  public  eye,  and  published  now  post- 
humously, this  work  of  Mr.  Mansfield's 
appears  of  course  under  very  considerable 
disadvantages.  We  do  not  think  many  of 
its  readers,  however,  will  l)e  inclined  to 
wish  that  these  disadvantages  had  been 
less.  \Vliatevcr  it  might  have  gained  in 
some  respects  by  greater  elaboration,  it 
would  certainly  have  lost  very  much  of 
that  freshness  which  gives  it,  in  its  pre- 
sent state,  su(rh  a  peculiar  charm.  It  is 
particularly  deliglitfHil  to  have  the  first 
impressions,  with  the  dew  as  it  were  still 
uiM)U  them,  of  a  man  like  Mr.  Mansfield, 
of  such  passionate  ardour  of  feeling,  yet 
with  such  rare  powers  of  perception  and 
discrimination,  of  that  wondrous  "  land  of 
faj?ric,"  South  America.  Even  if  he  had 
seen  no  more  of  the  country  than  hundreds 
of  other  people  have  seen,  the  glowing  life 
of  his  book,  combined  Mrith  its  evident 


conscientious  truthfulness,  would  hare 
g^ven  to  it  a  far  more  than  common  in- 
terest and  value:  fortunately  both  ftr 
him  and  for  us,  he  had  opportunities  of 
observation,  as  well  as  capabilities  d 
making  it  and  imparting  its  results,  such 
as  have  fallen  to  the  fortune  of  only  a  few. 
He  arrived  in  South  America  in  the  som- 
mer  of  1852,  immecUately  after  Rosea  had 
fallen,  and  just  as  the  new  director  of 
the  Argentine  Confederation^  Uiquiiay 
formally  acknowledged  the  independence  of 
Paraguay.  Naturally  enough,  his  thoughts 
turned  towards  that  strange  territoiy,  and 
naturally  enough  he  was  fascinated.  One 
can  imagine  nothing  much  more  calculated 
to  take  an  irresistible  hold  of  a  young  and 
excitable  imagination  than  the  idea  of 
this  place.  Its  history,  its  associations^ 
its  amazing  beauty  and  fertility,  and  above 
all,  the  cloud  of  mystery  which  hung  about 
it,  all  united  to  invest  it  with  singular 
attraction.  No  wonder  that  our  young 
traveller  hailed  as  a  ray  from  heaven  the 
suggestion  of  vinting  thii  enchanted  re- 


1856.] 


MiaeeUaneoua  BemewB. 


596 


g^on ;  no  wonder  that  FMragoay  loon  be- 
came the  one  object  of  his  aqnntiomi  and 
hopes.  Hifi  feeling  rejecting  it  amounted, 
indeed,  to  a  relig^ns  mith.  It  seemed  to 
him  that  his  fiiture  was  to  be  connected 
with  it  in  some  remarkable  manner ;  he 
believed  that  he  had  been  led  to  it  by  an 
especial  direction  to  find  at  last  his  tme 
vocation :  and  it  did,  in  fadt,  exeroMB  no 
inconsiderable  influence  over  the  rramant 
of  his  life. 

Mr.  Mansfield  was  not  a  man  to  raise 
difficulties.  With  him,  to  form  his  par- 
pose,  and  to  carry  it  into  efiect,  were  ^- 
nonymous.  Even  now,  in  spite  of  all 
Urquiza's  measures  to  fiidlitate  intercourse 
with  Paraguay,  a  traveller  had  not  a  few 
obstacles  to  overcome  before  he  could  hope 
actually  to  reach  "the  inland  Japan." 
The  arrangements  for  communication  be- 
tween it  and  its  neighbours  were  yet  too 
new  to  be  very  perfect  or  convenient ;  and 
so  Mr.  Mansfield  found.  However,  he  was 
not  daunted;  and,  accordingly,  upon  the 
2nd  of  September,  he  at  last,  after  innu- 
merable vexations,  and  chafings,  and  dis- 
appointments, and  delays,  fidrly  started 
for  his  Utopia.  The  voyage  firom  Buenos 
Ayres  to  Cknrientes  was  snffidently  te- 
dious, the  g^reater  part  of  it  being  accom- 
plished in  a  miserable  little  sainng-boat 
which  was  going  up  the  Parani  with  a 
cargo  of  sal^  and  which  was  continually 
being  stuck  in  the  mud.  At  Cknrientes, 
too,  when  it  was  at  last  arrived  at,  occurred 
fresh  annoyance  and  firesh  delay.  The 
beauty  of  the  country,  however,  and  the 
glorious  opportunities  which  it  afibrded 
for  the  prosecution  of  some  of  his  fovourite 
studies,  served  in  some  measure  to  curb 
Mr.  Mansfield's  impatience,  and  to  make 
his  stay  more  tolerable  to  him.  But  it 
was  with  infinite  satisfiMstion  that  he 
found  himself  at  length  once  more  0a  route 
for  Paraguay.  The  remainder  of  the 
journey  was  to  be  made  over-land,  on 
horseback.  Mr.  Mansfield  has  g^ven  us  an 
amusing  description  of  his  accoutrement 
for  the  expedition :  for  the  instruction  of 
such  of  our  readers  as  may  iiave  any  in- 
tention of  travelling,  we  saljoin  some 
directions  for  obtaining  a  Wlb  result. 
First,  take  a  black  wide-awake  hat  which 
has  seen  the  world,  and  not  been  too  kindly 
used  thereby ;  this  place  upon  a  head  of 
which  the  hair  and  beard  is  of  some  six 
months'  growth.  Next  arrange  about 
your  person  a  white  cotton  pondio^  luge 
enough  to  envelope  it  completely  aa  fiur  as 
the  knees ;  below  this  let  there  appear  a 
few  inches  of  blue-and-white  ticking  trou- 
sers of  any  period  within  the  centun^,  and 
finish  off  with  a  pair  of  brown  leather 
boots  ornamented  by  spurs  at  least  twiee 


the  length  of  your  foot  Add  to  the 
figure  you  have  thus  produced  a  tdesoope^ 
and  any  number  of  sundries  yon  please^ 
and  place  ituponthesununitof  a  machine 
in  appearance  something  like  "  the  back  of 
a  huge  caterpillar,  suddenly  petrified  in  an 
inquiring  attitude ;"  then  mount  the  whole 
upon  tl:^  back  of  a  small  hone,  and  yon 
will  have  a  travelling  equipage,  not  per- 
haps of  a  style  ever  likely  to  become  very 
popular  amongst  the  most  fashionable 
tourists,  but  certainly  striking  and  unique. 

Our  traveller  was  now  to  receive  com- 
pensation for  his  many  trials.  On  the 
second  day  from  his  leaving  Cofrientes  he 
actually  entered  Paraguay.  It  is  tme  he 
had  yet  seventy  leagues  to  travel  before 
he  would  reach  the  oipita],  his  final  desti- 
nation, but  what  to  him  were  seventy 
leagues  of  travelling  in  Paraguay, — ^what 
to  him  was  anything  but  the  fact  that  he 
was  at  last  in  Fang^y, — ^in  FUaguay, 
his  terrestrial  paradise,—^  Ftoraffuay,  for 
so  many  mon^  his  one  dream  hy  night 
and  his  one  thoi^t  by  day  P  Verv  hearty, 
we  may  believe,  was  the  hymn  of  thanks- 
giving that  his  heart  sent  up  on  that  first 
evenings  as  he  foil  asleep  in  the  little  camp 
of  Paso. 

But  having  followed  Mr.  Mansfield  into 
this  strange  country,  it  may  perhaps  be  aa 
well,  befinre  we  proceed  any  nrther,  to  In- 
quire a  little  into  its  history.  PUaguay 
was  discovered  in  the  year  1527,  by  Sebas- 
tian Gabot,  or  Cabot,  an  Knglishman  by 
birth,  but,  like  Columbus,  of  Italian  parent^ 
agpe,  and,  like  Columbus,  in  the  service  of 
the  court  of  Spain.  Want  of  due  en- 
couragement from  his  patron,  Charles  Y., 
prevented  him  from  perfocting  his  dis- 
covery; and  after  erecting  upon  the  Fa- 
rani  a  fort  which  he  called  San  Espfritu, 
he  returned  home.  The  accounts  dreu- 
lated  in  Spain,  however,  of  this  Idtherto 
nndreamed-of  region,  and  the  supposition 
that  it  might  aflbrd  an  access  to  Peru, 
about  the  wonders  of  which  the  whole 
kingdom  was  intoxicated,  ipeedily  set  fire 
to  the  people's  imagpnatioa.  In  no  ve^ 
long  time  a  vast  armament  was  eqidppe4 
and  set  forth,  under  the  command  of  a 
noUe  gentleman  named  Pedro  de  Men- 
don,  to  take  postosrion  of  this  new  ooon- 
try  discovered  by  "el  bnen  Gaboto**  upon 
tlie  shores  of  the  marveUons  silver  riven^ 
and  if  possible^  to  find  the  way  thence  to 
tiie  treasure-laiid  of  tiie  Inoas.  Thb  ftte 
of  this  expedition  was  most  disartrons.  Of 
all  tiie  oompaay  who  embarked  at  San 
Lncar,  there  were  but  six  hundred  re- 
maining when,  four  years  afterwards,  Don 
Domii^  Martinea  die  Trala  was  permanent 
Governor  of  Assomptkni,  the  fint  Spanish 
■ettkoMiit  in  pMfaguay.  Yrala  waa  a  hmoi 


696 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Not. 


of  great  judgment  and  ability,  as  well  as  of 
great  daring.  Under  his  government  tbe 
rule  of  the  Spaniards  in  eastern  South 
America  prospered.  Before  his  death  he 
had  the  satis&ction  of  seeing  his  little  set- 
tlement elevated  to  the  dignity  of  being 
the  scat  of  a  bishopric,  and  the  capital  of 
a  colony.  He  died  in  1557:  during  the 
next  thirty  years  the  dominion  of  the 
Conquistadores  still  continued  steadily  in- 
creasing. It  was  about  the  end  of  this 
tunc  that  the  first  Jesuit  missionaries  made 
their  appearance  in  the  provinces  of  the 
Parana.  This  event  exercised  an  import- 
ant influence  upon  the  condition  of  affairs 
there,  inasmuch  as  it  completely  changed 
the  system  hitherto  acted  upon  with  re- 
gard to  the  subjugated  natives.  This  sys- 
tem, as  organized  by  Yrala,  was  one  greatly 
to  the  Spaniards'  advantage;  the  con- 
quered Indians  being  formed  into  commu- 
nities, which  were  portioned  out  amongst 
them,  to  each  for  the  term  of  his  own  life- 
time and  that  of  his  heir,  and  of  the  la- 
bours of  which  the  proprietors  had,  of 
course,  to  a  great  extent,  the  benefit.  Tlie 
Jesuits,  however,  justly  indignant  at  the 
cruelty  and  op])ression  with  which  the 
S^mniards  abused  their  authority,  soon  sot 
about  establishing  a  difTerent  arrange- 
ment, in  which  laudable  undertaking  they 
were  seconded  by  the  government  of  the 
mother-country — an  express  ]>rohibition  of 
slavery  being  sent  out  by  the  king  in  con- 
sequence of  their  representations.  What- 
ever else  may  be  thought  of  this  remark- 
able order,  about  their  earnestness  and  in- 
defatigability  there  can  be  no  two  opi- 
nions. Their  efforts  in  Paraguay  and  the 
adjacent  territories  were  altogether  amaz- 
ing. No  enterprise  seemed  too  dangerous 
or  too  difficult  for  them  j  —  that  wild, 
wondrous  region  of  the  Chaco  even,  into 
which  since  their  time  no  Christian  has 
dare<l  to  penetrate,  was  not  strange  ground 
to  them.  When  they  were  at  last  driven 
out  of  the  countiT,  it  is  said  that  their 
missions  comprised  above  a  hundred  thou- 
sand civilized  Indians. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  present  centurj', 
Paraguay,  aller  having  first  asserted  it« 
independence  of  Buenos  Ayres,  at  length 
threw  off  the  authority  of  Spain  also,  and 
declared  itself  a  republic.  Then  commenced 
for  it  that  singular  period  of  isolation 
which  has  only  ended  within  the  last  two 
or  throe  years.  This  period  began  with 
the  dictatorship  of  Dr.  de  Francia.  Tlie 
reign  of  this  extraonUnary  t^Tant  is,  we 
believe,  well-nigh,  if  not  altogether,  un- 
paralleled in  the  annals  of  any  age ;  cer- 
tainly the  history  of  modem  thues  fur- 
niHhes  no  example  at  all  similar  to  it,  of 
such  unlimited  power  so  atrociously  abused. 


One  of  the  first  acts  of  his  govenunent 
to  prohibit  all  interoonrse  between  Plu«r 
guay  and  the  neighbouring  gtates.  No 
ship  was  allowed  to  oome  b^ond  a  oertain 
small  distance  into  the  ooontry,  and  then 
none  of  tbe  crew  were  permitted  to  land. 
Of  the  novel  manner  in  which  be  con- 
ducted his  commerciid  transactioniy  Sir 
Woodbine  Parish,  in  his  history  of  the  Fli^ 
tine  Provinces,  givei  the  following  ac- 
count : — 

"  When  he  wanted  an  Msortmeat  of  foreigB 
goods,  a  permit  was  sent  over  to  the  acQoiBiiff 
province  of  Corrientes  for  a  Teasel  to  proceed  to 
NembucH ;  on  her  arrival  there,  the  invotoe  of 
the  cargo  was  immediately  forwarded  to  Um  at 
Assumption,  fcmn.  which,  after  selecting  sach 
articles  as  he  required,  he  used  to  order  a  qoaa* 
tity  of  verba-mat^  to  be  put  on  board  in  pay- 
ment. There  was  no  appeal  fircm  his  own  vaiua- 
tiun ;  no  one  was  allowed  to  go  on  shore,  and  tbe 
ship  was  sent  back  as  soon  as  the  yerlm  waa  de- 
livered." 

De  Francia  at  length  died,  in  1840l 
This  event  the  Paraguayans  flattered 
themselves  would  have  at  once  restored 
their  communication  with  the  world ;  bnt 
liosas,  who  was  then  Dictator  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Confederation,  and  who  protested 
against  their  independence  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  at  once  set  up  a  blockade  of  their 
rivers,  which  proved  almost  as  effectual  a 
means  of  exclusion  to  them  as  De  Francia's 
tyranny  had  been.  It  was  not  until  1852 
that,  by  the  fall  of  Kosaa  and  the  succes- 
sion of  Urquiza  to  his  place,  they  were 
finally  released  from  their  long  imprison- 
ment. The  present  President  of  tbe  re- 
public is  Carlos  Antonio  Lopez,  "  not  a 
cruel  man,"  Mr.  Mansfield  tells  us,  *'bnt 
narrow-minded  in  many  things."  His 
power  is  absolute:  "he  has  neither 
ministers  nor  advisers  of  any  kind;  ereiy- 
thing  is  arranged  by  his  own  head,  every 
officer  of  the  executive  appointed  by  him.^ 

Mr.  Mansfield's  name  reminds  us  that 
it  is  high  time  for  us  to  return  to  lum. 
We  left  liim  at  the  little  village  of  FaM^— 
t»  Paraguay,  and  that  was  alL  Eight 
more  days'  traveling  over  a  very  swampy 
extent  of  country  brought  him  to  Assump- 
tion. The  following  description  of  some 
of  the  characteristics  of  tlie  city's  vidnity 
was  written  about  a  month  after  his  ar- 
rival:— 

"  The  country  round  the  town  is  the  very  pcr^ 
fcction  of  quiet  rural  beauty ;  I  think  the  aeeueiy 
in  the  most  charming  I  ever  saw :  it  has  tat 
beauty  of  Home  of  the  prettiest  parts  of  England, 
enhanced  by  the  richnctw  of  the  verdure  of  tbs 
pulm-trces  with  which  the  whole  eoontrr  is 
studded.  There  is  nothing  of  the  grand  about 
either  the  surface  scenerv  ex  vegetation ;  tbs 
trcofl  are  all  small,  but  the  foliage  exabmat, 
with  dark  greens  prevailing.  The  greatest  part 
of  the  country  here  seems  to  have  been  otftcftd 
with  wood,  H  good  deaX  of  which  still  mnains ; 
but  now  its  general  aspect  is  one  of  toIeraUy  in- 
dustrious cultivation.    The  cultiTated  laad  w  all 


1856.] 


Miscelkmeotu  Seviewt. 


697 


divided  into  fenced  Adds,  or  eapoeirat^  m  they 
call  them  [a  eapoeiron  is  a  lai^  field],  wherein 
grow  maize,  mandioca,  and  sogar-cane ;  and  ti^e 
cottages  dotted  about  in  erery  direction  complete 
the  pleasantness  of  the  aspect  of  nature,  l^ere 
are  roads  in  every  direcaon,  not  kept  in  first- 
rate  condition,  but  still  decently  good,— fkr  better 
than  any  I  have  seen  since  I  left  Bio ;  those  that 
are  most  used  are  very  sandy,  of  which  sub- 
stance the  sdl  mostly  consists;  but  tile  croes- 
roads  which  are  not  so  much  worked,  are  bc«n- 
tiftil  grass  lanes,  or  rather  lawns,  for  they  are 
often  of  considerable  width,  and  for  the  most 
part  perfectly  staiight  In  some  places  the  coun- 
try presents  the  appearance  of  a  splendid  park, 
studded  with  rich  coppices,  and  dotted  with 
palms,  which  seem  to  have  been  left  when  the 
forests  were  cleared,  for  they  are  of  the  same 
size  as  most  of  those  growing  m  the  woods." 

Our  traveller's  impresBions  of  the  Para- 
guayans themselves  were  equally  BEtvoor- 
able.  Their  industry,  deanlineai,  artless- 
ness,  and  above  all,  their  genuine  good- 
nature, recommend^i  them  to  him  great- 
ly; and,  in  spite  of  the  ignorance  and 
narrow-mindedness  which  have,  of  course, 
been  the  result  of  their  complete  isolation 
from  the  rest  of  the  world,  he  seems  to 
have  perceived  in  them  the  indications  of 
higher  qualities  also, — qualities  which  dis- 
posed him  to  rank  them  very  much  above 
the  inhabitants  of  anv  of  the  neighbouring 
states,  and  to  augur  for  them  a  prosperous 
future.  Amongst  their  physical  peculi- 
arities he  notices  one  which  is  eq^edally 
remarkable;  it  is  the  comparative  com- 
monness of  light  complexions : — 

"  The  most  curious  thing,"  he  says,  "about 
these  people  in  this  countiy— where  imdoubt- 
edly  the  fusion  of  the  Spanish  and  Indian  blood 
was  most  complete,  ^here  all  the  Conquiitadores 
took  Ouarani  wives,  and  where,  too,  there  seems 
to  have  been  less  opportunity  for  mixture  with 
the  fair-haired  European  races— is,  that  among 
high  and  low  there  is  less  appearance  of  Ind^ 
blood,  and  more  resemblance  to  English  com- 

Slezion,  than  in  any  part  of  South  America  I 
ave  seen.  In  poor  cottages  ^n  the  oonntry  I 
have  seen  numerous  children,  whom  I  should 
have  supposed  to  be  the  offspring  of  some  high- 
bred EngUsh  fSftmily,  with  delicately  cut  features, 
rather  long  than  broad,  and  hair  as  ftdr  as  any 
Saxon;  among  many  of  them  I  see  reddish  hair, 
quite  Scotch." 

The  only  way  Mr.  Mansfield  finds  of  ac- 
counting for  this  singular  characteristic  is 
by  the  supposition  that  there  must  have 
been  an  unusual  absence  of  Moorish  blood 
in  the  first  settlers,  and  that  here  conse- 
quently reappears  the  Northern  Vandal — 
an  hypothesis,  however,  which  we  oonfiBss 
does  not  seem  to  us  verv  satisfactory. 
Pursuant  to  his  determination  to  gain  all 
the  knowledge  possible  of  this  strange 
people  and  country,  Mr.  Mansfield  devoted 
a  good  portion  of  his  time  to  the  study  of 
the  Ouarani  lang^uage.  Ghiarani  is  not 
the  language  of  state,  or  of  the  higher 
classes  in  Paraguay,  although,  neverthe- 
less, it  is  properly  the  language  of  tiie 
country.     It  is  very  pecoBar  and  letj 


difficult, — almost  unooiiqtierably  difficulty 
we  should  imag^e,  to  a  foreigner,  since 
few  of  the  natives  themselves  can  anaWie 
the  phrases  of  which  it  is  made  up.  Mr. 
Mansfield  assures  us,  however,  that  it  is 
"  not  devoid  of  elegance." 

With  the  study  of  this  curious  tooffoie^ 
and  of  Spanish,  witJi  a  great  deal  of  vm^ 
ing,  with  dose  observation  of  tiie  peqile, 
and  with  his  pursuits  in  natural  history, 
for  whidi  the  exuberant  ridmess  of  the 
country  both  in  animal  and  vegetaUe  life 
afforded  such  rare  fiMOities,  Mr,  Mans- 
fldd's  time  during  his  residence  in  As- 
sumption seems  to  have  been  pretty  com- 
pletely occupied.  These  various  employ- 
ments had  all  reference  to  one  object,—^ 
his  scheme  of  colonization,  lliere  seemed 
to  him  an  ofmout  nBcetnljf  fir  edlommnff 
South  Ameriea  f — 

"Fuiey '*  he  exelaim^  **the  eapiOriUties  of 
these  laiMs,  inhere  ther  idaat  woods  of  peadi- 
trees  for  firewood,  and  to  feed  their  pigs,  not  be* 
cause  the  fruit  is  not  first-rate,  but  Moniae  tliere 
are  not  men  enough  to  eat  it." 

Paraguay  seemed  to  him  to  offer  pecu- 
liar advantages  for  the  trial  of  lus  plan; 
his  only  dom>t  about  it  was  whether  the 
height  of  its  temperature — a  temperature 
varying,  during  the  months  he  spent 
there,  from  TS"*  to  90*  Fahrenheit  in  the 
shade— would  not  be  too  great  for  a  first 
experiment.  In  all  other  respects  he  con- 
sidered its  qualification  perfect : — 

**The  situation  of  Paraguay,"  he  writes,  *'is 
unparalleled,  certainly  in  this  world,  probably  bi 
the  scdar  system.  Note  its  insolar  poeltioii  be- 
tween ttie  rivers  ParanA  and  Paraguay,  the  latter 
si.lendidly  navigable,  with  its  sofL  sandy  bottom ; 
the  former  with  power  enough  m  its  vast  cata- 
racts to  turn  all  the  mUls  of  the  world,  and  tlM 
moon  too.  Note,  too,  that  the  aonroes  of  the 
Paraguay  are  elose  to  thoee  of  the  Madeira,  cos 
of  the  largest  tribataries  of  the  Amaaon." 

Of  all  the  localities  of  eastern  South 
America,  however,  which  he  studied  in  re- 
gard to  this  project,  his  preferanoe  leaned, 
on  the  whde,  to  the  Qran  Chaoo.  That 
mysterious  "silent  lai^''  so  beaatifol  in 
its  wildness,  was  for  him  diarmed  ground* 
For  hours  together  he  would  stand  at  the 
window  of  fis  house  in  Assumption,  or 
upon  some  of  the  ndghboorinff  hiUi^ 
gasmg  over  its  mute^  traddess  scmtudes  j 
nothings  «ezoept  the  sisfat  of  the  stany 
heavens^''  ooula  affisct  hun  like  this  pros- 
pect. How  for,  in  1^  excitement  of  his 
unaginatioii,  he  overrated  the  smtabiUtj 
of  this  strange  region  fat  the  sdiemeshe 
had  so  much  at  heart*  or  how  nmch,  sup- 
ponnff  his  ideas  of  this  sutaMli^  were 
Just,  he  underrated  the  difficulties  in  ths 
way  of  any  sodi  attempts^  are  questions 
we  will  not  raise.  We  shall  sive  his  own 
ofnnion  upon  the  suljec^  without  note  or 
ooamMoL    Hs  writes  •— r 


598 


Miscellaiieaus  Reviews, 


[Nov. 


*'  One  thing:  is  abundantly  clear  to  me,  viz. 
that  the  Gran  Chaco  is  the  yet  empty  cradle  of  a 
mighty  nation :  it  must  be  the  theatre  of  a  new 
era  in  history — it  is  Ihe  place.  Just  cast  yonr 
eye  upon  the  map ;  Just  see  ihe  tract  of  land,  in 
length  from  Santa  F6  ten  degrees  of  latitude 
northwards,  and  some  six  degrees  of  longitude 
in  breadth  from  the  Paraguav-Parani  towards 
the  west^  and  consider  if  it  be  not  a  marveL 
A  splendid  country,  possessed  by  wild  Indians 
Alone,  who  live  on  nothing  but  wild  boastd, — 
men  who,  by  their  neglect  of  the  earth,  have 
forfeited  their  right  to  claim  natii  nal  property 
in  it,— a  wild  garden,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 

Srovinces  occupied,  or  pn  tended  to  be  occupiecf, 
y  Spanish  tribes,  none  of  whom  dare  set  foot  in 
this  territory,  and  yet  have  the  impudence  to 
claim  it  as  their  own  ;— this  territory  is  actually 
an  undiscovered  country." 

We  do  not  intend  to  offer  any  criticism 
of  this  book,  as  the  author  of  it  is  now  be- 
yond the  reach  of  praise  or  blame. 

The  History  of  Civilization.  By  P. 
GuizoT.  Translated  by  W.  Hazlitt, 
Esq.  (Bohn's  Library.)— Tliis  "  History  of 
Civilization"  consists  of  three  courses  of 
Lectures,  which  were  delivered  in  con- 
secutive seasons  in  the  old  Sorl)onne,  at 
Paris.  Tlie  circumstances  of  their  delivery 
w^ill  l)e  long  memorable  as  a  brilliant  and 
proud  scene  for  letters.  Cousin,  Ville- 
mnin,  and  Guizot  iilled  on  alternate  days 
the  Professor's  chair,  and  delighted — each 
in  his  own  department — the  accom])lished 
audiences  of  eager  students  and  admirers 
who  thronged  to  listen  to  them.  From 
that  time  to  this,  the  "Lec'tures  on  the 
History  of  Civilization"  have  commanded 
on  the  Continent  a  reputation  luirdly  se- 
cond to  that  of  any  great  historical  work 
produced  within  the  present  age.  "  More 
precise,"  says  Swnt-Beuve, "  than  the  Ger- 
mans, and  more  generalizing  than  the  Eng- 
lish, M.  Guizot  had  become  European  by 
his  writings  before  he  became  so  in  his 
character  of  public  man." 

In  England,  however,  except  amongst 
real  and  earnest  students  of  history,  the 
l-iccturers  a]>])car  to  have  won  their  way 
only  at  a  snail's  pace.  Tlie  lai^e  and  grow- 
ing class  of  cultivated  persons,  who  read 
good  l)ooks,  and  inwardly  digest  them, 
have  not  generally  given  a  hearty  welcome 
to  them,  or  made  any  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  their  valuable  views.  Only  a 
very  inadequate  and  unsatisfactory  advance 
in  this  respect  has  been  made  sinc^^  it  was 
regretted,  some  twelve  years  ago,  in  the 
"  Edinburgh  Review,"  as  8})eaking  "  little 
for  the  intellectual  taster  and  liberal  cu- 
riosity of  our  countrymen,  that  they  re- 
main ignorant  or  neglectful  of  such  writ- 
ings." More  than  one  attempt  had  in- 
deed ])een  made,  with  (juestionablc  success, 
to  render  the  contents  of  the  Jlrxt  course 
po])ular  amongst  us ;  but  the  contents  of 
the  other  two  courses,  which  constitute 


the  work  itself,  of  which  that  UrtA  ooane 
is  a  preliminary  general  view,  had  nevcTy 
we  believe,  received  even  the  honour  of 
translation,  until  Mr.  Bogne,  and  now  Mr. 
Bohn,  ventured  on  the  publication  of  ihia 
very  accorate  and  well-edited  tnumdataon 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Hazlitt. 

Two  causes — ^the  one  negative,  and  tlie 
other  positive— may  be  referred  to,  to  ac- 
count in  some  degree  for  this  strange  and 
rare  neglect.  In  pointing  out  these  canaei, 
we  shall  indicate  the  character  of  M.  Qw- 
zot's  work. 

In  this  age  of  station-libraries  and  rail- 
way-reading, entertainment  has  become  so 
indispensable  an  element  of  a  readable  book, 
that  we  shall  almost  assign  a  sufficient  rea- 
son for  the  neglect  which  M.  Guizot's  His- 
tory has  experienced,  when  we  say  that  it 
is  neither  light  nor  lively,  nor,  in  any  senae^ 
amusing.  It  is,  emphatically,  not  a  nar- 
rative,— not  one  of  those  chronicles  in 
which  successions  of  advontnres  and  events 
are  set  before  us  with  all  appropriate  ac« 
cessories  of  manner,  dress,  and  speech,  and 
colouring ;  in  which  heroic  characters  enact 
their  high  achievements  bocUly,  as  it  were, 
before  us ;  and  in  which  the  fkncy  and  the 
heart,  as  well  as  the  intelligence,  are  gently 
exercised  and  warmed  by  the  excitement 
given  to  them  by  the  historian's  skilL 
M.  Guizot  has  written  histories  of  this 
kind,  but  this  "  History  of  Civilization " 
is  not  one  of  them.  It  is  not  one  of  the 
books  that  those  who  mn  may  read.  There 
is  nothing  in  it  to  attract  the  mnltitnde 
who  look  for  stirring  incidents,  and  ani- 
mated scenes,  and  complicated  plots  at  last 
made  clear ;  and  therefore  it  is  tliat  to  this 
class  of  readers — and  it  is  a  large  claas — 
there  is  nothing  in  the  work  to  render  it 
desirable. 

Instead,  indeed,  of  affording  amnaementy 
M.  Guizot's  HistoiT  makes  a  heavy  de- 
mand on  the  attention  of  those  who  deaira 
to  get  from  it  all  that  it  is  capable  of  giv- 
hig.  It  is,  in  the  strictest  sense,  a  philo- 
8oi)hical  history.  The  historian's  own  con- 
ception of  its  scope  and  aim  are  ree^rded 
in  his  introduction  to  the  second  course. 
He  says, — 

**  ^Ve  are  Imperatirely  ealled  apoa  to  derive 
from  it,  for  our  country,  new  materials  of  civili- 
zation ;  for  ourMeWea,  a  moral  refenentiioii. 
8cipnce  is  a  beautiful  thinr,  undoabtedly,  and  of 
itself  well  worih  all  the  labour  tbat  m«a  may 
bcHtow  upon  it ;  but  it  beccnoies  a  thooMiid  timos 
grander  and  more  beautiful  wben  it  beoonies  a 

?>wer,  when  it  becomes  the  parent  of  virtoeu 
bin,  then,  is  what  we  hare  to  do  in  the  eoores 
of  tbese  lectures :  to  discover  the  truth ;  to  real* 
ixe  it  out  of  onrsclTes  in  eztenud  dots,  fbr  the 
benefit  of  societjr ;  in  ooraelree,  to  eon  vert  it  Into 
a  faith  capable  of  inspiring  as  with  dirintcreated- 
nesfl  and  moral  energy,  the  force  and  dignity  of 
man  in  this  world.  This  is  our  triple  task— this 
the  aim  and  object  of  our  laboar ;  a  labow  dlf- 


1856.] 


Miscelianeotis  Reviews, 


599 


ficult  of  execution  and  slow  of  progress,  and 
which  success,  instead  of  terminating?,  only  ex- 
tends. But  in  nothing,  perhaps,  is  it  given  to 
man  ever  to  arrive  at  the  goal  he  has  proposed  to 
himself;  his  glory  is  in  advancing  towards  it." 

It  is  clear  enough  that  an  undertakinj]f 
which  exacts  from  us  all  this  intellectual 
toil  and  moral  consequence  is  likely  enough 
to  repel  many  from  attempting  it.  Yet 
this,  it  should  be  remembered,  is  the  only 
genuine  purpose  of  a  deliberate  study  of 
the  past.  We  gather  from  it  no  adequate 
or  worthy  fruit,  if  we  do  not  gather  from 
it  this  wisdom.  M.  Guizot's  History  is 
eminently  philosophical,  because  it  has  this 
end  in  view — not  occasionally  or  acciden- 
tally, but  as  the  one  pervading  and  per- 
petual object  of  the  work.  He  deals  with 
the  great  events  of  bygone  times  simply 
to  investigate  their  causes  and  results;  and 
he  does  this  with  an  evident  familiarity, 
with  a  vast  accumulation  of  knowledge 
which  seems  little  short  of  all-embracing. 
He  has  been  well  called  "the  Kej)ler,  and 
something  more,  of  his  particular  sub- 
ject.- 

In  this  absence  of  all  light  and  enter- 
taining matter — this  purely  scientific  cha- 
racter and  elevated  purpose  of  M.  Guizot's 
great  work — we  find  abundant  explana- 
tion of  the  narrow  and  imperfect  popularity 
it  lias  obtained  in  this  country.  But  these 
very  qualities  which  have  impeded  its  cir- 
culation amongst  us  are  just  those  by 
which  an  earnest  study  of  it  ought  to 
have  been  the  most  recommended,  and 
rendered  the  moat  desirable.  In  regard 
to  historical  knowledge  alone,  it  would  be 
scarcely  possible  to  find  another  work  of 
equal  size  from  which  so  much  may  be  ob- 
tained. All  the  great  revolutionary  move- 
ments of  modern  Europe  —  all  the  tu- 
multuous throes  and  outbreaks  of  national 
emotions  long  restrained — all  the  heroic 
efforts  and  momentous  triumphs  or  defeats 
— find  their  place  in  it,  not  indeed  as  glow- 
ing details,  in  a  richly  coloured  picture, 
but  as  mighty  elements  in  that  great 
problem  which  the  historian  is  endeavour- 
ing to  solve. 


History  of  the  Consulate  and  the  Em* 

fire   of  France  under  Napoleon.  By  M.  A. 

Thiers.      Vol.   XIII.     (London:    WUlis 

and  Sotheron.    8vo.) — The  present  volume 

brings  us  to  the  beginning  of  the  end  of 

Naj)oleon's  power — the  war  with  Russia. 

The  cunning  and  underhand  manner  in 

which  this  was  brought  about,  and  how 

prepared  for,  are  fully  and  fairly  stated, 

and  the  commencement  of  the  disastrous 

campaign  of  1812  entered  upon : — 

"  Thus  Napoleon  marched  towards  the  interiofr 
of  Bussia  at  the  head  of  400,000  men,  followed  by 


200,000  others.  Thus  the  same  man  who,  two  years 
before,  on  his  return  from  Austria,  had  reflected 
a  moment  on  the  lesson  given  at  Essling,  had 
taken  pains  to  bestow  peace  on  the  world  and  on 
his  empire,  to  endow  his  throne  with  hereditary 
stabilitv,  to  assume  the  character  of  a  man  of 
domestic  tastes,  to  appease  all  enmities,  to  evacu- 
ate Germany,  and  to  force  England  to  make 
peace, — this  same  man,  we  sav,  was  now  ad- 
vancing to  the  north,  leaving  behind  him  France 
exhausted  and  disgusted  with  a  murderous  glory, 
all  independent  minds  indignant  at  his  political 
tyranny,  and  Europe  weary  of  the  yoke  he  laid 
upon  her." 

Want  of  success  on  Napoleon's  part,  we 
strongly  suspect  to  be  the  main  cause  for 
M.  Thiers'  reflections.  If  this  expedition 
had  been  as  successful  as  the  Italian  cam- 
paigns— ^had  Napoleon  forced  Russia  into 
an  ignominious  submission,  we  should  have 
been  treated  to  an  eloquent  dissertation 
upon  the  ^dsdom  and  far-sightedness  of 
Napoleon's  policy;  but  the  truth  would 
not  have  been  so  plainly  told. 

We  naturaUy  are  interested  most  in 
that  part  of  the  volume  devoted  to  the 
war  in  Spain.  The  fall  of  the  fortresses 
of  Badajoz  and  Ciudad  Rodrigo  are  re- 
lated with  unusual  minuteness  of  detail, 
and  almost  equal  honours  awarded  to  be- 
siegers and  besieged.  The  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Tarragona  by  the  French  also  form 
an  important  item  in  the  contents  of  this 
chapter;  but  the  quarrels  of  the  French 
generals,  and  consequent  mismanagement, 
are  not  forgotten.  The  state  of  affairs  in 
Spain  just  previous  to  the  departure  of 
Napoleon  for  Russia  is  thus  sketched : — 

"  General  Suchet  remained  at  Valencia  with  a 
force  just  sufficient  to  keep  the  country  in  sub- 
jection, but  far  too  small  to  render  practicable 
any  operation  at  the  least  distance  ;  Marshal 
Soult  was  in  the  midst  of  Andalusia,  with  a  force 
insufficient  for  the  capture  of  Cadiz,  and  insuf- 
ficient to  engage  the  English,  should  they,  after 
the  capture  of  Badajoz,  march  against  him, — 
which  was,  however,  very  improbable;  finally, 
Marshal  Marmont,  in  the  north,  where  the  Eng- 
lish desired  to  strike  the  decisive  blow,  either 
on  Madrid,  or  on  the  line  of  communication 
of  the  French  army,  deprived  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo, 
would  have  been  able,  provided  Joseph  and  Caf- 
farcUi  had  reinforced  him  apropos^  to  have  as- 
sembled forty  thousand  men  with  which  to  en- 
gage Lord  Wellington  at  the  head  of  sixty 
thousand.  This,  then,  was  the  state  of  affairs  in 
Spain  after  there  had  been  sent  thither  rein- 
forcements to  the  amount  of  150,000  men  in  1810, 
and  40,000  good  troops  and  20,000  conscripts  in 
1811,  in  addition  to  more  than  400,000  troops 
which  had  entered  the  peninsula  from  1808  to 
1810  t  Of  these  six  hundred  thousand  men  there 
did  not  now  survive  the  half;  and  of  these  only 
one  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  were  in  a 
state  fit  for  active  service ;  and  finally,  we  must 
add,  that  of  these  one  hundred  and  seventy 
thousand  only  forty  thousand  could,  bv  being 
well  manoeuvred,  be  rendered  capable  or  cover- 
ing Madrid  and  Valladolid ;  or,  in  other  words, 
the  capital  and  our  line  of  communioationa  I" 

Marshal  Soult,  after  relieving  Badajoz, 
and  effecting  a  junction  with  Marmonfs 
army,  is  blamed  for  not  attacking  the 
Duke  of  WeUingtoD,  who  had  but  40,000 


coo 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Nov. 


men,  of  wlioni  Imt  25,(X)0  wore  English, 
while  the  eomhined  French  army  num- 
bered iifty  thousand.  The  French  had 
by  this  time  learned  to  respect  English 
prowess,  and  had  no  desire  to  try  their 
strength  against  the  foes  who  had  so  re- 
cently taught  them  a  lesson  at  Albuera. 

Seven  Lectures  on  Shakespeare  and 
Milton.  By  the  late  S.  T.  Coleridge.  A 
List  of  all  th^  Emendations  in  Mr,  Collier's 
Folio,  1632/  and  an  Litroductory  Pre- 
face. By  J.  Payne  Collier,  Esq.  (Lon- 
don :  Chapman  and  Hall.) — ^The  title-page 
of  this  volume  very  sufficiently  indicates 
the  distinct  and  dissimilar  nature  of  its 
contents,  Tlie  recovered  lectures  on 
Shakespeare  and  Milton,  and  the  Shakes- 
pearian emendations — their  genuineness 
being  made  indisputable — are  works  of  a 
most  hiteresting  character.  Perhaps  no 
Englishman  since  Milton  has  had,  upon 
the  whole,  an  intellect  so  comprehensive 
as  that  of  Coleridge;  and  certainly  that 
intellect  waa  never  exercised  more  genially, 
never  put  forth  its  strength  more  fully  or 
attractively,  than  in  its  critical  disqui- 
sitions. Bcason,  taste,  and  feeling,  linked 
in  happiest  union,  and  su]>ported  by  a  mass 
of  knowltnlge  ahnost  all-embracing,  gave 
liim  a  mastery  in  that  department  of  lite- 
rature hardly  leas  than  marvellous,  when 
the  manifestation  of  it  was  not  marred  by 
any  of  those  flights — to  which  it  must  be 
owned  he  was  sometimes  liable — into  an 
atmosphere  in  which  his  hearers  or  his 
readers  wanted  strength  of  wing  to  follow 
hhn.  Shakes])eare,  too,  was  one  of  the 
themes  on  wliich  ho  most  delighted  to 
descant — one  of  his  choicest  favourites  in 
that  long  list  of  bygone  worthies,  with 
almost  all  of  whom  he  was  alike  familiar. 
Under  these  circumstances,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  the  loss  of  these  lectures 
should  liave  been  many  a  time  regretted 
with  an  earnest,  eloijuent  regret  by  those 
who  know  the  powers  of  the  "old  man 
eloiiuent,"  and  the  pleasure  which  he 
always  found  in  exercising  those  powers 
on  the  plays  of  Shakespeare. 

But  our  business  now  is  not  with  these 
lectures,  which  it  has  been  Mr.  Collier's 
good  fortune,  after  nearly  lialf  a  century, 
to  recover ;  nor  shall  we  say  anything  of 
the  Shakespearian  emendations,  which,  on 
other  grounds,  may  be  regarded  as  a  still 
more  valuable  find.  Tlie  volume  comes 
to  us  at  so  late  a  period  of  the  month,  that 
we  must  defer  what  we  have  to  say  on 
these  portions  of  it  to  some  future  number, 
and  restrict  ourselves  at  present  to  a  few 
remarks  upon  the  "Introductory  Pre- 
face." 

Mr.  Collier's  Preface  consists  of  120 
9 


pages,  of  which  the  main  object  seems  to 
be  a  defence  of  himself  against  tbe  impa- 
tations  contained  in  a  libelloas  tract  which 
was  published,  with  the  title  of  "  Literary 
Cookery,"  towards  the  latter  part  of  last 
year.  Now,  with  all  our  respect  for  Mr. 
Collier,  we  confess  that  his  defence  has  to 
us  very  much  the  appearance  of  what  Jyr. 
Johnson  would  have  called  afoolUh  thing 
well  done.  We  cannot  but  believe  that 
he  might  have  trusted  with  perfect  ooq- 
fidence  to  his  own  high  character  and  the 
internal  evidence  of  his  two  publications. 
At  most,  the  opinion  of  the  Lord  Chief 
Justice  might  have  been  added  as  a  super- 
erogatory corroboration  of  that  testimony. 
These,  we  are  convinced,  would  have  bera 
quite  sufficient  to  satisfy  everybody  whose 
satisfaction  in  the  matter  was  worth 
having.  Mr.  Collier,  however,  has  jndged 
otherwise,  and  has  defended  himself  in  a 
very  proper  spirit,  and  with  great  effect. 
His  "  plain  unvarnished  tale,"  in  the  case 
of  the  Lectures  of  Coleridge,  is  self-con- 
sistent, strong,  and  simple,  as  tmth  is 
always.  The  very  inaccuracies  which  his 
detractors  have  insisted  on  against  him  are 
just  those  that  a  man  intent  upon  decep- 
tion would  have  avoided  with  most  care. 
His  account  of  the  loss  of  the  short-hand 
notes,  and  the  acddental  discovery  of  them 
years  afterwards,  is  just  what,  in  the  case 
of  papers  of  inflnitely  less  valae,  has  hap- 
pened probably  to  all  of  us.  But  the  valoe 
of  the  notes  has  been  g^ven  to  them  by 
the  intervening  years.  When  Mr.  Collier 
made  them,  there  could  have  been  no  reason 
to  regard  them  as  eminently  worthy  of 
preservation.  The  obvious  expectation 
must  have  been,  tliat  the  lecturer  himself 
would  g^ve  the  lectures  to  the  public  in  a 
permanent  form ;  and  it  was  only  as  the 
course  of  time  rendered  the  realization  of 
this  expectation,  at  first  hopeless,  and 
afterwards  impossible,  that  the  missing 
notes  1)ecame  more  and  more  valuable,  ai^ 
probably,  the  sole-existent  record  <^  an 
important  literary  work.  On  the  sappo- 
sition  that  Mr.  Collier  has  forged  the  lee* 
tures  now  before  us,  in  order  to  supply  Uie 
public  loss,  why,  let  us  ask,  has  he  been 
so  chary  in  extent  of  fraud;  or  why — if 
he  can  so  deftly  imitate  the  outgnshing 
wisdom  of  the  departed  sage — has  he  eon- 
fined  his  labours  to  something  le»  than 
lialf  the  number  of  the  lectures  in  the 
genuine  series  P 

Even  in  this  hasty  glance  at  Mr. 
Collier's  Introductory  Plref3M»,  we  must 
not  omit  to  mention  that — independenUy 
of  the  author's  ample  defence  of  himsen 
upon  the  charges  brought  agunat  him^- 
it  is  enriched  with  some  very  interesting 
notices  of  Mr.  Coleridge,  anid  reports  of 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reine^s. 


601 


liis  cofttenatkm,  selected  from  a  diary  in 
which  Mr.  Collier  entered  them  at  the 
time  of  his  fVee  and  frequent  intercourse 
with  the  "Logician,  Metaphysician,  Bard," 
whose  Lectures  he  has  hap(Hly  in  part  pre- 
served.  The  reports  and  notices  appear 
to  have  heen  made  with  taste  and  judg- 
ment,  and  they  undoubtedly  form  a  very 
agreeable  addition  to  the  table-talk  of  a 
great  man,  whose  genius  threw  oflf  its  rich- 
est fruits  in  unwritten,  unpremeditated 
speech. 

Shaksper^a  England;  or.  Sketches  of 
our  Social  History  in  the  Seign  of  EUxa- 
heth.  By  G.  W.  Thornbtjby.  {London: 
Longmans.) — Mr.  Thombuiy  is  favourably 
known  by  his  "  History  of  the  Bucca- 
neers," where  he  had  ample  opportunities 
for  the  display  of  his  vivid  imagination ; 
but  we  are  sorry  to  say  that  the  present 
work  will  neither  add  to  his  reputation 
nor  to  our  stock  of  historical  knowledge. 
Like  the  work  of  another  historian  wno 
has  achieved  great  notoriety,  which  has 
been  mistaken  for  fame,  this  work  con- 
tains *'  much  tliat  is  true,  and  much  that 
is  new,  but"  much  of  "  that  which  b  true 
is  not  new,  and  that  which  is  new  is  not 
true."  We  would  not  be  so  severe  in  our 
strictures  if  the  author  had  not  claimed  to 
be  truthful :  the  sketches,  he  teHs  us,  are 
"a  scries  of  elaborated  groups,  carefhUy 
studied  from  old  plays  and  fbrgotten  pam- 
phlets, and  illustrated  by  nearly  all  existing 
contemporary  literature;"  but  so  unused 
does  he  appear  to  be  in  sober  writing, 
that  from  these  sources,  which  require 
more  than  ordinary  care  in  the  hancUing, 
he  has  selected  much  of  the  trash  and 
rejected  the  good  and  usefiiL  Even  the 
opening  paragraph  contains  a  blunder  so 
gross,  that  any  one  else  would  have  hesi- 
tated before  putting  it  into  print.  "  It  is 
difficult  to  realize  old  London,  with  its 
walls  and  gates ;  its  stainless,  sMning,  and 
spotless  river ;  its  40,000  watermen !"  for 
the  forty  thousand  watermen,  we  should 
read  four  thousand;  and  as  to  the  stain- 
less, shining,  spotless  character  which  he 
gives  to  the  river,  we  may  quote  a  writer 
who  lived  not  many  years  after  Shak- 
spere's  death,  who  thus  describes  the  crys* 
t  il  Hood :— "  The  Land-floode  do  likewise 
greatly  detain  the  'curiousness*  of  the 
Stream,  insomuch  that  after  a  great  Land* 
fiood  you  shall  take  up  Haddock^  with 
your  hands  below  the  Bridge,  as  they  are 
floating  upon  the  Water,  their  eyes  b^ng 
so  blinded  by  the  Element  that  they  can* 
not  see  where  to  go,  or  how  to  shift  to  save 
themselves."  We  agree  with  Mr.  Thorn- 
bury,  it  is  difficult  to  realize  the  thiinlw 
ohwacter  he  gives  it. 

GiKT.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVL 


liwaj  9i  the  eharaoterlstlos  whlcib 
Mr.  Thombury  g^ves  to  the*  Shaksperian 
age  were  by  no  means  peculiar  to  it; 
thus,  where  he  says,  the  "grocers',  dra- 
pers', ironmongers',  salters*,  and  ma^ 
chimt  taylors'  h  dls  had  all  thdr  gard«M 
and  bowiing-alleys ; — there  were  |fardena 
in  Aldersgate-street  and  Westminster." 
We  shall  perhaps  surprise  some  ei  our 
readers  when  we  say  that  Drapen'-hall 
gardens,  with  fountun  and  alcoves,  still 
exist  in  the  vety  heart  of  the  city,  bat 
apparently  not  much  known  or  used.  And 
as  to  "giyrdetis  in  Westminster."  if  Mr. 
Thombury  will  walk  up  Victorift'^street, 
he  will  see  some  of  the  finest  trees  in 
London  growing  in  the  gardens  attached 
to  the  a^oining  brewery;  or,  if  thHt  be 
too  far,  the  Qi^dens  of  NortlmmberlMnd 
House  will  still  be  found  in  Westminster. 

In  dates  we  are  equally  at  a  loss  to  un- 
derstand our  author,  for  in  the  same  puge 
he  quotes  a  description  of  London-bridge^ 
teom  Lupton's  "  Town  and  Country,"  pub- 
Ushed  in  1632;  and  afterwards,  in  q^k- 
ing  of  the  Boyal  Exchange,  sa.YS,  *<The 
rival  new  Exchange  in  the  StraiMl  was  not 
opened  till  James  l.'s  reign ;"  thereby  es- 
blucUng  all  notice  of  it.  Has  he  any  notion 
when  James  I.  began  to  reign,  or  when 
Shakspere  died? 

Neither  is  Mr.  Thombury  any  happiev 
in  his  kxsalities :  "  West  Smithfield,"  be 
says,  **had  its  pool  of  Dame  Annis  le 
Cleare,  and  the  Perilous  Po  d."  It  had 
neither:  the  "podk  of  Agnes le-Ctore  wat 
in  the  Old  SUreet-road,  near  Shoreditih 
Church;  and  Perilous  Pon^  or  Pod,  in 
Bath-street,  St.  Luke's. 

As  a  history,  or  as  a  series  of  historical 
sketches,  the  book  is  worth  nothing;  t)ut 
as  a  work  of  amusement,  for  whiling  away 
an  hour,  we  can  strongly  recommend  it,  in 
the  same  way  that  we  would  "Kenil- 
worth,"  or  any  other  of  Sootf  s  historical 
novels.  And  if  Mr.  Thombury  will  take 
our  advioeb  we  would  recommend  him  to 
re-write  the  book  in  the  orthodox  three- 
volume  style,  and  leave  out  ihe  preface  i 
by  so  doing  he  will  be  able  to  make  a 
▼eiy  entertain  ng  book,  aikd*  avoid  the 
critidnn  which  his  work  iA  the  present 
form  is  turetoelidt. 


Lay9  of  Memory :  Saored  mnd  SoeM, 
By  a  MoTHBBand  Soir.  (London :  Hurst 
and  BUckett.  8vo.) — The  incUcations  with 
whidi  thb  Tcdume  so  abounds  of  kindly 
affections  and  exalted  [nety,  cover  a  mul- 
titude of  its  sins!,  and  seem  as  it  were  to 
protect  it  against  hostile  criticism.  How« 
ever  much  we  might  otherwise  fbel  dis- 
posed, we  cannot  find  it  in  our  hearto  to  be 
▼«T  Tinknt  towndi  pedple  In  wlKMe  mm 

4Z 


602 


JUiscellaneotu  Reviews. 


[Not. 


natures  viniloncc  and  severity  evidently 
have  no  place.  A  few  words  of  comment, 
however,  we  feel  it  our  duty  to  offer.  In 
thise  remarks  we  shall  c<mfiiie  ourselves 
comph'tely  to  the  last  half  of  the  volume. 
To  the  elder  of  the  two  authors  criticism 
would  be  of  little  benefit.  The  faults  of 
her  verses  are  of  the  s(jrt  that  fj^ive  small 
hope  of  amendment ;  and  of  their  qualities, 
procetding  as  they  do  from  the  j)ower  and 
ptiritv  of  her  religious  faith,  she  has  alrea<ly 
an  assuraiMje,  the  strenjjfth  of  which  she 
needs  no  praise  of  ours  to  increase. 

In  R.  M.  B.'s  poetry  there  is  extreme 
inequality.  Amcmgst  a  preat  deal  that  is 
belo.v  mediocritv,  we  tind  here  and  there 
detached  passages,  and  even  entire  j)oems, 
of  very  coiisiiierable  merit.  These,  al- 
though "  few  and  far  between,"  quite  suf- 
ficiently prove  that  R.  M.  H.  can  do  well 
if  he  pleases,  and  consequently  make  his 
other  compositions  the  more  inexcusable 
and  intolerable.  In  the  productions  in  his 
best  manner  we  discern  both  ])ower  and 
pr)etic  feeling,  and  an  unusual  perception 
of  rhythmical  melody  ; — "  Christmas-day" 
and  "  The  Circumcision  of  Christ,"  parti- 
cularly, I  ossess  all  these  qualities  in  a  very 
large  degree.  Taken  altogether,  these  two 
poems  are,  we  think,  the  best  in  the  l>ook ; 
although,  |)erhaps,  there  are  separate  lines 
and  stanzas  in  "  The  Ascension,"  and  one  or 
two  others,  which  indicate  greater  j)romise. 
Take,  for  example,  these  lines:  after  the 
triumphant  shout  which  has  welcomed  the 
Saviour's  return  to  heaven,  the  holy  host, 
in  a  paraphrase  of  that  noble  twenty - 
fourth  Psalm,  inquire  — 

"  Who  is  the  Kin{f  of  Glory  T    ^^^^o  shall  take 
The  crown  of  triumph,  us  creation's  Head, 
The  everlasting  throne  ?" 
The  lines  which  follow  are  really  grand : — 
"  Entranc"d  they  spake  : 
Thf  rrprctancy  of  nycSy  ere  it  fled y 
Thus  gathered  in  the  t/uestionint/  of  dread.** 

Again,  in  "The  Death  of  Eli,"  the  idea 
of 

**  The  flame  which  bums  a  forest  down, 
laughing 

throuffh  the  wither'd  wood," 
is  a  very  fine  one  indeed. 

In  striking  contrast  to  passages  like 
these  is  such  a  verse  as  the  following, 
which  we  nuM-t  with  in  the  course  of  the 
next  two  or  three  pi'ges  : — 

*'  My  love  towards  th  e  cannot  chanfre  to  another. 

Nor  Ik  woman's  affection  -o  constant  as  mine; 

Thou  wert  dearer  to  me  than  the  name  of  u 

brother, 

And  my  hoart  is  all  tremblinfc  at  parting; 

from  ihine." 

It  is  difficult  to  understand  how  any- 
thing so  intrinsically  l>eaMtiful  as  the  ori- 
ginal of  this  songro/^/rf  be  me:amor])hosed 
into  this  wTctched  do  grel,  except  by  sup- 
posing that  Mr.  B,,  M.  B.'b  poem  is  merely 


intended  «s  a  solution  of  some  whimsical 
problem  for  obtaining  the  minimum  of  the 
poetrj'  of  poor  David's  lamentation.  Only 
plac^  the  stanza  we  have  just  quoted  by 
the  side  of  that  sublimely  pathetic  dirge, 
— "  I  am  distressed  for  thee,  my  brother 
Jonathan:  very  pleasant  hast  thou  been 
uuto  me  ;  thy  love  to  me  was  wonderful, 
passing  the  love  of  women." 

But  that  we  may  not  part  with  our 
author  on  bad  terms,  we  shall  conclude 
with  an  extract  from  one  of  his  happiest 
compositions, — one  we  have  alluded  to  be- 
fore, entitle<l  "  Christmas-day  :" — 

"  But  now  first  upon  the  stormy  tide  of  life  in 
iwwer  descending, 
Come^  a  flush  of  cleansing  glory,  and  they  wor- 
ship lowly  bendinfc> 

"  From  t'le  height  of  heaven  above  them,  where 
their  glance  had  never  str  y'd. 
From  <he  Shrine  where  screening  Seraphs  held 
their  burning  viings  display "d, 

"  From  the  throne  whence  gather*d  companies 
of  forms  of  Cherub-strength 
Held  the  fourfold  realm  extended  of  creation*8 

breadth  and  length, 

"  From  the  substnncc  of  the  AU-holy,  comes  that 
supernatural  Fire : 
'Ti-"  the  free  and  princely  Spirit,  'tis  the  thirst- 
ing world's  desire. 

"  Heaven  and  earth  are  bound  in  union  in  that 
n»ystery  of  birth  ; 
Here  the  rose  with  promis'd  fragrance  cheers 
the  ancient  land  of  dearth. 

"  Joy  and  praise  spring  up  before  Him,  that  no 
Angel-thoughts  can  share : 
Faith  and  Hope  can  paint  but  dimly  what  in 
fulness  they  declare. 

"  He  who  comes  so  meek  and  lowly  shall  tha 
power  of  Heaven  make  known, 
Shall  in  flesh  subdue  the  fiend,  and  claim  the 
nations  for  His  own  ; 

"  Crown 'd  with  heritage  of  glory  in  the  Mi^esty 
most  Hi^b, 
Shall  demand  the  adoration  of  the  hosts  that 
throng  the  sky ." 


Cathedra  Petri.  A  Poliiical  ffistory 
of  the  Oreat  Latin  Patriarchate,  Sooks 
I.  and  I  I. y  from  the  First  to  the  Close  qf 
the  Fifth  Century.  By  TuOMAB  Oheev- 
wooD.  (London:  C.  J.StewarL  8vo,) — 
nie  growth  of  the  religious  opinion  or 
idea  inv>)lve<i  in  the  papal  supremacy  is 
steadily  traced  by  Mr.  Greenwood  in  this 
interesting  volume,  from  the  apo^tolic  age 
to  the  di'-memlMjrment  of  the  Western 
Kn:]}ire  in  the  fifth  centiu'y.  'Die  gradual 
rise  of  this  ])owcr  is  jiointixl  out :  tirst,  an 
assertion  of  a  primacy  in  point  of  order, 
then  of  nuthoritv.  Mr.  Greenwood  dees 
not  stay  to  discuss  the  truth  or  falsity  of 
any  '  pinion,  but  him  ply  gives  it  as  a  piece 
of  history.  Intending  to  be  strictlv  im- 
])art  al,  he,  however,  warms  up  with  his 
subject  as  he  advances,  and  in  the  later 
portion  of  the  volume  discovers  a  leaning 
to  the  papal  supremacy  in  all  thingt.   The 


1856.] 


Historical  Reviews. 


603 


character  Mr.  Greenwood  has  drawn  of 
Leo  the  Great  is  one  of  the  cases  in  which 
he  has  left  the  strictly  impartial  road  of 
the  historian  for  the  less  noble  path  of  the 
partizan,  and  has  turned  apologist  for  ac- 
tions which  should  have  been  described  in 
a  different  stylo. 

This  is  only  the  first  instalment  of  the 
work,  and  Mr.  Greenwood  states  that  he 
already  has  enough  MS.  for  five  more 
volumes,  the  size  of  this.  We  hope  that 
he  will  be  encouraged  to  proceed  with  the 


publication,  for  it  is  really  one  of  the  best 
contributions  our  stock  of  ecclesiastical 
history  has  received  for  many  years. 


A  Cataloffue  of  Books  on  Sale  at 
Thomas  Ktrslake's^  Park-streety  Bristol^ 
has  been  forwarded  to  us  for  iiot'ce;  it 
contains  some  ])articnlars  connected  with 
Pojie's  correspondence  which  are  well 
worth  reading,  and  which  we  may,  at 
some  futiire  time,  have  to  notice  in  oon- 
nection  with  Pope. 


ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES. 


SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUAilES. 

Meetings  will  be  held — 

Thursday,  November  15,  22,  29. 
December  6,  13,  20. 


SUSSEX   ARCHiEOLOOICAL   SOCIETY. 

The  committee  of  the  Sussex  Archajolo- 
gical  Society  held  a  meeting  at  Newhaven 
on  the  25th  of  September,  to  which  the 
members  and  their  friends  were  generally 
invited.  The  weather  was  exceedingly  fine, 
otteriii«r  a  most  gratifying  contrast  to  that 
wliich  had  j)revailed  the  three  previous 
days,  when  torrents  of  rain  and  gales  of 
wind  poured  and  blustered  to  such  an  ex- 
tent as  to  render  any  protracted  period  of 
or.t  -door  pursuits  extremely  uncomfortable. 

Most  of  the  party  arrived  at  the  New- 
haven  station  by  the  12.15  train ;  and  the 
church  at  Denton  being  the  first  object  to 
be  visited,  vehicles  were  found  to  be  in 
attendance  to  c(mvey  them  to  that  ret'red 
and  secluded  village,  distant  a  little  more 
than  a  mile.  The  church  is  in  a  rude  state. 
Th:  roof  all  along  is  flushed  in  an  unbroken 
surface,  if  we  except  a  rough-looking  cam- 
panile. The  porch  is  of  a  very  rustic 
character. 

On  leaving  Denton,  the  party  proceeded 
to  visit  Newhaven  Church,  the  western 
jM)rtion  of  which  has  recently  l)een  gene- 
rally restorcil.  In  the  churchyard,  on  the 
north  side,  stands  an  o})elisk  in  commemo- 
ration of  Captain  Hanson  and  105  men  of 
the  Brazen  sloop  of  war,  who  were  drowned 
by  the  wreck  of  the  vessel  near  this  port. 

On  the  south  side  is  this  inscription : — 

•♦  The  friends  (»f  Captain  Hannon  caused  this 
monument  to  be  erected,  aa  the  mark  of  their 
esteem  for  a  deserving  officer  and  a  valuable 
friend.  It  was  the  will  of  Ueaven  to  preserve 
him  durinpr  a  four  years*  voyage  of  danger 
and  difficulty  round  the  world,  on  discoveries 
with  Captain  Vancouver,  in  the  years  1791, 
1792,  1793,  1794,  but  to  take  him  from  us  when 
most  he  thought  himbelt'  secure. — 'The  Toice 
of  the  Lord  is  upon  the  waters  I  * " 


Among  the  remarkable  epitftphs  in- 
scribed on  the  gravestones  we  copied  the 
following,  as  not  only  quaint,  but  appro- 
priate. It  is  to  the  memory  of  Captain 
Groombridge,  who  died  July  14,  1881, 
aged  50  years : — 

"  Though  Boreas'  bl  sts  and  Neptune's  waves 
Have  tossM  me  to  and  fro ; 
Yet  safe  at  last,  by  God'   ( ommand* 
I*^m  harbour'  i  here  bflow. 

"  Though  at  an  anchor  now  I  lie^ 
With  many  of  a  fleet ; 
Yet  once  again  I  must  set  sail — 
My  Admiral  Cniist  to  meet !" 

Not  less  singular  is  the  epitaph  on  the 

tombstone  of  Mr.  Thomas  Tipper,  who,  we 

are  told,  was  the  ori;j:inal  brewer  of  the 

celebrated  Newhaven  Tipper  Ale.   He  died 

May  14,  17H5,  aged  54  years : — 

"  R£\DEE,  with  kind  r  gard  this  oravk  surrey, 
Nor  heedless  paRs  where  Tippbb's  ashes  lay : 
Honest  he  wuh,  inir^  nuous,  blunt,  and  kind : 
And  dared  do,  what  few  dare  do -speak  his 

mind ! 
Philosophy  and  history  well  he  kn?w — 
Was  vt  rd3d  in  ph YrticK,  and  in  svbg  i-jiy  too. 
The  best  old  *  stingo'  hr  botti  bre  .  'd  and  sold : 
Nor  did  one  knavish    ct  to  get  hi«»  gold. 
He  play'd  through  Life  a  varied,  comic  part. 
And  kni  w  immortal  IIudie^as  bv  heart. 
Reader,  in  real  truth,  »ucU  was  the  man : 
Be  be. tor,  wiser,— laugh  more,  if  yon  can." 

We  know  not  if  the  present  worthy  re- 
presentative of  Thomas  Tipper-r-Mr.  Stone 
—is  as  well  acquainted  with  "immortal 
Hudibras"  as  his  predecessor,  but  it  is 
quite  clear  that  the  "old  stingo"  has  suf- 
fered no  deterioration  under  hb  manage- 
ment. 

It  may  well  be  questioned -whether  there 
is  any  spot  in  the  ounty  which,  upon  the 
whole,  offers  such  varied  and  extensive 
views  as  may  be  obtaiied  from  Newhaven 
Churchyard.  Northward  is  the  valley  of 
the  Ouse,  where  the  winding  of  the  river 
may  be  traced  for  a  considerable  distance ; 
wh'le  skirting  the  road  to  Lewes,  on  the 
higher  ground,  village  after  village  appears, 
with  tlMir  rural  churches  calmly  reposmg^ 


604 


Anilquarian  Researches. 


[Nov. 


amidst  tall  and  patriarchal  trees.  The 
town  itflcU*  is  seen  in  the  distance,  the 
brave  old  castle  surmonntinc:  the  houses, 
which  rise  on  the  hill-side,  tier  upon  tier, 
in  al  ost  an  ainphitheatrical  form.  To 
the  sontli-east  and  west  are  Seaford  Bay, 
the  town  of  Seaford,  the  bold  line  of  cliffs 
to  Bea<^hy  Head,  the  lighthouse,  more  vil- 
lages, and  churches,  and  mills,  and  the 
nnige  of  the  Southdown  hills,  with  their 
bluffs  and  coonilMt. 

Tlie  business  meeting  was  held  at  the 
Bridge  Hotel,  when  Mr.  R.  \V.  Hlencowe 
was  requestetl  to  preside,  and  he  com- 
menced the  proceedings  by  expressing  his 
regret  that  he  had  been  called  upon  to 
take  the  chair,  because  his  doing  so  was 
owing  to  the  unavoidable  absence  of  their 
f«iihful,  zealous,  and  respected  friend  Mr. 
William  H.  Blaauw.  Ho  w^as  prevented 
from  attending  by  an  accident— severe 
lameness.  I'ut  they  all  knew  that  their 
able  honorary  secretary,  though  al)8ent  in 
person,  would  be  present  with  them  in 
mind  (Hear,  hear).  At  the  last  meeting, 
wh(Mi  he  (the  chairman)  proj^osed  the  name 
of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  as  patron 
of  the  Society,  he  unticpated  that  his  Grace 
would  be  ready  and  willing  to  accept  the 
office.  A  letter  which  Mr.  Blaauw  had 
received  from  his  (irace  proved  that  those 
anticipations  were  ])erfectly  correct. — The 
chairman  then  read  the  letter,  in  which 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk  accepted  the  office, 
and  expressed  his  simse  of  the  compliment 
which  had  been  paid  him.  He  (the  chair- 
man) thought  all  who  knew  his  Gr:icc 
would  agree  with  him  that  they  would  find 
him  a  zealous,  active,  and  very  inffuential 
co-oiMTJitor  in  all  the  proceedings  of  the 
society  (Hear,  hear). 

The  Bev  (J.  M.  Cooper  read  a  very  in- 
teresting paper  on  Bay  ham  Abbey,  of 
whii'h  the  following  U  an  abstract : — 

"  To  the  lover  of  jncturesque  antiquity 
the  ruined  Abbey  of  Bay  ham  presents  re- 
mains more  interesting,  perhaps,  than  of 
any  other  monastic  institution  in  the  county 
of  Sussex,  of  which  it  is  Just  within  the 
limits,  being  situate  in  the  parish  of  Frant, 
but  so  near  to  Kent  as  to  have  part  of  its 
domain  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Lam- 
berhurst.  Surroimded  by  watery  glades 
end  scenerj-  of  the  deepest  re])f)se,  it  well 
deserves  its  anci(>nt  name  of  *  Beghaui/ 
which  has  been  interpreted  to  mean  au 
abode  encirt^led  with  streams  as  with  a 
garhind.  Among  the  most  conspicuous 
parts  reitiaining  are  a  few  arches  of  the 
refectory  and  portions  of  the  dormitories, 
with  a  fractured  stair  that  led  to  them. 
Beneath  n  ay  be  se«'n  the  ruins  of  certain 
small  ai)artments  nx  fed  over  by  very  mas- 
si?e  vaults,  somewhat  rudely  constructed ; 


these  were  the  celU  wherein  the  reelnses 
passed  their  waking  hours  in  solitary  u> 
lence,  or  in  the  stated  exercises  of  private 
devotion.  Around  an  open  court,  of  which 
the  dormitories  and  cells  formed  the  south 
side,  appear  to  have  been  the  cloisters  for 
their  daily  walk,  and  on  the  north  side 
stands  tlie  Abbey -church,  or  such  parts  of 
it  as  have  escaped  destruction,  the  south 
wall  Iwing  still  very  lofty  and  in  some 
danger  of  falling,  were  it  not  for  the  shores 
and  braces  by  which,  in  addition  to  the 
ancient  buttresses,  such  a  catastrophe  is 
ciirefully  sought  to  be  avoided.  Entering 
in  at  the  west  end,  one  is  struck  with  the 
apparent  narrowness  of  the  nave  in  pro- 
portion to  ita  length  and  height :  the  ex- 
treme measurement  from  east  to  west,  in- 
cluding the  chancel,  being  257  feet,  and 
the  height  fVom  the  ground  to  the  plate- 
beams  of  the  roof  50  feet,  whiUt  its  width 
is  only  2\  feet.  It  is  crossed  hy  a  transept 
of  86  feet  in  length,  and  their  intersection 
was  fonnerly  surmounted  by  a  t-  wer,  sup- 
ported by  clustered  pillars,  highly  ornate 
and  elegant ;  of  tlu  sc,  three  out  of  f<iar 
arc  still  in  tolerable  preservation.  The 
general  character  of  the  architecture  is 
that  of  the  thirteenth  century.  BeHutifui 
even  in  desolation,  the  abbey  must  have 
been  sing^darly  beaut iihl  in  its  complete 
state,  and,  from  ita  b\  Ivan  and  sequestered 
position,  well  Huite<l  for  the  purposes  of  re- 
ligious retirement  and  contemplation,  lliis 
monastery  owed  its  immediate  erection  to 
Sir  Robert  de  l^imeham,  a  disting:uished 
soldier,  who  enjoyed  the  favour  of  Rich.  I. 
and  his  ignoble  successor,  and  wIk)  fought 
in  I^ilestine.  He  was  employed  in  many 
important  offices,  and  was  si>veral  times 
sheriff'  or  Sussex,  and  once  of  Surrey.  He 
died  in  peace  in  Lhe  fifteenth  year  of  King 
John.  He  was  at  one  time  joint  and  then 
sole  governor  of  the  Islimd  of  Cyprus,  and 
while  filling  that  jxisition  he  gave  battle 
to  a  new  emperor,  whom  he  took  and 
hanged  u])on  a  gallows.  Perhaps  it  waa 
some  feeling  of  compunction  for  his  deeds 
of  violence  which  led  him  to  direct  his 
thoughts  to  religious  foundations.  Bcndis 
con  ributing  largely  to  the  establishment 
of  Begham,  Sir  Kol>erb  was  the  sole  foandcr 
of  Combwcll  Abl)ey,  in  the  neighhonring 
parish  of  Gondhurst.  The  principal  seat 
of  the  family  seems  to  have  been  at  what 
is  now  called  Tboniebam,  in  Kent,  a  parish 
not  far  from  Maidstouc,  where  the  mins 
of  their  ancient  castle  may  stiU  bo  seen. 

"There  were  at  that  time  two  small 
houses  of  Premonstratensian  monks» — at 
Brockley,  in  De])tfbrd,  and  at  Otteham^ 
in  the  parish  of  Halisham.  They  were  in 
great  penury,  and  £la  de  Siiukeville^ 
daughter    of  the  founder   of   Ottaluul^ 


1856.] 


Anti(juarian  ResearclieB, 


605 


agreed  with  Sir  Robert  de  Tumebara, 
the  patron  of  the  Deptford  monastery, 
to  consolidate  the  kindred  fraternities  at 
Boghaui.  Ela  obtained  the  right  of  ad- 
vowson  to  the  new  abbey,  which  continued 
with  her  descendants,  the  Sackvilles,  till 
its  suppression.  It  was  about  the  year 
1200  that  Sir  Robert  assigned  his  manor 
of  Bcgliam  to  be  the  seat  of  an  abbey 
dedicated  to  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 
The  progress  of  the  building  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  rapid,  for  in  the  year  1234', 
which  must  have  been  several  years  after 
its  commencement,  it  was  still  in  progress." 

After  reading  some  interesting  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  foundation,  grants, 
social  economy,  &c.,  of  the  abbey,  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Cooper  went  on  to  say  : — 

"  Among  the  churches  l)elonging  to  this 
monastery  was  that  of  Hailsham,  which 
towards  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century 
became  the  subject  of  protracted  litigation. 
It  arose  from  the  conflicting  claims  of  the 
abbot  and  community  of  Begham  and  one 
Master  de  Block enden;  the  former  alleging 
that  it  was  a  chai)el  belonging  to  them, 
and  dependent  upon  their  church  at  Hel- 
lingly,  and  the  latter  denying  these  pre- 
mises, and  asserting  that  hewus  the  rector 
of  the  church  at  Hailsham.  After  a  long 
wmtest  the  parties  referred  the  whole 
matter  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
who  in  his  final  judgment  assigns  the 
church  of  Hailsham  as  a  chapel -of-ease, 
dependent  upon  the  mother  -  church  of 
Ilellingly.  He  re8er\'cs  a  perpetual  vicar- 
age in  the  same,  and  provides  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  vicar.  The  vicar  was  to 
find  wax  for  lights  around  the  great  altar, 
with  the  sacramental  bread  and  wine,  and 
incense  for  burning.  The  monks  were  to 
provide  books  and  ornaments,  for  the  safe 
custody  and  mcxlerate  repair  of  which  the 
vicar  was  to  b^  responsible.  The  vicar 
was  further  to  j)rovide  rushes  in  summer, 
and  the  monks  straw  in  winter,  for  the 
said  church  and  its  chancel." 

Mr.  M.  A.  Lower  then  read  the  fol- 
lowing : — 

Notes  ox  Newhavex  and  Denton 
Churches. 

"  At  a  period  when  a  feeling  in  favour 
of  church  restoration  is  widely  prevalent, 
it  is  most  desirable  to  collect  memoranda 
concerning  our  old  churches,  previously  to 
their  undergoing  that  process.  Posterity 
may  like  to  know  what  any  parish  church 
was  like  antecedently  to  the  great  changes 
in  form,  arrangement,  and  decoration 
which  are  now  going  forward ;  but  with- 
out some  records  of  this  kind,  it  will,  in 
many  cases,  be  hard  to  judge  what  por- 
tions of  the  edifices  have  been  removed, 
altered,  or  retouched.     Far  be  it  from  me 


to  condemn  the  prevailing  desire  to  en- 
large and  adorn  these  temph-s  of  the  Most 
High,  or  even,  upon  sufficient  authority, 
to  restore  them  to  their  ancient  condition. 
But  it  is  the  duty  of  every  true  antiquary 
to  protest  against  much  of  what  is  called 
restoration,  but  which  is  too  often  rather 
a  destructive  than  a  conservative  measure. 
I  am  sorry  to  say  that  instances  are  not 
rare,  even  in  archsBological  Sussex,  in 
which  ancient  features  have  been  so  tam- 
pered with,  that  it  will  henceforth  be  hard 
to  decide  what  is  original  and  what  ia 
merely  imitated;  and  without  eiemplify- 
ing  my  remark,  lest  I  should  be  thought 
to  offend  against  charity,  I  will  simply 
observe  that  more  injury  has  been  done  to 
Sussex  churches  within  the  last  fiftieen 
years,  by  the  application  of  zeal  without 
knowletlge,  than  has  accrued  from  the 
neglect  of  centuries,  or  the  whitewashings 
and  other  beautificatious  of  a  thousand 
churchwardens  of  the  old  school.  If  I 
might  be  permitted  to  make  a  practical 
suggestion  on  this  subject,  I  would  say  to 
the  gentlemen  officially  concerned  with 
parish  churches  everywhere, — *  If  you  are 
not  conversant  with  mediaeval  architecture, 
be  carefiil  before  you  remove  a  single  stone, 
or  even  before  you  call  in  the  aid  of  your 
architect,  to  consult  some  experienced  anti- 
quary who  knows  your  church,  and  ha« 
studied  its  minutest  features.  Such  a  per- 
son will  generally  have  a  keener  p.Tcep- 
tion  of  what  ought  to  be  retained  than 
the  professional  church-builder,  who  is  not 
unfrequcntly  biassed  by  his  own  views  of 
the  beautiful,  and  the  structurally  conve- 
nient, to  say  nothing  of  the  flights  of  fancy 
and  the  violent  anachronisms  in  which 
totne  of  that  fraternity  occasionally  in- 
dulge. 

"These  remarks  have  not  been  called 
forth  by  any  proceedings  connected  with 
this  locality.  Of  the  two  churches  brought 
under  our  notice  to-day,  one  stands  much 
in  need  of  restoration ;  the  other  has  been 
partially  rebuilt,  without  the  injmy  of  a 
single  ancient  feature. 

"Of  the  history  of  Newhaven  Church 
little  is  known.  Newhaven  is  a  compara- 
tively modem  name,  having  originated 
within  the  last  three  cenlurics,  and  since 
the  river  Ouse  has  been  made  to  debouch 
here,  instead  of,  as  formerly,  at  Seaford. 
The  ancient  name  of  the  parish  (Meeching), 
though  clearly  of  Saxon  origin,  is  not 
mentioned  in  Domesday-book.  The  place 
must,  however,  have  been  of  some  little 
importance  in  Norman  times,  since  the 
church  clearly  belongs  to  that  period. 
The  first  mention  of  the  church  1  have 
met  with  is  in  the  Taxatio  Ecclesiatiica 
ciPoj^  Nicholas  (1291)»  in  which  iti  aninul 


606 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Nov. 


revenues  are  rated  at  £5  6*.  Sd.  Fifty 
years  later— namely,  in  1341 — we  find 
the  following  notice  of  it  in  the  Nona 
return : — 

'Thirt  indenture  testifleth  that  an  inquifiition 
w:m  taken  before  lien.  Ilu86  and  his  fellow- 
c<j!l(.'Ctor8,  vi'iiditors,  and  assosMors  of  the  ninthn 
of  slieaves,  fleeces  i^nd  la*  bs,  and  the  fifteenths 
assipned  to  our  lord  the  King,  in  the  county  of 
Su^M'X,  ut  Lowes,  on  the  Sabbath-day  ni*xt  after 
Mid -Lent  Sunday,  in  the  flftcmth  year  of  King 
Edward,  the  third  of  that  name  after  thi-  conquest 
of  England,  and  the  sec(md  of  his  reign  over 
France,  upon  the  true  value  of  ihe  ninths  of 
sheaves,  fleccea,  and  lambs,  according  to  the 
tenor  of  the  commission  of  our  lord  the  King  to 
the  said  Ilenrj'  and  his  fellows  directed,  by  the 
oath  of  Andrew  le  Frye,  John  ate  Nelne,  Ralph 
Russell,  and  Walter  Nynman,  parishioners  of  the 
church  of  Mecht/ny^  wliosay  upcm  their  oath  that 
the  ninth  of  sheaves  thb*  year  is  worth  four 
murks,  three  shillings,  and  fourpence ;  the  ninth 
of  fleeces  six  shillings  ;  and  the  ninth  of  lambs, 
four  shillings.  Item,  they  say  that  the  Prior  of 
Lewes  receives  foi  tithes  of  sheaves  in  this  parish, 
ten  shillings -of  fleeces,  two  shillings— and  of 
lambs,  sixtecn-pcnce.  The  sum  of  the  said  ninths 
with  rhe  portion  of  the  Prior  is  six  marks.  And 
they  s:iy  that  the  ninths  aforesaid  could  not  an- 
swer nor  reach  to  the  taxation  of  the  ehurch 
afore'<;ud,  which  is  rated  at  eight  mrirks,  (£5  6s. 
8d.  of  Pope  Nicholas).  And  that  the  rector  of  the 
Stiid  church  hath  one  messuage  with  nine  acres  of 
land  a'ld  p:l^turage,  worth  l:Js,  4d. ;  iVt-m,  he 
hath  oblations  worth  lOs.  per  annum  ;  item,  the 
tithe  of  hay  is  -is. ;  the  tithe  of  mills,  3s,  4d. ;  the 
tithe  of  cows,  calves,  and  dayrie,  2s.  Gd. ;  the 
tithes  of  honey,  pigs,  geese,  and  eggs,  2s. ;  the 
tithe  of  hemp,  12d. ;  the  tithe  of  i)asture  is  worth 
per  annum,  3s.  4d. ;  and  thus  the  sum  excepted  is 
40s.  Gd.  And  they  say  that  there  are  not  m  the 
said  parish  any  chattels  beyond  the  vahu*  of  10s,, 
except  of  those  who  live  by  their  lands  and  tene- 
ments ;  in  witness  of  which  the  siiid  jurors  have 
to  this  indenture  affixed  their  seals.' 

"  In  the  Valor  Ecchsia^ticu.^  of  Henry 
VI II.,  the  value  of  the  rectorv  of  Me- 
chyng,  then  held  by  Richard  Glover,  was 
£13  Us.  34d. ;  besides  36s.  8d.  payable  to 
tlie  l*rior  of  Ijcwcs,  6s.  8d.  to  the  arch- 
deacron,  ISd.  for  synodals,  and  104d.  for 
procuration. 

"  In  Hi.shop  Bower's  Visitation,  1774, the 

folio winjjf  ac(»)unt  is  ^^ven  of  *Meeching, 

alias  Newhaven,  Rectory  :* — 

'  Patron  :  the  king.  Rector  :  Ezekiel  Bristed, 
A.M.  of  Aberdeen,  in  Scotland,  instituted  1G94. 
Church  and  chancel  m  gmxl  repair  without,  but 
the  walls,  floor,  and  some  seats  of  both  very 
na<ty  and  indecent  within;  the  communiun- 
t;ible  indifferent,  but  the  cloth  bad  ;  a  small 
silver  chalice  and  cover,  and  i)ewter  plate,  pretty 
grxKl ;  the  pulpit  and  desk  very  «lark  ;  the  pulpit- 
cloth  and  euMhion  scandalous  *  no  carpet  tor  the 
C(»mniunioii-tihle  ;  the  surplice,  Bible,  and  Com- 
mon Prayer-booKs  in  good  order  ;  the  steeple 
and  one  bell  the  same ;  two  other  bells  lost 
many  vears  ago ;  no  chest  nor  poor-lwx ;  the 
chancel  rei)aired  by  the  rector  ;  ])arsonagc-house, 
&:c.,  in  giKui  order ;  families,  forty-nine-  no  dis- 
wnieis— no  p^pi^its  Value  in  tlie  king's  books, 
£h  Hs.  4(1.,  nificharged  from  first  fruits.  Divine 
service  and  sermon  by  the  rector  ;  the  holy 
sacrament  adniinistereti  at  ihe  three  solemn  fe»- 
tivalM  and  at  Michaelmas.  Communicauts,  about 
flfte»'n.    Nine  acres  of  glebe.' 

"  The  church  at  that  period  was  extreme- 
ly buiall;  coufdtftiug,  bcsidcfl  the  tower  aud 


apse,  of  a  nave  only.  Sabseqnently  it 
con.'iiderably  enlarged,  in  the  worst  possibla 
taste.  Quite  recently,  it  has  undergone  a 
thorough  renovation. 

'*  The  only  ancient  portions  of  the  bnild- 
ing  are  the  tower  and  a  very  small  semi- 
circular apse  attached  to  its  eastern  side. 
Tlic  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit,  in  his  account  of 
this  chiu'ch,  in  the  '  ArchoDological  Jonr- 
nal/  (vol.  vi  p.  138,)  observes  tliat  it  is 
**  almost,  if  not  quite,  unique,  as  an  Eng- 
lish specimen  of  a  tower  with  an  eastern 
apse  immediately  annexed  to  it,  without 
the  intervention  of  any  other  chanceL' 
He  adds,  '  the  arrangement  is  common 
enough  on  the  continent.'  Though  I  have 
a  great  penchant  for  continental  churcheik 
I  cannot  boast  of  a  large  acquaintance 
w^ith  them,  and  the  only  one  I  have  seen 
iu  this  respect,  like  Newhaven,  is  at  Yain- 
ville,  in  Noruiandy,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Seine,  between  Duclair  and  Jumi^^es. 
This  I  encountered  quite  unexpectedly^  in 
a  suiumer  excursion  during  the  present 
year ;  when  at  a  sudden  turn  of  the  road 
it  bm'st  at  once  upon  my  view.  I  in- 
voluntarily exclaimed,  *  Why,  here's  New- 
haven Church  V  As  a  matter  of  course.  I 
sketched  it,  and  having  subsequently  taken 
a  sketch  of  Newhaven,  from  the  same 
point  of  view,  one  may,  on  inspection,  canly 
note  the  extraordinary'  pohits  of  resem- 
blance— the  same  corWlled  band  beneath 
the  eaves,  the  same  double  belfry-window 
in  each  face  of  the  tower,  and  the  mine 
flat  buttri>ssed,  semicircular  apse,  with  the 
same  diminutive  eastern  window.  Tbere 
arc,  however,  some  i>oint8  in  wliich  the 
Norman  and  the  Sussex  church  disagree — 
yet  so  stron^r  is  the  general  likeness  of 
these  sister  edifices,  that  there  is  no  great 
stretch  of  pr()l>ability  in  asugniiig  them 
both  to  prticisely  the  same  epoch,  if  not 
actually  to  the  same  architect,  in  the 
twclllh  tcntury. 

*'  I  may  olwerve  here,  that  both  Mr. 
lIiisMv,  in  his  accoimt  of  this  church,  and 
Mr.  I)a\vs<m  Turner,  in  his  notice  of  Yain- 
ville,  (lescrilxj  the  towers  as  *  central,' 
which  apiM*ars  to  me  to  lie  an  incorrect 
use  of  tenns.  In  general  effect,  the  towers 
of  l)Oth  churches  stand,  not  in  the  cent  re, 
but  at  the  east  end  of  the  buildings ;  and 
I  need  not  inlorm  the  people  of  Newliaven 
of  the  Irish  sailor's  joke,  that  their  church 
sails  '  stern  fon'most.'  Since  I  have 
mtntioned  Yainville  Church,  it  may  be 
interesting  to  remark  that  the  apsis  of 
that  building,  with  its  peculiarly  high- 
pitched  roof,  so  strongly  resembles  the 
npi>er  portion  of  the  much-debated  round 
towers  of  Ireland,  that  Mr.  Turner  con- 
cludes that  the  latter  were  'ondoabtedly 
of  Norman  origin.'  


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Raearche*. 


607 


"No  mention  of  Denton — at  least,  nnder 
that  imme — occurs  in  Domesday -book,  nor 
is  there  any  evidence  of  a  church  there  in 
Norman  times, — unless,  indeed,  the  very 
curious  font  may  be  referred  to  that  era. 
In  Pope  Nicholas*  taxation  (1291),  the  rec- 
tory of  Dentou  is  estimated  at  £6  13s.  4d. 
The  Nona  return  of  1351  is  to  the  follow- 
ing effect : — 

<  This  indenture  testifleth  that  an  inquisition 
was  taken  before  Henry  Husee,  &c.,  of  the 
ninths  of  sheaves,  fleeces,  and  lambs,  and  of  the 
fifteenths,  &c.,  at  Lewes,  on  Monday  next  after 
the  feast  of  St.  Gregory  the  Pope,  15th  Edward 
III.,  &c.,  upon  the  true  value  of  the  nintha  of 
sheaves,  fleeces,  and  lambs,  upon  the  oaths  of 
John  ate  See,  Henry  Dowrhute,  John  Ambrays, 
and  William  Hamond,  parishioners  of  the  church 
of  Denton,  who  say  upon  their  oaths  that  the 
nin'-h  part  of  the  sheaves  there  is  worth  this  year 
fifty-six  shillings;  the  ninth  part  of  fleeces, 
6h.  8d  ;  and  the  ninth  part  of  launbs,  four  shil- 
lings :  and  thus  the  sum  of  the  whole  ninths  of 
sheaves,  fleeces,  and  lambs,  is  £3  68.  8d. ;  and 
the  church  aforesaid  is  taxed  at  £6  18«.  4d. 
[Pope  Nicholas.]  And  they  say  that  the  afore- 
said ninths  do  not  answer  or  reach  to  that  taxa- 
tion, because  the  rector  hath  a  messuage  with  a 
curtilage  and  garden,  worth  per  annum,  lOs. ; 
also  he  hath  flve  acres  of  land,  arable  and  pas- 
ture, worth  23s.  The  tithe  of  apples  is  worth 
3s. ;  and  that  of  pigeons,  pigs,  geiese,  and  eggs, 
7  s.  Also  he  hath  tithes  of  cows,  calves,  and 
dayerie^  4s.  4d.  per  annum ;  tithe  of  mills,  ISd  ; 
that  of  linen  flax,  12d. ;  the  oblations  are  worth 
12s.  And  tbey  say  that  there  are  none  resident 
there  who  live  otherwise  than  by  the  land  only. 
In  witness  whereof,*  &c. 

"  In  the  ecclf siastical  valuation  of  tewp, 
Henry  YIII.,  we  find  Denton  fixed  at 
£14  19s.  S^d.,  besides  6s.  8d.  payable  to 
the  prebend  of  Bishopstone,  synodal,  18d., 
and  proctiration,  13d. 

"  The  following  returns  relative  to  the 

church  and  parish  of  Denton  are  preserved 

in  the  Registrar's  Office  at  Lewes : — 

'  1603,  Denton. — John  Hochekis  rector.  Num- 
ber of  communicants,  about  29.— The  parish  of 
South  Heighton,  where  I  am  parson,  hath  about 
36.  No  recusant  in  either  parish.  The^tronage 
of  the  rectorv  is  between  Sir  Thomas  Floyd  and 
one  Mr.  Shelley,  and  depends  upon  a  suite  in  law. 

*  16iJ6,  Denton.  -  The  steeple  and  the  roof  ad- 
Joining  a  little  out  of  repair,  and  the  windows  in 
a  similar  condition ;  the  pavement  wants  repair- 
ing, the  porch  in  danger  of  falling  down  *  u  not 
timely  repaired.'  Several  articles  enjoined  by 
the  canon  are  said  to  be  wanting. 

*  1724,  Bishop  Bower's  Viititation.— Denton,  a 
rectory,  of  which  Robert  BiitcheU,  E^m  is  pa- 
tron. The  present  incumbent,  William  Edwaras, 
A.B.,  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  insti- 
tuted 1687.  The  church  m  good  repair,  the 
Bible  wants  binding,  the  Common  Prayer-book 
good,  one  pewter  fl.iggon,  one  silver  cup  and 
cover,  a  good  cloth  and  cushion  for  the  pulpit, 
no  poor-box  nor  chest,  two  bells.  Tha  chancdi 
in  good  repair,  a  small  matter  wanting  in  the 
man8ion-hou^e,  &c. ;  nine  families,  no  papists 
nor  dissenters ;  value  in  the  king's  bixAs,  £4  198. 
9d.  discharged,  divine  service  and  sermon  every 
fortnight,  the  living  supplied  by  a  eurate,  Mr. 
Alex.  Pattison.  Sacrament  administered  three 
ti'nes  in  the  year;  number  of  commonieants, 
about  9.    Six  acres  of  glebe,  all  arable.' 

"  The  church,  which  is  dedicated  to  St 
Leonard,  confdsts  of  a  angle  pace  or  jusf^ 


with  no  interior  distinction  of  chancel; 
the  west  end  is  surmounted  by  a  small 
bell-turret  of  wood  and  tile.  A  ceiling 
hides  from  view  a  very  eood  timber  root^ 
much  resembling  that  of  Qodshill,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  From  the  occurrence  of  two 
early  English  windows  in  the  nave,  Bfr. 
Hussey  thinks  the  bu'lding  may  have  been 
originally  of  that  period,  but  the  church 
underwent  considerable  improvement  in 
the  Decorated  period,  as  is  evident  from 
the  fine  tracery  of  the  east  window,  now 
unfortunately  stopped  up.  In  the  south 
wall,  near  the  east  end,  are  a  broad  sedile 
nnder  an  ogee  arch,  and  a  canopied  piscina 
of  excellent  work,  and  in  good  preserva- 
tion. The  font,  which  strongly  resemblea 
that  of  St.  Anne's,  Lewes,  in  its  basket- 
like form  and  ornamentation,  is  well-known 
to  eodenologists,  and  is  engraved  in  Hora- 
field. 

*'  Of  early  monuments,  Denton  pnniyioo 
but  one.  It  is  a  slab  indsed  with  an  in- 
scription round  the  verge,  in  Lombardio 
characters,  some  of  which  only  are  leg'ble. 
1*0  this  relic  of  ancient  times,  the  vroras  of 
the  poet  are  strictly  applicable : — 

*  And  monuments  themsdves  monorials  need  t' 

A  thing  much  to  be  regretted  in  this  in- 
stance, because  there  is  no  donbt,  from  the 
situation  of  the  slab,  dose  to  the  north 
wall  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  biulding, 
that  the  person  commemorated  was  a  bene- 
factor, or  re-founder,  of  the  church.  The 
date  of  his  death,  1368,  ag^rees  sufficiently 
with  that  of  the  introduction  of  the  great 
east  window,  which  I  have  little  hentaticm 
in  assigning  to  him." 

The  Rev.  G.  M.  Cooper  exhibited  a 
Roman  sepulchral  urn,  which  was  fbund 
among  the  dibris  of  the  cliff  at  Alfriston, 
by  a  boy,  as  he  was  amusing  himself  on 
the  coast.  He,  not  unnaturally,  took  it  to 
be  a  money-pot,  and  broke  off  the  top, 
hoping  to  be  a  rich  man  all  at  once,  (a 
laugh).  However,  it  came  to  the  know- 
ledge of  Mr.  Charles  Ade,  who  obtained 
the  pieces,  and  put  them  together  so  care- 
fiilly  and  ingeniously,  that  one  could  hardly 
teU  where  it  had  beem  broken. 

The  duurman  said,  that  while  they  werd 
on  the  subject  of  Newhaven,  he  would  just 
mention  that  he  had  fidlen  in  with  a  very 
old  work — of  the  seventeenth  oentnry — 
written  bv  Andrew  Tarranton,  an  engi- 
neer, in  which  he  spoke  of  Newhaven,  and 
very  strongly  recommended  it  to  g^em- 
ment  as  a  port  which  might  be  converted 
into  a  lar>;e  port  for  their  purposes;  and, 
singpilarly  enough,  he  gave  the  very  same 
reasons  as  those  which  had  more  recently 
been  urged  by  aeveral  gentlemen  why  New- 
biKvcn  uoold  be  oooforted  into  mah  ft  pork 


608 


Antiquarian  Itesearchet. 


[XOT. 


He  (the  chairman)  would  hand  it  over  to 
Mr.  Lower,  with  the  hope  he  would  kindly 
look  through  1*,  and  no  doubt  he  would  be 
able  to  turn  part  of  it  to  the  same  ex- 
cellen%  useful,  and  valuable  information 
as  that  which  he  had  many  thnes  pre- 
viously put  on  the  papers  of  the  Society. 
Those  who  Wi-re  younger  than  hiniself 
(the  chairman)  might  live  to  see  the  re- 
commendation carried  out. 

Mr.  Lower  mentioned  that  a  royal  com- 
mission was  ap{K>inted  to  enquire  into  the 
subject  in  the  early  p  irt  of  the  seventeenth 
century — 250  vears  ago— but  for  some  ex- 
traordinary reason  it  was  not  carried  out. 

The  company  then  insjwcted  the  draw- 
ings of  ancient  buildings,  monuments,  &c., 
with  other  obji-cts  of  interest.  Among 
those  which  excited  a  largt'  ammmt  of  at- 
tention were  the  Roman  urn  spoken  of  by 
tlie  Rev.  (}.  M.  Cooper;  a  beautiful  and 
Well-preserved  Roman  gold  coin,  with  a 
well-defined  profile  of  Antonia  Augusta, 
daughter  of  Mure  Antony,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  W.  Harvey ;  a  drawing  of  a  crypt-like 
cellar  under  tlie  Lamb  Inn,  Kasllx)urne, 
exhibited  by  the  same  gentleman ;  and  the 
comparative  sketch  of  the  two  churches  of 
Newhaven  and  Yainville  in  Noi-mnndy, 
spoken  of  by  Mr.  M.  A.  Lower,  and  exhi- 
bited by  him ;  several  drawings  of  Ktch- 
ingham  Church,  Haremare,  and  a  chimney- 
piece  in  Borzell,  by  Edward  Martincan, 
Esq. 

The  business  proceedings  having  been 
brotight  to  a  dose,  the  party  adjourned  to 
another  room  and  partook  of  an  excellent 
collation ;  alter  which  the  hx'alitv  at  which 
the  next  annual  meeting  should  be  held 
was  discussed; — and  the  jdace  fixed  on 
was  Arundel,  with  a  trip  to  Bignor. 


BTTFPOLK  INSTITl'TE  OF  AUCH.IJOLOaT,  ETC. 

The  quarterly  met'ting  of  this  sfx^iety, 
October  2nd,  was  one  of  the  most  gratify- 
ing that  has  taken  place,  though  not  alto- 
gether for  its  arch:L>ological  character. 

The  company  met  at  Ilorringer  Church, 
where  the  noble  President,  having  alludeil 
to  the  munificent  restoration  of  the  church 
which  had  l)een  made  a  few  years  since  by 
A.  J.  Brooke,  Esq.,  Mr.  Tynuns  read  a 
paper  on  the  history  and  architecture  of 
the  church,  which  is  one  of  only  two 
churches  in  the  county  di'dicated  to  St. 
Leonard.  The  fabric  is  a  fair  exanq)le 
of  the  architecture  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, with  Perpendicular  amlnuMlernaltcr- 
aiw)ns.  The  window  of  the  South  or 
Il(>rsecrofc  Chapel,  is  a  phrasing  example 
of  early  PerixMidicnlar  work,  and  the 
p!>rch  is  a  well-c<mstru<ted  tdifice  of  a 
period  at  least  ball'  a  century  later. 
10 


From  the  chnrch  the  aichflBologistt  pro- 
ceeded across  the  Park  to  Ickworth  Rec- 
tory, the  residence  of  the  Rev.  Iiotd  Ar- 
thur Hervey,  where,  in  the  dining-rooniy 
the  exhibition  of  antiqmties  was  arranged. 
The  noble  President,  on  takhig  the  chair, 
calleil  upon  the  secretary  to  read  the  list 
of  presents  that  had  been  received  sxnoe 
the  last  general  meeting ;  and  in  doing  so 
alluded  with  peculiar  satisfaction  to  the 
gratifying  present  of  books  on  the  history, 
antiquities,  statistics,  and  natural  histo^ 
of  the  United  States,  which  had  been  to 
liberally  forwarded  to  the  society  by  one 
of  its  honorary  members,  the  Hon.  R.  C. 
Winthrop,  president  of  the  MasBHchnsett^ 
Historical  Society,  recently  Speaker  of  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  one  of  the  mort 
distinguished  American  citizens ;  who  hat 
on  more  than  one  occasion  evinced  the  in- 
terest which  he  and  his  family  take,  not 
only  in  the  mother-country  generally,  but 
in  tliat  part  of  it,  the  county  of  Suffolk, 
from  which  his  ancestors  had  emigrated  in 
particular. 

A  number  of  presents  were  announced 
as  received  since  the  April  meeting. 

The  Marquis  of  Bristol  exhibited  a  M9. 
elegy  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Dorothy  Her- 
vey, entitled  "  Honor's  Monument,  or 
Faire  Vertue's  plant,  her  immortality 
erected  and  consecrated  in  perpetual!  and 
euer  lining  remembrance  of  the  honourable 
and  untimely  deceased  young  gpentlewo- 
man,  Mrs.  Dorothy  Herve^',  daughter  to 
the  right  honourable  Lord  William  Har- 
vey." A  volume  of  elegies  on  the  death 
of  Isabella  Lady  Hervey,  who  died  June 
5, 16vS6,  and  on  many  anniversariea  of  that 
event,  with  complimentary  verses  on  other 
members  of  the  family,  &c.  A  large  folio 
volume  of  corresjion  lenoe  of  the  Hervey 
family,  from  16.^2  to  1 750,  including  the 
corresptmdence  between  Sir  Thomas  and 
Isabella  Lady  Hervey,  parents  of  John 
first  Earl  of  Bristol,  during  their  ten  yean* 
courtship. 

The  Kev.  Lord  Arthur  Hervey  exhibited 
the  original  MS.  of  Ijord  Hen'cy*s  me- 
moirs; antique  bronze  horse,  very  fine; 
antique  crocodile,  ui  Rosso-antico ;  two 
gold  rings  with  antique  gems ;  a  fine  cd- 
lection  of  Roman  coins ;  mosaic  box  (Ita« 
lian)  in  por]M)rino ;  richly  enamelled  stnda^ 
of  tlic  seventeenth  c«.mtur\' ;  and  a  number 
of  rare  and  early  printc<l  books. 

Mrs.  Mathcw  exhihite<l  two  small  4tow 
MS.  volumes  of  letters  between  John  Eari 
of  Bristol  and  I^v  BristoL 

J.  H.  P.  Oakes, ^Esq.,  M.P.,  exhibited  a 
MS.  of  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  or 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth,  containing  a 
copy  of  the  will,  in  Engli^,  dated  12th 
December,  1480,  of  John  or  Jankyn  Smith  j 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


609 


the  first  will  of  John  Smyth,  in  Latin, 
dated  10th  August,  1473;  the  will  of 
Margarete  Odeham,  dated  12th  January, 
17th  Edward  1 V^  with  a  codicil ;  another 
will  of  Margaret  Odeham,  dated  2l8t  July, 
1st  Kichard  III. ;  Rentall  of  Jankyn 
Smyth's  lands ;  Rentall  of  Margaret  Ode- 
ham's  lands;  Deed  of  Feoffinent;  and 
lands  of  Mystris  Newhall  and  Elyn  Fish. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Creed  exhibited  a  num- 
ber of  rings,  including  a  leaden  ring,  found 
amongst  the  earth  thrown  up  in  digging 
a  grave  in  Bury  Churchyard,  1853,  with 
the  device  of  an  antelope  or  chamois,  and 
the  letter  A,  believed  to  be  Roman  work ; 
a  leaden  ring  found  in  the  ruins  of  the 
church  of  St.  Crowche,  Norwich;  gold 
enamelled  ring,  set  with  a  ruby,  of  the 
fifteenth  century;  memorial  ring  of  fine 
gold,  having  a  very  rude  "  Death's  head" 
on  tlie  outer  surface,  and  inscribed  on  the 
inner,  "  Prepare  to  follow  ;*'  silver  signet- 
ring,  with  letter  I,  found  in  Mildcnhall 
Fen ;  silver  ring  found  at  Dunwich,  with 
letter  R  crowned,  engraved  in  Gardner's 
*•  Dunwich,"  plate  i.  fig.  7 ;  memorial  ring 
of  gold  and  enamel,  1768 ;  Hebrew  cabal- 
istic ring ;  gold  and  enamelled  memorial 
ring,  set  with  a  diamond,  under  which  is  a 
Death's  head  and  cross-bones,  date  1750 ; 
silver-gilt  betrothid  ring,  found  by  a  la- 
bourer in  digging  his  allotment  at  West 
Stow,  Suffolk,  1856,  having  a  crown  over 
two  hands  conjoined;  silver-gilt  ring, 
temp.  Edward  IV.  A  cameo,  set  in  gold, 
as  a  pendant,  found  at  Wallington,  Nor- 
folk. A  horn,  curiously  engraved  with  a 
plan  of  the  fortifications  of  Havannah, 
1763  ;  it  belonged  to,  and  bears  the  arms 
of.  Sir  Yelverton  Peyton. 

Mr.  Warren  exhibited  a  variety  of  per- 
sonal ornaments  of  the  Romano-British 
and  Anglo-Saxon  periods,  in  gold,  silver, 
and  bronze,  found  in  Suffolk  and  Norfolk. 
One  of  the  arms  of  a  Greek  sepulchral 
cross  of  lead,  with  monogram  of  Clirist.  A 
beautiful  specimen  of  the  gold  ring-money 
of  Ireland. 

Mrs.  Edgar  Chenery  exhibited  a  gold 
watch,  witli  outer  case  of  reposee  work. 

Mr.  Francis  Ford  exhibitcxl  a  large  col- 
lection of  electrotype  copies  of  ancient 
seals ;  including  seals  of  the  archdeacon- 
ries of  Suffolk  and  Sudbury ;  Benedictine 
Monks  at  Bury  Abbey ;  Priories  of  Eye 
and  Snape ;  Cistercian  Monks  at  Sibton ; 
Canons  of  St.  Augustine  at  Buttley,  Do- 
denach,  Cliipley,  Herringfleet,  Ipswich, 
Ixworth,  Kersey,  and  Woodbridge ;  Austin 
Nuns  of  Fonte^Tault  at  Campsey;  Pre- 
monstratensian  Canons  at  Leyston;  Do- 
minican Friars  at  Ipswich;  Franciscan 
Friars  at  Dunwich;  Austin  Friars  at 
Gorleston;  Colleges  at  Stoke-by-dare, 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


Sudbury,  and  Wingfield;  Hospitals  at 
Dunwich  and  Melford;  Free  Schools  at 
Bury,  Boxford,  Louth,  and  Sandwich; 
Municipal  and  Port  Seals  of  Beccles, 
Dunwich,  Eye,  Ipswich,  Lowestoft,  Or- 
ford,  Southwold,  Sudbury,  Lynn  Regis, 
Colchester,  Winchelsea,  Hastings,  Dover, 
Rye,  and  Bristol;  Symon's  celebrated 
bronze  chased  Medallion  of  Charles  I.,  &c. ; 
with  a  considerable  number  of  baronial 
and  other  personal  seals. 

Mr.  Fenton  exhibited  a  carved  ivory 
frame  of  a  reading-glass,  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  Sir  Francis  Drake,  the  cele- 
brated admiral,  whose  name  and  arms  are 
on  the  top  of  the  horn  case  in  which  it 
was  kept.  A  bronze  celt,  foimd  at  Elve- 
den.  A  cloth  seal  of  lead.  A  bronze  signet- 
ring,  with  letter  "R,"  found  at  Milden- 
hall.  A  small  mortar  of  bell-metal,  with 
date  1570,  the  letters  "ST  E,"  and 
crowns  and  arrow  of  St.  Edmund.  Twenty- 
shilling  gold  coin  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
England;  gold  angel  of  King  Henry 
VIIL 

The  Secretary  exhibited  an  impression 
of  the  seal  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  Sub- 
treasurer  of  England.  The  original  grant 
of  the  advowson  of  Wattisfield,  by  the 
Lord-Keeper  Bacon  to  Ambrose  Jermyn, 
27  Aug  2  Elizabeth,  with  fine  autograph 
of  the  Lord-Keeper.  Paper  weight,  or- 
namented with  a  representation  of  the 
legend  of  the  wolf  and  St.  Edmund's  head, 
carved  out  of  a  piece  of  King  Edmund's 
oak,  to  which  the  martyred  king  is  tra- 
ditionally said  to  have  been  tied  when 
shot  to  death  by  arrows,  and  which  tree 
fell  down  in  Hoxne  Wood  in  iai8.  The 
original  inventory  of  the  goods,  &c.  of 
Robert  Drury,  Esq.,  at  Hawstead,  and 
Drury -house,  London,  priced  and  valued 
in  15*57,  by  seven  of  the  creditors.  A  roll 
of  the  possession  of  the  Monastery  of  Ely, 
1541,  signed  by  Robert  Stewarde,  Dean, 
formerly  Prior  of  Ely,  an  ancestor  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  whose  arms  are  emblazoned 
upon  the  cover,  dated  l7th  Eliz.,  being  a 
blank  deed  of  licence  to  kill  rooks,  &c. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Creed  then  read  a  very 
curious  and  interesting  paper  on  rings, 
considering  them  in  their  religious,  super- 
stitious, useful,  and  ornamental  purposes. 
This  paper  was  illustrated  by  a  large 
number  of  singularly  curious,  valuable, 
and  very  beautiful  examples,  contributed 
by  the  rev.  gentleman  and  by  Mr.  Warren, 
of  Ixworth. 

The  President  then  read  an  interesting 
memoir  of  the  House  of  Hervey,  tradng 
its  descent  from  Hervey  de  Montmorency, 
and  the  Prankish  House  of  Orleans ;  and 
enumerating  the  deeds  of  some  of  its  mem- 
bers— ^morc  especiaUy  of  Sir  Nicholas  Her- 

4k 


610 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Nov, 


vey,  who  was  one  of  the  pillant  knights 
that  accompanied  King  Henry  tlie  Eighth, 
and  added  so  mnch  histrc  to  the  famous 
Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold;  of  Sir  Thomas 
and  Isabella  Her\'ey,  whose  affection  and 
I>iety  were  so  cons])icu()UR,  that  their  son 
John,  first  Karl  of  Bristol,  never  ceased  to 
B])eak  of  them  as  the  hest  of  men  and 
dearest  of  women,  and  to  attribute  to 
their  virtues  all  the  blessings  of  their 
heirs;  Lord  Ilervey,  the  author  of  the 
"Memoirs  of  the  ('ourt  of  George  the 
Second ;"  and  Mr.  W'm.  Ilervey,  wlio  died 
at  college,  but  had  the  good  fortune  to 
have  for  his  friend  the  i)oet  Cowley,  who 
had  celebratwl  his  virtues  in  an  elegy. 

nie  company  then  proceede<l  to  the 
mansion  of  the  noble  Marriuis,  the  unique 
character  of  which  (iu  thi**  country),  and 
the  historv  of  its  commencement  by  the 
late  Karl  of  Bristol  and  Bishop  of  Derry, 
and  continuati(m  by  the  Marquis,  our 
readers  arc  g(»nerally  a<'<piainte<l  with. 
Here  tbev  were  in  the  first  instance  re- 
ceivcd  by  l']arl  Jcrmyn,  M.P.,  who  cour- 
t(H)U8ly  conducted  the  company  through 
the  8})lcn(lid  aj>artments,  and  pointed  out 
to  them  the  prin<'ii)al  pictures — auKmgst 
which  two  line  portraits  of  Spanish  l*rinc(»s 
by  Vflasqucz,  and  a  copy  of  l)om('nichino*s 
death  of  St.  Jertwne,  said  to  have  been 
painted  for  Joscj)h  Bonaparte,  together 
with  the  statuary  by  Canova,  Klaxman, 
an<l  some  other  celebrate<l  artists,  attracted 
especial  notice.  After  astuMiding  the  mag- 
nificent staircase,  and  inspectiug  the  pain- 
fully interesting  picture  of  the  *'  Death  of 
Seneca,"  the  company  were  intnxluci'd  to 
the  noble  Manpiis,  who  had  sufficiently 
recovered  from  liis  late  indisposition  to 
receive  their  congratulations  and  g(K)d 
wishes  on  this  his  eiifhtv-seventh  birth- 
day,  and  who  conducte«l  the  party  to  liis 
privttto  apartments,  where  they  were 
nhewn  the  autograi)hs  of  Nttj>oleon  as 
First  Consul,  and  'ialleyrand,  in  the  cre- 
dentials of  General  Andreossi  as  envoy  of 
France  at  the  Peace  of  Amiens,  and  that 
of  Louis  Phillippe,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
death  of  his  favourite  sister  and  coun- 
sellor, the  lVm(vss  Adelaid«\  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  fatal  year  IHl.S,  which  was 
accompanied  by  a  soxrcnh*  of  the  Princess, 
as  an  expression  of  her  regtird  for  the 
noble  Marqiiis,  whose  hospitality  and  kind- 
ness she  ex])erienced  during  her  residence 
in  p]ngland.  Severjd  beautiful  cabin».'t 
pictures  were  greatly  admirinl  in  this  jmrt 
of  the  lioiLse.  After  liaving  viewed  the 
fa>^nde  of  the  mansion  from  the  terrace, 
the  com]):iny,  mustering  not  less  than  150 
hidies  and  gentlemen,  were  conduct ihI  to 
the  dining-r(K)m,  where  they  were  j)ro- 
vided  with  a  noble  repast  of  venison,  game. 


and  a  variety  of  dainties,  beantifhl  fruiti; 
&c. ;  Earl  Jcrmyn,  and  Lord  Hervej,  with 
Lord  and  Lady  Arthur  Hervey,  Lord 
Alfred  Hervey,  and  other  members  of  the 
family,  doing  the  honours  of  the  table 
in  a  manner  which  enhanced  the  gratifl- 
eation  of  the  entertainment.  The  refectimi 
being  ended,  Mr.  Bunbury  proposed  the 
health  of  the  noble  Marquis,  with  con- 
gratulations on  his  birthday,  and  thanks 
for  the  courtesy  with  which  he  had  shewn 
the  treasures  of  his  house,  and  his  mag- 
nificent hospitality  tliat  day;  which  was 
most  cordially  re8]X)nded  to,  and  briefly 
acknowledged  by  Earl  Jcrmyn.  Some  of 
the  visitors  then  ascended  to  the  dome, 
commanding  the  fine  view  of  the  spacious 
domain  and  surrounding  country  as  far  as 
Ely  Cathedral,  which  was  visible,  in  spite 
of  a  slight  haze.  Tlie  com])any  retired 
di>cply  impressed  with  the  reception  which 
they  hiul  experienced  from  the  noble- 
hearted  proprietor  and  his  amiable  family. 

On  leaving  the  mansion,  the  company 
proceedwl  to  Ickworth  Church,  the  mau- 
soleum of  the  Hcrvcy  faimly,  and  which, 
though  it  has  undergone  considerable 
changes,  retains  some  interesting  features 
of  its  original  character,  which  were 
pointed  out  by  Mr.  T\Tnms — ^particularly 
in  the  highly-enriched  double  piscina  ci 
the  lady-cha])el,  and  in  the  triple  lanc^ 
window  of  the  chancel. 

The  noble  IVesident  then  pointed  ont 
the  site  of  the  old  manor-house,  con- 
ti);uous  to  the  churchyard,  on  the  south- 
east side  of  it,  which  was  destr()y«Ml,  it  is 
believed,  by  fire,  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  of  which  nothing  remains  above 
the  soil ;  but  the  plan  is  c.wily  to  be  made 
out  in  the  summer-time. 

Aflter  which  the  ])arty  made  an  onward 
movement  to  Chevington-hall,  the  re- 
mains of  a  moated  grange  of  the  Abbott 
of  St.  Kdnmnd.  No  part  of  the  house 
exists,  but  the  deep  moat  and  high  ram- 
part, i)rol>ably  of  Norman  work,  remain. 
The  area  witliin  the  moat,  which  is  forty 
feet  wide,  excepting  at  the  entrance,  where 
it  is  broader,  contains  about  four  acres. 
'¥\\Q  temwes  cut  on  the  ramimrt  are  trace- 
able here  and  there,  and  the  whole  is  a 
striking  evidence  of  the  state  of  society 
at  the  time  this  ''pleasant  retreat"  was 
c<mstruct4Kl. 

Fn>m  the  hall  the  arch«H)logists  pro- 
ceodc<l  to  the  church,  which  is  sitoated 
cUwe  to  the  moat,  over  which  it  was 
])erha])s  originally  a])proached  by  a  draw- 
bridge, niis  church  has  much  to  interest 
the  iH.'clesiustical  antiquary,  in  its  north 
and  south  d(M)rs  of  the  Norman  period; 
an  F^rly  English  chancel  and  wooden 
porch;  a  highly  enriched  chnrch-chcit  of 


i 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


611 


the  Edwardian  period;  some  good  ex- 
amples of  bench-ends  and  poppy -heads ; 
ami  the  stone  coffin  of  an  ecclesiastic,  the 
lid  of  which  is  ornamented  with  a  cross- 
tioiy  f>f  the  style  common  to  the  thir- 
teenth century.  These  having  been  pointed 
out  by  the  SciTetary,  the  noble  President 
announced  that  the  programme  for  the 
day  had  been  completed,  and  the  company 
separat^'d. — Bury  and  Noricich  Fost. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES,  NETTCASTLE- 
IJPON-TYNE. 

The  Octuber  meeting  was  held  Oct.  1, 
in  the  Castle  of  Newcastle,  (Matthew 
Wheatley,  Ksq.,  in  the  chair). 

Dr.  Charlton  read  the  minutes. 

yiv.  White  stated,  that  being  recently 
in  the  neighl)ourhood  of  Bewcastle,  he 
stepped  asitle  to  view  the  famous  cross 
which  had  so  repeatedly  been  brought 
under  their  observation,  and,  to  his  as- 
tonishment, found  that  the  portions  con- 
taining the  long-studied  inscriptions  had 
been  painted  I — painted  blue  !  The  Runic 
letters  were  indicated  by  black  lines  u))on 
the  blue,  the  painter  tracing  the  lines  as 
he  himself  deciphered  them;  and  even 
where  there  were  no  letters  decipherable 
at  all.  Runes  were  painted.  To  satisfy 
himself  of  this  fact,  lie  drew  his  finger 
over  the  jiainted  characters,  and  found  no 
corresponding  hollows  in  the  stone.  He 
was  nmch  chagrined  on  witnessing  this 
outrage.  This  cross  had  been  venerated 
and  respected  for  ages.  The  thieves  of 
Ue\>  castle  (laughter)  and  the  Border  ma- 
rauders had  not  laid  a  defacing  finger 
upon  the  venerable  relic  of  antiquity ;  and 
now  some  modern  (loth — he  knew  not 
who — had  visited  the  cross  with  this  in- 
di«cnitv. 

Dr.  Charlton  said,  he  hiid  no  doubt  the 
j)aint  had  been  a))plied  witli  a  commend- 
able object  —  to  preserve  the  cross  from 
further  injury ;  but  the  Runes,  of  course, 
should  liave  been  left  to  p^wak  for  them- 
selves, instead  of  being  mtule  to  favour  any 
particular  reading. 

Mr.  Henry  Turner  said,  the  paint  would 
preserve  the  stone;  and  the  black  lines, 
legitimate  or  not,  would  not  aficct  the 
substance  of  the  cross. 

Mr.  John  Latimer  exhibited  several 
relics  of  the  Roman  occupation  of  Britain, 
recently  discovered  at  Adderstone, — com- 
prising  the  bronze  beam  of  a  pair  of  scales ; 
an  object  of  unknown  use,  apparently  made 
of  a  mixture  of  lead  and  zmc,  and  of  shape 
resembling  the  sockets  of  a  pair  of  specta- 
cles, but  much  larger ;  with  also  a  number 
of  coins  of  imperial  Rome.  Mr.  Latimer 
read  a  paper  on  the  discovery,  written  by 


Mr.  Archbold,  of  Alnwick,  of  which  we 
give  the  substance : — 

"In  May  last,  as  some  labourers  were 
engaged  draining  a  field  at  Adderstone,  on 
the  farm  of  Mr.  Anderson,  the  property  of 
George  Wilson,  Esq.,  Alnwick,  they  came 
upon  a  vessel  containing  a  quantity  of 
lioman  remains,  consisting  of  28  coins,  a 
brass  scale-beam  and  weights,  with  remains 
of  scales,  and  an  article  of  remarkably 
unique  appearance,  composed  of  a  metal 
resembling  the  consistency  of  tin  and  lead. 
The  coins  extend  over  the  re'gns  which 
took  place  from  Hadrian  to  Aurelian  in- 
clusive, embracing  a  period  of  nearly  160 
years,  during  the  occupation  of  Britain  by 
the  Romans,  beginning  about  A.D.  117  and 
ending  a.d.  275,  taking  the  extremes  of 
those  reigns.  Sixteen  are  large  bronze, 
and  twelve  small  billon.  Many  are  very 
imperfect  ;  and  nearly  the  whole  are 
smooth,  and  worn  in  the  edges,  as  if  from 
lengthened  circulation. 

"The  scale-beam,  which  is  of  bronze, 
about  eight  inches  long,  is  still  quite  per- 
fect, and  nearly  evenly  balanced :  it  has 
the  ring  still  attached  by  which  the  beam 
and  scales,  when  in  use,  wore  suspended. 
The  rings  are  formed  of  wire  of  the  same 
metal  as  the  beam,  soldered  together ;  bat 
the  solder  has  been  decomposed,  and  the 
parts  where  they  were  joined  are  now 
open.     The  scales  are  very  much  wasted. 

"  The  field  in  which  the  remains  were 
discovered,  lies  in  an  angle  formed  by  the 
great  north  road  on  the  west,  and  the 
road  running  eastward  by  Adderstone  to 
Lucker  on  the  north.  It  would  appear 
formerly  to  have  been  in  a  forest- state, 
and  subsequently  a  bog ;  as  in  the  course 
of  draining  through  the  dark  peaty  soil 
the  workmen  ciimo  upon  the  trunks  of 
several  large  oak-trees,  some  of  which  they 
cut  through ;  others,  where  the  placing  of 
the  draining- tiles  could  be  accomplished 
with  less  labour,  they  excavated  under- 
neath, leaving  the  trees  otherwise  undis- 
turbed, further  than  was  necessary  for  the 
ccmipletion  of  the  work  in  which  they  were 
engaged. 

"  ilie  man  who  di^overed  the  remains 
was  digging  in  a  drain,  between  four  and 
five  feet  deep,  and  threw  them  on  to  the 
side  in  what  appeared  to  be  a  box,  but 
which,  when  thrown  out,  went  immediate- 
ly and  completely  to  pieces ;  so  much  so, 
that  no  part  of  it  was  attempted  to  be 
preserved. 

"  What  gives  additional  interest  to  the 
discovery,  is  the  locality  in  which  it  was 
made.  At  a  short  distance  stand  Waren, 
Budle,  Spindleston,  and  Outchester,  at 
the  latter  of  which  places  are  still  the  re- 
mains of  Roman  works.    Ontdhester,  or 


612 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Nov. 


Utchester,  evidently  a  name  of  Roman 
derivation,  stands  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Waren  rivulet,  and  wan  the  Castrum  Ul- 
terivSf  the  outer  guard  or  fort,  to  secure 
the  pass  of  the  river  and  the  harbour  of 
Waren ;  and  it  is  within  two  miles  from 
that  place  where  the  present  remains  were 
found.  The  most  eminent  of  our  anti- 
quaries have  advanced  the  theory  that 
there  was  an  ancient  Koman  way  from 
Budle  by  the  Charltons  southwards,  and 
the  present  discovery  is  evidently  an  ad- 
ditional fact  tending  to  confirm  that 
opinion.  Adderstone,  wiiiohevcr  direction 
that  route  might  take,  would  be  in  its 
immediate  proximity ;  and  a  further  and 
more  carefid  investigation  of  the  district 
would,  in  all  likelihootl,  Imj  pro<luctive  of 
corroborative  evidence  elucidatory  of  that 
theory." 

Tlie  Chairman  said  the  Society  must 
feel  greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  Archbold  and 
Mr.  Latimer. 

Dr.  Bruce  observed,  that  such  disco- 
veries were  of  great  value,  and  he  hoped 
that  Mr.  Archbold  woi  Id  permit  them  to 
print  his  paper  in  their  Transactions. 

Mr.  LoDgstaile  said  it  would  also  bo 
well  to  have  engravings  of  the  scale-beam, 
the  rare  coin  of  Salonina,  and  the  object 
of  which  tiiey  knew  not  the  use. 

Mr.  liongstaffe  exhibited  a  manuscript 
book  belonging  to  the  late  Mr.  J.  Urough 
Taylor,  in  which,  curiously  enough,  the 
whereabout  of  the  base  of  the  Kothbury 
Cross,  in  the  po«sessi<m  of  the  Society, 
seemed  to  be  indicated.  Mr.  Taylor  hatl 
sketched  three  faces  of  the  jHHlestal  of  the 
Rothbury  font;  and  tliere  could  belittle 
doubt  that  the  pedestal  originally  be- 
longed to  the  Saxon  cross.  If  this  be  so, 
three  sidw  of  the  cross  appear  to  have 
double  subjects : — the  ascensi(m  and  glori- 
fication of  the  Saviour — the  hwivenly  host 
al>ove  [the  dragons  of  darkness — the  viae 
of  a  blind  man,  and  some  other  groups 
not  yet  ascertained.  Tlie  fourth  side  ifl 
occui)ied  by  running  foliage. 

Dr.  Bruce  said  that,  in  acconlance  with 
the  directions  which  he  had  rt»ceived  at  a 
former  meeting,  he  had  called  the  attention 
of  Mr.  T.  J.  Taylor  to  the  curiously  carved 
stones,  derived  from  the  IViory  of  Tyne- 
mouth,  which  were  lately  lying  in  the  bed 
of  the  estuarj'  of  the  Tyne.  His  Cirace 
the  Duke  of  Northumberland  had  given 
immediate  directions  for  their  being  put 
in  a  position  of  safety ;  and  they  were  now 
placed,  along  with  several  others  which 
had  iKJen  recently  dug  up,  within  the 
priory  ruins. 

Dr.  Bruce  read  a  paper  on  the  Wall  of 
Antoninus,  or  the  Barrier  of  tlie  Upi)er 
Isthmus,  stretching  from  the  Forth  to  the 


Clyde — a  Roman  work  now  weU-nifffa  ob- 
literated— less  by  the  operation  of  time 
than  man — most  chiefly  by  the  oonstmc- 
tion  of  the  canal  and  the  nulway.     Hap- 
pily, before  these  works  were  executed,  it 
had  been  surveyed  and  described  by  Gor- 
don, Horsley,  and  Roy.     Morcorer,  be- 
tween the  formation  of  the  canal  and  the 
railroad,    Robert    Stuart    examined     itf 
mounds,  and  moats,  and  forts,  with  the 
eye  of  an  enlightened  antiquary ;  and  be^ 
too,  has  given  us  an  account  of  what  he 
saw  in  his  Caledonia  Somana.     It  was 
one  of  the  objects  which,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  recent  congress  of  the  Archs- 
ological  Institute  in  Edmbui^h,  attracted 
the   steps   of  members;   and  Dr.  Bruce 
was  one  of  its  visitors.    One  of  the  chief 
features    of   the    barriers,   both    of   the 
upper  and  lower  isthmus,  was  the  accom- 
panying military  way ;  and  this  being  wo, 
it  is  not  surprising  that  the  same  forma- 
tion of  country  which  recommended  the 
isthmus  between  the  Forth  and  the  Clyde 
to  IjoIHus  Urbicus  as  a  fitting  rite  for  hii 
works,  should  in  after  ages  have  led  to  iU 
selection,  first  of  all  for  the  turnpike-road, 
then  for  the  canal,  and  afterwaids  for  the 
railway,  which  should  in  succeasion  con- 
duct the  traffic  between  the  friths.     Such 
has  been  the  case;  and  it  is  not  a  little 
curious    occasionally  to   notice,   in  doaa 
proximity,  the  Roman  via  militarit,  the 
scarcely  less  antiquated  coach-road,  the 
now  nearly  deserted  canal,  and  the  irooi 
pathway,  with  its  winged  and  fiery  dragons^ 
which  has  devoured  tliem  all.    To  those 
who  are  familiar  with  the  leading  featnrea 
of  Hadrian's  Wall,  it  may  be  iiitereating 
to  know  how  the  Widl  of  Antoninus  loou 
in  com})arii»on  with  it — ^in  what  points  the 
two  structures  agree,  and  wherein  they 
differ.     The  chief  member  of  tlie  npper 
barrier,  the  wall  proper,  was  fiirmed,  with 
slight  exceptions,  of  earth,  not  of  stone^ 
as  in  the  lower  barrier.    If,  however,  its 
material  was  inferior,  in  masriveness  it 
cxceeiled  the  Wall  of  Hadrian.    Qordon 
found  it,  in  one  place  (near  Castlecary), 
24  feet  broad  and  5  feet  in  perpendicnbur 
height.     The  ditch,  22  feet  disUnt,  was 
equally  colossal,  being  50  feet  in  breadth 
and  234  in  depth.     Even  yet>  in  spite  of 
modem  improvements  and  modem  wanton- 
ness, tlie  swelling  mound  of  the  wall  and 
the  grnceful  depression  of  the  ditch  may 
be  traced,  with  trivial  exceptions,  from  the 
one  side  of  the  island  to  the  other ;  and  in 
some  favoured  localities  the  works  still 
survive  in  much  of  their  pristine  grandeur. 
In  the  grounds  of  Bantaskin  a^  Callen- 
dar,  near  the  town  of  Falkirk,  the  remuns 
arc  enormous.    Qordon  tells  ns  that^  be- 
sides the  great  rampart  to  the  wrath  of  Um 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


613 


fos?c,   tlierc  was  another  to  the  north. 
Horsley  demurs;    but   Gordon   seems  to 
have  been  correct.     At  Ferguston  Moor, 
near  Glasgow,  two  ramparts  of  equal  size 
remain,  and  at  nearly  equal  distances  from 
the  ditch  between  them.     Tlie  works  here 
closely  resemble  what  we  call  the  vallum 
in  Hadrian's  Wall.     It  is  not  likely,  how- 
ever, that  this  agger  on  the  north  was  an 
invariable  feature  in  the  Wall  of  Antoninus. 
The  nature  of  the  country  would  dictate 
its  erection   or   its    omission.      Not   un- 
frequently  a  northern  agger  lends  addi- 
tional strength  to  the  fosse  which  guards 
the  northern   side   of  Hadrian's  murus; 
but  this  is  only  done  when  the  country  to 
the  north   is  peculiarly  accessible  to  an 
enemy.     The  same  rule   would   probably 
hold  in  the  Wall  of  Antoninus.     A  road 
of  nearly  the  same  width  as  in  the  English 
barrier  (20  feet),  and  carefully  paved,  ac- 
companied the  Scottish  wall,  on  its  south 
side,  from  sea  to  sea.     Stationary  camps, 
minor   forts,  resembling  Hadrian's  mile- 
castles,  and  still  smaller  ones,  or  turrets, 
were  provided  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  soldiery.     The  greater  part  of  the  via 
militaris  has  been  removed.     Mr.  Dollar, 
of  Falkirk,  who   from   his  boyhood   has 
taken  a  great  interest  in  the  wall,  and  who 
kindly  acted  as  Dr.  Bruce's  guide  between 
that  town  and  Kirkintilloch,  was  told  by 
his  grandmother  that  she  remembered  the 
time  when  the  Roman  road  was  the  only 
one  between  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow —  all 
the  traffic  being  then  conducted  by  pack- 
horses.     A  similar  assertion  may  be  made 
respecting  the  ina  militaris  of  the  lower 
isthmus.      Tradition    still   points   to  the 
time  when,  not  more  than  I'U)  or  150 
years  ago,  it  was  the  only  channel  of  direct 
communication   between  Newcastle    and 
Carlisle.     At  this  time  the  commerce  was 
carried  on  by  means  of  packhor»es;    and 
so  deficient  was  the  road  in  accommoda- 
tion, that  the  carriers  had  to  form  their 
own  encampments  at  their  various  resting- 
places.      Dr.  Bruce   saw   no   remains   of 
mile-castles  or   turrets  on    the  Antonine 
Wall — a  circumstance  not  to  be  wondered 
at,  as  in  Gordon's  day  only  two  or  three 
were  visible.     It  is  worthy  of  observation, 
however,  that  he  describes  the  mile-castles 
as    s(iuare   watch-towers,  and  gives  the 
dimensions  of  the  sides  at  about  65  feet — 
which  agrees  pretty  exactly  with  those  of 
our  wall.     Horsley,  however,  is  of  opinion 
that  the  series  of  cast  ell  a  and  turrets  was 
not  so  regular  in  the  Scotch  as  in  the 
English  Wall.     The  number  of  stations 
on  Graham's  Dyke  is  about  18 — which, 
as  the  length  of  the  whole  line  is  only 
about  36  miles,  gives  us  one  for  every  two 
miles.    The  average  distance  of  the  sta- 


tions on  the  southern  wall  is  four  miles. 
The  more  exposed  nature  of  Antonine's 
work  probably  suggested  this  difference. 
The  remains  of  some  of  the  stations  are 
still  very  distinct.     At  Barr-hill,  at  Kirk- 
intilloch, and  at  Castle-hill,  the  footprints 
are  boldly  marked  of  imperial  Rome.  Barr- 
hill  is  near  the  centre  of  the  line,  and  its 
summit  is  the  highest  between  the  two 
seas.     It  commands  an  extensive  view  of 
a  very  cold  and  wild  and  desolate  region. 
The  belt  of  country  occupied  by  the  wall 
is  on  the  whole  flat,  but  a  number  of  small 
basaltic  hills  seem  to  play  around  this  cen- 
tral summit  like  the  short  and  broken 
waves  of  an  angry  sea.    Here  an  immense 
swamp,  called  the   Dollater-bog,  to  the 
north  of  the  wall,  increased  the  security, 
though  it  did  not  improve  the  prospect, 
of  the   Roman  soldier.      The  entrench- 
ments of  the  camp  are  boldly  marked  on 
the  summit  of  the  hill,  and  remains  of 
buildings  within  them  are  still  to  be  seen. 
But  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this 
part  of  the  line  is  the  fosse  of  the  dyke. 
It  is  cut,  in  all  its  vast  dimensions  (40 
feet  broad  and  35  deep),  out  of  the  solid 
trap  rock.     Even  with  gunpowder  to  aid 
us,  this  is  a  very  formidable  cutting.   The 
stations  on  the  line  have  been  so  placed  as 
to  command  a  distinct  view  of  those  on 
each  side  of  them.     Many  of  them  com- 
mand a  view  of  two  or  three  in  each  direc- 
tion.    Barr-hill  Fort  seems  to  have  had 
the  supervision  of  the  whole — for  both 
extremities  of  the  line  may  hence  be  seen. 
From  Castle-hill  Fort,  the  western  limit 
of  the  works,  Kirkintilloch,  the  third  fort 
in  an  eastern  direction,  is  most  plainly 
seen ;  while  Dumbarton  Rock,  the  Clyde, 
as  it  begins  to  swell  into  an  estuary,  and 
the  point  where  the  wall  must  have  ter- 
minated, are  as  distinctly  mapped  in  the 
western  view  ;  and  spread  out  to  the  south 
are  those  huge  hives  of  living  men — Glas- 
gow,  Paisley,  Renfrew,   and  Johnstone. 
Without  dwelling  further  upon  the  re- 
mains. Dr.  Bruce  turned  his  attention  to 
the  nature  of  the  country  traversed  by  the 
wall,  and  observed  that  the  same  circum- 
stances which  must  have  su^ested  the 
drawing  of  the  southern  barrier  between 
the  Tyno  and  the  Solway,  had  no  doubt 
dictated  the  selection  of  the  line  of  coun- 
try between  the  Forth  and  the  Clyde  for 
the  erection   of   the  northern  rampart. 
Scotland  here  was  narrower  than  in  any 
other  part.    But  while  the  Northumbrian 
Wall  was  north  of  the  rivers,  the  Antonine 
Wall  was  on  the  south.  While  the  former 
protected    the    fertile    haughs    through 
which  our  rivers  flow,  the  latter  relin- 
quished to  the  foe  the  magnificent  carse 
of  Falkirk  and  other  oom-prodncing  tractft,, 


614 


Antiquarian  Researche*. 


[Nov. 


Tlie  former  was  a  lino  of  military  opera- 
tions— the  latter  a  fence.  In  the  former, 
the  stations  generally  projected  beyond 
the  wall — in  the  latter  they  lay  within  it. 
Again,  in  the  southern  barriir  the  stations 
and  mile-castles  had  lM)ld  portals  to  the 
north — in  the  northern  they  were  care- 
fully cl(>ietl.  Hadrian  was  an  active  and 
enerjretic  man ;  Antoninus  l*ius  mild  and 
peacel'ul;  and  Lollius  Urbicus,  his  com- 
mander in  Britain,  though  able,  seems  to 
have  been  amiable.  Hadrian  would  not 
give  up  an  iota  of  his  claims  to  all  liritain 
in  di*awiiig  his  military  line;  but  Anto- 
niue  compoundtxl  for  peace,  and  fixe<l  a 
bomidarv.  Such  were  the  l)cx'tor*s  con- 
elusions  ;  and  our  Scottish  neighl>our8  (he 
remarked  in  cl«)sing)  would  do  well  to 
cherish  the  remains  of  the  Antonine  Wall. 
It  does  more  honour  to  thfir  nation  and 
their  name  than  any  other  record  they 
have.  Some  of  them  know  its  value. 
One  or  two  I  have  already  miiiitioned. 
Dr.  Girdwood,  of  Falkirk,  estimates  its 
historic  interest,  and  would  yield  to  any 
visitor  the  valuable  aid  he  kindly  ailorded 
me.  Mr.  Colquhoun,  cjf  Killermont,  has 
some  admirable  portions  of  it  upon  his 
estate,  and  greatly  facilitated  my  exami- 
nation <jf  it.  Mr.  John  Ihichanaii,  of  the 
"Western  IJank  of  Scotland,  (tlasgow,  may 
be  denominated  the  guardian  genius  of 
the  northern  wall.  Var  a  long  series  of 
years  he  has  made  it  the  pleasing  study  of 
his  leisure  moments;  and  no  })rivate  in- 
dividual ])ObSCS8es  so  many  and  so  valuable 
remains  rescued  from  its  ruins.  I  know 
not  if  there  be  another  auti(]uary  amongst 
the  four  hundred  thous:md  inhabitants  of 
Glasgow.  He,  however,  is  one.  "  Aiuong 
the  faithless,  faithful  only  he !" 

The  Chairman  conveyed  the  tlianks  of 
the  Society  to  l)r.l3iiice  for  his  interesting 
paper,  and  the  meeting  broke  up. 


TOUKSHIKE  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  first  monthly  meeting  of  the  mem- 
bers, for  the  present  session,  was  held  at 
the  AIust.'um,  Oct.  2,  when  the  chair  wiw 
Oi'trupied  by  .John  Ford,  Es<i.,  oue  of  the 
Vice-presidents. 

Amoug  the  objwts  of  anticpiity  pre- 
sented to  the  Museum  were  an  amphora 
of  I'legant  fonn,  and  some  other  remains 
of  fictile  ware  from  the  Musemn  at 
Kerteh. 

Panticapa?um  (Kerteh)  was  founded  by 
a  colony  from  Miletus,  and  continued  to 
be  the  capital  of  a  (ireek  kingdom  down 
to  the  fourth  century  after  Ciirist.  The 
objects  are  evidently  of  (ireek  workman- 
ship, and  of  comparatively  retvnt  times. 
The  circumstaiices  under  which  they  were 


obtained  are  detailed  in  the  following 
letter  from  the  donor,  the  Bey.  J.  J.  Har- 
rison, chaplain  of  H.M.S.  Leopard,  to  Mr. 

Charlesworth : — 

"H.M.S.  Edinburgh,  ShcemeM,  Oct  4th,  IBM. 

"  Sir. — ^W'ith  icsiKCt  to  ihc  Kertcli  antiqiiltiei 
you  have  received  Irom  my  brother,  (tbcKev.  W. 
E.  Ilurrii^un,  Collcfnute  ii^hool,}  1  muKt  inform 
you  they  were  t;:k(  n  out  of  the  ranrackf  d  Mo- 
M-um— u  Grecian  buildinfr,   aH  you   rtMj  hare 
heard,  utuated  above  the  town.    It  connoted  of 
one  room,  abi.ut  the  size,  I  should  bay,  of  your 
k'c<urc-n>oni  in  the  York  Mutteum,  having  a 
8muU  f;allery  opp<i8itc  the  tntronce,  where  tht 
greater  ])art  of  the  laigc  vatcctt  were    placed. 
Anildiit  thcHC    reliqucs   of  antiquity  was  ona, 
doub  le&fl  of  more  modern  date,  in  the  Hhape  of  a 
hirge  dog,  the  t>ole  rtmnining  guardian  of  tJie 
Museum,  who  luliillcd  his  dutiea,  not  by  m^kiny 
a  nuisy  rentoiiHt ranee  with  the  depredaioris  bat, 
with  an  air  of  deep  dejection,  keenly  noting  trook. 
between  the  balustrailet*   of   the  gullery  their 
movemrnta.    From  thiii  gallery  were  token  the 
amphont  and  the  vane  next  in  bi7.e.   Of  the  three 
renminintr,  the  largest,  of  a  deei>or  red  colour 
and  MiiucMiiut  gla/id,    was  taken  out  of  the 
broken  ^luhP-cases  in  the  body  of  the  building, 
i.  e.  g)  (iiind  tloor,  the  broken  parti*  bi  ing  found 
Mithin  it.    Tlic  remaining  two,  I  think,  were 
tnk(  n  out  of  tho  ):luiM-c;m  s,  or  i.-i<^ked  up  amid«t 
the  broken  glasfl  of  the  lachrymatoricn  and  other 
fruguients  wtiich  previous  'visitors  had  either 
'wantonly  made  <f  the  relic^ueis  or  diftpiMd  amidst 
the  richer  bootv  witii  which  they  had  p<i^iie>K<d 
th  mHcIvcs.    'J  he  pieces  of  wocden  cffmbii  wt  re 
tjiken  rmmthe  tume  place.  The  piece  of  wrought 
Ktoiie  is  a  fair  si-ccimeu  of  that  of  which  all  the 
tombs  found  in  the  <  artlien  moundii  are  m.ide. 
1  picked  it  up  cut  of  u  timib  oi>cnid  by  the  liiu- 
ftiaus,  I  fancy,  previous  to  the  taking  of  Kerlctau 
There  tire  Hcveral  pieces  of  plastei  with  which 
one  of  I  he  tomb.sop.  ncd  at  Si.  Paul's  laitt  winter, 
by  our  own  ]ieopl  -,  wan  internally  coated.    All 
these  tumbti  which  I  huw  opened  had  been  wril 
built,  the  walls  beiug  of  cmtsiderabic  thickne;**, 
cither  roofed  over  wiih  thick  slubK  of  the  name 
stone,  and  thus  able  to  support  the  weight  of 
e:irth  upon  them,  or  else  the  Kloncs  of  the  opiio- 
8itc  walls  graduiillymadc  to  approach  each  n-.her 
K4)  as  to  lorm  a  kind  of  groining,  without  using 
the  |)rinciple  of  ihe  true  arch.    Mo^t  of  thoM 
op<  n(>d   by  the   English    had   been   previouidy 
opened  by' the  llussiuns,  and  their  conientM  ub* 
dueled,  and,  when  very  valuable,  carried  to  SL 
I'etoisburg  or  other  chief  ci  ies  of  the  emiiire. 
The  less  viUu:;ble  were  kept  at  the  Museum  at 
Kerteh,  areoniing  to  Mr.  Seymour's  book  oo  the 
(Crimen  and  K«  rtch.     I  shull  be  glad  if  these 
reliqucs,  of  very  inferior  worth  though  they  be, 
should  have  been  saved  from  the  general  wreck 
to  ati'ord  »niiiscment  to  the  general  visitor*  of 
yv  ur  Museum,  or  interest  to  thfsc  who  makt 
antiquities  their  study  : — I  remain,  &c. 

"  JOHN  J.  nARUI.<?ON.'» 

Sevenil  articles  of  pott^Ty  recently 
found  ill  the  neiglil)onrh(X)d  of  York  were 
exliihited  to  the  meeting.  One  uf  tlie 
most  interesting  of  those  was  au  infant's 
feeiling-hottle,  dug  up  at  the  Mount.  At 
the  request  of  l*rcifessor  SimiMion,  of  Edin- 
hurgh,  it  was  exhibited  at  the  late  meet- 
ing of  the  Archa>oU>gic;d  lustitntion  in 
that  city,  in  illubtratiun  of  a  paper  on 
Uouian  medical  practice.  Sunilar  venela 
have  been  tbtmd  in  lloman  ccuieteries  in 
France,  in  connection  with  the  bones  of 
young  children.    As  the  Mount  was  ana 


\ 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


615 


of  the  principal  cemeteries  of  Roman 
York,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it 
had  been  deposited,  as  a  memorial  of  ma- 
ternal tenderness  and  sorrow,  along  with 
the  remains  of  a  child  lost  in  infancy. 
Another  curious  relique  in  pottery  was  a 
sm.iU  urn  in  the  form  of  a  human  head, 
with  the  features  rudely  but  strongly 
marked.  This  was  found  in  making  a 
drain  near  the  Cemetery,  and  was  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Ralph  Weatherley. 

A  collection  of  brass  coins,  found  near 
Warter,  of  which  mention  has  been  made 
at  previous  meetings  of  the  Society,  was 
presented  by  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Londes- 
borough,  along  with  a  portion  of  the 
earthen  vase  in  which  they  had  been  en- 


closed. They  are  between  1,300  and  1,400 
in  number,  extending  from  a.d.  253  to 
A.D.  270,  and  comprising  the  emperors  or 
usurpers,  Valerianus,  Gallienus,  Postumus, 
Victorinus,  Marius,  the  Tetrici,  Claudius 
Gothicus,  Quintillus,  and  Aurelianus.  The 
Curator  of  Antiquities  noticed  the  recent 
discoveries,  between  Bury  and  Rochdale^ 
of  a  similar  hoard  of  Roman  coins,  be- 
longing to  the  same  period,  but  in  much 
inferior  preservation.  An  antique  pistol, 
presented  by  Wm.  Gray,  Esq.,  was  aJso  an 
object  of  interest,  its  barrel  having  at- 
tached to  it  the  head  of  a  hammer  and 
pick,  and  the  whole  being  singularly 
carved. 


AND 

HISTORICAL   REVIEW   OF 

Foreign  News,  Domestic  Occurrences,  and  Notes  of  the  Month, 

My  early  friend,  Mr.  Caleb  D'Anvers,  of  Gray's  Inn,  Esq.,  in  his  Crafts^ 
man  for  Oct.  4,  1735,  says,  "  Solomon  hath  told  us,  several  thousand  years 
ago,  that  there  is  no  new  Thing  under  the  Sun  ;  which  hath  been  frequently 
applied  to  Writings  of  all  Kinds,  but  especially  upon  Common  Subjects; 
when  nothing  can  be  expected,  in  these  latter  Ages  of  the  World,  than  to 
throw  them  into  new  Lights^  and  treat  them  in  a  different  Manner.  This  is 
one  of  the  principal  Ends  o{  Reading,  and  may  be  properly  caWdjust  Imita^ 
tion,  or  something  more :  for  though  the  Subject -Matter  be  generally  the 
same,  yet  by  being  diversify'd  at  least,  if  not  improved,  it  becomes  an 
Original,  in  some  Degree,  and  discovers  a  Genius."  That  there  is  nothing 
new  is  also  accounted  for  by  the  very  ingenious  theory  of  the  carpenter  on 

board  H.  M.  ship ,  as  related  by  that  truthful  writer,  the  late  Captain 

Marry att ;  whose  theory  was,  that  things  were  reproduced  in  certain  cycles, 
— that  is  to  say,  if  you  were  to  break  your  leg  now,  it  would  only  get  better 
or  worse  precisely  as  it  did  when  you  broke  it  1,768  years,  4  months,  and 
3  days  ago,  (I  think  I  quote  the  exact  time) ;  that  precisely  at  that  distance 
of  time,  I,  Sylvanus  Urban,  Gentleman,  wrote  a  preface  exactly  like  that 
which  I  now  pen,  and  you,  gentle  reader,  then,  did  by  your  former  self  read 
this  same  lucubration.  Now  without  disputing  the  truth  of  the  carpenter's 
theory,  or  gainsaying  what  Solomon  wrote,  I  think  it  must  be  admitted 
that  we  are  all  so  much  interested  in  what  is  passing  around  us,  that  it  is 
desirable  to  take  a  note  of  any  remarkable  event,  and  place  it  on  record. 
If,  as  Solomon  says,  we  have  nothing  new  to  record,  still  we  have  old 
events  with  new  features,  and  they  are  of  some  interest.  And  if  the  car- 
penter's theory  be  correct,  how  entertaining  will  it  be,  when  our  turn  again 
comes  round,  to  peruse  what  we  did  in  this  nineteenth  century. 

In  01  der  to  carry  out  this  desirable  end  as  far  as  the  hmits  of  the  Maga- 
zine permit,  I  have  gone  back  to  Mr.  Cave's  model,  and  have  resumed  the 
MONTHLY  INTELLIGENCER,  which  gives  me  an  opportunity  of 


616  The  Monthly  Intelligencer.  [Nov. 

printing  some  of  the  more  remarkable  essays  and  events  of  the  xnonth  in  a 
convenient  form,  and,  like  flies  in  amber,  preserving  that  which  would 
otherwise  pass  into  oblivion.  And  here  let  me  beg  that  you  will  not  treat 
with  disdain  the  subject  of  any  essay  or  paragraph,  however  humble.  Ono» 
of  my  early  friends,  late  learned  and  witty  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  wrote  an 
elaborate  essay  on  so  simple  a  subject  as  a  broomstick, — a  subject  which 
has  not  yet  required  any  attention  from  me,  but  which,  doubtless,  will  in 
due  time  receive  it.  Indeed,  it  is  remarkable  what  a  similarity  there  is  be- 
tween the  events  of  this  day  and  tbose  of  my  early  years.  In  1732  I  pub- 
lished the  balance-sheet  of  the  Charitable  Corporation,  a  society  which  was 
not  conducted  any  more  honestly  than  the  Royal  British  Bank,  the  balance- 
sheet  of  which  I  have  this  month  given.  I  wrote  in  the  former  year, — "  On 
the  whole,  it  appears  that  the  cash-books  do  not  seem  for  some  years,  if 
ever,  to  be  duly  compared  with  the  vouchers,  by  which  unpardonable  neglect 
room  was  left  for  all  sorts  of  villany.  That  they  had  discovered  entries 
actually  made  of  considerable  sums  lent,  for  which  no  pledges  were  ever 
deposited.  That  their  warehouse-keeper  has  been  one  of  their  greatest 
borrowers,  and  has  pretended  to  borrow  and  pledge  in  his  own  name,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  certify  for  himself,  which  was,  it  seems,  permitted  him, 
and  allowed  by  the  directors  in  passing  his  accounts.*'  I  might  almost  say 
the  same  now.  Instead  of  "  Orator"  Henley,  I  have  another  orator  no  less 
notorious,  to  whom,  unfortunately,  I  am  compelled  to  devote  a  paragraph ; 
and  instead  of  the  Whistonian  controversy,  we  have  now  the  Denisonian. 
The  keeping  of  Hessian  troops  was  then  under  discussion — now  I  relate  the 
disbanding  of  the  German  legion  ;  and  may  here  express  a  hope  that  on  no 
future  occasion  my  pen  may  relate  the  employment  of  foreign  mercenaries 
in  the  service  of  our  country.  Many  more  **  historic  parallels"  might  be 
drawn,  but  they  will  suggest  themselves. 

I  do  not  now  print  on  my  first  page  a  list  of  newspapers,  but  I  receive  as 
many  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  or  even  more,  than  I  did  in  my  early  years, 
and  pass  them  through  my  alembic.  There  is  some  difference  between  the 
contents  of  The  Fogs  Journal  of  1731  and  The  Times  of  18r)6,  but  habit 
enables  me  to  present  a  nosegay  equally  pleasant  and  equally  well  selected. 
I  have  never  lost  sight  of  my  mottoes — Prodesse  8f  delectare,  and  E  plurilna 
unum :  on  this  latter  I  once  received  ■  some  lines  from  a  friend — with  a  few 
of  which  lines  1  will  now  conclude : — 

"  Wliile  each  week  the  vast  Hwarm  of  itinerant  papers. 
Instead  of  diverting  oft  give  us  the  vajwurs ; 
Their  mattor  ho  tedius,  their  number  still  lirceding  **, 
Too  little  for  money,  too  much  for  our  reading; 
Tliy  compact  Magazine,  dejir  Sylvatms,  is  stor'd 
With  all  the  choice  themes  their  columns  afford. 
Great  Chyniical  Author !  unequalM  in  merit. 
From  their  mass  you  extract  all  their  Oyl  and  their  Spirit. 
Each  Monthly  Production  so  variously  grac'd. 
Is  read  hy  all  parties,  approvM  by  each  taste. 
Here  the  page  lays  to  view  the  grand  topics  of  State, — 
Like  fish-wives,  the  former  rail,  argue,  and  fight. 
The  last  jarr  gentilcly,  in  terms  how  polite! 
Then  the  war  of  religion  the  State  <me  sucvt^cds. 
Disputes  alx)ut  Mystehies,  Collects  and  Cbeeds. 


•  Printeil  in  CIent.  Mag.,  December,  1734. 

*»  To  what  extent  these  i)ai)ers  have  since  increased,  I  may  at  Bome  fbtare  time  shew 
m  an  article  on  the  Xcwsiwujer  I'ress. 
11 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


617 


* 


* 
* 


* 


where  the  charms  of  the  Nine 
With  the  graces  and  beauties  disting^aish'dly  shine ; 
To  your  motto  most  true,  for  our  monthly  inspection 
You  mix  various  rich  sweets  in  one  fragrant  collection." 

Hoping  the  re-arrangement  of  this  and  other  portions  of  the  Magazine 
will  be  satisfactory  to  my  readers,  I  subscribe  myself,  now  as  ever. 

Their  obedient,  humble  servant, 

Sylvanus  Urban. 


Sept.  15. 

Holland. — The  session  of  the  States- 
General  was  opened  at  the  Hague  this  day, 
when  the  king  addressed  them  on  the  foU 
lowing  amongst  other  subjects  : — 

"  To  my  great  joy,  the  war  between  the 
different  powers  has  ceased  since  I  opened 
your  last  session,  and  re-established  peace 
already  discloses  its  beneficial  r^ults. 
During  those  difficult  circumstances  we 
maintained  with  foreign  powers  relations 
of  good-will  and  good  understanding,  and 
we  have  every  reason  for  rejoicing  in  their 
continuance  at  the  present  moment. 

"  Our  forces  by  land  and  sea  discharge 
their  vocation  with  honour.  The  exten- 
sion of  the  materiel  of  the  navy  continues 
to  be  the  constant  object  of  my  cares. 

"  Our  colonies  and  possessions  in  other 
parts  of  the  world  enjoy  in  general  a  happy 
tranquillity.  Development  and  pr(^ess, 
moral  and  material,  are  manifest  in  them. 
We  have,  however,  to  deplore  the  great 
disasters  tliat  have  afflicted  some  islands 
of  the  Molucca  Archipelago.  My  Govern- 
ment, aided  by  public  munificence,  labours 
to  diminish  their  sad  efiects. 

"Though  freedom  of  commerce  with 
Japan  has  not  yet  been  obtained,  endea- 
vours are  still  perseveringly  made  to  ar- 
rive at  that  end.  Meanwhile,  a  provisional 
treaty  has  confirmed  former  ones,  has  fa- 
cilitated the  business  of  our  compatriots, 
and  rendered  more  favourable  the  rela- 
tions with  the  Government  of  that  country. 

"  The  lot  of  the  slaves  in  the  western 
colonies  does  not  cease  to  be  the  object  of 
my  lively  solicitude.  Measures  have  been 
taken  tending  to  ameliorate  their  present 
condition,  so  as  to  prepare  for  their  social 
reform,  on  which  subject  propositions  will 
be  submitted  to  you  during  this  session. 

"  The  internal  situation  of  the  country 
ought  to  inspire  us  with  a  profound  senti- 
ment of  gratitude.  Commerce,  navigation, 
agriculture,  and  the  different  brandies  of 


industry,  are  in  a  state  that  leaves  nothing 
to  be  desired.  Up  to  the  present  every- 
thing bespeaks  a  good  harvest*." 

Sept.  16. 

A  Parish  without  Church  or  Incumbent. 
— The  following  statement,  made  by  the 
curate  of  an  a^oining  parish,  exposes  a 
case  of  misappropriation  ofChui^ch  property 
aa  gross  as  any  on  record : — "  The  parish 
of  Hempton,  Norfolk,  has  been  without 
church  or  clergyman  since  the  Reforma- 
tion. Its  population  has  increased  three- 
fold within  the  last  fifty  years,  owing  to 
the  demolition  of  cottages  in  neighbouring 
'close -parishes;'  it  now  contains  about 
500  souls.  The  rectory  was  granted  in 
days  gone  by  to  the  Priory  of  Hempton, 
and  became  a  lay  fee  at  the  dissolution, 
and  still  remains  in  lay  hands.  It  is  a 
nominal  and  valueless  perpetual  cunu^, 
not  likely  to  be  filled  up,  seeing  that  the 
charge  consists  exclusively  of  a  poor  popu« 
lation,  working  on  neighbouring  estates, 
but  referring  to  the  clergyman  in  time  of 
trouble,  sickness,  or  distress.  The  ruins  of 
a  church  and  an  enclosed  churchyard  ex- 
isted some  years  since,  but  have  disap- 
peared. The  curate  of  an  adjoining  parish 
has,  with  the  aid  of  some  fnends,  erected 
a  chancel,  capable  of  enlargement,  for  the 
celebration  of  divine  worship,  under  a  li- 
cense of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese.  The 
patron  of  this  living  is — the  Crown." 

Crossing  the  Line. — ^Amongst  the  vesseLi 
composing  the  squadron  lying  off  the  west 
coast  of  Africa,  there  is  one  (the  Hecla) 
just  gone  out  to  join  those  already  there. 
On  crossing  the  line  the  savage  ceremony 
of  "shaving"  was  performed  on  about 
ninety  unfortunate  sulors.  Amongst  them 
was  one  poor  fellow,  named  Henry  Green, 
who,  after  having  been  subjected  to  the 
infamous  shaving  process,  in  order  to 
escape  being  dragged  into  the  water  by 
those  ruffians  stationed  near  him  for  the 


•  As  a  general  rule,  we  do  not  profess  to  gfive  the  name  of  the  newspaper  whence  the 
paragraph  may  be  extracted. 

Tlie  date  prefixed  in  some  instances  is  simply  that  of  the  paper  where  the  information 
appeared. 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  L 


618 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Nor. 


purpose,  attempted  to  jump  into  it.  In 
the  attempt,  however,  he  knocked  his  head 
against  some  part  of  the  vessel,  and  in  a 
short  time  expired.  On  making  a  post- 
mortem exiimination,  it  was  fomid  that  the 
])oor  creature's  neck  was  broken,  llie  poor 
fellow  leaves  a  wife  and  family  in  Plymouth 
to  deplore  his  loss.  This  barbarous  custom 
is  fi)rbidden  by  the  Admiralty,  and  it  will 
be  very  strange  should  the  conduct  of  tlie 
officer  in  command  of  the  llecla  on  this 
occa.sion  be  allowed  to  pass  without  in- 
quiry. 

Sept.  18. 

Dangerotis  State  of  the  Kentish  Beach. 
— The  sea  has  been  gaining  niwn  San- 
down  Castle  of  late  years.  Within  the 
memory  of  persons  still  living,  tlie  moat 
extendud  all  round  the  fabric,  with  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  beach  to  the  east- 
ward, between  it  and  the  sea.  In  1807, 
however,  the  moat  was  so  injured  by  the 
waves,  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  con- 
tract the  walls,  and  leave  the  castle  open 
to  the  beatrh  to  the  east.  Now  tiie  sea 
washes  the  main  building  every  tide,  and 
at  time  of  high  water  tliere  is  seven  or 
eight  feet  immediately  in  front  of  the 
castle.  To  protect  the  building,  the  Ord- 
nance have  lately  put  down  groins,  which 
seom  to  do  no  good  to  the  castle,  but  have 
had  the  effect  of  throwing  the  surf  by  re- 
action (m  to  the  coast,  to  the  southward  of 
the  castle,  so  that  the  whole  embankment, 
froui  Sandown -terrace  to  the  Good  Intent, 
has  diftrtpiHjaretl, — opposite  which  a  small 
remaining  sloi)e  only  intervenes  between 
the  sea  and  the  adjoining  lands,  which  are 
considerably  below  high-water  mark  ;  and 
when  it  is  consideriHl  that  there  is  a  gradual 
Bloi)e  from  this  ]K)int  to  the  north  end  of 
the  town,  whicli  is  \\\wi\  a  still  lower  level, 
the  diinger  impending  that  neighbour- 
hood b*  sufficiently  obvious.  Should  there 
be  a  N.-VV.  gale  occurring  at  the  time  of 
spring  tides,  no  one  can  tell  the  amount  of 
loss  to  life  and  projierty.  The  Govern- 
ment say  that,  having  attempted  to  pro- 
tect the  castle,  they  have  done  their  duty. 
A  further  memorial,  however,  has  been 
forwarded  to  liord  Panmure,  pointing  out 
the  injury  tliat  is  likely  to  result  to  the 
neighl)ouring  land  and  the  lower  part  of 
Deal,  which  is  nmch  Iwlow  the  sea-level. 

A  Lancashire  Fanner's  Ooods  and 
Chattels  in  1661. — We  copy  the  following 
from  the  original  document,  now  first 
printed: — "A  true  and  perfect  inventory 
of  all  the  goods  and  chattels,  as  well 
moveable  as  not  moveable,  whatsoever, 
that  were  of  Peter  Birkett,  late  of  Bo- 
rands-within-Gressingham,  deceased,  taken 
the  sixth  day  of  December,  1661,  and 
prised  by  WiU'm  Backhouse,  of  Borandfl^ 


Will'm  Braihwayte,  of  Gre«ingluun»  Allan 
Harrison,  of  Eskrlgg,  and  James  Bdl,  of 
GawenhaJl,  and  pai^cnlarlj  aooor^Ung  to 
their  best  judgmeuts,  as  fbUoweth:— Im- 
primis, his  apparel,  £1;  bedding,  6f.; 
arkes  and  chests,  13a.  4d.;  old  woodden 
vessell,  58. ;  new  woodden  veflsell,  oowper 
timber,  and  one  pair  of  old  bed8tockei»l&. ; 
one  brasse  pott,  three  pans,  one  ]>ewtlier 
dubler,  (dish,)  and  one  earthen  pott^  10s. ; 
gridiron  and  brandersth,  3s.;  old  taUfl^ 
old  chaire,  wheele  and  stocke,  two  old 
formes,  and  three  old  stooles,  3s.  4d ;  two 
sackes,  5s. ;  kneading  tub  and  meale^  2s. ; 
one  Raksnhooke,  piur  of  tonffos,  oowper 
toole,  and  three  quishions  (cosnions),  lOs.; 
hempe  and  25  Ira  (libra,  lb.)  of  yame;  St.; 
wheeletimber,  carles,  and  carrs,  8s. ;  come 
and  shawe,  £3;  one  outshoote  of  haj, 
£1  68.  8d.;  one  stacke  of  hay  without 
dores,  lOs. ;  one  scaflbld  of  hay.  Ids. ;  one 
padd  and  wooll,  10s.;  one  mare  and  one 
colt,  £3;  6  geese,  4a.;  manure,  6a.;  IS 
shecpe,  £3;  ropes.  Is.;  one  cock  and  five 
hens,  28. ;  turfe,  Os.  8d. ;  loose  wood,  steei^ 
and  forks,  Ss. ;  one  poake  (bag)  and  hemp- 
seed.  Is. ;  one  calfe,  10s. ;  two  heiffers,  »^ 
one  ditto,  £2 ;  one  oow,  £2  Ids. ;  another, 
£3  lOs.  Summa  totalis,  £29  ISs."  Of 
the  four  i^prusers,  only  one,  James  BeO, 
could  wntQ  his  name;  the  other  three 
were  marksmen. — THmet, 

The  Easter  Qroat  QiteHion^^At  the 
County  Court  held  at  Bamardcastle,  Ed- 
ward llaine,  Joseph  Godley,  and  Edward 
Thirkell  were  smnmoned  by  the  parish 
clerk,  (Joseph  Stephenson,)  to  reoorer  Im, 
from  each  for  three  years'  Easter  dnesi 
Tlie  defendants  did  not  attend  ooort^  and 
his  Honour  therefore  g^ve  judgment  for 
the  plaintiff  against  each  of  the  defend- 
ants. Two  of  the  defendants  in  this  ease 
were  also  said  to  be  defendants  in  tbs 
suit  brought  by  the  clerk,  tried  at  Dor* 
ham  assizes  two  or  three  years  ago. 

Sept.  19. 

Crueltif  to  Amimals. — At  the  Devon- 
shire sessions,  Robert  Hole,  a  gentlemaa 
fanner,  of  considerable  property,  reaiding 
at  Houlston  Fann,  Coombmartin,  was 
charged  with  having  poisoned  a  dookef. 
It  appeared,  from  the  testimony  of  nume- 
rous witnesses,  that  the  prisoner  oecopied 
tlircc-fourths  of  a  field,  known  as  Floodgate^ 
meadow,  in  the  parish  of  Coomi 
into  which  the  inhabitants  in  the  Ticinitj 
were  in  the  habit  of  turning  their  cati 
to  pasture.  At  the  beginning  of 
month  much  sensation  was  oreated  amongst^ 
the  owners  of  cattle,  owing  to  the  sudden 
death  of  several  animals ;  and*  from  the 
B^iuptoms  exhibited,  it  was  evident  th^ 
had  been  poisoned.  Amongst  other  am- 
mals,  a  donkey  died  in  the  way  ilwcrihini. 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


619 


The  tongue  and  other  portions  of  the  body 
were  forwarded  to  Dr.  Herapath,  the  ana- 
lytical chemist  of  Bristol,  who  caine  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  animal  had  died  from 
the  effects  of  corrosive  sublimate;  and 
stated  that  the  animals  must  have  died  in 
a  horrible  manner,  and  that  a  few  grains 
would  be  sufficient  to  kill  a  man.  Death 
following  death  in  such  an  extraordinary 
manner,  means  were  set  on  foot  to  dis- 
cover the  guilty  party.  Suspicion  fell 
upon  the  prisoner,  who,  it  was  ascerttiined, 
had  warned  several  people  to  remove  their 
cattle  from  the  field ;  and  threatened 
others,  if  their  cattle  were  not  immedi- 
ately taken  away.  To  one  person  he  said, 
"  If  the  people  who  have  pigs  In  my  field 
doesn't  take  *em  away,  an  accident  will 
happen  during  the  day."  To  another  he 
remarked, — "  Tom,  mind  thee  doesn't  put 
the  pony  in  Floodgate-meadow  again. 
I'll  make  thee  pay  for  every  blade  of 
grass,  if  thee  puts  it  in  there  again — 
something  shall  happen  to  'en."  It  was 
also  proved  that  prisoner  used  the  follow- 
ing terms  to  other  persons : — "  Take  away 
thee  pony  w^hilst  it's  safe ;  better  take  it 
before  it's  too  late."  **  You  had  better 
take  away  the  pig,  or  something  will  hap- 
pen to  it."  "  Thy  brother  has  a  donkey 
on  the  field,  and  Tom  Smith  has  a  pony 
there :  if  I  catch  Smith's  pony  in  my  field, 
ril  remember  'en ;  and  if  Jewell  doesn't 
take  his  donkey  away,  I'll  sarve  'en  out." 
To  Jewell  himself  he  said,  "  Thee  had  bet- 
ter take  away  thee  donkey.  Many  accidents 
have  happened,  and  many  more  may."  In 
consequence  of  these  intimations,  several 
of  the  parties  spoken  to  removed  their 
cattle,  whilst  some  that  were  left  died, 
but  not  one  belonging  to  the  prisoner 
was  amongst  the  number.  The  jury 
fotmd  the  prisoner  guilty  of  poisoning  a 
donkey,  and  the  chairman  sentenced  him 
to  four  years'  penal  servitude — evidently 
much  U)  his  surprise. 

Scotland. — From  a  Government  return 
of  the  amomit  of  animal  stock  in  thirty- 
two  counties  in  Scotland,  in  the  summer 
of  1856,  as  compared  with  the  same  sea- 
son of  1855,  we  find  that  the  number  of 
horses  for  agricultural  purposes,  above 
three  years  old,  was,  in  1856, 123,000;  in 
1855,  121,190 ;  horses  for  agricultural 
purposes,  under  three  years  old,  in  1856, 
'3,391 ;  in  1855,  32,100;  all  other  horses, 
in  1856,  23,504;  in  1855,  23,939:  total 
horses,  in  1856, 179,904 ;  in  1855, 177,229. 
Milch  cows,  in  1856,  30,041 ;  in  1855, 
298,463;  other  cattle,  in  1856,  473,505; 
in  1855,  469,309;  calves,  in  1856, 193,765 ; 
in  1855,  207,014 :  total  cattle,  in  1856, 
967,311 ;  m  1855,  974,816.  Sheep  of  aU 
ages  for  breeding,  in  1856,  2,712,950 ;   in 


1855,  2,707,950^  sheep  of  all  ages  for 
feeding,  in  18o6,  1,145,448;  in  1855, 
1,138,521 ;  lambs,  in  1856,  1,964,080 ;  in 
1855,  1,848,429:  total  sheep,  in  1856, 
5,822,478;  in  1855,  5,694,900.  Swine, 
in  1856,  126,944;  in  1855,  134,350.  The 
total  stock  in  the  thirty -two  counties, 
therefore,  in  1856,  is  7,096,637,  against 
6,981,296,  being  an  increase  in  favour  of 
the  present  year  of  15,342. 
Sept.  20. 

Decline  o^  the  Bar. — It  is  stated  that 
there  are  no  less  than  forty  sets  of  cham- 
bers now  to  let  in  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
thirty -three  in  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
that  the  entries  of  students  are  about  one- 
fifth  of  what  they  were  ten  years  ago.  'i'he 
calls  to  the  bar  have  fallen  off  to  a  mere 
nothing  compared  to  what  they  were  for- 
merly. Whereas  the  Middle  Temple  used 
to  call  a  few  years  ago,  from  120  to  125 
or  130  a-year,  fifty  is  now  about  the  aver- 
age, and  even  this  number  shews  symp- 
toms of  decrease. — Olobe. 

Curious  Discovery  in  the  Crimea. — A 
letter  from  Russia  of  the  2nd,  in  th3 
"  Austrian  Gazette,"  says : — "  Workmen 
continue  to  be  actively  engaged  in  endea- 
vouring to  raise  the  vessels  sunk  in  the 
harbour  of  Sebastopol.  It  appears  that 
the  fine  steam-frigate  '  Vladimir'  is  ccm- 
pletely  lost.  According  to  a  census  lately 
taken,  the  population  of  the  south  side  of 
Sebastopol  amounts  to  1,500  souls,  exclu- 
sive of  about  3,000  sailors.  The  Russian 
officers  now  here  gave  a  grand  banquet 
last  week  to  General  Buchmaier,  of  the 
Engineers,  who  constructed  the  bridge  of 
boats  across  the  harbour  of  Sebastopol,  an 
operation  which  was  thought  to  be  impos- 
sible under  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  and  the 
success  of  which  saved  the  garrison  of  ^  e* 
bastopol.  A  discovery  has  just  been  made 
in  the  village  of  Alexandropol,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Ecatherinslow,  which  has 
caused  an  immense  sensation  among  our 
archseologists.  M.  Luzancho,  the  director 
of  the  museum  of  Kertch,  has  found  in  a 
small  mound  the  catacombs  of  the  Scy- 
thian kings.  Numerous  articles  in  gold, 
silver,  bronze,  iron,  earthenware,  &c.  have 
been  discovered  there.  The  existence  of 
the  Gherros,  or  Necropolis  of  the  Scythian 
monarchs,  spoken  of  by  Herodotus,  is  thus 
proved." 

Sept.  21. 

Imperial  Sports. — The  Emperor  Napo- 
leon and  Empress  witnessed  a  bull-fight 
this  day  at  Bayonne.  ITie  first  bull  crept 
out,  as  it  were,  stealthily,  and,  when  least 
expected,  made  a  rush  at  Aguirre,  the 
torero  of  the  blue  cloak,  who  by  a  slight 
but  skilftd  movement  evaded  the  danger- 
ous horns,  but  yet  remained  still,  and  al- 


620 


The  Monthly  Intelliffencer. 


[Not. 


lowed  the  disappointed  animal  to  msh 
blindly  on  until  he  perceived  that  his 
enemy  had  disappeared.  A  crowd  of  ehuloa 
than  began  to  distract  his  attention.  They 
roused  him  to  fury  by  shaking  their  cloaks 
in  his  face,  and  the  espada  Egana,  profit- 
ing by  the  favourable  opportunity,  for 
which  he  had  remained  quietly  on  the 
watch,  advanced  under  his  very  horns,  and 
executed  an  admirable  suerte  a  la  Na- 
varra.  Banderillat^  or  darts,  were  planted 
in  the  animal's  neck  with  much  dexterity 
by  Aguirre  and  Condoya ;  and  in  less  than 
half  an  hour  Egaua  killed  his  beast  at  one 
stroke,  without  causing  him  to  shed  a  drop 
of  blood.  The  second  bull,  on  his  first 
rush  from  the  den,  went  bounding  round 
the  ring  in  great  fary,  and  leaped  the  bar- 
riers ;  but  he  soon  got  tired,  and  shewed 
no  great  desire  to  fight.  Egana  planted 
in  his  neck  a  couple  of  darts,  with  gun- 
powder at  the  points,  and  the  heated  wea- 
pons soon  produced  their  effect ;  his  apathy 
disappeared,  and  he  was  quickly  roused  to 
fury.  He  pawed  the  earth,  and  made  des- 
perate but  useless  efforts  to  fling  off  his 
torturing  appendages.  HtBret  lethalis 
arundx).  In  a  few  minutes  two  French 
bull-tighters  and  two  Spaniards  were 
sprawling  on  the  ground.  A  fresh  ])air  of 
fire  banderilUu  were  planted  by  I^qucz, 
and  a  third  by  Condoya.  When  the  mo- 
ment for  despatching  him  came,  he  was 
killed  by  Egana  at  the  second  blow  ;  and 
the  public  were  so  pleased,  that  the  car- 
ease  was  given  to  him  as  a  perquisite. 
Three  more  bulls  were  killed,  but  Egana 
was  much  mauled  with  the  second,  and 
carried  out.  Tlie  Emperor  and  Empress 
remained  to  the  last. 

Montenegro, — The  Porte  has  addressed 
a  note  to  the  powers,  announcing  that  the 
Montenegrin e  affair  must  be  settled.  The 
Porte  demands  a  revision  of  the  form  of 
government  existing  in  Montcn^i^ro,  and 
is  strenuously  opposed  to  the  princedom 
being  made  herwiitary  in  the  present  rul- 
ing family.  Tlie  Turkish  troops  on  the 
Montenegrine  frontier  are  to  remain  on 
the  defensive  till  the  arrival  of  Omer 
Pacha.  Austria  will  endeavour  to  obtain 
more  favourable  conditiims  for  the  Monte- 
ncgrines  than  those  offered  above. 

Sept.  22. 

A  'Royal  Sencontre. — A  curious  incident, 
which  has  created  a  considerable  sensation 
in  the  locality,  occurred  at  the  Stirling 
railway-station,  wliere  His  Royal  Highness 
the  I^nce  of  Orange  and  suite  were 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  north  train 
for  Edinburgh.  When  it  reached  the 
station  the  distinguished  stranger  went 
fom'ard  to  a  first-class  carriage,  and  was 
about  to  stop  into  it,  when  he  was  politely 


informed  by  a  solitary  gentkniaa  wHlilii 
that  he  had  taken  the  whole  caniage  fiir 
his  own  use.  His  Highneas  of  Orange  at 
once  backed  oat  of  the  sacred  endaenn^ 
and  secured  a  seat  elsewhere.  The  eolitaij 
gentleman  was  the  Commander-in-chief  of 
the  British  army. 

Siam. — The  supplement  to  the  "Loa- 
don  Grazette"  contains  a  treaty  of  friend- 
ship and  commerce  between  her  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria  and  the  King  of  Siam. 
which  was  signed  at  Bangkok  on  the  18Ui 
of  April,  1855,  and  of  which  the  ratifiim- 
tions  were  exchanged  on  the  5th  of  April 
last.  By  this  treaty  certidn  artidea  in  the 
old  treaty  of  1826  referred  to  are  not 
abrogated,  and  other  articlea  and  agree- 
ments between  the  two  Qovemmenta  are 
set  forth  at  length  and  in  detail,  rego- 
lating  the  power  of  the  consul  and  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  British  mbjecti^ 
tc^ether  with  the  laws  and  rules  by  which 
commerce  shall  be  carried  on  between  the 
two  nations,  the  duties  and  customs,  Ac. 
The  regulations  are  very  minute,  and  ap- 
pear to  have  been  carefully  drawn  op. 

Jarrow  Docksy  on  the  I^ne, — Mr.  T.  B. 
Harrison,  C.E.,  laid  the  foundation-stone 
of  the  principal  entrance  to  the  Jarrow 
Docks,  on  the  Tyne.  These  important 
marine-works,  which  are  in  the  oonne  of 
construction  for  the  North-Eastem  Bail- 
way  Company,  are  of  considerable  interest 
to  persons  concerned  in  the  eoal- trader 
They  are  being  erected  in  a  Urge  bight  at 
the  end  of  Shields  Harbour,  on  the  Dor- 
ham  side,  and  are  aboat  two  milea  from 
the  sea.  There  will  be  forty-eight  acra 
of  water  in  the  principal  bann,  which  will 
have  two  entrances,— one  dzty  feet  wide 
with  an  entrance-lock  capable  of  hnli^fffig 
fifteen  or  sixteen  vessels ;  the  other  ^ghty 
feet  wide,  which  will  admit  large  paddle- 
wheeled  steamers  into  the  dodc  Tliere 
will  be  sixteen  berths  fbr  shipping  ooalih 
with  room  for  eight  more,  and  a  large 
s])ace  will  be  occupied  with  qnaya  and 
warehouses.  There  will  be  twenty-thrse 
miles  of  standage  for  waggons;  and  the 
docks,  through  the  instrumentality  of 
steam  and  sailing  vessels,  will  connect  the 
North-Eastem  Railway  with  all  the  great 
ooal-importing  countries  in  the  world.  Hie 
total  acreage  of  the  docks  will  be  140,  and 
the  contracts  of  Mr.  James  Gow,  who  is 
executing  the  principal  works,  are  Ibr 
£230,000. 

Pembroke. — Great  additions  and  altetm- 
tions  are  in  progress  in  Pembroke  Dock- 
yard. The  present  dry  dock  is  to  be 
^-idened  and  lengthened,  so  as  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  our  new  dasi  of  men-of- 
war.  Two  new  slips  for  ship-hoilding  are 
to  be  made  of  huge  hk>cki  of  limeatom^ 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


621 


yf\i\\  copings  of  graiiite.  Other  slips  are 
to  be  lengthened,  to  meet  the  increased  size 
of  the  ships;  and  the  consequence  is  a 
great  increase  seaward  of  the  establish- 
ment. An  extension  of  the  sea-wall  is 
going  on.  All  accumulation  of  mud  is  to 
be  washed  away  by  means  of  reservoirs 
between  the  slips,  and  these  can  be  run 
out  by  the  sluices  when  required. 

Mozart. — Among  the  notabilities  at  the 
Mozart  festival,  held  at  Salzburg  last  week, 
was  an  old  silver-haired  man,  called  Karl 
Mozart,  son  of  the  immortal  composer,  and 
last  of  the  name.  He  was  the  greatest 
living  object  of  interest  present.  He  had 
gone  all  the  way  from  Milan  to  enjoy  the 
ftte ;  and  although  things  were  not  cheap, 
there  wiis  not  the  slightest  danger  of  his 
lacking  a  dinner  or  champagne,  although  his 
father  might  have  wanted  both.  The  only 
fear  was  that  the  poor  old  fellow  would  be 
killed  with  kindness. 

The  London   Gazette  of  this  day  con- 
tained the  name  of  but  one  bankrupt— an 
occurrence  almost  unprecedented. 
Sept.  24. 

Direct  Tirade  between  Cheat  Britain 
and  the  Far  West  of  America. — It  is  only 
within  the  last  week  that  a  most  import- 
ant question  has  been  solved,  one  which 
has  deservedly  received  great  attention  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic,  viz.  whe- 
ther it  is  practical  and  profitable  to  carry 
on  a  direct  trade  between  Chicago,  the 
ultima  Thule  of  the  American  lakes,  and 
this  country,  without  trans-shipment  or 
forwarding  viA  Buffalo  and  New  York,  the 
course  liitherto  generally  adopted.  Expe- 
rience proves  not  only  the  feasibility,  but 
the  benefits,  of  this  through  traffic.  There 
is  now  in  the  Queen's  Dock  a  vessel  of  387 
tons  burden,  the  Dean  Richmond,  which 
has  not  only  made  the  passage  from  Que- 
bec, but  has  traversed  2,400  miles  of  in- 
land water,  bearing  a  cargo  of  400  tons  of 
grain,  the  first  vessel  and  the  first  cargo 
which  ever  arrived  here  direct  from  Chi- 
cago, opening  a  new  field  for  commercial 
enterprise,  marking  an  important  epoch  in 
the  annals  of  the  Far  West. 

Nor  is  it  a  matter  of  local  importance, 
or  likelv  to  result  in  the  benefit  of  Ameri- 
can  interests  onlv,  else  we  should  not  refer 
to  it.  World-wide  advantages  may  follow. 
(Jreat  benefits  to  us  must  arise  from  the 
success  of  this  plan.  Whatever  conduces 
to  cheapen  food,  facilitate  its  delivery,  and 
increase  its  supply,  must  be  to  the  general 
good ;  and  the  arrival  of  the  Dean  Rich- 
mond gives  promise  of  being  the  forerun- 
ner and  opener  of  a  trade  which  will  pro- 
duce the  above  results. 

That  we  may  not  be  supposed  to  have 
overrated  the  importance  of  Chicago,  it 


may  be  as  well  to  state  a  few  facts  with 
reference  to  the  trade  with  that  port.  The 
population  in  1850  was  29,000;  in  1856 
it  has  increased  to  104,000.  The  ship- 
ments of  grain  in  1855  were  2,200,000 
qrs.,  being  the  largest  quantity  shipped 
from  any  one  port  in  the  world;  pork, 
77,000  barrels ;  beef,  56,000  barrels ;  un- 
ports  40,000  tons  of  iron,  110,000  tons  of 
coals;  lumber,  325,000,000  superficial  feet; 
arrivals,  6,610  vessels  of  1,608,845  tons. 
The  port  possesses  storage  in  warehouses 
for  500,000  qrs.  of  grain,  at  which  400- 
ton  vessels  have  been  loaded  in  four  hours. 
We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Richmond  and 
Captain  Pierse,  the  owners  of  the  Dean 
Richmond,  for  these  statistics. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  all  this 
trade  was  carried  on  mider  the  disadvan- 
tageous circumstances  already  referred  to, 
— all  these  vessels  laden  merely  to  be  dis- 
charged into  others,  not  one  having  come 
direct  to  Great  Britain  but  the  Dean 
Richmond.  To  what  vast  proportions  may 
not  such  a  trade  be  extended,  when  pro- 
vided with  greater  facilities?  Have  we 
not  all  cause  to  hope  that  the  experiment, 
so  successfully  brought  to  a  close,  may 
eventuate  in  a  constant  communication,  to 
the  mutual  benefit  of  all  ? 

The  North- Western  States,  with  their 
great  railway  and  canal  facilities,  can  lay 
down  at  the  lake-ports  larger  quantities  of 
grain,  at  a  less  cost,  and  deliver  the  same 
in  England  in  a  shorter  time,  than  the 
countries  on  the  Black  Sea.  Hitherto,  as 
we  have  stated,  the  trade  has  been  car- 
ried on  vid  New  York,  the  goods  passing 
through  three  or  four  diflferent  hands  ere 
they  reach  England,  each  change  entailing 
a  commission,  besides  loss  of  time,  and 
three  several  freights, — in  the  aggregate 
amounting  this  season  to  13s.  8d.  per 
quarter,  with  an  unusually  low  rate  of 
carriage  to  Bufialo.  The  Black  Sea  freights 
at  present  are  13s.  per  quarter,  and  the 
usual  voyage  frx)m  Galatz  seventy  to  one 
hundred  days.  The  Dean  Richmond  has 
made  the  entire  passage  in  sixty  days,  in- 
cluding twelve  days*  detention  in  the  St. 
Lawrence,  which  would  not  be  likely  to 
occur  again;  vessels,  therefore,  may  be 
expected  to  make  the  run  in  fifty  days ; 
while  a  vast  saving  in  expense  will  be 
gtuned,  the  freight  and  charges  being  less 
by  several  shiUmgs  than  viA  New  York  or 
from  the  Black  Sea.  The  canal-dues  on  a 
cargo  of  400  tons  and  the  ship  amount  to 
£80,  and  steam-tugs  £30  more ;  there  are 
no  port-charges,  light-dues,  or  pilotage  on 
the  lake,  and  therefore  the  saving  of  com- 
missions and  freight  is  not  counterbalanced 
by  other  imposts. 

Another  important  matter  is  the  im- 


622 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Not. 


proved  condition  of  the  grain  which  a 
direct  trade  would  secnrc.  At  present  the 
Liverpool  merchants  complain  with  jus- 
tice of  the  state  of  Western  grain  when 
reciived,  vid  New  York  and  Montreal,  in 
large  ships.  That  now  discharging  from 
the  Dean  Richmond  is  in  as  good  condition 
as  when  shipped,  thus  shewing  the  advan- 
tage of  the  direct  trade  in  vessels  of  SiOO 
to  400  tons. 

Nor  should  it  he  forgotten  that  the 
West  requires  the  manufactures  of  Great 
Britain.  Our  iron,  hardware,  earthen- 
ware, &c.,  are  im^wrted  via  New  York — 
imports,  like  exports,  passing  through  se- 
veral hands,  increasing  cost  and  occasioning 
delay.  These  goods  could  be  imported 
direct,  to  the  benefit  of  all  concerned. 

And  now  for  a  few  words  res^iectiug  the 
vessel,  which,  with  the  cargo,  came  con- 
signed to  Messrs.  Bigland,  Athya,  and  Ck>., 
of  this  port.  The  Dean  Richmond  is  a 
fore-and-aft  schooner  of  380  tons  register ; 
her  length  is  145  feet  over  all ;  beam,  26 
feet ;  depth  of  hold,  12  feet.  She  drew  9^ 
feet  with  400  tons  of  wheat  in  her,  and 
has  beaten  many  vessels  from  Quebec  by 
two  and  three  weeks.  Tlie  Dean  Rich- 
mond is  built  entirely  of  oak,  except  the 
decks,  and  is  fitted  with  a  new  centre- 
board, which  in  deep  water  gives  her  a 
daught  of  18  feet.  She  has  immense  spars 
for  her  size,  and  altogether  has  a  very 
rakish  appeanmce.  At  present  she  is  the 
largest  vessel  which  can  come  through  the 
canals;  but  by  a  moderate  outlay  upon 
them  we  are  given  to  imderstand  ships  of 
800  to  1,000  tons  could  easily  be  ad- 
mitted.— Liverpool  Daily  I*ost, 

Sept.  26. 

Curious  Custom, — John  Knill,  Esq.,  for- 
merly collector  of  customs  at  St.  Ives, 
Cornwall,  erected  during  his  lifetime  a 
mausoleum,  ui  the  form  of  an  obelisk,  on  a 
lofty  hill  about  two  miles  from  St.  Ives ; 
and  at  his  death,  in  1811,  left  by  will  cer- 
tain sums  of  money  to  l>e  disiM)seil  of  every 
five  years  on  the  Feast  of  St.  James  the 
Apostle.  Among  other  singular  be<|uest8 
api)ear  the  follo\%'ing : — "  that  ten  pounds 
shall  be  expended  in  a  dinner  for  the  mayor, 
collector  of  customs,  and  clergyman,  and 
two  friends  to  be  invited  by  each  of  them, 
making  a  party  of  nine  persons  to  dine  at 
some  inn  in  the  borough.  Hvc  pounds  to 
be  equally  divided  among  ten  girls,  natives 
of  the  lK)rough,  and  daughters  of  seamen, 
fishermen,  or  tiimers,  each  of  them  not  ex- 
ceeding ten  years  of  age,  who  shall,  l>e- 
tween  ten  and  eleven  o'clock  in  the  fore- 
noon of  that  day,  dance  for  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  at  least,  on  the  ground  adjoining  the 
mausoleum ;  and,  after  the  dance,  sing  the 
Hundredth  Psalm^  of  the  old  version,  to 


the  fine  old  tone  to  which  the 
then  sang  in  St.  Ives*  Chnroh.  One  poond 
each  to  two  old  women  who  shall  walk  be- 
fore the  girls ;  and  one  pound  to  the  fiddler 
who  shall  play  to  the  girls  while  '^''"^"g 
at  the  maosoleam,  and  also  befisre  them  on 
their  return  therefirom.  Five  poonda  alao 
to  be  g^ven  to  the  oldest  man,  flmhermaa 
or  tinner,  who  has  farought  op  the  largert 
family  of  children  without  receiving  paio* 
chial  assistance."  This  day,  being  Uie  day 
for  celebrating  the  above,  the  gins  fimned 
in  procession  at  the  town-hall,  and  headed 
by  the  two  old  women,  the  fiddler,  aiul  the 
mayor,  collector,  and  clergymen  of  the 
parish,  and  followed  by  a  crowd  of  childreii» 
marched  to  the  maosoleam,  and  perfhruied 
the  games  as  above  directed. 

A  Soldier  flogged. — A  aoldier  named 
Allison,  of  the  I'kh  Light  Dragoons,  waa 
flogged  at  Maidstone.  The  man  had  ra> 
cently  had  some  money  left  him,  and  aa  he 
was  not  readily  allowed  to  porohaee  his 
dischaige,  he  became  insabordinate^  and 
went  away  to  Strood  by  the  ndlwaj  with 
a  comrade.  Tliey  were  brought  back  to 
Maidstone  by  the  provost- sergeanty  hot 
before  reaching  the  depot  WilaoQ  etroek 
the  sergeant  a  heavy  blow  with  his  hand- 
cuffed hand,  and  inflicted  a  severe  wcrand 
on  his  head.  For  this  he  waa  eentenoed 
by  a  court-martial  to  receive  flftylaahei, 
and  to  be  imprisoned  160  daya  in  Fort 
Clarence.  The  other  man  was  alao  aeo- 
tenced  to  undergo  120  days'  impriaomnent. 
The  sentences  were  approved  \rg  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, and  on  Thoraday,  in  the 
presence  of  the  whole  detachmeota  at  the 
depot,  the  punishment  was  adminiitered. 

Bath  Bricks. — Bridgewater  is  pecnhar 
as  the  only  place  in  the  kingdom  when 
tlie  well-known  bricks  for  soooring  par- 
poses,  known  as  Bath  bricki^  are  made. 
Why  they  have  this  name  is  not  known. 
It  would  seem  that  a  miztare  of  sand  from 
the  sea  with  the  alluvial  depont  of  the 
river  is  here  formed  naturally  to  the  ex- 
tent of  about  half-a-mile  above  the  town 
bridge  and  half-a-mile  below  it.  The  woiki 
are  situated  up<m  the  banks  of  Uie  river, 
so  that  the  sediment  is  taken  at  onoe  to 
them,  and  being  dried  and  formed  into 
shape,  is  then  burnt  in  kilns  hard  by.  The 
manufacture  employs  firom  4,000  to  6^000 
liands.— rA«  Builder, 

Death  of  a  Oipsg, — For  eome  weela 
past  a  company  of  gipsies— men,  womea, 
and  children — to  the  number  of  tUrty 
and  upwards,  have  been  encam|ring  i 
various  placet  in  the  vicinity  of  BiidUng- 
ton.  On  the  23rd  they  removed  ftoB 
their  temporary  resting-plaoe,  near  Be^ 
singby -bridge,  on  the  side  of  the  hishway, 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  Bridlingtoot 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


623 


aiid  left  there  one  of  theii*  tribe,  a  man 
named  John  Brown,  who  stated  his  age  to 
be  seventy,  and  who  was  reported  to  be 
ill  and  incapable  of  travelling.  On  this 
intelligence  reaching  Mr.  Whiting,  the 
relieving  officer  of  the  union,  he  visited 
the  old  man,  and  conveyed  him  in  a  cart 
to  the  union-house,  as  he  said  he  was 
unable  to  walk,  though  he  made  no  com- 
plaint of  being  ill.  After  landing  at  the 
union,  every  attention  waa  paid  to  the 
man  that  was  deemed  requisite,  and  even 
more  than  Brown  wished ;  and  on  retiring 
to  rest  for  the  night,  he  was  shewn  into  a 
room  containing  three  beds ;  but  he  refiised 
to  lie  on  any  of  them,  as  he  had  his  own 
with  him,  which  he  preferred,  and  ex- 
j)ressed  himself  both  satisfied  and  comfort- 
able. The  next  morning,  however,  on  the 
porter  going  to  Brown's  room,  he  found 
him  dead,  and  in  the  exact  position  in 
which  he  had  been  left  the  preceding  night. 
A  docitor  was  immediately  called  in,  who 
pronounced  him  to  have  been  dead  some 
hours.  In  consequence  of  this  occurrence, 
an  inquest  was  held  over  the  body  on  Fri- 
day, the  26th,  at  the  union-house,  by  E. 
D.  Conyers,  Esq.,  and  a  respectable  jury. 
Prior  to  the  holding  of  an  inquest,  a  post- 
mortem examination  had  been  made  by 
J.  Allison,  Esq.,  whose  report  was  to  the 
eftect  that  the  \iscera  of  the  head,  chest, 
and  abdomen,  were  found  to  be  generally 
healthy,  the  right  auricle  and  ventricle  of 
which  were  enormously  dilated,  and  their 
walls  exceedingly  thin  and  flaccid.  The 
pericardium  contained  half  a  pint  of  serum ; 
hence  it  was  impossible  that  the  functions 
of  the  organ  could  be  efficiently  performed, 
its  action  l)eing  at  any  time  liable  to  be 
suddenly  arrested.  Considering  the  priva- 
tions and  hardships  to  which  the  deceased 
must  have  been  exposed,  and  the  advanced 
age  he  liad  attained,  malgre  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  his  wandering  life,  it  was  extra- 
ordinary to  find  the  lungs  quite  free  from 
disease,  and  the  entire  absence  of  adhesions 
between  the  contiguous  surfiaces  of  the 
pleura.  After  a  short  consultation,  the 
jury  returned  the  following  verdict — "  Died 
of  disease  of  the  heart."  It  seemed  un- 
accountably strange  and  cruel  on  the  part 
of  Brown's  fraternity  to  desert  him  as  they 
did ;  and  not  even  one  of  them  attended 
his  funeral,  or  owned  him  in  any  way. 
Probably  Tliursday  night  was  the  first 
time  Brown  slept  in  a  dwelling-house, 
as  he  said  he  had  been  a  wanderer  all  his 
days. 

Russia. — A  letter  from  St.  Petersburg 
gives  the  following  bill  of  fare  of  the  grand 
dinner  given  by  the  Czar  to  200,000  pea- 
sants at  the  gates  of  Moscow  : — 240  sheep, 
roasted  whole,  480  tarts,  28,800  litres  of 


broth,  480  dishes  of  jelly,  7,200  fowls,  1,000 
turkeys,  1,000  ducks,  24,000  loaves  of 
white  bread,  9,600  loaves  of  brown  bread, 
9,600  hams,  46,000  apples,  46,000  pears, 
46,000  plums,  4,000  pails  of  beer,  4,000 
pails  of  mead,  2,800  pails  of  white  and  red 
wine.  At  the  head  of  every  table  there 
was  a  sheep  roasted  whole,  the  horns  gilt, 
and  the  nose  tipped  with  silver.  All  the 
fruits  were  hung  upon  Christmas-trees. 
From  the  small  quantity  of  provisions,  it  is 
evident  that  200,000  peasants  is  a  fictitious 
number. 

Sept.  26. 

Destructive  JEquinoctial  Oales. — Dover, 
Sunday ,  5  p.m. — The  equinoctial  breezes 
have  set  in  during  the  past  week  with  un- 
usual severity.  Day  by  day  they  have  in- 
creased, whilst  last  night  it  blew  a  fearful 
gale  of  wind  from  S.S.E.  It  blew  so  hard 
from  this  quarter  yesterday  morning  that 
the  steam -packet  Violet,  although  off  the 
port,  with  the  English  mails,  at  her  re- 
gular time,  could  not  come  alongside  the 
Admiralty  pier,  and  was  obliged  to  lie  off 
until  there  was  sufficient  water  for  her  to 
enter  the  harbour,  at  7.30 ;  and  as  the 
wind  increased  in  the  afternoon,  the  South- 
Eastern  steam-packet,  due  here  from  Calais 
at  6  p.m.,  did  not  leave  the  French  coast. 
It  was  easier  to  leave  the  harbour  than  to 
enter  it;  the  packet  Ondine,  therefore, 
left  with  the  French  mails,  and  the  royal 
mail-packets  Violet,  for  Calais,  and  Gar- 
land, for  Ostend,  took  their  departure  at 
the  regular  hour,  and  made  good  pas- 
sages. 

During  the  night  the  gale  became 
stronger,  and  the  sea  got  up  to  a  fright  tul 
height;  but  this  morning  the  aspect  of 
the  weather  was  most  appalling.  The 
wind  howled,  and  the  sea  raged  with  the 
greatest  fiiry ;  the  scene  all  along  the 
piers  and  around  the  port  was  awfully 
grand.  Gigantic  waves  broke  in  succes- 
sion right  over  the  Admiralty  piers  and 
works  for  two  or  three  hours,  but  did 
little  damage  there ;  it  boiled  up,  however, 
on  the  western  side  with  such  strength 
and  fury,  that  it  tore  away  the  pavement 
in  front  of  the  Lord  Warden  Hotel ;  and 
some  idea  may  be  formed  of  its  power  and 
range  when  it  is  stated  that  it  dashed 
volumes  of  water  right  over  the  building, 
and  carried  a  cloud  of  sticks  and  stones 
into  the  dock  on  the  other  side.  It  filled 
up  all  the  kitchens  of  the  hotel,  and  left 
between  two  and  three  feet  of  water  in  the 
area  all  around. 

Very  little  damage,  however,  was  sus- 
tained by  the  building,  beyond  the  effects 
of  the  flooding  and  the  breaking  of  a  few 
panes  of  glass.  The  whole  of  the  space, 
however,  facing  the  westward  was  strewed 


624 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Nov. 


with  broken  planks,  piles,  and  other  frag- 
ments of  wood ;  and  they  came  from  the 
groins,  buildings,  and  fences  of  the  South- 
Eastem  Riulway. 

The  railway  sustained  the  most  damage 
at  about  100  yards  from  the  Archcliff  first 
tunnel,  and  about  200  yards  from  the 
station.  Such  was  the  violence  of  the 
curling  foaming  sea  in  the  comer  near 
Shakspere's  Cliff,  that  it  broke  through 
the  outer  stout  fence,  carried  that  away, 
then  through  the  heavy  and  massive 
wooden  framework  tied  by  iron  rods  across 
from  one  line  of  rails  to  the  other,  and 
from  buildings  on  one  side  to  buildings  on 
the  other ;  scooped  out  the  shingle,  broke 
down  the  stays ;  swept  off  large  portions 
of  the  buildings  nearest  to  the  beach,  car- 
ried away  some  of  the  brickwork,  and  un- 
dermined the  sheds  nearer  the  cliff;  and 
for  fifty  yards  entirely  broke  down  both 
lines  of  rails. 

The  wTeck  from  the  railway,  together 
with  the  planks  from  the  groins,  were  for 
hours  dashed  against  and  over  the  Admi- 
ralty pier,  and  were  thrown  up  at  the 
comer  of  the  Lord  Warden  Hotel  in 
pieces,  some  of  more  than  ahundred-weight, 
more  than  twenty  feet  high,  and  were  split 
in  pieces  against  the  piers  and  pavement. 

None  of  the  steam-packets  were  ex- 
pected to  arrive  in  this  terrible  gale,  but 
about  ten  o'clock  the  Ondine,  with  the 
royal  and  imperial  mails  from  Calais,  with 
her  canvas  set,  and  coming  along  at  a  tre- 
mendous rate,  made  her  appearance  in  the 
offing.  The  greatest  anxiety  and  excite- 
ment prevailed ;  and  hundreds  crowded  to 
the  piers,  in  spite  of  the  sea  and  rain,  to 
witness  her  entering  the  harbour.  It  was 
known  by  telegraph  that  she  had  above 
fifty  ])as8enger8  on  board ;  and  as  at  this 
time  the  entrance  to  the  jwrt  was  covered 
with  the  large  ])iles,  planks,  and  other 
floating  timber  from  the  Admiralty  pier 
and  the  railway,  crashing  together  by  the 
lieavy  seas,  those  in  authority  on  shore 
deeming  it  most  unsafe  to  attempt  the 
port  under  the  cireiimstimces,  the  flag  was 
hauled  down,  and  she  bore  away  most 
steadily,  and  in  admirable  style,  for  Ilams- 
gate,  where  she  securely  landed  her  mails 
and  passengers.  Tlie  South-Eastem  steam- 
packet,  with  ninety  passengers,  came  out 
from  Calais  with  the  Ondine,  but  was 
com])elled  to  put  back,  and  remains  until 
the  weather  mo<lerates. 

W<;  must  expect  to  hear  of  some  sad 
disast<?rs  from  this  furious  gale,  although 
its  gradual  increase  in  force  must  have 
warned  ])rudent  men  of  the  necessity  of 
stacking  in  time  a  good  haven.  One  or 
two  solitary  schooners  only  have  been  seen 
during  the  dav  scudding  before  the  wind. 
12 


Sevhn,  P.3C. — ^The  weather  has  some- 
what moderated,  bat  the  wind  is  from  the 
same  quarter,  and  a  high  tide  and  a  heavj 
sea  are  again  expected.  The  mail-packet 
Queen,  it  is  arranged,  shall  go  to  Calais 
to-night,  and  the  Empress  will  oome  over 
with  the  French  mails,  and  so  save  the  8 
o'clock  train  to  London  to-morrow  morn- 
ing ;  but  if  the  wind  continues  in  the  same 
quarter,  the  English  mails  cannot  be  landed 
at  Dover  before  9  o'clock  to-morrow  morn- 
ing. 

The  South-Eastem  Railway  authorities, 
by  most  indefatigable  exertions,  have  made 
excellent  temporary  arrangements  for  ood- 
tinmng  the  passengers'  and  nuil  aooom- 
modation  with  Dover,  with  very  little  per- 
sonal inconvenience. 

The  New  Bishops  of  Durham  and  Idm^ 
don. — Dr.  Charles  Thomas  Longley,  who 
has  accepted  the  Bishopric  of  Durham,  in 
room  of  the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  MaltW,  who 
has  resigned,  was  educated  at  Christ  CHinrch, 
Oxford,  where  he  g^raduated  in  1816,  taking 
a  first  class  in  the  classics.   He  is  a  younger 
son  of  Mr.  John  Longley,  fiirmerly  Re- 
corder of  Rochester,  and  for  some  time 
one  of  the  magistrates  at  the  Thames  P6- 
lice-court.    He  was  bom  at  Rochester  in 
179  i,  and  having  gone  through  the  nsnal 
course  at  Westminster  School,  removed  to 
Oxford.    In  1829  he  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  West  Tytherly,   near   Stock- 
bridge,  Hampshire,  and  in  1831  resisned 
that  l)enefice,  on  being  elected  to  the  head 
mastership  of  Harrow  School.      On  the 
formation  of  the  see  of  Ripon  in  1836,  he 
was  apx)ointed  by  Lord  Melbourne,  then 
prime  minister,  to  be  its  first  Inshop,  and 
has  presided  over  that  diocese  up  to  the 
present  time.     His  theological  views  are 
moderate,  with  a  slight  leaninff  to  the 
Evangelical    rather  than    to    the   High 
Church  party.   Dr.  Longley's  oonflrmation 
to  the  see  of  Durham  after  his  election  by 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  will  take  place  in 
the  parish  church  of  St.  James,  Pioca^tillv, 
Ijondon. — The  Very  Reverend  Archibald 
Campbell  Tait,  D.C.L.,  who  has  been  nomi- 
nated by  the  Crown  to  the  Bishopric  of 
London,  which  will  be  formally  vacated  by 
the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Blomfield  at  the  doss 
of  the  present  month,  was  educated  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  which  Universitj 
he  graduated  in  1833,  when  he  took  a  first 
dass  in  classics,  in  the  same  year,  but  not 
in  the  same  term,  with  Mr.  R.  Lowe,  M.P., 
Dr.  Jacks<m,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  Dr. 
Liddell,  Dean  of  Christ  Church,  all  of  whom 
were  fint-dass  in  dassics.    He  became  a 
fellow   and  tutor  of  his   college,  and  a 
select  preacher  of  the  University.    Upoa 
the  death  of  Dr.  Arnold,  who  so  long  and 
ably  preridcd  over  Rugby  School,  Dr.  Tut 


185G.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


625 


was  elected  liis  successor.  In  1849,  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Cramer,  he  was  nominated  by 
Lord  John  Russell  to  the  Deanery  of  Car- 
lisle, and  has  been  in  possession  of  that 
dignity  up  to  the  present  time.  In  1852 
he  vot^  for  Mr.  Gladstone  as  the  repre- 
sentative for  the  University  of  Oxford, 
when  he  was  opposed  by  Dr.  Marsham, 
the  Warden  of  Mertou  College,  and  again 
for  the  right  hon.  gentleman  on  his  ac- 
ceptance of  the  office  of  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  under  Lord  Aberdeen's  govern- 
ment, when  he  was  opposed  by  Mr.  D.  M* 
Perceval,  recently  deceased.  Immediately 
after  Dr.  Blomfield's  resignation  is  com- 
pleted, her  Majesty  will  direct  a  congS 
d'elira  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  empowering  them  to* 
elect  Dr.  Tait  to  the  bishopric,  and  his 
"confirmation"  will  shortly  afterwards 
take  place  in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Mary- 
le-  Bow,  Cheapside.  He  will  be  consecrated 
by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  whose 
province  the  diocese  of  London  is  situate. 
The  new  Bishop  holds  what  are  usually 
called  ma-media  views  on  the  doctrinal 
questions  which  agitate  the  two  great  par- 
ties in  the  Church,  sympathizing,  however, 
rather  than  otherwise,  with  the  Evange- 
licals.— The  "  Morning  Herald"  remarks : 
"  These  names  will  do  the  Premier  no  dis- 
credit. Dr,  Longley  has  well  earned  his 
promotion  by  his  twenty  years*  labour  in 
the  arduous  West  Riding  sec;  and  he  is 
also  a  man  whose  learning,  suavity,  and 
sincere  desire  to  do  his  duty  have  earned 
for  him  very  general  esteem.  Dr.  Tait, 
whose  elevation  to  the  see  of  London  is 
stated  to  be  probable,  is  also  a  worthy, 
learned,  and  painstaking  man.  He  was, 
we  believe,  formerly  tutor  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, and  then  Master  of  Rugby  School, 
from  whence  he  was  promoted  to  the 
Deanery  of  Carlisle.  We  believe  that 
the  Dean  of  Carlisle  is  quite  as  likely  to 
fill  the  episcopal  chair  with  dignity  and 
usefulness  as  any  of  those  whose  claims 
have  been  under  consideration  during  the 
past  month." 

Sept.  27. 
Discovery  of  Ancient  Remains  at  Roys- 
ton. —  An  excavation  of  remote  origin  has 
been  recently  discovered  on  Royston-heath, 
on  the  summit  of  a  lofty  hill  near  to 
the  old  British  and  Roman  Ickneld  way, 
and  to  a  number  of  British  tumuli.  The 
spot  in  question,  before  it  was  opened, 
presented  the  form  of  a  hollow  ov^  sur- 
rounded by  a  very  low  bank,  and  flanked 
on  the  north-east  by  a  truncated  mound, 
which  had  the  appearance  of  having  been 
disturbed.  A  small  hillock  within  the 
circular  bank,  but  most  probably  accidental, 
gave  to  the  place  a  somewhat  Druidical 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


cliaracter.  The  hollow  oval  lies  in  a  direc- 
tion north-west  and  south-east.  Its  length 
is  about  31  feet,  by  a  breadth  of  about  22 
feet.  Within  the  bank  are  two  circular 
excavations,  meeting  together  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  nearly  forming  the  figure  8.  Both 
excavations  descend  by  concentric  and  con- 
tracting rings  to  the  walls  which  form 
the  sides  of  the  chambers ;  the  depth  from 
the  surface  of  the  southern  excavation 
being^  nearly  seven  feet,  from  that  of  the 
northern  about  5  feet.  The  southern 
chamber  has  an  upright  wall  to  the  height 
of  nearly  4  feet ;  the  wall  of  the  northern 
chamber  gradually  recedes  almost  from  the 
floor.  A  cQvision-wall  about  2  feet  6 
inches  high  in  the  southern  chamber,  and 
about  1  foot  in  the  northern  chamber, 
with  an  opening  about  3  feet  wide  between 
the  shoulders,  separates  the  two  chambers. 
The  southern  may  be  compared  to  an  am- 
pulla with  the  foot  turned  inwards ;  the 
northern  to  an  q^^,  or  an  ace  of  spades. 
The  northern  chamber  is  about  7  feet 
from  north  to  south,  by  about  6  feet  from 
east  to  west  at  the  broadest  part.  A  bench 
runs  round  it  on  the  west  side,  about  1 
foot  high  above  the  floor,  by  about  1  foot 
broad,  and  a  similar  bench  occupies  a 
small  portion  of  the  east  side  also.  Va- 
rious ancient  and  mediaeval  relics  were 
found ;  but  these  do  not  seem  to  shed  any 
light  on  the  original  purpose  of  the  exca- 
vation. 

Advertising.  —  The  "  Liverpool  Chro- 
nicle" informs  us  that  a  gentleman  named 
Lee,  who  is  well  known  in  Liverpool,  made 
an  offer  recently  to  the  Watch -committee 
there  of  an  extraordinary  character.  He 
proposed  to  hire  the  gas-posts  and  lamps 
of  the  town  from  the  Watch -committee, 
and  to  give  them  £1,060  a-year  for  their 
use.  To  reimburse  himself,  Mr.  Lee  in- 
tended to  turn  thesijk  posts  and  lamps  into 
instruments  of  advertising ;  and  so  san- 
guine was  he  of  the  swjcess  of  the  specula- 
tion, that  he  calculate^',  upon  making 
£25,000  by  it.  The  Watch-committee 
met  recently  to  consider  this  singular  offer, 
and  after  giving  the  subject  every  consi- 
deration, came  to  the  determination  of 
rejecting  it.  The  principal  reason,  it  is 
said,  which  influenced  this  decision  was  the 
opposition  of  the  shopkeepers  in  the  prin- 
cipal thoroughfares,  who  felt  that  Mr.  Lee's 
tax  on  them  would  be  arbitrary  and  vexa- 
tious. We  can  understand  readily  enough 
why  the  shopkeepers  should takealarm ;  for 
while  the  present  advertising  is  voluntary, 
it  would  have  become,  under  the  proposed 
system,  compulsory.  But  there  are  other 
and  stronger  objections  which  might  have 
been  urg^  Tlie  advertisements  on  the 
posts  and  lamps  would  be  worthless  unless 

41C 


626 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[NOF. 


they  were  read,  and  the  public  could  nut 
stand  to  read  them  without  causing  an 
obstruction  in  the  streets,  which  would 
have  grown  into  an  intolerable  nuisance. 
The  great  arteries  of  the  town  are  already 
overswollen  with  human  beings  during  the 
business-hours  of  the  day,  and  every  year 
will  increase  the  evil.  To  add  to  the  evil 
in  the  way  suggested,  for  the  purpose  of 
filling  the  pockets  of  a  speculative  gentle- 
man, would  have  been  unpardonable.  If 
the  Watch-committee  had  let  the  lamps 
and  posts  for  this  purpose,  there  would, 
we  believe,  have  been  an  immediate  ap- 
plication to  hire  the  backs  and  fronts  of 
the  police  themselves  for  the  same  pur- 
pose; so  that  the  moving  as  well  as  the 
stationary  machinery  of  the  committee 
would  have  been  brought  into  full  play. 
The  compensation  would  have  been  the 
enormous  drollery  and  fun  which  absurdi- 
ties like  these  would  have  created  at  the 
expense  of  the  Watch-committee,  if  they 
had  been  seduced  by  the  bait. 

China. — A  letter  from  Hong  Kong,  ad- 
dressed by  a  missionary  of  the  name  of 
Arnul,  mentions  the  execution  of  another 
missionary,  M.  Chapdelaine,  on  the  29th 
of  February  last,  in  the  province  of 
Quaugsi.  He  was  beheaded  by  order  of 
the  chief  mandarin,  after  undergoing  the 
most  excruciating  tortures.  The  head  was 
subse(iucnt1y  sus^jcnded  from  a  trei^  and  a 
parcel  of  children  allowed  to  throw  missiles 
at  it,  in  order  to  make  it  fall  down.  The 
liver  and  heart,  according  to  this  letter, 
were  "  friend  in  a  pan,  and  eaten  up"  by 
the  Chinese,  under  an  impression  that  it 
would  make  them  invulnerable.  The  head 
was  subsequently  carried  off  and  secreted 
by  a  pious  Christian.  A  young  man  and 
woman  were  put  to  death  with  the  mis- 
sionary for  having  embraced  Christianity. 

Northumberland  and  Durham. — The 
broken  weather  of  liist  week  was  followed 
on  Saturday  night  by  an  unbroken  fall  of 
rain,  with  tempestuous  winds,  that  was 
prolonged  over  Sunday  and  Monday  to 
Tuesday.  The  tide  on  Sunday  afternoon 
flowed  over  Newcastle  Quay,  and  flooded 
the  cellars.  Agricultural  produce  floated 
down  the  river  from  the  west,  and  be- 
came the  spoil  of  active  reajHsrs,  who 
gathered  a  harvest  for  which  they  had 
not  sown.  One  of  our  informants,  land- 
ing at  Jarrow,  found  a  stiutk  of  wheat, 
composed  of  shimves  arrested  in  their  sea- 
ward flight;  and  similar  spectacles  were 
elsewhere  pn^sented.  lx>gs  of  timber, 
sheep,  and  other  commodities  were  washed 
away.  Seventeen  acres  on  a  tisinn  at  New- 
burn  were  swept  of  a  crop  of  wheat.  So 
violent  was  the  swollen  current,  that  ships 
were  torn  from  their  moorings, — ^but  the 


da-.nage  done  was  not  grot.  Sfcmige 
the  aspect  of  the  conntiy  above  Tvne 
Bridge.  The  King's  Me«dowB  were  im- 
mersed in  the  floc^ — their  ntes  odIt  in- 
dicated by  the  shmbs  that  peeped  abore 
the  water.  The  Newcastle  and  GarBde 
Railway  was  but  a  dark  line  travenmg 
an  expanded  lake  that  itretdied  inland 
reclaiming  possession  of  the  hanghi  of 
Dunston, — ^the  village  itself  all  innndated. 
The  "Team  Gut"  was  enlarged  into  a 
river.  At  the  Stones  Bridge,  on  the  road 
to  Ravensworth,  the  water  rose  nearly  to 
the  erown  of  the  arch ;  and  the  wheat  on 
one  side  of  the  boiling  flkx)d,  the  potatoes 
on  the  other,  were  in  pitifVil  plight.  Hie 
turnpike  road  was  impassable  to  the  pedes- 
trian who  would  not  "  plodge."  The  scene 
was  similar  at  "  The  Teams.'*  The  stream 
at  Crowley's  completely  hid  the  arch*  and 
the  waters  oveii^owed  the  road.  TlM 
flood,  said  one  of  the  dwellers  at  the 
Pyanot,  was  almost  as  high  as  that  of 
September  29, 1852.  The  Tyne  was  ex- 
tended into  the  bishopric  a  quarter  of  a 
mile ;  and  from  the  LoUey  Hill  waggon- 
way,  Dunston  rose  in  the  twilight  like 
a  fortress  above  the  flood,  and  might  have 
passed  for  that  favourite  sabject  of  tbe 
artist,  **  Kilchum  Castle,  in  Loch  Awe." 

Owing  to  the  rapidity  of  the  current, 
most  of  the  vessels  lyinff  in  the  stream 
were  obliged  to  he  douluy  moored;  but. 
notwithstanding,  three  of  the  vessels  broke 
from  their  moorings,  and  drifted  a  con- 
siderable distance  down  the  stream,  before 
they  were  again  secured.  In  the  west, 
low-lying  fields  on  both  sides  of  the  Tyne 
have  been  submerged.  Com  in  stacks  was 
washed  into  neighbouring  hedge-bottoms. 
A  still  larger  quantity  must  hare  gone 
down  the  river,  as  at  one  time,  oppodte 
the  Newcastle  Quay,  the  Tyne  was  com* 
pletely  covered  with  floating  com.  Op- 
jiosite  to  Blaydon,  where  the  river-bank 
is  considerablv  heightened,  to  protect  the 
low  fields  benind,  com  was  lodged  to  a 
considerable  height  on  the  slope,  and  per^ 
sons  were  engaged  in  dragfg^ng  it  out; 
the  Ryton  Flats  were  completely  co^eredt 
and  much  damage  done;  the  com  in  a 
small  field  near  Kyton  was  entirely  swept 
away ;  and  a  horse  which  was  in  the  field 
was  driven  to  take  shelter  from  the  cur- 
rent on  a  mound,  and  thus  saved  itself 
from  drowning.  The  gangway  in  the 
course  of  erection  across  the  Tyne,  a  little 
above  Hexham,  for  the  purpose  of  boiUt 
ing  a  bridge  for  the  He:Jiam  and  Belling- 
ham  Railway,  was,  to  a  considerable  ex* 
tent,  swept  away,  and  large  quantities  of 
timber  were  strewed  about  the  sidee  of 
the  river.  Independent  of  tlus^  large 
drifts  of  timber,  lying  within  the  reach  of 


1856.] 


The  MofUUy  Intelligencer. 


627 


the  tide,  broke  loose,  and  were  carried 
away  by  the  current.  Several  sheep  were 
brought  down  by  the  firesh.  A  cow  was 
also  carried  away,  but  was  dragged  from 
the  stream  a  short  ^Ustance  mIow  the 
bridge. — NeuKcutle  Messenger, 

The  quantity  of  ram  wluch  ftU  on 
Saturday,  Sunday,  and  Monday,  the 
**  Scotsman"  states,  exceeded  three  inches; 
and  within  the  week  ending  on  Monday, 
it  was  a  fraction  under  flTC  mches, — being 
nearly  equal  to  the  whole  rain-fidl  of 
February,  March,  and  AjMril  last. 

A  New  York  Hotel, — ^The  proprietors  of 
the  St.  Nicholas  Hotel  have  published  a  de- 
scription of  their  immense  establishment, 
from  which  we  quote  a  few  statistics : — 
The  St.  Nicholas  has  a  front  of  870  feet 
on  Broadway,  and  a  depth  of  200  feet, 
thus  covering  an  area  of  one  acre  and 
three-quarters  in  the  most  valuable  part 
of  the  city.  The  building  cost  1,200,000 
dollars,  and  the  entire  (»st  of  buildings 
furniture,  &c,  was  1,900,090  dollars.  The 
area  of  the  front  waU,  which  is  of  marble, 
is  18,060  feet.  The  bidding  will  accommo- 
date 900  guests,  and  has  freque^tiy  con- 
tained over  1,000.  It  was  completely 
finished  on  the  1st  of  March,  1844.  The 
number  of  rooms  in  the  house  is  600,  all 
well  lighted,  and  provided  with  hot  and 
cold  water.  These  include  100  complete 
smtes  of  rooms,  with  baths,  water-closets, 
&c.,  attached.  The  three  largest  dining- 
rooms  in  the  house  aggregate  9,000  super- 
ficial feet,  and  can  accommodate  600  guests. 
The  cost  of  the  mirrors  distributed  about 
the  house  was  40,000  dollars,  and  of  the 
silver  ware  and  plate  50,000  dollars.  The 
proprietors  are  Messrs.  J.  P.  Tredwell, 
J.  P.  Acker,  Peter  Acker,  and  Virgil  Whit- 
comb.  The  number  of  servants  averages 
during  the  year  about  320.  The  hours 
for  meals  range  through  nearly  the  whole 
twenty-four,  excepting  from  midnight  to 
five  o'clock,  a.m.  ^niere  is  a  re^ilarly 
organized  fire-department  in  the  bulling, 
with  steam-power  for  forcing  water  to  any 
portion  of  it.  Eighteen  pluss,  with  200 
feet  of  hose  to  each,  enable  the  engineers 
to  flood  the  building  in  six  minutM  from 
the  time  the  alarm  is  sounded.  The  honse 
consumes  18,000  to  80,800  f^  of  gas 
nightly,  from  2,500  burners ; — it  is  made 
on  the  premises.  The  laundry  employs  75 
laundresses,  and  can  wash  and  iron  6,000 
pieces  per  day.  Steam  is  the  great  agent 
m  this  process,  and  is  extensively  used  in 
the  St.  Nicholas  for  boiling,  washing; 
mangling,  drying,  turning  spita,  heating 
water,  &c.  We  are  happy  to  learn  that 
the  talent  and  enterprise,  as  well  as  oq^- 
tal  invested  in  this  masnifioent  hotelt  are 
being  liberally  rewardecL  The  pK^Rrieton 


•re  maldng  both  mon^  and  reputation.— 
New  York  Wrror, 

Bishop  JBlomfield, — A  oompHmflntaiy 
address,  ngned  by  the  archdeacons,  rural 
deans,  and  between  four  and  five  hundred 
of  the  dergy  of  the  diocese  of  London,  was 
wesented  by  the  archdeacons  to  Bishop 
Blomfield,  at  Fulham  Palace.  In  the' 
course  of  his  reply,  the  Bishop,  said,  "  I 
had  long  fttt  HuA  the  duties  oif  that  see 
required  all  the  energy  and  activiW  of  a 
vounger  and  stronger  man  than  myseUT;  and 
it  has  pleased  Goa  to  visit  me  with  such  a 
measure  of  sickness  and  infimutj  as  not 
only  to  justify  me  in  seeking  to  be  relieved 
firom  a  burden  which  has  become  too  heavy 
fbr  me,  bat  to  impose  upon  me  the  abso- 
lute necessity  of  doing  so.  An  Act  of 
Pte^ment  has  been  paased  enabling  me 
to  rerign  my  Uslumria  For  the  pro- 
visions of  thfiA  act  I  have  great  cause  to 
be  thankfhl ;  though  X  mnst  oonftss  that 
I  would  rather  have  seen  a  general  mea- 
sure applicable,  ^th  certain  nfbguards,  to 
the  cases  of  aU  Ushops  of  our  Church  cBs- 
abled  by  age  or  inflrnuty  fWmi  the  active 
discharge  of  their  duties.  Nothing  short 
of  a  real  and  urgent  neeesdfy  would  have 
induced  me  to  take  a  step  whioh  would 
be  pamfhl  under  any  orcamstanoasi  and 
which  is  rendered  peculiarly  so  hj  the  fbet 
of  its  involving  my  separation  from  a  body 
of  dergvmen  with  whom  I  have  been  oon- 
nected  by  a  sacred  bond  of  union  for  eight- 
and-twenty  years,  whom  I  have  alwm 
regarded  as  brethren  and  friends,  and  who 
have  always  erinced  a  corresponding  feel- 
ing in  theb  conduct  towards  me.  The 
relation  of  a  bishop  to  the  clergy  of  hii 
diocese  presents  so  many  oooaaons  fbr  aa 
interchange  of  Idnd  acts  and  offices,  that 
he  may  sometimes  earn  fbr  lumself,  hj  a 
friendly  bearing  towards  them,  a  more 
fiivourable  opimon  than  the  perfbrmanoe 
of  his  more  public  duties  might  seem  to 
justify.  It  is  therefbre  very  gratifyinff  to 
me  to  be  assured  that  your  kind  focui^ 
towards  me  has  arisen  ttom.  both  consi- 
derations. The  long  experience  of  my  ear- 
lier derioal  life,  as  curate  and  incumbent, 
gpave  me  peculiar  fkdlities  for  knowing 
the  duties  and  appreciating  the  difficulties 
and  wants  of  the  parodual  clergy.  If  al 
any  time  I  have  filled  to  shew  in  my  ooa- 
dnot  towards  them  that  I  had  profited  by 
such  experience,  I  hope  they  will  believe 
that  such  fiuhutt  was  not  occasioned  by 
any  want  of  real  sympathy  with  them  in 
theur  labours  and  trials.** 

8i.  Jammts  Park,  —  The   ornamental 

water  has  been  entirelv  let  ofli;  and  the  mod* 
whidi  averaees  in  depth  four  feet^  has 
been  sodved  into  small  dMnmeK  in  otder 
to  eipedite  its  drying;  wfam  thovoqc^ 


628 


The  Monthly  IntelUgeneer. 


[Nov. 


dry,  these  smail  channels  are  to  be  filled 
up  with  rubbish,  and  the  entire  surface  of 
the  mud  is  to  be  raised,  so  as  to  leave  a 
depth  of  four  feet  of  water  at  the  end  to- 
wards Buckingham  Palace,  and  five  feet 
at  the  end  towards  the  Horse-Guards.  The 
mud,  previously  to  letting  in  the  water, 
will  be  covered  with  a  coating  of  con- 
crete. 

Wolverhampton  Corporation. — ^The  crisis 
long  anticipated  (says  the  "  Staffordshire 
Advertiser")  has  at  length  arrived,  and  the 
personal  property  of  the  corporate  body  of 
the  borough  of  VVolverhampton  is  at  the 
present  moment  in  the  possession  of  the 
shcrifi'*s  officers,  who  have  seized  the  police 
accoutrements  and  furniture,  the  fire-en- 
gines, and  the  furniture  at  the  new  town- 
hall,  in   North-street.     This  unfortunate 
state  of  things  has  arisen  from  the  claims 
of  persons  employed  in  connection  with 
the  late  applicution  to  Parliament  for  a 
bill  to  construct  waterworks,  which  the 
corporation  failed  to  obtain,  and  which  it 
was  found  they  had  no  power  to  pay  out 
of  any  funds  in  their  possession.  The  chief 
of  these  items  was  that  of  Mr.  Hughes, 
civil  engineer,  for  £1,224,  which  was  con- 
sidered exorbitant.     On  the  corporation 
preparing  to  pay  these  expenses,  they  were 
threatened  with  legal  proceedings,  and  ulti- 
mately a  cheque  for  £2,500  granted  for 
the  purpose,  was  cancelled.     Mr.  Hughes 
sued  the  cx)rporation,  and  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  act  in  the  matter.    Tliey  de- 
termined to  defend  the  action ;  but  at  the 
last  moment  the  council  decided  not  to 
defend  it,  and  judgment  therefore  went 
by  default.     On  receipt  of  a  letter  from 
Mr.  Hughes's  solicitor,  threatening  pro- 
ceedings unless  his  claim  was  satisfieiU  a 
second  committee  was  apjKiinted,  and  it 
was  understood  that  the  only  plan  open 
was  for  the  consent  of  the  inhabitants  to 
be  obtained  to  procure  an  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment empowering  the  council  to  pay  these 
debts.     Tliis  committee,  appointeil  al)ont 
two  months  ago,  has  never  reported.    Tlie 
amount  for  which  the  execution  was  put 
in  was  £1,485  16«.  7d.,  the  increase  behig 
the  result  of  legal  expenses.    A  meeting  of 
the  corporation   was  held  on   Thursday, 
when  8ome  disc^ussion  took  place.     In  the 
course  of  it,   Mr.  Barham,   the  sheriff*'s 
officer,  who  had  superintended  the  execu- 
tion of  the  vTit,  entered  the  room.     After 
speaking  with  the  Town -clerk,  the  latter 
said  Mr.  Barham  would  not  advertise  the 
sale  before  Monday,  in  order  to  give  time 
for  an  opinion  to  be  taken ;   and  it  was 
agreed  that  the  Town-clerk  should  at  <mce 
prweeil  to  Loudon,  and  consult  counsel, 
and  report  the  result  to  a  meeting  to  be 
held  on  Monday. 


MaUway  Xaw, — ^IbaufiRriiig  a  retiini 
railway -locket  has  been  decided  by  the 
Marylebone  magistrate  to  be  a  pmuehaUe 
ofience.  John  Long,  a  travdler  fixmi  Lei- 
cester, was  overhewrd  by  one  of  the  nil- 
way  officials  bargaining  in  the  yard  of  the 
Euston-sqnare  Station  for  the  pnrdiaee  of 
half  a  return-ticket  to  Rugby :  he  agreed 
to  buy  it  for  2s.,  and  got  into  a  carriage^ 
intending  to  evade  the  proper  payment^ 
which  would  be  lis.  6d.  The  ma^pstiata 
fined  him  20s. 

Sept.  2& 

Statistics  of  Wesleyan  Metkodiam. — 
The  "\Vatchman,"peviewingthe"iiiinntei" 
of  the  late  Wesleyan  Conference,  says^ — 
"A  comparison  of  the  numerical  statistios  of 
1855  and  1856  shews  an  increase  throogli- 
out  the  whole  connection.  In  England 
and  Scotland,  we  had  last  year  2^858 
class-members,  with  12,620  'on  trial;' 
918  ministers  in  full  work,  not  reckoning 
supernumeraries,  and  63  young  preachers 
on  probation ;  this  year  we  have  263,835 
members,  increase  2,977 ;  17,839  on  trial, 
increase  5,219 ;  931  ministers,  increase  1 3 ; 
but  only  55  preachers  on  probation,  which 
indicates  that  more  labourers  will  be 
wanted.  In  Ireland,  the  number  in  society 
is  18,952;  the  increase  of  members*  not- 
withstanding emigration,  being  203,  and 
of  ministers,  7.  On  the  foreign  miasioDSk 
under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  Bri- 
tish Conference,  the  number  of  members 
is  65,261,  increase  1,654;  of  ministeiv, 
271,  increase  no  less  than  56.  The  French 
Conference  report-s  an  increase  of  80  mem- 
bers, and  8  ])aston.  The  Canada  Con- 
ference has  this  year  39,915  members, 
increase  2,030;  and  207  ministors^  in- 
crease 5 ;  and  it  has  rec-eived  85  preachers 
on  probation,  which  is  25  more  than  last 
year.  The  youngest  of  our  colonial  con- 
ferences is  that  of  British  Eastern  Amcrux, 
of  which  the  late  Dr.Boccham  was  the 
first  president.  Here,  and  here  alone,  there 
is,  from  causes  that  will  be  only  tempo- 
rary, a  decrease,  which  amounts  to  281 ; 
but  it  is  more  tlian  counterbalanced  by  the 
report  of  above  600  on  trial — the  address 
of  that  conference  says  631,  the  table  in 
the  "minutes"  says  661 ;  the  members  are 
12,855.  In  the  very  intcrcstinff  Anstral- 
asian  connexion,  the  number  m  members 
is  21,168,  increase  1,271;  members  on 
trial,  1,324  (this  is  less  than  last  year); 
ministers,  82;  increase  4;  and  preachen 
on  probation,  42;  increase  11.  CoUectinff 
the  fort^ing  particulars  into  totals^  it  «riU 
be  found  that  the  statistics  of  the  entire 
connexion  in  the  united  kingdom,  the 
colonies,  and  the  misrion-staUona,  indud- 
iiig  the  four  affiliated  colonieB^  stand  ea 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


6S9 


follow:— For  1856,  423,164  members; 
23,032  on  trial  For  1855,  415,230  mem- 
bers, and  20,657  on  trial;  being  an  in- 
crease of  7^934  in  the  one,  and  of  2,335  in 
the  other.  For  1856,  1,612  ministers,  and 
279  on  trial,  with  292  snpemnmeraries. 
For  1855,  1,616  ministers,  and  231  on 
trial,  with  288  supemnmeraries,  giving  an 
increase  of  76  ministers,  and  4S  on  trial. 
In  looking  at  the  increased  membership  of 
the  year,  we  perceive  that»  of  the  increase 
of  7,234,  there  have  been  added  to  the 
societies  and  missions  in  immediate  con- 
nexion with  the  British  Conference  4,834 
members,  and  3,100  to  the  affiliated  con- 
ference."— Standard, 

Captain  CooJc't  Discovery  Ship, — In  a 
few  days  this  relic,  the  "Investigator," 
Thames  Police  ship,  lying  off  Somerset- 
house,  will  be  broken  np.  A  twelve-gun 
brig,  the  "RoyaUst,"  is  now  on  its  way 
from  Portsmouth  to  take  the  "Investi- 
gator's" place — a  vessel  much  larger,  and 
capable  of  accommodating  nearly  twenty 
of  the  Thames  Police-conrtables. 

The  SoycU  Family, — One  of  the  earliest 
proceedings  of  the  next  session  will  be  to 
ask  the  country  for  a  sum  of  money  for 
the  outfit  of  the  Princess  Boyal,  and  some- 
thing handsome  in  the  shape  of  a  dowry. 
The  Prince  of  Prussia,  for  the  present, 
has  nothing  more  than  the  fortune  which 
his  &ther  settles  upon  him,  although  he 
must  naturally  inhmt  the  throne,  and  the 
vast  wealth  of  the  king,  ere  many  years 
are  over.  The  Prince  of  Wales  wiU,  early 
next  year,  enter  into  possession  of  Marl- 
borough-house,  and  have  his  separate 
household,  though  that  will  not  be  very 
large  at  present,  and  mainly  consist  of  hu 
masters  and  tutors ;  and  he  will,  to  a  great 
extent,  be  still  und^  the  care  of  his  august 
parents.  The  experiment  with  Pnnoe 
Alfred  at  the  Home-park  seems  to  have 
answered  very  welL  After  the  duties  of 
the  day  are  over,  he  rambles  about  alone, 
and  is  well  known  and  much  liked  by  the 
people  of  Datchet  and  Windsor.  He  is  a 
manly,  frank,  open-&cod  lad,  and  a  great 
hand  at  cricket,  in  which  he  joins  the 
young  Etonians.  The  Prince  of  Wales 
will,  of  course,  not  entail  any  expense  on 
the  country  in  his  new  establishment, 
his  revenue  being  ample  for  a  yonng  gen- 
tleman in  his  teens,  though  not  equid  to 
what  is  generally  supposed,  as,  after  the 
deduction  of  the  expenses  for  the  manage- 
ment and  control  of  the  Prince's  estates, 
mines,  fisheries^  &c,  about  45,000/.  re- 
mains. 

Curious,  if  true. — ^A  machine  is  said  to 
have  been  invented  in  America^  by  Mr. 
H.  A.  Reeves,  of  New  York  State,  for 
milking  cows.    The  milkiqg  if  done  bj 


means  of  a  crank  attached  to  a  shafts  on 
which  there  are  four  eLastic  arms  of  steel, 
the  ends  of  which  are  frumidied  with 
rollers.  On  (me  side  of  the  ring  within 
which  the  rollers  move,  there  is  an  elastie 
pocket,  into  which  the  animal's  teat  is 
placed.  The  back  of  this  pocket  is  stiff, 
so  that  when  the  rollers  revolve  they  will 
come  in  contact  with  the  front  part  of  the 
pocket,  and  press  it  with  the  teat  against 
the  back  part.  The  teat,  thus  premBd,  is 
relieved  of  its  milk,  wldch  flows  down 
through  the  pocket,  and  through  the  hol- 
low case  of  the  instrument  into  a  tab^  and 
thence  into  the  milk-piuL  Its  dse  is  eon* 
venient,  and  its  cost  not  greftt. 

Popular  FreacMng, — ^The  most  popular 
preadier  in  London,  Mr.  Spurgeon,  who 
has  preached  several  sermons  St  Chelten- 
ham, has  had  several  of  his  quaint  erorcs- 
sions  in  the  pulpit  set  before  the  pubuc  in 
a  somewhat  severe  letter  inserted  in  the 
"  Cheltenham  Examiner."  Ammigst  them 
are  the  following: — "X  believe  there  may 
be  holy  devils  seven  or  eight  weeks  before 
they  are  Unitarian  Christians."— "There 
is  not  a  sheet  of  brown  paper  between  a 
Unitarian  and  an  infldeL" — "  Some  people 
make  fools  of  themselves  in  the  puMt." — 
"  Some  of  my  brother  ministers  I  don^ 
entertain  an  infimtenmal  grain  of  respeefc 
for.**— "Some  of  you  wul  perhaps  say^ 
<My  life  is  short.*  Come,  PU  stii^  it  o^ 
a  save-aU:  Qod  Ukes  to  use  np  all  the 
small  pieces  of  candles.**— "  little  foith 
would  be  drowned  in  a  cart-rut  alter  a 
heavy  dew.**— "Faith  is  mOk— foil  as- 
surance is  cream;  if  the  milk  stand  kmg 
enough  cream  wOl  come,  or  it  must  be 
some  of  the  London  nurture.'* — "Prayer 
and  foith  are  Bke  the  Siamese  twias-^ 
when  one  is  ill  the  other  is  iU.** 

^  SSFT.  29. 

Biehop  MdUby,—The  following  addrese 
has  been  presoited  by  the  Dean  and 
Ch^yter  to  the  Bishop  of  Durham,  on  Ins* 
retirement  from  the  see : — 

To  the  Bight  Beverend  Edward,  hy  Divine 
Providence,  Lord  Bishop  of  Durham. 

Wb,  the  Dean  and  Chiqpter  of  tiie 
Cathedral  Church  of  Dnrham,  cannot 
allow  your  Lwdship  to  retire  from  the 
government  of  this  diocese  mthont  ex*, 
pressing  our  sorrow  that  we  are  about  to 
be  sev^ed  from  a  Bishop,  with  whom  oor 
intercourse  for  more  than  twenty  yean, 
has  bemi  marked  fay  a  continnanee  of  con* 
ooord  and  friendship,  uninterropted  fay  any*, 
even  the  slightest,  disagreement,  i^d  we. 
must  forther  be  pemutted  to  say  that 
this  oordialilgf  of  oor  relatloDs  is  in  a  greet 
measme  to  be  attributed  to  the  soand- 


630 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Nor. 


discretion  and  good  feeling  which  have  in- 
variably regulated  your  transactions  with 
this  Chapter. 

We  offer  up  our  earnest  prayers  that 
your  years  may  be  prolonged  in  repose 
and  happiness 

Given  under  our  Chapter  Seal  this 
twenty-seventh  day  of  September,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty-six. 

(Signed)  G.  (SiaiLLETUB)  Waddinoton, 

Decanus. 

Auckland  Castle,  Sept.  29,  1856. 

Vert  Reveee>t),  Ven.  and  He  v.  Sirs, 
AND  DEAR  Friends, — You  may  well  sup- 
pose that  I  could  not  retire  from  a  scene 
in  which  I  have  had  so  many  duties  to 
perform,  and  so  much  satisfaction  to  re- 
ceive, without  feelings  of  the  deepest  re- 
gret ;  nor  could  1  have  contemplated  such 
a  st«p  as  a  voluntary  resignation,  had  I 
not  been  compelled  by  a  failure  of  sight 
and  a  decay  of  strength,  not  unusually 
the  accompaniments  of  a  very  advanced 
age. 

With  these  feelings,  I  need  not  assure 
you  that  I  have  received  with  the  utmost 
gratification  your  kind  and  affectionate 
address.  I  have  always  considered  as  a 
source  of  pride  and  delight  the  complete 
unanimity  whi(rh  has  on  all  occasions  pre- 
vailed between  myself  and  the  members 
of  your  Cliapter.  It  affords  me  great 
coiiHolation  to  perceive  that  the  senti- 
ments with  which  you  have  been  actuated 
towards  me,  as  your  diocesan  and  friend, 
have  nut  suffered  the  slightest  diminution 
during  the  period  in  which  I  have  been 
incapacitated  from  discharging,  as  I  could 
have  wiHhe<l,  all  the  dutii>s  of  my  sacred 
office.  It  is  a  source  of  the  purest  com- 
fort to  me  now,  and  will  hereafter  fill  my 
memory  with  the  most  pleasing  retrospect. 

Again  thanking  you  most  sincerely  for 
your  kind  expressions  and  kind  wishes, 
and  praying  the  Almighty  to  continue 
you  all  in  welfare,  health,  and  prosperity, 

I  remain,  dear  Sirs, 

Your  obliged  and  afiectionato  Friend, 

(Signed)  E.  DUNELM. 

Hie  Very  Reverend  the  Dean  and 
the  Chapter  of  Durham. 

Tunhridge  Wells. — The  old  Assemhli/- 
roonif  {Royal  Parade).  —  This  ancient 
building  was  delivered  into  the  hands  of 
oiu*  spiritetl  townsman,  Mr.  Willieombe, 
on  Monday  last,  ((puirter-day,)  and  on 
Tuesday  the  work  of  pulling  it  down  was 
commenced,  preparatory  to  the  erection 
of  dwelling-houses  and  sho^M  on  the  site 
it  had  HO  long  occupie<l.  'ilie  old  r(x>m 
being  identified  with  the  earliest  associa- 
tions of  Tunbridge  Woll8,-~dating  back 


as  far  as  the  year  1687,  and  having  been 
fhnn  that  time  to  recent  yem  the  toeoe 
of  the  prindpol  bttlls,  ooDcerti»  and  other 
fashionable  assemblies  held  in  the  town.-^ 
regret  has  been  felt  in  many  qnarten  thrt 
it  should  not  have  been  rertored  to  itt 
original  purpose ;  but  we  believe  those  whe 
had  control  in  the  matter  felt  that  tht 
premises  could  not  be  rendered  snflkieDtly 
spacious  for  the  modem  reqmrementi  of 
the  place,  to  justify  the  large  oothj 
which  must  necessarily  be  incurred  thcfe- 
b}' :  and  the  ffu:t  that  a  lease  of  the  pro* 
perty  for  ninety-nine  years  has  been  t^un 
by  Mr.  Willieombe,  and  that  the  neir 
buildings  will  consequently  he  erected 
under  the  auspices  of  that  gentleman,  ai 
owner,  gives  a  sure  guarantee  that  thej 
will  be  of  a  nature  fblly  worthy  of  the 
im][)ortant  position  they  are  deatined  to 
occupy. — Local  Paper. 

Thomas  Qitested  IHnms,  Alderman  and 
Bowyer,  was  this  day  elected  Lord-]£ayor 
of  London  for  the  year  ensuing. 

Sept.  30. 

The  new  Sheriff^  of  London,  Jfesan.  L 
J.  Mechi,  the  celebrated  cutler  of  Leaden- 
hall-street,  and  no  less  celebrated  agiicnl- 
turist,  and  Mr.  Keats,  who  carries  on  the 
well-known  buuness  in  Piccadilly  mder 
the  name  of  Fortnnm  and  Mason,  were 
this  day  sworn  in  befbro  the  Lord  Chief 
Baron. 

Devonshire. — The  equinoctial  gales  have 
set  in  during  the  past  week  with  nnofasl 
severity.  Day  by  day  they  increased  in 
violence,  until  on  Friday  night  last  the  gale 
from  the  S.S.E.  was  awfiiL  The  rain  feD 
in  torrents,  and  about  midnight^  when  the 
hurricane  was  at  its  fhll  height,  its  ▼iolenes 
was  such  as  to  appal  the  stoutest  heart. 

At  sea  there  have  been  feaifVil  ditattfTi^ 
and  on  shore  a  considerable  destruction  of 
property.  In  Moon-street  the  chinmey  of 
a  house  was  blown  down,  falUng  throogh 
the  roof  into  the  attic,  where  there  was  a 
bed  and  a  cot,  the  former  being  nnooea- 
pied,  and  the  latter  forming  the  aleeping- 
placo  of  two  little  children.  The  tUhn$ 
of  the  chimney  fell  on  the  bed,  and  within 
about  a  foot  of  the  cot,  crushing  the  fiomier 
almost  to  atoms,  but  not  touching  the 
latter  or  its  occu[)ants.  The  persons  who 
were  sleeping  in  an  a<\]oining  room,  oa 
hearing  the  noise,  ruslicd  to  the  attic  and 
rescued  the  children,  who  were  not  in  the 
least  hurt,  though  greatly  fKghtened. 
Opposite  South  Devon-place  one  of  tiis 
trees  was  torn  up  by  the  force  of  the  wmi 
and  thrown  across  the  road,  completely 
obstructing  the  passage  d  horses  and  TS- 
hicles :  on  tlie  following  morning  men 
were  employed  to  saw  it  in  pieces.  In 
Goorge-street  a  large  sign  was  bknm  down 


1836.] 


7%«  Monthly  InieUigeneer. 


681 


from  over  Mr.  Hamper's  shop ;  while  in 
▼arious  gardens  the  damage  to  froit-trees, 
&c  was  most  destmctiye.  Several  trees 
were  also  hlown  down  at  Mutley  Plain. 
At  Millhay  a  large  luoge  was  simk,  and 
during  Sunday  sereral  men  were  employed 
in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  raise  her. 
Some  small  vessels  were  drifted  from  their 
moorings  in  the  harbour,  and  one  pleasure- 
yacht  came  on  shore  on  the  embankment 
outside  the  works  of  the  Plymouth  and 
Ghreat  Western  Docks. 

At  Newton  Abbott  the  gale  was  severely 
felt,  several  trees  having  been  uprooted, 
and  other  damage  to  property  sustained. 
At  Ashburton  the  river  Dart  rose  twelve 
feet,  owing  to  the  large  quantify  of  rain 
which  &11  on  Dartmoor. 

At  Teignmouth  the  high  sea  which  fbl- 
lowed  the  violent  southeriy  gale  that  pre- 
vailed on  our  coast  throughout  Friday 
night,  carried  o£f  fh>m  that  portion  of  the 
b^h  extending  from  the  public  baths  op- 
posite French-street,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
harbour,  thousands  of  tons  of  sand,  and  in 
frt)nt  of  the  church-wall,  it  is  in  many 
places  swept  away  entirely,  exposinflr  a  bed 
of  day  of  considerable  depth,  and  some 
old  foundation-walls, — ^tradition  says  the 
remains  of  pilchard  stores,  and  dwellings 
destroyed  by  the  French,  who  bombarded 
the  town  {vide  Macaulay),  which  have 
never  before  been  visible  to  the  present 
generation ;  neither  are  they  found  men- 
tioned in  any  chronicles  of  the  ^aoe. 
Masons  liave  been  busily  employed  since  the 
morning  in  securing  the  wall  of  the  pro- 
menade, which,  by  beinff  thus  left  bare,  has 
met  with  considerable  damage.  The  scene 
was  a  very  busy  one,  and  the  numerous 
visitors  were  greatly  astonished  and  charm- 
ed with  the  magnificent  spectacle  which 
the  sea  presented. 

At  Exeter  the  storm  was  severely  felt, 
commencing  about  ten  o'dodE,  and  con- 
tinuing until  nearly  daylight  the  fbllowing 
morning.  The  rain  poured  down  in  sheets, 
and  the  wind  blew  with  a  violence  un- 
known for  several  years.  The  next  morning 
was  beautiful,  and  revealed  the  mischief 
done,  which  has  destroyed  the  eqidlibrimn 
of  innumerable  chimney-tops  and  their 
lofty  projections.  A  walk  in  the  country 
displayed  huge  limbs  of  trees  scattered 
about  the  roads  and  fields  in  wild  oonfiisioii, 
some  trees  being  rent  in  twain.  In  the 
cathedral-yard,  the  largest  limb  of  one  of 
the  largest  trees  was  blown  down,  literally 
smashing  the  lamp  opposite  the  Exeter 
Bank  in  its  fall.  Similar  dismemberments 
might  be  seen  at  Northemhay,  and  the 
wooded  parts  of  the  dfy — ^the  redundant 
foliage  fiicilitating  the  wm  of  destrnetioiL 
It  is  reported  that  on  the  a^jfleent  ooMt 


many  small  orafte  were  lost,  or  more  or 
lees  injured. 

Dr.  Lhing9tof^9  A^rietm  Difooveriei,'-^ 
In  a  letter  to  the  <<Daaly  Newi^"  Mr.  Jamea 
Macqneen  thus  sketches  the  result  of  Dr. 
Livingston's  travels  in  Africa: — '<This 
enterprising  and  indefiitigaUe  miasionarj 
from  the  London  Misrionary  Society  has^ 
during  the  last  few  years,  traversed  and 
explored  a  large  portion  of  Soathem  AfHoa» 
Mtherto  most  imperfectly  known.  His 
labours  and  dangers  may  be  judged  of 
when  we  state,  that  ttom  the  (Sipe  of 
Qood  Hope,  and  between  the  meridians  of 
18  degrees  east  longitude,  he  travelled  to 
9  degrees  south  latitude;  and  firam  thence 
to  Loando,  the  capital  of  Angola*  on  the 
Atlantic,  determining  in  his  xoote^  by 
astroDomioal  observataouB^  the  aonroes  A 
the  great  river  Coongo^  and  the  grant 
soutlMm  branch  and  course  of  the  Zam* 
beri,  previously  knovm  as  the  Cuama»  to- 
gether with  thdr  diief  tributaries*  and 
towns  and  nations  akn^  their  banks. 
His  last  journey  has,  however,  been  the 
most  important.  Returning  from  Loando, 
by  the  route  just  mentioned,  ha  mardied 
down  the  liambaye  to  Limgante^  sitoated 
on  one  of  its  tributaries^  the  Chokei,  in 
lat.  18 10  deg.  S.,  and  king.  28  ^6  deg.  E. 
Starting  from,  this  place  in  November  last 
year,  he  explored  the  liambaye,  and  visited 
the  great  ikU  in  the  river,  fai  lai.  17  68 
degrees  S.,  and  long.  26  degrees  £.,  where 
in  its  course  eastwwd,  the  river,  8,000  fiaet 
broad,  is  predintated  over  a  ledge  of  rods 
100  feet  in  perpendicular  h^ht.  He 
ascertained  the  positions  of  the  junctions 
of  the  SSamberi  and  the  Arroango  of  the 
north  with  the  soutiiem  branch,  and  also 
that  of  the  once  odebrated  inland  Porta- 
guese  trading-station,  Zumbo.  From  Tete 
he  went  down  the  river  to  Quilimane^ 
whence  he  fbund  his  way  to  Mauritius^ 
most  probably  in  a  British  ship  of  war 
sent  to  watch  his  arrival  on  ttuit  part  of 
the  coast.  Since  the  discovery  of  tlM  CSape 
of  Qood  Hope,  no  vcmige  or  journey  of 
such  importance  as  this  vMt  journey  of 
Dr.  Livingston's  has  been  known.  It  will 
be  attended  with  most  fanportant  results 
to  Portugal  and  to  the  world  at  huge.  No 
man  has  ever  done  so  mudi  in  Africa  as 
Dr.  Livingston,— «nd  aU  this  without  any 
expense  to  this  cawatrj.  This  great  com- 
mercial country  wHt  it  is  to  be  lioped  and 
expected,  reward  and  honour  him  in  a 
manner  worthy  of  hendf  and  him.'' 

OOT.  1. 

JToM.— The  coikmy  of  Natal  has  been 
virited  by  most  extensive  HoodM,  wfaioh 
have  bnragfat  with  them  mfn  and  devia- 
taition  thioiu|lioiit  a  ccnrideralile  extend 
tfliritoiy.    from  tte  «N«tal  Mmnuf' 


632 


Tht  Monthly  ItUettiffeneer. 


[NOF. 


and  "Natal  Star"  we  Icam  that,  after 
heavy  rains,  the  river  Umgeni,  on  the  15th 
April  last,  rose  twenty-five  feet  heyond  its 
oridinary  height;  and  hursting  through 
all  impcidiments,  the  waters  roshcd  through 
the  valleys,  an  impetuous  torrent,  spread- 
ing devastation  in  its  course,  and  hearing 
to  the  ocean  the  ripening  grain,  destroy- 
ing the  cane  crops,  uprooting  trees,  throw- 
ing down  houses,  and  converting  an  entire 
district  from  a  land  of  plenty  to  one  of 
desolation.  Similar  disasters  occurred  in 
the  neighhourhood  of  other  rivers  in  the 
colony.  The  swollen  waters  of  the  river 
Umhlanga  carried  away  the  growing  crops 
in  the  valleys  through  wliich  it  runs ;  and 
the  Umhloti  rose  to  the  height  of  thirty 
feet,  swept  away  many  acres  of  land,  de- 
stroyed the  whole  of  the  growing  crops, 
left  the  flat  country  emhedded  in  sand  to 
the  depth  of  2ft.  to  5ft.,  and  seriously 
damaged  the  Wesleyan  day-schoolhouse 
and  other  buildings.  Mrs.  Burrup,  wife 
of  the  magistrates'  clerk  at  Richmond, 
was  drowned  in  attempting  to  cross  the 
Umlass.  Between  the  mouths  of  the  rivers 
Umgeni  and  Umhlanga,  two  hundred  car- 
cases of  oxen  were  found,  which  had  been 
washed  thus  far  by  the  flood.  Tlie  "  Xatal 
Mercury,"  in  reporting  these  disasters, 
says,  "  \Vc  do  earnestly  hoi)e  that  all  in 
Britain  who  have  friends  in  Natal  will 
feel  it  their  duty  to  do  what  they  can  to 
help  the  sufferers  in  this  young  and  strug- 
gling colony,  under  a  dispensation  of  I*ro- 
vidence  which  no  human  sagacity  could 
foresee  or  prevent." 

Tlie  Revenue  accounts  for  the  quarter 
ending  September  30th  have  been  issued : — 

1855.  1856. 

Customs  £6,018.487 £5,981,344 

Exciw  5,137,000 5,446,000 

Stamps 1,652,723 1,770,640 

Taxes 154,000 157,000 

Property  Tax 4,594,858 5,347,236 

Post-ottice  615,000 645,(K)0 

Crown  Lands 66,516 67,857 

Miscellaneous 188,557 156,343 

Totals £18,457,141        £19,571,429 

Tlie  following  table  cxliibits  the  result 
of  the  year,  and  enables  the  reader  to  com- 
pare 1856  with  1855 :_ 

1855.  1856. 

Customs £22,842,443  £23,093,301 

Excise    17,388,170  17,861,778 

sumps  7,259,565  7,180,041 

Taxes 3,060,499  8,100,026 

Property  Tax  13,665,205  15,940,331 

Post-offlce 2,709,094  2,768,152 

Crown  Lands  275,516  283,857 

Miscellaneous  935,867  1,120,581 

Totals £68,136,359  £71,348,067 

Oct.  2. 
Zouu  Friebel,  who  had  gained  great 
reputation  as  a  founder    and    caster  of 
metal,  died  a  few  davs  ago  in  Berlin.  The 
13 


statues  of  Frederick  Wmiam  the  lliird  in 
Potsdam,  of  the  Victory  on  the  Belle  Al- 
liance Square  in  Berlin,  and  d  the  Gniid 
Duke  ot  Mecklenborg  -  Sdiwerin,  were 
made  by  him.  Hit  most  important  work, 
however,  was  the  casting  of  Kaoch's  rtatne 
of  Frederick  the  Great,  placed  in  the  pro- 
menade in  Berlin  call^  "  Unter  der  Un- 
den."  Friebel's  last  works  were  the  been- 
tiful  gates  for  the  church  of  WittcmbefV, 
and  the  statues  of  York  and  GnMsenan  m 
the  square  of  the  Opera-hooae.  Fiiebd 
was  only  forty-four  years  of  age,  and  Ins 
loss  leaves  a  blank  in  his  branch  of  the 
profession  not  easy  to  fill  up. 

The  statue  of  Charles  James  F\ox,  bj 
Mr.  Baily,  ILA.,  has  been  added  to  the 
gallery  of  illustrious  statesmen  in  the 
palace  of  Westminster.  The  likeness  is 
good,  and  the  figure  massive  and  dig- 
nified. 

Mr,  Oeorge  Scharf  has  been  appointed 
Art-Secretary  to  the  Manchester  Exhi- 
bition of  1857. 

St.  Thomat^s  Church  at  Newport,  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  which  has  been  rebult 
at  an  expense  of  £10,000,  will  be  opened 
at  the  latter  end  of  November  next.  The 
monument  of  Marochetti  to  the  daughter 
of  Cliarles  I.,  which  is  to  be  placed  in  the 
church  by  command  of  the  Queen,  is  nmt* 
ly  finished. 

Bulgaria, — A  letter  from  Widdin  saji^ 
— <<  We  have  this  morning  heard  a  wand 
which  the  people  of  Bulgaria  have  not 
heard  for  ages — the  sound  of  a  bell  calling 
the  Christians  to  church,  in  order  to 
thank  Gk)d  that  the  Sultan  has  been 
pleased  to  restore  us  our  liberty  of  war- 
ship." Widdin  is  the  first  Bulgarian  town 
that  has  received  a  bell.  The  Turks  have 
coin])lained  to  the  Pasha  about  it,  but  he 
has  referred  them  to  the  Sultan.  We  ask 
whether  an  appeal  like  this  could  equally 
be  referred  to  the  Queen  of  Spun  or  the 
Pope,  in  fiivour  of  the  Protestants,  or  any 
non-Catholics  ? 

Sir  W,  Temple, -^The  valuable  coDec* 
tion  of  classical  antiquities  formed  by  the 
late  Sir  Wm.  Temple,  duiinff  a  long  iv- 
sidenoe  in  Naples,  has  been  left  by  tiie 
deceased  to  the  British  Museum. 

Oct.  8. 

California, — ^Tho  news  firom  Calilbiiiii 
places  us  in  possession  of  the  intellisenor 
that  the  Vigilance  Committee  of  Sannaa- 
cisco  had  disbanded,  and  law  and  ixtdm 
again  reigned  supreme  in  that  dj^.  Hie 
release  of  Judge  Terry  by  the  Yigihaiet 
Committee  was  at  first  generally  receifed 
with  much  dissatisfiiction  by  the  memhcn 
of,  and  83rmpathisers  with,  the  oommittMb 
both  in  town  and  coontry.  The  Exaontife 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


633 


Comiuitt<ie  and  tlie  Board  of  Delegates  of 
Companies  found  Terry  guilty  of  the 
charges  made  against  him,  "  after  a  full, 
fair,  and  impartial  trial,"  but  considered  it 
inexpedient  to  inflict  either  of  the  only  two 
pmiishments  in  their  power,  viz.  death,  or 
banishment  under  pain  of  death,  if  he 
should  return.  They  therefore  released 
their  prisoner  unconditionally.  The  first 
dissatisfaction,  loudly  expressed  for  a  time, 
particularly  in  San  Francisco,  among  the 
members  of  the  General  Committee,  has 
calmed  down,  and  now  all  seem  content  to 
bear  the  Executive  Committee  out  to  the 
end.  They  know  that  union  is  strength. 
The  first  dissensionists  are  prepared  to  give 
up  their  personal  opinions  for  the  common 
good,  and  approve  of  wliat  they  can  no 
longer  help.  \Vlien  Terry  reached  Sacra- 
mento after  his  release,  a  party  of  sym- 
pathisers w^ith  him  received  him  about 
three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  fired  squibs, 
played  on  pipes,  and  made  congratulatory 
speeches.  Terry  is  expected  to  take  his 
seat  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Judges 
in  a  few  days. 

ITie  Echo  de  Chateaulin  gives  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  an  archaeological  dis- 
covery recently  made  in  the  Finisterre. 
On  the  edge  of  the  old  Roman  way  called 
I'Hent-A^s,  there  has  just  been  found  a 
Druidical  monument,  which  may  date 
back  2,000  years  or  more.  It  is  near  the 
entrance  of  the  village  of  Kerasquer.  It 
is  a  tomb,  two  metres  in  length  by  one  in 
height  and  breadth,  covered  with  an  enor- 
mous stone,  two  metres  square,  and  weigh- 
ing about  1,500  kilogrammes.  This  stone 
is  supported  on  the  north  and  south  sides 
by  two  others  placed  endwise,  and  on  the 
two  other  sides  by  masonry  of  dry  stones. 
In  the  interior  nothing  was  found  but  the 
fragment  of  a  vase  in  rough  pottery,  of  a 
browiii»h  colour,  and  containing  some  black 
dust.  The  al)8ence  of  any  medal  or  object 
of  the  period  of  the  Gallo-Romans  shews 
that  its  construction  dates  farther  back 
than  the  Roman  conquest. 

Egypt. — Messrs.  Charles  Mitchell  and 
Co.,  of  Walker-on-the-Tyne,  are  building 
five  paddle-wheel  iron  steamers,  being  a 
portion  of  a  lai^e  fleet  of  iron  tugs  for  the 
Egyptian  Steam  Towing  Company,  which 
\as  recently  had  very  liberal  concessions 
aade  to  it  by  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt.  They 
will  be  employed  to  tow  along  trains  df 
light<?rs,  laden  with  com  and  other  pro- 
duct', down  the  Nile,  in  order  to  facilitate 
the  export  trade  to  Europe. 

The  Caucasus. — Letters  from  Kutais 
mention  the  arrival  of  Baron  Finot,  French 
consul  in  that  city.  Prince  Bebutoff  had 
given  orders  for  his  distinguished  recep- 
tion. It  appears  that  the  RoBsiaDS  will 
r}E>T.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


not  re-occupy  the  numerous  small  forts 
between  Anapa  and  Poti.  Soukkum  Ka- 
leh  only  will  receive  a  garrison  of  two  or 
three  thousand  men.  The  Russians  were 
disposed  to  occupy  Gkigra,  but  were  pre- 
vented by  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  U- 
becks.  At  Tiflis,  it  is  said,  the  volumes 
published  in  England  respecting  the  siege 
of  Kars  have  been  read  with  astonishment, 
the  Ottoman  army  figuring  so  insigni- 
ficantly, while  nearly  all  the  merit  is 
claimed  for  three  or  four  English  officers. 

Monastic  Libraries, — In  France,  many 
of  the  public  libraries  trace  their  origin 
to  the  dissolution  of  the  monastic  esta- 
blishments at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  In  our  own  country,  the  libra- 
ries of  the  monasteries  were  destroyed  or 
gi'eatly  damaged.  Leland,  who  peram- 
bulated England  shortly  after  the  dissolu- 
tion, often  speaks  of  the  destruction  of 
valuable  books.  In  one  town  he  found 
the  baker,  who  had  got  possession  of  a 
monastic  library,  sup{uying  his  oven  with 
the  books  !  Notwithstanding,  however, 
the  bakers  and  barbarism  of  a  former  age, 
some  valuable  ecclesiastical  libraries,  com- 
monly called  Cathedral  Libraries,  still  sur- 
vive. Of  these  there  are  thirty-four  in 
England,  and  six  in  Ireland ;  and,  thanks 
to  the  better  spirit  of  our  times,  general 
attention  is  now  paid  to  their  care  and 
restoration.  To  some  of  them — ^those  of 
Durham,  York,  and  Chester,  for  example 
— the  public  have  practically  free  access. 
The  majority  of  them  are  chiefly  confined 
to  theology ;  but  others  (and  the  Durham 
library  is  one  of  the  number)  are  mate- 
rially increased  from  time  to  time  by  the 
purchase  of  new  works  in  every  class  of 
literature.  To  the  honour  of  the  Dean 
and  Chapter  of  Durham,  they  have  had  a 
catalogue  of  their  library  printed,  and 
they  annually  devote  a  portion  of  their 
income  to  the  purchase  of  new  books. 
The  ancient  dormitory  of  the  convent  is 
now  occupied  by  modem  works,  and  fitted 
up  with  every  convenience  for  readers  and 
students.  A  finer  room  may  not  be  found 
in  our  island.  It  is  but  one  yard  short  of 
two  hundred  feet  in  length,  and,  with  its 
literary  treasures,  is  liberally  thrown  open 
to  public  use. — Gateshead  Observer. 

Spain, —  The  Madrid  journals  of  the 
24th  have  arrived.  The  following  is  the 
text  of  the  decree  for  suspending  the  sale 
of  ecclesiastical  property  mentioned  by 
teleg^ph  : — *' Tidying  into  consideration 
the  high  reasons  of  state  which  have  been 
exposed  to  me  by  the  Minister  of  Finance, 
and  with  the  advice  of  the  Council  of  Mi- 
nisters, I  decree  what  follows : — Art.  1. 
The  side  of  the  property  of  the  secular 
clergy,  haying  returned  to  the  said  clergy 

4ir 


634 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


[Nov. 


iu  conformity  with  the  law  of  the  3rd 
April,  18i5,  is  suspended  until  a  decision 
respecting  it  shall  have  been  taken  in  the 
proper  form. — Art.  2.  The  Minister  of  Fi- 
nance is  cliarged  with  the  execution  of 
the  present  decree,  an  account  of  which  at 
the  opportune  moment  shall  be  given  to 
the  Cortes." 

The  Epoca  says, — **  Tlie  Government, 
which  is  a1x)ut  to  undertake  negocia- 
tions  with  the  Court  of  liome,  has  thought 
it  right,  in  order,  no  doubt,  not  to  com- 
promise the  success  of  its  pnxHieiUngs, 
not  to  publish  any  report  setting  forth 
the  motives  which  caused  it  to  adopt  the 
preceding  measure ;  and  we,  imitating  its 
reserve,  will  make  no  commentary'  on  it." 

Oct.  4. 

The  American  Sieam-FrigaleMerrimac, 
— The  United  States  screw  steam-frigate 
Merrimac,  now  lying  in  Southampton 
Water,  is  300  feet  long.  Tlie  length  of 
her  spar-deck  is  281  feet.  Her  breadth 
of  beam  is  51^  feet,  and  depth  of  hold  to 
gun-deck  26  feet  3  inches.  Her  capacity 
at  load-line  is  4,587  tons,  and  draught  of 
water  23^  feet.  She  has  two  10-inch,  24 
9-inch,  and  14  8-inch  guns.  Her  10-inch 
guns  weigh  12,000  llw.  each,  and  the  9- 
inch  guns  9,000  lbs.  each.  The  fonner 
would  throw  130-i)ounderH,  the  latter  81- 
pounders,  and  her  8-inch  guns  64-pounders. 
Although  Sir  Howard  Douglas  is  a  great 
authority  amongst  American  navjil  men, 
they  differ,  it  appears,  from  him  as  to  the 
comparative  merits  of  solid  shot  and  shell; 
for  they  intend  that  the  Merriimu;  shall 
fight  with  shells.  The  weight  of  the  10-inch 
shells  on  l>oard  the  frigate,  when  unloaded, 
is  101  lbs.;  of  the  9-iiich  shells,  69  lbs.;  and 
of  the  8-mch  shells  49ilh8.  The  weight 
of  metal  from  a  broadside  from  the  Merri- 
mac, in  solid  shot,  would  Im)  1,7 16  lbs.,  and 
in  shells,  1,382  lbs.  Chie  of  the  peculi- 
arities of  Dahlgren's  guns,  which  are  on 
lx)ard  the  frigate,  is  the  enonnous  dis- 
proportion between  the  thickness  of  the 
breech,  where  the  first  shock  of  the  ex- 
plosion takes  place,  and  that  of  the  chase 
of  the  gun.  I'he  screw  is  26  feet  2  inches 
in  pitch,  and  17  feet  4  inches  in  diameter. 
The  frigate  lias  a  2-rod  stee])le  engine, 
with  a  72-inch  cylinder  and  a  3-foot 
stroke.  The  pressure  of  steam  is  201l)s. 
to  the  square  inch.  Tlio  revolutions  are 
50  per  minute.  The  engine  dei)artment 
is  furnished  with  indeju'ndent  auxiliary 
engines  for  coaling  the  ship,  and  with  four 
of  Martin's  patent  vertical  flue  boilers, 
and  a  steam-engine  register  and  chrono- 
meter-dock. The  two  latter  are  rare  and 
costly  instruments  for  an  engine-room. 
The  consumption  of  fuel  is  35  tons  a-day, 
full  steam.     The  chief  engineer's  room  u 


fitted  up  with  every  requiute  for  tny 
imaginable  aoddent  that  may  occur.  The 
length  of  the  main-mast  of  the  Merrimac 
is  123  feet,  the  foremast  ib  1 1 1  tet»  and 
the  mizen  109i  feet.  The  size  of  the  mun- 
sail  is  51  square  feet,  of  the  fnrrwil  40 
square  feet,  of  the  maintop  45  iquare  feet» 
and  of  the  jib  24  square  feet.  The  total 
area  of  the  Merrimac's  sails  is  5G6  eqiiare 
feet.  In  order  to  carry  an  enormoai 
armament,  and  to  fight  the  heavy  ihipa 
and  batteries  that  she  would  be  pitted 
agidnst,  she  has  been  constructed  of  very 
great  strength.  She  has  iron  tramept 
braces  4|  inches  wide^  and  |  of  an  inch 
thick,  between  the  outer  and  inner  plank- 
ing, extending  iVom  the  sheer  plank  to  the 
keel.  Her  knees  are  of  prodigiooa  strength 
and  solidity.  In  war-time  she  would 
carry  a  few  more  g^ns  of  the  same  calibre 
as  those  she  has  now  on  board,  and  about 
100  more  men  than  she  now  moaten. 
There  are  many  things  in  this  ftigate  de- 
ser\'ing  the  attention  of  Englishmen.  Her 
quarters  for  fighting  are  very  roomy  com- 
pared with  those  of  Knglish  line-of  battle 
ships,  crowded  as  the  latter  are  with  guns 
and  men.  Thus,  in  battle,  there  would  be 
far  less  destruction  of  life  on  board  the 
Merrimac  than  on  board  an  F"gliith  ship. 
The  paucity  of  g^ns  on  board  tLe  fngate 
is  comi>ensated  for  by  their  lart;e  calibre ; 
and  the  frigate  being  more  easily  managed 
tlian  our  three-deckers,  she  would  with 
htT  artillery — superior  both  in  length  uf 
range  and  powers  of  mischief — do  tearful 
damage  to  the  largest  line-of-hattle  ship 
before  the  latter  could  approach  her. 

^UyP^' — '^^<)  expedition  to  discover  the 
sources  of  the  Nile,  which  the  Viceroy  of 
Egypt  has  initiated,  and  which  has  occu- 
pied for  the  last  six  months  the  attentioo 
of  the  leameil  of  Europe— after  delays  in- 
evitable to  the  deveUipmeut  of  such  mat- 
ters— has  started.  Tba  Count  d'KscayxM 
de  I'Auture,  to  whom  the  command  has 
been  entrusted,  after  having  obtainedt  on 
the  20th  of  bst  July,  the  Viceroy's  uppn^ 
l)ation  of  the  plan,  came  to  Europe  to  pfo* 
cure  the  necessary  adjuncts  for  the  execu- 
tion of  his  enterprise.  Authorised  to  se- 
lect twelve  assistants,  he  sought  in  Austria 
officers  of  topographical  celebrity;  in  Plms- 
sia  a  well-infunned  engineer;  in  Franoc^ 
naturalists;  in  England,  nautical  asnsi- 
ance;  and  America  has  furnished  H»™ 
with  an  excellent  photographer,  so  neces- 
sary on  such  an  exploration.  Ue  has  se- 
lected in  London,  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vi- 
enna, the  necessary  instruments  for  ofaeer- 
vationa  of  the  greatest  variety,  and  no- 
thing has  been  neglected  that  could  faj 
any  possibility  interest  the  scientific  world. 
Magnetic  observations  will  not  be 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


635 


lected.  The  infasoria,  invisible  to  the  eye, 
will  be  studied  according  to  the  custom 
of  the  most  perfect  naturalists ;  geography 
will  rest  on  the  astronomical  observations ; 
ethnography — so  full  of  interest  in  that 
part  of  the  world — will  be  the  object  of 
the  constant  attention  and  particular  ef- 
forts of  men  whose  knowledge  has  been 
already  proved ;  photography  will  lend  to 
science  the  most  valuable  assistance,  and 
will  thus  bring  before  the  eyes  of  learned 
men  a  new  world,  and  the  people  of  Eu- 
rope will  see  all  that  the  expedition  has 
encountered  of  the  interesting  and  remark- 
able. This  expedition,  which  has  for  its 
aim  the  discovery  of  portions  of  Africa 
where  the  foot  of  the  white  man  has  never 
trod,  promises  to  make  us  better  acquainted 
with  these  unknown  coiintries  than  we  are 
even  with  some  parts  of  Europe.  The 
expenses  of  the  expedition  will  be  consider- 
able, as  the  Viceroy  has  provided  it  with 
everything  that  can  forward  its  success, 
and  a  sufficient  escort  will  protect  these 
missionaries  of  civilization  during  their 
perilous  expedition. 

Discovery  of  a  British  Oak  Coffin, — 
Six  weeks  ago,  as  some  men  were  levelling 
one  of  the  tumuli  near  the  house  occupied 
by  Lord  Londesborough,  on  the  estate  of 
E.  H.  Rennard,  Esq.,  at  Sunderland- Wick, 
near  Great  Driffield,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  improvements,  they  dug  up  a 
large  oaken  coffin,  made  like  the  one 
which  is  in  the  Scarlx)rough  Museum :  it 
was  lying  in  the  centre  of  the  tumulus, 
due  east  and  west.  On  lifting  up  the  lid, 
it  wtis  found  to  contain  three  skeletons. 
Two  of  the  skulls  were  towards  the  east, 
and  one  towards  the  west.  The  bones 
were  very  much  decayed.  No  warlike 
weajwns  were  found,  or  domestic  imple- 
ments, or  personal  ornaments.  Either  part 
of  the  coffin  is  formed  of  one  solid  piece 
of  wood,  being  scooped  out  in  a  semicircular 
or  concave  form,  as  it  appeared  to  be  the 
lower  part  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree.  It  is 
about  six  feet  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth, 
and  resembles  a  boat  with  the  ends  cut  off: 
it  was  covered  with  two  large  jwrtions  of 
the  same  wood,  which  is  very  black  and 
decayed.  Amongst  the  surrounding  soil 
are  quantities  of  ashes,  which  still  retain  a 
burnt  smell.  The  refiemblance  of  this  coffin 
to  the  one  found  near  Scarborough  is  great, 
the  mode  of  finding  much  the  same,  and 
the  arrangement  also ;  the  only  difference 
being  that  the  one  found  near  Scarborough 
was  live  feet  deep,  or  more,  and  this  seems 
to  liave  been  on  the  level. 

Oct.  5. 

Wales. — An  old  Roman  copper  shaft 
has  been  discovered  a  short  distance  from 
Machynlleth,     Montgomeryshire,    and    a 


small  Roman  pick  and  salmon -spear  have 
been  found  in  it.  The  pick  is  nine  inches 
from  point  to  point,  in  form  like  the  com- 
mon pickaxe,  and  is  in  the  possession  of 
Mr.  Weston,  in  the  above  town.  A  fine 
lode  of  copper  was  discovered  in  driving 
the  level,  and  two  strong  lodes  in  the 
shaft.  The  shaft  is  fifby  feet  deep,  driven 
through  the  solid  rock. 

Oct.  7. 

Extr(wrdinan/  Rise  in  the  Money  Mar- 
ket, —  The  Bank  of  England  to-day  have 
acted  with  the  requisite  vigour,  and  their 
rates  are  now  put  up  to  the  highest  that 
prevailed  during  the  war.  At  a  Court  of 
Directors  this  morning,  summoned  by  the 
Governors,  an  advance  was  adopted  from 
6  per  cent,  to  6  per  cent,  on  all  bills  not 
having  more  than  sixty  days  to  run,  and 
to  7  per  cent,  for  all  biUs  over  sixty  days. 

Royal  British  Bank, — Statement  of  the 
affah^,  Sept.  3,  1856 :— 


Dk. 

LlABILITIU 

£       8.  d. 

To  head  office 

•  •• 

...     256,596  15    0 

To  Strand    .. 

■  ■• 

...     110,190  15    6 

To  Lainbeth 

•  •  • 

...       43,317    0    6 

To  Islington 

•  •  • 

...       73,596  17     7 

To  Pimlioo 

•  •  ■ 

9,831  19    1 

To  Borough 
To  Piccad  lly 

... 

...      15,335  18    8 

•  •  ■ 

..       14,887    8     7 

To  Holbom 

•  •• 

...       15,375    2  10 

Total  liabiUties    539,131  12  9 

Assets. 

Buildings 

Cash. 

Debtors. 

&  Fur-      Totals, 
niture. 

£. 

£. 

£.              £. 

By  head  office  20,022 

169,928 

14,480      213,130 

Strand 

6,963 

28,972 

6,000        41,936 

Lambeth     ... 

3.573 

5,956 

fl  s^n 

Islinffton    ... 
PimUco 

1,649 

2,950 

1,000        5,599 

1,540 

731 

750        8,021 

Borough 

3,587 

5,252 

500        9,339 

Piccadilly   ... 

1,565 

5,673 

1,000        8,238 

Holbom 

625 

6,504 

2,000        9,130 

£48,528  •225,669  25,730  299,927 
*  Ia^w  allowance  for  contingencies,  ex- 

clasive  of  any  expenses,  6  per  cent. 

on  £225,669 11,288 

Total  assets,  exclusive   of  the  Welsh      

works,  ( see  A.) £288,644 

(A.)— Welsh   works  cost,  exclusive  of  interest, 

£106,453. 

Oct.  9. 

Japan. — The  Emperor,  being  anxious  to 
a^ust  various  questions  connected  with 
the  recent  treaties  he  has  concluded  with 
the  several  governments  of  Europe  and 
America,  hold  on  the  22nd  of  June,  at 
Jeddo,  the  capital  of  his  empire,  a  solemn 
assembly  of  the  principal  lords  and  most 
influential  personages  of  his  court.  It 
was  decided  at  the  meeting  that  two  ports 
of  the  empire,  those  of  Nangasaki  and 
Hakodadi,  should  be  open  to  the  vessels  of 
all  nations.  There  they  might  repair, 
take  in  provisions,  establish  depots  of 
ooal,  &c.  The  other  ports  of  the  empire, 
moreover,  are  to  be  accesnble  to  vessels  in 


636 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Nov. 


distress,  which  may  take  refuge  in  them, 
but  which  will  have  to  put  to  sea  the 
moment  the  danger  is  over.  No  foreigner 
is  to  be  allowed  to  penetrate  into  the  in- 
terior of  the  country  without  a  special 
permission  from  the  Chief  of  State.  No 
decision  had  yet  been  come  to  with  regard 
to  the  commercial  question.  The  right  of 
trading  with  Japan  is  still  exclusively 
maintained  in  favour  of  the  Dutch  and 
Chinese,  who  have  long  possessed  it  on 
very  onerous  terms,  having  but  one  market 
open  to  them,  that  of  Nangasaki.  The 
new  policy  adopted  by  the  government  of 
Japan  will  be  productive  of  incalculable 
results.  Hitherto  no  foreign  vessel  could 
enter  the  ports  of  tlie  country  to  refit  or 
take  in  provisions.  The  last  decision  of 
the  court  of  Jcddo  accordingly  constitutes 
a  great  progress.  Should  China,  Cochin- 
China,  the  empire  of  Siam,  and  all  the 
other  neighbouring  8tat4?s  follow  the  ex- 
ample of  Japan,  the  intercourse  between 
the  extreme  east  and  the  rest  of  the  world 
would  be  completely  changed. 

Glasgow  Cathedral. — Mr.  James  Bal- 
lantine,  of  Edinburgh,  the  distinguished 
artist  in  glass-painting,  who  executed  the 
decorated  windows  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
has,  at  the  request  of  the  Ijord-Provost  of 
Glasgow,  submittod  to  him  a  complete 
plan  for  ornamenting  with  stained  glass 
the  windows  of  the  Cathedral  of  (ilasgow. 

From  the  " London  Gazette" — Comets 
Lord  Ernest  Vane  Tempest  and  William 
J.  Birt,  of  the  4th  Light  Dragoons,  are 
dismissed  from  her  Majesty's  army,  in 
consequence  of  conduct  unbecoming  officers 
and  gentlemen,  and  subversive  of  good 
order  and  military  discipline,  as  reported 
to  her  Mfyesty  by  his  Royal  Highness 
the  General-coiumanding-in-Chief. 

Oct.  12. 

The  extent  of  the  royal  property  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight  is  now  very  great :  the 
orighial  purchase  was  ])erhrt])s  not  more 
than  1,600  acres,  but  I'rincc  Albert  ha.** 
added  some  3,000  lu'res  to  it.  buying  all 
adjoining  estates  as  they  came  into  the 
market.  The  domain  of  Osborne  now 
reaches  almost  to  Rvde  by  the  sea-shore, 
and  in  breadth  nearly  to  Newport.  Her 
Majesty  can  take  a  drive  of  eight  miles,  or 
thereabouts,  ^^nthout  once  quitting  her  own 
property. 

Oct.  14. 

India. — Bomhat/f  Sfpt.  12. — The  pre- 
parations for  a  Persian  expedition  have 
been  vigorously  maintained  in  all  depart- 
ments during  the  past  fortnight,  so  to  for- 
ward matters  as  to  be  able  to  des])atch  the 
contemplated  expedition  ^^-ithin  the  short- 
est possible  time  after  receiving  the  final 
orders  from   England.     ^Vhen  such  final 


orders  may  arrive  is  a  matter  not  deaiiy 
known,  but  it  is  likely  that  the  dedn<m  of 
the  question  will  at  latest  be  contained  in 
the  mail  that  will  reach  ns  aboat  the  SOth 
of  October.    Thus,  should  the   word  be 
'  war,'  the  expedition  will  sail  about  the  end 
of  that  month  or  the  beg^ning  of  Novem- 
ber.   The  strength  and  oompootion  of  tiie 
Persian  army  may  induce  the   Shah  to 
think  himself  a  match  for  any  force  we  cu 
bring  to  bear  upon  him.     He  has  80,000 
infiintry,  more  or  less  regalar,  and  for  the 
most  part  well  drilled  by  European  oflBceri, 
or  after  the  European  rashion ;  his  cavalry 
is    numerous,  but  wild    and  disorderly, 
living  at  free  quarters  among  the  inhabit- 
ants, and  supporting  themselves  at  thdr 
expense.     His  artillery  I  have  heard  veiy 
highly  spoken  of,  both  absolutely  and  rela- 
tively to  the  rest  of  the  army.     Conspicn- 
ous  in  this  arm  are  some  mule-batteries. 
The  field-guns  arc  of  heav^  caiUbre,  and 
the  practice  generally  is  said  to  be  excel- 
lent.    With  so  larg^  a  force  at  his  dis- 
posal, it  does  not  seem  unreasonable  to 
suppose  that  tlie  Shah,  to  gain  Herat,  has 
determined  to  brave  the  anger  of  a  power 
which  can  only  reach  him  by  sea  upon  the 
south,  (how  vulnerable  he  is  in  that  qoar- 
ter  he    may  not    fully  nnderstand.)  or 
through  the  passes  of  Affghanistan  upon 
the  north.     Be  this,  however,  as  it  may. 
and  to  qiut  this  portion  of  the  sulject,  I 
do  not  think  any  one  here  expects  a  cam- 
paign, of  any  duration  at  least,  in  the  in- 
terior of  Persia,  or  anticipates  any  tenacity 
in  resistance  after  one  serious  brush.     We 
shall  occupy  Currack,  it  is  said,  and  take 
Bushire,  and  then  the  Persians  will  give 
in.     The  strength  of  the  oontempl2fced 
Bombay  force,  and  even  the  individual  re- 
giments of  which  it  is  to  be  composed,  still 
remain  uncertain;  but  it  seems  prohable 
that  it  will  consist  at  first  of  two  brigades  of 
infantry,  two  field-batteries,  and  one  troop 
of  horse-artillery,  a  siege-train,  two  compa- 
nies of  sappers  and  miners,  and  a  regiment 
of  irregular  cavalry — the  Poonah   Horse. 
Each   brigade  will  be  composed   of  one 
European — Queen's  or  Company's — and 
two  native,  regiments.    The  naval  portion 
of  the  preparations  consists  in  the  ooUeet- 
ing  from  the  various  ports  and  fitting  ftr 
active  service  the  steamers  of  the  Indian 
navy,  and  in  chartering  private  veaseb  M 
transports.    Of  the  latter,  ten,  with  an  ag- 
gregate of  about  9,000  tons,  have  ben 
trendy  taken  up,  and  are  fitting  fat  tlie 
reception  of  horses.    Many  more  will  be 
wanted,  wliether  for  such  of  the  troops  M 
the  vessels  of  the  navy  are  unable  to  ac- 
commodate, or  for  the  siege-train  or  com- 
missariat.    The  steamers  of  the   InditB 
navy  will  amount  to  ten  in  number,  two  of 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  IntelRgencer. 


637 


which,  the  Assaye  and  Punjaub,  are  up- 
wards of  1,800  tons  each.   The  Peninsular 
and  Oriental  Company  will  supply  two  or 
three  vessels,   and   a    local    company   as 
many,  but  of  smaller  size.     A  number  of 
gunboats  will  be  prepared  for  operations  in 
the  shallow  waters  at  the  head  of  the  Per- 
sian Gulf.     Bnshire  itself  is  unapproach- 
able by  vessels  of  any  considerable  draught 
of  water ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  for- 
tifications of  the  town   are   described  as 
contemptible,  and  as  certain  to  crumble 
rapidly  under  the  fire  of  a  few  8-inch  guns 
or  long  32 -pounders.     There  remain  to  be 
noticed  the  preparations  in  the  ordnance 
department.     These  are  invested  with  pe- 
culiar interest,  because  they  have  been  di- 
rected with  a  view  not  only  to  the  Persian 
expedition,  but  also  to  the  direct  assistance 
of  Dost  Mahomed  and  the  Affghan  party 
in   Herat.     Large  quantities  of  flint  am- 
munition— not  less  than  87,000  rounds  in 
one  day — have  been  made  up  in  the  arse- 
nal, and  shipped,  with  many  tons  of  other 
ordnance  stores,  on  board  a  steamer  for 
Kurrachee.    Tlience  they  are  to  be  trans- 
ported  up    the   Indus,   probably    aa    far 
as  Dehra  Ghazee  Khan,  from  which  sta- 
tion  there    is    a   road   through   the   Su- 
leiman mountains  into  Afl'ghanistan  and 
to  Candahar.   This  warm  and  hearty  adop- 
tion of  the  cause  of  the  an ti- Persian  party 
in  Herat  is  an  item  not  without  weight  in 
the  consideration  of  the  views  and  expec- 
tations by  which  the  English  government 
is  actuated  at  the  present  juncture.     Our 
own   governing   powers   have   been    very 
busy.     Lord  Elphinstone  has  earned  out 
the  visit  to  Poonah,  for  conference  with 
Sir  H.  Somerset,  of  which  I  spoke  as  con- 
templated in  my  last,  and  returned  to  the 
presidency  two  days  ago ;  and  Sir  Henry  is 
expected  down  here  about  the  end  of  the 
month.     A  committee,  to  be  composed  of 
one  officer  of  the  Indian  navv,  one  from  the 
Quiirtennaster-Generars  department,  and 
the  Brigade-Major  of  Artillery,  is  directed 
to  be  fonned,  for  the  purpose,  probably,  of 
preparing  for,  and  superintending,  the  em- 
barkation of  the  troops.     The  weather  in 
the  l*unjaub,  after  remaining  very  hot  to 
an  unusually  advanced  period  of  the  year, 
has  lately  l)een  characterized  by  heavy  and 
prolonged  falls  of  rain,  and  from  every  sta- 
tion come  gloomy  tales  of  the  prevalence 
and    virulence    of  cholera.     At    Feroze- 
pore  the  cantonment  became  little  else 
tlian  a  stagnant  lake,  and  the  terrible 
disorder  appeared  and  spread  rapidly.  The 
70th  (Queen's)  and  the  Artillery  at  that 
station  have  suffered  severely.     At  Meean 
Meer  the  pestilence  was  disappearing  at 
the  date  of  the  latest  accounts,  but  the 
rejK)rts  Irom  Lahore  it«elf  are  frightful. 


The  mortality  among  the  European  troops 
is,  it  is  asserted,  quite  unprecedented.  The 
Artillery  division,  out  of  a  strength  of  430, 
had  lost  more  than  one-third  in  a  fort- 
night. The  81st  Regiment  had  also  se- 
vere losses,  especially  in  one  of  its  com- 
panies that  was  doing  duty  in  the  citadel. 
It  is  comforting,  however,  to  know  that 
the  weather  at  last  shewed  signs  of  clear- 
ing, and  that  an  abatement  of  the  dis- 
order was  hopefully  expected. — Oude  is 
perfectly  tranquil.  —  Newspoiper  Corre- 
spondent, 

Oct.  15. 
Okehampton. — The  chancel  of  this  parish 
chmrch  has  recently  been  adorned  by  a 
chaste  and  beautiful  stained  glass  window, 
erected  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Mon- 
tague Hawkes,  youngest  son  of  Henry 
Hawkes,  Esq.,  of  Okehampton.  The  win- 
dow has  been  executed  by  Mr.  Alfred 
Beer,  of  Exeter,  and,  as  a  work  of  art, 
may  challenge  comparison,  both  for  har- 
mony of  arrangement  and  depth  and  tone 
of  colouring,  with  the  great  eastern  win- 
dow which  was  erected  some  twelve  years 
ago  by  Wailes,  of  Newcastle.  The  sub- 
jects are  the  Nativity,  the  Crucifixion, 
the  Resurrection,  and  the  Ascension,  under 
canopies  of  exquisite  workmanship.  The 
heads  of  the  windows  are  occupied  by 
angels  bearing  scrolls  inscribed,  and  the 
base  records  the  inscription.  The  details 
of  the  window,  as  well  as  the  general 
effect,  are  strong  indications  of  the  rising 
reputation  of  the  artist. 

Oct.  16. 
The  "Quebec  Chronicle"  has  the  fol- 
lowing : — "  It  is  rumoured  that  Sir  Henry 
Holland,  the  Queen's  physician,  who  came 
passenger  in  the  Cambria,  is  deputed  to 
see  if  our  climate  is  such  as  the  Queen 
can  trust  her  person  to,  in  the  event  of 
her  paying  a  visit  to  Canada. 

The  TAellusson  Estates, — We  under- 
stand that  the  Court  of  Chancery  have 
determined  upon  making  a  valuation  of 
the  estates  of  the  Thellusson  trust,  with 
a  view  to  their  equitable  division  between 
the  two  heirs, — Lord  Rendlesham  and 
Mr.  C.  Thellusson. 

Oct.  18. 
The  American  Umon. — It  is  a  dis- 
couraging fact,  that  what  our  fathers  were 
wont  to  call  the  "experiment"  of  re- 
publican government  in  the  United  States 
of  America,  in  the  sense  originally  in- 
tended, remains  as  much  an  experiment  as 
ever.  The  Union  cannot  be  fairly  called  a 
democratic  republic  in  the  sense  so  clearly 
expressed  in  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, since  it  contains  no  fewer  than  &leen 
states  where  three  millions  of  men  are 
held  in  bondage.    None  of  the  foanden  of 


638 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Not. 


the  republic,  it  may  be  safely  averred, 
contemplated  this  vast  exteiwion  of  slavery. 
On  the  contrary,  when  they  uttered  their 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  founded 
their  constitution,  they  fondly  believed 
that  slavery  would  die  out ;  rightly  hold- 
ing that  it  was  a  stain  upon  republican 
institutions — that  it  was  a  dreadful  en- 
cumbrance left  on  the  land  by  monarchical 
England,  to  be  cleared  off  as  speedily  as 
possible. 

But  how  changed  is  the  aspect  of  the 
Union  since  1 781 ;  how  completely  the  in- 
tentions of  the  founders  of  the  United 
States  have  been  perverted ;  how  vigorous- 
ly that  which  they  desired  to  destroy  has 
grown  and  flourished,  and  overspread  the 
land !  There  is  hardly  anywhere  a  more 
conspicuous  eiiample  of  the  difference  be- 
tween the  intent  and  its  accomplishment, 
between  design  and  its  fulfllment.  The 
question  of  questions  is  now,  not  how 
slavery  may  be  got  rid  of,  but  how  its 
still  further  extension  may  be  checked. 

Those  who  waut  more  than  the  rapid 
outline  of  slavery-extension  which  we 
traceil  two  weeks  ago,  may  peruse  with 
advantage  an  able  article  in  the  number 
of  the  "Edinburgh  Review"  just  published, 
presenting  in  detail  that  progress  of  which 
we  only  gave  a  bare  catalogue  of  facts. 
But,  interesting  as  that  question  is,  it  is 
surpassed  by  a  greater — is  there  sufficient 
virtue  in  the  Union  to  put  a  limit,  <>n(;e  and 
for  all,  to  the  extension  of  slavery  ?  In 
a  ft)rmer  paper  we  presented  the  optimist 
view.  It  is  an  undoubted  fact  that  there 
is  a  moderate  party  in  the  Union,  which 
could,  if  it  would,  stop  the  progress,  and 
perhaps  provide  for  the  extinction,  of 
slavery.  But  it  is  also  a  fact,  that  hitlier- 
to  that  moderate  party  has  not  exerted  its 
power  except  to  effect  some  compromise, 
extricating  the  Union  from  j)eril,  but  fa- 
vouring the  spread  of  slavery.  The  Mode- 
rate party  could  not  prevent  the  Democrats 
from  purchasing  Louisiana  and  annexing 
Texas — although  each  act  was  a  violation 
of  the  constitution,  which,  in  the  words 
of  Mr.  Jcllerson,  "has  made  no  provision 
for  our  holding  foreign  territory,  still  less 
for  incorporating  foreign  natioim  into  our 
Union."  In  each  of  these  instances  the 
primary  object  of  the  slave  power  was  the 
acquisition  of  slave  territory;  and  they 
carried  their  point  by  using  the  unholy 
passion  of  the  Democratic  party  for  ag- 
grandizing the  Union.  As  late  as  18^5, 
free-state  reprewntatives  voted  for  the 
admission  of  Texas,  on  the  ]>lea  that  it 
would  add  more  free  than  slave  states  to 
the  Union  !  In  1820  the  Moclerate  i)arty 
did  no  more  than  carry  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise, the  repeal  of  which  they  could 


not  prevent  in  1854;  and  in  18S6  1^ 
consented  to  the  pawnge  of  the  Army  ml 
without  the  Kansas  proviso.  The  espfai- 
nation  is,  that  the  Sonth  has  made  itislf 
the  champion  of  extreme  democracy;  and, 
forming  so  strong  an  element  in  tlie  De- 
mocratic party,  has  made  the  extension  of 
slavery  a  party  question.  It  is  this  ftel 
which  partly  accounts  for  the  ezistenoe  of 
a  pro-slavery  party  in  every  free  state. 

Now  the  influenees  that  migffat  be  ex- 
pected to  operate  towards  the  linutaUon 
of  slavery  are  chiefly  these  three — ^Ist,  the 
Abolitionists,  and  those  who,  not  t/ei  Abo- 
litionists, hate  slavery ;  2nd,  the  popn- 
latlon  of  the  North  and  West,  whose  sole 
dependence  is  on  thdr  brains  and  mnselsik 
and  who  are  beginning  to  see  that  if  the 
land  is  occupied  by  riaves,  it  is  barred  to 
them;  3rd,  the  Young  North,  amlritioas 
of  taldng  a  part  in  public  life,  mom  almost 
monopolized  by  the  "  gentlemen"  of  the 
South.  The  Abolitiomsts  pore  and  nmple 
are  an  impracticable  section,  hot  tb^ 
have  with  them  the  force  of  a  prindide. 
The  working  men  have  with  them  the 
strong  migfratory  instincts  of  the  race 
whence  they  spring,  making  it  dUAenlt  to 
keep  them  out  of  lands  who^on  they  have 
cast  their  eyes.  They  are  also  shrewd 
enough  to  see  that  slave-laboor  is  the  fot 
of  free ;  and  it  is  partly  a  perception  of 
this  that  1ms  led  to  such  a  rally  round  the 
republican  standard.  Then  the  Voang 
North  has  strong  motives.  It  will  scarcely 
be  credited,  that  out  of  fdxtoen  Preridents 
since  the  foundation  of  the  repnUic^  eleven 
have  been  slaveholders;  that  oat  of  the 
five  Northern  Presidents,  three  went  into 
oflice  to  do  the  bidding  of  the  South ;  that 
of  twenty-eight  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  seventi'en  have  been  Soathem  men ; 
that  out  of  nineteen  Attomey-Generak^ 
fourteen  have  been  Southern  men;  that 
out  of  seventy-seven  Presidents  of  the 
Senate,  sixty-one  have  been  Soathem  men ; 
that  out  of  thirty -three  Speakers  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  twenty-one  have 
been  Southern  men ;  and  that  out  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty-four  foreign  ministcn^ 
eighty  Iiave  l>ecn  Soutliem  men.  Bearing 
these  facts  in  mind,  we  can  fblly  under- 
stand the  war-cry  of  Mr.  Banks  at  New 
York,  that  in  fhture  the  North  means  to 
divide  these  little  matters  with  the  Sooth. 
These  are  the  chief  influences,  such  as  thsy 
are,  that  tend  towards  a  limitatloa  of 
slavery.  But  against  them  we  have  to 
set  those  influences  which  have  hitherto 
prevailed, — the  unholy  alliance  botweeu 
the  slaveholders  and  democracy ;  the  Tan- 
tage-ground  of  the  slaveholders  in  the 
Senate ;  the  vantage-gpronnd  of  their  elee- 
toral  and  territorial  conquests;  the  fhei 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


639 


that  they  can  give  more  time  and  more 
men  for  political  purposes ;  the  knowledge 
that  they  must  preserve  and  extend  their 
slave-markets  and  their  political  power,  or 
succumb  to  the  free  states.  It  is  for 
those  who  are  wiser  than  we  can  pretend 
to  be,  in  estimating  the  dynamics  of  the 
contending  powers,  to  say  which  will  prove 
the  stronger. 

As  to  the  durability  of  the  Union,  there 
are  not  at  present  any  signs  of  a  proxi- 
mate dissolution.  A  thousand  ties  bind 
together  the  slave  states  and  the  free. 
Southern  men  marry  Northern  maidens  j 
Northern  capital  seeks  and  finds  profitable 
investment  in  the  South ;  and  trade  binds 
the  slave  and  the  free  states  in  golden 
bonds.  There  is  a  powerful  minority  in 
Massachusetts,  in  New  Hampshire,  in 
Indiana,  in  Illinois,  in  New  York,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, as  much  devoted  to  Southern 
interests  as  the  Southerners  themselves. 
It  is  this  minority  that  makes  the  slave 
interest  predominate  in  the  Senate;  it  is 
this  minority  that  gives  the  slave  interest 
in  the  House  of  Representatives  its  small 
majorities  in  every  crisis.  The  danger  to 
the  Union  has  blown  over  in  every  emer- 
gency :  true,  but  no  one  can  deny  that  it 
has  blown  over  because  there  have  always 
been  free-state  representatives  ready  to 
concede  to  the  South  for  the  sake  of  peace. 
One  day  or  another,  a  tempest  may  arise 
that  will  shake  and  split  the  Union— what 
line  the  split  will  take  no  one  can  foresee ; 
but  the  tempest  has  not  yet  arisen,  for 
there  is  so  strong  a  spirit  of  reverence  for 
the  Union,  even  amomg  the  Republicans 
themselves,  that  they  would  probably  ac- 
quiesce at  this  moment  even  in  the  defeat 
of  their  candidate,  the  loss  of  Kansas,  and 
the  assured  prospect  of  the  extension  of 
the  slave  power,  rather  than  imperil  the 
U  nion. — Spectator. 

The  Midstnnmer  Nighfs  Dream. — No- 
thing could  be  more  complete  than  the 
success  with  which  Mr.  Kean  has  this  week 
revived  the  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 
All  that  modem  art  and  modem  mechani- 
cal science  can  contrive  has  been  employed, 
under  the  guitlance  of  an  admirable  taste,  to 
illustrate  this  beautiful  play.  Of  all 
dramas,  this  is  the  one  in  which  promi- 
nence may  most  legitimately  be  given  to 
scenic  effects  and  artistic  accompaniments. 
In  most  others  there  is  a  danger  lest  the 
acting  should  be  lost  in  the  accessories  of 
the  representation,  and  the  rendering  of 
human  passions  be  made  subordinate  to  the 
brilliancy  of  pageants  and  the  goi^^us- 
ness  of  decorations.  But  in  the  "Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,"  the  primary  re- 
quisite is  that  we  should  be  carried  by  the 
triumphs  of  art  into  the  world  of  dreams, 


and  fairies,  and  haunted  woods.  The  hu- 
man personages  of  the  play  are  but  the 
sport  of  the  fairies,  or  embody  that  feeling 
of  subordinate  and  divergent  mirth  which 
so  often  mixes  itself  with  the  main  web  of 
a  fanciful  dream.  Throughout  we  are  far 
away  from  real  life.  We  have  Theseus,  and 
the  lords  and  ladies  of  his  court — classical 
names,  but  apart  from  the  classical  world 
— and  only  related  to  the  conception  of 
the  play  by  belonging,  in  an  undefined 
manner,  to  the  heroic  ages.  Athens  b  but 
the  name  of  a  beautiful  and  remote  city. 
By  the  side  of  these  dwellers  in  palaces 
and  courts  is  presented  a  group  of  War- 
wickshire boors,  purely  English  in  their 
names,  language,  behaviour,  and  notions  of 
pleasantry.  They  fit  into  the  play  as  re- 
membrances of  the  last  good  fkrce  he  had 
seen  would  fit  into  the  dream  of  a  man 
whose  thoughts  were  wandering,  in  his 
sleep,  on  the  times  of  Arthur  or  Charle- 
magne, and  whose  mind  began  to  picture 
scenes  of  jesting  and  pleasantry  in  the 
courts  of  those  princes.  In  the  stage  re- 
presentation, where  we  have  to  see  actual 
men  and  women,  and  where  too  obvious 
an  incongruity  would  mar  our  pleasure, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  wise  to  do 
as  Mr.  Kean  has  done,  and  to  give  a  unity 
to  the  whole  world  of  men,  as  opposed  to  the 
world  of  feiries,  by  making  clowns  and 
courtiers  alike  belong  to  what  we  may 
vaguely  call  a  classical  time.  But  Mr. 
Kean  need  scarcely  have  apologized  for 
giving  a  view  of  Athens  such  as  it  was  in 
the  days  of  Pericles,  instead  of  picturing 
the  collection  of  houses  among  which  The- 
seus, if  he  ever  existed,  may  be  supposed 
to  have  fixed  his  throne.  The  Theseus  of 
Shakespeare  is  merely  a  g^eat  ancient 
hero — there  is  nothing  historical  about 
him.  But  whenever  the  name  of  Athens 
comes  across  our  memory,  it  comes  bright 
with  a  halo  of  associations.  As  scenic  ef- 
fect requires  that  we  should  first  see  a 
splendid  city,  with  which  to  contrast  the 
quiet  recesses  of  nature,  it  was  completely 
in  accordance  with  the  general  cast  of  the 
play  that  we  should  behold  Athens  in  all 
the  brilliancy  it  ever  wore,  and  with  which 
our  imagination  am  ever  invest  it. 

The  main  enjoymont  of  this  diama,  as 
an  acting  piece,  consists  in  the  complete- 
ness with  which  art  can  do  justice  to  the 
poetical  creation  which  transports  us  into 
the  region  of  romance.  We  want  some- 
thing beautiful,  varied,  and  extraordinary, 
at  once  like  and  unlike  to  real  scenery, 
which  shall  work  upon  our  fancy,  and  enablo 
us  to  enter  into  the  company  of  Shak- 
speare's  fiiiries — beings  such  as  men  dream 
themselves  to  be,  retaining  human  passions 
and  interests,  but  freed  from  the  limita- 


640 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Not. 


tions  of  time  and  space,  and  the  constraints 
of  circumstance.  Mr.  Kean  has  done  more 
to  make  this  possible  than  can  readily  be 
believed.  The  variety  of  woodland  scenery 
exhibited  is  perfectly  wonderful.  A  moving 
diorama,  presenting  endless  combinations 
of  mossy  trunks,  overhanging  boughs,  still 
pools,  trickling  waterfalls,  massive  stones, 
underwood,  shrubs,  and  flowers,  gives  us  a 
notion  of  something  vast  and  labyrinthine, 
snch  as  we  have  when  walking  through 
the  glades  and  following  the  tortuous 
paths  of  a  great  forest.  The  beauty  of  the 
single  scenes  is  difficult  to  express  in  words, 
and  can  scarely  be  embraced  by  the  eye 
during  the  short  time  that  each  is  to  be 
seen.  It  is  not  only  the  first  coup  (Tml 
that  fills  us  with  admiration,  but  we  find 
the  minutest  details  worked  out  with  a 
truth  of  painting  and  a  poetical  feeling 
which  do  the  painter  and  the  manager 
infinite  credit.  We  have,  in  one  scene,  a 
pool  in  the  background — we  examine  it, 
and  see  that  its  surface  is  covered  with 
water-lilies  beautifully  executed.  In  an- 
other we  have  a  sunrise,  and  far  in  the 
distance  we  discern  the  Acropolis  through 
the  purple  haze  of  the  morning.  In  a 
third  we  have  a  bank  of  dark,  heavy  trunks 
in  the  foreground ;  and,  hollowed  into  its 
side,  we  see  what  Shakspearc  cuUs  a  "  paved 
fountain" — a  patch  of  water  lying  dark 
and  smooth  in  a  basin  of  broad,  brown 
stones.  Troops  of  fairies,  dressed  with 
perfect  taste,  and  furnished  with  an  end- 
less profusion  of  fiowers  and  wreaths,  flit 
gaily  across  the  stage.  The  Queen  and 
her  attendants  dance  in  a  fairy  ring,  with 
tall  interwoven  trees  forming  a  circle 
around  them ;  and  a  well-contrived  stream 
of  electric  light  casts  their  shadows  as  they 
move,  with  the  preirision  and  blackness 
which  shadows  possess  by  moonlight.  Puck 
vanishes  in  a  ray  of  red  light,  with  a  sjMJed 
which  is  a  great  achievement  of  mechanical 
ingenuity.  A  fern-bush  shoots  into  the 
air,  forms  a  maypole,  and  scatters  from 
its  clustering  leaves  a  shower  of  wreaths, 
whioh  are  seized  on  by  the  fairies,  and 
holding  which  they  dance  an  enchanting 
figure.  'J  he  overture  and  enfr^  actes  of 
Mendelssohn's  music  were  added  to  the 
pleasures  of  sight.  Nothing  has  been 
omitted,  imd  the  result  is  a  triumphant 
success. 

Tlie  play  docs  not  aflbrd  much  scope  for 
the  acting  of  any  one  performer,  (^ne  or 
two  beimtiful  passages  are  put  into  the 
mouth  of  Theseus,  which  were  g^ven  with 
spirit  and  force  by  Mr.  Ryder,  who  always 
acquits  himself  well,  whatever  may  be  the 
part  assigned  him.  Miss  Carlotta  Le- 
clercq  made  a  cluuining  Titania,  Miss  Mur- 
ray's Hippolyta  left  nothing  to  be  desired, 
14 


and  Mr.  Harley,  as  Bottom*  was  ezedlmt. 
There  was  drollery  in  every  look*  gesture^ 
and  expression;  and  witnout  overdioiiig 
his  part,  he  made  every  line  of  it  eflectiTSL 
The  scene  in  which,  wearing  the  ass't  hetd. 
Bottom  is  led  away  by  the  little  fairies 
summoned  to  attend  him  by  Titania*  wis 
one  of  the  prettiest  and  most  amusing  in 
the  play.  But  the  real  success  was  neces- 
sarily not  that  of  the  actors,  but  of  the 
manager,  and  no  compliment  ooold  have 
been  better  deserved  than  that  paid  to 
Mr.  Kean  when,  on  the  fisdl  of  the  cartaiDp 
he  was  called  on  the  stage  amidst  the 
enthusiastic  planets  of  the  audience.-^ 
Saturday  Seview. 

Oct.  19,  (Sunday). 

A  dreadful  accident  happened  this  day 
at  the  Music-hall  of  the  Surrey  Zoological 
Gardens,  in  the  Walworth-road — a  boild- 
ing  recently  erected  for  Mons.  JuUien's 
monstre  concerts,  and  intended  to  hold 
about  10,000  people. 

It  appears  that  during  the  last  few  years 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Spurgeou,  a  preacher  be- 
longing to  one  of  the  denominations  of 
Dissenters,  and  a  young  man  not  mora 
than  25,  has,  by  a  style  of  oratory  pecaliar 
to  himself,  become  the  object  of  great 
popularity,  chiefly  among  the  humbler, 
but  also  among  a  considearable  nomber  of 
the  middle,  classes  residing  on  the  Surrey 
side  of  the  river — which  p(^alarity  hM 
gone  on  increadng  to  such  an  extent^,  that 
the  chapel  in  which  his  religions  serrioei 
were  conducted  became  whoUy  inadequate 
to  accommodate  the  numbers  who  flocked 
to  listen  to  him.  In  this  emergency  be 
removed  to  Exeter-hall,  on  Sunday  even* 
ings,  where  he  has  lately  been  preaching 
to  crowded  audiences,  wlule  hundreds  have 
gone  away  from  time  to  time  unahte  to 
obtain  admission.  For  an  hour  or  two^ 
indeed,  before  the  doors  were  opened*  largo 
numbers  of  people  were  accustomed  to 
assemble  in  the  Strand  in  front  of  the 
building,  on  a  Sunday  evening,  lor  the 
purpose  of  gaining  access.  The  regular 
membc>rs  of  his  congreffation  were  pre- 
viously admitted  by  a  private  door*  on  the 
production  of  tickets  which  gave  them 
tliat  right,  and  after  they  were  comfort- 
ably seated  the  general  public  were  allowed 
to  enter,  until  the  hall  was  densely  crowded. 
Tlio  gates  were  then  closed*  and  a  hoard 
hung  outside  intimating  to  all  who  cams 
afterwards  that  the  building  was  ftdL 
This  arrangement  continued  for  some  Ums^ 
and  under  it  the  popularity  of  Mr.  Spor- 
geon  went  on  augmenting.  In  the  ooow 
of  the  service  a  collection  was  invaria^y 
made  among  the  audience,  the  proceeds  of 
which,  after  liquidating  the  expense 
nected  with  the  occupation  of  the  hall. 


185G.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


641 


partly  destined,  as  he  was  accnstomed  to 
announce,  to  the  erection  of  a  new  chapel 
for  the  especial  use  of  his  congregation,  and 
which  was  intended  to  accommodate  some 
almost  incredibly  large  number  of  people. 
At  last,  a  week  or  two  ago,  his  services 
were  discontinued  at  Exeter-hall,  and  he 
sought  for  another  locality  in  which  to 
hc'rd  his  flock.  The  result  was  that  he 
entered  into  an  arningement  with  the 
directors  of  the  Surrey  Gardens  for  the 
use  of  their  Music-hall  for  four  Sunday 
nights,  at  £15  a  night,  and  Sunday  evening 
last  was  the  first  on  which  he  preached 
there.  Unhappily  the  occasion,  fraught  as 
it  was  with  so  fearful  a  calamity,  will  not 
soon  be  forgotten.  This  fine  building  is 
oblong  in  shape,  with  two,  if  not  three 
galleries,  one  above  the  other,  extending 
the  whole  length  of  the  edifice,  with  va- 
rious points  of  ingress  and  egress.  It  is 
lighted  by  windows  of  plate-glass,  and 
fitted  up  in  all  respects  with  great  taste. 
It  is  capable  of  holding  10,000  persons; 
but  while  the  service  was  being  held,  and 
when  the  accident  now  being  related  oc- 
curred, it  is  estimated  that  there  could 
not  have  been  less  than  12,000  or  14,000 
present.  During  the  week  the  streets 
were  placarded  with  bills  stating  that  Mr. 
Spurgeon  intended  to  preach  there,  and 
the  result  was  that  an  enormous  number 
of  people  went  to  hear  him.  Besides  the 
large  crowd  who  obtiuned  admission  into 
the  hall,  there  were  at  least  1,500  in  the 
adjacent  grounds,  for  whom  there  was  no 
room,  and  some  5,000  or  6,000  more  in 
the  several  streets  abutting  upon  the  en- 
trance to  the  gardens,  who  were  also  ex- 
cludcKi.  The  regular  members  of  the  con- 
gregation were  permitted  to  enter  the 
edilice  l)efore  the  rest  of  the  pubhc,  in 
conformity  with  the  practice  at  Exeter- 
hnll,  and  it  was  near  seven  o'clock  before 
all  who  were  admitted  were  accommodated 
with  seats  or  with  standing-room,  and  be- 
fore the  service  began.  Several  police- 
constables  were  stationed  at  the  points  of 
entrance,  and  others  in  plain  clothes  were 
scattered  thnmgh  the  audience, — among 
whom  was  Sergeant  Coppin,  who  after- 
wards did  some  service  in  mitigating  the 
di.s;ister.  Mr.  Superintendent  Lund,  of 
the  metroi)olitan  police,  happened  also  to 
be  there  with  his  wife  and  daughter,  and 
they  occuj)ied  seats  immediately  in  front 
of  the  pulpit  on  the  basement  floor. 

The  service  commenced  by  singing  a 
hynni,  which  was  followed  by  a  chapter 
read  trom  the  Scriptures  by  Mr.  Spurgeon. 
Tliis  done,  the  minister  stood  up  to  pray, 
and  had  uttered  a  few  words  when  an 
alarm  of  danger  was  given,  and  iu  a  few 
moments  the  whole  of  the  vast  assembly 
G£:;t.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


was  seized  with  a  feeling  of  consternation. 
The  accounts  vary  as  to  the  exact  words 
used  to  sound  the  alarm.  Some  say  that 
it  was  a  cry  of  "  Fire,"  which  proceeded 
from  a  person  in  the  uppermost  gallery; 
others,  that  the  words  used  were,  "The 
roof,  the  roof!"  that  they  emanated  from 
some  people  on  the  basement  story,  and 
were  accompanied  by  the  tinkling  of  a 
bell.  But  whatever  the  cry,  the  people 
in  all  parts  of  the  hall  rose  en  masse,  in  a 
state  of  the  greatest  terror,  and  made  for 
every  point  of  outlet  with  the  most  frantic 
eagerness.  The  scene  is  said  to  have 
been  one  of  indescribable  agony  and  con- 
fusion. The  despairing  shrieks  of  women 
and  children  were  heard  above  the  roar  of 
voices  which  proceeded  from  the  platform 
and  from  the  ground-floor  of  the  building, 
chiefly  imploring  the  X)eople  to  remain 
quiet — but  in  vain,  as  respects  the  g^reat 
body  of  them,  for  they  rushed  terror- 
stricken  towards  the  doors  with  the  most 
fearful  precipitation ;  and  numbers,  finding 
that  a  slow  means  of  retreat,  dashed  them- 
selves through  the  windows,  made  of  plate- 
glass,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  sus- 
tained more  or  less  injury  in  the  attempt. 
One  poor  woman,  espe<nally,  was  seen  to 
throw  herself  first  through  a  window  in 
one  of  the  galleries,  and  then,  alighting 
on  the  portico  over  the  ft^nt  of  the  build- 
ing, to  jump  to  the  ground,  a  distance  of 
between  twenty  and  thirty  feet.  She  was 
found  fearfully  cut  in  the  face,  and  with 
nearly  all  her  front  teeth  knocked  out. 
Many  others  leapt  from  the  galleries  to 
the  ground-floor  in  their  hot  haste  to  es- 
cape. It  was  stated  that  during  some 
part  of  this  scene  of  terror,  Mr.  St^urgeon 
continued  his  prayer.  This  was  probably 
done  with  the  view  to  allay  the  excite- 
ment, but  it  was  altogether  inefiectual; 
and  after  the  confusion  had  in  some  mea- 
sure subsided,  the  money-boxes  were  sent 
round  for  a  collection.  Tlie  alarm  residt- 
ing  in  all  this  deplorable  loss  of  life  was 
altogether  a  false  one ;  there  was  no  fire, 
and  no  danger  from  the  falling  of  the 
roof.  Tlie  means  of  descent  from  the  first 
gallery  was  by  a  circular  stone  staircase, 
which  was  protected  by  an  iron  balustrade, 
and  in  the  overwhelming  rush  to  escape 
by  this  outlet  the  balustrade  gave  way, 
and  many  peoj)le  were  precipitated  upon 
the  stone  fioor  beneath.  Tliere,  it  is  sup- 
posed, some  were  killed  by  the  fall,  or 
afterwards  trodden  to  death  under  foot. 

Oct.  20. 
Strood,  Kent. — It  will  be  recollected 
that  a  few  years  since  an  exteniuve  Ro- 
man and  Saxon  cemetery  was  discovered 
between  Strood  and  the  Temple  Farm,  on 
the  right  of  the  London  road  in  gdng  to 

4o 


642 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Nov. 


Rochester.  Tlie  intennonts  nearest  to  the 
town  of  Stroixl  were  Koman ;  and  close  to 
these  were  Saxon  graves,  from  one  of  which 
wa"=J  obtaineil  the  bi*onze  cotfer  8tanij)ed 
with  Christian  emblems  and  designs, 
fignred  in  the  Collectanea  Aiiinjua,  and 
lately  pn^ented  by  Mr.  Wickham  to  the 
innseinn  of  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer. 

Within  the  last  month  some  Koman 
sepulchral  remains  have  b^en  disct)vered 
on  the  oi)posite  side  of  Strood;  and  as 
excavations  are  being  made  for  bniUling 
and  other  piu'posos,  it  is  probable  many 
remains  similar  U^  those  formerly  brought 
to  light  will  be  discovered.  Already  there 
are  sufficient  indications  to  shew  that  the 
limits  of  the  Roman  burial-])lace,  tlescribed 
in  the  Collect nuea  AHfli/ua^  are  more 
extended  than  had  been  supiM)sed. 

jMr.  llillier  has  recent! v  made  furtlier 
researclies  in  the  Saxon  cenu'teries  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  Unfortnnately  thi'  heavy 
rains  caused  him  to  postpone  the  exca- 
vaticms  when  they  were  on  the  ]>oint  of 
being  attended  with  succh'ss.  The  most 
interesting  di'posit  in  the  graves  examined 
consisted  of  a  glass  vessel,  two  fibula;,  (one 
concave,  the  other  cruciform,)  and  a  set  of 
small  toilette  imj)lenK*ntsS.  The  last  had 
been  hung  to  the  girdle,  oi'  which  the 
buckle  alone  remained.  The  most  curious 
and  novel  of  these  little  obj<*i'ts  is  a  bronze 
knife,  used  ]n'obably  for  paring  the  nails, 
and  such  purposes.  It  is  curved;  but  the 
edge  is  outermost,  and  not,  as  the  shape 
would  suggest,  on  the  lower  side.  It  need 
scarcely  be  observed  that  these  interest- 
ing remains  were  with  the  skeleton  of  a 
female. 

Oct.  22. 

Archdeacon  Deiitstm. — The  Venendilc 
George  Anthony  Denison,  Archdeacon  of 
Ta'juton,  VMc.ir  of  Kast  IJrent,  and  a  Prc- 
Ixmdary  of  the  (.^atlu-dral  of  Hath  and 
Wells,  was  this  day  senteucred  to  be  de- 
j)rived  of  all  ei'd^'sia-^tical  prefermiMits 
held  bv  him.  We  g've  the  sentence  in 
full,  as  it  explains  the  matter  in  ques- 
tion : — 

"  In  the  name  of  CWxl,  Amen. — Wliere- 
as  there  is  now  dependitig  in  judgment 
before  us,  ,Iohn  Bird,  bv  Divine  Piovidi'uce 
liord  Arehbishoj)  of  Canterbury,  Primate 
of  all  Kngland,  and  Metroj)olitan,  acting 
inider  the  provisions  of  a  ci-rtain  act  of 
Parliament  made  and  ]>a';sed  in  the  'Jrd 
and  1th  years  of  tlie  reiicn  of  her  ])re.M.'nt 
Majesty,  ent'tlcil  *.\n  .\ct  fur  better  en- 
foreing  Church  I)ist'ii)lini','  a  certain  cause 
or  proceeiliiig  promoted  by  the  IJev.  .Fo- 
8e])h  Ditcher,  Clerk-Vicar  of  llie  ])ar:sh  of 
S(>uth  Hvent.  in  the  e(Miutv  of  Somei-set, 
ngaiu-iit  tin.'  Ven.  (ieorire  Anthony  Denison, 
a  clerk  in  holv  orders  of  the  united  Chui-ch 


of  England  and  Ireland,  Arcbdeaoon  of 
Taunton,  and  Vicar  of  the  parish  of  East 
Tircnt,  in  the  said  cv)unty  of  Somerset, 
and  in  the  diocese  of  liath  and  Well*,  and 
province  of  Canterbury,  which  said  cause 
or  proceeding  is  proniot^id  and  brought 
before  us  by  reason  that  the  patronage  or 
right  of  presentation,  as  well  of,  in,  and  to 
the  said  iVrchdejUH)nry  of  Taunton,  as  of, 
in,  and  to  the  said  vicarage  of  East  Hrent, 
belongs  to  the  Lord-  Kishop  of  the  diocese 
of  Bath  and  Wells  aforesaid ;  and  whereas 
we,  rightly  and  duly  proceeding  in  the 
said  cause  or  proceeding,  issued  our  com- 
mission under  our  hand  and  seal  autho- 
rizing and  requiring  the  comuiisHioners 
therein  named  to  impiire  into  the  grounds 
of  the  chargi^  made  against  the  said 
(ieorgc  Anthony  Denison;  and  whereas 
the  said  connnissioners  having  met  and 
examined  witnes8t»s,  transmitt-eil  to  us 
un<ler  their  hands  and  seals  the  deposi-- 
tions  of  the  witnesses  taken  liefore  them, 
and  also  a  re]V)rt  of  the  unanimoos  opinion 
of  the  commissioners  present  at  the  in- 
quiry, that  there  was  sufficient  primd 
facie  ground  for  instituting  proci'oiUngs 
aga  nst  the  said  (leoiye  Anthony  Doniwm; 
and  whereas  artitrU's  were  thereu(X)n  drawn 
\\\i  anil  filed,  as  rctpiiretl  by  the  wid  :ict 
of  Parliami?nt,  wherein  the  said  George 
Antlumy  Denison  was  charged  and  arti- 
cled touching  and  ctnicerning  bis*  soul's 
health,  and  the  lawful  corrtH'tion  and  re- 
foruuition  of  his  manners  and  exct'SSi^i,  and 
more  especially  for  havhig  otfendiKl  against 
the  laws  ami  statutes,  und  against  the 
constitutions  and  canons  ecclesiastical  of 
this  realm,  by  having  preached  three  seve- 
ral serm<nis  or  discourses  in  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  Wells,  as  therein  mentioned, 
and  !)y  having  written,  printed,  published, 
dis])(»rsed,  and  set  forth,  or  caused  to  be 
])rinted,  ]ni]>lislied,  disperse<l,  and  act  furtb, 
the  ssiid  sermons  res|xi^ively,  with  pre- 
faci's,  advertisements.  apj>endiceH,  und  sun- 
<lry  noti's  tliereto,  and  by  having  adviisidly 
maintained  or  nffirmed  in  auch  sermons, 
])ri'faces,  advertisiMnents,  a])pendires,  and 
notes,  certiiin  prwitions  or  d(x*trin*-s  di- 
lectly  contrary  and  repugnant  to  the  doc- 
trine of  the  united  Church  of  Englanil  and 
Ireland  as  by  biw  established,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  Artii'hs  of  Kelipnon  agreed 
upon  by  the  archbishojis  and  hishti)w  of 
both  ]ir.  vince-*  and  the  whole  clergy,  in 
the  (Convocation  liolden  at  London  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  CmkI  L'>(j2,  act\)rr1ing  to 
the  couqmtation  of  the  Chunrh  uf  Kn- 
gland, for  tlie  avoiding  diversities  of  o|U- 
nions,  and  for  th<^  establisiiing  of  consent 
touching  trne  rel  gi^m,  or  some  or  one  of 
them,  and  ag:iinst  the  act  or  statute  made 
m  the  Parliament  holdeu  at  Westminster 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


64S 


in  the  13th  year  of  the  reign  of  her  late 
Majesty  Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England, 
entitled  *  An  Act  for  the  Ministers  of  the 
Church  to  be  of  sound  religion;'  and 
whereas  the  said  George  Antliony  Denison 
was  duly  served  with  a  copy  of  the  said 
Articles,  and  was  duly  required  by  writ- 
ing under  our  hand  to  appear  and  to 
make  answer  to  the  said  Articles;  and 
whereas  we,  rightly  and  duly  proceed- 
ing in  the  said  cause  or  proceeding, 
with  the  assistance  of  three  assessors 
nominated  by  us — to  wit,  the  Right  Hon. 
Stephen  Lushington,  Doctor  of  Laws,  Judge 
of  her  Majesty's  High  Court  of  Admiralty 
of  England,  and  who  has  practbed  as  an 
advocate  for  five  years  and  upwards  in  the 
court  of  the  Archbishop  of  the  said  pro- 
vince of  Canterbury;  the  Very  Bev.  Geoi^ 
Henry  Sachevtrell  Johnson,  Master  of  Arts, 
Dean  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Wells ; 
and  tlic  Kev.  Charles  Abel  Heurtley,  Doctor 
in  Divinity,  the  Lady  Margaret's  Professor 
of  Theolc^y  in  the  Univereity  of  Oxford — 
having  heard,  seen,  and  understood,  and 
fully  and  maturely  discussed  the  merits 
and  circumstances,  and  diligently  seardied 
into  and  considered  of  the  whole  proceed- 
ings had  and  done  therein,  and  observed 
all  and  singular  the  matters  and  things 
that  by  law  ought  to  be  observed,  and 
LiiviuL,'  heard  witnesses  examined  in  proof 
of  the  said  Articles,  and  heard  advocates 
and  proctors  on  both  sides  thereon,  did, 
on  Tuesday,  the  12th  day  of  August,  1856, 
pronounce,  decree,  and  declare  that  the 
ei^ht  first  articles  filed  against  the  said 
Archdeacon  were  proved,  so  far  as  is  by 
law  necessary ;  that  the  9th,  10th,  11th, 
13th,  and  11th  of  the  articles  filed  in  the 
said  cause  or  proceediug  on  behalf  of  the 
said  Rev.  Joseph  Ditchtr  were  proved,  and 
that  the  charges  therein  made  were  esta- 
blished, so  far  as  is  hereinafter  mentioned ; 
and  that  whereas  it  is  pleaded  in  the  said 
yth  article,  filed  in  the  said  proceedings, 
that  the  said  Archdeacon,  in  a  sermon 
preached  by  him  in  the  Cuthedral  Church 
of  Wells,  on  or  alx)ut  Sunday,  the  7th  of 
August,  1853,  did  advisedly  maintain  and 
affirm  doctrines  directly  contrary  and  re- 
pugnant to  the  25th,  28tb,  29th,  and  35th 
of  the  Articles  of  Religion  referred  to  in 
the  statute  of  the  13th  of  Elizabeth,  chap. 
12,  or  some  or  one  of  them,  and  amongst 
other  things  did  therein  advisedly  main- 
tain and  affirm  '  that  the  body  and  blood 
of  Christ  being  really  present  after  an  im- 
material and  spiritual  manner  in  the  con- 
secrated bread  and  wine,  are  therein  and 
thereby  given  to  all,  and  are  received  by 
all  who  come  to  the  Lord's  Table ; '  and 
'  tliat  to  all  who  come  to  the  Lord's  Table, 
to  those  who  eat  and  drink  worthily,  ind 


to  those  who  eat  and  drink  unworthily, 
the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  are  g^ven; 
and  that  by  all  who  come  to  the  Lord's 
Table,  by  those  who  eat  and  drink  worthily, 
and  by  those  who  eat  and  drink  unworthily, 
the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  are  received, 
— we,  the  said  Archbishop,  with  the  assist- 
ance and  unanimous  concurrence  of  ouz 
said  assessors,  did  determine  that  the  doc- 
trine in  the  said  passages  was  directly  con- 
trary and  repugnant  to  the  28th  and  29th 
of  the  said  Articles  of  Religion  mentioned 
in  the  aforesaid  statute  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
and  that  the  construction  put  upon  the 
said  Articles  of  Religion  by  the  Yen.  the 
Archdeacon  of  Taunton,  viz.  that  the  body 
and  blood  of  Christ  become  so  joined  to 
and  become  so  present  in  the  consecrated 
elements,  by  the  act  of  consecration,  that 
the  unworthy  receivers  receive  in  the  ele- 
ments the  body  and  blood  of  Christ,  is  not 
the  true  or  an  admissible  construction  of 
the  said  Articles  of  Religion;  that  such 
doctrine  is  directly  contrary  and  repugnant 
to  the  28th  and  29th  Artides,  and  that  the 
true  and  legal  exposition  of  thesaid  Articles 
is,  that  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  are 
taken  and  received  by  the  worthy  receiven 
only,  who  in  taking  and  receiving  the 
same  by  faith  do  spiritually  eat  tlie  flesh 
of  Christ  and  driij[  His  blood,  while  the 
wicked  and  unworthy,  by  eating  the  bread 
and  drinking  the  wine  without  faith,  do 
not  in  anywise  eat,  tske,  or  receive  the 
body  and  bl(X>d  of  Christ,  being  void  of 
faith,  whereby  only  the  body  and  blood  of 
Christ  can  be  eaton,  taken  and  received; 
and  whereas  it  is  pleaded  in  the  said  11th 
of  the  articles  filed  in  the  said  proceeding 
that  divers  printed  copies  of  the  said  ser^ 
mon  or  discourse  in  the  10th  article  men- 
tioned as  wTitton  and  printed,  or  caused 
to  be  printed,  by  the  said  Archdeacon 
Denison,  were  by  his  order  and  direction 
sold  and  distributed  some  time  in  the 
years  1853  and  1854,  within  the  said 
diocese  of  Bath  and  Wells;  and  whereae 
the  said  sermon  or  discourse  contains  the 
following,  among  other  passages  x-^ 

*"'lhat  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ 
being  really  present  aftor  an  immaterial 
and  spiritual  manner  in  the  consecrated 
bread  and  wine,  and  therein  and  thereby 
g^ven  to  all,  and  are  received  by  aU  who 
come  to  the  Lord's  Table,**  and  'That  to 
all  who  come  to  the  Jjord's  Table,  to  tboee 
who  eat  and  drink  worthily,  and  to  those 
who  eat  and  drink  unworthily,  the  body 
and  blood  of  Christ  are  given ;  and  that 
by  all  who  come  to  the  Lord's  Table,  bj 
those  who  eat  and  drink  worthily,  and  l^ 
those  who  eat  and  drink  nnwortliilv,  tiie 
body  and  bk)od  of  Christ  are  zeoeLvedi* 
we^  the  Mid  Archbishop,  with  the  iMiit- 


644 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[NoVi 


anee  of  onr  said  assessors,  did  determine 
that  the  passages  aforesaid  contain  a  re- 
petition of  the  erroneous  docrtrine  charpjed 
in  the  9th  article  filed  in  this  proceedinjj, 
and  tliat  such  doctrine  is  directlv  contrary 
and  repugnant  to  the  28th  and  29th  of 
the  Articles  of  Religion  mentionetl  in  the 
aforesaid  statute  of  Queen  Elizaheth ;  and 
whereas  it  is  pleaded  in  the  Itth  of  the 
Slid  articles,  filed  in  the  said  proceetling, 
that  divers  printed  copies  or'  a  sermon  or 
discourse  in  the  12th  article  mentionetl  as 
written  and  printetl,  or  caused  to  l)e  print- 
ed, hy  the  said  Archdeacon,  were  hy  his 
order  and  direction  sold  and  distrilmted  5n 
the  years  1853  and  1854,  within  the  said 
diocese  of  Bath  and  Wells;  and  whereas 
the  said  sermon  or  discourse  contains  the 
following,  among  other  ])assagcs : — 

"  *  Tliat  to  all  who  come  to  the  JjonVs 
Tahle.  to  those  who  eat  and  drink  worthily, 
and  to  those  who  eat  and  drink  imwor- 
thily,  the  l>otly  and  hlocnl  of  Christ  are 
given ;  and  that  hy  all  who  come  to  the 
Lord's  Tahle,  hy  those  who  eat  and  drink 
worthily,  and  hy  those  who  eat  and  drink 
unworthily,  the  Ixnly  and  bloud  of  Christ 
are  receivwl  -*  and  *  It  is  not  true  that  the 
conse^^rated  bread  and  wine  are  changed 
in  their  mitural  substances,  for  they  re- 
main in  their  very  natural  substances,  and 
therefore  may  not  he  adored.  It  is  true  that 
worship  is  due  to  the  real  thcmgh  invisible 
and  supernatural  presence  of  the  IkmIv  and 
blo(Hl  of  Christ  in  the  Holy  Eucharist, 
under  the  form  of  bread  and  wine ;' — 

We,  the  said  Archbishoj),  with  the  as- 
sistance of  our  said  assessors,  did  deter- 
mine that  the  do<?trine8  in  the  said  pas- 
sages are  directly  contrary  and  repugnant 
to  the  twenty-eighth  and  twenty-ninth  of 
the  said  Articles  of  Rel'gion  mentionetl  in 
the  afores  lid  statute  of  (iueen  Elizabeth ; 
and  where:is  we,  the  said  Archbishop, 
thereupon  allowcnl  timt?  to  the  said  Arch- 
deacon to  revoke  his  ern)r  until  Wwlnes- 
tlay,  the  1st  day  of  OctoluT  then  ensuing 
and  now  last  past,  with  intimatitm  that  if 
no  such  rev(K*ation  as  is  required  by  the 
statute  of  Elizalteth  aforesaid  should  Ihj 
made  and  <lelivere<l  in  to  the  Registry  of 
Rath  and  Wells  by  that  time,  we  would, 
in  obedience  to  the  said  statute,  pronounce 
sentence  in  the  said  cause  or  proceeding, 
which  was  thereupon  adjourned  to  Tues- 
day, the  21st  day  of  OctolxT,  inst.,  and 
has  from  thence  been  further  adjourned 
to  this  day;  and  whereas  the  said  Ven. 
Cxeorge  Anthony  Denison,  notwithstanding 
the  premises,  hath  not  made  or  delivered 
any  such  revocation  as  aforesaid,  but  doth 
still  pt^rsist  in  and  hath  not  revoked  his 
said  error,  and  the  said  promoter,  by  his 
proctor,  earnestly  praying  scntenco  to  be 


giycn,  and  the  proctor  of  the  nid  Oeorge 
Anthony  Denison  praying  jiutice,  wiihont 
waiving  bis  protests;  thereffare  we,  the 
said  John  Bird,  the  Archbishop  afbrcmid, 
having  first  ndled  upon  the  name  of 
Christ,  and  setting  Gbd  alone  before  our 
eyes,  have,  with  the  assistance  of  the  said 
Right  Hon.  Stephen  Lnshington,  the  Very 
Rev.  George  Henry  Sachevcrell  Jolinson, 
Dean  of  Wells,  and  the  Rev.  Charles  Abel 
Heurtley,  our  aforesaid  asscssons  and  of 
the  Right  Rev.  Thomas  Carr,  a  Bishop  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  Rector  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul's,  in  the  city  of  Bath, 
in  the  county  of  Somerset,  and  diocese  fk 
Bath  and  Wells,  and  the  Key.  Chsrlefl 
Otway  Mayne,  Clerk,  Prebendary  of  the 
Cathedrtd  Church  of  Wells  aforcaud,  and 
the  Rev.  John  Thomas,  Doctor  of  Civil 
Laws,  sitting  with  us  in  the  said  cause, 
with  whom  we  have  fully  communicated 
on  this  behalf;  and  having  maturely  de> 
liberated  upon  the  proceedings  had  therein, 
and  the  offence  proved,  exacting  by  law 
deprivation  of  ecclesiastical  promotion, 
have  thought  fit  to  pronounce,  and  do 
accordingly  prononnce,  decree,  and  de- 
clare,  that  the  said  Ven.  George  Anthony 
Denison,  by  reason  of  the  premises,  ought 
by  law  to  be  deprived  of  his  ecclesiastical 
promotions,  and  especially  of  the  said 
Archdeaconry  of  Taunton,  and  of  the  said 
vicarage  and  parish  church  of  East  Brent, 
in  the  ctmnty  of  Somerset,  dioccss  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  and  province  of  Canterbury, 
and  all  ])rofits  and  benefit  of  the  said  arch- 
deaconry, and  of  the  said  vicarage  and 
parish  church,  and  of  and  from  all  and 
singnlar  the  fruits,  tithes,  rents,  salaries, 
an<l  other  ecclesiastical  dues,  rights,  and 
emoluments  whatsoever  belonging  and 
appertaining  to  the  said  archdcacomr, 
and  to  the  said  vicarage  and  parish  church; 
and  we  do  «lej)rive  him  thereof  accord- 
ingly, by  this  our  definitive  sentence  or 
final  decree,  which  wo  read  and  promulge 
by  these  presents." 

Oct.  23. 
Discorert/  of  Saxon  Graves. — ^A  ^s- 
covery  of  considerable  interest,  throwing 
much  light  u{X)n  the  funeral  rites  of  oar 
Saxon  ancestors  previous  to  their  con- 
version to  C^hristianity,  was  accidentally 
made  during  the  past  week  in  the  garden 
attached  to  the  residence  of  Mr.  Charles 
Carill  Worsley,  at  Wnster,  Derbyshire. 
While  lowering  a  l»nk  of  earth  for  the 
pur])osc  of  making  some  improvements  in 
the  pleasure-ground,  the  labourers  un- 
covered two  graves  at  the  depth  of  up- 
wards of  four  feet  from  the  present  sur- 
face, each  containing  a  human  skeleton, 
lying  on  its  right  side,  with  the  knees 
drawn  up,  and  we  head  pointing  towanli 


1856.] 


Promotions  and  Preferments. 


645 


tho  north-east.  A  careful  examination 
of  the  plnce,  and  the  ohjeots  there  dis- 
covered, aftbrds  evidence  of  the  interments 
havin<ij  Ix'en  made  in  the  foUowinpf  man- 
ner : — A  wood  fire  was  in  tlie  first  place 
lighted  upon  the  ground,  in  or  around 
wliic'h  some  large  stones  were  put,  so  as  to 
become  calcined ;  this  being  burnt  out,  the 
place  it  occup'ed  was  cleared  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  body,  which  was  then  de- 
posited in  the  posit'on  before  mentioned, 
along  with  the  implements  and  weapons 
of  the  <loceased.  The  calcined  stones  were 
next  piled  carefully  over  the  corpse,  and, 
finally,  earth  was  heaped  up  above  the 
wliole,  probably  while  the  ground  was 
still  wann.  Tiie  first  skeleton  was  ac- 
companied by  a  small  sj)ear-head  or  knife 
of  iron,  much  corroded,  and  the  lower 
stone  of  a  hand-mill,  anciently  used  in 
every  household  for  grinding  com; — the 
latter  had  passed  tlie  fire.  With  tho 
second  interment  was  found  the  upper 
stone  of  the  same  mill,  very  neatly  wrought 
in  sandstone,  but  split  to  pieces  by  the 


great  heat  to  which  it  haJ  been  exposed. 
Some  pieces  of  a  very  coarse  vessel  of  plain 
earthenware  were  found  near  the  head  of 
this  skeleton;  and  behind  it  lay  a  large 
spear- heail  of  iron,  two  feet  ten  inchas 
long,  a  curved  instrument  of  the  same 
metal,  five  inches,  originally  fixed  in  a 
wooden  handle,  the  lx>iie  ferule  of  which 
still  remains,  and  a  ring-like  bead  or  deco- 
ration, of  light-coloured  porcelain,  about 
one  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter.  The 
whole  of  the  articles  exhumed  from  these 
graves  (which  may  be  assigned  to  the  Teu- 
tonic or  iron  period,  including  the  time 
from  the  end  of  the  fifth  to  the  eighth 
century,  A.D.),  by  the  kind  permission  of 
Mr.  C.  Carill  Worsley,  have  been  depo- 
sited in  Mr.  Bateman's  museum  of  anti- 
quities, at  Tiombanhile-house. 

Royal.  BrifUh  Bank. — This  unfortu- 
nate concern  is  not  only  in  the  Court  of 
Chancery,  but  has  been  declared  bank- 
rupt; and  it  is  supposed  that  the  law- 
costs  and  other  cxi)enses  of  the  win<ling- 
up  will  not  amount  to  less  than  £50,000. 


PROMOTIONS,  PREFERMENTS,  &c. 


Gazette  Preferments,  &c. 

Aug.  23.  Kdward  Stephen  Demiy,  esq.,  to  be 
Surrey  Herald  of  Arms  Extraordinary. 

Amj.  2i).  Charles  Easthmd  de  Michele  to  be 
Consul  at  St.  Petersburffh. 

S^pt.  10  Brig^adier-deneral  Roho  Mansfield  to 
be  Consul-Gener.il  at  Warsaw. 

Si'pt.  12.  Brevet-Col.  Henry  Atwell  Lake  to 
be  Lieut. -Col.  Unattaehed,  in  consideration  of  his 
services  durint?  the  Sie^^e  of  Kars. 

^S'V>^  20.  Mr.  John  Lyons  McLeod  to  be  Consul 
at  Mozambique. 

Wm.  SnaffPT,  esq.,  to  be  Chief-Jusiice  of  the 
Islmds  of  Antiffua  and  Montserrat. 

Sir  H  nry  Barkly,  K.C.B.,  to  be  Capt.-Gen. 
and  Governor-in-Chief  of  the  colony  of  Victoria. 

Oct.  U.  The  Queen  has  bi-en  pleased  to  order 
a  ronyt^-iV-clire  to  pass  tlie  Great  Seal,  empower- 
ing;: tiie  Dean  and  Chapter  of  the  cathedral  church 
of  St.  Paul,  London,  to  elect  a  bishop  of  that  see, 
the  same  .  einpr  void  by  the  resijfuation  of  the 
Kifjht  Kev.  Father  in  God  Dr.  Charles  James 
Blomfield,  late  Mishop  thereof ;  and  Her  Majesty 
has  also  beon  pleased  to  recommend  to  the  said 
Dean  and  Chapter  the  Very  Kev.  A lehibald  Camp- 
bell Tait,  D.C  L.,  now  Dca  i  of  Carlisle,  to  be  by 
them  elected  Bishop  of  the  said  See  of  Ix)ndon. 

Oct.  13.  The  Queen  has  been  plea^^ed  to  order 
a  con!/t'-«r-elirc  to  pass  the  Great  Seal,  empower- 
ing th  Dean  and  Chapter  of  tue  cathedral  church 
of  Durham  to  elect  a  bishop  of  that  see,  th»*  mime 
bein^  void  by  the  resignation  of  the  Right  Rev. 
Father  in  Go  i  Dr.  Edward  Maltby,  late  Bishop 
thereof ;  and  Her  Majesty  has  also  bi-en  pleased 
to  recommend  to  the  said'  Dean  and  Chapter  the 
Right  Rev.  Father  in  God  Dr.  Charles  Thomas 


Longley,  now  Bishop  of  Ripon,  to  be  by  them 
elected  Bi>hop  of  the  said  Sec  of  Durham. 

Oct.  14.  The  Queen  has  been  plea.sed  to  con- 
stitute and  appoint  the  Rev.  Richard  Chenevix 
Trench,  B.D  ,  to  be  Dean  of  the  coUejjiate  church 
of  St.  I'eter,  Westminster,  void  by  the  death  of 
Dr.  William  Buckhmd,  late  Dean  thereof. 

Mr.  John  O'ConnolI,  to  be  Clerk  of  the  Hanaper, 
Ireland. 

Col.  Wilford  to  be  Governor  of  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary College,  Woolwich 

Mr.  Lewis  Morris  Wilkins  to  be  Puisne  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  Nova  Scotia. 

Mr.  Henry  Adrian  Churchill.  C.B.,  to  be  Consul 
in  Bosnia. 

Sir  Thomas  Redington  to  be  Chief  Commissioner 
to  enqu're  into  the  state  of  private  lunatic  asylums, 
Ireland. 

Dr.  Donaldson  to  be  Master  of  the  High  School, 
Edinburgh. 

Mr.  G.  s.  Lennox  Hunt  to  be  Consul  at  Porto 
Rico.     Salary  £800. 

Mr  T.  B.  Bur  Cham  to  be  Metropolitan  Police 
Magistrate. 

Mr.  .\.  Strachan  to  be  Sheriff  Substitute  for 
Renfrew. 

Serjeiuit  Murphy,  1st  Bat.  Rifle  Brigade,  to  be 
Yeom.in  of  the  Guard. 

Quartermaster  N.  Goddard  and  Major  Hopkins 
to  be  Military  Knights  of  Windsor. 

General  I^ord  Seaton  to  be  Lieut.-Oovemor  of 
Chelsea  Hospital. 

Captain  W.  A.  Willis  to  be  Captain,  Greenwich 
Uospi  al. 

The  Hon.  Gerald  Chetwynd  Talbot  to  be  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Governor-General  of  India, 


646 


[N07. 


OBITUARY. 


Lord  ITaepinoi!. 
SWf.  2t.     At   liis  soat,   South-rark,  near 
Tiuibridpro  Wells,  apjed  71,  tljc^Kight  Hon. 
Hfiiry,  first  Lord  Hardiiige,  a  Ffeld- Marshal, 

The  deceased  uohlrman  was  the  third  son 
of  the  Kuv.  Henry  Hardinge,  Koctor  ofStan- 
liojie,  in  the  (ounty  of  l)niham,  and  was 
born  Mai  eh  30,  178o,  and  entered  the  anny 
at  a  very  early  age,  luiving  been  gazetted  as 
ensign  befi)re  he  had  attained  his  fifteenth 
year.  He  fouiflit  through  the  whole  of  the 
IVninsuiar  War,  was  distnigui^hed  fur  his 
early  gallantry  at  the  evacuation  of  (^)nnina, 
and  fully  sustained  his  rejmtation  in  thase 
imnjortal  fields  which  are  hou>ehold  words 
in  the  military  history  of  Kngland.  Young 
Hardinge  (for  at  the  ju-aee  of  1815  he  was 
only  juftt  thirty)  was  attached  to  the  Portu- 
guese army  from  1809  to  1813,  in  the  capa- 
city of  Deputy  Quarterma.ster  General.  IIo 
was  ])resent  at  the  J•a^sage  of  the  Douro,  at 
the  battle  of  Bu.-aco,  and  in  the  lines  of 
•JNtrres  Vedras.  At  the  battle  of  Aibucra  he 
first  earned  a  name  in  historj'',  and  mainly 
contributed  to  the  success  of  that  memorable 
charge  which  inspired  the  genius  <»f  Napier 
with  the  finest  pas.sige  of  vigorous  eloquence 
to  be  found  in  the  military  annals  of  the 
world.  At  the  sieges  of  Tijidjoz  .'nd  C.udad 
Kodrigo,  at  the  great  battles  of  Salamanca 
and  Vittoria  (in  which  last  he  was  wounde<l) 
— at  Pamiieluna,  the  Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  Nive, 
Orthes,  tlie  young  and  gallant  soldier  fol- 
h)wed  the  standard  of  the  great  captain  who 
first  taught  Europe  that  the  nnpcrial  anns  of 
Franco  were  not  invincible.  When  the 
"Man  of  Elba*'  broke  loose  again,  and  the 
hundred  days  of  restored  empire  began, 
Hardinge,  now  decorated  with  lionours  and 
advanced  in  rank,  hastened  to  join  the  cam- 
j>aign  of  Waterloo.  At  the  crowning  victory, 
indeed,  he  was  not  j)resent,  having  just  be- 
fore its  o<-cnrrence  lost  his  left  hand  at  the 
battle  of  Ligny.  Eight  years  after  j»eace  was 
Concluded,  the  ^uc(■essful  and  distinguished 
young  general  took  his  first  stej)  in  a  new 
career,  having  been  cieated  clerk  of  the 
Onhiance  in  1823.  in  182(5  he  entered  Par- 
liament. On  the  accessi(tn  of  the  I  hike  of 
\Vellmgt<in  to  the  Prime  MinisterMiip  of  this 
country,  Hardingt;  was  ofli  red,  anil  accepted, 
the  j)ost  of  Secretaiy  of  War.  In  18.I0  he 
was  njade  Secretary  <»f  Ireland — an  office  to 
which  he  was  re  appointed  during  the  brief 
n'.ini.stry  of  Sir  Hobert  Peel  in  18;U-35. 
When  Sir  Robert  returned  to  i>ower  in  1841, 
Sir  Henry  Hardinge  n-sumed  bis  jirevious 
post  of  Secretary  of  War,  and  hehi  it  till 
1811,  when  h(»  went  out  as  (i()vernor-(.ieneral 
of  India.  Most  reader^  are  familiar  with 
the  hi.«-tory  of  the  eventful  four  years — from 
1814  to  1817 — of  his  Indian  adnlini'^tration. 
Few  pa'isages  in  our  recent  annals  are  better 
kn«iwn  than  the  brilliant  jieriod  of  the  great 
Sikh  waih;— Moodkee,Aliwal,and  Sobraon  are 
imperishablt!  names  ; — nor  will  it  be  readily 
forgottcu  that  throughout  the  whole  cam- 


paign the  Governor-General  of  India,  though 
virtually  superintending  the  conduct  of  the 
war,  was  content  to  act  as  second  in  com- 
mand. When  tlie  contest  was  determinated 
by  the  iwicification  of  Laliore,  the  Oovcrmv- 
General  of  India  was  brilliantlj'  rewarded. 
He  was  created  Viscount  Hardinge  of  Lahore, 
the  East  India  C'om])any  granted  him  a  pen- 
sion of  .1 6,000  a-year,  and  Parliament  voted 
an  annuity  of  1 3,0(K)  for  himself  and  his  neit 
two  predecessors.  On  the  death  of  the  great 
Duke,  in  September,  1  62,  Lord  Hardinge  wai 
ft]>])ointed  Commander-in-Chief,  and  on  the 
2nd  of  October  last  year  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  Field-  Marshal. 

The  character  of  the  deceased  is  thus  given 
in  the  "  Times  :"— 

"  It  is  with  very  sincere  regret  that  we 
liavo  to  record  the  death  of  Field- Marshal 
Lord  Hardinge.  wliicli  took  place  j'csterdaj, 
at  his  country-seat,  near  Tunbridge  Welb. 
Few  oflicers  liave  served  so  long  and  with  so 
many  opportunities  of  distinction,  and  of 
Lord  Hardinge  it  must  be  said,  that  in  the 
held  he  was  always  found  equal  to  the  oe* 
ca^ion.  We  do  not  claim  for  the  gallant 
soldier  who  has  just  de])arted  from  among 
us  the  praise  of  military  genius  of  the  highest 
order.  He  was  neither  a  Marlborough,  a 
Kaimleon,  nor  a  Wellington,  but  the  work 
which  he  had  to  do  he  always  performed 
efficiently  and  well.  From  the  lowest  grade, 
lie  rose  to  the  very  highest  rank  in  the 
British  army,  by  his  own  deserts.  He  was 
not  connei'ted  by  birth  with  any  noble  family, 
nor  with  any  influential  clique  in  military 
circles;  and  yet  he  became  Commander-in- 
Chief.  Slender  indeed  was  the  chance  that 
Henrv  Hardinge,  the  son  of  a  clergyman  ia 
the  ISorth  of  England,  who  entered  the  army 
as  ensign  in  the  year  1708,  sliould  luive  at* 
tained  the  dignities  of  Governor-General  of 
liriti-^h  India  and  of  Commander-in-C*hief. 
It  may  be  said  that  the  accidents  of  life  were 
on  his  side,  but  they  were  no  more  so  than  in 
the  ntse  of  a  thousand  others  who  have  iiawed 
away,  their  names  unknown.  The  very 
turning-)K)int  of  his  career  afibrds  evidence 
that  he  wa^  a  man  destined  to  conquer  in  the 
battle  of  life.  Lord  Hardinge  used  frequently 
to  tell  the  story  how,  after  the  battle  of 
Corunna,  when  the  Knglish  troops  wen 
hurrying  on  boanl  ship,  a  staft'-otficer  was 
anxious  to  gain  the  friendly  shelter  of  the 
Fiiiglish  tleet.  The  keen  eye  of  Manhal 
Pere.xf(»rd,  who  was  superintending  the  cm- 
barcation,  detected  the  vigour  and  caiiadty 
of  a  y(iung  othcer  who  was  employing  him- 
self most  7Aalou>ly  in  the  diK'harge  of  hit 
duty.  That  young  officer  was  Hen:y  Har* 
dinge,  and  from  that  moment  his  fortune  waf 
made.  He  was  reciuired  to  act  in  the  plaei 
of  the  ex]>editiou»  staff-officer,  and  Loid 
Hcresford  never  forgot  his  activity  and  zeaL 
At  a  sulisequent  period,  when  lieresford  was 
iharged  with  the  ini])ortaiit  dut3'of  preparing 
the  Poituguese  forces  to  take  an  active  ahara 
in  the  contest  with  the  vetenu  tnwpt  of 


1856.] 


Obituary. — Lord  Ilardinge. 


647 


Najioleon,  he  remembered  the  younj?  officer 
who  had  done  such  jj^ood  service  on  the  beach 
at  C'orunna,  and  siimnumed  him  to  his  aid. 
Ho  ^ave  him  a  brijj^ade  in  the  Portiipjuese 
service,  'before  he  was  twenty-five,' and  after 
a  time  his  foreign  grade  was  commuted  for 
liritish  rank.  But  for  this  fortmiate  'ac- 
cident,' as  Lord  Ilanlinge  used  to  call  it, 
his  fate  might  have  been,  according  to  his 
own  opinion,  that  of  a  hundred  others.  He 
mii^lit  have  died  a  colonel  on  half-pay,  after 
thirty  years  of  hard  service  in  eveiy  corner 
of  the  British  empire.  We  doubt  if  this 
would  have  been  the  case.  For  men  of  so 
energetic  a  stamp — so  fitted  by  nature  for  the 
career  on  which  they  have  entered — 'acci- 
dents* are  evor  ocairring  which  they  are 
ever  prepared  to  turn  to  account. 

To  give  but  a  suggestion  of  the  actions  in 
which  this  brave  soldier  was  engaged,  is  to 
recall  the  leailiiig  events  of  the  most  glorious 
and  successful  war  in  which  the  British  arms 
have  been  engaged  since  the  days  of  Marl- 
borough. During  the  whole  of  the  Peninsular 
contest  he  acted  as  Deputy-Quartermaster- 
(jcneral  of  the  PortuguJ^«<e  army.  He  was 
wounded  at  Vimiera  ;  he  was  present  at  Ro- 
leia ; — we  have  alrea<ly  mentioned  the  dis- 
tinction he  obtained  at  Corunna.  When 
Wt'll(».>>ley  entcreil  on  the  scene  as  acknow- 
ledged chief,  we  find  him  at  the  passage  of 
the  I)ouri>,  at  the  battle  of  Hu««aco,  and  ac- 
tively engage<l  in  organizing  the  defence  l)C- 
hinil  the  memorable  lines  of  Torres  Vedras, 
He  was  present  at  the  three  sit^jjes,  and  at 
the  final  cai)ture  of  Ciudad  K(Klrigo.  It  was, 
howrvcr.  at  the  battle  of  Alhuera  that  Ijord 
Hanlinge  perlormed  the  chief  feat  of  his  mi- 
litary career.  That  battle,  as  is  well  known, 
was  oflercd  to  Soult  by  lieresford  with  more 
valour  than  discretion.  During  the  progress 
of  it  B»'resford,  as  ever,  distinguished  himself 
by  tin;  greatest  i)erson;d  courage;  but  the 
fortune  of  the  day  was  turned  by  a  happy 
manu.'uvre,  executed  by  young  Hardingo 
without  onh-rs,  and  on  his  own  responsibi- 
lity. The  battle  was  one  of  the  most  bloody 
on  record,  in  ])roportion  to  the  number  of  the 
combatants.  As  (Jeneral  Napier  writes,  — 
"The  rain  fiowed  after  in  streams  disco- 
louHMJ  with  bl«)o<l,  and  l,o(M)unwounde<l  m^n, 
the  remnant  of  O.UOO  unconquerable  British 
solilieis,  stood  triumphant  on  the  fatal  hill." 
h  is  thus  chat  the  historian  of  the  Peninsular 
War  descrilx'S  tlie  attack  made  by  Hardinge 
dn-ing  that  fearful  day  upon  a  French  di- 
vision posted  upon  an  eminence  formidable 
for  defence : — 

*'  Myers  w;i<  killed  :  CjIc  hiiii«5  If,  and  Colonels 
Ellis,  lili.keiiev,  and  II;iwk««liaw  •  fell,  b.idly 
woiuilfil.  and  the  wno.e  bri'iido,  * »  rucK  by  the 
iron  innpfwt.  re  le  1  and  Htaifr>.  red  iik*'  ninkiuif 
slii')-. '  Siiddeiily  reeoviTinj;,  however,  ihcy 
cl  )-ed  on  t.ieir  terrible  eiiemy;  and  th.  n  was 
Siin  with  whit  a  >trenirth  aimi  majesty  the  liri- 
lisli  -.old. or  ft  hts.  In  vain  (hd  Souli  by  voice 
and  LT  >^tuie  aniuMte  lii"!  rrenehmen;  lu  uin  <lld 
'lie  !i  irdie-t  viti-ran"*,  exirie  >ti'iif  themHclvcs 
fr.iTii  til'-  er.e.v.ti  .1  c  .unm,  sacnliee  their  lives 
to  LMin  time  and  «.p.»eo  for  the  ni.i»J"4  to  o.)  n  out 
on  Ml  h  a  lair  fteld  ;  in  vain  <lid  trie  mass  it  olf 
bear  up,  and,  liercely  slriViUg,  fire  indiscrimi- 


nately on  friends  and  foes,  while  the  horsemen, 
hovering  on  the  fl  ink<*,  threatened  to  charge  the 
adva  cini^  line.  N.jt.'iinjr  could  stop  that  asto- 
nishinij  infantry.  No  sud  len  burst  of  undia- 
cip.incd  valour,  n!)  nervous  en:  husi:  %  \\  wi-akened 
the  stability  of  the  ir  ord.'r;  th»  ir  fl  >shing  eyes 
M-ere  bent  on  the  dark  e(»lumns  in  their  front; 
their  nie inured  tread  slio)k  the  ground;  their 
dreadful  volleys  swept  away  he  head  f  every 
format i>n ;  their  d'-afenim^  shou  a  overpowered 
the  dis.sonant  cries  that  broke  from  all  parts  of 
the  tumultuous  cro«d.  a**  foot  bv  f>K)t,  and  with 
a  horrid  earnajre.  t  wa^  driven  bv  the  incessant 
vigour  of  the  ;.tt.ick  o  the  furthest  edge  of  the 
hill  In  vain  id  the  French  n  se.  ves,  joining  with 
t  e  struffKdng  multitude,  endeavour  to  sustain 
the  tiirht :  their  efforts  on  y  increased  the  irreme- 
diable con  usion.  and  the  fnig  ity  mass,  at  len}rth 
giving  way  li  e  a  loosened  cliff,  went  headlong 
down  the  descent.* 

Hardinge  fought  at  Salamanca;  he  was 
severely  wounded  at  Vittoria;  ho  was  at 
Pampeluna;  he  crossed  the  Pyrenees  with 
the  conquering  British  army ;  he  was  at 
Nivelle,  at  Nive,  at  Ortlies.  After  the  re- 
turn of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  he  again  entered 
upon  active  service,  and  was  attached  as 
Commissioner  to  the  Prussian  army.  He 
lost  a  hand  under  Blucher  at  Ligny, — and 
this  was  his  share  in  the  Waterloo  campaign. 

When  ]>eacc  was  restored  to  the  world,  he 
did  not  retire  into  inactivity,  but  continued, 
in  one  important  i)Ost  or  another,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country.  We  do  not  hero  pre- 
tend to  give  a  list  of  the  successive  o  t'ces 
which  he.  held.  He  was  successively  Secre- 
tary-at-War,  Secretary  for  Irelaiul,  Master- 
General  of  the  Ordnance,  and,  finally,  in  the 
year  18  H  he  was  raised  to  the  high  dignity 
of  Governor-General  of  India  The  fimrytars 
during  which  he  lield  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment in  that  distant  region  were  memorable 
even  in  the  eventful  history  of  British  India. 
The  events  of  the  Sikh  campaign  are  too  fresh 
in  the  i)ublic  recollection  to  need  recapitula- 
tion here.  No  one  has  forgotten,  when  the 
storm  of  war  suddenly  broke  upon  the  north- 
western frontier  of  our  Indian  possessions, 
with  what  energy  the  bra  o  old  soldier  bur* 
ried  to  the  scene  of  action — with  what  dis- 
interested feeling  the  Governor-General  post- 
poned all  questions  of  dignity,  and  acte«l  as 
second  in  conunand  during  the  fiery  days  of 
Moodkee,  of  Ferozeshah,  and  of  Sobraon.  In- 
depeiulently  of  these  great  military  achieve- 
ments, the  Indian  administration  of  Lord 
Hardinge  was  in  other  respects  crowned  with 
success  It  was  he  who  originated  the  jralicT 
with  regard  to  the  kingdom  of  Oude,  whica 
Lord  Dalhousle,  at  a  subsequent  period,  had 
the  nerve  and  intelligence  to  carry  out  to  its 
legitimate  fulfilment.  In  October,  1852,  four 
years  after  the  exniration  of  his  Indian 
government,  Lord  Hardinge  was  raised  to 
the  highest  i)Ost  within  the  ambition  of  a 
mihtary  man — he  was  ap}M>intcd  Comman- 
der-in-chief, to  succxjed  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. This  important  post  he  held  until  a 
very  recent  period,  and  throughout  the  e  ent- 
ful  epoch  of  the  Russian  war.  Few  men 
have  actually  seen  war  upon  so  great  a  8cal& 
or  been  couceni^  in  directing  operations  of 
such  magnitude  at  home.    It  was  not  Lord 


618 


Obituary. — Lord  Hardinge. 


[Nov. 


Hardinge's  fault,  nor  can  it  be  imputed  as 
blame  to  him,  that  he  inheriteil  the  traditions 
and  practices  of  a  glorious  period  in  the 
military  auuals  of  Great  Britain,  which  had 
served  their  turn  full  well,  but  were  no 
longer  applicable  to  the  exigencies  of  modern 
warfare. 

"  Tliero  must  have  been  some  extraordi- 
nary qualities  in  a  man  who  could  rise  to  such 
eminent  employments  without  ever  having 
had — Siive  in  the  memorable  instance  of  Al- 
buera— the  chief  direction  of  any  great  mili- 
tary achievement  in  the  field.  In  the  Pen- 
insula Lord  Hardinge  was  always  under 
command — in  India  he  modestly  took  the 
second  place  under  Lord  Gough — in  the  re- 
cent conflict  with  Knssia  his  office  was  rather 
one  of  selection  than  of  direct  participa- 
tion, and  in  his  selections  he  was  not  very 
fortunate.  The  qualities  which  seem  to  have 
recommended  Lord  Hardinge  to  honour  and 
fame  were,  in  the  first  place,  unflinching 
courage  in  the  most  terrible  trials  or  in  the 
most  unexpected  turns  of  war.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished, moreover,  by  a  buoyancy  of  sf)i- 
rit,  by  a  cheerfulness,  by  a  geniality  which 
made  him  ever  acceptable  to  those  around 
bim.  Almost  to  the  last,  when  the  weight  of 
years  and  of  lengthened  service  was  begin- 
ning to  tell  upon  him,  he  was  a  ready  and 
efficient  man  of  busiiness.  A  cliaracter  and 
habits  such  as  these,  joined  to  unwearied 
xeal,  and  to  a  never-failing  sense  of  duty,  will 
be  sufficient  to  account  for  the  honours  which 
he  attained  without  insulting  the  memory  of 
80  gallant  and  deserving  a  man  with  fulsome 
and  superfluous  flattery. 

Sir  J.  S.  Lillie  writes  to  the  "Times:"— 
"  I  think  it  but  an  act  of  justice  towards  the 
General  who  commanded  the  Fouith  Division 
at  the  battle  of  Albuora,  to  state  that  it  is  a 
■well-known  fact  that  youn.ir  Hardinge  held 
no  command  whati'ver  durnig  that  battle, 
and  that  it  was  Sir  Lowry  Cole  who  took 
upon  himself  the  resfmnsibility  of  executing 
the  movement  in  question,  in  the  absence  of 
any  orders  from  Marshal  IJeresford,  who 
commanded  the  allied  torces  on  that  occasion, 
to  whom  Sir  Lowry  Cole  sent  an  aide-de-camp 
for  permission  to  make  this  movement ;  but 
this  aide-de-camp  being  severely  wounded, 
und  not  having  returned.  Sir  Lowry  took  the 
responsibility  of  making  it  upon  himself,  in 
the  manner  so  brilliantly  described  in  your 
quotation  from  *  Napier's  Histor..'  That 
young  Hardinge  was  one  of  the  staff-o  I  cers 
who  concurred  in  the  expediency  of  such  a 
movement  there  is  no  doubt,  but  to  give  him 
the  exclusive  merit  of  deciding  the  fate  of 
the  day  would  be  a  reflection  uptm  the  Gene- 
ral of  Division,  who,  with  all  the  command- 
ing o.i.cers  of  the  regiments  engaged,  was 
put  horn  lit'  vntUiti  ,  while  the  stalf-o  i  cers 
were  pa>>*ive  spectators.'' — The  *'  Times"  re- 
plies to  Sir  J.  S.  Lillie  by  the  following  j)aa- 
sage  from  '*  Napier's  i  istory,"  and  leaves  it 
to  Sir  John  to  settle  the  difference  with  the 
hi.-itorian  of  the  Peninsular  War.  After  de- 
scribing tlie  straits  to  which  the  Briti^h  force 
liatl  been  reduee<l,  when  the  French,  under 
Soult,  had  bucctcdcd  in  ciUblibhing  them- 
io 


selves  on  the  hill,  Sir  W.  Napier  proceeds  ^- 
"  Destruction  stared  him  (Beresford)  in  the 
face ;  his  personal  resources  were  exhausted, 
and  the  unhappy  thought  of  a  retreat  rose  in 
his  agitated  mind,  i :  e  had  before  brought 
Hamilton's  Portuguese  into  a  situation  to 
cover  a  retrograde  movement ;  he  now  sent 
orders  to  General  Alten  to  abandon  the 
bridge  and  village  of  Albuera,  and  to  assem- 
ble with  the  Portuguese  artillery  in  sadi  a 
position  as  would  cover  a  retreat  by  the  Val- 
verde-road.  But  while  the  Commander  was 
thus  preparing  to  resign  the  contest,  Cohitd 
JlttfUintft^  usiity  his  name^  ordered  Gerund 
Cole  to  advance  with  the  Fourth  JJiviMtm; 
and  then  riding  to  the  third  brigade  of  the 
iSecond  Divisittr/f  which^  under  the  contmandof 
Colont'l  Abercrombie,  had  hitherto  UtH  only 
siic^htii/  engaged f  directed  him  also  to  push  foe 
ward  into  the  fight.  The  die  was  cast,  and 
Beresford  acquiesced.  Alten  received  orders 
to  retake  the  village,  and  tlie  terrible  battle 
was  continued.*'  (voh iii. p. 46.)  The  "Globe," 
adverting  to  this  controversy,  says: — "T^ 
plain  story  settles  the  question  at  issue. 
Beresford  was  anticipating  the  attack  of 
Soult,  and  expected  to  be  attacked  on  the 
left.  Soult  deceived  him,  and  fell  Mrith  tre- 
mendous force  on  his  right.  The  Spaniards 
did  not  change  their  front  with  sa  rdent 
rapidity,and  were  thrown  mto  utter  confusion. 
The  Second  Division  was  brought  forward 
without  being  formed,  and  was  repulsed  with 
damage.  Sir  Lowry  Cole  had  been  posted 
by  Beresford  with  instructions  not  to  move 
without  orders.  Any  soldier  witnessing  such 
a  scene  would  burn  to  advance,  and  Cole 
chafed  as  he  sat — but  he  had  his  orders.  Still 
he  determuied  to  send  his  aide-de-camp  to 
claim  leave  to  advance.  The  aide-de-camp 
was  cut  down  by  a  shot  in  the  head.  After 
he  had  gone,  Colonel  Hardinge  and  Colonel 
Kooke  rode  up.  Hardinge  was  then  about 
twenty-three  or  twenty-four  3'ears  of  a^e; 
he  felt  how  needful  it  was  to  retrieve  the  day 
by  a  bold  manoeuvre ;  his  purpose  in  riding 
up  was  to  give  the  advice  that  Cole  should 
advance.  Cole  demanded  if  the  orf.cers  had 
brought  him  an  order  ?  No,  they  had  not  ; 
Hardinge  came  to  make  the  suggestion  on 
his  own  rejjponsibility.  Fortified  by  the  ad- 
vice, which  harmonised  with  his  own  judg- 
ment, Cole  daslh^l  forward,  snatched  the 
victory  from  the  French,  and  added  it  to  the 
list  of  British  glories.  The  fact  is,  that  the 
merit  of  the  idea  of  that  happy  breach  of 
orders  must  be  shared  equally  bv  Cole  and 
Hardinge ;  but  if  the  advance  liad  failed. 
Cole  would  have  Ixieii  brought  to  a  court- 
martial.  Could  Hardinge  have  been  tried? 
or,  if  tried,  could  it  have  been  u|)on  an  equally 
gi-ave  charge?  A  young  o  l.c^r,  giving  fool- 
ish advice,  could  not  have  been  accused  upou 
e<pial  terms  with  a  General  of  Division  dis- 
obeying orders  and  deranging  the  plans  of 
the  General-ui-Cbief.  It  was  that  respon- 
sibility which  Cole  braved."  Sir  J.  S.  Lillie 
writes  again,  on  the  authority  of  Colouol 
Wade,  wlio,  as  one  of  Sir  Lowry  Cole's  aides- 
de-camp,  lieani  all  that  passetl  between  Sir 
Lowry  und  Colonel  HardiugCj  and  who  ill  a 


1856.]     Lord Hardinge—Gen.  Sir  C.  Halkeit,  G.C.B.,K.C.H.    649 


letter  to  the  "United  Semee  Qazette,'*  in 
1840,  stated— *<  That  during  the  whole  of 
that  eventful  day  Sir  Lowty  Cole  reoeiyed 
no  order  whatever,  either  from  Sir  Henry 
Hardinge  or  from  any  other  officer.  That 
the  whole  of  the  merit  and  responsibility  of 
the  advance  of  the  Fourth  Division  belonged 
exclasively  to  Sir  Lowry  Cole.  It  is  quite 
true  (he  adds)  that  the  advance  was  recom- 
mended, and  very  urgently  so,  by  Lient.-Col8. 
Brooke  and  Hardinge,  as  well  as  by  every 
staff-ofoer  attached  to  Sir  Lowry  Cole. 
The  General,  however,  stood  in  no  need  of 
such  suggestions— the  state  of  the  battle  at 
the  time  they  were  ofiered  having  rendered 
it  evident  to  him,  as  to  all  around  him.  that 
the  troops  under  his  command  eould  not 
much  longer  remain  inactive  speetatora  of 
the  contest  When  that  crisis  arrived,  when 
not  only  the  expected  authority  oould  no 
longer  be  waited  for,  but  when  the  General 
could  no  longer  hesitate  to  take  on  himself 
the  responsibility  of  acting  on  his  own  judg- 
ment, Sir  Lowry  decided  on  the  advance  of 
his  division,  and  led  the  Fusileer  3rigade.'' 

His  Lordship  was  buried  in  ^e  ohureh- 
yard  of  the  little  village  of  Fordoomb.  The 
foundation-stone  of  the  district  diurch  there 
was  laid  by  Lord  Hardinge  on  his  return 
from  India,  and  he  was  the  main  contributor 
to  its  building-fund.  The  fimeralwas  stricUy 
private,  as  would  best  accord  with  the  simple 
tastes  and  habits  of  the  deceased.  The  usual 
heraldic  escutcheons  were  dispensed  ¥rith,  and 
the  onlv  emblems  to  mark  h»  rank  were  the 
Field- Marshal's  baton  and  hat,  and  the  sword 
given  to  him  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
after  the  Peace  of  Paris,  which  were  borne 
on  the  pall.  The  body  was  followed  from 
the  house  at  South-park  by  some  of  his 
nearest  relatives,  and  was  met  at  the  church 
by  many  gentlemen  of  the  neighbourhood, 
and  by  a  few  of  his  most  attached  and  dis- 
tingnished  friends. 

By  the  death  of  Lord  Hardinge,  a  vacancy 
in  the  representation  of  Downpatnck  will  tie 
created,  the  Hon.  Charles  Stewart  Hardinge, 
who  has  hitherto  represented  the  borou^, 
being  now  Viscount  Hardinge.  The  new 
peer,  who  was  bom  in  18^3,  married,  a  few 
months  since.  Lady  Lavinia  Bingham,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Earl  of  Lucan.  In  addition  to  Uie 
present  Viscount  Hardinge,  the  late  peer  left 
issue  by  his  wife,  Lady  Emily,  daughter  of 
the  first  Marquis  of  Londondeny,  ana  widow 
of  John  James,  Esq.,  Lieut-Colonel  the  Hon. 
Arthur  Hardinge,  of  the  Coldatream  Guarda, 
who  served  on  his  father*s  staff  throughout 
the  Sutlej  campaign,  and  also  throu^out  the 
Crimean  campaign ;  the  Hon.  Franoee  EUxur 
betb,  married  to  MigcivGenenJ  Conynghame ; 
and  Emily  Carolina. 


marriage  with  Misa  Seaton,  and  entered  the 
army  as  ensign  in  the  8rd  Bulb,  and  served 
subsequently  in  other  regiments,  until  he  ob- 
tained a  Lieutenant-Colonelcy  in  1808.  He 
was  then  ordered  to  take  part  in  the  struggle 
in  the  Peninsula,  and  was  appointed  to  tlie 
command  of  a  brigade  of  the  German  Legion, 
and  during  that  command  took  an  active  part 
in  the  battles  of  Albuera,  Salamanca,  Vittoria, 
and  the  passage  of  the  Nive, — for  his  services 
at  which  he  received  a  cross.  The  gallant 
General  was  also  at  Waterloo,  under  the 
command  of  General  Lord  Hill.  At  thai 
signal  victory  Sir  Colin*s  division  was  hotly 
engaged,  and  he  had  four  horses  shot  under 
him,  and  also  received  four  wounds — one 
through  tiie  &oe,  the  shot  carrying  away  a 
portion  of  his  ^alate^  one  at  the  back  of  the 
neck,  another  m  the  thigh,  and  one  in  his 
heel  Sir  Colin  Halkett's  active  miUtarv 
career  may  be  considered  to  have  ekised  with 
the  return  of  peace.  In  1880  he  was  ap* 
pohited  Colonel  of  the  81st  Foot,  and  in 
1847  was  transferred  to  the  Colonelcy-in^ 
Chief  of  the  46th  Nottinghamshire  Foot, 
whksh  becomes  vacant  by  his  lamented  de- 
cease. The  gallant  General  was  appointed 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital, 
but  only  filled  that  position  a  few  months, 
when  the  death  of  General  £^  George  Anson 
led  to  a  vacant  of  the  Govemoishipof  that 
military  asylum,  when  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton at  once  conferred  the  honourable  ap- 
Kintment  on  the  gallant  deceased.  Sir  Colin, 
ving  gone  through  all  the  minor  classes  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath,  was  nominated  a 
Grand  Croes  of  that  military  order  in  1848. 
He  was  also  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Hanoverian  Guelphic  Order,  a  Knight  Third 
Class  of  Wilhelm  of  the  Netherknds,  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Bavarian  Order 
of  Maiimilian  Joseph,  and  a  Knight  of  the 
Tower  and  Sword  of  Portugal  The  late 
Sir  Colin  was  married,  and  leaves  an  onlj 
son,  Captain  Frederidc  J.  C.  Halkett  (of  the 
7l8t  Begiment),  and  three  danghters.  Sir 
Colin  mlkett's  brother,  also  distinguished 
for  his  militarr  talents  during  the  great 
European  war,  holds  the  high  poet  of  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Hmoverian  army. 
The  gallant  General's  commissions  bore  date 
as  foUows  ^— lientenant-Colooel,  17th  of  No- 
vember, 1806;  Colonel,  1st  of  January,  1818 ; 
Major-General,  4th  of  June,  1814 ;  Lieute- 
nant-GeneraL  82nd  of  July,  1880 ;  and  Gen- 
eral, 9th  of  November,  1848. 


Gevesjll  Sul  Coux  Haixitt,  G.C3., 
K.C.H. 

Sepf.  24.  At  his  residence,  Chelsea  Hos- 
pital, aged  82,  General  Sir  Colin  HaOwtt, 
G.C.B.,  K.C.H.,  &C. 

The  gallant  deceased  was  eldest  son  of 
Migor-General   Fiederiek  Ha]kitt»  bf  hli 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


DuDunr  Mortaoux  Psbostal,  Esq. 
S€Pf.  8.  At  Wilton-street,  sged  66,  Dud- 
1^  Montague  Perceval,  Esq.,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Bt  Hon.  Spencer  Perceval,  who  was 
shot  in  the  lobby  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  following  memoir  is  e:itraeted  from  the 
"John  BoUr— Dudkr  Montasne  larosval 
was  the  fourth  son  of  tlis  Bi^Uon.  Spenoir 
Ferosval,  wbo^  having  been  called  to  thehefan 
of  the  state  at  a  momentous  crisis  in  our  do- 
mestic polkj,  was  prematnrelj  out  off  in  tlM 
middle  of  his  oanerbyanaet  of  insaatand 
nisdimM  Tfl^Hnoa.   H«  wm  bon  on  the 

4p 


criO 


Obituary. — Dudley  Montague  Perceval,  Esq.         [Nov. 


22nd  of  October,  1800,  and  was,  therefore,  at 
the  time  of  the  tragical  death  of  his  father, 
in  his  twelfth  year.  Ho  received  his  early 
education  at  Harrow,  whence  he  proceeded 
to  O  ford,  and  in  1822  took  a  fiist-class  de- 
force. Up  snbsequentlj  entered  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  where  ho  read  for  the  bar,  but  was 
compelled  to  relinquish  the  le^l  profession 
by  a  weak  state  of  health,  which  thus  early 
in  life  interfered  with  the  pnwecution  of  the 
objects  on  which  his  ardent  mind  was  set. 
He  next  proceeded  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
where,  for  several  years,  ho  filled  the  office  of 
Clerk  of  the  Council,  under  the  Governorship 
of  Sir  Richard  Uourke.  Having  in  July,  1827, 
been  united  in  marriage  to  Sir  Richard's 
eldest  daughter,  who,  with  a  son  and  daughter, 
the  issue  of  the  marriage,  survives  him,  ho 
returned  to  this  country  in  the  year  1828,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  office  of  first  clerk  and 
deputy  teller  of  the  Exchequer, — his  eldest 
brother,  Mr.  Spencer  Perceval,  being  one  of 
the  tellers, — which  he  held  until  the  year 
1834,  when  the  tellerships  of  the  Exchequer 
were  abolished  by  act  of  Parliament. 

Warmly  and  conscientiously  attached  to 
the  principles  on  which  his  lamented  father's 
policy  had  been  based,  he  was, and  continued 
to  the  last,  a  staunch  supporter  of  t  e  l^o- 
tcstant  constitution  in  Church  and  State.  At 
the  period  of  his  return  to  England,  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Reli  f  agitation  was  at  its 
height ;  and  although  precluded  by  the  oiico 
which  he  held  from  entering  Parliament,  he 
t ook  a  distinguished  share  in  the  discussion 
which  precedtd  the  enactment  of  the  Eman- 
eipation  Hill.  In  a  pamphlet  ^^On  hoNa- 
ture  and  Necessit  v  of  real  Securities  for  the 
United  Church  of  England  and  Ireland,  on 
the  admission  of  Roman  Catho  ics  to  Parlia- 
m  nt,**  ho  contended  that  provision  ought  to 
be  made  to  prevent  the  assumpti  n  by  Ro- 
mish prelates  of  the  style  and  ti  los  if  the 
bishops  of  the  realm,  and  the  introduction 
into  Parliament  of  any  bill  affecting  religion 
and  the  United  Church  of  England  and  Ire- 
land without  the  previous  sanction  of  a  stand- 
ing "Committee  of  Religion."  The  former 
of  these  sujrgestions  was,  as  is  well  known, 
a  louted,  though,  owing  to  the  insutliciency 
of  the  law,  and  the  supineness  of  the  execu- 
tiv«',  the  prohibition  has  been  suffisred  to  be- 
come a  dead  lett>  r.  The  wisdom  of  the  lat- 
ter sugg<  stion,  the  importance  of  which  was 
not  felt  at  the  time,  h  s  since  been  proved 
by  experience ;  for  it  is  not  too  much  to  say, 
that  if  Mr.  Perceval's  counsel  on  this  point 
ha  I  been  followed,  the  course  of  Church 
legislation  consequent  upon  the  Emancipa- 
tion Act  could  hardly  have  b(H?ii  of  so 
damaging  a  cliaracter  as  it  has  unfortunately 
proved. 

During  the  discussions  to  which  the  intro- 
duction of  the  Irish  Church  Tomporalities 
Bill  gave  rise,  Mr.  Perceval  again  raised  his 
voice  as  a  pub  ic  wrirer,  appealing  on  the 
one  haml  to  the  coronation  oath,  by  which, 
he  contended,  the  Crown  was  preclud  d  from 
giving  its  assent  to  the  measure,  and  «  n  the 
other  hand  to  the  oath  imposed  by  the 
Emancipation  Bill  up>n  the  Romish  mem- 


bers of  the  Legislature,  whom  he 
biund,  both  by  the  le'ter  and  the  q»mt  of 
that  oath,  to  abstain  from  votioff  on  a  question 
involving  the  spoliation  of  the  Ptoteataat 
Church  in  Irebind.  These  viewa  he  urged, 
among  others,  in  a  scries  of  letters  which  ap- 
peared in  the  c  )lumn8  of  the  "  Standara** 
with  the  signature  of  **  Pii  lalbthis." 

At  the  general  election  conseqnent  opoo 
the  accession  of  Queen  Victoria,  Mr.  Peros- 
val,  no  longer  restrained  by  o'f  cial  disquali- 
fication, endeavoured  to  recover  the  Cooser- 
vative  seat  for  the  borough  of  Finsbury,  lost 
at  the  previous  general  election  in  Janoary, 
1835,  by  Mr.  Serjeant  8pankie^  who  had 
occupied  it  since  the  creation  of  the  boron^ 
b^  the  Reform  Act,  but  who  was  too  much 
discouraged  to  renew  the  contest.  Starting 
under  these  disadvantages,  Mr.  Perceval  conU 
hardly  be  considered  to  have  liad  a  fiiir  field, 
and  his  defeat,after  bringing  nearly  2,600  elec- 
tors to  the  poll,  through  the  combination  of  his 
two  opponents,  Mr.  Wakley  and  Mr.  Dnn- 
combe,  has  ever  since  been  regarded  by  the 
Conservative  party  as  conclusive  of  tlie  as- 
cendancy of  the  Radical  party  in  the  borough. 
While  thus  unsuccessful  in  his  Piarliamentary 
aspirations,  Mr.  Perceval  obtained,  in  the 
same  year,  a  public  triumph  which  must 
have  proved  singularly  f^^tifying  to  hw 
noble  and  chivalrous  mind.  An  unworthy 
as  well  as  unfounded  attack  had  been 
made  on  the  memory  of  his  father  in  Colonel 
Napier's  "  History  of  the  Peninsular  War.'* 
To  this  attack  Mr.  Perceval,  in  the  ardour  <•! 
filial  feeling,  made  a  reply  which  not  only 
effectually  silenced  the  revfler  of  his  father's 
memory,  but  elicited  from  the  greatest  cap- 
tain and  the  most  honest  statesman  of  tw 
age,  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  the  honourable 
testimony,  that  **a  more  able  and  honest 
minister  than  Mr.  Perceval  had  never  serreil 
the  Crown."  The  vindication  of  that  states- 
man's memory  from  the  aspersions  cast  upon 
it  was  complete,  and  drew  iwth  from  the 
contemporary  press  an  all  but  unanimous  ex- 
pression of  public  sympathj^  with  the  son 
who  had  with  so  mncn  aoiUty  and  spirit 
stood  up  in  defence  of  his  parentis  good 
name. 

Nor  was  this  the  only  proof  which  Mr. 
Perceval  gave  of  his  filial  veneration  for  his 
fathei's  memory,  and  of  his  attachment  to 
the  principles  which  that  statesman  had  ad- 
vocated, and  which  had  become  hereditary  ia 
his  family.  Being  in  Ireland  on  a  visit  ia 
the  year  18-13,  when  that  country  was  kqit 
in  a  state  of  feverish  excitement  by  the  rs- 
peal  agitation,  to  the  real  object  of  which 
Mr.  Ward's  motion  on  the  Irish  Church  had 
given  utterance  in  Parliament,  it  so  happeaed 
that  while  engaged  in  arranging  a  mass  of 
paiiers  left  by  his  father,  he  dtscovered  among 
them  the  draft  of  the  speech  on  the  presenta^ 
tion  of  the  first  Roman  Catholic  petition  to 
the  United  Parliament  in  1806.  Owing  to 
the  inadequate  system  of  reporting  which  o^ 
tained  in  those  days,  this  important  speech* 
which  carried  great  weight  at  the  time,  and 
materially  contributed  to  the  postponement 
of  the  daUns  of  the  Roman  duhoUcL  was 


1856.]       Obituaby. — Dudley  Montague  Perceval,  E$q, 


651 


lost  to  history,  and  Mr.  Dadlej  PeroeTal 
resolved,  therefore,  to  rescue  it  from  oblivion, 
— a  coarse  which  he  waa  induced  to  adopt 
not  onlj  by  the  care  with  which  the  draft  had 
evidently  been  prepared,  as  a  complete  argu- 
ment on  the  whole  question,  lon^  oefore  the 
speaker  knew  in  what  form  it  would  be 
brought  before  the  House,  but  by  the  start- 
ling coincidence  between  the  warnings  which 
Mr.  Perceval  had  addressed  to  Parliament, 
and  the  events  which  were  rife  at  the  time  of 
the  discoveiT  of  the  document,  giving  to  the 
speech  an  almoet  prophetic  character.  The 
publication  of  the  manuscript  penned  by  the 
father,  and  illustrated  by  the  son,  under  the 
title  "  The  Church  Question  in  IreLmd,*' pro- 
duct at  the  time  of  its  appearance  a  deep 
effect,  traceable  in  the  debates  whidi  took 
place  on  the  Irish  Church  Question  in  1841^ 
and  continues  to  possess  great  value^  as  a 
most  able  and  elaborate  summary  of  the  old 
Tory  argument  for  the  maintenance  of  Uie 
Protestant  principle  of  the  constitution  in 
Church  and  State.  In  the  course  of  tiie  same 
year  in  which  Mr.  Perceval  rendered  this 
important  service,  he  exerted  himself  to  pre- 
vent a  stealthy  infringement  of  the  law  by  the 
insertion  of  the  designations  assumed  by  the 
R  )mi8h  Prelates  in  Ireland  into  the  Charita- 
ble Bequest  Bill,  vraming  the  government 
of  the  day  of  the  danger  of  its  being  drawn 
into  a  precedent  hereafter.  Little  or  no  at- 
tention was,  however,  paid  to  his  remon- 
strance, the  force  of  which  was  not  felt  until, 
at  a  later  period,  the  event  justified  the 
political  foresight  by  which  it  was  prompted. 
In  the  following  year  the  proposal  of  a 
permanent  endowment  for  Maynooth  CoUege^ 
>nd  the  introduction  of  Lord  L^dhurst's 
Bill  for  the  removal  of  Jewish  disabilities, 
again  called  up  the  vigilant  defender  of  the 
institutions  of  the  country;  and  a  masterly 
pamphlet,  entitled  "  Maynooth  and  the  Jew 
Bill,  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Perceval,  which 
obtained  an  extensive  circulation  at  the  time, 
attests  at  once  the  ability  of  the  writer,  his 
profound  knowledge  as  a  constitutional  lawyer, 
and  the  legal  acumen  for  which  he  was  dis- 
tinguished. In  the  feelings  of  disappointment, 
not  to  sa^  of  despondency,  created  among 
Conservatives  by  the  success  of  the  measures 
against  whidi  he  had  so  forcibly  wielded  the 
weapons  of  political  argument,  Mr.  Perceval 
largely  shared,  and  during  the  next  two 
years  we  find  him  absent  from  England,  and 
abstaining  from  all  participation  i.i  political 
movements.  On  his  return  home,  however, 
he  was  induced  once  more  to  lend  a  helping 
hand  for  the  defence  (A  all  that  he  held  dear 
and  sacred,  by  accepting  a  seat  in  the  com- 
mittee of  the  National  Club,  then  newly  es- 
tablished, for  the  purpose  of  resisting  the 
farther  encrondiments  of  Romanism  and  in- 
fidelity. In  the  proceedings  of  that  body,— 
with  one  solitary  and  unfortunate  exoepaon, 
to  which  it  is  unnecessary  on  the  present  oc- 
casion to  ail  vert,  —he  continued  to  the  day  of 
his  death  to  take  an  active  and  influential 
purt.  Many  of  the  papers  issued  by  it  from 
time  to  time  are,  wholly  ot  in  part,  ttam  his 
pen,  and  almost  all  of  them  had  ibit  \fiuAi 


of  his  nice  eritical  judgment  during  the  pro- 
cess of  revision  in  committee.  Among  tiie 
papers,  the  authorship  of  whidi  bel  mgs  to 
him,  special  mention  is  due  to  a  powerful  de- 
fence of  the  Irish  Church  temporalitiei, 
which  bears  the  title,  **The  Endowments  of 
the  Church  no  just  grievance  to  Dissenten^ 
Romanists,  or  Protestants."  Another  im- 
portant pamphlet  from  his  pen  belonging  to 
this  period  is  the  publication  of  Earl  (hey't 
circular  to  the  colonial  governors,  direotmg 
them,  in  their  oSeial  eommmiicatioiis  wim 
the  Romish  prelates  in  the  colonies,  to  give 
them  the  same  titles  as  are  by  law  given  to 
the  srehbishops  and  bishi^  of  the  realm, — 
a  practice  then  fur  the  first  time  introduced, 
which,  though  iqyparently  a  mere  matter  of 
form,  mvolved.  as  Mr.  Perceval  shewed,  an 
indureot  recognition  of  the  Papal  authority  in 
the  Queen'k  dominions  This  pamphlet  ap- 
peared originaUy  in  the  year  1840,  widi  the 
significant  title,  "Eirl  Grey's  Circular  t  m 
Memento^  and  was  opportn^T  repubUahed 
in  1861,  on  the  occasion  of  t»e  Pqpal  ag- 
gression, with  an  introductory  letter  to 
Lord  John  Russell,  entitled  **The  Qneenli 
Ministers  responsible  for  the  Pope*8  New 
Hierardiy  in  England." 

But  although  the  attention  of  Mr.  Per- 
ceval's mind  was  mainly,  directed  towardi 
the  dangers  which  threatened  the  Choieh 
and  the  monaidiy  firom  the  encroahhmente 
of  Papal  power,  he  was  by  no  means  ineen- 
sible  to  the  many  other  causes  of  disquietude 
by  which  the  minds  of  Churchmen  were 
powerfully  affected  at  the  period  to  whidi 
we  are  now  referring.  He  was  deeply  nn- 
pressed  with  the  necessity  of  guardmg  the 
prindplee  of  the  Church  against  the  inroeds 
of  latitudinarian  tendencies  backed  hj  the 
power  of  the  State,  and  still  more  by  the 
imperative  demand  for  such  measures  of  in- 
tenial  refbrm  as  should  render  the  Church 
thoroughlv  efficient  as  the  religious  teacher 
of  the  nation.  It  was  under  the  influence  of 
these  convictions  that  Mr.  Perceval  took  an 
active  part  in  the  Church-movements  of  the 
day.  For  several  years  he  ocenpied  a  seat 
on  the  committee  ofue  Metropcditan  Church 
Union,  and  he  was  a  membw,  likewise,  of 
the  Education  Committee  temporarily  con- 
stituted for  the  purpose  of  uf^iolding  dis- 
tinctive Church  education  against  the  at- 
tempts of  the  Committee  <n  Council  on 
Education  to  neutralize  the  dogmatic  teedi- 
ing  of  the  Church  in  the  national  and  other 
parochial  schools.  The  soeiety  for  the  re- 
vival of  Convocation  also,  though  it  never 
had  the  advantage  of  his  active  co-operation, 
had  his  hearty  good  wishes. 

The  kst  occasion  on  which  Mr.  Perceval's 
name  was  brought  prominently  before  the 
public,  was  the  contest  finrthe  representation 
of  the  University  of  Oxford,  consequent  npon 
the  formation  of  the  Coalition  Oabmet  The 
position  in  whidi  he  was  phwedon  thatoooa- 
sion  was  not  of  his  seeking;  The  foding  ef 
hostility  to  Mr.  Qkdstone  which  had  mani- 
fested itself  at  the  general  deetkn  in  186S, 
was  greatlr  strangusned  by  the  droam- 
nnoir  wUiAi  and  the  matoridb  from 


\ 


Gj3 


D.  J/.  Perceval,  Esq, — J.  Bernard  Sale,  £sg.  [Nov. 


which,  the  ministry  of  the  Earl  of  Aherdeen 
was  formed ;  and  an  opposition  to  his  re-€lec- 
tion  was  orphan ized  and  publicl}'  announced, 
heforc  any  one  liad  been  foand  willing;  to 
undertake  the  part  of  rival  candidate.  The 
liigli  e.-itimation  in  which  Mr.  Gladstone  was 
held  by  an  influential  party  in  the  University, 
the  personal  attachment  felt  towards  him  by 
many  who  disapproved,  or  at  least  couM  not 
approve,  his  {H^litical  conduct,  and  the  well- 
known  dislike  of  the  University  to  an  elec- 
tioneering conte'«t,  all  combined  to  indispose 
men  to  put  themselves  forward  in  opi>OHition 
to  an  antagonist  who  had  so  many  advan- 
tages on  his  side.  It  was  under  the  pressure 
of  this  di  I'culty  that,  at  the  eleventh  hour, 
Mr.  Perceval  was  uri^ed  to  come  to  the  rescue, 
and,  yielding  to  the  most  earnest  solicitations, 
allowed  himself  to  be  put  in  nomination. 
The  contejit  was  a  severe  one,  and  although, 
at  the  close  of  it,  Mr.  Olailstone  n*tained  pos- 
se sion  of  his  seat  by  a  small  majority,  the 
fart  that  his  op|)onent  had  received  the  hearty 
tiupport  ot  some  of  the  most  e-arnest-minded 
men  of  the  two  leading  theological  schools, 
and  that  one  who  for  thirty  years  had  been 
a  stranger  to  the  University  had  been  ena- 
bled to  sustain  a  neck-and-neck  race  with 
one  of  its  most  cherished  and  distinguished 
mcml)ers,  gave  to  the  numerical  defeat  the 
oharacror  of  a  moral  triumph.  Nor  was  this 
triuni|)h  dnnini>h(Ml,  but  rather  inrrea«e<1,  by 
the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Perceval  carried 
liimself  under  the  system  of  i)ersonal  at- 
tack pursued  towards  him  by  some  of  his 
opponent's  supporteis.  Never  did  he  re- 
taliate, nor,  as  far  as  his  influence  could  pre- 
vent it  would  he  suffer  his  friends  and  sup- 
porters to  do  so.  To  scurrility  he  opposed  a 
dignified  silence— unjust  imputations  he  met 
by  vindications  not  less  dignifies!. 

On  this,  as  on  all  occasions  throughout  the 
whole  of  his  honourable  career,  Mr.  Perceval 
exhibited  that  gentlemanly  bearing  which 
was  so  eminently  characteristic  of  him.  Ac- 
tuated by  deep  c<»nvictions,  logically  formed 
and  religiously  cherished,  he  was  strenuous 
in  the  assertion  of  his  principles;  but  he 
never  desccndiMl  to  the  rnlr  of  a  iMirtizan. 
Dearly  as  he  loved  truth,  he  wonki  never 
consent  to  fight  for  it  with  unworthy  wea- 
pons. His  political  arguments  and  move- 
nittnt,  were  all  tcmp«'red  by  prudence  and 
discretion,  as  they  were  sanctified  by  Chris- 
tian carncstm»ss.  To  constitutional  action 
conducted  in  a  religious  spirit,  to  the  main- 
tenance of  nmstitutional  principles  based  on 
the  riK'k  of  revealed  truth,  his  life  was  devo- 
ted witii  a  singleness  of  purpose  not  often  to 
be  met  with  among  those  who  have  lived 
and  moved  in  the  defiling  contact  of  the 
>vorM,  and  amidst  the  warping  influences  of 
jiarty  i>olitics.     His  gentle  disposition  depre- 


cated an  violencse  of  speech  or  action,  fait 
upright  mind  shanned  all  tortnons  proceed- 
ings,  hit  chivalroia  spirit  woaM  brook  no 
mean  subterfuge,  no  nngeneroiu  artiflea.  The 
loss  of  such  a  man— one  of  a  type  which  it 
becoming  more  and  more  imre, — tmlj  mniDds 
us  tliat  **  the  faithfnl  are  minished  from  unoaf 
the  children  of  men  ;**  while  the  aapeot  and 
tendency  of  the  times  reconcile  at  to  the  loai, 
by  the  reflection  that  *'  the  righteous  it  taken 
away  from  the  evil  to  come." 


JoBV  BsRVAmD  SAfj^  Ebq. 

O'f.  16th.  At  21,  Holrwell-etreet,  Mill- 
bank,  Westminster,  John  Bernard  Sale,  E«|., 
Organist  and  Qentleman  of  her  Majesty 'sCha* 
nel>royal,and  Lay-vicar  of  Westminster-abbey. 
Mr.  S^le  was  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Sale,  formerly  the  principal  base-Pinger  at  the 
King's  Concert  of  Ancient  Music,  Ac,  for 
whom  Caloott  wrote  his  fine  songs,  and  who 
was  himself,  at  one  time,  a  member  of  fife 
choirs,  namelj,  Kton,  Windsor,  the  Chapel- 
royal,  St.  Paul's,  and  Westminster-abbey. 

Mr.  John  Bernard  Sale  was  bom  at  Windsor, 
June  24, 1779 ;  admitted  a  chorister  at  Wind- 
sor and  Eton  in  1786 ;  in  IWX)  became  Lay- 
vicar  of  Westminster-abbey;  in  1803  was 
apix)intcd  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel-royal; 
and  in  1838,  one  of  the  organists. 

Mr.  Sale,  whose  father  had  for  many  years 
enjoyed  the  patronage  and  personal  fitvoor 
of  the  royal  family,  many  of  whom  had  been 
his  pupils,  had  the  honour  of  being  selected 
as  the  musical  instructor  of  her  Migesty, 
when  Princess  Victoria,  an  appointment 
which  he  owed  no  less  to  his  high  character 
than  to  his  professional  eminence  as  a  teadier ; 
and  as  he  was  a  true  disciple  of  Hmndcl,  he 
was  zealous  in  inspiring  his  royal  papil  with 
a  similar  taste.  As  a  composer,  he  wrote 
but  little,  bnt  will  long  be  remembered  as 
the  author  of  a  dnet,  "  The  Butterfly,"  which 
has  not  vet  lost  its  well-deserved  p  po- 
larity, lie  contributed  also  very  materially 
to  the  revival  of  the  present  taate  for  tM 
improvement  of  the  musical  portions  of  onr 
Church- Ser\'ice,  by  the  publication,  in  the 

year  1837,  of  a"  Collection  of  Psalmii,  Hymns 
and  Chants,"  which  he  had  the  honour  to 
dedicate  to  the  late  Archbishop  of  Canter^ 
bury,  a  very  staunch  friend,  Arom  whom  he 
had  received  many  kindnesses.  It  may  also 
be  added,  that  many  of  the  Psalms,  &cl,  wtn 
selected  by  the  present  Dean  of  St.  l^maV*,-^ 
l)r.  Milman. 

Mr.  Sale  was  dcseended  from  an  Irish 
family*  of  tliat  name,  of  which  the  iint 
Lady  Momington  was  a  member.  He  was 
thus  connected  with  the  Welletlcgr  family, 
and,  OS  he  used  sometimet  to  boMtjwas  a 
relative  of  the  1  hike  of  Wellington.    The  re- 


•  '•  Richard  Colliy,  E-^i.,  h  ivlnflT  succe.-ded  onlhc  23nl  of  Si>ptember,  1728,  to  the  estates  of 
\\«llcslry  family,  nH<unir>ii  the  xurniine  and  amin  of  \Vellenl  y.      la  1713  Mr.  CoLty 


iiomin  iTc  I  second  Chamb  riain  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer  in  Ireland,  and  sat  in  parllammt 
boroujfh  of  1  rim,  untU  ehvated  to  the  Peerage  of  Irebind  on  ihe  Bth  of  Julj,  1746,  by  the 
Iliiron  of  Morninjfton.     lilt  I^)r<lHhip  married,  December  23,  1719,  Eliiibcth,  eldest  daoic; 
John  Sa  o,  LL.D.,  Kcvisftrar  of  the  Diocese  of  Dublin,  and  M.P.  for  Carysfort,  by  whoo  ' 
furviving  son  and  two  daughters.      He  died  JaoasT  SI,  1758,  and  was  soeoBedcd  by 
Garret.'  Ac. -See  Burke'-.  •  Peerage  and  Baronetage,^  Art.  MarqusM. 


Oichtel 


1856.] 


John  Bernard  Sale,  JStq. — Atrs.  Lee. 


6&8 


lationship  has  been  acknowled^^  ^Z„^® 
Welleslej  fkmilT  on  sevenl  occasions.  When 
Mr.  Sale  sen.  asked  the  Marquess  of  Welles- 
ley's  permission  to  bring  out  an  edition  of 
Lord  Momington*s  glees,  his  answer  was, 
"  To  be  sore,  Sale,  for  you  know  we  are 
cater  cousins  ;*'  and  on  the  Sunday  following 
the  funeral  of  the  late  Marooess  at  Eton,  his 
brother,  the  Rev.  (Gerard  Wellesley,  recog- 
nised the  connection  in  a  yery  touching  in- 
terview which  he  had  with  Mr.  Sale  at  the 
Chapel-royal. 

Mr.  Sale  has  left  three  daughters,  two  nn- 
married,-and  one  the  wife  of  Mr.  Willkim  J. 
Thomas,  a  well-known  Fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries. 

Mbs.  Lkb. 

Sept  2S.  At  Erith,  whither  she  had^gone 
for  a  few  months'  visit  to  a  fiivourite  daugh- 
ter, Mrt.  Sarah  Lse,  formerly  BIra.  liowdieh, 
aged  66,  well  known  to  naturalists  as  the  bi- 
ogra]>her  of  Cnvier,  and  the  author  of  sevenl 
admirable  zoological  works  for  young  pe  'pie ; 
an  t,  in  a  wider  circle^  admired  for  her  vigo- 
rous career  i  i  early  life  as  the  aflfootioiuite 
and  devoted  companion  of  one  of  our  eariieit 
explore  s  of  Western  Africa. 

Mrs.  Lee  was  born  Sept  10, 1791,  the  only 
daughter  of  John  Eglington  Wallis,  Esq., 
of  Colchester.  At  tlM  age  of  twenty-one,  a 
woman  of  lively  energy  and  winning  man- 
ners, she  married  Mr.  T.  K  Bowdieb,  a  lea- 
lous  cultivator  of  natural  history,  and  be- 
came gradually  educated  in  his  pursoi  s. 
After  a  few  years  Mr.  Bowdich  proceeded  to 
Africa  on  a  mission  to  Ashantee,  and  his  wife, 
in  her  anxiety  to  share  and  lighten  his  toiis^ 
set  off  alone  to  join  him.  On  reaching  Gm 
Coast  Castle  she  found  to  her  dismi^  that  ne 
had  crossed  her  on  the  seas  to  return  home. 
He  then  made  a  second  voyage  to  Africa,  and 
they  set  forth  on  their  reearchee  together, 
during  which  she  achieved  wonders  by  her  de* 
voted  love  and  bravery.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land, the  results  of  their  mutual  labours  were 
prt'sented  to  the  public  in  the  foUowing 
works:— '* Mission  from  Gape  Goa-^t  Castli 
to  Ashantee;"  published  in  1819:  *< Taxi- 
dermy ;  or,  the  Art  of  Collecting,  Pre|MringL 
and  Mouut  ng  objects  of  Natural  History,*^ 
1820,  which  subsequently  passed  through  six 
editions ;  **  An  Analysis  of  the  Natnra:  Clas- 
sirication  of  Mammalia,"  1821;  <*AnEsiayon 
the  Superstitions,  Customs,  and  Arts  oommon 
to  thd  Ancient  Egyptians,  Abyssinians,  and 
Ashantees,"  1821;  and  **  Elements  of  Con- 
chology,"  182i.  As  an  examp  e  of  Mr.  Bow- 
dich'd  zeal  in  his  pursuits,  we  may  here  men- 
tion Ml  anecdote  related  iiy  hinuelf,  that  % 
phren  ilogist  meeting  him  one  evening  at  one 
of  Sir  Joseph  Benin's  Mnrit  ,  r?niairked  to 
him, "  You  are  the  ver^  man  we  want.  We 
want  a  natural  st  who  is  a  nuitliematksian.*' 
**  I  know  nothing  of  mathematics,"  was  the 
reply.  "  Whether  you  know  it  or  not,**  said 
the  phrenologist,  **yoa  are  a  mathemati- 
cian. Mr.  Bjwdich,  awakened  br  thia  in- 
cident to  the  possession  of  a  hautj  wiiielL 
had  scarcely  occurred  to  him,  devoted  him* 


S'^lf  to  t%adj,  and  eaiaed  the  Oanbridge 
prise  of  1000/.,  for  a  mseorery  whkh  waa  &• 
pendent  on  matbematioi. 

In  1883  the  travellers  returned  to  Afrlea, 
visiting  Madeim  on  the  way,  the  hnriNBM 
never  to  return.  Mr.  Bowdldi  ^ed  at 
Bathurst  fai  January,  1824.  The  first  solid* 
tude  of  the  bereaved  widow  was  to  arrange 
her  husband's  manuscripts  for  pnUieation, 
and  as  early  as  in  Maxm  of  the  following 
^ear  appeared  a  handsome  qnarto  Tcdnma^ 
illustrated  by  coloured  geological  ieetionsy 
views,  and  oortumes,  and  soologkal  iigure8« 
under  the  foUowing  title — "Exenrsions  in 
Madehra  and  Porto  Santo,  dnring  the  Autumn 
of  1828,  whOeon  his  Thhrd  Yonft  to  AfHcs; 
by  the  kte  T.  Edward  BowdiiA,  Esq.,  Con- 
ductor of  the  Mission  to  Ashantee.  To  whieh 
is  added,  by  Mrs.  Bowdidi :  1.  A  narratire 
of  the  oonttniianoe  of  the  voyage  to  its  com- 
pletion, together  with  the  tnbeeqvent  oe- 
enrrenees  from  Mr.  Biwdidi^  ttrival  bk 
Afrioa  to  the  period  of  hie  death.  S.  A 
deseription  of  tSie  English  settlements  on 
tiie  rnrer  Gambia.  8.  Anpendix,  oontufaung 
aoolcwieal  and  botanionf  descr^ons,  tsA 
translations  from  the  Arabte."  The  dm- 
plidty  and  foeUngj  and  ndminble  detail  with 
wh  cfa  this  work  is  composed,  at  onoe  gave 
Mrs.  Bowdich  a  position  in  the  society  of 
naturalists,  and  ner  activilif  and  pleasing 
manners  exdted  general  sympathT.  On  the 
return  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bowdieh  from  AfHoi 
in  1818,  they  vidted  Puris.  nd  throoith  • 
letter  of  introdnetion  ttom  Dr.  Leadi^  of  the 
British  Museum,  made  the  aeqaaiDtnoe  of 
Cnvier,  The  baton  reoeired  them  with  greirt 
kmdness  and  hospitality,  and  for  four  jetn 
they  lived  on  the  most  intimafte  terms  wWh 
his  amiable  fomily,  availing  themsdtw  to 
their  hearts*  content  of  the  use  of  his  library, 
drawings,  and  edieelions.  On  the  ooeaslQii' 
of  her  widowhood,  Mrs.  Bowdich  again  vidled 
Fiuis,  and  wse  received  by  Baton  Conier 
alosoet  as  a  daughter.  She  remained  then 
seme  years,  dnring  which  time  die  made  tf» 
aeqnantanee  of  many  distingnlshed  men  of 
Pkiris,andon  tbe  death  of  Covier  repaid  the 
tribute  of  hi*  esteem  by  the  pnbfieatlett  of  an 
intererting  biopi^ihioBl  memoir  of  apwaida 
of  800  pages,  m  whieh  she  was  aasisCed  by 
Baron  Pssqraier,  M.  LanrlUard,  Dr.  Dnvenrnflj, 
and  Baron  Hnmboldt.  Three  years  ureyiooi 
to  this  she  puUisVied  a  "  HIsfory  of  British 
Fresh-water  Fishes,".  fUastniled  widi  dnw^ 
incB  by  hersdf,  prononneed  bj  Cnvier,  in  hie 
"Table  dee  Auteurs"  (B^sme  Animal,  edit 
1880),  to  be  trin  Mhs,  She  had  now  nunw 
ried  Mr.IiOe^aidtlie  rsmahiderof  hernasAii 
literary  lifis  was  matnty  devoted  to  the  oom- 
podtion  of  books  of  minor  pretension^  fonnded 
ohieiy  on  her  experienoes  in  tmvel  and 
natural  h  stofy  reseiudisB.  Among  these  w« 
may  ennmemte  "Storiee  of  Strange  Lands, 
mi  Fngmsnfii  from  the  Notes  of  n  TravdU 
ler,''188»;  ••TbeJnvenUeAlbiim;  or,TU« 
from  Far  and  NeHT,"  18«1;  a  d^th  edMoa 
of  her  former  tanBbaad'k''TBzidenKy,''lM8| 
"Elements  of  Natural  HistoiT.  aomnridMf 
the  prinoiples  of  daidieatlMi,  luteitpeifc* 
with  aimtdng  neoemti  of  dM 


65  h  Mrs.  Lee. — T/ie  Count  Adolphe  de  IVerdinski.  [Nov. 


able  Animala,"  laU;  "The  African  Wan- 
derers; or,  the  Adventures  of  Carlos  and 
Antonio,  embracing  descriptions  of  the  .Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  the  Western  Tribes,  and 
Natural  Productions  of  the  Country,"  1847  ; 
"  Adventures  in  Australia ;  or,  the  Wauder- 
in-.'s  of  Captain  Spencer  in  the  Bush  and  the 
Wilds,"  1861 ;  "  Anecdotes  of  the  Habits  and 
Instincts  of  Animals,"  1852;  "Anecdotes  of 
the  Habits  and  Instincts  of  Birds,  lleptiles, 
and  Fishes,"  1852 ;  "  Bi  itisli  Birds,  with  de- 
scriptions,'* 1852 ;  "  British  Aninuils,  with 
descriptions,"  1852;  "The  Farm  and  its 
Scenes,"  1852  ;  "  Familiar  Natural  History," 
1853;  "Trees,  Plants,  and  Flowers,  their 
Beauties,  Uses,  and  Influences,"  1854;  and 
"  Playing  at  Settlers ;  or,  the  Faggot  House," 
1855. 

In  private  life  Mrs.  Lee  was  beloved  by  all 
who  Knew  her.  Her  talents  she  used  un- 
weariedly,  unselfishly.  Her  spirit  was  op- 
pressed by  no  pride  of  intellect  or  vanity. 
She  bore  up  like  a  heroine  under  burdens 
which  would  have  prostrated  most  women, 
and  all  from  a  natural  impulse  of  love  and 
duty.  During  the  last  two  years  of  her  life, 
her  labours  were  honoured  by  a  recognition 
of  the  Government  in  a  pension  of  x50. — 
Literary  Gazettt. 


The  Count  Apolpiib  de  Webpishki. 

^V/>^  22.  At  Hull,  aged  53,  Adolphe  do 
Werdinski,  a  Polish  refugee.  He  was  born 
in  March,  1803,  at  Worden-castle,  near  the 
town  of  (ialatzia.  He  was  the  only  child  of 
the  late  Count  Adolphe  de  Werdin.sky,  who 
was  a  (general  in  the  l*olish  army,  and  a 
princess  of  Poland,  who  died  in  childbirth. 
Ueceased  w^as  educated  at  home,  in  the  most 
costly  manner,  having  classical  tutors  in  al- 
most all  modem  languages,  and  his  remark- 
able aptitude  for  study  was  proved  by  his 
mtimate  acquaintance  with  at  least  twelve, 
and  to  which  he  has  of  late  trusted  as  a 
means  of  livelihood.  Deceased  married  a 
woman  at  Southampton  much  younger  than 
himself,  and  by  this  marriage  he  had  two 
children,  only  one  of  whom  is  at  present 
alive.  So  resolute  and  unbending  was  his 
spirit  of  independence,  that  it  was  onl v  in  the 
last  extremity  that  any  of  Ills  friends  were 
made  acquainted  with  his  destitute  condition, 
and  that  was  done  against  his  express  com- 
mand. For  several  weeks  i>aflt  we  understand 
that  the  deceased  and  his  family  had  been 
limited  to  a  morsel  of  bnuid  for  their  daily 
food,  and  their  destitution  was  rendered 
more  lamentable  from  the  fact  that  there  was 
absolutely  nothing  in  tlie  house  which  could 
be  turned  into  money.  For  weeks  together 
we  believe  that  their  scanty  income  has  bi>en 
only  about  3s.  Before  the  DtK-tor  expire<l  he 
expressed  the  utmost  repugnance  to  being 
interred  in  a  parish  coffin ;  and  we  believe 
there  is  no  fear  of  this,  for  death  has  done 
more  for  them  than  he  was  able  to  do  while 
living.  The  helping  hand  of  charity  is  now 
of  no  avail,  except  to  place  the  widow  and 
child  above  the  grinding  (lenury  of  their  past 
life. — Ea*ttrn  CoHHtits  Hrruhi, 


Mb.  Richabd  8l*ttov. 

S^*.  80.  At  Scarborough,  in  his  08th 
year,  Mr.  Richard  Sutton,  of  Radford-groTe, 
Nottingham,  proprietor  of  the  "  Nottingham 
Review." 

Mr.  Sutton  was  bom  on  the  Ist  of  July, 
1789,  and  was  consequently  in  the  68feh  year 
of  his  Hire.    His  family  have  been  €onne(.-ti<d 
with  Notti'  gham  some  genermtiooa.     The 
name    is    found    in    the    burgest-roUa    f»r 
several  centuries.     In  1722,  hia  great  graiid- 
liither,  "  lUcliard  Sutton,  collar  and  hame  8 
manufaniurer,'*  ran  the  first  pub  ic  oonver- 
ance  betwe(>n  Notti ngliam  ana  London.    His 
father,  the  late  Mr.  Cliarlea  Sat  on,  originatrd 
the  '*  Nottiiigliam  Review."   For  so  e  years 
this  was  the  only  radical  paper  within  for^ 
miles  of  Nottingham,  and  cimaequentlj  met 
with  much  disfavour  from  those  who  opposed 
its  principles,  and  on  the  following  occa- 
sion WHS  made  the  subject  of  an  rx-^^w 
persecution  in  October,  1814^  by  a  letter  to  the 
editor,  the  production  of  an  eminent  medical 
gentknian  of  the  town,  wr.tten  under  the 
f/ofii  de  fttiimr^  "Greneral   Ludd.**    In   this 
letter  the  "Genorar*    claimed    the   king's 
troops  ill  America  as  hia  own  dnCiful  si  ns, 
cliaigii  g  them  with  acts  of  Vandalism  worthy 
of  the  Luddites  at  home,  which  compariMn 
was  regarded  as  a  libel  on  his  m^esty's  go- 
vernment.   Mr.  Charles  Sutton  undeiwent 
a  formal  state  prosecution,  and,  being  ad- 
ju-iged  guiiiy,  was  sentenced  by  Mr.  Justice 
Lu  Blanc  to  a  j(«r*rt  imprisonment  in  the 
debtors*  ward  of  Northampton  gaoU 

Mr.  Richard  Sutton  (whose  obitnaiy  we 
are  now  recording)  conducted  the  busineit 
with  unimiwiredetliciency;  and  occasionallT, 
after  bringuig  out  the  Review  on  a  Friday,  he 
ban  ridden  on  horseback  to  Northampton  tUe 
same  day,  a  distance  of  sixty-five  miles,  to 
have  an  Interview  with  his  father.  He  usually 
returned,  by  the  same  means,  on  the  following 
day.  Mr.  Sutton,  during  the  trial  of  the 
"  Luddites"  at  Leicester,  invariably  attended 
the  (.\)urt  to  reiiort  the  proceedings,  and 
would  Hit  therein  from  morning  till  night 
witliout  iwrtaking  of  any  food,  except  a  dry 
biscuit.  In  the  years  1816  and  1817,  the 
assiizes  occupied  several  di^'S,  and  the  Coart 
used  to  l)egin  business  at  eight  u*clock  in  the 
morning  and  cmtinue  till  almost  midnight, 
during  tlie  whole  of  which  time  Mr.  8nttoo 
was  at  his  post  at  the  castle.  The  '*  Ludd- 
ites," on  the  above  occasions,  had  for  their 
advocites  Messrs.  Balgiij'  and  Dunman ;  and 
so  much  mpresned  was  Mr.  Sutton  in  faTour 
of  the  then  rising  talent  of  the  latter,  that  be 
inducetl  his  father  (Mr.  C.  Sutton)  to  retain 
him  in  preference  to  giving  Mr.  Brougham  a 
s|>e<:ial  tee  to  defend  him.  The  consequence 
was,  that  after  Mr.  Denman's  chiqueiit  ad- 
dress to  the  iury  in  his  client's  behalf,  he 
became  a  cading  barrister  on  the  Midland 
Ci  I  cuit,  and  was  chosen  one  of  the  members 
for  Nottingham,  having  only  to  defray  the 
st.ictly  legal  expenses  of  his  retam,  a  eom- 
plimcnt  rarely  paid  to  a  candidate  in  tlmM 
corrupt  days  of  electioneering. 


1856.]         Obituakt. — Atme  ^nte. — Clerjfg  DeeeoMed.  655 

Ann  Srm.  CLBBQT  DKdUSBD, 

ft  abort  illno^     _  ■'"ti_J*{  ^""^  ?«*■?■.  ""?''.  *• 

r^ijTin.  .^^     ™*»  «»  Hurt  •n*  »»  kdldnlu  pwiih.   Mr. 
I  relief,  vaa  uid      Houa  wu  bom  in  tha  pniK^ribolu  DmHid, 


mi  H  very  adrtnced     ^  , 
allboueh  aupported  by  puiab  .  _. 

to  b«  the  rigbtfaL  helreflfl  of  largi 

The  circumstances  of  her  famllv  blaury  S^.  i'' hx  forli,  aged  SL  the  B«i.  WWHam 

va  curioua.     Her  raaiden  name  <raa  Selbr,  •''•>*«  rtttjurm,  BA   im,  k.A.  UOO,  CL  Ou, 

femifyy|t^%fTbZ^rQtb?.^^  j^Vc!,?ii2aTTS»Sj:»^iSii"*" 

rf  BudiiiiBliam,  ui  eaUU  now  poawaaed  bv  ^  j.  Tbe  Bw.  liiM  Ui«ri  A*a*,  KA^ 

William  Selby  LouDds,  Esq.     Althoogb  col-  (bniartr  Inimmbant  <f  CaoMrtOB,  aTMrmtdi 

laterally  related  Co  a  family  of  great  eatate,  CDimM^^rf^n^t^CbDid,  O^U^  and  CkafWa 

rightful  heir.  Am 

frum   gentle   blood.     Several    generationa  iTjrmptrjo  ud  Wear  ^hcdT 

'freak  of  fortune  fram  puverty  and  ob-  aiirf.17.  The  B«.  Al«rd  (N^UM  inii«bM, 


t  appear  t 


■estate  of  wh«idon  to-hi.  •^rsr'AtiS^'SSi'tt'srs:; 

im  conditJon^y,  — *"  "■"     ~  "        "  ' —   ■ '  •-' 

the  3e1by  bmlly, 
i  aware,  roold  make 


lid  by  blm  conditJonaUyi  nntil  hii      CoUeii^  Oilbrd,  jiiiiim«<  ■«  <]<  l3m  MaaM 

'°Atw&kA>ldl  BaAa,  atad  7L  tba  Hin.  ai 
BcT.  ^ilmr*  fUMftrmUlamt,  h.A.  ITW,  IC 


'Ind-bolM^  BalmttkT,  Smanat,  aaad 
T.  miHoi  Ariww,BHtKi<Onn* 
aad  Wear  OUbcd,  ib  Om  tom^  «t 

The  Bai.  AlnMrd  (N4UM 

e  poaseaaisn  uf  great  wealth  by  M.A.  [B-A.  laiB),  ot  Olan  CoUce, 

larriagewitb  a  Buckinghamsbire  heireaa;  "?^£™¥?'mi.  lHU.  Tifal»  Iuul  ()»«- 

-  ^came  proprietor  of  Whaddon^^ja^  and  i^S^\^  m.  £  Be..  /iSr  EuTa.  All^ 

descendant,  the  laat  Selby  of  wluuldaD,  ji  a.  if«a,  Cnoa  Chrfatl  CBUifB,  CkmbrUae, 

._  .___  -^  — ,  up  intarcoQiw  KnaerlT  ^ad  Haatar  ot  H«0Bc7  BehoeL 

tinned  in  tb^  S^IL    And  H,  the  B«*.  A«e  SaMt  nt- 

jriginal  obscurity  in  Yoritahire.    Tbia  gen-  '57jJ!i!!S?^SSS?S~  """  "'"'""^ 

■'—- 1  left  the  eatate  of  Whaddon  to  hia  "^S'Sf^.TlK^ 
•our,  Wm.  Lonnda,  Erq.,  of  WinsloW, 
held  by  him  conditJonaUy,  nntil  hii 
ilatirea  of  the  3e1by  bmily,  of  whoa 
ice  he  was  aware,  roold  make  good 

claim  to  it.    This  Hr.  Lounda  added  

Selby  to  hia  name,  and  WM  gandftther  to  ^^^"iSriaS^^ia^i^V 

Hr.  Selby  Lounda.  now  of  Wiiaddon  and  auaterfiad,  and  Baetnr  o(  Utile 

Winslow.      The  father  of  Anna  Selbj  re-  - 

aided  at  Spaldinir,  in  the  conntr  of  Lin.         — ,--  —    — — -.  -  =jr=T~ 

com,   wberTahe^was   bom,   ani  he  di«i  5gi;Jt?'SSlS;t'SS&r*S:£'i.?^ 

while  , he  waa  a  child.    She  bad  a  brother  ^^^^^\SSS^^^ 

dVt-H.    ' ■  •" 

the  repreaentative  </ hct  family.      Poverty  CoUaffcOaiBlildg^RBBtorof'Taril^^Sa*liifa 

and  indifierence  combined  to  deter  both  her  [IMV),  XprthaMtuBAhfc 

make  good  tbeir  claim  to  the  aucceaaion  or  j^  Amlyrrtr  Beckidtii,  B.A  IBIS,  M.A.  Kit, 

the  Whaddon  estate.     And  althongli  Anne  |ii«d.  Cull.  Oiford,  Reotor  of  BC  lUshul,  Baa- 

Selby  herself  was  poaaeaaed  of  an  eneif^Uc  dahawiiKi^t.  Minor  Qanw  ot  St.  Piol'a  Oitha- 

»pirit,andBomeye»ra  ago  laid  her  eaae  be-  draHHW).  und  otBt-Pmra.  Wwimlmter. 

fere  an  »niinaot  lawver    In    Ijindnn    it  wu  ^'-  ->'■     ""  Be».  /"*■  ■'"'.  »•■""»,  BA. 

£jv,rh.t."'«ii:s,.Hz,'S  ■■»«,;■  '•i^r.ssrissxiss^ 

might    be,  Mr  Selby  Lounda  and   hia  pre-  STt&m.h>n/     „rj»n«.  B  .\,  leW,  Uncoln  Oil., 

deceawra  bad  been  ao  long  in  poaaeaeion  of  Oiftori,  H<'i''->r  i>l Br<«i>li;y  (U3S).  Lncolniliin'. 

the  Whaddon    property  that  he  could  not  Oel.  I      u  ]',>r(ifli.':id,  hepiI  is,  itie  Re».  Babl. 

now  be  dijturbod,     Anna  Selby  wae  married  *1P*"  ■■'■"'   >*  '    IW"!- v  A  Isuo,  torinHW 

toa  DoorlabourerofthBnamoofanito.and  E*l?".     '      '  ■■  '     ''■'■■■■     ■'■■■'■-." '■'an, 


a  poor  labourer  of  the  name  of  Spite,  ant 
wai  the  mother  of  a  luge  ftjnily,  all  of 
whom  were  creditably  and  reapecUbly 
brought    up,  and   bear  an   eitremelj  good 


rerv  laDerior  '■■X',  uuienaUT  un  aeHrnoir  TafreHeo,  B|a« 

manner,  which  .uay  partly  ba»e  proceeded  ijbl  jUtTlW,  BJD.  WOI,  (otmartr  IMow  iC 

from  the  conscionineaa  that  aha  waa  bv  birth  St.  John-a  OMtntt  OaaMin  Hai«rr  Cnak 

entitled  to  bald  a  very   dlAirent    poaitloD  of  Mocwleb  (IM^,  Tlaar trfUMtoaJllIl},  U». 

from  that  in  whi.h  fortune  bad  pla<Sd  bar.  "5?\C2^  "^S^  STafriTl 

Aa  Anne  Spite  poaaeoed  much  aneip,  and  j"  "°T^  M?*^ -f^ .**■ -"■S'fT,; -^ 

OS  abe  waa  fully  persuaded  of  her  nghtj,  it  jlnlaA  Lnwnd. 

is  probable  that,  if  tliey  had  devolved  npcn  C^l  A(Bndftrd,T«kB.,wUI(«DaiWtl> 

her  by  her  brntber'a  claath    at  an   earilar  hia  aon.  a««d  W,  tka  Bn.  /•»■  J^rrlt*,  tt 

period,  ahe  would  have  found  the  meua  of  <*"""''., ,.    _.___  -v. »_  iv-.  mi^ 

mmnmg  them;   but   aha   inherited    them  -.SJl    nf^.i^SSff'^ir'rSh 

after  th^yhftd  become  otoolMci-Ariyallw.  £;SC^^!^2!?{uS*liR 

^qxr.  «M.«.    '-'■--■— .-■-'. " 

JWatTd;  BXinMLA.  M>  B.D. Ull, 


656 


Obituary. 


[No?. 


College,  Oxford,  Minor  Canon  of  Llandaff,  and 
Rector  of  Llangan  (1821),  GlamorfranBhire. 

Oct.  8.  At  the  Vicarage,  Grpat  Burstead,  aged 
04,  the  Rev.  John  ThomaSy  M.A.,  Y.  of  Great 
Burstead  (1822),  Essex,  and  Surrogate. 

At  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  aged  54,  the  Rey. 
Richard  Clayton,  B.A.  1823,  M.A.  1826,  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxfur.i,  Master  of  the  Hospital  of 
St  Mary  Magdalene,  and  Chaplain  of  St.  Thonuus 
Newcastle. 

Oct.  10.  At  Alvescot.  Oxfordsh.,  aced  81,  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Neatfy  B.A.  1708,  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge. 

At  Eastway-houflo,  Morwenstow,  Cornwall, 
aged  48,  the  Rev.  Ezekiel  Athanas  Rouse^  B.A. 
1832,  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge. 

Oct.  1?.  At  Milton-next-Oravesend,  aged  65, 
the  Rev.  George  John  JFyatt,  B.A.  1817,  M.A. 
1820,  Christ's  6)llege,  Cambridge,  Vicar  of  Chalk 
(1850),  Kent. 

DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER. 

Feb.  17.  At  Meerut,  Major  Charles  Forquhar- 
son  Urquhart,  54th  R^.,  son  of  the  late  Rev.  John 
Urquhart,  of  Feam,  co  Ross. 

May  18.  At  Melbourne,  Australia,  aged  41, 
Capt.  James  Rudge,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Rudge,  Rector  of  Hawkchurch,  Dorset. 

Mav  26.  At  Sydney,  Lawrence  S.  Brown,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Comm.  Gi  orge  Brown,  R.N. 

June  19.  At  Gipp's  Land,  Australia,  Lieut 
Hugh  Pearson,  R.N.,  son  of  the  late  Cupt.  Hugh 
Pearson,  R.N.,  of  Myrecaimie,  N.B. 

June  22.  At  Purt  Eliott,  Australia,  Emily 
Mary,  wife  of  Boucher  Welch,  third  dau.  of  the 
late  Hamilton  Fultoi,  formerly  Engineer-in- 
Chief  to  the  States  of  North  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia, U.S. 

June  24.  At  Agra,  Maria  Esperonca,  relict  of 
CoL  Orchard,  C.I).,  Ist  European  Bengal  Fusi- 
liers, and  formerly  of  Poole. 

June  29.  At  Agra,  of  cholera,  Lawrence  Wil- 
liam, son  of  the  late  W.  L.  Bicknell,  esq.,  of 
Lincoln's-inn. 

July  3.  At  St.  Germains,  Upper  Goulboum 
River,  Victoria,  the  residence  of  his  brothers, 
aged  38  Charles  Gowland  Burchctt,  esa.,  second 
son  of  James  Robert  Burchctt,  esq.,  of  Doctors* 
Commons. 

July  11.  At  Fredericton.  N.B.,  aged  21,  Henry 
Chalmers,  youngest  son  of  the  Hon.  John  S. 
Saunders. 

July  18.  In  Calcutta,  John  Hayes,  M.D., 
H.E.I.C.S.,  late  of  Bolton-st. 

July  20.  At  Musttooric,  East  Indi  s,  aged  27, 
Cap  .  William  B(ller<,  H.M.'s  7Uth  Rcgt. 

Lately.  Mrs.  King,  wife  of  the  Coi.  of  the  36th 
Rogt.,  was  lately  taken  ill  at  Jamaica,  and  sent 
to  the  medical  depot  for  medicine.  InHtead  of  the 
proper  remed^r  being  give  >,  s'r <  chnia  was  sent; 
the  lady  took  it  and  soon  afterwards  died.  Dr. 
Mostfc,  of  the  depot,  and  Dr.  Jopp,  of  the  S6th 
Regt.,  have  be  n  committed  for  inaiiKlnughter. 

Latily^  <t  the  Pirecus,  Capt  in  George  I'al- 
rymple,  91st  Regt.,  nephew  of  the  l-te  Ann, 
Countess  of  Haddington,  and  flrr-t  cousin  of 
Martha,  the  pres'-nt  Countess  of  Stair.  Capt. 
Dalrymple  had  served  formerly  in  the  Ist  RoyaU, 
and  wiis  appointed  Puymoj^ter  of  the  91  xt  Regt. 
in  1840.  He  wus  the  third  fion  of  the  late  Col. 
Hew  Dalrymple  of  the  49th,  A.D.C.  to  the  Lord- 
Lieut,  of  Ireland,  by  Mari  mne,  his  wife,  grand- 
daughter of  the  Hon.  James  Bruce  of  G.  rtlct,  co. 
Clackmannan,  sometime  Chief-Justice  of  Burba- 
does,  nephew  of  David  Bruce,  esq.,  of  Kennet,  in 
the  same  county. 

Aug  1.  Mr.  Benedict  Williams,  of  Millbrook, 
in  the  parish  of  Maker.  He  has  bequeathed  to 
charities,  &c.,  as  follows  :~To  the  vicar  and 
churchwardens  of  Maker,  £500,  to  be  invested, 
and  the  interest  to  be  given  to  the  poor  of  Maker 
in  br^ad  and  coals,  (h)m  time  to  time  «a  they 

16 


may  see  fit  To  fh«  Wefleyui  ehapd  at  MSl- 
brook,  £10 ;  to  tlie  Wedeyan  Sunday  Seboot  at 
Millbrook,  £5 ;  to  the  Baptist  diapel  at  M  U- 
brook,  £10 :  to  the  BiitiA  and  Fureisn  BiUc 
Society  in  London,  £200;  to  the  Cbarch  Xta- 
sionary  Society  in  Lon<ion,  £100;  to  the  Wea- 
leyan  Misidonary  Society  in  DeTOopoit,  £100;  la 
Jane  Gill  and  her  daughter,  two  old  Mrranta,  not 
livtog  with  him  when  he  died,  £300 ;  to  Bcticy 
Cheverton,  a  servant  who  had  been  with  Ub 
eighteen  monUia,  and  was  in  hia  senrioe  whea 
he  d  ed,  £400. 

Aug.  8.  At  Boulogne-sor-Mer,  Lney,  widfiv  of 
lieut-CoL  Sir  William  Toong,  Bait.,  of  BaiUs- 
borough-castle,  eo.  Cavan. 

^110. 10.  At  Freetown,  Sierra-Leooc,  aged  tt^ 
T.  W.  Barlow,  esq ,  H.M.'s  AdTocate. 

Aug.  11.  At  Ckdombo,  of  dysentery,  at  the 
house  (f  a  fdend,  Robert  Mules  orth  Jone% 
second  «m  oi  Rear-Adm.  the  Hon.  Alexander 
Junes. 

Aug.  18.  At  Hinton,  aged  82,  Gatherine.  icUet 
of  John  Horwood,  esq.,  of  Steane-paik,  Morth- 
amptonsbire. 

Aug.  14.  At  Berhampore,  aged  SO,  Lieut.  James 
Head  Lindsay,  E.I.C.8.,  10th  Regt.  Bengal  Nadft 
Infontry. 

^  IMF.  16.  AtMoalmein,Bnrmali,mda,70DDff- 
est  dau.  of  Major  English,  H.M.*s  35th  Bcgt. 

Aug.  18.  On  boardH.M.S.  **  £spi*gle,"  at  s«<a, 
off  the  island  of  Cuba,  sged  31,  Ge<nrge  Henry  Ed- 
wards, esq.,  M.D.,  Acting  Surgeon  of  the  same 
shi]),  youngest  son  of  the  late  Oapt.  John  Ed- 
wards, 20th  L.D. 

Aug.n.  At  Brixton.  aged83.  Richard  Bate,  rs., 
one  of  the  senior  members  of  the  Stationers*  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  was  master  in  1344.  He  wus  son 
of  James  Bate,  esq.,siationer,of  Comhill,wbowss 
masti'r  of  the  Comiwny  in  1700,  and  died  tai  1803; 
and  was  grandson  of  the  Rer.  James  Bate  Barter 
of  St.  Paurs,  Deptford.  «ho  di  d  1775.  Of  tUs 
divine,  and  of  his  brother,  the  Rex.  Jidien  Bste, 
who  died  in  1771,  and  of  their  father,  the  Rer. 
Richard  Bute, .  nd  other  members  of  this  leaned 
family,  see  Nichols'  "Literary  Aneedotea,**  toL 
Tii.  p.  24. 

Aug.  23.  Accidentally  drowned  by  the  iwaHp- 
ing  of  a  boat,  on  the  CMst,  near  Wembury.  ara 
21,  James  JamieiKm  Cor<  on  esq.,  inn.,  of  Cans 
(  ollegc,  Cambridge,  youngest  son  of  James  Jaada- 
son  Cordes,  esq  ,  of  the  wood  avds.  Monmoaih. 

Aug.  25.  At  Port  Royal,  Jamuea,  on  bearl 
H.M.'s.  ''Euryalus,'*  Capt.  Alezanjer  Baassy, 
son  of  the  late  Rear-Adm.  Ramsay. 

At  Brooklyn,  by  being  thrown  from  his  car- 
riage, Mr.  U.  H.  steers,  the  well-known  shto- 
builder,  and  modeller  of  the  celebrated  yaeat 
**  America,"  and  the  steam-shipa  "Niacua" 
and  '*  Adriatic." 

Aug.  27  At  Plantation  Relianee,  Esacqdbs^ 
British  Guiana,  aged  56,  Donald  Maeklntosh,  cs^ 

A  ug.  20.  At  the  Ro^  Hot^pital,  Chelsea,  agsi 
64,  Captain  Pcevor,  Capt.  of  InTalida,  and  late  of 
H.M.'s  17th  Regt. 

Sept.  3.  At  Egham-hill,  Surrey,  InchlldUith, 
Elizabeth  Anne,  wife  of  the  Rer.  C.  J.  Waif»> 
bougie,  M.A..  curate  of  F^rban,  and  eldeaft  du. 
of  T.  P.  Stone,  esq.,  of  Barrow-on-8oai. 

At  Redl  ip-house.  near  Dartmmith,  Hannak. 
second  surviving  dan.  of  8.  Clark,  esq.,  laleflff 
Ilfracombe. 

Aired  75,  Thomas  Maohell,  esq.,  M.&C.Bh  Ih^ 
merly  of  Wolsingham,  and  Bemen*<^t.,  ~ 
author  of  several  scientific  inventiona. 

Sept.  4.    At  Gonville-bouse,  Cambridge, 
73,  Eliisa,  widow  of  William  Crowe,  esq. 

At  Shirley,  aged  86,  Sarah,  rellot  of 
Steeple,  esq.  .  _ 

Sept.  5.  At  Cale-green,  Stockport,  aged  71^ 
Sarah,  widow  of  Charles  Towers  Long,  ea^,  laH 
of  Stysteads,  Chelmsford. 

At  Lago^  West  Cosst  of  AfHea,  drowned  if 
the  up<«tting  of  a  canoe,  whi>st  embaildi 
England,  Thomas  llutton,  esq.,  of  Ospa 
Castle. 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


657 


fyrpt.  6.  At  Madeira,  aprcd  73,  Thomas  IIoM-ard 
Edwards,  esq.,  m^Tchnnt,  for  nearly  60  years  a 
ro>i(Iint  at  that  island. 

At  Funcluil.  Madeira,  of  cholera,  aged  47,  Ar- 
ch ibad  r.  U"ss,  esq.,  M.D. 

iSt'/tf.  7.  At  Vienna,  Major  Percy  Inaacpon,  of 
the  3id  Drapoons,  Austrian  Army,  third  son  of 
the  late  Stuteville  Isaacson,  esq.,  R.N. 

At  Norwich,  aped  44,  Mrs.  Lofhis,  only  dau. 
of  the  Kev.  W.  U.  Clayton,  of  that  city,  Hector  of 
Ityhurph,  and  widow *of  the  Rev.  Artnur  Loftun, 
Hector  of  Fincham,  Norfolk. 

At  Manchester,  Jemima,  wife  of  Georpe  F. 
^Vhart(m,  esq.,  solicitor,  and  dau.  of  Mr.  Robert 
Cox,  of  Calow,  m  ar  Chesterfield. 

Sept.  8.  At  the  Rectory,  Polebrook,  Northamp- 
tonshire, aped  84,  Caroline,  wife  of  Rev.  Charles 
Eiiseby  Isham,  ;ind  mother  of  that  unfortunate 
lady,  'Mrs.  Welch  Hxmt,  of  Wadenhoe,  near 
Ouhdle,  who  was  so  cruelly  murdered  near  Na- 
ples, by  banditti,  in  1824,  in  her  bridal  tour. 

At  Cerne  Abbas,  aged  33,  Mr.  Mitchell  Sim- 
mon ds,  of  Dorchester,  Dorset,  for  some  years  the 
proi)rietor  of  the  *'  Salisbury  and  ^Vilt^Ili^e  Ue- 
rahl." 

Sf-pt.  1).  At  Bell  Vue,  Barbadoe«,  aped  77, 
Lieut. -Col.  Auton,  universally  esteemed  for  rec- 
titude of  character  and  urbanity  of  manners. 

^V;;^  10.  At  Bur)'  St.  Edmund's,  aped  79,  the 
wife  of  J.  Chapman,  esq.,  formerly  OJ  Bungay. 
At  Dieppe,  Lieut.-Col.  Ferdinand  WhiU*,  C.B. 
At  Richmond,  Mr.  Robert  Brown,  one  of  the 
Bowyer  annuitants  at  Stationers' -hall ;  a  leamc  d 
printer,  who  was  many  years  well  known  and 
respected  as  u  useful  reader  in  several  printing 
offices  in  London.  He  wjis  one  of  the  five  sons 
of  Mr.  Matthew  Brown,  master-printer,  of  St. 
Johirs-sqxuire  ;  who,  failing  in  business,  became 
afterwards  one  of  Mr.  Bowyer's  i)rincipal  assist- 
ants, and  died  in  1818;  and  prandson  of  Mr. 
Robert  Brown,  printer,  who  was  master  of  the 
Stationers'  Coujpany  in  1777,  and  died  in  1781. 
He  was  on  the  maternal  side.  The  late  Mr. 
Brown  was  related  to  the  family  of  Mr.  Bathurst, 
bookseller,  Fleet-st.,  who  died* in  1780,  and  was 
supposed  to  be  a  Barcmet,  thouph  he  did  not 
a.'^sume  the  title.  Sec  NichoUs'  ♦'  Literary  Anec- 
dotes." 

Srpt,  11,  At  Oxford-parade,  Gloucester,  Sarah, 
relict  of  William  .Vkid  May,  esq.,  Ordnance  Store- 
ket^per,  Bermuda. 

At  Madeira,  aped  4.'»,  Geo.  Gibbs,  esq.,  of  the 
firm  of  Ruth<  rford.  (Jibbs,  aiid  Co.,  of  that  island. 
Aped  11,  Augustus,  son  of  Col.  Brouphton.  re- 
sidinp  at  PowcU-villu,  Chickerhell,  near  Wey- 
mouth.    It  appears  that  about  the  middle  of 
Thursday  the  deceased  complained  of  a  slipht 
head  iche,  and  his  mother  sent  a  servant  girl  to 
thf  shop  of  Mr.  Barling,  chtmist,  of  Weymouth, 
witfi  a  note  requesting  '•  an  aperient  draight  for 
a  child  11  yeais  of  ape."    The  servant  gave  the 
note  to  cne  of  the  as»«b<tants,  but  it  seems  that  a 
lad  in  the  shop,  13  years  of  age,  was  desiretl  to 
get  the  aperient  **  black-draught."    Bv  mistake 
or  neplipence,  he  put  up  a  portion  of  •*  bLick- 
drop,"  a  mixture  of  opiiim,  which  was  admi- 
nistered to  the  boy,  and  sh'Ttly  after  he  bi'camo 
comatose,  and  notwithstanding  that  medical  aid 
was  called  in,  he  died  in  a  sht»rt  time.    The  jury 
at  the  inque-^t  found  that  the  deceased  had  died 
from  the  effects  of  oi)iuni  being  administered  to 
hiin  instead  of  bhick-<lraught,  and  expressed 
their  strong  disapprobation  of  allowing  young 
per^'on?'  in  the  employ  of  druggists  to  dispense 
metUcine  \intil  th<'y  are  properly  qualified  by  ex- 
p«  rience  to  do  so. 

arpf.  12.  At  Plymouth,  aged  23,  Lieut.  John 
Frech-rick  Griffiths,  R.N.,  son  of  M^jor  F.  A. 
(irirtiths.  R.F.P.,  R.A. 

At  the  R.  M.  C.»ll.,  Sandhurst,  Emily,  wife  of 
Col.  rrcis-;er,  Lieut. -(iovernor. 

i>rpf.  l.J.  At  llmiuhter,  of  dropsy,  aged  44, 
Cliarles  Joshua  Brown,  esq.,  solicitor. 

.\t  Emma-pl..  Stonehouse,  aged  8tt,  Ilarriet, 
relict  of  Edw.ird  Church-ll,  esq. 

Gekt.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


Abraham  Clarke,  esq.,  of  Holt,  near  Mine- 
head. 

Sf/it.  14.  Mrs.  Sarah  Ann  Phillip>«,  an  in- 
dependent lady,  re«<idinp  in  St.  Thomas-st.,  liOn- 
don-bridpe,  conmiittcd  siiicide  on  Sunday  by 
takinp  oil  of  bitter  almonds.  She  had  for  many 
years  been  sul  jict  to  violent  pains  in  the  head, 
brought  on  by  her  being  suddenly  informed, 
whilst  on  a  sick  bed,  of  the  great  fire  at  the 
Tower  of  l^ndon. 

At  Yatelv-hall,  Hants,  Mary  Ann,  widow  of 
the  late  Henry  Parker  Collett,  esq. 

Sept.  15.  At  Uxbvidge,  aged  81,  Robinson 
Wordsworth,  esq.,  formerly  of  Harwich  iind 
Whiti'huv<  n. 

At  Hatfield,  in  Yorkshire,  Jane,  the  wife  of 
"William  Matthews,  esq.,  M.D  ,  and  fourth  dau. 
of  the  late  T.  S.  Arnold.  es<i.,  M.D.,  Stamford. 

Sept.  16.  At  Tliirlestune  Castle,  aged  04,  the 
Right  Hon.  Eleanor,  (Countess  of  Lauderdale. 
Her  ladyship  was  the  wiilow  of  James,  eighth 
Earl  of  l.auderdale,  who  died  Sept.  13,  1839,  by 
whom  she  had  surviving  issue  the  i)resent  earl, 
the  Hon.  Sir  Anthony  Maitland,  Ludy  Eleanor 
Balfour,  and  Lady  MaVy  .Stanley. 

At  Shireley,  Southampton,  aged  61,  John  Bcres- 
ford,  esq.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  and  brother  of  the 
present  Bishop  of  Kilmore,  and  for  thiity-one 
years  Colonial  Secretary  oi  the  Island  of  St.' Vin- 
cent, West  Indies. 

At  Ilolywell-st.,  Millhank,  aged  77,  John  Ber- 
nard Sale,  esq.,  formerly  musical  instructor  to 
her  Majesty.  The  Queen  has  granted,  out  of 
her  privy  piirse,  £50  a-year  to  the  two  daughters 
of  Mr.  Sale. 

Of  a  spasmodic  affection  of  the  heart,  Thomas 
Kevin,  esq.,  of  Ranscomhe,  and  formerly  of  Trc- 
Ttnson-house,  Cornwall ;  many  years  a  deputy- 
lieut.  for  the  former  county. 

At  Weymouth,  ag(  d  66,  Capt.  Simon  Fowler, 
many  years  harbour-master  of  that  port. 

Aped  75,  Joseph  Marshall,  esq.,  of  Waldersea- 
hou'ie,  Wisbech. 

Charlotte  Wilhelmina,  relict  of  "Westhy  Per- 
cival,  of  Kniphtsbrook,  eo.  Meat'',  and  Carrick- 
makeegan,  co.  I^itiim,  esq.,  J. P.,  and  eldest  dau. 
of  M:ijor-(ien  Thos.  Ilawkshaw,  of  the  H.E.I.C.S, 
In  Uj^per  Seymour-st.  West,  aped  82,  Maria, 
wMow  of  Thos.  Barrow,  esq..  Great  Baddow, 
Essex. 

Aged  84,  EHzabeth.  widow  of  the  Rev.  Richard 
Heme  Shepherd,  of  Chelsea. 

At  Belprave-pl.,  Blackheath,  Susannah  Eliza- 
beth, wife  of  the  Rev.  G.  B.  Dauheney. 

At  Woodbridge,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  A.  G.  Brooke, 
esq. 

Sept.  17.  At  Ca«tellamare,  Naples,  the  Hon. 
Susiin  Agnes,  wife  of  Francis  Dennis  Masby 
Daw.son.  esq.,  and  eldest  dau.  of  Lord  Sinclair. 

At  Northcote-cottage,  Twickenham,  aged  79, 
Soi)hia,  relict  of  John  Goddard,  esq. 

At  Rumhill-houso,  near  Taunton,  aged  74, 
Mary,  relict  of  the  late  Wm.  Cadbury,  esq. 

At  Accrington,  I^ncashire,  Jane,'  wife  of  the 
Rev.  R.  N.  Feathcrston,  formerly  Incumbent  of 
Gateshead. 

At  lA>ng  Stratton,  aped  81,  Elizabeth,  relict  of 
Walter  Carver,  esq.,  late  of  Stratton  St.  Miihael, 
Norfolk. 

At  Redear,  Thos.  Smith  Rndd,  esq.,  third  son 
of  the  late  Bartholomew  Rudd,  esq.,  of  Murton- 
lodge,  Clevelund,  Yorkshire. 
At  Laneham,  aged  53,  Robert  Olossop,  csa. 
At  Westbury-on-Trym,  mar  Bristol,  aged  33, 
Robert,  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Laurie,  of  the 
Hon.  East  India  Company's  Bombay  Establish- 
ment. 

Sept.  18.  At  Brixton,  aged  79,  Anne,  relict  of 
Major  Deshoii,  late  of  the  85th  Regt.,  and  of 
Baynbam,  Gloucestershire. 

At  Edinburgh,  Ann  Livington  Colina   Mac- 

Dougall,  dau.  of  the  late  Patrick  MacDougall, 

esq.,  of  MacDoagall,  and  wife  of  Geo.  Locke,  esq. 

At  8mith field-bars,  Mary,  wife  of  James  Betts, 

esq.,  distiller. 

4Q 


658 


Obituary. 


[Nff 


I 
i' 


.    I 


At  Boulogiip,  afred  57,  Alexander  Clendining, 
c^q.,  Kccoud  Mm  of  the  lute  (io(i.  Clendiiiinfr,  ei<q.| 
of  WcstiM)!t,  Ireland. 

At  Ashbourne,  af»ed  70,  Copt,  llichard  lUd- 
dle>-d(  n,  half-p;iy  4th  K<Mit. 

At  Wpsi.(n<l-c()tla(fe,  Mortlake,  Surrey,  aged 
83,  ("harlt's  Kinp,  esq. 

At  hi-*  rcsidt  nte,  the  Vale,  Ilamsgate,  aped  70, 
Geortie  KiiMm,  e«^. 

At  Ik'linont-l'Kljre,  Wray-j)ark-road,  Reipate, 
Martha,  rclic-t  of  Wm.  Williams,  es<i.,  of  Pem- 
brokt  -house,  Ilnckmy. 

A^'ed  '22,  ^Ir.  Arthur  John  Herbert,  eldest  son 
of  the  Uoyal  Academician,  of  typhoide  fever,  at 
Muriac,  iii  Aiivorjriie.     K.I. P. 

iS'.///.  UK  At  Kinds' own,  a^'ed  Rl,  the  Dowaper 
Co  ntess  ot  Ilowth.  She  \%as  sihirr  of  :he  late 
Sir  John  Hiirke,  Uart.,  of  MarhlL'-hill,  co.  Gal- 
vav. 

At  the  Guicowar  Uawaly,  Ahemadabad,  aped 
32,  of  cholera,  Jane,  wife  of  Capt.  Charles  Scott, 
Kx«  ciitive  I'npineer,  N.D.A.,  »on  of  llobut  .*^co:t, 
CM).,  of  outland. 
At  Plymouth,  api  d  l!),  W.  Jones,  esq. 
At  Ilopnor,  ave  I  2«».  \\m.  Uoht.  Ilardwicke, 
e«!q.,  P. .v..  «)f  Trin.  Coll.,  Ciniih,,  A'^-^ociate  of 
Kini?*>»  Col'.,  I.imdon,  and  on  y  •H'U  of  Mr.  \Vm. 
llardi'  i-  k;'.  o   (  amdon-hoM^e. 

W  Pri:-'l.ton,  .Vox  imK  r  .Villon  I)ick«»<)n,  esq., 
of  lli)(lncy-tt  r.,  I.ondiiii,  second  son  of  the  lute 
John  I)i«  ks«)n,  es<].,  W.S.,  Kdinhurpti,  and  i;rand- 
8on  of  the  latr  D  .v. d  Dickson,  esq.,  of  Locker- 
woods,  Duiiiti  icsshire. 

Aired  70,  Ji>hn  Kylcy,  estj.,  one  of  the  magis- 
trates «f  Leivoter. 

.At  r.oiihi:,'  e—ur-Mer,  aped  38,  Charh>tte 
Sarah,  \\ifi'  of  John  Watkins,  v<i\.,  (f  F.ilcon- 
8q.,  and  ecind  <iau.  of  the  late  Lewis  Powfll, 
cs<i  ,  of  On  .ur  (ilyntawi'.  Itp  coiishirc,  J. P. 

A.'id  7J.  Mi>s  Walker,  of  Mashrouph-ht).,  near 
Rot'iierh  m. 

.\t  Southend,  Mary  Jane,  wife  of  Capt.  Hodges, 
ClaiMidon-road,  lad  intrton. 

At  Larehvind,  N.B.,  Henry  Forbes,  os*]. 
.\t  Si|ti-h,  a-j^od ''J,  Mary,'wi<"ow  of  the  l%ev. 
John  Kieh:iriN,  of  IVith,  :ind  inothrr  o:  the  Kev. 
J.  W.  }{irh:irds,  o:  the  Close,  S.ili>.bury. 

At  Pelmont-lodpe,  W ray-park,  Ueigale,  Mar- 
tha, relict  of  William  ^Villiums,  chi-,  of  Pem- 
broke-houtie,  llacknev. 

^r/>t.  20.  At  Clifton-terr.Jce,  Nottinp-hill.  Jane 
Vaughan,  youn«e>t  dau.  of  the  late  Francis  Pink- 
ney,  esq.,  t»f  Whitehall,  and  Swansey,  (ilamor- 
pm,  autboros  of  Mveral  works  <if  tio'tion. 

At  W<Hi<lm:in*terne,  Surr  y.  aped  31,  Frances, 
wife  of  James  >ydnev  St'ipfofd,  esq. 

In  Dix's  lield,  i;x('t<T,  aped«»l,  Prisoira,  widow 
of  Jo'm  Fry,  es'i.,  und  last  Mirvivinp  si>ter  of  the 
late  Joshu.i  Williajiis,  (s(|.,  of  Perndire-hou«=e. 

At  Pa  h.  the  wile  of  the  Kev.  K.  IL  Lanuford, 
Reet(»r  ot  Mar  sbury,  and  dau.  of  the  Kev.  Wil- 
li.mi  II-  rritl.!«\  vicar  of  Uradford,  S<mier*-et. 

.\t  the  Ki-ctory,  Kwelme,  Oxon,  aired  7  years 
ami  10  mont'is,"Kilw.ird  Huiton,  third  Kin  of 
>Villi:»iM  Jac«)hsiin,  | ).!>.,  Kepius  profeK.M)r  of 
Divinity  in  the  r::iver«ity  of  Oxford. 

At  Trc'lith,  ap.  d  7l>,"  Judith,  w.fi-  of  John 
Bra 'Idem,  esq 

At  his  residence,  Lorn-road,  Brixton -road, 
after  a  lonp  and  painful  illness,  aired  .'»U,  .Mr. 
Jose])  I  Wriirhtson,  formerly  of  Canterbury,  and 
for  iipwards  of  IS  years'  the  Kditor  of  the 
•'  Weekly  Uis;  atch,*'  ha\ii)fr  succeeded  the  late 
Mr.  S.  Smit'i  ( iNo  (if  Canterbury,  in  th:tt  otilce. 
At  Can  I m-prove,  .Morninp-iid'\  Klinburirh, 
Dr.  Sa'Mu- 1  IJnJwn,  .ifler  a  severe  and  protracti'd 
illiic— '  of  ei'jht  years. 

At  n-pithorpe,  neir  L<mtrhbro',  verysuddenlv, 
upeil  7">.  \nne  Jessie,  irliet  ot  the  Kcv.'W.  Putsi-y, 
la*e  Ki'ctor  of  Mantiin-i>'i-l1ie-WiiIds,  near  N<it- 
tiri:'!i  i'li.  :inil  to«iM  ny  ye.i:- mn-tir  t>f  tln-Cr.nn- 
ni  If  S.  'lo'il.  I'iekeri'i.',  'Yiirk-«hir.-. 

At  Fit/rny-ter  .  i.'e_'e:if— p;irk,  aired  ici,  Th«»- 
mi"  ll.iytDU,  e-i].,  oi  »»t.jmlord  und  Kilsby,  iu 
thi*  county  of  Nortlmiuptuu. 


At  the  mideiiee  of  his  vnclf,  OoiL  FMdl 
Browne,  C.B.,  Gloce*ter-€re»c.,  Beirmt'ib^wi 
aped  42,  Captain  Ix-wis  Alexr.  Bord,  a6tb  BLey 

Srfit.  21.    In  London,  aged  43,  Mr.  £d«a 
Bailiio,  plass-stainer  aid  pa  nter,  a  n.-tive 
Gateshead,  and  painter  of  tne  bountiful  ftaim 
glass  window,  **Shak^pere  Reading  a  PUj 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  Court,**  ao  much  a 
mired  at  the  Great  Kxhibition  of  1851. 

At  Langham-Manor-Cottago,  Norfolk,  aged  i 
Come'.iuH  Kijipingall,  e#q. 

At  Dorchester,  Oxon.  aged  74,  Wm.  Cos,  eai 

At  the  >'anor-ho.,  Draycott  Derbyshire,  ag 
77,  Henry  Oldknow,  e^q.^  formerly  for  many  yci 
Rurpi  on  to  the  General  Hotipitol,  Nottingham. 

At  Guernsey,  John  (iandion,  c»q.,  for  20  yei 
Judge  of  the  island  of  Aldemey. 

At  Seafleld-lodge,  Emaworth,  Ilantii,  aged  I 
Charles  Matson,  esq. 

At  Port  ^t.  Per^,  near  Nantea,  Edmund,  lOB 
the  ReT.  Thomas  Neatc. 

At  Kxeter,  nged  G9,  Suaan  Downing,  wife 
John  Meares,  IJeut.  K.M.,  retired. 

At  Tunbridirc  Wells,  aged  (il),  James  Patena 
es(i.,  of  Cornw:ill-ter.,  Kegent's-iiark. 

IS''pt.  2*2.  At  Westboume-ter.,  IIyde*park,  ag 
75,  William  Hunter,  esq.,  one  of  the  aldermen 
London,  and  a  magistrate  for  Mitldlesez.  I! 
health  had  been  for  some  time  declining,  and  1 
death  had  been  expect<  d  for  several  dayA.  Aide 
man  Hunter  was  the  elder  brother  of  Mr.  Jd 
Hunter,  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  son  of  the  U 
respecteil  Mr.  Andrew  Hunter.  lie  removed 
the  metroiMdis  about  fifty  years  ngo,  and  re 
through  tse  various  ranlcs  of  citic  office  to 
I^ird  iMayor  of  I^ndon  in  the  yi^ar  I8A1-3,  < 
which  (x:cahion  his  hosiitable  entertainment 
his  townsmen  at  the  M  .nsion-hoiiae,  and  bis  i 
turn  of  the  vi^it  at  Hury,  left  a  pleasant  recoUf 
tion  of  his  s  a\-ity,  kiii  Inesa,  :ind  desire  to  pi 
mote  the  cause  of  social  progress.  Ills  arti 
exertions  in  public  life,  and  hia  prirate  benei 
lenee,  will  render  his  loss  the  subject  of  ma 
regret  in  'he  nietropulis. 

In  Jermyn-st.,  St.  James's,  aged  74,  Majc 
Gen.  James  Jones,  K.H.,  and  K.  of  the  fhder 
Charles  TIL  of  Sjuin,  fourth  son  of  Michi 
Jones,  c*n\.f  fonuerlv  of  Catun,  in  the  eounij 
Lancaster,  another  Veninsular  officer.  The  gi 
lant  officer  was  foniicrly  in  ibe  15th  Dragooi 
from  which  he  retired  on  half-pay  in  Angn 
1815.  He^des  num.-rous  minor  amirs,  he  n 
enpaped  with  his  regiment  at  Talavera  and  I 
nissa,  lor  which  he  receive<l  the  silver  medal. 

At  Touliius(>,  Kichanl,  second  son  of  the  li 
Peter,  Count  I)' Alton,  of  Greenan*s-town.  < 
Tipiierarv,  und  grandson  of  Nicholaa,  14th  Ix 
TrimhMim.     K.I.  P. 

At  Mallow,  John  Aubrer  Jephson  Nonr; 
Jun.,  a  nuMulier  of  the  >Iiddlc  Temple,  a 
youngest  s<m  of  Sir  Denham  Jeplison  Norr 


. ' 


of  MaUow-casile,  in  the  co.  of  Cork,  Bart.,  M.. 

At  Chn->' church,  aged  47,  the  wife  of  Jan 
Kemp  WrNh,  cmi  ,  and  dau.  of  Thomas  Hi 
e.sq.,  formerly  of  Kurton-ho.,  near  Christchun 

At  Wipfair,  St.  Asaph,  aged  75,  Lieut 4! 
Robert  Howard,  of  the  3()th  Kegt.  unattached. 

.\t  Huecleuch-ter.,  I'pper  Clapt<m.  aged  ' 
Geo.  Julius  Dure,  esq.,  late  of  Singapore. 

At  Newnnirket,  aged  (i7.  Ann,  wile  of  CtepI 
Pilier,  e»<i. 

At  Larps,  Ayrshire.  Robert  Rarle  MonlH 
esfi.,  only  ^m  of  th*'  late  Hot.  James  Monteith 

.\ped  M,  John  Knight,  esq.,  of  Weyboorne-k 
Farnh.nn,  Surrey. 

Suddenly,  at  her  residence,  Stokes  Croft,  Ri 
tol,  aped  (i5,  KHz  ilieth,  widow  of  Mr.  John  Tv 
Rylanil,  and  only  d;iu.  of  the  late  Archdale  ^ 
kins,  I  s(i..  of  l<on  'on. 

a-fit.  'h.  At  Audley-end,  aged  56,  theDowaj 
Lady  KraybnHikc.  Her  ladyship  was  the  eld 
dau.'ot  the  s--cond  Marquis  Comwalli*,  and  m 
Ti(Ml,  in  IMIO,  th?  jiresent  Lord  Braybrau 
I'uii  of  her  sons,  Capt.  Neville,  of  the  O'renad 
Guards,  and  Mr.  Grey  Neyiltoi,  oC  th«  Mh  D 


185G.] 


Obituary. 


659 


poon  Guards,  fell  in  the  late  war,  in  which  no 
less  than  four  grandsons  of  Marquis  ('oriiwalli.^ 
gave  up  ihcir  lives  to  their  country,  viz.,  the 
two  ^Mllant  ofticL-rs  just  named,  Capiain  Eliot,  of 
the  Coldstream  Guards,  sou  of  the  Countt-KS 
of  St.  Gerniau's,  and  Captain  Ko-s,  of  the  3rd 
Butfs,  sou  of  I^ady  Mary  Koss.  The  d  ceased 
lady  wa-  >istt'r-in-  iw  to  the  Dowager  Lady  Wen- 
lock,  of  E-icrick,  Yorkshire. 

After  a  few  hours  illness,  aged  47,  John  Gur- 
ney,  esq.,  of  EarUiam-hall,  Norwich. 

At  ICxeter,  atred  79,  Peregrine  Massinghird, 
esq.,  last  surviviig  son  of  Bennet  Langton,  esq., 
of  Langton,  Lincolnshire,  and  Mary,  Countess 
Dowager  of  Rot  lies. 

At  Bridport,  killed  by  accidentally  falling  from 
the  cliffs  east  of  the  harbour,  aged  17,  Ada,  eldest 
surviving  dau.  of  G.  Symes,  M.D. 

At  Dover,  Mary,  wife  of  John  Crabtree,  esq., 
of  Ilalesworth,  Sutlolk. 

Aged  ;J(),  Kebecca,  wife  of  Edward  Digby,  esq., 
'urgeou,  Eleet-st. 

At  Enfield,  aged  67,  Mary,  relict  of  James 
Golborne,  a^q. 

Siuldonly,  at  Brighton,  aged  44,  Maria,  relict 
of  Benjamin  Roebuck  Eenton,  esq. 

In  Sa vile-row,  aged  45,  Robert  James  Brown, 
esq. 

S'pf.  24.  At  Penlee-house,  Stoke,  Devonport, 
Katharina,  wife  of  Capt.  Arthur  Lowe,  K  N., 
ll.M.'s  "  Implacable,"  and  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Admiral  Sir  J.  A.  Ouimaney,  K.C.B. 

At  Lyniington,  aged  20,  Ellen,  second  dau.  of 
the  late  Cai)t.  John  Lillington  Badcock. 

At  Tyneniouth,  Isabella,  eldest  duu.  of  the  late 
Captain  J.  Cock,  of  Newcastle. 

At  Kensington,  aged  70,  Lieut-Col.  William 
Curphey,  Bengal  Artillery. 

At  Fiilriioutii,  suddenly,  aged  41,  Capt.  Sta<'k. 

At  Ranisgate,  aged  71,  Lieut.-Col.  Thomas 
Seott.  R..M. 

Ag»'il  60,  William  C/Oojier,  of  Ongar. 

iV'7>/.  25.  At  RoUeston-hall,  Staffordshire, 
age  I  Jl,  Oswald,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Oswald  Mos- 
ley.  Hart. 

At  CJreat  Baddow,  Essex,  of  pulmonary  dis- 
ea<f,  Trances  Louisa,  wile  of  G.  W.  Edwards, 
e>^  1  ,  of  Straiford-gieen,  Essex,  and  youngest 
d:ni.  of  the  late  John  Cozens,  c-q.,  of  Magdalen 
Laver  Hall. 

At  the  Vicarairc,  Dunchurch,  aged  90,  Charles 
John  Wheler,  esq.,  late  of  the  Spring,  KenU- 
worth,  Warwickshire,  last  surviving  son  of  the 
lat '  Sir  Charles  Wheler,  Bart.,  and  brother  to 
the  Rev.  W.  Wheler,  laie  Rector  of  Sutton-on- 
Derwent. 

At  Ip-wich,  aged  5'»,  Frances  Jane,  widow  of 
the  Kev.  (Jeorgo  Smallcy,  late  Viear  of  Deben- 
haiii,  and  Minister  of  St.  John's  Episcopal  Chapel, 
Gravoend. 

At  Portswood-park,  Southampton,  aged  36, 
Sarah,  widow  of  Charles  A.  Dalby,  esq.,  M.D., 
formerly  of  Ashliy-de-la-Zouch. 

.V'Vy/.  '2H.  At  Oaklands,  OUehampton,  aged  81, 
Mary,  rehet  of  John  (ioodman  Maxwell,  and  dau. 
of  the  late  Rev.  Wm.  Peacock,  Rector  of  Wooley, 
Huntingdonshire. 

At  Newbridge.  Ireland,  aged  26,  Lieut.  Wm. 
Stirling,  Royal  Horse  Artillery. 

S.iinuel  Rolls  Ewcn,  esq.,  barri»ter-at-law. 

In  St.  Jaiues-st.,  Mary,  wife  of  John  Vcre 
Ishain,  esq. 

At  Chalfont  St.  Giles,  Bucks,  aged  78,  Francis 
Richardson,  esq.,  of  I'pper  Portland-pl.,  and  late 
of  the  Madras  Civil  Service. 

At  her  house,  Hammersmith,  aged  53,  Miss 
Cheveiey,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Wm.  WoUaston 
Chevek  y,  c-q.,  ot  Russell-pl.,  Fitzroy-sq. 

At  Tolliiigton-park,  Ilomsey-road,  aged  75, 
Elizabeth,  widow  of  Nicholas  Bartlctt,  esq.,  of 
Lower  Clapttm. 

Srpt.  27.  At  Broadwinsor,  Dorset,  aged  70, 
John  Stud  ley,  esq. 

At  Falmouth,  aged  83,  Chas.  Fred.  Crabbe, 
esq.,  suri^eon,  K.N. 


Sept.  28.  At  Dromoland,  in  the  county  of  Clare, 
Lady  O'Brien,  widow  of  the  late  Sir  Edw.  O'Brien, 
Bart.,  M.P.  This  melancholy  event  was  occa- 
sioned by  injuries  received  by  a  full  down  stairs  a 
few  days  ago.  In  Lady  O'Brien  were  combined 
all  the  graces  and  accoiniilishments,  as  well  as 
virtues,  that  could  adorn  her  sex.  Her  death-bed 
wa;4  surrounded  by  her  fond  and  loving  children. 
By  Lady  O'Brien's  demise  vast  estates  in  the 
counties  of  Limerick  and  Clare  will  devolve  on 
her  eldest  son,  Ix)rd  Inchiquin,  Lord  Lieut,  of 
the  county  of  Clare  ;  and  her  second  son,  W.  S. 
O'Brien,  esq.,  of  Cahermoyle,  obtains  an  inrrcase 
to  his  income  from  the  family  proi)erty  of  about 
jB^JOOO  per  annum,  the  deceased  lady  having  en- 
joyed a  life-interest  to  that  amount  in  the  Cahir- 
moyle  estate,  and  which  was  strictly  settled  on 
Mr.  Smith  O'Brien  and  his  heirs  after  her  demise. 
At  Bristol,  aged  57,  Jas.  Wellington,  esq.,  bro- 
ther of  Thos.  Wellington,  esq.,  Blandford. 

At  Brighton,  aged  63,  Anne,  widow  of  Lieut.- 
Col.  Rowley,  H.E.I  .C.S. 

At  his  resi«lencc,  Becchen-cliff-villa,  Bath,  aged 
68.  Geo.  Shaw,  esq,.  Alderman  of  the  Ward 
of  Lydcombc  and  Widcombe. 

At  Douglas,  Islc-of-Man,  Jane,  widow  of  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Aislabie. 

At  Great  Stanmore,  aged  50,  Richard  Moseley, 
esq. 

Aged  72,  Chas.  Penrose,  esq.,  of  Little  Brick- 
hill,  Bucks. 

At  the  residence  of  her  father,  Perry-st.,  near 
Northlieet,  Kt-nt,  aged  25,  Sophia,  youngest  and 
only  surviving  dau.  of  Francis  Octavius  Bedford, 
esq. 

At  her  residence.  Upper  Brook-st.,  Grosvenor- 
sq.,  Elenora,  relict  of  Robert  Masters  Kerrison, 
M.D.,  F.R.S. 

At  York-terr.,  Regent's-park,  aged  75,  Thomas 
Coster,  esq. 

Sept.  29.  At  I/)ngfleet,  Poole,  aged  79,  Mrs. 
Dickin<ion,  mother  of  II.  W.  Dicluuson,  esq., 
Town  Clerk. 

At  Framlingham,  aged  105,  Mary  Moore,  widow ; 
for  the  last  twenty-eight  years  an  out-door  reci- 
pient of  the  charity  funds  left  for  the  poor  by  Mr. 
Thos.  Mills. 

At  Ardwick,  near  Manchester,  aged  52,  James 
Ashton,  esq. 

At  the  Royal  Hospital,  Chelsea,  aged  64,  Capt. 
Peevor,  Capt.  of  Invalids,  and  late  of  U.M.*s 
17th  Rcgt. 

»SV/>/.  30.  At  Keythorpe-hall,  Leicestershire, 
aged  56,  the  Lady'  Berners,  wife  of  I^rd  Ber- 
ners,  of  Keythorpe-hall.  By  this  melancholy 
event  the  poor  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Key- 
thorpe-hall have  been  deprived  of  a  kind  bene- 
factor, whose  amiable  and  benevolent  disposition 
was  a  source  of  continual  blessings  to  all  around 
her.  Lady  Hemers  was  the  eldest  daughter  and 
co-heir  of'  Col.  George  Crump,  of  AUexton-hall, 
and  was  the  cousin  of  her  husband,  whom  she 
married  in  1823. 

The  late  Baron  de  Robeck.—The  painful  spe- 
c  .lat ions  which  the  mysterious  dis;ippearance 
of  the  late  Haron  de  liobeck  gave  rise  to  are 
at  length  set  at  rest.  On  S.iturday  evening  last 
the  body  of  this  ill-fated  nobleman  was  found  in 
the  river  Liffey,  under  circumstances  which  leave 
no  doubt  that  he  met  his  death  by  accidental 
drowning.  The  body,  which  was  found  in  an 
advanced  state  of  decomposition,  had  on  it  the 
clothes  which  the  Haron  wore  on  the  30th  of 
September,  and  all  the  appendages— viz.,  a  gold 
watch  and  chain,  gold  spectacles,  gold  eye-glass, 
gold  pencilcase,  &c.,  were  found  in  their  proper 
places.  The  gloves  w^erc  on  the  hands  of  the 
body,  but  the  right  boot  was  missinuL  It  is  sup- 
posed that  in  tlic  effort  to  extricifxc  the  body 
from  the  sand,  in  which  it  was  deeply  imbedde^ 
the  boot  came  off  the  right  foot  and  remained 
behind.  An  inquest  having  been  held,  the  jury 
returned  the  following  verdict :— "  We  find  that 
the  late  Baron  de  Ro^k  was  found  drowned  in 
tbe  river  Liffey,  in  Capt.  Colthurst't  demeene^ 


GGO 


Obituary. 


[Nov. 


on  the  ovcninff  of  the  lUh  of  October,  and  wc 
b'licvc  him  to  have?  ben  accidon'allv  tlrowne.l 
noar  the  s ilium  Leap  on  the  nvcnin.^  of  the 
301:1  of  Siri)to:n')or  last." 

At  Newport,  near  Birn-ttaplo,  aTcd  ^if  Dr. 
EihvanN,  of  UpiK'r  (ieorKC-'*t.,  IJryaUHton-sq., 
Loailon. 

At  lt<mrneinouth,  aijo.l  81,  France*,  eldest 
chilli  of  Patrick  Colqiihonn,  LL.I).,  and  sister  of 
the  I  ite  representative  of  the  Ilan^e  Town"*,  Che- 
valier (le  ( 'olquhoun. 

At  Southall,  Middlesex,  ajfed  (>'>,  Mr«.  Mary 
(jroves,  relict  of  Jame**  K')lfe,  esq.,  of  Orchard- 
house,  CJerrard's-cross,  Buck'*. 

At  Dolewili'n,  CarraartheuMhire,  affcd  71,  Capt. 
W.  (i.  n.  Protherhoe,  half-pay,  5(ith  Rejc.,  and 
fornu'rly  of  the  KJth. 

At  Ke  ^rave-hall,  Suffolk,  nfred  73,  Frances 
Ann,  widow  of  Uobert  Xcwtm    hawc,  esq. 

U.  Lind<iel,  cmi.,  of  Fairtield-hDU**  ■,  BiorKles- 
wade,  «.ne  of  the  magistrates  for  the  county  of 
JJi'dJord. 

At  Blaircastle,  Miss  Frances  Bruce  Dundas,  of 
Blaireastle. 

Liiff/if,  ajrcd  22.  Mr.  J.  Powell.  This  promi.s- 
inp  younp  artist  gained  successively  the  .«5ilvcr 
med  il  for  the  best  druwini;  from  the  antic^ue, 
u:id  las"  vear  the  gold  medal  given  biennially  by 
the  Roya'l  Ac  ulemy  for  the  best  historical  paint- 
ing. The  subject  of  the  prize  on  this  occa.sion 
Was  "till'  De.Jth  of  Alribi.ule.s." 

.\t  Liv.  rpiol,  aged  IKJ,  the  late  Miss  Twenty- 
man,  of  l)uke-st.  Sh.-  wa-s  born  in  the  year  17(k>, 
wiicii  the  p  ipulation  of  Liveri>ool  yt'ia  2«5,(iOO. 
She  <iutlivt'd  generations  of  friends  and  ar-qnaint- 
anees,  and  >till  It-fl  behind  her  very  many  who 
ch  rish  the  ri'membrance  of  her  lady-like  and 
wjeial  qualities,  and  dicply  regret  Ikt  departure. 
Her  freshness  of  mind  and  faculties  to  the  latest 
P'liod  was  rmiarkiib  e.  She  was  distinguislu«<l 
for  her  benevolence  while  living,  and  has  left  the 
followiui;  legacies  to  eharit:ible  institutitms:  — 
The  Blue  Coat  Ilwpital  a- id  Intirmary,  each 
5(M)  guineas  ;  the  Northern  and  Southern'  Ilospi- 
taK,  eaeh  4iK)  Kuin<>a-( ;  Dispensary,  Church  of 
r.n-.{land  ScIkkiIs,  Ladies"  CU.jrity,  sViund  for  the 
Blind,  Welsh  Charity,  Female  l'enit»-ntiary,  Pro- 
vid  nt  Soviet y.  Female  Or;ih m  .\sylum,'Si'h(M>l 
for  the  De.if  and  Duiub,  ()|i!halmic'  Institution, 
inul  U  iiji,'ed  School,  each  l0'»  guineas;  the  Lying- 
in-H>spit  il,  l.)0  (!uin  Its;  anil  the  Stringers' 
Fi  i.iid  Society  and  Uovfrnesses'  Institution,  each 
5')  iruineas. 

Is.iae  JLirgraves,  esq.,  of  Tunbridge  Wells, 
has  lH'i]ueat  lel  t )  the  TunbriMge  Wells  Dis- 
pensarv  and  Infirm  »rv,  C5<M> ;  to  the  Beui-volent 
M.dieilC.lUve,  OOO;  and  CJOO  to  the  Brighton 
Hospital. 

Benjamin  Ogden,  esq.,  of  Bristol,  his  bo- 
qU'Mthed  C2.')»  to  the  Koyal  Inflr.nary,  C2.>()  to 
the  Blind  .\sylum,  and  other  charitable  bc- 
qui'sts, 

Thomas  Bej-nolds,  esq.,  has  left  to  the  Norfolk 
and  Norwich'llospital  CKni,  au'l  small  leu'ieies 
t')  t  leven  other  charitable  institutiims  in  Nor- 
wich. 

At  Stone,  as:ed  103,  Jolm  II'Mlson.  I'ntil 
wituin  the  last  twelve  months  he  might  daily  be 
hcen  tlriving  c:)ws  to  milk  thnnighthe  town.'  He 
po-ses-!ed  the  perfect  use  of  his  faculties,  with 
the  exeei)tion  of  his  hearing,  tiil  he  last.  IliM 
fa  iiily  shew  an  interesting  reie  of  the  old  man's 
— a  liifht  blue  frock  ctwt  which  he  wore  on 
sixty  eousrcutive  dub-days,  at  the  .Stone  Fair 
f'hib.      Wufnr/iainpfnu  Chnmuh'. 

\\  Wind-  »r,  aged  77,  .lames  Merrick,  cme  of 
the  oldest  servants  of  the  Ko\:il  Houst.-hold.  Ife 
had  serve  l^liiring  f«mr  n-igns,  and  was  pen- 
sioned oJf  MNo  or  three  ye.ir.s  ago  on  €lo  per 
annum.  Disires-ing  to  siy,  he  has  U'ft  a  wife  of 
his  own  age  totally  blind,  and  a  daughter  a 
crij)))!.',  lM»ih  wliol  y  un|)rovidi(l  for. 

Agi'«l  U,  Mr.  William  llirvey,  the  pantomi- 
mist  and  ballet-niasti-r,  well  known  at  many  of 
the  London  and  provincial  tUcat**^  coounitt^ 


suicide  by  lamping  into  the  flea  from  the  "Hdea 
M'Orcgor''  striim-Ahip,  on  her  last  voyage  from 
Hamburgh  to  Hull.  The  unfortunate  mtn  hid 
been  ful Ailing  an  eng^goment  at  the  TriToli 
Uardens,  Copenhagen,  and  while  there  a  mi*- 
uiiderstnnding  arose  between  him  and  another 
party.  Harvev  had  the  offending  party  taken 
before  the  head  of  the  police  at  Copenhagen,  who 
reprimanded  him.  After  thin  it  i«  said  that  he 
Rworc  he  would  be  revenged  upon  Ilarrey,  and 
the  latter  seems  to  have  cntertiiined  a  ntroiig  be- 
lief that  he  would  carry  hid  threat  into  execu- 
tion. His  engagement  terminated  on  the  30th 
of  Soptembor,  and  he  wa^v  on  his  way  to  Dahlin 
to  fulfil  an  engagement  at  the  Quoen*n  Theatre. 
1'he  deceased  left  several  papers  which  he  had 
written  on  board  the  ship,  and  which  shewed  a 
most  determined  intention  of  committing  self- 
destruction  ;  at  the  same  time  it  is  evident  thit 
his  mind  was  in  a  dUturbed  state.  lie  han  left  a 
wife  and' two  children. 

Oct.  1.  At  Grandtullj-castle,  Perthshire,  Lady 
Stewart,  of  Grandtully. 

At  Uostlen,  near  Guildford,  the  rcaldence  of 
C.  H.  I*ilgrini,  esq.,  aged  47,  CoL  Fredc  rick  Geo. 
Khewell,  C.B..  8th  Hussant.  Col.  Shewell  hid 
been  30  years  in  the  service,  commanded  the  Sih 
HusMars'at  the  famous  Balaklava  charge,  where 
he  broug'it  a  i>ortion  of  the  brigade  out  of  ae'ioa, 
and  subsequently  held  the  rank  of  Bri.-Gen.  in 
the  Crimea,  for  which  he  was  made  a  CU..  and 
awarded  a  i)ension  for  distinguished  servlcesi. 
Col.  Shewell  was  in  everv  seniK*  of  the  word  a 
g(MKl  ottieer,  and  was  high  in  the  esteem  <rf'  all 
who  knew  him. 

At  hiT  residence,  St  Hellers,  Jersey,  aged  75, 
Ann,  relict  of  Major  James  Miller,  for  many  yean 
on  the  Staff  of  that  island. 

At  Belsi/n-road,  St  John*s-wood,  aged  69, 
Henrv  Adolphus  Hawkins,  esq. 

Ag-'d  32,  William  Flasket  Lewis,  esq.,  of  West- 
boume-ter. 

At  Gloeester-st.,  Warwiek-sq.,  Jane,  wife  of 
William  I^yt-n,  esq.,  and  eldest  dau.  of  Charles 
Soames,  esq.,  of  ('oles,  Herts. 

.\t  the  C'ottago,  Oxted,  near  Godstonc,  aged  41, 
Harriet,  wife  of  Kdward  Walker,  esq. 

At  the  residence  of  K.  Weight.  e".q.,  Woking- 
ham, Berks,  aged  41,  Watkin  Charles  Kenrick, 
es<]. 

Oct.  2.  At  his  residence,  Hnsbury-sq.,  aged  M, 
Thomas  Henry  Hall,  esq.,  Lite  chairman  of  the 
City  of  Loudon  Improvement  Committee.  He 
Mas  n  respected  and  useful  member  of  the  corpo- 
ration of  the  City  of  Ix>ndon,  and  of  the  M-  tn^ 
politan  Board  of 'Works.  He  entered  the  c(»rpo- 
ration  in  1K2{>,  for  th  ■  ward  of  Culeman-st ,  wbieh 
he  represented  lor  27  years.  He  liecame  ch:ur- 
man  of  K^vcral^f  he  committeefl  of  th  •  corpora- 
tion, and  upon  each  occa-itm  he  received  the 
thanks  of  his  fellow-citixens,  as  well  as  some 
substantial  marks  of  their  favour.  On  the  27th  of 
.lan*iary,  IHis,  he  was  elected  by  the  Common 
Coimcii  the  chairman  of  the  "  Impnivt'ment  Com- 
niitti-e,"  one  of  the  mast  important  of  all  the  cor- 
poration co:nniittees,  :ind  during  his  time  soine 
most  iini>ortant  works  have  ta'«en  place,  soch  as 
the  formation  of  Cannon-st.  West,  and  the  ex- 
tension of  the  New  Farringdon-st.  to  Clerkcn- 
w  11.  On  the  12th  of  IHTembcrUnt,  Mr.  Ball  was 
chosen  a  repn-s.-ntitive  of  the  City  at  the  Board 
of  Works,  with  D.putv  Harrison  and  Mr.  H.  L. 
Tavlor. 

.Vt  Torre-abbey,  Devon,  aged  81,  Robert  Sbed- 
don,  es(i.,  f  rmer'ly  of  Br  K>klinds,  Hants,  second 
hon  of  the  late  Robert  .sheddon,  esci.,  of  Panler*- 
burv-i)ark,  Nf)rtliamptonshire,  and  Slatwood^  in 
the  Me  of  Wight. 

At  the  residence  of  his  mother,  Tibbertoa-aq., 
Islington,  ageti  25,  Robert  Usbome  Davtes,  the 
young(>r  son  of  the  late  Rev.  William  Davln,  of 
New  Shoreham,  Sussex. 

Aged  (i9,  at  Windsor,  John  Siddall,  eeq.,  Tfte^ 
rinary  surgeon  of  the  Koyal  florae  Quarda  ( Bloe). 
after  a  service  of  92  yevi  in  Uut  rBfiaiMt,  of 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


661 


whicli  he  was  the  last  remaining  member  pre- 
sent at  Waterloo. 

At  his  resiiknee,  .Mayfleld,  Sussex,  aged  56, 
M.  Wallis,  '  sq. 

At  Hrusels.  after  a  painful  illness,  Uamilton 
Fit/.-Cieruld,  esq.,  a  Commander  in  the  Royal 
Navy. 

At  Balham,  aged  84,  Mrs.  Grace  Gribhle  Whit- 
morc,  relict  of  i  ho:uas  Wni'uiore,  esq.,  formerly 
St'oretary  of  her  Majesty's  Customs,  and  of  the 
Elm-*,  Epsom. 

At  Keim  Rectory,  Devon,  aged  69,  Charlotte, 
wile  of  the  Rev.  R.'A.  St.  Li  ger. 

Aired  31,  Artliur,  youngest  son  of  the  late  James 
Stanbroiigh,  <  sq.,  of  Isleworth. 

Aged  76,  Mary,  relict  of  William  "Wilson,  esq., 
of  Linfoln-hou.se  Ponder's-end,  Middlesex. 

At  IMaLstow,  aifed  80,  Mrs.  Blood,  widow  of  the 
late  Thomas  Blood,  esq. 

Oct.  3.  At  Man^jton-terrace,  Ileavitree,  Anna- 
bella,  widow  of  T.  J.  Lloyd  Baker,  esq.,  Ilard- 
wickc-court,  Glo\iccster.<(hire. 

At  South-hou>=e,  Uolmttrth,  Jo.shna  Charles- 
worth,  esq..  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  West- 
Riding. 

()  iryena,  widow  of  William  Wittington,  esq., 
of  Steven  ige,  and  fourth  dau.  of  the  late  R  bert 
Ilinde,  esq.,  of  Preston-cast'.e,  near  Ililchin, 
Herts. 

Of  hronchiti.s,  Ann,  relict  of  Adm.  Scarle,  C.B. 
At    St.  Mary-al-ihe-Walls,    Colchester,    very 
said'leuly,  ag<d  55,  Edgar  Church,  esq.,  for  29 
years  a  i)ractising  solicitor  in  this  town. 

.V'.ied  57,  W.Owen  Jackson,  e-q.,  barrister-at- 
law,  of  the  Inner  Temple. 

.\'jred  18,  John  Chester,  esq.,  of  Norbricgs- 
hou-*e,  Derbyshire,  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Eyre 
atid  Chester,  of  King's  Lynn.  On  Satur  ay  Mr. 
Che^ter  was  hathing  his  feet  in  an  earthenware 
fo  itpail,  when,  through  an  unguarded  move- 
ment, the  V(  SNcl  broke,  ant  the  sharp  edges  iu- 
flictid  a  wound  in  the  calf  of  the  leg  six  inches 
long  and  four  wide,  by  which  the  main  artery 
was  severed,  and  a  great  loss  of  bio  )d  was  the 
inun''di  ite  C(msequen  e  ;  in  endeivourinsf  to  re- 
c()\er  hi'M.'^elt',  .Mr.  Ciioster  unhappily  incro.jsed 
the  nii-ichlef  and  inflicted  two  v\ounds  in  the 
heel.  Fortunately,  Mr.  Woolmer,  surgeon,  of 
London,  and  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  Che.sier,  was 
in  the  house,  or  he  must  have  immediat-  ly  bled 
to  de.ith,  but  the  prompt  assistance  renilered  by 
him  stayed  the  bli^eding,  and,  with  the  as.«<ist;ince 
of  .Mr. 'rhorpe,  all  the  wounds  wer.-  drcss^'d. 
Until  Wrdnes  lay  the  case  was  con  idered  to  be 
poinir  on  well,  but  on  tha^  day  great  i)ain  was 
felt  by  the  sufferer,  and  finally  mortification  of 
the  liinb  cau^<ed  his  imtimely  death. 

At  hi-r  resid<  nee,  Weymoulh-st.,  Portland-pi., 
aged  li),  Anne  Juliet,  wife  of  Frederick  Webster, 
esfj. 

At  Teignmotith,  Mary  Ann  Vining,  sister  to 
the  Mayor  of  Bristol. 

Ayed'  6'»,  William  Roper,  esq.,  of  Bayham, 
Frant,  Sussex. 

.\t  his  residence,  St.  Paul's-road,  Camden- 
towa,  ."<an) uel  Bacon,  esq.,  surgeon,  late  of  ih-j 
Ilanipstead-road. 

Aged  frl,  Mr.  Andrew  White,  first  Mayor  of 
Sunilerland,  and  elected  M.P.  for  the  borough  in 
1837  by  628  votes.  Decea-sed  was  overtaken  by 
commercial  embarrassments  some  \ear»  ago,  and 
pa"<Sfd  from  a  prominent  public  position  into  the 
retirement  of  a  private  life,  his  latest  oceupation 
beinjf  that  of  a  ship  and  insurance  broker.  The 
mayor,  magistrates,  alderm-  n,  councillors,  &c., 
fol  iowt'd  his  remains  to  the  grave  on  the.6:h  inst. ; 
and  he  was  interred  v^-ith  the  respect  that  befitted 
a  man  who  had  long  tilled  tho  highest  position 
in  his  n  itive  town,  and  who  was  es'.ecmed  to  the 
last  for  his  private  \ir  ues. 

Oct.  4.  At  Warnham-court,  Horsham,  aged  14, 
Helt  n,  second  dau.  of  Sir  John  Henry  Ptlly, 
Bart. 

At  Launccstou,  John  Darke,  esq.,  of  Castlc-st., 
solicitor. 


At  Llanclly,  aged  80,  Capt.  J.  T.  Wedge,  of 
Warwick. 

At  Wyke,  near  Weymouth,  aged  62,  Edward 
Palmer,  esq. 

At  Tenby,  ased  68,  Elizabeth,  relict  of  lieut.- 
Col.  Voyle,  H.E.I.C.S. 

At  his  rcsi  enee,  Portland-cottage,  Leaming- 
ton, aged  36,  D'Arcy  Boulton,  esq. 

Oct,  5.  At  Grimston,  near  Tadeaster,  York- 
shire, aged  17,  the  H(m.  Isabella  Maria  Denison, 
second  surviving  dau.  of  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Londesborough. 

At  Staunt(m-park,  Herefordshire,  aged  22, 
Isabella  I^ouisa  .\nne,  only  dau.  of  James  Bun- 
bury  Blake,  esq.,  of  Thurston-housc,  Bury  St. 
Edmund's. 

In  St.  Sidwell's,  Marion  Young,  wife  of  Joseph 
Mountford,  esq.,  and  only  child  of  the  late  Col. 
Bidlake,  of  the  Royal  Marines. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  93,  Anne,  relict  of  John 
Atkinson,  esq.,  of  Maple  Hayes,  Staffordshire. 

At  Queen's-pl.,  Southsea,'Wm.  Bell,  esq.,  pay- 
master of  H.  M.'s  Yacht  "  Victoria  and  Albert.'*^ 

In  Sr.  Martin's,  Lincoln,  aged  101,  Mrs.  Han- 
nah Smith,  widow.  Until  very  latel^jrshe  was  en- 
abled to  walk  alone,  and  her  faculties  remained 
clear  and  strong. 

Thomas  Weeding,  esq.,  of  Mecklenburgh-sq., 
London,  and  of  Fullbrooks,  Maiden,  Surrey,  of 
which  county  he  was  for  several  years  a  magis- 
trate. 

At  Trowbridge  Barracks,  aged  50,  Capt.  Geo. 
Ellis,  4th  Light  Dragoons. 

In  Paris,  George  I^ehnar,  cq.,  of  Park-cres., 
Regent's-park,  and  Lincoln's-Inn-Fields. 

At  Hillend-house,  Lanarkshire,  Miss  Margtiret 
Logan,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Mr.  Walter  Logan, 
formerly  manager  of  the  Forth  jmd  Clyde  canal, 
and  a  well-known  and  highly  respectalile  citizen 
of  Glasgow.  Miss  Logan,  about  six-and-thirty 
years  ago,  was  celebrated  for  her  beauty,  and  in- 
deed pas.sed  under  the  sobriquet  of  *•  The  Beauty 
of  Glasgow."  Jt  is  now  an  old  story,  her  engsigc- 
ment  to  be  married  "o  Lord  John  Campbell,  after- 
wanls  Duke  of  Argyll,  the  father  of  the  present 
nobleman  of  that  nume,  who,  in  consequence  of 
some  contretrmpts,  broke  his  plighted  vow,  and 
lost  con>*iderably  his  popularity  in  consequence. 
Mi.ss  Logan's  beauty  wius  of  the  purest  and  most 
classical  description,  .-uch  as  Canova  or  Chantrey 
might  have  been  proud  to  have  perpetuated  in 
marble,  while  adding  thereby  to  their  fame. — 
North  British  Daihj  Mail. 

Suddenly,  at  Littlington -tower,  in  the  11' tie 
Cloister-*,  Westminster,  Richard  Clarke,  esq.,  one 
of  the  gentlemen  of  her  Majesty's  Chapel  Royal, 
St.  Pauls  Cathedral,  and  Wc8tmln««tcr  Abbey. 
From  hi  earliest  age  Mr.  Clarke  followed  the 
musical  profession,  having  been  brouuht  up  as  a 
chorister  in  the  Roy  il  Chapel  at  Windsor.  During 
th'!  whole  of  his  long  career  he  met  with  the  high 
esteem  of  all  with  w  om  he  came  in  contact,  not 
Oily  on  account  of  his  own  espect  ability,  but  also 
for  the  zeai  with  which  he  studied  to  promote  the 
character  of  his  profession.  He  died  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  76  .tVmong  his  writings  may  bo 
men  ioned  a  pamphlet  on  the  derivation  of  the 
word  "  .Madrigal,"  and  a  book,  endeavouring  to 
establish  Dr.  John  Bull  as  the  composer  of  the 
National  Anthem. 

At  his  residence,  Norfolk-lodge,  South  Mimms, 
aged  68,  B  njamin  Smith,  esq. 

Aged  95,  Martha  Miles,  widow  of  the  late  Thos. 
Miles,  of  Southampton. 

Oct.  6.  At  Tunbridge  Wells,  Sir  Jasper  Atkin- 
son, of  Portman-sq.,  late  Provost  of  Her  Majesty's 
Mint. 

At  Iffley,  near  Oxford,  Ellen,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Thomais  Shadforth,  M.A.,  Tutor  of  University 
College,  Oxford. 
At  Paris,  a  lady  who  once  occupied  a  prominent 

glace  in  London  society,  the  Baroness  de  Cala- 
rella;  the  Baroness  was  sister  to  the  once 
celebrated  Ball  Hughes,  better  known  as  the 
Golden  Boll,  whose  marriage  with  the  oper» 


662 


Obituary. 


[Nov, 


dancer,  Mcrcandotti,  made  so  much  noise  ^in  the 
•world, — 

**  When  Gcorjfo  the  Fourth  wuh  kinjf." 
Mr.  Ball  llujfhcs  is  still  living  at  St.  Germain'R, 
and  is  the  sole  remaining  specimen  of  that  nearly 
lost  species  of  which  Hoau  Nash  and  Beau  Urum- 
mell  wcro  the  representatives. 

At  his  residence,  l.'pton-place,  near  Stratford, 
Ksscx,  Robert  James  Beauchaiup,  es(i.,  hiic  of 
Calcutta. 

Suddenly,  aped  52,  Francis  \\'hishaw,  C.  E.,e8q. 

At  Ilammorsniith,  aged  77,  Thomas  ILabgood, 
esq.,  late  of  Ilatton-garden. 

At  Brighton,  suddenly,  Mr.  Alexander  Smyth, 
Wadham  College,  ()xf<)rd,  eldest  son  of  John 
A.  T.  Smyth,  esq.,  4,  Cumberland-ter.,  llcgent's- 
park. 

At  East  Peckham,  Kent,  Samuel  Garrod,  esq., 
Burgeon,  late  of  Hackney. 

Aged  28,  Alexander  Abethell,  esq.,  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, Somerset-house. 

Sophia,  wife  of  Richard  Cannon,  esq.,  late  of  the 
Adjutant-ticneral's  otflce,  and  of  Kennington. 

At  Richnumd,  age<l  28,  George  Burl  ton,  young- 
est child  of  the  late  Colonel  Abdy. 

Oct.  7.  At  North  Bridgo-pl.,  of  rapid  consump- 
tion, aged  47,  Kdward  Granger,  es<i.,  M.D.,  of 
Canterbury,  Kent. 

At  Limerick,  Eliza  Chivers,  wife  of  Major 
^lAdam,  of  Spring-hill,  county  Cliire,  and  dau. 
of  the  lati'  J.  S.  Bower,  esq.,  of  JJroxhohne-housc, 
Doncaster. 

At  the  Grande-place,  Calais,  Comm.  Charles 
Thurtell.  R.N. 

At  Berlin,  aj:cd  72,  Mr.  Otto,  for  many  years 
director  of  tlie  Royal  Bot^inic  (iardens  of  that 
town.  He  was  also  chief  edi  or  of  the  AUiifineine 
Oartenzritunff,  of  which  he  was  the  originator, 
and  was  well  known  as  a  dintiugui.shcd  botanist, 
not  only  at  home  but  also  abroad. 

At  Workington,  Ciunberland,  age<l  80,  Eliz  i- 
beth,  rciict  of  Isaac  Scott,  om\. 

At  Luton,  Bods,  aged  4.),  Frederick  Burr,  esq. 

At  Fulham-pl.,  llarrow-rd.,  aged  75,  Mary, 
wife  of  Lieut.  Ilcctor  (iraham,  half-pay,  (JUth 
lUtles,  and  late  Barrack-master  of  (-hichester. 

At  Mert<m,  Siirrev,  aged  28,  Betsey  Frances 
Ireland,  dau.  of  the  late  C  (J.  Iceland,  tmi. 

Oft.  8.  At  Ipper  Brook-st.,  Loudon,  aged  48, 
Lieut.-Col.  Cooke.  C.B. 

At  n.impton,  Middle-icx,  nged  CO,  yVnn,  wife  of 
Sir  William  J.  Newton,  of  Argyle-st. 

Aged  U8.  the  lion.  Charh  s  Grim'^ton.  third  son 
of  the  I.iti*  E  rl  of  Verulam,  formerly  of  the  Cold- 
stream Ciuards,  and  brother  of  the  Countess  of 
Clarendcm,  Ti.e  dccens<d  gentleman  had  been 
out  to  the  East  just  before  the  conclu-ion  of 
peace,  and  on  his  arrival  at  Constant inuple  was 
assailed  by  fe\er,  from  the  elfects  ef  which  he 
never  entirely  recovere  1. 

At  Bury  St.  I'.duiund*.s,  atretl  01,  Catherine, 
widow  of  the  late  W.  R.  Anderson,  esti.,of  Livcr- 

]K>ol. 

At  Croydon,  Jane,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  John 
Hayne  Newton,  esq.,  M.R.C.S.,  and  of  her  Ma- 
jesty's Forces. 

M  Ickenhani,  aged  80,  John  Henry  Gell,  esq., 
of  th'^  Chiistcrs,  Westminster  .\libey,*aud  of  Iik- 
cnham,  I'xb.idge,  tormerly  coroner  o;  West- 
minster. 

.\t  St.  ri?rre-les-Calais,  France,  aged  05,  Wm. 
Tonilin  Walker.  eM\.,  formerly  in  tl»e  Civil  Ser- 
vice of  the  II.E.I.C,  and  of  the  Royal  London 
Militia.    R.I.P. 

.\tC'leve(lon,  Somerset<ihire,Mary  Anne,  widow 
of  tin-  late  John  liarker,  esq.,  of  C;':>ton. 

Oct. ',).  \\  Sr,  Holier" s,  Jer>ey,  C'atberine,  widow 
of  J'.ulKe  Le  (iuesne,  and  elde^t  dau.  of  the  late 
Co'.  Kng.ish.  R.K. 

At  Vic'oria-grovc-ter.,  Bayswat'  r,  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Hanington,  formerly  ol  Fgham-house, 
Egham,  Sxirny. 

.\t  We'.ine<b!iry,  iiged  .^S,  Mrs.  Sampson  Lloyd, 
dau.  of  Daniel  Lachury,  e.s(i.,of  Auh-y-hull,  Stu'ur- 
port. 


Saddenly,  Margaret  Uariannette  Greene,  wi- 
dow of  Lieut.-Col.  Green,  HJB.I.C.,  of  Bojal- 
crescent,  Notting-hilL 

At  Clayworth,  aged  68,  Walter  Uanaers,  eeq- 
M.U. 

At  Hastings,  aged  70,  William  Winatanley, 
e.sq.,  of  Gi'is:on-rd.,  West  Brompton.  ecm  of  the 
late  Dr.  Winstanlvy,  of  8t.  Albun  Hall,  Oxford. 

At  Maryon-road,  Woolwich,  aired  36,  Capt.  Ed* 
mund  Hayter  Bingham,  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Col.  Charres  Cox  Bingham,  Royal  Artillery. 

At  Patcham,  aged  78,  George  Blaker,  eiiq. 

At  Rutlund-st,  Ilampstead-rd.,  aged  86.  Wm. 
Thaekray,  esq.,  one  of  her  Majesty's  Yeomen  of 
the  Guard. 

At  Bruges,  in  Belgium,  aged  82,  Mary  Cns- 
tance,  wife  of  Mylcs  Castance,  era. 

Oct.  10.  At  Bath,  aged  66,  John  Wood,  esa., 
chairman  of  the  Board  of  Inland  KeTenue.  Mr. 
Wood  represented  Preston  in  three  parliamenti, 
having  been  elected  in  1826,  in  183U,  and  agaiB 
in  1831,  a  period  memorable  for  the  poUtkral  ex* 
citement  which  then  prevailed  consequent  on  the 
parliamentary  Reform  agitation.  He  soon  esta- 
blished for  him.self  a  high  character  in  the  House 
of  Commons  amongst  men  of  basinesa,  and  was 
solicited  by  the  government  to  All  the  important 
post  of  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Stimps  and 
Taxes.  Upon  the  consolidation  of  that  board 
with  the  Commissioners  ot  Excise  Mr.  Wood  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  the  United  Board,  which 
post  he  fiUe<I  to  the  complete  satisfaction  of  every 
successive  administration.  The  deceased  was  for 
several  years  a  legal  officer  in  this  city.  He  was 
one  of  the  two  City  Counsel  under  the  old  corpo- 
ration ;  and  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Recorder 
Nicoll,  he  succeeded  to  that  office,  which  he  abdi- 
cated on  being  api)ointed  to  the  lucrative  national 
post  of  Chairman  of  Stamps  and  Taxes.  His 
value  was  well  known  to  every  one  employed  in 
his  department,  and  to  all  the  leading  members 
of  the  government. 

At  Newtown-Anner,  county  of  Tipperary,  Ca- 
therine, widow  of  Sir  Thomas  Osborne,  bart. 

At  Tetbury,  Gloucester^h.,  aged  59,  Anne,  eldest 
dau.  of  l{ol>ert  Clark  Paul,  esq. 

At  Biver,  near  Dover,  Marian,  eldeKt  dau.  of 
the  late  Chas.  Vanlon,  citq.,  formerly  of  Glouces- 
tcr-pl.,  Portman-sq. 

At  B(Tgh  Apton,  Norfolk,  saddenly,  aged  66^ 
Richard  Denny,  esq. 

At  Hull,  aged  39,  Mr.  Jas.  Allsop,  surgeon, 
voungcst  son  of  the  late  Luke  Allsop,  esq.,  of  Lea- 
hall,  Ilerbyshire. 

At  Miltou-st.,  Dorset-sq.,  aged  51,  Benjamin 
Fayle.  esq. 

At  Bordeaux,  aged  71,  James  Belt,  esq. 

At  Merth}T  Tydvil,  aged  69,  Walter  Morgan, 
ewi. 

Oct.  11.  At  Merchiston-castle,  John  (iibson, 
esq.,  of  Mcrchiston  castle,  formerly  her  Majesty's 
Inspector  of  Schools  in  Scotland.  From  the  Oircus- 
phiee  School,  tklinburgh,  Mr.  Gibson  was  drafted 
to  St.  .Yndrew's ;  from  St.  Andri'W's  he  obtained 
his  promotion  to  the  Inspectorship  of  Schools; 
and  this  appointment  he  resigned  to  undertake 
the  proi)rieUiry  management  of  Merehiston  Aca- 
demy, vacated  by  the  retirement  of  the  brother 
of  Dr.  Chalmers. 

At  his  residence,  Guildford-st-,  Rnssel-sq. 
aged  68,  John  Cof)per,  cs(|.,  formerly  of  H.M/s 
Ordnanee-otllce,  Tower. 

At  Edinburgh,  aged  82,  Archibald  Anderson, 
cs<i. 

At  Somerton,  Somerset,  of  cardiac  asthBii 
age<I  (»4,  .\lt'red  Estlin,  esq.,  solicitor. 

At  the  Mall,  Clifton,  aged  22,  Magnus  eldest 
son  of  Lieut.-Col.  G.  A.  II.  Fulconar,  M.N.I.,  of 
Douglas,  Isle-of-Man. 

At  Pennsylvania-pork,  John  Leigh  WilUamsi 
esq. 

At  Exminster,  aged  49,  Clement  Govett,  eeq.» 
of  Tiverton,  solicitor. 

At  the  residence  of  her  mn,  in  Newent,  Qloii* 
ccstersh.,  aged  92,  Mrs.  Mary  Ainiworth. 


1S5G.] 


Obituary. 


663 


At  Plymouth  hoftpitil,  ajred  26,  Sorj?eant  Wil- 
liam Jowett,  of  Bcoston,  who  left  that  placo  in 
1S47,  and  enlisted  in  the  7th  Fusiliers.  Ho  fjave 
himself  entirely  to  the  study  of  his  profession 
and  to  mental  culture,  and  gained  the  esteem  of 
his  fellow  soldiers  and  superior  officers,  and  was 
promoted  finally  to  the  office  of  serifeant.  In 
1854  his  rejfiment  was  ordered  to  the  East,  and 
on  the  5th  of  April  he  loft  Southampton  in  the 
8te>im-ship  Orinoco,  and  was  one  out  of  the  se- 
cond boat  to  land  in  the  Crimea.  lie  was  in  the 
thickest  part  of  the  battle  of  the  Alma,  where  he 
received  a  slight  wound ;  Wiis  one  of  the  few  who 
took  the  C;i«tle  of  Balacliva ;  fought  at  Inkor- 
mann  by  the  side  of  Sir  Tliomas  Trowbridge  at 
the  moment  Sir  Thomas  lost  both  his  legs ;  was 
cnpraped  in  stveral  sorties,  and  in  each  attack  on 
tht>  Redan,  and  was  knocked  down  at  the  last 
attack  by  a  shell ;  whence  he  was  removed  to  the 
camp  hospital,  where  he  lay  till  the  French  ex- 
plosion on  the  15th  of  November,  which  so  >hook 
him  as  to  mcessitate  the  removal  of  his  wounded 
(ri:ht  log,  and  rendered  his  life  hopdess.  He 
remained  in  the  hospital  at  Balaclava  till  the 
later  ■  nd  of  last  May,  when  he  was  brought  to 
Plymouth,  where  he  expired  on  Saturday  last, 
from  the  eff.  cts  of  his  wounds.  He  endured  all 
the  hardsliips  of  the  severe  winter,  without  a 
grumble,  or  being  absent  from  duty  more  than  a 


few  days.  He  kept  a  diary  of  all  that  happened 
of  importance  from  his  embarkation  in  1851  to 
Sept.  6,  1855,  in  which  he  dcscribt.^s  scenery, 
manners  of  people,  ba:  ties,  and  other  incidents 
in  a  manner  not  equalled  by  matiy  tourists,  and 
which  many  of  his  superior  officers  perused  with 
pleasure.  Ho  received  from  them  during  bis 
illness  letters  of  high  praise  for  his  bravery  and 
fortitude  ;  and  when  life  was  fast  waning,' from 
the  constant  discharge  of  his  wounds,  he  said  to 
his  weeping  father,  *•  Be  a  man,  father  :  braver 
men  than  I  have  suffered  and  died  in  their  coun- 
try's cause." 

Oct  12.  In  St.  JatnesVpl.,  aged  77,  the  Right 
Hon.  Cornwallis,  third  Viscount  Ha  warden. 

At  Weymouth,  Dorsetshire,  Penelope,  wife  of 
Lieut.-Col.  Robert  Vandeleur. 

Aged  74.  Lucy,  widow  of  John  Lancaster,  esq,, 
Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  Bengal  Establishment, 
and  only  dau.  of  the  late  James  Fison,  esq.,  of 
Ck)lchesrer. 

At  Grosvenor-ho.,  Southampto  i,  aged  66,  Mar/ 
Ann,  wif  •  of  William  Oke,  esq. 

At  Preston,  in  Uolder.iess,  aged  77,  Wm.  Fer- 
gusson,  esq. 

Elizabeth  Mary,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Hope, 
Incumbent  of  Hatton,  Warwickshire. 

At  Norwood,  Maria,  widow  of  John  Dickinflon, 
esq.,  late  of  her  Majesty's  Customa. 


TABLE  OF  MORT.VLITY  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OP  LONDON. 
{From  the  BeUirns  issued  by  the  Registrar-  General.) 


Deaths  Registered. 

Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 
ISatiirdiiy, 

u  £  d 

N-*    O    ^ 

-2? 

-§1 

43 
37 
37 
26 

1 

i 

"a 

H 

Sept.      27     . 
Oct.         4     . 

11     . 

18     . 

55  i 
530 
501 
507 

157 
1G3 
123 
148 

181 
186 
123 
151 

156 
155 
153 
112 

1106 

1071 

939 

974 

795 
828 
782 
798 

740 
768 
757 

787 

1535 
1596 
1539 
1585 

Average 
of  Six 
Weeks 

"Week  ending) 


V- 

)    61 


PRICE  OF  CORN. 


WTieat. 
d. 
61  10 


Barley. 
s.     d. 
44  11 


Oats. 
8.  d. 
26    5 


Rye. 
s.  d. 
42  11 


Beans. 
8.  d. 
45    4 


Peas. 
s,  d, 
42    4 


Oct. 


iJ^^|64    9      I    42    9      I    25    9      |    39  11      |    46    2      |    43    3 


PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD. 
Hay,  3/.  8*.  to  -il.  0*.— Straw,  1/.  6s.  to  1/.  10*.— Clover,  3/.  10*.  to  5?.  lOs. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  Offal — per  stone  of  81bs. 


Beef    3*.    ^.tois.lOd. 

Mutton  1*.    2rf.  to  5*.    2d. 

Veal     3*.  1<;</.  to  U.  lOd. 

Pork    4*.    0<f.  to5*.    Od. 

Lamb  


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Oct.  20. 

Beasts 5,400 

Sheep 21,154 

Calves 163 

Pigs    630 


COAL-MARKET,  Oct.  20. 
Wallsend,  &v.  18*.  Gd.  to  19*.  Gd.  per  ton.     Other  sorts,  15*.  Zd.  to  18*.  Od. 

TALLOW,  per  cwt.— Town  Tallow,  55*.  Od.     YeUow  Russia,  52*.  Gd. 
Australian  Mutton,  55*.  Od.     Beef,  53*.  Od. 

WOOL,  Down  Tegs,  per  lb.  17d.  to  17ld.    Leicester  Fleeces,  15<?.  to  IGd. 

Combings,  lid.  to  14<^. 


METEOROLOGICAL  DURY,  dt  H.  GOULD,  Ute  W.  CABT,  181,  SraiXB. 
From  fl'pf.  21  to  Oei.  24, 185G,  hoik  iiu^tititt. 


1i 

M    be 

11 

i 

1^* 

P 

Weathw. 

a 

If 

^ 

Ii 

a 

Wether, 

as 

fS 

^1 

(a 

o 

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0 

Orl. 

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0 

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clilT.1ivv,r>in 

Ill 

II 

Ml 

Ml 

hfuvv  rain 

?7 

V) 

tin 

fid 

;.12!;,Kl,vv.™m 

ia 

5X 

(HI 

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VH 

54 

fi'i 

47 

11 

4H 

Wl 

4M 

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T,1 

If] 

4S 

Mt 

Ml 

,32 

;  27  'nii., 

IH 

E.V, 

,23 

fi...  dimilv 

0  1 

4.') 

<ii) 

fil 

,  L'O   rloiHly 

17 

fiV, 

29,83 

..lo.,.ly,  min 

■/ 

Eril 

till 

fill 

IH 

51) 

:>ii 

30,  IG 

3 

M) 

m 

Fin 

11 

fil 

A!l 

UK 

,25 

i!ii.  (la. 

M> 

-/ii 

m 

«>l 

Ml 

1... 

-111 

•M 

Ml 

uir.  .■l.niJv 

(i 

^IH 

fin 

fin 

.(Hi;.lo,  fair 

-^:< 

51) 

);^ 

,31 

T 

Ml 

m 

W 

,  r.:;  iln. 

■;.3 

flt 

till 

.32 

N 

F.'^ 

m 

«* 

.81  'dn. 

V4 

fi.'l 

till 

fia 

,37 

do.  Ho. 

a 

61 

60 

4y 

.•.y^ 

fair.  mi.. 

D. 

ILY  1 

HR-E  OF  STOCKS. 

H^- 

?,  "'"'■ 

r,".;: 

.S.. 

linli.. 
stock. 

i;iT«w. 

£i,ow'' 

Afi:i,(Mi, 

2= 

'Ml 

av. 
11-14 

230 

11.  IT  pill. 
1 3.1(1  pin. 
IS-lUpm. 
10.I3i.iii. 

<).12|nii. 

7.IO|ii.i. 

S.I2pm. 

7.\i;;,. 

7.11  pin. 
5.1Upiii. 
6.3,nn. 
6.  9  pin. 
4.  8  |.ni. 

■Ipm. 
4.  8  i.m. 
i.  S  |.ui. 
4.  8  |.in. 
3.  7  pni. 

2.  5  pm. 
l.<liii.lpm 

1.  5  pill. 

3.  G  iiui. 
3.  C  pm. 

2.  4  inn. 
5i«n. 

OUI 

17  pm. 

"iil 

!KI) 
!l9i 

112 

o"i  ' 

10.111111. 
11  rm. 
10  pill. 

il 

981 

a 

98i 

asi 

081 

m 
•Mi 

i)2i 

y21 
ill; 
ill 
ill  3 
iiU 
1)1 1 
iiliS 
in; 
iiij 



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7  l.in. 

10  !— 

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on 
ill} 

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lili 

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lll«n. 

iiii;       in'i 

iXK       '    !'ll 

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21      ^ill.'. 

21 

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22N     1     8  Jim. 

22a    1 

l:inV,\RD  ANi.  ALFHKI)  WIHTMORE, 
.Slix^k  uiul  Sliarv  Ilrokcra, 

17.  C'liuiip:  ilhy,  Loiulun. 


Wij       I      vJVj^i^-^ 


) 


BOSSES     IN     YARMOUTH       CHURCH.      I. 


IPS 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REYIEW. 

DECEMBER,  1856. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGX 

MINOR  CORRKSrONDENCE.— The  Mead  Family— Manor  of  Kensington— The  Gin  Act, 

*♦  Puss  and  Mew"— Sheriffs  and  their  Anns 666 

Autobiography  of  Syl vanus  Urban 667 

Sir  Thomas  Browne     678 

Local  llistorj'  and  Topography  687 

Cornelius  A  grippa    690 

A  New  Guide  to  the  Public  Records 697 

Society  for  the  Diflnsion  of  Useful  Knowle<lge  (conclusion) 702 

Scott's  "Lord  of  the  Isles" 706 

The  Stephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers 710 

Poem— "To  Sleep" 716 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYL  VANUS  URBAN.— Worcestershire  ManuscripU  at  Haprley, 
710;  The  Subterranean  Chamber,  Oxford  Cathedral,  724;  Incorreet  division  of  Syl- 
lables, 726  ;  Robert  Somerv  Comes  Wintou,  and  the  Somery  Arms,  726 ;  The  llenzey, 
Tyttery,  and  Tyzack  Families    728 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS— The  Frithiof  Saga,  729;  Hamilton's 
Wandering**  in  North  Africa,  731 ;  Anders<m's  Colonial  Church  History,  732 ;  Thom- 
bxirv's  Art  and  Nature,  734 ;  Andrews*  Eighteenth  Century,  735 ;  Chamberlain's  Ap- 
,c;il  for  the  Proper  use  of  the  Cliancel,  7:^5 ;  Cambrid|?e  in  the  Seventeenth  Century — 
Neale  s  Farm  of  A ptonga— Turner's  Metrical  Version  of  the  Psalms— Cotton's  Four 
Gospels — Cradock  on  Christianity — Form  or  Freedom — Arden's  Scripture  Bre>'iatc« — 
Plain  Commentary  on  the  Psalms,  737  ;  Bapster's  Paragraph  Bible— Newland's  Ser- 
mons—This World  and  the  Next — Margoliouth's,  HarAton  s,  and  Hawke's  Sermons— 
Hautleigh's,  Cbarlesworth's,  Beverley's,  Montgomery's  and  Phillipson's  Poems— Mor- 
ton's Farmer's  Almanack — Tourist's  Vade-mecum,  738;  Educational  Works— Christmas 
Books 739 

ANTIQI'ARIAN  RESEARCHES.  —  Archceological  Institute,  739;  Surrey  Archtcological 
Society,  741 ;  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  74'i ;  Leicestershire  Architectural  and 
ArchaH)logical  Society,  748 ;  Ki  kenny  and  South-East  of  Ireland  Archaological  Society, 
749;  Oxford  Architectural  Society    .' 760 

THE  MONTHLY  INTELLIGENCER  752 

Promotions  and  Preferments  770 

OBITUARY ;  with  Memoirs  of  the  Earl  of  Scarborough— Lord  Scarsdale— Ix)rd  Middleton— 
Sir  John  Jervis— Sir  Jasper  Atkinson,  Knt.— John  Ellis,  Esn.— Rev.  H.  N.  Pearson, 
D.l).— Rev,  J.  G.  Mountain,  M.A.— Commander  Chas.Thurtell,  R.N.— Thomas  Bailey 
—Paul  Dolaroche 770 779 

Clebot  deceased  779 

Deaths,  arranged  in  Chronological  Order 780 

RegistraiiGeneraPs  Return  of  Mortality  in  tlie  Metropolis— Markets,  787 ;  Meteorological 

Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks 788 

<f  

Br  SYLVANUS  UKBAN,  Gent. 


».4] 


BOSSES     rN     YARMOUTH       CHURCH.      I. 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

DECEMBER,  1856. 


CONTENTS. 

TAGtB 

MINOR  CORRESPOXDENCE.— The  Mead  Faimly— Manor  of  Kensington— Tbc  Gin  Act, 

'•  Puss  and  Mew  "—Sheriffs  and  their  Arms 666 

Autobiogruphy  of  Sylvanus  Urban 667 

Sir  Thomas  Browne     678 

Local  History  and  Topography  687 

Cornelias  Agrippa    690 

A  New  Guide  to  the  Public  Records 697 

Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge  (conclusion) 702 

Scott's  "Lord  of  the  Isles" 706 

The  Stephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers 710 

Poem— "  To  Sleep" 716 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN.— Worcestershire  Manuscripts  at  Hapley, 
710;  Tho  Subterranean  Chamber,  Oxford  Cathedral,  724;  Incorrect  division  of  Syl- 
lables, 72G  ;  Robert  Somcrv  Comes  Winton,  and  the  Somery  Anus,  72G ;  The  Ilenzey, 
Tyttery,  and  Tyzack  Families    728 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS —The  Frithiof  Saga,  729;  Hamilton's 
Wanderings  in  North  Africa,  731 ;  Anderson's  Colonial  Church  History,  732;  Thom- 
burv's  Art  and  Nature,  7.'V4  ;  Andrews'  Eighteenth  Century,  735 ;  Cliamberlain's  Ap- 
,eaf  for  the  Proper  use  of  the  Chancel,  7;i5 ;  Cambridge  in  the  Seventeenth  Century — 
Neale  s  Farm  of  Aptonga — Turner's  Metrical  Version  of  the  Ptuilms— Cotton's  Four 
Gospels — Crad(x?k  on  Christianity — Form  or  Freedom — Arden's  Scripture  Breviates — 
Pliiin  Commentary  on  the  Psalms,  737;  Bagster's  Paragraph  Bible— Newland's  Ser- 
mons—This World  and  the  Next— Margoliouth's,  Uarston  s,  and  Ilawke's  Sermons — 
Uaulleigh's,  Cbarlesworth's,  Beverley's,  Montgomery's  and  Phillipson's  Poems— Mor- 
ton's Farmer's  Almanack — Tourist's  Vade-mecum,  738;  Educational  Works— Christmas 
Books 739 

ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES.  — Archceological  Institute^  739;  Surrey  ArcheDologioal 
S(Kiety,  741 ;  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  74H  ;  Leicestershire  Architectural  and 
Archaeological  Society,  748 ;  Kilkenny  and  South-East  of  Ireland  ArchoMilogical  Society, 
T49  ;  Oxford  Architectural  Society   ,' 750 


I  • 


THE  MONTHLY  INTELLIGENCP:R  752 

Promotions  and  Preferments 770 

OBITUARY ;  with  Memoirs  of  the  Earl  of  Scarborough— Lord  Scarsdalc— lx>rd  Mid<llcton— 
Sir  John  Jervis— Sir  Jasper  Atkinson,  Knt.— John  Ellis,  Esa.— Rev.  U.  N.  Pearson, 
D.D.— Rev.  J.  G.  Mountain,  M.A.— Commander  Chas.Thurtell,  R.N.— Thomas  Bailey 
—Paul  Dclarochc 770 779 

Clergy  deceased  77g 

Deaths,  arranged  in  Chronological  Order 780 

RegistraiiGeneral's  Return  of  Mortality  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  787 ;  Meteorological 

Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks 788 


^* 


By  sylvanus  UEBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


THE  MEAD  FAMILY. 

Me.  Ubbait, — I  am  obliged  to  you  for 
the  replies  which  my  enquiries  trans- 
mitted in  June,  in  respect  to  the  Meads  of 
Essex,  obtained.  May  I  further  ask  whence 
they  came  first  to  Elmdon;  from  what 
town  as  well  as  county  ?  and  whether 
the  Meads  of  Buckinghtmishire — a  branch 
of  the  same  family, — were  resident  there 
prior  to  those  of  Essex;  and  how  they 
were  related  ?  And  may  I  enquire,  also, 
from  what  line  and  descent,  the  Meads  of 
Ireland — the  Earl  Clanwilliam's  family — 
first  branched  off?  I  have  not  myself  the 
means  of  information ;  but  probably  your- 
self, or  some  correspondent^  may  be  able 
to  tell  me. 

I  query  whether  the  arms  of  the  Meads 
of  Essex  were  given  right  in  your  July 
number.  Should  thev  not  have  been. 
Sable,  a  chevron  or,  between  3  pelicans 
▼ulning  themselves,  or  ?  I  think  both 
coats  have  been  used  by  members  of  that 
branch  of  the  family.  There  is  a  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  the  judge  at 
Elmdon,  I  believe  —  if  somo  antiquary 
would  correctly  describe  it,  and  blazon 
the  arms  upon  it. 

Your  monthly  subscriber, 

OSTBICH. 

Mb.  Ubbak, — In  the  Magazine  for  this 
month,  at  page  635,  left  column,  you  have 
an  account  of  the  discovery  of  an  oaken 
coffin,  and  you,  or  perhaps  myself,  have 
made  a  mistake  in  the  rendering  of  the 
original  information  which  was  given  to 
your  correspondent,  C.  Roach  Smith,  Esq. 
The  reading  should  be  as  follows — "  Near 
the  house  occupied  by  Mr.  J.  Lownsbro,  on 
the  estateof  Edward  Homer  Rennard,"&c, 
and  not  Lord  Londesborough  Esq.,  as  stated. 
You  will  please  correct  the  mistake,  as  it 
might  perhaps  lead  to  some  other  mistake 
in  saying  that  Lord  Londesborough  occu- 
pied the  farm-house  therein  mentioned. 
I  am,  &c.,        Edwabd  TufDAUU 

Bridlittffton,  Nov,  1,  1856. 

MANOR  OP  KENSINGTON. 

Died,  March  18, 1738,  in  the  27th  year 

of  his  age,  of  the  dropsy,  at  Johnston,  in 

Pembrokeshire,  Edward  Henry  Edwards, 

Esq.,  who  in  the  right  of  his  mother,  the 


Lady  Elizabeth  Rich,  succeeded  to  the 
estates  of  Edward  Earl  of  Warwick  and 
Holland,  viz.  the  Manor  of  Kensington, 
in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  the  fimioas 
fiurm  of  Chossey,  in  the  county  of  Berks, 
let  at  £800  per  annum ;  several  messuages 
in  Bartholomew  Close,  London,  together 
with  the  toll  of  the  Pye-powder-court  in 
West  Smithfield;  all  which  he  has  be- 
queathed in  a  most  extraordinary  manner, 
very  much  to  the  prejudice  of  his  brother 
and  sister,  who  both  deserved  well  of  him. 
— Bead's  Journal,  Apr.  1, 1738. 

E.  O.  B. 

Query,  Where  is  a  copy  of  this  will  to 
be  found  ? 

THE  GIN  ACT.—"  PUSS  Ajm  MEW." 

Iv  "Read's  Journal,"  Apr.  1,  1738,  we 
find  this  curious  paragraph : — 

"  A  Bill  will  be  brought  into  the  House 
of  Commons  in  a  few  days,  to  render  more 
effident  the  laws  against  the  excessive 
drinking  of  that  pernicious  liquor  Oin; 
which  it  is  not  doubted  will  put  an  end 
to  Fuss  and  Mew,  and  all  other  artifices 
to  evade  the  law." 

The  explanation  is,  that  when  Gin  was 
retailed  in  private  houses,  as  was  often  the 
case,  the  buyer,  standing  outside  the  win- 
dow, called  "  Puss,**  and  put  his  mon^  on 
a  sliding  shelf.  The  seller  cried  "  Mew," 
and  returned  the  shelf  with  a  glass  of 
spirits  upon  it.  The  parties  never  saw 
each  other.  See  "London  Mag./'  1738, 
for  the  Gin  Act.  E.  G.  B. 

ALTHORITIES  FOR  SHERIFFS 
AND  THEIR  ARMS. 

Lists  of  Shebitfs  will  be  found  in  the 
files  of  "Gazettes,"  the  "Annual  Regis- 
ter," and  the  Gentlshak'b  Magazivb; 
but  Mr.  Urban  omitted  this  useful  list  in 
the  year  current. 

Abms  attributed  to  them  will  generally 
be  found  in  the  Armories  of  Edmonson, 
Berry,  and  Burke ;  but  the  authority  for 
determining  whether  the  several  Sherifis 
were  entitled  to  armorial  bearings,  and  (if 
so)  to  what  bearings,  must  be  fomid  in  her 
Majesty's  College  of  Arms. 

JjAifOABTKnantB. 


\ 


THE 


GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 


THE  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  SYLYAKUS  URBAN. 

CHAPTER  V. 

THE  FABLIAlTEyTABY  DEBATES  (continued):    OUTHBIE  AND  JOHNSON. 

'*  Whoever,  anxious  for  Britannia's  fate. 
Turns  his  reflections  on  affairs  of  State, 
May  here  the  wily  Statesman's  mazes  wind, 
And  secrets  veil  a  from  vul^r  readers  find ; 
With  Lilhputijin  Senators  debate, 
And  in  their  contests  view — the  British  State." 

Lines  by  BARDTJSf  prefixed  to  the  Gentleman' »  Mo/^juanefor  1739. 

It  was  on  the  13th  of  April,  1738,  that  the  House  of  Commons,  by  the 
resolutions  with  which  my  last  paper  concluded,  prohibited  the  further 
publication  of  their  debates,  as  well  during  the  recess  as  during  the  session 
of  Parliament.  In  little  more  than  a  month,  on  the  20th  of  May,  the 
prorogation  took  place.  Preparations  had  been  made,  as  before,  for  re- 
porting the  debates  in  the  London  Magazine,  and,  notwithstanding  the 
threatened  terrors  of  the  serjeant-at-arms,  its  proprietors  determined  to 
persevere,  but  with  caution  and  disguise.  Hitherto  the  title-page  of  the 
London  Magazine  had  displayed  the  names  of  four  booksellers,  who  were 
partners  in  the  adventure  ;  but  now  it  was  deemed  sufficient  that  one  man 
should  incur  the  risk  proposed,  and  their  forlorn  hope  was  "  T.  Astley,  at 
the  Rose  over-against  the  North-Door  of  St.  Paul's.*'  Mr.  Gordon  (the 
translator  of  Tacitus),  to  whom  they  confided  the  task  of  preparing  the 
debates  for  publication,  was  a  well-known  writer  in  The  Independent  Whig, 
and  one  of  the  authors  of  "  Cato*s  Letters."  It  was  a  device  characteristic  of 
his  modes  of  thought  that  he  adopted  in  order  to  avoid  naming  those  who 
had  voted  the  publication  of  their  speeches  to  be  a  breach  of  privilege.  He 
gave  them  Roman  names,  and  these  he  said  were  assumed  by  the  members 
of  a  certain  Political  Club,  which  had  agreed  to  meet  regularly  in  order  to 
discuss  matters  of  public  importance.  Under  this  guise,  a  debate  which 
had  taken  place  on  the  3rd  Feb.  on  a  motion  for  the  reduction  of  the  army, 
was  commenced  in  the  London  Magazine  for  May,  by  the  insertion  of  part  of 
the  speech  of  Lord  Noel  Somerset,  who  figured  under  the  name  of  "  the 
Honourable  Scipio  jifricanusJ*^  The  same  debate  occupied  the  two  next 
London  Magazines  to  the  extent  of  forty-six  pages,  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ap- 
pearing as  "  the  Right  Honourable  M,  Tullius  Cicero"  Mr.  Pulteney*  as 
M.  Cato,  and  Mr.  George  Lyttelton  as  Mtecenas,  and  so  on. 

*  Mr.  Pultcncy's  speech  occupies  fourteen  pages  and  a-half  of  the  Lond(m  Ma^aana 
for  June,  pp.  270—285.     In  the  Farliamentary  Hiitory,  1812,  vol  x.  cols.  484—443, 


068  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [Dec. 

On  this  occasion  a  march  was  stolen  upon  Stlvat^uS  Urbak  by  his 
rivals  ^ ;  but  I  was  determined  not  to  be  entirely  distanced  by  them.  I 
therefore  now  looked  round  for  an  experienced  writer  qualified  to  prepare 
an  original,  or  rewritten,  version  of  the  debates,  and  I  succeeded  in  finding 
such  a  coadjutor  in  the  historian  Guthrie.  Tliis  gentleman  hit  upon  the 
plan  of  disguising  the  report  as 

Debates  in  the  Senate  o/" Magna 

LiLLIPUTTA. 

and  he  prefixed  a  smartly  written  introduction,  in  which  he  described  the 
existinc:  state  of  the  I'lmjure  of  Lillipiit  as  observed  during  a  recent  visit  by 
a  grandson  of  the  renowned  Lemuel  Oulliver ;  remarking  that 

**  Wo  doubt  not  Imt  «mr  IJoadrr:*  will  Ik*  iinicli  pleaned  vnWi  an  Appendix  to  Captain 
(iiiUivor's  account,  which  wc  received  last  month,  and  which  the  lat<?  Resolution  of  the 
House  ot'Coninions.  wherehy  we  are  I'orhiihlen  to  inj«crt  any  account  of  the  I^roccedingt 
of  t  lie  British  PdrHnim'ufj  j^ives  us  an  oi)i)orl unity  of  conununicatuig  in  their  rooiu." 

The  first  debate  we  ])ublished  was  that  of  the  5th  ^Fay,  1738,  on  the  bill 
for  securing  the  trade  to  America,  and  Mr.  Pulteney's  speech  on  that  occa- 
sion was  given  in  the  Gentlkmax's  MA(iAZi>'E  for  June.  In  the  following 
number  1  gave  Sir  Robert  AValpole's  s])eech,  and  the  leading  features  of  a 
second  debate,  on  the  same  topic.  And  so  I  proceeded,  no  longer  borrow- 
ing from  the  London  J/agazine,  nor  exactly  going  over  the  same  ground; 
for,  as  neither  ])arty  could  undertake  to  publish  the  whole  debates,  we  each 
reported  what  struck  us  respectively  as  most  important  or  likely  to  be  most 
interesting  to  the  ])ublic. 

In  our  Lilliputian  l)«'batcs  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament  were  designated 
as  those  of  the  llurgoes  and  Clinabs.  The  names  of  the  speakers  were  so 
transposed  as  to  be  just  recognisable,  though  grievously  disfigured ;  as  Castro- 
flcf  for  Chcsterfi(?ld,  Umjvf  for  llervey,  Qnadrcrt  for  Carteret,  the  Urgoltn 
Wimgul  Sheiphm  for  William  Shii)i)en,  esquire,  &c.,  &c.  The  Whigs  and 
Tories  were  styled  ^hnnccsans  and  Tramvcsana,  France  was  ifirfeseu, 
Spain  Jlmruij  Ireland  Ifrni\  London  JMiUhndo^  Westminster  Betfaborae^ 
and  so  on.  A  \\oy  was  given  at  the  end  of  the  year,  partially  under  the 
form  of  "  Pro|)osal.s  for  printing  l)y  subs-cription  Anagrammata  Rediviva, 
or.  The  Art  of  Compo-ing  and  Resolving  Anagrams,"  but  more  fully  in  a 
separate  pa])er. 

The  London  Miujazmv,  of  course,  took  similar  means  of  enlightening  its 
readers ;  and  indeed  a  key  was  more  necessary  in  their  case  than  my  own : 
fur  the  Koman  names,  tliough  more  elegant  in  appearance,  had  far  less 

two  s])eeohes  nn'  :js>i;r],,.<l  to  liini.  Init  hotli  together  are  nnich  Khortor.  The  filipht 
e\:inunsiti(»n  nl'tlie  l^drliamfiitani  Histon/  we  have  l»een  able  to  moke  on  the  prewnt 
<M'<'iision  has  diselnscd  several  sneli  detieieneiex. 

''  77/^  P(tlilir(il  SIdh-,  whi<'h  liad  lu'retofon"  ]»een  the  Ih'st  authority  f«>r  the  debate!, 
n(»w  fulled  aUo;.'ether  in  tliat  res]nM't  :  whilst  The  Historical  Rf'tfister,  Otf  already 
notieeil  in  p.  WM\,  ceased  to  h(»  puhlislied.  'llie  j)ro]»ri«*torrt  of  the  fonner  were  lO 
thoron«rldy  alarmed,  that  in  173i>  they  ventnn'il  only  to  insert  the  «]h»oc1i  of  fjord 
Viseonnt  (Ja-^'e  a;rain>t  the  Convention  in  S])ain,  whieh  tlio  other  ]miH'rs  had  printed 
with  his  I.ordshi])'s  name  in  lull.  evitU'iitly  hy  his  own  autliority.  In  1710,  at  p.  381, 
they  vrave  "The  n'untt'd  exeellent  Speech  ot" a  certain  j^reat  Man  to  his  IVinee,"  bein^ 
tlie  Speaker's  ad-lrc"-*  on  i)n'st'ntin'j:  the  Money-hill ;  and  at  p.  135  sfime  "  Xatioiial 
I*oliti<-al  Di'liates,*'  under  tlie  head  of  "Memoirs  of  the  Delwites  of  a  S<K'iety,  which  has 
r\i«.ted  many  yeiir-.,  np-ai  the  mo>t  inlerestinij  I*MintH  of  Political  Knowlc<ljft%  cominu- 
nieate<l  hy  the  Secretary;  which,  no  donht.  will  tind  their  own  weight  with  the 
J*ul)liek."  No  nanjes  of  the  s]»eakers  are  jriven;  and  other  names  are  printed  with 
,  as  well  as  "  his  M  — j— y/'  "  the  "  X— e  L— d,"  AcT,  &e. 


1856.]  Autobiography  ofSylvanui  Urban.  669 

resemblance  to  those  of  the  actual  speakers  than  our  anagrammatic  ones. 
Perhaps  none  of  the  handbill  keys  are  now  in  existence,  either  for  one 
Magazine  or  the  other.  Any  that  may  chance  to  be  preserved  must  be 
regarded  as  literary  curiosities  of  some  interest.  When  the  debates  were 
subsequently  printed  consecutively,  in  the  series  of  Parliamentary  History 
formed  by  Timberland  and  Chandler,  the  fictitious  names  were  replaced  by 
those  which  the  speakers  really  bore;  and  I  have  compared  the  famous 
debate  in  the  Lords  on  the  Ist  March » 1739,  on  the  Convention  with  Spain  % 
in  order  to  afford  the  reader  a  further  notion  of  the^Boman  costume  which 
Gordon  made  our  senators  assume.  The  debate  "was  opened  by  C  Cicert^^ 
the  Earl  of  Cholmondeley ;  and  among  the  speakers  (for  the  London  Maga^ 
zine  does  not  give  all  the  speeches  that  are  in  the  Parliamentary  History,) 
were — C.  Plinius  Cacilius,  Lord  Chancellor  I^dwicke ;  M,  Agrippa^  Lord 
Carteret ;  Q.  Salonius  Sarra,  Dr.  Hoadley,  Bishop  of  Salisbury ;  L.  Piso, 
the  Earl  of  Chesterfield  «>;  L.jEmUiusPauUus,  the  Duke  of  Argyll;  CHel^ 
vius,  Lord  Hervey ;  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  Lord  Bathurst ;  and  L,  IcUius, 
the  Earl  of  Bay. 

When  the  same  matter  was  debated  in  the  Commons,  the  speakers  were» 
'^Pomponius  Atticus,  Horace  Walpole ;  C  Cdtpumius  Piso,  Mr.  Campbell 
of  Pembrokeshire;  M.  Sempronius  Tuditanus^ ,  Sir  Thomas  Saunderson 
(afterwards  Earl  of  Scarborough) ;  A.  Gabmius,  Lord  Gage';  L,  Hortensius, 
Mr.  John  Howe  (afterwards  Lord  Chedworth);  Jtdius  Fhrus,  Mr.  Pitt 
(afterwards  Earl  of  Chatham);  Macenas,  George  Lyttelton  (afterwards 
Lord  Lyttelton)  ;  T.  Manlius  TorquatuSy  (Sir  Thomas  SaundersonS?)  ;  P. 
Villius  Tappulus  ("  one  of  our  greatest  merchants,"  and  doubtless  Shr  John 
Barnard,)  and  M,  Furius  CamUhis,  Sir  William  Windham \  A  few  more, 
from  the  London  Magazine  of  August  and  September  1739, — M,  Valerius 
Corvus,  Alderman  Perry ;  ServUius  Prisons,  Mr.  Pelham ;  T.  Quintus  Capi* 
tolinusj  Mr.  John  Talbot ;  Z.  Junius  Brutus,  Mr.  Samuel  Sandys ;  L,  Vo' 
lerius  Flaccus,  Sir  William  Yonge ;  L,  Quintus  Cincinnatus^  Mr.  William 
Shippen. 


c    t< 


Among  the  Orford  papers  are  a  few  parliamentary  memorandomsy  in  the  hand* 
writing  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  taken  by  him  daring  the  first  debate  on  the  Convention 
(March  8,  1739). .  .  .  Though  short  and  imperfect,  they  soffidently  prove  the  general 
accuracy  of  the  speeches  given  by  Chandler  [L  e.  by  QordonrhrMie  I/ondon  Ma^cutme^ 
whence  Chandler  copied  them]  on  that  occasion." — Coxe,  Memoirs  of  Sir  R,  Wtdpole, 

<*  "  The  Earl  of  Chesterfield  spoke  against  this  warfike  peace,  as  he  called  iC  with 
great  force  of  argument,  as  well  as  eloquence  and  wit.  He  probably  was  animated  by 
the  presence  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who  assisted  at  the  debate,  and  thought  proper, 
in  an  affair  which  so  nearly  affected  the  glory  of  the  nation,  to  vote,  fbr  the  first  time^ 
and  to  divide  with  the  opposition.  The  speech  of  Lord  Chesterfic^  is  one  of  those 
which  were  chosen  by  Rousset  to  be  inserted  in  his  Beeueil,  as  containing  the  princknl 
arguments  urged  by  the  English  in  support  of  their  pretenisions ;  bat  the  translanon 
is  by  no  means  worthy  of  the  original." — Mahfe  Memoire  of  Lord  CheeierfiM. 
This  speech  alone  fills  thirteen  pages  in  the  London  Magaeine  for  October,  1789; 
pp.  486-<499 ;  Lord  Hervey's  fills  the  like  space,  and  Lord  Bathorsfa  fifteen  pages;  io 
large  a  proportion  of  the  Magazine  did  the  debates  occapy. 

*  See  London  Magazine,  1739,  p.  564^  and  the  Parliameniarg  Butory,  1812,  vol  x. 
col.  1259.  But  it  would  seem  that  this  speech  is  misappropriated,  anoe  in  another 
pla(re,  Parh  Hist.,  x.  471,  we  find  assigned  to  Sir  Thomas  Saondenon  a  gpeech  of 
T.  Manlius  Torquatus  (London  Magazine,  1738,  p.  329). 

'  Lord  Cage  on  this  and  other  occasions  pabtished  his  nMech  at  the  end  of  tha 
session — "  printed  and  dispersed  about  LUlipii  as  soon  as  the  Senate  roee." — Qht. 
Mag.,  p.  692.    It  was  ins^ted  in  the  ^ng^«»»^  for  June^  with  his  name  at  length. 

«  See  the  preceding  note  •. 

>>  These  three  last,  given  in  the  London  Magaame,  pp.  67Q,  680,  tare  omitted  hi  the 
Pari,  History,  1812.    M.  Fmius  OmmMmI  have  id0irt£fled frcNn  uiotiur  plMOi 


G70  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Dec 

Both  the  Magazines  had  reason  to  congratulate  themselves  on  the  suc- 
cess which  attended  their  boldness  and  ingenuity.  No  farther  notice  wai 
taken  of  either  party  by  the  House  of  Commons ;  whilst  a  large  sale  at- 
tested the  approbation  of  the  public.  It  was  a  triumph  of  that  right  which 
the  electors  of  England  claim,  to  be  acquainted  with  the  conduct  of  their 
representatives,  and  at  least  to  know  what  they  say,  if  they  are  unable  to 
control  or  instruct  them  on  particular  measures.  Any  subterfuges  were 
esteemed  legitimate  that  might  attain  such  a  result;  and  we  were  en- 
couraged to  persevere,  '*  with  Protean  art,"  to  elude  the  arbitrary  pro- 
hibitions that  would  have  silenced  our  reports : — 

"  Prosper,  O  Gulliver  !  and  slioiild  some  sage 
Of  L'dliput  forbid  thy  monthly  page, 
To  other  fairy  lands  thy  scene  remove. 
Tell  how  they  fip:ht,  or  rather  how  they  love: 
Shou'd  Lilliputian  fleets  attempt  in  vain. 
Let  Brohdiufjnafjgian  si|uadron8  Immble  Spain ; 
Or,  that  yoiu"  politicks  we  ne'er  may  lose, 
Say,  how* the  wiser  Houynhnhnms  rule  Yahoos** 

Mr.  Cave,  like  his  rival  publishers,  had  felt  some  misgivings,  and,  to  prepare 
for  the  worst,  he  had  taken  the  precaution  to  place  on  the  title-page  of  the 
Magazine  for  August,  1 788,  the  designation  "jun."  after  his  name ;  hoping, 
in  case  of  attack,  to  shift  the  responsibility  of  the  publication  upon  a  "  nephew'' 
whom  he  now  began  to  mention  as  his  partner  in  trade :  but  I  believe  no 
such  person  really  existed;  at  least,  I  never  saw  him.  He  was  himself 
Mr.  Cave  junior,  inasmuch  as  his  father  was  still  alive ;  but  then  his  father's 
name  was  not  Edward,  but  Joseph ». 

In  April,  1739,  a  writer  in  the  Daily  Advertiser^  who  undertook  to 
institute  a  comparison  between  the  merits  of  the  Gentleman  a  and  London 
Magazines,  remarked, — 

"  I  have  foinid,  n])on  an  impartial  and  candid  examination,  that,  in  the  first  jart, 
which  contains  dehates  \\\n)\\  ]><)litical  subjects,  Urban  al)ounds  in  thinpf,  and  his  rivab 
in  words ;  tliat  he  has  a  chain  of  arguments  and  they  a  flow  of  periods;  that  their  style 
is  unilorm  and  dilliise ;  his  varietl,  concise,  and  energetic." 

The  account  which  Sir  John  Hawkins  gives*'  of  Cave's  proceedings  in 
collecting  the  debates  is  certainly  incorrect  in  many  respects;  and  more 
es])ecially  in  omitting  such  notices  of  the  efforts  of  his  rivals  and  prede- 
cessors as  I  have  now  endeavoured  to  suj)ply.  There  is  no  ground  for 
Hawkins's  assertion  that  Mr.  Cave's  situation  of  Inspector  of  the  Franks 
at  the  Post-Office  gave  him  any  advantage  in  this  matter.  I  am  not  sure 
that  his  description  of  Cave's  personal  eftbrts  as  a  reporter  is  to  be  entirely 
relied  upon ;  and  at  least  he  inaccurately  states  that  they  commenced  in 
Julv,  17.30.  However,  he  asserts  that  he  had  been  informed  bv  some  who 
were  much  about  Cave,  that, — 

"Taking;  with  him  a  friend  or  two,  he  fcmnd  means  to  procure  for  them  and  hinuielf 
admission  in  the  pillery  of  tlie  House  of  Connnons,  or  to  some  conceaknl  station  in  the 
other  House,  and  that  they  privately  tt)(>k  down  notes  of  tlie  several  speechen,  imd  the 
j:reneral  tendency  and  suhstanco  of  the  arpnuents.  Thus  furnished,  Cave  and  his  awi^ 
ciates  would  adjourn  t<)  a  nei^^hlKmrin*^  tavern,  aud  comi)aro  and  a(\jast  ihoir  notes,  bj 
means  wlicreof  and  tlie  help  of  their  memories,  they  ]>ecame  enabled  to  fix  at  least  the 
substance  of  what  thev  ha(l  so  lately  heanl  and  remarketl." 

'  Mr.  Nichols  remarks, — *'  This  was  contimu'<l  until  the  death  of  that  nephew,  at  the 
cud  of  the  year  1752." — Preface  io  Magazine  Indexes,  ]i.  xxiv.  I  sliould  rather  say 
that  Kdward  Cave,  junior,  at  that  date  returned  to  his  native  Lilliput. 

••  Life  of  Johnson y  2nd  etlit.,  1787,  pp.  94  et  set]. 


^ 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  671 

Some  such  process  as  this  was  adopted,  no  doubt,  by  all  who  attempted 
to  report,  so  long  as  it  was  dangerous  to  be  seen  in  the  gallery  with  a  note- 
book in  hand^  But,  in  addition,  the  reporters,  whilst  at  the  house,  would 
receive  occasional  hints  and  memoranda  from  the  more  communicative  of 
the  members.  And  other  contributions  were  made  by  post,  which  were 
sometimes  acknowledged  after  this  mysterious  fashion: — 

"Note,  The  Political  Papers  which  we  have  been  favoured  with  by  the  Penny-Post, 
shall  as  formerly  in  such  cases  be  put  to  their  proper  use,  and,  we  hope,  after  a  manner 
as  acceptable  as  gratefully  intended" — (Gent.  Mag.  for  Nov.  1740,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Contents  page.) 

Mr.  Wilson  Croker  ™  has  very  confidently  claimed  for  Dr.  Johnson  the 
early  portion  of  the  Lilliputian  Debates,  including  their  Introduction.  But 
he  is  mistaken".  They  were  written  by  Guthrie,  who  indeed  was  not  em- 
ployed by  me  before  that  time  °.     Guthrie  invented  the  introduction ;  and 

'  In  the  anonymous  Memoir  of  Dr.  Johnson,  published  shortly  after  his  death  by 
J.  Walker,  12mo.,  1785,  the  writer,  proud  of  the  advance  then  attained  in  the  art  of 
reporting,  i)ron()unce8  that  there  was  "nothing  mighty  extraordinary"  in  all  that 
Johnson  did.  "  It  is  well  known"  (he  asserts)  "  that  Mr.  Woodfdll,  and  Mr.  Sheridan, 
who  is  certainly  next  in  fame  as  a  reporter,  have  sometimes  exceeded  within  the 
four  and-twenty  hours  Johnson's  labours  for  a  month."  It  is  added  that  the  gentle- 
men then  employed  in  reporting  parliamentary  proceedings,  "after  sitting  for  twelve, 
or  sometimes  eighteen,  hours  on  a  stretch,  crowded  as  closely  as  they  can  be,  without 
victuals  perchance,  or  drink,  hasten  as  fast  to  their  respective  offices  as  possible,  where 
they  often  write  six,  seven,  or  eight  hours,  at  the  rate  of  a  column  an  hour.  This  in- 
credi]>le  dis])atch,  to  which  the  period  of  diurnal  publications  indispensably  subjects 
them,  absolutely  precludes  all  revisal,  either  of  their  own  copy,  or  any  proofs  from  the 
press."  The  period  of  publication  was  then  "  diurnal,"  but  it  was  for  the  evening,  not 
the  morning,  i)ai)ers,  that  this  "incredible  dispatch"  was  exercised,  as  will  have  been 
perceived  from  the  statement  of  the  numl)er  of  hours  occupied  in  the  operation.  In  our 
own  day,  no  doubt,  the  exi)edition  and  the  total  results  are  much  more  wonderful  than 
they  were  in  those  of  Woodfall ;  but  the  great  secret  of  modem  repoiting,  as  of 
printing,  is  the  division  of  lal>our,  and  i)robably  the  personal  exertions  and  endurance 
by  which  Woodfall  and  his  contemporaries  were  characterized  have  never  been  ex- 
ceeded. 

"*  I  append  at  length  Mr.  Wilson  Croker's  remarks  on  this  subject : — "  Boswell  must 
mean  that  the  sole  and  exclusive  composition  by  Johnson  began  at  this  date  (1741) ; 
becaiLse  we  have  seen  that  he  had  ])een  employed  on  these  debates  as  early  as  1738. 
I,  however,  see  abundant  reason  to  believe  that  he  wrote  them  from  the  time  (Juno 
1738)  that  they  assumed  the  Lilliputian  title,  and  even  the  'Introduction'  to  this 
new  form  is  evidently  his ;  and  when  Mr.  IJoswell  limits  Johnson's  share  to  the  23rd  of 
Feb.  17  i3,  he  refers  to  the  date  of  the  debate  itself,  and  not  to  that  of  the  report;  for 
the  debates  on  the  Gin  Act  (certainly  reported  by  Johnson),  which  took  place  in  Feb. 
1713,  were  not  concluded  in  the  Magazine  till  Feb.  1744;  so  that  instead  of  two  years 
and  nine  [three]  months,  according  to  Mr.  BosweU's  reckoning,  we  have,  I  think, 
Johnsr)n's  own  evidence  that  he  was  employed  in  this  way  for  near  six  years — from 
1738  to  17  li."  Hut,  after  all,  tlie  truth  cannot  be  more  clearly  expressed  than  nearly 
in  tbe  words  of  Boswell, — Johnson  was  the  sole  composer  of  the  debates  for  the  three 
years,  or  sessions,  of  17 10-1,  1742,  and  1743. 

°  It  is  not  the  first  instance  in  which  Guthrie's  writings  have  been  mistaken  for 
Johnson's.  ITic  Apotheosis  of  Milton,  written  by  Guthrie,  which  appeared  in  detached 
portions  in  the  Gkxtleman's  Magazine  during  1738  and  1739,  was  reprinted  as 
Johnson's  in  the  early  editions  of  his  works.  Mr.  Boswell  justly  said  of  Guthne, — "  His 
writings  in  history,  criticism,  and  politics  had  considerable  merit. . . .  Johnson  esteemed 
him  enough  to  wish  that  his  Life  should  Ihj  written." 

"  Another  error  in  point  of  date  had  been  committed  by  Murphy,  in  his  lAfe  of 
Johnion,  when  he  stated  that  "  Guthrie  the  historian  had  from  July,  1736,  composed 
the  parliamentary  speeches  for  the  Magazine,"  when  he  should  have  said  July,  1738. 
This  error  ])erhap8  arose  in  a  misprint.  Again,  Mr.  Wright,  the  editor  of  the  ParUa- 
mentary  History,  (Preface  to  vol.  ix.)  states  that  the  debates  in  The  PolUic<d  State 
cease  in  1735,  whereas  they  do  not  cease  until  1738. 


672  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Dec- 

he  was  also  the  author  of  the  characters  of  several  of  the  most  disting^hed 
personages  in  Lilliput  which  appeared  in  the  Magazine  for  March,  1740. 
These  characters  merit  perusal.  They  describe  King  George  II.,  Frederick 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  Princess  of  Wales,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  the  Earl 
of  llardwicke,  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  Lord 
Carteret,  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  his  brother  Lord  Hay  (afterwards  Duke), 
Lord  Jiathurst,  Lord  Ilervey,  and  the  Earl  of  Scarborough.  Tn  the  May 
Ma«>;azinc  (p.  227)  the  writer  proceeded  with  the  characters  of  the  Olinahi, 
or  Commons,  and  delineated  those  of  Mr.  Speaker  Onslow,  Sir  Robert 
AValpole,  Sir  William  Yonge,  Mr.  Horatio  Walpole,  Mr.  George  Lyttelton 
(afterwards  Lord  Lyttelton),  Mr.  Henry  Pelham,  Mr.  Sandys  (afterwards 
Lord  Sandys),  Lord  Polwarth  (afterwards  the  distinguished  Earl  of  March- 
mont),  and  Sir  John  Barnard.  (The  scries  was  proposed  "  to  be  continued 
occasionally,"  but  no  more  was  published.) 

I  will  here  introduce  one  specimen  of  these  characters — that  of  the  Earl 
of  Chesterfield,  the  author  of  the  celebrated  Letters :  — 

"  'riio  IIurjr<>  Offttrnjhf,  while  lie  wit  in  the  Asseinhly  of  Clinalw  (Hoiiho  of  Commoitf). 
which  he  did  tor  sevend  years  (hiring  the  lite  of  liis  father,  diwovered  not  thoM*  extra- 
ordinary tal(>ntR  that  have  sina^  distin;riiished  him  as  one  of  the  moeit  accoinplUIwd 
orat()i*s  his  n*:o  or  country  has  imKhicetl.  When  lie  In^ins  to  H]>oak,  he  ha**  ii  ]H.vnliar 
art  of  en|j:a«rin^  the  attention  of  his  hearers,  which  he  irresistihly  eurrieu  alon^;  with  hiiu 
to  the  end.  He  unites  in  his  delivery  all  the  ^.lees  of  diction  that  ])rovaile<l  at  Athene 
and  I{onie,  and  ex])resst»s  himself  with  all  the  friHHloni  which  the  Lilliinitinn  conistitti- 
tion  allows,  and  all  the  di<rnity  of  a  Ilur^fo.  He  is  hy  no  meauM  oinirinpr  of  his  Attirk 
Bait,  which  he  a]>])lies  so  Jmliciously,  as  to  ])Ieasc  even  thcMe  wlicmi  it  might  other^iiV 
offend.  Jle  reasons  with  the  cahnness  of  a  Philos«>i>her,  lie  ]HT8uades  witli  the  art  of  an 
Orator,  and  charms  with  the  fancy  of  a  I*(H't.  Nor  is  his  eonversation  in  private  life 
less  admired :  for  the  most  harrcn  suhjtH'ts  «rrow  fruitful  undiT  his  culture,  and  the 
most  trivial  circmnstances  are  enliven'd  and  heijjjhtened  hy  his  addreKs.  When  he  ap- 
pears in  the  ]>ul>lick  walks  the  com]mny  even  encroach  u]x)n  f^wd  mamierM  to  listen  tio, 
or  (if  the  cxpri>ssion  may  he  allowetl)  to  steal  some  of  that  tine  wit  which  animates  even 
his  eonnnon  discourse. 


*  IJlfh  poifjnanf  wit  hh  ronrerse  silU  ahoviuh. 
And  charms,  Uke  f/eauh/,  Ihoisv  it  iteepoft  wounds* 


t> 


INTr.  Wilson  Crokcr  remarks  that,  **  We  have  seen  that  Johnson  had 
been  employed  on  these  debates  so  early  as  1738,"  referring  to  the  letter 
addressed  to  Cave  in  September  1738,  (already  cited  in  my  Chapter  III., 
Sept.,  p.  273,)  in  which  Johnson  says,  '*  If  I  have  nwxd^  fewer  alterations  in 
the  debates,  it  was  only  because  there  appeared,  and  still  a])pear&,  to  be 
less  need  of  alteration."  This  passage  shews  that  *'the  debates,  which 
(as  Hoswcll  has  related)  were  brought  home  and  digested  by  Guthrie, 
were  sent  by  Cave  to  Johnson  for  his  revision  ;'*  but  it  shews  at  the  same 
time,  that  Johnson  found  few  alterations  necessary,  and  did  so  little  to  them 
that  Cave  imagined  him  to  be  .shrinking  from  the  task  altogether.  Some 
Johnsonian  j)aps»ap^es  may  probably  be  found  in  the  debates  of  1738,  1739, 
and  1740;  but  they  can  now  only  be  detected,  on  presumption,  by  a 
critical  examination  of  the  style. 

To  the  end  of  the  Magazine  for  1738,  at  p.  GOO,  an  advertisement  was 
a])pended,  which,  whether  in  the  words  of  ({uthrie  or  of  Johnson,  states 
the  j)lan  njxm  which  the  debates  were  then  written,  and  which  Johnson 
himt^elf  subsequently  continued  to  pursue : — 

*'  We  helicve  it  will  he  rea<lily  admitted  that  the  gn*ttt  art  of  writing  ooiiHiKtii  in 

l)fin;r  con<'isc  without  oh»M'nrity,  so  as  to  Irtive  nothing  either  nHpiisite  to  be  mldctl  or 

taken  away.     Ihit  in  unstuilieil  sjMHrhcs.  fs]Hi*ially  to  a  puhlick  R«M*nihly,  it  i»  other- 

y\\>v\  a  copiousness  of  expression  is  there  unavoidahle;  to  enforce  particular  points  in 

1 


^ 


1856.] 


Autobwffraphy  of  Sylvanm  Urban. 


era 

ilebdtes,  repetitions  ma;  be  necessary  ;  and  where  tlie  speakers  sre  numuims,  fba  same 
tliiHiRlita  will  naturally  rcciir,  and  the  ailment  must  be  protracted.  Mr.  OuUnur, 
tlicret'ore,  may  be  said,  like  a  judicious  painter,  to  havo  marli'd  the  outlines,  to  have 
desiprd  the  princi]>a]  praportions,  and  tlirown  in  some  characteristical  strokes  of  each 
masterly  hand,  in  thcue  pictnrea  of  Lillipvtian  eloquence.  He  haa  thereby , left  to  the 
render  ihc  pleasure  of  supplying  by  his  onn  imagination  the  (ircunilocutory  omamenta 
of  speech,  and  sonic  consequential  arguments,  that  most  have  arisen  on  the  questions 
that  have  been  oi^en  disputed." 

For  the  session  of  1740-1  Johnson  undertook  to  write  the  debates  en- 
tirely himself,  and  he  did  go  for  the  whole  of  thi 
Bosnell  has  stated  this  correcllv,  and       m   h    be      e 
self  told  me  that  he  was  the  sole    omp  ae    of   hem  f 
only— 1741,   1742,  and   1743;''  and  S      Jo  n  Hawk 
own  Diary,  ascertained  that  he  began  w  h      e  deba  i 
liihiting  exportation  of  corn,  which   ook 
(I  the  10th  Nov.  1740,  and  ended 


jony  :  "  He  him- 
ho^e  three  yeara 
from  Johnson's 
i  lie  bill  for  pro- 
he  House  of  Commons, 
he  Lo  ds  on  the  bill  for 


restiainiiig  the  sale  of  spirituous  I  quo  a  on   he  23  d  I'eb    1742-3. 


i  ngu  hed   f  o 
ir  energy  of  anguage  a  n 


The  dchates  penned  by  Johnson  i 
which  had  preceded  tliem  by  a  grea  e: 
style  of  ex])ression,  and  a  closer  a 
tention  to  the  relative  bearing  of  he 
arguments  advanced  by  the  epeake  s 
on  either  side.  They  were  writ  en 
with  great  rapidity,  and  at  times 
when  he  was  able  to  raise  his  Jma 
ginatioii  to  such  a  pitch  of  fervour 
as  bordered  upon  enthusiasm  ;  to 
indulge  which,  without  interruption, 
his  practice  was  to  shut  himself  up 
in  a  room  assigned  to  hira  at  St. 
John's  Gate.  Here  no  one  was  suf- 
fered to  approach,  eicept  a  compo- 
sitor or  Cave's  boy  for  the  manu- 
script copy,  which,  as  fast  as  he 
wrote  it,  he  put  forth  at  the  door. 

This  anecdote  has  been  preserved 
by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  who  further 
remarks : — 

"  1 11  tlie  perusal  of  thrse  debates,  as  written,  we  cannot  bat  wonder  at  the  powers 
tluit  pr<Hluc<il  them.  The  autlior  had  never  passed  those  gradations  that  lead  to  the 
kiHinledge  of  inen  and  Imsiness;  bom  to  a  narrow  fortune,  of  no  profession,  converaant 
ehii'dy  with  liookB,  and,  if  wo  believe  some,  so  deficient  in  the  formalities  of  discourse, 
and  the  practicra  of  ceremony,  m  in  convcraation  to  be  scarce  tolerable ;  nnacquainted 
with  the  stile  of  any  other  than  academical  disputation,  and  so  great  a  stranger  to 
senatorial  ninnnem,  that  ho  never  was  within  the  walls  of  either  House  of  Parliament. 
That  a  man  under  Ihrae  disadvantages,  should  be  able  to  frame  a  system  of  debet«,  to 
(vmiHwe  s|iccelies  of  sucb  excellence,  both  in  matter  and  form,  as  scarcely  to  be  equalled 
hy  those  of  the  most  alile  and  eipcrienced  statesmen,  is,  I  say,  matter  of  astonishment, 
and  n  jnnof  of  talents  that  qualified  bim  fbr  a  speaker  in  the  most  august  assembly  on 

"  It  has  been  remarked,  tliat  Johnson  had  the  art  to  givo  different  colours  to  the 
several  speeches,  so  that  some  appear  to  be  declamatory  and  energetic,  resembling  the 
oratiritw  of  I>enio«thenes ;  othe^^  like  thoeo  of  Cicero,  calm,  persuasive;  otlle^^  mora 

'  For  llie  sketch  of  the  above  chur,  which  is  still  in  existence,  and  at  St.  John's  Qata, 
we  are  indeliteil  to  W.  P.  Uriffitli,  Esq.,  F.8.A.,  architect,  of  St.  Joim'B-square. 
'  Sir  J.  Hawkins's  Xtft  of  Dr.  JoJUfOn,  p.  122. 
Gbht.  Mio.  Vol.  XLVL  4  A 


674  Autobioffraphy  of  SylvanuB  Urban,  [Dec 

particTilarly  those  attributed  to  such  conntry  gentlemen,  merchantf,  and  Mainen  u  had 
seats  in  parliament,  l)ear  the  characteristicrs  of  plainness,  bluntness,  and  an  affected 
honesty,  as  opposed  to  the  plausibility  of  such  as  were  [undentood  or  aiupected  to  be 
courtiers.  *  *  *  * 

"It  must  be  o\%'ned,  that  with  respect  to  the  general  principles  avowed  in  the 
speeolies,  and  the  sentiments  therein  contained,  they  ag^ree  with  the  characten  of  the 
persons  to  whom  they  are  ascrilxid.  Thus,  to  instance  those  in  the  upper  house,  the 
speechLS  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  the  Lords  Carteret  and  Ilay,  are  calm,  temperate 
and  j)ersnasive;  those  of  the  Duke  of  Argyle  and  Lord  Talbot,  furious  and  declamatonr; 
and  Lord  Chesterfield's  and  Lord  Hen'cyV  florid  but  flimsy.  In  the  other  house  die 
spoeclu»s  may  be  thus  characterised :  the  minister's  mild  and  conciUatory ;  Mr.  Polteney'i^ 
nervous,  methodical,  and  weighty ;  ISli.  Shippen's,  blunt  and  dog^matical ;  Sir  John 
Barnanl's,  clear,  especially  on  commercial  subjects' ;  Lyttclton's,  stiff  and  imitative  oC 
the  Roman  oratory;  and  Pitt's,  void  of  argument,  but  rhapsodically  and  diffVimvelj 
el(K|uent.  In  other  particulars,  the  debates  of  Johnson  are  liable  to  tlie  same  objectioDs, 
but  in  a  greater  degree,  as  those  of  Outline :  the  language  of  them  is  too  good,  and  the 
style  such  as  none  of  the  persons  to  whom  the  speeches  are  assig^ned  were  able  to 
discourse  m'." 

Johnson   declined  to   proceed  with  the   debates  after  the   session  of 

1743:— 

"  lie  told  me  (writes  Boswell),  '  that  as  soon  as  ho  found  that  the  speeches  were 
thought  genuine,  be  determined  that  he  would  write  no  more  of  them  ;  for  he  would 
not  be  accessory  to  the  propagation  of  falsehood/  And  such  was  the  tenderness  of  hii 
conscience,  that  a  short  time  before  his  death  he  expressed  his  regret  for  '  having  beea 
the  author  of  fictions,  which  had  passed  for  realities/  " 

In  the  last  statement  Boswell  probably  referred  to  something  Dr.  John- 
son had  said  to  Mr.  Nichols,  and  which  the  latter  has  related  in  the  follow- 
ing words  ^ : — 

"  Six  days  only  before  his  death,  this  incomparable  finend  requested  to  see  the  pre- 
sent writer,  from  whom  he  had  previously  iKirrowcd  some  of  the  early  volumes  of  the 
Mapra/ine,  with  a  ])rofe8siHl  intention  to  point  out  the  pieces  which  he  had  m'ritten  in 
that  collection.  Tlie  books  lay  on  his  table,  with  many  leaves  doubled  down,  partico- 
lurly  those  which  contained  his  share  in  the  parliamentary  delmtes.  And  such  was  the 
g(K>dne8s  of  Johnson's  heart,  that  lie  solennily  declared,  *  that  the  only  part  of  lui 
writings  which  then  gave  him  any  compunction,  was  his  account  of  the  debates  in  the 
(}£XTLkman'3  Magazine;  but  tliat,  at  the  time  he  wrote  them,  he  did  not  think  he 
was  imj)Osing  on  the  world.  The  mode,'  he  said,  '  was  to  fix  ui)on  a  speaker's  naaw; 
then  to  make  an  argument  for  him  ;  and  to  conjure  up  an  answer/  He  wrote  those 
debates  with  m<)r(>  v(?l<K'ity  tlian  any  other  of  his  productions ;  often  three  oolnmns  of 
the  Magazine  within  the  hour.  He  once  wrote  fen  parjes  in  a  sing^le  day,  and  that  not 
a  long  one,  l)eginning  ])erha|)8  at  noon,  and  ending  early  in  the  evening/' 

It  has  not  hitherto  been  observed,  in  connection  with  this  subject,  that 
Johnson's  sentiments  were  very  decidedly  expressed,  so  early  as  the  year 
1750,  in  his  Preface  to  the  Literary  Magazine,  in  the  following  passage : — 

**  We  shall  not  attem])t  to  give  any  regular  series  of  debates,  or  to  amuse  our  readcffi 
with  senutorial  rhetorick.  The  speeches  inserted  in  other  pa])ers"  have  been  long  knomi 

'  .Sir  John  Hawkins  obsi'r\'es  hi  another  place, — "Sir  John  Barnard,  a  man  of  no 
learning  or  reading,  and  who,  by  the  wiiy,  had  l>een  briKl  a  Qiwker,  had  a  style  little 
better  than  an  ordinary  mechanic,  and  which  al>uunded  in  such  phrases  as  'if  sobi^' 
*  set  case,'  and  *  nolnxly  more  so,*  and  other  such  vulgarisms ;  yet  was  he  made  in  the 
IVIairazine  to  debate  in  lan^iuige  as  correct  and  iK)lisIuHl  as  that  of  Sir  William  Windhea 
or  Mr.  Pulteney ;  though  it  must  be  confessed  that  so  weighty  was  his  matter  on  sob* 
jects  of  connuerce,  that  Sir  Robert  Wal{M)le  was  used  to  s:iy  tliat,  when  he  haA 
answered  Sir  John  Barnard,  he  looked  upon  that  day's  business  in  the  House  of  C(VB- 
nions  to  be  as  goo<l  as  over/' 

■  Sir  J.  Hawkins's  Life  of  Dr.  Johnston,  pp.  122, 128. 

*  Preface  to  the  (leneral  Indexes  of  the  Gkn'tleiaan'b  MAQAznrs,  p.  xxzi. 

^  It  will  l>c  noticed  that  the  generic  name  "papers,"  as  employed  in  the  aboff 
passage  by  Dr.  Johnson,  was  usually  applied  to  the  Magazines  by  other  writsn  kii 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  675 

to  be  fictitious,  and  produced  sometimes  by  men  who  never  heard  the  debate,  nor  had 
any  authentick  information.  Wo  have  no  design  to  impose  thus  grossly  on  our  readers, 
and  shall  therefore  give  the  naked  arguments  used  in  the  discussion  of  every  question, 
and  add,  when  they  can  be  obtained,  the  names  of  the  speakers." 

So  severely  did  Johnson  reprobate  the  dishonesty  of  putting  into  any 
person's  lips  words  which  they  had  not  actually  uttered.  This  practice 
had  evidently  prevailed  to  an  extent  beyond  what  any  opinion  or  conviction 
of  the  professed  principles  or  sentiments  of  statesmen  could  entirely  justify  ; 
and  Johnson's  tender  conscience  now  whispered  to  him,  that  he  himself 
had  sometimes  been  betrayed  into  it,  by  that  eagerness  of  disputation  and 
that  abundant  flow  of  language  and  of  argument  which  carried  him  onward 
irresistibly  in  a  form  of  composition  that  was  perfectly  congenial  with  his 
natural  predilections. 

There  are  two  different  stories  of  the  disclosure  of  the  authorship  of 
Johnson's  Debates.     One  is  thus  related  bv  Sir  John  Hawkins ;— 

"  Wo  are  further  told  of  a  person  in  a  high  office  under  the  government,  who  being 
at  breakfast  at  a  gentleman's  chambers  at  Gray's  Inn,  Johnson  being  also  there,  de- 
clared that  by  the  stile  alone  of  the  speeches  in  the  debates,  he  could  severally  assign 
them  to  the  i)ersons  by  whom  they  were  deUvered.  Johnson,  upon  hearing  this,  could 
not  refrain  from  undeceiving  him,  by  confessing  that  himself  was  the  author  of 
them  all.'' 

The  other  story  is  that  of  Mr.  Murphy, — who  relates  that  it  was  a  dinner 
at  Foote's,  not  a  breakfast  at  Gray's  Inn,  that  drew  forth  the  secret : — 

"  That  Johnson  was  the  author  of  the  debates  during  that  period  was  not  generally 
known ;  but  the  secret  transjiired  several  years  afterwards,  and  was  avowed  by  himself 
on  the  following  occasion : — Mr.  Wedderbume  (now  Lord  Loughborough),  Dr.  Johnson, 
Dr.  Francis  (the  translator  of  Horace),  the  present  writer,  and  others,  dined  with  the 
late  Mr.  Foote.  An  important  delMite  towards  the  end  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole's  ad- 
ministration being  mentioned.  Dr.  Francis  observed,  *that  Mr.  Pitt's  speech  on  that 
occasion  was  the  best  he  had  ever  read.'  He  added  *  that  he  had  employed  eight  years 
of  his  life  in  tlic  study  of  Demosthenes,  and  finished  a  translation  of  that  celebrated 
onitor,  with  all  the  decorations  of  style  and  langxiage  within  the  reach  of  his  capacity ; 
but  he  had  met  with  nothing  equal  to  the  speech  above  mentioned.'  Many  of  the 
company  remembered  the  delate ;  and  some  passages  were  cited  with  the  approbation 
and  appbinse  of  all  present.  During  the  ardour  of  conversation,  Johnson  remained 
silent.  As  so<m  as  the  warmth  of  praise  subsided,  he  opened  with  these  words : — *  That 
8])oech  I  wn)te  in  a  garret  in  Exeter-street.*  The  company  was  struck  with  astonish- 
ment. After  staring  at  each  other  in  silent  amaze.  Dr.  Francis  asked  how  tliat  speech 
could  be  written  by  him  ?  *  Sir,'  said  Johnson,  *  I  wrote  it  in  Exeter-street*.  I  never 
have  ])cen  in  the  gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons  but  once.  Cave  had  interest  with 
the  (l(X)rkeepers.  He,  and  the  persons  employed  under  him,  gained  admittance :  they 
brought  away  the  subject  of  discussion,  the  names  of  the  speakers,  the  sides  they  took, 
and  the  order  in  which  they  rose,  together  with  notes  of  the  arguments  advanced  in 
the  course  of  the  debate.  Tlie  whole  was  afterwards  communicated  to  me,  and  I  com- 
posed the  speeches  in  the  form  which  they  now  have  in  the  Parliamentary  Debates.* 
'J'o  this  discovery  Dr.  Francis  made  answer, — *Then,  Sir,  you  have  exceeded  Demos- 
thenes himself,  for  to  say  that  you  have  exceeded  Francis's  Demosthenes,  would  be 
saying  nothing.'  Tlie  rest  of  the  company  bestowed  lavish  encomiums  on  Johnson; 
one,  in  particular,  praised  his  imparti^ity;  observing,  tliat  he  dealt  out  reason  and 
elociuence  witli  an  equal  hand  to  both  parties.     'Tliat  is  not  quite  true,'  said  Johnson ; 

contemporaries.  When  we  now  talk  of  "  the  papers,"  we  mean  the  newspapers  only ; 
the  term  then  included  those  other  publications  we  now  distinguish  as  "periodicals." 

*  "  llie  speech  of  Mr.  Pitt  referred  to  was,  no  doubt,  the  cekbrated  reply  to  old 
Horace  Walpole,  beginning — *  The  atrocious  crime  of  being  a  young  man,'  March  10, 
17 11 ;  but  there  is  in  the  statement  a  slight  inaccuracy,  arising,  perhaps,  from  a  slip 
of  Johnson's  memory,  who,  by  Mr.  Boswell's  list  of  Johnson's  residences,  appears  not  to 
have  resided  in  Exeter-street  after  his  return  to  London  in  1737.  But  he  may  have 
resided  there  a  second  time,  or,  after  the  lapse  of  so  many  years,  have  fiargotten  the 
exact  place.     Tliere  can  be  no  doubt  that  Murphy's  report  was  accurate.*'— Cboxxb. 


^ 


676  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  [Dec, 

'  I  saved  appearances  tolerably  well ;  but  I  took  care  that  the  Whig  doos  shoold  not 
have  the  best  of  it '/  " 

Sir  John  Hawkins  further  adds: — 

"  The  confession  of  Johnson  at  Gray's  Inn  was  the  first  that  revealed  the  secret  that 
the  debates  inserted  in  the  Grntlehan's  Maoazinb  were  fictitious,  and  oomposed  by 
himself.  After  that  h&^was  free,  and  indeed  industrious,  in  the  communication  of  it; 
fi)r  being  informed  that  Dr.  Smollett  was  writing  a  History  of  England,  and  had 
brought  it  down  to  the  last  reign'',  he  cautioned  him  not  to  rely  on  the  debates  as  given 
in  the  Magazine,  for  they  were  not  authentic,  but,  excepting  as  to  their  general  impOTt, 
the  work  of  his  own  imagination." 

This  statement  was  made  by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  with  the  exaggeration 
and  consequent. untruth  that  characterise  too  many  passages  of  his  work; 
for  Mr.  Wright  has  observed '  that,  as  to  the  House  of  Lords,  upon  com- 
parison of  any  one  of  the  debates  with  the  valuable  manuscript  reports  of 
Archbishop  Seeker,  then  Bishop  of  Oxford,  he  found  that — 

"  The  debates  prepared  by  Johnson  are  unusually  authentic,  and  exhibit  not  only  the 
sentiments  delivered  by  the  different  speakers,  but  the  very  language  in  which  they 
were  expressed,  in  so  far  as  that  language  was  not  offensive  to  the  correctness  of  John< 
9on's  judgment  and  the  classical  elegance  of  his  taste." 

Mr.  Wright  contradicts  Boswell  no  less  decisively  than  he  does  Haw- 
kins, but  with  less  reason.  Dr.  Johnson  himself  told  Boswell  that  gOfM- 
times  he  had  nothing  more  communicated  to  him  than  the  names  of  the 
several  speakers,  and  the  part  which  they  had  taken  in  the  debate.  Mr. 
Wright*  takes  up  this  statement,  regardless  of  the  modifying  term  "  some- 
times,'* and  as  if  Boswell  had  affirmed  that  in  every  case  Johnson  "  had 
nothing  more  communicated  to  him  than  the  names  of  the  several  speakers, 
the  side  they  took,  and  the  order  in  which  they  spoke,*'  be  declares  the 
assertion  to  be  unfounded,  remarking  that — 

"  The  debates  were  ptill- given  in  the  Ixmdan  Magazine  with  considerable  ability,  by 
Gordon,  and  were  pujblishcd  in  most  instances  two  months  earlier  than  those  in  the 
Gentleman's ;  nay,  tjbe .  great  debate  in  the  House  of  Commons  upon  the  13th  Feb. 
1741,  on  Mr.  Sandys's  motion  for  the  removal  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  was  given  in  the 
London  Magazine  eleven  months  before  the  one  compiled  by  Johnson  was  printed; 
and  this  being  the  case,  it  would  be  folly  to  suppose  that  the  Doctor  did  not  avail  him- 
self of  the  assistance  to  be  derived  therefrom." 

It  would  require  a  more  accurate  comparison  than  I  have  now  the  leisure 
to  make,  to  weigh  correctly  the  relative  merits  of  the  debates  in  the  London 
and  Gentleman' 8  Magazines.  Such  a  comparison  ought  to  have  been 
made,  step  by  step,  by  the  editors  of  the  Parliamentary  History  ;  but,  al- 
though the  last  editor,  Mr.  John  Wright,  acquired  much  credit  for  his 
diligence  in  that  work,  and  from  his  own  statement  we  find  he  was  partially 
alive  to  the  remissness  of  his  predecessors,  it  is  evident  that  he  was  not 
sufficiently  persevering  to  repair  their  deficiencies  ^. 

y  Dr.  Smollett* s  Sistory,  which  was  first  published  in  1757,  was  brought  down  to 
the  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  174S. 

■  Parliamentary  History  of  Snyland,  Preface  to  vol.  ix. 

■  Ibid,  to  vol.  xi. 

•>  The  formation  of  the  debates  into  series  of  volumes  followed  closely  upon  their 
successful  publication  in  the  Magazines.  There  were  several  rival  publications,  in- 
cluding one  by  Torbuck,  from  1668  to  1741,  in  21  vols.  8vo.,  and  another  printed  in 
Ireland.  The  History  and  Proceedings  of  the  House  of  Lordsy  by  Ebenczer  Timber- 
land,  in  8  vols.,  and  The  History  and  Proceedings  qfjhe  House  of  Commons,  by 
Richard  Chandler,  in  14  vols.,  which  both  come  down  to  April,  1743,  are  foUowed  in 
the  edition  of  1812,  which  goes  under  the  names  of  Cobbett  and  Hansard.  Mr.  Wright, 
in  the  preface  to  the  ninth  volume  of  the  last  work,  states  that  Chandler  compiled  very 
careleisly,  and  consequently  misled  Mr.  Archdeacon  Coxe,  in  some  of  hii  hiftorical 


1856.]  Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urbafi.  677 

Shortly  after  Johnson's  death,  his  debates  were  collected  and  arranged 
as  a  supplement  to  the  edition  of  his  works,  then  recently  issued  by  the 
London  booksellers.  They  form  two  volumes  octavo,  published  in  1787, 
by  Stockdale,  in  Piccadilly  ;  and  they  received  the  approval  of  Mr.  Murphy 
and  Mr.  Boswell,  the  latter  telling  us  that  the  preface,  "  written  by  no 
inferior  hand,"  was  the  production  of  "  Mr.  George  Chalmers,  whose  com- 
mercial works  are  well  known  and  esteemed,"  and  whose  name  was  sub- 
sequently further  distinguished  as  the  author  of  Caledonia,  Whether 
Mr.  Chalmers  did  more  than  write  the  preface  is  doubtful.  At  any  event, 
it  appears  that  the  mere  editorial  work  was  very  badly  performed.  It  is 
stated  in  the  preface,  '*  that,  as  these  debates  appeared  originally  without 
any  regard  to  chronological  order,  it  was  deemed  respectful  to  the  pubHc 
to  restore  this  order,  according  to  the  dates  when  the  real  debates  actually 
happened  ;"  but  Mr.  Wright  found  on  examining  the  Journals  that,  out  of 
thirty-two  debates,  twelve  were  given  to  the  public  with  incorrect  dates ; 
and  he  was  still  more  surprised  to  discover  that  several  of  Johnson's  best 
compositions  were  left  out ;  and  among  others,  the  very  important  debate 
in  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  J  3th  of  February,  1741,  upon  Mr. 
Sandys's  motion  for  the  removal  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  containing  the 
admirable  speech  in  defence  of  Sir  Robert,  by  Mr.  Stephen  Fox,  afterwards 
Earl  of  llchester. 

To  his  eleventh  volume,  Mr.  Wright  has  prefixed  a  complete  list  of  the 
debates  written  by  Dr.  Johnson  ;  but  all  that  Mr.  Wright  had  discovered  in 
this  respect  was  unfortunately  unknown  to  the  editor  of  the  very  handsome 
edition  of  Dr.  Johnson's  collected  works  which  was  printed  in  1825  for 
Talboys  and  Wheeler  of  Oxford,  and  W.  Pickering  of  London,  as  the 
commencement  (1  believe)  of  a  series  of  Oxfard  English  Classics,  The 
tenth  and  eleventh  volumes  of  that  work  are  a  reprint  of  Stockdale's  edition 
of  Johnson's  debates,  with  a  preface,  which,  though  not  a  copy  of  that  by 
Mr.  (George  Chalmers,  is  equally  full  of  error  and  misapprehension.  Should 
Mr.  Murray,  in  his  series  of  British  Classics  now  in  progress, — in  which 
the  Lives  of  the  I^oets  have  already  appeared,  under  the  very  diligent  and 
judicious  editorship  of  Mr.  Peter  Cunningham, — introduce  the  other  works 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  decide  that  the  debates  should  form  a  portion  of  them, 
we  may  be  sure  that  they  will  at  last  appear  in  their  integrity  and  complete- 
ness, and  probably  accompanied  by  some  slight  historical  annotation  which 
may  render  them  as  attractive  for  their  information  as  for  their  language °. 

works,  to  suppose  that  no  record  existed  of  certain  debates  which  are  contained  in  the 
Magazines.  1  have  already  had  occasion  to  remark  that  Mr  Wright  himself — or  whoever 
acted  as  editor  of  the  Parliamentary  History  for  the  years  1737  and  1738 — relied  too 
implicitly  on  the  same  authority.  In  the  former  year,  as  I  shewed  last  month,  the 
rarliamentary  History  is  copied  directly  from  the  London  Mayazine,  without  noticing 
the  additions  derivable  from  the  Gentleman's;  and  during  the  period  of  Johnson's 
debates  it  follows  thein  entirely,  without  consulting  the  London  Mayazine, 

'^  A  great  work  of  this  character  was  one  of  Cave's  many  projects  that  came  to 
nothing.  Jolnison  was  to  be  his  editor,  whose  scheme  is  described  in  a  long  letter 
written  in  the  year  1743,  wliich  is  inserted  in  Boswell's  book.  "  I  think"  (lie  writes) 
"  we  sliall  give  the  most  complete  account  of  parliamentary  proceedings  that  can  be 
contrived."  The  whole  was  to  be  connected  by  a  narrative,  and  to  "partake  of  the 
spirit  of  history."  It  was  a  design  too  great  for  Cave's  means  or  Johnson's  leisure: 
but  a  few  years  after  Cave  printed  at  St.  John's  (>ate,  in  10  vols.  8vo.,  the  debates  of 
the  House  of  Commons  for  the  years  1667  to  1694,  which  had  been  preserved  in  the 
MS.  of  the  Hon.  Anchitel  Grey;  and  the  proposals  for  that  publication  were  written 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  and  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  MAOAznrB  for  1745,  vol.  xv. 
p*.  135. 


678  [D 


SIR  THOMAS  BROWNE. 

In  the  dedication  of  one  of  his  best  works,  the  author  we  are  now  to 
speak  of  tells  us  "  'tis  opportune  to  look  back  upon  the  past,  and  contem- 
plate our  forefathers."  In  literature,  no  doubt,  such  a  retrospect  will 
always  be  serviceable  both  for  instruction  and  delight.  It  will  assuredly 
bring  before  us,  even  in  the  ablest  of  those  worthies  of  a  bygone  time,  errors 
and  shortcomings  of  which  the  illiterate  of  a  later  age  might  be  ashamed ; 
but  it  will  also  bring  before  us,  in  many  of  them,  a  lofty  port  and  prodigal 
strength  of  mind,  a  freedom  and  a  richness  of  imagination,  an  ample  store 
of  solid  learning,  and  a  freshness  and  outspoken  force  of  thought  and  speech, 
which  it  would  be  at  almost  all  times  opportune  for  our  own  punier  natures 
to  contemplate,  and  which  we  cannot  indeed  easily  contemplate  too  ofteni 
or  admire  too  much. 

In  the  Hue  of  these  illustrious  literary  forefathers,  a  distinguished  place  is 
due  to  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  Ilis  name  was  already  eminent  amongst  his 
own  contemporaries  more  than  two  centuries  ago.  Living  amidst  the  strife 
and  turmoil  of  those  revolutionary  times  in  which  a  life  of  action  seemed  to 
be  the  universal  lot,  he  continued  nevertheless  ever  faithful  to  the  still  and 
sweet  companionship  of  his  curiosities  and  books ;  nor  did  he,  even  when  the 
broad  wolds  of  England  were  turned  by  civil  war  to  battle-fields,  desert  the 
delightful  tastes  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  indulge  in,  until  he  had 
amassed,  for  the  behoof  of  many  an  age  beyond  his  own,  that  curious  store 
of  interwoven  poetry  and  learning  which  is  presented  to  us  now  in  his  col- 
lected works.  It  was  no  insignificant  honour  to  him,  when  the  fruits  of  the 
lordly  genius  of  Bacon  had  been  but  newly  given  to  the  world,  and  when 
Milton,  with  his  grand  sublimity,  and  Jeremy  Taylor,  with  his  magnificence, 
were  fellow-labourers  with  him,  to  be  regarded,  both  at  home  and  abroad, 
as  one  of  the  great  ornaments  of  the  living  English  literature  of  his  time. 

Of  the  means  by  which  his  rare  capacity  was  nurtured,  no  account  has 
been  preserved.  His  first  work  was  upon  the  whole  his  best,  and  this  was 
written  in  his  thirtieth  year.  Of  his  earlier  history  we  know  little  more 
than  that  he  was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  was  bom  in  London  in  the 
year  1005  ;  that  he  was  educated  first  at  Winchester,  and  afterwards  at 
O.xford ;  that  he  travelled  into  Ireland,  and  subsequently  into  France,  and 
Italy,  and  Holland  ;  and  that  he  had  on  his  way  home  obtained,  at  Leyden, 
his  degree  of  M.D.  AVithin  two  or  three  years  of  his  return  to  England,  he 
settled  as  a  physician  at  Norwich,  where,  practising  the  same  profession,  and 
growing  in  usefulness  and  fame,  he  resided  till  his  death. 

It  would  be  quite  in  character  with  what  is  really  known  of  Browne's 
manner  of  life  during  the  forty-six  years  of  this  residence  in  Norwich,  to 
supi)ose  that  his  daily  course  of  observation,  and  experiment,  and  Uiought, 
was  not  often  interrupted  by  external  influences  of  much  greater  moment 
than  good  Dr.  Primrose's  "  migrations  from  the  blue  bed  to  the  brown." 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  his  condition  was  upon  the  whole  an  eminently 
untroubled  one.  According  to  all  that  can  be  learned  with  certainty  from 
the  scanty  records  concerning  him  which  have  come  down  to  the  present 
times,  his  circumstances  comprised  everything  that  could  be  required  for  the 
well-being  of  a  wise  man.  His  house  and  garden  were,  as  Evelyn  tells  us, 
''  a  paradise  and  cabinet  of  rarities ;"  his  professional  practice  was  ezten- 


1856.]  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  679 

sive ;  his  wife  was  "  a  lady  of  such  symmetrical  proportion  to  her  worthy 
husband,  both  in  the  graces  of  her  body  and  mind,  that  they  seemed  to  come 
together  by  a  kind  of  natural  magnetism ;"  his  sons  and  daughters  were  in- 
telligent, affectionate,  and  dutiful ;  his  household  was  a  pious  one ;  and  his 
own  personal  dispositions  were  cheerful,  liberal,  and  kind.  When  we  add 
to  these  circumstances  of  a  calm  and  happy  life,  the  long  succession  of  peace- 
ful days  passing  away  in  studies  which  he  loved,  the  free  and  pleasant  in- 
tercourse with  friends  and  correspondents  occupied  in  tasks  congenial  with 
his  own,  and  the  esteem  and  honour  which  his  writings  won  for  him  from 
distinguished  men  throughout  the  learned  world,  it  will  be  admitted  that  a 
benigner  fortune  has  not  often  fallen  to  the  lot  of  any  of  those  philosophers 
who  have  chosen  wisdom  as  their  portion,  and  have  faithfully  abided  by 
the  choice. 

To  that  very  serenity  of  condition  which  left  so  little  to  be  noted  in  his 
outer  life,  we  are  indebted  for  the  ampler  revelations  which  the  author's 
writings  give  us  of  his  inner  life  of  fancy,  thought,  and  feeling.  It  is  his 
writings  that  contain  his  true  biography — the  record,  often  made  uncon- 
sciously, of  that  portion  of  his  being  which  was  most  important  to  him,  and 
most  interesting  to  us.  On  account  of  the  fulness  of  this  self-delineation, 
he  has  been  called  "  a  statelv  Montaigne  ;"  but  bevond  the  stateliness  which 
distinguishes  Browne  from  the  illustrious  essayist,  there  is  this  difference 
between  them — that  whilst  the  Frenchman  in  his  charming  garrulity  dis- 
tinctly and  designedly  describes  himself,  Browne,  except  in  his  earhest  work, 
which  was  published  in  the  first  instance  without  his  sanction,  only  depicts 
himself  incidentally  by  the  freedom  and  the  frankness  of  his  utterance  upon 
all  conceivable  themes.  That  earliest  work  was  Heligto  Medici^  which 
was  written  before  the  author  had  completed  his  thirtieth  year,  and  printed 
surreptitiously  seven  years  afterwards.  An  acknowledged  publication,  made 
different  by  retrenchments  and  additions,  appeared  within  twelve  months  of 
this  unauthorized  edition;  and,  after  an  interval  of  three  more  years,  this 
was  followed  by  the  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica^  or  **  Enquiries  into  Vulgar  and 
Common  Errors,*'  which  was  in  many  respects  the  most  considerable  of  all 
Browne's  writings.  It  was  not  till  twelve  other  years  had  passed  away 
that  the  **  Garden  of  Cyrus,*'  and  the  Hydriotaphia,  or  treatise  on  "  Urn- 
Burial,"  were  added  to  the  previous  works,  to  complete  the  catalogue  of 
those  which  were  made  public  during  the  lifetime  of  the  author.  After  his 
death,  the  diligence  of  friends  and  editors  made  large  additions  to  this  list 
by  the  pubhcation  of  many  important  manuscripts,  which  were  found 
amongst  his  papers,  or  had  already  served  the  immediate  purposes  for 
which  they  had  been  specially  composed. 

In  glancing  over  these  collected  works,  however  cursorily,  we  cannot 
fail  to  discern  in  them  two  distinct  characteristics,  by  either  of  which  it 
would  be  easv  to  establish  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  kindred  with  one  of  the 
classes  of  great  masters  of  our  glorious  early  literature.  He  has  an  inde- 
feasible affinity  with  the  men  of  quaint  and  massive  learning  on  the  one 
hand,  and  with  the  men  of  beautiful  imagination  on  the  other.  In  the 
writings  of  those  of  his  contemporaries  in  whom  these  qualities  were  the 
most  conspicuously  combined,  as  in  those  of  Jeremy  Taylor  and  Milton, 
the  intertexture  of  the  two  is  so  close  that  it  is  seldom  possible  entirely  to 
disentangle  them  ;  but  in  the  writings  of  Browne,  the  qualities  are  kept 
separate,  so  that  one  composition  is  quite  as  remarkable  for  its  cold,  un- 
ornamented  learning,  as  another  is  for  its  warmth  and  wealth  of  figurative 
eloquence.     It    must,  however,  be  observed,  that  whilst  the  most  con- 


680  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  [Dec. 

siderable  of  his  learned  works  is  seldom  beautified  by  any  gleams  of 
imagery,  or  by  any  of  those  "rich  and  rare"  embellishments  of  which  he 
had  so  ample  a  command,  there  is  no  similar  thrift  of  learning  in  what  may 
be  distinguished  as  his  poetic  compositions.  These,  indeed,  if  we  could 
extract  from  them  all  that  makes  them  poetry^  all  their  graces  and  their 
sweetness  and  their  power  and  pomp,  would  still  retain,  in  the  residuum, 
enough  of  knowledge  and  of  thought  to  render  them  important  for  their 
own  intrinsic  worth,  as  well  as  interesting  as  memorials  of  the  ripe  and 
curious  scholarship  of  a  bygone  age. 

The  reader  of  the  Religio  Medici  will  not  fail  to  notice  in  that  singular 
discourse  these  distinct  characteristics  of  the  author's  mind.  If  that  first 
work  of  his  had  not  won  for  itself  a  wide  celebrity  by  its  eloquence,  it  would 
have  deserved  to  do  so  by  its  erudition.  Hardly  a  page  of  it  is  without 
some  evidence  of  the  writer's  wide  familiarity  with  books — books  not 
seldom  of  a  dry,  pedantic,  almost  unreadable  tribe,  which  none  but  the 
most  resolute  students  dare  to  grapple  with.  And  yet,  with  faculties  that 
were  not  merely  not  wearied,  but  rather  found  delight,  in  these  stony  and 
untravelled  paths  of  literature,  he  combined — as  many  a  noble  paragraph 
of  this  same  Religio  Medici  shews — a  susceptibility  to  all  the  softest  and 
all  the  grandest  influences  that  literature,  in  the  regions  of  its  most  mag- 
nificent fertility,  unfolds.  In  these  choicer  passages  there  are,  in  fact,  all 
the  elements  of  poetry,  except  a  metrical  form.  There  is  the  bright  and 
bold  imagination,  the  broad  human  sympathy,  the  beautiful  imagery,  the 
brave  pomp  and  strength  of  speech,  inspired  by  harmonies  as  rich  and 
varied  as  the  tones  of  some  cathedral  choir; — and,  animating  and  sus- 
taining these,  there  is  an  intense  moral  energy,  a  devout  afifection, 
emanating  probably  from  that  *'  Spirit  of  God"  which  he  is  confident  plays 
within  us  ally  and  of  which  he  finely  says, — 

"  This  is  that  gentle  heat  that  brooded  on  the  waters,  and  in  six  days  hatched  the 
world ;  this  is  that  irradiation  that  dispels  the  mists  of  hell,  the  clouds  of  horror,  fe«r, 
sorrow,  despair,  and  preserves  the  region  of  the  mind  in  serenity  :  whosoever  feels  not 
the  warm  gale  and  gentle  ventilation  of  this  spirit,  [though  I  feel  his  pulse,]  I  dare  not 
say  he  lives ;  for  truly  without  this,  to  me  there  is  no  heat  under  the  tropic,  nor  any 
light,  though  I  dwelt  in  the  body  of  the  sun." 

Throughout  his  eloquent  confession,  Browne's  faith  is  seen  to  have  pro- 
ceeded more  from  his  emotions  than  his  reason  ;  and  his  discourse  is,  there- 
fore, rather  deeply  interesting  as  the  portraiture  of  a  richly-gifted  and 
remarkable  mind,  than  either  instructive  or  convincing  as  a  religious  argu- 
ment. His  own  belief  is  orthodox  enough,  although  he  sometimes  endea- 
vours to  sustain  it  in  a  way  that  is,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  somewhat  fanciful, 
strange,  and  unsatisfactory.  Above  all,  amidst  the  conflict  and  the  shock 
of  controversial  times,  when  men  battled  fiercely  with  each  other  in  the 
cause  of  Christian  peace,  he  held  fast  by  a  Catholic  charity,  which  we  have 
an  unimpeachable  warrant  for  regarding  as  the  most  comprehensive  of  the 
Christian  virtues.  Nowhere  in  the  writings  of  the  age,  adorned  as  it  was 
with  the  glorious  intellects  and  glowing  hearts  of  some  of  the  greatest 
masters  of  our  sacred  literature,  shall  we  find  an  utterance  of  that  afifection 
more  eloquent  than  his,  or  more  undoubtedly  sincere.  It  is  breathed  forth 
in  the  simplest  tones  of  truth,  untouched  by  any  rhetoric  but  that  which  a 
strong  feeling  teaches.  And  it  was,  too,  a  charity  of  that  genuine  cast  that 
could  both  judge  leniently  of  creeds  and  customs  hostile  to  his  own,  and 
mercifully  help  the  weary  and  the  heavy-laden  at  the  cost  of  trouble  and 
privation  to  himself.  Whilst  the  rival  Churches  were  denouncing  one 
2 


1856.]  Sir  Thomas  Brotvne,  681 

another  with  a  rancour  bred  from  recent  separation,  the  tolerant  spirit  of 
Browne  contemplated  the  very  observances  that  he  was  most  averse  to  in 
this  wise  and  kindly  mood.     He  says, — 

"  I  should  violate  my  own  arm  rather  than  a  church ;  nor  willingly  deface  tlie  name 
of  saint  or  martyr.  At  the  siu^ht  of  a  cross,  or  crucifix,  I  can  dispense  with  my  hat,  but 
scarce  with  the  thought  or  niouicry  of  my  Saviour.  I  cannot  laugh  at,  but  rather  pity, 
the  fruitless  journeys  of  ])'lgiim8,  or  contemn  the  miserable  condition  of  friars;  fc, 
though  misplaced  in  circumstances,  there  is  something  in  it  of  devotion.  I  could  never 
liear  the  Ave-Mary  bell  without  an  elevation,  or  think  it  a  sufHcient  warrant,  because 
they  erred  in  one  circumstance,  for  me  to  err  in  all, — that  is,  in  silence  and  dumb  con- 
tempt. Whilst,  therefore,  they  directed  their  devotions  to  her,  I  ottered  mine  to  Clod ; 
and  rectified  the  errors  of  their  prayers  by  rightly  ordering  mine  own.  At  a  solemn 
procession  1  liave  w-i'pt  abiuid  mtly,  while  my  consorts,  blind  with  opposition  and  pre- 
jud'oo,  have  lallcn  into  an  excess  of  scorn  and  laughter.  There  are,  questionless,  both 
in  finc'k,  Roman,  and  African  Churches,  solemnities  and  ceremonies,  whereof  the  wiser 
'/ejils  do  make  a  Christian  u.«e ;  and  which  stand  condemned  by  us,  not  as  evil  in  them- 
selves, l)ut  as  allurements  and  baits  of  supei*stition  to  those  vulgar  heads  that  look 
as(|uint  on  the  face  of  truth,  and  those  unstable' judgments  that  cannot  consist  in  the 
narrow  point  and  centre  of  virtue  without  a  reel  or  stiigger  to  the  circumference." 

Throughout  the  Reliyio  Medici^  whenever  charity  engages  him,  it  is  in  this 
vein  of  Christian  sweetness  that  he  writes.  His  conception  of  the  duty 
neither  omits  nor  undervalues  any  of  its  manifestations.  *'  Divinity,"  he 
tells  us,  *'  hath  wisely  divided  the  act  thereof  into  many  branches,  and  hath 
taught  us,  in  this  narrow  way,  many  paths  unto  goodness."  Through  each 
of  these  paths — but  especially  through  those  in  which  we  learn  how  know- 
ledge should  be  given  to  the  ignorant,  and  comfort  to  the  afflicted,  and 
bread  to  the  hungry — he  leads  the  reader  along  delightedly,  making  each 
in  its  turn  luminous  and  lovely  by  the  golden  light  of  genius  which  he  casts 
over  it. 

It  is  for  this  light  of  genius  itself,  and  not  for  the  learning  or  the  love 
which  it  illuminates,  that  men  read  the  Eeligio  Medici  now.  The  skill 
of  modern  book-makers  beats  out  into  so  fine  a  leaf  the  bullion  of  our  old 
writers,  that  it  is  commonly  put  out  of  use  by  their  thin  and  glittering 
substitute,  and  little  cared  for  by  any  but  those  who  have  taste  enough  to 
be  delighted  with  the  quaintness  and  the  beauty  which  are  not  malleable  by 
any  means  yet  known  in  the  industrious  arts.  For  qualities  of  this  kind, 
the  writings  of  those  unforgotten  masters  continue  still  to  be  the  richest 
sources.  It  is  on  this  account  that  the  student  is  well-pleased  to  go  back, 
from  time  to  time,  to  a  fresh  perusal  of  a  book  like  that  which  we  are  now 
considering.  After  feeding  for  awhile  upon  the  meagre  fare  of  much  of 
our  contemporary  literature,  there  is  something  invigorating  to  the  mind, 
as  well  as  grateful,  in  the  strong  and  vivid  imagery,  the  unworn  and  indi- 
vidual eloquence,  the  terseness  and  felicity  of  phrase,  and  the  general 
majesty  of  style,  by  which  the  Religio  Medici  is,  from  the  beginning  to 
the  end,  pervaded.  The  very  features  of  the  work  which  are  least  favour- 
al)le  to  the  philosophical  reputation  of  Browne — the  fantasies  of  an  imagi- 
nation too  ardent  to  be  always  held  in  check  by  reason — add  to  its  attrac- 
tiveness, and,  in  some  sense,  to  its  beauty ;  whilst  they  undoubtedly  co- 
operate with  the  sterling  qualities  we  have  referred  to  in  rendering  the 
discourse,  as  it  has  been  justly  said  to  be,  •*  one  of  the  most  beautiful  prose 
poems  in  the  language." 

But  if  the  eloquence  of  the  BeJigio  Medici  is  well  supported  by  its 
erudition,  the  erudition  of  the  Pseitdodoxia  Epidemica  has  no  such  debt 
of  obligation  to  its  eloquence.  The  contemplative  student,  eaniestly 
engaged  with  his  experiments,  and  curiosities,  and  books,  is  revealed  to  us, 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  '     4r  t 


682  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  [Dec 

to  the  atter  exclusion  of  the  poet,  in  the  subjects  and  the  snbatance  of  these 
celebrated  "  Enquiries  into  Vulgar  Errors."  How  the  author  could  restrain 
hi;)  finer  powers  from  activity  throughout  tlie  long  continuance  of  sucfa 
somewhat  dull  investigations,  is  indeed  a  problem  hard  to  solve.  So, 
nevertheless,  it  was.  Even  the  music  of  his  style  is  hushed,  and  aU 
its  pomp  laid  by. 

In  point  of  size  as  well  as  learning,  this  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica  is  the 
great  work  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  In  the  present  age,  every  well- 
taught  child  would  be  found  to  entertain  conclusions  as  correct  as  those  of 
the  author,  on  the  greater  number  of  the  matters  he  discourses  on ;  but 
this  circumstance,  although  it  is  unquestionably  a  ground  for  thankfulness 
and  gratitude  on  our  part,  is  no  disparagement  to  knowledge  which  was 
anything  but  common  on  the  publication  of  the  book.  The  inten'ening 
centuries  have  made  a  vast  and  wonderful  improvement  in  the  amount  of 
information  current  in  society,  and  of  this  improvement,  Browne,  on  the 
strength  of  his  "  Enquiries  into  Vulgar  Errors,"  takes  rank  amongst  the 
worthiest  pioneers.  '*  Scarce  the  absurdest  delusion  he  demolished,"  says 
the  writer  of  the  ablest  and  most  elegant  of  all  the  disquisitions  Browne 
has  been  the  theme  of,  "  but  had  its  stubborn  champion  ;  and  every  inch  of 
the  bridge  from  fable  to  truth  was  fought  with  all  the  knight-errantry  of 
men  who  see  in  ignorance  the  beloved  country  in  which  they  were  bom, 
and  for  which  they  are  contented  to  die."  Over  that  bridge  Browne  car- 
ried his  evangel,  and  planted  it  for  ever  in  the  understandings  of  our 
fellow-countrymen. 

In  his  **  Enquiries  into  Vulgar  Errors"  there  was,  however,  a  limit  set  to 
speculation,  which  he  never  overstepped.  The  domain  of  faith  was  to  him 
a  sanctuary  into  which  his  scepticism  never  was  allowed  to  enter.  What- 
ever notion  had,  or  pretended  to  have,  a  sanction  from  the  Scriptures 
or  the  canons  of  the  Church,  was  to  him  tabooed : — 

**  In  philosophy,"  ho  tolls  os,  "  whore  tmth  Hccms  donhlo-facod,  there  is  no  man  more 
panuloxionl  than  myself;  but  in  divinity,  I  love  to  keep  the  road;  and,  though  not  in 
an  implicit,  yet  un  htnnhlo  faith,  follow  the  great  wheel  of  the  Church  1]^  whk^ 
I  move,  not  reserving  any  proper  poles  or  motion  from  the  e^cycle  of  mj  om 
brain." 


It  is  only  by  keeping  this  principle  in  our  remembrance  that  we 
explain  the  absurdities  of  belief  with  which  Browne,  in  spite  of  his  philoso- 
phizintr  spirit  and  extensive  knowledge,  has  been  so  properly  reproached, 
lie  placed  under  the  tutelage  of  religion,  opinions  which  religion  never 
authorized,  and  then  .icceptcd  them  without  enquiry,  because  of  the  gra- 
tuitous authority  he  had  assif^ned  them.  Thus  it  was  that  the  man  who 
so  largely  and  so  gloriously  enlightened  others,  remained  himself,  on  some 
of  •  he  least  tenable  delusions,  in  a  darkness  as  complete  as  any  he  dispersed. 
Almost  all  the  errors  that  he  clung  to  were  recommended  to  him  on  this 
ground.  It  was  on  this  ground  that  he  rejected  the  discoveries  of  Coper* 
nicus,  and  held  fast  bv  a  belief  in  witchcraft — absurdities  the  most  memo- 
rable  of  any  that  were  known  to  mingle  with  his  rare  and  copious  leamingi 
and  his  singular  love  of  truth. 

Tlie  "  Common  and  Vulgar  Errors"  which  Sir  Thomas  Browne  assailed 
were  certainly  not  those  which  are  the  most  inimical  to  the  progress  and 
wcll-beinr;  of  societv.  All  the  evils  which  ori<nnate  in  mistaken  views 
of  moral  science — a  foul  and  fruitful  progeny  at  all  times,  but  especially  to 
in  his  day — formed  no  part  of  the  epidemic  errors  he  endeavoured  to 
destroy.     It  was,  almost  wholly,  physical  error  that  he  laboured,  and 


185G.]  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  688 

laboured  with  such  good  success,  to  exterminate.  But  in  this  peculiar 
field  of  his,  it  must  be  owned  that  he  worked  with  an  enviable  industry  and 
zeal,  taking  in  an  ample  circuit  of  enquiry,  and  bringing  to  bear  on  his  in- 
vestigations a  sound  discriminative  judgment,  and  an  extraordinary  fund  of 
miscellaneous  learning.  On  some  of  the  unsettled  questions  that  he  wrote 
on,  the  reader  of  the  present  age  will  observe  with  surprise — a  surprise  not 
unmingled,  probably,with  disappointment  and  regret — how  little  the  scholar- 
ship and  painstaking  researches  of  two  centuries  have  added  to  the  know- 
ledge Browne  possessed.  On  others,  the  reader  will  be  just  as  much 
moved  to  smile  at  the  lavish  waste  of  thought  and  learning  on  inves- 
tigations which  none  but  an  oddly-constructed  mind  ever  could  have  found 
interest  in,  which  are  by  their  very  nature  indeterminable,  and  which, 
if  they  should  happen  by  some  ray  of  superhuman  light  to  be  determined, 
could  still  give  birth  to  no  conclusion  of  any  conceivable  import  to  any  por- 
tion of  the  familv  of  man. 

"  The  Garden  of  Cyrus ;  or,  the  Quincuncial  Lozenge,  or  Net-work 
Plantations  of  the  Ancients,  artificially,  naturally,  mystically  considered," 
is,  as  its  title  half  suggests,  one  of  the  ingenious  and  imaginative  specula^ 
tions  in  which  Browne  delighted  to  indulge.  It  is  at  the  same  time  pro- 
fusely studded  with  learning,  collected  from  the  strangest  variety  of  sources, 
and  curiously  brought  to  bear  on  the  demonstration  of  his  doctrine  of  a 
gut'ncuncial  ordination.  Mr.  Coleridge,  after  observing  how  thoroughly 
Browne  becomes  absorbed  in  the  consideration  that  engages  him,  and 
metamorphoses  all  nature  into  it,  has  very  truly  as  well  as  tersely  said, — 
**'i  he  very  same  remark  applies,  in  the  same  force,  to  the  interesting,  though 
far  less  interesting,  treatise  on  the  Quincuncial  Plantations  of  the  Ancients ; 
the  same  etitireness  of  subject !  Quincunxes  in  heaven  above ;  quincunxes 
in  earth  below ;  quincunxes  in  deity ;  quincunxes  in  the  mind  of  man ; 
quincunxes  in  tones,  in  optic  nerves,  in  roots  of  trees,  in  leaves,  in  every- 
thing !''  And  the  marvel  is,  amidst  this  singular  display  of  knowledge  and 
delusion,  with  how  elaborate  and  exact  a  seeming  facts  are  made  to  but- 
tress up  the  author's  fond  and  fanciful  hypothesis.  He  is  never  at  a  loss 
for  new  and  striking  instances  and  illustrations ;  and  the  whole  of  these 
are  communicated  in  a  clear  and  beautiful  style, — something  below  his 
grandest,  yet  much  above  his  worst, — and  ornamented  here  and  there  with 
the  swelling  tones  of  his  most  stately  eloquence.  One  noble  passage, 
familiar  probably  to  many,  we  shall  quote,  as  an  admirable  specimen  of  his 
peculiar  strength  and  majesty  of  manner.     He  says, — 

**■  Darkness  and  Light  hold  intcrclinngeable  dominions,  and  alternately  rale  the 
seminal  8tatc  of  things.  Light  unto  Pluto  is  darkness  unto  Jupiter.  Legions  of  semi- 
nal ideas  lie  in  their  second  cliaos  and  Orcus  of  Hipixxrates;  till,  putting  on  the  habits 
of  their  forms,  they  shew  themselves  upon  the  stage  of  the  world,  and  open  dominion 
of  .Jove.  They  that  held  the  stars  of  heaven  were  but  rays  and  flashing  glimpses  of 
tl»e  ('m])jTeid  light,  through  holes  nnd  perforations  of  the  upper  heaven,  took  oflf  the 
natural  shadows  of  stars;  while  according  to  better  discovery,  the  poor  inhabitants  of 
the  moon  have  but  a  polary  life,  and  must  pass  half  their  days  in  the  shadow  of  that 
luminary. 

"  Light,  that  makes  things  seen,  makes  some  things  invisible;  were  it  not  for  the 
darkness  and  the  shadow  of  the  earth,  the  noblest  part  of  the  creation  had  remained 
unseen,  and  the  stars  of  heaven  as  invisible  as  on  the  fourth  day,  when  they  were 
created  above  the  Iiorizon  with  the  sun,  or  there  was  not  an  eye  to  behold  them.  The 
greatest  mystery'  of  religion  is  expressed  by  adumbration,  and  in  the  noblest  part  of 
.Jewisli  types  we  find  the  cherubinis  shadowing  the  mercy -seat.  Life  itself  is  but  the 
shadow  of  death,  and  souls  dejMirted  but  the  shadow  of  the  living.  All  things  fall 
under  this  name.  The  sun  itself  is  but  the  dark  gimulachrum,  aud  light  but  the 
shadow  of  God." 


684  Sir  Thomas  Broumc,  [Dec 

Fine  as  the  passage  is  that  we  have  just  quoted,  it  is  eclipsed  by  th 
lurid  grandeur  of  the  **  Discourse  on  Um-Burial."  In  all  the  qualities  c 
the  highest  order  of  eloquence,  this  magnificent  discourse  is  certain); 
IJrowne's  ma5^teri)icce,  as  well  as  one  of  the  masterpieces  of  our  Snglisl 
htcniture.  From  one  end  to  the  other,  it  is  in  its  kind  perfect.  Even 
grace  that  genius  could  accumulate  upon  the  awful  theme,  every  leamec 
illustration  that  could  interest  without  overloading  it,  every  raoumfui 
image  made  api)roj)riate  hy  its  gravity  and  gloom,  every  sweet  and  solemn 
feeling  that  the  contemplation  of  mortality  engenders  in  a  philosophic 
mind,  every  gloriuus  harmony  of  speech,  might  be  supposed,  from  the 
effect,  to  have  lent  its  aid  in  this  unparalleled  composition.  The  reader 
misses  nothing — can  imagine  nothhig  that  might  add  to  its  absorbing 
charm.  Even  the  lesser  merit  of  a  free  and  simple  diction,  unencumbered 
with  the  multitude  of  Latin  words  habitual  to  the  author  in  his  other 
writings,  is  aUo  j)rcsent,  enhancing  our  enjoyment  by  giving  to  the  witchery 
of  the  work  a  directer  influence  over  heart  and  mind. 

The  circumstance  that  gave  birth  to  this  grand  funeral  anthem  was  t 
very  simple  one.  A  number  of  sepulchral  urns,  containing  human  bones, 
were  founiL  about  a  yard  beneath  the  surface,  in  a  field  at  Old  Waking- 
ham ;  and  "  near  the  same  plot  of  ground,  for  about  six  yards'  compass, 
were  digged  up  coals  and  incinerated  substances,  which  begat  conjecture 
that  this  was  the  ustrinn^  or  place  of  burning  their  bodies,  or  some  sacri- 
ficing place  unto  the  manes,^^  From  the  inspiration  of  this  unpromising 
occurrence,  l^iowne's  eloquence  and  poetry  gushed  forth  in  beautiful  abun* 
dance.  M'ith  all  the  rich  and  various  powers  we  have  spoken  of,  he  des- 
cants on  death  and  the  grave ;  gives  glimpses  of  the  strange  varieties  of 
modes  of  sepulture  whicli  have  prevailed  in  different  kingdoms  of  the 
earth,  and  in  different  ages  of  the  world's  history;  and  finds  in  almost 
every  rite  some  latent  spiritual  element  of  beauty,  wisdom,  love,  or  holi- 
ness. JSentiments  aj)propriate  to  the  several  aspects  of  his  own  individual- 
ity, as  scholar,  poet,  moralist,  and  Christian,  delight  us  upon  every  page; 
symbols,  full  of  tranquil  grace  and  tcndtTuess,  are  traced  out  with  ingenious 
art  in  ^t range  observances  of  sepulture ;  and  emblems  of  affection,  striving 
to  resist  the  disuniting  hand  of  death,  and  to  ])rcserve  the  dear  affinities  of 
life  and  love  amidst  the  darkness  and  the  coldness  of  the  grave,  are  pre- 
sented to  u.s  with  a  sympathy  of  wliich  the  very  strength  and  sweetness 
are  themselves  hardly  less  than  that  of  the  fondly-cherished  yearning  they 
connneniorate. 

lirowne  was  avowcdlv  no  writer  for  the  multitude  of  his  own  time,  vet 
wo  cannot  but  believe  that  the  multitude  of  the  present  age  would  quite 
appreciate  the  discourse  that  we  are  now  speaking  of,  and  heartily  enjoy 
it.  ]\lany,  no  doubt,  have  been  repelled  by  the  learned  title  of  HydriO' 
tapliia — one  of  the  pedantic  names  which  Hrownc  and  many  of  his  contem- 
jx^raries  were  fond  of  giving  to  their  buoks — who  would  have  feasted  with 
advantage  and  delight  on  the  congregated  luxuries  of  the  Urn-Burial.  As 
it  is,  the  little  treatise  has  been  alnio>t  confined  to  mm  of  letters,  amongst 
many  of  whom  it  has  always  kept  its  place  as  a  chief  favourite.  It  suited 
well  tljc  sad  and  gentle  nature  cif  Charles  Lamb;  Coleridge  and  Hazlitt, 
wh(  n  they  wrote  about  it,  fairly  lost  themselves  in  ecstasies  of  incompre- 
luMi>ible  ])raisc  and  admiration ;  and  even  the  judicious  Ilallam  speaks  of 
it  kindlily  and  well.  Others  also,  wlio^e  names  are  not  made  public,  have 
written  elotjutMitly — and  with  an  el<)(|uenee  the  more  valuable  for  the  critical 
discrimination  which  accon)panicd  it — in  honour  of  the  same  theme. 


i 


1856.]  Sir  TJiomas  Browne.  685 

Our  own  unmeasured  admiration  of  this  fasciuating  essay  stands,  pro- 
bably, in  need  of  some  justificative  quotations,  which  we  must  select  rather 
for  convenient  brevity  than  for  conspicuous  worth.  On  the  desire  of  a 
union  surviving  death,  our  author  says : — 

"  'Hie  iishes  of  Domitian  were  mingled  with  those  of  Julia ;  of  Achilles  with  those  of 
Patrochis.  All  urns  containe<l  not  single  ashes ;  without  confused  burnings  they 
alii ctionately  compounded  their  bones;  passionately  endeavouring  to  continue  their 
living  unions.  And  when  distance  of  death  denied  such  conjunctions,  unsatisfied  affec- 
tions conceived  some  satisfaction  to  be  neighbours  in  the  gi*ave,  to  lie  urn  by  urn,  and 
touch  but  in  their  manes.  And  many  were  so  curious  to  continue  their  living  relations, 
that  thcv  contrived  large  and  family  urns,  wherein  the  ashes  of  tlieir  nearest  friends 
and  kindred  might  successively  be  received — at  least  some  parcels  thereof— while  their 
collateral  memorials  lay  m  minor  vessels  about  them." 

Seldom,  probably,  have  so  much  poetic  beauty  and  profound  thought 
been  concentrated  in  so  few  words  as  in  the  following  passage : — 

"  Tlie  contempt  of  death  from  corporal  animosity  promoteth  not  our  felicity.  They 
may  sit  in  the  orchestra,  and  noblest  seats  oj"  heaven,  who  have  held  up  shaking  hands 

in  the  Jire,  and  humanlif  contewled  for  glory Meanwhile  EpiciUTis  lies  deep  in 

Dante's  hell,  wherein  we  meet  with  tombs  enclosing  souls  which  denied  their  immor- 
talitit'S.  Hut  whether  the  virtuous  heatlien,  who  lived  better  than  he  spake,  or  erring 
m  the  principles  of  himself,  yet  lived  above  philosopin  rs  of  more  specious  maxims,  lie 
so  deep  as  he  is  phiccd,  at  least  so  low  as  not  to  rise  against  Christians,  who,  believing 
or  knowing  that  truth,  have  lastingly  denied  it  in  thcu*  pi'actice  and  conversation,  were 
a  query  too  sad  to  insist  on." 

One  other  passage — a  well-known  one,  memorable  as  a  strain  of  noblest 
meditation  clothed  in  the  utmost  majesty  of  speech — is  all  that  we  have 
further  space  for.     It  is  as  follows  : — 

"  ^Vliat  song  the  s^Tcns  sang,  or  what  name  Achilles  assumed  when  ho  hid  himself 
among  women,  tliongh  puzzling  questi'uis,  are  not  beyond  all  conjecture.  What  time 
tlu?  persons  of  these  ossuaries  entered  tlie  famous  nations  of  the  dead,  and  slept  with 
princes  and  counsellors,  might  admit  a  wide  solution.  But  who  were  the  proprietaries 
of  these  lones,  or  what  IxKlies  these  ashes  ma'le  up,  were  a  question  above  antiquarism, 
not  to  he  resolved  hy  man,  nor  easily  perhajw  by  spirits,  except  we  consult  the  pi-ovincial 
guardians,  or  tutelary  observators.  Had  they  made  as  good  provision  for  their  names, 
as  they  have  done  for  their  relicks,  they  had  not  so  grossly  erred  in  the  art  of  perpetua- 
tion. But  to  subsist  in  bones,  and  be  but  pyratniiially  extant,  is  a  fallacy  in  duration. 
Vain  ashes,  which  in  the  oblivion  of  names,  persons,  times,  and  sexes,  have  found  unto 
themselves  a  fruitless  continuation,  and  only  ar'se  unto  late  posterity,  as  emblems  of 
mortal  vanities,  antidotes  agsiinst  pride,  vain-glory,  and  madding  vices.  Pagan  vain- 
glories, >\hich  thought  the  world  might  Uvst  f  >r  ever,  had  encouragement  for  ambition; 
and,  finding  no  atropos  unto  the  immortality  of  their  niunes,  were  never  dampt  with 
the  necessity  of  oblivion.  Even  old  ambitions  had  the  advantage  of  ours,  iu  the 
attempts  of  their  vain-glories,  who,  acting  early,  and  before  the  probable  meridian  of 
time,  have  by  this  time  found  grwit  accomi)lislnnent  of  their  designs,  whereby  the 
ancient  heroes  have  already  outListcd  their  monuments  and  mechanical  preservations. 
Hut  in  this  latter  scene  of  time,  we  c  ninot  expect  such  mummies  unto  our  memories, 
when  amliition  luay  fear  the  prophecy'  of  Klias,  and  Charles  the  Fifth  can  never  hope 
to  live  within  two  Methuselalis  of  Hector." 

None  of  the  writings  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  but  those  that  we  have 
now  referred  to,  were  published  by  himself,  or  during  his  own  lifetime. 
Additions,  amounting  on  the  whole  to  very  nearly  one-third  of  the  entire 
collection,  have  been  subsequently  made  to  them,  and  are  comprehended  in 
Mr.  Wilkins'  complete  and  well- edited  edition.  Amongst  this  new  matter, 
which  the  diligence  of  friends  and  editors  has  added  to  the  catalogue  of 
his  works,  there  is  a  discourse  on  *'  Christian  Morals,**  and  certain  "Miscel- 
lany Tracts'*  and  "  Miscellanies,"  of  which  many  were  originally  written 
for  the  information  of  correspondenbj  who,  depending  on  his  extensive 


68G  Sir  TJiomas  Browne.  [Do 

leaminp^  on  a  vast  variety  of  subjects,  had  applied  to  him  for  know]ed| 
not  to  be  obtained  elsewhere.  It  may  be  enough  to  say  of  these  compt 
sitions  generally,  that  they  cast  no  new  light  on  the  author's  genius  c 
acquirements.  Ik'uring  the  fullest  testimony  to  his  rare  and  copious  em 
dition,  and  beautified  occasionally  by  brilliant  outbursts  of  his  imaginatif 
eloquence,  they  are  worthy  of  him,  without  in  anj'  way  enhancing  th 
great  fame  which  he  had  won  by  his  acknowledged  works.  But  th 
**  ])omestic  Correspondence,**  which  enriches  the  third  volume  of  this  ex 
cellent  collection,  presents  to  us  the  stalely,  meditative  scholar  with  a  nei 
claim  to  our  affection  and  esteem.  After  contemplating  him  in  the  two 
fold  character  of  sage  and  ])oet,  it  is  pleasant  to  us  to  see  that  his  rare 
powers  had  neither  chilled  nor  weakened  the  affections,  which  are  t« 
often  found  to  thrive  best  in  homeliest  natures.  We  see  the  kind-heartei 
father,  writhig  cheerily  and  lovingly  to  his  two  sons,  "  Honest  Tom"  anc 
"  Dear  Sonne  Edward ;"  condescending,  in  their  absence,  to  the  commonesi 
hopes  and  cares  concerning  them ;  thoughtfully  and  anxiously,  but  n6 
obtrusively,  advising  them  on  their  pursuits;  and  impressing  on  them 
"  what  is  never  to  be  forgot — to  serve  and  honour  God."  Nor  does  it,  w( 
confess,  at  all  weaken  our  conviction  of  his  own  habitual  devotion,  to  fine 
the  naturalist  hand  in  hand  with  the  Christian,  and  a  recommendation  to  i 
//o/y  fnith  and  life  followed  by  a  wish  for  any  pretty  insects  of  any  kirn 
which  his  son  might  chance  to  meet  with.  In  his  own  heart,  the  love  a 
science  and  the  love  of  God  were  linked  affections,  mutually  lendinf 
strength  and  help  to  one  another;  and  the  tiniest  insect,  sporting  gaily  ii 
the  summer  sun,  or  scrutinized  by  aid  of  scalpel  and  of  lens,  contained  t< 
him  an  eloqutnt  discourse  on  the  ])ivine  attributes  and  the  Divine  ways 
In  this  respect,  these  unstudied  letters  are  a  very  precious  and  importanl 
addition  to  the  series  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  writings,  endearing  him  to 
us  by  tluir  involuntary  revelations  of  a  goodness,  and  a  tenderness,  and  i 
piety,  of  which  he  was  quite  as  eager  to  make  his  children  the  inheriton, 
as  of  those  more  splendid  acquisitions  and  endowments  which  had  gained 
for  him  so  illustrious  a  place  in  the  world's  esteem. 


LOCAL  HTSTOHY  and  TOPOGRArHT. 

The  study  of  topography,  local  history,  and  antiquities,  is  one  of  thofC 
delightful  occupations  in  which  the  Knglish  gentleman  stands  unrivalled. 
The  old  Uonum  way,  the  ancient  eaithwoik,  the  mediaeval  church,  the  old 
fauiilies  are  subjects  on  which  we  may  continually  enlarge,  and  ever  find 
an  attentive  audience  ;  gladly,  therefore,  do  we  welcome  the  following^  ad- 
ditions to  our  fctoek  of  works  upon  tiiese  kindred  subjects.  ""^^^ 

The  most  recent,  as  well  as  the  most  important,  is  Mr.  Pishey  Thomp 
sons  Jliiffuri/  and  Antiquities  of  lloiiton;\  a  work  which  has  evidcnti 

■  *•  TIjo  lIi^to^y  ami  Anliijuitios  of  Iiustou,  niid  the  Villagi's  of  Skirbeek,  Fishtofl 
Fri'istrm,  lUittrnv'u'k,  Hcniiiiijjlon,  Lovrrlrii,  Li^nko,  and  Wrangle;  couipritHng  thi 
lliiiidrcd  of  Skirbick,  in  tlic  County  ol*  Lnicoln  ;  hicbuling  also  a  Histciry  of  the  Kast 
AVi'^t,  nnd  Wildnioro  I'ons,  nnd  0»i»itnjs  Noticcn  of  tlio  Holland  «»r  Hautuntru  Fen;  i 
History  of  thr  Ilivrr  Willuini ;  thi'  IJioirraithy  of  Cclchnitod  IVrwrns,  natives  of,  or  con 
necti'«l  with,  the  Nii^hhutu'lHMKl ;  SkrtrlxH  of  the  (ieob^gy,  Naturul  Hirtorj',  ISotuny 
and  A;;rieultMre  of  the  District  ;  a  very  extensive  I'utalogue  of  Arehaiiinis  am 
rioviiuial  \\'orU?4,  L<K.-al  Dialect,  I'lirusitii,  lYovvrlM,  Chneiiis,  Supcrstiiioiuv  Ac.     H^ 


* 


«.-  rrj 


^ISSSV^ 


BOSSES     IN     YARMOUTH       CUUHCH.      II. 


185G.]  Local  History  and  Topography,  687 

been  a  labour  of  love  to  the  author  durin^^  the  many  years  he  has  been 
engaged  upon  it.  The  volume  contains  above  a  hundred  beautiful  wood- 
engravings,  illustrative  of  old  houses,  churches,  antiquities,  &c.,  and  is 
a  perfect  mine  of  information.  In  our  next  Magazine  we  hope  to  bring 
the  work  more  fully  before  our  readers. 

It  is  with  much  pleasure  we  announce  the  issuing  from  a  provincial  press 
of  so  excellent  a  topographical  volume  as  the  History  of  Great  Yar- 
mouth^ ^^  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Charles  John  Palmer;  to  whose  inde- 
fatigable industry  and  perseverance  this  rich  tome  is  added  to  our  local 
histories.  We  have  had  occasion  to  speak  hitherto  of  that  gentleman's 
literary  labours,  and  we  do  so  again,  with  the  heartiest  satisfaction.  As 
the  respected  editor  proceeds,  so  he  increases  the  value  of  his  topo- 
graphical researches.  Ilis  former  editions  of  the  Histories  of  Yarmouth, 
from  the  MS.  compilations  of  the  elder  and  junior  Manships,  replete 
with  the  quaint  language  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  have 
proved  valuable  additions  to  Norfolk  topography,  from  the  luminous  notes 
and  illustrations  with  which  those  editions  abound.  The  present  history  is 
designed  as  a  continuation  of  the  Manships*  History,  and  brings  down  the 
annals  of  the  town  to  our  own  times — traveUing,  as  it  were,  through  the 
conflictions  incident  to  the  eventful  times  of  the  Commonwealth,  the* 
Revolution  of  1688,  and  the  subsequent  periods  of  our  national  career. 

In  the  arrangement  of  Mr.  Palmer's  book,  we  are  glad  to  find  so  much 
recorded  as  to  shew  also  the  change  and  effect  produced  in  a  small  town, 
from  the  period  of  the  Reformation  as  concerns  Church  matters,  and  from 
the  Restoration  as  concerns  political  affairs.  The  relation  of  those  events, 
as  a  specimen  of  what  a  locality  experienced,  may  also  be  taken  as  a  fair 
sample  of  what  a  kingdom  underwent,  and  how  the  revolution  of  incidents 
affected  the  great  bulk  of  society.  Mr.  Palmer  has  shewn  this  tri- 
umphantly, in  his  best  manner;  and  as  relates  to  the  ancient  customs  and 
laws  affecting  a  municipality,  he  has  elucidated  much  that  contributes  to 
our  information  respecting  the  effect  of  the  old  national  jurisprudence  upon 
society  in  the  early  ages. 

Space  will  not  allow  us  to  expatiate  at  a  much  greater  length  on  this 
volume.  We  must  not,  however,  omit  to  notice  the  interesting  collection 
of  bosses  in  the  venerable  Church  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Yarmouth,  of  which 
engravings  are  given ^ ;  each  boss  displaying  the  most  fantastic  and  ludi- 
crous instance  of  the  taste  of  mediaeval  times,  blended  with  much  that  is 
elegant  and  tasteful.  Engravings  of  merchants'  marks  and  monetary  tokens 
are  also  given  with  great  fidelity,  and  shed  additional  information  on  the 
local  haljits  of  bygone  times.  Photography  likewise  leftds  its  aid,  by 
affording  us  a  copy  of  King  John's  Charter  to  the  town  as  a  frontispiece 
to  the  work,  at  once  conveying  a  faithful  view  of  the  original,  and  present- 
ing to  the  archoDologist  and  to  the  historian  an  example  of  early  monar- 
chical legislation. 

The  whole  concludes  with  an  Index,  which  refers  also  to  Mr.  Palmer's 
edition  of  the  younger  Manship  ;  and  we  hope  his  fellow-townsmen,  as  well 

Ptshey  Thompson.  Illustrated  with  one  hundred  Ulostrations.  (Boston  :  John 
Noble.     Koyal  Svo.) 

*•  '*  The  History  of  Great  Yarmouth ;  designed  as  a  Continuation  of  Monship's  His- 
tory of  that  Town.  I5y  Cuaeles  John  Paxmeb,  F.S.A."  (Yarmouth :  Mealh  Small 
4to.,  with  Illustnitions.) 

'  By  the  publisher's  kindness,  we  are  enabled  to  place  spedmena  of  this  interesting 
and  curious  collection  of  bosses  before  our  readers. 


688  Local  History  and  Topography.  [De 

as  the  public,  will  give  a  hearty  welcome  to  this  yaluable  addition  to  oi 
topographical  library. 

Barthomley^  is  the  title  fixed  upon  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Hinchcliffe  f 
one  of  the  most  exhaustive  parochial  histories  published :  it  really  leavi 
nothing  to  be  said  or  done  by  any  future  historian,  except  to  chronicle  tl 
life  and  death  of  the  present  one. 

Barthomlcy  is  a  parish  partly  in  the  county  of  Chester  and  partly  i 
Staffordshire,  and  contains  the  five  townships  of  Barthomley,  Balterley,  Crew 
Alsager,  and  Ilarlington.  The  earliest  record  is  in  Domesday  Book,  whei 
it  is  mentioned  as  Bertemleu,  amongst  the  dependencies  of  the  barony  o 
Wich-Malbank.  Mr.  Hinchcliffe,  however,  is  disposed  to  trace  it  as  ft 
back  as  the  year  705,  when  he  considers  that  it  was  the  place,  or  /<y,  o 
St.  Bertoline,  or  St.  Bcttelin,  the  patron  saint  of  the  neighbouring  town  o 
Stafford  ;  and,  in  furtherance  of  this  theory,  quotes  at  some  length  a  legend 
in  prose  and  verse,  from  Dr.  Newman's  '*  Lives  of  the  Saints/'  to  which  wi 
must  refer  the  curious  reader  who  may  be  desirous  of  investigating  tin 
matter  further. 

The  most  valuable  portions  of  the  work  are  those  devoted  to  the  eluddt 
tion  of  various  family  histories, — the  Kelsalls,  Bovers,  Woods.  Crewes.  ani 
Offleys ; — the  last-named  family  have  assumed  the  name  of  Crewe — of  whid 
Mr.  Hinchcliffe  says  the  only  remaining  representative  is  Mr.  Crewe,  tb 
publisher  of  this  volume. 

Mr.  Hinchcliffe  docs  not  confine  his  attention  to  the  great  and  rich;  then 

is  a  geniality  about  his  writings  which  makes  us  respect  him,  and  in  hii 

descriptions  of  *'01d  Polly,"  of  William  Bradshaw,  publican,  shopkeeper 

ringer,  and  choir-leader — of  John  Darlington,  poet,  brickmaker.  and  mole 

catcher — and  of  Richard  Latham,  farmer  and  historian,  we  trace  a  vein  o 

humour  characteristic  of  the  good  Auburn  type  of  country  parson.     0 

Mr.  Latham  the  retired  farmer's  historical  talents,  we  have  a  specimen  whid 

deserves  to  be  placed  on  record,  as  exhibiting  a  veritable  specimen  0 

learning  at  Barthomlcy  in  the  year  of  grace  1838  : — 

"  1838,  Jinio  28.  Cummution  of  Qiiocn  Victoria.  Held  at  Barthomley.  Monnog 
6  o'clock  l>c1fl  lH.>pm  to  Kinpr,  flap)  on  tliu  Ktoo]>le  and  diffarcnt  places,  Band  began  1a 
play ;  soon  iifLcr  the  jieople  begun  to  usHt^niblc.  Tbc  new  scool  iK'as  beatified  in  th 
most  plca>iinp  manner  Wliith  slirulw  and  tloweiis  at  the  hed  end  V.R.  Crown  imperii 
above,  band  j)layinj?,  bellH  ringing,  Hn^  fluttreing  in  the  air.  at  2  o'clock  61  Gentle 
men  and  Farmers  sal  down  to  a  SumtuouR  dinner  at  the  White  Lion  Inn.  at  3  o'ckxl 
120  Sunday  nrollarM  a&teinbliHl  in  frunt  of  the  Hall  a  short  tim,  wen  they  walked 
atendid  by  tluir  iiiipt  and  band  ot'nuisick  kick  to  the  lawn  of  the  Ucv'.  E.  HinchcUfi 
ware  thay  pertook  Inins  and  Wine ;  then  the  Hymn  (Jod  save  the  Queen  was  rang  By  K 
girls  of  the  Sunday  sc<k)1  in  pjjind  stile,  then  120  poor  women  sat  down  to  tay  iuthi 
new  Scool  Huild  by  the  Wlmrthey  Kector.  Ix'lls  still  ringing,  Iwind  playing;  then  tfa 
Women  and  Children  walkeil  2  abrest  thr<injrh  the  village  And  round  the  Hall  to  thr 
scool,  whear  they  drank  the  C^ueen's  Hcnilth  with  prreat  Aplauso,  then  about  100  poa 
men  ware  Ke«;aled  with  ale  with  loud  hurays,  Iwles  ringing  Iwnd  llaying,  then  th 
Merroy  Dance  \\fy\rm\  by  alxuit  20  cu])ple  on  the  bwn  of  our  Worthey  Hector  till  maA 
Busk,  wen  the  tier  works  began,  ^-ich  ended  the  plesiutest  day  I  ever  ezpcrienoed  a 
such  an  occasion." 

We  must  not  omit  to  mention  that  there  are  some  heautifully  colooTe 
lithographs  of  the  church,  the  village,  the  parsonage,  and  the  hall,  togethe 
with  an  engraving  of  Mr.  Tollitt's  remarkable  morris-dancer  window. 

The  Histoi'i/  9f  Galloirat/,  from  the  earliest  period  to  the  present  timi 
In  Two  Volumes,  illustrated  with  Maps.  (Kirkcudbright:  J. Nicholson. )- 

<*  Barthomley:  in  Txttten  from  a  former  Hector  to  his  eldest  Son.  (Crewe,  Newcagtl 
Staffordshire.     Itoyul  8vo.) 


1856.]  Local  History  and  Topography,  689 

This  work  is  new  to  us,  although  the  fact  of  its  having  reached  the  second 
thousand  shews  that  it  has  been  appreciated.  Tliat  it  should  have  done  so 
need  excite  no  surprise,  when  we  observe  that,  although  professing  to  be  a 
history  of  a  county,  it  is  the  history  of  Scotland  at  large,  or  at  least  of  that 
part  of  the  country  in  which  Galloway  is  situated.  Of  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  people — matters  in  which  so  many  histories  are  deficient — this 
is  full  of  information,  and  renders  what  might  otherwise  be  dull  and  unin- 
teresting, exceedingly  readable  and  instructive. 

The  Minute-hook  kept  hy  the  War  Committee  of  the  Covenanters  in  the 
St ewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  in  the  years  1640  and  1641,  and  The  Register 
of  the  Synod  of  Galloway ^  from  October,  1664,  to  April,  1671,  from  the 
same  publisher,  are  two  very  curious  mementoes  of  those  stirring  portions  of 
Scottish  history  which,  next  to  the  times  of  Bruce  and  Wallace,  are  most 
interesting.  The  attempt  to  force  prelacy  upon  an  unwilling  people  was 
deeply  resented,  and  to  this  day  has  never  been  forgotten ; — it  took  little 
root  at  the  time,  as  these  volumes  testify.  The  second  one  is  full  of  orders, 
acts,  and  injunctions,  which  sound  strange  to  our  ears  in  the  present  day ; 
we  extract  one  or  two  as  specimens  : — 

"  Anent  Patrick  Vans, — The  Prt'X  of  Wigtown  having  not  as  yet  censured  Patrick 
Vans,  in  the  parish  of  Sorbie,  for  the  disorderly  baptizing  of  liis  child,  are  hereby 
ordained  to  pnK-ccd  against  him,  conform  to  the  Act  of  Synod  of  the  date  at  Wigton, 
April  29,  1668,  intituled,  *Act  anent  Baptizing  of  Children.' 

"  Anent  Margaret  Cleeve, — The  Bishop  and  Synod  having  heard  the  desire  of  Mr. 
James  Schan,  minister  of  Anwith,  for  advice  anent  Margaret  Cleeve,  in  Killem,  an 
aged  person  excommimicat  many  years  since  for  incest,  who  is  earnestly  desirous  of 
relaxation  before  she  die, — it  was  advised  by  the  Bishop  and  Synod  that  she  should 
testify  her  public  repentance  before  the  congregation  in  sackcloth,  and  upon  her  public 
confession  and  repentance,  she  should  be  relaxed  and  absolved." 

History  of  the  Parliamentary  Representation  of  Preston  during  the  last 
Hundred  Years,  by  William  Dobson,  originally  appeared  in  the  "  Preston 
Chronicle,'*  but  is  well  deserving  of  separate  publication,  for  it  gives  us 
many  particulars  of  family  history  and  local  occurrences  to  be  found  nowhere 
else. 

The  Worthies  of  St.  Dunstan*s  :  a  Lecture,  by  the  Rev.  Andrew  Burn 
Suter,  delivered  to  the  youths  in  the  parish,  is  noteworthy,  as  it  shews  how 
many  interesting  events  and  personages  have  been  connected  with  that  part 
of  London.  We  hope  Mr.  Suter  will  extend  his  researches.  He  has 
pointed  out  how  rich  the  parish  is  in  materials ;  and  as  it  contains 
the  banking-houses  of  the  Childs*,  the  Hoare's,  and  the  Praed's,  there 
should  be  no  lack  of  encouragement — especially  as  the  history  of  those 
houses  must  be  included. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Adams  has  given  us  An  Historical  Account  of  Rochester 
Bridge  in  three  Epochs,  written  in  that  kind  of  way  which  compelled  us 
to  read  it  through,  even  the  preface,  before  parting  with  it.  It  is  quite  a 
model  for  local  historians. 

Hereford  Cathedral  and  City  :  a  Handbook  for  Visitors  and  Residents, 
is  a  very  unassuming  guide-book  to  that  ancient  city,  full  of  information 
respecting  every  place  and  building  of  interest. 


Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  u 


690  [Dec 


CORNELIUS  AGBirPA*. 

Cornelius  Agrippa  belongs  to  what  the  "  Sage  of  Concord"  calls  th« 
class  of  Representative  Men,  If  it  be  asked,  wliat  he  represented  ?  we 
answer — the  contemplative  German  scholar  of  the  sixteenth  century',  at  the 
eventful  period  of  the  revival  of  learning  and  of  the  Reformation.  Agrippa 
began  life  by  mastering  the  whole  circle  of  the  sciences  and  arts  as  de- 
scribed in  books,  and  he  ended  it  by  declaring  the  *'  Uncertainty  and 
Vanity  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences/'  It  is  by  this  treatise  that  he  is  best 
known  to  the  book-worms  of  the  present  day. 

Born  of  the  noble  family  Nettesheim,  at  Cologne,  on  the  14th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1486,  Henry  Cornelius  Agrippa,  from  his  early  years  until  his 
very  last,  was  remarkable  for  a  rare  aptitude  for  study,  and  for  the  power 
of  retaining  knowledge  once  acquired.  For  many  generations  the  ances- 
tors of  Agrippa  had  been  in  the  service  of  the  house  of  Austria,  and  it  was 
expected  that  he  would  do  nothing  better  than  follow  in  their  footsteps. 
Cologne  being  a  university  town,  he  had  but  to  acquire  the  studies  of  the 
place ;  and  these  may  have  sufficed  in  determining  his  bias  for  scholastic 
theology.  Born  soon  after  the  discovery  of  printing,  he  was  compelled  to 
slake  his  thirst  for  knowledge  by  the  perusal  of  such  books  as  the  printers 
of  his  native  town  i<:sued  from  the  press ;  such  as  a  few  classic  authors, 
the  writings  of  ascetics,  scholastics,  canonists, — including  the  works  of 
Albertus  Magnus  and  of  Thomas  Aquinas.  Of  these  works,  the  most 
attractive  to  the  eager  fancy  of  the  youthful  Agrippa  were  the  wonderful 
things  written  by  the  magicians,  and  accordingly  he  states  that  at  a  very 
early  age  he  was  possessed  with  a  curiosity  concerning  mysteries.  After 
some  years  of  home-training,  subject  to  these  influences,  he  arrived  at  the 
age  when  youths  destined  to  serve  princes  were  considered  fit  to  be  intro- 
duced at  court. 

Removed  from  the  friendly  shade  of  the  Archbishop  of  Cologne  to  bask  in 
light  as  an  attendant  on  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  Cornelius  Agrippa  sen'ed 
first  as  a  secretary,  and  afterwards,  for  seven  years,  as  a  soldier.  The  master 
of  the  young  diplomatist  was  Maximilian  the  First, — a  prince  at  whose  court 
chivalry  was  much  in  favour.  **  His  bent,"  says  his  secretary,  Cuspinian, 
'*  was  to  scholarship  ;  but  having  been  ill-taught,  he  chose  war  for  his  pro- 
fession." Yet  he  valued  learning,  and  was  liberal  to  men  of  letters.  He 
took  pleasure  in  entertaining  questions  of  philosophy  and  6cience,^-even 
himself  conducting  some  experiments.  He  was  also,  according  to  the 
humour  of  his  time,  a  sharp  arguer  upon  nice  questions  in  theology.  It 
may  even  be  said  that  he  was  himself  a  member  of  the  literary  body. 
Such  a  mind  was  not  likely  to  overlook  the  attainments  of  the  young  Cor- 
nelius Agri])pa,  whose  quick  perceptions,  acquaintance  with  foreign  Ian- 
guages,  daring  and  self-reliance,  were  qualities  which  commended  him 
most  to  Maximilian's  attention,  and  there  was  no  time  lost  in  making  use 
of  them.  Even  at  the  age  of  twenty,  Cornelius  was  employed  on  secret 
service  by  the  German  court : — 

"  There  are  men  to  whom  it  is  natural  from  eliildhood  upwnrdH  to  aiisume  the  tone 
of  a  lender,  and  in  whom  the  excoKS  of  self-reliance  represents  the  {H^in  of  an  oth(?niiM 
amia])le  ohanieter.  It  is  so  subtly  eoudnned  with  everything  they  say  or  do  as  to 
ai)j)oar  but  rarely  in  the  ollensive  form  of  violent  or  obvious  self-tisHcrtion ;  it  in  not 
disjihiyi'd  bv  them,  hut  it  is  felt  hv  others  in  whom  the  same  dement  of  chamctiT  if 

■  "  liife  of  Cornelius  Ajfrippa  Von  Xettt»slieim,  Doctor  and  Knigrht ;  coiumonlY 
known  us  a  Mugiclan.   By  licury  Morley."  2  vols.  8vo.  (London :  Chapman  and  UaU!) 


1 


.  185G.]  Cornelius  Agrippa.  691 

more  weakly  developed.  They  are  not  by  any  means  necessarily  great  or  able  men  who 
po  through  the  world  as  centres  of  their  great  or  little  circles  with  this  spirit  in  them, 
but  it  luiLst  be  a  very  great  man  indeed  who  can  keep  any  one  of  them  within  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  circle  whereof  he  is  not  the  centre.  Cornelius  Agrippa  had  a  dispo- 
sition of  this  kind,  and  as  a  youth,  it  might  bo  said  there  was  some  reason  for  his  self- 
reliance,  since,  if  not  by  his  rare  abilities,  yet  by  his  advantageous  position  near  the 
Emperor,  and  his  activity  of  character,  there  seemed  to  be  assured  to  him  an  amiable 
future.  And  yet  clouds  gather  about  the  face  of  many  a  day  that  gives  the  brightest 
promise  in  its  morning." 

The  imperial  master  of  Cornelius  Agrippa  appears  to  have  seen  nothing 
but  promise  in  him  :  his  youth  and  enthusiastic  temperament  marked  him  for 
a  tool  of  the  state.  The  diplomatic  sei-vice  of  the  Austrian  court  has  ever 
been,  and  probably  ever  will  be,  "  slippery  and  mean"  : — 

"  It  may  spend  the  energies  of  a  fine  mind  upon  base  labour;  delude,  when  necessary, 
its  own  agents  into  the  belief  that  they  do  brave  deeds  and  speak  true  words,  though 
they  are  working  out  designs  contrived  upon  no  honourable  principle.  In  this  way 
some  use  may  have  been  made  of  the  fresh  spirit  of  the  youth  whom  we  are  now  to 
find,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  with  the  cares  of  a  conspirator  upon  him." 

The  aflfairs  of  Spain  at  this  period  opened  a  wide  field  for  Austrian  diplo- 
macy,— during  wliich  Cornelius  was  sent  to  Paris.  His  unusual  powers 
as  a  linguist,  his  learning,  which  was  of  an  extent  far  beyond  his  years — the 
quickness  of  his  parts,  which  in  some  sense  was  as  valuable  as  an  old  man's 
experience — mai  ked  him  out  subsequently,  while  he  was  still  very  young, 
as  a  fit  agent  to  he  sent  abroad  on  confidential  missions.  He  was  engaged 
on  secret  service  more  than  once,  and  though  on  his  own  afiTairs  he  is 
abundantly  communicative  in  his  published  works,  all  his  state  secrets  were 
well  kept.  What  his  special  business  was  at  Paris,  we  can  only  conjec- 
ture. It  is  only  known  that  he  was  there  at  the  time  specified,  and  that 
while  there  he  made  himself  the  centre  of  a  knot  of  students,  members 
with  him  of  a  secret  association  of  theosophists,  and  bent  upon  a  wild  and 
daring  enterprise,  that  was  in  several  respects  very  characteristic  of  the  age 
of  the  world  in  which  they  lived  to  scheme. 

The  plot  in  which  Cornelius  engaged  was  the  mastering  of  Tarragon,  and 
the  maintenance  of  that  stronghold  against  the  people  of  the  district,  who, 
at  this  period,  wxre  violently  excited  in  many  places  against  the  oppression 
of  the  nobles.  With  the  conspiracy  of  Cornelius  we  cannot,  as  Englishmen, 
sympathize  ;  and  it  met  with  merited  discomfiture.  He  himself  was  forced 
into  it  from  pressure  from  without,  after  he  revolted  from  it  as  a  crime. 
The  court  of  Austria  forced  this  young  man  to  a  work,  the  main  features  of 
which  were  cruelty  and  treachery.  It  is  true  the  scheme  was  suggested, 
or  perfected,  by  bis  own  cunning,  and  had  amused  him  as  an  exercise  of 
ingenuity  in  thought,  but  which  he  revolted  from  when  on  the  brink  of 
action.  An  effort  made  to  shake  off  his  duty  of  obedience  to  the  Emperor's 
command  was  unsuccessful :  no  way  of  retreat  was  opened  to  him ;  the 
work  was  to  be  done.  After  being  besieged  for  two  months  in  their 
stroiigliold,  famine  becoming  imminent,  Cornelius  and  his  companions 
effected  their  escape. 

Quitting  Spain,  Cornelius  took  refuge  at  Avignon,  from  whence  be  com- 
municated with  his  associates  in  France,  and  abandoning  his  schemes  of 
violence,  he  returned  with  them  to  the  study  of  the  mysteries.  Through 
the  influence  of  his  associates  among  the  magnates  of  the  town  and  uni- 
versity of  Dole,  and  of  the  learned  men  in  the  adjoining  towns  of  Burgundy, 
he  was  induced  to  make  his  first  appearance  in  public  as  a  scholar,  by 
expounding  in  a  series  of  orations  Reuchliu's  book  on  the  Mirific  Word : — 


J  I' 


I  I 


■I 


692  Cornelius  Agrippa.  [D 

>J|i  "Mistress  of  D6lc  and  Burgundy  was  Maximilian's  danghter,  Margnret  of  Anst 

who,  in  this  year  of  Agrippa's  lile,  was  twenty-nine  years  old.     She  was  already  twl 

widow.     When  affianeed  twiee — once  vainly  to  France,  a  second  time  to  Spain,  i 

likely  to  perish  in  a  tempest  hefore  reaching  her  apix)inted  husband,  she  had  wit 

^  write  a  clever  epitaph  uiK>n  herself.     Her  Spanish  husband  died  almost  after  the  i 

'  j  embrace,  and  she  had  since,  atter  four  years  of  wedded  happiness,  lost  her  true  hosba 

Philibert  of  Savoy.  She  was  twenty -four  years  old  when  that  happened,  and  resol' 
to  make  an  end  oi'  marrying.  In  150G,  after  the  death  of  Archduke  Fliilip,  her  fati 
Maximilian,  being  guardian  of  his  gnmdson,  Charles  the  Fifth,  made  Margaret 
governor  over  the  Netherhnidw,  and  nppointed  her  to  rule  also  over  Bm*gandy  and  1 
('haroluis.  Thus  she  c:mie  to  be,  in  the  year  1509,  mistress  at  Dole.  A  cle%*cr,  liv 
woman,  op][>os(Hl  strongly  to  Fnmce,  and  iUways  mindful  of  the  interests  of  that  ho 
of  Austria  to  which  the  family  of  young  Agrippa  was  attached,  Margaret  was  well  kno 
for  her  patronage  of  letters  an<l  her  bounty  towards  learned  men.  It  would  be,  the 
fore,  a  pleasant  transfer  of  his  loyalty,  Agrippa  thought,  from  Maximilian  to  Margai 
if  he  could  thereby  get  rid  of  what  he  regarded  as  camp-slavery  under  the  one,  and  a 
the  favour  of  the  other  in  the  academic  grove.  To  earn  Margaret's  good-will,  and  hi 
upon  the  royal  road  to  fortune,  was  one  main  object  of  Cornelius,  when  he  announced 
Dole  that  he  proj^scd  to  expound  Keuchlin's  l)ook,  Mirific  Word,  in  orations — to  whl 
inasnnich  as  they  were  to  be  delivered  in  honour  of  the  most  serene  I'rincess  Margai 
the  whole  ])nblic  would  have  gratuiUms  admission. 

**  ViMv  l)o.v  I  he  c(mld  not  iM)ssibly  have  made  a  more  genuine  and  honest  effort, 
one  less  pro])er  to  be  used  by  evil  men  for  the  damnation  of  his  character.  Marga 
was  the  ]>rincess  to  whom,  of  all  others,  he  was  able  to  pay  unalfected  homage;  a 
Iteuclilin,  then  the  Iwiast  of  (iennans,  was  the  scholar  of  whom,  before  e\*eiy  other,  1 
u  German  youth,  might  cho  se  to  hold  discourse  to  the  Bui^ndians :  his  l)ook,  wh' 
had  K'en  read  by  the  IN»pe  himself  with  eager  pleasures  was  a  wonder  of  the  day,  a 
>vas  in  the  most  iwrfect  unison  with  the  whole  tone  of  thelwy's  mind;  be  really  und 
stood  it  dee])ly — it  was  most  dear  to  him  as  a  theosophist,  and  he  was  not  to  behlaui 
if  he  felt,  also,  that  of  all  b(X)ks  in  the  world  there  was  none  of  which  the  cxpoHiti 
would  so  i'ully  serve  his  pur|)ose  of  displaying  the  extent  and  depth  of  his  own  store 
knowledge." 

It  is  mainly  \ipon  what  was  said  and  written  by  Agrippa  in  this  tweni 
third  year  of  his  age,  the  defamation  has  been  founded  by  which,  ivhile 
lived,  his  spirit  was  tormented  and  the  liopes  of  his  existence  miseral 
frustrated, — by  which,  now  that  he  is  dead,  his  character  comes  down 
us  defiled.  For  a  clear  understanding  of  the  ground,  and  its  perils,  n( 
taken  by  Agrippa,  it  is  necessary  to  i)ossess  a  clear  notion  of  what  n 
signifieil  by  Keuchlin's  book  on  the  Mirific  Word  ;  but  for  this  we  mu 
at  })r('scnt,  refer  the  reader  to  the  account  given  by  Mr.  Morley.  Let 
sufHce  to  observe  that  Agrippa  was  victimised  by  the  vengeance  of  t 
monks — his  crime  being  that  he  studied  vigorously  in  his  younger  daysthc 
curiosities  of  learning  into  which,  at  the  same  time,  popes,  bishops,  a 
philosophers,  mature  of  years,  inquired  with  equal  faith  and  equal  relii 
but  less  en(M"u:v  or  couraire. 

The  little  University  of  Dole  favoured  the  young  man  heartily.  His  pi 
lections  had  excited  great  attention,  and  procured  for  bini  the  adniirati 
of  the  neighbourhood.  From  the  University  they  won  for  him  at  once  t 
degree  of  Doctor  in  Divinity,  together  with  a  stipend. 

lie  now  set  himself  to  work  to  display  his  powers  as  a  writer  in  t 
true  manner  of  the  day,  and  with  scholastic  acuteness  to  combine 
courtier's  tact,  by  dedicating  to  the  most  cons})icuous  example  of  his  arg 
ment  a  treatise  on  the  Nobility  and  Fre-excellence  of  the  Female  Se 
At  this  time  he  was  in  love  with  a  maiden,  his  equal  in  rank,  remarkal 
for  beauty,  and  still  more  remarkable  for  her  aspirations  and  her  worl 
At  tlu!  ai,^e  of  twentv-three  he  married  one  who  could  love  him  for  his  kiiK 
liuess,  and  reverence  hiiu  for  his  power.     She  entered  with  her  whole  so 


^ 


1856.]  Cornelius  Agrippa,  693 

into  the  spirit  of  her  husband's  life,  rejoiced  in  his  ambition,  and  knew  how 
to  hold  high  converse  with  his  friends.  The  marriage  was  in  every  respect 
a  happy  one  ; — there  was  a  world  of  gentleness  and  loving-kindness  in 
Agrii)pa's  heart.  The  tenderness  of  his  nature  mingles  strangely,  sadly, 
with  his  restlessness,  his  self-rehance,  and  his  pride.  Agrippa  was  now 
fairly  launched  upon  the  stormy  ocean  of  life.  In  but  his  twenty-third 
year — that  year  of  activity,  which  set  a  stamp  upon  his  subsequent  career, 
and  is  the  most  important  date  in  this  biography — with  the  courage  and 
the  ambition  of  youth,  he  compiled  into  a  system  all  the  lore  he  had  been 
gathering,  and  wrote  his  Books  of  Magic.  The  manuscript  of  this  system 
of  occult  i)hilo8ophy  he  shewed  to  his  friend,  the  learned  Abbot  Trithemius, 
of  Spanlieim,  who,  greatly  commending  the  work,  cautions  him  against 
publishing  it:  — 

"  Speak  of  things  public  to  the  public,  but  of  things  lofty  and  secret  only  to  the 
loftiest  and  the  most  private  of  your  friends.  Publish  these  books  of  Occult  Science, 
and  there  is  no  dolt  who  will  not  have  you  down  under  his  feet." 

But  Cornelius  was  already  under  foot  when  the  warning  reached  him ; — 
under  tlie  heel  of  a  villanous  monk,  Catilinet,  who,  by  his  sermons  at 
Ghent,  provoked  Margaret  to  wrath  against  Agrippa.  Therefore  the  treatise 
on  the  Pre-eminence  of  Woman,  written  for  the  eye  of  Margaret,  must  also 
be  put  aside,  and  with  it  the  hope  of  a  scholar's  life,  with  Margaret  for 
friend.  It  is  but  too  evident  to  him  that  he  can  advance  no  further  in 
the  paths  of  pleasure,  but  bid  farewell  to  scholarship,  to  philosophy,  and  to 
the  kind  princess  for  whose  smiles  he  would  have  laboured  worthily. 
There  is  a  wife  to  support,  a  family  position  to  maintain,  and  nothing  left 
but  the  old  way  of  life  from  which  he  had  endeavoured  to  escape.  He 
must  resume  his  place  among  the  young  men  of  the  court,  and  do  such 
work  as  may  be  found  for  him  by  Maximilian. 

Maximilian  had  plenty  of  employment  on  his  hands  when  young  Corne- 
lius resumed  the  palace  livery.  It  was  the  year  1510,  when  Louis  of 
France  was  entering  upon  the  short-lived  alliance  with  Henry  VIII.,  then 
new  to  his  dignity  as  King  of  England.  In  this  treaty  the  Emperor  of 
Germany  was  included  as  a  friend  of  each  of  the  contracting  powers.  For 
the  treaty's  sake  alone  Maximilian  would,  no  doubt,  find  it  necessary  to 
send  representatives  to  London.  Cornelius  was  added  to  the  Loudon 
embassy,  and  became  Dean  Colet's  guest,  at  Stepney, — "the  wise  and 
pure-hcartcd"  John  Colet,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  who  was  at  that  time  engaged 
upon  the  foundation  of  St.  Paul's  School. 

Having  finished  his  ^yipointed  work  in  England,  Agrippa  returned  to 
Germany,  and  joined  his  domestic  circle  at  Cologne.  Maximilian  would 
soon  find  fresh  employment  for  him,  since  the  emperor  was  busy,  and  had 
need  of  all  heads  and  all  hands  that  could  be  made  available.  The  interval 
of  leisure  was  occupied  by  delivering  the  lectures  called  Quodlibetal,  on 
questions  of  divinity. 

From  the  quiet  communion  with  wife  and  parents,  Cornelius  was  soon 
taken  by  a  summons  to  lay  by  his  Doctor's  cap,  take  up  his  sword,  and  join 
instantly  the  army  of  the  Emperor  in  Italy;  and  early  in  1511,  Cornelius, 
clothed  in  mail,  was  at  Trent,  preparing  to  escort  some  thousands  of  gold 
pieces  to  the  camp  of  Maximilian  at  Verona.  But  the  tastes  of  Cornelius 
were  not  military.  Because  he  was  contemplative,  he  was  quite  unfit  to 
fio^lit.  lie  owed  service  to  Caesar,  and  he  paid  it.  Required  to  fight,  he 
sliewed  that  he  possessed  the  physical  courage  in  which  few  young  and 
noble  men  have  ever  been  found  deficient.     He  won  at  this  time  a  knight- 


694  Cornelius  Agrippa.  [Dec 

hood  in  the  field.  Nevertheless  he  felt  he  was  not  in  his  own  true  position. 
He  went  to  the  wars  dreaming  of  glory  in  the  shape  of  a  professor's  chair 
at  Pavia,  and  no  doubt  heartily  thanked  the  Cardinal  of  Santa  Croce,  when, 
towards  the  end  of  the  first  summer's  appearance  in  arms,  he  invited  the 
young  Doctor  to  a  campaign,  which  proved  but  a  very  brief  one,  of  a  more 
congenial  sort,  as  member  of  the  council  then  about  to  meet  at  Pisa.  The 
acceptance  of  this  invitation  was  the  climax  of  Agrippa*s  opposition  to  the 
Pope.  Cornelius  returned  to  military  work  from  his  brief  theological  ex- 
cursion, with  the  formal  excommunication  of  the  Pope  declared  against 
himself  and  his  discomfited  associates.  This,  however,  did  not  distress  him 
much  ;  nor  was  he  forsaken  by  his  friends. 

At  the  battle  of  Pavia  he  was  made  prisoner.  Soon  afterwards  he 
formally  attached  himself  as  a  retainer  to  the  Marquis  of  Montferrat,  who 
was  in  arms  at  the  head  of  his  own  vassals,  waging,  like  other  native  princes, 
independent  war — on  behalf  of  himself  in  the  first  instance,  and,  as  far  as 
Mi  an' was  concerned,  of  Maximilian  Sforza.  The  cause  of  Sforza  was 
that  of  the  Emperor  in  a  great  measure.  Agrippa  could  live  only  by  fol- 
lowing his  calling  as  a  soldier ;  and  though  his  camp  study  was  divine 
philosophy,  and  all  his  hopes  and  efiforts  were  bent  on  an  escape  into  a 
pure  scholastic  life,  he  yet  knew  that  he  had  bread  to  earn  for  wife  and 
child,  and  in  the  midst  of  tumult  and  confusion  he  must  strive  to  earn  it. 
His  dependence  was  now  upon  Montferrat  and  Milan. 

Leo  revoked  the  anathemas  of  his  predecessor  Julius,  and  through  the 
formal  recognition  of  his  reconciliation  to  the  head  of  the  Church,  Cornelius 
was  now  free  to  pursue  his  design  of  winning  his  way  as  a  philosopher  at 
Pavia. 

The  next  change  that  occurred  in  his  career  was  a  mission  to  Switzer- 
land. This  brings  us  to  the  year  1511,  when  Cornelius,  then  twenty-nine 
years  old,  seemed  to  have  entered  on  the  summer  of  his  life.  Before  the 
most  illiistnous  Marquis,  and  the  most  excellent  fathers  in  the  town  and 
University  of  Pavia,  Cornelius  stands  forward  as  a  scholar,  displaying  his 
learning  and  deep  research  into  occult  science,  especially  as  an  exponent  of 
the  Pimander  of  Hermes  Trismegistus.  His  introductory  oration  is  among 
the  printed  works  that  have  come  down  to  us.  He  was  admitted  by  the 
University  of  Pavia  to  its  degree  of  Doctor  in  each  faculty  :  Doctor  of 
Divinity  before,  he  became  then  Doctor  of  Medicine  and  Law.  In  due 
time  he  became  practitioner  in  medicine,  and  had  therefore  secured  the 
best  honours  attainable  in  arts  and  arms.  He  was  acquainted  at  this  time 
with  eight  languages, — master  of  six, — and  was  distinguished  among  the 
learned  for  his  cultivation  of  occult  philosophy,  uptJn  which  he  had  a  com- 
plete work  in  manuscript ;  and  though  he  had  not  yet  committed  anything 
to  press,  much  had  been  written  by  him  upon  which  he  hoped  to  rest  a 
title  to  fair  fame.  He  was  not  now  unprosperous  :  there  was  a  lull  in  war, 
during  which  he  received  the  pay  to  which  he  was  entitled  for  his  military 
services,  and  could  earn  money  also  as  a  teacher  in  the  university.  He 
had  a  wife  whom  ha  dearly  loved,  and  several  children;  with  these  he 
settled  in  the  town  of  Pavia,  where  also  his  wife's  father  and  her  brother 
had  gone.     Cornelius  thinks  of  his  wife  with  the  utmost  tenderness : — 

"  1  give,"  he  writes  to  a  friend,  "  innumerable  thanks  to  the  omnipotent  God,  who 
has  joined  me  to  a  wife  after  my  own  heart ;  a  maiden  noble  and  well  mannered,  young, 
beautiful,  who  lives  so  much  in  harmony  with  all  my  habits,  that  never  has  a  word  of 
scolding  dropped  between  us  j  and,  wherein  I  count  myself  happiest  of  all,  however  our 
afiUirs  change,  in  prosperity  and  adversity,  always  alilcc  kind  to  me,  alike  affiible,  con- 
stant;  most  just  in  mind  and  sound  in  oounael,  idways  self-possessed." 


185G.]  Cornelius  Agrippa.  695 

This  was  said  after  three  more  years  of  life  had  been  accounted  for — 
three  years  of  severe  trial,  among  which  the  sorest  was  at  hand.  The  ripe 
fruit  of  his  ambition,  which  Agrippa  counted  himself  happy  to  have  plucked, 
crumbled  to  ashes  in  his  mouth.  In  a  few  months  the  fire  was  quenched 
on  the  little  hearth  at  Pavia,  and  he  who  had  been  at  so  much  pains  to 
kindle  it  went  forth  a  beggar,  with  no  prospect  of  advancement  in  the 
world. 

The  fortune  of  war  very  suddenly  changed  the  tenor  of  Agrippa's  life  : 
at  the  battle  of  Marignano  the  Italians  were  routed,  and  in  the  rout  Cor- 
nelius lost  a  pocketful  of  manuscripts.  His  position  was  now  rendered 
desperate :  his  vocation  as  a  soldier  was  gone  ;  he  could  no  longer  teach 
at  Pavia ;  his  military  pension  ceased,  and  there  was  an  abrupt  end  of  hi« 
lectures. 

The  Marquis  of  Montferrat  stood  his  friend  at  this  hour  of  need,  and  to 
him  he  dedicated  his  treatises  on  Man,  and  on  the  Triple  Way  of  Knowing 
God.  Offers  of  patronage  came  from  sundry  other  persons,  and  he  entered 
into  a  connection  with  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  and  accepted  office  as  Advocate 
and  Orator  to  the  free  town  of  Metz.  Here  he  laboured  as  physician 
among  the  plague-stricken  :  but  becoming  involved  in  disputes  with  the 
Dominicans,  he  made  powerful  enemies.  He  was  preached  against  in  the 
churches,  and  avoided  in  the  streets  :  out  of  the  narrow  circle  of  his  house- 
hold friends  regarded  with  suspicion,  his  vocation  at  Metz  was  soon  gone ; 
he  asked  permission  of  the  deacons  to  resign  his  office  and  be  gone.  Leave 
was  readily  granted,  and,  after  brief  preparation,  with  his  fortunes  for 
the  third  time  wrecked,  Cornelius  Agrippa,  towards  the  close  of  January, 
1520,  journeyed  with  wife  and  son,  through  wintry  weather,  to  his  mother 
at  Cologne,  where  he  proposed  to  make  his  next  attempt  to  climb  the  hill 
of  life — this  time  as  a  physician. 

Upon  the  eve  of  his  departure  from  Cologne — to  return  again  to  Metz 
— his  wife  died ;  and  after  depositing  her  remains  in  the  latter  city,  he 
quitted  the  inhospitable  town  with  his  son,  and,  in  his  poverty  and  despair, 
flew  no  one  knew  whither,  until  he  was  found  practising  medicine  at  Ge- 
neva,— a  place  in  which  free  thought  upon  religious  matters  had  asserted 
itself  boldly,  and  in  which  Cornelius  could  find  most  of  that  spiritual  con- 
Bolation  which  his  bruised  heart  sought. 

While  practising  medicine  with  little  profit  at  Geneva,  Cornelius  was 
engaged  in  much  negociation  to  secure  what  had  been  offered  to  him  by 
the  Duke  of  Savoy.  In  religious  matters  he  was  entirely  occupied  with  the 
great  questions  of  Church  reform  :^ 

''lie  WAM  a  Lutheran,  but  throughout  distinctly  that  which  Lather  and  all  his 
fellow-lalwurers  were  at  the  outset  of  their  course — a  faithful  member  of  the  Church  in 
whicli  he  saw  that  so  much  change  had  become  necessary.  He  no  more  thought  of 
avowing  himself  a  heretic,  than  the  citizen  of  a  state,  when  he  demands  some  great 
])olitical  reform,  thinks  of  proclaiming  himself  alien  or  outlaw." 

Persecuted  Protestant  pastors  were  his  friends  in  Switzerland ;  Fabricius 
Capito  was  his  companion ;  Zuinglius  regarded  him  as  an  acknowledged 
helj)er  in  the  great  war  he  was  waging  against  Church  corruption.  He 
wrote,  about  this  time,  a  treatise  on  the  Sacrament  of  Marriage.  In  the 
midst  of  poverty  and  disappointment  he  was  unable  to  live  alone,  so  he  took 
to  himself  a  second  wife,  a  maiden  of  good  family,  but  as  poor  as  himself. 
She  began  at  once  a  steady  course  of  family  additions,  and  within  the  first 
two  years  and  a  balf  became  mother  to  two  sons  and  a  daughter,  after  whom 
there  came  others  in  quick  succession. 


696  Cornelius  Jgrippa,  [I 

For  two  years  he  had  been  kept  in  suspense,  awaiting  the  patronag 
Savoy,  yet  receiving  offers  of  royal  favour  from  France ;  but  he  did 
wish  to  abandon  his  hopes  in  the  Duke,  till,  wearied  at  last,  he  accej: 
public  office  as  physician  and  councillor  in  the  Swiss  town  of  Friburg, 
was  generously  treated  by  the  Swiss.  Many  of  his  old  friends  in  Paris 
Lyons  had  been  helping  him,  and  were  desirous  to  have  him  among  th 
lie  was  offered  court  favour,  and  the  honourable  position  of  physiciac 
the  queen-mother,  Louisa  of  Sa%oy,  a  strict  Romanist,  with  a  strong  1 
dency  to  persecute  reformers.  By  her  command  he  removed  himself  i 
family  to  Lyons.  It  seemed  now  as  if  he  were  advancing  in  the  world,  i 
his  friends  congratulated  him  as  a  fortunate  man ;  but  his  promised  sal 
remained  unpaid.  He  and  his  household  had  begun  to  look  absolute  hun 
in  the  face,  and  still  they  were  kept  quiet  by  promises.  He  was  redu 
to  almost  the  last  limit  of  despair — yet  his  services  were  at  this  time  u 
by  the  queen,  for  whom  he  had  put  aside  his  private  labours  to  undert 
a  most  annoying  task,  out  of  the  performance  of  which  further  trou 
came.     He  had  now  attained  his  fortieth  year : — 

"  Conscious  of  his  strength,  subservient  to  no  man,  but  the  centre  of  his  own  si 
circle  in  the  grciit  coninmnity  of  scholars.  At  this  age  the  form  of  a  man's  mind  c 
his  fortune  becomes  definite,  and,  roughly  speaking,  represents  the  spirit  of  hi»  wl 
career.  Witli  meaner  aspirations  in  his  soul,  he  perhajis  would  have  ixiouiit(*d  bi^ 
on  the  path  to  fume  and  honour,  which  he  had  a  right  to  seek,  and  sought  with  \»i 
industry.  His  mind  had  grown  in  stature  and  in  power,  but  it  liad  grown  to  knowk 
that  pnx'ured  him  enemies  among  the  priests.  His  scorn  of  the  cormpt  dealings  i>f 
worldly  chws  of  priests — the  class  most  able  to  thwart  him  in  the  world — ^was  not  < 
cealed;  it  broke  out  in  his  books,  his  letters,  and  his  conversation." 

His  aspiration  and  ambition  thwarted  by  the  monks  and  courtiers, 
sought  consolation  in  writing  a  Declamation  on  the  Vanity  of  Scien 
and  Arts,  and  on  the  Excellence  of  the  Word  of  God.  Of  the  first 
these  works  a  complete  analysis  is  given  in  Mr.  Morley*8  book. 

As  may  be  expected — stung  by  the  contempt  and  neglect  he  sufferec 
a  bitterness  of  spirit  manifested  itself  in  such  ways  as  were  open  to  hi 
we  find  it  in  his  printed  works  and  in  his  correspondence.  After  m 
disappointments  and  protracted  hopes,  he  saw  the  source  of  the  anger  \ 
neglect  he  had  met  with  at  the  hands  of  Louisa  of  Savoy ; — it  was  an  i 
lucky  prophecy  anticipating  success  to  the  arms  of  the  Bourbon.  But 
cup  of  his  misery  was  not  yet  full.  He  lost  his  second  wife  during 
plague  at  Antwerp,  and  soon  after  we  find  him  in  prison  for  debt  at  I 
twerp.  The  publication  of  his  Vanity  of  the  Sciences  had  made  him  nM 
enemies :  their  number  was  increased  by  his  publishing  his  book  on  Occ 
Science,  and  their  revenge  was  fed  by  the  opportunity  it  afiforded  then 
persecuting  him  as  a  magician. 

We  next  find  him  invited  to  enlist  his  energies  in  the  service  of  Eii 
rinc  of  Arragon,  Queen  of  Henry  VHI.  of  England,  the  question  of  wh 
divorce  was  then  before  the  Pope ;  but  Agrippa*s  life  had  become  overgro 
with  other  hopes  and  cares,  therefore  the  subject  was  pursued  no  fuitl 
Released  from  prison  by  the  intervention  of  friends,  he  retired  to  Mech 
and  shortly  afterwards  took  for  his  third  wife  a  native  of  the  town.  T 
time  he  sought  a  blessing  and  obtained  a  curse.  She  was  faithless,  if 
infamous.  Three  years  after  this  fatal  marriage  he  was  divorced,  and  tli 
remained  for  him  then  only  to  wander  out  alone  into  a  hostile  world  and  \ 

It  is  said  tliat  he  proposed  to  the  Emperor  to  discover  hidden  treasv 
by  magical  means ;  for  which  crime,  witli  two  other  nobles  implicated, 
4 


1856.]  A  New  Chiide  to  the  Public  Records.  697 

was  banished  from  Germany.  He  died  in  France,  at  the  age  of  forty-nine, 
hunted,  exhausted,  almost  entirely  forsaken  by  his  acquaintances,  and  dis- 
graced and  abhorred  before  all  the  world,  which  detested  him  as  an  ac- 
cursed and  execi-able  magician.  He  was  buried  within  a  convent  of  Do- 
minicans, and  over  his  tomb  was  placed  a  slanderous  epitaph. 


A  NEW  GUIDE  TO  THE  PUBLIC  EECORDS*. 

TuERE  are  few  who  have  had  occasion  to  consult  the  public  records  to 
any  extent,  without  having  had  the  opportunity  of  really  studying  them  be- 
forehand, but  must  have  soon  felt  upon  what  a  vast  and  unknown  sea  of 
knowledge  and  difficulty  they  were  entering.  First,  there  were  the  crude, 
distorted,  and  varied  handwritings,  with  a  dozen  alphabets,  which  required 
an  apprenticeship  to  master ;  then  there  were  the  contractions,  and  uncouth 
forms  of  language  and  meaning,  with  an  ever- varying  syntax,  and  scarcely 
any  grammar  at  all ;  lastly,  there  was  the  immense  range  of  subjects  em- 
braced by  the  records  themselves,  which  was  a  decidedly  unknown  quantity, 
from  the  impossibility  of  ascertaining  to  what  extent  documents  existed 
which  might  throw  light  upon  the  objects  sought  for,  and  of  knowing  whe- 
ther they  were  accessible,  and  could  all  be  consulted. 

Of  these  difficulties  the  last  was  by  far  the  greatest,  because  it  often  set 
the  utmost  skill  and  perseverance  at  defiance,  and  afforded  an  ever-ready 
excuse  for  those  who  possessed  little  of  either.  A  good  education  and 
tolerable  patience  enabled  almost  any  one  to  master  any  "  crabbed"  hand, 
decipher  and  extend  its  hieroglyphical  contractions,  and  construct  both  a 
grammar  and  a  vocabulary ;  but  little  did  they  avail  in  grappling  with  the 
mass  of  matter  that  had  to  be  waded  through  in  the  absence  of  methodical 
arrangement,  and  the  inadequacy  of  calendars  and  indexes.  Even  those 
wants  were  not  always  the  greatest  obstacles.  The  apathy  and  passive 
resistance  of  the  class  of  official  custodians  who  considered  **  any  dolt  was 
good  enough  for  an  index-maker,"  threw  the  greatest  difficulties  in  the 
way  of  a  zealous  searcher  after  historic  and  antiquarian  truth.  So  long 
as  an  examination  only  of  the  well-known  and  recognised  collections  was 
required,  all  was  well ;  but  should  it  have  been  hinted  that  the  deficiencies 
in  those  collections  might  perhaps  be  supplied  on  an  examination  of  the 
neglected  contents  of  that  press  or  rack,  straightway  the  official  dignity 
was  called  in  aid,  or  rather  in  obstruction,  and  the  oracle  spoke  no  more 
but  to  affirm  its  acquaintance  with  every  document  in  the  place  indicated, 
and  that  they  were  not  what  were  wanted. 

Those  who  recollect  the  discussions  and  squabbles  which  preceded  the 
dissolution  of  the  last  "  Record  Commission,*'  will  admit  how  slightly  we 
have  alluded  to  some  discreditable  passages  in  our  **  Public  Record'*  his- 
tory. Mais  nous  avons  chanae  tout  cela.  We  lately  had  occasion,  in  no- 
ticing the  last  Report  of  the  Deputy-Keeper*,  to  examine  the  progress  of 

*  "A  Manual  for  the  Genealogist,  Topographer,  Antiquary,  and  Legal  Professor: 
consisting  of  Descriptions  of  Public  Records;  Parochial  and  other  Registers;  Wills; 
County  and  Family  Histories;  Heraldic  Collections  in  Public  Libraries,  &c.,  &c.  By 
Richard  Sims,  of  the  British  Museum,  Compiler  of  the  '  Index  to  the  Heralds'  Visita- 
tions,' the  '  Handbook  to  the  Library  of  the  British  Museum,'  &c."  (London :  John 
Russell  Smith,  36,  Soho-square.) 

^  Gent.  Mag.,  September,  p.  318. 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  x 


698  A  New  Guide  to  the  Public  Records.  £De 

the  establishment  which  had  grown  up  under  the  working  of  the  "  Puhl 
Record  Act,"  and  in  so  doing  referred  to  the  absolute  want  which  exists 
for  a  "  Guide  to  the  Public  Kccords." 

Althuugh  not  exactly  so  named,  Mr.  Sims'  "Manual  for  the  Genealogu 
Topographer,  and  Antiquary,"  is  chiefly  devoted  to  a  description  of  oi 
national  muniments,  the  means  of  searching  them,  &c. ;  and  we  have  i 
hesitation  in  saying  that  the  work  supplies  the  want  we  noticed  in  a  vei 
satisfactory  manner.  So  the  chief  difficulty  in  the  way  of  rendering  tl 
national  collection  popularly  useful  is  removed,  as  there  have  always  ba 
helps  in  getting  over  the  other  obstacles,  though  they  are  not  the  best  ¥ 
hope  to  see. 

Our  ordinary  readers  will  not  require  to  be  informed  of  the  great  ai( 
and  illustrations  which  antiquarian  and  historic  literature  have  received  i 
late  years,  from  a  freer  and  more  generous  use  of  the  public  records ;  bi 
as  we  are  adding  considerably  to  the  number  of  our  readers,  and  so  ai 
constantly  bringing  fresh  minds  under  the  circle  of  our  influence,  we  ma 
just  refer  to  a  few  works — such  as  "  The  History  of  Domestic  Architei 
ture,"  Mrs.  Green's  **  Lives  of  the  Princesses,"  Dr.  Pauli's  *'  History  < 
England,"  '*  The  Annals  of  England,"  &c. — as  containing  most  satisfactoi 
evidence  of  the  great  value  and  importance  of  our  public  documents. 

These  works,  as  well  as  others,  shew,  in  an  exceedingly  creditable  man 
ncr,  how  their  authors  have  traced,  in  the  annals  and  records  of  bygoi 
times,  the  various  phases  through  which  the  literature,  arts,  and  custom 
of  our  ancestors  have  passed,  and  which  have  aided  in  solving  some  of  th 
problems  of  present  tunes,  and  may  aid  in  a  similar  manner  as  regards  lb 
future.  It  is  in  this  that  the  true  spirit  of  archseology  consists.  An 
while  a  "  lying  old  chronicler,"  or  a  flattering  popular  tradition,  have  ha 
their  historic  truth  corrected  by  documentary  evidence,  that  same  evidenc 
has  made  many  additions  to  the  names  upon  the  roll  of  England's  worthier 
and  shed  a  halo  over  many  a  hitherto  unknown  spot.  Such  works,  too,  a 
the  "  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors."  and  the  "  Lives  of  the  Queens  o 
England,"  contain  enough  of  matter  from  the  same  sources  to  make  om 
regret  that,  in  the  first  instance,  their  author  had  not  grappled  more  sue 
cessfully  with  the  specialties  of  that  portion  of  his  subject;  and.  in  th< 
latter  instance,  that  their  author  had  ever  meddled  with  it. 

For  a  thorough  appreciation  of  public  documents  in  connexion  with  cog 
nate  branches  of  study,  considerable  mental  capacity  is  certainly  required 
An  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  languages,  idioms,  and  customs  of  thi 
middle  ages,  is  a  necessary  introduction  to  a  complete  knowledge  of  docu- 
ments. In  saying  this,  it  is  not  our  wish  to  discourage  students,  but  n^ 
ther  to  assist  in  raising  up  appreciating  followers  and  admirers  of  the  Sel 
dens,  Madoxes,  and  Macaulays.  Mr.  Sims'  labours  at  present  are  con 
tented  with  a  humbler  range,  but  it  is  only  from  a  wish  to  be  more  gene< 
rally  useful,  and  not,  we  are  sure,  from  any  depreciation  of  the  higher  aimi 
to  which  the  subject  lends  itself. 

It  was  to  the  necessity  for  improving  the  "  ways  and  means"  of  tl» 
nation  that  we  owe  the  commencement  of  our  national  collection  of  records 
The  Exchequer,  after  all,  is  everywhere  the  ruling  court.  Domesdai 
Book  was  compiled  to  enable  the  first  William  to  augment  his  revenue 
and  we  may  be  sure  he  did  not  take  such  pains  to  ascertain  what  monei 
miffht  be  raised,  without  taking  care  to  know  what  actually  was  raised,  anc 
how  it  was  expended  and  disposed  of.  The  mind  that  seems  to  have  de 
bited  in  anticipation  every  portion  of  every  man's  possessions  to  the  tax* 


1856.]  A  New  Guide  to  the  Public  Records.  699 

gatliercr,  doubtless  put  a  check  upon  the  outlay,  and  organised,  perhaps,  an 
equally  strict  system  of  account  both  of  the  receipt  and  the  expenditure. 
The  period  between  the  date  of  '*  Domesday''  and  that  of  the  now  first 
Great  Roll  of  the  Exchequer  was,  we  feel  sure,  not  always  a  documentary 
blank,  but  was  at  one  time  occupied  by  a  series  of  accounts  of  the  royal 
revenue — not  very  elaborate,  perhaps,  but  suflScient  for  their  purpose.  Let 
us  commend  this  subject  to  the  attention  of  the  romantically  disposed  anti- 
quary. "  'Tis  distance  lends  enchantment  to  the  view  ;"  and  **  The  Diary 
of  the  Lady  Willoughby,"  and  other  pseudo-antiquarian  works,  have  sur- 
prised so  many  into  being  readers,  that  we  should  not  wonder  at  seeing  the 
advertisement  of  a  newly-found  and  printed  and  published  *'  Boll  of  the 
Public  Expenditure  of  King  William  the  Conqueror^." 

The  Court  of  Exchequer  was  always  the  paramount  court  of  the  king- 
dom. There  is  no  contending  against  a  stoppage  of  the  supplies.  A 
minute  of  "  my  Lords"  even  now  carries  with  it  an  authority  which,  if 
perhaps  scarcely  sound  and  necessary,  is  seldom  contested.  From  the 
varied  operations  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer  sprang  by  far  the  greater  part 
of  our  records,  down  to  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century.  In  fact,  our 
public  collection  may  be  fairly  treated  under  two  heads  only, — the  admi- 
nistrations of  '*  Money"  and  "  Justice." 

The  numerous  ramifications  into  which  the  evidences  of  those  admi- 
nistrations spread,  by  the  formation  of  distinct  classes  of  documents  at 
various  periods  of  our  history,  are  so  many  proofs  of  the  growing  pros- 
perity of  the  country,  and  of  the  increase  of  those  desires  and  pursuits,  not 
always  of  the  best,  which  wealth  and  power  generally  bring  in  their  train. 
Here  is  a  formidable  description  of  the  contents  of  the  Great  Rolls  of 
the  Exchequer,  especially  when  we  consider  that  nearly  all  the  business 
recorded  thereon  gave  rise  to  sets  of  other  documents,  very  many  of 
which  are  still  in  existence  and  operation : — 

"  Tlic  Great  Roll  of  the  Exchequer,  otherwise  called  the  *  Pipe  Roll,'  formerly  con- 
tained the  accounts  of  the  whole  revenues  of  the  crown,  digested  under  the  heads  of  the 
several  counties,  and  annually  >%Titten  out,  in  order  to  the  charging  and  discharging  of 
the  sherifls  and  other  accountants.  The  ancient  revenues  were  either  certain  or  casual; 
tlie  certain  revenues  consisted  of  farms,  fee-farms,  castle-guard  rents,  and  other  rents 
of  various  kinds ;  the  casual  part  was  composed  of  fines,  issues,  amerciaments,  recogf- 
nizances,  profits  of  lands  and  tenements,  floods  and  chattels  seized  into  the  hands  of  the 
crown  on  process  of  extents,  outlawry,  diem  clausit  exiremvm,  and  other  writs  and  pro- 
cess, wards,  marriages,  reliefs,  suits,  seignories,  felons*  goods,  deodands,  and  other  profits 
casually  arising  to  the  crown  by  virtue  of  its  prerogative.  The  Great  Roll  also  contains 
the  accounts  of  lords  of  liberties  granted  from  the  cromi,  of  the  greenwax  within  their 
resj>ectivc  liberties,  and  many  debts  of  different  natures  due  to  the  crown,  and  put  in 
process  for  levying  the  same  for  the  benefit  of  the  public." 

With  Domesday  Book,  the  connection  of  an  indenture  between  private 
parties  for  the  execution  of  some  purpose,  the  charge  for  which  will  fonn 
an  item  in  a  public  account,  is  not  very  apparent;  and  yet  they  are  all 
strands  in  the  same  rope.  It  is  only  within  a  very  recent  period  that  the 
value  of  many  of  these  subsidiary  sets  of  documents  has  been  properly 
recognised,  and  they  are  not  all  now  appreciated  as  they  will  be.  By  the 
antiquaries  of  past  times  they  have  been  entirely  overlooked, — even  the 
"  Liberate'*  Rolls  (we  are  told  by  Mr.  Sims)  are  only  known  to  have  been 
used  by  Sir  William  Dugdale  and  Mr.  Collins. 

The  records  relating  to  the  administration  of "  Justice,"  though  begin- 

<^  It  is  suggested  that  "  Some  Passages  in  the  Private  Expenditure  of  William  the 
Conqueror"  would  be  a  more  taking  title. — Printer's  Devil, 


700  A  New  Guide  to  the  Public  Records.  [Dec. 

ning  not  quite  so  early  as  those  of  the  other  bi*anch,  are  more  ancient  than 
any  existing  on  the  Continent,  and  the  matters  entered  on  the  earlier  portion 
are  very  interesting.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  justices  itinerant  were 
certainly  appointed  in  aid  of  the  King's  Court,  and  we  are  in  possession  of 
the  records  of  the  Curia  Begis  itself  from  6  Richard  I.  But — ^besides 
their  historic  repute — what  the  judges  of  the  twelfth  century  were  may  be 
seen  in  the  private  memoranda  of  one  Richard  de  Ainsty,  who  had  a  diffi- 
culty in  establishing  his  right  to  certain  lands,  and  who  had  to  procure  the 
fa%'our  of  the  oflScials  and  judges  by  the  very  free  use  of  the  contents  of  bis 
purse.  These  memoranda  were  printed  (from  the  original  MS.)  by  Sir  F. 
Palgrave,  in  his  *' History  of  the  Commonwealth.*'  And  what  the  judges 
were  at  the  latter  part  of  the  thirteenth  centuiy,  when  the  stem  hand  of 
Edward  I.  fell  upon  their  misdeeds,  and  the  ancestor  of  Sir  Charles  Barry's 
elegant  clock-tower  was  built  out  of  some  of  the  penalties  imposed  upon 
them,  our  own  pages  have  to  some  extent  shewn,  and  promised  more. 

We  have  often  felt  much  regret  that  some  of  the  earlier  printed  collec- 
tions of  public  records  did  not  receive  from  their  editors  a  fuller  "  Intro- 
duction" of  an  historical  character  than  was  then  thought  necessary  for  them. 
Nothing  can  be  more  meagre  than  the  general  character  of  the  prefaces  we 
refer  to.  The  want  was  supplied  as  to  Domesday  Book  nearly  forty  years 
after  the  printing  of  the  original ;  let  us  hope  it  is  not  too  late  for  some  of 
the  other  works  to  be  as  well  served. 

With  regard  to  the  general  condition  of  the  people  and  property  of  Eng- 
land at  the  period,  no  class  of  documents  contains  so  much  interesting, 
and  even  startling,  information,  as  the  returns  made  to  the  enquiries  of 
Edward  I.  into  the  misconduct  of  public  ofl&cers  and  other  persons,  &c., 
shortly  after  his  coming  into  the  possession  of  his  throne,  known  as  the 
•'  Rotuli  Hundredorum."     Of  these,  Mr.  Sims  says  succinctly  enough : — 

"  One  of  the  first  acts  of  Edward  I.,  on  his  return  to  England  after  the  death  of  his 
father,  was  to  enquire  into  the  state  of  the  demesnes,  and  of  the  right  and  revennes  of 
the  crown ;  what  lands  were  holden  of  the  crown  by  knight-service  and  other  tenures, 
and  whether  immediately  of  the  crown  or  of  mesne  lords ;  in  order  that  the  crown  might 
be  informed  how  to  collect,  and  the  subject  how  to  pay,  escuage  for  one  species  of 
tenure,  and  hidage  or  tallage  for  the  other.  Enquiry  was  also  to  be  made  into  the  con- 
duct of  the  sheriff  and  other  officers  and  ministers,  who  had  defrauded  the  king  and 
oppressed  the  people. 

"  A  speedy  remedy  to  the  crown  and  the  subject  being  necessary,  and  the  circuit  of 
the  justices  itinerant,  who  went  it  generally  but  once  in  seven  years,  not  returning 
nntil  the  seventh  year  of  this  king's  reign,  he  appointed  special  commissioners  on  the 
11th  of  October  to  enquire  into  those  matters.  The  '  Hundred  Rolls'  cont«in  inquisi- 
tions taken  in  pursuance  of  this  commission. 

"  The  commissioners  were  commanded  to  survey,  by  the  oath  of  knights  and  other 
lawful  men,  all  cities,  boroughs,  and  market-towns ;  to  enquire  of  all  demesnes,  fises, 
honours,  escheats,  liberties,  and  things  touching  fees  and  tenements  belonging  to  the 
king  or  to  others ;  that  is,  to  distinguish  tenants  holding  in  demesne,  or  as  villeins, 
bondmen,  cottagers,  and  freeholders,  and  such  as  hold  woods,  parks,  chas^  warrens, 
waters,  rivers,  liberties,  fairs,  markets,  and  other  tenures,  how  and  of  whom,  and  out  of 
what  fees  escuage  was  wont  and  ought  to  be  paid,  with  the  amount  of  fees  of  all 
honours,  who  held  them,  and  by  what  means,  so  that  every  town,  hamlet,  and  other 
tenure,  by  whatsoever  name  distinguished,  might  be  distinctly  assessed,  and  closely 
entered  on  rolls,  and  no  man  to  be  favoured." 

And  this  (excepting  the  heads  of  enquiry)  is  just  all  the  **  Introduction" 
to  the  volumes  itself  gives.  At  a  later  date,  it  is  true,  some  of  the  editors 
may  be  thought  to  have  run  into  the  other  extreme,  and  to  have  ridden 
their  hobbies  right  royally  in  their  "  Introductions." 

But  to  return  to  the  '*  Manual,"     We  do  not  think  the  objection  tenable 


1856.]  A  New  Guide  to  the  Public  Records.  701 

which  Mr.  Sims  urges  against  the  application  of  the  word  *'  record"  to 
"  deeds,  registers,  and  miscellaneous  manuscripts,"  inasmuch  as  all  those 
documents  preserve  evidences  considered  to  be  worthy  of  record — that  is,  of 
being  remembered. 

The  lists  shewing  how  the  lacuna  in  the  collections  of  various  documents 
may  be  supplied  by  those  in  other  places,  and  the  references  to  MSS.,  &c. 
bearing  upon  them,  are  very  useful,  and  bear  evidence  of  having  been  care- 
fully put  together.  And  so  with  regard  to  those  of  the  various  publications 
relating  to  county  histories,  &c.,  and  "  heraldic  'collections."  Many  collec- 
tors are  known  to  possess  similar  lists  relating  to  their  particular  subjects, 
some  of  whom  would  doubtless  be  able  to  make  additions  or  corrections 
in  those  of  Mr.  Sims. 

With  regard  to  the  patriarch  of  the  records,  Domesday  Book,  even 
an  interest  attaches  to  the  exact  period  of  its  resting-places.  We  believe 
it  was  not  deposited  in  the  Chapter-house  at  Westminster  till  the  year  1732 
at  the  earliest — not  1696,  as  Mr.  Sims  says,  on  the  authority,  we  suppose,  of 
the  Deputy- Keeper.  The  fire  at  the  Cottonian  Library,  then  in  the  neigh- 
bouring Dean's  Yard,  in  the  year  1731,  caused  a  complete  panic  among 
the  custodians  of  the  various  records  then  so  shamefully  neglected  in 
and  about  the  old  palace,  and  in  the  following  year  or  two  the  Chapter- 
house received  a  very  large  share  of  its  late  and  present  contents,  "  in  most 
admired  disorder," — and  among  them  the  Domesday  Book. 

The  descriptions  of  the  different  classes  of  documents  given  by  Mr. 
Sims,  are  on  the  whole  very  clear  and  correct,  generally  erring,  when  they 
do,  on  account  of  their  conciseness.  With  regard  to  "Fines"  (p.  132),  we 
should  have  been  glad  to  have  seen  a  fuller  description,  if  only  to  point  out 
the  great  difference  between  the  very  early  and  veiy  modem  portions 
of  this  valuable  class  of  documents.  As  to  the  "  Musters'*  taken  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  (p.  434),  the  information  is  exceedingly  vague,  and  no 
reference  is  made  to  a  considerable  collection  of  similar  documents  com- 
mencing a  little  later  in  date,  and  extending  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VII., 
which  exists  at  the  Carltonride  and  Chapter-house  ; — we  mean  the  "Army 
accounts'*  and  documents  subsidiary  thereto.  The"  same  remark  may  be 
made  respecting  the  collection  of  early  **  Navy  accounts'*  existing  in  the 
same  repositories,  and  which  were  largely  used  by  the  late  Sir  Harris 
Nicolas  in  his  "  History  of  the  Royal  Navy.** 

What  we  are  told  in  the  "  Manual"  about  the  "  Wills'*  is  of  course  only 
the  old  story  as  to  their  mismanagement  and  difficulty  of  access.  We  need 
scarcely  say  that  it  quite  confirms  us  in  the  opinion  we  expressed  three 
months  ago,  thjit  their  proper  destination  is  the  Public  Record  Office,  both 
as  regards  their  custody,  and  the  due  dispensation  of  their  contents  to  the 
public. 

We  will  now  give  some  prominence  to  a  passage  in  the  Appendix 
(p.  450)  relating  to  the  Chapter-house  at  Westminster — an  office  which 
has  been  singularly  unfortunate  in  many  respects — as  it  may  tend  in 
some  degree  to  correct  the  strange  errors  into  which  Mr.  Sims  has  been 
led  in  the  body  of  his  work,  by  (we  imagine)  taking  the  statements  in  Mr. 
Thomas's  "Handbook  to  the  Public  Records"  without  comparing  them 
with  the  Deputy- Keeper's  Reports  : — 

Many  tranKfers  have,  of  late  yearB,  been  made  to  other  Record  Offices,  as  follows : — 

Chancery  Records. — Treaty  Rolls,  &c.,  removed  to  the  Rolls  Chapel  and  Tower. 
Queen's  Bowh  Records. — Rolls  ot'  the  Curia  Regis,  to  the  same  repositories,  [this 
is  wrong :  it  should  be  to  the  Carlton>ride]  in  1843.     ^ 


702  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.         [Dec. 

"  Common  Pleas  Records, — Common  Rolls,  Feet  of  Fines,  and  Concards,  &c.,  to 
Carlton-ride,  in  1842. 

"  Exchequer  Records. — Pell  Rolls,  Papal  Bulls,  &c.,  removed  to  the  Rolls  Honw  in 
1842." 

At  the  same  time  as  the  Q^een*s  Bench  Becords  were  removed  to  the 
Carlton-ride,  there  were  also  transferred  the  EoUs  of  the  Justices  in  Eyre, 
of  the  "  Quo  Warranto,"  "  Placita  Coronse,"  &c  (See  5th  Report  of  the 
Deputy-Keeper,  p.  6;  and  Appendix  I.  No.  3.)  And  yet  throughout  the 
"  Manual,"  when  these  documents  are  referred  to  individually,  they  are 
always  spoken  of  as  being  still  in  the  Chapter-house.  Witness  the  descrip- 
tions of  the  "  Placita  of  Assize,"  at  pp.  54,  55  ;  of  the  "  Placita  Coronae," 
at  p.  58  ;  the  "  Placita  de  Quo  Warranto,"  at  p.  60  ;  the  *'  Placita  CuriflB 
Regis,"  at  pp.  70—72;  of  the  volumes  of  musters  temp,  Henry  VIIL, 
at  pp.  434,  435,  &c.  Now  all  these  records  had  been  transferred  from 
the  Chapter-house  eight  or  ten  years  before  the  publication  of  the  "  Hand- 
book," which  has  been  during  that  time  misleading  the  public  as  to  their 
locus  in  qtw ;  and  if  any  similar  concurrence  of  accidents  which  so  long 
kept  the  records  without  a  regular  place  of  deposit,  and  threatened  almost 
to  keep  out  the  old  claimants  to  its  accommodation  after  it  was  built, 
should  postpone  the  removal  of  these  documents  to  their  final  resting- 
place  for  any  length  of  time,  we  now  have  the  "  Handbook  to  the  Public 
Records"  and  the  "  Manual  for  the  Genealogist"^  giving  incorrect  infor- 
mation as  to  their  locality. 


SOCIETY  FOR  THE  DIFFUSIOl!^  OF  USEFUL  KNOWLEDGE. 

CONCLUDING  PART. 

We  have  now  arrived  at  the  concluding  phase  of  the  Society,  the  exist- 
ence of  which  virtually  terminated  in  May,  1843,  with  the  publicatioa 
of  the  353rd  number  of  its  main  work,  the  "  Library  of  Useful  Know- 
ledge," exclusive  of  collateral  publications,  such  as  the  Farmer's  Series,  an 
Atlas  of  Geographical  Maps,  and  six  Maps  of  the  Heavenly  Bodies.  The 
Society  also  gave  its  sanction  to  the  issue  of  a  Gallery  of  Portraits  with 
Biographical  Notices,  to  the  "  Penny  Cyclopedia,"  the  '*  Penny  Magazine," 
the  British  and  other  Almanacs,  a  Quarterly  "  Journal  of  Education,"  the 
"  Working  Man's  Companion,"  a  "  Library  for  the  Young,"  and  another 
of  "  Entertaining  Knowledge,"  and  Illustrations  of  the  Poor-Laws. 

Still  the  painful  fact  occurred — the  Society  died  and  made  no  sign,  nor 
did  the  public, — they  parted  with  mutual  indifierence  :  the  latter,  dis- 
appointed in  its  sanguine  expectations,  expressed  no  regret;  and  the  former, 
under  a  conscious  sense  of  the  total  failure  of  its  experiment,  made  no  ac- 
knowledgment for  the  liberal  support  it  had  at  first  received.  Nor  was  the 
failure  attributable  to  the  treatises,  many  of  which  possessed  considerable 
merit ;  but  to  their  unsuitableness  for  the  classes  of  individuals  for  whom 
they  were  intended,  and  the  want  of  preparation  on  the  part  of  those 
classes  to  appreciate  or  understand,  and  so  benefit  by,  the  instruction 
sought  to  be  conveyed.  And  no  wonder,  when  it  is  considered  that  of  the 
last  hundred  numbers,  upwards  of  thirty*,  consisting  of  two  sheets  each, 

*  In  a  former  part  it  was  erroneously  stated  that  the  maximum  number  of  partu  to 
one  treatise  or  subject  did  not  exceed  fourteen,  or  thereabouts,  whereas  on  reference  it 
appears  that  several  exceeded  twenty,  and  some  extended  to  thirty  parts. 


1856.]        Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.  703 

were  devoted  to  the  explications  of  the  Differential  Integral  Calculus  ;  and 
another  batch  of  thirty  was  devoted  to  the  value  of  Annuities  and  of  Rever- 
sionary Payments,  with  an  intermediate  sprhikling  of  Conic  Sections  and 
the  theory  of  Equations.  No  human  capacity  of  will  or  of  endurance  could 
stand  this,  nor  was  any  relief  afforded  by  a  supplementary  issue  of  about 
thirty  numbers  constituting  one  bulky  volume,  or  divisible  into  two,  called 
"  Political  Philosophy,"  comprising  histories  of  each  of  the  principal  empires, 
states,  and  kingdoms  of  the  world,  with  legislative  and  constitutional  lucu- 
brations on  their  civil  polity  and .  revolutions  ;  the  greater  part  being  the 
substance  of  lectures  delivered  at  various  mechanics^  and  other  institutions 
in  England,  and  now  published,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Society,  in  a 
revised  and  enlarged  edition. 

In  these  circumstances,  there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  accounting  for 
the  decline  and  fall  of  the  Society  :  it  started  during  a  prosperous  era  of 
the  country,  under  the  most  favourable  auspices ;  the  preliminary  discourse, 
with  all  its  faults,  was  a  brilliant  precursor;  all  parties  concurred  in  promot- 
ing the  design  on  its  announcement,  and  the  publications  were  ordered  by 
every  housekeeper,  from  every  bookseller,  from  Dan  to  Beersheba  through- 
out the  provinces,  and  in  the  metropolis  from  Belgravia  and  Grosvenor- 
square  to  Whitechapel,  including  the  scientific  region  of  Bloomsbury,  other- 
wise Mesopotamia.  Nurseries,  drawing-rooms,  and  kitchens  were  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  the  sixpenny  mental  aliment ;  but  neither  babes,  nor 
ladies,  nor  menials  could  abide  the  first  Hydrostatic  dose — of  which,  how- 
ever, 24,000  copies  were  distributed.  Hydraulics  and  Pneumatics  were 
not  more  acceptable,  as  appeared  by  a  slowly  decreasing,  though  still 
considerable,  sale.  A  reduced  demand  gradually  made  itself  felt,  until  it 
arrived  at  that  critical  period,  trying  alike  to  author  and  to  publisher, 
of  the  receipts  being  brought  to  par  with  the  expenditure,  with  a  progres- 
sive tendency  to  a  still  lower  level. 

The  end  of  the  matter  was,  that  no  abiding  knowledge,  either  useful  or 
ornamental,  was  diffused  by  the  Society  among  those  individuals  for  whose 
benefit  it  professed  to  be  instituted.  The  treatises  took  no  effect  in  delving 
the  intellectual  clod  of  the  mechanic  or  labourer^,  or  in  adding  to  or  im- 
proving the  attainments  of  the  class  immediately  above  them.  The  number 
of  informed  persons  was  not  increased,  nor  the  benefits  of  cultivation  ex- 
tended, otherwise  than  in  the  ordinary  proportion  with  the  increase  of 
population.  The  treatises  were  wholly  valueless  to  the  lower  classes,  while 
those  above  them  could  obtain  the  knowledge  best  suited  to  their  capacities 
at  schools,  and  from  tutors,  or  by  means  of  plain  elementary  books,  at  a 
cheaper  rate  than  that  afforded  by  the  Society,  instead  of  plunging  at  once 
into  the  interminable  mazes  of  equations  and  the  differential  calculus.  The 
farmer,  his  family  and  men,  escaped  the  infliction ;  the  mercantile  and 
trading  classes  wisely  ignored  the  scheme ;  which  was  only  partially  en- 
couraged by  the  manufacturers.  The  tables  in  the  reading-rooms  of  the 
mechanics'  institutions  were  for  a  season  covered  with  the  treatises,  until 
they  were  superseded  by  the  more  attractive  expedients  of  music,  lectures, 
and  conversaziones^ — ^more  to  the  honour  and  glory  of  the  local  patrons  and 
platform  orators,  than  to  the  edification  of  the  company ;  and  occasionally 


''It  w£Ls  easting  pearls  before  swine,  and  as  hopeless  an  attempt  as  to  make  a  silk 
purse  out  of  a  sow's  car, — proverbs  well  paraphrased  by  Horace : — 

"  Naturam  expellee  furca.  tamen  usque  recurrit 


£t  mala  perrumpet  fiurUm  fastidia  Tiotriz 


tf 


704  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.       [Dee. 

relieved  by  an  unfledged  peerling,  or  some  foolish  M.P/s,  who  oonld  iak 
no  other  willing  auditors  of  their  platitudes. 

The  misfortune  was,  that  the  Society,  instead  of  arriving;  by  patient  moil 
and  public  approval,  at  a  culminating  point  of  practical  utility,  started  it 
once  from  the  artificial  and  adventitious  pinnacle  raised  only  by  the  moit 
treacherous  of  all  demonstrations — ^public  anticipatory  acclamation,  in  c» 
sequence  of  which  its  entire  subsequent  career  was  one  of  grMiual,  int- 
trievable  descent. 

To  avert  or  obviate  this  apparently  inevitable  result,  the  Committee  had 
no  resource  of  capital  or  income  to  fall  back  upon.  The  few  annual  mb- 
scriptions  had  been  almost  wholly  discontinued,  or  had  otherwise  ceastd; 
the  life-donations  had  been  absorbed  in  the  maintenance  of  the  establiik- 
ment ;  and  the  sale  of  the  publications  had  so  much  diminished  as  not  to 
suffice  for  its  continuance.  Difficulties  then  arose  with  the  publishen^  ud 
the  connection  was  dissolved  by  the  Committee  undertaking  to  be  their 
own  publishers.  This  proved,  as  may  well  be  supposed,  a  losing  expedient; 
upon  which  the  Committee  entered  into  final  arrangements  with  other  pub- 
lishers for  a  transfer  of  the  existing  stock  and  the  fulfilment  of  pending 
engagements. 

It  now  only  remained  for  the  Committee  to  resort  to  a  legitimate  tenni- 
nation  of  their  labours,  which  was  effected  by  their  convening  a  meeting  d 
the  general  membei-s,  which  few,  if  any,  attended — as  few,  if  any,  existed. 
At  such  meeting  an  account  was  rendered,  which,  together  with  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Committee,  received  the  sanction  and  approval  of  the  meeting; 
when,  it  appearing  that  the  only  available  assets  of  the  Society  were  a 
medal  presented  to  it  by  King  Louis  Philippe,  and  some  books  and  fumi- 
ture  in  the  apartments  of  the  Society, — the  former  was  unanimously  voted  to 
the  noble  Chairman,  and  the  latter,  the  ^^  catella  pretiosa  JSutrapeU,^^  were 
bestowed  on  the  Secretary. 

Sic  transit  gloria  Societatis. 

TREATISES  PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY  FB03f  FEBSrARY,  1828,  TO  THBIB  CL06B  IS 

MAY,  1843,  AND  BY  WHOM  WRITTEK. 

Animal  Physiology.     Dr.  Soutbwood  Smith. 
Chemistry.    J.  F.  DanieU. 
Botany.     Dr.  Lindley. 

Electro-Magnetism./       '  ^^ 

Geometry,  Plane  and  Spherical.     Professor  A.  De  Morgan. 

Trigonometry.    —  Hopkins. 

Al^braical  Expressions.     J.  E.  Drinkwater. 

Practical  Geometry  and  Perspective.    —  Bradley. 

Geography.     G.  Ix)Dg. 

History  of  Astronomy. ) 

Theory  of  Equations.     Rev.  D.  MmT[)hy. 

8tudy  of  Mathematics.     Professor  A.  De  Morgan. 

Probability  and  Annmties.     R.  Jonea. 

Illustrations  of  the  Differential  Calctdos.    Professor  A.  De  Morgan. 

Friendly  Societies.     Mr.  Ausoll. 

History  of  Greek  Literature.     Professor  Miiller. 

England  under  the  Stuarts.     Rev.  Dr.  Vanghan. 

France,  from  A.D.  6-13  to  1520.     Rev.  Mr.  Smedley. 

Switzerland.    M.  Vlessioux. 


1856.]        Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  705 

History  of  Spain  and  Portugal.     Mrs.  Busk. 

1—  The  Church.     Rev.  W.  Waddington. 

— ^— —  American  Revohition.     Rev.  W.  Shepherd. 

Italy.     H.  Merivale. 

Rome.     Mr.  Maiden. 

liife  of  CJalileo.     Mr.  Falconer. 

Kepler.     Jno.  Elliot  Drinkwater. 

• Lord  Somers.     —  Jardine. 

Adam  Smith.     W.  Draper. 

^Michael  Angelo.     T.  Roscoe. 

^'asco  di  Gama,     Mr.  T.  Keightley. 

Art  of  Rrewuig.     D.  Booth. 
Manufactiu*e  of  Iron.     Mr.  Needham. 
(..'ommerce.  >  Mr.  MaccuUoch. 

British  Statistics.  /  Mr.  Smirke. 
Statistics.     Mr.  Porter. 

Min'ralo    -   / 1 >r.  W.  Turner. 

*  ^       ^^  *  \  I*rofessor  Heydinger. 
Treatise  on  Arches.     Mr.  JSIoseley. 
Affinity  and  Chemical  Apparatus.     Mr.  Ogg. 
Mo<lern  Egyptians.     Mr.  Lane 

Lives  of  Hay,  Linnajus,  and  Haller.     Dr.  J.  Burrowes. 
Life  of  I'Hospital.     E.  L.  Crowe. 

Bert  rand  du  (luesclin.     Mrs.  Busk. 

Howard.     Mr.  Penrose. 

Journal  of  Education.     G.  Long. 

Introduction  to  Natural  Philosophy,     Madame  Marcet. 

(lallery  of  Portraits. 

Ma})9,  Ancient  and  Modem. 

Six  ditto  of  the  GIoIm?. 

Six  ditto  of  the  Heavens.       )  Captain  (now  Admiral  Sir)  F.  Beaufort,  R.N. 

Two  Outline  Maps. 

Maps  of  the  Stars. 

THE  PARMEE'S  8EEIES. 

The  Horse,  Cattle,  and  Sheep.     W.  Youatt. 
Planting,  Useful  and  Ornamental.     Mr.  Sinclair, 
liritish  JIusbandrv.     Mr.  .1.  F.  Burke. 
Road-making.     Mr.  Penfold. 
Mountain  Sheph(»rd's  Manual. 
Redgwood  Farm  Report.     Mr.  Howard. 
Flemish  Husbandry.     Rev.  W.  L.  Rham. 
Cattle  Farming  and  Farriery.     Mr.  Lawrence. 
Mill-work.     Mr.  Scott. 


Penny  Magazine.  \ 

Penny  Cyclopedia.  .  Conducted  and  published  by 

British  Almanac  and  Compamon.  \      ^  ^r^^^  ^„j^^^ 

>>  orking  Man  s  Companion.  \  ° 

Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge.     28  vols.     ) 

The  Parish,  Pcxir-law  Tales,  and  The  Town.     Miss  Martineao. 

Mechanics'  Institutions.     Mr.  T.  Webster. 

Cottage  S<Ties.     Mr.  Loudon  and  Mr.  Conolly. 

Political  Philosophy. 

The  numbers  of  the  treatises  have  been  intentionally  omitted,  being  very  com* 
plicated,  owing  to  many  duplicates  and  distinctionfi,  by  special  marks  and 

otherwise. 


Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  r 


706  [D 

THE  LORD  OF  THE  ISLES*. 

In  the  case  of  a  book  which  has  been  for  forty  years  before  the  pub 
and  of  which  the  circulated  copies  may  be  counted  by  tens  of  thouaan 
our  chief  business  is  with  the  specialities  of  any  new  edition.  And  tb 
are  quite  enough  of  these  in  the  volume  now  before  as  to  warrant,  as  n 
as  to  funiisli  matter  for,  a  more  extended  notice  than  we  have  any  space 
spare  for  now.  The  poem,  indeed,  is  the  same  that  we -have  been  so  lo 
familiar  with  ;  but  it  is  the  same  only  in  the  sense  in  which  Abon  Hass 
of  ])agdad,  was  the  same,  when  he  awoke  upon  the  royal  couch  in  a  pavilj 
gorgeously  adorned  with  gold  and  ultramarine,  and  found  the  vess 
of  gold,  and  china-ware,  and  crystal  awaiting  him,  and  the  fair  sla 
Cluster  of  Pearls,  submissively  attending  at  his  call.  Just  as  novel,  and 
i  striking  in  their  brilliancy  and  beauty,  are  the  accessories  now  grou[ 

about  Sir  Walter's  poem.  Apart  from  those  circumstances  of  literary  co 
pleteness  concerning  which  we  shall  say  a  few  words  presently,  the  volu 
is  an  admirable  specimen  of  the  resplendency  of  modem  art  in  some  of 
most  interesting  branches.  Printed  from  a  clear  and  graceful  type, 
paper  of  magnificent  texture,  bound  in  a  richly  illuminated  cover,  glitt 
ing  in  gold,  and  blue,  and  vermilion,  and  illustrated  by  seventy  of  t 
exquisite  designs  of  Birket  Foster  and  John  Gilbert — it  scarcely  need 
!  i  told  how  choice,  and  delicate,  and  charming  is  the  result  of  such  a  coml 

I  nation.     By  a   sort  of  natural  affinity  and  appropriateness,  such  a  wo 

invites  soft  voices  to  peruse  it,  and  bright  eyes  to  look  upon  its  finish 
beauty.  It  will  be — in  a  sense  somewhat  different  from  that  of  a  work  y 
all  remember — "  the  Book  of  the  Boudoir." 

The  designs  of  the  accomplished  artists  to  whom  the  volume  is  indebt 
,'  for  so  large  a  portion  of  its  elegant  embellishment,  demand  a  partieol 

notice.  The  lovers  of  landscape  will  look  with  delight  upon  the  picturesq 
wildness,  and  sometimes  the  placid  loveliness,  of  the  scenery  which  \ 
Foster's  pencil  has  pourtrayed.  8cott*s  exactness  of  description  has  be 
faithfully  respected  in  a  series  of  representations  of  sea-girt  rocks,  wi 
castles  crowned  ;  of  lakes  embosomed  amidst  stern  and  barren  mountaii 
soaring  upwards  inaccessibly  ;  of  dark  woodland  solitudes  ;  of  dells,  caven 
.  cataracts,  and  fair  lochs ;  and,  memorably,  of  the  still,  calm  sweetness 

!  the   grave-yard  round   "  St.  Ninian's   shrine ;"    in   which  we   see,  as 

1  a  panoramic  view  unrolled  before  us,  all  the  localities  to  which  he  rap 
'  action  of  the  tale  successively   refers.     But  whilst  Mr.  Foster  thusy 

:  it  were,  sets  each  appropriate  scene  upon  the  stage,  his  companion  in  t 

2  work  of  illustration  gives  us  the  characters  themselves  with  a  g^raphic  frc 
:  dom  and  a  force  which  impress  the  imagination  with  a  vivid  feeli 
'  of  impassioned  life.  Like  the  poet  he  is  working  on,  Mr.  Gilbert  succce 
'  best  amidst  the  bustle  and  the  energy  of  busiest  action  and  ezcitemei 
I .  Cold,  formal,  and   sometimes  even  most  awkward,  in  their    delineati 

of  the  dull  and  passionless  demeanour  of  their  personages,  both  poet  ■ 

.  designer  are  transformed,  as  the   first  gleam  of  strong  emotion  flask 

'  on  them,  into  beings  of  another  order,  wielding  with  a  spirit  and  a  pen 

scarcely  to  be  overtopped,  the  wand-like  im|)lements  of  their  respecti 
arts.     In    the   battle-scenes   of  the   series  now  before  us,  Mr.  Gilber 

•  "'rik'  Lord  of  tUi'  IhIcs.     By  Sir  WaMvt  Soott,  Itart.     With  all  hifl  Introdactioi 
and  th(>  10ditor*s  Xotog.  Illustnitcd  by  iniinerouH  Kugravings  on  Wood,  from 
by  Birket  Fueter  and  John  GUbert."     (Eduiburgh :  Adam  and  Charles  Black.) 


1856.] 


7Yte,Lord  qf  the  laleg. 


707 

designs  are  instinct  with  this  fierce  and  kindling;  vigour  in  an  uausuai 
degree.  The  strife  we  look  upon  is  real,  audible,  awful.  The  imagination 
is  charmed  and  commanded  by  it,  as  by  the  phantasms  of  some  vivid 
dre;im.  Knight  and  man-at-arms,  the  warrior  and  his  war-steed,  are 
alike  striving,  with  their  sinews  at  the  utmost  strain,  in  that  fell  encounter 
in  which  life  is  the  victor's  guerdon,  and  the  doom  of  the  defeated  ia 

We  are  spared  the  necessity  of  much  comment  on  Sir  Walter's  part  of 
the  volume,  by  some  of  the  circumstances  under  which  it  is  now  reprinted. 
A  poem  that  has  run  the  gauntlet  of  two  generations  of  readers,  and  that 
has  appended  to  it,  in  the  form  of  foot-notes,  the  pith  of  all  the  criticism  it 
has  ever  given  rise  to,  carries  its  own  credentials  with  it,  and  may  very  well 
dispense  with  any  further  praise  or  blame.  It  is  a  relief  and  comfort  to  us 
that  it  is  so.  Holding  "  The  Lord  of  the  Isles"  to  he  the  worst  specimen 
of  a  bad  school  of  poetry,  we  have  no  desire  to  insist  on  its  ill -constructed 
and  uninteresting  story,  its  profusion  of  prosaic  lines,  and  dull,  unprofitable 
passag-es.  or  its  general  inferiority  to  all  its  predecessors  from  the  same  un- 
wearied [>en.  It  is  a  pleasanter  task — and  in  this  instance  a  permissible 
one — to  refer  rather  to  some  of  those  glowing  outgushings  of  a  genuine 
inspiration  which  were  never  wholly  absent  from  anything  Sir  Walter  Scott 

The  first  of  these  passages  that  we  shall  quote  ia  the  animated  description 
of  a  furious  outbreak,  at  the  marriage- feast,  between  the  enemies  and  frienda 
of  Bruce,  who,  in  his  storm- tost  wanderings,  has  become  an  unwilling  guest 
at  Lord  Ronald's  festal  board.  Our  quotation  begins  at  that  point  in  the 
narrative  where  the  partisans  of  "  the  haughty  Lorn"  are  rushing  forward 
to  assail  the  heroic  king  : — 

"  Onward  the;  presa  with  weapons  high, 

The  affrighted  females  shriek  and  fly. 

And,  Scotland,  then  thy  brightmt  ray 

Had  darken'd  ere  its  noon  of  dny. 

But  every  chief  of  birth  and  tame. 

That  from  the  Isles  of  Ocean  came. 

At  Ronald's  lude  that  bouc  withstood 

Fierce  Lora's  relentless  thint  for  blood. 


708  The  Lord  of  the  Isles.  [Dec. 

Mac-Niel,  wild  Bara's  ancient  thane, 

Dnart,  of  bold  Clan  Gillian's  strain, 

Fergus,  of  Canna's  castled  bay, 

Mac-I)uffith,  Lord  of  Colonsay, 

Soon  as  they  saw  the  broadswords  glance. 

With  ready  weapons  rose  at  once, 

More  prompt,  that  many  an  ancient  feud. 

Full  oft  suppress'd,  full  oft  renew 'd, 

Glow'd  'twixt  the  chieftains  of  Argyle, 

And  many  a  lord  of  ocean's  isle. 

Wild  was  the  scene — each  sword  was  bare. 

Back  streamed  each  chieftain's  shaggy  hair. 

In  gloomy  opposition  set. 

Eyes,  hands,  and  brandish' d  weapons  met ; 

Blue  gleaming  o'er  the  social  board, 

Flash'd  to  the  torches  many  a  sword ; 

And  soon  those  bridal  lights  may  shine 

On  purple  blood  for  rosy  wine." 

In  the  same  canto*  from  which  these  graphic  lines  are  quoted,  there  i» 
also  one  of  the  very  noblest  passages  that  we  remember  to  have  read  in 
any  of  the  author's  poems.  After  the  scene  that  we  have  just  referred  to, 
the  Abbot — designing  to  give  utterance  to  the  Church's  direst  ban  against 
the  Bruce — is  moved  by  some  inward  impulse,  which  he  strives  in  vain  to 
stifle  or  resist,  to  pronounce,  instead  of  the  intended  condemnation,  a  pro- 
phetic  blessing  on  the  king.  The  whole  of  this  passage — with  its  con- 
stantly recurring  and  very  beautiful  burden,  **  I  bless  thee,  and  thou  shalt 
be  blessM !" — is  irresistibly  impressive,  from  the  solemn  and  sustained 
power  by  which  it  is  inspired.  We  must  find  space  for  a  few  of  the  con- 
cluding stanzas,  which,  as  the  reader  will  perceive,  are  written  in  Sir 
Walter's  happiest  and  most  elevated  style : — 

**  In  distant  ages,  sire  to  son 
Shall  tell  thy  tale  of  freedom  won. 
And  teach  his  infants  in  the  use 
Of  earliest  speech,  to  falter  Bruce. 
Go,  then,  triumphant !  sweep  along 
Thy  course,  the  theme  of  many  a  song  ! 
The  power,  whose  dictates  swell  my  breast. 
Hath  bless'd  thee,  and  thou  shalt  be  bless'd  V* 

In  the  third  canto  there  is  a  fine  description  of  the  night  passed  by  the 
Bruce,  Lord  Konald,  and  the  page,  in  a  hut  amidst  the  desolate  wilds 
•*  north  of  Strathnardill  and  Dunskye."  The  several  thoughts  of  the  three 
companions,  as  they  kept  watch  in  turn,  are  strikingly  characteristic  ;  but 
the  recollections  of  the  young  page  going  back  but  a  little  way  to  his 
mother  and  his  sisters,  and  to  the  games  and  griefs  of  his  childhood*s 
home,  and  gradually  passing  on  through  fancy's  mazes  into  sleep  and 
dreams,  are  touched  with  all  the  tenderness  of  true  and  sweet  poetry,  and 
prepare  us  for  a  deeper  feeling  of  regret  for  him  when  he  dies,  by  the 
ruffian's  dagger,  munnuring  his  master* 9  name. 

It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  the  battle- scenes,  in  the  last  two 
cantos  of  the  poem,  are  described  with  all  the  impetuous  strength  and  spirit 
which  Scott  had  always  at  command  on  such  occasions,  and  by  which, 
indeed,  he  rendered  his  poems  irresistibly  charming,  in  spite  of  all  their 
manifold  faults.  Slumber  as  he  may  in  other  scenes,  a  skirmish  or  a 
battle-field  infallibly  arouses  him  ;  and  he  has  not  often  been  aroused  into 
a  higher  vein  than  by  these,  in  which  the  noblest  warrior  of  his  native-land 
was  leader,  and  the  independence  of  his  native  land  was  the  momentous 


1856.] 


The  Lord  of  the  Isks. 


stake  for  vrbich  that  warrior  contended.  Masterly,  however,  as  these  de- 
scriptiona  are,  we  have  no  space  for  them,  and  must  be  content  to  choose 
our  final  extract  for  an  interest  of  a  very  different  kind.  After  all  the  sor- 
rows, and  the  hardalilps,  and  the  dangers  she  has  passed  through,  and  after 
■witnesainf;,  in  boy's  disguise,  the  horrors  of  the  hard-fnught  field,  the  fair 
Edith  of  I,orn  baa  been  rewarded  vrell  for  all  her  sore  distresses  by  seeing 
the  Lord  Ronald  unhurt,  and  hearing  from  him  one  whi^jpered  word  as  he 
returned  victorious  from  the  fray.  On  this  passing  interview  becoming 
known  to  Bruce, — 

"  Even  upon  Bannofk'n  bloodj  plain, 

Heaji'd  then  with  thousands  of  the  slain, 

'Mill  victor  tiKiuarvh's  inuunmi  high, 

Mirth  laugh'd  in  good  King  Kobe's  eje. 

'  Ami  bore  he  sucli  angelic  air, 

Siicli  nolile  fVont,  such  waving  hair  7 

Ilath  Koiiald  kneel'd  to  liimi''  he  Baid, 

'  llioii  must  we  oall  the  Church  to  tud— 

Our  will  he  to  the  Abbot  knoB-n, 

Ere  these  strange  news  are  wider  blown. 


Tn  Cambuskennetb  Rtmight  he  pniw, 
And  deck  the  churrh  for  solemn  iiiaiiti. 
Til  |Biy  for  bigli  deliTcrance  given, 
A  natiou'n  thanks  to  gracious  Heaven. 
lA't  him  nrmy,  besides,  t»ch  state. 
As  should  on  princes'  nuptials  wait. 
Ourself  the  cause,  through  fortune's  sinte. 
That  once  broke  abort  tliat  spousal  rito, 
Ourself  will  grace,  with  early  mom. 
The  bridal  ol  the  Maid  of  Lorn." " 

Fair  readers  will  rejoice  in  this  conclusion  to  the  heroine's  wandenngi 
md  woes.  And  certainly  no  event  could  be  more  appropriate  to  a  volume 
n  itself  chaste  and  charming,  both  in  beauty  and  adornment,  as  a  maiden 
in  lier  bridal-mom. 


710  [Dec. 


THE  STEPHENSES,  SCHOLARS  AKD  PRINTERS. 

It  is  diflScult  at  the  present  day,  when  the  happy  influences  of  the 
printing-press  are  so  universally  felt,  to  realise  all  the  disadvantages  arising 
from  its  non-existence  in  former  ages.  Cut  off,  by  an  apparently  im- 
passable barrier,  from  intercourse  with  the  great  intellects  and  lights  of  the 
world,  the  vast  body  of  mankind  must  for  ever  have  languished  in  hopeless 
barbarism,  unless  some  speedy  means  had  been  discovered  of  initiating  the 
rising  races  of  our  species  in  knowledge  and  refinement.  The  small  but 
glorious  community  of  Athens,  aided  in  its  progress  by  the  happiest  con- 
currence of  nature  and  of  art,  can  only  be  looked  upon  as  an  oasis  in  the 
great  desert  of  the  world's  history,  although  the  example  of  a  whole  people 
attaining  to  such  a  height  of  enlightenment,  and  delicacy  of  taste,  was  of 
imperishable  value.  But  the  art  of  diffusing  all  the  existing  knowledge 
and  attainments  of  mankind  for  the  common  benefit  was  still  wanting,  until 
the  printing-press  lent  its  wings  to  scatter  abroad  the  good  seeds  of  religion 
and  learning,  and  under  the  auspices  of  men  like  the  Alduses  and  the 
Stephenses  a  glorious  harvest  was  quickly  reaped.  Of  the  latter  family  of 
printers  we  have  now  a  biography  before  us  by  Mons.  F.  A.  Didot,  himself 
a  scholar  and  printer  of  a  most  distinguished  family,  who  has  written  the 
lives*  of  the  Stephenses,  or  Estiennes,  so  far  as  they  were  connected  with 
letters  and  the  art  of  printing,  with  feelings  of  congenial  love  and  admira- 
lion.  In  a  genealogical  and  heraldic  table  of  their  family,  drawn  up  by  a 
descendant.  Col.  Antoine  (the  fifth  of  that  name)  Estienne,  Inspector  of 
Bookselling,  and  presented  by  him,  in  1826,  to  M.  Firmin  Didot,  the 
antiquity  of  the  family  is  carried  up  to  the  year  1270.  At  that  time  Pierre 
Estienne  was  Lord  of  Lambesc,  in  Provence,  of  which  the  Estiennes,  or,  in 
Provencal,  Esteves,  were  one  of  tlie  most  ancient  families,  and  they  are 
stated  to  have  constantly  maintained  themselves  in  all  the  rights  and  pre- 
rogatives of  the  old  noblesse.  In  1851  this  stock  of  printers  was  not 
extinct,  for  we  learn  that  Paul,  the  second,  was  bom  at  Sedan  in  1806,  and 
was  apprenticed  to  Firmin  Didot,  and  that  in  1851  Paul  directed  the 
mechanical  presses  of  that  firm.  In  the  15th  century  the  family  divided 
into  two  branches,  the  elder  remaining  in  the  possession  of  the  lordship  of 
Lambesc,  while  the  head  of  the  younger,  Geoffroy,  married  Laure  de  Monto- 
livet,  whose  family  escutcheon  bore  an  olive.  Geoffroy  had  two  sons, 
Raimond  and  Henry ;  the  latter  was  disinherited  by  his  father  in  1482,  on 
account  of  his  becoming  a  printer — the  art  having  just  been  introduced  into 
France.  Few  details  have  been  transmitted  to  us  respecting  Henry,  who 
joined  Wolffgang  Hopil,  about  the  year  1500,  at  Paris,  in  the  art  of 
printing  with  forms,  {in  farmuUiria  arte  socios).  The  first  book  which  bore 
their  two  names  is  an  Introduction  to  the  Ethics  of  Aristotle,  by  Lefevre 
d'Estaple,  and  has  the  date  of  1501.  Their  establishment  was  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  JEcole  de  Droit,  and  had  the  sign  of  the  Rabbits — 
in  Officina  Cuniculorum.  The  first  work  bearing  the  name  of  Henry 
Stephens  alone  is  an  abridgment  of  Aristotle's  Ethics,  by  Clichton,  with 
an  introduction  by  Lefevre  d'Estaple:  it  was  printed  in  1502,  and  was 
the  only  work  which  issued  from  his  press  in  that  year.  Other  works, 
chiefly  on  Aristotle,  followed  in  1503  and  1504,  and  we  see  from  the 
nature  of  his  productions,  that  he  chiefly  devoted  himself  to  the  branches 
of  philosophy,  mathematics,  and  astronomy,  while  J.  Badins  was  occupied 

*  Nouvelle  BioffrapJUe  G4niral^,  pabli^  par  MM.  Finiiiu  Diilot,  fr^n».    Pari*. 


1856.]  The  Siephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers.  711 

Avith  the  Belles  Lettres,  and  other  printers  were  chiefly  taken  up  with 
books  of  chivalry  and  devotion.  Henry  Stephens  has  often  mentioned  at 
the  end  of  his  works  the  names  of  the  correctors  who  read  his  proof-sheets, 
among  whom  were  chiefly  J.  Solidus,  of  Cracow ;  Volgazzi,  of  Prato  ;  the 
learned  Beatus  Rhenanus ;  P.  Porta,  of  Crete ;  Michael  Pontanus,  and 
some  others.  The  Roman  type,  which  H.  Stephens  always  employed, 
looks  somewhat  heavy,  but  is  very  legible.  Only  one  French  work  is 
among  the  120  which  he  printed,  and  that  is  a  Traite  de  Geometrie, 
Geoflioy  Tory,  of  Bourges,  who  copied  the  text  of  Antoninus's  Itinerary 
from  an  ancient  MS.,  prefixed  two  Latin  prefaces  to  the  edition  published 
in  1512  by  H.  Stephens.  These  two  prefaces  are  signed  with  the  word 
Civis,  From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  a  connection  had  sprung  up  already 
between  the  printer  and  Tory,  who  was  not  only  a  celebrated  artist,  but  a 
man  of  great  taste,  and  who,  in  addition  to  his  skill  as  an  engraver  on 
wood,  and  an  able  type-cutter,  was  also  a  writer  of  original  literary  talent, 
from  whom  even  Rabelais  condescended  to  borrow.  The  learned  men 
who  were  thus  brought  into  relations  of  intimacy  and  friendship  with 
H.  Stephens,  had  naturally  much  influence  on  the  education  of  his  children, 
and  particularly  of  Robert,  who  was  from  his  childhood  placed  within  a 
circle  of  learned  men,  not  less  eminent  as  scholars  than  as  zealous  main- 
tainers  of  their  religious  convictions.  Lefevre  d'Estaple  was  inclined  to 
support  the  reformed  doctrines ;  Clichton  was  devoted  to  the  doctrines  of 
the  Sorbonne,  of  which  he  was  a  Doctor ;  and  from  this  diversity  of  opin- 
ions, among  such  eminent  men,  frequent  controversies  would  naturally 
arise.  Lascaris,  the  learned  Greek  emigrant,  assisted  in  the  education  of 
H.  Stephens's  children.  Budaeus,  styled  by  Hallam  the  most  profound 
Greek  scholar  in  Europe,  the  family  Brigonnet,  the  first  President, 
J,  Gannay,  and  the  three  Du  Bellay's,  were  among  the  number  of 
Stephens's  friends. 

We  are  not  intending  here  to  give  a  biographical  account  of  all  the 
members  of  the  Stephens's  family  who  were  eminent  as  printers  and  as 
scholars,  but  rather  to  single  out  some  of  the  leading  features  of  their 
distinguished  career  in  these  capacities,  and  gladly  refer  our  readers  to  the 
ample  and  accurate  details  collected  by  Mons.  Didot,  for  fuller  information. 
Henry  Stephens — Henry  I.,  as  he  is  styled,  in  right  royal  fashion — died  in 
15*20,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Francis,  (born  in  1502,)  who  appears, 
however,  to  have  been  a  bookseller,  and  not  a  printer,  unless  the  Vinetum 
of  1587,  and  the  Terentius  of  1538,  which  are  the  only  works  that  bear  his 
device,  should  be  thought  witnesses  to  the  contrary.  Having  offered  some 
resistance  to  a  domiciliary  visit,  made  in  1542,  by  the  wardens  of  the 
bookselling  trade,  (Jacques  Niverd  and  Jean  Andr^),  who  acted  in  virtue 
of  a  parliamentai-y  order,  and  who  seem  to  have  suspected  something 
wrong  among  his  books — some  lurking  Lutheranism  or  Calvinism,  per- 
haps— he  was  arrested  as  guilty  of  rebellion  and  disobedience.  He  died 
in  1550,  without  leaving  any  children. 

Charles,  the  third  son  of  Henry,  was  bom  in  1504,  and  died  in  prison 
for  debt,  in  1564.  He  was  educated  for  the  medical  profession,  in  which 
he  took  the  degree  of  Doctor.  His  education  was  carried  on  in  a  brilliant 
style,  under  the  superintendence  of  Lascaris,  and  be  afterwards  travelled 
into  Germany  and  Italy,  as  the  tutor  of  Antoine  Baif,  in  company  with  the 
poet  Ron  sard.  Baif,  himself  a  poet,  and  who  belonged  to  that  cluster  of 
poets  to  which  was  given  the  name  of  the  French  Pleiad,  thus  writes  of 
his  friends  Ronsard  and  Stephens  : — 


712  The  Stephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers.  [Dec. 


"  Mon  p^re  fxit  aoignenx  de  prendre 
Des  mfustrcs  le  meilleur  pour  d^  lors  m'enseigner 
Le  grcc  et  le  latin,  sans  y  rien  espargner 
Charle  Estienne  premier,  disc^-iple  de  Lascare, 
M*apprist  k  prononoer  le  langage  roinain  "  .  .  .  . 

And  afterwards,  in  1540,  when  Lazare  Baif  was  sent  by  the  King  of 
France  as  ambassador  to  Germany  and  Italy,  Anthony,  in  his  verses, 
says  that  his  father — 

"  menoit  en  voyage 

Charle  Estienne,  et  Ronsard,  qui  sortoit  hors  de  page, 
Estienne,  medecin,  qui  bien  parlant  estoit. 
Ronsard,  de  qui  la  fleur  un  beau  fruit  promettoit." 

During  these  travels  into  other  countries,  Charles  formed  friendly  relations 
with  many  learned  men  of  distinction,  particularly  with  Paulus  Manutiua, 
and  acquired  in  Italy  a  taste  for  antiquity,  as  is  proved  by  the  accuracy 
of  some  sketches  from  ancient  monuments  to  be  found  in  his  works. 
When  Robert  Stephens  became  an  exile  from  Paris,  with  all  his  family, 
his  brother  Charles,  who  remained  faithful  to  the  Koman  Catholic  creed, 
took  the  charge  of  the  printing-office  on  behalf  of  his  nephews,  to  whom  he 
was  guardian,  and  devoted  all  his  energies  as  printer,  and  his  attainments 
as  a  man  of  science,  to  the  publication  of  excellent  works,  chiefly  in  the 
branches  of  medicine  and  agriculture.  He  also  printed  many  works  on 
education,  the  greater  part  of  which  were  written  by  himself.  The  hopes 
which  he  entertained  of  great  commercial  advantage  from  his  Tkesaunu 
Cicerontanus,  which  appeared  in  1557,  were  far  from  being  realized,  as 
may  be  seen  in  a  letter  of  Maumont,  in  the  Scaligeriana  ;  and  it  seems  to 
be  certain  that  Charles  died  in  prison,  where  he  was  confined  during  three 
years.  Robert  Stephens,  (Robert  I.,)  the  second  son  of  Henry,  was  bom 
at  Paris  in  1503,  and  died  at  Geneva  in  1559.  By  his  learning,  his 
devotedness  to  the  art  of  printing,  and  his  zeal  in  saving  from  destruction, 
and  circulating  in  France  and  other  countries,  the  literary  monuments  of 
Greek  and  Latin  antiquity,  of  which  he  printed  numerous  accurate  and 
beautiful  editions,  he  occupies  the  first  rank  among  printers.  His  editions, 
which  are  superior  to  the  Aldine  for  their  typographical  execution  and 
accuracy,  excel,  in  general,  even  the  editions  of  his  son  Henry,  while  the 
lowness  of  their  price  excites  astonishment.  His  life,  which  was  short, 
and  fully  occupied  with  literary  labours,  was  often  disturbed  by  perse- 
cutions ;  but  the  duty  of  circulating  the  Holy  Scriptures,  by  means  of  his 
art,  enabled  him  to  brave  the  wrath  of  the  Doctors  of  the  Sorbonne,  at  a 
period  when  religious  convictions  could  only  be  manifested  at  the  peril  of 
one's  life.  His  profound  acquaintance  with  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin 
languages  was  applied  by  him,  from  his  youth,  to  the  comparative  study 
of  the  sacred  texts,  in  their  original  sources.  It  would  occupy  too  much 
of  our  limited  space  to  enumerate  even  the  chief  of  his  valuable  and 
splendid  editions,  in  producing  many  of  which  he  was  supported  by  the 
generous  patronage  and  encouragement  of  Francis  I.  It  was  while  he  was 
occupied  in  these  great  works,  and  in  examining  the  MSS.  of  the  royal 
library  and  other  libraries,  that  he  prepared  materials  for  the  Greek 
Thesaurus,  afterwards  completed  by  his  son  Henry,  and  which  was 
intended  as  a  supplement  to  the  Latin  Thesaurus,  the  success  of  which 
was  BO  gieat  as  to  occasion  a  speedy  call  for  three  editions.  In  printing 
his  Bibles,  R.  Stephens  was  exceedingly  thwarted  and  harassed  by  eeveral 
Doctors  of  the  Sorbouue,  whose  persecutions  at  length  compelled  him  to 
6 


1856.]  The  Stephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers.  713 

quit  France,  notwithstanding  the  protection  of  the  king,  and  to  take  up  his 
residence  at  Geneva,  having  previously  emhraced  the  doctrines  of  the 
Reformation.  He  has  recorded  his  long  disputes  with  the  Parisian  divines 
in  a  very  scarce  and  interesting  volume  *>,  which  M.  Didot  describes  as 
being  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  French  language,  and  as  deserving, 
on  account  of  its  style,  to  be  placed  among  the  masterpieces  of  French 
literature,  although  written  more  than  a  hundred  years  before  the  ap- 
pearance of  Pascal's  Lettres  Provinciales,  The  whole  particulars  of  this 
controversy,  together  with  a  critical  examination  of  the  different  editions  of 
the  Bible  printed  by  R.  Stephens,  in  various  languages,  if  laid  before  the 
public,  could  not  fail  to  excite  much  interest  among  English  scholars  at 
the  present  day,  when  a  revised  translation  of  the  Holy  Bible  in  English  is 
under  discussion. 

R.  Stephens  was  deserving  also  of  the  public  gratitude  for  the  great 
number  of  elementary  works  which  he  published  for  children ;  and  in  this 
good  cause  he  was  zealously  assisted  by  his  friend  Mathurin  Cordier,  or 
Corderius,  whose  name  was  once  so  well  known  to  young  Latin  learners  in 
this  country.  The  number  of  Latin  Grammars  printed  by  R.  Stephens  is 
truly  astonishing ; — fourteen  editions  of  Donatus  ;  fourteen  of  Despautere  ; 
thirteen  of  Pelisson  ;  twelve  of  Melancthon ;  twelve  of  Linacre ;  nine  of 
Junius  Rabirius,  without  reckoning  others  by  Aldus  Manutius,  N.  Perottus, 
and  Priscian.  All  these  books,  carefully  printed,  were  sold  at  so  moderate 
a  price  as  to  put  them  within  the  reach  of  the  humblest  scholars.  Our 
learned  printer's  services  on  behalf  of  his  own  language  were  not  less 
zealously  manifested  by  the  publication  of  a  grammar,  various  treatises, 
and  a  dictionary ;  but  no  services  could  save  him  from  becoming  a  victim 
to  the  intolerant  spirit  of  the  age — a  spirit  from  which  even  the  reformers 
themselves  were  not  exempt ;  and  we  are  struck  with  astonishment  when 
we  learn  that  even  Robert  Stephens,  after  all  that  he  had  experienced  of 
intolerance  from  Romanists,  and  naiTowly  escaping  the  stake,  did  not 
hesitate  to  enlist  his  presses  at  Geneva  in  the  service  of  the  persecutors  of 
Michael  Servetus  !    (Journal  des  Savants^  Article  par  M.  Magnin,  1841.) 

Robert  Stephens  died  at  Geneva,  Sept.  7,  1559,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Ilenry  IL,  who  had,  two  years  before,  estabhshed  a  separate  print- 
ing-office at  Geneva,  more  particularly  devoted  to  religious  works.  Henry 
was  born  at  Paris  in  1528,  in  a  house  wholly  devoted  to  literature,  where 
I^atin  was  constantly  spoken  even  by  the  servants,  (see  Letter  from  H, 
Stej)hens  to  his  son  Paul,  prefixed  to  Aulus  Gellius,  1585);  and  where 
a  number  of  learned  men  of  all  countries,  who  were  the  guests  and  the 
friends  of  his  father,  assisted  in  cultivating  and  improving  the  happy  natu- 
ral endowments  of  the  son.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  years  his  preceptor  was 
Pierre  Danes,  who  had  been  the  pupil  of  Lascaris  and  Budseus,  and  who 
refused  to  undertake  the  instruction  of  any  pupils  except  the  sons  of  King 
Henry  II.  and  of  Robert  Stephens,  although  solicited  to  do  so  by  the  most 
distinguished  personages  of  the  court.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  Henry 
assisted  his  father  in  collating  a  MS.  for  his  fine  edition  of  Dionysius  Hali- 
carnassus ;  and,  in  the  hope  of  discovering  some  monument  of  Greek  anti- 
quity, he  proceeded  to  Italy,  with  his  father's  consent,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
amining the  libraries,  and  exercising  the  sportsman's  art.  He  remained  in 
Italy  three  years,  and  acquired  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  language,  and 
of  its  various  idioms.     He  is  said  to  have  had  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all 

•»  Lt's  Censures  des  Theologiens  de  Paris  par  lesquell^s  ilt  avoient  fautaemewt  con* 
damiie  Us  Bibles  imprimees  par  Robert  JEstienne,  (Sans  nom  de  lien.    1552.) 
Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI.  4  z 


714  The  Siephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers.  [Dec 

the  modern  languages,  as  well  as  of  the  ancient  and  of  some  of  the  Oriental. 
In  1550  he  visited  the  English  court,  where  he  was  received  in  a  friendly 
manner  by  the  younj^  ki^g-  Edward  VI.  He  then  went  to  Brabant,  and 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Spanish  language  and  its  literature. 
All  his  time  was  devoted  either  to  study,  to  the  collation  of  MSS.,  the  con- 
versation of  the  most  eminent  men,  or  the  commercial  affairs  of  his  father, 
for  whose  publications  it  was  necessary  to  seek  the  means  of  outlet  in 
foreign  countries.  He  travelled  always  on  horseback,  an  exercise  of  which 
he  was  extremely  fond ;  and  beguiled  the  monotony  of  his  journeys  by  the 
composition  of  verses  in  the  Greek,  Latin,  and  French  languages.  In 
155 A  he  printed  the  first  edition  of  Anacreon,  whose  poems  he  was  the  first 
to  discover ;  and  added  a  translation  in  Latin  verse,  which  M.  Didot  save 
is  a  chef  aceuvrc  of  elegance  and  accuracy.  Tlie  discovery  of  Uie  poems 
of  Anacreon  formed  an  era  in  the  history  of  letters,  and  Ronsard  cele- 
brated it  in  the  following  verses : — 

"  Verse  done,  et  reverse  encor ! 
Dedans  cette  grande  coupe  d'or, 
Jc  vais  boire  &  Henri  Estiennc 
Qui  des  enfers  nous  a  rendu 
l>u  vieil  Anacreon  perdu 
La  douce  lyre  Tfiienne." 

In  justice  to  the  learned  and  elaborate  biography  of  M.  Didot,  and  to  the 
valuable  work  of  which  it  forms  a  portion,  we  have  gone  thus  into  some, 
and  these  but  a  very  few,  of  the  interesting  details  which  he  has  laid  before 
the  world  regarding  the  immense  labours  and  unwearied  devotion  to  lite- 
rature of  the  chief  members  of  the  remarkable  family  of  the  Stephenses; 
and  must  now  hasten  to  a  conclusion,  by  briefly  stating  some  of  the  leading 
features  in  the  subsequent  part  of  Henry's  life.  Although  his  printing- 
oflSce  was  at  Geneva,  he  was  extremely  fond  of  Paris,  which  he  frequently 
visited ;  and  often  described  his  works  on  his  title-pages  as  being — Ex  Offi- 
cina  Henrici  Stephani,  Parisiensis  Typographic  Of  France  he  says,  in  hia 
Musa  Monitrix, — 

"  Combien  quo  mon  pays  souvent  j'aye  absente, 
Mon  l)on  vouloir  do  lui  onci^  absent  n'a  ^to : 
Et  jamais  &  mon  cccur  nation  estrang^re, 
De  ma  France  I'amour  m'a  faict  mettre  en  arri^rc,'*  &c. 

His  temper,  indeed,  was  eminently  French — lively  and  sociable;  and  he  was 
quite  out  of  his  element  at  Geneva,  whose  rigid  Protestantism  was  not  at  all 
in  harmony  with  his  flexible  and  free  character.  The  number  of  works  printed 
by  him,  in  various  languages,  was  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  seventy, 
most  of  which  were  accompanied  with  notes  and  translations  by  himself.  All 
his  editions  arc  remarkable  for  their  accuracy ;  and  the  literary  labour  con- 
nected with  them  far  exceeded  that  expended  by  the  Alduses  on  their  pub- 
lications. The  Thesaurus  Lingua  GneciB,  published  in  1572,  the  same  year 
that  saw  the  infamous  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  is  his  greatest  work — 
monument um  (pre perenfiius — which  he  looked  upon,  having  been  commenced 
by  his  father,  as  a  religious  duty  to  finish ;  but  his  fortunes  were  ruined  by 
the  expenses  it  occasioned,  and  by  the  fraudulent  abridgment  made  of  it 
by  Sca])ula.  U.  Stephens's  defence  of  the  veracity  of  Herodotus  shews 
how  truly  he  estimated  tlic  real  character  of  the  great  historian ;  and  the 
verdict  has  been  confirmed  by  time.  He  married,  for  his  second  wife, 
Barbe  de  Ville,  a  kinswoman  of  the  learned  Scrimgeour,  a  distinguished 


1856.]  The  Stephenses,  Scholars  and  Printers.  715 

Scotsman,  who  was  a  professor  at  the  Academy  of  Geneva,  and  a  hurgess 
of  that  city.  This  lady,  who  was  noble,  rich,  and  beautiful,  gave  him  two 
daughters,  one  of  whom,  Florence,  was  married  to  Casaubon,  whose  diaiy, 
reflecting  his  fine  mind,  was  recently  printed,  for  the  first  time,  by  the 
University  of  Oxford :  his  account  of  his  feelings,  when  he  received  in- 
telligence of  his  father-in-law's  death,  is  very  touching  and  interesting,  (see 
Ephemerides^  pp.  67 — G9).  Henry's  latter  years  were  embittered  by  do- 
mestic losses  and  afflictions;  for  during  the  plague  at  Geneva  in  1587,  he 
lost  his  mother,  his  aunt,  and  one  of  his  nephews,  who  were  all  interred  in 
his  own  small  garden ;  while  his  pecuniary  afi^iirs,  owing  to  his  vast  specula- 
tions and  many  losses,  were  in  a  deranged  state.  He  died  at  Lyons,  in  an 
hospital,  in  March,  1598.  The  sale  of  his  stock  of  books  was  sufficient  to 
liquidate  all  his  debts,  and  to  leave  a  surplus  to  his  children.  A  long  list 
of  testimonies  of  learned  men  in  his  favour  may  be  seen  in  Maittaire,  among 
which  ought  particularly  to  be  noticed  the  letter  of  Joseph  Scaliger  to 
Casaubon ;  for  Scaliger,  in  spite  of  his  frequent  literary  quarrels  with 
H.  Stephens,  continued  to  be  his  friend.  M.  Didof  s  tribute  to  the  extra- 
ordinary merits  of  H.  Stephens  is  both  a  most  just  and  feeling  one.  After 
his  death  his  successors  continued,  for  nearly  a  century,  to  print  editions 
of  the  classics  and  other  works,  but  with  far  inferior  fame  and  learning. 


TO  SLEEP. 

Come,  gentle  Sleep,  though  kin  to  one, 
The  iron-crown'd  spectre,  mortals  shun ; 
Oh !  come  and  close  these  wearied  eves. 
And  bid  my  breast  forget  its  sighs ; 
Hide  from  me,  hide  the  truths  of  light, 
And  soothe  with  visions  of  the  night. 
But  if  thou  only  canst  difiTuse 
On  painless  lids  thy  opiate  dews — 
If,  scared  at  woe,  a  partial  guest. 
Thou  lightest  but  on  th*  unaching  breast. 
Then  send,  O  gentle  Sleep,  another 
More  welcome  still — thy  sceptred  brother ! 

C. 


716 


[Dec. 


CORRESPONDENCE  OP  SYLVANUS  URBAN. 


WORCESTERSHIRE  MSS.  AT  HAGLKY. 

Mr.  Urban. — Having  recently  obtained  the  kind  permission  of  Lord 
Lyttelton  to  inspect  the  manuscripts  in  his  Lordship's  library  at  Hagley, 
vrith  a  view  to  my  including  an  account  of  the  same  in  any  future  continu- 
ation of  *'  Notes  and  Queries  for  "Worcestershire,"  I  beg  to  send  you  the 
enclosed  packet  of  memoranda  for  insertion  in  your  excellent  periodical, 
(which,  by-the-by,  I  am  glad  to  observe  is  so  greatly  improved  of  late). 

Yours  very  truly, 
Worcester f  Nov.,  1856.  J.  Noakb. 

The  manuscripts  in  question  consist  of  seven  volumes,  strongly  bound, 
and  in  good  preservation ;  and  I  now  proceed  to  indicate  their  contents : — 

No.  I. — Pedigree  of  Lyttelton. 


The  following  note  is  written  in  the 
commencement  of  this  volume : — 

"  The  old  manuscript  containing  an  ac- 
count of  the  Lyttelton  family  was  pur- 
chased by  me  from  a  bookseller,  and  I 
have  strong  reason  to  suppose  that  it  once 
belonged  to  the  family  at  Hagley,  from 
whom,  by  some  means  or  other,  it  seems 
to  have  estrayed.  A  double  connection 
having,  in  the  course  of  years,  taken  place 
between  the  families  of  Lyttelton  and 
Hoare,  I  have  found  amusement  in  my 
leisure  hours  from  endeavouring  to  com- 
plete the  pedigrees  of  the  three  different 
branches  of  the  Lyttelton  family  to  the 
present  day,  from  the  authorities  of  £d- 
mondson,  Kimber,  Collins,  &c.  I  there- 
fore will  and  bequeath  this  volume  to  the 
library  at  Hagley-park,  hoping  that  others, 
more  capable  than  myself  in  heraldic  re- 
searches, may  correct  any  errors  which 
either  my  authorities  or  myself  have  made, 
and  continue  the  rt*spective  successions 
from  the  period  when  mine  have  termi- 
nated.— Richard  Colt  Hoare,  1  January, 
A.D.  1818." 

The  contents  of  this  volume  consist  of, 
first,  the  ancient  pedigree,  minutely  but 
nicely  written,  with  the  arms  and  nume- 
rous quarterings  of  the  family,  drawn  in 
pen-and-ink,  and  sketches  of  family  monu- 
ments at  Frankley,  Worcester,  Arley,  Tix- 
all.  Hales  Owen,  and  elsewhere ;  fieulK,  &c., 
depicted  in  the  same  way.  At  the  outset 
a  curious  incident  is  mentioned : — 

"Thomas  Littleton,  Lo.  of  Frankely, 
Esq'.,  y*  livd  in  the  flourishing  reigne  of 
Hen.  the  fifth.  King  of  Engl.,  haveing 


issue  but  one  only  dau'r  (his  hcire)  named 
Eliza.,  being  desirous  to  continue  his  s'namc 
to  posteritie,  condicond  with  Thomas  West- 
cote,  a  Gent,  of  ancient  discent  (that  mar- 
ried with  the  said  Eliz.)  that  his  children 
should  bo  s'named  Littleton,  which  ma 
agreed  on,  by  whom  he  had  issue  Sir  Tba 
Littleton,  a  knight  of  the  bath,  and  one 
of  the  Justice  of  the  King's  bench  t'pe 
Edw«*.  4th,  who  wrote  the  book  calld  Lit- 
tleton's tenures.  Conceminge  the  change 
of  name  from  Westcote  to  Littleton  some 
have  recorded  that  the  condicon  was  made 
only  for  y*  eldest  son,  but  S'  Jn®.  Talbot, 
Kn*.,  Grandfather  to  George  now  Earle 
of  Shrewsbury,  would  report  that  Guide 
and  the  other  two  brothers  wrote  their 
name  Westcote,  to  w**»  y'  mother  except- 
ing and  expostulating  w*^  them,  whether 
they  thought  better  of  themselves  then 
their  elder  brother,  they  replyed  that  he 
had  a  fairc  estate  to  alter  his  name,  but  if 
he  would  sliare  with  them  they  would 
do  the  like." 

It  is  noticeable  how  valuable  and  dura- 
ble the  apparel  worn  in  those  days  must 
have  been,  as  compared  with  the  present, 
from  the  care  and  minuteness  of  the  be- 
quests of  cloaks,  hoods,  gowns,  &c.j  made 
in  wills.  Tlie  following  old  dt^[:grel  is 
"out  of  an  old  roll  brought  from  Saw- 
ford,  in  com.  Warwick,  to  Manslow,  in 
com.  Salop: — 

"  Here  cometh  S'  Thomas  Littleton  with  the  king* 

bcArdo, 
Ho  maried  with  the  catennayd  and  wan  not  afrrd. 
And  betwyn  to  they  had  on  mayden  child  and  no 

more; 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


717 


And  then  cometh  on  Thomas  Westcotc  out  of  the 

courto, 
An'l  raaricd  with  the  mayde  without  douht. 
And  betwen  them  they  had  children  many  a  on  : 
The  eldest  was  crislned  Thomas  Litylton  at  the 

vant  ston ; 
And  the  said  S'  Thomas  Litylton,  without  any 

nay, 
Maried  with  one  of  the  Dauprhters  of  Borlay, 
And  betwyn  them  to  they  had  sonnes  three, — 
The  name's  of  them  you  may  see : 
B'  William  Lytleton, Knight,  the  eldest;  Richard 

Litylton,  the 
Second  Sonne ;  Thomas  Lytleton,  bcingthe  younger 

brother 
Of  all  three,  chanced  well,  as  this  matter  bereth 

record, 
He  maried  with  the  daughter  of  Botreux  and  aur 

of  Sauford, 
Betw^Ti  them  had  children,  as  I  you  now'show,^ 
Un  oi  them  was  a  prist  and  parson  of  Munslow." 

The  amis  of  the  Lytteltons  were :  Ar- 
gent, a  chevron  between  three  escallops 
sable.  The  crest  borne  by  Thomas  de 
Luttelton,  grandfather  to  the  judge,  was 
(temp.  Hen.  IV.)  a  greyhound's  head  col- 
lured  ;  but  on  the  marriage  with  West- 
cott  they  assumed  the  crest  of  the  latter 
family, — a  floor's  head  in  profile,  on  a 
wreath  cou})ed  proper,  with  a  wreath 
about  the  head,  argent  and  sable. 

In  the  second  division  of  this  book  is 
the  pedigree  of  the  Lytteltons  of  Frankley, 
and  of  Westcote  of  iSIarwood,  com.  Devon. 
Tlien  an  obituary  from  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury,  with  the  dates  of  death  and  the 
places  where  ])uried.  Next,  monumental 
records  in  various  churches,  with  copies  of 
inscriptions.  Of  the  latter,  the  following 
is  a  specimen  of  the  exaggenited  and  in- 
flated style  of  the  last  century.  It  is  to 
liUcv  Lvttelton,  ofjtf  174G: — 

♦♦  Madf  to  engage  all  hearts  and  charm  all  eyes; 
Thoutrh  meek, magnanimous ;  though  witty,  ^i^e; 
I'olite,  as  all  her  life  in  courts  had  been ; 


Yet  good,  as  she  the  world  had  never  seen  ; 
1  he  noble  fire  of  an  exalted  mind 
With  gentlest  feeling  tenderness  combined. 
Her  speech  was  the  melodious  voice  of  love, 
Iler  song  the  warbling  of  the  vernal  grove ; 
Her  eloquence  was  sweeter  than  her  song,— . 
Soft  as  her  heart,  and  as  her  reason  strong. 
Her  form  each  beauty  of  her  mind  c  xprest : 
Her  mind  was  Virtue  by  the  Graces  drcst." 

A  list  of  family  portraits,  preserved  at 
Hagley,  follows ;  the  oldest  being  that  of 
the  judge,  obii  1481.  Afterwards,  the 
pedigree  of  Lyttelton  of  Pillaton-hall  and 
of  Teddesley-park,  com.  Stafford.  This 
second  branch  of  the  family  originated  in 
Kichard,  the  second  son  of  Thomas  do 
Lutelton  of  Frankley,  by  Joan,  daughter 
and  co-heir  of  William  Burley,  of  Broms- 
croft-castlc,  com.  Salop,  and  widow  of  Sir 
Philip  Chet^vynd,  of  Ingestre,  in  the  same 
county,  Esq.  Tlio  said  Richard  married 
Alice,  daughter  and  heir  of  William  Wines- 
bury,  of  Pillaton-hall,  com.  Stafford,  and 
by  this  marriage  became  possessed  of  an 
extensive  proi)erty.  Of  this  family,  Ed- 
ward Littleton,  Knight,  who  died  1630, 
has  on  his  tomb  the  following  inscription, 
characteristic  of  the  period : — 

"  Reader !  'twas  thought  enough  upon  the  tomb 
Of  that  great  captain,  th'  enem^  of  Rome, 
To  V  rite  no  more  but — *  Here  bes  Hannibal.' 
Let  this  suffice,  then,  instead  of  all : 
Here  lye  two  knights,  the  father  and  the  son. 
Sir  Edward  and  Sir  Edward  Littleton." 

Tliis  volume  concludes  with  the  pedigree 
of  the  Lytteltons  of  Spetchley,  Worcester- 
shire, and  Munslow,  Salop,  descended  from 
the  celebrated  judge,  who  (temp.  Edward 
IV.)  purchased  the  manor'  of  Spetchley, 
and  bestowed  it  by  gift  on  his  third  son, 
Tliomas. 


No.  11. 


On  a  flv-leaf  in  this  volume  is  this 
entry : — 

*'  This  book  contains  several  matters  re- 
lating to  the  different  familys  of  y*^  name 
of  L\ttelt()n,  and  other  mis(;ellaneous 
things  confined  to  the  Lytteltons  of  Frank- 
ley,  collecteil  by  Ch.  Lyttelton,  1758. 
N.H.  It  should  be  reposited  in  the  Library 
at  lluj^ley.'* 

In  the  account  of  the  Shropshire  Lyttel- 
tons, an  extract  is  made  from  a  minute- 
book  of  the  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
London,  (temp.  CHiarles  I.) : — 

"  Whereas  Mr.  Tho».  Littleton,  one  of 
y*  Fellows  of  this  Society,  and  kinsman  to 
Sir  Edw^.  Littleton,  Kn^,  his  Majesty's 
Sollic'.  General  and  Treasurer  of  this 
house,  is  unprovided  of  any  chamber  with- 
in the  house ;  and  whereas  the  uppermost 
chanilH-r  directly  over  some  part  of  y* 
lodgings  of  }«   said  M*".  Soil.  Gen.  doth 


remain  without  any  person  as  yet  ad- 
mitted thereinto,  it  is  now  at  this  Par- 
liament ordered  that  y«  said  Mr.  Tho». 
Littleton  be  admitted  into  the  said  upper 
chamber,  and  that  according  to  y«  special 
requi-st  and  desire  of  y*  said  Mr.  Sollicitor 
General ;  and  whereas  y«  said  Mr.  Sollicitor 
General  did  now  also  desire  y«  Bench  to 
assesse  a  fine  for  the  said  Mr.  Tho.  Little- 
ton's  admittance  into  y«  said  chamber,  it 
was  thereupon  by  y*  whole  company  of 
the  Bench  now  present  with  one  voice 
granted  and  desired  that  y*"  said  Mr. 
Littleton's  admittance  should  be  freely 
without  any  fine,  and  that  it  might  be  so 
accepted  and  expressed,  as  a  testimony  of 
that  great  respect  the  whole  Society  doth 
owe  and  acknowledge  to  the  name  and 
family  of  Littleton." 

Then  follow  accounts  of  the  Lytteltons 
of  Holbeach  in  Kiugswinford,  the  Lyttel- 


718 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Dec. 


tons  of  Groveley  in  Coflon,  and  of  Studley, 
and  of  Lanhitherock  (Cornwall),  and  a 
variety  of  matters  referring  to  the  Frank - 
ley  family.  Copies  of  marriage-settlementB, 
wills,  &c.,  from  the  time  of  Edward  II., 
are  then  given.  One  of  th^e,  a  "  Decla- 
ration touching  ye  sale  of  Tixhall  manor 
in  Staffordshire,  from  Lady  Merston  to 
Judge  Lyttelton,  is  extracted  from  y* 
Close  Roll  of  y«  8th  Edw.  IVth.,"  and  is 
printed  in  Dugdale's  "Origines  Judiciales," 
as  a  very  remarkable  record  in  relation  to 
the  antiquity  of  fines  and  entails.  The 
following  is  a  specimen  of  an  ancient 
will : — 

"  In  Dei  nomine  Amen.  I  John  Lyttel- 
ton of  Frankeley  in  y*  countye  of  Wor- 
cestre  Esquyer,  hole  of  body  and  parfytte 
of  mynd  and  remembrance,  thanked  be 
Almyghty  God,  ordeyne  and  make  thys 
my  present  wylle  and  testament  in  man- 
ner and  forme  folowing,  that  ys  to  sey; 
iyrste  I  bcqueth  my  sowle  to  aUmyghty 
Gk)d,  to  our  Lady  Seynt  Mary,  and  to  all 
the  Holye  company  of  heven,  and  my  body 
to  be  buryed  in  the  Church  porche  of  the 
parj'she  churche  of  Hales  Owen ;  and  in 
case  that  I  fortune  to  decease  any  far  and 
longe  distance  from  thence,  so  that  I  can 
not  convenycntly  be  browght  thyther,  then 
1  wylle  my  bodye  to  be  buryed  in  suche 
holy  place  as  myn  executors  shall  thynk 
convenyent  and  most  necessary  by  theyr 
discretyon.  Item,  I  bequeth  to  the  mother 
chiu-che  of  Worcestre  iii*.  iiii*.  Item,  to 
y*  paryshe  churche  of  Hales  Owen  xxvi'. 
viii°.  Item,  I  bequeth  to  the  chapel  of 
Ffrankeley  iii'.  vi*.  viii*.  Item,  I  bequeth 
to  my  Sonne  John  Lyttelton  my  ryng 
of  golde  wyth  y*  seale  of  myn  armes,  a 
chales  and  all  the  chapell  stuff  bequethcd 
by  Thomas  Lyttelton  knyght  my  graunt- 
father  unto  the  Trynyte  of  Ffrankeley,  and 
all  the  household  stuff  of  ray  howse  at 
Firankeley  as  yt  schaU  happen  to  stond  at 
the  tyme  of  my  dethc,  xvi  kyne  and  a 
buU,  I  oxen,  a  weyne  and  a  plowghe,  wyth 
all  the  apparell  bclongyng  to  the  same. 
And  yff  yt  happen  my  sonne  John  to  de- 
cesse  wythowte  issue  male  of  hys  bodye 
lawfully  begoten,  then  I  wylle  that  all 
thys  my  present  legacye  unto  hym  here- 
before  made,  remayno  and  be  unto  my 
gone  Edward  or  to  suche  other  of  my  sonns 
as  schall  happen  to  be  myn  heire;  pro- 
vyded  allwey  that  my  wyffe  Elizabeth 
have  the  occupacyon,  rule,  use,  and  go- 
vernj-ng  of  all  the  seyd  stuffe  and  every 
parte  thereof,  unto  such  tyme  as  my  seyd 
Sonne  John  or  such  other  of  my  sonns  as 
schall  happen  to  be  myn  heyer  come  to  y* 
age  of  xxiiii  yeres.  Item,  I  wille,  gyff, 
and  bequeth  to  my  seyd  wyff  Eliz.  all  such 
cheynes  of  gold,  jeweils,  rynges  and  all  her 


other  apparell  belongyngc  to  her  bodje. 
Item,  I  wylle  that  my  seyd  wyffe  have  the 
orderyng,  rule,  and  govemyng  of  aU  my 
chyldeme,  as  well  sonnes  as  dowters,  noto 
Buche  tyme  as  my  sonnes  come  to  j* 
age  of  xxi  yeres  and  my  dowters  lap- 
pen  to  be  marryed,  and  yff  yt  happen 
my  wyff  to  dye  before  my  seyd  KHmei 
come  to  the  age  of  xxi  yercs  and  before 
my  seyd  dowters  happen  to  be  marred, 
then  I  wylle  tliat  myne  executors  have 
the  orderyng,  rule,  and  govemyng  of  them 
and  every  of  them  in  mancr  and  forme 
before  reherced.  Item,  I  wylle,  gyff,  and 
bequethe  to  every  one  of  my  daily  yemen 
servants  xl",  over  and  above  theyr  wages. 
Item,  to  every  servaunt  of  hnsbondryc  v». 
over  and  above  theyr  wages.  Item,  to 
every  woman  serv*  v*.  over  and  above 
theyr  wages.  Item,  I  wylle  that  Sir  Edw^. 
Streete  my  chapylyn  shoulde  have  doryng 
hys  lyfe  fyve  pound  to  praye  for  me. 
Item,  I  wylle  that  a  preste  s>Tig  for  inj 
sowle  and  all  Christen  sowles  by  the  space 
of  fyve  yeres  next  after  my  deth  and  to 
have  for  hys  labor  and  salary  yerely  vi*. 
Item,  I  w^'lle  that  my  sonne  and  heyer 
fynde  an  yerely  obite  of  a  ryall  to  be 
bestowed  therat  for  my  sowle  and  for  sll 
Christen  sowles.  And  of  thys  my  testa- 
ment and  last  wylle  I  ordeyne  and  make 
myn  executors  Thomas  Asteley,  Edward 
Lyttelton,  and  Christopher  Westcott,  and 
I  bequethe  to  Tho*.  Asteley  xx*.  yerely,  to 
Edw^.  Lytt°.  IX".  yerely,  and  to  Xtopher 
Westcott  yerely  duryng  his  lyfe  v*.  for 
theyr  labors  and  (laynes  that  they  schall 
take  abowte  my  ffimeral  charges,  y*  ad- 
ministracyon  of  my  goodes  and  in  per- 
formyng  of  thys  my  wylle  and  testament 
in  wittness  whereof  I  have  sett  to  my 
seale  to  thys  my  present  last  wylle  and 
testament.  Given  the  xvi**».  daye  of  May, 
the  xxiii*.  yere  of  ye  reygne  of  Kyng 
Henry  the  VIIPV 

In  a  note  to  John  Lyttclton's  will  it  is 
stated  that  the  Lytteltons  resided  at 
Coulesdon,  near  Peopleton,  before  the 
marriage  with  Emma  de  Frankley,  t^mp, 
Henry  III.  The  ^^-riter  of  the  note,  who 
signs  himself  "  W,"  says, — 

"  On  the  2nd  of  August,  1793,  I  went 
to  Coulesdon,  and  found  no  vestiges  re- 
maining of  an  ancient  mansion-house,  but 
there  is  a  spot  still  called  Coulesdon-hall, 
and  I  was  informed  at  Naun-court,  in  the 
adjoining  i)arish  of  Naunton  Bcauchamp, 
that  that  house  had  been  built  with  the 
materials  of  Coulesdon- hall,  but  could  not 
learn  at  what  period.  Naun-court  is  now 
the  property  of  Mr.  Lyttelton,  an  at- 
torney at  Worcester,  son  of  Lyttelton, 
late  of  King's  Nort<m  and  Hales  Oi*'cn, 
who   bought   it  four   years  ago  of  Mr. 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban, 


719 


Lyttclton  of  Studley,  whose  brother  John 
has  the  estate  at  Coulesdon;  and  they 
are  all  descended  from  the  Roger  Lyttel- 
ton  devisee  (under  the  will  of  his  father 
my  lineal  ancestor,  here  copied  from  the 
orijj^inal,)  of  the  lands  of  Shreves  Namiton, 
Upton  Sn*  dsbury,  Collisdon,  or  Coulesdon, 
and  Py pultun.  Naun-court  is  now  in- 
habited bv  a  fanner,  but  over  a  window  in 

ft  ' 

the  back  front,  built  with  stone,  is  the 
paternal  coat  of  Lyttelton,  with  a  half- 
moon  on  the  cheveron,  impaling  other 
arms,  and  both  the  sanie  bearings  appear 
carved  in  wood  and  very  perfect  in  tho 
chimney-piece  of  the  best  room,  which  I 
conjecture  from  the  form  of  it  is  not 
more  ancient  than  the  time  of  King  James 
the  First,  or  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  house 
was  moated  round,  and  both  that  and  the 
hamlet  of  Coulesdon  are  in  a  dead  flat, 
a  little  below  the  level  of  the  ground  on 
which  the  church  of  Upton  Snodbnry 
stands,  and  the  soil  is  a  deep  cold  clay : 
very  unfavourable  to  the  husbandman; 
I  am  therefore  at  a  loss  to  judge  what 
could  have  induced  the  Lytteltons  to 
quit  South  Littleton,  and  reside  at  Coules- 
don, unless  to  be  nearer  Worcester,  and 
that  perhaps  Coulesdon-haU  was  a  better 
house  than  that  they  had  at  Littleton. 
I  visited  also  this  last  place,  which  is  but 
three  miles  from  Bengworth  and  Evesham, 
where  there  was  a  noble  abbey  of  very 
great  antiquity  before  its  dissolution,  and 
the  country  in  its  vicinity  must  probably 
have  been  very  early  in  a  more  improved 
state  and  better  inhabited  than  Coulesdon 
and  its  neiglil)ourhood.  Both  are  an  ab- 
solute flat,  but  the  grounds  adjacent  to 
South  Littleton  afibrd  l)eautifull  prospects 
of  Broadway  and  Bredon  Hills,  and  the 
town  of  Evesham  and  village  of  Beng- 
worth. I  coidd  not  find  any  tradition 
here  of  the  spot  where  the  Lytteltons 
dwelt,  or  other  indication  of  it." 

The  clear  yearly  value  of  all  the  lands 
of  John  Lyttelton,  Esq.,  who  died  in 
1535,  was  £172  163.  8d.,  apparently  a 
small  income  for  a  gentleman,  but  the 
demesne  lands  of  each  manor  (often  of 
greater  value  than  what  the  lord  jxwsessed 
in  tho  other  i)art  of  his  manor)  were  not 
included  in  this  valuation,  nor  were  the 
provision  rents  or  feudal  ser\'icea,  as  fines 
and  heriots,  or  woods,  the  profits  of  which 
were  considenible.  Besides,  the  value  of 
monev  was  fifteen  times  more  in  those 

ft 

days  than  it  is  now. 

Following  these  documents  is  the  record 
of  certain  "  Proceedings  in  y'  Star  Cham- 
ber, between  (tilbert  Lyttelton,  Esq.,  pi*'., 
and  John  Lytteltcm  and  other  sons  of 
Gill)ert,  &c.,  def»-.,"  taken  from  the  Star 
Cniaml)er  records.     Tlie  said  Gilbert  first 


petitions  her  Majesty,  complaining  that  on 
the  9th  of  April  in  the  38th  year  of 
her  (Queen  Elizabeth's)  reign,  his  son 
and  heir  John  came  to  Prestwood,  where 
the  plaintiff"  resided,  and,  with  thirteen 
or  fourteen  persons  armed  with  bills,  axes, 
and  swords,  threw  out  "  unseemly  threats 
against  his  life  and  members,"  kept  him 
in  close  confinement,  drove  nails  and 
stones  into  the  locks  and  doors,  and  com- 
pelled him  to  comply  with  certain  un- 
reasonable demands  made  by  his  son.  A 
few  days  afterwards,  his  son's  wife.  Mis- 
tress Meriel  Lyttelton,  and  about  fifty  arm- 
ed persons  came  to  Prestwood,  kept  watch 
there  for  twenty  days,  prevented  ail  access 
of  the  plaintiff's  friends  to  him ;  and  when 
Lord  Dudley,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  came 
to  quell  the  riot,  Humphrey  and  Gilbert 
Lyttelton,  two  of  the  plaintiff's  sons,  and 
Stephen  Lyttelton,  Humphrey  Perrot,  and 
others,  armed,  went  out  and  reviled  Lord 
Dudley,  calling  him  ''a  base  and  paltry 
lord,"  and  threatening  that  when  they  had 
ended  their  business  at  Prestwood,  they 
would  be  revenged  on  him.  Moreover, 
Humphrey  swore  that  if  the  plaintiff  set 
one  foot  on  the  stairs  to  go  down  to  Lord 
Dudley,  he  and  his  company  would 
thrust  their  swords  to  Ins  heart — "  by  reason 
whereof  Lord  Dudley  was  fain  to  depart." 
A  sessions  was  subsequently  held  at  Wol- 
verhampton, where  several  of  the  rioters 
were  indicted,  but  instead  of  being  obe- 
dient to  tho  civil  power,  they  provided 
themselves  with  muskets,  calivers,  and 
other  guns,  bows  and  arrows,  &c.,  and 
some  of  them  swore  to  each  other  on  the 
Evangelists  that,  if  any  of  them  should 
happen  to  be  btut  in  withstanding  the 
sheriff,  they  would  then  kill  the  plaintiff; 
that  they  stript,  scourged,  whipt,  and  beat 
some  of  the  plaintiff's  servants  on  suspicion 
that  they  had  taken  letters  to  and  frt> ;  and 
ultimately  the  rioters  compelled  the  plain- 
tiff to  subscribe  certain  articles  by  virtue 
of  which  the  defendant  subsequently  en- 
tered upon  most  of  the  phuntiff's  lands, 
received  his  rents,  &c  And  the  prayer 
of  the  petition  was,  that  the  defendants 
should  be  subpoenaed  to  appear  in  the 
court  of  Star  Chamber.  A  joint  and  seve- 
ral answer  to  this  petition  was  put  in 
from  John  Lyttelton,  Humphrey  Perrot, 
William  Hartley,  and  John  Maynard,  which 
alleged  that  the  plaintiff  had  deteriorated 
his  estate,  and  shewn  no  consideration  to 
his  wife  and  children ;  that  defendant  had 
married  Meriel,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Bromley,  Lord  Chancellor  of  England, 
in  consideration  of  his  father  assigning 
over  to  him  certain  manors,  which  he 
afterwards  refused  to  do;  that  the  de- 
fendant, haying  a  heavy  charge  in  the 


720 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Dee. 


support  of  his  wife,  his  mother,  and  bre- 
thren, liad  often  besought  his  father  to 
agree  to  ^ea^«)nable  terms  for  the  suste- 
nance? of  his  family,  but  without  effect ; 
that  they  reimireil  in  a  peaceable  manner 
to  Prestwood,  and  entirely  denied  the  riot, 
or  any  use  of  violence;  that  the  plaintiff 
had  agreed,  without  compulsion,  to  make 
over  to  the  defendant  the  bulk   of  his 
estate,  on  condition  that  he  paid  the  debts 
on  it,   allowed  the  plaintilf  £500  a-year, 
and  mahitainetl  the  rest  of  the  family; 
and  lastly,  that  he  had  entered  upon  the 
estate,  received  the  rents,  and  made  good 
his  contract  with  the  plaintiff,  to  the  ap- 
parent  satisfaction   of   the  latter.      The 
decree   in  this   suit   is  not  to  be  found 
among    the    other    records   of  the    Star 
Chamber  Court. 

Tlie  contents  of  pages  sixty-six  to  sixty- 
nine  inclusive  in  this  book  consist  of  copies 
of  original  documents  in  the  Pai)er  Office, 
Whitehall,  which    show  plainly  how   far 
John  Lyttelton  was  concerned  with  the 
Earl  of  Kssex  in  his  traitorous  attempts 
against  (^ueen  Elizabeth,  when  he  made  a 
frantic  attempt  to  excite  an  insurrection 
ap:ainst  theOovenunent  in  1600-l,andhow 
deser>'e(llv  Lvttelton  was  condemned.  Mr. 
l^yttelton's  examination  is  not  to  be  found 
in   the    Paper  Ollice,  nor  dot»s  his  trial 
occiu"   in   the   State  trials.      Camden,  in 
"  Vita  Eliz.  K.,"  mentions  some  particu- 
lars only  of  what  passed  at  liyttelton's 
trial.     The  dei'birations  of  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  Sir  John  Davyes,  and  Henry  Cuffe, 
are  given  at  length;    from  which  it  aj)- 
peai"s  that  the  conspirators  met  at  Drury- 
house,  and   a  list  of  the  disaffected   in- 
cluded six  score  earls,  barons,  knights,  and 
gentlemen,  of  whom  "  one  Mr.  Letletem" 
was  one.     It  was  discusswl  whether  they 
shoidd    first   attempt    the   court    or  the 
tower,  or  both  at  once,  but  it  ended  in 
leaving  it  to  "  my  liord  of  Essex  to  move 
his  friends  in  the  city.''   Norton  the  Ixiok- 
sellor  carried  a  letter  from  the  Earl  of 
Essex  to  the  Scottish  King,  to  iK'rsmide 
the  Earl  of  JMarchc  to  come  to  liondon  by 
the  first  of  February,  and  the  King  of 


Scots  returned  bis  uuwcr  "In  djigusef 
words  of  three  booka^  and  that  was  I 
which  the  Earle  carried  about  bim  m  i 
blackc  purse." 

The  following  letter  to  Sir  Walter  Bi 
leigh  from  Mr.  Lyttelton,  after  oondemni 
tion,  ouglit  not  to  be  omitted  in  the  dm 
moirs  of  this  family : — 

"  Sir, — It  is  not  wortbye  tbe  vertoe  an 

honour  you  protesse,  to  penecnto  penoi 

fallen  into  misfortunes.     If  heretofore  ja 

have  borne  me  causelease  displeasnre,  no 

of  all  others  it  is  tbe  time  lease  seaannaW 

to  shcwe  it.    Bemember,  Sir,  what  it  is  1 

be  truely  noble,  and  bow  it  agreeth  n 

with  generoos  hartcs  to  deligbt  to  tramp 

upon  dejected  fortunes.     It   is  nowe  i 

your  power  to  do  me  good  or  ill  offices; 

you  do  me  ill,  you  shall  wrong  yoar  on 

reputation ;  if  you  do  me  good,  yon  sb 

give  mo  cawsc  to  be  tbanlcfulL     There 

allredy  betwccne  your  son  and  me  one  t 

in  blood  and  nature :   I  could  be  conten 

you  did  now  d(rable  tbe  knot  with  oflic 

of  love  and  fHcndsliip.     To  begge  to 

favour  in  the  state  I  stand  were  too  mn 

basenesse ;  to  rcfiise  it  were  arrogannr  si 

indiscretion ;  but  to  require  yon  to  Jo  i 

no  harm  is  but  justice,  and  tbat  one  fct 

tleman  of  right  owcth  to  another.    Mil 

construction  you  will    make   of  this, 

what  is  nowo  meete  to  be  don,  I  m 

refer  to  your  own  judgment,  and  to 

ende.  J.  Ltttbi.tos.' 

His  life  was  saved  but  for  a  abort  pnio 
and  being  removed  from  Newgate  to  t] 
King's  Ucnch  prison,  he  tliere  died.  U 
llabingilon,  an  historian  of  Woraotc 
shire,  hi  a  letter  to  hia  aon,  Sir  The 
Lyttelton,  says, — "  Sir,  if  you  would  h 
lay  a  stone  over  j-our  father,  and  vri 
thereon  but  'John  Lyttelton,  Esq.,'  tl 
same  will  sufliciently  blaze  hia  pzivedii 
worth."  By  the  iiitcrost  of  Mnrid  I 
vnivf  King  James  I.  granted  badE,  i 
letters  patent,  the  whole  landed  eita 
to  her  and  cluldren,  and  by  Act  of  Vm 
liament  reversing  the  uttaiuder,  rtfton 
the  blood  of  his  issue. 


No.  III.— Miscellaneous. 


At  the  outset  of  this  l)ook  is  also  a  de- 
scri])tive  note : — 

"Tliirt  manuscript  volume  contains  a 
mis<-e11uny  of  Tower  liecords  extracts 
from  original  lettci's  of  y*  visitors  of 
monjisterj's,  and  several  curious  small 
peiec'S  extractwl  from  MSS.  in  y*"  IJcHlley 
Jiibniry  and  eWwhere,  and  %vhich  haue 
n<'ui'r  l>een  printed.  C.  Lyttelton,  Sep. 
10,  171i)." 

7 


Tlie  first  entry  is  a  precept  (in  I/ati 
from  Henry  III!  to  the  Sheriff  of  Gk 
cestershire,  commanding  that  lampn 
should  nr>t  be  l)oug)it  or  sold  at  a  higl 
])rice  than  2s.  As  thnt  siun  was  equal 
at  least  £1  lOs.  of  our  preaent  money, 
was  a  monstnms  price  for  a  lamprey :  a 
from  another  document  it  ap^iearB  t] 
the  same  fish  were  to  be  had  at  Glonce^ 
at  Christmas,  as  thirty  lampreys  and  ail 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Syhanus  Urban. 


721 


salmon  were  ordered  to  be  procured  there 
at  that  season,  apparently  as  part  of  the 
nfiual  composition  for  the  king's  house- 
hold. It  would  be  diflScult  to  procure 
these  fish  at  the  Christmas  season  now. 
Some  of  the  writs  from  which  these  ex- 
tracts were  taken  have  been  printed  in 
Rvmer*s  "  Foedera"  and  other  works. 

Tlie  following  must  be  given  in  the 
original : — 

"  Ex  Registro  Dioces.  Wigom,  dorso 
notat,  Wolstan.  Vol.  III.  Memorand.  quod 
xiii.  die  Feb.  anno  mcccxl.  in  camera  D*ni. 
Episc.  apud  Hertlebury  D*nus.  Will.  Cor- 
bet de  Chaddesley,  miles,  coram  dicto 
Patre  personaliter  juravit,  quod  ab  illo 
tempore  non  cognoviscorat  camaliter  Ali- 
ciam  Aleway  de  VVich,  et  abjuravit  eciam 
loca  suspecta  cum  eadem  sub  tali  formA 
(videl.)  quod  nunquam  accederet  ad  do- 
mum  dicte  Alicie,  nee  permitteret  ipsam 
Aliciam  accedere  ad  domos  suos,  juravit 
eciam  se  velle  nactari  uxorem  suam  afifec- 
tione  marital  i  (videlicet)  facore  uxori  sue 
juxta  posse  suum  quod  maritus  uxori  sue 
facore  tonetur." 

Next  follow  extracts  from  original  letters 
written  by  R.  Lay  ton  and  other  visitors  of 
religious  houses,  to  Lord  Cromwell,  circa 
an.  1537,  among  Mr.  Dodsworth's  MS. 
collections  in  tlie  Bodley  Library.  They 
disclose  a  horrifying  state  of  peculation 
and  crime  found  to  exist  in  the  monas- 
teries and  nunneries,  and  some  of  the  reve- 


lations are  of  such  a  nature  as  to  be  totally 
unfit  for  the  public  eye.  From  the  MSS. 
in  the  Ashmolean  Library  the  following  is 
made  among  other  extracts : — 

"Vol.  816,  No.  II.,  andvoL  80i,  p.  6. 
It  appears  by  an  answer  of  Garter  and 
Clarencieux  in  y*'  time  of  Queen  Eliz.  to 
exceptions  taken  ag**  Shakespear  y«  poet 
right  of  bearing  arms,  that  his  father  was 
a  Justice  of  Peace  at  Stratford-on-Avon, 
and  his  mother  y*  daughter  and  heir  of 
Arden,  and  was  of  good  substance  and 
ability. 

"  Letter  from  Q.  Eliz.  to  my  great  great 
grandmother  Lady  Paget,  on  y*  death  of 
her  daughter  Lady  Crompton.  Original 
penes  me,  C.  L. 

"  E.  R.  Cal  to  your  mynde,  good  Kate, 
how  hardly  we  Princes  can  broke  in  cross- 
ing of  our  commands.  How  irefol  will 
the  hiest  power  be  (may  you  be  sure) 
when  murmur  shall  be  made  of  hys  pleas- 
ingst  wyL  Let  nature  therefore  not  hurt 
yourself,  but  give  place  to  the  g' ver,  thogh 
this  lesson  be  from  a  sely  vicar,  yet  it 
is  sent  from  a  loving  Souveraine." 

Copies  arc  given  of  bills  of  fare  at  royal 
and  episcopal  tables  at  an  early  perioi^ 
and  recipes  for  cookery;  also  numerous 
miscelliincous  scraps  illustrative  of  the 
manners  and  customs  of  the  people  before 
and  subsequent  to  the  Reformation.  None 
of  these,  however,  refer  especially  to  Wor- 
cestershire. 


No.  IV. — An  Old  Intentobt. 


This  book  contains  "an  inventory  of 
Mie  goods  and  chattels  of  the  late  Sir 
Thomas  LyttelUm,  Bart.,"  who  died  in 
1751.  There  are  upwards  of  60  rooms, 
closets,  attics,  cellars,  outhouses,  Stables, 
&<•.,  including  a  smoking-room  and  a 
"  lucky  room."  The  goo<U  at  Arelay-hall 
are  included  in  the  inventory.  The  wines 
in  the  cellar  were  valued  at  £40.  'ihere 
were  1  hogshead  of  strong  beer,  3  of  ale. 


and  5  of  small  beer;  1  coach,  1  chariot, 
1  chair,  6  coach-horses,  8  waggon -horses, 
1  sa<  Idle-horse,  1  saddle-mare,  £25- worth 
of  coal,  £3  38.  of  charcoal,  an  "  alembick," 
and  a  "pewter  cold  still"  in  the  still- 
house,  1  umbrella  in  the  haU,  and  a  purga- 
tory in  the  latmdry.  The  plate  amounted 
to  3,412  oz.  10  dw.,  at  5s.  4d.  an  oz.,  £910; 
and  the  total  estimated  value  of  the  goods 
of  every  sort  was  £2,264  128.  4d. 


No.  V; 


"  Observations  on  the  reign  and  cha- 
racter of  Queen  Elizabeth,  written  in  the 
year  1733.  G.  Lyttelton ;"  with  this  note  : 
"Not  to  1x5  published  unless  any  false 
copy  of  it  should  be  printed."  This  sketch 
is  written  in  the  shape  of  a  conversation 
between  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Sir  Francis 
Bacon,  and  Sir  Harry  Wotton.  The  time 
selected  was  after  King  James  had  come 
to  the  throne,  and  Sir  Walter  had  been 
released  from  the  confinement  under  which 
he  had  languished  several  years.  Sir 
Walter  is  the  chief  spokesman,  and  his 
Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVI. 


estimate  of  the  character  of  his  late  royal 
mistress  was  a  high  and  lofty  one,  for  her 
queenly  capacity,  masculine  sense,  patron- 
age of  merit,  and  love  of  her  country, 
which  she  so  successfully  protected  against 
popery  and  foreign  aggression;  yet  he 
does  not  forget  her  dissimulation,  coquetry, 
and  love  of  finery.  He  sums  up  by  re- 
peating a  saying  of  Lord  Burleigh's,  that 
"  Queen  Elizabeth  was  the  wisest  woman 
that  ever  was,  for  she  understood  the 
interests  and  dispositions  of  all  the  princes 
in  her  time,  and  was  so  perfect  in  the 

5a 


722 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Dec. 


knowledge  of  her  own  realm,  that  no 
counsellor  she  had  could  tell  her  anything 
phc  did  not  know  before." 

The  characters  of  Lord  Burleigh,  Sir 


FhiUp  Sidney,  Sir  NicholaB  Bmou,  Um 
Earl  of  Essex,  and  others,  are  also  iblj 
depicted,  and  with  impartiality. 


No.  VI.— Manitbcbipt  Lxttxbs. 


"  This  volume  contains  original  letters 
from  Sir  Henry  Sidney  to  Sir  John  Lytt^l- 
ton,  and  several  from  Mrs.  Meriel  Lyttel- 
ton  and  others,  relating  chiefly  to  the  pro- 
ceedings in  Worcestershire  during  the 
Civil  War;  also  others  from  the  Lyttel- 
tons  since  the  Restoration.  (N.B.  I  have 
transcTibed  the  above  letters  fair  into  a 
4to.  vol.  C.Lyttelton,  April  19th,  1760.)" 

The  letters  by  Sir  Henry  Sidney,  (dated 
from  Bewdley,  in  1580,)  and  those  by 
Meriel  Lyttelton,  (from  Frankley,  1603,) 
relate  to  disputes  about  family  property 
and  suits  at  law,  except  one  addressed  to 
her  aunt,  Mrs.  Banieby,  at  Bockleton, 
which  is  somewhat  curious.  It  appears 
that  Mrs.  Bameby  had  solicited  her  niece's 
interest  to  procure  for  her  nephew  a 
place  in  Prince  Henry's  family.  Mrs. 
Lyttelton,  however,  throws  cold  water  on 
the  proposition,  for  in  her  reply  she  ob- 
serves,— 

"I  assure  you  thinges  heare  stand  not 
nowe  in  such  tennes  as  happely  manie 
imagen,  for  I  would  have  you  (good 
ftunte)  assuredly  beleve,  that  there  is  as 
much    (if  not  more)   difficulty  to  place 

f^ntlemen  with  the  prince  as  with  the 
ing  himself.  Younge  Comwalls  frinds 
may  braggc  of  theire  buildinge  of  castells 
in  the  aeir,  but  I  dare  assuer  you  theie  are 
fiirr  from  havinge  meanes  to  place  his 
there.  The  sonnes  of  nobilitie  and  of 
great  desert  are  alreadie  denayed,  howe 
then  should  such  an  obscure  and  un- 
knowen  fellow  have  preferment.  My 
brothers  eldest  soune  is  as  meet  to  at- 
tend him  as  any  other  of  his  sorte,  and 
before  Cornwall  for  manie  respects,  yet 
will  not  my  brother  oj>en  his  mouthe  for 
him  untill  the  prince  be  settled,  and  better 
hopes  of  prevailinge  then  yet  there  are. 
WTiat  hereafter  may  be  done  I  knowe 
not,  but  if  there  shall  apj)eare  any  possi- 
bility, belcvc  me  (good  aunte)  neyther  my 
desier  nor  my  brothers  endevors  shall  be 
wanting  for  your  kinsmans  preferment." 

The  first  letter  referring  to  the  civil 
wars  is  from  Lord  Falkland  to  Sir  Tho- 
mas Lyttelton,  dated  Beverley,  July  20, 
1642,  in  which  his  lordship  replies  to  Sir 
Thomas  by  command  of  his  Majesty,  and 
advises  him  to  consult  with  Lord  Dudley, 
Lord  Coventry,  Sir  H.  Herbert,  and  others 
of  the  commission,  for  the  advancement 
of  the  Royalist  cause.  Then  follows  a  com- 
miwion  to  Sir  Thoma*  Lyttelton  from  his 


M^'esty,  "at  our  Court  at  York,"  to  be 
ready  with  aid  and  aasistance  whcoerer 
called  upon,  and  not  to  depart  out  of  the 
county  of  Worcester  upon  any  pretence 
or  command  frt>m  the  parliament  or  other- 
wise. Lord  Dudley,  it  seems,  pleaded 
weakness  and  disabiUty,  and  desired  to  be 
excused  from  the  ser\'ice ;  and  the  Sheriff 
whose  duty  it  was  to  summon  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  county,  according  to  the 
commimion,  was  gone  to  London  in  obe- 
dience to  the  warrant  of  Parliament ;  so 
it  became  a  question  wliether  the  Under- 
Sheriff  had  the  power  to  do  the  duty  of 
his  superior.  Tlie  result  is  not  stated, 
but  a  series  of  resolutions  (wliich  will  ex- 
plain themselves)  are  next  given  : — 

"  1.  That  Sir  Tho.  Littleton  be  Cobnell 
of  the  trayned  bands  and  of  the  volunteen 
now  to  be  raysed.     2.  That   the  whole 
trayned  bands  be  summoned  to  appeare  be- 
fore tlie  Commissioners  at  Droitwitch  upon 
Thursday   next,   being   the    15**   of  this 
month.     3.  That  a  letter  be  sent  to  the 
High-SherifTe  to  desire  him  to  send  out 
his   warrants    as   formerly  to   the   high- 
constable  for  the  trayned  bands  appear- 
ance, to  bringe  in  supplies  and  to  amend 
all  defaults  of  their  armes,  and  to  inti- 
mate who  is  to  comand  them   in  chief. 
(1.)  Sir  Tho.  Littleton.   4.  Tliat  the  volun- 
tiers  be  allowed  5s.  the  weeke  as  longe  ss 
they  remaj-ne  in  the  county,  and  after- 
wards such  pay  if  they  be  dirawne  forth 
of  the  county  as  the  kinge  gives.     5.  All 
officers  to  have  the  same  pay  as  the  king 
gives.     6.  Tlie    Colonells    company    200 
men,    Lieutcnant-Colonell    and    Serjant- 
Major    Companies    150    each    Company. 
7.  The  pay  for  the  voluntiers  to  be  for 
a  month.     8.  How  to  get  amunition  and 
powder,   and  that    Mr.  Lilly   of  Broms- 
g^ve  be  comanded  to  attend  the  Commis- 
sioners concerning  the  account  of  a  tun 
and  half  of  leade.     9.  That  a  Tresorer  be 
appoynted   for    the    Regiment,    to    issue 
forth  the  monies  according  to  the  Colo- 
nelbj  directions." 

A  copy  of  a  letter  from  Sir  Thomas 
Lyttelton  is  next  given;  it  is  addressed 
to  some  noble  lord  (probably  Duiismere), 
requesting  ftill  power  from  the  king  to 
raise  a  regiment  of  foot,  and  announcing 
that  his  lordship's  cousin.  Sir  Harry  Her- 
bert, had  consented  to  be  Lieut.-Culonel 
of  the  regiment:  but  be  prays  for  anns, 
ammunition,  and  money,  without  which. 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


728 


lie  logically  concludes,  his  men  would  be 
of  no  use.  Then  Sir  H.  Herbert  writes 
from  Kibbesford  to  his  "  honourable  cosen" 
at  Ilagley  (1642),  as  follows: — 

"  You  have  given  an  edge  to  his  Lord- 
ship's nicttall,  and  raysd  a  spiritt  that 
may  produce  sharpe  and  active  effects. 
It  seems  by  the  repartye  that  he  is  con- 
stant to  his  first  resolution,  but  gives  you 
better  reason  for  it  then  the  retume  of 
Sir  W.  Kusscll,  wch.  is  necessary,  but 
not  so  necessary  as  Brigman.  The  feulte 
is  layd  at  his  doore,  and  though  the  rea- 
sons given  may  satisfye  him  and  justiiye 
his  proceedings,  yet  they  are  no  satisfkc- 
tion  to  us;  and  by  declaringe  of  it  our 
duty  is  discharged,  and  the  delaye,  pre- 
judice, and  neglecte  not  only  caryed  home 
to  his  honour,  but  left  at  Crome,  where 
they  may  remayne  till  he  shall  thinke  fitt 
to  remove  them.  Keepe  his  letters  safe, 
and  bring  with  you  too  morrowe  his  first 
letter  and  your  answer,  that  Sam  Sands 
may  be  a  witnes  to  the  passages,  if  you 
shall  tliink  fitt.  1  shall  take  the  liberty 
to  keepe  this  you  have  now  sente,  to 
chawe  upon  against  our  meetinge  and  to 
bringe  it  with  mee.  At  my  retume  from 
our  eveninge  faste  I  founde  a  servant  of 
Mr.  Sands  at  my  house,  and  presuminge 
of  your  constancy  I  desired  him  to  assure 
his  master  that  wee  had  a  purpose  of 
dyneinge  with  him  too  morrowe  in  case 
he  would  be  at  home.  You  may  take 
notise  of  my  Lords  indy  gnat  ion  by  the 
honorable  mention  he  makes  of  mee. 
Had  you  gone  higher  it  might  have  dis- 
ordered his  eiise.  Your  commands  for 
Mr.  Mucklowe  shall  be  ol)eyed  by  your 
cosen  and  servant,  Henry  Herbert." 

Dunamere  writes  from  Warwick,  Aug. 
17,  1(3  i2,  to  Sir  T.  Lyttelton,  acknow- 
ledging on  behalf  of  the  king  his  lord- 
ship's offer  of  military  service,  and  then 
he  adds : — 

*'  Our  condition  att  this  tyme  is  this. 
We  are  toald  grcate  forces  are  cuminge 
downe  to  us  under  the  command  of  HalL 
Hamden  and  my  Lord  Urooke,  butt  out 
of  the  aj)i)earance  wee  have  of  the  assist- 
anct^  of  vour  countrev  and  the  rest  of  our 
neighl)er  countreyes  wee  are  not  much  af- 
frighted with  it.  Wee  have  here  with 
us  allready  nyne  trooi>e8  of  horses,  and  to 
morrowe  wee  shall  have  five  more,  be- 
sides 200  fire  lockes  and  300  Diagoners. 
These  are  of  the  King's  fprces.  Then  wee 
have  the  forces  of  our  countrey  besides. 
And  this  night  the  forces  of  Lester-shyre 
will  be  with  us.  Then  what  is  more  than  all 
this,  to  morrow  wee  shall  have  the  Kinge 
with  us  att  Killingworthe  to  countenance 
his  owne  businesse.  I  pray  God  send  the 
rest  of  the  countreyes  of  this  kingdome  to 


followe  our  examples  here  and  there.  I 
hope  in  a  shortc  tyme  both  kinge  and  peo- 
ple will  be  made  happy,  which  that  it  may 
be  so  shall  be  the  dayly  prayers  of  your 
humble  Servant,  Dunsmere." 

This  volume  also  contains  a  copy  of  "  In- 
structions for  our  dearest  sonn  Prince 
Charles,  for  our  right  trusty  and  wel- 
beloved  Edward  Lord  Dudley,  Thomas 
Lord  Coventree,  and  for  the  rest  of  the 
Commissioners  in  our  Commission  of  Array 
for  our  county  of  Woorcester."  The  main 
item  of  these  instructions  is  the  follow- 
ing:— 

"Our  will  and  pleasure  is,  and  wee 
charge  and  require  you,  that  you,  or  three, 
or  more  of  you,  doe  forthwith  send  out 
your  warrants  to  the  Sheriffe  of  our  siude 
county  for  summoningc  of  the  inhabitants 
of  our  said  county,  accordinge  to  the  saide 
commission.  Neverthelesse,  being  unwill- 
ing, in  our  Princely  care  of  our  people,  to 
bring  any  increase  of  charge  uppon  them, 
wee  hope  for  the  present  it  wUl  be  suffi- 
cient if  only  the  antient  trained  and  free- 
hold bands  of  the  county  be  summoned  and 
trained,  you  takinge  speciall  care  that  they 
be  well  arrayed,  and  the  number  supplyed 
with  sufficient  and  able  persons,  and  under 
the  conduct  of  such  Captains  as  are  persons 
of  quality,  having  considerable  estates  and 
interest  in  the  country,  and  not  strangers, 
unlesse  you  find  it  shall  be  well  pleasinge 
to  our  people,  and  for  the  necessary  de- 
fence of  the  country,  to  make  an  augmen- 
tation of  their  armes.  And  you  are  to 
take  notice,  that  recusants,  being  disabled 
in  lawe  to  beare  armes,  are  to  be  assessed 
to  finde  armes  for  other  men,  and  if  their 
tennants  that  are  Protestants  beare  armes 
you  are  to  receive  them." 

This  document  is  dated  June  22, 18t1i 
Caroli.  The  only  other  scrap  in  relation 
to  the  civil  wars  is  a  letter,  dated  Oct.  4^ 
1647,  from  Thomas  Jolly  to  Sir  T.  Lyttel- 
ton, who  had  compUuned  of  the  heavy 
taxing  of  the  parishes  of  Hagley  and 
Frankley  towards  the  paymentof£704  18s., 
imposed  on  the  county  of  Worcester 
monthly ;  that  if  the  said  parishes  should 
make  it  appear,  before  the  next  monthly 
tax,  that  they  were  oppressed,  or  would 
produce  any  rates  more  equal,  relief  should 
be  afforded  them.  The  Sir  Thomas  Lyt- 
telton alluded  to  in  the  above  papers  was 
taken  prisoner  by  a  party  of  horse,  sent  by 
"Fox  the  Tinker"  (or  "that  rogue  Fox," 
as  the  Royahsts  sometimes  termed  him,) 
to  Tickenhill  Manor,  near  Bewdley.  He 
was  afterwards  obliged  to  compoond  with 
the  Parliament  at  a  heavy  rate,  and  was 
confined  for  two  years  in  the  Tower.  He 
died  in  1649,  and  was  buried  m  Worcester 
CsthedraL    Sir  H.  Herbert,  with  Sir  Jdiii 


'24 


Correspondence  of  Sylvatms  Urban. 


[Dec. 


Pukington,  hastened  to  make  their  peace, 
and  obtained  moderate  terms  of  comiXKi- 
tion.  Sir  Charles  L5i;teltoh,  son  of  the 
alx)ve  Sir  Thomas,  had  u  son  at  Paris  in 
1701,  who  wrote  to  his  father  on  Sept.  27 
of  tliat  year,  giving  an  account  of  the 
deiith  of  the  exiled  King  James,  and  of 
the  ceremony  ^Hth  which  the  French  kmg 
complimented  the  young  prince  (the  Pre- 
tender) as  the  de  jure  king  of  England. 
It  liad,  luiwever,  Ixjen  disputed  in  the 
Comicil  whether  this  recognition  should 
take  place  or  not,  **  the  princes  of  the 
bloixl  being  hotly  for  it,  but  some  of  the 
polititions  were  against  it,  but  it  was  car- 
ried by  a  great  majority  of  voices."  The 
deceased  King  James  had,  in  his  will,  de- 
sired the  prince  '*  that  he  would  take  care 
of  all  his  faithtull  subjects  tliat  had  suf- 
fered with  him,  esjiccially  the  I^testants, 
and  that  whenever  it  should  please  Ood  to 
restore  him  to  his  throne,  he  advised  him 
to  govern  his  people  without  any  regarde 
to  their  being  Papists  or  Protestants,  and 


that  he  should  by  no  means  endeaTonr  to 
alter  the  religion  established,  but  to  govern 
according  to  the  laws  and  cnstofoes  of  hit 
country,  without  which  he  was  sure  no 
king  of  England  could  ever  be  happy ;  but 
withall  charged  him  to  be  a  trite  mq  of 
the  Church,  and  not  to  change  npon  sny 
account  whatsoever,  quoting  some  Scrip- 
ture sayings — as  what  signified  it  to  gain 
the  whole  world  and  lose  his  own  sool, 
and  some  more  to  the  same  porpose.  He 
declared  some  new  honours.  My  Lofd 
Perth  is  made  Duke,  Lord  MiddletoQ 
Earl  of  Monmouth,  Mr.  Carol  Lord  Car- 
rol. The  king's  body  is  here  at  the  Eng- 
lish Benedictines  in  deposit,  there  to  be 
kept,  as  they  say,  till  they  can  have  an 
opportunity  to  send  him  to  Westminster 
to  be  buried.  The  queen  is  at  a  convent 
called  Shalis,  within  a  league  of  Panis.*' 


Worcester, 
October,  1856. 


J.   XOAKE. 


(7b  he  coniimted.) 


THE  SUBTERRANEAN  CHAMBER   OXFORD  CATHEDRAL. 


Mb.  Urban, —  I  have  read  with  much 
interest  the  notice  of  the  recent  alterations 
at  the  Cathednd,  C^hrist  Church,  Oxford, 
in  your  last  number:  the  note  relative 
to  the  mysterious  chamber  under  the 
choir  needs  a  remark  from  me,  which  I 
trust  you  will  have  the  gocxlness  to  insert 
in  your  next.  The  portion  of  the  note  to 
which  I  would  particularly  refer  runs 
thus : — 


(( 


Mr.  Billing,  vrho  was  kind  enoupb  to  make 
this  drawing  for  ua,  had  represented  the  voussoirs 
of  an  arcli,  but  placed  on  a  level,  so  that  thej 
would  inevitablj  have  fallen  through.  This  we 
believe  to  l)e  a  mistake  arising  frem  the  hasty 
manner  in  which  his  bkctch  was  uecessarilj  made." 

Now,  although  it  is  perfectly  true  that 
the  sketch  was  necessarily  made  in  a  hasty 
mannei^  for  the  excavation  and  the  ex- 
amination were  made  by  candle-light,  and 
the  chamber  was  requiretl  to  be  imme- 
diately tilled  in  a<j:ain,  to  avoid  delay  to 
the  works,  and  risk  to  the  foundation  of 
the  tower-piers ;  yet,  as  regards  the  arch, 
I  believe  both  my  sketch  and  your  wood- 
cut are  jjcrfectly  correct. 

The  voussoirs  of  the  arch  are  placed  on 
a  /ere/,  and  I  do  not  understand  how  vous- 
soirs built  upon  a  level  base  could  be 
other>vise  than  level,  where  the  object  is 
to  enclose  a  space  by  working  to  a  com- 
mon centre. 

Vonr  note  onginated,  jwrhaps,  in  an 
idt'a  that  the  arch  in  question  us  a  part  of 
a  dome  rising  from  a  circular  base;  and  in 


that  case,  though  the  voussoirs  would  utill 
be  really  level,  in  a  perspective  sketch  the 
representation  should  be  curved :  but  roch 
is  not  the  case ;  the  chamber  is  rect- 
angular, and  the  slightly  curved  anglei 
do  not  affect  the  rectangidar  form  of  the 
arch  as  shewn  to  exist :  at  a  height  of  (me 
foot  from  the  springing  of  the  arch  all 
trace  of  the  curved  angles  ceases,  and  the 
face  of  the  voussoirs  presents  a  straight  and 
uniform  line  of  masoiu^'. 

It  ^-ill  be  evident,  upon  a  careful  ex- 
amination of  the  woodcut,  that  the  vous- 
soirs of  the  north  and  south  sides  would 
be  perfectly  firm  if  the  centre  block  or 
key  were  placed  between  them;  and  the 
western  voussoirs  being  precisely  similar, 
they  need  only  the  eastern  voussoirs  and 
the  centre  block  to  be  also  well  supported. 
Tlie  rectangle,  not  the  circle,  being  un- 
doubtedly the  form  of  the  chamber,  the 
arch  is  correctly  shewn  in  the  cut. 

As  this  chamber  has  justly  excited  con- 
siderable interest,  I  may  be  permitted  to 
add,  that  the  form  of  the  arch  gave  me  a 
very  distinct  impression  tlmt  the  centre 
portion  was  covered  by  either  a  flat  stone, 
or  a  wooden  fran^ework  or  trap-door,  pre- 
cisely as  water-tanks  are  now  frequently 
closed. 

There  is  a  slight  error  in  the  drawing 
with  reference  to  the  depth  of  the  arch 
from  the  (raving  of  the  cathedral.  It 
should  have  been  placed  about  one  ft.  six 
in.  lower,  making  the  thickness  of  the 


18oC.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 
In  the  ei 


725 


likeofOloQ. 

ihandiwme 

earth  botwuen  the  pnving  and  the  tnp  of  In  the  east  end  of  the  cathedral,  and  in 

the  Bnh  voiiasoira  about  two  ft.  six  in.,      the  north  transept,  (the  went  end  and  the 
instead  of  one  foot.  south  trannqit  were  altered  by  Wolsey,) 

fijUT   ori^ual    Htaireaaes    aro    known    to 

■   ^ '  -^^^^r^,'~  1'"'^'^'  eiiet.  Yoiini,  &c., 

Jno.  Bujjhq. 
Wafmimler,  yov.  18, 1S56. 

Mb.  Urban, — The  last  number  of  your 
nsefiil  Magazine  contained,  amongst  other 
inter(«ting  notices  of  recent  discoveries  Id 
Oiford  Cathedral,  a  remark  on  the  »o- 
called  "  Shrine  of  St,  Frideswide,"  and 
a  quotation  from  the  Journal  of  the  ■ 
Archffiolc^cal  Institute  for  1850,  voL  vii. 
p.  315. 

The  following  obgervations  on  the  same 
subject  occur  in  Buckler's  "Architecture 
of  the  Church  of  St.  Alban's  Abbey,  1847," 
p.  146  :— 
I  liuliovc  this  to  be  more  correct,  tliongh 

to  luLve  k-vt'lled  it  accurately  would  have 

been  a  work  rciiuiring  more  time  than 

was  at  our  disponiil,  the  marble   paving 

having   been   removed   around   this    spot 

dnring  tlie  execution  of  the  general  alter- 
ations in  the  building. 

With  reference   to  the  four  principal 

theories  which  have  been  started  to  ex- 
plain  the   use  of  this   chamber,— as   the 

Tarioiis  argunieuts  have  been  discussed  by 

the  Archileetural  twiety,  and  will    no 

duulit  upiK'ar  in  their  recunls,  1  will  allude 

to  one  only.    lkii<»'ing  the  chamber  to  be 

Norman  work,   1   am   in   fiivour  of  the 

BuggeHtion  made  by  Mr.  Uennrtt,  and  sup- 

porUitby  [locuments  in  the  liudleian — that 

the  chamber  was  available  for  tlie   pro- 
jection of  a  iiulo  ol'li^ht  around  the  Shrine 

of  St.  Fride»wi.le,  the  entrance  of  the  choir 

lieing  by  no  means  an  unsuitable  position 

for  mch   an   exhibition  i   the  two  small 

cliwets  fitted  for  haagiug  doors  only  were 

cvideutlv  intended  to  prevent  observation 

riither  than  to  etfect  security,  and  the  red 

culiiuring  upon  the  plastered  surface  proves 

it  to  have  been  a  place  where  tbe  ebaraeter 

of  the  light  was  a  subject  of  consideration. 
'Hie  ojiening  in  the  east  wall  is  perpen- 
dicular, and  the  aiuiles  of  the  masonry  are 

BO  clearly  marked,  that  I  have  no  hesitation 

in  I'xprouung  my   belief  that  there  was 

cither  a  passage  or  a  staircase  to  the  cham- 
ber from  that  lude. 

Tlie  examination  of  the  various  stur- 

cases  in  the  cathedral  has  now  become  an 

interesting  subject  of  iiivestigation,  which 

I  hii|>e  to  lie  able  to  undertake  without 

delay.     Hitherto  it  has  appeared  hnrdly 

worth  llie  risk  and  difficulty,  as  they  are 

miicli  dilipidutcd ;  and  it  is  probable  that 

siune  inrtious  have  not  been  traversed  for 


la  of  wood,   richly    c 

The  plan  of  the  eastern  part  of  this 
church  is  very  remarkable— its  simple 
cruciform  Hgore  being  changed  by  the  ad- 
dition of  tbe  two  chapels  towards  the 
north,  between  which  the  watching-loft 
was  erected,  in  the  fifteenth  eentuiy. 

This  position  may  be  accounted  Ibr  by 
the  tmnslation  of  tbe  slirine  from  the 
usual  situation,  eastward  of  the  high  altar, 
which  was  not  readily  accesrable  to  the 
laity,  on  account  of  the  choir  of  the  reli- 
gious, and  the  absence  of  an  eastern  aisle. 

Without  entering  into  ■  description  of 
the  architecture,  it  may  be  observed  that 
the  work  of  the  sculptor  on  tbe  capitals  of 
the  original  fabric  had  scarcely  been  com- 
pleted when  the  alteration  of  the  north 
usle  of  the  choir  was  undertaken,  with 
the  two  additional  aisles,  parallel  and  of 
equal  length,^  their  width  being  deter- 
mmed  by  the  arcade  of  the  transqit,  and 
their  uniform  extent  eastward  by  the 
Norman  wall.  This  alteration  involved 
the  destmction  of  the  aisle  of  tlio  tran- 
sept; and  as  a  total  denioUtion  of  the 
Norman  work  did  not  take  place,  the 
mode  of  reducing  the  hnlky  eolumns,  the 
difiitrent  figures  into  which  they  wers 
changed,  and  the  application  of  slightly 
formed  pillars,  in  plai^  where  the  enlirs 
cluster  was  not  rebsluoniid,  may  be  ob- 


726 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanns  Urban. 


[Deo. 


llie  most  northern  aisle  f«»rmed  a  part 
of  this  early  alteration;  but  whether  it 
was  fully  completed,  and  in  the  fourteenth 
centurj'  enlarged  to  its  present  projwr- 
tions,  to  ser\'e  as  a  lady -chapel,  or  to  pro- 
vide a  final  rcstinj^-place  for  the  Shrine  of 
St.  Fridcswide,  is  still  uncertain. 

Tlie  buildhig,  by  the  high  merit  of  its 
design,  was  worthy  of  such  destination. 
It  is  not  immaterial  to  ol)serve  that  this 
chapel  receives  the  greater  projection  of 
the  watching-loft,  to  which  it  also  gives 
acci^ss. 

In  further  elucidation  of  the  uses  of 
watching-chambers  in  ancient  times,  it 
may  l)c  well  to  take  advantage  of  a 
valuable   French   authority,  the  Annaies 


Arch/Bologiques,  by   M.  Didron,   voL  iz. 
p.  08:— 

"  On  the  left  of  the  high  altar  (in  the  Cathe- 
dral of  BoargeH)  was  a  chamber  wherein  the 
kcepens  [eustoaes,)  prientfl  appointed  to  the 
care  of  the  church  and  the  treaflury,  slept.  The 
troaciure  was  inclosed  in  the  sanctuary,  at  the 
bottom  of  vast  almeries.  The  keepers  might 
never  sleep  out  of  this  chamber. 

*'  In  the  inventory  of  1537,  mention  is  made  of  a 
little  clock  to  awake  the  keepers :  it  was  placed 
in  till  ir  chamber,  situated  in  the  choir,  near  the 
relics.** 

lliis  carious  record  brings  to  remem- 
brance the  account  by  Matthew  Paris  of 
the  apartment  constructed  over  S4.  Cuth- 
bert  Chapel,  in  St.  Alban's  Abbey  Churchy 
for  twelve  beds. — Yours,  &c. 

HiEBOLOOIST. 


INCORUECT  DIVISION  OF  SYLLABLES. 


Mr.  Urban, — Tliere  Is  an  old  saying 
tliat  **  one  mend-fauU  is  better  than  ten 
fiixd-fauUs  :**  but  however  good  this  may 
1>e  as  a  general  rule,  it  must,  like  all 
other  rules,  Ik?  liable  to  exceptions ;  more 
esiK-'cially  when  a  fault  is  found  and 
pointed  out  for  the  purjKWC  of  amendment. 

Premising  thus  much,  I  shall  proceed 
fearU*»8ly ;  and  although  1  shall  not  say 
to  you  what  Nathan  siiid  unto  David,  nor 
implicate  you  individually  and  i)ersonally, 
yet,  consi<lering  your  standing  and  ])osition 
in  the  world  of  letters,  1  see  not  how  vou 
can  esca])e  from  the  accusation  which  I 
am  bringing  against  the  art  of  printing  in 
particular,  and  the  science  of  si)elling  in 
general, — viz.  the  accusatitm  that  those 
will)  arc  concerned  in  \\\q  former ^  know 
nr)t,  or  utterly  neglect,  the  tatter, 

] VKi*e<l  we  then  to  the  evidence ;  and, 
considering  the  dilficully  of  establishing 
bv  writinj;  that  which  can  scared v  be 
made  intelligible  except  by  the  living 
voice,  let  me  entreat  you  rather  to  aid 
and  assist,  than  to  object  to  and  o])i)os(>, 
the  establishment  of  my  case,  considering 
the  p:reat  benefit  intended  to  all  the  read- 
ing world. 

The  fault  which  I  com])lain  of  is  the 
erroneous  division  of  words  at  the  end 
of  printed  lilies  in  all  publications  what- 


soever— magazines,  public  journals,  and 
Books  of  Common  Prayer;  all  of  whid 
being  wliat  everybody  reada,  serves  bul 
to  propagate  and  perpetuate  the  erro' 
in  question.  Thus  the  word  opitUom  i 
almost  always  printed 

opi-nion,         instead  of  opinMon  or  -jon, 

magni-ficent,  „  magnir-ioent> 

consi-der,  „  consid'-er, 

equi-valent,  „  equiv^-alent, 

&c.  &c; 

by  which  yoa  will  not  fail  to  pcrceire. 
Sir,  that  if  it  be  proper  to  pronoance  the 
words  as  they  are  wTitten  in  the  second 
column,  it  is  equally  proper  to  print  them 
accordingly.  To  say  tliat  custom  recon* 
ciles  us  to  it,  is  an  argument  against  it 
rather  than  for  it,  inasmuch  as  it  recon- 
ciles us  to  what  is  \iTong,  when  it  might, 
witli  etjiial  facility,  reconcile  us  to  what  is 
right :  as  in  the  case  of  the  French  woid 
fi'tinrahe,  which  bc»fore  the  time  of  Vd- 
tairtf  wsis  ^Titten  with  an  o  instead  o^aa 
a ;  but  since  his  {MTception  and  cneifU 
])ut  the  matter  npoii  the  right  footings 
all  France  has  1»fHH)me  reconciled  to  tt. 
IVay  then,  Mr.  Urban,  come  boldly  to  the 
rescue,  and  put  this  diiH.Te|)ancy  to  rights 
by  the  force  of  example  in  your  own 
pages*.  W.  C. 


ROBERT  SOMERY,  COMES  WINTON,  AND  THE  SOMKRY  ARMS. 


Mr.  Trbax, — Your  correspimdent  A.  Z., 
in  the  November  Magazine,  has  touche<l 
niM)n  a  point  which  has  been  tlie  source 
of  much  trouble  to  me. 

In  investigating  the  pedigree  of  the 
Someries,  with  a  view  to  draw  up  a 
gimealogical  account  of  the  various  Ijords 
of  Dudley  from  the  (Vmquest  to  the  pre- 


sent time,  I  have  met  with  manj  oontTm> 
dictory  and  conflicting  statements  amoM 
the  diflercnt  authorities  1  consulted,  aaS 
being  at  a  distance  from  any  large  librsiy 
or  MS.  authorities,  I  found  it  neoossaiy  to 
give  over  my  task.  Among  the  cUfficaltict 
that  I  encountered  was  this  Fame  Kobeii 
De  S(miery,  Earl  of  Winchester,  to  whom 


j/.^y^  ^''^'**  ^^f^^^^  th**  matter  with  our  printrrs,  bat  ciinnot  convince  them  of  the  impronrktr  «f 
diridiug  words  in  the  manner  pointed  out  by  our  CorrCbpondeot.^En. 


\ 


1856.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


727 


your  correspondent  alludes ;  and  though  I 
have  devoted  a  great  deal  of  time  and 
trouble  in  endeavouring  to  ascertain  liis 
connection  with  the  Dudley  Someries,  yet 
my  exertions  have  been  fruitless,  and  I  am 
still  almost  as  much  in  the  dark  as  ever. 

Tlic  earldom  of  Winchester  was,  it  is 
well  known,  enjoyed  about  this  period  by 
the  family  of  De  Quincey,  the  last  of  whom, 
who  bore  the  title  Roger  De  Quincey, 
is  party  with  Roger  De  Somery,  baron  of 
Dudley,  to  a  pact  of  concord,  dated  April 
5,  12  A7,  concerning  their  mutual  hunting 
in  Leicester  Forest  and  Bradgate-park, 
to  which  the  said  Somery  had  a  claim 
Jure  uxorit.  Tliis  concord  is  preserved  in 
Blount's  Frarjmenta  Anfiquatis,  and  in 
Nichols'  "  Leicestershire." 

Now  as  Roger  De  Quincey  died  in  1264, 
and  the  hiquhitio  post  mortem  of  Robert 
Somery,  Earl  of  Winchester,  was  taken  in 
1 271,  it  is  obvious  that  Somery  must  have 
enjoyed  that  honour  but  a  very  short 
period;  or  else  two  persons  of  different 
families  must  have  borne  the  same  title  at 
the  sa)ne  time,  which  is  vert/  improbable; 
and  this  short  possession  of  the  honour 
may  perhaps  account  for  Dugdale's  silence 
concerning  him. 

With  respect  to  the  other  question 
raised  by  your  correspondent,  concerning 
the  original  arms  borne  by  the  Someries, 
I  agree  with  him  that  the  two  lions  were 
not  their  paternal  coat,  as  appears  from 
the  following: — The  first  owner  of  the 
manor  of  Dudley,  and  the  builder  of  the 
castle,  was  one  Dudd,  or  Dodo  {unde  no- 
men),  Earl  of  Coventry,  who  married  Effri, 
daughter  of  Edmimd  Ironside,  king  of 
England,  and  was  probably  ancestor  of 
the  Paganels,  the  subsequent  possessors. 
At  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  however, 
as  we  learn  from  Domesday  J^ook,  it  was 
held  by  a  powerful  Norman  baron,  Wil- 
liam Fitz  Ansculf ;  and  we  are  told  by  the 
game  autliority  that  Earl  Edwin  was  his 
pre<lecessor.  From  Fitz  Ansculf  the  manor 
and  lordship  descended  to  the  Paganels, 
—by  what  means  1  cannot  discover,  nor 
could  Dugdale  ;  but  it  is  said  by  some  that 
he  left  a  daughter,  lieatrix,  who  married 
Fulke  De  Paganel,  and  by  others  that  the 
Pagjinels  obtained  it  by  descent  from  Ger- 
vasc  Paganel,  who  married  Phillis,  daugh- 
ter and  heiress  of  Athelstan,  a  descendant 
of  the  original  founder,  Dudd.  From  the 
Paganels  it  passed  to  the  Someries  by  the 
marriage  of  the  heiress  of  the  Paganels. 
Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Someries 
were  probably  lineally  descended  from 
Dudd  or  Dodo. 

In  Add.  MSS.  Brit.  Mus.  17,455,  is  the 
following,  which,  if  true,  coufirms  some  of 
the  above  statements  :— 


"  Athehtan  Dodo,  flls  du  Comte  Dodo,  fat  au 
temps  de  la  Conqufite  Comte  D'Ardcrne  ct  do 
Soiucril  et  Sieur  de  Dudley,  ou  il  fut  inhume, 
ponte,  De  or^  2  lions  passant  azur." 

What  this  MS.  is,  and  of  what  nature 
are  its  contents,  I  am  entirely  ignorant ; 
my  sole  authority  for  the  above  extract 
being  a  communication  to  "Notes  and 
Queries,"  vol  ^d.  p.  35,  concerning  the 
Dodo.  But,  assuming  it  to  be  correct, 
it  shews  that  the  two  lions  were  borne 
before  the  time  of  the  Someries,  though  it 
is  a  vexata  qucestio  whether  arms  were 
borne  so  early.  Fitz  Ansculf  is  also  said 
by  Berry  (who  probably  copies  from  Ed- 
mondson)  to  have  borne  these  arms.  Er- 
deswicke,  in  his  survey  of  Staffordshire, 
(written  temp.  Eliz.),  describing  the  priory 
of  Dudley,  says  : — 

"  In  the  church  of  the  said  priory  were  divers 
goodlv  monuments  of  the  Someries  and  Suttons, 
especially  one,  being  cross-legged  and  a  very  old 
one ....  I  found  under  the  arm  of  the  monument 
the  gold  fresh,  wherewith  no  doubt  it  had  been 
wholly  gilt  overy  and  in  the  gold  a  hinder  leg  and 
a  piece  of  the  tail  of  a  blue  lion,  which  also  a  man 
nught  discover  to  be  passant,  and  that,  by  the 
space  of  the  place  it  was  contained  in,  there  must 
necessarily  be  two  lions,  otherwise  the  leg  and 
tail  must  proportionally  have  been  bigger  and 
larger  than  they  were,  and  otherwise  placed ;  so 
that  thereby  you  may  perceive  it  was  a  iSomery, 
and,  as  I  take  it,  the  first  founder  of  the  said 
priory." 

Erdeswicke  thus  iumps  to  the  conclu- 
sion tliat  it  was  a  Somery,  because  it  bore 
the  same  arms;  but  if  he  was  right  in 
supposing  it  to  be  the  founder  of  the 
priory,  it  was  not  a  Somery, — the  priory 
being  founded  by  Gcrvasc  Paganel,  Lord  of 
Dudley,  in  pursuance  of  the  pious  intent 
of  his  father,  as  appears  by  its  foundation 
charter,  a  copy  of  which  is  in  the  "  Monas- 
ticon"  of  Dugdale. 

This  Gervase,  having  married  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Robert,  Earl  of  Leicester,  ap- 
pears to  have  borne  the  arms  of  the  Earls 
of  Leicester;  for  the  arms  attributed  to 
them  by  Dugdale  and  the  Heraldic  Dic- 
tionaries are,  "  Gules,  a  cinquefoil  ermine, 
with  a  crescent  for  difference ;"  which  coat 
is  also  borne  among  the  quarterings  of 
the  present  senior  co-heir  to  the  bait)ny 
of  Dudley,  for  Paganel,  and  is  to  be  seen 
on  a  very  old  painted  atchievement  in  his 
possession,  and  no  other  arms  there  appear 
which  can  be  attributed  in  any  way  to  the 
Paganels.  On  a  shield,  however,  of  Ger- 
vase's,  in  the  "  Monasticon,"  are  the  two 
lions  passant. 

Thus,  it  appearing  that  the  two  lions 
were  not  originally  borne  by  the  Someries, 
before  their  connection  with  the  Paganels, 
the  next  question  is,  what  were  their  pa- 
ternal arms  ?  On  a  sulphur  cast  of  a  seal 
which  I  purchased  from  the  collection  of 
the  late  Mr.  Doableday,  is  a  heater-shaped 


728 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Dec. 


shield,  boariTip:  what  appears  to  be  an  eagle 
displayed;  the  inscription  surrounding  it 
is,  "  Sigillum  Ade  de  Sumeri."  Who  this 
person  was  I  cannot  asc^ertain.  Another 
seal,  from  the  same  collection,  bears  a  poa- 
co<rk  in  his  pride;  this  I  purchased  as  a 
seal  of  John  de  Snmeriy  but  the  surname 
on  the  seal  is  obliterated — all  that  remains 
of  the  inscription  running  thus :  "  ^  Si- 
gilt  :  lohannis  :  De  :  .  .  ."  Tlic  devices  on 
both  of  the  seals  are  very  rudely  exe<;uted, 
and  may  probably  both  be  meant  for  the 
same  animal. 

It  appears  from  the  Battle  Abbey  deeds, 
charters,  grants,  &c.,  on  sale  by  Tliomas 
Thorpe,  1835,  (and  now,  I  believe,  penes 
Sir  lliomas  Phillips,  Bart.,)  that  the  Sonie- 
ries  were  lords  of  Cattesfield,  near  Battle, 
and  in  a  Feofll.  (S.D.)  John  Pi/card,  alias 
Someref/y  of  the  parish  of  Bexle,  enfeoffs  to 
Robert  atte  Hclestrete  some  land  in  the 
field  called  Holdewelle. 

There  are  numerous  deeds  in  this  col- 
lection in  which  the  Someries  are  men- 
tioned, none  of  whom  I  can  connect  with 
the  Dudley  family,  except  one,  who  was  a 
party  to  a  feoffment  (S.D.)  of  rent,  in  the 
manor  of  Bexle,  to  Simon,  Bisho])  of  Clii- 
ehestor.  Now,  as  Si7non  De  Welles  was 
Bishop  of  Chichester  from  1199  to  1209, 
this  deed  must  have  been  executed  l)etween 
these  periods,  and  this  John  I  conceive  to 
be  identical  with  the  John  De  Somery 
who  marrie<l  Hawyse,  heiress  of  the  Pnga- 
nels.  (Sec  Catalogue  of  the  Charters,  ut 
ante.)  On  reference  to  Burke's  Encyclo- 
panlia  of  Heraldry,  I  find  that  a  family  of 


Pychard  bore  "quarterly  or  and  arare;" 
and  I  also  find,  from  a  roll  of  Arms  of  the 
Bannerets  of  England,  (from  a  MS.  in 
Brit.  Mus.)  circa  1308-14,  published  bj 
Sir  Ilarris  Nicolas,  that  "  Sire  Johan  de 
Someri,"  of  Hertfordshire,  bore  **  Qmar- 
tile  de  or  e  de  azure,  a  une  bende  dt 
goules."  May  not  this,  then,  be  the  origi- 
nal Somery  coat,  the  bend  being  an  ob^ioai 
difference?  As  I  have  not  investigated 
the  pedigree  of  the  family,  except  as  con- 
nected with  the  Dudley  mirony,  I  cannot 
say  what  relation  this  "Johan"  bore  to 
the  Dudley  "  Johan,"  who  existed  at  the 
same  time,  and  bore  the  two  lions  azure : 
ho  is  placed  in  the  same  roll  among  the 
barons.  I  was  not  hitherto  aware  that  any 
of  the  Someries  bore  the  appellation  of 
Perceval,  except  one,  \Vill»am  Perreral  de 
S.,  Baron  of  Dudley,  who  died  6  Hen.  III. 
A  Sir  Perceval  de  Somery,  howe\*cr,  oc- 
curs in  the  roll  above-mentioned,  under 
the  head  of  Warwickshire,  and  bears  ths 
Dudley  arms,  with  the  colours  roviTscd. 
I  have  never  mot  with  any  of  the  coats 
enumerated  by  A.  Z.  home  by  the  Some- 
ries, but  they  may  have  home  some,  or 
one  of  them,  nevertheless. 

I  am  afraid  tliat,  although  my  commn- 
nicittion  is  long,  it  is  but  "  great  cry  and 
little  wool;"  but,  as  1  have  said  before 
authorities  differ  so  much  in  their  accounts 
of  this  family,  that  the  least  light  let  in 
upon  its  history  is  acceptable,  and  tliere- 
forc  on  this  ground  I  hope  you  will  eicnn 
the  length  my  pen  has  ran  to. 

H.  S.  G. 


THE  HENZEY,  TYTTERY,  AND  TYZACK  FAMILIES. 


Mb.  Urban, — In  your  last  numl)er 
there  is  an  interesting  letter  reganling 
the  Henzey,  T^t-ttery,  and  Tyzack  fami- 
lies, and  the  intnxluction  by  them  into 
this  country  of  the  manufacture  of  glass. 

Tlio  early  history  of  these  families,  par- 
ticularly of  the  Henzey  family,  is  given  in 
Chenaye  Desbois's  "  IMctionary  of  the  No- 
bles of  France,"  at  pp.  25—31  of  the 
second  edition,  vol.  viii.,  published  in 
1771. 

From  this  it  appears  that  the  French 
name  of  the  family  which  we  know  as 
Henzey,  Henzoll,  and  Ensell,  is  Do  Hen- 
nezel,  that  it  wjis  originally  a  noble  Bohe- 
mian family,  and  that  the  primnpal  branch 
of  it  settled  in  liorraine  about  four  cen- 
turies prior  to  the  publication  of  Desbois's 
Dictionary.  From  that  time,  remarks  the 
author,  its  nienilwrs  liave  (Ki'upietl  posi- 
tions of  the  greatest  imix)rtance  in  Lor- 
raine, and  have  contracted  alliances  with 


families  of  the  old  nobiUty.  Sevenl 
branches  established  themselves  in  Swit- 
zerland, Hainault,  Franche-Comt^,  Nircr- 
nois.  Champagne,  and  other  provinces  of 
France.  He  adds,  that  the  family  con- 
stantly maintained  the  lustre  of  its  name 
by  grand  alliances,  hy  the  possession  of 
fiefs  and  military  dignities. 

Such  is,  I  believe,  a  fair  Tersion  at 
Dcsbois'  introductory  notice  of  the  De 
Hennezel  family ;  but  I  subjoin  the  fbllmr- 
ing  extract  for  such  as  may  wish  to  perme 
the  original,  and  have  not  access  to  the 
work  itself: — 

HKNyKSRr..— '*  Noblesae  originairedu  Rovsiias 
dc  BohAme,  dont  la  prindpale  bnuiehe  ent  etabib 
en  Lorraine  depais  enTinmi  aoatre  siMcs.  ESt 
y  a  joui,  des  cc  terns  la,  dn  duUnctlons  dw  pit» 
mierps  de  la  Provence,  n*j  eat  alltte  arts  In 
maiflons  dc  roncienne  cheTslerie,  et  y  a 
aux  assizes. 

PluKieurH  branches  sont  aetoeUcmotit 
dnes  en  Suisse,  en  Ilainaat,  en  Franehe-OMtt, 
en  Mvcmoia,  en  Chsmpsgne,  «t  antrcs  fr»> 


1836.] 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


729 


vinces  du  Royanme.  EUe  s'est  partout  con- 
stumment  mainteime  dans  Ron  lustre  par  lea 
grandes  alliances  la  possession  des  fiefs  et  lea 
dignites  militaires.'* 

The  first  of  this  family  of  whom  any 
record  is  given  by  Desbois,  is  Henri  Hen- 
nezel,  who  married  Isabeau  d'Esche,  30th 
May,  1392. 

2.  Henri  de  Hennezel,  who  was  maitre 
d'hStel  to  Charles,  Duke  of  Lorraine. 

3.  Jean  de  Hennezel,  who  married  Da- 
moiselle  Beatrix  de  Barizey,  in  1446. 

4.  Didier  de  Hennezel,  a  captain  in  the 
army  of  Antoine,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  mar- 
ried Marie  Anne  de  Thi^try. — This  name, 
de  Thi^try,  is  the  French  mode  of  writing 
Tyttery. — Several  other  members  of  the 
De  Hennezel  family  formed  matrimonial 
connections  with  the  De  Thi^try  family. 
Thus  Josu^  de  Hennezel,  in  1615,  married 
Marthe  de  Thidtry ;  and,  in  1650.  Claude 
Francois  married  Elizabeth  de  Thi^try.  I 
could  cite  many  more  instances. 

The  seventh,  of  whom  there  is  any 
record,  Thidbault  de  Hennezel,  styled 
a  gentleman-in-waiting  on  Henri,  due  de 
Lorraine,  married  Damoiselle  Louise  da 
Thisac,  16th  of  April,  1600.  In  1635, 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Nicolas  Hennezel, 
by  Marie  Anne  de  ThiHry,  married  Charles 
du  Tliisac ;  and  in  1 539,  Nicole  de  Henne- 
zel married  Jean  du  Thisac. — This  name, 
du  Thisac,  is  the  original  French  mode  of 
writing  Tyzack. 

The  marriages  between  the  three  fami- 
lies of  De  Hennezel,  de  Thi6try,  and  du 
Thisac  were  numerous.  This  femily  con- 
nection doubtless  induced  them  to  emigrate 
to  this  country  together,  and  it  is  well 
known  that  they  constantly  intermarried 
lon^  after  their  settlement  in  England. 

The  arms  of  the  De  Hennezel  family,  as 
given  by  Desbois,  and  published  in  the 
Armorial  Universelle  in  Paris,  are  the 
same  as  those  borne  by  them  in  this 
country,  viz. — 

**  De  giieules,  h.  3  glands  montans  d'ar- 
gent,  jKwe^s  2  and  1. 

'*  Supports,  deux  lions  au  naturel." 

I  do  not  know  when  glass  was  first 
manufactured  in  France ;  but  may  not  the 


De  Hennezels  have  been  instmmental  in 
introdudng  it  from  Bohemia,  their  native 
country? 

The  exercise  of  this  art  was  held  to  be 
in  no  way  derogatory  to  the  dSg^ty  of 
the  nobility,  and  those  who  practised  it 
were  styled  "  ChntiUhommee  Terriers,** 
(vide  Felice's  "  History  of  the  Protestants 
of  France,"  p.  428.) 

The  De  Hennezels  and  their  connections 
the  De  Thi^trys  and  the  du  Thisacs  were  , 
Huguenots,  and  were  driven  to  this  country 
probahly  by  the  first  persecution,  and 
brought  with  them  the  art  of  making 
window-glass.  They  first  came  to  London, 
and  then  removed,  some  to  Newcastle* 
upon-Tyne,  but  the  greater  number  to 
Coalboumebrook  and  Ambleoote,  in  the 
parish  of  Oldswinford,  co.  Staffoix!^  where 
they  established  the  manufacture  of  glass. 
It  afterwards  greatly  extended  in  the 
hands  of  their  successors,  both  on  the 
male  and  female  side,  and  has  for  many 
generations  formed  one  of  the  staple  manu- 
factures of  that  district. 

About  three  years  since  Mr.  Richardson 
read  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  at  New- 
castle an  interesting  paper  regarding  the 
introduction  into  that  town  of  the  mantk- 
iacture  of  glass  by  the  De  Henneasel  fiunily 
and  their  connections,  and  an  engagement 
entered  into  by. .the  former  in  1568  to 
make  glass  waa^hen  produced. 

The  entries  o£  the  births,  deaths,  and 
marriages  of  this  family,  under  the  name 
of  Henzey,  in  the  Oldswinford  parish 
register,  are  very  numerous,  and  commence 
with  Dec.  7,  1615. — Parish  reg^ters  go 
no  further  back  than  1602. 

Perhaps  some  of  yoor  readers  mav  be 
able  to  give  the  origin  of  the  village 
"Pillerton  Henzey"  in  Warwickshire,  in 
connection  with  this  fifimily,  and  also 
whether  the  Irish  fiimily  of  Hennessey 
is  a  branch  of  the  same.  This  is  not 
improbable,  as  I  find  that  Annanias  Hen- 
zey, son  of  Joshua  Henzey  of  Amblecote^ 
who  died  in  1660,  and  Katherine  his  wife, 
lived  at  Qragnefine,  King's  County^  Ire- 
land.  Antiquabiab. 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLAKEOTJS  REVIEWS. 


The  Frithiof  Saga  :  a  Scandinavian 
Momance,  By  Esaias  Teonkr.  Trana- 
lated  into  English,  in  the  original  metres. 
By  C.  W.  Heckethoen,  of  Basle.  (Lon- 
don :  Trubner.) — There  is  a  story  current 
in  society  about  an  able  critic  of  our  own 
time  being  led  to  suspect  for  a  moment 
that  his  faculties  were  failing  him,  be- 
cause of  his  utter  inability  to  understand 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


anything  in  the  first  page  or  two  of  a 
modem  poem.  But  critics  are  proverbi- 
ally not  prone  to  too  much  self-diffidence, 
and,  thanks  to  this  robuster  state  of  their 
minds  on  the  one  hand,  and  to  a  very  con- 
stant  recurrence  of  the  inability  to  under- 
stand modem  poems  on  the  other,  they 
are  not  now  alarmed  at  any  such  experi- 
ence.  The  snrprifle  and  fear  haye  be^  in 

6b 


730 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Dec. 


fact,  completely  dissipated  by  repetition  of 
the  circumstance  which  once  excited  it, — 
since  it  has  come  to  be  notorious  now  that 
none  of  our  living  true  poets  condescend 
to  send  their  i)oetry  into  the  world  with- 
out an  environment  of  aftectation,  or  ex- 
tra vaj^^ance,  or  mystery,  whicli  it  is  one  of 
the  liardest  of  all  intellectual  toils  to 
penetrate.  Rich,  and  beautiful,  and  glo- 
rious as  the  treasure  often  is,  it  is  some- 
times dcmbtful  whether  it  quite  recom- 
penses the  reader  for  the  labour  he  is  put 
to  in  disengaging  it  from  the  surrounding 
dross. 

With  the  remembrance  of  this  hard 
reading  painfully  awake  w^ithin  us,  it  is 
a  pleasure  to  have  occasion,  in  the  exer- 
cise of  oup  craft,  to  read  again  the  great 
poem  of  tlie  gixxl  old  bishop,  Esaias  Teg- 
ncr.  Under  all  the  disadvantages  of  its 
Scandinavian  machinery  and  it«  translated 
form,  the  geimine  soul  of  ])oetry  gleams 
out  in  every  canto.  The  simple,  interest- 
ing story  sustains,  without  incumbrance, 
a  profusion  of  sweet  and  natural  imagery, 
which  is  nevertheless  striking  from  its 
beauty ;  and  it  calls  forth,  as  its  course 
runs  cm,  a  varied  range  of  very  noble  effu- 
sions of  imagination,  and  of  very  delight- 
ful manifestaticms  of  heroic,  tender,  deep, 
and  sometimes  holy  affections.  Its  ejimest- 
nt^s  of  ]niq)c>se  and  of  ton<»  is,  indeed,  an 
esjKH'ial  and  uncommon  charm.  It  is  im- 
possible to  read  on  in  it  to  any  length 
without  be<;oming  impresse<l  by  this  in- 
tentness,  or  withcmt  becoming  subject  to 
the  intiuence  of  a  sound  and  elevated 
moralitv  wliich  underlies  the  whole  with 
uno])trusive  art. 

The  story  is  a  tale  of  love  and  sorrow, 
leading,  through  virtue,  to  the  recom- 
pense of  hap]Mness.  Frithiof,  the  son  of 
Thorstrn  "Wikingson,  lias  been  bnnight  up 
from  infancy  in  the  same  homestead  with 
Ingolwrg,  the  daughter  of  King  Bel^. 
The  lK)y  is  as  much  distinguished  for  his 
strength  and  chiring,  as  the  maiden  for 
her  sweet  and  gentle  loveliness.  During 
the  joyous  days  of  childhood  and  of  youth 
a  passionate  attachment  has  grown  up  be- 
tween them ;  but  on  the  di'ath  of  the  two 
parents,  the  young  ])rinces  scornfully  re- 
ject the  suit  of  Frithiof  for  their  sister's 
hand.  For  the  crime  of  holding  an  inter- 
view with  Ingcborg  within  the  sacnni 
fane  of  Haldur,  Frithiof  is  sent  by  Prince 
Helgi?  on  a  ])erilous  expinlition;  and  after 
an  im])assioiied  parting-scene,  in  which 
the  maiden  resists,  under  an  imperious 
sense  of  duty,  the  in  treaties  of  her  lover 
to  escape  with  him,  he  sets  forth,  through 
storm -tost  soas,  on  his  adventure.  Aft^er 
a  successful  prose<;ution  of  the  hazardous 
business  he  was  sent  on,  Frithiof  retumf 


to  find  his  own  cherished  home  bonied  to 
ashes,  and  his  dearer  Ingeborg  the  bride^ 
by  stem  compulsion,  of  another.     In  a 
moment  of  indigpumt  passion  he  is  guilt  j 
of  an  act  of  violence  which  leads  by  aod- 
dent  to  the  conflagration  of  the  sacred 
fane  and  grove;  and,  after  this  involun- 
tary sacrilege,  ho  has  no  resource  but  to 
go  forth  an   outlawed,   excommunicated 
man.    For  three  years  he  leads  a  Wiking- 
lifo  upon  the  waves,  and  then,  moved  by 
the  irresistible  impulsion  of  fond  memo- 
ries of  the  past,  he  vints  in  disguise  the 
court  of  the  agoi  king  to  whom  the  fair- 
haired  Ingeborg  is  wedded.     Through  a 
succession  of  events,  in  one  of  wliich  he 
saves  the  royal  couple  from  being  buried 
beneath  the  ice,   and  in   another   givei 
proof  of  stem  resistance  to  temptation,  be 
becomes  the  favourite  of  King  Ring,  who 
bequeaths  to  him,  before  death,  the  hand 
of  his  widow  and  the  guardianship  of  his 
heir.    But  before  Frithiof  can  avail  him- 
self of  these  generous  intentions^  there  is 
a  mightier  reconciliation  to  be  made.     He 
rebuilds  the  ruined  fisne  of  Baldur  with 
unequalled  splendour;   pardons  the  sur- 
vivor of  the  princes  whose  hostility  has 
been  so  fell  and  fatal  to  him ;  and  then — 
the  excommunication  being  taken  off— in 
the  temple  he  has  newly  riused,  receives 
from  a  priest  of  noble  mien  the  hand  of 
that  Ingcl)org  to  whom   his  heart  bas 
been  as  faithful  in  his  wanderings  and 
woes  as  ever  in  the  sunnier  days  of  that 
infancy  so  dear  to  memory  in  both  of 
them. 

Around  these  simple  incidents  the  good 
bishop  has  hung,  with  prodigal  hand,  the 
sunniest  fruits  and  flowers  of  his  fine 
poetic  nature.  Golden  thoughts  and  rich 
imaginings,  and  the  deep  and  sweet  emo- 
tions of  heroic  souls,  gather  about  and 
gracefully  adorn  them,  llie  reader  flndib 
as  he  goes  on,  that  he  has,  amidst  his  de- 
light at  the  -poetic  treasures  he  has  been 
engiige<l  in  contemplating,  unoonaeioiiily 
drunk  in  a  deeper  feeling  ctf  sympathy 
with  the  chief  characters  in  the  poem, 
which  abides  with  him  in  increasing  in- 
tensity until  its  close. 

In  the  few  quotations  we  can  find  spsoe 
for,  it  must  be  remembered  tlmt  they  sis 
given  til  trantlaiion,  which  is  too  cob* 
inonly  fatal  to  the  spirit  of  all  poetiesl 
composition ;  and  that  in  this  case  the 
translator  has  added  to  the  difficulties  <f 
his  task  by  rigidly  adhering  to  the  rarfiB| 
and  unmanageable  metres  of  the  origw 
work.  Here  is  a  part  of  the  deMi'iptioa 
of  Frithiof  and  Ingcborg  amidst  tlM  jofi 
and  sports  of  childhood's  days  :— 


**  But  when  the  moonUght  on  ttiem  Ml, 
Their  merry  dsaoe  to  ihadsd  dsH 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


731 


The  two,  join'd  in  the  lauj^hingr  ring, 
KecaU'd  the  elfin  queen  and  king. 

*'  Hia  heart  with  proud  delight  it  grew, 
When  he  the  runic  letters  knew  ; 
No  higher  honour  sought  his  heart, 
Could  he  to  her  his  skill  impart. 

••  WTien  he  with  her  in  tiny  boat 
Did  down  the  bluish  waters  float, 
How  did  with  clapping  hands  she  hail 
The  shifting  of  the  snowy  sail ! 

•'  No  bird's-nest  was  too  high  for  him— 
He  clambcr'd  to  the  rocky  rim ; 
The  eagle  on  the  aery  high 
Must  lusc  his  brood  to  please  her  eye. 

*'  There  is  no  torrent,  e'er  so  wild. 
Through  which  he  does  not  bear  the  child. 
How  blissful,  when  the  eddy  storms. 
To  be  embrac'd  by  lily  arms. 

"  The  first  of  flow'rs  that  sweetly  blows, 
The  first  of  berries  as  it  glows. 
The  ripest  peach,  the  ripest  pear. 
He  fondly  bringeth  to  the  Fair." 

In  the  canto  entitled  "  Frithiors  Court- 
Bhip,"  we  have  marked  a  stanza,  in  which 
the  hero  proudly  refers  to  his  deceased 
father,  of  which  the  latter  half  is  good 
with  a  kind  of  merit  the  translator  must 
partake  of: — 

*•  No  prince  was  my  father,  no  yarl  was  he. 
His  courage,  however,  is  known  to  thee ; 
His  glorious  deed\ 
The  icandcrer  now  on  his  gravestone  reads." 

We  must,  however,  be  content  just  to 
indicate  a  few  of  the  passages  of  greater 
length,  in  which  the  author's  mastery  of 
his  tuneful  art  is  the  most  agreeably  and 
most  surprisingly  displayed.  Amongst 
those  which  will  reward  the  reader  well, 
we  must  mention  the  combat  with  the 
pirate  on  the  British  coast,  and  the  de- 
scription of  the  Dragon-ship  of  Frithiof, 
both  of  which  occur  in  the  third  canto; 
the  whole  of  the  passionate,  yet  natural, 
parting-scene,  which  occupies  the  eighth 
canto ;  the  graphic  picture  of  the  storm 
at  sea,  and  the  Scandinavian  charm  by 
which  the  voyagers  are  saved,  in  the  tenth 
canto ;  the  conflagration  of  Baldur's  pile, 
amidst  which 

*•  Frithiof,  like  the  rain-giving  god, 
Sits  on  the  rafters  blazing ; 
All  attend  to  the  word  or  nod 
Which  he  gives,  calmly  gazing," 

in  the  thirteenth  canto ;  the  curious  code 
of  Wikinger-laws,  in  the  fifteenth  canto ; 
the  very  touching  narrative  of  Frithiors 
yeanling  "  once  more  to  look  on  the 
golden -bright  tresses"  of  Ingeborg,  his 
reception  and  adventures  at  the  court  of 
King  King,  his  exploit  on  the  ice,  and  his 
triumphant  victory  over  temptation,  which 
are  recorded  in  the  sixteenth  and  three 
following  cantos ;  and,  not  neglecting  the 
record  of  strange  old  Scandinavian  man- 
ners connected  with  the  death  and  obse- 
quies of  King  and  the  election  of  a  monarch 
to  succeed  him,  the  whole  of  that  final 


canto  which  is  called  "the  Reconciliation." 
One  passage  from  this  concluding  strain 
must  be  our  leave-taking  from  the  excel- 
lent Tegner.  The  story  is  supposed  to  be 
in  the  eighth  century ;  and  a  priest,  in  the 
newly -erected  fane  of  Baldur,  thus  speaks 
of  that  Christian  Redeemer  of  whom  he 
had  obscurely  heard : — 

"  A  Baldur  too  liv'd  in  the  south,  the  virgin's 

son  ; 
Allfader  sent  him  there,  the  meaning  to  reveal 
Of  runics  on  the  shield  of  Nomes  yet  imex- 

plain'd. 
His  battle-cry  was  Peace,  and  Love  his  sword. 
And  Innocence  sat  like  a  dove  upon  his  hf  Im. 
And  piously  he  liv'd  and  taught,  and  thus  he 

died 
Forgiving :  under  distant  palm-trees  is  his  grave. 
Thev  say  his  doctrine  spreads  from  land  to  land ; 
It  softens  stony  hearts  and  joineth  hostile  hands, 
Ajid  bmldeth  up  in  loving  hearts  a  realm  of 

peace.  ^  , 

Not  well  I  know  that  doctrine,  but  in  blissful 

hours 
I've  felt  in  dim  presentiment  its  \io\j  power  j 
And  ev'ry  human  heart  forebodeth  it  like  mme. 
Hereafter  it  will  come,  and  lightly  hover 
On  snow-white  wings  of  dove  above  the  northern 

heights. 
But  then  for  us  the  north  exists  no  longer. 
And    oaks    alone  will  whisper    o'er  deserted 

graves." 

The  translator's  part  of  this  volume  is 
entitled  to  a  few  words  of  hearty  approba- 
tion. Remembering  well  more  than  one 
English  translation  of  Tegner's  poem,  and 
especially  remembering  well  the  magnifi- 
cent and  masterly  translation  of  Professor 
Stephens,  of  Copenhagen,  we  confess  tha|i 
it  was  with  no  sanguine  hope  of  gratifica- 
tion that  we  opened  this  small  and  unpre- 
tending work,  in  which  a  foreigner  pre- 
sumed to  clothe  the  difficult  and  various 
metres  of  the  "Frithiof  Saga"  in  a  language 
not  his  own.  Our  admiration  of  his  work 
is  now  as  great  as  our  surprise.  It  is  exe- 
cuted, on  the  whole,  with  singular  ability 
and  skill.  Here  and  there  we  can  detect 
a  perfectly  prosaic  line,  and  here  and- 
there  a  construction  which  our  language 
will  not  properly  admit  of,  but  blemishes 
of  this  kind  are  "few  and  far  between,*' 
and  detract  but  little  from  the  general 
value  of  the  translation.  In  freedom  and 
in  force  it  has  undoubtedly  remarkable 
merit;  its  weakness,  if  it  can  be  fairly  said 
to  have  one,  is  on  the  side  of  rhythmical 
melody. 

Wanderings  in  North  Africa.  By  Jas. 
Hamilton.  (London:  John  Murray.  8vo.) 
— Amongst  those  who  listened  to  and  criti- 
cised St.  Peter's  Pentecostal  sermon,  were 
some  dwellers  in  the  parts  of  Lybia,  about 
Cyrene — a  part  of  the  world  almost  forgot- 
ten, but  which,  thanks  to  Mr.  Hamilton,  is 
no  longer  a  terra  incognita :  other  writers. 
It  18  trae,  had  giyen  an  aooount  of  it,  bat 


732 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[I> 


T 
il 


f 
d 


l-i 


i 


none  so  popularly,  nor  so  well,  as  the 
present. 

Cyrenwca,  or,  as  it  was  called  under  the 
Ptolemies,  Pentapolis,  is  atuated  on  the 
north  coast  of  Africa,  between  Egypt  and 
the  ancient  Carthage,  and  anciently  rivalled 
the  former  in  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  and 
competed  with  the  latter  in  the  race  for 
commercial  importance.  Nor  were  the 
arts  and  sciences  neglected.  Callimachus 
the  poet,  Doria  the  mathematician,  Era- 
tosthenes, who  may  be  called  the  father  of 
geography,  and  Aristippus  the  philoso- 
pher,  attest  the  polish  which  had  been 
attained  in  this  coimtry,  which,  under  the 
blighting  rule  of  Mahomcdanism,  is  now, 
in  parts,  but  little  more  than  a  desert. 

The  author  started  from  Malta,  and  in 
six  days  arrived  at  Benghazi,  a  town  of 
some  10,000  people,  luxuriatng  in  filth, 
and  abominating  every  attempt  at  sanitary 
reform.  Here  he  was  detained  longer  than 
was  agreeable,  owning  to  the  non-arrival  of 
his  luggage,  and  after  some  days'  travelling 
arrived  at  the  Marabut  of  Sidi  Mohamed 
el  Heinary,  where  we  have  this  glowing 
descriptiim  of  the  country : — 

**  The  country  Ut  like  a  most  beautiful  Jardin 
Anglais,  covered  with  pyramidal  chimps  of  ever- 
greens, variously  disposi'd^  as  if  by  the  hand  of 
the  most  refined  taste,  while  bosquets  of  junipers 
and  cedars,  relieved  by  the  pale  olive  and  the 
bright  green  of  the  tall  arbutus-tree,  afford  a  most 

Satoftd  shade  from  the  mid-day  sun.  In  one  of 
ei»c  bowers  I  spread  my  carpet  for  luncheon ; 
some  singing-birds  joined  their  voices  to  the  lively 
chirping  of  the  grasshoppers,  and  around  fluttered 
many  a  gaily  painted  butterfly.  The  old  cajtital 
of  the  Pentapolis  was  before  me,  and  I  was  strongly 
tempted  to  pitch  my  tent  Spr  a  season  in  this  fairy 
scene — 

*  Nimc  viridi  membra  fxh  arbuto 
Stratus,  nunc  ad  aquoB  caput  sacrtB.' " 

All  round  the  city  of  Grennah  are  many 
miles  of  necropolis;  in  some  places  the 
monuments  and  sarcophagi  rise  in  ten,  and 
even,  in  some  places,  twelve  rows,  one  above 
the  other ;  but  Mr.  Hamilton  was  not  able 
to  ascertain  very  minutely  what  antiquities 
were  likely  to  bo  discovered,  although  ho 
thinks — 

"  The  excavator  would  doubtless  reap  a  rich 
harvest,  particularly  of  medals  and  other  small 
works  of  art.  Temples,  public  buildings,  and 
tombs,  being  more  exposed  to  violation,  are  less 
likely  than  private  dwellings  to  reward  the  exca- 
vator :  in  modern  times,  however,  none  of  the 
visitors  who  have  excavated  heie  have  applied 
themselves  to  clearing  the  houses,  which  would 
require  great  perseverance,  and  the  expenditure 
of  considerable  funds.  It  is  almost  impossible  for 
■n  amateur  traveller  to  attempt  such  excavations, 
for  they  demand  his  continued  presence  on  the 
spot,  to  prevent  the  absti  action  <  f  the  smaller  ob- 
jects which  may  be  found,  and  the  wanton  de- 
struction of  others ;  and  the  jealousy  of  the  na- 
tives, who  regard  him  as  a  treasure-seeker,  can 
only  be  effectually  repressed  by  the  aid  of  govern- 
ment." 

The  little  we  are  told  makes  us  anxious 


to  know  more,  and  we  hope  fbrther  ex\ 
ration  will  be  made,  especially  amongst 
tombs :  of  the  frescoes  contwied  in  one 
have  two  very  interesting  engraTings* 
presenting  some  festival,  remarkable 
the  drapery  and  ornamentation  of  the  pi 
cipal  personages  bearing  a  strong  re« 
blance  to  those  of  the  ancient  Jews :  — 

"  The  dispodtion  in  each  fiorm  of  tomb  va 
but  little.  The  sarcophagus  contained,  in  geiu 
room  for  one  occuiiant;  though  I  found  an 
stance  where  two  Dodies  had  been  depoutet 
the  same  excavation,  one  above  the  other,  wi 
stone  to  separate  them.  The  cavc-appuld 
have,  in  general,  a  fore-court,  excavated  in 
hill,  presenting  internally  a  low  chamber,  « 
taining  four  or  six  plain  sarcophagi,  cut  m 
sides,  and  as  many,  or  even  a  greater  numbei 
similar  cavities  sunk  in  the  floor.  There 
some  which  form  a  long,  narrow  gallery,  on  wl 
open  later  il  c-tombers,  each  capable  of  eon'aii 
two  sarcophagi  i^i  length,  and  two  or  three  t 
one  above  the  other.  The  interiors  are,  i  >  gt 
ral,  left  quite  rough,  without  remiininjr  mi 
of  decoration ;  a  few  have  been  plastered 
painted,  and  others  present  beautiml  fini«hiii] 
the  stonework  inside.  Those  hewn  in  the  p 
and  adorned  with  a  facade  of  nuuMmry,  wen 
their  original  state,  undoubtedly  the  most  ma| 
flcent,  as  shewn  by  the  frequent  remains  of 
lumns  and  statues,  but  they  are  now  the  L 
interesting.  The  facade  has,  in  general,  fa 
away,  leaving  the  sepulchre  with  its  bare  i 
and  shapeless  entrance,  the  ghastly  specCadc  i 
fleshless  skull." 

This  book  is  a  good,  honest  bo(A 
travels,  written,  not  becaose  it  is  n 
fiishionable  for  every  traveller  to  write,  1 
because  the  author  had  something  int 
esting  to  say. 


The  HMory  of  the  Church  qf  Engh 

in  the  Colonies  and  Foreign  Depemdem 

of  the  British  Empire,     By  the  Rer. 

S.  M.  AiTDEBSOX.   Second  Edition.    (L 

don:   Rivingtons.    3  vols.,  small  8va] 

We  must  not  regard  this  as  a  merely 

ligious  book ;  it  is  one  of  the  best  ooni 

butions  to  the  general  History  of  Engli 

that  we  have  chronicled  for  tome  tii 

Religion  was  so  mixed  np  with  all  ( 

earlier  attempts  at  colonixation,  that 

write  of  the  Church  is  to  write  of  1 

colonics  themselves,  and  Mr.  Anderaoa  1 

done  well  in  not  endeavouring  to  part  1 

two.     Even  Cabot,  in  his  instmctions 

the    ships'   companies,    issued    the    m 

stringent  regulations  against  proftnxtj  a 

other  things  likely  to  call  down  a  cu 

uix)n  their  undertakings;    and  the  hk 

spirit  prevailed  for  many  years  after.   1 

twelfth  rule  of  Cabot's  is  worth  quoting : 

"  Item,  that  no  blaspheming  of  God  or  dcti 
able  swearing  be  vsed  in  any  ahip,  no  eomma 
cation  of  ribaldrie,  flltby  tales,  or  vngodly  ta 
to  be  suffk^  in  the  company  of  any  ship,  adtl 
dicing,  carding,  tabling,  nor  other  diaeuh  gas 
to  be  frequented,  whereby  ensoeth  not  onelv  pi 
ertie  to  the  players,  but  also  strila,  Taruui 
brauling,  flghtingi  sad  oftcntfaws  anutlicri 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


733 


the  xXicT  destruction  of  the  parties,  and  prouok- 
ing  of  God's  most  lust  wrath  and  Sworde  of  Ven- 
geance. These  and  all  luch-Uke  pestilences,  and 
contagion  of  vices,  and  sinnes,  to  be  eschewed, 
and  the  offenders  once  monished,  and  not  reform- 
ing, to  bee  punished  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Captaine  and  Master  as  appertaineth." 

Indeed,  this  venerable  man  prays  unto 
"the  living  God"  in  behalf  of  his  bre- 
thren, that  He  might  give  them  "His 
grace  to  accomplish"  their  "  charge  to  His 
glorie,"  and  that  "  His  merciful  hand " 
might  "  prosper"  their  **  voyage,  and  pre- 
serue  them  from  all  dangers." 

In  most  of  the  various  charters  and 
ordinances  issued  for  the  guidance  and 
direction  of  the  early  colonists,  some  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  celebration  of 
religious  worship,  and  also  for  the  propa- 
gation of  religion  amongst  the  savages; 
and  a  church  or  meeting-house  was  one  of 
the  earliest  buildings  erected.  The  de- 
scrij)ti<m  of  tlie  first  church  built  in  Vir- 
ginia is  very  curious,  and  is  thus  related  by 
a  settler: — 

*'  ^^'hen  I  first  went  to  Virginia,  I  well  remem- 
ber wee  did  hang  an  aMning  (which  is  an  old 
8<>ilc)  to  three  or  loure  trees  to  shadow  us  from 
the  Sunnc ;  our  walls  were  rales  of  wood,  our 
seats  unhewed  trees,  till  we  cut  plankes;  our 
pulpit  a  bur  of  wood  nailed  to  two  neighbouring 
trees ;  in  foule  weather  we  shifted  into  an  old 
rotten  tent,  for  we  had  few  better,  and  this  came 
by  way  of  adventure  for  new.  This  was  our 
church  till  wee  built  a  homely  thing  like  a  barne, 
set  upon  cratchets,  covered  with  rafts,  sedge,  and 
earth ;  so  was  also  the  walls ;  the  best  of  our 
houses  of  the  like  curiosity,  but  for  the  most  part 
farr  much  worse  workmanship,  that  could  neither 
well  defend  wind  nor  raine,  yet  wee  had  daily 
Com  mem  Prayer  morning  and  evening,  every 
Sunday  two  sermons,  and  every  three  months 
the  lioly  Communion,  till  our  minister  died.  But 
our  prayers  daily,  with  an  Homily  on  Sundaies, 
we  continued  two  or  three  years  after,  till  more 
preachers  came." 

But  ahis !  even  this  state  of  things  did 
not  long  continue :  the  church  was  burned 
down,  together  with  the  greater  part  of 
the  dwellings  of  the  colonists.  The  fire 
broke  out  in  the  storehouse,  in  which 
several  hundred  bushels  of  com,  obtained 
by  barter  from  the  natives,  had  lately 
been  deposited;  and  as  the  houses  were 
all  thatched  with  reeds,  its  flames  spread 
quickly,  and  destroyed  not  only  them,  but 
the  i)alisade8  which  had  been  set  up  for 
the  defence  of  the  town,  together  with 
the  arms  and  great  part  of  the  clothing 
and  provisions  belonging  to  the  settlers. 
This  and  similar  trials,  however,  only 
served  to  strengthen  their  faith,  and  in- 
duced them  to  persevere  in  the  work. 

The  Long  Parliament,  in  the  year  16*19, 
by  an  ordinance  established  the  "  Society 
for  Propagating  the  Gospel  in  New  Eng- 
land," and  this  laid  the  foundation  for 
the  present  venerable  society,  the  charter 
for  which  was  granted  in  1701,  principally 
at  the  instigation  of  Dr.  Bray.     Oliver 


Cromwell  appears  to  have  favoured  the 
effort  to  spread  religion  in  the  colonies, 
and,  if  Burnet  is  to  be  relied  on,  even 
thought  of  establishing  a  sort  of  Protest- 
ant propaganda,  having  its  head-quarters 
at  Chelsea,  and  a  fund  of  £10,000  a-year 
allotted  to  it. 

Bishops  were  steadily  refused  to  the 
North  American  colonies,  owing  to  some 
mistaken  policy  on  the  part  of  the  home 
government,  and  until  after  the  revolution 
no  Anglo-Catholic  bishop  had  been  seen 
across  the  Atlantic.  Indeed,  so  little  hope 
had  the  American  Church  of  obtaining  an 
episcopal  order  from  England,  tliat,  after 
the  revolution,  they  despatched  Dr.  Sea- 
bury  to  the  Old  World,  thinking  that  in 
Scandinavia  he  might  obtain  the  coveted 
consecration.  Coming  to  England,  he 
visited  Oxford,  and  mentioned  the  cause 
of  his  visit  to  the  late  venerable  Dr.  Routh, 
who  told  him  that  he  might  procure  what 
he  wanted  in  Scotland,  whither  he  pro- 
ceeded and  was  eventually  consecrated 
first  bishop  of  the  Church  in  the  United 
States.  By  a  special  act  of  parliament, 
permission  was  given  to  the  Archbishops 
of  Canterbury  and  York  to  consecrate 
some  others;  and  accordingly,  Feb.  4, 
1787,  Drs.  White  and  Provoost  were  so- 
lemnly consecrated  at  Lambeth,  and  from 
these  small  beginnings  the  Church  in 
America  has  grown  to  its  present  goodly 
proportions. 

Before  the  revolution,  the  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  shewed 
much  activity  in  sending  out  a  noble 
supply  of  devoted  clergymen,  who  exhibited 
much  zeal  in  their  several  spheres.  Money 
appears  to  have  been  scarce  in  those  days, 
and  payment  for  their  services  was  made  in 
a  commodity  which  we  are  disposed  to 
underrate  now,  but  which  then  appears  to 
have  been  the  usual  equivalent  for  labour 
— tobacco.  Thus  in  the  history  of  St. 
George's  parish,  Virginia,  we  read : — 

"  There  being  no  glebe  at  this  time,  (1729,)  the 
minister,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Kenner,  resided  at  Ger- 
manna,  and  was  allowed,  in  addition  to  his  regu- 
lar salar}'<  the  sum  of  4,500  lbs.  of  tobacco  forhis 
board,  instead  of  a  glebe,  to  which  he  was  en- 
titled by  law." 

Again,  before  the  expiration  of  the  same 
year,  the  churchwardens  purchased  a  glebe, 
for  which  they  gave  22,500  lbs.  of  to- 
bacco, and  erected  upon  it  a  parsonage,  24 
by  48  feet,  for  the  further  sum  of  4,506 
lbs.  of  tobacco.  In  the  deed  conveying 
this  property  to  the  vestry,  which  is  on 
record  in  the  County  Court  of  Spotsyl- 
vania, it  is  described  as  lying  on  the  south 
side  of  the  river  Po,  about  a  mile  above 
the  faUs  of  the  same. 

Tobacco  continued  to  be  the  universal 


734 


MiscellaneotLS  lievietos. 


[Dec. 


medinm,  whether  for  payment  of  the 
clergy,  for  law,  for  psalm -singing,  or  for 
poor  relief.  The  following  is  another  ex- 
tract from  St.  George's  vestry -book : — 

Dr.  to  St  George's  Parish. 

lbs.  of  tobacco. 
To  ReT.  James  Marye,  bis  salary  per 

year 16,000 

To  George  Carter,  reader  at  Mattapony .  1,000 
To  R.  Stuart,  reader  at  Rapahannock  .  1,000 
To  readers  at  Germanna  and  the  chapel .  2,000 
To  Zachary   Lewis  for  prosecuting  all 

suits  for  parish,  per  annum  .        .         500 

To  Mary  Day,  a  poor  woman  .        .        .         350 
To  Mrs.  Livingston,  for  salivating  a  poor 
woman,  and  promising  to  cure  her 
again  if  she  should  be  sick  in  twelve 

months 1,000 

To  James  Atkins,  a  poor  man  .  .         550 

To  M.  Bolton,  for  keeping  a  bastard 

child  a-year 800 

To  Sherif,  for  Quit  rents  of  glebe  land   .         350 
To  John  Taliaferro,  for  their  surplices   .      5,000 
(This  is  probably  a  mistake,  perhaps  it 
should  be  500.) 
To  William  Philips,  reader  at  tne  Moun- 
tain         325 

To  John  Gordon,  sexton  at  Germanna  .  5,000 
To  John  Taliaferro,  for  keeping  a  poor 

girl  six  months 1,000 

To  Edmond  Hcmdon,  for  maintaining 

Thomas  Moor 500 

Cr.  St.  George's  Parish. 
1,500  Tythables  at  22  lbs.  of  tobacco  per 

poU 83,300 

175  Tythables  employed  in  Spotswood's 
Iron  works,  exempted  by  law  from 
paying  tyihes." 

In  the  vestry -book  of  the  neighbouring 
parish  of  Bristol  we  find  this  entry : — 

"Bristol  Parish. — Dr.  to  Mr.  Henry  Tatem  for 
setting  the  Psalms,  500  lbs.  of  tobacco.*' 

We  cannot  follow  Mr.  Anderson  through 
his  history  of  the  other  colonies,  nor  into 
the  east,  where  a  mightier  empire  has  been 
gained  than  that  which  we  lost  in  the 
west,  and  where,  until  quite  recently,  we 
have  been  equally  chary  of  appointing 
chief  overseers  to  the  church  rapidly 
growing  up. 

The  work  is  full  of  valuable  information, 
collected  from  every  source,  and  appears 
to  have  been  the  labour  of  many  years ; — 
it  is  called  a  second  edition,  but  varies  in 
so  many  particulars  from  the  first  that  it 
may  almost  be  considered  a  new  book. 

Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
By  George  W.  Thornbuet,  (London: 
Hurst  and  Blackett.  2  vols.  8vo.) — Now 
that  fog,  slush,  Scotch  mists,  and  other 
wintry  complaints  abound,  we  ought  to 
be  grateful  to  Mr.  Thombury  for  two 
such  pleasant  volumes  as  those  which  he 
has  so  seasonably  published.  Ho  is  now 
in  his  own  proper  element,  and  as  he 
makes  no  protestation  respecting  the  rigid 
truthfulness  of  any  of  the  sketches  so 
vividly  drawn,  we  may  take  or  reject  as 
much  as  we  like,  but,  on  the  whole,  most 
readers  will  be  pleased  with  the  work. 


The  volumes  contain  a  variety  of  plea- 
sant essays  and  sketches,  of  which  the  kog- 
est  are  "  Cromwell  in  Long  Acre,"  and  on 
"  Nature  in  Old  Ballads."  All  are  written 
in  a  somewhat  grandiloquent  style,  but 
with  a  considerable  dash  of  spirit,  tnd 
sufficient  knowledge  of  his  subject  to  en- 
able him  to  handle  it  freely.  Occasioiiallj 
we  find  as  many  figures  dragged  into  ooe 
sentence  as  would  supply  a  third-rate 
poet  with  materials  for  a  day's  worL 
What  a  fine  subject  for  a  Grub-street  poet 
Is  contained  in  the  following : — 

"  Critics  are  the  eonnchs  who  guard  the  baraa 
of  knowledge ;  they  are  the  dragons  of  Hesperidu, 
who  watch  the  apple  they  may  not  eat ;  they  sur- 
round Parnassus  Uke  so  many  ball-terriers  roaad 
a  bean-stack  when  the  ferret  has  gotte  in  and  the 
rats  are  coming  out ;  they  are  the  ^eete  who  are 
always  cackling  that  the  Capitol  is  in  danger ; 
they  arc  like  wreckers,  for  they  live  <m  thespoOi 
of  noble  vessels  gone  to  iHeces,  and  secretly  pray 
for  such  calamities ;  thev  are  learning's  narfet, 
and  ^et  their  living  bv  laying  out  decently,  in 
certain  tinsel  finery,  a«id  authors.**— They  are 
*' learning's  sextons  and  cofi^-makera ;"  '*the 
public's  camp-followers  *,"  and  when  authors  fall 
dead  "  they  plunder  their  bodies,  and  inflict  on 
them  indignities;"— "Indian  warriors,"  **cnid 
anatomists,"  &c.,  &c. 

"WTio,  after  this,  will  deny  that  Mr.  Tbarn- 
bury  has  a  lively  imagination,  and  an 
exceedingly  well-stored  vocabulary  ? 

This,  however,  is  hardly  a  fair  specimen 
of  Mr.  Thombury's  general  style— only  of 
his  garnish :  as  an  example  of  what  be 
can  do,  we  may  quote  his  account  of 
Hogarth's  departure  from  France.  Ho- 
garth's visit  was  an  unlucky  one,  as,  with 
John  Bullish  prejudice,  he  grumbled  at 
everything  he  saw  and  heard : — 

"  At  last,  at  Calais  his  punishment  fell  on  him. 
He  was  sketching  the  English  arms,  which,  to 
his  great  glee,  he  had  found  still  hung  over  one  of 
the  city  gates.  lie  had  not  well  sat  down,  when 
a  heavj  hand  tapped  him  on  the  shoulder ;  it  was 
a  soldier,  who  arrested  him  as  an  English  n^ 
sent  to  take  plans  of  the  fortifications.  Tne 
commandant,  twitching  his  moustachios,  declared 
that  had  not  i>eace  been  actually  ^^ed,  he  should 
have  felt  it  his  duty  to  have  mstantly  hung  th« 
little  man  over  the' ramparts.  Two  rough  gens- 
darmra  were  then  ordered  to  hurry  the  shivering 
artist  on  shipboard.  They  did  not  quit  him  mi 
he  was  three  miles  from  the  shore ;  they  then 
took  off  their  hats,  spun  him  round  on  the  deck 
like  a  top,  and  told  tadm  he  was  at  liberty  to  con- 
tinue his  voyagre  home.  Any  allusion  to  this 
foolish  affair  vexed  Hogarth :  'he,  however,  took 
a  true  painter's  revenge,  by  his  picture  of  tiM 
'  Roast  Beef  of  Old  England,*  which  a  fat  priest 
and  some  lean  soldiers  are  contemplating  with 
envy." 

And  of  one  of  Hogarth's  pictures : — 

"  For  mere  fun,  was  there  ever  anything  so 
deafening  nnd  uproarious  as  the  scene  of  the 
*Enra.ired  Musician  ?'  the  dustman  bawls,  Um 
milk- woman  screams,  the  ballad-singer  yells,  the 
child  cries,  the  drummer  druma,  the  pewterer 
hammers,  the  paviours  thump, — in  the  distance 
bells  arc  ringmg,  while  cats  soueal  from  the 
roof-tops.  No  wonder  the  muncian,  with  his 
fingers  in  his  ears,  nulla  up  the  window  and  roan 
out  loud  for  peace.'' 


185G.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


735 


TJie  Eighteenth  Ceniwry ;  ar,  Ulustra- 
tions  of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of 
our  Grandfathers.  By  Alexander  An- 
drews. (London :  Chapman  and  Hall. 
8vo.) — Tliis  is  a  pleasant,  gossiping  vo- 
lume, full  of  anecdotes  and  incidents,  ga- 
thered with  great  industry  from  a  variety 
of  sources — not  putting  forth  any  claims 
on  account  of  originality,  but  throwing 
considerable  light  upon  the  manners  of 
the  past. 

There  is  one  slight  defect,  but  not  an 
unnatural  one.  Mr.  Andrews  views  every- 
thing from  the  year  1856,  and  appears  to 
forget  that  many  of  the  things  named  by 
him  existed,  but  perhaps  not  so  promi- 
nently, in  the  nineteenth,  century.  Tho 
silent  revolution  of  the  past  fifty  years,  or 
even  thirty  years,  has  effected  more  changes 
than  the  preceding  hundred.  There  are 
many  men  now  alive,  married,  and  sur- 
rounded by  families,  who  never  saw  a 
tinder-box,  a  "  Charley,"  nor  even  a  genu- 
ine "  Jarvie."  Specimens  of  these  defunct 
membei*s  of  the  present  century  will  soon 
become  as  rare  as  pieces  of  Majolica  ware, 
and  should  be  stored  up  in  our  museums. 

To  enumerate  the  contents  of  the  book 
would  be  impossible.  The  heading  of  one 
chapter  is — "  Gentlemen's  Dress.— -Cocked 
Hats. — Wigs. — Price  of  Hair. — Canes. — 
Muffs. — Hair-powder. — Military  Costume. 
— Clerical  Costume. — Medical  Costume. — 
Ladies'  Dress.  —  Head-dresses.  —  Wig- 
makers'  Riot. — Mouches. — Masks. — Fans. 
Hoops. — Trains. — Shoes. — Infants'  Gear." 
— A  goodly  bill  of  fare,  certainly,  for  one 
chapter ;  and  there  are  twenty -five  in  all. 

The  Chancel :  an  Appeal  for  its  proper 
Use,  addressed  to  Architects,  Church- 
restorers,  and  the  Clergy  generally.  By 
the  Rev.  T.  Chamberlain,  M.A.  (London: 
Masters,  fcap.  8vo.,  24  pp.). — This  little 
pamphlet  seems  to  have  been  written  to 
astonish  rather  than  to  edify — to  enunciate 
what  was  striking  rather  than  what  was 
true.  And  this  hitherto  has  been  a  prevail- 
ingcharacteristic  in  the  writingsof  thesmall 
section  to  which  the  author  belongs.  But 
these  writers  are  active,  and  always  ready 
to  turn  every  subject  to  account,  and  to 
press  into  their  service  all  the  various 
branches  of  art  and  science.  Mediaavalism, 
liowever,  is  their  forte.  They  see  our 
churches  as  they  were  before  the  Refor- 
mation, and,  cannot  be  persuaded  that  what 
was  suitable  to  the  gaudy  exhibitions  con- 
nected with  the  Roman  ritual  may  be  to- 
tally discordant  in  principle  with  the 
severer  requirements  of  the  Reformed 
Church. 


Moreover,  as  Medieevalism  fails  in  many 
cases,  either  from  absence  of  examples,  or 
from  other  causes,  these  would-be  men- 
tors rush  to  the  Continent,  and,  fresh  from 
the  theatrical  displays  of  Notre  Dame  in 
Paris,  or  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  can  see  no 
beauty  or  holiness  except  where  gold  and 
colour  abound, — can  believe  in  no  worship 
but  where  the  eye  assists;  and  can,  in 
a  word,  imagine  no  ceremonial  perform- 
ance without  scenic  accessories.  After  a 
fashion  they  study  architecture  and  archae- 
ology; they  appeal  also  to  the  Prayer- 
book.  We  cannot  here  undertake  to  fol- 
low the  author  of  this  pamphlet  with 
regard  to  the  latter,  though,  as  far  as  we 
have  observed,  he  treats  it  in  the  same 
way  as  the  former ;  that  is,  he  appeals  to  it 
only  in  such  cases  as  it  appears  to  be  in 
accordance  with  his  views,  or  what  he 
wishes  to  prove,  and  makes  only  just  so 
much  use  of  the  evidence  as  is  convenient 
to  him.  It  is  happily  not  our  province  to 
enter  into  theological  arguments,  which 
we  leave  to  those  who  love  the  platform 
and  the  pamphlet,  or  the  religious  peri- 
odica], while  we  grope  about  amid  the 
memorials  of  the  past.  There  all  angry 
voices  have  long  been  silenced,  and  the 
cries  of  party-spirit  hushed. 

The  Reformation  has  received  so  much 
attoiition  from  historians,  who  have  re- 
garded it  in  its  theological  bearing  only, 
that  it  has  been  forgotten  as  a  page  of 
archsBology.  Yet  the  change  of  ritual  in- 
volved to  a  great  extent  change  of  fabric, 
and  the  churches  of  the  past  bear  as 
striking  a  testimony  to  its  effect  in  prac- 
tice, as  the  ponderous  tomes  of  learned 
(Uvines  witness  to  its  influence  in  prin- 
ciple. 

The  chancel,  the  subject  of  the  pamphlet 
before  us,  is  perhaps  of  all  other  parts  of 
the  church  that  which  was  most  affected 
by  the  Reformation. 

With  the  new  ritual,  it  was  not  neces- 
sary that  this  portion  of  the  building 
should  hold  such  an  isolated  position  as  it 
had  done  previously.  We  will  suppose 
Mr.  Chamberlain  to  be  correct  in  his  pre- 
mises as  to  the  theory  of  a  chancel : — 

<*  Churches  are  not  consecrated  for  the  porpote 
of  forming  preaching-houses,  or  even  oratories, 
but  for  the  purpose  of  celebrating  in  the  sacra- 
ments and  sacramental  acts.  And  of  all  such 
acts,  it  is  superfluous  to  s  ly  that  the  hdy  Eucha- 
rist is  the  highest  and  most  perfect.  Of  that  the 
altar  is  the  seat  and  sjrmbol :  therefore,  by  con- 
sequence, the  altar  in  every  church  shomd  be 
made  to  arrest  and  fix  the  eye  of  the  beholder ; 
and  to  this  everything  should  point. 

"  This  is  plainly  the  theory  of  our  Prayer-book : 
Matins  and  Evensong  for  every  day  in  the  week ; 
the  celebration  of  the  holy  Eucharist  on  every 
Lord's  Day,  or  other  festival,  at  least*.  Now  this 


'  Thift  order,  it  should  be  observed,  refers  expressly  to  eathedrals,  eoUegiate  churches,  and  ooUegee 
only.    This  Mr.  Chamberlain  should  have  mentioiied. 


736 


Miscellaneous  Reviews, 


[Dec. 


truth  should  be  proclaimed  by  the  material  fabric 
and  arranfrement  of  our  templc8. 

**I  will  point  this  out  in  several  particulars, 
for  this  is  the  desif^  of  this  paper ;  and  first  of 
all,  then,  it  inyolves  and  implies  that  it  should 
have  a  separate  and  distinct  building  for  its  re- 
ception, more  ornate  and  more  elevated  than  the 
rest  of  the  church.'* 

We  find  in  the  second  Prayer-book  of 
Edward  the  Sixth,  that  "  the  Table,  having 
at  the  Communion -time  a  fair  white  linen 
cloth  upon  it,  shall  stand  in  the  body  of 
the  church,  or  in  the  chancel^  where  morning 
and  evening  prayer  be  appointed  to  be 
said."  That  rubric  we  still  retain  in  our 
Prayer-book  to  the  present  day.  If,  then, 
the  chancel  be  simply  the  place  for  the 
administration  of  the  Holy  Communion, 
the  body  of  the  church  may  be,  to  all  in- 
tents, a  "chancel."  If  that  easternmost 
part  of  a  church,  divided  off  by  a  screen, 
be  the  chancel,  it  cannot  derive  its  reality 
simply  from  its  being  the  place  where  the 
Holy  Communion  is  celebrated,  for  that 
need  not  necessarily  be  celebrated  there. 

That  it  has  become  a  general  custom  to 
administer  the  Holy  Communion  in  the 
chancel,  we  will  not  for  a  moment  deny ; 
but  since  Mr.  Chamberlain  appeals  to  au- 
thority, and  in  many  cases  for  the  express 
purpose  of  overthrowing  those  arrange- 
ments which  custom  has  sanctioned,  we 
call  upon  him  to  take  the  whole,  and  not 
those  parts  only  which  are  subservient  to 
his  argument,  ^or  can  we  allow  him  to 
appeal  to  those  customs  which  he  approves 
of,  for  the  direct  purpose  of  overthrowing 
other  customs  which  have  equal  weight 
and  value. 

Sometimes,  too,  he  appeals  to  antiquity : 
and  begins  by  stating  that  a  "particular 
type  existed  in  the  minds  of  the  builders 
and  founders  of  our  churches."  We  are  con- 
stantly referred  to  those  ancient  fabrics  as 
they  were  first  designed,  in  the  period 
from  the  twelfth  to  the  fifteenth  century ; 
and  their  original  conception  is  contrasted 
with  the  additions  made  during  the  last 
200  years. 

Yet  in  this  he  \a  not  wholly  consistent ; 
e.  g.  where  he  says, — 

"  So  much,  then,  for  the  spirit  of  church  build- 
ing, which  may  be  said  to  be  embodied  in  the  ex- 
terior fabric,  the  long-drawn  nave,  the  darkened 
chancel,  the  solid,  uniform  tower,  or  heaven- 
pointing  spire." 

Were  the  chancels  made  more  dark  than 
the  rest  of  the  church  ? 

We  are  afraid  England  will  not  afford 
the  examples,  and  the  Continent — especi- 
ally Italy — must  be  visited  in  order  to 
supply  the  deficiency. 

For  our  own  part,  we  cannot  conceive 

the   object  of  the  chancel  being  darker 

than  the  rest  of  the  church.     Is  it  simply 

for  the  sake  of  effect  ?  that  candles  may 

9 


be  lighted,  &c.  ?  It  is  ringxilar,  when  ad- 
vocating the  use  of  the  chancel  in  the 
performance  of  divine  service,  its  daric- 
ncss  should  be  recommended  as  a  neces- 
sary condition. 

And  again,  when  a  fbw  practical  hinti 
are  given : — 

"The  altar  should  never  be  lees  than  six  ftti 
long,  and  raised  on  a  separate  platform  or  foot- 
pace, and  three  feet  six  high.** 

Antiquity  and  custom  fail.  We  know 
of  no  rubrical  direction — we  know  only 
of  the  usual  dimensions  of  altars  in 
France  and  Italy — which  can  in  any  way 
serve  as  authority.  The  few  ancient  altan 
which  remain  in  England  we  believe  have 
no  "  foot-pace."     He  continues ; — 

"  Its  vestments,  too,  should  be  as  rich  as  we 
can  any  way  provide,  and  at  the  lime  of  celebra- 
tion the  white  linen  cloth  should  only  be  laid  on 
the  top  of  the  slab,  and  not  allowed  to  hang  down 
at  most  more  than  two  inches  in  front." 

Why  \s  this? — why  introduce  these 
foreign  customs  ?  It  is  true  Mr.  Cham- 
berlain only  gives  them  as  practical  hints. 
There  is  only  one  place  where  he  has  been 
sufficiently  bold  to  state  the  law,  and  that 
IS  when  he  writes, — 

"  Chancels  would  never  have  been  built,  unless 
there  had  been  a  proper  use  for  them ;  neiUier 
ought  they  now  to  be  retained  and  perpetuated, 
unless  that  use  continues.  If  the  problem  be 
simply  to  stow  the  altar  where  it  will  take  least 
room — and  the  law  requires  it  to  be  a  permanent 
portion  of  the  building — then  the  best  thing  would 
be  to  build  a  little  pent -house,  or  iMm-to,  at  the 
east  end,  which  should  contain  it." 

A  reference  to  the  rubric  which  we 
have  already  quoted  is  quite  sufficient  to 
shew  that  the  law,  as  laid  down  in  "  The 
Chancel,"  is  different  to  the  law  laid  down 
in  the  "  Prayer-book."— The  little  pam- 
phlet may  perhaps  gain  sufficient  influ- 
ence among  the  few  friends  of  the  authcv 
to  be  quoted  by  them  as  an  authority,  but 
we  are  satisfied  that  such  unwarrantable 
assertions  will  not  infiuenoe  those  who 
are  accustomed  to  confide  in  the  carefVd 
and  long-tested  teaching  of  their  Liturgy, 
and  will  prove  offensive  to  many  English 
Churchmen. 

Its  few  readers,  perhaps,  will  but  read 
to  have  their  previous  tlieories  confirmed, 
in  the  same  way  aa  the  writer  refers  to 
those  authorities  only  which  support  his 
views; — against  which  mode  of  proceed- 
ing— making  history  to  fit  preconceived 
notions — we  must  strongly  protest. 

The  pamphlet,  however,  we  have  thus 
noticed  at  length,  not  on  account  of  its 
importance  or  its  interest,  but  in  order 
to  exhibit  the  erroneous  principles  upon 
which  it  is  written,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  expose  the  false  mode  of  arguing 
adopted  by  that  clique  of  which  tlie  writer 


1856.] 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


7S7 


is  so  able  a  member.  It  will  do  little  harm, 
for  it  will  only  move  in  one  circle,  and  that 
a  small  one. 


Camhri<lge  in  the  Seventeenth  Century, 
Pt.  II.,  Matthew  Robinstm.  Edited  by 
J.  E.  B.  Mayor,  M.A.  (Cambridge  :  Mac- 
millan,  1856.  240  pp.) — Mr.  Mayor  began 
this  series  of  illustrations  with  the  life  of 
Nicholas  Ferrar,  and  has  now  given  us 
Matthew  Robinson,  each  presenting  some 
peculiar  characteristics.  In  the  latter 
work  we  have  the  most  curious  compound 
of  wondt'rftil  knowledge  of  divinity  with 
that  of  horseflesh.  In  his  life  we  read, 
"  for  school  divinity  and  critical  theology, 
none  were  his  equals,  being  able  to  tie 
such  knots  as  few  knew  how.  to  loose." 
Yet  "in  anatomy  he  was  the  most  ex- 
quisite inquirist  of  his  time,  leaving  no 
anatomist  unread,  nor  secret  unsearched, 
intMmiuch  that  he  was  invited  by  some 
learned  persons  in  other  colleges,  many 
years  his  senior,  to  shew  them  vividisec- 
tions  of  dogs,  and  such  like  creatures,  in 
their  chambers."  The  biography,  as  a 
whole,  is  exceedingly  entertaining,  and 
the  notice  to  the  reader  by  no  means 
unworthy  of  the  book. 


The  Farm  of  Aptonga,  A  Story  for 
Children,  By  the  Rev.  John  Mason 
Nkale.  (Burntisland,  at  the  Pitsligo  Press. 
12ino.,  153pi).) — To  those  parents  who  wish 
their  children  to  learn  Church  history  by 
means  of  a  Church  romance^  this  little  work 
will  prove  very  acceptable.  I'he  plot  is  laid 
in  Africa,  in  the  time  of  St.  Cyprian,  and 
the  fiery  persecutions  and  martyrdoms  of 
the  period  are  not  very  vividly  portrayed. 

A  Metrical  Version  of  the  Book  of 
Psalms.  By  TiiOMAS  Txjeneb,  Esq.  (Lon- 
don :  Rivingtons.  8vo.,  64  pp.) — In  this 
part  we  have  only  Psalms  XLV.toLXXIX., 
and  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  the 
first  portion,  so  that  we  are  unable  to 
speak  of  Mr.  Turner's  views  respecting  the 
version :  if  they  are  merely  printed  to  shew 
the  capabilities  of  the  versifier,  we  are 
willing  to  give  some  praise ;  but  if  they 
are  intended  as  a  contribution  towards  a 
new  Psalter  for  public  worship,  we  can  not 
(mly  award  no  praise,  but  must  say  that 
wc  think  them  below  the  platitudes  of 
Tate  and  Brady :  e.g.  what  congregation 
could  sing — 

*'  O  turn  Thy  face  from  my  misdeeds. 
And  mine  iniquities  blut  out  7" 

As  we  do  not  know  for  what  purpose 
tlie  version  is  intended  we  can  neither 
praise  nor  censure. 


T?te  Four   Gospels  and  Acts    of  the 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


Apostles,  arranged  in  Paragraphs,  By 
Hknry  Cotton,  D.C.L.,  Archdeacon  of 
Cashel.  (Oxford  and  London :  John  Henry 
and  James  Parker.) — Perhaps  few  things 
are  more  painful  to  a  devout  person  than 
to  hear  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  or 
some  other  exquisite  passage  of  Scripture, 
mangled  by  a  class  of  national-school  boys, 
who,  after  reading  their  verse,  know  little 
or  nothing  of  its  sense.  But  this  may 
now,  to  a  great  extent,  be  obviated  by  the 
use  of  the  Gospels  as  prepared  by  Arch- 
deacon Cotton, — ^the  principal  advantages 
of  which  are  the  division  of  the  text  into 
paragraphs,  so  that  the  sense  of  what  is 
read  must  be  noticed  by  the  readers,  and 
by  the  use  of  various  kinds  of  type, 
'marking  the  quotations,  &c.  We  hope 
to  see  the  book  introduced  into  schools 
generally ;  and  when  that  is  done,  we  may 
expect  the  children  will  better  understand 
what  they  read.  At  present,  in  most  cases 
they  certainly  do  not. 

The  Influence  of  Christianity  on  Civili' 
sation.  By  Thomas  Cradock.  (London : 
Longmans  and  Co.  12mo.,  217  pp.) — Tina 
is  but  the  first  portion  of  a  work  which 
Mr.  Cradock  has  commenced,  but  is  com- 
plete in  itself:  it  traces  the  eflfect  of  Chris- 
tianity upon  the  rude  savage,  and  the  civi- 
lized Roman,  from  the  fall  of  the  Roman 
empire  to  the  thirteenth  century.  We  must 
defer  any  extended  notice  of  the  work  until 
the  appearance  of  the  succeeding  portion. 

Form  or  Freedam,  Five  Colloquies  on 
Liturgies,  reported  hy  a  Manchester  Con- 
gregationalist.  (London:  Jackson  and 
Walford.  12mo.,  58  pp.)— In  this  little 
work,  written  by  an  Independent  or  Con- 
gregationalist  Dissenter,  is  discussed  the 
question.  Shall  the  IHssent«rs  have  a 
Liturgy  ?  It  is  intended  mainly  as  a  re- 
ply to  an  imaginary  conversation  appended 
to  a  work  on  Ijiturgies,  edited  by  the  Itev. 
Tliomas  Binney. 

Scripture  Breviates,  arranged  for  use 
hy  the  Bed  of  Sickness.  By  the  Bev. 
Geo.  Arden.  (Oxford :  John  Henry  and 
James  Parker.  12mo.,  108  pp.)  —  Mr. 
Arden  deserves  the  thanks  of  his  brethren 
for  compiling  so  excellent  a  manual  for 
parochial  use  as  this  little  volume.  It  will 
be  found  to  contain  prayers  and  medita- 
tions for  almost  every  case  likely  to  occur. 

A  Plmn  Commentary  on  the  Book  of 
Psalms.  Parts  II.  to  VI.  (Oxford  and 
liondon  :  J.  H.  and  J.  Parker.) — The 
latter  parts  of  this  work  are  even  l>ett€r 
tlian  the  first,  noticed  in  our  Magazine 
for  July. 

5o 


I  ■ 


738 


Mitcellaneous  Reviewi. 


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I. 


ill 


ili 


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A  Large  Print  Paragraph  Bible,  with 
Marginal  Remlerings,  Introductions,  Al' 
phabetlcal  Indexes,  and  numerous  Maps, 
Each  hook  being  2>ffblished  separately, 
(London  :  lia}2f8ter  nnd  Sons.) — Messrs. 
Bagster  deserve  much  conimcndation  for 
their  eftbrts  to  pr(»vide  Bibles  for  every 
possible  purpose.  They  are  now  issuing 
an  edition  in  paragraphs,  printed  in  very 
largo  type,  in  separate  books,  of  which 
Genesis,  Exodus,  and  the  I'salnis  have 
appeared.  AppeiuUnl  to  each  is  a  short 
introduction,  containing  some  particulars 
respecting  dates,  &c.,  with  a  map  or  phite, 
and  an  index  of  subjects,  serving  for  a  con- 
cordance. For  an  invalid,  or  for  an  infirm 
person,  such  an  arrangement  is  invaluable. 

The  Seasons  of  ths  Church — what  they 
teach :  a  Series  of  Sermons  on  the  dif 
ferent  Timesand  Occasions  of  the  Christian 
Year,  Edited  by  the  Kev.  IIekey  New- 
land.  (London  :  J.  and  C.  Mozley.  3 
vols.,  small  8vo.)— A  very  useful  series 
of  sennons  for  family  residing :  they  are 
well  adapted  for  a  present  to  persons 
about  to  emigrate,  or  who  are  unable  to 
attend  public  worship  regularly. 

This  World  and  the  Next :  the  Impossi- 
hit itg  of  making  the  best  of  Both,  Some 
replg  to  Mr,  Binnet/'s  Lecture,  entitled. 
Is  it  possible  to  make  the  best  of  both 
Worlds  ?  (Ix)ndon :  \V.  Yap])),  ap])ears  to 
have  l)een  written  by  some  very  young  man 
during  the  November  fogs. 

Th^  Lord*s  Anointed.  A  Coronation 
Sermon,  jyreached  in  the  British  Chapel 
at  Moscow,  on  the  Sumlag  before  the  En- 
thronvment  of  Alexander  II.,  Emperor  of 
all  the  Mussias,  tJV.  By  the  Uev.  MosES 
MAUOOLiourn.     (London  •  J.  Booth.) 

The  Orare,  ami  the  Reverence  due  to  it. 
A  Sermon,  jyreach-cd  in  the  Abbeg  Church 
of  St.  Marg,  Sh-f-rborne,  on  Sundag,  Oct. 
15,  1851.  By  the  Kev.  Edwakd  Haustox. 
With  a  preface.  (Oxford :  John  Henry 
and  James  Parker.) 

The  Future  Beirard  of  the  Bighteous, 
A  Sermon,  preached  in  the  Parish  Church 
of  Buckfastleigh,  South  Devon,  on  the 
iourth  Sunday  after  Trinity^  1856,  being 
the  Sunday  following  the  funeral  of  the 
Bee.  Matthew  Lowndes,  Vicar.  \\y  the 
Kev.  KicnARD  Henry  Hawkks,  Curate. 
(Oxford  :  John  Henry  and  James  Parker.) 

The  first  and  third  of  the  al)ove  ser- 
mons are  fully  explaineil  by  their  titles, 
the  second  by  the  ])reface,  which  informs 
us  of  a  work  of  reform  effect  e<l  bv  the 
worthy  vicar.  At  Shorborno,  it  was  the 
cnst4im  for  the  go<Hlwives  and  neiglibours 
to  haug  their  clothes  to  dry  in  the  church- 


yard, and  beat  their  carpets  aga 
tombs,  while  the  children  made  a 
playground  of  the  hallowed  spot, 
has  now  been  rectified  by  the  vi 
has  been  caused  much  annoyance  1 
quence  of  his  pains, — hence  this 
and  its  prefisice. 

We  have  several  small  poetici 
to  acknowledge: — Troubled  Drear 
Original  Poems,  by  John  JRauiiei^ 
don  :  Saunders  and  Otley).  Poen 
Rev.  E,  G,  Charlencorthy  (Settle 
man).  The  Sedan :  a  Poem,  b 
Beverley,  (London :  Hamilton,  Ad 
Co.).  Hours  of  Sun  and  Shade: 
in  Prose  and  Verse:  tcith  Tra, 
from  various  European  Lawfu 
Percy  Vernon  Chrdon  de  Mon 
(London:  Groomhridge).  A. 
Prose  to  the  Westminster  Otei^  by 
Oiffard  Phillipson,  (London:  Jno. 
Of  the  first  work  named  we  ma^ 
our  regret  that  Mr.  Hantleigrh 
confine  the  circulation  to  his  own 
Some  lines  and  verses  are  very  pr< 
as  a  whole  the  volume  deKcrvcs 
mendation. — Mr.  Charlesworth  at 
his  reason  for  publishing  his  vol 
the  "desire  to  invest  true  reli^ 
solid  morality  in  attractive  raimei 
he  has  failed. — ^Mr.  Percy  Vemor 
dc  Montgomery  sends  his  volun 
notice,  from  which  he  may  eztrac 
to  add  to  the  many  he  has  already 
— "  Tlie  Uedan,"  by  Mr.  Beverley, 
considerable  merit,  and  oontaii 
graceful  allusions  to  that  amiabl 
tian  soldier,  Captain  Hcdley  Vicar 
Philli])son  is  so  truly  a  l>oet,  that 
in  prose  is  full  of  the  strongest 
tro])es.  (Mad  indeed  are  we, 
noticing  her  "  Ixmely  Hours,"  we 
a  due  meed  of  praise,  or  we  mi>j 
had  such  a  song  dinned  into  oui 
this  ill-mannered  Wcstniiiutcr  B 
How  he  could  have  the  heart  to  ( 
a  l)ook  with  so  lovely  a  portrait 
is  a  ])uzzle.  And  it  is  therefore  n 
of  suri)ri8e  to  find  the  owner  of 
trait  a])ostn>phising  him  as  "Gr 
self-c(mceit  and  assumption,  on  wl 
so  many  Saints  Lawrence,  but  wit 
consolation  of  martyrdom,  thon  f 
happy  authors.' 


ft 


Morton*s    New    Farmen?    Ai 
(Ij<mdon :  Blackie,)   is  a  work 
much  pleasure  in  reoommendinj 
full  of  information. 


Vade-mecum  for   TourisU   in 
(Ix)ndon :  Lambert  and  Co.,)  cc 
•mall  but  well-selected  voealmlat 


185G.J 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


739 


pood  (ItHil  of  useful  information  respecting 
money,  routes,  passports,  &c. 

Eilucalional  works  of  various  descrip- 
tions have  lK?en  forwarded  for  notice;  we 
can,  however,  do  but  little  beyond  giving 
their  titles,  viz.  Madvi(fs  Latin  Cf-ram' 
vini'y  translated  hy  the  Rev.  O.  F.  Woods, 
witli  some  adilitions  by  the  Author,  (Ox- 
ford: John  Henry  and  James  Parker). 
— This  work  was  favourably  reviewed  at 
some  length  in  our  Magazine  for  De- 
cember, 1819,  and  we  are  glad  to  find 
that  it  has  now  reached  a  third  edition. 
We  observe  that  an  index  to  the  authors 
quoted  has  been  added  to  this  edition. 

The  Geographical  Word-Expository  hy 
Edwin  Adams,  (London  :  Longmans,)  ap- 
pears to  be  a  very  useful  school-book,  well 
adai)ti'd  for  pupil-teachers  and  the  upper 
forms  of  elementary  schools. 

JI.  TuUli  Cireronis  Tuscularum  DispU' 
tationuM,  and  Short  Isotes  to  the  Odea, 
JEpodes,  Satires,  ^'c,  of  Horace,  are  the 
two  new  volumes  added  to  Messrs.  Par- 
kers' neatly  printed  series  of  Oxford 
l*oeket  Classics. 

O'Brien's  Simple  Catechism  of  the 
Animal,  Vegetable,  and  Mineral  King' 
dams,  and  Ince  and  Gilbert's  Outlines  of 
English  History  and  of  Descriptive  GeO' 
graphy,  are  three  small  works  which  ap- 
l)ear  to  be  very  earefully  compiled,  and 
will,  no  dou])t,  be  found  very  useful  to  the 
"  Voung  England'*  section  of  the  com- 
munity. 

Marvels  of  the  Globe.  Two  Lectures 
on  the  Structure  and  I^hysical  Aspects  of 
the  Earth,  by  ir.  S.  Gibson,  (London: 
Lont^mans,)  will  be  found  deser\'ing  the 
notice  of  clergymen  and  others  who  are 
ealled  ujuni  to  deliver  parochial  lectures 
on  secular  ^u])jectH.  They  are  well  writ- 
ten, and  full  of  that  lively,  anecdotal  kind 
of  illustration  so  necessary  for  a  popular 
audience. 

Chbistmas  Books. 

Some  of  our  young  friends  will  thank 
us  for  reminding  "papa"  that  Christmas 


is  very  near,  and  that  some  nice  books  are 
to  be  had — some  of  which  we  have  teen,  and 
can  recommend.  Of  these  we  may  men- 
tion three  that  we  have  received  from 
Messrs.  Griffith  and  Farran,  the  successors 
of  Mr.  Newbery,  in  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard, who  many  years  ago  published  the 
"  Gentleman's  Magazine/'  and  whose  shop 
has  always,  to  juvenile  eyes,  been  one  of 
the  mo«t  attractive  in  London.  Tliese 
books  are.  Pictures  from  the  Pyrenees,  by 
Caroline  Bell — very  entertaining  and  in- 
structive ;  Our  Eastern  Empire — a  capital 
book  for  boys,  telling  them  all  about  Olive 
and  India ;  and  Early  Daum  ;  or.  Stories 
to  think  about s — a  very  good  book,  but  not 
so  amusing  as  the  other  two. 

The  Life  and  Adventure*  of  Jules 
Gerard,  the  Lion-Killer,  is  now  published 
in  a  very  cheap  form,  by  Messrs.  Lambert 
and  Co.,  and  will  suit  any  courageous  boy 
who  would  not  himself  mind  shooting  a 
lion,  it  may  make  some  wish  to  go  and 
join  M.  Gerard  in  his  pleasant  excursions. 

The  Surprising  Adventures  of  Jean 
Paul  Chopart  is  not  sufficiently  English  to 
suit  our  taste. 

Mastennan  Keady  j  or,  the  Wreck  of 
the  Pacific,  by  Captain  Marryat,  has  just 
been  issued  by  Mr.  Bohn,  and  forms  one 
of  his  Illustrated  Library.  We  can  strongly 
recommend  this  as  an  entertaining  work, 
suitable  for  either  sex;  one  that  every 
one  will  read,  and  that  even  grandmamma 
will  be  delighted  with. 

Marian  Falconer;  or.  Stars  in  the 
Darkness,  and  Miss  Addison's  Sister  Kate; 
or.  Power  and  Influence,  are  two  works 
published  by  Messrs.  Binns  and  Goodwin, 
of  Bath ;  very  nicely  printed  and  bound, 
and  very  suitable  for  young  ladies  home 
for  the  holidays.  We  are  sorry  that  we 
cannot  fuid  space  to  describe  them. 

Self  and  Self- Sacrifice ;  or,  Nelly's 
Story,  published  by  Messrs.  Grooml 'ridge, 
comes  last  on  our  list.  It  is  not  so  well 
suited  to  the  very  young  as  to  those  in 
their  teens ;  by  them  it  will  be  welcomed, 
read,  and  talked  about. 


ANTIQUARIAN  RESEARCHES. 


AECn^OLOOICAL  INSTITUTE. 

Nov.  7.  John  M.  Kemble,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair. 

A  communication  from  the  first  Com- 
missioner of  H.  M.  Works  and  Public 
Buildings  was  read,  accompanying  the 
j)resent  of  a  copy  of  the  Architectural 
Antiquities  of  St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  drawn 
from  actual  survey,  executed  by  direction 
of  the  (iovernment,  after  the  fire  at  the 
Houses  of  Parliament. 


Mr.  Kemble  gave  some  account  of  re- 
cent excavations  at  Mereworth  Castle^ 
Kent,  on  the  estate  of  Viscount  Fal« 
mouth.  In  the  course  of  last  year  nu- 
merous ancient  remains  had  been  found, 
apparently  Koman,  and,  on  further  ex- 
amination within  the  last  few  weeks,  the 
remains  of  a  sepulchral  barrow  were  found  ; 
a  low  wall  of  loose  stones  about  three  feet 
thick  was  brought  to  light,  similar  t  j  those 
found  in  the  circuinfarence  of  th«  Stxon 


'40 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Dec. 


barrows  in  Germany.  In  the  centre  of 
the  area  were  large  qoantities  of  a  sub- 
stance  resembling  charcoal,  with  iron  nails, 
and  pottery.  A  heap  or  cairn  of  small 
stones  was  also  fowid,  in  and  about  which 
were  many  pieces  of  charcoal,  pottery  of 
various  kinds,  &c.;  and  at  another  spot  were 
discovered  Roman  tiles,  with  a  single  large 
brass  coin  of  one  of  the  Antonines — pro- 
bably M.  Aurelius — and. a  fragment  of  Sa- 
mian  ware.  Amongst  the  reliques  were 
portions,  however,  of  pottery  recognised 
as  Saxon.  Lord  Falmouth  proposes  to 
prosecute  the  search  at  a  more  favourable 
season,  and  light  may  thereby  be  thrown 
on  some  difficult  points  regarding  the  Ro- 
man occupation  of  West  Kent.  Mr.  Kern- 
ble  also  gave  some  details  of  an  excavation 
made  by  the  Rev.  L.  B.  Larking  and  him- 
self at  the  cromlech  called  "  llie  Ads- 
combe,"  or  Coldrum,  in  Kent,  where  pot- 
tery, some  of  which  was  undoubtedly  Saxon, 
was  disinterred.  A  remarkable  stone  circle 
exists  near  the  spot. 

Mr.  Salvin  made  a  report  on  the  pro- 
gress of  the  works  of  restoration  at  Holy 
Island,  and  exhibited  a  ground-plan  of  the 
Abbey -church  of  Lindisfarne,  with  eleva- 
tions and  sections,  shewing  the  portions 
which  have  been  rescued  from  destruction 
through  the  Hberal  grant  by  Government 
for  the  preservation  of  that  interesting 
structure.  It  had  been  found  requisite  to 
surround  the  ruins  with  a  sunk  fence  and 
wall,  for  their  effectual  protection;  and 
in  constructing  this,  a  leaden  plate  had 
been  found  near  the  east  end  of  the  church, 
externally,  recording  the  removal,  in  the 
year  1215,  of  the  remans  of  three  of  the 
monks  —  Silvester,  Robert,  and  Helias, 
"  ab  orto  monachorum."  By  permission  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Land 
Revenue,  this  curious  inscription  was  pro- 
duced for  examination :  it  i^dll  be  deposited 
in  the  Museum  of  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries of  Newcastle,  whose  collections  pro- 
mise to  become  much  extended,  through 
the  liberality  of  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land. 

Notices  of  Roman  antiquities  of  bronze, 
glass,  &c.,  of  unusually  fine  character,  at 
Hallaton,  Leicestershire,  were  received 
from  the  Rev.  J.  Hill, — as  also  of  three 
richly  strulptured  coffin -slabs,  found  in 
Hallarton  Churchyard;  and  the  Hon. 
Richard  Neville  described  the  results  of 
his  late  explorations  at  Chesterford,  at  a 
Bitot  near  the  station  of  Icianum,  where 
an  ancient  cemetery  may  have  existed  in 
Roman  times. — Mr.  Camithers,  of  Bel- 
fast, sent  nn  account  of  some  supposed 
Roman  remains  near  Donaghadee,  a  part 
of  Ireland  where  no  vestiges  of  that  period 
havM  occurred:    they  comprised  bt^uls  of 


coloured  glass,  amber,  &c.,  bracelets  of 
glass  and  Kimmeridge  shale,  with  bronxe 
tweezers,  rings,  and  fibulae.  These  objects 
do  not  appear  satisfactorily  identified  as 
of  Roman  origin. 

The  Rev.  James  Raine,  Jan.,  who  if 
engaged  in  completing  the  Fasti  of  the 
see  GHf  York,  with  detailed  biographical 
memorials  of  the  dignitaries  of  that  chorcfa, 
commenced  by  the  late  Rev.  W.  Dixon, 
Canon  of  York,  gave  a  angular  namtire 
of  the  practice  of  divination,  by  aid  of  a 
magic  crystal,  as  found  recorded  in  one  of 
the  Archbishops'  Registers.  It  appean 
that  a  priest  named  William  Byg  had 
acquired  much  repute  in  Yorkshire,  by 
recovering  stolen  property  through  the 
use  of  a  crystal,  which  he  was  accustomed 
to  place  in  the  hand  of  a  boy,  and  after 
repeating  Paler  noster^  Ave,  and  the  Creed, 
with  invocation  of  the  angels,  the  diild 
was  directed  to  look  into  the  crystal, 
where  the  image  of  the  thief  was  to  be 
discerned.  This  affair  occurred  about 
1465,  and  the  sorcerer  having  been  sum- 
moned by  the  vicar-general  of  the  arch- 
bishop, made  full  confession,  and  certain 
penances  were  imposed  upon  him. — Mr. 
Raiiie  pointed  out  some  fiicts  in  this  record 
which  seem  to  associate  this  adept  in  the 
arts  of  divination  with  the  historv  of  Hum- 
phrey,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  Master 
Bolingbroke. 

Mr.  Grazebrook,  of  Liverpool,  addressed 
to  the  Society  a  proposition  for  the  re- 
newal of  Heraldic  Visitations  through  the 
medium  of  the  Assessed  Tax  papers,  point- 
ing out  the  course  of  proceeding  by  which 
a  full  return  might,  as  he  believed,  be 
readily  obtained  from  all  families  entitled 
to  bear  arms,  throughout  the  realm. 

Communications  were  received  from  the 
Rev.  J.  Maughan  and  from  Dr.  Cliarlton, 
regarding  certain  runes  discovered  in  Car- 
lisle Cathedral,  in  the  course  of  the  recent 
restorations  of  the  fabric  They  were 
fomid  slightly  traced  on  a  stone  in  the 
wall  in  the  south  transept,  and  were 
brought  to  light  on  removal  of  the  plaster 
from  the  face  of  the  walL  The  credit  of 
this  discovery  is  due  to  the  vigilant  and 
intelligent  observation  of  Mr.  C.  Purday, 
the  clerk  of  the  works,  who  sent  a  draw- 
ing of  the  inscription.  It  has  been  ^'s- 
riously  explained.  Dr.  Charlton  considers 
it  right  to  state  that  the  stone  in  question 
was  inscribed  by  Tolf,  a  name  poeshly 
identical  with  Dolphin,  wluch  occurs  at  an 
earlier  period  in  Cumberland.  He  stated 
that  the  inscription  is  in  Scandinavian, 
and  not  in  Anglo-Saxon,  runes. 

Tlie  Rev.  E.  Trollope  sent  a  short  no- 
tice of  the  discovery  of  a  large  deposit  of 
Anglo-Saxon  urns  at  South  Williiighaui, 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


741 


Lincolnshire,  in  a  sand-pit,  about  half  a 
mile  distmt  from  the  Roman  road  leading 
from  Caistor  to  Horncastle.  He  placed 
before  the  meeting  a  drawing  of  a  group 
of  these  vases ;  as  also  representations  of  a 
Koman  altar,  and  sculpture  of  the  DecB 
MatreSy  found  at  Ancaster,  a  tesselated 
pavement,  lately  found  at  Lincoln,  with 
various  interesting  reliqucs  of  the  Roman 
period. 

Mr.  Fairless,  of  Hexham,  communicated 
a  note  of  a  stone  cist,  found  near  that 
town,  in  cutting  for  the  Border  Counties 
Railwav.  It  contained  the  skeleton  of  a 
male  adult,  doubled  up,  with  a  small  urn, 
and  a  cup  or  patera.  The  cist  was  formed 
of  stones  set  edgeways,  and  was  placed  in 
the  direction  of  north  and  south.  Some 
traces  of  cremation  appeared  in  this  de- 
posit. 

Mr.  Wardlaw  Ramsay  sent  for  exhibi- 
tion two  bronze  celts  of  an  uncommon 
type,  found  about  ten  miles  from  Stir- 
ling, in  sandy  soil,  and  at  a  great  depth. 
— The  Rev.  (ireville  J.  Chester  presented 
some  flint  arrow-heads,  fabricated  near 
Wliitby.  He  stated  that  these  fictitious 
objects  are  manufactured  to  a  great  extent, 
and  with  sufficient  skill  to  deceive  even 
a  practised  eye.  It  is  believed  that  they 
are  boiled  in  mud,  and  thus  the  surface 
assumes  the  appearance  of  having  been 
long  subject  to  the  effect  of  time  and  ex- 
posure. Amongst  other  forgeries  of  this 
description  produced  near  Fylingdales  and 
Robin  Hood's  Bay,  Mr.  Chester  had  seen 
a  so-called  tish-hook  of  flint. 

Mr.  Adeane  exhibited  a  bronze  lituv^, 
or  augur's  staff*,  lately  obtained  in  Italy. 
Mr.  Minty  produced  a  bow  of  horn,  of 
Oriental  form,  found  in  the  Fens,  near 
Ely ;  also  an  oval  pebble  of  chert,  similar 
in  size  and  form  to  the  egg  of  an  ostrich  : 
it  had  been  found  recently  in  removing 
a  sepulchnd  tumulus  on  Petersfield  Heath, 
Hants.  No  similar  stones  occur  in  the 
neighlwurhood,  and  it  may  have  been 
placed  with  tlie  deposit  in  the  barrow 
from  some  notion  associated  with  ancient 
RU])erstition.  Mr.  Kemble  cited  several 
instances  of  stones,  fossils,  and  other  ob- 
jects, found  accompanying  interments  in 
(uTuiuny.  Mr.  Neville  brought  two  iron 
spcar-heails,  probably  Saxon,  and  of  re- 
markably large  dimensions :  they  were 
found  near  Bishops'  Stortford,  in  railway 
operations.  Mr.  T.  H.  Wyatt  produced  a 
I)laiu  and  representation  of  the  singular 
remains  of  the  "  Bear-pit,"  in  which  the 
grizzly  bruin  was  formerly  baited,  lately 
tuuiid  at  Hackney.  Mr.  I^e  Kcux  exhi- 
bited a  collection  of  drawings  of  Roman 
remains  in  Kent,  and  of  arcliitectural  ex- 
amples iu  that  couuty  and  iu  Dorset.     He 


brought  some  decorative  tiles,  painted 
glass,  &c.,  from  Sherborne  Abbey-church. 
Mr.  Falkner  exhibited  a  representation  of 
a  mural  painting  of  St.  Christopher,  in 
Horley  Churih,  Oxfordshire.  Mr. Tucker 
presented  impressions  from  the  various 
municipal  seals  of  the  dty  of  Exeter, 
and  he  brought  for  examination  several 
early  documents  from  the  muniment  room 
of  the  Cary  family,  at  Tor  Abbey.  Several 
sculptures  in  ivory,  casts,  &c.,  were  brought 
by  Mr.  W.  Burges  and  Mr.  Westwood. 

It  was  announced  that  at  the  next 
meeting,  on  Dec.  5,  a  memoir  would  be 
read  by  Dr.  McPherson,  on  his  recent 
exploration  of  the  catacombs  at  Kertch, 
and  his  discovery  of  ornaments  identical 
with  those  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period 
found  in  this  country. 


SUBBEY  ABCHJBOLOGICAL  SOCISTT. 

A  GSKEBAL  meeting  of  the  members 
and  friends  of  this  Society  was  held  Oct. 
31,  at  Lambeth  Palace.  Although  the 
weather  was  wet  and  uninviting,  nearly 
300  ladies  and  gentlemen  were  present  at 
twelve  o'clock,  when  the  chair  was  taken 
by  the  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  Vice-president  of  the  Society. 

The  meeting  was  held  in  what  is  called 
the  "guard-room"  of  the  palace — an  apart- 
ment which  now  presents  the  appearance 
of,  and  is  used,  we  believe,  on  grand  occa- 
sions as,  the  principal  salle  a  manger  of 
the  archiepiscopal  residence.  The  chamber 
is  hung  round  with  the  portraits  of  bygone 
primates,  painted  by  the  most  esteemed 
artists  of  their  day.  Among  the  prelates 
whose  memorials  are  thus  preserved  are 
Archbishops  Chieheley,  Cranmer,  Parker, 
Whitgift,  Laud,  (by  Vandyke,)  Juxon, 
Sheldon,  Sancroft,  TiUotson,  Tenison,  Ghnn- 
dall,  Fitzallen  or  Arundel,  Abbot,  Wake, 
Herring,  (by  Hogarth,)  Cardinal  Pole, 
Warham,  Potter,  Button,  (by  Hudson,) 
Cornwallis,  (by  Dance,)  Moore,  Seeker, 
(by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,)  Bancrofb,  Sut- 
ton, (by  Beechey,)  Howley,  (by  Sir 
Martin  Arthur  Sbee,)  and  Dr.  Sumner, 
the  present  Archbishop.  The  pictures  in 
the  corridors  comprise  the  four  others  of 
the  Church,  presented  by  CarcQnal  Pole — 
Saints  Ambrose,  Jerome,  Augustine,  and 
Gregory;  Queen  Catherine  Parr,  Lnther 
and  his  wife  (a  very  characteristic  perform- 
ance^ J  Dr.  Wren  (uncle  of  Sir  Christo- 
pher) ;  several  portraits  of  bishops,  and  a 
few  Italian  landscapes  of  little  note. 

The  only  portions  of  the  palace  opened 
on  this  occasion  for  the  inspection  of  the 
Society  were  the  library,  g^ard-room« 
chapel,  and  a  small  apartment  in  the 
Lollards'  Tower,  suppoied  to  have  beta 


712 


Antiquanan  Researches. 


[Dec 


alt4?matcly  a  place  of  imprisonment,  and 
perhaps  torture,  for  Lollards  and  Royalists. 
Tlie  greater  portion  of  the  palace  was  re- 
stored by  the  late  Archbishop  Howley,  and 
a  very  small  part  only  contains  any  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  building.  In  the 
library  are  deposited  many  of  the  m(»t 
curious  and  interesting  books,  manuscrij)t8, 
and  records  in  the  kingdom,  and  many  of 
the  members  would  no  doubt  have  been 
glad  of  the  opportunity  of  examining 
them ;  but  the  apartment  was  so  cold  and 
damp  (the  more  evident  by  contrast  with 
the  crowded  hall  in  which  the  meeting 
was  held),  that  the  most  enthusiastic  anti- 
quaries and  scholars  soon  beat  a  hasty 
retreat,  and  abandoned  the  noble  chamber 
to  its  accustomed  solitude.  The  late  arch« 
bishop,  who  built  the  library  with  much 
taste,  after  the  designs  of  Mr.  Blore,  amply 
provided  for  the  warming  and  ventilation 
of  the  apartment;  but  the  hearths  were 
empty,  and  the  whole  place  wore  a  de- 
pressing appearance  of  loneliness  and  n^- 
lect. 

The  Bishop  of  Winchester  having  been 
called  to  the  chair,  the  right  rev.  prelate 
addressed  the  meeting  as  follows: — "  Ladies 
and  Gentlemen, — 1  am  afraid  I  must  ad- 
dress you  by  that  somewhat  familiar  and 
trite  title,  although  I  would  fain  make  use 
of  worils  more  appropriate  to  the  present 
meeting.  1  may  address  a  large  portion  of 
the  audience  under  the  title  of  archax)- 
logians  or  art'hseologists,  but  1  know  not 
by  what  title  to  describe  the  female  part 
of  the  assembly.  I  am  not  aware  tliat  any 
word  has  yet  been  coined,  even  by  our 
friends  on  the  other  side  of  the  water — the 
Americans — who  arc  so  very  ingenious  in 
the  coinage  of  new  words,  to  describe  a 
female  archaeologist. 

"The  place  in  which  we  are  Assembled 
onght  to  suggest  many  most  interesting 
observations  —  observations,  at  least,  full 
of  importance,  full  of  usefulness,  full  of 
instruction,  I  may  add,  to  those  who  look 
back  upon  history,  not  as  an  old  almanack, 
but  as  a  school  from  which  at  the  present 
day  we  may  derive  advantages  by  looking 
at  the  lights  which  have  gone  before  us, 
and  profit  by  them  as  a  warning  for  the 
fiiture.  I  need  not  tell  you  how  many, 
how  various,  and  how  solemn  are  the  as- 
sociations connected  with  the  house  in 
which  we  are  this  day  assembled  by  the 
kind  permission  of  his  Grace  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  Had  you  visited 
these  precincts  some  few  years  ago,  you 
might  have  found  that  which  indeed  was 
not  well  suited  to  the  want«  of  modern 
times,  but  which  would  have  presentwl  to 
you  the  very  rooms,  the  very  walls,  which 
were  hallowed,  so  to  speak,  by  the  prede- 


cessors of  the  present  Archbishop — tht 
Juxons,  and  \\liitgifts,  and  ParkerH,  and 
Cliicheleys,  aud  a  long  list  of  worthies 
whose  names  will  ever  be  associated  with 
the  pla(^  in  which  they  lived  and  laboured, 
and  shewed  their  love  to  God  and  man. 
The  present  palace  owes  a  great  porticm  of 
its  existence  to  the  munifici-nce  of  the  lat« 
Archbishop  Howley, — a  name  never  to  be 
mentioned  without  veneration  and  bre, 
and  least  of  all  by  one  who  had  the 
privilege  of  knowing  him  long,  and  who 
had  o)>portunities  of  seeing  how  atimestly 
he  watched  over  the  interests  of  the  Church 
of  which  he  was  the  spiritual  head  on 
earth,  as  he  was  also  one  of  its  greatest 
ornaments.  The  room  in  which  we  are 
assembled,  in  its  size  aud  form,  is  the  one 
which  previously  existed ;  but  it  has  been 
greatly  altered,  and  made  suitable  for  the 
accommodation  of  an  audience  like  the 
present.  You  will  be  conducted  over  some 
parts  of  the  building  which  retain  the 
vestiges  of  their  ancient  form,  and  yoa 
will  judge  how  much  interest  attaches  to 
it,  although  little  suited  for  modem  use. 
I  must  be  permitted  to  say  one  word  in 
reference  to  the  subject  of  archaeology, 
because  I  believe  some  observat'ons  which 
I  have  heard  regarding  it  are  foundi-d  in 
mistake.  There  are  those  who  look  upon 
archaK)logians  or  archaeologists — fori  be- 
lieve both  names  are  correct — as  simple  in- 
dividuals, whose  pleasure  it  is  to  pore  over 
musty  records.  Now,  even  if  the  studies 
of  the  archsMilogists  were  only  connected 
with  parchments,  1  need  not  tell  you  tliere 
is  much  of  interest  to  bo  derived  from 
them.  In  fact,  we  have  before  us,  on  the 
agenda  of  the  day,  a  pai>er  the  interest  of 
which  is  derived  fn>m  parchments  and 
deeds.  But  the  archax)l<^st  ranges  over 
a  vast  extent  of  territory.  I  look  on  the 
individual  who  examines  the  ruins  of  Pom- 
peii as  a  very  legitimate  archseologian. 
I  look  upon  the  individual  who  traces  the 
remnants  of  what  was  once  the  mognifi- 
cent  Castle  of  Kenilworth,  and  the  marks 
of  Queen  Elizabeth's  pageantry,  as  a  true 
archieologian,  in  the  truest  and  best  sense 
of  the  word.  Even  if  you  go  to  literature^ 
you  will  find  Bishop  Percy,  in  his  "  Relics 
of  Ancient  Poetry,'*  sliewing  how  much 
there  was  of  the  truest  poetry  in  what 
some  considered  musty  aud  ancient  docu- 
ments. He  is  one  whom  we  sliould  be  glad 
to  bring  under  the  title  of  a  true  archso* 
logian.  I  mention  those  as  examples  on 
which  we  may  be  dinposed  to  defend  tht 
science  of  archieology.  It  is  not  merely 
a  Lemon  and  a  Palgrave  who  may  be  called 
archaH)logi8t  s :  we  claim  all  who  have  a 
1  king  for  ancient  reeonls  and  ancient 
buildings,  or  for  age  in  any  form.     1 


18j6.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


743 


almost  going  to  put  in  a  word  in  favour  of 
old  men;  but  I  think  we  may  venerate 
antiquity  in  material  substances,  if  not  in 
the  human  form.  This  is  not  the  day 
when  the  hoary  head  is  always  looked 
upon  as  a  crown  of  glory.  But  it  may  not 
be  out  of  place  for  one  who  occupies  a  re- 
sponsible position  in  this  diocese  to  state, 
that  it  is  my  earnest  prayer  that  each  one 
whom  I  have  the  pleasure  of  addressing 
nuiy  in  their  day  have  tliat  which  I  believe 
to  be  a  true  glory — the  hoary  head  which 
covei*s  the  heart  imbued  with  love  to  God 
and  love  to  man." 

Mr.  (1.  B.  Webb,  the  honorary  secretary, 
theti  read  the  minutes  of  the  last  general 
meeting,  which  were  confirmed.  A  list, 
cont  lining  the  names  of  twenty-five  new 
members,  was  also  read  and  appi*oved. 

'J'he  Chairman  said  that  among  the  do- 
nations lately  made  to  the  Society  was  one 
of  much  interest  to  archa)ologists — he  re- 
ferred to  the  present  by  Mrs.  Ifowley  of  a 
series  of  drawings  of  the  palace,  as  it  ex- 
isted before  the  alterations,  and  of  the 
buildin^^s  as  thry  now  stoo<l.  The  Right 
Kev.  Prelate  then  announced  that  his 
(irace  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch  had  accepted 
what  he  was  pleased  to  consider  the  honour 
of  presidiuir  over  the  Society,  in  the  room 
of  the  UiteDuke  of  Norfolk. 

Mr.  \V^  H.  Black  (honorary  member) 
then  procci-ded  to  read  a  brief  account  of 
the  mauuscrij)ts  and  records  in  the  palace 
library,  and  also  a  sketch  of  the  title  of 
tlie  palace,  manor,  and  church  of  Lambeth. 
The  following  is  the  substance  of  the 
pa}>er  :  — 

"The  archiepiscopal  library  in  Lambeth 
Palace  is  said  to  have  been  established  by 
Archbishop  Bancroft,  in  the  reign  of  James 
L,  at  leiust  as  to  the  printed  books,  and 
they  have  obviously  been  increasing  in 
number  to  the  i)resent  time,  until  they 
amount  to  a  treasure  of  great  value  and 
variety.  Whether  the  collection  of  MSS. 
owes  its  origin  to  the  same  archbishop  is 
uncoi  ta  n,  yet  probable.  The  want  of  a 
catalogue  of  them  in  the  great  general 
*  Catalogue  of  MSS.  in  England  and  Ire- 
land,* published  in  lGi)7,  prevents  such  a 
coni})aris()u  with  a  later  description  of  them 
as,  in  other  old  libraries,  enahles  the  biblio- 
graphical student  to  trace  the  history  and 
growth  of  the  collection.  Tlie  only  printed 
catalogue  of  the  Lambeth  MSS.  is  that 
which  was  compiled  by  Dr.  Todd,  and  pri- 
vat(  ly  printed  at  the  ex;  enseof  Archbishop 
Manners  Sutton,  in  1812,  folio.  From  that 
work,  which  is  of  unusual  rarity,  and  per- 
sonal ac(|uaintance  with  the  collection,  it 
is  ])rop()sed  to  lay  before  this  Society  a  very 
brief  statement  of  their  nature  and  con- 
tents.    Dr.  Todd  has  wisely  distinguished 


the  collection  into  jyortions,  which  clearly 
point  out  their  lat-er  history;  for  while  most 
compilers  of  such  workn  have  been  coutcnt 
wiih  describing  the  MSS.  in  one  continuous 
series  of  numbers,  he  has  judiciously  di* 
vided  it  into  portions,  which  distinguish 
the  several  collectioas  of  which  it  consists. 
They  are  as  follows :  — 

"  i.  WTiat  he  calls  Codices  Manxtscripta 
Lamhethaniy  inaccurately  for  Lamhethen* 
ses.  No.  1 — 567.  These  are  the  Lambeth 
MSS.,  properly  so  called.  2.  The  Wharton 
MSS..  No.  577—595.  3.  The  Carew  MSS., 
No.  596—638.  4.  The  Tenison  MSS.,  No. 
639 — 928,  including  many  articles  more 
properly  records  than  MSS.  5.  The  Gib- 
son MSS.,  No.  929—919.  6.  The  Miscel- 
laneous MSS.,  No.  913—1,174,  the  last 
article  of  which  should  have  constituted  a 
distinct  class ;  and  lastly,  7.  The  Mamners 
Sutton  MSS.,  No.  1,175—1,221. 

"These  several  divisions  shew  by  their 
names  that  only  two  Archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury, Drs.  Tenison  and  Maimers  Sut- 
ton, were  benefactors  to  the  library ;  but 
in  fact,  the  MSS.  of  Henry  ^Vharton  and 
Edmund  Gibson  (afterwards  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don), two  former  librarians  at  Lambeth, 
and  those  of  George  Carew,  Earl  of  Tot- 
ness,  were  either  bought  and  given  by 
Archbishop  Tenison,  or  deposited  here  (as 
in  the  case  of  Bishop  Gibson's),  because 
they  had  formerly  belonged  in  part  to  that 
archbishop.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  how- 
ever, that  other  archbishops  have  not  been 
collectors  of  MSS.,  for  Archbishop  Parker 
left  the  whole  of  his  invaluable  collection 
to  Corjius  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth;  and  Arch- 
bishop Laud  was  one  of  the  first  and  great- 
est benefactors  to  the  Bodleian  Library, 
where  his  Biblical,  Oriental,  and  other  MSS. 
form  one  principal  constituent  part  of  that 
mighty  store  of  MSS.  with  which  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxfoid  is  enriched.  Archbishop 
Winchelsca  had  long  before  bequeathed 
his  MSS.  to  the  Church  of  Canterbury; 
Archbishop  Cranmer's  were  scattered  at 
his  martyrdom,  and  some  of  them  are  in 
the  Royal  Library— one  or  two  are  here,  as 
if  by  accident ;  and  Archbishop  Wake  be- 
queathed his  printed  books  and  MSS.  to 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  The  first  part  of 
the  Lambeth  collection,  however,  contains 
not  a  few  MSS.  that  belonged,  in  all  pro- 
bability, to  various  archbinhops  in  several 
centuries  prior  to  Archbishop  Tenison. 
One  fine  MS.  (a  Salisbury  Mis>al,  No.  328) 
belonged  to  Archbishop  Chicheley,  in  the 
fifteenth  century;  and  there  are  several 
chronicles  and  chartularies,  and  perhaps 
rituals,  which  appear  to  have  been  ancient 
heirlooms  of  the  archbishopric.  The  576 
Yolumcfl  of  which  it  consists  comprise  all 


rtt 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Dec. 


the  nsiml  variety  of  mediaeval  literature. 
Tbey  are  cbietly  in  Jjatin,  but  Rome  in 
Anglo -Saxon,  old  English,  Norman-French, 
Greek,  and  Arabic.  Tliere  are  valuable 
copies  of  the  works  of  the  anciont  classic 
authors,  fathers,  commentators,  canonists, 
and  schoolmen.  Biblical  MSS.  are  in  con- 
siderable  number.  Hist  ory,  poetry,  genea- 
logy, and  law  may  be  found  here  in  great 
variety.  Some  of  the  ancient  rituals,  as 
missals  and  breviaries,  are  both  ancient 
and  beautifully  embellished  with  illumina- 
tions. The  oldest  MS.  in  this  collection 
appears  to  be  a  copy  of  the  Latin  work  of 
Adhelm,  Bishop  of  Shirbum,  De  Virgini- 
iate,  written  in  the  eighth  centur}',  and 
celebrated  for  the  interesting  picture  or 
delineations  which  it  contains,  and  which 
liave  several  times  been  engraved.  It  re- 
presents the  bishop  sitting  on  a  grotesque 
chair  or  stool,  ])resenting  bis  book  to  the 
abbess  and  nuna  to  whom  it  was  addressed, 
viz.  Hildclitha,  the  "mistress"  of  their 
di8<dpline,  Justina,  Cuthburga,  Osburga, 
Aldgytha,  Scolastica,  Hydburga,  Bymgy- 
tha,  Kulalia,  and  Teela.  The  original  of 
this  sin^ubir  piece  of  literary  curiosity  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  times,  yet  not  written 
in  tlie  Anglo-Saxon  characters,  but  in  a 
foreign  hand,  which  1  conjecture  and  be- 
lieve to  be  that  of  Alcuin,  the  preceptor 
of  Charlemagne,  is  prcHcnted  for  your  in- 
spection on  the  t^ble,  together  with  several 
other  ancient  MSS.  of  different  kinds, 
which  will  be  described  and  exhibited  in 
your  presence  by  the  kind  permission  of 
his  Grace  the  Archbishop,  and  the  much- 
esteemetl  courtesy  of  his  officers,  in  who80 
custody  thev  are  preserved. 

"  The  Wharton  MSS.  consist  of  the  '  Col- 
.leetunea*  of  the  learned  and  lamente<l 
Henry  Wliarton,  that  early  ]>rodigy  of 
learning,  the  compiler  of  the  Anglia 
!Sa<.ra,  and  of  the  'Appendix  to  Cave's 
Jllsioria  LUeraria.'  Except  Archbishop 
Upton,  and  Drs.  Cave  and  Tanner,  few 
in  this  country  have  equalled  him  in  an 
acquaintance  with  the  ancient  theological 
literature  and  ecclesiastical  history  of  this 
island,  and  the  materials  of  his  finishe<l 
and  projected  works  may  be  ccmtemplated 
in  the  principal  scene  of  his  labours.  The 
Carew  MSS.  consist  of  a  prodigious  variety 
of  State  papers  and  historical  documents, 
chiefly  Irish,  of  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth and  James  I.,  in  42  volumes,  includ- 
ing some  few  ancient  MSS.  Tlie  Tenison 
MSS.  exhibit  a  wonderful  insight  into 
the  state  of  religion  in  Euro{)e,  espe- 
cially among  Protestants  of  all  descrip- 
tions throughout  the  world,  in  the  times 
of  the  Commonwealth,  the  two  Stuarts, 
the  iievolution,  and  the  reigns  of  Wil- 
liam III.  and  Queen  Anne,  in  the  ihapc 
10 


of  original  correspondence.  Tlie  oele- 
brat-ed  Bacon  papers^  from  which  the 
great  philosopher's  correspondence  was 
published  by  Dr.  Birch,  and  17  volnmes 
of  the  Shrewsbury  papers,  are  here  also. 
Here,  too,  may  be  found  a  mass  of  his- 
torical, typographical,  gencalo^cal,  le{pd, 
and  polemical  writings,  as  various  as  the 
modem  MSS.  in  the  Harleian  Collection. 
Among  the  ancient  MSS.  there  is  a 
curious  little  volume  of  English  religions 
poetry  of  the  fifteenth  century  (No.  153). 
The  Gibson  MSS.  consist  of  14  volnmes 
in  folio,  serving  as  a  supplement  to  tlie 
foregoing  collection.  What  are  called  the 
'Miscellaneous  MSS.'  are  equally  diver- 
sified in  their  contents.  There  are  many 
historical  and  ecclesiastical  MSS.  of  great 
importance,  including  many  original  docu- 
ments on  evidence,  rituals,  and  books  of 
canons  and  articles,  with  notes  and  sub- 
scriptions thereto,  and  a  remarkable  col- 
lection of  formularies  of  the  coronations 
of  kings  and  queens  of  England.  Many 
of  these  MSS.  have  been  presented  to  the 
successive  archbishops  l^  various  persons; 
but  most  of  them  have  rather  an  official 
cliaracter.  Dr.  Ducanel's  correspondence 
relative  to  his  'History  of  Lambeth  and 
Croydon  Palaces,'  1756  — 1763,  with  a 
copy  of  his  work  on  I^mbeth,  1768^  is 
also  in  this  part  of  the  library. 

"  Archbishop  Seeker's  liequest,  thoogh  a 
large  treasure  in  itself,  standa  but  as  a 
single  article  at  the  end  of  these  '  Miscel- 
laneous MSS.'  Its  peculiar  value  at  the 
present  time  is  such  as  especially  to  in- 
terest those  who,  with  that  learned  and 
admirable  personage,  long  for  a  arientific 
correction  of  the  original  text  of  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures,  and  for  a  thorongh 
revision  of  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  No  pla<.'e  in  the  world  ooo- 
tains  a  nobler  moinimcnt  of  Biblical  scho- 
larship, or  more  precious  contributions  to 
sacred  literature,  tlian  the  private  doiet 
where  (in  his  Grace's  special  custody)  an 
deposited  Seeker's  interlarded  Hebrew  and 
English  Bibles,  and  voluminous  notes  and 
disquisitions  on  passages  of  Scripture. 
When  it  is  considered  that  Becker  pro- 
jected and  promoted  Kenni<.*ott*s  great 
collationri,  and  anticipated  by  his  soimd 
critical  judgment  many  of  the  results  of 
examinatitm  of  Hebrew  MSS.  that  he  had 
never  seen ;  and  when  we  find  under  what 
vast  obligations  Bisliop  Lowth,  Archbishop 
Newcome,  and  others  have  been  to  his  un- 
published MSS.,  it  must  be  admitted  that 
the  single  article,  No.  1,174,  deserves  more 
notice  than  if  it  applied  to  a  single  volume ; 
^  it  is  a  library  of  itself,  destined  some 
happy  day  to  enlighten  and  astonish  the 
world.    Another  Biblical  treasure  is  In  th« 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


745 


Manners  Sutton  MSS.,  wliicli  collection 
contains  22  Greek  MSS.  of  the  Christian 
Scriptures,  mostly,  I  believe,  yet  uncol- 
lated,  or  the  collution  unpublished;  be- 
sides other  Biblical  MSS.  in  Greek,  Syriac, 
Arabic,  and  Armenian;  and  some  collec- 
tions on  heraldry  and  local  antiquities. 
Tlie  superb  Arabic  Koran  which  lies  be- 
fore me  bt^longs  also  to  this  part  of  the 
library,  presented  by  the  Governor-General 
of  India,  tlurough  the  celebrated  Claodius 
Buchanan,  whose  characteristic  and  auto- 
graph note,  dated  Nov.  10,  1805,  attests 
that  it  was  written  for  one  of  the  Sultans 
400  years  ago,  possessed  by  his  successors^ 
and  captured  by  the  British  from  Tippoo, 
at  Seringapfttam.  He  calls  it  "the  most 
valuable  Koran  of  Asia." 

"  It  now  remains  for  me  briefly  to  de- 
scri])c  the  Records.  These  are  now  pro- 
perly distinguished  and  separated  from 
the  MSS.  (among  which  some  of  them 
were  formerly  rejKjrted  and  placed),  and 
are  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  ec- 
clesiastical, the  local,  and  even  the  public 
bistor^'  of  this  country.  The  Archiepis- 
copal  Registers  l)cgin  with  that  of  Arch- 
bishop Peckham,  in  1278,  and  come  down 
to  the  present  time.  It  is  certain  that 
Archbishop  Kilwardby,  when  he  left  this 
country  for  Italy,  and  was  made  Cardinal, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  took  with  him 
his  own  and  his  predecessors*  registers. 
His  successor  appUed  for  them,  and  other 
valuables  of  this  see,  in  vain;  and  they 
have  not  since  been  heard  of.  Some  years 
ago,  when  I  had  the  direction  of  foreign 
researches  for  the  late  Record  Commission, 
1  caused  diligent  inquiries  to  be  made  at 
Rome  and  elsewhere  in  Italy,  without  dis- 
covering any  trace  of  their  existence.  How- 
ever, those  which  remain  are  a  magnificent 
and  voluminous  series  of  records,  written 
on  vellum  and  massively  boimd.  They  are 
renderetl  accessible  by  means  of  a  volu- 
minous series  of  indexes,  compiled  by  the 
indefatigable  Dr.  Dncanel.  The  original 
I'apal  bulls  are  both  ancient  and  import- 
ant, and  relate  to  affairs  both  pubhc  and 
private,  from  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth 
century  to  the  Reformation,  122  in  num- 
ber, bound  in  two  volumes.  I  recollect 
that  all  the  bulls  which  I  could  collect  at 
the  Rolls  House  were  only  about  900,  and 
at  the  Tower  there  were  200  more;  so 
that  those  at  Lambeth  l)ear  no  small  pro- 
portion to  the  number  of  these  Papal  in- 
struments in  the  pubhc  archives  of  the 
nation. 

"  The  next  series  of  records  is  entitled 
ChartfB  Antiques  et  MtscellanetBt  and  con- 
sist of  original  instruments,  on  vellum  or 
parchment,  collected  and  bound  in  thir- 
teen very  large  volumes.  These  precious 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


and  beautiful  documents,  reaching  back 
almost  to  the  Conquest,  constitute  the 
principal  evidences  of  the  possessions,  pri- 
vileges, and  immunities  of  the  see  of 
Canterbury ;  and  they  have  suffered  much 
from  the  barbarous  way  in  which  they 
were  formerly  bound.  Since  I  first  was 
acquainted  with  them.  Dr.  Maitland  (the 
late  keeper)  has  shewn  astonishing  care 
and  skill  in  the  restoring,  repairing,  and 
rebinding  these  records,  so  as  to  preserve 
the  seals  from  further  damage.  These 
seals — royal,  baronial,  ecclesiastical,  and 
private — are  a  study  in  themselves;  and 
after  all  their  injurious  treatment  from 
time  and  improper  usage,  they  retain  great 
beauty  and  curiosity.  In  one  of  these 
volumes  are  contained  the  title-deeds  of 
Lambeth,  already  exhibited  to  you;  and 
in  the  same  book  I  found,  in  1854,  the 
original  Commission  for  revising  the  Li- 
turgy, which  is  printed  in  the  returns  that 
I  had  the  honour  of  drawing  up  from  the 
Lambeth  archives,  in  pursuance  of  an 
address  to  the  Queen  for  the  production 
of  the  labours  of  the  Royal  Commissioners 
in  1689,  until  recently  never  disclosed. 

"Not  only  natural  history,  but  in  an 
especial  manner  topography,  may  derive 
illustration  from  the  highly  important  and 
exceedingly  diversified  documents  which 
are  preserved  among  these  ancient  char- 
ters. Among  the  most  esteemed  records 
at  Lambeth  are  the  "Parliamentary  Sur- 
veys of  Ecclesiastical  Benefices,"  in  the 
time  of  the  Commonwealth,  which  are 
continually  used  in  evidence.  There  also 
are  "  Books  of  IVesentations  to  Bene- 
fices," and  "Counterparts  of  Leases  of 
Church  Lands,"  made  at  the  same  period, 
by  authority  of  Parliament.  These  re- 
cords are  of  great  use,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, in  tracing  the  history  of  Church 
property,  and  consequently  are  resorted  to 
by  the  lawyer  and  the  local  historian. 
There  are  also  documents  of  various  kinds 
in  the  Gatehouse,  belonging  to  the  courts, 
whether  manorial  or  judicial,  of  the  arch- 
bishop. No  published  description  has  yet 
been  made  of  these,  that  I  am  aware  of, 
correspondent  with  their  mag^nitude  and 
value.  There  is  also  a  series  of  papers^ 
generally  reported  to  be  records,  but  not 
properly  such,  called  the  NotUia  ParO" 
chialis  (No.  960-5),  oonsihting  of  returns 
or  statements  from  1,579  parish  churches 
in  1705,  from  which  valuable  informution 
has  been  obtained  respecting  many  pa« 
rishes  in  England.  It  most  not  l>e  for- 
gotten, in  conclusion,  that  the  Archiepis- 
copal  Registers  contain  entries  of  many 
ancient  wills  proved  before  the  aroh* 
bishop,  which  are  nowhere  else  to  be 
found:  among  these  is  the  will  of  John 

5d 


716                              Antiquarian  Retearchet.  [E 

Guwcr,  thv  puet,  wlilcli  wiui  pabliahcd  by  liith,  uid  then  Itte  tn  the  tsnim  or  a 

I)r.  I'lHld,  I'nnti  Arvhliiahap  ATuiidel's  Ke-  paUon  oT  Hichard  ITmlitingale,  to  the 

pUter,  ill  his  '  lUnstiiitioii*  ol'  Gowlt  «nd  of  Aihinole  fbr  hi»  life,  ind  ■fto'  hi* 

Ch.iiUKi','  mill  uflcnmrdii  moro  aocarntvly  ccue  to  the  hk  cif  EliiBbeth  his  i 

l>]r  iiiv  in  tho   E-icrrpla  Ituloriea ;    or,  dunghlcT  of  Sir  Wlliiam  Dngdale,  in 

i'uUfrliiava  Tupugrii^iea."  of  her  jointure,  uil  kfter  ber  duoean 

Mr.  Joliii  Wickham  Flow  it  having  reiul  the  lue  of  the  bein  of  Aihinole. 

wiiiuL'itrai.-liifrulnaluliFT«nitaininf;aome  Tlii*  proptrty  wu  conveyed  to  Ashi 

lKi>wi|it':t  in  Ihti  life  ot  .Vrchbiabop  Luud, —  by   John   Plnmcr,   Esq.,  of  Oray'i   i 

Itr.  Yiiung  cxhiUtul  ■  heuuliM  nn'vd  Ucntleiiian,  and  Maiy  bia  wife,  by  ini 

ivory  Clip  iir  chal  ce,  aliunt  (ixtetii  inuliea  ture  dated  Hay  *,  1686. 

bi);ti,  n-.tli  n  covlt  of  the  aiimu  luatcrial,  £liiabcth  AJIimole,  after  her  hnifaa 

fbniiirlr  l>cluiit^nt(  to  Archbiatinp  Laud,  di-ath,  married  John  Reymilda,  who, 

'Ihc  vi'iw-l  (Ur.  Yuuil);  dMervod)  had  bi'en  tliony  Wood  mya,  waa  a  atoiie.catter, 

ill  lliL'  puwviwuin  cif  ODD  liiinily  ti>r  many  in   the  marriage  lettlement,  dated  A 

yLiini  uud  with  it  was  a  i^ld  uiedal  pru-  19,  169S.  he  U  described  a*  a  mcavh 

Heiitfd  by  Liiud  to  Hi<urii,  f<ir  having  de-  Aiid  Ibat  BCUUmeut  compriaea  a  mean 

ftndi'd  liim  at  hia  trial.    Tlio  medal  and  or   munsion-hoiue,   witli   oulhoue^   | 

cii])  b id  U'Lii  haiiileil  ilown  fiiim  g-tieru-  dMU, orcbards.  and  conrth ntoato  in  Se 

tioii  to  K>'i<')Vtluli  111  thu  ftiiuily  of  Ileum.  Lanibrtli,  and  late  in  the  occapatioi 

u'bii-li  luid  aliki  in  itii  tKuwciiiiioii  iicvi'»l  Eliiu  Asbinole ;  and  which,  after  the  d( 

k'ltiri  frum  CluirUii  I.  to  the  aroiibiiiliup,  of  Mra.  Itt'ynold^  in  April,  1701,  tk'a 

uii.i    bIm  Mine  convHiiondence  witli  re-  tlio  properly  Ol  her  hnafaand.  Mr.  I 

lerciiC!  to   tliu  Ruld   mi-dal.     Dr.  Yuniift  luildi,  and  waa  by  him  nettled  oa  Hilc 

uild  (I,  tliat  hit  tiad  mt  dimbt  wliatnvvr  iif  I*ro«de,  ofSlepiiey,  widow,  whom  heal 

the  untluiiitii^t;  of  tbo  eup,  which  atill  wardi  iiuuried,  by  deed  dated  Sep:. 

bur.-  till'  KtainH  of  nii-ratncntal  vine.  VWi. 

'Hio  \U-\:  Chiirka  BuablL  X.A.  (hono-  A  vote  of  tliankt  to  the  Kahop  of  V 

r.iiy  lUiMibi-r),  then  nsd  a  brivf  diiimp-  chcatiT  waa  pawed,  and  the  eampany 

tiiiii  01'  LuiiilH-th  l^iLuv,  Hud  tbf  prinrijjtil  pHrtnL 

ol.jci-i9  .,f  iiiu-n«t  ill  it.    At  tbe  coiidu-  

BiDn  of  tlw  rvV.  grnth-utnti'a  oIin.1  v.iUunii, 

thu  111.  inb  ra  and  viutom  nqkiii  td  ti.  tlie  tobkshiek  riiixoAOrHIClL  (OCUn 

clinjivl,  wliiTO  lit'  diieribed  tlie  ehii-f  ob-  At  the  meeting  of  thia  Society,  I 

Jn-ta  .  i  iuli<n.-.t.    Tiii>  p  irty.  or  aa  Duiiy  uf  Nov.  4,  the  Rev.  C.  WeUbelovcd  prean 

UiL'ui  t»  iiNikl  w[n>'ezu  thi^r  way  up,  ni'it  twelve  Hhort^croait  pennica  of  Unii;  . 

liToc.id.'dtdthcLuUuTaa'Tuwt.T.  Uiitlivir  or  Henry  II.,  part  of  a  board  lately 

rotum,  covered  at   Burnley,    along  with    U 

Ur.  (.'oriuT  rt'ad  a  paiwr  nn  three  dut-da  S(»tch  cuni  of  William   1.  [tbe   U 

0(e«niied  hy   KliaH  AJilimolc,  reliting  to  rpminhi  uf  xeventy  penniea  <^  the  a 

h's  1 iiu  ut.  Suiub  Lambeth.  wHianing  to  kind,  with  two  eoini  of  the  Srottiib  k: 

tliut  of  llic  Tnuhwiinta.     By  tlie  fint  of  were  fiwiid   in  the  north   aiale  of  I 

tlll'Hl:dt■vll^dlltedltth  Jolr,  34Cluu.iI.,  Miiuter  chinr,  after  the  Hrat  tkn.    ' 

ItolH-rt  SiiU'rliii,  of  the  Midille  Temple,  Baniilcy  crani   are   from    the   mtnta 

Loiiiloii,  lli'iitlcnian,  hrotbttr  and  Iii^  of  Yurfc,   Ihirham,  ChichHtrr,   Gieter,  1 

'DiuiuaM  }^>rlin,  tuti-  of  thu  Middle  Tern-  wicii,  Lincoln,  Lynn,  UiG^rd,  Bochea 

pie,  Vm\^  (aullior  of "  Siilerfiii'a  Kqxirtii,''!  St.  Kduiundahnry,    or    perhap*    Shaf 

voiivi'yed  to  John  lhi|{dal>',of  thei-ily  aiiu  hnry.    Mr.  Wellbeloved  alao  preeenta 

I'ounty  of  Cuvimtry,  )is|.,  in  tnut  fiir  Anil-  pcimv  of  Henry  HI.,  with  the  long^i 

iiiolc,  a  luincty  of  a  meMnuice  or  tenement,  found  at  York,  (Vom  the  London  m 

Kiird>ii  uiul  iiri'linn),  idlDate  in  South  [juiu-  K.  H.  Kc^itanl,  Eaq.,  of  SutdtrlaDd-w 

liclh.     And  li}' Ihe  other  two  divds,  Iking  near  Driffield,  praMtnted  a  large  Bri 

u  leuM)  iind  rcUiue,  dated  25th  ami  20th  nilfiii,  formed  of  a  ungle  oak-titie,  fb 

Juni',2  Jaiwv  lUKliaa  A>liiiioh?,uf  SiHitli  iin  hia  eHtate.     It  is  remarkable  t^ 

l^mlH'lh,   Km).,  conveyed    to    Sir   John  dinu'iiririni,  being  aereo  foet  long  and  I 

Diigiliik'  and   ^^"lUiam   lliun^,  of  the  fi!Ct    louut    aud   ai   containing    nn 

M  id<llu  Teiii]ile.  Kiiq.,  a  tuvMiiat^  or  tene-  laidiiw,  tbe  bonvs  of  whii^h  eruinbl«l 

uii-iit,  and  gjrdiii.  with  uii  orchard  tliercto  laccea  on  eipuanre  to  the  air. 

Iietoligiigt  a  cliMU  called  Smith'*  Cloie,  The  Uuv.  John  Kenrick  read  a papw 

with  II  l»rn  thiTuon;  a  rluiie  called  Forty-  tbe  eoiiu  found  near  Warter,  ana  t 

iwiici'.  four  aercK  of  lauil  in  South  Lain-  aeiit«l  to  tbo  Mnieuin  hy  Lord  Lam 

b<-tli  li.  hL  1111(1  two  oilier  don*  of  hind,  borough  and  W.  H.  lUad,  Kaq.,  of  «rtl 

i»ie  111'  wliich  WHS  colleil  Thorpe  Cloac —  an  ait'ount  waa  given  at  the  lait  moot 

all  lying  in  boutb  I^ubeth,  alua  Lambe-  luccUng.    "  They  b(^n  with  V  ' 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


747 


elude  Gkdlienns,  and  the  period  of  the  so- 
called  Thirty  Tyrants,  and  conclude  with 
Aurelian,  comprehending  a  space  of  seven- 
teen years— from  a.d.  253  to  270.  TUe 
re'gn  of  Valerian,  with  which  it  opens, 
exhibits  the  deepest  degradation  which 
the  majesty  of  the  Roman  Empire  ever 
underwent — the  Parthian  king  Sapor  hav- 
ing made  use  of  the  captive  monarch's 
neck  as  a  footstool  from  which  to  mount 
his  horse,  and  after  death  caused  his  skin 
to  be  stufled  with  hay,  and  exhibited  in 
one  of  the  temples.  During  the  reign  of 
Gallienus,  the  frontiers  of  the  empire 
were  invaded  by  the  barbarians,  and  its 
dismemberment  seemed  imminent,  from 
the  usurpations  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants. 
Claudius  Gothicus,  the  successor  of  Gal- 
lienus, repelled  the  Alemanni  and  the 
Goths;  and  Aurelian,  by  putting  an  end 
to  the  power  of  Zenobia  in  the  East,  and 
Tetricus  in  the  West,  restored  the  unity  of 
the  empire,  while  he  suppressed  the  fac- 
tions of  Kome,  and  surrounded  the  city 
with  a  wall  of  such  circuit  and  strength, 
that  she  seemed  secure  from  the  attacks 
of  the  barbarians.  The  period,  therefore, 
has  a  sort  of  epic  unity. 

"  The  misfortunes  of  the  empire,  from 
the  captivity  of  Valerian  to  the  reign  of 
ClaudiiLs,  have  been  generally  attributed 
to  the  weakness  and  vices  of  Gallienus. 
His  history  has  been  derived  from  two 
sources,  neither  of  which  is  free  from  the 
imputation  of  partiality.  Trebellius  Pol- 
lio,  who  gives  a  most  unfavourable  view 
of  his  character,  dedicates  his  work  to 
Constantine.  He  traced  his  descent  from 
Claudius,  whom  the  soldiers  suljstituted 
for  the  son  of  Gallienus,  when  the  father 
had  been  assassinated.  Zosimus,  on  the 
other  hand,  who  describes  Gallienus  as  an 
active  and  vigorous  ruler,  being  a  Pagan, 
was  bitterly  hostile  to  Constantine,  as 
having  established  Christianity.  Histo- 
rians liave  usually  followed  Trebellius. 
Gibl)on,  (eh.  xi.)  in  his  epigrammatic  way, 
sums  up  the  character  of  Gallienus  in 
these  words : — 

•  In  every  art  that  he  attempted,  his  lively 
genius  enabled  him  to  succeed ;  and,  as  his  (genius 
was  destitute  of  judg^mcnt,  he  attempted  every 
art  t  xccpt  the  important  ones  of  war  and  go- 
vernment. He  was  master  of  several  curious 
but  useless  sciences,  a  ready  orator,  an  elegant 
poet,  a  skilfui  gardener,  an  excellent  cook,  and 
a  most  contemptible  prince.' 

"Without  undertaking  to  reverse  the 
judgment  of  history,  or  maintain  the 
truth  of  the   inscription  on  his  arch   at 


Rome,  *  Galliewo  clemektissimo  Pbin- 

CIPI   CUJT78     INVICTA     TIBTUS    SOLA    PIK- 

TATE  SUPEKATA  EST,*  we  may  observe, 
Trebellius  evidently  tdma  at  giving  an 
unfavourable  turn  to  all  his  words  and 
actions,  if  they  can  be  made  to  bear  such 
an  interpretation.  Gallienus  seems  to 
have  suffered  for  his  quickness  in  repartee, 
and  to  have  been  set  down  as  frivolous 
and  weak,  in  consequence  of  his  propensity 
to  give  a  ludicrous  turn  to  serious  things. 
He  had  a  jesting  answer  for  every  an- 
nouncement of  a  revolt  or  a  conquest. 
Thus,  when  Egypt  revolted,  he  observed, 
'Quid?  sine  lino  iEgyptio  esse  non  i)os- 
aumus?'  and  when  a  similar  event  took 
place  in  Gbiul,  he  smiled,  and  said,  'Non 
sine  Atrabaticis  sagis  tuta  Respublica  est  ?* 
(Treb.  c.  6.)  There  may,  however,  have 
been  policy  and  wisdom  in  treating  lightly 
the  losses  of  the  empire,  when  others  were 
disheartened ;  and  the  true  way  of  judging 
whether  his  laughter  was  'the  laughter 
of  a  fool,'  is  to  inquire  whether  all  ended 
in  a  jest.  Now,  in  all  the  cases  which 
Trebellius  records,  we  find  that  Gallienus 
took  effectual  measures  to  remedy  the 
losses,  the  news  of  which  he  affected  to 
treat  so  lightly.  His  general,  Theodotus, 
made  prisoner  iEmilianus,  who  had  raised 
Egypt  in  revolt  *,  and  led  an  army  against 
Posthumus,  who  had  made  himself  inde- 
pendent in  Gaul ;  and  Gallienus  carried  on 
the  war  against  him  for  a  long  time  with 
various  success**.  The  Scythians  were 
driven  out  of  Asia  by  his  generals,  and  he 
led  an  army  agiiiiist  the  Goths,  surprised 
them,  and  cut  many  of  them  to  pieces  ^ 
His  death  was  that  of  a  soldier.  A  false 
alarm  was  given  at  night  in  the  camp  at 
Milan,  that  Aureolus,  at  the  head  of  the 
insurgent  lUyrian  legions,  was  marcliing 
to  the  attack.  Gbllienus  rose  hastily  from 
supper  to  repel  them,  without  waiting  for 
bis  body-guard,  and  was  killed  by  the 
prefect  of  the  Dalmatian  horse''.  The 
soldiers,  on  his  death,  broke  out  into  sedi- 
tion, and  complained  that  they  had  been 
deprived  of  an  emperor  'sibi  utilem,  ne- 
cessarium,  fortem,  efficacem;'  and  it  was 
only  by  a  bribe  of  twenty  aurei  each  that 
they  were  induced  to  allow  his  name  to  be 
inserted  in  the  Fasti  as  a  Tyrant.  He  was 
certainly  not  the  man  whom  the  age  de- 
manded ;  but  though  contemptible  for 
private  vices,  he  was  not  contemptible  as 
a  general  or  a  sovereign. 

it  is  well  understooid  that  the  name  of 
l^rants,  applied  to  those  generals  who 


•  Treb.  c.4.  ... 

^  "  Ixjngo  bello  tracto  per  divorsaa  obsidiones  et  pugnas,  rem  modo  fclicitei,  mode  infelicitcr  ges- 
sit."  Treb.  c.  4.— lie  was  himself  wonnded  by  an  arrow.  Even  Trebellius  acknowledges  that  thers 
was  in  him  *'  subita  virtutis  audada,**  (c.  7.) 

c  Treb.  c.  13.  *  Zoaim.  L  41. 


748 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


[Dec. 


uflurped  sovereignty  in  varioos  parts  of 
the  empire,  means  nothing  more  than  tliat 
they  were  unsuccessful  in  their  enterprises. 
The  historian  who  gives  them  this  name 
acknowledges  that  several  of  them  were 
men  of  high  merit  and  military  skill.  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave  (*  Hist,  of  English  Com- 
monwealth/ eh.  xi.)  does  not  admit  that 
they  were  in  any  sense  usurpers,  but 
patriotic  men*,  who,  seeing  the  empire  in 
a  state  of  dissolution,  and*  the  central 
government  incapable  of  protecting  the 
provinces,  set  up  independent  kingdoms, 
with  the  assent  of  the  provincial  armies 
and  people.  Without  attempting  to  ana- 
lyse the  motives  of  Victorinus,  Posthumus, 
and  Tetricus,  we  can  hardly  be  wrong  in 
rejoicing  that  their  attempts  failed.  Had 
the  Roman  Empire  been  dismembered  at 
this  period,  the  probability  is  that  pagan- 
ism would  have  continued  much  longer 
predominant,  since  the  power  of  Constan- 
tino, when  sole  emperor,  was  barely  ade- 
quate to  the  establishment  of  Christianity'. 
Independent  kingdoms,  founded  in  tills 
age,  before  the  healthful  infusion  of  the 
Teutonic  element  into  Western  Europe, 
would  only  have  perpetuated  the  vices  of 
the  Roman  Empire:  like  slips  from  a 
blighted  and  decaying  tree,  they  would 
have  had  no  healthy  vitality.  Of  this  the 
Byzantine  Empire  is  a  proof. 

"  If  any  province  could  have  maintained 
itself  in  independence,  it  would  have  been 
Gaul, — with  whose  fortunes,  in  this  age, 
Britain  and  Spain  were  always  closely 
connected.  And  if  any  of  the  Thirty  Ty- 
rants deserved  the  character  given  them 
by  Sir  F.  Palgrave,  it  may  be  adjudged  to 
Posthumus',  and  his  sui'ccssor  Tetricus, 
under  whom  Gaul  enjoyed  internal  peace 
and  prosperity.  Britain  appears  to  have 
partaken  in  these  advantages.  Tliat  it 
was  subject  to  the  rulers  of  Gaul  is  evi- 
dent from  the  inscriptions  which  have  been 
found  here.  The  names  of  Posthumus  and 
Victorinus  occur  in  inscriptions  near  Breck- 
nock**, and  three  have  Ixjen  found  at  Clau- 
sen turn  (Bitt<?rn,  near  Southampton),  in 
honour  of  Tetricus'.  Indeed,  it  was  im- 
pos-tible  that  Britain  should  long  be  held 
by  a  power  seated  in  Rome,  if  Gaul,  which 
included  all  the  harbours  of  the  channel, 
was  in  hostile  hands.  The  scanty  records 
of  the  times  do  not  inform  us  if  any  of 
these  Gallic  rulers  visited  or  resided  in 
Britain,  but  the  coins  oF  Victorinus  and 
Tetricus  are  very  abundant  here,  especially 


in  York  and  Aldboroiigli,  and  their  Tidnity. 
It  is  more  remarkable  that  we  shoald  find 
among  the  coins  lately  presented  nine  of 
Quintillus  fbrother  of  CLradios  Gothicns), 
who  reigned  only  seventeen  dayi,  and  three 
of  Marius,  who  reigned  only  three.  No 
time  seems  to  have  been  lost  by  the  new 
emperors  in  announcing  their  accession  to 
distant  parts  of  the  empire,  and  claiming 
the  prerogatives  and  titles  of  aov&Mgotj, 
Florianus,  the  half-brother  of  the  Emperor 
Tacitus,  assumed  the  purple  on  his  hro- 
ther's  death,  and  died  two  months  after,  at 
Tarsus;  yet  an  inscription  to  him  has  been 
found  at  Durobrivse  (Custor,  near  Peter- 
borough ^), 

"  Of  all  the  Tyrants,  Tetricos  was  the 
only  one  who  divl  not  come  to  a  violent 
end.  Aurclian,  having  reoonqnered  the  East, 
marched  into  Gaul,  and  in  a  great  battle 
in  the  plains  of  Clialoai  defeated  him,  and 
carried  him  and  his  son  and  associate  in 
the  government  in  triumph  to  Rome. 
Their  lives  were  spared, — a  high  oflfioe  in 
Italy  was  given  to  Tetricus:  his  head  ii 
found  with  that  of  Anrelian  on  imperial 
coins ',  and  the  inscriptions  in  his  honour 
appear  to  have  been  spared,  eontraiy  to 
the  usual  practice.  And  so^  for  a  time, 
the  unity  of  the  empire  was  restored.' 


w 


LEICESTEBSHIRE  ABCUl  1 KCTU  HAL  A5B 
ABCUjEOLOOICAL  BOCIETT. 

Oct.  27,  G.  H.  Novinson,  Esq.,  in  Uw 
chair. 

Mr.  Tliompson  produced,  in  lien  of  soma 
Roman  ix>ttery  which  he  had  expected,  a 
manuscript  belonging  to  the  Leicester 
Town  Library.  Tliough  lettered  on  the 
back  as  a  manuscript  Missal,  it  appeared 
to  be  a  scries  of  Homilies  in  EZnglish  upon 
the  C^ospels  for  the  Sundays  and  holy-days 
throughout  the  year.  Tlie  date  of  it  b 
prol)a1)ly  the  fifteenth  oeutanr.  It  may 
have  1>een  used  in  one  of  the  rel^oot 
houses  of  Leicester  before  the  Reforma- 
tion, and  shortly  after  the  disperrion  at 
their  books  have  found  its  way  into  the 
Town  Library,  which  contains  other  vain- 
able  manuscripts. 

Mr.  Webster  exhibited  some  fragments 
of  glass  mosaics,  which  he  picked  up  in 
the  mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  Constantinoplfl^ 
in  the  month  of  June,  1848,  from  among 
the  rubbish  lying  on  the  floor  of  the 
building,  which  was  then  undergoing  re- 
pairs.  'i1iey  were  bits  of  glass,  of  different 


*  It  appeal 8,  howoviT,  that  roflthumu8  employed  Franklah  troops  in  support  of  his  revolt  fraa 
>allienuK ; — a  daniferouR  procedcnt.    Treb.  c.  7. 
'  Valerian  had  put  C^-prian  to  death,  but  (iallienus  was  not  a  perwcntor. 
s  '*  IIic  vir  in  bello  fo'riissimus  in  puce  conHtantisslmus,  in  omni  vita  gravissimus."  Treb.  de  Poet- 


thumo,  ad  init. 
»»  Arcbseol.,  vol.  iv.  p.  7. 
k  Artis  Durobrive,  pL  zv. 


i  C.  R.  Smith,  in  "  Winchester  Contress^**  p.  168. 
I  Numism.  Journal,  xiv.  49. 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches. 


749 


colours,  some  of  them  gilt,  roughly  em- 
bedded in  plaster.  The  gilding  appears 
to  have  been  effected  by  gold-leaf  being 
introduced  between  a  thick  and  a  thin 
layer  of  glass.  Wyatt,  in  his  "  Mosaics/' 
says  that  glass  mosaic  came  up  at  Con- 
stantinople soon  after  the  seat  of  the  em- 
pire was  removed  thither,  which  was 
A.D.  329.  These  specimens,  to  judge  from 
the  rudeness  of  their  execution,  were  per- 
haps of  the  age  of  Justinian,  who  rebuilt 
the  church  of  St.  Sophia,  a.d.  531 — 538,  on 
the  site  of  two  former  churches  which 
had  been  burnt  down. 

Mr.  Gresley  exhibited  some  silver  medals 
of  King  Charles  the  First : — 1,  a  small  one 
commemorative  of  the  marriage  of  the 
king  and  Henrietta  Mana,  with  their  busts 
in  profile :  reverse,  a  winged  figure  scatter- 
ing fiowers,  circumscribed  fvndit  .  amob  . 
LiLiA  .  MIXTA  .  Eosis  .  1625; — 2,  arather 
larger  medal,  by  N.  Briot,  with  the  king's 
bust :  reverse,  a  ship  in  full  sail,  with  the 
legend,  nec  .  meta  .  mihi  .  QV^  .  tebmi- 
Nvs  .  ORBi  .  1630 ; — 3,  a  thin  medal  with 
a  ring  to  suspend  it  by,  with  the  king's 
bast  in  high  relief:  engraved  reverse,  the 
royal  anns,  crown,  and  garter; — 4,  the 
king's  bust,  with  the  legend,  svccessob 
VERVS  YTRivsQVE :  reverse,  an  animal  in 
flames,  apparently  with  the  neck  cut 
through,  and  the  legend,  constantia 
c.F.SARis  .  lAJS'  .  30,  1648,  being  the  day 
of  the  king's  martyrdom.  Mr.  Gresley 
also  exhibited  a  cast  of  the  same  king's 
Oxford  Crown,  with  a  view  of  the  city 
under  the  horse. 

The  chairman  reported  to  the  meeting 
the  result  of  some  further  excavations  in 
the  Abbey-grounds  at  Leicester,  by  which 
the  foundations  of  old  walls  have  been  ex- 
posed to  view ;  but  at  present  it  was  im- 
possible to  assign  them  to  any  particular 
buildings  of  the  abbey.  His  remarks  were 
illustrated  by  two  plans  by  Mr.  Millican. 

At  the  Committee-meeting,  a  discussion 
arose  res])ecting  the  expense  of  the  So- 
ciety's share  in  the  volume  of  Reports 
and  Papers  for  the  last  year,  issued  jointly 
by  the  Northamptonshire,  Yorkslure,  and 
other  Architectural  Societies.  It  appeared 
from  the  correspondence  read,  that  the 
book  might  be  got  up  by  a  printer  in 
the  c(mntry  equally  well  and  at  much 
less  expense  than,  as  at  present,  in  Lon- 
don. There  is  also  considerable  difficulty 
in  arranging  satisfactorily  the  several 
amounts  to  be  paid  by  each  Society :  the 
Yorkshire  Society,  for  instance,  having 
incurred  a  heavy  expense  for  the  illustra- 
tions accomi)anying  its  papers,  from  which 
each  Society  derives  equal  benefit.  Mr. 
Thompson  gave  notice  that  at  the  next 
meeting    he    should    propose    that    the 


Leicestershire  Society  withdraw  from  its 
present  connection  with  the  above-men- 
tioned publication,  and  print  annually  for 
the  members  a  volume  of  their  own 
papers  and  proceedings. 

Mr.  Gresley  informed  the  Committee 
that  Stukeley's  Account  of  Croyland 
Abbey,  read  by  him  at  the  general  meet- 
ing last  year,  and  printed  at  their  re- 
quest, was  now  completed. 


KILKENNY  AND   SOUTH-EAST  OP  IBELAND 
ABCHJEOLOGICAL   SOCIETY. 

The  November  meeting  of  this  Society 
was  held  Nov.  5 ;  the  Very  Rev.  the  Dean 
of  Leighlin  in  the  chair. 

A  communication  was  read  from  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Reade,  accompanying  a  draw- 
ing, fnll  size,  of  an  ancient  bronze  pendant 
ornament  for  a  bridle,  found  In  a  bog 
near  Ardee,  together  with  a  spear-head  of 
bronze;  also  drawings  of  a  lai^e  bronze 
cloak-pin. 

A  letter  was  received  from  the  Rev. 
John  O'Hanlon,  Dublin,  describing  the 
materials  amassed  to  elucidate  the  topo- 
graphy and  antiquities  of  the  Queen's 
county,  and  preserved  in  the  Ordnance 
Survey-Office,  Phoenix-park,  Dublin. 

John  Windele,  Esq.,  Cork,  sent  a  com- 
munication on  Ardmore  Round  Tower, 
county  of  Waterford,  giving  a  description, 
from  a  rare  pamphlet,  of  the  siege  of  that 
ancient  building  by  the  Royalist  forces  in 
16-i2.  The  ancient  Irish  annals  record 
the  fact  of  the  round  towers  having  been 
besieged  and  taken  frequently  before  the 
Anglo-Norman  invasion,  but  the  circum- 
stance of  one  of  those  curious  buildings 
having  been  applied  to  defensive  purposes 
at  so  late  a  period  as  the  seventeenth 
cetitury,  appears  to  have  escaped  the  at- 
tention of  archseolc^ical  inquirers,  till  Mr. 
Croflon  Croker  made  the  transcript  of  the 
rare  pamphlet  which,  by  the  permission  of 
Mr.  Hanna,  of  Downpatrick,  who  purchased 
it  at  the  sale  of  Mr.  Croker's  library,  was 
now  brought  under  the  attention  of  the 
Society,  by  Mr.  Windele. 

A  paper  was  read,  from  a  member  of 
the  Society,  on  "Woods  and  Fastnesses, 
and  their  Denizens,  in  ancient  Leinster," 
illustrating,  in  an  exceedingly  interesting 
manner,  the  condition  of  this  part  of  Ire- 
land in  the  olden  time,  and  atfording  a 
curious  glimpse  of  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  Irish  chieftains,  who,  en- 
trenched in  their  wooded  fastnesses,  defied 
the  power  of  the  English  Qovcmment  to 
outroot  them.  The  paper,  whilst  enabling 
one  to  form  a  tolerably  accurate  idea  of 
the  ancient  sylvan  state  of  Ireland,  alio 


750 


Antiquarian  Retearehet. 


[D 


elucidated  some  remarkable  points  in  the 
natural  history  of  the  country. 

Another  paper  was  contributed  by  the 
same  writer,  *'0n  the  Scandinavians  in 
I^einstcr/'  shewing  tliat  the  Danes  had 
retained  their  hold  on  many  parts  of  the 
province,  es|>ccially  the  seaport  towns, 
long  after  they  are  generally  supposed  to 
have  been  expelled  by  the  victorious  Irish, 
after  their  signal  defeat  at  Clontairf.  The 
settlementH  of  that  people  in  Waterford, 
Wexfonl,  Wicklow,  and  Dublin,  for  trading 
purposes,  even  atlter  the  Anglo-Norman 
invasion,  wore  treatwl  of,  and  many  highly 
interesting  particulars  given. 

Daniel  MacCarthy,  Esq.,  London,  con- 
tribute<!  a  letter  written  from  the  Tower 
of  Londcm,  by  Florence  MacCarthy,  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  to  the  Earl  of 
Thomond,  on  the  antiijuities  of  Ireland. 
It  was  announced  that  this  ciunous  docu- 
ment would  Ikj  edited  for  the  Society's 
Transactions  by  Dr.  O'Donovan,  in  whose 
hands  it  cannot  fail  of  proving  interesting 
to  every  student  of  Irish  history. 

A  vote  of  thanks  having  been  passed  to 
the  donors  and  contributors,  the  iiociety 
was  adjourned  to  the  first  Wednesday  in 
January'. 


OXFORD  ABClIITECTrKAL  80CTETT. 

The  second  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Society's  Rooms,  Holywell,  on  We<lnes- 
day,  Novemlwr  5th ;  the  Kcv.  the  Master 
of  University  College,  President,  in  the 
chair. 

Mr.  James  Parker  read  a  paper  on  the 
Discoverj'  at  Christ  Church.  He  said  ho 
had  been  deputed  that  evening  to  de- 
scribe the  curious  chamber  which  had 
been  so  reci^ntly  found  during  the  rei»airs 
of  the  rathedrul,  and  he  would  take  the 
opportunity  of  mentioning  the  four  thiHv 
ries  which  had  l)een  suggested  respecting 
it.  Fortunately,  he  had  a  very  ellcctive 
drawing,  which  Mr.  Hilling,  the  architect, 
who  was  so  satisfactorily  restoring  the 
cathedral,  had  kindly  made,  he  Iwlicved, 
especially  for  the  l)enefit  of  that  Society. 
They  therefore  had  an  oj)portunity  of  ob- 
taining a  cU»arer  idea  of  the  peculiaritii>s 
in  the  shnpe  and  constnu*tion  of  th^s  curi- 
ous chamlKT  than  any  verlml  description 
could  alford*. 

Tlie  only  similar  instances  which  had 
been  suggestetl,  were  the  cr}*j)ts  of  Hexham 
and  Ki]Mm  ;  but  in  both  these  castas  there 
were  a  scries  of  underground  chambers, 
with  pasKagi>s  leading  to  them,  so  that 
worshipiwrs  might  enter  and  pray  before 
the  relics  which  were  ])hiced  there.     The 


first  theory  then  wm»  that  the  tobl 
ranean  building  was  a  reiiqaary  chi 
bcr;  but  the  difficulty  of  acoeM  ieei 
rather  to  overthrow  this  theory. 

Next  it  was  suggested  that,  if  not  v 
for  the  exposure  oif  relics^  it  might  h 
been  used  for  thdr  safe  custodv,  eitba 
a  Ubual  receptacle  for  the  coatlj  ib 
when  not  wanted  for  anj'  ceremony,  or 
concealing  it,  with  other  valoable  ] 
perty,  in  time  of  danger.  Howerer, 
this  it  may  be  sud,  that  it  would  fa 
very  awkward  place  for  the  ordin 
keeping  of  the  shrine*  and  the  lart  p 
tion,  viz.  at  the  entrance  to  the  eh 
likely  to  be  chosen  as  a  place  of  cono 
ment. 

He  would  also  raggeet  that  it  mij 
have  been  the  burial-chamber  of  St.  Frit 
wide ;  and  be  therefore  entered  eomew 
into  the  history  of  the  preaent  buildi 
which  was  built  by  Wimund,  on  the  ■ 
where  St.  Frideswide  was  buried.  1 
virgin  saint  had  been  interred  in 
church  belonging  to  her  own  nnnne 
but  this,  as  it  wai  wood — aa  waa  neoi 
the  case  with  churches  at  the  time^l 
been  totally  destroyed  by  fire.  There  a 
however,  to  this  theory  more  than  < 
grave  objection :  e.  g.  that  there  wia 
room  for  a  coffin  to  have  been  plaeed 
this  chamber  from  cast  to  west,  m  i 
the  customary  mode  of  Chriatian  boria) 
early  times ;  also,  that  the  portion  of  I 
arch  in  the  comer  seemed  to  prove  it 
be  the  work  of  a  period  not  anterior  to  1 
Norman  Conquest. 

He  had  still,  however,  a  fourth  theo 
which  he  thought  it  right  to  mentw 
though  he  was  not  prepared  with  the  i 
gumcnts  upon  which  it  waa  founded, 
namely,  that  it  waa  connected  with 
altar,  tom1>,  or  shrine  above,  and  mi§ 
have  been  used  for  the  purpoee  of  eflecti 
miracles,  as  there  was  room  for  a  man 
move  iilwut  in  it,  and  it  seemed  to  hi 
had  originally  an  entrance,  and  probdk 
a  passage,  from  the  east  end  of  the  chnn 

Before  he  concluded,  he  would  menti 
a  ri'i'ord  of  the  year  1180,  which  ei4 
mem-es, — "This  year  the  moet  ^oria 
reliques  of  St.  Fndeswyde,  the  patron 
of  Oxford,  were  tramiated  from  0m  t 
genre  to  a  more  noted  place  in  the  rhnn 
&v"  He  shewed,  however,  that  tlua  i 
tract  might  be  equally  applied  to  any 
the  first  three  theories. 

He  now  would  leave  the  matter  in  t 
hands  of  the  Society,  only  remarking  th 
in  whatever  light  they  looked  upon  it, 
was  of  great  interest.    If  it  was  a  ivliqua 


■  Thin  we  huve  ulroady  dcsscribcd,  and  of  which  an  rngraring  will  be  foaad  la  oar 
NoTember. 


1856.] 


Antiquarian  Researches, 


751 


chamber,  or  a  safely-chamber,  it  was 
unique  of  its  kind.  If  it  was  the  burial- 
place  of  St.  Frideswiile — one  who  lived  co- 
temporary  with  the  Venerable  Bede,  and 
wi.s  laid  in  her  tomb  before  the  Great  King 
Alfred  was  born  — it  was  truly  an  object  of 
no  common  interest,  apart  from  its  being 
then  the  earliest  monumental  record  which 
Oxfor<l  possessed  of  the  past. 

The  President  considered  this  to  be  a 
matter  well  deserving  the  attention  of  the 
Society,  and  commented  on  the  difficulties 
which  arise  when  there  are  so  many  con- 
flicting o})inions,  and  no  documents  to 
refer  to  which  throw  any  light  upon  the 
subject. 

Air.  J.  H.  Parker  pointed  out  that  the 
depth  below  the  surface  was  considerably 
greater  than  what  was  represented  in  Mr. 
Billing's  drawing.  Mr.  Fisher,  the  builder, 
also  produced  a  slikrht  sketch,  with  mea- 
surements, made  by  himself,  which  seemed 
to  give  three  feet  between  the  top  of  the 
chamber  and  the  pavement. 

Mr.  Bennett  thought  that  the  obj^tions 
to  the  theory  of  the  vault  being  the  grave 
of  8t.  Frideswide,  which  were  adduced  by 
Mr.  Parker,  derived  additional  strength 
from  the  position  of  the  vault  itself.  It 
was  observable  that  it  was  neither  in  the 
centre  of  the  church — in  which  case  the 
inference  would  have  been  fair,  comparing 
the  apparent  date  of  the  vault  with  the 
known  date  of  the  church,  that  the  founda- 
tion of  the  present  church  had  some  origi- 
nal connection  with  this  chamber ;  nor  was 
it  in,  or  even  near,  the  place  of  sepulture 
of  highest  honour  in  the  church — the  high 
altar.  He  wished  to  si)eak  with  extreme 
diffidence  on  the  point,  but  he  believed  that 
a  burial-vault  of  such  an  ai)parent  date, 
lying  north  and  south,  with  the  interior 
carefully  plastered  and  coloured,  and  in 
such  a  i)osition  in  the  church,  was  entirely 
imique.  Nor  was  there  any  apparent 
reason  for  its  special  assignment  as  a  place 
of  siifety  for  the  church  treasure.  A  secret 
chamber  in  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  or 
an  underground  vault  in  at  least  some 
more  unfrequented  part,  would,  it  would 
seem,  have  answered  better  than  a  strong 
chamber  in  such  a  position,  independently 
of  its  distance  from  the  sacristy.  At  the 
same  time,  he  would  mention  one  fact  con- 
nected with  the  theory  which  Mr.  Parker 
had  mentioned  last  of  all.  Kvery  one 
must  rememl)er  the  practice  on  the  con- 
tinent of  placing  the  figure  of  the  s^nt  on 
the  fete-day  in  the  most  conspicuous  part 
of  the  church,  surrounded  with  tapers,  and 
all  the  pomp  of  the  Roman  Church.  No 
record,  he  believed,  was  to  be  found  of  any 
miracles  performed  by  the  aid  of  moving 
figures  in  this  church,  but  he  did  find 


constant  mention  of  many  which  appear- 
ed to  depend  on  a  bright  light  appear- 
ing from  the  ground,  and  a  figure  of  the 
SJiint  which  would  appear  in  a  halo  of 
light  to  her  worshippers  collected  round 
her  shrine  at  night :  and  it  should  not  be 
forgotten,  if  the  fourth  theory  were  to  ob- 
tain any  weight  with  the  Society,  that 
such  appearances  as  these  might  be  easily 
produced  by  any  person  concealed  in  such 
a  chamber  as  the  present.  Neverthelew, 
he  had  heard  no  theory  su^ested  hitherto 
which  had  completely  satisfied  his  mind 
on  the  origin  of  this  vault. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Parker  also  begged  to  adduce 
another  theory  in  connection  with  one 
which  had  been  mentioned — namely,  that 
after  the  shrine  of  St.  Frideswide  had  been 
removed  from  this  "  obscure  place,"  it  was 
used  as  the  secret  receptacle  for  the  Uni- 
versity chest,  as  mentioned  in  documents 
of  the  thirteenth  century  to  have  been 
kept  in  St.  Frideswide*s  Church,  of  which 
only  certain  persons  had  knowledge. 

ITie  Rev.  L.  Gilbertson  suggested  that 
the  Society  should  obtain,  and  careiiilly 
preserve,  as  accurate  drawings  of  the  sub- 
ject as  was  possible. 

After  a  few  more  remarks  from  the 
President,  the  meeting  separated. 

Another  meeting  was  held  Nov.  19,  (Rev. 
Dr.  Bloxam,  President,  in  the  chair). 

On  taking  the  chair  for  the  first  time, 
the  President  acknowledged  the  kindness 
of  the  Committee  and  Society,  in  electing 
him  to  his  office,  the  duties  of  which  he 
would  endeavour  to  dischai^e  to  the  best 
of  his  ability.  He  moved  the  thanks  of 
the  Society  to  the  late  President,  the 
Master  of  University.  This  vote  having 
been  carried  by  acclamation,  the  Presi- 
dent called  on  Mr.  Buckeridge  for  his 
paper  on  "the  Universal  Applicability  of 
Gothic  Architecture."  After  defining  what 
he  meant  by  the  term  "  Gothic,**  and  com- 
menting on  the  prevailing  notion  that  this 
style  was  suitcMl  only  for  churches  or 
schools,  he  said, — 

"To  every  building,  no  matter  what, 
he  would  apply  unflinchingly  our  Gothic 
architecture  of  the  itineteenth  century, 
and  guarantee  that  there  should  be  no 
lack  of  light,  or  any  of  those  inoonveni- 
cuce»,  real  or  imaginary,  which  Gothic 
architecture  has  been  charged  with  pro- 
ducing. He  then  called  attention  to  the 
dull,  insipid,  utilitarian,  and  unconstruc- 
tional  appearance  of  our  street  architec* 
ture.  Many  of  the  houses  with  shops  on 
the  ground-floor  are  apparently  supported 
by  large  sheets  of  plate  glass  and  a  few 
very  thin  strips  of  wood,  whose  principle 
of  strength  assimilates  to  the  old  f&ble  of 


753  Antiquarian  Researeheg.  [] 

the  '  bundle  of  stickn,'  vrblcli,  h>  long  aa  in|{  of  peace  and  leat  to  the  MUdU  pa 

th(y  remwncd  together,  were   «)nii)Mra- 

tively  strong,  hut  B^pamtc  them,  and  they 

were  easily  6nap[>cd.     He  then  contraahnJ 

theso   with   Hhcipa   constructed   on   tme,  that    the    desire 

etnrdy,   time-eniluriug,  tiotliic  principlen,  Gothie,  in  whidi 

in  true   mutenala;   uot  latli -and -plaster,  pattiiaed,   often  led    arcbitecta   I 

brii'tc    and    compii,    and     all     Bui'h     like  their  bnildings  nniaited  to  prewnt « 

siinmit.     Xuw-H-cIays,  liouses  are  built  to  He  ingtanred  the  late  Mr.  Pugin'i  Ii 

Ut,  not  to  look  at,  or  be  handed  down  oT  windows  without  mulliona. 

to    posterity.       He    would    not    be    con-  The  Ket-tor  of  Exeter  ™d,  that  h 

tent    with    Gothic    eitcriors    only,   but  new  buildings  in  hi*  own  oolle^,  al 

would   carry  out  the   same   priiiiiples  in  suiue  bouBca  in  London,  Mr.  Scott  ha 

the  interior,  and  make  every  article  of  dcavoured,  aud,  tm  he  thong:ht,  with 

furniture  hreatlie  the  same  Gothic  spirit ;"  plete  Bncceaa,  to  avind   this  fmult  ii 

aiul  concluded    by    shewing    "how    ad-  windows. 

iiiirably  adapted  Gothic  architecture  waa         The  Master  of  UniTonitT  defrnde 

to  the  country,  and  how  well  its  hi|ih-  Ctassieal,  or  rather    FalladiRn.  atjli 

pitched  rootk,  iricbiiri«qiic  gables,  and  the  which  he  claimed  a  place  Kmong  oiir  I 

general  (grouping  of  the  whole,  awiniilated  inga,   as  poaseaaed  of  a  beauty  and 

with  tlie  face  of  nature,  and  hi'lpcd  to  make  grandeur  of  ita  own,  aa  aUbrding  ooi 

intteod  of  mar  the  landscape,  where  all  and  variety. 

these  several  buiklinps  would  be  seen  clua-         Mr.  Codrington  had  ceajod  la  iBo 

tering  round  the  peaceful  church,  on  which  cellenee  in  nothing  but  Qothic   arcl 

most  especially  should  be  concentrated  tlie  tore,  and  in  the  Decorated  among  0 

highest  art   and  the  greatest  care;    and  atylea.     He  aaw  mneh  beauty  in  the 

that  even  to  our  lust  resting-place  will  ucal  buildings,  and  was  not  anre  th 

Gothic  architecture  follow  us,  and  plsnt  at  should  prefer  to  build  in  Decorated. 

our  heads  the  holy  cross,  the  symbol  of  thinking  that  what  wu  wanted  «i 

our  own  faitli  and  inBtnunent  of  redeinp-  Kngliah  living  architecture,  be  thaof 

tiuui  and  aa  the  Bun  makes  its  daily  course,  waa  aduty  tonae  that  out  of  which  si 

the  '  sliadow  of  the  Cross'  will  fall  on  our  style  waa  most  likely  to  rise,  and  tli 

graves,  combining  with  the  riality  in  speak-  be'lieved  to  be  the  Decorated  Qothic 


Cfte  iMontljIfi  iFnttlUfltnfrr, 

HISTORICAL  REVIEW   OF 
Foreign  News,  DomegHc  Occurreneee,  and  Notes  eft%e  Mimfk. 

Oct.  1<i.  ■  the  early  hour  of  the  morning,  and 

DnlrurlioH    of  Sreamore   Ifnutf.    lilt  distance  from  the  village,  prevented  I 

leaf  of  Sir  JidiPanI  JluUe,  hg  Fire.— The  persons  from  arriving  at  the  epot  in 

fire,  which  broke  out  shortly  before  two  to  render  anv  effectnal  aMirtanc*. 

oVhK'It  on  Smidny  morning  last,  waa  tlrst  fire  eoiitinncd  to  rage  until  nearlj 

discovered  by  the  huDsek<t>i)er,  and  ap-  whole  of  the  building  aiiJbJt*  ""/^ 

peaml  to  have  eoinmenced  in  tlio  bnild.  were  destroyed;  the  only  puiT'M 

inga  which  were  in  the  course  iif  erection  saved  hdng  a  portion  of  the  laok 

fiir  the  purjHjse  of  enlarging  the  house,  where   the   laundry    and    Utcben 

The   Hanies  spread  with   (ireat  rajiidity,  situate.    The  honse  now  preaenta  • 

di^striiying  the  fine  old  fiiroil^v  aiul  other  diwlale    appearance,    scarcely    anyl 

lMiintiii((s.  H  number   of  antiquitiea   and  liut  the  liare  walla  and  the   pictnn 

articles  of  rerlK,  togctliiT  with  the  fumi-  Eliiuliethan   chttnnci'a  remuning. 

ture  and  the  liWry,     It  wo«  utterly  iui-  vions  to  the  Refonnaljon,  an  Anga 

pcwible  to  save  tlii-nc  valiuihlc  articles,  aa  Priory  eiiated  at  Breamoie,  and  thk  ] 

"Asa  general  rule,  we  do  not  profess  to  give  the  name  of  the 
panigT.i]ili  niHv  have  been  citructed. 

ll,e  liate  prcllied  in  some  instances  is  simply  that  of  the  paper 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


753 


and  Rockl)ounie  are  mentioneil  in  the 
Domesday  Book  as  being  held  by  the  king, 
and  were  probably  a  portion  of  the  pos- 
sessioiLs  conferred  on  Richard  de  Redvers, 
by  Henry  I.,  as,  towards  the  latter  end  of 
the  reign  of  that  monarch,  Biddwin,  the 
son  and  successor  of  Richard  de  Redvers, 
in  conjunction  with  his  uncle,  Hugh  de 
Redvers,  founded  at  Breamore  the  before- 
mentioned  priory,  which  they  endowed 
with  the  manors  of  Breamore,  Rock- 
bourne,  Whitchbury,  Hale,  and  Charford. 
At  its  suppression  its  revenues  were 
granted  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Henry,  Mar- 
quis of  Exeter.  Breamore  House  formerly 
belonged  to  the  priory,  and,  after  passing 
through  several  hand^,  was  purchased  by 
Sir  Edward  HuLse,  the  great-grandfather 
of  the  present  baronet,  in  the  year  1748. 
The  house,  which  was  built  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  is  of  brick,  displaying 
all  the  architectural  characteristics  of  that 
period,  and  more  resembles  what  is  termed 
the  Tudor  stvle  than  most  houses  of  the 
Elizabethan  period,  as  it  has  little  or  none 
of  the  mixed  Tudor  and  Classic  stvles,  which 
prevailed  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
Eliza])ethan  and  during  the  whole  of  the 
Jacobean  era.  It  stands  on  an  elevated 
situation,  about  a  mile  from  the  river, 
eight  miles  from  Salisbury,  and  three  from 
Fording]>ridge,  its  appearance  being  pe- 
culiarly interesting,  being  composed  of 
bricks  witli  immerous  gables,  faced  with 
stone  quoins,  and  being  also  remarkable 
for  the  size  and  loftiness  of  the  rooms,  a 
circumstance  (juitc  unusual  for  the  age 
in  which  it  was  built.  The  fnmt  ex- 
tended one  hundred  and  twenty  feet. 
There  was  a  verv  handsome  stone  stair- 
case,  and  the  hall,  which  was  forty-three 
feet  long,  was  fitted  up  with  a  collection 
of  sarc()])hagi,  and  various  other  articles, 
brought  from  Rome  alxiut  a  century  ago, 
by  Smart  LethieuUer,  Es<i.,  an  antiquary 
of  note.  The  park  and  grounds  are  orna- 
mented with  fine  old  trees,  and  there  is  a 
curi(nis  flower-garden  arranged  with  old 
yew-liedges  in  comi)artinents,  &c.  Near 
Breamore  are  situated  the  ])arishes  of 
North  and  South  Charford,  the  name  of 
which  is  suj)pose<l  to  have  been  derived 
from  Cerdic,  the  Saxon  chief,  who  founded 
the  kingdom  of  the  W€»8t  >axon8,  or  Wes- 
sex,  more  than  1,300  years  ago,  and  who 
is  said  to  have  totally  defeated  the  Britons 
at  these  i)laces. 

The  Catastrophe  at  the  Surret/  Gardens, 
— The  in(|uest  on  the  l)odie8  of  the  persons 
who  lost  their  lives  in  the  Surrey  Gardens 
was  held  on  Friday  last,  in  the  board-room 
of  the  Newington  workhouse.  The  de- 
ceased were  Jane  Barlow,  married,  aged 
thirty,  of  19,  Bath -street,  London-road; 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


Harriet  Matthew,  draper's  apprentice, 
aged  sixteen,  of  22,  Bridge-house,  New- 
ington-causeway  ;  Harriet  Johnson,  dress- 
maker, aged  twenty,  of  10,  Newnham- 
terrace,  Hercules  -  buildings ;  Elizabeth 
Mead,  married,  aged  forty-three,  of  17, 
Love- lane,  Stockwell ;  Samuel  Heard, 
tanner,  aged  twenty-four,  of  8,  Alice- 
street,  Bermondsey,  New -road ;  and  Grace 
Skipper,  domestic  servant,  of  40,  Den- 
son's-terrace,  who  was  picked  up  dead, 
and,  being  recognised  by  her  friends,  was 
conveyed  to  her  master's  residence  adjoin- 
ing the  gardens.  Evidence  having  been 
given  of  the  circumstances  under  which  the 
deaths  occurred,  the  jury  returned  the  fol- 
lowing verdict : — "  The  jury  in  each  case 
find  a  verdict  of  accidental  death,  which 
occurred  on  the  staircase  in  the  north- 
west tower.  It  is  the  opinion  of  the  jury, 
that  although  the  staircases  in  the  Sorrey 
Music  Hall  are  sufficiently  strong  for 
the  purposes  for  which  they  are  intended, 
yet  their  construction  is  not  of  that  cha- 
racter to  render  them  safe,  more  especially 
when  a  large  number  of  persons  are  anxiouB 
to  leave  the  galleries  in  haste.  The  stairs 
are  much  too  narrow,  and  particularly 
near  the  hand-rail.  The  jury  therefore 
trust  that  the  directors  will  give  their 
attention  to  the  subject."  It  appeared 
from  a  statement  made  by  the  foreman 
and  one  of  the  jury,  that,  in  the  opi- 
nion of  the  jury,  the  Surrey  Music 
Hall  was  most  substantially  built,  and 
that  all  the  complaint  they  had  to  make 
against  it  was,  that  the  staircase  did  not 
permit  of  the  rapid  escape  of  people  from 
the  galleries.  The  foreman,  on  the  part 
of  the  jury,  thanked  the  proprietors  of  the 
Surrey  Music-Hall,  and  the  witnesses,  for 
the  assistance  which  they  had  rendered 
them. 

Oct.  20. 
Human  Wreck. — A  carriage  stopped 
before  the  railway-station  at  Lyons,  and 
a  man  in  a  sailor's  dress  alighting,  took 
out  of  the  vehicle  a  living  human  trunk. 
The  persons  standing  near  at  first  thought 
it  was  a  victim  of  war  in  the  East,  but 
such  was  not  the  case.  It  appears  that 
the  unfortunate  burden  which  he  bore 
was  a  man  named  Baruel,  a  native  of  St. 
Etienne,  who  in  1849  had  gone  to  Cali- 
fornia. An  explosion  of  gxmpowder  had 
thrown  him  up  into  the  air  to  a  consider- 
able height,  and  when  he  came  to  the 
ground  he  was  found  to  be  in  such  a  state 
as  to  render  amputation  of  both  his  legs 
and  both  arms  necessary.  The  man  bore 
the  operation  with  great  fortitude,  and  in 
the  course  of  time  recovered.  Since  then 
the  sailor  has  devoted  himself  with  un- 
tiring kindness  to  the  unfortunate  man* 

4b 


754 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Dec. 


who  brings  back  with  him  a  fortune  of 
£20,000,  and  intends  settling  at  St. 
Etienne. — Salut  Public. 

Oct.  21. 
The  Smyrna  journal  "  Inix)artial"  states 
that  the  recent  earthquake  was  most  vio- 
lent in  the  island  of  Caudia,  where  upwards 
of  five  hundred  persons  were  buried  in  the 
mins.  At  Rhodes,  entire  villages  were 
destroyed.  Not  a  house  in  the  town 
escaped  being  damaged,  and  one  hundred 
persons  perished.  At  Halkicassos  and 
Scarpento  the  damage  done  was  very  con- 
siderable, and  the  victims  amounted  to  one 
hnndred  and  fifty.  At  Aiden  Myt^lene 
the  damages  were  trifling ;  and  at  Beyrout 
the  shock  was  slight.  Letters  from  Tre- 
bizonde  make  no  mention  of  the  earth- 
quake. 

Oct.  22. 
Church  Patronage  of  the  XohilUtf.— 
There  are  few  persons  who  have  any  idea 
of  the  vast  amount  of  Church  patronage 
which  is  held  by,  and  in  the  gift  of,  the 
nobility  of  Enghmd,  and  of  the  extraor- 
dinary political  influence  which  they 
secure  in  its  dispensation.  Subjoined  are 
the  names  of  the  two  highest  orders  in  the 
peerage,  dukes  and  marqirses,  and  against 
their  respective  names  is  placed  the  annual 
value  of  the  benefices  which  they  have  at 
their  disposal.  No  precise  calculation  is 
made  of  the  patronage  of  earls,  viscounts, 
and  barons,  which  is  not  less  in  proportion 
than  the  two  higher  classes  of  the  aris- 
tocracv :— The  Duke  of  Beaufort,  £7,200; 
the  Duke  of  Bedbrd,  £10,200;  the  Duke 
of  Qeveland,  £9,200 ;  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, £8,500;  the  Duke  of  Grafton, 
£1,200;  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  £2,000;  the 
Duke  of  Manchester,  £1,200 ;  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  £2,500;  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle,  £2,500;  the  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
£6,600;  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 
£5,300;  the  Duke  of  Portland,  £6,200; 
the  Duke  of  Richmond,  £1,600 ;  the  Duke 
of  Rutland,  £10,800;  the  Duke  of 
Somerset,  £800 ;  the  Duke  of  St.  Albans, 
£1,000 ;  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  £4,000 ; 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  £2,000;  the 
Marquis  of  Abercom,  £500  ;  the  Marquis 
of  Ailesbury,  £4,100;  the  Marquis  of 
Anglesey,  £1,600;  the  Marquis  of  Bath, 
£4,000;  the  Marquis  of  Bristol,  £6.700; 
the  Marquis  of  Bute,  £5,000 ;  the  Marquis 
of  Cholmondeley,  £4,500 ;  the  Marquis  of 
Exeter,  £4,000 ;  the  Marquis  of  Hastings, 
£2,800  :  the  Marquis  of  Hertford,  £1,000 ; 
the  Marquis  of  Lansdownc,  £1,000;  the 
Marquis  of  Northampton,  £1,400;  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury,  £6,500;  the  Mar- 
quis of  Townsend,  £5,400;  the  Marqms 
of  Westminfter,  £6,300. 


Oct.  23. 

Belies  of  the  Stuarts. — A  correspondent 
of  the  "Daily  News"  wTites  from  Rome: 
— "A  collection  of  antique  jeweU  and 
arms,  interesting  from  their  intrinsic  TAloe 
and  artistic  merit,  but  still  more  from  the 
circumstance  of  their  having  belonged  at 
different  periods  to  various  members  of  the 
royal  house  of  Stuart,  has  just  been  pur- 
chased in  this  city  for  Lord  John  Scott, 
from  the  late  Cardinal  York's  geniiluomo, 
to  which  officer  of  his  household  his  emi- 
nence iKjqueathed  these  family  relics.  The 
collection,  for  which  the  purchaser  has 
paid  about  £600,  comprises  the  ring  worn 
by  the  Pretender,  entitled  here  James  III., 
on  his  marrisge  with  the  Princess  Clemen- 
tina Sobieski,  and  the  marriage-ring  of  his 
son,  Prince  Charles  Edwardi,  enclosing  a 
beautiful  little  miniature;  a  gold  ring, 
with  a  white  rose  in  enamel,  worn  by 
King  James  IL  and  James  IIL;  a  ring, 
with  a  cameo  portrait  in  ivory  of  James 
IL;  a  ring,  with  a  miniature  portrait  of 
Henry  Stuart,  Cardinal  Duke  of  York, 
when  young;  a  ring,  with  a  cameo  por- 
trait, by  the  celebrated  engraver  Pickler, 
of  James  SoHeski,  great  uncle  of  the  I're- 
tender*s  wife:  a  ring,  with  a  cameo  por- 
trait, by  the  same  artist,  of  the  wife  of 
Prince  Charles  Edward;  a  ring,  with  a 
cameo  portrait  of  Prince  Charles  Eklward ; 
a  ring,  with  a  cameo  portrait  of  the 
Duchess  of  Albany;  a  ring,  contiuning  a 
lock  of  hair  of  the  Duchess  of  Albany ;  an 
antique  emerald  seal,  formerly  belonging 
to  James  III. ;  a  chalcedony  seal,  with  the 
Order  of  St.  Andrew;  Cliarles  Stuart's 
watch-seal,  with  the  motto,  "  Chacun  d 
son  four;"  Cardinal  York's  seal,  with  the 
royal  arms;  an  enamelled  medallion  of  the 
Order  of  St.  George,  formerly  worn  by 
King  Charles  L;  the  blade  of  John  So- 
bieski's  sword;  a  jasper-handled  dagger, 
taken  by  Sobieski  from  the  tent  of  a 
Turkish  bey  at  the  siege  of  Vienna;  a 
pair  of  richly  ornamented  pistols  belong- 
ing to  the  Sobieski  family;  a  portrait  of 
the  D'uch(.»ss  of  Albany's  mother;  a  dial 
and  compass  mounted  in  silver,  formerly 
belonging  to  Charles  Stuart.  These  articles 
are  now  being  carefully  packed,  and  will 
be  shortly  forwarded  to  England.*' 

Estates  in  Cheshire  and  Merionethshire. 
— The  important  estates  of  Bolesworth 
Castle,  in  Cheshire,  and  Din  as  Mowddwy, 
in  Merionethshire,  were  sold  by  auction, 
at  Chester,  by  Messrs.  Churton.  Long 
previous  to  the  commencement  of  the 
sale,  gi*eat  numbers  of  influential  men, 
with  their  solicitors,  from  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  had  mustered  to  take  part  in 
the  proceedings  —  the  large  room  being 
literally  crammed.   Tb«  Bolesworth  Cartle 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


755 


Estate  wa«  first  offered;  it  consisted  of 
upwards  of  2,300  acres  of  fine  land,  in  the 
verv  heart  of  Cheshire,  and  from  its  beau- 
tiful  position  has  excited  considerable  at- 
tention ever  since  the  deatli  of  the  late 
owner,  who  left  it  to  be  sold.  It  was  put 
up  at  £U0,000,  the  biddings  advancing 
rapidly  up  to  £126,000,  at  which  time 
there  was  a  alight  pause.  After  a  con- 
ference, however,  with  the  vendox*8,  Mr. 
Chiirton  announced  their  determination 
to  sell,  and  it  was  ultimately  knocked 
down  at  £130,5(X),  to  Mr.  Blenkensopp, 
ot*  Liverpool,  as  the  agent  of  Edward 
Mackensie,  Esq.,  an  eminent  railway  con- 
tractor. After  the  excitement  had  sub- 
sided, and  the  friends  of  Mr.  Mackensie 
had  ottered  him  their  congratulations,  the 
Dinas  Mowddwy  estate,  near  Machynlleth 
(formerly  belonging  to  Mr.  Mytton,  of 
Halston),  was  put  up,  and  for  which  the 
biddings  were  equally  brisk,  commencing 
at  £25,000,  advancing  by  one  thousand 
at  a  bidding  up  to  £35,000,  at  which  sum 
it  was  knocked  down  to  Edmund  Buckley, 
Esq.,  of  Manchester,  the  results  evidently 
giving  much  satisfaction.  We  perceive 
that  Messrs.  Churton  have  some  very  at- 
tractive estates  in  Flintshire  for  sale. 

Singular  Donation. — Mr.  William  Lox- 
ham  Farrer,  treasurer  of  the  Cancer  Hos- 
pital, Lcmdon,  has  received  from  an  anony- 
mous donor,  in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the 
charity,  a  £100  B.ink  of  England  note, 
No.  3(),5f)y,  aind  bciiring  date  January  5, 
171-1).  If  this  note  had  been  placed  out 
at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  per  annum, 
compound  interest,  it  would  have  realized 
upwards  of  £12,000. 

Oct.  21. 

Antiquarian  Relics^  Dorchester. — Two 
interesting  relics  of  antiquity  were  re- 
cently brought  to  light  by  the  pickaxe 
and  spade  of  the  labourers  employed  in 
excavating  the  trenches  for  the  sewerage 
at  present  progressing  in  this  town.  They 
were  found  in  Pease-lane,  near  the  Uni- 
tarian chajH}!,  alK)ut  two  feet  below  the 
surface,  and  consist  of  two  Roman  urns, 
one  large  and  one  small,  the  larger  con- 
taining the  remains  of  bones ;  the  contents 
of  the  smaller  are  sup^wsed  to  be  the 
ashes  of  a  heart.  They  are  composed  of 
rough,  black  earthenware,  and  are  of  an 
oval  shape.  Unfortunately,  the  large  one 
was  broken  by  the  pickaxe  of  the  excavator. 
— Dorchester  Paper. 

Oct.  25. 

Odd  Names  of  Places  in  the  North  of 
Enqland.  —The  following  lists  of  odd  names 
have  latelv  been  forwarded  to  the  "  Dur- 
ham  Advertiser"  by  various  corres^wn- 
denis: — 

Broken-hacJc-hofise,  near  Bp.  Auckland. 


in  Cumberland. 


near  Durham. 


Lousey  Cross,  near  Aldborough. 

Crack-pot,  in  Swaledale. 

Stand-alofUiy  in  the  parish  of  Kelloe. 

Jolly--poty  in  Wensleydale. 

Swine' s-head,  in  Coverdale. 

Hardknot,  \  . 

Wry  nose,     f 

WhitesmockSy  or  \ 

White-ladies,         ) 

Pitt/-me,  near  Durham. 

Seldom-seen,  near  Bishop  Auckland. 

Try-em-all,  near  Lanchester. 

Pinch-me-near,  near  Bellingham,  North- 
umberland. 

Stick -a-bitch,  near  Darlington. 

Cold-comfort,  near  Hurworth,  oo.  Durh. 

Cold-side,  near  Walworth. 

Misery  Hall,      \ 

Hard  Struggle,    >  in  Weardale. 

Paid full-hrow,  ) 

Oingle-pot,  near  Reeth,  Swaledale. 

Traveller^s-Rest,  6  m.  N.  of  Darlington. 

Sugar-Hill,  near  Aycliffe,  co.  Durham. 

Sunny -side,  parish  of  Brancepeth. 

Legs-across^  near  Bolam,  p.  of  Gainford. 

Sutnper-hall,  near  Sadberge. 

Throstle-nest,  near  Darlington. 

Trotty-pots,  near  Wolsingliam. 

Freeze-moor-house,  \      near  Burdon« 

Peaceable-hall,         f  Bp.  Wearmoath. 

Cald-knuckles,  near  Sherbum. 

Pancake-hall,  near  Kepier. 

Pudding-poke-nuke,  near  Elwick. 

Boggle-house,  near  Sedgefield. 

Potatoe-hall,  near  Preston -on-Tees. 

Light-pipe-hall,  near  Stockton. 

Foggy  furrow,  ne  ir  Stranton. 

Tiptoe,  near  Twizell,  Northumberland. 

Meat-and-buUd,  near  Tweedmoath,  do. 

Wide-open,  near  Long  Benton, 

Look-out,  near  Seaton  Delaval, 

Black-swine,  parish  of  Newburn, 

Dumpling -hall,  „ 

Cutty-coat,  „ 

Make-em-rich,  near  Ponteland, 

Keek-out.  Peas- pudding -haU, 

Glower-ower-him,      Short-busheU, 

Honey-pot,  Hunger-knowl, 

Unthank.  Cold  snouth. 

Cold-pig-hill.  Bare-pots. 

Hunger-pig-hall,        Salt-pie-hall. 

Old-John,  or  \  Farthing -side, 

Howl-John,     f  Shiney-row, 

Butter- cram. 

Bite-about,  parish  of  Lowick,  Northom. 

Click  em  in,  near  Ponteland, 

Needless-hall,  near  Hartbum, 

Thrive-well,  near  Kirk-Uarle, 

Penny -pie-house,  near  Shotley, 

Stand-against-all,  or  hall,  Langley,  near 
Lanchester. 

Tether-cock,  near  Whickham. 

Dry-knot,  Stalnton,  near  Barnard  Castle. 

White  cake-roio,  near  Chester-le-Street* 


»> 


*» 


» 


ft 


»* 


t» 


t» 


n 


756 


The  MontMy  Intelligencer. 


[Dec. 


** 


»» 


» 


ti 


i* 


ft 


99 


*t 


f* 


» 


Pesi-pool,  Dear  Eiurington. 
Mil-poke,  near  Monk-Hesledon. 
Snap'Ccuitle,  a  place  in  Weardalo. 
JoUtf'hody,  near  Stanhope  in  Weardale. 

Vs  Dfhham. 
Falcon  Clint,  in  Tcesdale,  Durham. 
Sithoplei/  Craig, 
JViddy  JBank, 
High  Force, 
Cauldron  Snout. 

Duckett  Nook,  near  Merrington. 
Philadelphia,  near  Honghton-le-Spring. 
Beaurepaire,  near  Durham. 
Maiden  Castle, 
Kepyer, 
Frankland-, 
Windy  Nook,  near  Gateshead. 
Bag  House,  near  Stanhope. 
Rackhope,  „ 

Mugglestcick  Park,  Durham. 
Carrstones,  near  Wolsingham. 
lAnkirk  Cave,  near  StaiOiope. 
Ounncf^s  Pool,  in  Castle  Eden  Dene. 
Priestheck,  near  Flaas. 
Newbottle,  near  Honghton-le-Spring. 
Coxgreen,  near  Bishopwearmouth. 
Finchale  Abbey,  near  Durham. 
The  Haining,  near  Houghton-le-Spring. 
Minsteracre,  near  Qate^ead. 
Hett,  near  Durham. 
Bagpeth,  near  Flara. 
Anton  Style,  near  Durham. 
Bellasit,  Durham. 
Cold  Bowley,  Durham. 

In  Nobthumbsslahd. 
Bahswood,  near  Otterbum. 
Chattlehope  Spout,    „ 
Doffy  Shield  Hall,    „ 
Ottercops,  „ 

Birdhope  Craig,        „ 
Oreat  and  LittU  Tossen,  near  Rothbury. 
Holystone, 
The  Threem, 
Yardhope, 
SnUter, 

Windyhaugh,    near   Alwinton,  on  the 
Coquet. 

Barrahum,  „ 

Blindham,  „ 

Xtrktchelpington,  Northumberland. 

Saugh  House,  near  Cambo. 

Scot^  Gap,  „ 

DeviVs  Water,  near  Dilston,  Northumb. 

Spindlestonehaugh,  near  Hamburgh. 

Shortflat  Tower,  near  Belsay. 

JLongridge,  Northumberland. 

New  York,  near  North  Shields. 

Cullcrcoats,  „ 

Cut  Throat  Lane,  „ 

Peddler's  Ghreen,      „ 

Beike  House,  „ 

Jingling  Qeordi^s  Hole,  Tynemouth. 

Kiner  Oreen,  near  Morpeth. 

Cockle  Park  Tower,     „ 


f» 


n 


n 


M 


Sir  Matiheufs  FoUy,  near  Newcastle 
Shqfto  Craig,  near  Bolam,  Northumb. 
Clessy  decks,  near  Morpeth. 
Sheep  Wash,  „ 

Caradise,  near  Newcastle. 
I%rive-an-t*u-can,   a   farm   near   Bar- 
nard-castle. 

Dear-bought,  a  part  of  the  high  road 
from  Bamard-castle  to  Bowes. 

Shoulder  of  Muiton,  a  field  near  Deep- 
dale. 

Hell-kettles,  near  Darlington. 
Bare-foot,  a  field  near  Streatlam. 
Maiden* s-Paps,  two    high    hills    near 
Sunderland. 

Ouess-which,  near  Romaldkirk. 
Birk-Hat,  a  farm  in  Lnnedale. 
Bob  Oins,  Kyo, 

Busty  Bank  Look  Out. 

Bucks  Nook,  Mount  Slotcly, 

Banish  Beggar,  Maiden  Hall. 

Boggle  Hole,  Nax  Van, 

Cobby  Castle,  Over  the  Hill, 

Cook's  Howl,  Olikerside  House, 

Carrihees.  Penny  Pot, 

Cow  Stand,  Pot  and  Olass. 

Cherry  Knowl,  Bowley  Oilleits, 

Deaf  Hill,  Smasher's  Sow, 

Delves  Sunny  Brow, 

JBdder  Acres,  Snods. 

Fwherst  Head  Siobbilee, 

JBsh  Laude,  Spite  of  Ml, 

Fsp  Oreen,  Steeley. 

Faw  Side,  Struthers. 

Friar* s  Ooose,  Sourmires. 

Fugar  House.  Sneals, 

Flint  HaU,  Tethercat. 

Fox  Holes,  Tedherry  Hall. 

Friar  Side,  Tantoby, 

Farthing  Lake.  Urlay  Nook. 

Galloping  Green,       Tlgo, 
Hoggersqaie,  Worl<Fs  End, 

Hawk's^ Nest.  Washing  Wells. 

High  Spen.  Windy  Nook, 

Hooker  Gate.  Windy  HUL 

«<  TO  THE  EDITOB  OF  THB  DITBHAX  C0U5TT 
ADTXBTIdBB. 

**  Sir, — ^Allow  me  to  make  a  few  remarks 
on  the '  Odd  Names  of  Places,'  sent  yon  by 
a  Bamard-castle  correspondent  last  week. 

"  *  Thrivc-an-t*u-can,*  is  Thrive  on  t% 
can,  or.  Thrive  if  thou  canst ;  the  laying 
having  no  donbt  arisen  from  the  exposed 
rituation  of  the  place,  which  is  a  farm  on 
the  Yorkshire  bank  of  the  river  Tcei^ 
opposite  Barnard  Castle. 

"'Dear  Bought,'  is  Dear  Bolt,  so 
called  from  Eustace  de  Vescy,  brother-in- 
law  of  Alexander,  king  of  Scotland,  having 
been  there  slain  by  a  crossbow  bolt,  dis- 
charged from  the  waUs  of  Barnard  Ourtle. 
Mattheuo  Paris  thus  relates  the  circnm- 
•tance : — '  Toward  the  end  of  King  John's 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


lit 


reigiie,  what  time  Lewis  of  France  molested 
tliis  realme,  Alexander,  king  of  Scotland, 
cauie  to  Dover,  and  did  to  Lewis  the  homage 
that  of  right  he  ought  to  John;  and  as  he 
passed  by  Castelle  Ramarde  with  his  com- 
pagnie  (which  castelle  then  stode  in  Haly- 
werkColke,  in  the  enstodie  of  Hugh  Bal- 
liol),  he  surv'eid  it  about,  to  espie  whether 
it  were  assailable  ot*  any  side ;  and  while  ho 
was  tlms  occupied,  one  within  discharged 
a  crosse-bowe,  and  strake  Eustace  Vesey 
(which  had  marry  ed  his  sister)  on  the 
forehead  with  such  might,  that  he  fell 
deade  to  the  grounde ;  whereof  the  king 
and  his  nobles  conceaved  great  sorrow, 
but  wore  not  able  to  amend  it.' 

"  *  Barefoot,'  is  not  correct ;  Batford  is 
the  proi)er  tenn.  Tliis  neighbourhood  is 
thickly  sprinkled  with  places  the  names  of 
which  are  of  Anglo-Saxon  derivation  j  and 
the  alx)ve  is  eWdently  one  of  them,  namely 
Beorqfordy  a  ford  over  a  morass  or  river, 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill.  The  same  occm:^ 
near  (lainford. 

"  '  (fucss- which,*  ought  to  be  Ohaiat- 
wick,  or  a  situation  near  a  lonely  bend  of 
a  river,  having  the  reputation  of  being 
haunted  by  evil  spirits.  This  name  is  also 
derived  from  the  Anglo-Saxon. 

" '  Birk  Hat,'  is  simply  Birkett,  or  Birch 
Oate ;  these  abbreviations  of  common 
terms  being  usual  in  the  district. 

"  I  am.  Sir,  yours,  &c., 

"  A." 

OlikersideSf  a  farm  near  Tunstall. 

Fletcher  Duhhs,  a  farm  near  Tmistall 
Lane. 

Plentiful  Hall,  now  Thomhill. 

St  a  If -t  lie-  rotfaqcy  a  farm  near  East  Boldon . 

Farthing -slad^y  a  fann  near  Marsden 
Rock. 

Dear-hought,  a  fann  near  Long  Fram- 
lin^Tlton. 

Fllg  Hill,  a  farm  near  Barmpton. 

Briang  Banks,  Hyhope  Lane. 

Jack  Daw  Rocky  Bishopwearmouth. 

Haven's  Wheel,  Monkweannouth. 

Spot  tee's  Holey  Koker. 

Claxheughy  or  Clacksheugh  Rock,  near 
Ilylton. 

The  Back  OarSy  Bishopwearmouth. 

Pann  Hole,  Bishopwearmouth. 

Hunters  Hally  near  Bishopwearmouth. 

Flint  on  Hilly  near  Penshaw. 

Trow  Rocks,  near  Westoe. 

The  Lizardsy  Hills  near  WTiitbum. 

White  Mare  Pool. 

Hell  Kettles,  near  Croft. 

Badlebecky  near  Darlington. 

Hetton-le-Hole. 

Brockley  Whin^. 

Farms,  homesteads,  and  hamlets  in 
Wear  dale : — 


Braidme. 
Skitter-hill, 
Pumpy  Hall. 
Sandyhree, 
Short  Thorns, 
Elba, 

Blakelaw-sneak, 
New  Harewood, 
Feel-hitn-ha', 


Queenahnry. 

BUickedly, 

Wapping. 

Six  Dargue, 

Crookedwell, 

TeetollyhilL 

Dotvks. 

Kitty  Crag, 

Jocks  Close. 

jyraddryshield. 


North  Chrainhrook.    Hillsfield. 

Olower-at-'em,  \  at.    ^  *. 

aiower-thro^h-'em.  \  "«^  ^^^*^ 

Oxclose,  near  Usworth. 

Cauldknucklea  is  now  called  South 
Farrington. 

Cauldside  is  now  called  Sunnyside. 
Oct.  26. 

The  Old  Man  of  Caeran.—ln  the  "  Enr- 
gra  wn,"  a  magazine  published  by  the 
Welsh  Wesleyans*,  there  is  recorded  an 
extraordinary  instance  of  longevity  at 
Caeran,  near  Cardiff.  Opposite  the  east 
end  of  Caeran  Church,  on  the  other  side  of 
the  dingle,  there  are  observable  the  re- 
mains of  a  house,  garden,  and  orchard, 
where  resided,  according  to  the  tradition 
of  the  locality,  an  old  man,  named  Willitim 
Edwards,  who  died  at  the  extraordinary 
age  of  168  years !  There  is  no  authentic 
record  of  any  one  in  England  having  at- 
tained such  an  age,  except  Henry  Jenkins, 
of  Richmond,  in  Yorkshire,  whose  age, 
when  he  died,  was  169.  It  would  be  in- 
teresting to  learn  something  further  con- 
cerning this  "old  man  of  Caeran."  The 
place  where  his  house  was,  still  retains  the 
designation  of  "Ty  yr  Hen  Dyn,"  (the 
Old  Man's  House).  Many  years  ago  there 
was  to  be  seen  in  the  church,  a  tombstone 
erected  to  his  memory,  beneath  the  south 
window.  The  celebrated  lolo  Morganwg 
has  preserved  the  inscription  which  was 
upon  the  stone.  It  is  as  follows : — "  Here 
lieth  the  body  of  Wm.  Edwards,  of  the 
Cairey,  who  departed  this  life  the  24th 
February,  Anno  Domini  1668,  Anno  suse 
SBtatis  168." 

The  Will  of  Sir  Thotnaa  Dighy  Aubrey, 
Bart.,  of  Oving- house,  Berks,  has  been 
proved  under  £160,000;  that  of  Richard 
Palmer  Roupel,  Estj.,  of  Streatham-hill, 
£120,000,  the  whole  of  which  he  has  be- 
queathed to  his  widow;  that  of  W.  H, 
Mendham,  Esq.,  Old  Windsor,  Berks, 
£80,000. 

Oct.  27. 

Deer  Stalking  and  Depopulation  in 
Scotland.  —  A  correspondent  in  "  The 
Times"  writes  :— The  whole  Braemar  dis- 
trict, if  not  systematically  cleared  in  any 
part  according  to  the  Sutherland  moddl, 
has  been,  from  some  cause  or  other,  very 
extensively  depopulated.    The  statistical 


758 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


[Dec. 


account  of  1845,  written  by  the  parish 
uuniater,  shews  that  the  population  of  the 
luiitcd  parishes  of  Crathie  and  Bracmar 
was  in  the  year  1755,  2,671  souls ;  1794, 
2,251  souls;  1834, 1,808  souls;  1841, 1,712 
souls — a  diminution  of  nearly  1,000  souls 
in  a  single  century,  at  a  |H?riod  when  the 
country  generally  was  wpidly  increasing 
in  prosperity  and  in  population.  The  only 
set-off  against  this  appalling  amount  of 
local  decline,  Is  the  fact  that,  according  to 
the  last  population  returns  in  1851,  a  small 
increase  is  re^rarted,  the  then  population 
being  given  as  1,788  souls.  What  strikes 
a  stranger  most  in  the  Braemar  district, 
after  he  has  recovered  from  his  first  stu- 
pendous admiration  of  mountains  and 
Eine-furests,  is  the  great  number  of  ruined 
ouses  everywhere  prominent  in  the  glens ; 
that,  in  fact,  many  glens  which  had  lately 
contained  a  considerable  population  of  in- 
dustrious peasants,  present  nothing  now 
but  a  solitude  and  a  gamekeeper's  house. 

Lota  Lodge,  the  residence  of  Lord  Mi- 
dleton,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  was  totally 
destroyed  by  fire  on  Monday  morning. 
About  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  Lord 
Midleton  was  awakened  by  a  crackling 
noise,  which  appeared  to  proceed  from  the 
library.  His  lordship  secured  the  removal 
of  Lady  Midleton  and  the  Hon.  Miss 
Broderick  to  the  porter's  lodge,  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  house,  and  de- 
spatched a  messenger  to  the  Glanmire 
police-barrack  ;  but  the  wd,  which  arrived 
soon  afterwards,  was  unavailing  to  save 
the  house,  which,  with  a  great  part  of  its 
costly  contents,  soon  fell  a  prey  to  the 
flames.  About  six  o'clock  the  building 
was  a  complete  wreck,  nothing  but  the 
bare  walls  being  left  standing. 

I>readfnl  Explosion  at  the  Bute  Docks, 
Cardiff. — At  half  past  five  o'clock  this 
morning  a  terrific  explosion  shook  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  West  Bute  Dock, 
and  was  heard  as  far  as  St.  Pagan's,  four 
miles  to  the  westward  of  the  town.  On 
enquiry,  it  was  found  to  have  occurred  on 
board  the  fine  PriLss-an  bark,  "  Frederic 
Retzlaft',"  from  a  light  taken  by  a  coal- 
trimmer  to  commence  his  work,  which  ig- 
nited a  quantity  of  hydrogen  gas  escaping 
from  the  coal  on  board,  and  confined  by 
the  hatches  being  down  all  day,  (Sunday). 
The  vessel  was  hlown  into  a  complete 
wreck ;  two  of  the  crew  were  killed  on 
the  spot ;  the  mate  of  the  Pandora,  lying 
alongside,  was  killed  by  a  portion  of  the 
wreck  falling  on  his  head;  ten  men  were 
taken  to  the  infirmary  by  an  engine  of  the 
Tafl'  (Vale)  RailwHy  Company,  and  some 
deatlis  are  reported  to  have  occurred  there, 
but  as  yet  unascertained.  The  first-mate 
was  blown  into  the  dock,  and  was  got  out 


of  the  water  with  difficnlhr;  the  Moond- 
mate  was  blown  through  the  Roundhonse 
on  to  the  quay,  and  escaped  with  slight  in- 
jury ;  one  of  the  crew  was  blown  on  his  bed 
through  the  ship's  side,  and  was  found  un- 
der No.  7  coal-tip,  unhurt.  One  of  the  an- 
chors, weighing  nearly  two  tons,  was  blown 
over  the  forestay,  a  height  of  fifteen  feet, 
and  falling  into  a  barge  alongside,  sunk  it ; 
but,  providentially,  there  was  no  one  on 
boiutl.  The  coal-tip  (No.  7),  at  which  the 
vessel  was  loading,  was  set  on  fire,  and 
much  damaged,  and  the  adjacent  brandi 
of  the  Taif  Vale  Railway  was  covered 
with  the  debris.  The  ship  took  fire,  but 
there  being  plenty  of  assistance  at  hand, 
the  flames  were  speedily  extinguisheil.  The 
windows  of  the  houses  for  several  hun- 
dred yards  along  the  Bute  Dock-rood 
were  broken,  and  those  of  the  Taff  Vale 
ballast-office  were  wholly  blown  in;  in 
fact,  the  concussion  was  so  great,  that 
throughout  the  town  it  was  mistaken  for 
an  earthquake,  and  caused  the  utmost 
alarm.  The  vessel  has  sunk  at  her  moor- 
ings, and  is  shattered  almost  to  pieces, 
but  her  masts  are  standing,  with  the 
exception  of  the  maintop-mast  blown 
away. 

Oct.  28. 

Ladies'  Baptismal  Names  in  the  Olden 
Time. — We  often  hear  the  folks  of  the 
present  day  and  generation  busying  them- 
selves in  their  leisure  hours  with  making 
their  quizzical  remarks  on  what  they  are, 
in  their  innocence,  pleased  to  term  "the 
fine  names"  bestowed  an.  females  in  the 
current  period ;  but  they  are  mere  twcoii- 
gruous  sounds  when  compared  with  the 
simplest  of  those  given  in  the  good  times  of 
old:— 

Witness — 

Sumima, — a  lady  temp.  Hen.  I.,  who  held 
land  at  Bedmarshall,  in  this  county. 

Isolda, — d.  and  co-heiress  of  Bob,  de 
Congers,  xiv.  century. 

Ingolian, — w.  of  Simon  le  Scrape,  a.d. 
1220. 

Imania,—d,  of  1.  Clifford,  and  w.  of  L 
Henry  Percg,  who  died  1352. 

Idonea  de  Vetriponte, — a  lady's  name 
of  common  occurrence. 

Larderina, — heiress  of  CiUverley,  temp. 
Hen.  L 

Theophania  de  Arches, — w.  of  Maltesin 
de  Hercy,  a.d.  1220. 

AmabUln, — w.  of  John  Chetwode,  t 
Northamptonsh*  squire.  This  name  also 
occurs  in  the  family  of  Lueg. 

Petronilla  Burnbg, — (Durh.  Reg.)  xv. 
cent. 

Avelina, — Countess  of  Lancaster, 

Adargane, — w.  of  Bob,  de  ValUbus,  a.d. 
1116. 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


759 


TFa/pttr^w,— a  name  which  occurs  in  the 
xiii.  cent. 

Albrida, — w.  of  Ralph  de  Montchenxjf, 
a  benefactor  to  'JHptree  Priory,  JEsseXy  a.d. 
1299. 

Roesia, — d.  of  NicholcLS  de  Vardon,  xii. 
cent. 

Ibotta  Daltoriy — a  Yorkshire  lady,  a.d. 
1432. 

Avora  de  Umphrerille, — a  NorthumheT' 
land  lady.  This  na7ne  also  occurs  in  the 
fam.  of  Pi^rreponte. 

Ochtreda  Meschines. 

Frethesantha  Paynell, — w.  of  Geoffrey 
LuttereU, 

HawWia  de  Belesbify — a  very  favourite 
name  in  Yorsh.^  during  the  xiiL  and  xiv^A. 
centuries. 

Theofa  n  ia  fitz  Randal f, 

Aricia  de  Lascelh. 

AisceVmay — w.  of  Robert  Fossard, 

Ounnora  de  Gaunt. 

Bohaisy — w.  of  Gilbert  de  Gaunt,  dec. 
a.d.  1156. 

PetroniUa  Mark, — w.  of  Andrew  Lu' 
terell. 

Mathiidh  Porter. 

Manilla  de  Appiei/ard. 

Mnzeray — w.  of  Ralph  de  Cromwell. 

Albreda  Wimbishy — w.  of  Francis  Nor- 
tony  a.d.  1569. 

Muriel  Eure, — w.  of  Sir  George  Bowes, 
and  afterwards  of  Will.  Wj/cliffe,  of  Wyc- 
liffe,  Ksq.,  a.d.  1556. 

Fdelina  de  Broc. 

Rnheaia  de  Verduny — ixth.  of  Hen.  III. 

Divorgmllay — w.  of  John  de  Ballioly  K. 
of  Scotland,  xiii.  cent. 

May  these  suffice  to  prove  the  truth  of 
tho  al)ove  assertion. 

[Honuni  nomen  :  Bonum  omen  : — Old 
Maxim.  ]  Durham  Advertiser. 

Inundations  in  the  North  of  India. — 
Tlie  most  prominent  feature  in  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  fortnight  (says  the  Madras 
Athenaum)  is  the  lamentable  destruction, 
in  tlie  north  of  India,  of  an  immense 
amount  of  property,  by  the  overflowhig  of 
the  rivers.  The  valley  of  Peshawur  has 
bet'ii  submerged;  Bengal  is  in  so  much 
peril  from  the  (ranges,  that  the  authori- 
ties at  Fort  William  are  taking  steps  to 
secure  the  safety  of  property;  the  Goda- 
very  and  Kistna  have  overflowed  their 
banks,  laying  the  surrounding  country 
under  water ;  and,  lastly,  the  to^^Ti  of  Leia 
and  cantonment  of  Dera  Ghazee  Khan, 
both  in  the  Punjanb,  have  been  destroyed 
by  the  tloo«ls.  The  rain  had  carried  away 
native  houses,  and  flooded  those  of  Euro- 
peans, so  as  to  render  them  uninhabitable. 
By  the  2  kh  ult.,  the  houses  in  the  canton- 
ments were  all  in  ruins — household  ftimi- 
ture,  clothes,  and  every  description  of  pro- 


perty, has  been  swept  away.  The  Kut« 
cherry  was  one  of  the  very  few  houses 
remaining  in  the  station  at  the  latest  date, 
and  the  surrounding  villages  hud  been  all 
swept  away.  The  destruction  of  property, 
both  public  and  private,  must  have  been 
immense,  and  we  have  heard  that  many 
hundreds  of  lives  have  been  sacrificed. 

Oct.  29. 
Another  Old  Acquaintance  of  Bums,— ^ 
An  esteemed  correspondent  informs  us 
that  there  is  at  present  residing  in  Mauch- 
line  an  old  acquaintance  of  Bums.  Her 
name  is  Ellen  Millar.  In  her  youth  she 
was  a  servant  of  the  poet,  when  he  rented 
the  farm  at  MossgieL  She  was  married 
during  that  time.  Bums  was  one  of  the 
guests  at  the  marriage,  and  by  his  lively 
sallies  added  greatly  to  the  evening's  en- 
joyment. She  remembers  him  well,  and 
speaks  of  him  as  being  "  a  gae  steerin' 
chiel."  She  is  now  in  her  90th  year,  and 
still  possesses  her  faculties  unimpaired  by 
her  great  age.  She  is  exceedingly  active, 
and  continues  to  m^ntain  herself  by  her 
own  untiring  industry.  She  has  but  one 
son,  but  her  grandchildren  and  great- 
grandchildren are  so  numerous  that  she  can 
with  truth  apply  the  experience  of  the 
patriarch  Jacob  to  herself,  and  say,  "  He 
left  me  with  his  staff,  and  now  he  has 
become  a  great  baud.**  For  45  years  she 
has  lived  in  the  same  house,  during  20  of 
which  she  has  lived  entirely  alone. — Ar- 
drossan  Herald. 

Oct.  30. 
A  Crimean  Hero. — Among  the  Crimean 
troops  who  were  discharged  at  Chatham 
on  Thursday,  on  account  of  wounds 
received  during  the  Russim  war,  was 
Colour-Serjeant  Murphy,  of  the  1st  bat- 
talion of  the  Rifle  Brigade.  He  served 
in  the  Kafire  wars  of  18'16  and  1847,  and 
1852  and  1853,  for  which  he  received  a 
medaL  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Rus- 
sian war  he  was  sent  with  the  Rifle 
Brigade  to  the  Crimea,  where  he  served 
during  the  whole  of  the  campaign,  having 
been  present  at  the  battles  of  Alma,  Bala- 
klava,  and  Inkermann,  and  also  at  the 
final  assault  on  Sebastopol,  for  which  he  is 
decorated  with  the  Crimean  medal  and 
four  clasps.  He  has  also  been  granted  a 
silver  medal  for  distinguished  conduct  in 
the  field.  ^  On  his  extraordinary  bravery 
being  brought  under  the  notice  of  the 
Emperc  r  of  the  French,  his  Majesty  im- 
mediately nominated  him  a  Knight  of 
the  liCgion  of  Honour.  His  case  has  also 
been  represented  to  her  Majesty,  who  has 
appointed  him  to  a  situation  at  the  Tower. 
In  addition  to  his  pension,  he  has  been 
presented  with  a  g^tnity  of  £15,  and  he 


760 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


[Dec 


will  abio  receive  an  annuity  as  one  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Legion  of  Hono\ir. 

Oct.  31. 

Cheltenham  has  struck  a  medal  in  com- 
memoration of  the  visit  to  that  town  of 
the  learned  members  of  the  British  Asso- 
oation. 

Another  statue  has  been  added  since  the 
prorogation  of  parliament  to  those  already 
placed  in  St.  Stephen's-hall,  viz.,  one  to 
Charles  James  Fox,  executed  by  Mr.  Bailey, 
Royal  Academy. 

Nov.  1. 

Crystal  Palace  Frauds. — The  trial  of 
Bobson,  the  Crystal  Palace  forger,  took 
place  on  Saturday,  at  the  Central  Criminal 
Court,  London.  Bobson,  before  the  trial, 
pleaded  guilty  to  three  chaises  of  larceny. 
Mr.  Sergeant  Ballantine,  who  conducted 
the  case  for  the  prosecution  on  the  more 
serious  charge,  said :  — Although  the  pri- 
soner at  the  bar  had  pleaded  guilty  to 
three  indictments  involving  him  in  penal- 
ties for  having  committed  larceny  upon 
the  property  of  his  employers,  he  felt  it 
his  duty  to  state  to  them  the  circumstances 
of  the  present  charges,  with  a  view  of 
putting  them  and  the  court  in  possession 
of  the  mode  by  which  the  frauds  had  been 
committed  by  the  prisoner.  In  stating  to 
them  the  history  of  these  transactions,  it 
was  necessary  for  him  to  refer  to  the 
general  conduct'  of  the  prisoner.  It  ap- 
peared that  the  prisoner  was  a  person  of 
great  intollect,  and  considerable  powers  of 
mind,  and  possessed  of  an  education  far 
beyond  his  rank  in  life.  He  entered  the 
service  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Company  as  a 
clerk,  at  £1  per  week.  The  prisoner  was 
one  of  those  persons  who,  from  the  intelli- 
gence he  possessed,  might,  by  honest  and 
straightforward  conduct,  have  risen  to  the 
highest  position  in  this  great  commercial 
country.  Unhappily,  though  possessing 
these  abilities  and  advantages,  which  most 
people  would  have  grasped  at  with  avidity, 
he  was  not  content  with  the  prospect  be- 
fore him,  but  sought  to  obtain  wealth  ra- 
pidly by  dishonest  means,  which  in  a  person 
like  him  could  only  be  obtained  by  honest 
industry.  The  prisoner  now  stood  before 
them  a  felon  on  his  own  confession,  and 
had  to  under^  a  trial  for  one  of  the 
gravest  charges  known  to  our  laws.  The 
prisoner,  shortly  after  he  was  taken  into 
the  service  of  the  company,  was  promoted, 
and  his  salary  increased  to  £100,  and 
in  a  few  months  after  he  was  promoted 
higher,  as  Mr.  Fasson's  office-registrar,  at 
a  salary  of  £150  per  annum.  That  gen- 
tleman suflTering  from  ill-health,  and  find- 
ing the  prisoner  to  be  a  man  of  intelli- 
gence and  ability,  and  believing  him  also 
to  be  a  man  of  integrity  and  honesty,  left 
12 


a  great  part  of  the  numagemcnt  of  hit 
office  to  him,  and  by  that  means  he  pos- 
sessed facilities  which  he  had  applied  to 
the  injury  of  the  company  and  his  own 
ruin.  After  the  hearing  of  several  wit- 
nesses, and  a  speech  fVom  Mr.  Giffiud, 
who  defended  the  prisoner,  the  judges 
Mr.  Justice  Erie,  summed  up,  and  the 
jury  returned  a  verdict  of  guilty.  Hii 
lordship  then  proceeded  to  sentence  the 
prisoner  to  twenty  years'  transportation. 

Nov.  2. 
Curious  Custom,  —  The  corporation  of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne  are  bound  to  ent^ 
tain  the  Judores  of  Assize,  and  to  protect 
them  to  Carlisle.  The  latter  duty  they 
perform  by  presenting  each  of  the  judges 
with  a  gold  XX.  shilling  piece  of  Cliaries 
I.  to  buy  a  dagger,  and  the  money  so 
given  is  called  da^er-money.  They  al- 
ways present  it  in  the  coinage  of  Charlfs 
I.,  for  which  they  sometimes  have  to  pay 
high  prices,  when  it  happens  to  be  scarce 
in  the  numismatic  market.  This  cere- 
mony of  payment  was  duly  performed  at 
the  Autumn  Assizes  of  this  present  year, 
A.D.  1856,  and  the  writer  was  shewn  the 
coin  received  by  one  of  the  Lords  Jus- 
tices. It  was  a  XX.  shilling  piece  of  C*harles 
I.  in  very  fair  preservation.  Now,  we  are 
no  advocates  for  discontinuing  old  custom! 
and  ceremonials ;  but  where  they  can  com- 
bine with  present  circumstances,  we  think 
that  they  become  more  effective.  We, 
therefore,  strongly  recommend  to  the  Cor- 
poration of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  to  have 
dies  engraved  of  Queen  Victoria,  of  the 
siune  size  as  the  XX.  shilling  piece  of 
Charles  I.  now  given  by  them,  with  her 
Majesty's  portrait,  draped  and  wearing  her 
crown,  and  the  same  inscription  copied 
from  William  Wyon's  beautiful  five-shilling 
piece  of  a.d.  1816;  and  behind  the  bust, 
the  XX.,  as  on  the  coin  of  Charles  I. :  re- 
verse, the  Boyal  Arms  in  a  similar  shield 
to  Charles  1 . ;  and  an  inscription,  that  it 
is  presented  by  the  CV)rporation  of  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne to  the  going  Lords 
Judges  of  Assize,  with  a  dagger  as  the 
mint-mark,  obverse  and  reverse,  which 
would  indicate  the  nature  and  piuport  of 
the  gift,  and  the  continuance  of  the  old 
custom ;  and,  we  may  surely  bi'lieve,  in  a 
much  more  acceptable  form  to  the  re- 
cipients, whether  as  a  testimony  of  respect 
to  the  sovereign,  or  as  a  si^cciuien  of  the 
improved  stat«  of  the  fine  arts  in  her 
reign,  to  that  of  her  unfortunate  prede- 
cessor ;  while  the  reverse  inscription  would 
change  the  piece  from  a  coin  to  a  medal, 
while  preserving  the  old  form,  size,  and 
value,  thus  keeping  clear  of  any  encroach- 
ment on  the  queen's  sole  right  of  coin- 
ing money,  and  rendering  the  present  an 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


761 


heirloom  to  the  family  of  the  receiver. — 
Derby  Telegraph. 

Nov.  3. 

Norman  Domestic  Architecture.  —  A 
curious  archaeological  discovery  was  re- 
cently made  in  pulling  down  a  house  in 
Hatter-street,  Bury  St.  Edmund's — origi- 
nally Heathen,  or  Heatlienman*s-street, 
the  contemptuous  term  applied  in  an- 
cient times  to  the  Jews.  Behind  the 
masonry  enclosing  a  fireplace  was  found 
an  open  hearth,  with  stone  jamhs  of  un- 
douhted  Norman  character,  carrying  a 
mantel-tree  of  chesnut,  in  excellent  ])re- 
8ervati(m,  hut  of  a  Liter  date.  The  chim- 
ney is  very  ancient;  and  there  is  also  a 
fine  framework  of  moulded  oak  girders 
and  joists  for  the  floor  ahove,  which  had 
heen  covered  over  hy  a  lath-and-plaster 
ceiling.  The  form  of  the  jambs  is  a  triple 
shaft,  with  square  members  between  them ; 
the  capitals  are  cushion-shaped,  with  some 
remains  of  the  conical  ornament,  and  there 
is  a  trace  of  fresco-colouring.  The  height 
of  the  jambs  is  about  five  feet,  the  width 
of  the  opening  seven  feet,  and  the  funnel 
of  the  chinmey  of  the  same  size,  gradually 
contracted. 

Nov.  4. 

The  New  Baron  of  the  Exchequer. — 
Mr.  WilUam  Henry  Watson,  Q.C.,  who 
hits  heen  appointed  a  Baron  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, in  the  room  of  Mr.  Baron  Piatt, 
who  has  resigned,  is  the  eldest  scm  of 
Caj)tain  John  Watson,  formerly  of  the 
7()tli  foot.  He  was  lx)rn  in  1796,  and  was 
married  in  1831  to  a  daughter  of  A. 
Holiest,  Es(|.  In  1811  he  entered  the 
anny  as  a  cornet  in  the  6th  Dragoons, 
of  which  regiment,  in  1812,  he  became 
a  lieutenant.  Having  served  willi  his 
regiment  in  the  Peninsula,  he  retired 
on  hulf-pay  in  1816.  In  the  following 
vear  he  was  admitted  a  student  of  Lin- 
coln's-inn,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
18:^2,  having  jiractised  for  many  years  as 
a  special  pleader.  In  1813  he  wa.s  made 
a  Bencher  of  Lincoln'sinn.  In  1852  he 
unsuccessfully  contested  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne.  From  1811  until  July,  1847,  he 
sat  for  Kinsale,  and  was  first  elected  for 
Hull  in  Au{;ust,  1851,  when  Mr.  Clay  and 
Lord  Gotlerich  were  unseated  on  petition. 

Nov.  5. 

The  Soulage  Collection. — It  appears  that 
some  thirty  years  ago  a  certain  French 
gentleman,  M.  Soulage,  of  Toulouse,  was 
bitten  with  a  mania  for  obtaining  objects 
of  beauty  in  the  art-workmanship  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance — that  is  to  say,  such 
articles  as,  while  ministering  to  the  luxu- 
ries of  the  patricians  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  should  have  been 
wrought  in  more  or  less  direct  imitation  of 

Ge5t.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


those  supposed  to  have  been  essential  to 
the  enjoyment  of  the  same  class  under  the 
auspices  of  Imperial  Rome.  The  moment 
at  which  the  mania  broke  out  was  a  pro- 
pitious one  for  its  economical  indulgence. 
That  terrible  time,  that  tempo  dei  Francesi, 
which  in  Italy  is  made  to  account  for  the  dis- 
appearance of  thousands  of  i)recious  heir- 
looms, which  the  fears,  or  necessities,  or 
cupidity  of  their  i)roprietors  had  led.  them, 
more  or  less  secretly,  to  dispose  of,  had 
passed  away  just  \o\vr  enough  to  embolden 
those  into  whose  hands  nmch  miscellaneous 
plmider  of  past  greatness  had  fallen,  to 
produce  from  cellars  and  garrets  fragments 
of  princely  magnificence,  for  their  prcsout 
possession  of  which  they  might  not  very 
possibly  be  strictly  called  to  accomit.  To 
sell  to  a  foreigner  who  would  pay  ready 
money,  and  at  once  take  away  with  him, 
objects  marked  with  the  arms  and  badges 
of  the  great  families  whose  descendants 
were  still  the  influential  people  of  the 
locality,  offered,  no  doubt,  a  great  tempta- 
tion to  the  Italian  l)roker8 ;  and  thus  M. 
Soulage  was  enabled  to  carry  off*  many  a 
piece  of  tarnished  grandeur,  enriched  by 
the  names  of  the  Malatestas  and  Gonzagas, 
the  Visconti  and  the  Borgias,  the  Orsini 
and  the  Brancaleoni.  His  spoils  diflTer  in 
one  essential  particular  from  those  of  the 
majority  of  other  collectors.  With  him  art 
was  everything,  intrinsic  value  nothing. 
Including  a  few  gold  medals  and  small 
articles  in  silver,  his  whole  series  of  7liO 
specimens,  if  brought  to  the  melting-pot, 
would  realize  probably  little  more  than  as 
many  shillings,  and  yet  we  are  assured,  on 
the  very  competent  authorities  of  Mr.  John 
Webb  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Robinson,  curator 
of  Marlborough-house,  that  the  sum  of 
£11,000  is  a  very  moderate  estimate  of  its 
present  market  value.  Bronze,  earthen- 
ware, stone,  wood,  and  glass  comprise  al- 
most the  whole  series  of  materials,  and  the 
skill  of  the  artist  has  alone  effected  the 
magic  transmutation  of  the  whole  to  gold. 
This  fact  should  teach  no  trifling  lesson  to 
those  who  order  and  value  "  testimonials" 
bv  the  number  alone  of  ounces  of  silver 
they  weigh,  or  appreciate  household  furni- 
ture alone  by  the  quantity  of  cube  maho- 
gany contained  in  each  piece.  Except  in 
the  single  article  of  majolica,  there  is  little 
in  common  between  the  Bernal  and  the 
Soulage  collections ;  for  while  the  former 
abounded  in  miscellaneous  objects  remark- 
able only  for  curiosity,  gleaned  apparently, 
for  the  most  part,  between  Wardour-street 
and  the  Low  Countries,  the  latter  is  ap- 
parently limited  to  Italian  art  of  the  best 
period  of  the  cinque-cento.  The  Bemal, 
with  much  that  was  excellent  blended  a 
vast  quantity  of  toys  and  trifles ;  the  Sou- 

5v 


762 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


[Dec. 


'a;jfc  is  for  the  most  part  made  up  of  fine 
^arp^c  objects,  almost  every  one  of  which 
burnishes  a  model  for  what  might  be  ac- 
tually iLsed  for  household  or  domestic  pur- 
poses ill  the  present  day. 

'Hie  unij|ue  feature  of  M.  Soulage's  ac- 
cumulations is  unquestionably  the  collection 
of  one  hundred  and  six  pold,  silver,  and 
bronze  medals  of  illustrious  men,  for  the 
most  part  Italians  of  the  fourteenth,  fif- 
teenth, and  sixteenth  centuries.  Such 
mednlB  served  for  the  bndpes  of  various 
families,  and  were  worn  in  the  sleeves, round 
the  necks,  or  on  the  hats  of  pjentlemen  fol- 
lowing the  fortunes  of  a  noble  house.  The 
best  art  of  the  perio<l  was  invariably  em- 
ployed uj)on  them,  and  they  were  modelled, 
cast,  and  chased  up  by  men  no  less  skilful 
than  Vittore  Pisano  (il  l*isanello),  his  scho- 
lar, Matteo  Pasti,  Francesco  Francia,  Pol- 
lainolo ;  and  C.Vllini,  the  latter  being  among 
the  earliest  makers  of  steel  dies,  to  super- 
■ede  the  more  troublesome  process  of  cast- 
ing and  finishing  up  each  individual  medal 
separately.  Admirable  likenesses  these 
medals  must  have  been,  for  rarely  do  they 
fkil  to  express  the  stamp  which  history  has 
get  upon  the  characters  of  men  of  whose 
outward  seiubhiiices  time  has  H])ared  us  no 
other  vestige  than  the  recronl  contained  in 
these  most  interesting  medallions.  ...  In 
fine,  the  only  answer  to  be  given  to  the 
qu(»stion, "  What  is  the  Soulage  collection  ?*' 
itf'Olftt  it  is  a  very  noble  one,  and  one  well 

worthV^  ^^^  ^^*-*^*P  stw^b'  o^  "^^  ^'^*"  would 
nee  our  natlonHr-2ri-i}ll»*n"^a^**Vres  placwl 

on  a  footing  of  equality  witfi  XA\(^^%^li^ 
allies  the  French. 

^  A  few  words  now  on  how  it  comes  here. 
Certain  worthies, — in  all,  some    st?venty. 
three,— noble,  gentle,  and  industrial,  and 
none^the  less  noble  because  gentle  and  indus- 
trial,  clubbed  their  money  and  paid  <£  11,000 
to  M.  Soulage ;  and  such  was  the  willing- 
ness shewn  to  contribute  to  the  goo<l  work, 
that,  had  twice  the  money  been  retpiired,  it 
would  have  been  forthcoming.     The  con- 
ditions upon  which  the  subscrii>tion  was 
made  were  of  a  curious  nature,  partaking  of 
thtit  celebrated  "  losing-hazard*'  in  which 
the  gentlemen  playt>d  pitch -and-toss  ujwn 
the  principle  of  "  tails  1  lose,  heads  you 
will;"  in  other  words,  it  was  ai?reed  that, 
if  in  disp  .sing  of  the   collection  in  this 
country,  atler  it  had  iK-en  made,  by  public 
exhibition,  to  teach  us  some  lessoiis  of  no 
mean  value,  any  loss  was  ultimately  sus- 
tained, the  suliscribers  would  bear  it ;  and 
that  if,  on  tht;  other  hand,  any  profit  was 
realized,— to  quote  the  t^inns  to  which  all 
the  contributors  subscriljed, — "  the  amount 
thereof  should  be  dispost^d  of  in  furtherance 
of  some  object  or  objects  connected  with 
art,  to  b«  determined  by  the  major  part. 


in  value,  of  the  mibeeriben  preMiit^  at  i 
meeting  specially  called  for  that  pnrpoae." 
Under  such  conditions,  e\'ery  good  citiioi 
must  wish  "  their  pot«  and  pans  all  turned 
to  shining  gold." — Times, 

Curious  Custom. — There  is  a  cnston 
which  has  been  upheld  from  time  iia 
memorial  by  the  Dean  and  Chapter  ol 
Durham  on  three  days  in  the  year — SOU 
of  January,  29th  of  May,  and  5th  of  No 
vemlxT,  the  anniversary  of  "  King  Charlei 
Martyrdom,"  "Royal  Oak  Day/'  an 
"  Ounpowder  Plot,"  which  is  pretty  gene 
rally  known  amongst  the  lacLs  of  this  citj 
as  "push-penny."  On  theso  days  tlM 
Chapter  cause  twenty  shillinsra  in  copper  t< 
be  scrambled  for  in  the  College-yard  b] 
the  juvenile  citizens,  wlu>  never  fail  to  bi 
present  on  these  oocasions.  Whence  tin 
custom  has  its  origin  we  are  nnahle  to  mj 
probably  some  of  our  readers  cau  inlbn 
us. 

Nov.  6. 

Bath, — Tlie  extensive  and  hoautilbl  ool 
lection  of  stnfTed  birds,  which  we  recenth 
announced  had  been  presented  to  tlie  dt) 
by  Mrs.  Col.  Godfrey,  arrived  in  Bath  tfron 
Kxeter  on  Tliursday,  and  was  deposited  al 
the  lioyal  Literary  and  Scientific  Initi' 
tution.  The  collection  numbers  dertfl 
hundred  specimens,  and  its  presentatioi 
to  the  city  in  such  a  liandsome  way  sbooU 
be  the  subject  of  very  special  acknowledg- 
ment. A  more  kind  and  liberal  act  to- 
wards a  community  was  never  per^imied. 
The  catalc^ue,  which  accompanies  the  col- 
lection,  gives  the  Latin  name,  the  Englidi 
'«,Mi^^ where  it  has  one),  and  the  synonmM 

is  also  ^y^y^^\^^^ili&^'^^^^ 
—Ist,  Raptores.  hSMtTFift  r>-i..  9^ 
vultures,   27  ialconji,  anT 
Inscssores,  includuig  8  varu?w.^„ 
suckers,   6  swallows,  11  ga|)erM,    35kine 
fishiTs,  18  bee-eaters,  10  tnigons,   17  fly 
catchers,    40  shrikes,    16  chatterers,    12 
manakins,  kc.,  11  titmice,  68  wnrbli^rs,  59 
thnishes,    1   lyre  bird,    107   finches,    17 
starlings,  7  ox-peckers,  28  crown,  2  birds 
of  paradise,  1  colie,  4  plainUin-eatcra,   I 
hombills,  and  11  honey-eaters ;  3rd,  Scan- 
sores  (climbers),  including  8  toucans  and 
aracaris,  18  cuckoos,  64  parrots,  9  creepers^ 
63  woodi)ecker8,  and  68  humming-birds; 
4th,   Kasores    (scratcbers),    inclnding  29 
pigeons  and  42  pheasants;  5th,  Cureores 
(runners),   including  8  bustards,  and  12 
plovers;  6tb,  Grnllatores  (waders),  inclnd- 
ing 34  snipes,  1  avocet^  18  mils  and  coots, 
2  jacanas,  20  cranes,  5  ibis  tantalns  and 
spoonbill,    1   flamingo;    7th,    Natatoraa 
(swimmers),  mdading  40TBrieliei  of  docks 
and  geese,  6  diven^  SgailleiDoa^  7  alfa». 
troBs-pelieuii,  15giilb  mad  Ua^  6pfllleus, 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


763 


cormorants,  and  darters,  &c.  Tlie  spe- 
cimens in  these  numerous  classes  are,  as 
may  be  expected,  from  nearly  all  parts  of 
the  world;  and  all  that  the  Bath  public 
have  to  do  is  to  provide  suitable  accom- 
moilation  for  them.  This  has  been  ren- 
dered an  easy  matter  by  the  Committee  of 
the  Royal  Literary  and  Scientific  Insti- 
tution, who  have  liberally  consented  to 
devote  a  portion  of  their  building  for  the 
purpose.  The  cost  of  bringing  the  cases 
from  Exeter,  and  of  making  the  space  in 
the  institution  available  for  the  purjwse,  is 
estimated  at  between  £70  and  £80.  This 
the  citizens  will,  no  doubt,  cheerfidly  and 
liberally  contribute,  since  the  corporation 
have  no  power  to  apply  the  borough  funds 
to  such  a  purpose. 

Not.  7. 
The  Bethel  TAorw.— Hethel  Old  Tliom 
is  one  of  our  vegetable  patriarchs,  is  a  still 
living  witness  perhaps  of  Roman  conquest, 
Dutch  forays,  and  Dniidical  superstition. 
According  to  tradition,  it  is  mentioned  as 
**  the  old  thorn"  in  a  deed  dated  early  in 
the  thirteenth  century ;  and  it  is  reix)rted 
to  be  described  in  one  of  the  "  Chronicles'* 
as  the  mark  for  the  meeting  in  an  insur- 
rection of  the  peasants  in  the  reign  of 
King  John.  We  should  be  much  beholden 
to  any  antiquarian  reader  who  can  point 
out  the  Chronicle  in  which  this  statement 
is  tx3  be  found.  That  the  tree  is  of  very 
high  anti(piity  cannot  be  doubted.  Mr. 
CJrigor,  who  described  it  with  an  inexact 
figure  in  his  "  Eastern  Arboretum," in IS-tl, 
gives  the  following  measurements : — "  At 
one  f(K>t  from  the  l)asc  of  the  trmdc,  twelve 
feet  and  an  inch  in  circumference ;  and  at 
five  feet  high,  fourteen  feet  and  three 
inches;  whilst  the  circumference  of  the 
si)ace  over  which  the  branches  spread  is 
thirty-one  yards.  Its  trunk  is  reduced  to 
a  mere  shell,  and  though  somewhat  di- 
vidcil,  it  has  none  of  that  shattered  ap- 
pearance which  we  sometimes  olwerve  in 
the  oak.  The  ramification  of  the  top  luw 
assumed  a  style  which  we  can  neither 
trace  in  the  oak  nor  in  any  tree  of  its  own 
8i)ecies,  the  branches  forming  a  thick,  gro- 
tes<iue  mass,  most  curiously  interwoven. 
It  is  covered  all  over  with  lichen  and 
crowned  with  mistletoe,  adding  still  more 
to  the  eflect  which  age  confers  upon  such 
objects."  Mr.  Hudscju  Gurney,  upon  whose 
j)n)perty  it  now  stands,  adverts  in  tl\e 
"  luustern  Arboretum"  to  a  circumstance 
unnoticed  by  the  author  of  the  work. 
"Not  only,"  he  says,  "the  bark  of  the 
hollow  tree  is  as  hard  and  as  heavy  as 
iron,  but  every  hranch^  most  curiously 
intrrvolvedy  is  a  hollow  tube,  into  which 
you  may  put  your  arm — all  the  interior 
wood  being  gone."    What  adds  to  the 


singularity  of  the  tree  is  that  many  of  the 
branches  are  slit  up  one  side,  so  that  they 
look  like  planks  half  rolled  up,  or  as  if  the 
trunk  had  been  gradually  split  asunder 
into  long  strips,  which  afterwards  timied 
their  edges  inwards — nature  repairing  the 
wounded  surface.  Similar  instances  of 
this  peculiar  mode  of  growth  occnr  in  the 
same  neighbourhood,  which  is  rich  in  old 
hawthorns;  several,  for  instance,  may  be 
seen  on  Mr.  Edward  Freestone's  property, 
at  East  Carleton.  It  would  be  interesting 
to  hear  from  those  who  live  near  ancient 
hawthorns  in  other  parts  of  England, 
whether  they  find  this  peculiarity  in  the 
specimens  within  their  observation.  The 
greater  diameter  of  Hethel  Old  Thorn  at 
five  feet  high  than  at  the  ground-level, 
observed  by  Mr.  Grigor,  is  caused  by  the 
spreading  asunder  of  the  involute  divisions 
in  question.  We  rejoice  to  add  that  this 
relic  of  ancient  times  is  still  in  good  health, 
and  carefully  protected  from  injury  by  a 
fence  maintained  by  direction  of  Mr.  Hud- 
son Gurney. —  Gardiner's  Chronicle, 

Nov.  8. 
Dr.  Roe,  the  Arctic  Traveller. — At  the 
Lochabcr  Agricultural  Society's  dinner  (says 
the  *•  Edinburgh  Courant"),  an  incident  oc- 
curred which  formed  a  very  interesting 
finale  to  the  day's  proceedings.  A  gentle- 
man, apparently  a  tourist,  arrived  at  the 
hotel  just  as  the  party  were  to  sit  down  to 
dinner;  he  asked,  and  was  immediately 
granted,  to  join.  Through  the  evening  he 
made  himself  particularly  agreeable,  and 
his  health  was  proposed  as  "  the  stranger," 
and  very  cordially  drunk.  On  rising  to 
return  thanks,  he  said, — "  In  the  course  of 
my  life  I  have  seen  some  rough  days  and 
many  pleasant  ones.  I  have  lived  ten 
montlis  in  a  snow-house,  without  warm- 
ing myself  at  a  fire;  ,1  have  had  my 
mocassins  cut  off  my  Je^s  with  a  hatchet ; 
I  have  had  to  kill  my  own  food  with  my 
own  gun,  and  I  have  been  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  living  on  bones;  but  all  these 
are  easily  forgotten,  when  I  meet  such  a 
pleasant  party  as  is  now  around  me.  As  I 
am  an  entire  stranger  to  you  all,  and  as  I 
have  received  so  much  kindness  from  you, 
it  is  but  fair  that  vou  should  know  who  I 
am :  my  name  is  Kae,  and  you  may  have 
heard  it  associated  with  the  Frankhn  Ex- 
pedition." At  this  announcement  the  as- 
tonished party  started  to  their  feet,  and 
gave  Dr.  Rae  a  most  enthusiastic  recep- 
tion. The  cheering  lasted  several  minutes, 
after  which  Dr.  Rae  shewed  some  of  the 
articles  which  had  indicated  the  probable 
fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin  and  his  party. 
They  consisted  of  a  piece  of  gold  and  two 
silver  watches,  a  small  anchor  and  several 
coiiui>  a  spoon,  with  a  crest  engraved  upon 


761 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


[Dec. 


it,  &.C. — Dr.  Rae  had  been  on  a  visit  to  Mr. 
Edward  EUice,  M.P.,  at  Glenquoich,  and 
was  on  his  way  to  Castle  Meuzies. 

Nov.  9. 

A  Great  JVr«»br«»ke  out  in  London  early 
this  mominfr,  in  the  large  range  of  pre- 
mises belonging  to  Messrs.  Almond  and 
Co.,  the  army  aiccoutrement-makcrs.  Swan- 
yard,  St.  Martin's-lane,  and,  spite  of  all 
the  exertions  of  the  firemen,  who  were 
quickly  on  the  spot  with  a  greafc  number 
of  engines,  the  factory  of  Messrs.  Ahnond 
was  entirely  consumed,  as  well  as  the  Par- 
thenium  Club-r(x)ms,  in  St.  Martin's-lane, 
and  likewise  the  carriage-lace  factory  be- 
longing to  Messrs.  Whittington,  Sons,  and 
Co.  About  fifteen  or  twenty  other  parties 
also  sustained  serious  injury,  either  by  fire, 
water,  or  hasty  removal  of  their  furniture. 
The  damage  done  is  roughly  estimated  at 
£20,000. 

lAcerpool. — At  the  recent  special  meet- 
ing of  the  Liverpool  Town  Council,  a  letter 
was  read  from  VVilliam  Brown,  Es(i.,  M.P., 
(who  had,  some  time  ago,  offered  £6,000 
towards  the  erection  of  a  suitable  building 
for  the  Free  Library  and  Museum,)  stating 
that  ho  understood  that  the  estimate  for 
the  building  would  exceed  the  sura  voted 
by  the  council  (£20,000)  by  about  £12,000, 
in  which  case  he  would  have  no  objection 
to  furnish  one-half,  or  a  seamd  £6,000, 
provideil  the  corporation  would  vote  the 
remainin>^  half.  The  Town-Clerk  was  di- 
rected to  convey  to  him  the  thanks  of  the 
council,  and  inform  him  that  his  letter 
would  receive  every  attention  at  their 
hands. 

Nov.  10. 

Hampton  Lucy  Church. — We  under- 
stand a  new  apse,  or  chancel,  is  being  at- 
tached to  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  at 
Hampton  Lucy.  The  church,  which  was 
built  about  thirty  years  since,  by  the  Rev. 
J.  Lucy,  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  richly 
omnmented.  Outside  the  chancel  will  be 
three  tiers  of  blocks,  on  the  first  of  which 
will  be  subjects  representing  Faith,  Hope, 
Charity,  and  Humility;  on  the  sec(md, 
the  corresponding  vices ;  and  on  the  third, 
representations  of  animals.  The  interior, 
OS  well  as  the  exterior,  will  be  ornamented 
by  choice  specimens  of  natural  foliage, 
ami  the  new  chancel  will  be  perfectly 
unique  in  its  character.— Zoca/  Paper. 

Life-Boats.— The  late  HamUton  Fitz- 
gerald, ICsq.,  has  loft  a  legacy  of  £10,000 
to  the  Royal  National  Life-boat  Institu- 
tion. He  had  been  a  liberal  contributor 
to  its  funds,  and  was,  at  his  death,  a  vice- 
president.  Hitherto  the  society  has  had 
its  exertions  cramped  for  want  of  adequate 
means :  not  one-half  of  the  number  of  life- 
boats required  was  it  able  to  establish. 


It  is  computed  tliat  between  600  and  700 
persons  perish  annually  from  shipwrecks  oo 
our  coasts,  one-half  of  whom  ml^ht  be 
saved,  if  adequate  means  were  proTided  for 
their  rescue. 

Nov.  11. 
Turner's  Paintinxfs.  —  The  foUoiwing 
twenty  pictures  by  the  late  J.  M.  W.  Tur- 
ner were  exhibited  on  Men  lay,  at  Marl- 
borough-house  :  —  Moonlight,  a  Studv  at 
Milbank  (1797);  View  in  Walea  (abort 
1800);  View  on  Clapham  Common  (abort 
1802);  •Shipwreck  (1805);  GreenwiA 
Hospital  (1809);  Abingdon,  Berkshin 
(al)out  1810);  Cottage  de8tn)yed  by  an 
Avalanche  (about  1812);  Bligh  Sand,  nnr 
Slieerness,  Fishing-boats  trawling  (1815). 
The  above  jnctures  are  in  Turner's  ftri 
style. — *Tlie  Decline  of  the  Carthaginiaii 
Empire  (1817) — tliis  work  belongs  to  his 
imitations  of  Claude.  *The  Bay  of  BaiB 
(1823);  Alew  of  Orvieto  (1830) ;  •ChiMe 
Harolds  Pilgrimage,  Italy  (1832) ;  •ApoUo 
and  Daphne  ( 1837) ;  •Phryne  going  to  the 
Public  Bath,  as  Venus  (1838);  The  "Fight- 
ing Temeraire"  tugged  to  her  last  Berth 
(1839) ;  Agrippina  landing  with  the  Ashes 
of  Gcrmanicus  (1839).  llie  seven  last  pic- 
tures belong  to  his  second  style. — Venice, 
the  Bridge  of  Sighs  (1840) ;  The  Burial  of 
Wilkie(1812)j  The  "Sun  of  Venice"  going 
to  Sea  (18^43);  Approach  to  Venice  (1844). 
The  last  four  works  illustrate  the  more 
extravagant  manner  of  his  latest  period. 
The  pictures  marked  thus  *  are  of  large 
dimensions,  and  are  among  Turner's  great- 
est works. 

Nov.  12. 
The  Holy  Places. — By  intelligence  re- 
ceived from  Jerusalem,  it   would  appear 
that  the  jealousies  between  the  Latin  and 
Greek  Churches  have  not  subsided,  and 
that,  as  usual,  it  devolves  upon  the  Maho- 
metan authorities  to  keep  the  peace  be- 
tween the  parties.     By  the  intervention 
of  the  present  P&cha  of  Jerusalem,   the 
priests  who  accompanied  the  caravan  of 
liomish  pilgrims  which  lately  proceeded 
to  the  Holy  Land,  were  allowed  to  cele- 
brate mass  in   the    church  of  the   Last 
Supper.      They  were  also  pemutted  to 
visit  the  mosques  of  Omar  and  El  Akss» 
on  the  site  of  Solomon's  Temple.  A  Lady- 
Superior  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  had 
been  presented  by  the  Pftcha  with  a  hand- 
some crucifix  in  mother-o*-pearL 

Nov.  13. 
Decrease  of  Pauperism, — ^The  **  Times' " 
Dubhn  correspondent  says,  — "  It  u  re- 
marked that  pauperism  is  decreasing  to 
such  an  extent  in  the  provinces,  that  some 
of  the  workhouses  are  all  but  tenantless; 
and,  as  tliis  happy  change  is  likely  to 
contmue^  it  baa  been  pro^ned  to  amiilgA* 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


765 


mate  some  of  the  Unions,  in  order  to  get 
rid  of  a  statF  of  officials  whoso  duties  may 
be  said  to  be  no  more  than  a  sinecure. 
In  Dublin,  however,  there  are  no  such 
pleasing  tidings  to  tell.  There  are,  it  ap- 
pears, 1,100  provincial  paupers  in  the 
North  Dublin  Union  Workhouse,  and  the 
conseipience  is  that,  for  the  support  of 
these  visitors,  the  citizens  are  paying  a 
rate  of  28.  lid.  in  the  pound.  In  the 
South  Dublin  Union  matters  are  not  much 
better." 

Nov.  14. 
Park  for  Fuvthury. — A  deputation  from 
the  parishes  of  St.  Mary,  Islington,  the 
HollK)m  District,  St.  James,  Clerkenwell, 
and  St.  Mar}%  Stoke  Newington,  liad  an  in- 
terview with  Lord  Palmerston  for  the  pur- 
pose of  laying  before  his  lordship  the  plan 
for  the  proposed  park  for  Finsbury,  an 
estimate  of  the  expense,  with  other  parti- 
culars, and  solicting  the  assistance  of 
government  for  carry in^jj  out  the  under- 
taking. His  lordshin  declined  to  give  any 
pledge  to  the  deputation  as  to  the  inten- 
tions of  the  government,  until  he  had  con- 
sulted with  th«j  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
on  the  subject ;  but  he  has  since  seen  Mr. 
Layton,  the  vestry-clerk  of  Islington,  in 
reference  thereto,  and  promised  that,  in 
the  event  of  the  passing  of  the  bill,  of 
wliica  due  notice  lias  been  given,  for 
making  the  park,  the  government  would 
recrinmend  to  parliament  a  grant  of 
dK50,00()  towards  carrying  out  the  work. 
The  park  is  proj)osed  to  comprise  300  acres 
of  land,  and  the  cost  is  estimated  at 
i;2(K),000,  of  which,  l)esides  the  anticipated 
parliamentary  grant,  £150,000  will  bo 
required,  and  this  is  proposed  to  be  raised 
l)y  a  metropolitan  rate  of  a  halfpenny  in 
the  ixjund  during  a  period  of  seven  years. 

Nov.  15. 
Murder  of  a  Railway  Cashier. — A  pain- 
ful sensation  was  created  in  Dublin  on 
IViday,  by  the  discovery  of  a  horrible  and 
nivsterious  circumstance  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Midland  Great  Western  (Ireland) 
Railway,  the  body  of  Mr.  George  Little, 
the  casliier,  having  been  found  in  his  office 
with  all  the  appearances  which  le<l  the 
public  to  suppose  that  he  had  committed 
suicide.  In  the  early  part  of  the  morning 
the  absence  of  the  deceased  was  not  no- 
ticetl,  and  his  office-door  remuned  closed 
without  attracting  attention  until  eleven 
o'clock,  when  his  sister  arrived  at  the 
terminus  to  inquire  about  his  absence, 
stating  that  he  had  not  returned  home 
during  the  last  night.  Inquiries  were 
then  made,  and  one  of  the  porters  observ- 
ing then  for  the  tirst  time  that  the  gas 
was  still  lighted,  a  good  deal  of  alarm  was 
felt.    A  ladder  was  procnred,  and  a  boy 


entered  the  room  through  a  window,  when 
he  discovered  the  body  in  the  midst  of  a 
pool  of  blood.  The  police  were  then  sent 
for,  the  door  was  broken  open,  and  several 
persons  connected  with  the  railway  entered. 
Such  a  discovery  at  the  present  moment, 
when  men's  minds  are  filled  with  reports 
of  the  defalcations  of  railway  and  other 
officials,  immediately  created  the  impres- 
sion that  the  unfortunate  deceased  bad 
been  guilty  of  some  breach  of  trust,  al- 
though the  circumstance  of  a  large  sum  of 
money  being  found  in  his  desk,  and  the 
statement  also  made  that  he  had  cleared 
up  his  accounts  in  a  satisfactory  manner 
this  week,  were  calculated  to  alter  that 
supposition.  Mr.  Hyndman,  one  of  the 
city  coroners,  was  called  in,  and  an  inquest 
commenced  late  in  the  afternoon. 

The  inquest  was  resumed  on  Saturday, 
and  the  circumstances  which  had  turned 
up  in  the  meantime  left  no  doubt  what- 
ever that  the  deceased  had  been  the  victim 
of  a  miurder.  The  instrument  with  which 
his  throat  had  been  cut  had  disappeared, 
and  the  key  of  the  door  had  also  vanished, 
the  murderer  having  evidently  locked  the 
door  and  taken  the  key  with  lum.  A  towel 
was  found  covered  with  marks  of  blood 
and  some  cuts,  as  if  the  knife  had  been 
wiped  in  a  hasty  manner.  But  when  the 
body  had  been  examined  by  medical  men, 
no  further  evidence  was  required  that  a 
murder  had  been  perpetrated.  Some  of 
the  mysterious  circumstances  of  the  case 
remain,  however,  still  unexplained.  Thus, 
the  large  sum  of  money,  amounting  to 
several  hundred  pounds  in  gold  and  notes, 
which  still  lay  on  the  table,  would  not  in- 
dicate that  a  robbery  had  been  committed, 
although  it  is  stated  that  a  large  sum  be- 
sides that  thus  undistiurbed  is  missing. 
After  hearing  some  general  evidence,  the 
jury  returned  a  verdict  of  "  Wilftd  murder" 
against  some  person  or  persons  unknown. 

Nov.  16. 

Bisereditahle  Proceedings  at  St,  PauVt 
Churchy  KrUghtshridge, — During  the  per- 
formance of  divine  service  this  morning, 
the  fog  having  rendered  the  use  of  lights 
necessary,  the  candles  at  the  desks  of  the 
clergy  and  choir  were  lighted,  and  the 
following  account  has  been  supplied  by 
one  who  was  present : — "  Shortly  after 
the  commencement  of  the  Litany,  Mr. 
Westerton,  one  of  the  churchwardens,  di- 
rected the  beadle  to  light  the  gas-burners 
in  the  chancel,  so  that  no  difficulty  might 
be  felt  by  Mr.  Liddell  and  his  curates 
when  they  had  to  perform  that  portion  of 
the  Communion-service  which  precedes  the 
sermon.  While  this  was  being  done,  and 
the  prayers  following  the  Litany  were 
being  iDODotoned,  Mr.  Liddell  ordered  the 


760                          The  Monthly  InteUigeneer.                         [E 

besdle  t^  liglit  tlio  ^jcat  randies  mi  tho  Tuesday  momiTlg,  wlim  their  bodira  i 

altar.    Tho  beadle,  Imviiig  llglitfd  them,  diacovered  in  the  canal.     It  appeal*  1 

returned  to  the  othtr  end  nf  the  church,  Ilnycfl  rctwbed  hu  home  a  feir  miir 

and  when  anted  liy  Mr.  Westcrton  why  he  after  they  had  left,  without  i«eing  an 

bad  done  tin,  be  replied  that  Mr.  Li^leil  theni,  and  wni  almost  Immediately  a 

Lad  onliTCd   him    tn  liglit    them.       Mr.  out  by  rriea  of  "  Help  !"    He  ran  dow 

Weaterton  now  frit  hunself  oillod  on  to  one  of  the  lower  \ixkt,  and  found  th 

act  J  he  left  bi«  pew,  went  up  the  nave,  watthman,  attached  to  aome  of  the  ne 

BscnHlcd  tho  rhaneel -steps,  and  paiaing  bouring  worke,  bad  ftllen  into  the  Cl 

Mr.  Licldell,  entered  the  vtslry,  and  reap-  and  was  strag)tlin)(  fur  life.      Hayei 

peared  with  the  eilJnftulHhcr.   ile  reached  blin  out,  and  bad  bim  removed  to  hia 

the   altar,  and  extinfcuiiilied   Ua  numntet  bouse,    where   he  rccorercd.       The  n 

lifchts,  reiihtciiig  the  eitinfpiiaher  in  the  pasMxl  without  hearing  any  tiding*  of 

vestry.    He  then  rvtumed  to  bia  pew,  mis.iin^  women  i  but  about  balt'-paat  ci 

bavin;;  done  it  ao  ([uickly  end  so  ipiielly  a  brotlier.in-law  of  Hayei  dixcuvcrad 

that  not  tho  iUgbtest  intcrroption  was  body  of  a  little  girl  floating  on  the  • 

cauapd  tu  the  pcifomiance  of  the  evrvice.  in  the  hick,  and  havitifr  ^  it  out,  i 

'Hlien  Mr.  Lid<U-ll  and  Metwn,  Smith  and  tilled  it  aa  tliat  of  the  chili)  of  Hr«.  Ch 

Wostall,  bii  curates,  got  up  at  tlie  end  of  The  drof^  were  then  lued,  Hnd  near 

the  morning  prayen,  to  Ibrm  their  naual  spirt,  jiwt  outnide  the  loi-k,  were  found 

proceiwiiin  tii  the  altar,  Mr.  IJdilull,  to  tho  bodici  or  Mn.  Ilayea  and  Mra.Chubb. 

Hur]>Tiae  of  the  whole  of  the  enn^rre^ljon,  this   port  of  the   onial   tbe  tofrintf-; 

who  were  then  atanding^,  while  the  Sane-  auddciily  tuma  <A    The   poor  creati 

fN(  was  beiiii;  rluinteil  by  the  ehoir,  darted  no  doubt,  could  not  chaerve  tho  turn, 

otTiuto  tlie  vertry,  tiillowcd  by  Mr.  Smith,  bo  walked  atraipht  intcr*iiB  water. 

mid  returned  with  a  1ight«d  candle;  they  Foundliitg  ttonpila/.^^,  rtatue  to 

all  then  wont  up  to  tho  altar.     Mr.  Smith  memory  of  the  founder  □t'*%iB  haaf 

lighted  one  of  tho  (civat  eandles.    The  Captaiu  Coram,  was  placHl  U|H}kthei 

Cinuumnion .service  then  proeeedcd,  and  structure  in  the  centre  of  tlie  «*«■ 

Hr.  Weatertnn,  fevlini;  that  further  inter-  nti-a.     The  work  ia  by   U'lIliuitjCh 

ftrenre  would  not  only  have  prevented  Marahail,  R.A.,  and  the  czpensv  IiaiS 

the  service  fViim  bnn);  carried  on,  but  lead  defrayed   by   private  mibscription. 

to   a  personel  Klni|rg)e  betivevn  himself  ti^cnre   (which    adminilily  rejircHoiift 

and  tlie  cki^',  remained  in  his  ]icw.    Hut  pliilanthrupiat   aa  handeil  duwu    Itv 

for  this  discretion  (I)  on  the  part  of  the  RRrth)    it   ei^bt   feet    bi)(li,    nnd     Th 

churcliwarden,   a    scene   muat    have    in-  being  a  jnst  thuuicb  tardy  caniiiliiiii^ 

eviUbly  ensvied  whi<>h  would  have  added  ao  ^id  a  man,  will  reliei'o  tlie  inotHi 

another  tu  the  many  snindntH  tn  which  (^a  lineof  low bnildinga  hitherto  nttln 

the  cundnct  of  the  eler^,  both  of  St.  I'aid  tu  the  architt'ctura]  eye.    Tho  unenvi' 

and  St.  Barnabas,  hna  given  riiic."  of  tlic  statuo  was  fijllowed   hy  Ilani 

Nov.  17.  antbetn,  "Hu   delivered   the    ]MHir 

Fatal  AfciilfttU  in    Ihe   Fiy. — A  la-  crieil."  and  the  national  antheiu,  nee 

mentable  nxurreiice  took  place  dnrinp:  a  panied  liy  the  juvenile  bund  uf  I  hu  Itii 

dense  iV^  which    jircvailcd   on   Monday  tal.    Tlie  ebihiren  were  the  vocalists, 

evoiiinp,  in  tlic  vicinity  .>f  Hackney  Wick-  Nov.  IR 

lane,  at  the  sontli-cnatem  extreitiily  uf  Tlie  PreMr  <rOrMaMiai  a  letter,  of  ( 

Vietoria-]iuTk.      On  tlu;   (riwing-patfi   of  30,  from  Trcliixonib;,  the  writer  of  wj 

i<ir    (hmirgo   Ducki-tt'i   Canal,  lu-ar   the  attomiita  to  (five  siich  inCirmntinn  as  ' 

N<nih  London  Kailway  srch,  livnl  a  man  ublainnl)lc    iitoat   the    iie|R    of   Hei 

named  Ilayea,  (who  bod  eharfio  of  tho  brought  firom  I>crsiB  by  the  last  l^br 

lock^ntt-i,)  his  wife  anil   five  '  cliihlren.  conriiT.    Tho  General  in  the  chief  ei 

<>Ti  Mimdny  afternoon,  a  Mrw.C1mbb,  tlic  miind  of  tlie  Peruan  troc^  which  h 

wife  of  a  ciK^icr  living  in  lieu  Jonami-  been  eni^ged  in  the  aieBS  of  Ilerat 

street.    Stepney,    ammipanied    by    her  several  inonths  {laat,  cwitrived  to  |nit  h 

daughter,  abunt  hi  yeaia  of  age,  en'llcd  to  aclf  secretly  hit<)  eominunicatlon  with  *c 

see  Mm.  Hayes.    Alrnit   ]ialf-|iaBt  seven  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  city,  who  w 

tlio  two  finnBliht  and  child   lelt,  and  ai-  co-religinnists  wilh  the  ]\:nians,  and 

tboufib  the  fiifi:  was  so  dennc  ns  to  prevent  hmi^l  to  the  same  MahomniedBn  sect, 

the  water  being  dl<itingni8hed  tnaa  the  induced  them  t«  open  one  of  the  city  p 

hind,   they  itmn^cely   enough   prut-etiled  tu  him  on  tho  night  of  the  30th  of  Ai^ 

along  the  tuwing-puth  for  the  piiniose  of  and  tu  give  admiwlon  to  two  Perrian  n 

luceting  Hayes,  wliu  at  the  time  was  re-  meiits.    Tho  Penions,  luwcvcr,  had  u 

turning  from  the  a|ipcr  1<>('k-Kat«.  Nothina  just  gut  within  the  wb11%  wboi  tka 

more  was  seen  or  heard  of  thcia  until  sieged    Al%faani^  maid  iritk   Mtki 


185G.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer, 


767 


threw  themselves  in  dense  masses  upon 
them,  anil  the  eonilict  was  so  fierce  that 
the  Persians,  unable  to  make  use  of  their 
muskets,  were  speedily  repelled,  with  a 
considerable  loss  of  men.  It  is  said  that  a 
thousand  of  them,  killed  or  badly  wounded, 
were  left  upon  the  ground  in  the  city.  But 
the  (lisiister  sustained  by  the  Persians  did 
not  stoj)  there.  Pursued  by  the  AfFjjjhans 
as  thev  tied,  thev  suffered  further  losses, 
until  they  reached  a  brigade  of  the  Per- 
sian army  wliieh  had  been  sent  to  meet 
and  prote(!t  them.  There  was  a  Persian  ru- 
mour at  Teheran,  that  Jussuf  Tchazad<5,the 
Prince  of  Herat,  had  been  taken  prisoner; 
but  this  news  is  much  in  need  of  confir- 
mation, and  seems  to  have  been  circulated 
only  to  counterbalance  the  discouraging 
e fleet  of  the  defeat  on  the  30tli  of  August. 
Since  IVrsia  has  had  occasion  to  perceive 
that  a  wtir  with  England  is  seriously  to  be 
feared,  the  moral  condition  of  the  country 
becomes  worse  and  worse,  and  nobody  can 
foresee  the  result  of  the  deplorable  crisis 
through  which  it  is  now  passing. 
Nov.  19. 
Extent  of  Railicay  Property. — Some 
idea  may  be  formed  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  j)ro])erty  represented  by  the  London 
and  North- Western  Railway  Company, 
from  the  following  statement :  — "  The  ca- 
pital of  the  company  exceeds  £33,000,000; 
the  annual  revemie  £3,000,000 ;  the  num- 
ber of  servants  in  constant  employment  is 
alxnit  13,000 ;  the  number  of  stations 
'  (goods  and  p:isscnger8)  is  354;  the  num- 
ber of  passengei*s  carried  annually  is 
'•  9,500,000 ;  the  number  of  miles  travelled 
■*  by  ])asscngers  242,000,000;  the  tons  of 
^  merchandise,  coal,  Ac,  carried  aimually, 
about  5,000,000 ;  the  number  of  trains  ran 
annually  is  205,000  ;  the  number  of  miles 
run  by  trains  annually,  upwards  of 
9,000,000 ;  the  numlx  r  of  railways  with 
which  traffic  is  interclianged,  is  (il ;  the 
number  of  rates  for  g(XKbi  in  iLse  is  470,000; 
ditto  for  passengers'  fare,  about  250,000 ; 
the  conip.ny  has  738  engines  and 735  ten- 
ders, 1  state-carriage,  619  first-class  mail 
and  composite  carriages,  580  second-class 
carriages,  119  third-class  carriages,  29 
travelling  post-offices,  311  horse-boxes,  256 
carrijige-tmcks,  259  guards' -break  and 
parcel-vans,  and  31  parcel-carts  and  tracks 
for  its  coaching  traffic;  also  8,871  goods* 
wagons,  1,211  cattle- wagons,  282  sheep- 
vans,  1,384  coke-wagons,  28  trolly-trucks, 
6,150  sheets,  and  247  horses. 

Nov.  20. 
EnffUsh  yohilitif. — On  making  an  ab- 
stract of  the  Enghsh  printed  peerage,  it 
apinnirs  that  out  of  249  noblemen,  the 
number  of  thirty -five  laid  claim  to  have 
traced  their  descent  beyond  the  Conquest; 


forty-nine,  prior  to  the  year  1100 ;  twenty - 
nine,  prior  to  the  year  1200;  thirty -two, 
prior  to  the  year  1300;  twenty-six,  prior 
to  the  year  1400;  seventeen,  prior  to  the 
year  1500;  twenty-six,  prior  to  the  year 
1600;  and  thirty,  prior  to  the  year  1700. 
The  number  of  peers  entered  in  that  peer- 
age is  294,  exclusive  of  the  royal  family ; 
but  of  that  list  no  satisfactory  conclusion 
could  be  drawn  as  to  the  commencement 
of  the  pedigrees  of  forty-five  noblemen. — 
Sims*8  Manual  for  the  Chnealogist. 

Sir  James  Outram  left  Southampton,  for 
Bombay,  to  take  the  command  of  the  British 
force  destined  to  operate  against  Persia. 

Legal  Plunder.  —  The  report  of  the 
Patent  Office  has  been  issued.  It  appears 
from  this  document  that  the  number  of 
applications  for  provisional  protection  was 
2,958,  the  number  of  patents  passed  was 
2,044,  and  the  number  of  specifications 
filed  1,989.  No  less  than  914  provisional 
applications  lapsed  because  no  further  pro- 
ceeding was  tfUcen.  During  the  first  half 
of  this  year  1,536  applications  were  made. 
The  fees  are  certamly  enormous  still, 
though  vastly  reduced.  Printing  cost 
£8,000;  lithographing,  £12,600;  sta- 
tionery, £5,000,  The  compensations  are 
a  serious  item.  Mr.  D.  G.  Johnstone, 
patent  clerk,  has  £850.  (Why  was  he 
not  put  into  another  office?)  The  At- 
torney-General for  Ireland  secures  £1,200; 
the  Solicitor-General,  £800;  the  Lord- Ad- 
vocate of  Scotland,  £850;  and  the  clerk 
of  the  Attorney-General  for  Ireland,  £300. 
These  are  paid  for  doing  nothing ;  but  the 
fees  paid  for  work  done  are  certainly  exorbi- 
tant. They  are  thus  stated  in  the  report : 

To  Sir  Alexander  Cockbum,  her 

Majesty's     Attorney-General, 

for  certificates   of  allowance 

of  protection  on  provisional 

specifications,    1,4M    at    two 

guineas  each £3,053 

Ditto,  for  flats  on  reference  of 

complete  specifications,  26  at 

two  ffuineas  each M 

Ditto,  for  signing  warrants,  926 

at  one  guinea  each  973 

£4,080 

To  the  clerk  of  the  Attorney-General 

on  provisional  and  complete  specifica- 
tions, 1,480  at  Ss.  each  370 

To  Sir  Richard  Bethell,  her 
Majesty's  Solicitor-General, 
for  certificates  of  allowance 
of  protection  on  provisional 
specifications,  1,450  at  two 
guineas  each 3,045 

Ditto,  for  fiats  on  reference  of 
complete  specifications,  28  at 
two  guineas  each 58 

Ditto,  for  signing  warrants,  G95 
at  o.ie  gruinca  each 1,013 

4,117 

To  the  clerk  of  the  Solicitor-General 

on  provisional  and  complete  specifi- 
cations, 1,478  at  5b.  each 869 

£8iM6 


768 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


I 


\ 


The  question  will  at  once  arise,  why  should 
both  be  paid?  One  of  the  law-offiwrs 
would  suffice  to  determine  whether  the 
provisional  specification  describes  the  na- 
ture of  the  invention.  It  is  probable  that 
in  practice  they  do  not  both  investigate 
the  claims ;  et  qucere,  does  either  ? — Surely 
here  is  a  field  for  retrenchment  which 
would  be  higlily  beneficial  to  the  public, 
for  these  fees  come  out  of  the  jXHiket  of 
the  inventor. 

Atjierica. — Advitres  reached  Liveqxx)! 
from  New  York  to  the  8th  inst.  Air.  Bu- 
chanan is  assured  of  a  majority  of  the 
electoral  votes.  Indiana  has  declared  for 
him,  and  Illinois  for  Fremont.  California 
has  yet  to  be  heanl  from,  and  we  place 
her  in  the  Buchanan  column.  Hero  arc 
the  figures : — 

Buchanan 163 

Fremont 125 

Filbuore 8 


Buchanan's  majority,     30 

Not.  21. 

The  "  London  Gazette"  contains  an  ac- 
count of  the  investiture  of  the  Sultan  with 
the  most  Christian  Order  of  St.  George, 
which  was  sent  to  C<mstantinople  in  due 
form.  Upon  this  the  "  Times"  has  the  fol- 
lowing remarks : — 

"A   veritable  tabard  is  a  very  quaint 
piece  of  costume.     Armorial  Ixjarings,  even 
on   a  I'arriage,   arc  many  removes  from 
common   sense;   but  a  man — not  only  a 
man,  but  a  gentleman  of  birth,  air,  and 
intelligence,  stuck  over,  l>edizene<l,  actually 
clothcKl  from  head  to  foot  in  huge  cHxits  of 
arms,  is  a  8]H>ct4icle  so  pre{)Osten)us,  that 
one  thinks,  as  one  l(M)ks,  heraldry  must  l)c 
either  an  enthiLsiiism  or  a  madness,  or  at 
least  a  very  lucrative  ])rofession.     But  in 
the  East,  where  tlu»re  are  races  and  trilK.*3 
and  a  few  sacTed  families,  but  no  aristo- 
crjicy  or  gentry,  coats  of  arms  are  al>ont 
as  great  a  mystery  us  the  hiero«lyi)hic8  or 
cuneiform  insiTiptions  they  have  hud  Ixj- 
fore   tliem   for   thousands  of  years.     So 
wonder  the  Sultan,  us  is  stated,  fixcnl  his 
eyi?s  on  the  lu-ndds,  us  if  he  hud  never 
seen  the  like  Iwfore,  and  was  never  to  see 
it  uguin.     They  nnist   Imve   looked   very 
strunge  birds  among  the  fioviing  roln.'H  and 
gruci'ful  figures  ussenibled  round  the  rt»- 
presentative  of  the  Prophet.    The  English 
s])ectutor  of  the  scene,  however,  besides 
Irs  larger  exi)erien(re  of  strunge  combinu- 
tions,  wus  historically  pre])ared.    Here  was 
henildry  revisiting  the  land  of  its  birth. 
Garter  King-of-Arms  wus  there  represent- 
ing ])n'decessors  who  hud  confront e<l  the 
Suladin.     There  wus   no  oddity   of  gear, 
no  quaint  nesM  of  device,  in  all  his  motW 
13 


troup,  that  was  not  once  naturalia 
Palestine,  remaining  there,  off  and  o 
two  ocntories, — nay,  even  in  Conn 
nople  itself  for  a  hundred  yeans.  ' 
tabards  and  budgea,  those  iungnia,  \ 
this  Order  inde^  but  of  Sovereigi 
Templars,  of  other  knights  aa  noL 
their  day,  were  familiar  objccta  in 
place  long  before  the  Turk  found  hi 
in.  Many  an  English  as  well  aa  F 
coat  and  crest  were  once  as  fumilL 
the  shores  of  the  Bosphonis,  the  ran 
of  Constantinople,  the  gates  of  the  p 
and  the  church  of  St.  Sophia,  aa  thej 
are  in  Hyde-paik.  It  might  ha\ 
curred  to  some  present  on  Uiia  oco 
tliat  but  for  the  bloody  and  cxbav 
struggle  then  raging  between  Euj 
and  France,  the  Eastern  empire 
would  have  been  gradually  limited  t 
walls  of  old  Byzantium,  and  fiUlcn  i 
an  easy  prey  to  Mahomet  II.  lliere 
event  so  imcxpccted  but  what  histor 
both  rival  and  illustrate  it.  There 
Saracen  knights  as  well  as  Cliristian. 
have  Jewish  knights,  and  one  of 
went  a  few  years  ago  on  a  miaw 
charity  to  the  Holy  Land.  Yet,  \x 
kuighthood  as  we  tiud  it,  and  in  parti 
the  "most  noble,"  most  exclusive. 
Christian  Order  of  the  Uarter,  the 
choicest  gifl  of  our  fctovereii^n,  am 
most  geimino  J)it  of  Old  Kiigland 
among  us,  we  must  own  to  a  revulsii 
ideus  in  the  thought  of  the  begar 
Sultan.  Indeed,  liis  Imi)erial  M^ 
whose  very  dominion  is  built  upon  i 
ment,  and  who  surrenders  no  pnji 
till  nwessity  wrings  it  from  him,  c 
to  know  at  how  great  a  coat  to  £n 
feeling  he  has  receive<l  what  he  may  1 
a  trivial  compliment.  He  ought  to  J 
that  in  this  country  we  expect  a  "  K 
to  be  something,  and  if  ho  is  not, 
mark  the  blot  in  the  Order.  Wha) 
ex]>ect  from  Abdul  Mec^jid,  Knighi 
that  ho  will  reall}'  act  as  a  member  oj 
great  Kuro])ean  family,  and,  like  a 
knight,  fight  uianfully  against  the  rot 
and  murderers,  the  (»ppre8Hors  and 
rux)ters,  tlmt  fill  his  empire  from 
furthest  province  up  to  the  foot  of 
throne;  and  that  he  will  be  as  road 
do  and  dare  all  for  the  succour  of  tbii 
pressed  and  ninnly,  as  his  brother-knij 
have  done  in  his  own  behalf." 

Ooldfrom  Austraiia,  to  a  large  amo 
being  considerably  overdue,  insura 
were  eli'ectcfl  at  the  rate  of  Jt  13  per  va 
but  the  "  James  Baines,'*  for  whiMe  sa 
some  little  mieasiness  liad  been  felt,  hi 
last,  happily,  arrived  from  Melbuunie 
gether  with  the  "  Lightning."  Hu* 
vesseb  bring  about  £l,26O,O0a     Tl 


1856.] 


The  Monthly  Intelligencer. 


769 


are  also  the  "Atlantic"  from  New  York 
with  £106,000,  and  previous  arrivals  in 
the  week  of  about  £225,000,  which  makes 
a  total  of  £1,591,000.  Against  this  large 
supply  there  has  been  one  very  lai^e  ex- 
port, namely,  £599,690  to  India  by  the 
"Columbo."  The  former,  however,  is  all 
in  gold,  and  will,  of  course,  assist  most 
materially  to  replenish  the  stock  of  the 
Bank  of  France,  if  it  does  not  also  add 
to  the  bullion  oi  the  Bank  of  England.. 
Under  any  circumstances,  however,  the 
receipt  of  so  large  an  amount  will  prove 
highly  beneficial  in  allaying  present  diffi- 
culties in  the  money-market. 

InteresHng  Discovery. — The  Herculean 
lalx)ur  of  remo\'ing  a  cairn  250  feet  in 
height,  which  has  been  carried  on  for 
nearly  five  years  near  the  village  of 
Alexandropol,  in  the  Russian  province  of 
Ekatarinoslaw,  has  just  been  completed, 
and  led  to  the  most  important  discovery 
of  numerous  ai'ticles  of  gold,  silver,  bronze, 
and  clay,  as  also  of  iron  shafts  and  rods, 
nails,  skeletons  of  horses,  and  ornaments 
of  gold.  The  whole  are  in  an  excellent 
state  of  preservation,  and  although  traces 
of  an  attempt,  made  at  some  remote  period 
to  effect  an  entry,  is  plainly  visible,  the 
number  of  objects  now  brought  to  light  are 
very  considerable.  In  comparing  the  well- 
known  passage  in  Herodotus  respecting 
the  burial-place  of  the  Scythian  kings  with 
the  present  discovery,  it  is  clear  that  this 
is  one  of  the  catacombs  mentioned  by  him ; 
and  sanguine  hopes  are  entertained  that 
the  success  attendant  on  this  first  attempt 
will  lead  to  further  and  even  more  im- 
portant discoveries. 

Nov.  22. 

Completion  ofKodgsorCs  History  of  Nor- 
ihumberlandy  under  the  superintendence 
of  a  Connnittee  of  the  Antiquarian  Society 
of  Ncwcastle-uix)n-Tyne. — The  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Newca>ttle-upon-Tyne  has 
made  arrangements  for  the  immediate  pub- 
lication of  the  First  Part,  containing  the 
general  history  of  the  county  from  the 
earliest  period,  in  one  volume,  quarto. 
Price  £3  3s.  large  paper,  £2  2s.  small 
I)aper,  uniform  with  the  volumes  published 
in  tlie  lifetime  of  the  author.  The  pub- 
lication of  this  volume  yfWS.  render  the  work 
complete  as  far  as  it  goes ;  whereas  at  pre- 
sent it  consists  of  a  Siecond  and  Third  Part 
only.  The  Society  hopes  to  be  in  a  po- 
sition to  proceed  with  the  continuation  of 
the  Second  Part  immediately  after  the 
completion  of  the  First.  The  volume  now 
announced  will  be  sent  to  press  before  the 
close  of  the  present  year ;  and  parties  de- 


sirous to  obtain  it,  in  order  to  perfect  their 
sets,  are  requested  to  make  immediate  ap- 
plication to  the  publishers  of  the  Society 
(Messrs.  Pigg  &  Co.,  Clayton-street,  New- 
castle,) as  the  number  printer},  will  be 
limited  to  subscribers. 

Thomas  Hearne. — Antiquaries  will  be 
delighted  to  hear  that  Dr.  Bhss  announces 
for  publication,  the  Remains  of  Thosias 
Heabne,  containing  extracts  from  his  ma- 
nuscript diaries,  with,  notes.  This  work 
was  commenced,  and  partly  printed,  many 
years  ago,  but  want  of  leisure  has  pre- 
vented the  learned  editor  from  completing 
it  until  now.  In  the  prospectus  we  are 
told  :— 

"  Of  this  work  one.  hundred  and  fifty 
copies  on  small,  and  fifty  on  large  paper, 
are  printed ;  persons  desirous  of  procuring 
it  are  requested  to  apply  immediately  to 
Messrs.  Parker,  Oxfoi^  or  337,  Strand, 
London,  who  will,  on  the  receipt  of  a  post- 
office  order,  or  cheque  on  some  banker,  for 
the  amount,  immediately  .take  care  that 
the  books  specified  are  forwarded  accord- 
ing to  order. 

"The  editor  has  been  driven  to  this 
mode  by  the  commission  demanded ;  the 
usual  allowance  to  booksellers  when  credit 
is  given  would  occasion  so  large  diminution 
from  the  receipts  of  so  limited  an  impres- 
sion, as  to  render  the  imdertaking  too 
severe  a  loss  to  be  conveniently  sub- 
mitted to. 

"  It  may  be  questioned  whether  in  these 
days  two  hundred  purchasers  of  such  a 
work  as  the  present  will  be  found  %  but  it 
is  hoped  that  the  collectors  of  Heabne's 
Works,  (to  which  this  may  be  deemed  a 
fitting  supplement,)  the  lovers  of  bio- 
graphical minutise,  of  personal  anecdote, 
of  historical  gos8ip;;«nd,  above  all,  of  the 
local  antiquities,  Jiabits,  and  manners  of 
the  University,' will  here  find  somewhat  of 
information  and.  amusement,  to  make  up 
for  the  smallness  of  the  impression,  aud 
the  consequent  high  price  of  the  book." 

Mr.  AJcerman,  Secretary  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  London,  has  been  en- 
gaged for  some  time  past  in  the  compilation 
of  a  map  shewing  the  ancient  possessions 
of  the  Abbey  of  Malmesbury,  and  in  the 
course  of  his  enquiry  has  visited  many  of 
the  places,  and  traced  the  boundaries  of 
the  grants  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  princes 
previous  to  the  Norman  Conquest.  His 
work,  however,  is  far  from  complete,  owing 
to  the  difficult  of  obtiuning  access  to  dU' 
trici  maps,  giving  more  details  than  are 
to  be  found  in  the  Ordnance  Survey.  The 
co-operation  of  persons  locally  acquainted 
with  the  particular  districts  is  required. 


•  In  this  opinion,  we  hope  the  result  will  prove  to  Dr.  Bliss  that  he  is  mistaken. 
Giyx.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI.  5  G 


770 


Promotions  and  Preferments. 


[I 


I 


and  we  feel  that  it  is  only  necessary  to 
mention  the  work  in  which  Mr.  Akerman 
is  engaf^Ml,  to  ohtain  for  him  much  infor- 
mation from  our  locul  antiquaries. 

Nov.  26. 
Intelligence  was  received  of  a  dreadfld 


accident  at  SoaUiamptoii  tlui  day  oo  b 
one  of  the  Eoyal  West  India  Steamei 
the  Docks,  when  three  penont  were  k 
and  nine  wounded  1^  the  explorion  ol 

of  the  boilers. 


PROMOTIONS,  PREFERMENTS,  &c. 


■ 


Oct.  20.  AKton  Dnvoren,  esq.,  to  be  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  the  lAliind  of  Nevis. 

Oct.  31.  Charlet)  Bluat,  cnq.,  to  be  Consul  at 
Sniyma. 

Charles  John  Calvert,  esq.,  to  be  Consul  at 


Salnnica. 
Nov.  4. 
point  the 


The  Queen  hns  been  pleased  to  ap- 
Rev.  Henry  Coterill,  M.A.,  to  be  or- 


Benjamin  Cliidley  Campbell  Pine,  esq., 
GoYtTnor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 


dained   and   consecrated  Bishop   of  Grahoma- 
town. 

to  be 
e  Gold 
Coast. 

IC'tv.  6.  Miss  I^uisa  Gordon  to  be  one  of  the 
Maids  in  Ordinary  to  her  Majestv,  in  the  room 
of  the  Hon.  Mnry  So}'mour,  resifrned. 

Kolwrt  William  Keate,  esq.,  to  be  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Island  of  Tri- 
nidad. 

Nor.  15.  Tlie  (Jueen  has  been  pleased  to  direct 
letters  patent  to  be  passed  under  Uic  Great  Seal, 
grantinijr  the  di^rnity  of  a  Baron  of  the  United 
Kin^om  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  unto 
Jamp!(,  Baron  Tulbot  of  Malahide,  in  that  part  of 
the  sai<l  United  Kingdom  called  Ireland,  and  the 
heirs  male  of  his  body  lawfully  bcfrotten,  by  the 
name,  style,  and  title  of  Baron  Talbot  de  Mala- 
hide, in  the  county  of  Dublin. 

Cornelius  KortnVht.esq.,  to  be  Lieut.-Govemor 
of  the  Island  of  Grenada. 

Edward  Herbert  Bunbury,  esq.,  to  be  Secretary 
to  th:'  Cam  ridfre  Univi  rsity  Commission. 

Francis  Blackburn,  esq.,  Kx-lx)rd-Chanccllor 
of  Ireland,  to  be  Lord  Justice  ot  the  New  Court 
of  Ai)peal. 

(3i-n.  Sir  Edward  B!akene7,  to  bo  Governor  of 
Cbc-ls  a  Hos])ital. 

Gen.  Sir  Alexander  Woodford,  to  be  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital. 


W.  n.  Watson,  eaq.,  Q.C.,  to  be  one  ol 
Barons  of  the  Exchequer. 

Mr.  Seijeant  Welle,  to  be  Reoorder  of  Bed 

Col.  Keogh,  to  be  Stipendiary  Magiil 
Ireland. 

The  Duke  of  Newcastle  to  be  Lord-Lki 
NottinfrhaniBhire. 

Sir  Alexander  Cockbnn,  AttoiBey-Gca., 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  t.f  Commoa  Plcu 

Sir  Richard  Bethel,  to  be  Attomer-Oen. 

The  Rt.  Uon.  James  Stuart  Wocticj,  Bee 
of  Ixmdon,  to  be  SoUcitor-GcnereL 

Travers  Twisa,  eeq.,  D.C.L.,  to  bo  Chan 
of  the  Diocese  of  Uneoilii. 

R.  Sumner,  eeq.,  to  be  Chuieellor  mmd  8ti 
of  the  Diooeee  of  Wlneheoter,  mad  Oonmi 
of  Surrey. 

Charles  Prcsaler,  eeq.,  to  be  ChalrmaB  o 
Board  of  Inland  KeTenae. 

Charlri  J.  Herriea,  eeq.,  to  bo  Tlnr  fbit 
of  the  Board  of  Inland  Kerenue. 

The  Earl  of  Elleunere,  to  be  Lord  Becli 
King's  CoUefre,  Aberdeen. 

Sir  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton,  to  b»  Lord  M 
of  the  Unirersitj,  Glasgow. 

Nfte  LieutenanU  and  DepfMt^LinMtn&m 
Counties.— Jjard  Fermor  has  been  and 
Lieut -Oen.  and  Custos  Rotnlonun  for  Obn 
and  conntT.  The  Earl  of  Granaxd  ba<«  bta 
pointed  Lieut.-Gen.  and  Custos  Rotuloraa 
the  county  Limerick.  Mr.  Edward  Kinff  Th 
has  been  appointed  Licut.-Oen.  and  OmIos  1 
lorum  for  the  county  Koneommon.  Lord  Wi 
Viscount  Ingestre,  William  Perry  Hcrriek, 
Smith  Child,  esq.,  John  Hartley,  eeq.,  Alesa 
Brodie  Cochrane,  e«q.,  John  Ridgway,  esq..  • 
Timm  ns  Chance,  esq.,  James  KTers  Swfai 
esq.,  have  been  appointed  Deputy-Ucnli 
fitaffordjbhirc. 


OBITUARY. 


Thb  Earl  of  Scarborough. 

Ort.  29.  At  his  seat,  Sandbeck-park,  near 
Tickhill,  Yorkshire,  the  Rt.  Hon.  John,  Earl 
of  Scarborough. 

The  dcce^«ed  nobleman  was  the  eighth 
Earl  of  Scarborough,  and  tlic  liueal  represen- 
tative of  a  family  which  traces  it^  pedigree  to 
a  period  considerably  anterior  to  the  Norman 
Conquest.  The  family  surname  of  Lumlcy 
is  derived  from  a  small  place  on  the  banks  of 
the  Wear,  in  the  county  of  Durham.  In  the 
seventh  year  of  E  ward  IV.,  George  John 
Lamley  was  appointed  high-sherilT  of  North- 
nmberfani.  His  son  Richard  was  summoned 
to  ])ar]iament  in  1509.  His  son  John,  Lord 
Lumley,  was  one  of  the  barons  who,  in  theyeftr 
1630,  signed  tlio  letter  to  Pope  Oement  Vll. 
for  the  divorce  of  Queen  Catherine,  and  who 
nix  yeard   afterwanLi  figured   in  the  ''Pil- 


grimage of  Grace ;"  but  hb  life  wu  tp 
His  son  Georse,  who  waa  conoenaed  in 
treason  of  Lord  Darcy,  Sir  Thomaa  Percj, 
others,  was   not  so  fortunate,  bat  wbs 
cuted  for  his  offence.    The  title  wea  reali 
by  act  of  parliament  in  1647 ;  bat  on  fiii 
of  the  issue  of  the  direct  line,  when  the 
was  claimed  by  a  Rev.  Robert  Uojd, 
House  of  Lords  came  to  the  resolution 
the  act  of  attainder  incurred  by  Geoi;ge,  1 
Lumley  was  not  reverted  by  the  act  of 
liament   On  the  Slst  of  Mey,  1681,  Ricb 
the  second  Viscount  I<nmley  in  the  Iriah  b 
age,  was  enrolled  in  the  peerage  of  ISngl 
and  on  the  16th  of  April  foUowing  wai 
Earl  of  Scarborough.   The  third  enri  i 
the  name  of  Sanderson,  and  in  1716 
Viscount CasUeton,  of  Sandbedc,  in  the  ooi 
of  York,  and  labaeqwutly  Earl  of  Oullti 


1856.]         The  Earl  of  Scarborcugh. — Lord  Seartdale. 


771 


bat  djring  withoat  imie,  Ids  tides  IwcBme 
extinct,  and  his  estates  descended  bj  will  to 
Thomas  Lmnley.  Richard,  the  foiirth  eacl, 
married  the  sister  and  heir  of  Sir  George  Sa- 
▼ille,  at  whose  decease  the  Bntford  estate 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  ScarboroBgh 
family.  In  the  year  1766,  he  was  appoiotBd 
Deputy  Earl-Marshal  of  England.  Joiin,  the 
seventh  earl,  who  was  born  in  1761,  took 
holy  orders,  and  was  a  prebendary  of  York 
Cathedral. 

The  deceased  peer,  John  Lnmlcj  Sarille, 
Viscoont  Luml^,  and  Baron  I^mley  of 
Lumley  Castle,  in  the  Covnty  of  Darbam,  in 
the  peerage  of  England,  and  Visooont  Lnm* 
ley,  of  Waterford,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland, 
was  born  at  Edwinstowe  on  the  18th  of  July,^ 
1788,  and  succeeded  as  tbe  eighth  earl  on  the 
2l8t  of  February,  1886,  his  faOnn  having 
been  killed  by  a  foil  firom  a  hoae«  Friot  to 
his  accession,  the  deceased  nobleman  rqire- 
sented  the  county  of  Nottingham  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  haring  been  elected  by 
that  constituency  in  tiie  years  1886,  I881L 
1881,  and  1832.  In  1888  he  was  appdnted 
Lord-Lientenant  of  the  oountyof  Nottingham, 
in  the  room  of  the  late  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
who  was  summarily  removed  for  having 
written  an  offensive  letter  to  the  LordpGhan< 
oellor  Cottenham. 

Soon  after  the  death  of  the  seventh  earl, 
some  litigation  took  place  relative  to  the  es- 
tates at  Sandbeck  and  SaiSird,  which  had 
previously  been  held  by  tiie  peer  and  the 
heir-apparent  to  the  title  respectively..  The 
suit  ended  in  favour  of  the  deceased  eari,  who 
rewarded  his  advocate.  Sir  W.Follet,  with  a 
service  of  plate  worth  8,000  guineas.  At  the 
close  of  titis  suit,  the  late  earl  cut  off  the  en- 
tail of  the  estates. 

The  peculiar  circomstaness  under  which 
the  late  Earl  of  Scarborou^  was  placed,  and 
the  immense  property  which  his  lordship  had 
to  dispose  of  without  being  trammeUea  with 
the  law  of  entail  or  those  of  primogeniturcL 
has  been  the  cause  of  much  n>eenlation  and 
wonderment,  not  only  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  his  respective  seats,  but  almost 
throughout  the  counties  of  Nottingham, 
York,  and  Durham;  and  a  few  particulars 
relative  to  his  hmily,  his  property,  and  the 
disposal  of  his  estates,  may  not  oe  uninterest- 
ing to  the  general  reader.  John,  the  late 
eaii's  father,  was,  as  is  well  known,  a  most 
singular  diaracter,  and  of  the  most  peculiar 
habits,  and  very  little  intimacy  eiitted  be- 
tween himself  and  his  sonj  indeed,  it  is 
pretlj  well  ascertained  that  it  was  through 
his  uither*s  violent  conduct  towards  him 
when  a  boy,  that  he  was  a  cripple  thioiigh 
life.  Somewhat  early  in  the  lifo  of  the  son,  a 
French  lady,  who  liad  been  banished  some- 
what roughly  firom  the  home  of  her  husband 
in  her  native  country,  became  00  terms  ot 
intimacy  with  the  deoeued  peer — then  John 
Lumley  Saville,  Esq.,  the  issue  ot  which  in- 
timacy was  three  sons  and  one  dangfattf,  all 
now  hving.  It  was  natoralfy  to  be  eipected, 
however,  notwithstanding  these  peenliar  cir- 
cumstances, that  his  kNTOsliip  woold  not  for- 
get his  own  ofepriuR   and  tills  ke  htf  not 


done,— but  his  property  has  been  so  slnffularly 
dispesed  of  as  to  have  created  no  littto  sur- 
prise. We  may  premise  that  the  iseome  of 
the  late  peer  previous  to  his  accession  te 
the  estates  was  very  drcumscribed,  and  when 
he  entered  upon  his  inheritance  he  found 
himself  involved  to  the  amount  of  i  900|,000; 
which  not  having  the  means  of  liquidating^ 
without  parting  vrith  some  portion  of  tiw 
estates,  he  seciured  the  payment  ef  the  same 
upon  such  estates;  and  it  is  somewhat  re- 
markable that  dnrmg  the  last  twenty  years^ 
although  possessing  a  rent-roll  of  i  60  000  a- 
year,  i  u  k>rdship  has  only  liqnidated  i  80,000 
of  such  debt^  consequently  i  170,000  still  re- 
mains on  the  estates,  the  payment  of  whidi 
his  lordship  has  apportioned  as  follows :  viz^ 
from  the  Sandbeek  estates  *  00,000,  and  from 
the  Rufford  estates  180,000.  The  flayiUe 
property,  consisting  of  the  Ruflbrd  estate  and 
large  estates  in  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shmu  of  the  value  ot  i  87,000  a-year,  hie 
lordship  has  bequeathed  to  his  second  s  n. 
Captain  Lumley,  of  the  First  IifiB-Gnard8,0B 
the  condition  that  he  takes  tiie  name  of 
Saville  after  that  of  Lumley.  Tb  his  eldest 
son  his  lorddiipbeqneatiMs  only  i 600  a-« ear 
for  his  lifo.  This  gentlemaa  is  atwMent 
the  English  ChaiyS  it*jiffirirt9  at  Washing- 
ton, in  the  United' States,  as  the  hemm  tenetu 
of  Ifr.Crsmpton,  who  was  so  summarily  and 
onfiuily  dismissed  by  the  American  Govern- 
ment His  third  sen,  the  Bev.  Frederick 
William  StkviUe  Lnmky.  M.A.,  is  Bivtor  of 
Bilsthorpe  and  Ftopetnal  Curate  of  WeUow; 
in  this  county,  of  toe  declared  value  of  i4Sm 
per  annum.  To  this  gentleman  he  has  only 
bequeathed  a  small  vga^,  hardy  suiBoient 
to  pay  his  life4nsuranee  polisy.  which  hie 
lordship  had  previouslv  comieued  him  to 
eAct  To  his  daufffater  he  leaves  a  smaU  an- 
nuity. To  Miss  Milbank,  who  was  snob  an 
especial  fovourite'witfa  hnn  through  lifo^  he 
leaves  nothing ;  and  we  regret  to  state  tluit 
Captain  Williams  is  similarly  sitoated. 

The  present  Earl  ef  Scaiborovdh  is  liie 
only  son  of  Fredsridc  liumleT,  aso.,  by 
Charbtte,  daughter  of  the  Bight  Bev.  Oeoi^ 
de  la  Ftor  B^resfoid,  Ksbop  of  EBmorcw 
The  earl  married  on  the  88th  October,  18ML 
Frsderica  Mary  Adelisa,  seeond  daughter  of 
Andrew  Bobsrt  Dmmmond,  Esq.,  by  when 
he  hss  several  children,  and  soeoeeds  to  the 
liunlinr  property,  comprising  the  Sandbeck 
and  other  eslatif  in  the  oonntiee  of  Lincoln 
and  Durham,  of  the  annual  value  of  i  88,000 
a-year,  with  the  debt  above  stated  of  i00,000; 
hot  we  beUave  we  may  also  state  that  it  It 
not  his  intention  to  take  up  his  residenoe  efc 
SandbedL  for  the  nest  four  years. 


LOSP  SOABSDAIB. 

Kor.  18.  At  Famah,  Derbjehira,  tiie  Bight 
Hon.  Nathaniel,  Lord  Searsule,  aged  7S. 

Hie  late  Lord  Scarsdale  was  bom  on  tiie 
8rd  of  Jannary,  1781,  and  was  conscqiMBtiv 
in  his  70th  year.  The  week  previous  to  hie 
death  he  had  been  in  a  deelining  state  of 
heaMi,  and  althoii^  eveiy  atteirtkm  ww 
paid  to  fate  by  hii  tfMdtal  ettMidttil^  Hft  9l 


772     Lord  Scar sdale.— Lord  Middleton. — Sir  John  Jervis.     [Dc 


■ 


Evan«,  of  Belper,he  gradually  became  worse. 
Oil  Wednesday  afternoon,  at  two  o'clock,  Dr. 
Heygatc,  of  Derby,  was  called  in,  and  he  gave 
BO  liope  of  his  recovery.    Dr.  Hevgate  saw 
him  a^in  in  the  evening  at  half-past  nine 
o'clock,  and  at  10  o'clock  his  lordship  died. 
The  late  lord  was  a  nian  of  singularly  quiet 
and  reserved  disposition.    He  was,  however, 
most  liberal  in  his  acts  and  deeds.  No  appeal 
for  any  charitable  object  was  ever  made  to 
him  in  vain,  whilst  his  patronage  was  libi'rally 
extended  to  all  institutions  deserving  of  sup- 
port.   The  aucieiit  family  of  Curzon,  or,  as  it 
18  frequently  Hymlt  in  records,  Cursoii,  was 
8ettlc<l  at  Kcdleston,  their  present  seat,  and 
at  Croxall,  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  I. 
The  Croxall  branch,  which  appears  to  have 
been  the  elder,  became  extinct  by  the  death  of 
Henry  Curzon,  Esq.,  in  1639.    The  daughter 
and  sole  heiress  of  Sir  George  Curzoii,  Kiit. 
(elder  brother  of  Henr)r),  who  died  in  1023, 
married  l-dward  Sackville,  Earl  of  Dorset, 
ancestor  of  the  present  duke.     Uichard,  the 
coiniuoii  ancestor  of  both  branches,  married 
tlie  heiruss  of  Gamvill.    liir  John  Curzon,  of 
Kedleston,  the  ninth  in  descent  after  the 
0iiiuiration  of  the  branches,  married  the  heiress 
of  Twyford,  and  was  common  ance>tor  of 
Lords  sUirsdale  and  Curzon,  of  Sir  Kobert 
Curzon  (who  was  created  a  baron  of  the 
empire  by  the  Emperor  Ma\imi)lian,  in  the 
year  1500,  and  died  without  issue),  the  Cur- 
ious of  Waterperry,  .in  the  county  of  Oxford, 
now  extinct,  and  the  Curzons  of  Lethuring- 
eet,  in  Norfolk.  John  Curzon,  the  immediato 
descendant  (being  the  ninth  in  descent)  from 
Bir  John  above-mentioned,   was  created  a 
baronet  in  1641.    Kir  Nathaniel  Curzon,  the 
fifth    Iwronet,  was  created  in   1761   Baron 
Scnrsdale,  county  of  IX'rby.    He  died  in 
1804,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Nathaniel,  who  married    the  Hon.  Sophia 
Susannah  Noel,  second  dr.ughtcr  of  Edward 
first  Viscount,  and  eiglitn  iiaron  Wentwortli, 
by   writ   1521),  and   ou-hcir  of  her  brother 
Thomas,  second  visi*ount,  on  whose  death, 
17th   of  April,  1816,  the  title  of  Viscount, 
created  by  patent  1762,  became  extinct,  but 
the  linronv  of  Wentwortli  fell  into  abeyance 
between  tlie  heirs  of  his  two  sisters,  Judith, 
wife  of  Sir  Ilalph  Milbauke,  whose  only  issue 
was  Anne   Isabella,  ]>ady  Dowager  liy ron, 
and  Sophia  Siisanuah,  the  wife  of  the  Hon. 
Nathaniel  Curzon,  afterwards  Ix)rdScarsdalc ; 
■he  died  in  1782.  leaving  an  only  son,  the 
Hon.  Nathaniel  Curzon,  co-heir  with  Anne 
Ihabella,  I^dy  Dyroii,  of  the  Barony  of  Wont- 
worth.  The  second  lord  was  succeeded  by  the 
late  Lord  Scarsdale,  who  was  b(»m  Jantury 
3,  17HI,  and  succeeded  to  the  title  January 
26,  1837.     ile  was  unmarried,  and  was  de- 
BcendtHl  from  a  common  ancestor  with  the 
Eiirl  Howe,    llie  present  earl  is  the   Kev. 
Alfred  Curztm,  of  KMleston,  second  son  of 
the  late  Hon.  and  Hev.  Alfred  CHirzon,  who 
was  bom  in  1801,  and  who  married,  in  1825, 
Sophia,  daughter  of  K.  Holdon,  Esq. 

LoBD  Middleton. 
Xnr.  6.  At  Wolkton-hall,  Notts,  aged  87, 
the  Right  Hon.  Digby,  Lord  Middleton. 


The  deeeued  peer  wu  the  only  ■orrrrii 
■on  of  Mr.  Franoa  Willongbb^,  of  Hesk 
Notts,  (son  of  the  second  6on  of  the  tint  Lo 
Middleton),  b^  OctaTia,  daughter  and  co-b 
of  Mr.  Francis  Fisher,  of  the  Orange,  nc 
Ghmutham,  and  succeeded  hu  cooam  heni 
sixth  Lord  Middleton,  June  10, 1836.  T 
late  lord  was  in  earlr  life  a  captain  m  t 
royal  navy,  and  was  nrst-lieatenant  on  boi 
the  Culloden  in  Lord  IlQwe*a  celebrated  i 
tion  off  Usbant,  on  the  Ist  of  June,  1791i  1 
is  succe^ed  in  his  title  and  eatatea  by  3 
Henry  Willoughby,  of  Settrington-hoa 
Yorkshire,  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Henry  M 
loughby,  of  Birdnll.  Notts,  for  aevc 
years  M.P.  for  Newark,  br  Charlotte,  eld 
daughter  of  the  Ven.  JoLn  Eyre,  of  Bi 
worth,  Notts,  and  formerly  Archdeacon 
NottinghauL  The  present  (eighth)  Ia 
Middleton  was  bom  on  the  23rd  of  Angt 
1817,  and  married,  on  the  3rd  of  Aogi 
1843,  Julia  Louisa,  only  daughter  of  Mr.  Al 
ander  Bosville,  of  Thorpe  and  Uuntbwa 
East  Hiding  of  Yorkshire,  and  has  four  m 
and  a  daughter.  The  family  of  which  hi 
now  the  representative  dmcends  from  I 
John  Willoughby,  a  Norman  knight^  on  wb 
the  Conqueror  conferred  the  lordship  ot  ^ 
loughby,in  Lincolnahirerand  who  waa  oomn 
ancestor  of  the  Barons  Willoughby  d*£rai] 
Willoughby  de  Broke,  and  willoughby 
Parham,  the  last  of  which  titles  beome  < 
tinct  in  1779.  The  Middleton  branch  deioei 
from    Sir  Christopher    Willoughby,   wh 

Joungcst  son.  Sir  Thoma*,  became  Lord  Cb 
ust  ce  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  the  reign 
Henry  VIIL  The  judge  married  a  seoa 
daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Itcad,  and  had  vm 
son,  Kobert,  who  married  Dorothy,  daoghi 
of  Sir  (Mward  Willoughby,  of  Woilaton-hi 
by  which  the  Wollatco  estates  cauM  into  I 
family.  The  family  was  ennoUed  in  I 
person  or  Sir  Thomas  Middletcm,  who  « 
elevated  to  the  peerage  the  Slst  of  Deoonb 
171L 


SiB  John  Jbbtzs. 

Niir,  1.    Suddenly,  at  his  residence, 
Eaton-8(|uare,    the    Right    Hon.    Kr   Jc 
Jervis,  Cliief  Justice  of  the  Goitrt  of  Go 
mon  Pleas. 

This  melancholy  event  took  plaoe^  ai 
are  informed,  on  Saturday  night,  and,  we 
lieve,  luid    been    foreseen    for    some    tii 
though  so  speeily  a  termination  to  the  dise 
with  which  Sir  John  Jervis  waa  affected  i 
not  ex]K>ctcd.    That  diseaae  had  latterly 
suined  the  form  of  atrophy,  itself  merely 
result  of  a  long  period  of  delicate  health, 
which  a  constitution  naturally  robust  i 
gradually  imiiaircd  and  undennined. 

Before  his  elHvation  to  the  Chief  JustI 
ship,  an  event  which  took  place  in  the  y< 
18o0,  the  late  Sir  John  Jen-it  wns  dist 
guished  more  for  his  general  ability — for 
quickness  and  dexterity  as  an  advocate^tl 
for  any  special  knowledge  of  the  law  or  f 
found  acquaintance  with  its  origin  and  prii 

Eles.  He  was  no  black-letter  lawyer,  perha; 
ut  he  was  a  most  shrewd  and  rmdj  oonni 


1 856.]    Sir  Jn.  Jervis. — Sir  Jasper  Atkinson, — JoJm  Ellis,  Esq.     77S 


and  this  quality,  which  he  possessed  in  a  pre- 
eminent degree,  and  the  want  of  which  has 
condemned  many  a  profound  blacic-letter 
lawyer  to  vegetate  unseen — a  legal  cactus — 
in  Stone-buildings  or  Figtree-court,  procured 
for  Sir  John  Jeivis  not  only  a  large  share  of 
professional  emolument,  but  ultimately  raised 
him  to  one  of  the  highest  stations  on  the 
bench. 

It  may  not,  perhaps,  be  generally  known 
that  the  late  Chief  Justice  served  for  some 
time  in  the  army  before  trying  his  fortune  at 
the  bar.  Being  induced,  we  know  not  from 
what  cause,  to  change  his  profession,  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  the  year  1824,  went  the 
Oxford  and  Chester  circuits,  and  soon  at- 
tracted attention  by  his  ability.  Becoming 
a  Queen's  Counsel,  and  his  reputation  still 
continuing,  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
Attorney-General  in  the  year  1846,  an  office 
which  he  filled  with  great  capacity  in  a  very 
trying  time — as  our  readers  will  remember, 
when  we  remind  them  that  Sir  John  Jervis 
was  Attorney-General  in  the  year  1848,  and 
that  lie  succeeded,  without  a  single  exception, 
in  convicting  those  misguided  political  offen- 
ders who  then  attempted  to  disturb  the  pub- 
lic peace.  In  1850  he  was  raised  to  the 
Chief  Justiceship  of  the  Common  Pleas,  in 
succession  to  Lord  Truro,  who  was  raised  to 
the  Chancellorship.  It  was  feared  by  many 
that  an  advocate,  by  some  thought  unscrupu- 
lous, and,  at  any  rat*-,  distinguished  by  dex- 
terity rather  than  profundity,  might  nt)t  have 
worn  the  ermine  of  the  bench  with  becoming 
gravity  and  impartiality.  This  fear,  we  are 
bound  to  say,  proved  entirely  without  foun- 
dation. 

The  common  sense  which  Sir  John  Jervis 
possessed,  in  addition  to  his  great  professional 
experience,  kept  him  clear  of  judicial  blun- 
ders, and  in  criminal  matters,  which  form  so 
lar^e  a  jM)rtion  of  judicial  duties,  an  ab'er 
judge  in  all  probability  never  sat  on  the 
bench.  His  sagacity  and  acuteness  here 
found  a  fitting  field,  and  his  dexterity  and 
sound  practical  sense  stood  him  in  good  stead, 
whether  in  detecting  crime  or  in  expo.-ing 
tiie  fallacies  put  forward  by  counsel.  In  his 
puiely  legal  decisions  he  shewed  the  same 
qualities;  and  we  believe  we  only  utter  the 
opinion  of  the  {irofession  in  Westminster-hall, 
when  we  say  that  in  all  respects  the  late  Sir 
John  Jervis  was  an  e.Ncellent  judge. 

In  politics,  we  need  hardly  say  that  the 
late  Ciiief  Justice  "Was  a  Whig  and  "some- 
thing more."  He  s:tt  for  Chester  from  1832 
to  1850,  and  invariably  voted  with  his  party, 
except  on  one  or  two  occasions  about  the 
year  1836,  wh<n  he  thought  himself  ill-used 
by  the  Government,  who  refused  him,  as  we 
have  heard,  an  Indian  judgeship.  In  this,  as 
in  so  much  else  in  life,  what  seems  to  a  man 
injustice  is  ofttn  good  fortune  in  an  unkind 
shape.  His  health  would  not  probably  have 
withstood  the  change  to  a  tropical  climate, 
and  certainly,  had  he  quitted  England  for  a 
seat  on  the  Indian  bench,  he  would  never  have 
lived  to  rise  to  be  one  of  the  chief  judicial 
dignitaries  of  the  mother  country.  An  In- 
dian judgeship  is,  no  doubt,  a  high  dignity, 


but  is  also  a  high  "  shelf;"  and  when  a  man 
has  been  on  a  high  shelf  for  20  years  in  a  tro- 

Eical  climate,  he  may  be  fit  for  many  things, 
ut  he  is  off  the  rail  of  promotion  which  runs 
through  Westminster-hall,  and  can  hardly 
expect  to  rise  to  the  Chief  Justiceship  of  the 
Common  Pleas. 


Sir  Jasper  Atkinson,  Knt. 

Oct.  6.  Near  Tonbridge  Wells,  aged  66, 
Sir  Jasper  Atkinson,  Knt. 

This  gentleman  was  the  representative  of 
a  family  long  connected  with  the  Royal  Mint. 
His  ancestor,  Henry  Van  der  Esche,  whose 
father  accompanied  King  William  III.  from 
Holland,  as  one  of  his  private  secretaries,  was 
an  ingenious  projector  in  coining,  and  was 
appointed  Deputy  Master  Worker  in  the 
Royal  Mint  in  1737. 

His  grandfather,  Jasper  Atkinson,  (de- 
scended from  Robert  Atkinson,  of  Newark, 
CO.  Notts.,  a  captain  of  horse  under  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  and  who  had  a  grant  of  arms 
28  Nov.  1663,)  became  a  merchant  at  Rotter- 
dam, and  married,  in  1752,  Anne,  daughter 
of  Henry  Van  der  Esche. 

His  father,  William  Henry  Atkinson,  was 
a  member  of  the  Mint  for  sixty- 'our  years, 
and  latterly  Provost  of  the  Moneyers,  and 
received  from  that  body  various  acknowledg- 
ments of  his  skill  and  mtegrity. 

Sir  Jasper  himself  was  an  officer  of  the 
Mint  for  forty-five  years — from  the  age  of 
sixteen.  He  became,  like  his  father,  Pro- 
vost of  the  Company  of  Monejers,  which 
was  dissolved  in  the  year  1861,  the  elder 
members  obtaining  retiring  i>ension8.  Sir 
Jasper  Atkinson  had  been  knighted,  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  his  long  and  valuable  ser- 
vices, on  the  28th  of  Oct.  1842.  Like  his 
father,  he  received  from  his  associates  vari- 
ous testimonies  of  their  esteem ;  and  the 
services  which  be  rendered  to  the  French, 
Russian,  and  Turkish  governments,  at  the 
instance  of  his  own,  were  suitably  acknow- 
ledged. His  unusually  handsome  and  manly 
exterior  was  accompanied  by  a  refinement  of 
manners  which  endeared  him  to  all  cla  ses 
of  society.  He  married,  in  1819,  Louisa  Jane, 
only  daughter  of  the  Inte  William  Gyll,  Esq., 
of  Wraysbury-house,  Bucks,  Captain  2nd  Life 
Guards,  and  has  left  that  lady  his  widow,  with 
an  only  child,  married  to  Wm.  Gowmg,  Esq. 
The  male  line  of  his  family  is  extinct.  The 
ancient  company  of  Moneyers,  from  the  re- 
cent deaths  of  Mr.  Nicholl,  of  Neasdi  n.  Sir 
Jasper,  and  Mr.  Franklyn,  is  now  also  nearly 
departed.^ 


/ 


/ 


r     John  Ellis,  Esq. 

Oct.  31.  At  his  residence,  Pulteney-street, 
Bath,  aged  89,  John  Ellis,  Esq. 

This  gentleman's  long  life  of  active  and 
well-directed  benevolence  merits  a  lecord  in 
our  pages.  He  was  the  eldest  of  four  sons 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Ellis,  an  eminent  hop-mer- 
chant and  factor  in  the  borough  of  Sonth- 
wark,  where  the  late  Mr.  John  Ellis  was  bom 


/ 


OuiTUARV. — John  EUlt,  Enq. 


771 

In  tliD  v«r  ITCB.  The  Tamily  wW  onpiaWj 
txtao  Yorkbhire.  Ur.Ellis'a  rather  dyins  in 
1B06.  lie  Kjw  ■iiccwd  d  in  his  butunewi  by  (»o 
ar  hia  anns,  John  am)  Juse^ih,  who  were 
■fttrwBTilfl  joined  liy  Ihcir  yonnKesl  brother 
GcDTtie,  in  the  firm  of  Juhn,  JoKph,  and 
Grorge  Ellis,  at  Si.  Mare»Kt'it  Hill. 

Mr.  John  El  is  took  an  acUve  |>aTl  in  all 
the  public  businera  and  politica  of  S  uth- 
WBrk,  aiid  his  own  pBrish  of  SX.  f'aviour'it. 
Althongh  (.'on^ervative  in  his  |jrtnci])les,  he 
waa  Tor  nil  useful  and  iiractical  refiruu-.  lie 
neuallj'  seconded  the  naniination  of  i(r. 
Ci  arl^  L'alvoit  at  the  borough  elediouBj 
and  after  that  nenlleoian's  decease  he  waa 
the  proposer  of  Mr.  Alderman,  then  Sheriff, 
Hum jilirej-— having  himsell  been  invited  and 
picSBed  1i)'  hii<  fe  law- townsmen,  and  lisviug 
eonstanlly  declined  to  becomes  candidate  for 
parlismi^lBrj  hoiinum.  He  was  rhaimuin 
of  the  Soulhwark  Refuini  bancLUCt  in  1832, 
on  occasion  i,f  the  Erst  election  alUr  the 
Reform  Act,  whin  moat  of  the  mclrojiolilan 
membets  were  pregcnt.  In  the  parish  of 
8t.  Saviour,  Mr.  Ellia  wasMronglj-  oiiposed  to 
tho  restomlii  ii  of  the  lady-diagiel,  as  an 
nnneeesaarr  adjunct  to  the  church,  and  an 
unjustifiable  add  lion  to  (he  burthens  of  the 


Ur.  Ellia  beeasM  ■  life-dirMtn  of 
Borrey  DispsuaT  in  IBOB,  uid  a  mmte 
the  committc*  in  IBll,  a  tnutee  in  IfitI, 
one  of  the  vice-preaideuti  in  I860.  Us 
an  annual  suhaeriber  of  twenty-fiTg  ku 
to  that  instilation  for  many  yeara.  Hi  ] 
aboul  1S60  towards  the  present  buildin| 
the  VoTer-roadi  and  Uat  Teu  he  | 
i  S,SDO  to  Ihe  Building  Bent  Fmid,  subje 
an  annnitj  irf'  1 10  to  his  bonwkeepcr ; 
after  her  death,  to  the  Snbacriptiini  AJ 
houHi  in  Park-alreet.  Sonthwark. 

In  the  year  ISIS  the  committee  and  i 
BCTibera  to  thii  charity,  in  onler  to  m 
well-merited  compliment  to  Mr.  Ellia  (ol 
freat  eierticBB  on  behalf  of  the  diipcm 
raised  a  suhioiptinn  for  fais  portrmit,  w 
WE>  painted  by  rhillip*,  and  placed  ■■ 
dispenpary.  A  copy  of  Ihia  wu  afterv 
placed  in  the  Teelry-ioom  of  81.  Bftvior 
Ly  aubao'iption. 

"When  he  went  to  Bath,  Mr.  Ellii 
np  the  Eastern  UapcDUry,  which  was 
a  comparatireiy  amall  sfiair  r  and  nftec  " 
ingil.SOOnpc-  -•  *-■ "     - -"   '-   - 


and  dnim 


ding  of  it 


d  trauEieptii.    The     aa 

a  nevectlieles-'tcatored  ly  public 
auhscription,  tlirouyh  the  lealnus  and  uii- 
tiriuE  riortloDR  of  [he  lato  Thomas  Saundcra, 
Esq.,  VS.k.  Mr.  KIlis  was,  however,  kug- 
cenful  in  his  efforts  to  defeat  the  pnipotul 
of  liU  "  old  eipensivo  acquaintances,  {the 
F.S.A.,)"  to  restore  tho  nave  of  the  cliurcli ; 
and  bn  promoted  the  erection  of  the  iircseut 
tasteiens  atructurc,  which  i>  a  mockery  of 
occh-jiiastloal  architecture,  ou  the  site  of  the 
nave  of  the  priory  church. 

lu  the  j-ear  1»10  Mr.  Ellis  retireil  from 
huMticM  and  settled  al  Baih;  and  lie  was 
accustomed  to  say,  ihat  by*  so  doing  he  had 
added  ten  years  to  his  life. 

lure,"  and  induced  him  to  e^cire  others  to 
Oierciae  that  virtue  of  which  he  set  fo  noble 
an  eiainple.  "  llic  schols.  dispcnsariiqL 
and  Hiinnity  -  -    .. 


lo,  he  had  the  satisn 

Aseasibg  a  handsome  b 

Ith  a  greatly  sugmented  list 

"     s  oTpatiintii.     TotheVniledl 

, , Sutdiffe  School,  the  Sontben 

pensary,  and  the  MDnmoutb-ativet  tloei 
at  Bath,  he  waa  also  ■  liberal  twDefai 
and  for  several  yean  made  the  Uit-nai 
inatilutiou  bis  almoner  for  a  handaoM* 
to  relieve  a  band  of  auperanniiatcd  peni 
ers.  Through  the  wkohi  of  his  life,  as 
every  part  of  the  country  of  which  he 
tiessed  any  knowledge,  lie  was  the  aaioc 
live,  generous,  and  penevcring  friend  c< 
poor- tho  same  self-denyinft  lover  id 
kind,  lie  ever  punned  liia  achema  ol 
1 !.i   _.. 1.  ,rdoor  a«  tob 


other 


■mbcr  that  be  w 


■>.  of  Roiithwark  felc  his 
foslorinK  and  sustainini:  care"  during  the 
loiiB  period  of  hia  lesideiicein  Ihe  Borough, 
and  after  hia  rclin-inrut  to  llath.  Ilia  lead- 
ing idea  waa  that  all  the  world  ouRht  to 
be  aa  profusely  charitable  ax  liimEelf ;  and  a 
curiouH  aneiilote  IH  told  (In  the  "Bath  and 
Cheltenham  Gaiettu')  •'(  the  way  in  which 
he  almost  obliged  people  to  cive  lo  his  pet 
Cliaritiea.  "  He  called  «n  an  old  huukswhom 
no  ine  could  extract  a  shilling  fruni  for  any 
nhjecl,  however  Undable,  and  was  met  by  a 
rciii»al_'he  really  could  not  afford  it,'  Ac. 
With  slnuige  inconsiateney,  the  miser  waa 
fond  of  a  guild  dinner,  even  when  it  was  hia 
own,  and  invited  Mr.  £llii  to  parlako  of  one 
with  him.  Ho  (tot  Ihe  cut  direct,  accom. 
panied  by 


tliat  those  with  whom   Mr.  Ellia' 

weakness  (or  disagreeable  niergy)  bra 
him  into  collision,  will  be  among  tba  tn 
aHrm  his  w.  nh  and  (he  ouwEuied  k 
volence  of  his  chaniler." 
Mr.  Ellis 


such  a  Door 
liter  w 


id  drink  at  Ihe  ci 
:r  after  in  tiered  man." 


e  of 


d  their 


himself.  A  Uhlet  lo  bis  mtaairj  la  b 
placed  in  the  Kattern  Dispnaars-  at  S 
and  a  aiimhir  memorial  will  donbtleM 
providfd  at  the  Surrey  Dispenaary,  ■■ 
aaatSt.HavioHr'aCliurch. 

•'  Among  tho  nnmeroua  lefcaeiea  lef 
this  gi'iitleman  are  the  following: — T< 
med'ol  ofGceia  of  the  Surrey  ttuifmt 
<if  the  South  Ijondon  IXtpenMi^,  of 
Kastein  D.s|iensary  of  Bath,  of  the  8oat 
I)is|misary  of  Bath,  and  to  Henry  Ur 
wood,  {architect,)  to  the  anrgeou  of  the  V 
ern  Diapenaaty  of  Balh,  niaetfcn  gni 
each  ; — '  the  said  sum  to  be  piid  to  t 
■rnaiately  and  indiTidnally.— I  hope 
will  conaider  it  a  mark  of  respect  from 
inslMd  ef  rin|B;  and  1  well  know  Ouir 


1850.]       John  Ellis,  Esq.—Bev.  J.  G.  Mountain,  M.A. 


775 


n'^volent  attentions,  and  the  relief  they  give 
to  the  labouring  sick  and  necessitous  poor/ 

"  To  the  .Sutcliffe  Industrial  School  ;t'42 
To  the  Monmouth-street  Society  .  60 
To  the  Leeds  Public  Dispensary  .  40 
To  the  Boyal  Kent  Di-pensary  .  .  40 
To  the  Edinburgh  Public  Dispensary  40 
To  the  Aberdeen  Dispensary  .    .    40 

To  the  Cheltenham  Dispensary      .    .    60 

A-year,  Long  Annuities. 
To  the  Surrey  Dispensary  .  .  .  .  1 80 
To  the  General  Annuity  Society  of 

London 60 

To  the  City  of  London  Pension  Society  60 
To  the  Bethnal-green  Ragged  Schools  60 
To  the  Spital fields  Dispensary,  .  .  60 
To  the  Spitalfields  Ragged  Schools      .    60 

To  Hoxton  Dispensary 60 

To  Hoxton  Ragged  Schools        ...    60 
To  the  Bermondsev  Ragg  d  Schools        60 
To  the  St.  Saviour  s,  Southwark,  Rag- 
ged Schools 60 

To  the  Lambeth  Pension  Society  .  .  60 
To  the  Trinity  or  Avon-street  Ragged 

Schools,  Bath 60 

To  the  Sutcliffe  Industrial  School  .  .  60 
To  St.  Michael's  Ragged  Schools  .  .  60 
To  the  Sick  Man's  Friend,  Vineyards  fO 
In  addition  to  Power's  Gift  to  Bath  .  60 
And  to  Mr.  Marsland,  the  Collector  of 
the  Surrey  Dispen  ary,  wh«  is  one 
of  his  executors 150" 


Berkshire— of  which  place,  we  believe,  one  of 
his  sons  is  Vicar — where  he  died,  November 
17,  aged  79. 


The  Rev.  H.  N.  Pejlrson,  D.D. 

It  is  not  often  that  we  find  a  dean  or  a 
canon  retiring  from  their  position  and  re- 
signing its  emoluments,  except  on  promotion 
to  the  episcopal  bench.  Besides  Dr.  Pearson, 
one  only  instance  occurs  to  us, — the  great  and 
good  Cyril  Jackson,  Dean  of  Christ  Church. 

Hugh  Nicholas  Pearson  was  educated  at 
St.  Jolm's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradua- 
ted—B.A.,  April,  1800;  M.A.,  June,  1803; 
B.  and  D.D.,  April,  1821.  In  1806,  the  Rev. 
Claudius  Buchanan,  D.D.,  Vice- Provost  of  the 
College  of  Fort  William,  Bengal,  proposed  a 
prize  of  1600  for  the  best  composition  in 
English  prose,  on  (1.)  "The  probable  design 
of  Divine  Providence  in  subjecting  so  large  a 
portion  of  Asia  to  the  British  dominion ;" 
(2.)  "  The  Duty,  the  Means,  and  the  Conse- 
quence of  translating  the  Scriptures  into  the 
Oriental  Tongues,  and  of  promoting  Christian 
Knowledge  in  Asia ;"  (3.)  "  A  brief  Histori- 
cal View  of  the  Progress  of  the  Gospel  in 
different  Nations  since  its  first  Promulgi^ 
tion."  The  prize  was  awarded  in  1807  to  Dr. 
(then  Mr.)  Pearson,  who  printed  the  wwk 
under  the  title  of  a  "Dissertation  on  the 
Propagation  of  Christianity  in  Asia."  (4to., 
Oxford,  1808.) 

In  18  3,  Dt.  Pearson  was  appointed  Dean 
of  Salisbury,  and  continued  to  hold  that 
situation  till  the  early  part  of  1846,  when  he 
resigned  it,  for  reasons  which  were  never  fully 
explained,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev. 
F.  Lear,  B.D.,  (previously  Prebendary  and 
Archdeacon  of  Sarum,)  who  died  in  1860, 
deeply  lamented.  Since  his  resignation  of 
office^  Dr.  Pearson  resided  near  Sonning,  in 


The  Rev.  J.  G.  Mouhtaijt,  M.A. 

The  excellent  Bishop  of  Newfoundland  has 
had  severe  trials  th  s  year,  in  the  loss  of  hia 
co-adjutors  and  counsellors.  The  Venerable 
Archdeacon  T.  F.  H.  Bridge,  Commis- 
sary, died  on  the  last  day  of  February ;  Mr. 
Boland,  stationed  at  St.  George's  Bay,  was,  in 
March,  caught  in  a  drift  and  frozen  to  death  ( 
Kallihirua,  a  native  Esquimaux,  placed,  in 
October,  1866,  at  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury, 
by  the  Admiralty,  and  alterwards  transferred 
to  the  Bishop's  College  of  St.  John,  died 
there  in  June ;  and  now  Mr.  Mountain, 
Principal  of  St.  John's  College,  and  Arch- 
deacon Bridge's  successor  as  Commissary  of 
the  Bishop,  has  deputed  firom  the  scene  oi 
his  missionary  labours. 

Jacob  George  Mountain,  who  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  not  more  than  39  years  of 
age,  was  second  son  of  the  aged  rector  of 
Blunham,  Bedfordshire,  the  Rev.  J.  H.  B. 
Mountain,  D.D.,  a  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
and  nephew  of  the  Right  Rev.  G.  J.  Moun- 
tain, D.  I).,  Bishop  of  Quebec  He  was  edu- 
cated on  the  foundation  of  Eton  School,  where 
he  gained,  in  1837,  in  addition  to  other  hon- 
ours, the  "Newcastle  Medal,"  given  to  the 
second  best  competitor  for  the  Cla<«8ical 
Scholarship  founded,  in  1829,  by  the  late  Duke 
of  Newcastle.  Mr.  Mountain  did  not  succeed 
to  a  Scholarship  at  King*s  College,  Cam- 
bridge, but  was  presented  bv  Eton  College 
with  one  of  the  valuable  Scholarships  in  their 
gift  at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  called  "  Post- 
masterships.**  He  graduated  B.A.  a-i  second 
class-man  in  classical  honours  in  Michaelmas 
Term,  1841,  and  proceeded  M.A.  April,  1847* 
After  leaving  Oxford,  he  returned  to  Eton  as 
a  private  tutor,  accepting  also  the  curacy  of 
Clewer,  near  Windsor;  and  to  his  parish- 
ioners at  Clewer,  as  well  as  to  his  old  friends, 
and  such  of  the  boys  as  had  the  pleasore  of  his 
acquaintance  at  Eton,  he  was  aeservedly  en- 
deared. Some  nine  years  ago  he  determined 
to  sacrifice  his  prospects  at  home  for  the 
arduous  position  of  a  mi8:«ionary  in  Newfound- 
land, and  he  went  out  to  Bishop  Field,  a  man 
like-minded  >\ith  himself,  though  many  ef- 
forts were  made  by  his  friends  to  retain  him 
in  this  country,  and  though  the  worthy 
Provost,  then  head  master,  of  Eton,  Dr. 
Hawtrey,  as  we  have  the  best  reason  to  be- 
lieve, o&red  him  the  lucrative  and  influen- 
tial nost  of  assistant-master  in  that  school. 

Mr.  Mountain  died,  after  a  short  illness,  at 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  on  the  10th  of 
Oct  ber ;  and  the  Bishop,  now  left  nearly  de- 
solate, asks  in  a  touching  letter  to  an  English 
friend,  "  Will  no  one  leave  a  curacy  to  help 
us?" 

There  is  to  be  a  memorial  erected  at  Eton 
to  those  of  her  sons  who  have  fallen  in  the 
Russian  war ;  surely  thoe*e  should  also  be  had 
in  i^ectionate  remembrance  who  give  up,  not 
for  a  time  only,  but  for  life,  friends,  statioi^ 
and  hopes  of  preferment,  for  the  ill-requited 


"70      ComiHander  Charles  ThurttU,  Ii.\.— Thomas  Bailey. 

w»\X\an  ot  *  niiitiinwn-.     l-Itnuiiiu  onirht  t4  liciun-<n  he  fell  it  bis  dot;',  nnda 

lu>ld  nch  inM  >i  8.  lir.vii,  I'liapnun.  \inv.  e;iD;»uiiF«s.  lo  coj^p'.t.     Bt  bif  fp 

thv  Ut«  Will  am  £viii<.  ■  ..i  iiU$  :  that  we  teT'e-rsc*   be  (bUlnAi  fr,  m    Genu 

raiot  *JJ.  "tlte  bte"^  J«vb  Mi>unuiu  in  the  ih.  >'d;>  <:un  O  iEnuDder-ia-«.~1ur4 

Iu|;.«i'l  lh>naur  aaJ  vali-eui.  $-3  f.r  lie  Bhiirfa  :;■  ^cvk  ikfeir 

lar.    Tte  R«(r  ■fterw"*-  -*  •»- 

(.'i>Mxixi>i*  t'iusLr<TurBTii.L.R.>~.  ef'the  ehiei*  *:  i!«  Cjb 

.ViT.  T.    Ail'a!ai>.a«e>l  tW.  I'aj-i.  vlarl.t  cj=«  lii  thtaBc  i=  vLii 

'rhuTlrll.  lt.N..  «.'n>>f  iheUwTiioauar^-^-  in;»i«i*a>  lie    ,  tJ 

telL  I'f  Ldkenlutn.  iii^Ji  NVv&'lk.  o.--:.^' ;:  :i>!  a  Tn^:*-  -;<  i^aer.      IM 

Ttu>  late  ComnunJe;  (.'harTi*  Tfca;;<'^  wi*  ;b«  nrii.s^.'a  wt^  timed,  >he  asua 

Km  «:  Itnlarer^  Srf.'k.  oa  Ket.  S*.  ITAX  j  yfi  t;  :  ims.*  Vj-  »  p-  t.  :  <ahiie- 

Did  eui?».i  ihe  iiiry  MAn.!:  3#,  !*.■:.  A*  t  »>.;.!;■■«  niic:=»ibi-  lie  Nm}«!^ 

taui  i;.>txT; 'will:^ :  »i.a  iii'sic  «:;'?»,  '}  !;-J  i.V»r*i  i^  it.Ti=.-^eZ,  KM 

t!»  lA-.w  rear  <ru  frtMr.:.  =vi::  .U=::al  }<?;  :.:  Mrr^-'vr  Li  n-^iiovd  is  a 

^iiuiVier.  13  ihr  i:;ai;k'^tva  iVpei'.Lu^r..  1=  ::  vhx.^  =:  siii*^:  ;=ar.  «u  peri 

JI«  1-iiV.  he  v.;a.j  ;  i  Ai- ;■»;:.  71.  Ci7-  U^  .--  .-Iij-i    ;»«^li,i   Si-a   tid 

*:-.L-!i  tiif  »*  S.i  b/j:  *.v-T:::a=r::if  ::.*  lisi-.*.  ;\j*  a^i    ^  Pri..-*  Pai^n 

e\r< !:::•■=  :.■  ^i--:  SlI.:::  »:ir«  \-  »i*  (=-  if-;   /i  lit  Prn-i^i.-,  i,  j~u  o( 


.wtdisc  |ia 


;:  a.     *.-=«. 


1856.1 


Thomas  Bailey, — Paul  Delaroche. 


77 


ing  Mr.  13ailcy\s  name  in  this  department  of 
literatnri',  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  say 
that   he   \va.s   the   father  of   the  author  of 
"Festu^:,"  a  poem  upon  whieh  the  literary 
world   has   pronounced    the   hi;jfhest    eneo- 
niium.s.     In  aiJti(iuarian  knowledge  of  this 
town  a-id  county,  few  minds  have  been   so 
extraordinarily  or  accurately  furnished,  and 
thus  we  have  had  for  the  result  "  The  An- 
nals of  Nottinghamshire,"  bringing  our  town 
and  county  records  to  the  year  of  grace  1850. 
This  work  is  accurate,  minute,  and  descriptive 
of  churches,  charities,  pedigrees,  and   other 
facts  ap])ertaiiiing  to  some  special  departments 
of  inquiry,  hut  is  wanting  in  the  philosophieal 
appreciation  of  the  causes  and  cftecti«of  histo- 
ric events,  but  important  enough  to  instruct 
the  general  reader,  and  specially  interesting 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Nottinghamshire.     A 
few  weeks  before   his  decease,  there  issued 
from  the  press  the  "  Kecords  of  Longevity." 
This  is  too  recent  a  pubhcation  to  have  been 
as  yet  generally  lead.     It  seems  to  contain, 
alphabetically  arranged,  notices,  more  or  less 
curious   and  elaborate,  of  a  vast  number  of 
those  who  have  exceeded  the  allotted  span  of 
life.     He  had  all  the  qualities  of,  and  aimed 
to  appear,  an  Knglibh  yeoman.     He  was  more 
than  that — a  thorough,  true-bred  citizen,  and 
a  patriot  to  the  extent  of  his  power.    In  a 
pecuniary  point  of  view,  his  love  of  politics 
was  very  costly.     Others  might  with  pains- 
taking as>i(luity  write  a  newsi)a|)er  into  a 
property,  j)o^sibl3'  secure  a  large  income,  and 
lay  by  a  fortune.     Mr.  Bailey '■  experience 
was,  like  his  ])lans,  widely  apart  from  this. 
Ilis  disapi)ointinent  in  the  paucity  of  ])resent 
re.*<ults  was  marked  and  often  expressed.     Ho 
knew,  and  could  reason  upon  and  appreciate, 
thiuQs-  hotter   than   meu.     Indeed,   his   mo>t 
gcrlous  mistakes  were  made  in  erroneous  es- 
timates of  mankind.     Through  the  greater 
part  of  his  life,  he  was,  either  as  a  servant  or 
principal,  in  business;  was  honourable,  up- 
riirht,  and  estimable  as  a  tradesman  ;  and  was 
influential  in  the  council  and  in  the  chair  of  a 
board  of  guardians.     Yet  he  ever  locked  at 
the  poetry  rather  than  the  prose  of  human 

■  nature.  His  outward  movements  were  con- 
stantly directed  to  some  useful  purpose.  If 
he  failed  to  impress  his  ideas,  or  communicate 
his  plans  sucxrcssfully  in  one  direction,  ano- 
ther was  tried.  In  1830,  Mr.  Bailey  issued  a 
spirited  address,  in  which  he  declared  himself 
\  determined  Reformer,  and  an  advocate  for 
retrenchment  and  ccoiicmiy,  particularly  in 
sorponition  expenditure,  and  aimouncing 
limself  at  the  same  time  as  a  candidate  to 
•epresent  Nottingham  in  parliament.  The 
>arliament  Iniving  been  dissolved  in  conse- 
(uenee  of  tho  death  of  his  Majesty  George 
he  Fourth,  tie  nom-nation  of  candidates 
ook  i)lace  on  the  30th  July,  when  ]SIr.,  after- 

■  vards  I^ord,  Denman,  and  Sir  R.  C.  Ferguson, 
lie  retiring  members,  we:e  again  put  iu 
'  ominat'on  by  the  Whig  party,  and  Mr.  Bailey 
vas  proposed  in  opposition.  He  was  de- 
idedly  the  popular  c-uididatc,  but  upon  going 
"i  the  poll  only  226  votes  were  recorded  in 
is  favour,  when  ho  abandoned  the  contest. 

The  iutennent  took  place  in  the  family 

Gent.  Mau.  Vol.  XLVI. 


vanlt,  in  the  cemetery,  Pasford,  and  was  at- 
tended by  many  of  the  principal  inhabitants 
of  Nottingham. 

Paul  Dblaeoche. 

He  was  bora  at  Paris,  in  the  year  1797.  His 
father  was  an  enlightened  connoisseur,  holding 
a  situation  of  some  importance  in  the  Mont  r/e 
J-'ie/c^ — that  of  putting  a  valuation  on  tho 
works  of  art  which  were  brought  to  that 
establishment  for  money  to  be  advanced  upon. 
With  his  eldest  brother,  of  whom  the  family 
were  desirous  of  making  a  painter,  Paul 
Delaroche  received  an  artist's  education.  He 
commenced  by  studying  landscape,  volunta- 
rily resigning  the  domain  of  history  to  his 
brother,  whom  he  looked  upon  as  more 
gifted  tiian  himself,  but  who  shortly  after- 
wards renoimced  painting  for  an  easier  but 
less  glorious  career. 

This,  however,  was  not  the  path  of  art  in 
which  Paul  Delaroche  was  destined  to  excel. 
In  1817,  when  scarcely  twenty  years  old,  he 
was  a  competitor,  as  l.iud  -cape  painter,  at  the 
JhUmle  (frs  Jifiiux  ^irts,  hut  as  his  picture 
obtained  for  him  only  a  partial  success,  he 
suddenly  gave  up  landscape,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  entered  the  studio  of  Gros,  one 
of  whose  most  prominent  pupils  he  speedily 
became.  Gros  was  then  in  the  meridian  of 
his  talents  and  renown :  altliough  in  his 
drawing  he  had  faithfully  retained  the  severe 
style  of  David,  yet  he  applied  himself  ear- 
nestly to  tho  study  of  colour,  action,  and  dra- 
matic effect.  But  tho  cold  temperament  of 
Delaroche  resisted  all  bold  flights  of  the 
I)encil ;  he  passed  through  the  studio  of  Gros 
without  becoming  a  true  colourist,  and  with- 
out kindling  his  emotions. 

The  fruit  of  his  studies  were  first  exhibited 
to  the  public  at  the  -^alon  of  1822,  in  tliree 
pictures :  "  A  Study  of  a  Head,"  a  "Descent 
from  the  Cross,"  and  "  Joas  saved  by  Jehosa- 
beth."  Judging  by  this  last  composition, 
which  now  adorns  the  Luxemliourg  Gallery, 
the  young  artist  already  displayed  facility  of 
execution  ;  but  although  the  figure  of  Jehosa- 
beth  pressing  against  her  breast  the  infant 
she  has  snatched  from  the  executioners,  is 
impressed  with  a  certain  kind  of  animation, 
the  general  etl'ect  of  the  work  is,  that  it  is 
the  happy  effort  of  a  student  with  a  good 
memory. 

Thus,  at  the  earliest  period  of  his  career, 
Paul  Delaroche  shewed  himself  strictly  obedi- 
ent to  the  principles  of  the  academic  school ; 
but  his  active  mind  could  not  but  be  aware 
that  a  g^eat  revolution  was  about  taking  place 
in  art.  Gerk:ault  had  endeavoured,  in  his 
l)old  and  powerful  works,  to  restore  observa- 
tion of  nature  to  the  imiK)rtaiit  position 
which  the  pupils  of  David  had  systematically 
denied  to  it.  Borrington,  in  his  pictures, 
small  as  they  are,  dreamt  of  the  splendours 
of  Venice,  and  in  spirit  preached  the  go -pel 
of  colour.  Finally,  the  boldest  of  all,  Eugene 
I'elacroix,  had  just  taught  France  that  she 
had  another  great  painter.  The  public,  on 
its  part,  shewed  how  thoroughly  weary  it  had 
become  of  classical  stifl'ness :  it  was  nauseatod 

5h 


778 


Obituaey.— Patt.'  Delaroche. 


[n 


with  Greek  and  Roman  nudities,  that  for 
thirty  years  had  been  invariably  presented  to 
its  cye.-4;  and  it  now  impatiently  demanded 
■ubjects  endowed  with  more  life,  and  oven  a 
new  art.  Paul  Dt'biroche  (-arly  perceived 
the  necessity  for  reform ;  but,  timid  and  irre- 
solute, he  comprehended  but  half  his  task. 
France  n»<|uircd  a  revolution  in  feclinp— he 
contented  himnclf  with  etfecting  a  revolution 
in  costume. 

The  Exhibition  of  182  A  witnessed  an  almost 
entire  abandonment  of  subjects  derived  from 
antitiuity  or  mythology.  In  exiiibiting  'Monn 
of  Arc  interrogated  in  h«r  l*rison,"  "St. 
VinciMit  de  Paul  preaching  bt'fore  Louis 
Xlll.,*'  he  <learly  touched  upon  modern  sul)- 
je^^ts,  casting  fur  from  him  t\n'.  toga,  the  hel- 
met, and  the  pepluin,  so  long  abused  by  the 
cla^isical  school.  This  wan  the  commence- 
ment and  foundation  of  his  success.  But  his 
reputation  did  not  greatly  increase  before 
1827,  when  he  exhibited  several  portraits 
and  some  pictures  of  no  great  importance; 
but  among  them  were  "The  death  of  Du- 
rante,'* (intended  for  one  of  the  halls  of  the 
r.n,s,Ud  Klat.)  "The  llesult  of  a  Duel;'* 
"  Caumont  de  la  Force  saved  from  massacre ;" 
and  last,  though  not  least,  *' The  Ileath  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,"  a  large  (ompasiti«»n,  pur- 
chaseil  by  the  Government  of  Charl--s  X.,  aud 
afterwards  placed  in  the  gallery  of  Luxem- 
bourg, as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  works 
of  the  y<mng  painter. 

As  this  picture  has  served  to  e*  tend  the 
aitisi's  fame  in  England,  wu  shall  attempt  to 
describe  an<l  analyse  it.  The  queen  is  repn  • 
sented  in  the  last  moments  of  her  ngonv, 
clothed  in  her  royal  robes,  which  she  would 
never  throw  off;  she  is  strettthed  upon  a 
ctrpet  on  the  ground,  and  is  surrounded  in 
her  la't  hour  by  her  womei,  one  of  whom  is 
arranging  thecu'^hions  upon  which  her  dying 
head  reiM>ses.  Around  Elizalwth  is  grouped 
the  Archbishop  of  C  nterhury,  the  I/ord- 
Kee|>er,  the  Lurd  IIi>;h  Admiral,  and  the 
8e(Tetarv  of  St  it  •,  G-cil.  who,  on  h»s  koi-es 
before  the  queen,  is  soliciting  her  1  st  c  m- 
niands. 

The  best  figure  in  the  jucture  is  undoubtedly 
that  of  the  qiieen  ;  her  protile  displays  physi- 
cal agony  blended  with  moral  suflering,  pre- 
sents a  nervous  and  energetic  expression ;  and 
of  all  the  hea<ls  ever  paintcil  by  Delaroche, 
this  one  apjiears  to  us  nnirked  with  the  most 
life-like  character.  The  personages  who 
surround  the  queen — Ce<41  kneeling,  and 
the  women  weeping— are, on  the  contrary,  ex- 
tremely connnonpiace  both  in  attitude  and 
expression.  The  artist  his  sh-wn  himself  so 
prudiual  of  shot -coloured  stuffs,  that  amid 
the  draiHTies,  so  clear  and  brilliant  in  tone, 
the  fl.'sh-tints  of  the  figures  appear  yellow, 
dull,  and  dingy.  Tin?  picture,  by  its  lumi- 
nous and  glaring  colourin;:,  give-i  the  idea  of 
a  festive  rather  than  that  of  a  mournful  sctme. 
Death  is  indeed  a  horrible  scene;  but  Dela- 
roche has  taken  so  mucli  care,  and  found  so 
much  pleasure,  in  )iaiuting  silk  and  velvet, 
that  ho  has  h)0t  sight  of  the  main  subject. 
In  fact,  ho  is  almost  always  deficient  in 
dranutic  feeling,  and  it  ia  seldom  that  he  is 


able  to  combine  the  dose  and  teTIing  df ' 
the  attitudes  of  grief,  the  powerful  com' 
tions  of  form  and  colour,  which  wring 
heart  and  extort  the  cry  of  emotion. 

Despite  tlie  faults  we  have  pointed 
'*Tlie  Death  of  Elizabeth**  obtained  ai 
Exhibition  a  very  decided  suo(*esM,  an^ 
reception  given  to  thi:*  composition  d 
mined  its  author  to  borrow  (»ther  sal 
from  English  history,  wliich — since  so  i 
abused — was  at  that  time  new  to  the  Fr 
public;  and  Delaroche,  being  a  well-edn 
man,  derived  from  it  thoae  inspirations  « 
have  won  for  him  mo<«t  applaii«e.  In 
ho  exhibited  **  Cromwell  at  the  Coffi 
(.-harles  I.,"  and  the  celebrated  pirture  ki 
in  France  as  the  "^Children  of  Edw 
Thus,  in  the  choice  of  his  subjertii,  the  i 
never  failed  to  appeal  to  the  feelings  c 
many;  yet  his  very  limited  powers  n 
enabled  him  to  attain  liis  aim. 

This  picture  is  dated  1B30,  and  is  oi 
the  ornaments  of  the  Luxcinboui^  Galle 
which  his  countrvmen  arc  mc»st  proncL 
young  Edward  V.  and  lii.'*  brother,  tlie  1 
of  York,  are  seated  side  by  Hu\e,  and, 
wandering  eye:*,  arc  rea<ling  in  the  same  I 
This  IS  all  tfie  picture !  I'aul  I>elaroche  < 
find  no  other  means  to  interest  as  in  the 
of  the  young  prisoners  of  Richard  III. 
the  shining  of  a  red  light  thmngh  tlie  ci 
of  the  door,  proceeduig  doubt Icm  fran 
torch  of  the  murderers  about  to  smothei 
young  princes.  To  attempt  to  excite  em 
by  such  inadequate  means  iii  vain; 
ineeting  the  di  nculty  on  its  wonkest  side 
is  losing  sight  of  the  aim  aa  well  as  oi 
resources  of  painting.  Surely  the  gef 
attitude,  and  expression  of  the  captive  diil 
are  tl>e  means  by  which  he  might  have  b 
and  distini>tly  told  the  st  iry. 

Althoui^h  the  works  of  Delaroche  ar 
fective  in  the  eyes  of  the  connoiiveur, 
posKcss  qualities  which  attract  le^s  oomp 
judges.  As  a  painter,  Dulanidic  was  fm\ 
practisfHl,  and  carefid,  above  all,  he  best 
extreme,  and  {Msrhaps  puerile,  atti'ntion 
the  repre mutation  of  furniture  draper ia 
all  the  accessories  of  a  picture :  familial 
the  manners  and  customs  of  the  middle 
and  of  the  sixteenth  century,  he  sp( 
ac<iuirud  the  reputation  of  being  the 
vit^tiiiiiu'r  of  the  age.  He  endeavoun 
concentrate  his  powers  upon  ta'o  ca 
pictures, — ''Cardinal  Uichclieu  ascendin 
Tlirone,*'  and  '<  The  IX>ath  of  Mazarin,** 
exhibited  in  1831.  The  fii^urea  in  these 
positions  are  of  very  small  proiNtrtiona,  a 
their  execution  I>tt.aroehc  studied  t4>  r 
duce  the  minutene»=8  and  breadth  of  llip  L 
si'hiMd.  Herein  he  i>s.sayi  d  a  stylv  whid 
unfortun:  t  ly  been  so  little  cultivated, 
which  miirht  pttrhaiw  have  proved  to  h 
source  of  the  truej»t  success. 

I'pon  the  death  of  Meynior,  in  199S 
Amtlrmit  tif9  /irttux  Artu  called  the  youi 
Delaroche  to  tht>  honour  of  filling  his  p 
This  nomination  astonished  do  one.  But ! 
was  to  be  feared  from  Delaroche  in  the 
of  perilous  novelty;  and  his  election  « 
conces  ion  to  po|mlar  favov  that  inyo 


1830.] 


Paul  Ddaroche. — Clergy  Deceased. 


779 


« 


but  small  sicrifice  of  old  conventional  nre- 
juiiice.  Delarochc  soon  became  himself  a 
t  a<*her,  an  I  opened  a  studio,  w  ich  was  for 
ma  y  y-ars  th  •  most  frequent.'d  of  any  in 
Paris.  From  that  time  he  exorcise<l  con- 
sidorable  iiiHuetice  in  tlie  tmch  ng  of  art, 
will  h  continued  up  to  the  time  of  liis  death. 

Dt'larochf,  iiistoad  of  siuinbiTinjj  on  his 
seat  at  the  AnuHiii  pv,  shewed  hiiii.-elf  more 
active  tliun  ev(T.  There  appeai'ed  succes- 
sively from  his  pencil  the  "St.  Amelia,"  in 
which  the  patience,  if  not  the  simplicity,  of 
t!ie  miniature-painters  of  the  tifteeuth  century 
was  imitati'd  ;  tlien,  "The  Death  of  Lidy 
Jane  (irey,"  wiiieh  excited  much  admiiation, 
(18;U);  ''The  Ass  issination  of  the  Due  de 
(Jnise"  (ls;r>);  "St.  Cecilia;"  "Charles  I. 
insulted  by  tiie  S  Miers  of  Cromwell;"  and 

Strallord  fed  to  E.xecutio.i,"  (1837).  These 
coMipositions  as  varied  in  thought  as  in  exe- 
cution, attt'st  llu'  possession  o'  a  cerrain  gift 
orinvrntioii  and  fecundily.  "The  Death  of 
Lady  Jane  (J:ey"  was  the  most  popular, — an 
elleet  at  wliicii  we  may  at  his  day  well  feel 
astoi.islu'd.  "The  As>iLssination  of  th  •  Due 
de  Guise  ■  is  tlie,  most  dramatic  ot  Delaroche's 
coin)H»itions.  It  is  painted  with  a  minute- 
ness, bre.idtli,  and  freedom  of  touch  which 
remind  us  of  the  f'ucilf  jtiosidv.  of  the  Dutch 
colourists. 

The  K  hibition  of  1837  was  the  last  to 
which  Delaroche  contributed.  From  some 
unknown  cause,  he  became  disj^ted  with 
pnbl'c  exhibitions ;  and  since  tiia^  date  he 
refrained  from  submitting  his  works  to  the 
c  iti(rism  of  the  multitude.  It  must  not  be 
forgot. en,  however,  that  from  this  period  his 
lite  wjis  absorb  d  in  the  study  and  execution 
of  a  {j^reat  work, — that  which  adoriLS  the  hall 
of  the  /v,'«v»/r  lies  /{ftiu.r  ^IrtSj  and  which  was 
recently  damaged  by  fire. 

In  1830  Dulaioehe  was  5elec*e<l  to  decorate 
the  (riling  of  the  Made  eine  To  qualify  him- 
self lor  this  work  he  \isited  It..ly,  andspent'a 
onsiihrable  time  there,  engajju  in  studying 
the  paiiitiii:^s  which  em  irh  the  churches  and 
jiahue^  of  that  favoured  land.  He  reuirned 
full  of  ardo.ir,  to  find  that  in  the  va^t  enter- 
prise Which  he  had  reck<»ned  upon  executing 
alone,  a  voUiilnnnti  ut  would  be  appointed. 
1)  >eoura:ed  at  this  intelli.:ence,  he  renounced 
the  ta>k  of  pai.iting  t  .e  ceidng  of  the  Made- 
leine. 

To  comp»!nsato  him  for  this  disappoint- 
ment, and  also  enable  him  to  make  use  of 
the  stiulii's  he  hail  brought  from  Italy,  the 
a(linini--tnitioii  a<i>igned  him  the  ditticult  ho- 
nour of  decorating  the  va.st  heniicye  e  o\  the 
hc>>l- tlr^  H  ■t.i<  .i//.',  already  allu.led  to.  He 
coinnunced  this  work  in  1837,  und  did  not 
re  inipuAJi  his  pencil  until  18tl. 

This  work  was  >  ot  the  best  suited  to  the 
peculiar  talent  of  IX'l.tro<  he  :  he  w  s  not  emi- 
nent as  a  draughtsman,  and  but  half  a  eo- 
lourist ;  neither  was  l.e  eminent  for  his  skill 
in  i/i'iiro^run .  Heme  this  vast  production 
i-.  neither  p'ctuie  que  nor  lif  -like  ;  and  at 
t!ie  mobt  CJin  be  cuUdidered  only  aa  a  learned 
work. 

I'pon  the  completion  of  this  picture,  Dela- 
roch  ■  produced  his  *^i*ic  lU-  la  Mirunduic  En* 


fant;''  "Napoleon  at  Pontainebleau ;  "Pil- 
grims  before  St.  Peter*8  at  Rome  ;*'  **  Bona- 
parte crossuig  the  Alps.'*  These  all  reveal 
a  m  »dification  in  his  style,  bat  not  a  happy 
one.  His  more  recen'  works  are  not  calcu- 
late 1  to  restore  to  him  t!ie  sympathy  he  had 
lost.  It  mu4t  be  c  )nresse.l  that  Delaroche  U 
an  artist  of  t  ilent  rather  than  a  genius.  Edu- 
cation and  diligent  study  qualified  him  to  be 
a  painter,  but  not  an  artis  ,  in  the  true  sense 
of  that  wor  J.  For  he  has  fade  1  in  the  true 
mission  of  the  artist — that  of  advancing  the 
education  of  the  masses ;  when  it  was  in  his 
power  to  give  an  impulse,  he  yielded  to  it : 
he  has  been  a  reflection,  but  not  a  light ;  and 
instead  of  elevating  the  public  t  >  himself,  be 
has  lowered  himseu  to  the  public 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Oct.  10.  At  St.  John's,  Newfound' md,  the  Rcr. 
Jacob  Gcttrge  Mountain^  \\.\.  1H41,  M.A.  181", 
Merton  Colfege,  Oxford,  Princip  tl  of  St.  John  «* 
College,  Rural  Di*an,  and  CoinmiAsai  y  tu  the 
Lord  Bishop,  second  son  of  ihe  lie  v.  Jacob  Ilcnry 
Brooke  Mountain,  D.D.,  Hector  of  Blunhain, 
Bedfordshire,  and  Prcb<n(lHry  of  Lincoln. 

Oct.  11.  At  Garstan;?  Church  Town,  aged  48, 
the  Rev.  Grorgr  Simpa-tn,  M.A.,  Curate  ol  the 
Parish  Church  of  Garst  mjr. 

Oct.  15.  At  Woodchccter,  Gloucestersh.,  the 
Rev.  Louis  Ocrard^  for  ma  ly  years  c  laplain  to 
the  nuns  at  the  Convent,  Atherstone. 

Oct.  17.  At  his  lodxingfl,  Chagford,  aged  35, 
the  Rev.  Edward  Dicker^  of  the  Church  Mis- 
sionnry  Society. 

Oct.  20.  At  Dltton,  aj?ed  62,  the  Rev.  W.  B. 
BurroughSy  for  munv  yiars  R«H5tor  of  that  parish. 

Oct.  21.  At  the  Vicarage,  Ilcybridge.  a.ared  72, 
the  Rev.  Robert  Prentice  Crane,  B.A.  I8*i8.  M.A. 
1811,  Clare  College,  Cambrid\fe,  V.  of  Ucybrioge 
(1833),  and  V.  of  ToUeshun- -Major  (1810),  Essex. 
Mr.  Crane,  who  has  left  a  larv:e  fainilv  to  lament 
their  loss,  was  formerly  British  Chaplain  at  Rio 
Janeiro. 

At  Melville-terr.,  Camden-roa-l-villas,  aged  83, 
the  R«v  W.  /;.  Pooleif,  Rector  of  Cinllesfori 
(1850),  Suffolk,  son  of  the  lae  John  Pooley,  esq., 
of  U  wood. 

At  Keinp-town,  « gel  60,  the  Rev.  WiViam 
Henry  Cooper,  B.A.  1818,  M.A.  1822,  ExutcrCol- 
le^'e.  Oxford,  Rector  of  Wiggonholt  w.  Greatham 
(1837),  Sussex. 

Oct  24.  At  the  Rectorv,  aged  58,  the  Rer. 
John  Leigh,  B.A.  1820,  M.A.  1821,  Brastnose 
Collejrc,  Oxford,  R.  of  Egginion,  (1824),  Der- 
bynhire. 

Oct.  25.  At  West-end-lodge,  Thames-Ditton, 
the  Rev.  Wilfred  Speer,  B.A.  1823,  M.A.  1826, 
Trinity  Co'lejfe,  Cambridiro,  P.C.  of  Thames* 
Ditton,  and  P.C.  of  East  Molesey,  Surrey. 

Oct.  26.  At  (Juildford,  ajced  36,  the  Rev.  Tho$. 
if  ills,  B.A.  1842,  M.A.  1845,  Triniy  College,  Cam- 
bridKC,  late  Rector  of  Bu'phan.  Eswx. 

At  Peiir\Ti,  Cornwall,  aged  80,  the  Rev.  R. 
Cope,  LL.I).,  F.A  S. 

Oct.  27.  At  Dollar,  ajred  80,  Dr.  Mylne,  the 
venerable  and  respected  minister  of  the  parish  of 
Dollar. 

.\t  East  Retford,  aged  27,  the  Rev.  Henry 
Gordon,  B.A.,  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  kite  of 
H.M.S.  *'  P^urydice." 

(kt.  28.  At  Ealing,  ajred  37,  the  Rev.  Edward 
West,  B.A.  1843,  M.A.  1847.  lute  Fellow  of  St. 
Juhn'n  (>>llefre,  Oxford. 

Ott.  29.  At  Asfordby  Rectory,  aged  71,  the 
Rev.  Andrew  Burnahy,  R.  ctor  of  th.it  place. 

At  Manningford  Abbi)t  s  Rectory,  aged  73,  thft 
Rev.  Francis  BiekUy  As/ley, 


780 


Obituary. 


[D 


Oct.  30.  At  the  Roctorr,  aged  73,  the  Rev. 
William  Lnshmnr  Jtatl.tf.'li.A.  18«W,  M.A.  1811, 
formerly  Ft-Uow of  S'.  retor't* (lol'.e.e,  Carabridfre, 
Rector  of  Woodford  (1S17),  North<»inptO!ishire. 

At  IliL'hwoini,  Utioxc'ttT.  iued  U.  the  R 'v. 
Jaiins  I[nnn>  M»nt\  B.A.  IS  is,  M.A.  1810,  Ma^'- 
dalen  CoUeffO,  Oxfov<l. 

At  Quofidon,  K-*ex,  tho  Rov.  llennj  Iloirardt 
Reetor  of  Chickney,  K<sox. 

At  St(M'kton  Rii'torv,  Slirop-»liire,  aged  GO,  the 
Rev.  Charlis  li.  ('.  W'/iif/non: 

A}?ed  7.1,  the  Rev.  frharh's  Ilroim,  Rector  of 
W'hitestone,  havinj?  been  the  luini-tcr  of  that 
parish  forty-nine  ypiirs. 

At  Iv'clesall  Par'-^onitsrc,  near  Slieffleld,  ajred  57, 
the  Rev.  Jlrnri/  Fitriiih,  M.A.,  foimi'rly  Fellow 
and  Tutor  of  Qxice/i*  CoUece,  Cambridge,  and 
8on  of  the  late  James  Farisli,  esfi-,  surgoon,  of 
Cambridge. 

Nov.  1.  At  Sntton  Coldfielil,  apred  8H.  the  Rev. 
Joseph  M,'ndhnm,  B.A.  1792,  M.A.  17'Jj,  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall,  Oxford. 

Nov.  2.  After  a  few  d  ivs'  illnes;*,  at  the  house 
of  his*  i-ither-in-l  iw,  tlie  Rov.  J  R.  Major,  D.l)., 
40,  Rloonisbury-.sq.,  apt"d  lb,  the  Ilrv  T/i'-ophihts 
Ofii'inciercx  Grnhiim  Stimpson^  H..V.  of  St.. John's 
C  'll«'ire,  CambridfTf,  and  eura  e  of  St..  .\iij»uslin  *s 
and  St.  Faith's,  Luidon,  clil-st  .>*on  of  ttie  Rev. 
Theophilus  Samp.-on,  Rector  of  Kakrinj,',  Notting- 
hamshire. 

\t  the  vicarajce,  Kirkby  Wharfe,  a}?cd  OS,  the 
Rev.  John  Ash/only  twenty-four  years  Vic  ir  of 
that  parish. 

At  the  Rectorv,  ihe  R*'v.  Josh,  might,  Rector 
of  Conjfham  (1H41),  Norfolk. 

A'oi'.  12.  At  2,  Onsow-sq.,  Brompton,  aged 
70,  the  Rev.  Thoman  Jfotcdhi'f  li..A.  18i»3,  M.A. 
IHOO,  St.  John's  Coll  ge,  Cambridtfe,  Prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's  (1841>:,  and  Seen?  ary  to  the  Incor- 
porated Church  Riiihiing  S<H',ietv.' 

Noi\  14.  Aifed  on,  the  R  v.  )niliam  Graham 
Cole,  P.C.  of  St.  James,  Wednesbury  (1840),  Staf- 
fordshire. 

Nov.  16.  At  Clifton,  the  Rev.  liirhnrd  Coke 
Wihnot,  .M.-\.,  of  N\'swick-ha'l,  Yorkshir.-. 

N n'.  17.  At  Sninin'.r-^i'i)vc,  Berks,  a'^od  80, 
the  Very  Rev.  Jfufh  Nnlmlns  I'l-arsoHy  formerly 
Dem  of  Siilisburv,'  B  A.  LSsio,  M.A.  1803,  U.  aii'd 
D.l).  1S2I,  St.  John's  Coll.  {?.-,  Oxford. 


DEATHS. 

AREANGRD  IN  I'llitONOLOfiTCAL  ORDER. 

J'/iir  l:l.  At  R.s.'dale,  Sydney,  Daniol  Deiing 
Jlath  w,  esq.,  J. P. 

./;/'.'/  22.  At  Copiapo,  Chili,  Wm.  Kilw.  Miller, 
v^q.,  eld««st  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Win.  Kdward 
esiller,  of  Shetttidd. 

.  1  >tf/.  — .  At  M«»ean  Meer,  in  the  Punjab,  M ajor 
J.  N   sharp,  of  the  Bcny  il  F.mrineers. 

A  nil.  23.  At  Simon's-town,  Cape  of  tio<Kl  Iloi>e, 
a'.rod  21,  J.  C.  F.  .V.  Perrv,  etq.,  eldest  son  «f  t  le 
late  'I'.  .V.  Perry,  e««<i.,  ol^  Chelti-nham. 

.S'f'w'.  23.  At  Port-Royal,  Jamaica,  aged  10, 
AVm.  ('arn:irv(m  Beamrs',  Midshi])man  <»f  IL.M.'s 
ship  Arroi^aiit,  third  son  ol  the  Rev.  T.  Beanies, 
of  St.  James's,  \V«;NtrninHter. 

S-:)f.  28.  \i  (;ia*}xow,  Mr.  John  Johnston,  the 
(il.i-.  '-r.v  pi>et  and  astronomer.  He  was  u  nativi! 
of  (Jaliow.iy,  county  (»f  Wigtown,  and  puMishcd 
in  IS  U  a  vi)lu<ii(>  of  poem^,  also  in  18.'iii  a  small 
u<ti-o.io;ii!Oil  work  on  the  laws  and  phenomena 
ot  the  M)l  ir  •*y<t:'m. 

<hf.  7.  At  .N'i.igira,  aged  05.  the  Tlon.  Jacob 
Ilo-iiilins  Ir-  in'?,  nf  Ironshuro,  Jamaica. 

n.'.s.  At  !•  ■  ir.lri  •h'<h  itf«;ii.  Uike  ConsMn'^e, 
M  II  v  A:i:io,  wilt-  of  .>ir  S;miiu'l  .Stining,  of  Cilorat, 
Bart. 

At  hf'rd:in;,'ht'.T's.  Mrs.  Jay,  of  Hiirham-hou«c, 
^Vorii  '._'!::i:n.  :i>r<  :l  s  '.  \\r*.  llook,  relietof  Daniel 
Ii.*oK.  ('Nij..  oi'ci.o.it  V.irmtuiih. 

At  silv  i-terr.,  St.  D.ivid's,  Kxeter.  ag^l  fiS, 
Richard  B.ttti-n  Rjuse,  v<*i,  of  Orcat  Torrin^'-ton, 


an  alderman  of  that  place,  and  amui  nnivcr 
beloved  and  respected. . 

At  Wivenboe,  aged  87,  Philip  Havens  cmj., 
for  the  county  of  Karcx  and  for  the  boroag 
Colchester,  and  a  Deputy-Lieut,  of  the  G: 
Ports. 

(*ct.  9.  Aged  85.  William  Cambridge,  eac 
South  Runcton,  Norfolk. 

Oif.  10.  At  ColesMlll,  aged  85,  Ann,  reli 
the  Rev.  John  Dvt-r  llewc-tt,  Vicir  of  Filloni 

At  Ireshopebufn,  Wc.irdale,  suddenly,  «»i* 
Jacob  Ralph  Featherston,  ew).,  eldest  Mm  o 
late  Thos.  Feathertiton,  c»q.,  of  Cutficld-hi 
Gateshead. 

Oct.  11.  At  Montro«e,  ag«l  43,  Major  Ji 
Duncm,  of  the  U.F^I.C.'s  2Gth  Ucgrt.  Bengal 
tive  Infantry. 

Oct.  12.  At  Ram«gate,  aged  21.  T.  R.  D 
esq.,  son  of  Kene!m  t)igbT,  esq.  The  funei 
the  late  Thomas  Everard  Uigby,  rifq.,  too  ] 
on  Monday  morning,  in  proMonve  of  bei' 
three  and  four  thousand  perAonn,  aviembli 
pay  a  last  tribute  of  respect  to  one  who  waj 
cerelv  beloved  by  all  ranko  of  porsrmH  vbo  1 
him,  "both  far  and  near.  His  ^udd'.•n  deatli 
occa.<qoned  the  greatest  poss^ible  Rrief  to  hLf 
viving  family,  and  deep  regret  to  all  his  b 
rous  friends  and  acquaintanceiS  inr-ludini 
household  domestics.  At  10  o'clock,  a.ni, 
mournful  proce.'ision  commenced  tflowly  to 
from  the  family  residence.  Royal  Crescei 
Saint  Augustine's  Church,  on  the  Wc«t  Clifl 
all  \wr»  ns  taking  any  part  in  the  proce 
followed  uncovered  to  the  place  of  mten 
The  burial-service  used  for  tho!«c  who  drpai 
life  in  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  was  pint 
by  the  priests;  after  whieh  the  coffin 
lowered  into  a  vault,  and  placed  near  til 
mains  of  the  late  Mr.  Wm.  PuRin,  architect 
builder  of  this  splendid  edifice.  This  ^^  ^ 
stand,  is  a  temporary  urrungcment— the  t 
vault  not  being  finished.  Immediately  aftc 
funeral,  the  family  of  deceiited,  with  thci 
customed  charity,  directed  that  one  hundrr 
loavi'S  should  be  rlistributrd  tu  the  p(X>r,  wi 
any  dixtinctinn  aa  to  rellgiuus  opinions. 

At  Li    crick,  aged  3^1,   Major    Fruncif  1 
Tinley,  21st  Royal N.B.  Fusilier*,  fiom  thee 
of  wounds  and  physical  cxh  lUistion,  while 
itig  witii  his  regiment  in  the   trenches  I 
Scbastnpol. 

At  Florence,  aged  40,  M.ttlicw  Schiliui. 

At  Iluntly,  AlierdcfHshlre,  Mr.  John  L 
brcither  of  tlie  Rov.  O.  I.cgge,  I.L.I).,  Leieei 

At  his  re»id"nei',  O.iklands,  Yardlcy,  ne:>i 
mingham,  aged  03,  (^harles  Urc  ■  in. 

Ovl.  13,  of  Cholera,   the   rcnowred   Gc 
Guyon  (Knrschid  Pacha*.     He  wai*  horn  at 
his  father  lK>ing  a  captain  in  our  KngliKh 
desci.mle<l  from  a  French  family.     In  18J1, 
then  eightee:*.  he  got  a  eomm{;»<inn  in  the 
trian  army ;   he  subsernieni  y   niarricKl  a 
garian  l-ii.  with  considerable  lamled  pro| 
and  b:H'ame  a  Hungarian   country  (jrentl>' 
in  whii:h  e.ii>a-ity  he  took  up  nrmn  at  '.he 
of  a  sectitm  of  the  rpvolutioniwtif  of  IH48,  I 
]>o>e  Jt'liaihic.h.     His  career  fmm  this  pud 
historical— the  brilliant  cngaeemcntH  he  led 
h  s  overthrow,  with  liem,  Kiucty,  throu^l 
patriotism  of  C!or.rey  sacrifleing  bim«flf  f 
than   hi»   men.     He  tle<l  with  the  rest   ol 
Hnngiii  ian  le  dcrs  t(»  Turkey.    Guyon,  how 
:l  hoiiKh  oH'i'red  a  command  in  Damasouii, 
the  rank  of  lirutenant-genenil  and  the  til 
Kur^chid  (the  Sun)  Paelui,  st(Hlf:i>>tly  rcfUM 
embrace  the  .Mahometan  laith,  and'  this  a 
time  when  he  wa**  actually  starving  from  i 
It  was  only  when  evi-ry  effort  h:ul  been  i 
d  ined  as  hopeless,  tiiat  the  uuthurities  at 
stantinople  acci-ptcdCiuyim's  services  on  his 
terms.     He  was  the  11r<t  Chri>tinn  who  ob'i 
the  nink  of  Pach.i  and  a  Turki'^h  militarv  i 
mand  with'mt  lioi raying  his  ri-ligiim.     ll£i 
si'quent  career  in  the  K.istern  war  is  fk-esh  li 
minds  of  uU  readers  of  the  ncwspapen. 


ISjC] 


Obituary. 


781 


funeral  took  phoo  in  the  Kn^rlish  burial- pround 
at  S(  atari,  on  the  l.')th  inst.,  with  all  due  mili- 
tjiiy  lumuur-*.  Mr.  Hlack-tonc,  the  Embassy 
cli.i]ila,n,  porfonn  d  the  silemn  »ervici».  Very 
many  ot  hi«<  old  companions  in  arms  durinjf  the 
Huni^'riiu  \sar  >\\re  present  at  the  sad  circ- 
moni  il. 

At  (';>.Mi]iri(lu'o-tcr..  Ilyde-iiark,  njjed  82,  Eliz- 
abctli  Auiu',  wi'lo.v  of  John  Mors**,  esq.,  late 
of  iSprowstun-hail,  Norfolk,  a  dda  i.  of  (k'U.IIall, 
late  ot  Wvittiu'^-p  rk,  (\imlniilt;e-hire. 

At  Saudh.ich,  Cheshire,  aj;cd  43,  IU>.-hard  N. 
Ptreivul,  e>(i. 

At  the  hoii-je  of  her  father,  a-red  17,  Ajfncs 
I^)uisi,  >e.  (»Tid  «la  i.  of  II  nry  Cousins,  esq.,  of 
Osnal»urj?h— t.,  K'-i^i-nt's-park. 

At  l5er-ti(l-lo(l^'i',  ai?ed  S9,  Susan  Mackwo' th, 
widow  of  Thoiu.ts  Smith,  esq.,  of  Herst«'d-lod}?e, 
4*»uss  X.  For  >»ni'ral  wei-ks  tliis  lady  has  been  in 
a  very  ill  state  of  health,  and  her  death  has 
creatt  (1  a  m<.>t  melancholy  ensution  in  the  town 
(»f  li.)irn'>r  and  the  Mirroundinf?  ncii^lilxmrhood. 
Mrs.  SiiiiiU  was  I  ijfhly  connected,  wealthy,  and 
bcnev(»U'nt,  and  her  loss  will  be  severely  I'clt  by 
the  poor,  to  whom  she  has  been  a  constant  bene- 
factor, and  her  patronajfe  mis-ed  by  the  trades- 
nieu  ot  h  )jrnor,  to  whom  she  has  been  a  constant 
supporter. 

At  S:-arbro',  acred  2<\,  John  reorjre  Lloyd,  esq., 
Lieut,  in  the  2nd  We-t  York  Mdilia  llept.,  and 
third  sou  of  the  late  George  Lloyd,  e.^q.,  of 
Cowe:.')y-ha!l,  Tbir>k. 

In  Lo'  don,  Charles  Lid<lell.  est].,  of  the  firm  of 
Pease  and  Li  <1<11,  of  IIuU.  bank.  rs. 

A-rd  i:>,  Maru'aret  Helena  CoUhurst  Bulkley, 
hccond  dan.  of  iJmklcy  J.  >L  Tr.ied,  esq. 

.\t  >Luleley-manof,  Statlbidshirc,  aped  43, 
Franci-:  stanier,  es(i. 

At  the  residence  of  his  father-in-law,  Chir- 
combe-house,  a}?ed  40,  John  B.  Maine,  c.'<i. 

Mary  Ann,  uife  of  the  K  v.  Ci.  Odvei*,  D.D., 
Rector  of  North  Hyckham  and  Vxar  of  Soopwick, 
in  the  eo.  of  Lincoln,  arid  motiicr  of  Mr.  B.  S. 
Oliver,  No'.tin-;hain-]).irk. 

At  ILiitli-ld,  a-red  S7,  (Jrace  Annabell.i  Slade, 
dau.  oi"  the  Ili'v.  Kicli.ir»l  Sl.ide,  late  Kector  of 
\Ve-it\\ell.  in  the  co.  of  Oxfird,  aiul  sister  of  the 
late  U.v.  SiMui.-l  >:;:.le,  D.IJ,,  Uector  of  Jla- tticld 
and  I)  an  ot  (  '.lich  --t'  r. 

At  N.i/i:iJr-i- 'liv,  !>-<  x,  a'-'cd  87,  Anna  Maria, 
^i.iir>\  ot  (ie  ,r:;e  I'a'.iuer,  eq.,  \\ho  lor  many 
ye  ir>  v*'\)r:  -;  .nted  the  Southern  Division  of  tiie 
county  in  I'ariiament. 

(jif.W.  Ai  1 1.. -lar  Ilo-pital,  Hubert  Johnston, 
e>(i.,  lare  r.iymasicr  of  IL.M.  ship  "C-ntaur." 

At  Ki  });ir;ie-h.'ll,  Derbyshire,  aged  87,Cuiirle» 
Vie  ir^  Hunter,  escp 

At  \Ve^i!)(ni  n<  -park-ter.,  Ilarrow-road,  of 
r«;)i-;riii)tion,  ir^reil  :J9,  Wi  liam,  eldes:  son  of 
liii  li  ir     \l)iid.  es(j,,  of  Cr>nduit-.st.,  Ilanover-sq. 

Aged  r.9,  John  (iunter,  e-ii.,  of  l^urnham,  So- 
merset, aisi>  of  Cole-hill-house,  Fulham,  Mid- 
dlesex. 

A._'ed  70,  Samuel  Midwortb,  e  q.,  of  Giltcroft- 
housc,  Man»held. 

At  Hereford-road  north,  Westboumc-prove, 
London,  aged  CO,  Caroline,  second  dau.  of  the 
lite  Col.  l5rereton,  of  Chichester,  and  niece  of 
the  late  Dowa'.:er  Countess  of  Custle  Stewart. 

At  liat  billet,  Thomas  Donaldson  Cars  well,  Ron 
of  David  Car-well,  (mj  .  of  Uathillet. 

At  C(mstantinople,  aged  53,  Francis  Horsley 
Robinson,  es(j.,of  I.lando_'o,  Monmouthsh., second 
.son  of  the  late  Sir  (i.  A.  Uobinson,  Hart. 

f'cf.  1.').  At  his  residence  in  Clarendon- rojid, 
KensiiiL.'t()n,f)f  br  nehitis,  aped42.  William  King- 
don,  escj.,  solicitor,  torn»erly  of  Druryard-lodge, 
Lxeter. 

At  Cheltenham,  aped  51,  Nicholas  Crookc,  esq. 

At  his  re-idenee,  Kusholme-hall,  near  Man- 
chester, atred  .V.).  Robert  Ashton,  esq. 

At  FoIaCs  one,  aged  72,  George  John.stonc,  cwj., 
ot   lavi.>tock-Mi. 

At  Holloway.  au'e<l  ^7,  Thos.  Bidwell,  esq.,  lute 
of  Charmoulh,  Dorset. 


At  Bath,  at  the  residence  of  his  brother-in-lavr 
Col.  Sandys,  suddenly,  George  Hewett,  eaq..  De- 
puty Ma'^strate  of  ('utwah,  Bengal. 

Oct.  10.  At  Bourne,  Lincolnshire,  aped  74, 
James  Hellinghain,  esq.,  surgeon,  late  of  Wind- 
mill-hill, Sussex. 

At  lnvernes.s-ter.,  Bavswatcr.  aged  51,  George 
Harding,  esij.,  late  surgeon  H.E.I.  Company's 
Service,  Mailras  EstabLshnuMit. 

At  Ciaydim -house,  Bi.cks,  aged  20,  Catherine 
Eliza,  e'dest  d  lu.  of  Sir  Harry  and  Lady  Vemey. 

.\t  Grove-road,  Bri.\ton,  aged  59,  Wm.  Fiel^ 
esq. 

At  Bath,  agc'l  82,  Louisa  Christiana,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Lieut  -(i.  n.  Tolson. 

At  his  residence,  Cowhill,  near  Dumfries,  N.B., 
aged  02,  Viee-.\dmiral  ("has.  Jas.  Johnston  on 
the  list  o{  flag-ottlcers  on  reserved  half-pay  in  re- 
c«ipt  of  service-pensions.  He  was  a  Captain  of 
I8i>0,  Kear-.Vdmiral  of  18 H,  and  Vice-Admiral  of 
185(».  and  plac  d  on  the  reserved  list  185L  The 
gallant  deceased  was  lietttenant  of  the  '•  Kuby," 
40,  at  the  capture  of  the  Cape  in  1795 ;  lieutenant 
of  the  "  .Vrrogant,"  74,  at  the  surrender  of  Co- 
lum!  o,  and  the  destruction  of  armed  vessels  in  the 
Java  Seas  in  1796  ;  C'apiain  of  the  "  Cornwallis," 
50,  in  company  with  the  ♦'  Sceptre,"  74,  and  at- 
tacked the  French  frig  ite  *'  Semillants,"  and  .ship- 
ping in  St.  TauFs  Bay,  Isle  of  Bourbon,  in  ISOU; 
he  commanded  the  '*  Poweiful,"  74,  in  the  Wal- 
cheren  expedition. 

Ort.  10.  At  Port  I.,eo,  Treponv,  aped  58,  Lieut. 
J  scph  Francis  Baker,  K.N.,  biother  to  R.  W. 
Biker,  esq.,  of  Cottesmore.  He  liad  seen  much 
service,  and  in  the  last  American  war  was  in  the 
action  beiwien  the  I'nited  States  and  the  Mace> 
cionian,  when  sht*  stiuek  to  tne  American;  was 
in  one  of  the  ac-'omi)anying  ships  when  Bonaparte 
surrendered  ;  wats  wr  -eked  in  the  '•  Uace-IIorse ;" 
and  fo  the  last  twenty  years  had  been  in  the 
Coast-Guard  Service. 

At  Clifton-villa.  Warminster,  R.  Tavlcr,  esq. 

Oct.  17.  Ag  d  80,  Emity,  relict  of  j!  W.  Noad, 
esq.,  of  Koad,  Somerset. 

At  Russ'l;-pl.,  Fitzroy-Mj.,  a?ed  79,  Eliza  Ali- 
cia Isabella,  wid  >w  of  .s.imuel  TomkiuH,  es<^. 

At  Oakelt  V,  Salop,  after  great  suffering,  Lieut.- 
Col.  Oakeley,  50tb  R.  «t. 

At  Florence  (on  his  return  from  London),  the 
Comme  datore  Luigi  Canina,  President  of  the 
Capitoline  Museum  and  Galle  y  at  It  nne,  and 
author  of  a  voluminous  series  of  illustrated  works 
ui)on  the  ancient  architecture  and  topography  of 
Egypt,  (Jreece,  and  Rome. 

.•\t  Tei.'nmouth,  apiMl  .'H),  Jane,  youngest  daa. 
of  tiie  late  William  Bartlett,  cso. 

Oct.  18.  At  Sussi'x -gardens,  Hyde-park,  aged 
•4,  Anne,  relict  of  Henry  Parke,  esq. 

At  Colchester,  aged  77,  George  Brock,  esq. 

At  Hackney,  aged  24,  Chas.,  fiftti  son  of  John 
Bullock,  esq.,  of  Carlton-hill,  St.  John's-wood. 

At  Bopnor,  Sussex,  Marianne,  wi'c  of  the  Rer. 
George  Thompson,  B.A.,  Wi^beach,  Cambri  g.*- 
shire.  sec(md  dau.  of  Capt.  J.  S.  White,  of  Thcresa- 
pl.,  Ilammersmith,  and  grandduL  of  the  late 
Major-(ien.  John  WTiite,  of  Bengal. 

At  Wi  louphbridge  Wells,  Stafford-sh.,  at  an 
advanced  age,  Samuel  Hanling,  esq.,  for  many 
years  agent  to  Hugo  Meynell  Ingnm,  esq. 

At  St.  Ixjon  ird's-on-Sea  Catherine,  eldest  dau. 
of  Col  Eras  r,  of  Castle  Eraser. 

Oct.  19.  At  Cheltenham,  a'.e<l  17,  John  Church 
Pearce  Church,  esq.,  the  only  child  of  Lieu.- 
Col.  and  .Mrs.  Church  Pearce,  of  Ffrwdprec*i, 
Brcconshire,  and  Stavcrton-housc,  Gloucester- 
shire. 

At  Ri-^hmond,  Mary  Ann,  wife  of  Richard  Has- 
sall,  M.l). 

At  Royal-creFcent,  B  ith,  aped  57,  Rear-Adm. 
the  Hon.  George  Frederick  Ilotham.  lie  had 
been  much  enpa-'ed  :n  railway  affairs  of  late 
years.  II  entered  the  navy  on* the  10th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1810,  as  a  voluntwr  of  the  first  class  on 
board  the  "  Northiunberland,"  74,  commanded  by 
his  uncle,  the  Hon.  Ucury  Uothiuu,  and  scrred 


Obituarv. 

u  of  lb*  Freneli  W-gtm  tii^tn 


'  I'AndTomiq 

;imt)riB'-M>niglouck."aarOriFnt,in  IBli;  ml:!- 

ihfnnuia  of  the  "  Raiiii11jR<»"  74.  riurintr  th^  op?- 

L»landt  Baltimore,  and  New  UrlvauA^i  luut  of  the 


ilcowl  (bttanra  em'  t( 


[I 


gai  Hit  4ecw*eil  van 


X  ine  llrcy,  C.  B.    The 

teooiul  ftkirviving  son  uf 
r  Devnlrj,  uid  Inbclls 


tinier  of  liir  Hr>tLi>nia»rd.'r.  He  muborii  In 
January,  i;u,  and  wan  tirin brother  to  Ur.  I'm;, 
tbc  lute  mrtiop  iitCiuliile.  vhom  ho  hiu  sot  long 
muTlred,  Tli*drceiiedni«niM,  InlBM,  ilophts 
Eliubrth,  third  don.  nr  »r.Uartnn  Wnlbouw, 
■nil  idnter  to  Lord  IlaUwrtDn.    The  (aHant  td- 


rrlilloni  wl  ta  him  In  pilTmte  _  _. 

At  B1117  St.  Edmnnd-e.  am  t  7S.  Ell 
daw  of  W.  Horr,  Oq..  at  Hont's-irhai 

At  the  reudence  or  U.  alttero,  S 
Edlnbur.h,  Thou.  K^r.  esq.,  ot  P 
eun,  RpgentVpark. 

■nil  St,  $niKnna,  irldow  of  tlie  KeT. 
of  B  Ihnul-RTe'-n. 


hill,  K^filJ,  OuLrlenOiki 


p.  lldJ.  M 


volunteer  on  board 

"  .Vmnldon."  lie  otiuTKardKJoinecl,  olf  Ti 
the  ^Victorj/'  dagndilp  of  Lord  Xe1i«Ti, ' 
Octabtr  tbo  »tai)  Tear  mm  numlniiled 
llenleniint  in  the  •■  Ui-duu,"  and  Kahscq 
SMlxtcd  iD  Ibc  "  Diadem"  at  lbs  rcductlnn 
Cape  of  (jwkI  Hope.  In  IBOO  lie  va-^  up; 
to  the  eOQunund  of  the^En^r"  brlu,  biiT 

bia  control  i  and  airdn  jotned  tJie  '*  DI:LdL._  _ 
a  vaiunleer.  On  harins  hl4  pont-ranh  conPnned 
1^  the  Adniirattj^  be  aiterwarda  eomnianded  the 
"CoBiiii^"  "Ij  Nrmpha,"  and  Ibe  "HoiBpur," 

In  >iiieeeiii4(in—tbf  Utter  iiM[-  "■ -'-^  "-- 

j.ara.    lie  bat  tbo  cbM  «. 

uf  tiiiod  llojie  np  to  thea)i:ini[  ot  laW,  a--a  sui 
Coniniander-ln-Cblpf  at  Sbeemeiu  fur  llirei:  yeara 
«henhe  waa  succeeded  bf  Vic«-Adudral  the  lion 


on  board  ttie      Blaclu.'r,  C.B. 


UtaRv-haue,  Bit 
™^T  Msjo,  the 
Lieat.-Col. "  \Si 


M    1 


Col.  Mdlloo. 

AnnabrUa,  dau.  ot  the  Isle  Hlr 
llUe,  F.11.S.,  &e.,  LanKliani-pl.,  Ix: 


i-mipn-Marp,  aeed  40,  Elljiabclh, 
tv.  W.  11.  CiDWh. 
Itnef,  UaryAunr,  dau.  of  Llcnt.- 

.,  iiKttl  !1. 
n;  euUd  of 


Iv-klbun.  en. 

AtUflTca,! ,.., , — 

of  Crewe  Alston,  awi.,  of  OdcU-tMitle, 


Lt  llfirca,  in  Fnuice,  aged  17,  Ui 


.t  Loehmaben,  inunfrtewUte,  am-d 


viilow  ^William  Webb  iludgetlK,  nq. 

At  Fa;rBton-tcr..  Umehouse,  ased  40,  CI 
l^tehett,  eaq.,  lurliron. 

At  Frinn»-.t.,  Edinhurrb,  tRed  4J.  Ant 
Cunlnnhame,  esq.,  of  Cuddell  mad  Than 

'rhonrni  Martlette.  y  uireet  wn  ot  Knvli 
■^bbuld,  en,,ofTr1iolcj;  Kt.  Miirr,  SsAilk, 
Al  HunUnRdon.  Mra  lii'nry  riweciiof,  a 
Henry  Sveetinv,  eK|.,  AalieitOf. 
tiet.  U,  at  hA  re  idcnre,  WnRBild-l 
'  "  n,  aced  01,  WiilUini  nnrlcMw,  (-q-i 

-  larbnnclr  iii  the  naiiT  of  t> . 

Dpcrutlon  had  been  perftiTuieil,  which  wai 
ci'cded  wUb  attat  pm>triitian,  uul  far  thi 
tew  d.iyii  hio  Riin  ly  and  trienl-i  (.otntidDe-l 
hopch it  Ilia  reniiiry.  Tlie desnucd  fnt) 
wan  hiiihlT  Trnpeetr.!  tnrhl*  rriina»binil  ■ 
menu  and couTt.unii denimxmr.  Xr.Cli 
hui  left,  wo  undrrsland.  u  w  d.nr  and  Bto  ■ 
Al  Ili'milet'in-houiio,  ItorMtAirp,  the  ■ 
CapL  J.  W.  llinde,  and  dan.  of  tile  Ule  B 
Youde,  l'lagniA>:oc.  Ifcnhlitluhl:*. 

Aged  »7,  Thoiuui  UolibicT,  «a.,  ot  G 

bill. 

Al  Uonmanunlb,  aieit  SI,  Ann,  rrlkt  i( 

laiy,  the  wlO      Widter,  tin.,  of  lleTunabire-pl.  Pintlanil  ■! 

le,  IkdfUrd.  At  rj^ogbun,  aiied  9\  Catbnine  «ara1 

fed  91,  Una-      dow  ul  Tbu>.  Himns  ei«l-.  and  lant  mh 


■n^h,  uuHl  l[».  Mr. 


At  Krc  Suffillli,  aged  63,  Huphla,  wItt  of 

At  Hi^hfl^to,  ain4  114,  J.  D.  Halni,  «■ 
^^^  —J ,_f  of  HpuralMiin,  and  a 

n-  iUneoi,  Bg*d  M,  W 


ARet  a  few  bii 


o  bunt  bi 


1  Ul  until  un 


le  iKiriab,  aicd  lo?,  1 

Xiiltbi|^n»blrc, 

r  KoT.  II.  F. 

rrtUln"lau.''uf"lir'liili>1t^"llr.  Iliill.and 
wiiiiiwof  the  Rev,  WdlLiBi  Ki..ii>ii«-.  i..«iiii!»iii 
of  Ilanicbiit  Ilnlon,  Yarki4iir 
■-,  liill-tt       


SI,  at  Hynfton-hall,  Xiiltbi|^ 
',  (iRiTRt  tilliniihum,  eiii|.,  I.l*. 
lie  rrsldenoe  of  biT  •«.  tlir  R 


Wuliull,  M. 


fil,  TlK 


11-t^  Anbhkhlo,  Wnlmoiuland,  aKed 
uiiinoni-4.,  Unrylehnno,  aged  J2,  Wm. 
rl-unl,  Keni,  aRrd  11,  Ekanor,  wife  of 


inil»,_(iour^  DaTm^iy,  ; 

Bobnt  CbMe  R .,. 

At  the  lAWn   Mearam,   PaliMiall,  h 

the  KeT.  lina.  C.  Welch,  third  dii<i.  ot'iIh 
Chai>.  Itonn,  »«|.,  of  nlyfiml,  Northumberl 

At  TnniiMT.  O»rollnr.  MmHid  (Liu.  of  tb< 
Iter.  Mihur  Anne-lry.  llHIorut  rUffurd  C 
bwa,  <iliian'i>ten>blrr. 

At  UantMrTlutliamwy,  Anvlmer,  aaci 
Frances  "Htutth-"—  ' ""■' 


WiiLfuBiS 


At  Cold-llarbaar-pirk.  Tnnbridm,   ■«■ 
*urle-  Fmlerltk  wllle,  enq. 
At  n'lrlcHwonh.saildenly.  aired  BI,  Huffh  ' 


■T.  Ukbard  Tyaehe.  Vinx  of  l'ad*:o  - . 

:>,  at  f'niitlniiUk,  Dnnifrii-i-hlre,  IMrid 
p.  mq.,  the  ho;id  of  the  pfut  Hrni  nf  Jar-      ye.irn.  al  least  i.WO  inibi 

'■-' — '  "1.,  of  China.    Mr.  J  limine      htber,  Either,  and  hiinMlf 

-    "--    -"^nation  about  ISnyeara. 


u  converalnit  with  ■  1) 


ho^M 

ai..      HI.  ct 

e  held  iha  a 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


783 


Mary,  dau.  of  Vicc-Admiral  Sir  John  Gordon 
Sinclair,  burt. 

At  Woolwich,  Colin  Arrott  Browninjr,  M.D., 
Deputy  Inspector  of  Hospitals,  RN.,  author  of 
*'  The  ConA-ic!  Ship." 

At  Ilaslar  IIosp  tal,  a  few  hours  after  being 
landed  from  H.M.S.  Ilannibal,  Mr.  .Tohn  Hayles, 
Gunner,  K.X  ,  late  of  H.M.S.  Beaijle,  from 
disease  contracted  while  doin(?  duty  in  the 
trenches  before  Scbiistopol ;  he  also  distin.uished 
himself  in  the  Sea  of  Azotf,  for  which  he  received 
promotion,  was  mentioned  in  public  despatclics, 
and  nominated  for  the  Lejrion  of  Honour. 

At  Ipswich  Union,  house,  aped  75,  John  Claxon. 
He  was  on  board  the  Victory,  I^ord  Nelson's 
ship,  on  the  memorable  1st  of  cictobcr,  1805  ;  and 
he  saw  his  commander  fall. 

At  Tan-y-wen,  aped  21,  E'i^a  Ermin,  second 
dau.  of  Wi.liam  Cole,  esq.,  town-cleik  of  Ruthin, 
and  prand-dau.  of  the  late  Robert  NichoUs,  esq., 
coroner  <  f  tho  county  of  Denbiph. 

At  Lyne-provc,  Chertsey,  Elizabeth,  wife  of 
"William  Dodsworth,  esq.,  only  survivinp  sister 
of  Sir  J.  Y.  BuUer,  hart.,  M.R   for  Devonshire. 

At  Deal,  aped  74,  Richard  May  Christian,  esq., 
several  times  mayor  of  that  borouph. 

At  Wrentham,  Suffolk,  aped  G8,  Susan  Ixsman 
Orpill,  eldest  survivinp  dau.  of  th  •  late  Rev.  W. 
T.  V.  Leman,  of  lirampton-hall,  Suffolk. 

Oct.  11,  of  bronchitis,  at  Avipnon,  in  the  So'ith 
of  France,  ape<l  72,  the  Hon.  Henrietta  Count*«ss 
De  Salis,  of  Dawlcy-eourt,  UxbridKe.  Her  lady- 
ship wa-  at  the  time  on  her  way  to  Rome,  where 
sue  proposed  to  pass  tlie  winter.  By  this  event 
several  families  of  distinction  are'  placed  in 
niouminp,  includinp  those  of  I.,ord  I)e  Tabley, 
Ripht  H<m.  J.  W.  Henley,  Ix)rds  Massareene  and 
Farnham,  &c. 

Aped  f)3,  Thomas  James  Hancock,  esq.,  of  Idol- 
lane,  city,  and  the  I'arapon,  Hackney. 

At  Dalston,  aped  71,  William  Collett,  esq., 
late  of  the  General  Post-ofRce. 

Caroline  Alathea,  dau.  of  the  late  Isaac  Wilson, 
esq.,  of  Work.sop. 

At  Moontield-house,  county  Kildare,  the  seat 
of  liis  brother,  l'ons<mby  Moore,  esq.,  aped  60, 
Capt.  Fredt  ri(*  Moor*,  formerly  of  the  12th  Lan- 
cers, youn  est  s<m  of  the  II(m.  I'onsonby  Moore, 
brother  of  Charles,  first  Martjuess  o*  Dro^'heda. 

Oct.  28.  Mi/sterioti.t  Death  of  a  Dundee  Mer- 
chant in  L')nf/on. — The  body  of  Mr.  W.  Wilson, 
a  respectable  merchant  of  Dundee,  was  found  in 
the  Thames  on  Tui'.-day.  He  came  to  I^ondon  in 
the  ste.imlK)at  from  Dundee  on  Frid.iy,  and  was 
to  havt>  returned  in  the  Siime  vessel  on  We  ncs- 
diy.  Mr.  Wilson  was  about  40  years  of  ape.  A 
silver  watch  was  found  in  his  fob  ;  it  had  stopped 
at  twenty  minutes  past  eipht.  There  were  twenty- 
four  .sovereigns,  a  5/.  Bank  of  Enpland  note,  and 
tt  nturn  ticket  by  the  Dundee  steamboat,  in  the 
decea«-ed's  pockets. 

.Vt  St.  I'aur^-ro'id,  Camden-sq.,  aped  17,  Ca- 
therine (ioorinana  Apnes  Nico.ls,  second  dau.  of 
J.  (J.  Nicholls,  e-q. 

At  Carllon-jil.jce,  Edinburph,  Colonel  John 
Duncan,  E  I.C.S. 

At  Rupby,  aped  20,  Willouphby  Thos.  Rhoades, 
of  Pe  I  broke  Collepe,  Oxford,  second  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  J.  P.  Rhoades 

At  Blarkheath,  aped  52,  Lieut.-Col.  John  Wil- 
liams, R.E. 

At  Caniden-sq.,  New  Camden-town,  Sclina, 
wife  of  W.  H.  Weaver,  esq.,  formerly  of  the 
Royal  Artillery,  eldest  dan.  of  the  late  William 
Innes,  esq.,  and  granddau.  of  the  late  Sir  Wm. 
Chamber-*. 

At  Southampton,  ape  J  62,  Elizabeth,  wife  of 
the  Kev.  Thos.  Adkins. 

Aped  72,  Stamp  Brooksbank,  esq.,  of  Healaugh, 
near  Tadcaster. 

Oct.  29,  much  respoetcd,  aged  68,  J.  F.  Hughes, 
esq.,  MI). ,  Acton -house.  The  deceased  mm  chair- 
man of  the  bench  of  magistrates  at  Wrexham, 
and  also  senior  deputy-lieutenant  for  the  county 
of  Denbigh.    The  deceased  had  r.  ^ided  in  Wrex- 


ham and  its  neigbbourhood  for  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury, and  was  universally  respected  by  rich  and 
poor  alike,  for  his  ki  d  and  gentlemanly  manners 
and  charitable  disposition.  He  was  the  senior 
magis  rate  on  the  bench,  but  for  some  time  post 
he  has  but  rarely  attended,  by  reason  of  illness 
and  declining  health.  In  politics  the  deceased 
was  a  consistent  Tory,  but  though  a  warm 
partisan,  the  amiability  of  his  character  pre- 
vented him  being  an  unscrupulous  one,  and  he 
has  pone  to  his  grave  full  of  years,  and  honoured 
and  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him.  Most  kind  in 
private  life,  and  hospitable  to  all  around  him, 
his  memory  will  be  cherished  for  many  years  to 
come,  as  a  Christian,  a  gentleman,  a  neighbour, 
and  a  friend.  Hi  remains  were  interred  in  the 
family  vault,  in  the  churchyard,  Wrexham. 

At  Ty  Gwyn,  Llanfair,  near  Kuthin,  aged  13, 
Henry  Bowe ',  youngest  son  of  Hugh  Lloyd 
Jones,  esq. 

At  East  Stonehouse,  aged  75,  Katheiine,  w  fe 
of  Thos.  Bate,  esq.,  late  of  Truro,  Cornw.  11,  and 
dau.  of  i  he  late  George  Skipp,  esq.,  of  the  Grange, 
Gloucestershire. 

At  Strelly,  Nottinghamshire,  Julia  Frances, 
wife  of  James  Thomas  E<ige,  esq.,  and  dau.  of 
Samuel  Trehawke  Kekewich,  esq.,  of  Peumore, 
Devonshire. 

At  Dublin,  Anna  Dorothea,  relict  of  George 
Putland,  esq.,  of  Bray  Head,  county  Wicklow, 
and  dau.  of  the  late  Hampden  Evans,  etsq.,  of  Port- 
rane,  county  Dublin. 

At  Utrecht,  Carel  Sirardns  Willem,  Count  van 
Hogendorp,  Commander  of  the  orders  of  the 
Netherlands  Lion,  and  of  the  Oaken  Crown, 
Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  &c. 

At  Trowbridge,  aged  68,  George  Haden,  esq., 
C.E.  He  had  been  an  engineer  for  upwards  c^ 
forty  years,  and  prmcipal  supporter  o  the  Trow- 
bridge Mechanics'  Instit  .tion,  deacon  of  the 
Tabernacle  Chapel,  and  superintendent  of  the 
Sunday  School  for  upwards  of  34  years. 

Aged  76,  Joseph  Mills,  esq.,  of  Woodford, 
Essex. 

At  the  residence  of  her  brother,  Randolph- 
road,  Maida-hill,  London,  Adelina,  youngest  dau. 
of  Thomas  Cole,  esq  ,  of  the  co.  of  Kilkenny, 
Ireland,  and  niece  of  the  late  Lieut -Gen.  Sir 
Wm.  Cockbum,  of  Cockbum,  Bait.,  formerly  of 
Lansdown-crescent,  Bath. 

At  Wirksworth,  Derbyshire,  Mary,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Yates,  Baptist  minister  of  Ibstock 
and  Hupglescote. 

At  Lynuiouth,  North  Devon,  aged  64,  Henry 
Hollier,  late  Receiver-Gen.  for  the  counties  of 
Glamorgan  and  Monmouth. 

Aged  65,  Mary  Ann,  wife  of  A.  A.  Mieville, 
esq.,  of  Gower-st.,  Bedford-sq. 

At  Heanor-hall,  Derbyshire,  Sophia  Frances, 
dau.  of  John  Ray,  esq. 

At  Chester-lc-st.,  aped  72,  Wm.  Croudace,  e'q. 

Oct.  30,  at  his  residence  at  South  Di»wn,  aged 
86,  Capt.  George  Glanville.  This  officer  was 
First-Lieut,  on  board  His  Majestj^'s  ship  Unicom, 
in  an  action  that  was  fought  in  1801,  on  the 
Fn  nch  coast,  near  Haverdewack  and  Bass  Island, 
with  a  French  frigate,  which  lost  100  killed,  whilst 
not  one  was  killed  on  board  the  Unicorn. 

At  his  residence,  Ryion-on-Dimsmore,  near 
Coventry,  aged  82,  Stephen  Freeman,  esq. 

At  Hertford- St.,  Mayfair,  aged  76,  Thomas 
Metcalfe,  es(^.,  late  of  Nuw-sq.,  Lincoln's-inn. 

At  his  residence,  Southampton-row,  Russell- 
sq.,  aged  80,  Philip  Augustus  Hanrott,  esq. 

A  fearful  accident  occurred  in  Great  Hampton- 
street,  Birmingham,  last  week,  which  resulted  in 
the  death  of  two  lersons.  It  appears  that  about 
a  quarter  past  4  o'clock  the  prison -ran,  on  its 
way  fh)m  the  PubUc-offlce  in  Moor-street  to  the 
Borough  Gaol  at  Winson-green,  was  pa'^sln^ 
along  Great  Uampton-st.,  when  Mr.  Milwuxl, 
an  extensive  tube-maker  of  Birmingham,  but 
whose  residence  was  at  Erdington,  about  two 
miles  from  the  town,  and  his  serring  man,  were 
driring  in  a  gig  down  Hall-street.    From  some 


784 


Obituary. 


[I 


caufie  the  horse  took  fright,  and  dashed  at  a  fb- 
rious  rate  p:i»t  the  vun.  Just  opposite  the  Church 
Tavern  the  man  jumped  out ;  in  doinp:  so  he  be- 
came entun^led  bv  the  arm  or  lo^:  in  the  reins, 
and  was  dra^:^'^•<l  ior  Keveral  yards  bofore  he  ex- 
tricated him-icif  from  hix  periloun  xituaticm,  wi'.li- 
out  any  material  injury.  The  horse  then  con- 
tinued hi-*  furious  career,  fo  cinp  the  veliicle  in 
cont^ict  with  a  larire  bulk  \iindow,  bclomcinR  to 
the  shop  ot  Mr.  Brettell,  tub:iccoui}<t,  which  was 
smaslicd  to  pieces.  A  irentleman  named  Thorn- 
ton, who  was  iu  the  act  of  leavinj,'  the  ^hop,  wis 
at  the  same  instant  driven  ihroufrh  the  broken 
window.  Tlie  veliicle  was  then  drawn  a  short 
distance  further,  and  finally  upset  a^:ainst  a 
lamp-i)Ost  opiwsite  Mr.  Sutcliffe's  japan -works. 
The  unfortunate  driver,  Mr.  Milward,  was  taken 
up  and  carrie<l  to  an  udjoiniii;;  shop,  where  he 
immediately  breathwl  his  last ;  and  Mr.  Ti.orn- 
ton  was  conveyed  to  the  (ieneral  Hospital,  where 
ho  also  subsequently  died.  The  vehicle  and  horse 
sustained  little  injury. 

In  Charterhou.se-s(i.,  ajjed  74,  Jo.>»eph  Kerr, 
esq.,  formerly  l)i'puty-.\ssis!an'-Connniss;iry-Ge- 
neral,  and  afterwards  liritLsh  Vice-Consul,  at 
Prevesa,  in  the  Morea. 

At  Fores-house,  Forest->rate.  ?>sex,  aged  64, 
Elizabeth,  wile  of  Charles  Kichard  Dames,  esq. 

At  Uidbroke-s<j.,  Nottin^^-hill,  aged  52,  the 
wife  of  C.  W.  lloUe,  esq. 

At  I'ort  Glasgow,  Emily  Mary,  wife  of  Harry 
Miles,  c  sq. 

At  l*reston  next  Wingham,  Frances  Roplua, 
widow  of  James  Dowkt-r,  esq.,  of  Stounuouth. 

At  Knfleld,  aged  (i7,  Mary,  widow  of  Samuel 
Wimbush,  esq.,  of  Finchley. 

Of  d(!cliiie,  aged  22,  Edward  Henry,  the  second 
Bon  of  the  Itev.  Wm.  (tuartcrman,  W'oolwich. 

At  Tregdwyan,  Carmarthen,  aged  W,  lUchard 
Richards,  esq. 

At  Soham,  aged  34,  F.  W.  Slack,  esq.,  solicitor. 

At  the  Free  Church  ManK>,  Cardro^s,  Mary 
Anne  Kenne<lv,  wife  of  thu  Kev.  John  M'Millan. 

(M.  31,  at*  Great  Amwell,  Hi-rts,  au'wl  73, 
Albany  Carrington  Ik)nd,  esq.  The  deceaj*ed  wus 
uncle  to  John  Necld,  esq.,  M.I'.,  and  the  late 
Joseph  Nceld,  rs<i.,  late  M.P.  for  Chippenham. 

Aged  26,  JoseiMi  William  Walker,  eldi-st  son, 
and  on  t  le  7th  of  S<'p'.,  at  school,  in  his  Kith 
year,  Henry  Hauln,  third  son,  of  J.  W.  Walker, 
organ  builder,  of  Franris-st.,  IJetlford-s<i. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Padstow,  Comw.ill,  aged  17, 
Eleanor  Sylwll.i.  the  eldc  st  d.iu.  of  tlie  Kev.  Kd. 
Tyacke;  .Mirviving  her  brtither  'Mr.  Kobert  Peel 
Q'yacke:  little  mo: e  than  ten  days. 

At  Woburn-lodire,  ri)i»er  Wiiimrn-placo,  aged 
42,  Jas.  Ilecv*  s  Wyatt,  c-q.  of  the  Einis,  Taplow. 

A  most  melancholy  and  fatal  accident  oc- 
curred at  South  Walker  on  Thui-.>iday  night 
last.  The  ]);irtieulars  of  the  ease  are  shortly 
these* :  Mr.  Cransloun  Wad': ell,  tlie  i>roprietor 
of  the  wo  )llen  mantifaetory  recently  ere*  ted 
there,  in  his  own  lumse.  and  in  presence  of  his 
sister,  was  in  the  act  of  reidenishing  one  of  '  Head 
Holiday's  I'aU'Ut  Na])htha  Gas  Lani])s'  with 
naphtha  irom  a  jar,  without  having  fiist  exlin- 
puished  the  Hame,  when  the  najditha  in  the  jar 
catight  tire  and  cxplo<led,  burning  .Mr.  and  Mi^^s 
Waddell  in  the  most  fearful  manner.  Drawn  to 
the  sjMit  by  the  report  of  the  explosion,  the  neigh- 
bours rcnilere<l  every  assistance  th  it  was  in  their 
power.  'I'hev  wen«  eloselv  aitemh-d  by  Dr.  Craig 
and  Dr.  IJell.  frwm  shortly  after  the  occurrence 
of  the  s:id  calamity  till  de.ith  put  an  end  to  their 
sufferings.  .Mr.  Waddi-ll  died  on  Friday  morn- 
ing (Nov.  1),  nn«l  Mi.ss  Waddell  on  Saturday 
forenoon.  The  calamity  has  made  a  deep  imiirvs- 
uion  on  the  minds  of  niany. 

At  his  seat,  Cawtle  Bernard,  Cork,  aged  72,  the 
Right  Hon.  James,  Earl  of  Baudim,  Viscount 
Bernard.  \'c.  'J'he  noble  eai  1  was  a  residimt  i)ro- 
prietor,  takinir  the  deepent  interest  in  hval  un- 
dertakings calculated  to  imjjrove  the  ccmnty  and 
develope  t-*  resourees.  He  is  suecetdcHl  by  his 
eldest  s<m,  Vi^cuunt  liernurd,  who.>e  e.cvution  to 

16 


the  peen4{e  canseii  a  Tmeaney  in  the  nprc 
ation  of  the  boroufch  of  Bandon. 

At  Brighton,  aged  63,  John  Ilagirard,  1 
1813,  LL.D.  181 H.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambrld«f 
of  Doctors'-eommons,  D.C.L.,  Chancellor  < 
Dioce.xe  of  Manchester.  Ur.  HafTflrard  wa< 
eated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  whid 
lege  he  was  a  fellow,  and  he  proceedi  d  to  tl 
grce  of  I.L.B.  in  1813.  lie  was  appointed 
cellor  of  lineoln  by  Dr.  Kuye,  the  late  le 
and  excellent  bishop  of  that  diucese.  In  I' 
was  nominated  chancelor  of  the  ditjeese  of 
Chester  by  the  present  hishop,  and  in  IMT 
misMary  for  Surrey  in  the  name  diocese.  ] 
same  year,  I.H47,  he  received  the  appfiintiii 
chancellor  of  Manchester  from  the  presev 
first  bishop  of  this  diocese.  A«  un  etli'iu 
Haggard  rendered  eminent  senricCB  to  the  i 
ture  o'  civil  and  ccclesinittical  l;iw. 

Lately,  the  Countess  Charles  FitxJ-imes  h 
pired  from  tlic  effects  of  the  burnb  which  «1 
ceived  nearly  a  month  ago.  lliis  kuI  uc 
was  caused  by  the  countcfw  tn  actinic  on  a  I 
match,  whicK  set  her  drca^  on  tire,  w  hiU t 
ing  in  her  garden. 

A  widow,  named  Etcheverrv,"  recently  d 
Aseain,  near  B:iyoune.  aged  ifi7.  Shc'hii 
nessetl  the  birth  of  grandchiUlren  of  the  I 
and  tifth  generations.  t»he  rctaiucd  the  ua< 
her  faculties  to  the  lust. 

The  oldest  general  in  France,  and  evi 
some  say)  in  Europe,  Baron  Dcsp<*.iux,  i 
dead.  He  entered  the  army  in  1778,  as 
CLimmission  as  gi'neral  of  divUii>n  is  d»ted  1 

Joseph  Wanlass,  otherwise  '■  Lankv  VH 
person  well-known  at  the  Eaat-end  of 'Lod< 
a  collector  of  rags,  and  honefi,  and  other  " 
and  stravs,"  died  last  week,  in  a  miserable 
ing  which  he  occupied  in  Cli*  quersV-ourt, 
nal-green.  Deceaseil  had  evidently  seen 
day-,  and  had  received  a  good  cducutlnii, 
became  apiiarent  by  the  flndinfr  of  a  Journ: 
of  expenses,  and  other  dociimcntN  in  his 
writini; ;  he  had  very  little  intercourse  ai 
neighlmurs,  with  the  exception  of  un  aged  ft 
who  for  the  last  ten  years  went  on  his  few  er 
but  until  the  illness  prcceflinfr  liis  dcuTh  idi 
not  permitt  d  to  enter  the  rtKini.  He  was 
and  in  a  declining  state  for  some  time,  and 
ten  days  u.io  he  was  attacked  w  ith  Herious  il 
when  he  sent  U  r  his  niece,  wlio  had  long  th 
him  <lead,  and  by  whum  he  wan  made  cm 
able,  but  he  would  have  no  other  attendai 
cept  his  old  female  friend.  .\  few  days  befc 
death  he  haudetl  to  his  niece,  in  the*  prvsei 
\\\'*  nurse,  g>)l<l  and  notes  to  a  large  an 
rumimr  statis  it  to  be  bonlering  u|Mm  £7C 
scrapings  of  several  yi  ars,  during  which  ti 
had  deprived  himself  of  many  of  the  nece* 
of  life,  in  order  to  occumulale  fur  the  hem 
others. 

Mr.  John  Owynne,  a  director  of  the 
British  Bank,  w-iio  retired  in  Jonuarv,  18< 
susiM'Cting  that  all  was  not  right,  lUiJ  bciz 
fused  a  sight  of  the  books  nnd  voiiehera, 
since  the  di^losuix's  re'«i>ecttng  the  bank, 
hit  silence  to  his  suspicions  liaving  bo  p 
upon  his  mind  as  to  cau'<4*  h  s  death. 

.Mr.  David  Gil)son,  a  voung  artist  t)f  greal 
niLse.  His  Krst  decided  sueecMi  was  in  the  ] 
Academy's  exhibiti(m  in  1M55,  when  he  exhl 
two  pictures  of  \ery  considerable  merit 
largest  of  which  was  called  *'The  Little  S 
giT.'*  Both  of  these  works  found  purchi 
Alxmt  this  time  the  state  of  Mr.  Gihmm'M  h 
induced  his  medical  adviser  to  prescribe  a  jot 
to  a  wanner  climate,  and  accordingly  he 
ce<'ded  to  Sjiain,  where  he  prosecuted  hi 
with  great  enthusiasm.  He  sent  several  pic 
to  the  Uo\al  Academy  exhibition  of  thiii  w 
and  commissions  for  JNcturi's  now  flowed  in 
him  fVom  all  quarters,  but  he  died  juat  aa  h( 
entered  ui)on  a  career  of  fame  and  fortune. 

The  oldest  compositor  in  Paria,  aged  8fl 
Pierre  Chcyalicr.    He  had  been  called  tc 


1856.] 


Obitvaby. 


785 


ftrmy  by  the  conseription,  reached  the  rank  of 
an  officer,  and,  aft<T  his  period  of  serrice  expired, 
returned  to  the  "case.'*^  He  was  a  compositor, 
a  compiler,  a  printer,  and  a  good  corrector,  until 
his  eighty-fifth  year. 

Nov.  1.  At  Northemhav-hoase,  Exeter,  a«red 
42,  Eliza  Coles  Fisher,  widow  of  the  Rct.  John 
Thomas  Fisher,  of  Langford-hoose,  Rector  of 
Uphill,  Somerset. 

At  an  advanced  age,  John  Evered  Poole,  eiq., 
solicitor,  Bridgwater. 

At  his  re«idence,  Sayes-court,  Addelstone,  aged 
T6,  John  Trpeth  Rastrick,  esq. 

In  London,  aged  42,  John  Carter,  esq.,  of 
Spalding,  solicitor. 

Aged  22,  Oilyett  Francis  Murray  Martin,  young- 
est son  of  Major  James  Murray  Martin,  of  ften- 
saw'hall,  Salop. 

At  Kingskerswell,  Elizabeth  Deborah,  wife 
of  Lieut.-Col.  Twopeny. 

Nov.  2.  At  Exc-riew,  near  Exmouth,  aged  6S, 
Lieut.-Col.  the  Hon.  Robert  Moore. 

At  Eton,  aged  21,  Georgina,  wife  of  Charles 
Edward  Coleridge,  era.,  baxrister-at-law. 

At  his  residence,  Mount  Dillon,  Dundmm,  co. 
Dublin,  Capt.  George  Daniell,  R.N. 

At  Budley  Salterton,  aged  60,  John  Beckley, 
esq.,  late  of  Lymington,  in  the  co.  of  Hanta,  sine* 
of  Paignton. 

At  l^ngHight  Rectory,  near  Manchester,  aged 
84,  Phobe,  wife  of  William  Pitcaim,  esq. 

At  Charles-place,  Plymouth,  Katherme.  wife 
of  Lieut.-Col.  Spinluff,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Nicho- 
las Bartlett,  esq.,  of  Ludbrook-house. 

At  Dover,  Lucy,  widow  ol  Capt.  J.  N.  Fnuim» 
ton,  of  the  Rifle  Brigade,  and  dau.  of  the  httto  J. 
Shipdem,  esq.,  of  Dover. 

In  Springtield-place,  Leeds,  aged  7ft,  Sarah, 
relict  of  Wm.  Dodsworth,  esq.,  surgeon. 

At  Brighton,  Mrs.  Swynfen  Jervis,  wife  of  Swrn- 
fen  Jervis,  of  Darlaston-hall,  near  Stoue,  Bnf- 
fordshire. 

In  Manchester-s^.,  aged  86,  EUatbeth,  widow 
of  JoHCph  Constantme  Carpue,  esq. 

At  Torquay,  Peter  Kirk,  esq.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  of 
Thomfield,  Carrickfergus. 

Nov.  3.  At  Castletown,  co.  Fermanagh,  aged 
74,  John  Brien,  e«i.,  J. P.,  and  D.L. 

At  Eccle-ton-st.-south,  aged  68,  Ann  Norrish, 
widow  of  Edward  Chard,  esq.,  of  Long  Sutton, 
Somerset. 

At  Hackney,  aged  65,  Samuel  Cogdon,  eeq.. 
Secretiiry  of  the  Familv  Colonization  Society,  and 
late  of  the  East  India  flouse. 

At  (iuendon,  Essex,  Maria,  yoongeet  daiuof  the 
late  Rev.  Henry  Howard. 

yo¥.  4.  At  the  residence  of  her  father.  Mount 
Pleasant  Pagets,  aged  50,  Lady  Fahie»  relict  of 
Vice-Adm.  Sir  WUUam  Charles  Pahie,  K  C.B. 

At  Bricklehampton-hall,  Pershore,  Worcester- 
shire, Francis  Woodward,  esq ,  well  known  as  an 
eminent  agriculturist,  and  an  active  magistrate, 
and  Deputy-Lieut.,  of  this  county.  Mr.  Wood- 
ward met  ikith  a  fall  flrom  his  horse  in  riding  to 
one  of  his  funns  on  the  15th  ult.,  and  severely 
injured  his  knee,  from  which  i^Jury  tetanua 
ensued,  and  caused  his  death  on  the  4th  inst. 
Deceased  was  one  of  the  Executive  of  the  Koval 
Agricultunvl  Societv,  and  activelv  engaged  in  that 
capacity  at  the  Chelmsford  Exhibition  in  July. 

At  Peckham,  aged  63,  Samuel  Leigh,  esq.,  OM 
of  the  cashiers  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

Capet  A'ihlin,  esq.,  late  Treasurer  to  the  Health 
and  Water  Committees  under  the  Liverpool  Cor- 
poration ;  he  died  suddenly,  whilst  taking  a  warm 
bath  at  the  Pier-Head-baths. 

At  his  residence,  Devonshire-road,  BaOuun- 
hill,  Wiilum  Henry  Johnson,  late  of  Ctianoery* 
lane,  solicitor. 

At  Millmead-bouse,  Guilford,  aftw  a  Ungerijur 
illness,  aged  55,  Gen.  W.  J.  Butterworth.  Eto 
recently  resigned  his  post  aa  Governor  of  Prinoe 
of  Wales'  Island,  SingapOTe,  and  Malaeca.  which 
he  held  fhmi  the  year  184S  to  1855.  0&  iMVlaf 
the  island  the  inhabitants  d  tiie  scttleoMDt  pre* 

Gext.  Mag.  Vol.  XLVI. 


sented  him  with  a  most  handsome  i^eeeofplatt 
(value  £700),  as  a  mark  of  the  high  sense  entno* 
tained  by  them  of  his  valoalde  servlees  as  Gover* 
nor  of  the  above  settlement  finr  a  petiod  of  nearlf 
twelve  years. 

At  Brussels,  Margaret,  wife  of  llie  Her.  Gbartes 
Dri«c(dU  lecturer  of  Bow,  Middlesex. 

At  King-st.,  Portnian-ra..  aged  70,  Geo.  Staae- 
fleld  Furmage,  esq.,  late  of  Upper  Thames  St..  d^. 

At  his  rendenee,  GotlMo^eotan,  ParkVillam 
East,  Regent*s-park,  aged  58,  John  Barton  BakU 
win,  esq.,  late  of  Ingihorpe  Grange,  Craven, 
Yorkshire. 

At  Carshalton,  Surrey,  aged  79,  Gibbon  Carew 
FitzGibbon,  voungest  son  of  Thos.  FitsGibboa, 
esq.,  of  Hospital,  co.  limerick,  Ireland. 

At  her  house,  SaiBron-Walden,  aged  60,  Mrs. 
E.  Barnard,  relMtof  the  late  John  Sampson,  esq., 
of  Chesterford-mill. 

At  his  resldenoe,  in  the  Highileld-iroBd,  Edg- 
baston,  aged  86.  William  Herbert  Ufhtfoot,  esq. 

Aged  53,  SiffiMj  Smith,  es%.,  or  WoodUaa- 
eottage.  Starry. 

Aged  74,  John  Parchon,  eao.,  of  Meorilsld* 
house^oor  Aierton,  near  Leeu. 

At  Hoxton,  aged  SO,  Elisabeth,  dan.  of  tlM 
late  John  ColUns,  esq.,  of  Newton  St.  Loe. 

Suddenly,  at  his  resldenee,  Chailhuij,  Onat 
aged  83,  Samuel  Saunder,  e^qV 

At  Maidenhead,  aged  72,  smnm,  fimrtli  dan. 
of  the  late  William  Pyerolt,  esq.,  of  Wdmnntrm. 

Nov.  5.  At  Upper  Norwood,  Snrrsjr,  aged  61, 
Edward  Kingsfiird,  esq.,  late  manager  of  the 
Southwark  Braneh  of  tae  London  and  Westp> 
minster  Bank,  ftmnerty  of  Omtscbnry. 

At  Oambridge-eq.,  the  Oon.  George  Lional 
Msssey,  youngest  son  of  the  late  lu^or^Sen* 
LordClanna. 

At  Ms  resldenee,.  Bzeter,  aged  SS,  BemMl 
Mortimer,  esq. 

At  Brussels,  aged  43,  John  Lambert,  csq^  M.D. 

At  Catteriek  Vloarage,  aged  58,  M ra.  Qroll» 
wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Croft,  Yioer  of  Gatteriek. 

Aged  ;8,  JohnBenshaw,esq.,of  90,  BameboiT- 
park. 

At  StreUy-haU.  neav  Nottingfanm,.  aged  SIL 
Julia  Frances,  wife  of  Jamee  T.  Edge,  esq ,  and 
dau.  of  S.  T.  Kekewidi,  esq.,  of  Feaaiore,  Ex*  tsr. 

Aged  81,  Hannah  Mi^  wife  of  Mr.  Charles 
Boorer,  and  eldest  otalld  of  the  Bev.  Jaa  WnUama, 
of  Witstom.  iConmoothshiie. 

At  Birmingham,  at  the  house  of  her  son-in-leWy 
the  Bev.  Charlee  Heath,  eged  8S.  Maiy  Aane^ 
relict  of  the  Ute  Joseph  ^nshmrth,  esq.,  of  North- 
house,  EUund,  Torkshtre. 

At  Dartmouth,  «i|Dd  88,  George  Anfoetw 
Scudamore,  esq. 

In  London,  aged-M,  Bobert  Pmte.  ceq^  of 
the  Heaning,  near  GUtheroe^  and  ofdare-haU* 
HalifiuL. 

N(^.  6.  At  Beadhig,  aged  00,  Miss  Lamh^ 
cousin  of  the  late  Mr.  Jnstioe  TnlfMrd,  the  pro- 
prietress  of  a  large  and  respeetahle  piepanuory 
estabUsbment  for  Toung  gentlemen.  On  Thurs- 
day morning  she  left  Eune  with  seven  of  her 
pupils,  who  were  going  to  spend  the  day  at  the 
reudeneeof  the  parents  of  one  of  the  boys.  Thsif 
walked  rather  fast  to  meet  the  traln»  and  am. 
getting  witbin  forty  yards  of  the  tieket-oiBee  dM 
uiqulred  of  a  railway  porter  whether  it  would  bt 
lonig  before  the  tra  n  waa  up.  He  informed  her 
that  it  was  Just  going  to  start  Shirtekedhlm 
to  run  to  the  station  to  stop  the  train  for  n 
minute  or  so.  The  pupils  then  hastened  on,  aaA 
the  eleik  knowing  them  gave  thsm  tieket%  ani 
tiiey  got  into  the  train.  Miss  Lamh,  howenrt 
had  not  proeeeded  more  thanafow  paces  altar 
the  porter  and  pnpUs  had  left  her*  when  she 
drofned  down  in  toe  road,  and  on  the  radway 
people  going  to  her  aid  she  was  fonad  a  eorpaib 
It  waa  stated  that  the  exritsmeit  nnHssniinil 
upon  hurrying  to  meet  the  train  migiit  ha  •  led 
to  the  sodden  and  fktal  attack. 

At  Boade,  Nortimmpton,  afsd  M,  Charlotte 
rettet  of  John  Ktoiopp,  esq.,  ef  NerthnwhwIaM^ 

5X 


786 


Obituaky. 


[D. 


and  HiMter  of  the  late  General  Monro,  Rojral 
Artillery. 

At  hiA  residence,  Bladud-bHildings,  Captain 
^^'illiam  I^auKhame,  K.N. 

At  CliaAe-side-houMe,  Enfield,  a^cd  76,  William 
Evi  rett,  i't«q.,  for  many  years  Receiver-General 
of  Stamps  and  Taxe«. 

At  Downe,  a>ro<l  89,  Mrs.  Sarah  Wedgwood, 
dau.  of  Jottiah  Wi-dpwoDd,  of  Etruria. 

At  Brixton,  Kuney,  njfcd  71,  John  Aldham, 
esq.,  late  oi  thn  East  India  Company's  Servic*. 

At  his  re  idence,  Chester-pluce,  KcnninKton, 
ag  d  R5,  John  Ex  tor,  <  oq. 

At  Edinburgh,  aged  80,  Thomas  Diimbrcck, 
esq.,  late  Collector  of  Inland  Ilrvonue,  Glast;.iiir. 

At  hi"«  resi<l«  nee,  Goulden-terrace,  Uarnsbury- 

J)ark,  l!>Un»;ton,  age<l  41,  Edward  J.  Tryon,  ew^., 
e.iviiig  a  widow  and  five  children  to  lament  their 
irreparable  lo  s. 

At  We8t-Cliff-villa,  Bami«gate,  aged  C3,  Mary, 
wile  of  Cap.  James  Corbin. 

At  his  re"»id-nce,  Clapham-park,  ogcd  74, 
Willi im  Back,  esq.,  M.I).,  many  years  rhyacian 
at  Guy'«  Uospitiil. 

Aged  57,  >ir.  John  Thew,  senior  proprietor  of 
the  Lijnn  Adrertittrr.  He  was  bom  at  Lynn,  of 
poor  but  honest  pareni>,  and  educated  in  the 
Lancastrian  Schnol,  where  he  made  so  good  use 
of  his  ti-ne  that  he  was  aiipointed  when  only  19 
years  of  age  to  the  mastership,  the  remainder  of 
nis  term  of  apprenticeship  to  Mr.  King,  up- 
h  istcrer,  being  kindly  relinquished.  Here  he 
remained,  conducting  the  school  with  great 
eatitfiiction  for  19  ye<irs,  wlien,  finding  his  health 
BuflTei  ing,  he  reliDciuished  it  for  the  bu'-iness  of 
a  b(H>kscrer,  whieh  he  Bueccssfully  established, 
and  afterwarils  became  the  founder  of  the  above 
journal.  Last  Christmas  he  was  attacke<l  by  in- 
fluenza, whieh,  acting  on  a  previously  debilit;ite<l 
frame,  brought  on  a  complicat.on  of  disorders 
tniva.  Mhich  he  never  rei'overcd,  and  the  third 
epoch  of  10  years  terminated  his  active,  honour- 
able, and  Christian  life. 

Nov.  7.  At  Park-terr.,  Greenwich,  agwl  84, 
John  M.-irlow  Doane,  e'<q.,  many  years  at  the 
Boyal  Hospital,  Greenwich. 

At  Salisbury,  aited  83,  Maria,  second  dau.  of 
the  late  Philemon  Ewer,  esq.,  Buisledon-lodge, 
Ilant". 

At  Broomslde-house,  near  Durham,  ag«Kl  23, 
John  Bowling,  esq.,  onlv  son  of  the  late  (Jeorite 
Bowlintr,  cmj.,  sol:citor,  Pembroke,  South  NNab  s. 

Sud'lenlv,  at  Hyde-vale,  Blackheatb,  aged  42, 
William  Joyce,  vsq. 

\i  Surbiton-park,  Kingston,  Surrey,  aped  G8, 
Wm.  Sandfonl,  es<i. 

At  Manchester,  age<l  49,  Nicholas  Whittiker 
Green  ,  e«q. 

Suddenly,  at  Northampton,  aged  19,  Brydges 
Jackson,  the  on.y  child  uf  thj  late  T.  B.  Evered, 
esq. 

Nov.  8.  At  Southemhay,  near  Exeter,  General 
Sir  John  Bolt,  K.C.B  and  K.H.,  colonel  of  the 
Queen's  Royals.  Thi<«  distinguished  officer  en- 
teral the  armv  in  IHi  0,  and  served  in  the  follow- 
ing year  under  the  gallant  Sir  Bnlph  Abercronihy 
in  Egvpt,  wiiere  he  was  severely  wounded,  being 
shot  t^irouirh  the  b<Mly  on  the  day  that  he  landed 
there.  He  Mibseiiuetitly  ji lined  the  British  uriuy 
in  the  Penin«ul.i,  and  wa-*  j>resent  at  Bus:ieo, 
Ciudad  K(Mlriiro,  Badajox,  Vittoria,  Nivelle,  Nive, 
Oithes,  and  Ti'UIou.-m',  for  which  he  had  n-cived 
a  cross  and  one  ela««p.  He  commanded  the  17th 
P»>rtugnese  Regiment  from  lHl2down  tolheelo^e 
of  the  war.  He  was  npiwinted  to  the  colonelcy 
o'"  'he  2nd  Regiment  of  F(M)t,  or  Queen's  Own 
KoyaN,  on  the  death  of  Lord  Sultonn,  in  1.h.'i3.  and 
in  "t  e  following  year  attained  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-areneral.  He  married  in  1824  theyoun};est 
dau.  and  coheir  of  George  Caswell,  e.-«q.,  of  Sa- 
comb-park,  Herts. 

Suddenlv,  in  the  camii,  Aldershott,  ageil  19, 
Lieut.  Sydney  Smith,  lI.M.'s  77th  Regt.,  fourth 
■on  of  the  late  Bright  Smith,  esq.,  of  Bryan* 
8ton-8(iuare. 


At  Dalham-hall,  Newmarket,  mgod  60,  Uet 
Franklm,  esq.,  late  of  the  R  »yal  Min* . 

At  liingsdown,  Kent,  aged  76,  Wm.  Nr 
Campbeu,  esq. 

At  Tunbridge- Wells,  aged  72,  Amelia,  relii 
Aylmer  Holy,  esq.,  formerly  of  the  -Ith  (Kl 
Own)  Regt.,  and  of  \Vadhun«t-cnAtle,  ^os 
and  for  many  years  a  magistrate  of  the  umu 
of  Sussex  and  Kent. 

.\t  Lime-court,  Becklej.  Sussex,  aged  7S,  F 
Painter,  esq. 

At  South-sr.,  Hns^ury,  aged  59,  Wm.  Sme< 
Woodberry-down,  Stuke  NuiM-inirton,  and  F 
bury-pavement,  London. 

.Vt  (iuccn's-terr.,  Soutbsoa,  a^ed  71,  J 
Williams,  esq..  Surgeon,  H.N. 

At  Morden,  Surrey,  aged  75,  Mary,  wil 
Lancelot  Chambers,  esq. 

Nor.  9.  At  Benacre-hall,  SufToIk,  aced 
Sir  Edward  Sherlock  Gooch,  Dart.,  M.P. 
Edward,  who  has  faithfully  represent  d 
Eastern  Division  of  Suffolk  on  ConserraitTe  p 
ciples  during  the  last  ten  rears,  Huccectlcd  m 
Baronet  on  the  death  of  liis  father,  Rir  Tbi 
Sherlock  O  och,  who  died  December  IS,  1 
The  late  launented  Baronet  wan  bom  at 
becks,  in  IBO-i,  and  married,  lat,  Louisa,  dani 
of  Sir  George  Prescott,  Bart.,  by  whnm 
daughter  (the  wife  of  the  Rer.  E.  Mort 
Clissold)  survives;  and  2ndly,  Harriet.  i 
daughter  of  J.  J.  Hope-Vc*re,  esq.,  of  Cn 
hall,  Unlitbgow,  by  whom  he  has  left  i-ri 
children,  the  eldest  son,  who  suececd-i  to 
title,  being  now  in  his  Mth  year.  The 
Baronet,  who  was  educated  ut  Westminster, 
formerly  held  a  eommiMion  in  the  U:h  L 
Dragoons,  was  a  Justice  ot  the  Peacrc  and 
puty-Lieut.  for  Suffolk.  In  1851.  Sir  Eiii 
was'  installed  ProvinciaMirund-M aster  of 
most  ancient  and  honourable  Order  of  V 
masons,  which  office  he  held  to  the  time  ol 
death.  The  Hon.  Bunmet  wan  most  di-wen' 
reHi)ecte<l  b};  all  who  knew  him,  and  I -is  nume 
acts  of  charity  to  thos  >  around  him,  who  stor 
need  of  his  assistance,  will  be  lung  and  gratel 
remembered. 

At  (ieneva,  from  tjn>hu8-rever,  aged  19,  F.i 
Lucy,  wife  of  George  Trooto  Bullock,  esq. 
North  Coker,  Somersetsh.,  and  eldest  dsv 
Henry  W.  Berkeley  Purtman,  esq.,  of  Vn 
court,  Dorsetshire. 

At  the  Clateau  of  Ohantilly,  France,  M 
wife  of  Lieut.-Col.  George  MacCuIl,  and  }*uuii 
d;m.  of  Bonamv  Dobree,  oin\. 

At  the  residence  of  her  father.  John  B  H.  1 
land,  esq..  New  Court,  Newi-nt,  Gliniccrster. : 
2ri,  liine,  wife  of  Csipt.  Arthur  H.  V.  ^now, 
Regt.,  Inspector  of  Musketry,  Gibralt.ir. 

\x  Pelham-crescent,  Brompttm,  Fr:inc  s 
of  Josp])h  Johnson,  esq.,   late   of   I^ingn 
York  shin*. 

Li-'Ut.-Col.  Maclean,  unattached,  formerl 
H.M.'s  43rd,  2<)th.  and  4nth  Regiments. 

At  "alt-hill,  Jane  Amelia,  relict  of  John  Ti 
Warren,  esq.,  foruicrly  Military  lBit])eclor' 
neral  of  Hospitals. 

At  tlie  Moot,  Downton,  Wilts,  a^red  82,  I 
rietta,  widow  of  the  Rev.  Chas.  William  Sb 
burirh,  late  Bettor  of  (iold hanger. 

At  St.  JohnV-wood,  Itegent's-park,  aged 
Mary,  relict  of  ('apt.  H-inMip,  lati*  of  Niir 
Cros'-i,  HimtH.  and  formerly  of  the  Gtith  Rest. 

Age<l  5'2,  Henry  Robinson,  esq.,  uf  rorehei 
ter.,  and  of  the  E:ist-India-houK>. 

At   h:s   res  dcnce,   Sussex-plucr,    If  yde-p 
age<l  7t),  Walter  Buchanan,  e^«|.,  one  of'  llrr 
Jesty'*  Ju-tiees  of  the   Peace  fur  the  cuunt 
jkliddlcHcx. 

At  Brid]N)rt  Harlmur.nged  7.^  Wm.  Swain, 

.Vt'i*.  i),  at  the  village  of  Debden,  Essex,  n 
81,  Mr.  James  Man.ofleld.  He  was  an  extn 
dinary  charteter,  for,  though  not  aboTe  the 
dinary  height,  he  was  of  immense  magnlti 
measuring  0  feet  round,  and  weighing  33  st 
of  Hlb.    When  sitting  on  his  choir  (made  ei 


1856.] 


Obituary. 


787 


cially  for  his  u-'c,  four  feet  wide),  hi*  abdomen 
covered  his  knee-,  and  hunf?  do\ni  almost  to  the 
ground.  When  he  reclined  it  was  necessary  to 
pack  his  head  to  prevent  suffocation.  lie  could 
only  lie  upon  one  side.  About  ten  years  ag-o  he 
■was  exhibite<l  at  the  I^icester-square  Rooms, 
London,  as  ihe  •'(ireatest  Man  in  tlie  World."  lie 
ha-<  also  been  exhibited  in  the  country.  A  suit  of 
clothes  made  especially  for  him  w^ould  comfort- 
ably button  up  four  ordinary-^^ized  men.  Mans- 
field was  a  butcher  by  trade,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  a  hale  old  man,  posse -sing  a  good 


constitution  and  a  sanguine  and  happy  tempera- 
ment His  remains  have  been  interred  at  Dcbdcn. 

Kov.  10,  aged  S\  Anne  Dorothea  Bridget, 
widow  of  Basil  Montagu,  esq.,  Q.C. 

At  lUchmond,  aged  79,  Jonathan  Johnson,  esq., 
of  Claremont-bouse,  Ealing. 

At  London,  Jane,  wife  of  Thornton  Fenwick, 
esq..  Solicitor,  Stockton-upon-Tees. 

At  the  Royal  York-crescent,  Clifton,  Sophia, 
relict  of  Licut.-Gcneral  Ily.  Evatt,  Royal  En- 
g^ineers. 


TABLE  OF  MORTALITY  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OF  LONDON. 
{From  ike  Returns  issued  hy  the  Registrar- Oeneral.) 


Deatlis  Registered. 

i     Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 
Saturday, 

Under 

20  years 

of  Age. 

20  and 
under  40. 

40  and 
under  GO. 

60  and 
under  80. 

-^4 

'*      La 

O   2 

>-* 

21 
36 
29 
42 

8 

'ol 

a 

1 

Got.       25     . 
Nov.        1     . 

„           8     . 

„        15     . 

493 
495 
53G 
552 

139 
147 
150 
139 

162 
163 
145 
175 

134 
125 
116 
174 

960 

969 

1006 

1090 

848 
777 
820 
816 

868 
792 
791 
739 

1716 
1569 
1611 
1555 

PRICE  OF  CORN. 

^^^leat.        Barley.          Oats.            Rye.  Beans.    I      Peas. 

s.     d.           8.     d.           s.     d.           s.     d.  s.     d.      I     *.     d, 

65     5           45     4           26     5           409  4641445 

^^Xov'ls"^}^*    4      I     46    7      I     26    2      I    41     7  I    47    3      I    43    2 


Average  ^ 
of  Six      V 
Weeks    ) 


PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELI). 
Hay,  3/.  8.y.  to  4/.  0*.— Straw,  1/.  4s.  to  11.  8*.— aover,  3/.  10*.  to  U.  lOs. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 

Comparative  Statement  of  Prices,  and  Supply  of  Cattle  at  Market. 

This  day,  Monday,  November  24,  1856. 

To  sink  the  Oliid— per  stone  of  81b8. 


Beef  3*. 

Mutton 4v. 

Veal  V:. 

Pork 4*. 


6t/.  to  4*.  lOt/. 
2d.  to  5s.  2d. 
A:  I.  -o  5  .  4^. 
2d.  to  OS.    2d. 


Beasts 4,990 

Sheep  22,120 

Calves 163 

IV 300 


Monday,  November  26,  1855. 


Beef  a».  10</.  to  5s.    2d. 

Mutton 3s.    8^/.  to  5s.    Orf. 

Veal  Is.    Or/,  to  5s.    Od. 

Pork 3s.  10</.  to4s.  \0d. 


Beasts 4,614 

Sheep 21,922 

Calves 190 

Pigs 540 


Monday,  November  27,  1854. 


Beef  4*. 

Mutton 4>v. 

Veal  5s. 

Pork 3s. 


Od.  to  5s. 
Orf.  to  5s. 
Od.  to  5s. 
Sd.  to  4». 


2d. 
2d. 
4d. 
6d. 


Beasts 4,500 

Sheep  27,243 

Calves 150 

Pigs 300 

COAL-MARKET,  Oct.  20. 

Wallsend,  &e.  19s.  per  ton.     Other  sorts,  15s.  to  16s.  Od. 

TALLOW,  per  cwt.— Town  TaUow,  58s.  9d.         SUGAR,  per  cwt.— Average,  35*.  6ld. 

BRANDY,  per  gallon^Best  Brandy,  10s.  Id.  to  10s.  5rf. 
TEA.— Souchong,  Is.  9d.  to  2s.  3rf.     Congou,  Is.  7d.  to  2#.  3d.     Pekoe,  2s.  6d.  to  4f. 


.  I 


METEOKOLOQICAL  DIARY,  bt  H. 

GOULD,  late  W.  CAST 

.  181,  St 

livm  Ocf.  24  lo  Od.  23,  1856,  both  inettuive. 

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KDWARD  isn  ALFRED  WHITJtORE. 

Stwk  and  .Shaiv  Brokem, 

IT,  (JLinge  Alley,  Loni 


/• 


LIST   OF   ENGRAVINGS. 


,  A.D.  403—525 


Bishop's  Palace,  St.  David's — Interior  of  Quadrangle 

St.  Mary's  College,  St.  David's 

'  North-west  view  of  the  Church  of  S.  Apollinare  at  Ravenna, 

luterior  of  the  Apse  of  the  Basilica  at  Torcello,  a.d.  1010 

Plan  of  the  Church  at  Torcello 

Church  of  S.  Ambrogio,  Milan,  (shewing  the  Atrium  and  west  Front) 

Plan  of  the  Church  at  Ro  main-Mo  tier 

Church  of  Remain -Metier,  Switzerland 

Apse  of  the  Church  of  the  Apostles  at  Cologne,"  a.d.  1035 

Sections  of  the  Church  of  Frontifroide 

Church  of  St.  Sernin  at  Toulouse,  a.d.  1050 

West  Front  of  the  Cathedral  at  Chartres 

Church  of  St.  Ouen  at  Rouen,  a.d.  1310—1310 

Ancient  Carved  Ivories — iEsculapius  and  Iljgieia 

Ancient  Seal  found  near  Oxford 

Duke  of  Monmouth's  Key    . 

Plan  for  the  proposed  New  National  Gallery 

Sketch  of  Barfriston-Down,  taken  1S31 

Girdle  and  Buckle  found  at  Gilton  . 

Crystal  Ball  found  on  Kingston-Down 

Clasp  of  a  Bag  or  Purse  found  at  Oscngal 

Two  Funeral  Urns    . 

Phoenix  Tower,  from  the  Canal,  Chester 

Old  Crypt,  Eastgate-street,  Chester  . 

God's  Providence  House,  Chester 

Bishop  Lloyd's  House,  Chester 

The  Old  Palace,  or  Stanley-House,  Chester 

Northgate-street,  Chester     . 

Rimic  or  Clog  Almanac 

North-west  view  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Northampton 

Ge>'t.  Maq.  Vol.  XLVl.  5  K 


Pago 
11 

13 

38 

ih. 

lb. 

40 

41 

42 

ib, 

46 

48 

51 

ib. 

177 

221 

ib. 

222 

278 

279 

280 

ib, 

281 

292 

293 

294 

i*. 

296 

297 


135 


399 


790 


LIST  O?  ENGRAVINGB. 


Fait  of  a  Norman  Pillar,  vith  Band 

Vomian  Arcade       .... 

Interior  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Northampton 

Buttress       ..... 

Plan  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Northampton    , 

Interior  of  the  Cathedral,  Chriflt  Church,  Oxford 

Squint,  Bosherton  Church 

Plan  of  Bosherton  Church 

Tenlij,  Tower  on  the  South  Parade 

South-west  Gateway 

Oumfreston  Church 

View,  Flan,  and  Section  of  the  Subterranean  Chamber  in 

Christ  Church,  Oxford 
East  End  of  the  Lady-Chapel 
Shrino  of  St.  Fridoswide 
Arms  of  the  Henzey  family 
Chair  at  St.  John's  Gateway,  supposed  to  hare  been  Dr.  Johnson's 
BosiMis  from  the  Church  of  Great  Yarmouth — two  platea 
Dungovan  Castle      ..... 
Cambuskenneth        ..... 
Oxford  Cathedral— Section  of  the  SubterianeaD  Chamber  . 


INDEX 


TO  ESSAYS,  DISSERTATIONS,  HISTORICAL  PASSAGES, 

AND  BOOKS  REVIEWED. 


*«*  The  Principal  Memoirs  in  the  Obituary  are  distinctly  entered  in  tkii  Index, 


jiasen,  /.,  Norwegian  Proverbs,  481 
^sctdapius  and  Hygieia,  carved  ivory  of, 

177 
Aclandt  H.  W^  Memoir  on  the  Cholera  at 

Oxford,  74 
Adamst  Gen.  Sir  Geo,  Fownall,  memoir  of, 

118 

Rev.  H.  C,  First  of  June,  228 

//.  G.,  History  of  Rochester  Bridge, 


G89 


739 


E.,  Geographical  Word- Expositor, 


AdderstonCt  Roman  antiquities  discovered 

at,  611 
Addison^  Miss,  Sister  Kate,  739 
Adolphusj  sword  of  the  Emperor,  361 
Adventures  of  Jean  Paul  Chopart,  739 
yi/ricaj  discoveries  in,  631 
■  Wanderings  in  North,  731 

Agricultural  Society,   Royal,    meeting   of, 

362 
AfirippOt  Cornelius,  Life  of,  690 
A  trey's,  Gen.,  Addresses  on  the  War,  227 
Aldershot,  review  of  the  troops  from  the 

Crimea  at,  374 
Alesandropol,  burial-place  of  the  Scythian 

kings  at,  503,  619,  769 
Alfriston,  Roman  sepulchral  am  found  at, 

607 
Allen,  Rev.  Samuel  James,  memoir  of,  885 
Almanacs,  Runic  or  Clog,  335 
America,  news  from,  111,  239,  505 

.  Far  West  of,  direct  trade  with, 


621 


new  President  of,  768 


American  ambassadors  at  the  Court  of  St. 

James's,  list  of,  505 

■ Bonapartes,  the,  506 

steam-frigate  "  Merrimac,"  684 

— — Union,  description  of,  637 

Ampleforth  Church,  monument  of  fourteenth 

century  in,  107 
Ancaster,  Dese  Matres  and  Roman  altar 

founded  at,  741 
Andertda,  site  of,  77 


Anderson,  Rev,  /.  S,  M.,  Colonta]  Church 

History,  782 
Andrews,  A.,  Eighteenth  Century,  785 
Angers  Cathedral,  mixed  architecture  o( 

101 

Hospital  of  St.  John,  101 

Anglo-Saxon  antiquities,  collection  of,  277 
urns,  281 

■  history,  842 
Animals,  cruelty  to,  618 

heraldry  of,  216 

Antiquaries,  Society  rf,  proceedings  of,  95, 

603 

meeting  of  German,  882 

Antiquities  of  the  heathen  period,  848 
Antoninus,  wall  of,  description  of,  612 
Appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  Houie  of  Lords, 

94 
Archaologicai  Association,  proceedings  of, 

99,484 
'  InstUute,  proceedings  of,  97* 

346,  789 
Architectural  Museum^  meeting  at,  859 
Architecture,  Fergusson's  Handbook  of,  ZZ 
Arctic  Mystery,  great,  98 
Ardee,  bronze  ornaments   discoreied   at, 

749 
Arden,  Rev,  G,,  Scripture  Breviates,  787 
Ardmore  Round  Tower,  siege  o(  749 
Arms,  assumption  ot,  2 
Armstrong,  Right  Rev,  John,  DJ)^  memoir 

of;  376 
Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and  Abroad,  784 
Ashhy'de-la-Zoueh,  Roman    coins   found 

near,  288 
Ckmreh,  the  I^lgrim's 

monument  in,  495 
Ashmole,  EUas,  deeds  executed  by,  746 
Athlone,  Royal  Agricnltural  Society's  show 

at,  862 
Atkhuon,  Sir  Jasper,  memoir  of,  778 
Aubrey,  Sir  Thomas  Digby,  will  of,  757 
Australia,  news  from,  112 

■  population  of  Sydney,  508 

■  gold  from,  768 


792 


Index  to  Essays,  Sfc. 


V 


'     J 


I; 
'  1 


i\r 


i! 

} 


Austria^  news  from,  365 

Autuhiograplui  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  8,  181) 

2«7,  531,()67 
Jtftonn,  jr.  JB.,  Bothwell,  402 
Ji(iilei/f  ThomaSt  esq.,  memoir  of,  776 
Jiallod,  a,  temp.  James  I.,  466 
Ballads  illustrative  of  history,  480 
Ballyhnte  old   Church,  recent  discoveries 

at,  4f)8 
Balmoral,  new  palace  at,  368 

■  the  Queen  at,  508 

B'lnk  of  England,  advance  of  interest  at. 

Bank,  lioyal  British,  affairs  of,  635,  6^5 
Bantam  and  Maluco  Islands,  Voyage  of  Sir 

Henry  Middlcton  to,  86 
Bar,  decline  of  the,  502,  619 
Bnrfriston  Down,  barrows  on,  278 
B  irkcr,  Henry  Aston,  esq*,  memoir  of,  515 
Barnard,  Sir  John,  anecdote  of,  674 
Bnrnsley,  coins  discovered  at,  746 
Barthomley,  history  of,  688 

■  curious  specimen  of  learning 

at,  688 

Bath,  Archxological  Association  tt,  488 

its  churches  and  antiquities,  488 

Mrs.  Col.  Godfrey's  present  of  birds, 

702 
Bath-hricks,  made  at  Bridgewater,  622 
Bathcaston  Church,  tower  of,  489 
Bn*tsters  Parafrraph  Bible,  738 
Bnyham  Abbey,  on,  604 
Bay  Islands,  transfer  of,  507 
Baymine,  hull-fij^ht  at,  619 
Bayswater,  the  Craven  estate  at,  78 
Belgium,  news  from,  505 
Bell,  Robert,  collection  of  Early  Ballads, 

480 
Brll,  C,   Pictures  from  the  Pyrenees,  739 
Bi'unett,  Georfie,  esq.,  Q.C.,  memoir  of,  120 
Berlin,  death  of  Louis  Fribel  at,  632 
lifinard.  Dr.  Nirhohis,  2 
Betrothal  ring,  fourteenth  century,  98 
Unrrlry,  It.  M.,  The  Redan,  a  poem,  738 
Bewrastle  Cross,  State  of,  611 
Ilirkrrstaff,  Isaac,  esq.,  by  Dr.  Swift,  4 
Birmingham,  opening  of  a  public  park  at, 

501 
• opening   of  the   new  Music 

Hall,  502 
Bishops  tUtortford,  spear-heads  from,  741 
Bifterne,  neur   Southampton,   inscriptions 

«t.  748 
Bhiir's,  (Mironolojrical  Tables,  90 
Blight,  J.  T„  Cornish  crosses,  93 
Bhnnfield,  Bishop,  address  to,  627 
Blue  Bonk,  History  of  a,  ryiio 
Blunt,  Rev.  J.  J.  Duties  of  a  Parish  Priest, 

in 

B-diam,  history  of  the  manor  and  castio 

of,  230 
Bohn's  Walton's  Angler,  228 

(Uii8<iirnl  Librarv,  345 

lllustnited  Library,  228.  739 

■  Philological  Library,  92 


Bonaparte,  Jerome,  marriage  of,  5 
Buns tet tin,  Baron  de,  Recucil  tt* 

Suisses,  304 
Books,  privately  printed,  53 
Bosherton  Church,  Squint  at,  543 
Boston,  History  and  Antiquities  o 
Botanical  Society  rf  France,  extr 

session  of,  363 
Bothicell,  a  poem,  402 
Bituteilles  Cemetery,  near  Dieppe,  i 

at,  96 
Box  carved  with  sacred  devicea,  9 
Boyer,  Ahel,  author  of  Political  S 
Brank,  memoir  on  the,  97 
Bra/iminahael,  site  of  the  city  of. 
Brazils,  the,  news  from,  112 
Breamore  house  destroyed  by  fire, 
Brecknock,  Sir  D.,  inscriptions  nc 
Brewster,  the  Stereoscope,  226 
Bridgwater,  Archieolo}{ical  Assoc 

484 

Church  architecture  of 

Brigg,  hock-bone  of  an  inimcni 

discovered  near,  361 
Bristol,  Marquis  of,  visit  to  the  ni 

the,  610 
^—^  National  Reformatory   1 

362 
■  Kerslake's  Catalogue  of  D 

Brittany,  lecture  on  the  architect i 
British  Association  at  Cheltenhan 

Museum,  poem  by  Merlin 

Brougham,  anecdote  of,  28 
Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  works  of,  67 
Buckingham,  Duke  of.  Memoirs  of 

of  England,  337 

courtship  of,  - 

Bucklnnd,  Dr.,  Dean  of  Wcstmir 

moir  of,  384 
Bulgaria,  Christian  Church  in,  6' 
Burlington-house,  the  Royal  Socie 
Burns,  old  acquaintance  of,  7'»9 
Burrard,  Iter.  Sir  George,  ineinoii 
Bury  AtheufFum,  fossils  at,  361 
Bury    St.  Edmund's,     Norman 

architecture  at,  761 
Cad  bury  camp,  situation  of,  4-87 
Ciiru,  abbey  churches  at,  archite 

100 
Caeran,  the  Old  Man  of,  757 
California,  news  from,  632 
Catrary.  site  of,  224 
Cambrian  Arc/arological  AssociatU 

injr  of,  491 
Canbiidge,  Church  of  St.  Mary  tli 

alteration  of,  109 

. cataJof!ue  of  MSS.  at,  3- 

.— ^ poem  of  Tristram,  365 

in  the  Seventeenth  Cent 

I  University  prist**,  109 

Cambuskenneth,  view  of,  700 
Canaan,  dispersed  tribes  of,  224 
Canada,   petrified    Indians   discuv 

361 
Canada,  climate  of,  637 


Index  to  Essays,  ifc. 


79S 


Ciinrrr  Hospital,  London  donation  to,  765 
Cdiu/ia,  recent  earthquake  in,  754i 
Cardiff,  explosion  at  Bute  Docks,  758 
Carlisle   Cathedral^  Runic  inscriptions  at, 

.3  K),  710 
Cnrhjle,  T.,  letter  from,  8fi 
Caroline's,  Queen,  licrmitage  at  Richmond, 

Carr,  Sir  William  Ofile,  memoir  of,  117 

Carter,  Miss  KUzaheth,  learning  of,  273 

Casauhnii's  Diary,  715 

Castle- Donningtim   Church,  monuments  in, 
4ft5 

Cataloisue  of  Cambridge  MSS.^  342 

Cathedra  Petri,  602 

Caucasus,  the,  news  from,  633 

Care,  Edirard,  some  account  of,  5 

portraits  of,  131 

■ prizes  for  poetry,  138 

Cha/uherlain,  Rec.  71,  Appeal  for  the  Chan- 
cel, 735 

Chambers,    W.    and    R.,    Peebles    and    its 
neighbourhood,  340 

Chaneel,  proper  use  of  the,  735 

Chapman,  History  of  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
15(j 

Charles  I.,  silver  medals  of,  749 

Oxford  crown  of,  749 

Charles  worth,  Rer.  E.  G.,  poems  by,  738 

Chart  res  Cathedral,  architecture  of,  51 

Chatter  ton,  hio;;raphy  of,  201 

Cheltenham,  Hritish  Association  at,  362 

medal,  760 

Chcsham,  Bucks,  inventory  of  church  furni- 
ture at,  223 

Chi'shire,  sale  of  Bolesworth  Castle  estate, 
751- 

Chester  and  its  environs,  Handbook  to,  291 

■ the  Phcenix  Tower,  292 

old  Crypt,  Eastgate-street,  293 

■  God's  Providence  House,  294 

• Northgate- street,  297 

■ Roman   Hypocaust  and  Sweating 

Bath,  296 

the  Old  Palace,  or  Stanley-house, 


•J96 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of,  described,  672 
Cheiington  Hall,  remains  of,  610 

• Church,  antiquity  of,  610 

Chicago  and  Great  Britain,  direct  trade  be- 
tween, 621 
China,  execution  of  a  missionary  in,  626 
Chii,wick  Churchyard,  Hogarth's  tomb  in, 

361 
Cholera  at  Oiford,  1854,  Memoir  on  the,  74 
Christianity,  on  the  influence  of,  737 
Christmas-day,  lines  on,  602 
Chronological    Institute    of   London,   pro- 
ceedings of,  235 
^—^^^-^—~  Tables,  errors  in,  90 
Church-building,  Denison's  Lectures  on,  1 70 

furniture  at  Chesham,  Bucks,  223 

Church  of  England,  in  the  colonies,  732 

P'ltronajife  of  the  nobility,  751 

Civil  Freedom  of  TruJCf  93 


Civ' I- List  Pensions f  240 
Civilization,  Lectures  on  the  History  of,  598 
Clarence,  Duke  of,  marriage  of,  339 
Clarerton  Down,  camp  at,  488 
Clawddloch,  Roman  camp  at,  492 
Clevedon  Court,  mansion  of,  487 

old  Church,  monuments  in,  487 

Clontarff,     Viscount,     Sir    John     Rawson 

created,  184 
Cockbum,  Henry,  Memorials  of  his  Timet, 

by,  27 

■  Lord,  family  of,  28 

Coffin  of  British  oak  discovered,  635,  666 
Coinage,  Decimal,  333 
Coins  of  English  hammered  gold,  99 
Cold  Harbour,  derivation  of,  2 

— ^— essay  on,  104 

Cole,  Captain  William  John,  memoir  of,  247 
Coleridge,  Lectures   on   Shakespeare   and 

Milton,  600 
Collier,  J.  P.,  Lectures  on  Shakespeare,  600 
Cologne,  apse  of  the  Church  of  the  Apostles 

at,  43 
Commentary  on  the  Psalms,  95 
Constantinople,  memorial  church  at.  111 
glass  mosaics  from,  748 

■  the  Sultan  invested  with  the 

Order  of  the  Garter,  768 

Cook,  Captain,  discovery  ship  of,  629 

Coram,  Captain,  statue  of,  766 

Cork,  corporation  of,  insignia  of  the,  852 

Cornwall,  ancient  crosses  in,  93 

Cottage  Prints,  484 

Cotterill,  C.  F.,  Civil  Freedom  of  Trade,  93 

Public  Granaries,  8cc.,  93 

Cotton's,  Archdeacon,  Four  Gospels,  737 
Coventry,   Oxford    Architectural    Society's 

visit  to,  102 

■ Cathedral,  ruins  of,  102 

■ Restoration     of    St.  Michaers 

Church,  102 
■ Restoration  of  the   Church   of 


the  Holy  Trinity,  102 

Tapestry  at  St.  Mary's  Hall,  102 

Cowleigh-park,  visit  to,  89 
Cows,  machine  for  milking,  629 
Cradock,  T.,  on  Christianity,  737 
Craven  estate,  Bayswater,  the,  78 
Crichton,  Sir  Alexander,  memoir  of,  117 
Crimea,  the,  news  from,  365 

curious  discovery  in  the,  619 

Crimean  hero,  a,  759 

Cromwell's  army  in   Ireland,  proceedings 

of,  84 
Croydon,  Surrey  Archaeological    Society's 

visit  to,  103 

collection  of  antiquities  displayed 


at,  103 


Whitgift's  Hospital  at,  104 


Crystal  hall  found,  280 

Palace  frauds,  7  60 

Cnma,  on  the  antiquities  of,  99 
Camming,  Dr.,  on  Deuteronomy,  95 
Dalyngrudge,  Sir  Edward,  family  of,  232 
Danubiau  Principalities,  57 


794 

DarilhTi,  Sir  Sarllialomeur, 


Index  to  Easayt,  t^c. 


Detimal  Caisagt,  333 

DffT-kHHler,  picture  of  a,  96 

Dtlaroehf,  I'avl,  meinoit  of,  777 

I>i'iiJ<oii,  Arehdeacia,  Mnteiice  on,  fi-(2 

■  E.  B.,  LetlureB  on  Church-build- 

iD)t,  170 
Ihitmark,  newt  frorn,  239 

vBiiIre,  cquiiiuctial  );&lei  in,  630 


iJioH 


>k  of.  a 


£r«^l 


Dirlieaari/  of  Litiu  Quotstions,  3i5 
Didet,  F.  A.,  Lives  of  tlis  Rlcpiieiisci,  710 
J>igbg,  Earl,  nit'itn'ir  of,  1 1* 
I>imlrg->  T..11T  in  Inland.  199 
Dirlilon  Ciallt,  nrehiletture  of,  317 
J!>JFiW(W.'pnicliceof,  HOS.lin 
Dahetl,  S.,  Kiigland  in  time  of  War.  227 
DabnoH,  )['.,  ParlianiL'Dtiirjr  Itepresentalion 

of  I'n'iitan,  CH9 
/hm^Adrfn,  anliquitici  found  al.  lid 
noariabr,  tniiket  of  gold  found  at,  ilQ 

Dnrehesler,  llumiin  anliqniiie*  fruin,  99 

■ snliijUHiaii  n-lifs  found  al,  75S        i 

Jioerr  Caillc,  dincuvecy  of  huumn  r«niaiui      Emui  rler^ 

at.  3(J1  of  (lie,  6' 

• deslrucrive  pics  at.  623  I.ord- 

liiiira,  rn.  of,  duniolitiiin  of  a  caim  in.  Si!2       Europtan  f 
liBjih,  Sir  JiAm  Uillig,  mciuuir  uf.  3S2  Knheqiur, 

yWA/in.  Ci'llic  rcniuinii  found  in,  108 
IhHiatl,  Sir  Gnrgf,  memoir  of.  1 18 
I}nnr«el,Iati'a  (VnirJwn^,  memoir  of,  2i>3 
liandat.   Captain   Charlrt    It'.  Uchhi,  iiic- 

moit  of,  2*7 
DHagrraii  Cailfr,  view  of,  707 
l}urhum,  new  Ilikhnp  of,  U24 

floods  in,  Uafi 

' odd  names  of  places  in  tlic  county 

of,  75((  ftrp 


Eighlenlh  Centun/,  73fi 
Elisairlh.  Qtuen,  on  the  ChaT&et«] 
Ellh,  John,  Eiq.,  memoir  of,  773 
Elg,  a  bow  of  ham  found  near.  74 
Emtl,  Dr.  Thomaa.  Ilic  prophet,  3! 
England  in  liai  iff  War,  227 
Memoirs   of  the   Court  ol 

the  Regency.  337 

■ Norman  Conquest  of,  417 

' John,  king  oF  France,  >  ci 

453 
social  mannera  and  conditi 

people  of,  490 
— - — -  Church  patronage  of  the 

of,  7S4 
■ North  of,  odd  namea  of  i 

the,  7M 
Bugliih  BUitr  in  paragraphs,  343 

nobility,  decent  of.  767 

En^Hiriit  into  I'ulgar  and  Covn»»i 


n  Cbureh,  architecture  of, 

monuments  in,  3 

—  moBor,  hiilnry  of,  351 
'frpy,  peraccutioD  by  the 

rd-Dfpvly,  ^\^net-tel^  of, 

n  iioiciTt,  aniiicn  anil  navii 

Harou  of  the,  7(il 

mhatiador.  lAlill, ' 

FairfiH,  herd,  am]  tlio  Duke  of  1 

fair/srd  CAarril,  scnipturea,  font,  J 
i'aiaily  titanrnrlaUre,  130 
Farm  o/ Jplanga,  Kcak-'s,  737 
Fauitril  ra//celUn  of  antiquitiea,  < 

of,  277 
f.iB«i(('»  Journal.  282 

rated     Hand 


J}hHi->  n/n  Parhli  Pri.  it,  9( 
E>iglti.  fl-T.  /..  the  SLclclicr,  448 
Ear/i  t>a.n;  739 
Eaul  K.(l«rH  regalia,  334 
FmiIct  Uroal  fwifinn,  KIS 
EailiTH  Emiiirr,  our,  739 
EauthBir,  Ladg,  Turkey  and  ila   Iiiliabi- 
■     ■«,57 


Frlli-r-lmie.  the  Wliilc  Home,  110 
Finixlerrf.  Uniidieal  nioiiiinieiil  in 
FiMlan,  a.,  Greece  under   t;i)ioii 

Wnctiaji  domination,  2U8 
Finlafiiati,  PraftitaT,  l.cclurcs  by, 
finibuty,  pnipused  park  for,  7(iS 
Ilr^t  rfJuHf,  Adam.',  228 
FiUvlareHCe,    Rear-AdKuml    £on 
BrhiMgiiaiH  r^Hrrft.  architecture  0^  230  /ifriu.  mcmn'r  of,  114 

/Ii/iiilwruA,  An'ha'ological  InstitulB  at.  340      I^Ugrrald,  Ilatuillai,  eiq.,  leoacj 

■ >  Ueriot-s  Jlo>]iiial.  3Mi  Life-bout  Inotiiuliun,  7li» 

— " ruined  chapel  of  St.  Anthony  at.     Fug,  fatal  accidents  in  Ibe,  tCO 

318  FJkttloHe,  di-ictiptiTc  mcouiii  of, : 

Church  architecture  at,  348 ctymologr  uf  the  name,  I 

EilH-ard  I.,  licences  to  ercncUate  grunted      new  Town.  pruHperily  of, 

by,  209  harbour,  bc"nn  iHOf,  03 

//. 313  Fuat  at  Kvhingham  Church,  230 

///.  ;!2 1,475  f  „«(,/rw.(i' rAnrcA,  architeclUTC  of, 

Fuumlfing  lh»iiil«>,  Curam'a  atatua 
Fim-ke,  Sir  Frrd.  (latlam,  menMir 
Fvi,  Vharlri  Jamri,  statue  of,  032, 
F«J^hri  B,lh,S\\ 
Fiancr,  ni'ws  from,  23K,  363,  SOS 
—  nrcliitccturc  in  the  thirteen 
liiry  ill,  49 


Index  to  Essays,  S^c. 


795 


France,  medieval  architecture  of  the  north 

of,  100 
— ^^—  South  of,  architecture  in  the,  101 

■  destructive  floods  in,  110 
History  of  the  Consulate  of,  482, 

599 
'  Vade-mecum  for  Tourists  in,  738 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  remains  of,  110 
Freeman,  E,  A.y  History  of  the  Saracens, 

282 
French  Gothic  Cathedrals,  49 

■  poetry  in  England,  ancient,  365 

Revolution  from  1789  to  1814,  225 

Freston  Tower,  traditional  history  of,  849 
Friehtl,  Louis,  death  of,  632 

Frithiof  Sa<:a,  by  Esaias  Tegner,  729 
Fronde,  J.  A.,   History  of  England,  from 

the  Fall  of  Wolsey,  189 
Fulrhf.r,  G.  W.,  Life  of  Gainsborough,  198 
Fuller,  Thomas,  Life  and  Writings  of,  340 
Future  R-ward  of  the  Riiihteous,  738 
Gaenrein,  gold  ornaments  discovered  at,  98 
Gainshoroui^h,  Fulcher's  Life  of,  198 
Gallienus,  Character  of,  717 
Gallowaij,  History  of,  688 

. ^  Register  of  the  Synod  of,  689 

Garden  of  Cijrus,  683 
Gassiot,  ./.  P.,  Present  Crisis,  94 
Gcnn-al  Postscript  for  Oct.  24,  1709,  7 
Gentleman  s  Magazine,  origin  of,  5 
George  If.  and  his  Ministers,  25 

Prince-Regent,  anecdotes  of,  338 

Geographical  IVord-Exjository  739 
Gerard  the  Lion-killer ,  739 
German  Antiquaries,  meeting  of,  332 
^^—  Pointed  Architecture,  102 
Germania,  new  periodical  called,  238 
Germigny-sur-Loire  Churchf  architecture  of, 

96 
Gibson,  W.  S.,  Marvels  of  the  Globe,  739 
Gilton,  near  Sandwich,  excavations  at,  278 

clasp  or  buckle  found  at,  279 

Gin  Act,  the,  6(]6 

Glasgow  Cathedral,  windows  of,  636 

Glastonbury  Abbey,  visit  to,  485 

■  description  of  a  monu- 
ment at,  494 

Gloucester  and  Bristol,  Bishop  of,  memoir 
of,  115,  130 

' Journal,  establishment  of,  532 

Musical  Festival,  502 

Gospels,  the  Four,  arranged  in  Paragraphs, 
737 

Gothir  Architecture,  on  the  Universal  Ap- 
plicability of,  751 

Gough,  H,,  New  Testament  Quotations,  9t 

Gower,  Bishop,  founded  St.  David's  Palace, 
13 

Grahamstown,  Bishop  of,  memoir  of,  376 

Grave,  the,  and  the  Reverence  due  to  it, 
738 

Greece  under  Othoman  and  Venetian  domi- 
nation, 298 

Greek  epigram,  the,  434 

Greenwood,  T.,  Cathedra  Petri,  602 


Groombridget  Capt.y  epitaph  to  the  memory 
of,  603 

Guide-book  to  Tenby  and  its  neighbour- 
hood, 541 

Guizotf  F.,  English  Revolution  of  1640, 
226 

History  of  Civilization,  598 

Gumfreston    Church,  curious    architecture 

of,  549 
Gumpach,  J.  Fan,  on  the  Moon*s  Rotation, 

344 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  History  of,  156 

Vasa,  King  of  Sweden,  156 

Guthrie  and  Johnson,  667 
Gwilt,  George,  esq.,  memoir  of,  250 
Hackness  Church,  monument  in,  494 
Hadleigh  Church,  mural  paintings  discover- 
ed at,  99,  113 
Hagley,  Worcestershire,  MSS.  at,  716 
Halkett,  General  Sir  Colin,  memoir  of,  649 
Hallarton    Churchyard,   sculptured    coffin- 
slabs  in,  740 
■  Roman  antiquities  discovered  at, 

740 
Halliwell,  J.  0.,  Marston's  Works,  306 
Hamilton,  J.,  Wanderings  in  Africa,  731 
Hamlet,  copy  of  the  edition  of  1603  dis- 
covered, 503 
Hammer,  presidential,  temp.  Charles  IL,  99 
Hampton  Church,  monuments  at)  489 

• •  Lucy  Church,   new   chancel   at, 

764 
Handbook  to  Chester  and  its  Environs,  291 
Hann,  Mr.  James,  memoir  of,  513 
Hanson,  Captain,  monument  to,  603 
Hardinge,  Rt.  Hon,  Henry  Lord,  memoir 

of,  646 
Hardwicke's  Annual  Biography,  93 
Haremare,  the  mansion  of,  230 
Harmony  of  the  Divine  Dispensations,  344 
Hastings,  stanzas  written  at,  32 
Harston,  Rev.  E.,  Sermon,  738 
Hautleigh,  /.,  Troubled  Dreams,  738 
Hawkes,  Rev,  R.  H.,  Sermon,  738 
Heame,  Thomas,  Remains  of,  769 
Heathen  period,  antiquities  of,  348 
Heckethorn,  C.  W.,  Translation  of  Frithiof 

Saga,  729 
Hecla,  crossing  the  line,  617 
Helmslcy,  Yorksliire  Architectural  Society 
at,  107 

Castle,  ruins  of,  107 

Church,  architecture  of,  107 

Hempton,  without  a  church,  617 
Henry  III,,  short-cross  pennies  of,  746 

licences    to    crenellate,   granted 


by,  208 


IV, 

V, 

VL 


474 
474 
474 


Henry  Fill,,  new  character  of,  189 
will  of  John  Lyttelton,  temp. 

of,  718 
Henzey,  Tyttery,  and  Tyzack  families,  692, 

728 


796 


Index  to  Eitayt,  Ifc. 


MtraUry  of  aitimah,  210  Jama  L,  balUd,  temi>.  of,  « 

Sfral,  sicKC  of,  7C0  //,  de«l!i  of,  724 

Htrrfard,  Cttliedral  and  Citf,   IIuidbDok  Japan,  two  porta  open  to  all 

to,  <IS9  Jarna  Dock,  on  the  Tyne,  d 

""   '  "■  Umpilal,  Edinburgh,  founduion  Jermaltm,  Holy  Pl.ieei  ■!,  7' 


of,  3«] 

llervrg,  memoir  on  the  house  of,  G09 
Mrthtl  thorn,  the,  763 
High  Ila'm,  allar  founti  at,  inO 
Hmfhcl.gt,  Hoi:  E.,  UaTihnnil<7,  SSS 

covered.  361 
mf^«n,  Hon.  Ofdn,  memoir  of.  1 19 
llvgarik-t  loiA,  rettorstion  of,  SUI 
Suthom-hill.  maik  of  Diiua  fouud  on,  SO 

of  old,  218 

JTof/aiiif.  news  from,  SnS 

Sesaioii  of  the  Sutci-Gonetalopim- 

ed,  617 

Bal^head  hnrboui  and  breuliwalec,  pro- 
tein of,  23>i 

Jloh,  Phiai.  the,  221 

Mul^raeil  Palatr,  aicliltecturc  of,  34S 

UomJula,  news  from,  3I>G 

U«iJi,  Dr.,  (he  I.ord'i  Day,  3t3 

Jtarate,  Short  Sole*  to  the  Odes,  Epoile*. 
Satiren,  tie.  of,  739 

Ilorlfg  CiHreh,  mural  painting  at,  741 

M-rm-r,  death  of,  28 


JfurriKfer  Chnrt, 


II  of,  Qi 


Xoun  u/Sm  and  Skadr, ', 

HovK  (//dnh.  pro|iaiiod  allcraliDii  of 

Jfoiiju  rj/  Zip  .WiU'<  Agf,  207 

Jlonifhofil  rx/icKia  in  llic  toucteenlb 

tury.  455 
JToB*.  J/m.  /.,  Leller  to  Gl«d. 
Jfufhi-s,  T.,  Handbook  to  Clie^liT,  "iOI 
iufl    carporalam,    Unkarda  piesualed 


344 


ir«m 


John,  memoir 
JoAa,  ting  nfFrantt,  CBptiTi 
JiA«n»-t,  Dr^  chuT,  673 
JoiiuM,  E.  C,  Muiical  Inat 

Ulind,  34^4 
Jatei,  Rev.  A,,  Proper  N»ni 

Testament,  229 
W.  B.  and  £.  A.  Frten 

St.  David's,  10 
Keniifglon,  manor  of,  fiC€ 
Kent,  cromlech  ealled  the  i 

cavaliona  at,  740 
Kmliih  briirh,  dangeroua  itai 
. coan,  atrulla  on  the,  i 


fmn 


•hetwi 


I,  33li 


Krr$hki,  T.,  calalogue  of  bo< 
Ketlr-h,  aiiliquiltea  ttoin.  614 
Ki-y  of  (lie  Duke  of  Monntou 
Kil-lare.   GrrM,    Earl   of,    , 

book  of,  4U7 
A'irtfBBj)  ArchaolBgieal  Saei 

719 
Kiug,  Rfar- Admiral  Fhilip  Pi 

iit,  aw 

Dmrn,  ball  of  cryi 


280 


lorrflt.  753 
r.,  on  Ih..-  Cure  of  Srammcrinjj,  34-4 
and  Svagi  of  tin  t'kunh,  Wiihec's, 

ft  Rfclory,  auli[|uilici  exhibilcd  at, 


Kirkrndbriglil,  minute- book 

nanUn  of,  (iN9 
Kilto,  Dr.  J«liu,  Mcmoi 
Kai/sklibridge,  Si.  Paul' 

Lttdu-i'  baplitmal  lamrt 


fo 


Cbu 


I-    i  ,i 


.  Tut.  \6'>t-a 


',  bill  (0  amend  the 

■(  fur  IS32-SC,  240 
,  240 


if,  ]li8 
ilHlJon*  in  ihp  North,  759 
from,  239,  3<t7,li3(i 
nemi.ir  of,  2^3 
ifliB  of  panpiTism  in,  704 
rounlur  of  a   railway  cathier  ii 


,ml,  di 


Irhh  summer  is»iea,  ISJ!6.  .W2 

volf-dog*.  Iii|;h  renule  nf.  498 

Iri-iag.  11'..  Lift  of  Washiniiiun,  551 
lull'  q/"  n'iglit,  royal  pTOperty  in  the,  B 

llatfi,  new*  from,  258,  lllili 

JacjMl,  Jau-ph,  paidoii  of,  239 


Land,  Archbp,,    Passages  ii 


iMyt  r/Mi-Hiorg,  <j(II 


Index  to  Essays,  Igc. 


797 


Lr  Gricc,  C.  VaL,  sonnet  by,  419 
Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Arclutolo' 

gical  Sueiettj,  23-3,  49 J,  748 
Leicester  Castle^  liistory  of,  496 
»  Abbey -grounds,  excavations  in, 

749 
LcinsteTi  woods  and  fasjtnesses  of,  749 

■  on  the  Scandinavians  in,  750 
Leonard,  Tho.  Barrett,  esq.,  memoir  of,  252 
Lexicon  Pocticum,  480 

Libel,  action  for,  364 

Libraries,  public,  origin  of,  633 

Licences  to  creueUate,  list  of,  208  ;  Patent 

Kolls,  323,  467  ;   by  Privy  Seal,  475 
Lichjitld  Cathedral,  alterations  in,  223 
Life- boat  Institution,  bequest  to,  764 
lAHe  Cathedral,  competition  for  the  erection 

of,  loy 
Lincoln,  tesselated  pavement  found  at,  741, 
Lindi^farne  Abbey  Churchy  preservation  of, 

740 
Ijihley-hall,  Shropshire,  Roman  villa  near, 

500 
Literary  forgeries,  440 
Little  Jf'ilbraharn,  urn  found  at,  281 
Liverpool,  proposal  to  advertise  at,  625 
■ •  marvellous  increase  of,  484 

■  free  library,  761' 
Livin<r.\ton^s,  Dr.,  African  discoveries,  631 
Local  history  and  topography,  686 
Lochaber,  I)r.  Rae  at,  763 

London  and  Middlesex  Archaological  Society, 

])roceedings  of,  304 
London,  the  Plague  of,  78 

• pilgrims'  signs  found  in,  ^(i 

University,  appointments  at,  109 

' diocese  of,  509 

Bishop  of,  livings  in  the  gift  of, 


509 


new  Bishop  of,  624 
Gazette,  only  one  bankrupt  in,  621 
—  dismissal  of  military  offi- 


cers, 636 

new  Lord- Mayor  of,  630 

new  Sheriffs  of,  630 

St.  Martin's- lane,  fire  in,  764 


Lonely  Hours,  345 

Longlcat,  lecture  on,  358 

Lord's  Day,  the,  343 

Lord  of  the  Isles,  illustrated,  706 

Lota- lodge,  Cork,  destroyed  by  fire,  758 

Lyons,  human  wreck  at,  753 

Lytielton,  the  pedigree  of,  716 

John,  of  Frankley,  will  of,  temp. 

Henry  Vlil.,  718 

Gilbert,    and  his   sons,   dispute 


between,  719 

Sir  Tho.,  1751,  inventory  of  the 


goods  of,  721 
M'Neil,  A.,  Appellate  Jurisdiction,  94 
Macaulay,  Answer  to,  94 
Mdcdonald,  Lieut. -Gen.,  memoir  of,  120 
Alachfll's,  Mrs.,  Poems  andTranslations,34l 
Marhle,  S.J.,  Description  of  Folkestone,  91 
Madvig,  Latin  Grammar  translated,  739 

Cent.  Mag.  Vol.  XL VI. 


Magazine,  origin  of  the  literary  tenn,  8 
Mahometan  Faith  and  Conquests,  282 
Maidstone,  soldier  flogged  at,  622 
Malmeshury,  abbey  of,  map  of,  769 
Malt  by,  Bishop,  address  to,  629 
Malnco  Islands,  Voyage  to  the,  86 
Malvern,  Pictures  of  Nature  near,  88 
Manchester   Exhibition,   Art-Secretary  of, 
632 

Exchange  completed,  238 

statue  of  Wellington  at,  502 

ManseVs,  H.  L.,  Lecture  on  Kant,  94 

Mansfield,  C.  B.,  Paraguay,  &c.,  594 

Margolionth^s  Coronation  Sermon,  738 

Marian  Falconer,  739 

Marriage  contract  o/*  1 476,  97 

Marriott,  Rev.  W.  S.,  Poems  by,  479 

MarryaVs,  Cipt.,  Masterman  Ready,  739 

Marsion,  John,  Works  of,  306 

MarteVs  Principles  in  Ornamental  Art,  168 

Marvels  of  the  Globe,  739 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  594 

Masson,  D.,  Essays  on  English  Poets,  201 

Masterman  Ready,  739 

Mat/en,  brass  object  discovered  at,  100 

Mather,  T,,  Remarkable  Providences,  225 

Mathews,  Mrs,  Charles,  memoir  of,  387 

Mathon,  remarkable  phenomenon  at,  89 

Moiteux,    Peter,   and    the   ♦*  Gentleman* • 

Journal,"  6 
Mayor,  T.  E.  B.,  Cambridge  in  the  Seven- 
teenth Century,  737 
Meade,  the  family  of,  2,  530,  666 
Mediaval  Preachers,  229 
Meek,  Sir  James,  memoir  of,  245 
Meldreth,  Roman  relics  discovered  at,  97 
Mereworth  Castle,  excavations  at,  739 
Merionethshire,  wooden  font  found  in,  97 

■  sale  of   Dinas    Mowddwy 

estate,  754 
Merovingian  cemetery,  discovery  of,  186 
Middle  ton.  Lord,  memoir  of,  772 

Sir  Henry,  Voyage  of,  86 

Midsummer  NighVs  Dream,  revival  of,  639 
Mignet,  T.  A.,  History  of  French  Revolu- 
tion, 225 
Milan,  Church  of  San  Ambrogio  at,  40 

silver  altar  of  Angilbertus  at,  41 

ecclesiological  antiquities  at,  41 

Miller,  T.,  History  of  Anglo-Saxons,  342 
Mitchell,  Mr.  John,  memoir  of,  389 
Moldo-Wallachia,  remains  of  the  middle 

ages  in,  62 
Monaco,  Florestan  I.,  Prince  of,  memoir  of, 

242 
Monaghan,  bronze    mountings  of  ancient 

pails  found  in,  98 
Monastic  Libraries,  633 
Money  market,  rise  in,  635 
Monk,  Dr.,  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bris- 
tol, memoir  of,  115 
Monmouth,  Duke  of,  key  of  the,  221 
Monro,  Rev.  E.,  Parochial  Papers,  95 
Montacute-house,  a  remarkable  edifice,  487 
Montenegro,  form  of  government  at,  620 

6l 


798 


Ltdex  to  Assays,  tfc. 


i 


} 


( 


/ 

4 


Montgomery's  Hours  of  Sun  and  Shade,  738 

Castle,  visit  to,  493 

Monthly  Inti'lligencer  revived,  615,  752 
MooiCs  Rotation,  Enquiry  into  the,  344 
Morland  Collection,  the,  sale  of,  364 
Morley,  //.,  Life  of  Cornelius  Agrippa,  690 
Morton  s  New  Farmer's  Almanack,  738 
Moubray,  Ctipt.  George,  memoir  of,  518 
Mountain,  Rev,  J,  G.,  memoir  of,  775 
Mountgarret,  f'isc.,cvLp  belonging  to  Helena, 

daughter  of,  98 
Mozart,  the  son  of,  621 
Munchausen,  Baron,  Adventures  of,  588 
Napier  of  Merchistoun,  genius  and  studies 

of,  347 
Natal,  extensive  floods  at,  631 
National  Gallery,  proposed  new,  222,  336, 

239 

■  new  pictures  at,  362 

Neale,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Mediaeval  Preachers,  229 

/.  S.,  Farm  of  Aptonga,  737 

Nepean,  Sir  Molyneux  Hyde,  memoir  of, 

118 
Newcastle  Society  of  Antiquaries,  meetings 

of,  99,493,  611 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  curious  custom   at, 

760 
Newhaven,  Sussex  Archsological  Society 

at,  603 

■  Churchyard,  monuments  in,  603 

■  and  Denton  Churches,  notes  on, 
605 

Neu'land,  Rev,  H.,  Sermons  of,  738 

Newport,  St.  Thomas's  Church  at,  rebuilt, 
632 

New  Testament,  Critical  Notes  on  the,  344 

— — ^'—  Quotations,  94 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  studies  of,  347 

New  York,  an  hotel  at,  627 

• Zealand,  news  from,  112 

Nile,  expedition  to  discover  the  sources  of 
tlie,  63  ( 

Noakc,  J.,  Notes  and  Queries  for  Worces- 
tershire, 484 

Norfolk,  fragments  of  silver  chased- work 
found  in,  98 

Norman  Conquest,  History  of  the,  417 

Northampton  Architectural  Society,  pro- 
ceedings of,  499 

St,  Peter's  Oiurch  at,  399 

Ntrlhumbrian  Coins,  unpublished  copper- 
plates of,  493 

Northumberland,  Floods  in,  626 

• odd  names  of  places  in  the 

county  of,  756 

Hodson's  History  of,  769 

Northwold,  heads  of  vitrified  pa^te  found  in 
a  barrow  at,  98 

Norton's  Annual  Book  List  for  1856,  225 

November,  1703,  the  great  storm  in,  398 

Norwegian  Monasteries,  History  of  the,  481 

—  Proverbs,  481 

Nunburnholme,  Human  coins  discovered  at, 
235 

(y Brian's  Simple  Catechism,  739 


Offertory  dishes,  collection  of,  99 

Ogham  amulet,  498 

Okehampton  Church,  memorial  windoi 

637 
Olden  and  Modem  Times,  with  other  Poi 

479 
Old  Testament,  Proper  Names  of  the,  2 
Old  Truths  and  Modem  Progress,  95 
Orbe,  tessellated  pavements  at,  305 
Orkney  and  Sfietland,  antiquities  of,  34 
Ornamental  Art,  History  and  Charact 

tics  of,  163 
Osengal,  clasp  of  a  bag  or  purse  fount 

280 
Ossian,  the  Poems  of,  866 
Oude,  royal  family  of,  508 
Outram,  Sir  James,  767 
Over  Seile,  signet- rings  found  at,  234 
Orford's,  Lord,  pictures,  sale  of,  363 
Ojford,  Memoir  on  the  Cholera  at,  74 
■  Architectural  Society,   meeting 

100,  750,  751 

ancient  seal  found  near,  220 

improvements   and   alterationi 


571 


alterations  at  the  Cathedral,  C 
Church,  561 

discovery  of  an  ancient  crypt. 


753 


St.  Frideswide's  Church  at,  51 
University,  degrees   conferrei 

the,  109 
• Douce  Library  at,  French  sons 

365 

•  crown  of  Charles  I.,  cast  of,  7 

Pocket  Classics,  739 

Palmer^ s  History  of  Great  Yarmouth,  i 
Papers,  titles  of,  list  of,  5 
Paragraph  Bible,  Large  Print,  738 
Paraguay,  Mansfield's  Travels  in,  594 

Brazil  and  the  Plate,  594 

Paris,  cattle  show,  1 1 1 

baptism  of  the  imperial   infani 

111 
-^—  Roman  cemetery  discovered  at,  2 
Parker's  Ephemeris,  266.  398 
Park- hall,  near  Oswestry,  sun-dial  at. 
Parliament,  proceedings  of,  368 
Parliamentary  debates,  report  of,  631, 
Parochial  Papers,  Monro's,  95 
Patent  Rolls,  licences  to  crenellate  from 

208,  323,  467 
Patent  Office  fees,  767 
Pauperism,  decrease  of,  764 
Peace,  celebration  of,  112 
Pearsall,  Robert  Lucas,  e^q.,  memoir  of, 
Pearson,  Rev.  U,  N.,  memoir  of,  775 
Peel,  E.,  Poetical  Works  of,  340 

Sir  Robert,  memoirs  of,  17 

Peebles  and  its  Neighbourhood,  340 
Pembroke,  alterations  in  the  Dockyard 

620 
Pembrokeshire,  South,  architecture  of,  5 
Pengwern,  ancient  woo<len  font  at,  97 
Pensions  on  the  Civil  List,  240 


Index  to  Essays,  Sfc. 


799 


Perceval,  Dudley  Montague,  Esq.,  memoir 

of,  G49 
Percival,  James  Gates,  memoir  of,  120 
Persian  expedition,  preparations  for  a,  636 
Perthes,  Frederick,  memoirs  of,  425 
Petersfield- Heath,  an  oval  pebble  of  chert 

found  on,  741 
Phelps,  derivation  of,  337 
Phillimore,  Rev.  G.,  Parochial  Sermons,  95 
Phillipion,  C.  G.,  Lonely  Hours,  345 
■  A  Song  in  Pro>e  to  the 

Westminster  Owl,  738 
Philo  Judtens,  Works  of,  translated,  88 
Physiologij,  discovery  in,  362 
Pictures  from  the  Pyrenees,  739 
Plan  of  the  subterranean  chamber,  Christ 

Church,  Oxford,  564 
Plymouth,  her  Majesty's  visit  to,  373 
Poem  to  Sleep,  715 
Poems  and  Translations,  341 
Poictiers,  the  prisoners  of,  452 
Porringer  of  silver,  date  1684,  98 
Portugal,  news  from.  111 
Powys  Castle,  architecture  and  antiquities 

of,  492 
Pratt,  yen.  J.  //.,  Scripture  and  Science, 

343 
Preston,  General,  letter  from,  353 
•^ parliamentary   representation    of, 

689 
Princess  Royal,  accident  to,  240 
Principles  of  Form  in  Ornamental  Art,  163 
Printers,  amateur,  53 
Psalms,  Metrical  Version  of,  737 

Plain  Commentary  on  the,  737 

Public   income   and    expenditure,    1855-56, 

240 
-^-^—  Records,  seventeenth  report,  318 

new  Guide  to  the,  697 

Granaries  in  connection  with  Trade, 


93 
Pulpit,  fifteenth  century,  499 
Purse,  embroidered,  seventeenth  century,  96 
«♦  Puss  and  Mew,''  666 
Quick  travelling,  364 
Quintillus,  coins  of,  748 
Rae,  Dr.,  the  Arctic  traveller,  763 
Raculf's  Minster,  desolation  of,  318 
Raikrs,  Robert,  founder  of  the  "  Gloucester 

Journal,"  532 
Railway  property,  extent  of,  767 
Raspe,  Rudolph  Erich,  Works  of,  589 
Ravenna,  Church  of  San  Apollinare  at,  38 
Rawson,  Sir  John,  memoir  of,  179 

John,  letter  of,  180 

Recueil  d'Antiquites  Suisses,  304 

Reculver  and  the  IVentsum,  313 

Redan,  the,  a  Poem,  738 

Redmarley  Farm,  remarkable  spring  at,  90 

Reform,  the  present  crisis  in,  94 

Reformatory  Unions,  national  conference  of, 

362 
Regalia  of  East  Retford,  334 
Rt'gulbium,  remains  of,  315 
Religio  Medici,  679 


Reliquary,  with  talismanic  inscription,  98 
Remarkable  Providences,  Mather's,  225 
Revenue,  quarter's,  632 
Richard  II.,  licences  to  crenellate  granted 

by,  471 
Richards,  John,  esq.,  memoir  of,  251 
Richborough  Castle,  remains  of,  QQ 
Richmond,  Queen  Caroline's  gardens  at,  133 
Riley's    Dictionary   of   Latin    quotations, 

345 
Rings,  ecclesiastical  and  foreign,  98 
Robin,  Poor,  who  was  ?  590 
Rochester  new  Bridge,  opening  of,  374 
— ^— —  Bridge,  history  of,  689 
Rodolph  IV.,  order  of  nobility  created  by,  60 
Rogers,  Rev.  Canon,  memoir  of,  248 
■  H.,  Life  and  Writings  of  Thomas 

Fuller,  340 
Romain-Motier,  church  of,  41 
Roman  altar,  inscription  on,  100 

coins    found    near    Ashby-de-la* 

Zouch,  233 

Rome,  discoveries  on  the  Aventine  Hill  at, 
234 

discovery  of  an  ancient  statue  at,  360 

Rothbury  Cross,  612 

Rouen,  church  of  St.  Guen  at,  53 

Roumanyo,  meaning  of,  58 

Rowbery  camp,  108 

Royal  Academy  Exhibition,  236 

British  Bank,  failure  of,  508 

family,  the,  629 

Society,  meeting  of  the,  109 

—  — —  of  Literature,  meeting  of,  234 
Roys  ton,  ancient    remains    discovered    at, 

625 
Runic  or  Clog  almanacs,  335 
Russia,  news  from,  365,  503 

grand  dinner  at  Moscow,  623 

Ryland,  J.  E.,  Memoirs  of  John  Kitto,  476 
St.Alban's  Abbey,  watching- loft  at,  725 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  Sandwich,  68 
St.  David's,  History  and  antiquities  of,  10 

Cathedral,  architecture  of,  11 

Palace,  foundation  of,  13 

St.  Dunstan's,  Worthies  of,  689 

St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  sepulchral  brass  from, 

date  1467,  98 
-^— ^  curious  custom  at,  622 
St.  James's  Park,  ornamental  water  in,  627 
St.  John's  Gate,  5 

St.  Ledger,  Sir  Anthony,  letter  of,  183 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  wood  carvings  in,  de- 
cays of,  235 
St.  Stephen's    Chapel,    architectural    anti- 
quities of,  739 

Hall,  statue  of  Fox  in,  760 

Sale,  John  Bernard,  esq.,  memoir  of,  652 
Salisbury  Chapter- house,  restoration  of,  360 
Salzburg,  Mozart's  son  at,  621 
Sundown  Castle,  dangerous  state  of,  618 
Sandwich,  St  Mary's  Church  at,  65 
— —  description  of,  67 

Hospital  of  St.  Bartholomew  at, 

68 


Sandwiek,  the  sncitnt  port  of,  S9 
Sarann;  Uiatury  oFtlie,  2G3 
Sarage  and  Johmm,  anecdotes  of,  267 
Savon  Polarr,  the  residence  uf  tlie  piiionere 


Index  to  Euay»,  Sfc. 

Samerttlihiri,  Homui  ri 


of  Poll 


s,  4.!! 


Saxea  word  " 

g[Ji»e»,  diKovery  of,  6** 

Soiimy,  newspapers  publislied  in,  503 
Standiiuivla,  morluiry  customs  of,  97 
Scarbunugk,  Earl  of,  memoir  of,  770 
ScaridaU.  Lord,  memoir  of,  771 
Scatclm  Church,  bcl)  at,  107 
Scotland,  animBl  slock  in,  Gia 

depopulatioti  of,  757 

. deer-BtalkLugiii,  757 

, progress  of  science  in  the  six- 
teenth atid  seventfenlh  centariei  in.  317 

and   England,   Komtm   surgery 

and  medicine  in,  SIS 
SeaU,  Sir  IValler,  st  Abbotsford,  32 

Lord  of  tbe  Isles,  illusliated,  70S 

Scraha-hill,  demolition  of  a  cairn  on  tlie. 


Hiiiory  Socielj,  report  of,  497 
Somery,  Robert,  Come*  Wiuton.  7 

arms  of  tbe  faintly  of,  7^ 

Song  in  Prose  to  the  Westminster 


allis 


"  Her 


■   419 


■ilen 


SophocU;  noti 
Soalnge  colltclioH  of  Italian  art,  7 
SoHlhauplon,  accident  at,  770 
South  BarliAghaM  church,  fresco  i 

in,  499 
South  Prmhralrtthire,  architecture 
'    n,  III,23S,  303, 


-  tbe  ' 


1,  599 


352 

Scripture  and  .Sciena,  SIS 
Scripture  Breviale;  737 
Scutari,  memorial  monument  at,  110 
Scythian  king;  burial-place  of,  769 
Seal  found  near  Oxford,  220 
Seiatlopal,  vessels  sunk  at,  619 
Selallyn,  sinsiilar  key  fnnnd  at,  9S 
Self  and  Srlf-Sacrijice,  739 
Sermon,  on  the  Christian  Yiar,  3S7 
Sliakipcari,  Lectures  on,  <iOO 
. England.  601 

Sliaktperian  literature,  sale  of  books,  237 
Sharpe,  S.,  Notes  on  the  24ew  TesUment, 

344 
Sherborne  Jbbey  Church,  tilea  and  painted      Slotlirrd,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Poe 


sale  of  ecclesiastical  properl 
Specttlatiom,  364 
Spite,  Ann,  niamoir  ot,  6S5 
Spargeou,  Mr,  preaching  of;  629 
Smford,  county  of,  history  of.  33 
,SfaabaifJ,  Hippodrome  at,  ezcavati 
Slamtnering,  cvn  ot,  344 
SianloH  Drew,  Druidical  remains 
Slanieix  Slalloa,  K^man  itatue  o 

discoTcrrd  at,  494 
Slantat  written  at  Hastinas,  32 
Slephem.  Ruberl,  Works  of,  712 

Ilrnry,  great  learning  of, 

Sttphtniei,  tlie,  scliolara  an<I  prio 
Slirlins,  rojal  rencontre  al,  620 
Stock  ExchoKge,  new  compaiilea  a 
StBckhala,  stone  corered  with  Hi 

meters  found  at,  361 
Sloke-tub- Hampden  Church,   aeulj 


glass  from,  741 
Sheriff!  and  their  arms,  666 
Shreanbary,  lifxagonal   piece  of  Porbeck 

marble  found  at,  98 

■ Cmnleet  of,  memoir  of,  114 

Earl  tf,  nicmciir  of,  37S 

Shropihire,  Liuley-hall,  Human  villa  dit- 

covercd  near,  5U0 
Slant,  treaty  of  friendship  with,  620 
Signel.ringi  found  at  Orer  Seilv,  234 


Strmd,  Kent,  Komail 


>  by,  4: 


of  the,  list  of,  754 
(i-  qf  Archmalogjf, 


1,1 


Silvfitt 


I,  lite 


Skelchia;  the,  crittciim  on,  443 

Slack,  R„  Old  Truths  and  Modern  Pro- 

Stetman,  Major-  General  Sir  lyUliam  Henry, 

Smith,   F.  R.,   catalogue  of  the   Fiussett 

Colieclion.  277 
O.,  Ilirmonj  of  Che  Divine  Dispcusa< 

tion,  344 

:s  of,  364 


Sufolk   Imlllule 

i'lgsof,  319,  6 
B-ffragat  bi,hopi,  list  of,  Sff  1 
Sunderland,  o<lil  names  of  pl.-ices  ii 
■  irii*,  Brilish  oak  cof 

at,  6^5,  7-46 
Bun-dial  at  Park-hall.  93  ' 

Sirnamci  of  Smith  and  Jones,  337 
the  Public  Records,      Sarrrg  Zaelogical  Gardeni,  dread 

dent  at,  SIO,  753 

rrrji  Arekaologicat  Sociely,  me 

103,  741 

Trantactioi 


,  engravings  by,  32 

.ry  forgeries  of,  4H),  693 


Sttiiei  Arrheeelagicai  Society,  ine 

229,  603 
Suler'i  Worthies  of  St  Unnttan'a, 
Sntlen,  Mr.  Richard,  memoir  of,  tfj 
Sweden,  History  of  Guilavus  Vaio, 

156 
Switzi  ~ 


Index  to  Essays,  SfC. 


801 


Switzerland,  historical  research  in,  503 
Sydenham,  Crystal  Palace  at,  112 
Syllables,  incorrect  division  of,  726 
Taylor,  Mr.  J.  Brough,  MS.  of,  612 
2\'7nple*s,  Sir  William^  collections  of  anti- 
quities, 632 
Teiibif  and  its  Neighbourhood f  a  Guide  to, 

541 

situation  and  climate  of,  546 

Tetricus,  inscription  in  honour  of,  748 
Thvllnsson  property,  the,  206 

estates,  proposed  division  of,  637 

Thierry^  tlie  late  M.  Augustine,  Works  of, 

70 
. History  of  the  Norraan  Conquestt 

417 
Thiers,  M.  A.,  History  of  the  Consulate,  482 
This  World  and  the  Next,  738 
T hemps- n,  Captain  Henry  Langhome,  me- 
moir of,  1 18 

■ P.,  History  of  Boston,  686 

Thome,  curious  occurrence  at  a  wedding 

at,  237 
Thornbury,  G,  IV.,  Shakspeare's  England, 

601 
Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and 

Abroad,  731? 
Thucydides,  Analysis  of,  92 
Thurtelly  Comm.  Charles,  memoir  of,  776 
Tierney,  Sir  Edward,  memoir  of,  117 
Tipper,  Mr.  Thomas,  epitaph  to  the  memory 

of,  603 
Tipperary  tradition  of  Caleb  Minnett,  498 
Titles,  clieap,  3l>3 
Torrello,  plan  of  the  church  at,  38 

interior  of  the  apse  of  the  Basilica,  37 

Torres -fidras,  description  of  the  lines  of, 

483 
Tolness  old  Bridge,  piece  of  oak  from,  99 
Tolonse,  Church  of  St.  Semin  at,  47 
Tournus,  Abbey  Church  of,  architecture  of 

the,  J)6 
Trevor's,  Bishop,  palatine  seal,  100 
Troubled  Dreams,  738 
Tttdor  Statute-book,  extracts  from,  409,  577 
Tunbridge  Wells  Assembly-room,  630 
Turkey  and  its  Inhabitants,  translation  of,  57 

.   news  from,  1 1 1 
TuUii  Ciceronis  Tusculanarum  DiaputatiO" 

num,  739 
Turner's  MetricalVersionof  the  Psalms,  737 
Turner's  paintings,  764 
Tynvmuuth  Priory,  carved  stones  from,  612 
United  States,  news  from,  367 
Upchurch,  an  urn  manufactured  at,  98 
Urban,  Si/lranus,  autobiography  of,  3,  131, 

267,  531,  667 
Urn- burial.  Discourse  on,  684 
Useful  Knowledge  Society,  origin  and  decay 

of,  4  13 

■ -^^___  charter  of,  446 

publications     of, 


Valerian,  Roman  Empire,  temp,  of,  747 
Vestris,  Madame,  memoir  of,  387 
Victoria,  Queen,  visit  to  Plymouth  of,  373 
Wales,  Prince  of,  revenue  of^  629 

Roman  copper  shaft  discovered,  635 

IValford's  Annual  Biography,  93 
Walker's  Manly  Exercises,  228 
Wall  of  Antoninus,  description  of,  612 
Wallachia  and  Moldavia,  great  fertility  of,  59 
Walton  Castle,  ruins  of,  487 

• Church,  ruins  of,  487 

War  and  the  Peace,  the,  140 

Warminster,  meeting  of  the  Wiltshire  Ar- 

chreological  Society  at,  357 
Warier,  coins  found  at,  615 

on  the  coins  found  near,  746  j 

Washington,  George,  Life  of,  551 
Watts,  Mr.  George,  memoir  of,  120 
Wedding,  curious  occurrence  at  a,  237 
Wellington  statue  at  Manchester,  502 
Wells  Cathedral,  architecture  of,  485 

Chapter- house  at,  486 

Bishop's  Palace  at,  486 

Welshpool,  Cambrian  Archaeologioal  Asso- 
ciation at,  491 

■ temporary  museum  at,  492 

Werdinski,  Count  Jdolphe  de,  memoir  of, 

654 
Wesleyan  Methodism,  statistics  of,  628 
Westmacott,  Sir  Richard,  memoir  of,  509 
Westminster,  meeting  of  the  London  and 
Middlesex  Archaeological  Society  at,  354 

Abbey,  lecture  on  the  origin 

and  antiquities  of,  354 

*—  lecture  on  the  monuments  in, 


356 


574,  702 


tions,  704 


list    of   publict- 


—  new  diocese  of,  609 

Bishop  of,  livings  in  the  gift 

of,  509 

Westmoreland,  etymology  of,  530 

Westwood,  T.,  Foxglove  Bells,  341 

Wheat,  average  price  of,  from  1641  to  1835, 
502 

Wheeler,  Mr.  J.  Talbous,  literary  merits  of, 
363 

White,  Miss  J.  M.,  application  to  King's 
College,  363 

fVhite  Horse,  Fetter  lane,  110 

Whitewash,  to  remove,  ISO 

Whistle  tankard  presented  to  the  corpo- 
ration of  Hull,  500 

William  I.  of  Scotland,  coins  of,  746 

Willingham,  South,  discovery  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  urns,  740 

Willoughby,  J.,  Blair's  Chronological  Ta- 
bles revised  by,  90 

Wilson,  Professor,  Works  of,  420 

Wiltshire  Archaological  and  Natural  Hit' 
tory  Society,  meetings  of,  234,  357 

Wiltshire,  Dorsetshire,  and  Somersetshire, 
Handbook  to,  340 

Winchester,  Robert  Somery,  earl  of,  593 

Winster,  Saxon  graves  at,  644 

Wisbeach,  grave  of  Jane  Stuart  at,  2 

Wither,  Q„  Hymns  of  the  Church,  480 


802 


Index  to  Essays^  ffc. 


Wolf-dogs,  Irish,  high  repute  of,  498 
Wolverhampton  corporation,  628 
Wolverton  pictures,  sale  of,  364* 
Wood-carvings    in    St  Paul's    Cathedral, 

decay  of,  235 
Wooden  font,  inscribed,  97 
Wood,  Rev.  G.  F.,  Translation  of  Madvig's 

Latin  Grammar,  739 
Woolwich,  the  artillery  at,  363 
Worcestershire  in  the  Civil  Wars,  219 
■  proceedings  in,  722 

'  Notes  and  Queries,  484 


Worcestershire,  Sheriflft  ot,  SZO 
Womum*s  History  of  Ornamental  Ai 
Wykehamist,  Ups  and  Downs  of  a,  9 
Yarmouth,  Great,  History  of,  687 
Yarrell,  Mr.  William,  memoir  of,  512 
Yonge*s  Translation  of  Philo  Judaeui 
York,  Roman  antiquities  found  at,  6 

Minster,  coins  discovered  at,  7^ 

Yorkshire  Architectural  Society,  meet 

107 
Philosophical  Society,  meel 

614,  746 


. 


t 


INDEX  TO  NAMES. 

Including  Promotions,  Preferments,  and  Deaths, — The  longer  articles  (ff  Deaths  are  i 

in  the  preceding  index  of  Essays,  8fc. 


* 


Abdy,  G.  B.,  662 
Abercorn,  Marq.  of, 

109 
Abethell,  A.,  662 
Abud,  W.,  781 
A  eland,  Lady,  257 
Adams,  Capt.,  527 ; 

E.  R.,  391 
Addison,  N.,  125 
Adkins,  £.,  783 
A  ins  worth,  Mrs.  M., 

662 
Aislabie,  J.,  659 
Aitken,  D.,  525 
Akers,  A.,  518 
Alban,  E.,  782 
Alcock,Lt.-CoI.,262 
Alden,  H.,  262 
Aldcrsey,  E.E.,  394 
Alderson,  G.,  394 
Aldham,  J.,  786 
Alexander,  Capt.R., 

256;   G.  W.,  521; 

L.,  123 
Allan,  M.  A.,  261 
Allawav,  R.  T.,  391 
Allen,  *M.  A.,  519; 

M.  C,  262 
Allsop,  J.,  662 
Alston,  M.,  782 
Ambrose,  S.,  255 
Anderson,  A.,  662; 

E.,662;  J.,  526; 

J.  S.,  526.    M.M. 

H.,  526;   S.,  623; 

T.  O.,  393 
Andrews,    A.,   122; 

J.  H.,  256 
Anncsley,  C,  782 
Anstruther,  Lady  C, 

257;  Lieut.  G.  P. 

J^519 


Arabin,  M.,  126 
Argent,  M.,  393 
Arnold,  W.  R.,  256 
A^hburton,  Lord,  109 
Asher,  A.,  261 
Ashford,     J.,     780. 

Mrs.,  521 
Ashlin,  C,  785 
Ashton,  J.,  659  ;  R., 

781 
Ashwell,  J.  C,  261 
Asprey,  A.,  262 
Asiley,  F.  B.,  779 
Atkinson,  A.,  661 ; 

Sir  J.,   661  ;    T., 

391 
Attree,  J.,  394 
Attwood,  F.  T.,  390 
Atwood,  G.,  256 
Aubert,  J.  L.,  525 
Aubrey,  Sir  T.  D., 

525 
Auldjo,  A.  M.,  524 
Austen,  J.,  519 

Auton,Lt.-Col.,  657 
Back,  Dr.  W.,  786 
Bacon,  M.,  127  ;  S., 

661 
Badcock,  E.,  659 
Badger,  T.,  521 
Bagc,  A.,  262 
Bagot,  Lord,  770 
Bague,  G.,  125 
Baillie,  E.,  658 
Baily,  C,  241  ;   £., 

241 
Baine,  M.,  521 
Baird,  R.,  394 
Baker,  A.,  661  ;   C, 

782;  Lt.J.  F.,78l 
Baldwin,  J.  B.,  785  ; 

W.  H.,  621 


Balfour,  E.,  620 
Balguy,  B.,  259 
Balls,  T.,  257 
Bandon,  Earl  of,  784 
Banks,  Capt.  J.  A., 

260 
Bansom,  T.  H.,  391 
Baring,  Rt.  Rev.  C, 

241 
Barker,  C,  394  ;  J., 

256  ;  M.  A.,  662  ; 

R.,  124;  S.,  259, 

262 
Barkly,  Sir  H.,  645 
Barlow,  T.  W.,  656 
Barnard,    Mrs.    £., 

785 ;  W.,  262 
Barnes,  C.  S.,  782 
Barnctt,  J.,  526  ;  J. 

H.,257;  Lt-CoL 

C.  J.,  394 
Barrett,  T.  C,  624 
Barron,  A.,  126 
Barrow,  J.,  394 ;  M., 

527,  657 
Barr)',  J^  390 
Barstow,  Mrs.  J.  M., 

391 
Barth,  Dr.  H.,  109 
Bartholomew,    Mrs. 

M.,  261 
Bartlett,  E.,  659  \  E. 

M.,  526  ;  J.,  781 
Barton,  A.,  258 
Basden,  Col.  J.  L., 

124 
Bassctt,  E.,  127 
Bastard,   E.  R.   P., 

126.  256 
Bate,K.,783;  Rh666 
Batley,  B.  E.,  124  ; 

W.  L.,  780 


Batty,  G.,  12 
Baumann,  M. 

523 
Baxter,  E.,  3S 
Bayly,   J.  R., 

M.  W^  52( 
Beames,  W.  ( 
Beard,  Mrs.  I 
Beauchamp, 

661 
Bebb,  M.,  521 
Beckitt,  W.,  i 
Beckley.  J.,  7 
Beckwith,    A 

259;    G.   I 

655 
Beddoes,  C.  H 
Bedford,  S.,  6 
Bedwell,  £.  G 
Belcher,  W.  E 
Bell,  P.  J.,  25i 

R.,  391  ;  \< 
Bellersy    Cap! 

656 
Bellin,  W.  F^ 
Belli ngham,  J 

M.,  393 
Bellman,  J.  H 
Belt,  J..  662 
Benn,  IL,  263 
Bennett,  C.  B 
Bennie,  M.,  5! 
Benson,  W.  H 
Bensusan.  J.  I 
Benwell,  H.  E 
Benyon,  A.,  1 
Beresford,  J., 
Berkeley,  Cai 

123 
Bemers,  Lady 
Bemstorff; 

Yon,  109 


Index  to  Names. 


803 


> 


■A 
i  . 

T    , 

J   • 

n 

4.- 


l 


Bertini,    Mons.    A., 

256 
Bertlion,(X,  521 ;  J., 

262 
Bcsley,  E.  A.,  261 
Bethel,  Sir  R.,  770 
Belts,  G.,  255  ;    M., 

657 
Bev,  Musurus,  109 
Bicknell,  L.  W.,  656 
Biddle,  J.,  523 
Biddulph,F,J.,  121^ 

J.,  123 
Bidweli,  T.,  781 
Biclecki,  J.,  261 
BifT^js,  H.,  125  ;    J., 

113 
Billingshurst,  S.  A., 

125 
Bingham,   Capt.  E. 

II.,   662  ;    C.   L.| 

254 
Binns,  S.,  523 
Binyon,  A.,  522 
Birch,    Gen.   J.    F., 

124 
Birt,  H.,  390 
Bishop,  M.  S.,  524; 

Mrs.  J.,  260 
Bishopp,  J.,  390 
Bittleston,  A^  526 
Blackburne,    A.   J., 

526 
Blackburn,  F.,  770 
Blacker,  E.,  782 
Bla>.  kinan,  Capt.  E., 

392 
Blackwood,  H.,  262 
Blake,  I.  L.  A.,  661 
Blakeman,  J.,  125 
Blakcney,  Gen.   Sir 

E.,  770 
Blaker,  G.,  662 
Bland,  M.  H.,  392 
Blane,  II.,  262 
Blayney,  R.,  395 
Blohm,  J.  C,  123 
Blond,  Mrs.,  661 
Blount,  C.  M.,  395 
Blundell,  T.  L.,  255 
Blunt,  C,  770;    J. 

E.,  259 
Boclisa,  M.,  122 
Bodisco,     Gen.    A., 

522 
Boghurst,  M.,  125 
Bolton,    L.   M.   D., 

260 
Bonibelles,  Count  de, 

126 
Bonaniy,  I.  V.,  125 
Bond,A.C.,784;  J., 

523 
Bone,  A.  P.,  260 
Bonney,  M.  C,  126 


BoBtein,  L.  P.,  524 
Boorer,  H.  M.,  785 
Boothby,  W.,  521 
Borrell,    Miss     E., 

258 
Borthwick,    M,   A., 

255 
Botfield,  L.,  521 
Boughey,  Maj.  A.  F. 

F.,  122 
Boulton,  D'A.,  661 
Bourchier,  H.  P.  P., 

393 
Bourke,  R.,  123 
Bourne,  J.,  262,  390 
Boutflower,  W.  H., 

255 
Bowdler,  T.,  780 
Bower,  F.I.  H.,520 
Bowling,  J.,  786 
Bowra,  C.  W.,  262 
Boyd,  Capt.  L.  A., 

658;  J.,  518;  Lt- 

Gen.  M.,  113 
Boyle,  Hon.  W.  G., 

241 
Bradby,  E.,  263 
Braddon,  J.,  658 
Bradley,  S.,  520 
Brady,  J.,  392 
Brakspear,     J.    £., 

259 
Brander,  W.  A.,  256 
Brandling,    Col.  C. 

J.,  259 
Brandstrom,  M.,  259 
Brassington,  T.,  261 
Brathwaite,  J.,  254 
Braun,  S.  A.,  258 
Braybrooke,  Dowag. 

Lady,  658 
Bremner,  J.,  522 
Brenchley,  C,  526 
Brereton,  C,  781 
Brewer,  E.  M,,  255 
Brewin,  C,  780 
Brickdale,   R.  I.  F. 

W.  C,  891 
Bridges,  L.,  257 
Bridson,  A.  P.,  262 
Brien,  J.,  785 
Britton,  L.  E.,  260 
Broadhurst,  T.,  390 
Brock,  G.,  781 
Brodie,  A.  O.,  526 
Bromby,  M.  A.,  261 
Bromehead,  W.  B., 

262 
Brook,  M.,  526 
Brooke,     C.  A.  A., 

124;  E.,  657;  E. 

A.,  262;  T.,  257 
Brooks,  J.,  392 
Brooksbank,  S.,  783 
Brougham,  M.,  124 


Broughton,  A.,  657 
Brown,  C,  780 ;  C. 

J.,  657  ;    Dr.  S., 

668;  J.,  127,258, 

261,  655;    L.  S., 

656;  R.,  126, 657. 

R.  J.,    659  ^    Sir 

G.,  241  ;     S.  C, 

261 
Browne,  Mrs.,  395 ; 

W.  R.,  254 
Browning,  C.  A.,  783 
Broxholm,     R.    G., 

258 
Broxbolme,  M.  H., 

525 
Brumby,  M.,  262 
Bryan,  G.  B.,  262 
Bryant,  S.  W.,  256 
Bucban,  S.,  124 
Buchanan,  F.,  392 ; 

W.,  786 
Buckley,  M.,  527 
Bull,  H.,  259  ;    M., 

390 
Buller,  A.,  259 ;  Rt. 

Hon.  I^dy  A.,  125 
Bulley,  M.,  126 
Bullock,  C,  781:  E. 

L,,  786 
Bulmer,  J.,  259 
Bunbury,E.H.,  770 
Burbidge,  B.,  262 
Burcham,  T.  B.,  645 
Burchett,  C.  G.,  656 
Burgess,  E.,  526  ;  J. 

S.,  125;  S.S.,125 
Burgoyne,  C.  A.,  523; 

Lt.  Gen.  Sir  J.,  241 
Burkitt,  Miss,  527  ; 

Mrs.  F.  T.,  391 
Burmester,  F.,  521 
Burnaby,  A.,  779 
Burnett,  E.  A.,  520; 

E.  H.,  889 ;    H., 

254 
Burney,  J.,  124  ;  S. 

E.,  526 
Burr,  F.,  662 
Burrell,  II.  P.,  395 
Burridge,  Mrs.   £., 

256 
Burroughs,    W.  B., 

779 
Burslem,     Col.   N., 

256 
Burton,  A.  M.,  260 
Buttanshaw,  M.  M. 

A.,  125 
Butterworth,     Gen. 

W.  J.,  785 
Buzzard,  J.,  257 
Byers,  M.  A.,  523  ; 

W.,  524 
Byne,  R.,  124 


Byrth,  F.  L.,  392 
Cadbury,  M.,  657 
Calabrella,  Baroness 

de,  661 
Caley,   CoL    H.  F., 

118 
Calvert,  C.  J.,  770  ; 

W.  H.,  782 
Campbell,Maj.-Gen. 

J.,  122 
Cambridge,  Duke  of, 

241,375;  W.,  780 
Cameron,     Lt.-CoL 

W.  G.,  124 
Campbell,  H.,  126; 

L.  M.,  526 ;   Lt.- 

Col.  C.  D.,  624; 

Maj.  -  Gen.       J., 

126 ;  Sir  C,  109, 

241 
Campben,  W.  N.,  786 
Candler,  W.  C.  H., 

125 
Canina,  L.,  781 
Canning,  J.,  520 
Cannon,  S.,  662 
Carew,  M.  C.  L.,  260 
Carey,  A.  M.,  262; 

S.  C,  894 
Carleton,     Capt.  J. 

W.,  125 
Carlisle,  A.,  782 
Carnegy,  T.,  256 
Carpendale,  M.,  655 
Carpenter,  A.,  256; 

Dr.,  109 
Carpue,  E.,  785 
Carr,M.  F.,257;  P. 

B.,  258;  T.,  782 
Carswell,  T.  D.,  781 
Carter,  J.,  785  ;  T., 

125 
Cartwright,    C.  T., 

898;  Col.  W.,  875 
Carver,  E.,  657 
Castledine,  A.,  525 
Castlerosse,       Hon. 

Vise,  875 
Cater,  A.,  124 
Cathcart,  E.  S.,  241 1 

J.,  241 ;  L.,  241 
Catt,  CapL  S.,  524 
Cave,  G.,  256 
Cave-Brown,H.,12d 
Celli,  Baron  P.,  522 
Chalk,  T.,  892 
Chamberlain,       A., 

894 ;  M.  E.,  260  ; 

W.  B.,  260 
Chambers,  M.,  786 
Chance,  J.  T.,  770 
Ciiaplin,  J.  C,  125 
Chapman,  Dr.,  259 ; 

Mrs.  J.,  657 
Chard,  A.  N.,  785 


Index  to  Ndmet. 


Charlea,  C.  M.,  393 

C-ftrtor,  S.,  7M 

CrosiP,  J.  M.,  522 

DeMoif 

Cob™,  S..  2S7 

Crotch,  E„  782 

Dendy,  ] 

CliarllDn,Si)C>ior,»01 

Colbroii,  H.  S.,  257 

Croudaw.  W.,  785 

Deiiisan, 

Chauncv,  iln.,  S'lS 

Cole,  A.,  783;  E.E., 

661; 

Ciiauney,  N.  S.,  201 

783;  W.G.,  780 

127 

375 

Cheap,  A.  A.,  520 

Coleridge,  G„  785 

Cro»e,  E:,  656 

Dennes, 

ChcBler,  J.,  6G1 

Collell,  M.  A.,  G57j 

Crosier,  Mlu  K.  B., 

G..  12 

Chelham,    Lt.-Col., 

vr..  783 

258 

Denny,  '. 

am 

Collier.  W.,  263 

Cniiekthuik.     Mai. 

Den»l:ir< 

CIii;valicr,M.P.,784 

Collins,  K,  786 

J.  J.  F.,  25S 

Dent,  P., 

Clievelcy,  Miss,  659 

Colmote,  T.,  122 

Cubit.  A.,  saa 

1-23; 

Chil<1.8.,  T70 

Colombo,  Dishop  0^ 

Cudlip,  Coinn>.,624 

Denysp, 

Cliinery,  U..  262 

C.  J.,  sou  of.  626 

CuuibiTland,       Col. 

Dc    Sutj: 

CliiuNoirk,  J.,  2ST 

Colqulioun,  F..  6(10 

C.  B.,  241 

Count 

Cholmelpy,    H.  P., 

ColviUe,     lion.      C. 

Cummiov  L.,  625 

ne.h<.n. 

5<J5:  S.,2i9 

K.  A.,  .V23 

CunninRli»m,  J.  S., 

De-p»u 

Clioppin,  C,  2ii6 

Coljer.  \f.,  626 

625;  G.,  521;  It., 

7h4 

Chmtlan,I<.M..;83 

Ctiipigiie,     J.    H., 

621 

Diamon< 

CJiuioI),    E..    6UI; 

520 

Cunuinghame,     A., 

62* 

J.  C.  P^  TBI 

Coniyne,  T.,  254 

7S2i  A.  H..12S; 

Dick,  Co 

diurcliUl.  H.,  Gni : 

Conlml,  W.,  S28 

W.,  523 

T..  24 

H.  A..    113.  241, 

C«oke.E..3eSi  LL- 

Curphev,     Lt.-Col. 

Ditker.  1 

615 ;  L.,  25S 

Col.,  ati-2 

w'..  659 

IJickiiii, 

ClnreiidDn,  E>t1  of, 

Cooror.J..662;  W., 

Cust,  Hon.  L.,  392 

Uickinw 

10!) 

519.669;  W.U., 

Cuilancc,  M..  662 

Xr.   61 

Clnrk,  E.,  2.58:  E. 

77Et 

r)»lby,  S..  659 

65!)',  1 

H..2S0;  B.,e66; 

CooU-,  E.,  123 

DalKety.  F.  JI..  520 

Dickaon, 

T..  521 

Cope,  n„  779 

Dallin,  K,  389 

I..  M. 

Cliirkc,  A.,G27i  F., 

(■orbio,  M..  786 

Dalrymple.CipE.G., 

Dinby.  1 

M2i  G.  JJ^aSl; 

Cotde,.  J.  J..  656 

666 

M.  J. 

W..  32a,   M.  A., 

Conm^all.     L.     G.. 

D'Alton,    J.,    241; 

R.,    (i, 

Loily,   200;     It., 

B.,  668 

780 

WliW.,323i  \V. 

Corlley,    Mnj.-Ccn. 

D.,nps.  K.,  784 

niiioi,.  J 

I).,  2G0 

«■.  B.  C.,113 

Daiiperfield,  M.,fi20 

DiKbrow. 

CUncotI,  Cipt    G., 

Co.ltr,  T-,  659 

Dauiell.   Capl.    U., 

Hod.,  O 

•2S5 

C»tetill.Hev.II,.770 

785  ;  G..  398 

D'nUwoT 

Clnpperton,  J„8tlO 

Coller.E.  1,.  Il.,-i65 

D«nke«,  E.T.,  260 

S..  TSi 

Cli,rk«,n.  W„JB2 

Coiieh,  Mrs.  F.,  256 

Danwy.  W,,  1^2 

nolby,  1 

CUjLlon,  J.,  78S 

Coulclier,  L.  J.,  394 

Dare,  G.  J.,  658 

>'>nal.l» 

Cl.y,   A.  M.,   305: 

Court.^iiay.  J..  2li2 

Uarkf.  J.,  661 

tonkin. 

i:..  394 

Courliii,  M.,  3a3 

Ilarlinji,  A.  W.,  626 

CUylon,A,..i23;S., 

Coii-iiif.  A.  L.,  781 

Daubi:ny,S.E.,627i 

Uorin, 

2UI)ilt.,(i50iW., 

CouloiiriiT,  M.,  393 

657.  ' 

52  4;    1 

2i6 

Co«an.  K.C.,  622; 

Davis,  A.,  124;  Mn. 

MrB^SHl 

M..  258  ;  ,W.  11., 

DouRiVi; 

Clilmnie,  Mi>».  123 

Cox,    J.,  123;    W., 

122 

G.lO 

Clo,idc(l«y,       il«.. 

391,  6.18 

Unvivo,      J.,      126; 

Doulion, 

2S8 

Cmbbc,  C.  P..  650 

J.     C.    G.,     126; 

Dowdi,,- 
Dowk.rr 

Co:ikley.  T.  J..  124 

Crabtice.  M.,  659 

J.r..,2tliK.M., 

CVbb,  H.,  120 

Cmik,  J.,  52(1 

300  i     M..    260; 

Do«»on. 

Cobhold,  T.  M..  782 

Cniiiploii.    G.   n.. 

li.  I-..  600 

D■>)l■^,  i., 

Cuhdcii,  A.  v.,  2iiO 

."i-lV:     I-.,    5:;0; 

Davm.ii,    K.,  390; 

l>rak.-,  S 

Cotbranp.  A.».,7r0 

I>.  C.  520 

S.,  256 

Drtw.-.  1, 

Cock,   J.,    (159;    11. 

Crane.  11.  P.  779 

Davoreu.  A.,  770 

DrisiolJ,  : 

S.,  626 

CroKfotd,  W.,  7H2 

Ilii«n,  F,  P..  126 

Druiiiliini 

Cckajnc,     M.    S„ 

Crajdoi.,  W.,  624 

Da».in,non.!>.A., 

2Sy 

Crear.!,  S.,  522 

657 

nunilire'el 

Cuckbiirn,  Lt,-Col., 

Cr,.aN.  F„12J 

Day,  M.,  2110 

Duiiiville, 

W.  T.,    123;    Sir 

Cffsiwill.  P..  301 

Dcaue,      C,     35S ; 

Duncan, 

A.,  7;o 

Crulf.  Mrj..  78S 

J.  M,  786 

783  J  i: 

C",'fcs,  J.  a.,  254 

Ciok.r.  It.  N.,  127 

Del),  nliam,  T.,  392 

Dondu,, 

CodrinKtoii.      U.ly, 

Crook..,  M.K..  39t; 

Delafosne.J.  lt..257 

It.  S.;  I 

113;    ,M.i.-Ce.i., 

N.,  781 

l)fl].-B-.  A^  125 

F.  n„  a 

113 

Cr..ss,      M..     527  ; 

Deluiar,  G.,  661 

Du   Plut, 
2« 

C«liM.il.A.,U5_ 

Mn.  J.,  5U 

DHii>iubra;,M.,304 

Index  to  Names. 


805 


Dwarris,   A.,  Lady, 

126 
Dver,    E.   394;    J., 

524 
Dyster,  Mrs.  J.,  262 
Eagle,  F.  K.,  126 
Eames,  J.,  125 
Earnshaw,  S.  M.,260 
Eckersley,  J.,  522 
Edgar,  J.  O.,  260 
Edge.    J.    F.,    783, 

786 
Edmonds,  J.,   258 ; 

Miss  S.,  395 
Edwardes,  M.  J.  C, 

125 
Edwards,  Dr.,  660 ; 

F.L..6o9;  G.H., 

656;  Hon. H., 125; 

S.  M.,522;T.H., 

657 
Egan,  Dr.,  390 
Elgin   and    Kincar- 

dine,  Earl  of,  109 
Ellerby,     Mrs.     R., 

262 
Ellesmere,  Earl  of, 

770 
Ellice,    Gen.,    256; 

J.,  122 
Elliot,  G.  M.,  519; 

M.,    394;     Kear- 

Admiral  C,  375 
Elliott,  Mrs.,  124 
Ellis,  Capt.  G.,  661 
Elston,  T.  W.,  260 
Elton,  J.,  263,  394 
Elvey,  I.  A.,  259 
English,  H.,  656 
Ernst,  S.,  394 
Escott,  T.  S.,  390 
Estcourt,E.  W.,  122 
Esterliazy,       Count 

G.,  258 
Estlin,  A.,  662 
Eitlieverry,      Mrs., 

784 
Etty,  W.  H.,  519 
Evans,    J.  E.,  122  ; 

M.,  263,391;  W., 

123 
Ev.itt,  S.,  787 
Evciel,  B.  J.,  786 
Everett,     Miss    A., 

258  ;   W..  786 
Evershed,  Miss  M., 

260 
Ewen,  S.  R,,  659 
Ewer,  M.,  786 
Exeter,  J.,  786 
Eves,  E.,  520 
Eyre,  H.   M.,  523; 
Maj.-Gen.SirW., 
113 
Fahie,  Lady,  785 

Gknt.  Mao.  Vol. 


Falconar,  M.,  662 
Falconer,  G.  G.,  258 
Fallon,  S.  A.,  392 
Fanshawe,       Rear- 
Admiral  H.,  395 
Farish,  H.,  780 
Farmer,  J.  W.,  260 
Farquharson,  C.  M., 

259 
Farr,  Mrs.  S.,  527 
Farrington,  J.,  262 
Faulkner,E.  A.,782; 
Lady     B.,     391 ; 
W.  E.  L.,  390 
Fayle,  B.,  662 
Featherston,  J.,657; 

J.  R.,  780 
Fell,  Comm.W., 255 
Fellowes,  E.  C,  525 
Feltham,  Miss  M., 

260 
Fenton,     Mrs.     E., 

262  ;  M.,  659 
Fenwick,  A.R.,395; 

J.,  787 
Ferard,  E.,  259 
Ferguson,   J.,  391 
Fergusson,  W.,  663 
Fermoy,  Lord,  770 
Fen  J  8,  Maj.   J.  G., 

124,  255 
Ferraby,  C.  524 
Ferrier,  W.,  520 
Few,  E.  R,  261 
Field,  E.,  525  ;   W., 

781 
Fillingham,  G.,  782 
Finnis,  A.,  261  ;  C, 

257  ;  H.,  257 
Firebrace,  W.,  392 
Firininger,  526 
Firth,  A.,  520;  W. 

H.,  125 
Fisher,  E.  C,  785 
Fitch,  E..  256 
Fitzgerald,  Capt  H., 

256 
Fitz-Gerald,  H.,661 
Fitz. Gibbon,  G.  C, 

785 
Fitzjames,  Countess 

C.  784 
Fitz-Roy,E.U.,523 
Fitzsimon,  C,  392 
Fitzwilliam,  Mrs.  A. 

P.  392 
Fleming,  Lt,H.,  524 
Fletcher,   A.,   261  ; 

J.  M..  525 
Foote,  J.,  254 
Forbes,    H.,      658; 

Mrs.  L.,  261 
Forster,  J.,  122 
Fortescue,  Earl,  241; 
W.,  655 

XLVI. 


Fortoul,  M.  261 
Foster,E.,524;  J. 125 
Fowell,  H.,256 
Fowler,CaptS.,657; 

J.,   113;    S.,  261, 

393 
Frampton,  L.,  785 
Franghiadi,  M..  258 
Franklyn,  R.,  786 
Frnser,  C,  781 ;  W., 

124 
Fratten,Mr8.E.,260 
Frazer,  S.  L.,  525 
Free  Lt.-Col.  J.,  122 
Freeling,  A.  H.,  255 
Freeman,   A.,   258; 

S.,  783 
French,  S.,  782 
Friend,  J.,  256 
Fry,  P.,  658 
Fuller,  C.  W.,  522  ; 

E.,    125;    J.  A., 

392 
Furlonge,  A.,  525 
Furmage,  G.  S.,  785 
Gaffney,  G.,  262 
Galland,  G.  A.,  520 
Galsworthy,  W.  H., 

126 
Gandion,  J.,  658 
Gane,  W.,  122 
Gardiner,  E.B.,  260; 

M.  A.,  394 
Gardiner,    R.,    125, 

258 
Garfit,  W.,  624 
Garle,  T,  394 
Garraway,  F.  H.,  260 
Garr    ,  T.,  262 
Garr    ,  S.,  662 
Garrow,  E.  J.,  259 
Gee,  S.,  256 
Gell,  J.  H.,  662 
Gerard,  L.,  779 
Geihardr,  Prof.,  522 
Gem. an,  M.,  257 
Gibb,  E.,  124 
Gibbs,  G.,  6>7 
Gibson,  C.  T.,  258  ; 

D.,  78i  I  J.  662 
Gilbert,  L.,  t>2l 
Giles,  H.  J.,  521 
Gillbee,  W.,  255 
Gilliat,  J.  K.,  525 
Gillman,  M.  E.,  255 
Gilraour,  P.,  395 
Gilson,  B.,  124 
Gladstone,  A.,  521 
Glanville,  Capt.  G., 

783 
Glennie,Lt-W.,257 
Glossop,  R.,  657 
Glover,  G.,  123 
Ooddard,  S.,  657 
Goding,  J.,  398 


Golbome,  M.,  659 
Goldney,  T.,  782 
Goldsmid,  C,  255 
Goldsmith,  J.,  520 
Gooch,     Sir   E.  S., 

786 
Good,  J.  W.,  256 
Goodenough,  W.  £., 

P.   393 
Goodliff,  L.,  124 
Goodman,     W.   B., 

390 
Gordon,  Com.  J.  122; 
H.,  779;  Lt.-Gen. 
W.A.,520;  Miss 
L.,  770;  S.,  124; 
Sir  J.  A.,  241 
Gorman,  M.  A.,  523 
Goslin,  F.,  526 
Gosling,  G.,  258 
Gosset,  Col.,  258 
Goude,  J.,  260 
Gough,  £.,  262 
Govett,  C,  662 
Gowan,  A.  J.,  258 
Gower,  C.  T.,  520 
Graham,  M.,  662 
Gran&rd,     Earl    of^ 

770 
Granger,  £.,  662 
Grant,  A.,  525;  F. 

B,394;  SirR.L, 

393 
Granville,  Earl,  875 
Green,  A.,  527 ;  M. 

M.,  662;  N.W., 

786 
Greene,  A.  S.,  525 
Green  way,  L.,  125 
Oresley,!.,  394,520 
Greville,     Capt   C. 

H.,  113 
Grey,  R.  J.  M.,  259 
Griffith,  G.,  121;  J. 

394 :  T.,  261 
Griffiths,  J.  B.,  125  ; 

Lieut.  J.  F.,  657 
Grigor,  M.,  518 
Grimston,  Hon.  C, 

662 
Griswold,  J.,  520 
Groser,  W.,  390 
Grove,£.KD.,128; 

H.D.,123;  J.,525 
Groves,  Mrs.  M.,  660 
Grubb,  S.  C,  259 
Gunn,  F.  S.,  125 
Gunter,  J.,  781 
Gurney,  J.,  659 ;  S., 

126 
Gurteen,  D.,  S9S 
Guyon,  Gen.,  780 
Gwilt,  M.  A.,  123 
Gwynne,  J.,  784 
Uabgood,  T.,  662 

6k 


Ijidex  to  Names. 


Hadden,  Hrr.,  260 
Haden,  C,  783 
Hsdyn.  J.,  240 


HoK 


t.  li..  3; 


!.«»,  J..  533 
Hill.A.,li4;  M.A., 
125:  T.  H„  6li0i 
W.  J.  F.,  256 

Hily,  A^  786 

Hamilton.  Ens.,  295  { 
Hon.  M.  C  391  ; 
M.,  263 


Haiiii 


Mis: 


2112 


Hancoik,  T.  J,  783 
Hann,  J.,  521 
H»iirof,  P.  A..  783 
lUnBlip,  M.,  7S6 
Harard,  S.,  262 
Harden,  K.,  122 
IIardmK.ti^7St:  S., 

781 1  T.  II.,  123 
Hardwick,  J.,   391; 

W.  It.,  65S 
Hardy,  A.S.M.,124 
Hnrc,    II..    123i    J., 

2G2 
Haiford,  A.,  390 
Hargravei,  I.,  531 
HargreivcA,  I.,  600 
Haritiglon,     II.    B., 

I2» 
Harper.  H.J.C, 375 
Harrington,  Mrs.  R., 
662 1  T.  W.,  203 
Hariii.  C.  P.,  25!1 
Huriaon,  B.,  123 
Hartley,  J..  770 
Hartmaii,SErJ..  I2(i 
Harvey,  J.,  258  iW., 

<iGO 
Harwood,    Mn.  J., 

262 
Haslehuril,   F.  M., 

2.i6 
Hailer,  R.  C.  126 
Hassan.  M.  A.,  781 
Hasaarcl,  F.,  SIO 
IlaKlmea,  A.  I'.,12S| 
J.,  3Hlf 


Haylea,  J.,  783 
Haylon,  T.,  6S8 

Hazel],  R.H,  258 
Head,  F.,  521 
Heald,  O.  T.,  257 
Heath,  J.,  250 ;  M. 

E.,  124 
Hedges  M.,  525 
Henderson,  MrB.,260 
Henrv,  A.,  626  ;  II., 


Herbert,    J..   6SS  ; 

Lt..Gen.  C,  113; 

Maj.-Gen.C.,  113 
Hcrrick,     H.,    526, 

W.  P.,  770 
HerriM,  C,  J.,  770 
Horlalel,W.J.,113 
Her«ey,Li.dyK.,125 
HetUcTiii;llon,E.,125 
HcweCl,A.,780;G., 

781 
Heydinger,W.C.,256 
Heylai,  H.,  389 
HickM,  W.  J..  125 
Hitdyard,C.ll.,260 
Hill,   H.,  127  i    I., 

655;  M.  A.,  256; 
Hilliard.  M,  392 
Hindc.    MiBB,    262; 

Mr*.  J.  W'.,  782 
Hird,  S.,  123 
Hilhcock,W.J.,39t 
Hoare,  II.  M.,  257  ( 

n.  J.,  655 
Bobaotl,M.E.,25e; 

M.  L.  K.,  122 
Hnblyn,  S.,  394 
Hockinpi,  Capt.  F. 

M.,  122 
Hodgo,  M.  J.,  6S8 
llodgetts,  1,,782 
Ha<lKkinton,U.,l24 
Hodwn,    J.,    600; 


Hat 


*.,  780 


Hawi.r<leTi,  Itt.  lion. 

C.  Vise,  663 
Hawe.,  W„  257 
IIawkin>,K.,126iF. 

J„525;  H.A.,6I)0 
Huw<>rlh,K„120;C. 

L„  2.37 
llav,  Capt  R..  .526; 

1.1-GL.n.  P.,30ir 

MnL  J.  M.,  391 
Hiyaid,  A.,  523 
Haydn,  .Mi«.M, 241 
Hajei,  C.  W.,  261; 

Dr.  J,  656 


Honey,  E.,  393 
Hood,  G.,  526 
Hook,  Mrt,  780 
Hooke.  H.,  122 
Hope,  E.  M.,  663; 

Hon.  Mn„  124 
Hopper.  T..  520 
Hore,  E„  782 
Humby,    Hon.    G., 

391 ;  M.  L.,  392 
Horiitdfe,  F..  262 
Horafali,  M.  J„  127 
Horhley.  N.,  124 
Hort,  Lady  L.  G., 

126 
Korian,  M.  A.,  124 
Hornood,    C,    521. 

656 


,  P.  R.  E.,  240 

Hotliam.  Rear- A  dm. 
Hon.  G.F.,  781 

Hounton,  S..  526 

How,  E.,  124 

Howard,  Capt.  J., 
256  1  H..780:  J.. 
256;  Ll..Col.  R., 
658 ;  M.,  785  | 
Mrs.  E„  256 

HoKtb,  CounteM 
Dowaitcr  or,  658 

Hubbard,  S.,  519 

Hudson,  A.,  655; 
C..393;  P„62i} 

Hughea.  C,  S26  i 
J.  F.,  783  J  J.  I-., 
3H0;  11,  E.,  375 

Hulkei.  J.  S..  526 


Irwin,  J.  B.. 

Iaaaeion,Maj 
Isliam,  C,  AJ 

659 
Jackson.      H 

520;    R.  I 

W..   259; 

661 
Jacobaon,  E. 
James,   G.   £ 

T.  D.,  122 

257 

Jsriliiic,  D.. 
Jefiery,  J.,  2 

H..  259 

Jeffx,  II.,  2S 

Jenkin*,  M. 

Jepion,  C., : 
JervU.n,5; 


7113; 


£20 


John>on,  A 
hZ.l..-lSS: 
H.,  781  ! 


J.,  394,  I 
G.  C.  M. 

R..  257.31 


Hl»: 


.  E-.  ! 


Miai 


262 


Hoeeiidor|i,C.S.W., 

Count  von,  783 
Hogg.  T.  J..  389 
llolbccli.  \\-..  123 
Ilolbom,  R.  M„  258 
Holder.  J.  II..  526 
Holding,  V...  MJ 
Holland.  Dr.  T.  S., 

127:  !<ir  II.,  109 
Hollier,  II.,  783 
Kollovay,  U.,  12S 
Halm,  J.  !>.,  782 
Holinan,  H..  123 
Holme,  IS.,  263 
Huinx-a,     A..      109 

258  ;  H.  M.,  524 
Holworthy,    H.  A., 

390 


Humlrey.  M„  126 
Hunippge.A.M.,262 
Ilmiloke,  Sir  J.,  257 
Huut,U.S.  L..  645; 

H..257,391iJ.P., 

392;  M.,  262;  S. 

124;  W.  127 
Huntvr,  C.  V,  781 ; 

V!..  658 
Hunlinudau,  B.  U., 

3K9 
HutctiiujiDn,  E.  B., 

258;  G.,123;  M., 
T..  51 


Hut 


M.  1 


,526 


Hutlon.  '. 
Hy-ic,  T.  P.,  262 
i\m.  E.,  124 
Ingeiiro,  Vise.,  770 
Ingli.,  Col.  A.,  123 
Innc'S,  G.  A.,  122 
Irliy,  L.,  619 
Ireland,  11.  P.,  662; 

S.,  262 
Irving,  X..  257 ;  C, 


A.  A.,  25( 

Gen.J.iG. 

782 :      M: 

261  :   >I.: 

I'-,   254; 

060  ;    Sir 

lOtt,    T. 

519  ;   W., 

Jordan,  G.  \ 

Jouvnne,  E., 

Jowett,  Serj. 

Joyce,   T,  L 

Kallibira*.  I 
Kcaiy.  W.,  6 
Kca(«,  R.  Vf 
Keeling.  A.. 
Keene,  S.  K. 
Kelly,  J.   M 

S..  522 
Kelsey.  R.,  i 
Kemps,    Mr 

390 
Kennard,  S. 


Index  to  Names. 


807 


Kenrick.W.  C,  660 
Kent,  G.,  122 
Keogh,  Col.,  770 
KciT,    lion.    A.    S., 

521;  J.,  784;  T., 

7^2 
Kcrrison,  E.,  659 
Kevin,  T.,  521,  657 
Key,  E.  U.,  263 
Key  sell,  M.,  123 
Kidgdl,  R.,  261 
Kielniansepge,  Gen, 

Count  (le,  521 
Kinjr,  A.,  258;   C, 

658;  Hon.  H.  F., 

655;  J.,  123;  Mrs., 

Gt){) ;  R.,  255  ;  T., 

31)2;  U.,  127;  W., 

390,  519 
Kingdon,  W.,  781 
Kin{;stord,  E.,  785 
Kippcn,  G.  L.,  526 
Kirk,  P.,  785 
Kirsopp,  C,  785 
Kirwan,  R.,  261 
Kitson,  G.,  658 
Korlright,  C,  770 
Knight,  .!.,  658;   M. 

E,  261;    R.   H., 

51!);  W.,  121- 
Knightley,  Lady  S. 

M.,  392 
Knox,  Coh  Hon.  J., 

261  ;  M.  W.,  394 
Lafone,  S.,  524 
Lake,  Col.  H.  A., 

615  ;  Lieut.- Col., 

241  ;  Lieut.-Col. 

H.  A.,  241 
Lamb,    Miss,    785  ; 

R.  B.,  113 
Lanibe,  R.  C,  125 
Lambart,  C,  394 
Lambert,  A.M.,  522; 

C,    395;     C.    E., 

525  ;  J.,  785 
Lamotte,  J.  L.,  256 
Lang,  A.,  125 
Lancaster,  L.,  663 
Langdale,  Mrs.,  259 
Langibrd,    F.,  390  ; 

Mrs.  E.  H.,  Qh^  ; 

R.,  127 
Langliarne,Capt.W., 

78f> 
Larkins,  J.  P.,  526 
Lauderdale,     Right 

Hon.  E.  Countess 

of,  657 
Laurie,  R.,  657 
Lavers,  W.  B.,  125 
Lavie,  E.  L.,  257 
Law  ford,  J.,  123 
LawreiiS(>n,  Col.  G. 

S.,  519 


Lawton,  P.,  391 
Lax,  Mr.,  259 
Lay  cock,  J.,  519,655 
Leach,  \V.  C,  390 
Lean,  N.,  124 
Lee,  R.  L.,  261 
Leech,  \V.,  524 
Leeds,  DuchessDow. 

of,  393 
Lefroy,  C.  E.,  260 
Legge,  Countess  de, 

524;  J.,  780 
Legh,  M.,  126 ;  M. 

A.,  526 
Legrew,  J.,  390 
Leigh,  J.,  779;    S. 

784 
Lcman,  S.  L.0.,783 
Lemon,   Lieut.-Col. 

T.,  39  \ 
Leslie,  H.,  257 
Lethebridge,  Col.  T. 

A.,  127 
Lewis,  A.,  255,260; 

G.,  262  ;    G.  F., 

375;  J.,  522;  W. 

P.,  660 
Liddell,  C,  781 
Light,Co].A.W.,255 
Lightfoot,AV.W.,785 
Lindpaiuter,     Herr, 

522 
Lindsay,  Lieut.  J.H., 

Lindsel,  R.,  660 
Line,  E.  P.,  262 
Lister,  Capt.  G.  A., 

519 
Litt,  S.,  261 
Little,  Capt  T.  S., 

124 
LitUewood,  C,  390; 

J.,  523 
Livingstone,  A.,  520 
Livins,  G.  P.,  526 
Llewellyn,  IL,  260 
Lloyd,   J.  G.,  781; 

Maj.F.,  523;Mrs. 

F.  D.,  240;   Mrs. 

S.,  662  ;  P.,  523 
Lock,  Capt.  W.  E., 

124 
Locke,  A.  L.  C. 

MacD.,  657;  E., 

527  ;  J.,  623 
Loftus,  Mrs.,  657 
Logan,  Mis8M.,661; 

M.,  527 
Long,  A.,  392;  Mrs. 

M.,241;  ^„QbQ 
Lonley,  Dr.  C.  T., 

645. 
Longmore,  T.,  263 
Lorking,Mrs.T.,257 
Lover,  S.,  240 


Low,  Mrs.  E.,  394 
Lowe,  A.,  395;    K., 

Lowis,  R.,  525 
Lowndes,  Lieut.  A. 

K.,  393 
Lucas,  E.  S.,  259 
Ludlain,Mrs.A.,  257 
Lugar,  M.,  521 
Luke,    J.  R.,    257; 

Miss  M.  P.,  259 
Lukin,  J.  W.,  392 
Luxmore,  T.  C.  F., 

394 
Lyon,  J.,  660 
Lyons,  Sir  E.,  109, 

113 
Lyte,  H.\V.M.,125 
Lytton,    Sir  E.   B., 

770 
M'Adam,  E.  C,  662 
McDonald,  T.,  259 
McCau8land,W."\V., 

257 
McDonald,  R.,  255 
McDougal,Miss394 
Macbeth,  A.,  393 
MacCall,  M.,  786 
Macdougall,  L.  A., 

526 
Macfarlan,  G.  P.  E., 

519 
McGufTog,  S.,  256 
Machell,  T.,  ^b6 
M'Intyre,  Capt.  M., 

392 
Mackenzie,  A.,  524 
Mackintosh,  D.,656; 

W.  L.  H.,  390 
M'Laren,   Mrs.   C, 

391 
Maclean,     Lt.-Col., 

786  ;  Sir  G.,  241 
MacLeod,  F.  L.  G., 

262 
McLeod,  J.  L.,  645 ; 

Lieut.Gen.D.,l26 
Macleod,  D.  A.,  521 
M'Millan,  M.A.K., 

784 
Macnab,  E.  Y.,  525 ; 

Sir  A.  N.,  875 
McNaughtan,     W., 

262 
McNeill,  A.  C,  256 
Madden,  Lieut  Col. 

E.,  258 
Maddy,  J.,  389 
Madox,  E.,  525 
Maine,  J.  B.,  781 
Maitland,  £.  C,  390 
Mallon,  H.,  622 
Malton,  M.  A.,  782 
Mandcrson,    J.    R. 

392 


Manners,  W.,  662 
Mansfield,  Gen.  R., 

645 ;  J.,  786 
Manton,    Mrs.    E., 

522 
Manwarring,  A.,  395 
Maples,  R.,  524 
Marfleet,  J.  1.,  395 
Marling,  S.,  394 
Marsh,  T.  W.,  390 
Marshall,  A.  C.,519; 

C.  B.,  656 ;  G.  E., 

524;  J.,  657 
Marillier,  F.  W.  H., 

255 
Marriott,  £.,  256 
Martin,    O.    F.  M., 

785 ;    Rear-Adin. 

Sir  H.  B.,  241 
Martineau,  S.,  261 
Mason,     M.,    618 ; 

Mrs.,  268 
Massey,  Hon.  G.  L., 

785;  W.  O.,  122 
Massie,  P.,  262 
Massingbird,  P.,  659 
Masterman,  T.,  665 
Mate,  R.  P.,  122 
Matlhew,D.D.,780; 

M.  G.,  256 
Matson,  C,  658 
Matthews,  J.,  667 
Maude,  B.  E.,  394 
Maughan,A.M.,782 
Maxwell,    E.,   520; 

Lady  U.,  266  ;M., 

669 
May,    E.,   624;   J., 

124;  S.,  657 
Mead,  J.,  626 
Meares,  S.  D.,  668 
Mellish,  T.,  262 
Melliss,  A.,  393 ;  J., 

620 
Mendham,  J.,  780 ; 

W.  H.,  620 
Mend.s,  T.,  124 
Mercer,  A.,  393 
Merrick,  J.,  660 
Merriman,  £.,  127; 

H.  E.,  394 
Metcalfe,  T.,  783 
Michele,  C.  £.  de, 

646 
Michelson,  Mrs.  J., 

391 
Micklefield,  A.,  265 
Micklethwait,N.W. 

J.  B.,  391 
Middleton,  D.,  891 ; 

M.  A.,  391 
Midworth,  S.,  781 
Mieville,     M.     A., 

783 
Milbank,  J.,  262 


808 


Index  to  Name$. 


I 


I 


/ 


\      • 


Miles,  E.  M.,  784: 
M.,  aCA  ;  Mrs.  S. 
IL,  394 
Milestone,  A.,  527 
Miller,  A.,  660;  E. 
M.,  39f;  J.,  619; 
W.  E.,  780 
Millet,  F.,  392 
Mills,  J.,  783  ;    T., 

389,  621,  779 
Milner,  P.,  261 
Mil  ward,  Mr.,  783 
Minchin,  E.C.,  126 
Missing,  J.  M.,  393 
Moens,  J.  B.,  391 
Moffat,  C.  W.,  122 
Motrjnie,  J.,  524 
Moleyns,    Maj.    de, 

521 
Molison,   Mrs.    M., 

520 
Mollacly,  J.,  125 
Montagu,  A.  D.  B. 

787 
Monteith,  R.  E.,  658 
Moor,  J.  n.,  780 
Moore,  Capt.F.,788; 
Dm    393;    F.    J., 
526;    Lieut.  CoL 
Hon.     R,      785 ; 
T/icut.    Gen.    Sir 
W.  G.,  2M;   M., 
659;   P.,  528 
Morgan,    A.,     123 ; 
C.   Cm  258;    E., 
124;  L.,525;  S., 
392 ;  \V.,  662 
Morrison,    Mrs.  J., 

391 
Morphew,  CaptM  525 
Morrison,  Sir  J.  W., 

259 
Morse,  A.,  526  ;   E. 

Am  781 
Mortimer,   J.,  262; 

S.,  785 
Morton,  M.,  127 
Moseley,  K.,  659 
Mosor,  Pm  622 
Mosley,  Om  659 
Moss,  Wm  263 
Mottram,  Km  258 
Mountain,  J.  Gm  779 
Mountford,    M.  Y., 

661 
Mouslcy,     W.    M., 

389 
Movie,  P.  Gm  519 
Mudge,  W.  H.,  261 
Mullane,  Em  257 
Muinford,  Cm  521- 
M urchin,  S.,  524 
Murphy,  Scrj.,  645 
Murray,  Hon.  H.  1)., 
626';  J.  M.,  122 


Musgrave,    E.     F., 
521;  M.  H.,621 
Mylne,  Dr.,  779 
Naish,  J.  Fm  391 
Napier,  M.,  523 
Narcliffe,  M.,  394 
Nash,  Cm  121 
Nassau,  Duchess  of| 

261 
Neale,  C,  125 
Neate,  E.,  658 ;  T., 

Neilson,    Mrs.    M., 

261 
Nevill,  A.,  126 
Newbery,  R.,  258 
Newcastle,  Duke  of^ 

770 
Newell,  A.,  260 
Newington,  Miss  M., 

391 
Newman,  H.,  261  ; 

W.,  394 ;  W.  L., 

392 
Newton,    Lady    A., 

662  ;      J.,     662  ; 

Lieut.,  390;  M., 

256 
Nicholls,  Cm  526 
Nicoll,  J.,  520 
Nicolls,  C.  Gm  788 
Nijrhtinjrale,     Capt 

E.  Hm  255 
Nind,  \Vm  519 
Nixon,  Mm  522 
Noad,  Em  781 
Nolcken,     Sm     Ba- 
roness, 395 
Norreys,  J.  A.J.,658 
North,  Hon.  Sm  522 
Northhouse.Capt.  T. 

390 
Norton,  W.  A.,  254 
Norwood,  E.,  524 
Nottige,  Em  519 
Nugent,  Lady  M.A., 

520 
Oakley,  Lieut.-Col., 

781 
O'Brien,  Lady,  659 
O'Cock,  Em  393 
O'Connell,  J.,  645 
O'Connor,   Col.    L. 

Sm  2H 
Odell,  P.,  261 
O' Donovan,  J.,  241 
Ogden,  B.,  660 
Oke,  M.  Am  663 
Oldham,  H.,  261 
Oldknow,  H.,  658 
Oliver.  M.  Am  781 
Onslow,  J.  J..  523 
Orchard,  M.  E.,  in5^ 
Osborne,    A.,    394 ; 

Lady  C,  662 


Ottley,  G.  W^  263 
Otto,  Mr.,  662 
Padgett,  J.,  626 
Padley,  A.,  121 
Paget,  C,  S76 
Painter,  P.,  786 
Palmer,  A.  M.,  781 ; 
C.  Em  626;    £., 
661;  G.,523;  H., 
390 ;  Mrs.  £.,  269 
Palnierston,     Vise., 

241 
Papps,  F.  A^  123 
Pardee,  G.  Dm  122 
Parfitt,  J.,  126 
Parke,  A.,  781 
Parker,  R.,  786 
Parry,  M.,  626 
Parsons,  £.  F.,  %b5 ; 

M.  A.,  394 
Pashley,  H.  M.,  267 
Passavant,  P.  L,  524 
P..tch,  II.  R.  Hm  526 
Pate,  R.  Fm  394 
Paterson,   Capt.    J., 
624 ;  J.,  668 ;    J. 
N.,   122;    Lieut.- 
Gen.T.,  127;  M. 
Am  394 
Patmore,  G.  Mm  890 
Pattison,  Capt  J.  R. 

G.,  126 
Paul,   Am  662;   R. 

Cm  782 
Pauton,  £.  Mm  126 
Payne,  C.  £.,  625 ; 

F.,  524;  Sm  124 
Peach,  A.,  625  ;  G^ 

391 
Peacock,  M.  Am  621 
Peaoocke,Maj.-Geii. 

Tm  257 
Peake,  S.,  260 
Pearson,    C,    622; 
II.  Nm  780;  Lieut. 
H.  656;  Sm269 
Peck  ham,  Tm  782 
Peevor,  Capt.,  666, 

659 
Pegjr,  J.,62l 
Pelly,  Hm  661 
Penj^elly,  Capt.  T., 

391 
Penn,  Miss  Hm  263 
Penrose,  Cm  669 
Penruddock,  S.  B., 

260 
Pepys,  W.  II.,  521 
Perceval,  Hon.  Mrs. 

A.  P.,  257 
Pcreival.C.WM667; 
D.    Mm   626;   R. 
Nm  781 
Percy,     Vice-Adm. 
Hon.  Jm  782 


FcmeTf  w,,  r 
Perry,  J.C.F.  i 
Petit*    Gen.    \ 

259 
Peto,  S.,  257 
P  hay  re,  M.,  5 
Phelps,  W.,  5 
Phillipn,    F., 

M.  A.,  125; 

S.    A.,   657 

521 
Philpot.  ^L.  2 
Pick,  Mrs.,  K 
Pickering,  A., 
Pierce,  S.,  52J 
Pigott,  J.  C 
Pinckard,  L., 
Pinder,  J.,  12 
Pine.  B.  C.  C 
Pinkerton,  H. 
Pinkey,  J.  V., 
Piper,  A.,  65E 
Pirie,  A  L.,  i 
Pitcaim,  P.,  j 
Pitmau,  i^  Mi 
Place,  Capt. 

122 
Plinke.  S.,  39 
Pole,  J.  F.,  2i 
Poison,  P.,  bli 
Polwarth,  J., 
Ponsonby,  A.! 
Poole,  J.,  259 

785 
Pooley,  W.  E 
Porter,  T.,  25 
Pottinger,  A- 
Powell,  K.,  2 

660  ;  J.  H. 
Pownall,  C.  £ 

H.,  522 
Poynder,  T., 
Praed,  H.  C.  1 
Prater.  K.  T., 
Pratt,    K.   J., 

J.,  258 ;  M 
Prendergast,  : 

261 
Prescott,  H.J 
Pressley,  C,  ' 
Pre»ton',  B.  !M 
Price,   II.,  52 

620 
Prichard,   M., 

R..  656 ;  T 
Prickett, 

Admiral,  T 
Prior,  II.  E.,  , 
Pritchett,  C, 
Prosser,  E.,  6 
Protherhoe, 

W.  G.  B.,  € 
Prothero,  E«,  i 
Pulham,  F.,  1 
Pnrcell,  C.  A. 


I    I 


Index  to  Names.  809 

Purrhon,  J.,  785  Riddlesden,Capt.R.,  St  Germans,  Coun-  Shelburne,  Earl  of, 

rurnell,  T.  261  658  U-ss  of,  260  241 

Purvis,  Mrs.  J.,  392  Ridge,  W.,  521  St.John,  C,  392 ;  C.  Shepherd,  E.,  657 

Putiand,  A.  D.,  783  Ridgway,     Lt-Col.  W.  G^  262  Sheppard,  M.,  258; 

Putsey,  A.  J..  658  J.  A..  126  ;  J.,770  St.  Leger,  C,  661  S.  S.,  258 

I'ycroft,  E.,  785  Riley,  Miss,  261  Sale,  J.  B.,  657  Sherbrooke,   K.    P., 

Quarterinan,  E.  H.,  Rippingall,  C,  658  Sampson,  Mrs.  E.B.,  Lady,  123 

784  Ritchie,  J.  A.,  255  785 ,  T.  G.  G.,  780  Sherrard,  G.,  257 

Queade,  P.  V.,  523  Robeck,   Baron   de,  Sanders,  11.,  262  Shewell,  Col.  F.  G, 

Quelch,  Capt.  J.  S.,  659  Sandford,  W.,  786  660 

520  Roberts,Lt.-Col.W.,  Sankey,  E.,  521  Shillito,  H.,  392 

Quesne,  C,  662  123;      M.     258;  Sandon,  Lord,  113;  Shimmelpennick, 

Raban,  E.,  525  W.  R.,  122  Rear.-Adm.    W.,  Mrs.,  524 

Raby,  A.  T.,  521  Robertson,  1).S.,782;  113  Shore,  E.,  124 

Racey,  J.,  123  E.  Y.,  127  ;  J.  S.,  Sandwith,  H.,  109  Shuckburgb,  H.,786 

Radrord,Capt.S.,113  390  Saul,  J.  H.,  J23  Siddall,  J.,  660 

Raine,  A.,  259  Robeson,   Capt.    G.  Saunder,  S.,  785  Sidney,  Vise,  118 

Ralph,  J.  R.,  393  H.,  393  Saunders,  H.C, 656;  Silverwood,  A.,  260 

Ranimel,  C,  390  Robins.,  C.  M.,  261  S.,  522  ;  T.  J.  C,  Simmonds,  M.,  657 

Ramsay,    Capt.   A.,  Robinson,C.H.,260 ;  260  Simms,  R.  H.,  261 

6.56;    Hon.    Mrs.  F.H.,78 1 ;  H.,786  Savery,  S.,  123  Simpson,  C.W.,  122; 

A.,127:  J.  J., 655;  Robson,  E.  D.,  262  Scaife,  C,  255  F.,  518;  G.,  779 

Lt.  Col.  J..  523  Rochfort,  M.G.,522  Scale,  R.  B.,  256  Sims,  S.,  622 

Randall,  J.,  256  Rod  well,  C,  392  Scarlett,  Hon.C,  375  Sina,  Baron,  123 

Randcli,  J.,  254  Roe,  W.  H.,  655  Schillizzi,  M.,  780  Sinclair,  M.,  783 

Randfield,    W.     C,  Roesch,  F.  D.,  255  Schintow,  J.,  261  Singleton,    Lt-Col. 

526  Rogers,    E.,     519;  Schlippenbacb,  Ctss.  J.,  261 

Rankin,  M.  F.,  125  G.  S.,  390 ;  J.,519  A.,  393  Skair,  J.,  262 

Raphael,  L.,  524  Rolfe,  J.,  124  ;  Mrs.  Schnell,  E.  S.,  257  Skelton,  F.,  525 

Ra^trick,  J.  U.,  785  C.  W.,  784  ;  Mrs.  ScholHeld,  A.,  521  Slack,  F.  W.,  784 

Ravensworth,      Rt.  M.  G.,  660  Schumann,  R.,  393  Slade,  G.  A.,  781 ; 

Hon.  Lady,  394  Rolt,Gen.  Sir  J.,786  Scott,  C,  257 ;   E.,  H.,  392 

Rav,  S.  F.,  783  Rooke,  G.,  655  662;  G.  L.,  126  ;  Slipper,  T.,  528 

Read,  Lt.  G.,  127;  Roose,  G.  B.,  257  J-i  375,  658;  Lt.-  Smalley,E.M.,259; 

S.,  527  Roper,  W.,  661  Col.  T.,  659 ;  M.  F.  J.,  659 

Reade,  C.  E.,  712  Ross,  A.,  392  ;    Dr.  L, 260;  W. P.,  389  Smart,    Mrs.    J.  J., 

Riavens,  F.,  125  A.  C,  657  ;   Mrs.  Scovell,  W.  G.,  256  256 ;  Mr.,  522 

Redington,    Sir    T.,  H.,  256  ;  T.,  241  Scratchley,  M.,  527  Smee,  J.,  519;  W., 

645  Rossiter,  M.  B.,  523  Scratton,  H.,  125  786 

Ret'd,J.,122;N.R.,  Rothman,  Dr.,  109  Scudamore,   G.   A.,  Smith,     A.  L.    N., 

258  Roupe'l,  R.  P.,  526  785  261;  A.  M.,  126; 

Ree8,E.,522;  H.  A.,  Rouse,  E.  A.,  656 ;  Searle,  A.,  661  B.,661 ;  F.P.,240| 

526  G.  C.,525  ;  R.  B..  Sears,  E.,  782  H.,  123 ;  J.,  261, 

Reiidlesham,  Lady,  780  Seatou,  Gen.  Lord,  262,  524;  J.  W., 

524  Rowlandson,  J.,  254  645  261 ;  Lt.  S.,  786 ; 

lUnshaw,  J.,  785  Rowley,  A.,  659  Seller,  M.  E.,  394  Miss,  258;  Mrs., 

R.nwick,   E.,  259;  Rudd,  T.  S.,  656  Sewell,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  258;      Mrs.    H., 

M.  A.,  525  Rud^e,  Capt.  J.,  656  261  661 ;    Mrs.  R.  H., 

Revnell,  F.  E.,  393  Rudiger,  Gen.,  257  Seymour,  Hon.  M.,  125;  Prof.,390;R. 

Revnolds,A.F.,392  Rudland,  J.,  525  770  E.,  524;  S.,  256, 

M.  L.  V.  521 ;  T.,  Ruft*,  M.,  261  Shadfortb,  E.,  661  785  ;  S.  M.,  781 ; 

660;  W.,  519  Rusbridger,  T.,  258  Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  W.,  261;   W.  H., 

Rhoadps,AV.I.,  783  Rush,  I.  W.,  255  113  262;  W.  W.,  521 

Rhodes,  T.,  258  Rushforth,     M.A.,  Sharp,  Maj.  J.  N.,  Smyth,  A.,  662 ;  R^ 

Ricardo,  B.,  395  785  780  521 

Ricard,  E.  D.,  126  Russell,  E.  L.,  260  Sharpe,  D.,  125 ;  E.,  Snagg,  W.,  645 

Rich,  J.,  254  Ruthven,  Maj.  Hon.  126 ;  W.  F.,  519  Snoad,  E.  H.,  255 

Richards,  A. J., 259;  W.  H.,  122  Shaw,  A.,  259;    D.  Snooke,  Mrs.,  523 

J..  263  ;  M.,  658  ;  Ryland,  E  ,  658  B.,  521 ;  G.,  669 ;  Snow,   C.  O.,  529 ; 

R.,  784  Ryley,  J.,  658  W.  B.,  122  H.,  109 ;  L,  786 

RicharLson,  J.,  256;  Sabine,  J.,  519;  R.,  Shawe,  F.  A.,  660  Snowden,  J.,  260 

J.  F.  524 ;  F..  659  782  Shearman,  H.,  122  Somervell,  Mrs.,25« 

Rickards,  E.,  391  St.Aubyn,  Lady,127  Sheddon,  R.,  660  Soihem,  B.  J.,  259 

Richie,  A.,  260  St.  Cccile,    Madame  Shee,  Col  C,  391  Spark,    Comm.    T., 

Riddle,  Mrs.  K.,  262  M.  de,  524  Sheen,  F.,  619  258 


810 


Index  to  Names. 


Spear,  H.  J.,  256 
Speer,  W.,  779 
Spence,  D.,  124 
Spinluff,  K.,  785 
Spooner,  J.,  522 
Sproat,  Dr.  J.,  523 
Suble,  M.,  124 
Stack,  Capt.,  659 
Stackhouae,    J.    R., 

263 
Staff;  M.,  258 
Stanbrough,  A.,  661 
Standish,  W.  S.,  390 
Stanier,  F.,  781 
Stanley,  A.  A.,  259 
Stanton,  J.  T.,  258 
Stapleton,  C,  127 
Starkey,  Mrs^  261 
Steeple,  S.,  Q5^ 
Steers,  G.  H.,  656 
Stephenson,  £.,  520 
Slerry,  F.,  527 
Stevens,  R.  S.,  655 ; 

W.  P.,  520 
Steward,  H.,  260 
Stewart,  E.,  257 ;  E. 

A^    394;    E.   S., 

127 ;  Ladv,  660 
Stirling,  J..  2*57  ;Lt 

W.,   659;     Lady 

M.  A.,  780 
Stockdale,  M.,  391 
Stocker,  S.,  259 
Stokes,  K.  H.,  256 
Stone,  W.,  522 
Stoneham,  £.,  263 
Stoney,  R.,  390 
Stopford,  F.,  658 
Siowe,  F.,  522 
Strachan,  A.,  645 
Street,  G.,  390 
Strowger,     M.    A., 

257 
Strutt,  Right  Hon. 

E.,  375 
Stnart,  H.  W.,  655  ; 

S.,  525 
Studley,  J.,  659 
Stiirge,  M.  A.,  259 
Sturt,  C.  N.,  241; 

H.  G.,  375 
Summers,  S.  M.,  259 
Sumner,  R,  770 
Surcow,  Adm.,  393 
Sutherland,    S.   U., 

126 
Sutton,  E.  P.,  257, 

258 
Swain,  W.,  786 
Swann,  M.  II.,  255 
Sweedland,S.P.,127 
Sweeting,  H.,   254; 

Mrs.  II.,  782 
Swift,  R.  L.,  113 
Swindell,  J.  E.,  770 


Swinton,  M.  A.  H., 

125 
Sydenham,  E.A.,268 
Syers,  Maj.-Geu.  J. 

D.,  123 
Symes,  A.,  659  ;  R.y 

258 
Synge,  E.,  126 
Tait,  A.  C,  645 
Talbot,  Hon.  G.  C, 

645 
Talbot  de  Malahide, 

Baron,  770 
Tanqueray,  C,  519 
Taplen,  M.,  390 
Tavler,  H.,  781 
Taylor,     C,     262 ; 

Capt.  F.  F.,  265  ; 

J.  262;  J.  B.,  241; 

M.,    526;     Mrs., 

394 
Teesdale,  Col.  C.  C, 

2^1 
Temple,   Lieut   F., 

390 
Tennant,  R.  D.,  322 
Tennent,  M.  G.,  259 
Tennison,  E.  K.,  770 
Tester,  F.,  122 
Terry,  Wm  519 
Thackray,  W.,  662 
Thackwray,  M.,  127 
Thew,  J.,  786 
Thick,  J.,  526 
Thomas,    A.,    259; 

J.,  526,656;  Mrs. 

R.,  256 
Thompson,  M.,  781 
Thomson,  C.E.,  124; 

M.  M.,  124 ;  W., 

261 
Thorpe,  Mr8.M.,258 
Thornton,  Mr.,  784 ; 

M.  C,  256;  Miss 

M.,  521 
Thurstans,  Mr.,  125 
ThurtelJ,  Comm.  C, 

662 
Tidman,  M.,  262 
Tilke,  E.,  124 
Tin  ley,  Maj.  F.  R. 

N.,  780 
Tinmouth,     Comm. 

N.,  258 
Tippetts,  J.  C,  655 
Tolson,  L.,  781 
Tomkins,  E.  A.  I., 

781 
Tomlin,  W.,  519 
Tomlin8on,J.F.,523 
Tompson,  A.F.,  520 
Toward,  A.,  257 
Towgood,  J.,  256 
Towncnd,  J.,  262 
Townlev,  C.  G.,  254 


Townsend,    A.   M.^ 

255  ;  J.  S.,  254 
Toy,  J.,  892 
Tracy,  A.  H.,  525 
Traill,  T.  S.,  524 
Trench,  R.  C,  645 
Trotter,  J.,  624 
Troyte,  F.,  394 
Trueman,  J.,  124 
Tryon,  £.  J.,  786 
Tuck,  E.  H.,  391 
Tucker,  J..  394 
Tunstall,  S.,  126 
Turk,  Miss,  256 
Turner,  J.  M.,  394  ; 

L.,  122;  S.,  519 
Turton,  W.,  126 
Twentyman,     Miss, 

660 
Twiss,  T.,  770 
Twopeny,  E.D.,785 
Tyacke,  E.  S.,  784; 

R.  P.,  782 
Tyler,  C.  F.,  523 
Tyley,  J.,  254 
Tyndale,  J.,  389 
Ulloa,  Don  X.,  260 
Underwood,  A.,  262; 

J.  H.,  519 
Upton,  Mrs.  J.,  258 
Urquhart,    Maj.   C. 

F.,  656 
Utterson,  E.,  262 
VanButchell,E.M., 

257 
Vandeleur,  P.,  663 
Vardon,  E.  M.,  523; 

M.,  662 
Venables,  L.  J.,  523 
Veitch,  J.,  261 
Verdon,  W.,  254 
Vereker,  Hon.  J.  G., 

391 
Verner,  F.  E.,  520, 

526 
Vemey,  C.  E.,  781 
Vicary,  A.  A.,  391 
Vickcr,  E.,  257 
Vickers,  W.  R.,  520 
Vincent,  Capt  A.  A., 

113 
Vining,  M.  A.,  661 
Von  derHagen,  Prot 

F.  H.,  126 
Voyle,  E.,  661 
Vyner,  L.,  123 
Waddell,    C,   784; 

Miss,  784 
Wadel,  T.  M..  626 
Wakefield,  W.,  261 
Wakley,  C.  A.,  257 
Waldegrave,   £.   J., 

263 
Walker,  C.  M.,  521  ; 

J.   W.,  784;    G., 


392 :  H.,  660 :  H. 

H.,784;  J.  W.C, 

257;      L.,    5-JO; 

Miss,  658  ;  Sir  a 

W.,  113;  T.,  526; 

W.  T.,  662 
Wall,  H.,  782 
Wallis,     M.,     661; 

Sergt,  393 
Walmsley,  J.  B.,  522 
Walter,  A.,  782 
Walton,  J.,  395 
Wandesforde,  J.  B. 

O.  o.,  2oo 
Wanlass,  J.,  784 
Ward.  Mrs.  M.,  241 
Warde,  Col.  E.  C, 

241 
Warden,  C,  392 
Waring,  A.,  524 
Warren,  J.  A.,  786 
Warry.  C,  394 
Warwick,  E.,  258 
Waterhouse,  E.  A., 

656 
Watkins,  C.  S.,  658 
Watson,     C,    525 ; 

W.,  122;   W.  H., 

770 
Waylen,  W.,  526 
Weaver,  S.,  783 
Wtbb,  W,  124,259 
Webster,  A.  J.,  661 ; 

Capt,391;  J.,261; 

W.,  123 
Wedge,  Capt  J.  T., 

661 
Wedgwood,  Mrs.  S,, 

786 
Weeding,  T.,  661 
Weidcmann,  G.  S., 

254 
Welch.  E.  M.,656; 

J.,  782 
Wellington,  J.,  659 
Wells,  Mr.  Serj.,  770 
Welsh,  Mrs.  J.  K., 

658 
Wemyss,  J.  R.,  520 
Wensleydale,  Right 

Hon.    J.,    Baron, 

241 
West  E..  779;  Hon. 

W.  W.,  390 ;  S., 

782 
Western,  M.,  522 
Weston,  C.  521 
Weiherall,  J.,  390 
Whaites,  Hon.  Mn. 

J.  J.,  260 
Wharton,  J.,  657 
Wheeler,  M..  259 
Whcler,  C.  J.,  659 
Whichcord.  J..  261 
Whishaw,  F.,  662 


Index  to  Karnes. 


811 


Whitaker,  A.,  524 
Whitby,  E.,  262 
White,  A.,  661 ;   B. 

H  ,  259;  Gen.  M., 

391  ;    Lieut,-Col. 

F.,  657 
Whitelocke,      Miss, 

257 
Whiting,  Miss,  523 
Whitley,  F.,  113 
Whitmore,  C.  B.  C, 

780  ;  Mrs.  G.  G., 

661 
Whitson,  A.,  257 
Whittitigton,  0.,661 
Whittuck,  C.A.,391 
Whylock,  J.  C,  394 
Whymper,  E.,  256 
Wickens,    J.,    390 ; 
.     Mrs.  H.,  258  J  W., 

519 
W^ijran,  T.  W.,  255, 

259 
Wigg,  F.,  261 
Wight,  A.,  263 
Wilder,  G.,  391;  M., 

257 
Wilford,  Col.,  645 
Wilkins,  J.,526;   L. 

M.,  645 


Wilkinson,  M.,391; 

W,  J.,  (i55 
Wilks,  Mrs.  J.,  259 
Williams,  B.,   656 
Capt.  C.  H.,  113; 
Capt.G..  525;I)r. 
J.C.,391;  E.  W., 
523  ;      F.,    782  ; 
Gen.   Sir   W.   F., 
2H  ;  H.,  125;  J., 
786;    J.  B.,  313; 
J.  L.,  662;  Lieut- 
Col.  J.,  783;    M., 
658  ;     Maj.-Gen. 
SirW.F.,241;  O. 
E.,522;R.B.,113; 
SirW.  F.,109 
Williamson,  J.,  258 
Willie,  C.  F.,  782 
Willis,  Capt  W.  A., 
646;  H.  H.,  391; 
M.,  527 
Willmore,  J.,  127 
Willshire,  F.,  261 
Wilmot,  R.C..780; 

W.,  125,  126 
Wilson,  C.  A.,  783  ; 
D.,  260;  Gen.  Sir 
J.,  257  ;  J.,  123, 
258,  521 ;  Lieut- 


R.,523;  M.,  392, 
661;  M.  E.,262; 
Mrs.  L.  B.,  260  ; 
Mrs.  T.,  391  ;  S., 
124  :    W.,    783  ; 
W.H.,782;W.L., 
258;  W.T.,394 
Wimbush,  M.,  784 
Wing,  H.,  259 
Wingfield,E.O.,655 
Winslow,T.D.,655 

J.  W.,  394 
Winstanly,    H.    E., 

127;  W.,  662 
Winter,  Mrs.  E.,  259 
Wiuterbom,  J.,  123 
Winwood,T.H.,391 
WoUaston,  Ven.  J. 

R.,  518 
Wood,  E.,  523;  J., 
522,  662;    J.  S., 
122;  SirC,  113 
Woodd,  L.  W.,  25G 
Woodford,      Lieut- 
Col.,    375  ;    Gen. 
Sir  A.,  770 
Woodrooffe,   S.    B., 

258 
Woods,  S.,  255;  S. 
A.,  262 


Woodward,  F.,  785 ; 

C.  A.,  260 
Wooler,  £.,  261 
Wordsworth,  R.  ,527; 

R.,  657 
Worley,  A.,  124 
Worthington,T.,123 
Wortley,  Right  Hon. 

J.  S.,  770 
Wrench,Capt.A.,519 
Wright,  J.,  780;  M., 

520 
Wrightson,  J.,  658 
Wyatt,  G.  J.,  Q5Q\ 

J.,   520  ;    J.   R., 

784 
Wyles,  H..  254 
Wynch,  P.  B..  389 
Wyon,A.,  524;  H., 

258 
Yates,  £.,  520,  527  ; 

M.,  783 
Yonge,  C.  A.,  891 
Young,  C.  G.,  254 ; 

F.  W.  392 ;  H.  P., 

526  ;  L.,  656  ; 

Lady  L.,  395  ; 

Mrs.,  391;  R.  C, 

263 
Zillwood,  C,  525 


TOPOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Africa:  Aptonga,  737;  Benghazi,  732; 
E-vpt,98,  164,  175,633,634;  Grennah, 
732;  Loando,  631;  Mauritius,  631; 
Natal,  631;  Pentapolis,  732. 

America,  239;  Assumption,  595,  596,  597; 
Baltimore,  506  ;  Boston,  225,  556,  559  ; 
Brazils,  112,  594;  Bunker's  Hill,  555, 
559  ;  California,  632  ;  Carolina,  505  ; 
Charlestown,  556;  Ciucago,  621;  Cor- 
rientes,  595;  Havannah,  609;  Hon- 
duras, 507  ;  Jamaica,  316  ;  New  Jersey, 
505;  Kingston,  361;  Lexington,  555, 
559  ;  Maryland,  505,  506  ;  Massachu- 
setts, 505,  506 ;  Mount  Vernon,  554, 
560;  New  York,  505,  506,  560,  621, 
627,  629,  768;  Paraguay,  594,  595; 
Parana,  596;  Pennsylvania,  505,  506; 
Philadelphia,  555  \  Princeton,  556,  557; 
Stoney  Brook,  556  ;  Stoney  Point,  557, 
558  ;  United  States,  111,  225,  367,  634, 
637,  733;  Virginia,  505,  506,  551,  553, 
733. 

Asia,  Agra,  367 ;  Amboyna,  87 ;  Assyria, 
175;  Australia,  112,508,  768;  Bagdad, 
283  ;  Bantam,  87 ;  Bethlehem,  224 ; 
Bombay,  636  ;  Brahminabad,  108  ;  Bri- 
tish India,  54  ;  Cabul,  368  ;  China,  626  ; 
Damascus,   283;  Delhi,   288;   Feroze- 


pore,  637  ;  Herat,  637,  766  ;  Honolulu, 
366  ;  Hindostan,  288 ;  India,  239,  367, 
636,  759 ;  Japan,  635  ;  Java,  87  ;  Jeru- 
salem, 224,  764  ;  Madras,  368  ;  Mecca, 
282 ;  Meean  Meer,  637 ;  Moluccas,  86  ; 
Montenegro,  620;  New  Zealand,  112; 
Palestine,  224,  477  ;  Persia,  169,  286, 
477,  636;  Poonah,  637;  Punjab,  368; 
Samarcand,  286  ;  Siam,  620  ;  Stamboul, 
96, 
Europe  :  Aland  Isles,  154 ;  Albano,  304  ; 
Alesandropol,  503,  619,  769;  Alma, 
151,  153  ;  Angers,  48,  101 ;  Anjou,  45  ; 
Antwerp,  696;  Amiens,  101,  102,456; 
Argis,  62  ;  Argos,  175  ;  Athens,  99,  175, 
440,  710;  Austria,  141,  154,  365,  368, 
503 :  Avenches,  305  ;  Auvergne,  44, 45, 
49,  363;  Avignon,  691  ;  Badajoz,  699; 
Banat,  58,  59  ;  Bavaria,  508  ;  Bayonne, 
619  ;  Beauport,  101  ;  Belgium,  505  i 
Bergen,  494;  Beriin,  441,  442,  632; 
Bessarabia,  59,  63 ;  Biarritz,  505 ; 
Blois,  70 ;  Bologna,  804 ;  Bordeaux, 
453,  459  ;  Boulogne,  459 ;  Bcuteilles, 
96  ;  Bouzes,  62  ;  Brabant,  714  ;  Brail  a, 
60;  Brelevenez,  101;  Brittany,  101, 
232;  Bruges,  232;  Bucharest,  60,  62; 
Bukovina,  58,  59 ;  Bulgaria,  148 ;  By- 


812 


Topographical  Index, 


zantium,  283;  Caen,  100;  Calais,  459  ; 
Campft-Lungfi,  63    Candia,  754 ;  Carc- 
calla,  63 ;  Caucasus,  633  ;  Cerisy,  100  ; 
Chartres,  49  ;  Christiania,  494  ;  Ciudad, 
Rodrijro,  599;  Cologne,  43,   102,  543, 
690,  693,695;  Constantinople,  62,  111, 
143,  148,  155,  285,  300,  440,  748,  768 ; 
Coutances,  100;  Crayova,  62;  Cressy, 
232 ;  Crete,  298 ;  Crimea,  148,  149,  365, 
619 ;  CurU  Argis,  63 ;  Cyprus,  604  ;Da- 
cia,  58, 63 ;  Danubian  Principalities,  57, 
63  ;   Denmark,  239,  368  ;  Dieppe,  53 ; 
Dneister,    59,   63;     D5le,     191,    692; 
Dusseldorf,  428;   Elia,  175;  Eu,  100; 
Famagosta,  298;  Finisterre,  633;  Fin- 
land, 162;  Fiume,  38;  Flanders,  232; 
Florence,  38,  166,  169 ;    Folgoat,  101  ; 
Fontainebleau,  83:  France,  44,  49,  101, 
102,  110,  141,  142,   143,  147,  166,  226, 
232,  238,    363,    Si)8,    456,    457,  458, 
482,    614,  697,    728,   738 ;    Frankfort, 
430  :  Friburg,  696 ;  Friuli,  39 ;    Fron- 
tifroide,  46;    Fuentes    D'Onore,    482; 
Galatz,  60,  62;    Gallipoli,    148;    Ga- 
ronne,   45;     Geneva,    33,    206,    695, 
712,  713,  714,  715;  Genoa,  166;  Ger- 
many, 102,  232,  429;    Germigny-sur- 
Loire,  96  ;   Germigny,  100  ;  Ghent,  232, 
693 ;  Giurgevo,  60 ;    Gotha,  427,  431, 
433;  Greece,  92,    165,   175,  298,  301  ; 
Hamburgh,   425,   430,  431 ;    Hanover, 
332;  Heldeslieim,   332;    Herculaneum, 
164;    Holland,    368,    398,   505,    617; 
Hungary,  63;    Inkermann,    151,   153; 
Ipres,  232;  July,  165,   166,  238,  366, 
712,   713;   Jassy,   60,   62;    Kainardji, 
301;    Kars,    151,    153;     Kertch,    614, 
741 ;     Konigsberg,     38 ;     Kosia,     63 ; 
Languedoc,   453,   456 ;    Lanle£f;    101  ; 
Laon,  456 ;     Leghorn,   802 ;    Leipzig, 
441,   442;    Lille,    109;    Lisbon,   483; 
Livonia,  162  ;  Lorraine,  592,  728  ;  Lux- 
euil,  72 ;  Lyons,  44,  696,  753  ;  Malta, 
349  ;    Marignano,  695  ;  Mechlin,  696  ; 
Metz,  ^95  ;  Milan,  40,  238,  459 ;  Min- 
den,    102;  Moldavia,    58,    59^  ^0,  61; 
Moldo-Wallachia,  62, 63;  Montmorency, 
72;  Moscow,  623;  Naples.  238 ;  Neuf- 
chatel,  96  ;  Niamtzo,  63;  Nismes,  169  ; 
Normandy,  45,  186 ;  Norway,  368  ;  Nov- 
gorod, 298  ;  Nuremberg,  158  ;  Olmutz, 
145 ;  Orbe,  305  ;    Panticapaeum,   849  ; 
Pari8,45,49,70,71,72,100,lll,206,698, 
601,  691,  712,  714;  Pavia,  694,  695; 
Picardy,  232;    Piedmont,    160;    Pisa, 
88,   169;  Poictiers,  232,  453;    Poland, 
504;    Pompeii,    164,    742;    Portugal, 
111,  567  ;  Provence,  44,  46,  710;  Prus- 
sia,   141,    366,     368;    Ravenna,     38; 
Rhine,  361;    Rhodes,    180,   181,  754; 
Rimnik,  62;  Romain-Motier,  41,  96; 
Romano,  63;    Rome,    234,   360,    753; 
Rouen,    51,    101  ;    Roumania,  58,  63  ; 
Rudolfstadt,    426;    Russia,    141,    142, 
143,    155,    865,    368,   503,    623;    Sl 


Cloud,  83  ;  St.  Germain,  82  ;  St  Pol 
de  Leon,  101 ;  Salzburg,  621  ;  Sar- 
dinia, 368;  Sasony,  503,  Scutari,  110; 
Sebastopol,  148,  150,  153;  Sens,  100; 
Severin,  63 ;  Silistria,  148,  151  ;  Sinope, 
147 ;  Sion,  96  ;  Soissons,  100  ;  Spain,  1 II, 
238,  299,  365,  463,  505,  633  ;  Stock- 
holm,  361  ;  Stuttgard,  238 ;  Sweaborj. 
151,;  Sweden,  156,  160,  161,  365; 
Switzerland,  304,  503  ;  Tarragon  691 ; 
Temesvar,  58;  Torcella,  38;  Terra 
Vedras,  482,  483  ;  Toulouse,  48,  761; 
Toumus,  96;  Tours,  44;  Transylvauia, 
58  ;  Treguier,  101  ;  Trent,  693  ;  Turkev. 
Ill,  140,  141,  155,  368  ;  Uuelzen,  d3i; 
Varna,  148;  Venice,  38,  39,  166;  Ve- 
rona, 693  ;  Versailles,  82,  1 13  ;  Vesoul, 
72;  Vienna,  144;  Wallachia,  58,  59, 
60,61;  Little  Wallachia,  63;  Yain- 
ville,  606,  608 ;  Yassi,  303. 

Bntish  liUs,  102,  141,  142,  143,  147, 189, 
227,  337,  368,  417,  440,  454,  958,  697. 

Anglesea:  Gaerwein,  98;  Holyhead,  238. 

Bedfordshire:  Bedford,  862;  Duustable, 
194;  Styventon,  209. 

Berkshire :  Abyndon,  325 ;  Donyngton, 
472;  La  Beche,  328;  Oving  House, 
757;  Shottesbroke,  497;  Sonnyng,  328 ; 
Sunningwell,  221  ;  Sunny  ng,  471  ; 
Stanton  Harecourt,  324;  Windisor,  137, 
332,  456,  460,  629. 

Brecknockshire :  Brecknock,  748  ;  Llan- 
santffraid,  492. 

Buckinghamshire  :  Borstall  juzta  Brehull, 
215;  Chesham,  223;  Datchet,  629; 
Detton,  326;  Hanslape,  210;  Havere- 
sham,  212;  Olney,  139;  Stoke  Pogeys, 
326 ;  Weston  Turvil,  326 ;  Wolverton, 
364. 

Cambridgeshire:  Cambridge,  109,  335,  312, 

365,  737;    Ely,  362,  609.   610,   741; 

Meldretb,  97;  Little  Wilbraham,  281 ; 

Wisbeach,  2. 
Cheshire:   Barthomley,  688;    Bolesworth, 

754;  Chester,  96,  291,  349,  470,  483, 

633. 
Cornwall:  Biename,  327;    Cornwall,  93; 

Lanihom,  327  ;    Penzance,  93 ;   Island 

of  Scilly,  323;  St  German's,  362;  St. 

Ives,  98,  622 ;  Shevyok,  827  ;  Tregewel, 

327 ;  Tuthidy,  325. 
Cumberland :  Bewcastle,  611;  Blemansopp, 

329;     Carlisle,    346,    362,    613,    740; 

Craystok,    469 ;    Derwentefelles,    324 ; 

Drombogh,    213;    Dunmalloght,    213; 

Dykhurst,  324;  EUenborough,  96;  La 

Roos,   327;    La   Rose,   469;    Milium, 

327;    Naward,    327;    Penereth,    467; 

Penreth,  473;    Penrith,  362;    Scalcby, 

213;  Thwaites,  130;  Wirkyngtou,  471 : 

Wolmsty,  468. 

Denbighshire :  Efenechtyd,  97. 
Derbyshire:  Breteby,  211;  Church  Gres- 
ley,  495;    Derby,   2;   Kingston,   281; 


Topographical  Index* 


81 


Meleburn,  215;  Plesele,  210;  Win- 
8ter,  644. 

Devonshire :  Ashburton,  681 ;  Beer  Ferres, 
329  ;  Buckelond,  328 ;  Byr,  328 ;  Chu- 
dele,  471;  Coombmartin,  618;  Dart- 
mouth, 373;  Dertemuth,  474;  Dittis- 
ham,  373;  Exeter,  85,  849,  862,  378, 
631,  741;  ExoD,  213;  Exon  in  Exon, 
324;  Holdich,  478;  Marwood,  717; 
Medebury,  326;  Mount  Edgecambe, 
374;  Newton  Abbott,  631;  Plymonth, 
373,  476,  630 ;  Sampford  Peverell,  828 ; 
Stonehouse,  374;  Tamer,  827;  TaTis- 
tock,  374;  Teignmouth,  631;  Tor  Ab- 
bey,  741 ;  Torriton,  468,  475 ;  Torry- 
ton,  329;  Totness,873;  'Westcote,  717; 
Wycroft  in  Axmistre,  474;  Yedilton, 
327. 

Dorsetshire :  Cherdestok,  828 ;  Cbidiok, 
470,  471 ;  Cbirdestoke,  471  ;  Colewe 
Heys,  327  ;  Dorchester,  99,  755 ;  Hoke, 
467 ;  Langeton-Heryng,  827 ;  Portland, 
208 ;  Shaftesbury,  862,  469 ;  Sherborne, 
741 ;  Shirebum,  328,  471 ;  Weymouth, 
479;  Wynterboum,  828;  Wyrdetford, 
327. 

Durham  :  Auckland,  680 ;  Bamardcattle, 
618;  Durham,  362,  624,  626,  629,  eSS, 
755,  756,  762;  Finchale,  100;  Horden, 
208 ;  Jarrow,  620 ;  Lomlev,  478. 

Essex:  Apechilde,  468;  Aveley,  179; 
Brymshoo,  468 ;  Chesterford,  740 ;  Col- 
chester, 362,  609;  Depeden,468;  Dover- 
court,  196 ;  Elmdon,  2,  580,  666;  Had- 
leigh,  99,  113;  Heyhered,  380;  Lex- 
den,  500 ;  Stanstede,  329  ;  Walden,  468 ; 
Waltham  Abbey,  470;  Wenden,  97; 
Writele,  468. 

Glamorganshire :  Caeran,  757,  Cardiff,  757, 
758. 

Gloucestershire :  Bolyngton,  826 ;  Botyng- 
ton,  326;  Bristol,  202,  208,  277,  862, 
398  609 ;  Cheltenham,  862,  629,  760  ; 
Crumhale,  ^15;  Fairford,  98;  Glou- 
cester, 130,502;  Harpham,470;  Paiva 
Curapton,  210;  Ruardyn,  215;  Stanley 
Poundelarge,  473  ;  Whitenhurst,  468 ; 
Wynchecome,  470;  Yate,  211. 

Hants  :  |  Aldershot,  347;  Insula  FeetU, 
Fresshewater,  330 ;  Go8port,378;  New- 
port, 632  ;  Petersfield,  741 ;  Insula  Veela^ 
Quarrera,  469;  Southampton,  349,  862, 
364,  767;  Wallop,  9Q.—Southwmpt<m : 
Westbury,  324;  Wight,  Isle  of,  280, 
362,  413,  636;  Winchester,  862,  495, 
593,  678. 

Herefordshire :  Asperton,  210 ;  Eton,  214 ; 
Hampton  Richard,  475 ;  Hereford,  862, 
689;  Mockes,  210;  Walle,  825;  Berk- 
hampstead,  458;  Bishops'  Stortford, 
741;  Bygrave,  472;  Hertford,  456, 
457,  458;  Langeley,  467;  Rickmans- 
worth,  221 ;  Royston,  625;  St  Alban's, 
469,  499 ;  Storteford,  467. 

Huntingdonshire :  Huntingdon,  862. 

Gbkt.  Mao.  Vol.  XLVL 


Kent:  Alinton,  209}  Bwftiatoii,  278; 
Canterbury,  Baisingbuni,  208}  Beaks- 
bourne,  278;  Blaekheath,  189}  Bottone 
Alulphi  juxta  Wye,  829;  BroinIe,214} 
Canterbury,  58,  64, 187,  214, 271,  277, 
454;  Chartham,  278;  Chatham,  759; 
Cheriton,  826;  Canterbury,  Chevele, 
289;  Chislett,  814;  Cddnim,  740} 
Colwebrigge,  215 ;  Coulyng,471  s  Cnm- 
dale,  278;  Deal,  64,  195;  Deptford, 
604;  Canterbury,  Ditton,  209;  DoYer, 
280,  862.  458,  609,  628,  624;  Dover 
Castle,  861;  Folkestone,  92;  Gillon, 
277,  278,  279  s  Greenwich,  278 ;  Bast 
Greenwich,  476 ;  Hendre  in  Cobbeham, 
472;  Heppington,  277;  Heme^  817; 
Heme-bay,  64,  817;  Henre^  209} 
Kingston,  277,  278,  280 ;  Lamberhurat, 
604;  Lee,  58;  Longefeld,  478 ;  Maide- 
ston,  472 ;  Maidstone,  622 ;  Medle,  218 ; 
Merewortb,  826, 789 ;  Minater,  69, 814 ; 
Monkton,  8X4 }  Orkesdene,  829 }  Oaen- 
ga),  380;  Pegwell,  65}  Penahorst,  829, 
478;  Ramsgate,  64,  814;  ReenWer, 
64, 818, 814, 815, 817 ;  Regolbinin,  814, 
815, 816 ;  Rochester,  880, 874, 467, 689 } 
Ridiborough,  64,  65,  814;  Sandown, 
195,  618 ;  Sandwich,  64,  65,  67,  454, 
609;  SiberUwold  Down,  278;  Strood, 
641 ;  Thomeham,  604 ;  Tnnbridge  WeUa, 
680;  Upchurcb,  98;  Walmer,  195; 
Wentsum,  the,  818,  816;  Wes^rnge- 
hangn^  880 ;  Wingfleld,  609 }  Woolwioh, 
868. 

Lancashire  :iSS  I  Bonnds,618;  Fotheray 
in  Foumeys,  825 ;  Holand,  218;  Xaver- 
pool,  849,  864,  622,  625,  764;  Lyiwr- 
pole,  474 ;  Manchester,  288,  502,  682  } 
Preston,  689;  Neuton-in-Makerfeld, 
829,  475;  Rochdale,  615;  Tbonkmd, 
474 ;  Whalleye,  468. 

Leicestershire:  Ashbj-de-la-Zoneh,  288, 
496 ;  Baggeworth,  824 ;  BoCtetfoid,  288 } 
Castle  Donington,  495 ;  Dalby,  latUt, 
496 ;  Hallaton,  740 }  LeieeMr,  288, 862, 
495,  628,  748;  MelUHi,  496;  Nar- 
borough,  495 ;  OTer  S«lle,  284 ;  White- 
wyk,  824. 

LhteolnsUre:  Belver,  209;  Botton,  686} 
Brigg,  861 ;  Ereaby,  209 ;  Folkjnham, 
215;  Friskeneye,211;  Grantham,  862 } 
Kettelby,  280 ;  Ln  Lee^  825 ;  Lfaicoln,. 
825, 862 ;  Loath,  609 ;  Beata  Maris  de 
Netdbam,  827;  Somerton,  209,  456, 
458 }  Stowe,  827 ;  Thornton,  478 }  Ab-. 
batia  de  Thornton,  472;  WiHingham, 
Sooth,  748. 

Merionethshire i  Diiia%  Mowddwy^  754| 
Pengwem,  97. 

Middlesex :  Baytwatcr,  78}  Caitla  Baynttd 
Waid,475;  Chdaea, 86, 227 ;  CMiwick, 
861 1  Clerkmwell,  188, 189 }  DiitdUnOb 
215}  £nefo1d,468}  £nitoii-iqiim^628i 
Eye  Jnzto  Wcttmooaster,  218 }  Flct»« 
•tnet, 828 }  in aobiulno^  471»478i  Viflt- 

5v 


8U 


Topographical  Indue. 


• 


\ 


1 1 


bury,  765 ;  Hicknev,  741  ;  Hacknej 
Wick.  766  ;  Hyde- park,  112  ;  Kensing- 
ton, 666  ;  Kniglitsliridge,  765  ;  London, 
5,  9S,  94,  95,  96, 109, 17J».  199,201,  203. 
212,  323,  328,  829,  335.  362,  363,  398, 
410,  454,  456,  457,  460.  472,  477,  508, 
624,  627,  630,  678,  750,  764  ;  Pall-mall, 
201 :  Sancti  dementis  Dacoram,  210  ; 
Silvestrete,  215  ;  Staines,  226  ;  Stepney, 
693 ;  Strawberry-hill,  53  ;  Teddington, 
226;  Twickenham,  54 ;  Westminsier, 
102,  354,  -462,  509,  632,  739 ;  Abbey, 
348. 

Montgomeryshire :  Lvmore-park,  493 ;  Ma- 
chynlleth, 635;  Mcifod,  492;  Mont- 
gomery, 493;  Powys  Castle,  492 ;  Welsh- 
pool, 491,  492. 

Norfolk  :  Blakworth,  330  ;  Burlingham, 
South,  499 ;  Claxton,  329,  470 ;  Egge- 
feld,  326, 327 ;  Gaywode,  472 ;  Gresliam, 
324;  Grysenhale,  179;  Ilempton,  617; 
Hethel,  763;  Lyng,  3^30;  Lynn-Rtgis, 
609;  Magna  Hautboys.  215;  Marham, 
209J;  North  Elman,  472;  Noithwold, 
981:  Norwich.  5,  362, 475,609,678;  Pcth- 
weell  Pen,  103 ;  Sculton,  324;  Thetford, 
362  ;:Wallington,  609 ;  Yarmouth,  Great, 
687. 

Northamptonihire :  Asheby  David,  213; 
Barton,  214;  Braybrok,  212;  Drayton, 
325 ;  Makeseye,  470 ;  Northampton, 
399,  499;  Peterborough.  214;  Thorp- 
Watervill,  211  ;  Tichemersh,  212. 

Northumberland:  Addcrstone,  611,  612; 
Bairmore,  329 ;  Bellingham,  755  ;  Ber- 
wick, 362  :  Blenkensop,  329 ;  Bothale, 
3^0;  Budle,61 1,612;  Cherclyngham,330; 
Craweclawe,  330;  Dunstanburgh,  323  ; 
Echale,  329;  Essctete,  214;  Eyden, 
212;  Fenwyk,  471;  Ford,  328  ;  Hajrer- 
ston,  467  ;  Hexham,  741 ;  Horton,  210  ; 
Hulm,  475;  Lindiafanie,  740;  Matfen, 
.  100;  Moreende,  468;  Neulond,  214; 
Newcastle,  53,  98,  99,  493,  494,  592, 
611,  613,  626,  7-29,  760,  769;  Otler- 
burn,  756  ;  Outchestcr,  611  ;  Rothbury, 
612;  Shortflat,  212;  Spindleston, ;  611, 
Tynemouth,  612;  Tynemuth,  211; 
Tyrsete,  209;  Warden.  494;  Warren, 
611,612;  Westswynborn,  467;  Whit- 
leye,  467. 

Nottinghamshire:  Ea8tRetford,334 ;  Grime- 
Ktone,  208;  Gryseleye,  329;  Notting- 
ham,  362. 

Orfordshire:  Bampton,323;  Chiselhampton, 
324;  Dratton,  825;  Holton-park.  221  ; 
Horley,  741 ;  Kengham,  468 ;  Kcrsing- 
ton,  323;  Littlcmore,  41)7:  Minster 
Lovell,  497  ;  Oxford,  18,  25.  74,  90.  93, 
100,  109,  196,  365,  420,  4H,  442,  484, 
497,  561,  571,  5S5,  593,  678,  724,  733, 
749,  750,  769  ;  Retherfeld,  I6S  ;  Shir- 
burn,  470  ;  Stanton  llarcourt,  98  ;  Wat- 
lyngion,  328  ;  Wilcotc,  497  ;  Wykham, 
3:^5. 


Pembrokeshire :  Botbenton,  543,  5^ 
Carew,  542,  550;  Casile  Martin,  J 
544;  Gumfreston,  542,  5itS  ;  Lamp! 
5(2;  Manorbeer,  542  ;  Pembroke,  6: 
St.  David's,  10;  St.  Froreuce,  5 
Tenby,  541,545,  550. 

Rutland :  Lydyngton,  327. 

Salop:  Acton  Burnell,  209;  Appeleye,  S 
Bridgenorth,  220,  362  ;  Broseley,  5! 
Castro  de  Tonge,  472  ;  Cherleton,  3! 
Hales,  211;  Hales  Owen,  716;  Linl 
hall,  500;  Llanyblodwell,  492:  Sal 
324,  467 ;  Shirreneshales,  470 ;  Shrr 
bury,  98,  362;  Stoke- Say,  210;  V 
randasliale,  21 1 ;  Whitecherche,  82 
Wycheford,  324. 

Somersetshire :  Bath,  200,  362,  488,  4 
762;  Batheaaton,  489:  Bridgewai 
484,  487,  497,  622;  Castlecary.  61 
Charlcombe,  490 ;  Clevedon,  487 ;  1 
tokes,  326;  Glaston.  490:  Glutonbg 
485.494,^95;  Hacche,d26;  Langfo 
Lower,  108;  Langridge,  489;  Lai 
down,  489;  Marston,  85;  Montacv 
85.  487  ;  Nonny.  470;  Prior-park,  4! 
Rowberry,  108;  Staotoa  Drew,  4£ 
Stuke-sul- Hampden,  95;  Taunton,  1' 
362,  497,  642  ;  Torneaton,  323  ;  Walti 
487;  Wansdyke,  488 ;  Wells,  329,  3i 
398,  485.  486,  497;  Widcombe,  48 
Yeovil,  587  ;  Yerdlyngton,  215. 

Staffordshire :  Arley,  716;  Berkmondetcc 
467;  Cavers  well,  209 :  Chebeseye,  21 
Cublesdon,  828 ;  Duddeleg,  208;  Du 
ley,  502,  593.  594,  726,  727;  Edi 
271 ;  Kingswinford,  592  ;  Lichef,  21 
Lichfield,  98,  223,362.  270;  Newcast 
under- Lyme,  98;  Oldswinford,  72 
Shenstone,  592;  SufTord,  33],  46 
Synerton,  323;  Tixall,  716;  Wall 
98;  Wolseley,  475;  Wolverhamptc 
628. 

Suffolk:  Beccles,  609;  Boxford,  60 
Brandon,  103;  Bungeye,  210:  Bu 
St.  Edmund's,  273,  609,  761 ;  Buttli 
609;  Campsey,  609;  Chipley,  60 
Dodenach,  609;  Dunwich,  609;  EU 
den,  609;  Erwarton,  350;  Eye,  60 
Freston.  349 ;  Gorleston,  609  :  Ha 
stead,  609;  Hcrkestede,  827;  Herrin 
fleet,  609;  Herewycz.  468;  Horringi 
608  ;  Hoxnc.  609 ;  Huntyngfeld,  47! 
Ickworth,  608,  610  ;  Ipswich,  200,  36 
469,  609 ;  Ixworth,  609 ;  Kersey,  60! 
Landgrave  Fort,  200;  Leyston,  60! 
Lowestoft,  609;  Melford,  609;  Melto 
210,  362;  Metyngham,  330;  Mildei 
hall.  609;  Orford,  609;  Le  Ponde  api 
Haddclegh,  470;  Radclif;474;  Sibto 
609;  Smallbrig,  472;  Snape,  601 
South  wold.  609  ;  Sternefeld,  47' 
Sti)ke- by- Clare,  609;  Sudbury,  IS 
200,609;  Watti8field,609 ;  Winchelsf 
609;  Woodbridgc,  609;  Wyngefel 
472. 


Tbpttffrtqthieal  Inde». 


6U 


Surrey:  Adington,  209 ;  Becbeswoith,  471 ; 
Beddington,  105,  106;  Chertsej,  226; 
Chobham,  97 ;  Cold  Harboar,  104 ; 
Crodonio,  330  ;  Croydon,  103, 104,  226; 
Guildford,  362;  Haling,  106;  Hasle- 
mere,  137  ;  Kew,  133,  201 ;  Kingston- 
upon-Thames,  103;  Kingston,  226; 
Lambeth,  733,  741,  746;  Lingfield,  226; 
Norwood,  105 ;  Pringham,  329  ;  Putney, 
195;  Richmond,  133,  134;  Southwark, 
398;  Streatham,  106;  Sydenham,  112; 
Waddon,  105  ;  Walton-upon- Thames, 
98 ;  Woodcote,  106  ;  Zoological  Gar- 
dens, 640,  752. 

Sussex:  Amberle,  471 ;  Battle  Abbey,  231 ; 
Battle,  329  ;  Bay  ham  Abbey,  604 ;  Beg- 
ham,  605;  Bodiam,  230;  Bodyham, 
472;  Burn,  213;  Dachesam,  325; 
Dalingridge,  232;  Denton,  60S,  605, 
607  ;  Dixtheme,  475 ;  Echingham,  230 ; 
Frant,  605  ;  Hailsham,  605  ;  Haremare, 
230;  Hastings,  32,  609;  Hellingley, 
605  ;  Hertinge,  208 ;  La  Mote,  323 ; 
Lewes,  469  ;  Newhaven,  603,  605,  606 ; 
Perthyng,  325;  Perting,  209;  Pette- 
worth,  214;  Pevensey,  106,  280;  Por- 
tingeres,  208 ;  Rye,  77,  609 ;  Seggewik, 
208 ;  Udgmere,  475  ;  Wynchelse,  474. 

Warwickshire:  Beudesert,  213  ;  Birming- 
ham, 131,  270,  331,  500;  Calvedon, 
212;  Coventry,  102,  362,  469;  Este- 
leye,  208  ;  Filungeleye,  211 ;  Hampton 
Lucy,  764;  Kenil worth,  742;  Langele, 
325 ;  Maxtok,  467,  Pillerton  Henzey, 
729 ;  Ragele,  471  ;  Statford-on-Avon, 
361,  503. 

Westmoreland :  530 ;  Harcla,  469. 

Wiltshire  :  Battlesbury,  358  ;  Beanmejn, 
328;  Bi88hopwodford,471;  Breamore,752| 
Canny ngg,  328 ;  Canynge,  471 ;  Edyn- 
don,469 ;  Eton  Meysi,  215 ;  Fallardeston, 
470 ;  Hampton,  489  ;  Longleat,235, 358; 
Marlborough,  362  ;  Malmesbury,  769  ; 
Poterne,  328, 475 ;  Potteme,  471 ;  Rem- 
me8bury,328;  Rugh  Combe,  324;  Salis- 
bury, 360,  362,  373,  470;  Sarum,  325- 
328,  398,471 ;  Scratchbury,  358;  Sende, 
468;  Uphavene,468;  Warminster,  284, 
357;  Werdour,  473,  Westbury,  25; 
Wockeseye,  468;  Wodeford  Epiicopi, 
328. 

Worcestershire,  530;  Castlemorton,  220; 
Coulesdon,  718  ;  Cradley,  89;  Dormet- 
ton,  473  ;  Evesham,  326,  827;  Frankely, 
716,718;  Hagley,716;  Kidderminster, 
218,  592;  Lve.  592;  Malvern,  88; 
Mathon,  89 ;  Ombersley,  220 ;  Powick, 
232 ;  Redmarley,  90 ;  Strengesham,  478; 
Sturton  Castle,  220;  Welegh,  208; 
Wodemanton,  326 ;  Worcester,  98, 470, 
484,  716. 

Yorkshire:  Ampleforth,  107;  Bam8l^,746; 
Beresende,  327  ;  Beverlaco,  469 ;  Bolton 
Percy,  461 ;   Bonlton,  210 ;   Bnnnco- 


bolm,468;  Bxidliiigton, 622, 666 ;  Brid^ 
Wngton,  478 ;  Burton  Conetublo,  820 ; 
Byland,  107  ;  Clifton  snperTomro,  828  ; 
Cottingham,  824;  Coxwold,  107;  Don- 
caster,  96,  172 ;  Drax,  469 ;  Dnnoombe- 
park,  107;  Elslake  in  Cnven,  824; 
Flaynburgh,  468;  Insnlara  de  Flayn- 
burgh,  468  ;  Fletham,  828 ;  Frytton, 
179;  Hackness,  494;  Harewode,  469 ; 
Helmesley,  459 ;  Helmsley,  107  ;  Hen- 
sewell  in  Spaldingmor,  211;  Heael- 
wode,  210 ;  Hull,  862,  509, 502 ;  Kexby 
juxta  Staynfordbiigg,  880 ;  Kilwardeby, 
210;  Kirkdale,  107;  La  Hode,  208; 
Ledaham,  187;  Leeds,  187;  Lekyngfeld, 
214 ;  Merkyngfeld,  214 ;  Monketon  in- 
ner  moram,  880;  Newbnig-Park,  I07t 
Nun  Appleton,  460;  Nunbiuni]iolnia» 
285;  Oswaldkirk,  107;  Ripoi^548t 
Scarborough,  189,  6d6i  Scawton,  107 1 
Seolcotes,  468;  Selby,  470;  She/eM, 
299  ;  Shixefhoton,  472 ;  Slyngeaby,  880; 
SpoflS>rd,  241;  Stonwick,  97;  Sunder- 
land-Wick,  684 ;  Sutton,  210;  Tanfiddt 
828 ;  Thome,  285  ;  Walton,  826 ;  War- 
ter,  615,  746;  Westcanfeld,  468; 
Whetele,  215 ;  Whitby,  484^  741 ;  Wil- 
ton in  Cliveland,  895;  Wilton  m  Pyker- 
ynglith,  827 ;  York,  211,  824,  614^  6t9, 
746. 

ItleofMan^^O 

Ireland^  Ardee,  749 ;  Athlone,  862 ;  BallT> 
hale,  498;  Carrick-on-Suir,  84,  85; 
Clare,23;  Clonmen,862;  Clontarf,750; 
Cork,  86, 352 ;  Derry,  85  ;  Donaghadee, 
740;  Drogheda,  2 ;  Dublin,  86,108,  225, 
825,749,750,764,765;  Dongarven,85 ; 
Kildare,  497  ;  Kilkenny,  85,  852,  B5Z, 
473,  497,  749 ;  Ki.mainham,  179,  180, 
185;  Knigh,  498;  Knockmanin,  85; 
Leinster,  749,  750;  Leitrim,  569;  Long- 
ford, 85;  LoU-lodge,  758  ;  Hayo,  862; 
Monaghan,  98  ;  Boas,  84 ;  Scrabo,  852; 
Tipperary,  498,  568 ;  Watoiibrd,  84, 85, 
750;  Westmeath,  862;  Wexford,  86, 
750;  Wicklow,  750;  Youghal,  85,  86. 

Scotland:  Abbotsford,  847;  Abemethv, 
849;  Auehinleck,  5Zi  Bahnoialy  868; 
Bannock,  709  ;  Borthwick  Caatle^  848  % 
Braemar,  757;  Brechin,  849;  Cainbni« 
kenneth,706;  Dirleton,  847;  Dnmbarton, 
618;  Dumfermline,  849 ;  Dungevan,  707 1 
Dxybuigh,  847 ;  Edinburgh,  27,  29,  99» 
846,  848,  864,  402,  618,  706;  Falkiik, 
612,  618,  614;  Galloway,  688;  Glaa- 
gow,  618,  614^  686;  Hawthonidcna^ 
848;  Highlanda,  420;  Kelso^  <47t 
Killem,  689;  Kircudbright,  689; 
Kirkintilloch,  618;  Kirkwml,  848; 
Llandair,  847 ;  Loehabar,  768 ;  Maueh- 
line,  759;  Mohme,  847;  Hidto(hiM^ 
28 ;  Orkney,  848 ;  Paiilaj*  420 ;  Poabloi, 
840 ;  Bodyn,  848 ;  Shetluid,  848 :  Stir- 
ling, 741 1  Wigton,  689.