The genus Bidens ..

THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

jUN L-;

HOV13 '358

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

VOLUME XVI

THE GENUS BIDENS

PART I

BY

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

B. E. DAHLGREN

CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR

THE LIBRARY OF THE

OCT8-1937

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

PUBLICATION 388

CHICAGO, U.S.A.
AUGUST 31, 1937

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

VOLUME XVI

THE GENUS BIDENS

PART I

THE LIBRARY OF THE

OCT8-1937

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BY

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

B. E. DAHLGBEN

CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP BOTANY
EMTOR

PUBLICATION 388

CHICAGO, U.S.A.
AUGUST 31, 1937

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

580.5
FB

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5

PREFACE 11

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GENUS BIDENS 17

MORPHOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND OTHER SPECIAL LINES
OF INQUIRY 25

DESCRIPTION OF GENUS BIDENS 29

SYNOPSIS OF SECTIONS 30

KEY (C LA vis)

Plants Native to Islands of Central Pacific Ocean 33

Plants Growing in North and Central America and in the West Indies ... 45

Plants of South America 55

Plants of the Eastern Hemisphere, excluding Africa 59

Plants of Africa 60

ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED 71

DESCRIPTIONS 73

NAMES TO BE EXCLUDED FROM BIDENS 633

ADDENDA 645

NAMES OF UNCERTAIN STATUS (INCERTAE SEDIS) 646

INDEX OF COLLECTORS CITED 649

GENERAL INDEX . 693

1 056907

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

FACING
PAGE

I. Bidens polycephala Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) 80

Bidens Ahnnei Sherff (figs, i-p) , 80

II. Bideiis Jardinii Schz. Bip 82

III. Bidens Lantanoides Gray (figs, a-g) 84

Bidens cordifolia Schz. Bip. (figs, h-n) 84

IV. Bidens australis Spreng 86

V. Bidens Mathewsii Sherff 90

VI. Bidens Henryi Sherff (figs, a-i) 92

Bidens pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. (figs, j-p) 92

VII. Bidens glabrata (Gray) Sherff. ..'.... 94

VIII. Bidens liawaiensis Gray 96

IX. Bidens distans Sherff 98

X. Bidens micrantha Gaud. (figs, a-h) 100

Bidens Degeneri Sherff (figs, i-o) 100

XI. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff 102

XII. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 106

Bidens cuneata Sherff (figs, j-p) 106

XIII. Bidens torta Sherff (figs, a-g) 108

Bidens cervicata Sherff (figs, h-p) 108

XIV. Bidens graciloides Sherff (figs, a-g) 110

Bidens waianensis Sherff (figs, h-p) 110

XV. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff 112

XVI. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff 114

XVII. Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff (figs, a-i) 116

Bidens magnidisca Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff (figs, j-l) 116

XVIII. Bidens micranthoides Sherff 118

XIX. Bidens Asplenioides Sherff (figs, a-/) 122

Bidens Stokesii Sherff (figs, g-o) 122

XX. Bidens Populifolia Sherff 124

XXI. Bidens Skottsbergii Sherff 126

XXII. Bidens obtusiloba Sherff 128

XXIII. Bidens sandvicensis Less. (figs, a-h) 130

Bidens waimeana Sherff (figs, i-o) 130

XXIV. Bidens conjuncta Sherff (figs, a-h) 132

Bidens fulvescens Sherff (figs, i-o) 132

XXV. Bidens Wiebkei Sherff 134

XXVI. Bidens coartata Sherff 138

XXVII. Bidens Salicoides Sherff 140

XXVIII. Bidens Forbesii Sherff 142

XXIX. Bidens fulvescens Sherff 144

XXX. Bidens Campylotheca Schz. Bip 146

XXXI. Bidens valida Sherff 148

XXXII. Bidens amplectens Sherff 150

XXXIII. Bidens sandvicensis var. setosa Sherff (figs, a-l) 154

Bidens Bipontina Sherff (figs, m, n) 154

Bidens Menziesii (Gray) Sherff (figs, o, q-v) and var. filiformis

Sherff (fig. p) 154

5

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

XXXIV. Bidens Hillebrandiana (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff 156

XXXV. Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff (figs, a, e); var. cuneatoides

Sherff (figs, b-d, f-o) 158

XXXVI. Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff 160

XXXVII. Bidens Cosmoides (Gray) Sherff 162

XXXVIII. Bidens darendonensis Britt 164

XXXIX. Bidens monticola Poepp. & Endlich 166

XL. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don 170

XLI. Bidens reptans var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz 172

XLII. Bidens reptans var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) ;

var. dissecta O. E. Schulz (figs, i-s) 174

XLIII. Bidens incisa (Ker) G. Don 176

XLIV. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K 178

XLV. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K. (figs, a-g) 180

Bidens Vincaefolia Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff (figs, h-m) 180

XLVI. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K 182

XLVII. Bidens simplicifolia C. H. Wright 186

XLVIII. Bidens urophylla Sherff 188

XLIX. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla 190

L. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla 192

LI. Bidens segetum var. patula (Gardn.) Sherff 194

LII. Bidens Shrevei Britt 196

LIII. Bidens Holwayi Blake & Sherff 204

LIV. Bidens graveolens Mart 206

LV. Bidens fistulosa Schz. Bip. ex Baker 212

LVI. Bidens Bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt 220

LVII. Bidens Eatonii Fern. (figs, a-/); var. fallax Fern. (fig. g) 224

LVIII. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. (fig. h); var. mutica Gray ex

Gatting. (figs, a-g); var. Fritcheyi Fern. (fig. i) 228

Bidens polylepis Blake (figs, k-r); var. retrorsa Sherff (fig. s) 228

LIX. Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff (figs, a-l) 236

Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. (figs, m, p-u);var. tenuiloba (Gray)

Sherff (figs, n, o) 236

LX. Bidens Oerstediana Sherff 240

LXI. Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gr.) Britt 242

LXII. Bidens frondosa L. (figs, a, c-h); var. anomala Port, ex Fern.

(fig. i); var. stenodonta Fern. & St. J. (fig. 6) 244

LXIII. Bidens vulgata Greene (figs, a, c-h); var. schizantha Lunell

(fig. b) 252

LXIV. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg 254

LXV. Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. (fig. d); var. anomala Farwell
(fig. k); var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. (figs, a, f-j); var.
pinnata Wats. (fig. e); var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff (figs.

b, c) 258

LXVI. Bidens heterodoxa Fern. & St. J. (figs, a, c-g); var. orthodoxa

Fern. (figs. 6, h) 260

LXVII. Bidens tripartita L. (figs, a, b, d-i); var. cernuaefolia Sherff

(fig. c) 262

LXVIII. Bidens tripartita var. repens (D. Don) Sherff (figs, a-/) 266

Bidens lineariloba Oliv. (figs, g-o) 266

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LXIX. Bidens radiata Thuill. (figs, a-g) 268

Bidens tripartite var. orientalis (Velen.) Sherff (figs, h-ri) . . 268

LXX. Bidens tripartita var. hirta (Jord.) Sherff 270

LXXI. Bidens amplissima Greene 272

LXXII. Bidens cernua L. (figs, a, d-k); var. oligodonta Fern. & St. J.

(figs. 6, c) 276

LXXIII. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P 284

LXXIV. Bidens hyperborea Greene (figs, b, d, f, h, j, 1) ; var. gaspensis

Fern. (figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m) 288

LXXV. Bidens diversa Sherff (figs, a, 6, d-i); var. megaglossa Sherff

(fig. c) 290

LXXVI. Bidens Schaffneri (Gray) Sherff 292

LXXVII. Bidens Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC 300

LXXVIII. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. Foeniculaefolia (DC.) Sherff (figs.

a-i); var. ludens (Gray) Sherff (figs. /-«) 302

LXXIX. Bidens Townsendii Sherff 304

LXXX. Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff 306

LXXXI. Bidens integrifolia Brandeg 308

LXXXII. Bidens amphicarpa Sherff (figs, a-i) 316

Bidens oligocarpa Sherff (figs, j-l) 316

LXXXIII. Bidens oligantJia Brandeg. (figs, a-h) 318

Bidens Anthriscoides DC. (figs, i-q) 318

LXXXIV. Bidens Anthemoides (DC.) Sherff (figs, a-j) 320

Bidens Andrei Sherff (figs, fc-s) 320

LXXXV. Bidens Chrysanthemifolia (H.B.K.) Sherff 322

LXXXVI. Bidens mollifolia Sherff 324

LXXXVII. Bidens Abadiae DC. (figs, a, c-i); var. pilosoides Sherff (fig. 6) 332

LXXXVIII. Bidens Brandegeei Sherff (figs, a-k) 334

Bidens canescens Bertol. (figs, l-s) 334

LXXXIX. Bidens Bigelovii Gray (figs, a-k) 348

Bidens bipinnata L. (figs, l-s) 348

XC. Bidens leptocephala Sherff 350

XCI. Bidens Engleri O. E. Schulz (figs, a-f) 354

Bidens cylindrica Sherff (figs. 0-0 354

XCII. Bidens pseudalausensis Sherff (figs, a-g) 356

Bidens cornuta Sherff (figs, h-n) 356

XCIII. Bidens tenuisecta Gray 362

XCIV. Bidens paupercula Sherff 364

XCV. Bidens Pringlei Greenm. (figs, a-h) 366

Bidens heterosperma Gray (figs, i-o) 366

XCVI. Bidens exigua Sherff (figs, a-i) 370

Bidens duranginensis Sherff (figs, j-q) 370

XCVII. Bidens parviflora Willd. (figs, a-g) , 372

Bidens Lemmonii Gray (figs, h-n) 372

XCVIII. Bidens capillifolia Sherff 374

XCIX. Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merrill & Sherff (figs, a, c-m) 376

Bidens pilosa L. (fig. 6) 376

C. Bidens biternata var. glabrata f. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Sherff 378

CI. Bidens andicola var. Cosmanlha f. Buchtienii Sherff (figs, a-g) 380

Bidens pseudocosmos Sherff (figs, h-n) 380

8

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CII. Bidens pilosa L. (figs, a, b, e-j) ; var. minor (Bl.) Sherff (figs, c,

d, k-r) 382

CIII. Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) 386

Bidens tenera O. E. Schulz (figs, i-o) 386

CIV. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata (Turcz.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-i) 388

Bidens acuticaulis Sherff (figs, j-r) 388

CV. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff 390

CVI. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff (figs.

a-h); var. alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff (figs, i-o) 392

CVII. Bidens pilosa var. alausensis f. Scandicina (H.B.K.) Sherff 394

CVIII. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff 396

CIX. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff (figs, a, c-j);

f . dissecta Sherff (fig. b) 398

Bidens aequisquama (Fern.) Sherff (figs, k-t) 398

CX. Bidens subalternans DC 402

CXI. Bidens domingensis 0. E. Schulz 404

CXII. Bidens Malmei Sherff 406

CXIII. Bidens Cynapiifolia H.B.K 408

CXIV. Bidens riparia H.B.K. (figs, i-p); var. refracta (Brandeg.)

O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) 410

CXV. Bidens Sambucifolia Cav 412

CXVI. Bidens Gardneri Baker 414

CXVII. Bidens flagellaris Baker 418

CXVIII. Bidens nudata Brandeg 420

CXIX. Bidens brasiliensis Sherff .422

CXX. Bidens Riedelii Baker (figs, a-k) ; var. Hassleriana Chod. (fig. I) 424

CXXI. Bidens Chodati Hassl 426

CXXII. Bidens angustissima H.B.K. (figs, h-m); var. Linifolia (Schz.

Bip. ex Klatt) Sherff (figs, a-g) 428

CXXIII. Bidens andicola H.B.K. (figs, a-d, h-p)', var. Cosmantha
(Griseb.) Sherff (fig. e); var. decomposita O. Ktze. (figs.

/, g) 430

CXXIV. Bidens andicola var. Cosmantha (Griseb.) Sherff 434

CXX V. Bidens microphylla Sherff 436

CXXVI. Bidens triplinervia H.B.K. (figs, j, k); var. macrantha (Wedd.)

Sherff (figs, a-i, l-v) 438

CXXVII. Bidens triplinervia var. hirtella (H.B.K.) Sherff 440

CXXVIII. Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, j-p);

var. mollis (Poepp. & Endlich.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 442

CXXIX. Bidens serrulata (Poir.) Desf 444

CXXX. Bidens chiapensis Brandeg. (figs, a-i) 446

Bidens Geraniifolia Brandeg. (figs, j-o) 446

CXXXI. Bidens Ostruthioides (DC.) Schz. Bip 450

CXXXH. Bidens Ostruthioides var. costaricensis (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff 452

CXXXIII. Bidens bicolor Greenm 454

CXXXIV. Bidens Holstii (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 456

CXXXV. Bidens Holstii var. rupestris Sherff 458

CXXXVI. Bidens kamerunensis Sherff 460

CXXXVII. Bidens Grantii var. Stapfii Sherff (figs, a-i) 462

Bidens Steppia (Steetz) Sherff (figs, j-r) .462

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CXXXVIII.

cxxxix.

CXL.

CXLI.
CXLII.

CXLIII.

CXLIV.

CXLV.

CXLVI.

CXLVII.

CXLVIII.

CXLIX.

CL.

CLI.

CLII.
CLIII.
CLIV.

CLV.
CLVI.

CLVII.

CLVIII.

CLIX.

CLX.

CLXI.

CLXII.

CLXIII.

CLXIV.

CLXV.

CLXVI.

CLXVII.

CLXVIII.

CLXIX.

CLXX.

Bidens rufovenosa Sherff (figs, a-i) 466

Bidens leptolepis Sherff (figs, j-p) 466

Bidens asperata (Hutch. & Dalz.) Sherff 468

Bidens urceolata DeWild. (figs, a-g) 470

Bidens rubra DeWild. (figs, h-o) 470

Bidens taitensis Sherff 472

Bidens Fischeri (O. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, a-h) 474

Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (figs, i-q) 474

Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp 476

Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (forms) 478

Bidens Kirkii (Oliv. & Hiern) Sherff 482

Bidens musoziana Sherff 484

Bidens Mossii Sherff 486

Bidens Whytei Sherff (figs, a-g) 488

Bidens ambigua S. L. Moore (figs, h-m) 488

Bidens microcarpa Sherff (figs, a-h) 490

Bidens gracilior (0. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, i-p) 490

Bidens palustris Sherff (figs, a-g) 492

Bidens Taylori (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, h-o) 492

Bidens Schlechteri Sherff (figs, a-i) 494

Bidens Hoffmannii Sherff (figs, j-p) 494

Bidens Mildbraedii Sherff 498

Bidens Bequaertii DeWild 500

Bidens Hildebrandtii 0. Hoffm 502

Bidens magnifolia Sherff 504

Bidens Phalangiphylla Sherff (figs, a-h) 506

Bidens Elliotii (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, i-p) 506

Bidens insecta (S. L. Moore) Sherff 508

Bidens robustior S. L. Moore 510

Bidens ugandensis (S. L. Moore) Sherff 514

Bidens cinerea Sherff 516

Bidens crocea Welw. ex O. Hoffm. (figs, a-g); var. verrucifera

S. L. Moore (fig. h) 518

Bidens flabellata 0. Hoffm 520

Bidens Baumii (0. Hoffm.) Sherff 522

Bidens Moorei Sherff (figs, a-g) ; var. verrucosa Sherff (figs, h, i) 524

Bidens andongensis Hiern 532

Bidens Buchneri (Klatt) Sherff 534

Bidens somaliensis Sherff 540

Bidens Seretii (DeWild.) Sherff 548

Bidens Stuhlmannii (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 552

Bidens ukambensis S. L. Moore (figs, a-i) 556

Bidens rhodesiana Sherff (figs, j-p) 556

Bidens grandis Sherff 564

Bidens coriacea (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 568

Bidens Crataegifolia (0. Hoffm.) Sherff 572

Bidens kilimandscharica (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 574

Bidens Volkensii O. Hoffm 578

Bidens lineata Sherff 580

Bidens Schweinfurthii Sherff 584

10

CLXXVIII. Bidens nyikensis Sherff 586

CLXXIX. Bidens Rogersii Sherff 588

CLXXX. Bidens chaetodonta Sherff (figs, a, c-t); var. glabrior (O. & H.

in Oliv.) Sherff (fig. 6) 596

CLXXXI. Bidens Rueppellii (Schz. Bip.) Sherff 598

CLXXXII. Bidens Vatkei Sherff , 600

CLXXXIII. Bidens rotata Sherff 602

CLXXXIV. Bidens Cirsioides Sherff 604

CLXXXV. Bidens Dielsii Sherff 612

CLXXXVI. Bidens Neumannii Sherff 614

CLXXXVII. Bidens ternata (Chiov.) Sherff 616

CLXXXVIII. Bidens setigera (Schz. Bip.) Sherff (figs, j, k); var. abyssinica

(Schz. Bip.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 620

Bidens praecox Sherff (fig. 1) 620

CLXXXIX. Bidens setigeroides Sherff (figs, a-t) 628

Bidens phelloptera Sherff (figs, j-s) » 628

PREFACE

It is now a quarter of a century since the work detailed in the
following pages was begun.1 The genus Bidens was suggested at
that time by Dr. Jesse More Greenman as deserving of monographic
study (c/. my Revision of the Genus Coreopsis, Field Mus. Bot.
Ser. 11 : 279. 1936). Numerous facilities for research and publication
were at once granted by the Department of Botany of the University
of Chicago and by the Department of Botany of the Field Museum
of Natural History. Subsequently, many other institutions of
learning and many individuals throughout the world extended assist-
ance of the most helpful kind. Indeed, it is certain that without
their cooperation my studies could never have been advanced to a
reasonable degree of completion.

The genus Bidens was so closely intertwined in botanical litera-
ture with Coreopsis, Cosmos, Coreocarpus, Megalodonta, Dahlia,
Isostigma, Heterosperma, Thelesperma, and certain other genera
of Compositae, that it became necessary in many cases to make a
truly monographic study of these allied genera before attempting
to progress further in the treatment of Bidens itself. This has occa-
sioned considerable delay in the consummation of the present work
but has permitted the writing of several other revisional texts which
it is hoped will be of compensating value.

It is exceedingly difficult in a work of this kind to describe properly
or to acknowledge completely the innumerable bits of aid received
over so long a time as twenty-five years. Several botanists and
collectors have personally journeyed to distant and often almost
inaccessible places to secure specimens for my studies. Various
teachers of botany have enlisted the aid of their more advanced
students to secure a large assemblage of materials. Most of the
world's larger museums and herbaria have lent their entire collec-
tions of Bidens and related genera or have placed at my disposal
every desired facility when I sojourned with them for herbarium
or library study. One foreign institution even went so far during
the troublous times of the World War as to cut the sheets of type
or other valuable specimens into halves and transmit one half for
the delineation of my illustrative plates. In various articles already

1 At the University of Chicago, where the first stages were completed in the
graduate department. Some of the earliest findings were embodied in a paper
(Studies in the genus Bidens III, Bot. Gaz. 61: 495. 1916) which was accepted by
that institution as a thesis for the Doctor of Philosophy degree.

11

12 PREFACE

published, some of this assistance has been acknowledged. At this
time, however, I would express my indebtedness and gratitude to
the staffs of all the many cooperating institutions and especially
to the following individuals: Dr. Charles Sprague Sargent (deceased),
former Director, and Miss Ethelyn Tucker, Librarian, Arnold
Arboretum of Harvard University; Dr. Adolph Engler (deceased),
former Director, Dr. Ludwig Diels, present Director, Dr. Robert
Pilger, Associate Director, and Dr. Johannes Mattfeld, Curator,
Botanical Garden of Berlin; Dr. Herbert E. Gregory, former Director,
Dr. Peter Buck, present Director, Mr. Charles Noyes Forbes (de-
ceased), former Curator of Botany, Mr. Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., Curator
of Collections, Dr. Harold St. John and Mr. Francis Raymond
Fosberg, members of the Mangarevan Expedition of, Bernice Pauahi
Bishop Museum; Dr. Robert Chodat (deceased), former Director,
Institute of Botany of the University of Geneva and Boissier Her-
barium; Dr. Alfred Barton Rendle, former Keeper of Botany, Dr.
John Ramsbottom, present Keeper of Botany, and Mr. Spencer
Le Marchant Moore (deceased; for many years affiliated with),
British Museum of Natural History; Dr. Otto Buchtien, formerly
in charge of the Buchtien Herbarium, La Paz, Bolivia; Dr. Emile
DeWildeman, former Director, Dr. Walter Robyns, present Director,
and Dr. P. Staner (until recently Attache at the Museum of the
Belgian Congo at Tervueren but now on the staff of), National
Botanical Garden at Brussels; Dr. Harvey Monroe Hall (deceased),
former Professor of Botany, and Dr. Willis Linn Jepson, Professor
of Botany, University of California; Mr. James Melville Macoun
(deceased), former Curator, Herbarium of Canadian Geological
Survey; Dr. Otto Emery Jennings, Curator of Botany, Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh; Dr. John Merle Coulter (deceased), former
Head of Department of Botany, University of Chicago; Dr. Alexander
Borza, Director, Institute for Systematic Botany at the University
of Cluj; Dr. Carl Christensen, Curator of the Botanical Museum,
University of Copenhagen; Dr. Willard Winfield Rowlee (deceased),
former Professor of Botany, Dr. Liberty Hyde Bailey, former Pro-
fessor of Horticulture, and Dr. Karl McKay Wiegand, Professor of
Botany, Cornell University; Mr. Charles Clemon Deam, formerly
owner and custodian of the Deam Herbarium; Mr. Otto Degener,
author of the New Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, owner and custo-
dian of the Degener Herbarium; Dr. Casimir DeCandolle (deceased),
formerly in charge of the DeCandollean Prodromus Herbarium, Dr.
John Isaac Briquet (deceased), former Director, and Dr. Benedict

PREFACE 13

Pierre Georges Hochreutiner, present Director, Delessert Herbarium ;
Dr. Fritz Knoll, former Director, Botanical Institute of the German
University of Prague; Dr. Enrico Carano, former Director, Dr.
Giovanni Negri, present Director, and Dr. Renato Pampanini,
former Adjutante and Conservator, Institute of Botany of the
University of Florence; Dr. Carl Skottsberg, Director, Gothenburg
(Gb'teborg) Arboretum; Dr. Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (deceased),
former Curator, Dr. Merritt Lyndon Fernald, present Curator, Mr.
Charles A. Weatherby, Assistant Curator, Miss Mary Ann Day
(deceased), former Librarian, and Miss Ruth D. Sanderson, present
Librarian, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; Dr. Edward Lee
Greene (deceased), former owner and custodian, and Dr. Julius A.
Nieuwland (deceased), former Curator, E. L. Greene Herbarium;
Sir David Prain, former Director, Sir Arthur W. Hill, present
Director, Dr. Otto Stapf (deceased), former Keeper of Herbarium,
Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton, present Keeper of Herbarium, and Miss
M. L. Green, Botanist, Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew; Professor
Siro Kitamura, Imperial University, Kioto; Dr. J. W. C. Goethart,
Conservator, National Herbarium (Herb. Rijks), Leyden; Dr.
Benjamin Daydon Jackson (deceased), former General Secretary,
Linnean Society of London; Dr. Wilhelm Ruhland, Director,
Botanical Institute of the University of Leipsic; Dr. Carl Otto
Rosendahl, Chairman of Department of Botany, Dr. Martin
Lawrence Grant, recently Assistant in Botany, and Dr. John
William Moore, Curator of Herbarium, University of Minnesota;
Dr. George Thomas Moore, Director, Mr. Moses Craig (deceased),
former Curator of Herbarium, and Dr. Jesse More Greenman,
present Curator of Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden; Dr.
Karl Eberhard Goebel (deceased), former Conservator of the Royal
Botanical Garden, and Dr. Hermann Ross, Chief Conservator of
the Botanical Museum, Munich; Dr. Edwin Bayer, Director of
Department of Botany, National Museum, Prague; Dr. Karel
Domin, Director, Botanical Institute and Gardens of Charles
University, Prague; Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, former Custodian,
Dr. Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti, former Custodian, and Dr. Karl
Keissler, Director, Department of Botany, Natural History Museum
of Vienna; Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton (deceased), former Director,
Dr. Elmer Drew Merrill, former Director, Dr. Marshall Avery Howe
(deceased), late Director, Dr. Henry Allan Gleason, Deputy Director
and Head Curator, Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer,
and Dr. John Kunkel Small, Curator, New York Botanical Garden ;

14 PREFACE

Mr. George Claridge Druce, formerly in charge of the Dillenian
Herbarium, and Dr. Joseph Burtt-Davy, Lecturer in Tropical Forest
Botany, Oxford University; Dr. H. LeComte, Honorary Professor,
Dr. Henri Humbert, Professor, Mr. Louis Anfray (deceased), former
Preparator, and Dr. Paul Danguy, Vice-Director, Museum of
Natural History of Paris; Dr. John Milton Fogg, Jr., Assistant
Professor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania; Dr. Boris Issat-
chenko, former Director, Dr. Boris Keller, present Director, and
Dr. V. P. Savicz, Assistant Director, Botanical Garden of Leningrad ;
Mr. Marcus Eugene Jones (deceased), former Honorary Curator
of Herbarium, and Dr. Philip A. Munz, Professor of Botany, Pomona
College; Mr. Stewardson Brown (deceased), former Curator of
Plants, and Dr. Francis W. Pennell, present Curator of Plants,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Dr. LeRoy Abrams,
Professor of Botany and Curator of the Dudley Herbarium, and
Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Assistant Professor of Botany, Stanford Uni-
versity; Dr. Gunnar Samuelsson, Director of the Botanical Section
of the Natural History Royal Museum, Stockholm; Dr. William R.
Maxon, Curator, United States National Museum; Dr. Sidney Fay
Blake, Senior Botanist, United States Bureau of Plant Industry;
Dr. Richard Wettstein-Westersheim (deceased), former Director,
Botanical Garden and Institute of Vienna; Dr. Charles Elmer Allen,
Professor of Botany, and Dr. Norman Carter Fassett, Assistant
Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin; Mr. William Harris
(deceased), former Superintendent of Public Gardens for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture in Jamaica; Professor Angel L. Cabrera, National
University of La Plata, Argentina; Sr. Jose" F. Molfino, Ministry
of Agriculture, Buenos Aires; Mr. James C. Nelson, Principal,
Senior High School, Salem, Oregon; Mr. F. G. Overlaet, Territorial
Administrator at Kafakumba, District of Katanga, Belgian Congo;
Mr. St. Ahnne, President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Tahiti
in 1916; and Mr. V. Van Straelen, President, Institute of National
Parks of the Belgian Congo, Brussels.

From its inception, most of the work has been done at the
Field Museum of Natural History, where I have been shown in-
numerable courtesies and afforded much valuable aid. It is a genuine
pleasure to express here my gratitude to Mr. Frederick J. V. Skiff
(deceased), former Director, Mr. David C. Davies (deceased),
former Director, Mr. Stephen C. Simms (deceased), late Director,
Dr. Charles Frederick Millspaugh (deceased), former Curator of
Botany, Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, present Curator of Botany, Mr. Paul

PREFACE 15

Carpenter Standley, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, and Mr.
J. Francis Macbride, Assistant Curator of Taxonomy. I desire to
thank also the Board of Trustees of Field Museum and particularly
its President, Mr. Stanley Field.

From time to time since late in 1913, the results of my investiga-
tions in Bidens have been published in various botanical journals,
especially the Botanical Gazette, the American Journal of Botany,
the Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, the Occasional
Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, and the Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique de L'fitat (Bruxelles). Numerous references to these
journals will be found scattered through the present text. In fact,
to a certain extent this text represents a final consolidation of the
materials presented earlier in some two dozen or more separate
articles. Most of the text stands as it was prepared ten or more
years ago. A sincere attempt has been made, however, to add treat-
ments for all new forms which have come to light recently and to
incorporate, so far as space would permit, additional exsiccatae of
importance and references to the more noteworthy recent literature.

Throughout the preparation of the original manuscript and final
text, I have been aided in the proofreading by my wife, Fern R.
Seeley Sherff. Her cooperation is acknowledged here most gratefully.

Of all the more important specimens cited I have made photo-
graphs, these aggregating probably more than two thousand. Com-
plete sets are in my private collection and in the Herbarium of the
Field Museum of Natural History. A few hundred photographs
have been distributed to certain other herbaria, notably those of
the Berlin Botanical Garden and the National Botanical Garden
at Brussels.

It was originally intended to present delineations of authentic
materials for every known species. Accordingly, until about six
years ago I had sketched all species known to me, and even many
varieties. Since that time, however, the pressure of other work, not
to mention the anticipated limitations of space, has prevented the
preparation of additional plates. Fortunately most of the recently
described species are well represented in herbaria by type and
cotype materials,1 so that little difficulty should be encountered in
problems of identification.

In general, geographic names are given essentially as in modern
atlases. In a few cases, however, it has seemed wise to leave the

1 The term "cotype" is used throughout to connote a duplicate of the type (i.e.,
a paratype; cf. J. C. Arthur et al., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 172-174, Apr., 1907).

16 PREFACE

country name as given in my earlier writings; e.g., British East
Africa is retained for Kenya Colony and German East Africa for Tan-
ganyika Territory.1 In most cases where specimens were described
as having been collected "in the vicinity of" a certain town or city,
these qualifying words have been deleted by the Editor. Moreover,
all altitudes expressed by the collector in feet have been altered in
the process of editing to read in meters, the conversion being made
on the slightly inexact basis of 3^ feet to one meter.

The text has been made to conform throughout to the Inter-
national Rules of Nomenclature as adopted at Cambridge, England,

in 1930 (ed. 3, Jena, 1935). 2

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

1 An unwelcome complication arises in the latter case, in that northwestern-
most German East Africa (that is, Urundi and Ruanda) now appears in atlases as
a part of Belgian Congo. It is quite possible that several specimens recently
collected in "Belgian Congo" came from territory cited by me for earlier specimens
as a part of German East Africa.

2 With the slight exception that Recommendation XL-b, intended to apply
only to "a new specific or other epithet" and governing the construction of posses-
sive names when these are derived from "the name of a man," is made to apply to
old as well as "new" epithets. Thus, for examples, Coreopsis Sereti (original spell-
ing) appears as C. Seretii, and Bidens Eatoni (original spelling) appears as B. Eatonii.
It would seem that, in the interests of nomenclatural simplification and unification,
a future International Congress should amend Recommendation XL, making
part "b" and perhaps the other three parts to apply to old as well as to new epithets.

It may be added here that in the present text Recommendation XLIII of the
International Rules has been followed in accordance with what it seemed must be a
correct literal interpretation, rather than in accordance with the interpretation
placed upon it by most botanists (if we may judge by their practice). This
Recommendation provides that: "Specific (or other) epithets should be written
with a small initial letter, except those which are derived from names of persons
(substantives or adjectives) or are taken from generic names (substantives or
adjectives)." This is essentially the same as Recommendation X of the Inter-
national Rules adopted in 1905 at Vienna, and, curiously enough, the context con-
tains the same flaws that were manifest in the context for the earlier recommenda-
tion. No example is given immediately of a specific name taken from a generic name
and used as an adjective (in "Lythrum Hyssopifolia," perhaps originally intended for
an example, "Hyssopifolia" is the name of a former genus and is used as a sub-
stantive, lacking, quite naturally of course, agreement in gender with Lythrum).
However, elsewhere in the text of the 1930 Rules, specific epithets taken directly
from generic names and used as adjectives are begun with a small letter (e.g., linoides
from Linurn, Art. 69, Examples, line 4). Confronted with this evident disregard of
recommendations by those whose very duty it was to edit and publish them, I have
chosen to ignore all but the literal wording of the recommendation itself as printed.
In this way it is felt that the matured and officially expressed judgment of those
in attendance when the recommendation in question was originally put to a vote
has been given proper recognition. The reader will find, therefore, Bidens Cos-
moides, Bidens Cirsioides, etc., in the text. Moreover, trivial names like geraniifolia,
ferulaefolia, etc., have been construed as coming within the scope of the same
recommendation, hence the names, Bidens Geraniifolia, Bidens Ferulaefolia, etc.

THE GENUS BIDENS

EARL EDWARD SHERFF

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GENUS

The genus Bidens dates back (if we disregard the genus in so far
as it appeared in the works of Tournefort and other pre-Linnean
writers) to Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (p. 831. 1753) and his
Genera Plantarum (ed. 5. 362, No. 840. 1754). Bidens tripartita L.
was the type. Except for certain species (e.g., B. nivea L., B. verti-
cillata L., and B. fruticosa L.), which since have been universally
recognized as belonging to genera other than Bidens (and, too, other
than Coreopsis; see list of Nomina e Bidente excludenda at end of
this work), the Linnean species of Bidens had achenial awns or aristae,
and these were armed with retrorse barbs.

In 1790, * Necker (Elem. Bot. 1: 86-87) subdivided the genus
Bidens into two new genera. Because of the existence of species
with more than two achenial aristae, he dropped the name Bidens.
He proposed, instead, the names Pluridens and Edwarsia. His
Pluridens was described as having "folia simplicia" and apparently
was meant as synonymous with Bidens L. sensu stricto (although
the Linnean type of the genus Bidens was really B. tripartita L., a
species with compound leaves!). It would include Bidens cernua L.
His Edwarsia was described as having "folia composita" and con-
sisting of "quaed. Bident. Linn." It thus would include, for example,
B. pilosa L. and B. bipinnata L.

In 1794, Moench (Meth. 569 and 595) followed Necker's treat-
ment essentially, but substituted the names Bidens and Kerneria
for Necker's two names. Neither Necker's treatment nor that of
Moench is today accepted by botanists.

About a century ago Gaudichaud (Voy. Freycinet Bot. 464,
pL 85. 1826-1830), describing a species collected in the Hawaiian
Islands during Freycinet's voyage, named the plant Bidens micrantha.
Shortly afterward, Cassini (Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827) called
attention to the curved achenes of Gaudichaud's species. He made
this achenial character the basis for proposing his new genus Cam-
pylotheca (syn. Dolicotheca). Later, Lessing (Linnaea 6: 508. 1831)

1 Cf. E. L. Greene, Pittonia 4: 245. 1901.

17

18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

accepted Cassini's genus for species like Bidens micrantha Gaud.,
but erected a new genus, Adenolepis, to include a somewhat different
form, his (Lessing's) A. pulchella. Concerning Campylotheca, how-
ever, we may note that the name was retained by DeCandolle in
his Prodromus (5: 593. 1836), although elsewhere it was accorded
only slight attention. In fact, the collections in those days embraced
so few specimens from the Pacific Islands that little study was made
of the Pacific flora by taxonomists.

DeCandolle (loc. cit.) listed under Bidens proper 76 species. An
essential character of Bidens as distinguished from Coreopsis was,
in his opinion, the possession of retrorse barbs by the achenial
aristae. If these were lacking he referred the species to Coreopsis.
His 76 species of Bidens he divided into three sections. His Sect. I,
Platycarpaea, included such species (as to obovate-cuneiform, ob-
compressed, or flat achenes) as B. tripartite, L., B. connata Muhl.,
and B. cernua L. His Sect. II, Psilocarpaea, included such species
(as to elongate, linear-tetragonal achenes) as B. triplinervia H.B.K.
and B. pilosa L. ; and with these species he even joined those climbing
species like B. Rubifolia H.B.K. and B. squarrosa H.B.K., species
which have elongate, flat, almost ribbon-shaped achenes. His
Sect. Ill, Discopoda, included the one species B. purpurea DC., a
species that was a true Cosmos and later was very properly trans-
ferred to that genus (Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2: 387. 1876; cf.
Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 200. 1881). It is seen, then, that
the true species of Bidens were in reality divided by DeCandolle
into only two sections, namely, Platycarpaea and Psilocarpaea.
These, however, were distinguished upon a surer morphological basis
than was the case with either Necker or Moench.

Aside from Campylotheca and Bidens, DeCandolle (op. cit. 633)
described a new plant that resembled Bidens, but which appeared
remarkable in having the ligules pistillate and fertile. He created
the genus Delucia therefor, and his new plant he named D. Ostru-
thioides (later Schultz Bipontinus in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 308.
1852-1857 renamed the species Bidens Ostruthioides, and this latter
name has been widely accepted ever since). Nuttall, in 1841 (Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 368), reduced Campylotheca to the rank
of a section under Bidens, but did not give extended reasons for so
doing. His attention had been directed to the subject by his having
traveled among the Hawaiian Islands and discovered there at least
one new species of Bidens (his B. gracilis}. Nuttall, however, did
evince a rejection of Cassini's main character for Campylotheca,

THE GENUS BIDENS 19

namely, the curved or twisted achenes. He worded his description
to read "sometimes curved or contorted," and for one species (his
B. mutica) he definitely described the achenes as "straight." Since
Nuttall's time, we may add, many other closely affiliated species
have been discovered, including forms of Bidens micrantha itself,
which have straight achenes, thus bringing the curved-achene
character into discredit.

In 1856 Schultz Bipontinus undertook the determination of
various specimens collected on the Island of Nukahiva (Marquesas
Islands) by Edward Jardin. Finding four new species native to this
single small island, Schultz Bipontinus appears to have entered upon
a very careful and painstaking research into the subject of their
generic affinities, finally publishing his results1 in Flora (39: 357.
1856). As regards the maintenance of a genus Campylotheca apart
from Bidens, he was unreservedly against such a course. His four
new species from Nukahiva and all of the Hawaiian species he
referred to Bidens.

In 1861, Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 125-128) made the
next important contribution to a knowledge of the group. Gray
had received from the Museum of Natural History in Paris several
specimens collected by Jules Remy in the Hawaiian Islands, also
a number from the United States Exploring Expedition under
Captain Wilkes, collected in the Hawaiian Islands, Tahiti, Eimeo,
and elsewhere in the Pacific. Most of these were new species. Gray's
publication indicates that he was probably unaware of Schultz
Bipontinus' paper. Thus, for example, he inadvertently created the
name Coreopsis Macraei for a plant already named by the latter
Bidens Campylotheca. As, therefore, he does not seem to have read
Schultz Bipontinus' paper, it is all the more interesting and valu-
able to find that Gray, too, was compelled to abandon the name
Campylotheca. Species having the achenes wingless and the awns
retrorsely barbed he described under Bidens. But several other
species, different in having either exaristate achenes or even winged
achenes, he described under Coreopsis. Thus he described Bidens
hawaiensis, B. Lantanoides, Coreopsis mauiensis, C. macrocarpa, C.
Macraei, C. Cosmoides, and C. Menziesii. Gray's own words at the
time of describing some of these species are worthy of note.
Speaking of the futility of maintaining Campylotheca as a separate

1 For a personal estimate, apparently unbiased and accurate, of the taxonomic
ability and sagacity that Schultz Bipontinus displayed at times, see Bentham,
Journ. Linn. Soc. 13: 340. 1873.

20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

genus, apart from Bidens and Coreopsis, he said: "Its adoption
merely gives us three limitless genera unmarked by any peculiarity
in habit, in the place of two artificially separated ones. . . . Vain is
the attempt to draw absolute limits where Nature luxuriates in
gradations" (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861).

In 1888 there appeared the posthumous Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands by William Hillebrand. From his twenty years of resident
study in the Hawaiian Islands and his careful investigations subse-
quently, Hillebrand was eminently well versed in their species. His
treatment assumes almost the aspect of a monographic revision,
and it is evident that he possessed much more than an ordinary
knowledge of Bidens and related groups. His brilliancy, however,
appears to have been manifested, as is so apt to occur with a local
botanist, less in the excellence of his genus concept than in that of
his species concept. And, even in the latter respect, his generaliza-
tions are often necessarily faulty because of the inadequacy of his
material. Hillebrand, like Gray, appears never to have seen Schultz
Bipontinus' paper. He discarded Gray's treatment, however, and
adopted once again Cassini's name Campylotheca. Speaking of
Campylotheca he says (p. 211) : "The genus, as it presents itself now,
stands evidently nearer to Bidens than to Coreopsis, and might be
merged in the former if it were not for the winged achenes of so many
species,1 which, if admitted in the character of Bidens, would efface
the limits between that genus and Coreopsis." Gray's Hawaiian
Bidens is transferred by Hillebrand to Campylotheca.2

From early times down to and including the work of Drake del
Castillo, botanists, as exemplified by Augustin DeCandolle (the
DeCandolle who is meant throughout this work except where noted
to the contrary) and Asa Gray, tended to refer to Bidens those species
with retrorsely barbed awns, and to Coreopsis those species with
antrorsely barbed awns or with awns inconspicuous.3 But, from
time to time in North America, new forms have been discovered,
identical in each case with a certain species of Coreopsis (as then

1 Regarding the inaccuracy of this statement, cf. footnote 1, p. 24.

2 We may note at this point that shortly following Hillebrand's book, Drake
del Castilld (Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 208-210. 1890) transferred all the Campy-
lotheca species, also several allied species of Bidens, to the genus Coreopsis!
Strangely, however, he left such species as Bidens Lantanoides Gray and B. australis
Spreng. (B. paniculata Hook. & Arn.) in Bidens.

3 It is true that in isolated cases species with retrorsely barbed achenes were
put by Jacquin (e.g., Bidens Ferulaefolia), by Loureiro (e.g., B. leucorrhiza) , by
Cavanilles (e.g., B. Sambucifolia), and by others into Coreopsis. In each such
case, however, these species were sooner or later transferred to Bidens and there
retained by the great body of taxonomic workers.

THE GENUS BIDENS 21

delimited) or Bidens except in the direction of the barbs on the
awns. Asa Gray (cf. Fernald, Rhodora 15: 77. 1913), when con-
fronted with such a form of "Coreopsis aristosa Michx." (the then
accepted name), designated it "C. aristosa inBidentem transformata."
Later (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 294-296. 1884) he treated this
and similar forms as hybrids between Coreopsis and Bidens.

In 1893, Britton (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 280-281), emphasizing
the instability of the barb-direction character f or Bidens frondosa L.,
and also separating the two genera on general grounds rather than
by one particular character, transferred six species from Coreopsis
to Bidens. The validity of these transfers has since been accepted
unhesitatingly by all prominent American botanists who have
critically studied the Eastern United States species of Bidens, among
them Wiegand (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 401. 1899), Greene (e.g.,
Leafl. Bot. Crit. 1: 200. 1906),1 and Robinson and Fernald (Gray's
Man. ed. 7: 839. 1908). It is also implied by many other botanists
working upon the species of other regions but following the same
distinctions, a singular case being that of Brandegee's description
(Zoe 5: 239. 1906) of Bidens alpina and Greenman's description
(Proc. Amer. Acad. 41: 264. 1905) of Bidens sarmentosa. The achenes
are described for B. alpina as "nearly smooth; awns none or two
varying from 1 mm. long to rudiments, corneous and not barbellate";
for B. sarmentosa, as "glabrous or sparingly hispidulous, awnless
or with reduced awns." But, on investigation, these species were
found to be identical; in turn, B. sarmentosa, which from priority
of publication would otherwise stand as the accepted species, was
found to match in every character Coreopsis Anthemoides DC.,
having achenes described (DC. Prodr. 5: 573. 1836) as "(immaturis)
linearibus glabris brevissime bidentatis." Thus, a species placed
by DeCandolle in Coreopsis, evidently because of its very short
awns, was independently referred by Brandegee and by Greenman,
about 70 years later, to Bidens, evidently because the achenes lacked
wings and the general characters coincided closely with those of
certain unquestioned species of Bidens (e.g.,B. triplinervia, especially
its var. macrantha, with awns retrorsely barbed). More recently
still, specimens of this same species have been found with most of
the achenial aristae retrorsely barbed, and one such form has been
described as Bidens Purpusorum Bitt. & Ptsn. (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
76: 153. 1923).

1 Thus, Greene refers to Bidens a plant ("B. tenuissima") with "erect, up-
wardly barbed awns."

22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Fernald, in a recent discussion of the awn characters of Bidens
(Rhodora 15: 74-78. 1913), lists no fewer than six American species
in which occurs a more or less pronounced form having the awns
barbed in the reverse from the normal direction. Thus, for example,
Bidens connata Muhl. has awns retrorsely barbed, while var. anomala
Farw. has awns antrorsely barbed. Again, Bidens aristosa (Michx.)
Britt. has antrorsely barbed awns, while the var. Fritcheyi Fern, has
retrorsely barbed awns. Hence it is obvious that, were the old artifi-
cial method of distinguishing between Coreopsis and Bidens (namely,
by the direction of the barbs on the awns) to be retained, an anoma-
lous situation would result. We should be compelled either to regard
each of these varieties as a hybrid between two species of distinct
genera, a course certainly unwarranted in several cases (cf. Fernald,
loc. cit., and Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 401. 1899), or to
refer each variety to the other genus, an entirely indefensible alterna-
tive. We are compelled, then, to view these varieties, in at least
the majority of cases, as merely more or less distinct and pronounced
forms of their respective species. This being true, the awn character
method of separating Coreopsis from Bidens is seen to demand a
restatement. In the light of my own monographic researches upon
these two genera, we may go only so far as to say that all forms with
retrorsely barbed achenial aristae belong in Bidens, but that forms
having antrorsely barbed aristae or having no aristae at all may
belong in either Bidens or Coreopsis, depending upon various other
considerations.1

The somewhat superficial study made by Greene (Pittonia 4:
242-270. 1901) upon several species of Bidens may be noted here
in passing. Greene commented upon the dissimilarity between
such species as B. cernua L. and B. tripartite^ L. Even so radical a
botanist as he, however, refrained from proposing a generic segrega-
tion of the B. cernua forms. Nevertheless, Greene did segregate the
aquatic Bidens Beckii as the type of a new genus, Megalodonta;
and, when the peculiar achenes of this species are considered, it
seems wise to accept Greene's new genus as valid.

Strangely enough, no one appears to have tried to segregate
generically the pronounced and well defined group of Bidens species
typified by B. reptans (L.) G. Don.2 These species differ from the

1 For additional notes on the aristal barbs, see Wegener, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
31: 79. 1914; etiam Briquet, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. 42: 65. 1916.

2 DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 599. 1836), however, did create the name Bidens
Coreopsidis for one of these species. Even earlier, the names Coreopsis reptans L.,
C. incisa Ker., etc., had been given to certain of these species, but without very
serious consideration's being given to their generic affiliations.

THE GENUS BIDENS 23

more typical species in being climbers, and in having long, flat
achenes that are hispid along the two edges in such a way at times
as to suggest a centipede. They are referred in this work to the
Section Greenmania. — Similarly, the anomalous Bidens clarendonensis
Britton may be mentioned here. It has trailing, somewhat woody
stems, thick, rhombic-ovate leaves, and by some might be inter-
preted as representing a new genus (although by me it is taken as
representing the monotypic section Neurophyllum).

It is seen that, if we accept the narrow concept of Bidens held
by Cassini, Lessing, and Hillebrand, and seek to segregate the native
Pacific species under the name Campylotheca, to be consistent we
shall have to subject the entire genus Bidens to a process of subdivi-
sion and segregation, resulting in at least eight genera. There are
at least two good reasons for not adopting such a course. In the
first place, the accuracy of such a series of interpretations is not so
well established as to justify overturning almost the entire nomen-
clature of the genus. In the second place, the lines of demarcation
among the various subordinate groups are so fluctuating and in-
constant that efforts to apply a binomial system of nomenclature
to the many species would be rendered even more difficult than
before. I am constrained to reject, therefore, any idea of seriously
interfering with the general status of Bidens. Cassini's name
Campylotheca I am compelled to reject.1

1 In taking this step it is reassuring to read the words of so eminent a student
of the Compositae as Bentham. Speaking of Cassini and his work, he stated
(Journ. Linn. Soc. 13: 338. 1873): "Unfortunately, however, in working out the
details of the genera in the 'Dictionaire,' he indulged in an enormous and useless
multiplication of generic names, which only tended to throw the nomenclature
into confusion, and cast a slur upon all his labors. Wherever he observed a slight
difference in the involucre, pappus, or general aspect, or could not readily identify
an imperfect specimen, an engraved figure, or a description often incorrect, he
at once set it down as a new genus, and has thus, more than any other botanist of
equal ability, overloaded the science with useless synonyms. So recklessly, indeed,
did he give way to this mania of coining new names, that he on many occasions
proposed two, or even three, for the same genus, leaving future botanists to take
their choice." Cassini did not neglect Campylotheca in this respect. At the very
outset he proposed Dolicotheca as an alternative name. This latter name, however,
was never adopted by Lessing, DeCandolle, or others.

We may note here that recently Brown (Forest B.H., Fl. S.E. Polynesia
3: 350. 1935; Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 350. 1935) has retained Campylotheca and
advanced various queries as to the presence or importance of certain diagnostic
characters hitherto relied upon or hitherto neglected. On the other hand, Degener
(in numerous names published conjointly with myself in past articles cited in
the following pages), Grant (in such names as Bidens orofenensis, B. glandulifera,
B. aoraiensis, etc., published or repeated in this volume with his cooperation),
J. W. Moore (Bish. Mus. Bull. 102: 46. 1933), St. John (in many herbarium
determinations), Skottsberg (Medd. Goteborgs Bot. Tradgard 10: 191. 1935),
and various other able students of the Pacific floras have inclined toward outright
reduction of Campylotheca to Bidens.

24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Having laid aside the name Campy iotheca, we must note next
the lack of absolute uniformity in even one distinctive character
among the numerous species of Bidens and of the allied genus
Coreopsis. In spite of this lack, however, one such character does
persist to a considerable extent, especially among the African and
North American (as contrasted with the South American) species.
It is the presence (in Coreopsis) or absence (in Bidens) of two lateral
wings upon the mature achene. In cases where other criteria are
absent, it appears to offer the only logical basis of distinction. This
presence or absence of achene wings was given great weight by Gray,
but in the Pacific flora the wing character is unreliable, and will
lead, if absence of wings be demanded from all species of Bidens,
to an arbitrary and unnatural arrangement. Some three or four
Hawaiian forms commonly have accessory awns or barbs below the
achene's apex, and either these or the principal awns frequently
are decurrent along the achenial edges as a more or less thickened
margin or even as a wing; or at times the awns seem unrelated to
the wings. In Bidens mauiensis, these wings are very conspicuous.
The number of Hawaiian species that exhibit this character, however,
is very small compared with the remaining Pacific species that lack
it.1 Moreover, a study of their other characters, such as odor of
bruised foliage (when fresh) and shape of ligules, as well as range
of distribution, shows them to be much closer to the wingless-achened
Bidens species of the Pacific than to the American species Coreopsis
lanceolata L., which has winged achenes and which must be taken as
the type of the genus Coreopsis. It seems wise, therefore, to treat such
species as belonging in Bidens instead of in Coreopsis, where placed
by Asa Gray. We shall have even then no greater incongruity in
Bidens than must perforce be tolerated in Coreopsis. Thus, for
example, all authors who have dealt with the subject have retained
the North American wingless-achened Coreopsis rosea Nutt. and
C. tinctoria Nutt. in Coreopsis despite their anomalous achenes,
because their other characters clearly indicated a closer affinity with
Coreopsis than with Bidens. Manifestly this was the only correct
course to pursue, and my own procedure is precisely comparable.

On reference to recent descriptions and types of African species
of Bidens, we find that in several cases the awns, even on achenes
of the same head, are barbed both antrorsely and retrorsely. Thus,

1 Cf. Hillebrand's misleading words, "the winged achenes of so many species."
Doubtless Hillebrand was recalling many specimens of a few species, and unguard-
edly referring to them as "so many species." Reference to his individual descrip-
tions shows few of the species to be described as wing-achened.

THE GENUS BIDENS 25

for example, Moore (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 37: 322. 1906) created
the name Bidens ambigua for Gossweiler 1189, for the very reason
that some of the awns are smooth, others antrorsely barbed, and
others retrorsely barbed ("achaeniis .... aristis 2 quam se ipsa
brevioribus dentibus perpaucis nunc erectis mine recurvis onustis
vel etiam omnino calvis . . . ., hence the trivial name"). Yet in the
same year (Journ. Bot. 44: 22. 1906) he likewise somewhat arbi-
trarily created the name Coreopsis Taylori for a plant showing the
same variation (coll. W. E. Taylor, Jan. 5, 1886; "achaeniis ....
apice setuloso-ciliatis calvis vel aristulis 1 vel 2 brevissimis erecto- vel

patenti- vel etiam recurvo-uncinulatis onustis saepe vero nudis ;

indeed, the plant might almost as well be considered a Bidens, but
the habit is that of Coreopsis"). In referring the latter species to
Coreopsis, he relied mainly upon its habital similarity to other
(so-called) species of Coreopsis from Africa. But, as will be seen
presently, some of these species belong in reality to Bidens. There-
fore, this habital similarity, affording formerly an apparently good
reason for the name Coreopsis Taylori, can no longer be given much
consideration.

The present writer, in bringing together the numerous species
of Bidens for monographic treatment, has come to adopt fully the
distinctions between these two genera as followed by recent American
botanists. In brief, the genus Coreopsis is maintained primarily
because of the peculiar habit and winged achenes of the Linnean
type species (excluding C. alba, C. Bidens, and C. alternifolia, Sp.
Plant, ed. 1. 907-909. 1753; cf. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20:
280. 1893).

Similarly, the genus Bidens is maintained primarily because of
the peculiar habit, strongly barbed awns, and wingless achenes of
several of the Linnean species of Bidens.

MORPHOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, ECOLOGY,
AND OTHER SPECIAL LINES OF INQUIRY

No attempt can be made here to survey completely the work done
so far upon Bidens in the several special fields of plant research.1

1 Aside from references to Frank's finding of connecting bundles in Bidens (Bot.
Zeit. 1864: 154 and 382. 1864; cf. DeBary, Comp. Anat. Phan. Ferns 308. 1884)
and to Hanstein's finding of transverse girdles in B. cernua and B. tripartite^ (Abh.
Berl. Acad. 1857: 77. 1857; cf. DeBary, op. cit. 297), my manuscript includes
little of value connected with the morphology or histology of the stem or branches.

The morphology of the chaff scales and involucral bracts of the European
species of Bidens has been studied by Briquet (Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. 43: 333. 1917).
A summary of his findings, as presented elsewhere (Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit.

26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Nor can an attempt be made to summarize the environmental con-
ditions under which the numerous species live. These are so varied,
ranging from almost extreme hydrophytism1 to almost extreme
xerophytism, that habitat data can best be and are presented in
association with the Specimens examined.2 There, too, will be found
special notes on any uses for medicines, dyestuffs, beverages, etc.,
that various collectors have recorded. There is practically no litera-
ture upon the cytology or genetics of Bidens.3

6: 215. 1917), is quoted verbatim: "Enfin, une autre particularity tres inteiessante
de nos especes du genre Bidens consiste dans le fait que les bractees involucrales
internes et externes ont une structure tres differente. IndSpendamment de nom-
breux caracteres distinctifs de detail, les canaux s6creteurs sont lies aux faisceaux
dans les premieres (dans la nervure m6diane, il y a 2 canaux phleotermiques et
un canal sur la face ventrale de 1'endoxyle), dans les secondes les canaux sont
beaucoup plus volumineux et places dans le m&ophylle en dehors des faisceaux.
Les bractees paleales presentent les principaux caracteres des bractees involucrales
internes, mais avec une forme differente et une reduction dans le nombre des
faisceaux et des canaux."

The alternation of calyx projections (achenial aristae), corolla lobes, and
stamens in the abnormally tetramerous disc florets of B. cernua has been noted
by Buchenau, also by Wydler (see p. 302, footnote 1).

The achenes' internal structure was investigated for various Compositae by
Hanausek (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. 20: 449. 1902; Sitzungsber. Konigl.
Acad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. 116: (Abt. 1) 3. 1907; Wiesner-Festschrift
139. 1908; Denkschrift Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. 87: 93-142,
pis. 1-3. 1912). For Bidens bipinnata, B. tripartite,, B. abyssinica, etc., as for certain
other Compositae (e.g., Helianthus annuus), he found the pericarp to have a
"coal-depositing" layer. This and related facts are summarized by Briquet and
Cavillier (Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 214. 1917), who state as follows: "La section trans-
versale de 1'akene des Bidens est rhomboidale; Tepicarpe n'est pas cristallifere
et ne porte point de trichomes autres que les aculeoles; sous 1'epicarpe se trouve
un hypoderme a elements ± etires radialement en palisades, hypoderme simple
par places, plus souvent multiple, dont les parois internes (en contact avec le
scle>ocarpe) transforment leur lamelle mitoyenne (mitoyenne avec le sclerocarpe)
en un epais depdt de charbon (ligne d'un noir fuligineux continue en coupe trans-
versale entre 1'hypoderme et le sclerocarpe) ; le sclerocarpe forme une cuirasse con-
tinue, e'paisse de 2-3 assises, a stereides externes pourvues d'asperites en brochette
faisant saillie dans le depdt de charbon; les faisceaux sont encastres dans la region
interne du sclerocarpe, leur xyleme 6tant enyeloppe par le leptocarpe parenchy-
mateux; 1'endocarpe ne presente rien de particular; 1'albumen possede des parois
cellulaires souvent ± cplorees en violet; le plan de symetrie de 1'embryon coincide
avec le plan de symetrie de la fleur: les cotyledons sont transversaux."

1 The truly aquatic Bidens Beckii Torr. is here excluded from the genus, in
accordance with the treatment of E. L. Greene, who renamed it Megalodonta
Beckii (Pittonia 4: 271. 1901).

2 We may note in passing, however, a cultural experiment by H. B. Guppy
(Studies in Seeds and Fruits 445-446. 1912) upon Bidens cernua andJB. tripartita,
"two species that grow in wet stations by the sides of ditches, ponds, and rivers.
After three generations the height of the plants was reduced from 17 or 18 inches
to 5 or 6 inches, the fleshy stems becoming dry, woody, and wiry, the length of
the achenes being reduced by half." In young plants of B. cernua, Guppy was
able (op. cit. 480-482), by withholding water, to produce an approach in leaf
outline to that of B. tripartita.

3 Lawrence, writing on "The genetics and cytology of Dahlia species" (Journ.
Genetics 21: 125-159. 1929), cites (p. 151) his own root tip count for the somatic
number of chromosomes in Bidens atrosanguinea "as approximately 48, which was

THE GENUS BIDENS 27

Certain studies have been made, however, upon the flowering
and fruiting heads, having to do chiefly with protection and pollina-
tion, which studies may be mentioned here:

Protection of pollen. — Hansgirg (Pflanzenbiolog. Untersuch. 122-
123. 1904) lists five types of antipluvial ("regenscheuer") flowers,
the protection of whose pollen rests upon a phytodynamic principle.
As illustrating his third type, characterized by a standing upright
of the flowers or heads in pleasant weather and by their drooping
over (due to a flexure of the axis) in rainy weather, he mentions,
among other genera, Bidens. (See also B. Volkensii, next paragraph.)

Insect visits. — Robertson (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 6: 473-
474. 1894) made a study of insect visits to plants of B. aristosa on
fourteen days, Aug. 2 to Sept. 15, in the neighborhood of Carlinville,
Illinois. He presents lists of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera, and Hemiptera which he observed. On Sept. 20 he
studied the insect visits, in the same neighborhood, to "B. chrysan-
themoides Michx." (as this species does not grow in Illinois he
clearly meant B. cernua). There he found represented all the above
groups but Hemiptera. — Scott Elliot (Ann. Bot. 5: 357. 1891), in
his notes on the fertilization of South African and Madagascar
flowering plants, recorded a visitation of B. pilosa by Pieres hellica.—
Knuth (Bot. Centralbl. 49: 301. 1892) reported the visit at Kiel,
Germany, of Lucilia cornicina to B. cernua. He later (Blutenbiol.
2, pt. 1 : 598-599. 1898) recorded also the visit of Bombus terrester
to the same species, and cited as well a visit by the honey bee which
had been recorded by H. Miiller. For B. tripartite,, Knuth reported
MacLeod's observation of the bees Bombus and Anthrena visiting
the flowers; he recorded also his own observation of three hoverflies
and one bug. — William Saunders, of London, Ontario, reported
insect captures (Canad. Entomologist 11: 196. 1879; also, Amer.
Entomologist 1880: 75. 1880) by a species of Bidens, in all probability
B. cernua. "The insects which he had observed thus captured were
Dipterous [flowerflies, of the genus Syrphus], all of whom had been

later confirmed by a pollen mother cell count of 24. Considerable irregularity of
the divisions was apparent and multiple association was also marked." He records
his unsuccessful attempt to cross B. atrosanguinea with Dahlia Merckii. We
must observe, however, that B. atrosanguinea is a true Cosmos and thus can not
represent Bidens.

The same writer wrote elsewhere (in lit., October 21, 1931) : "It is a remarkable
fact but, with the exception of Bidens atrosanguinea, not a single species of Bidens
or Coreopsis has been examined cytologically as far as I am aware. ... I have
little doubt that these genera are mainly polyploid. One would expect to find
multiple series of chromosomes as in Chrysanthemum and Senecio, but of course I
have no evidence for this view."

28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

caught by the mouth; some were found dead, others still living, but
unable to withdraw their proboscis." — On the other hand, Meehan
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891: 271. 1891) recorded his invariable
failure, throughout two years of repeated observations, to find one
instance of insect visitation for B. frondosa. He advanced the
opinion that the long; retrorsely barbed achenial aristae had exerted
a deterrent influence on the insects. He furthermore ventured the
assertion that B. frondosa has in no way suffered "by ages of pure
in-and-in breeding." — Hansgirg, in the work already cited (p. 133),
lists various myrmecophobic plants. He includes B. Volkensii along
with the common dandelion, Taraxacum palustre var. vulgar e (Lam.)
Fern. (T. officinale Weber), as having reflexed outer involucral
bracts, this tending to prevent access of ants to the flowers.

Protection of flowering heads when young. — Gressner (Flora 69:
94. 1886) investigated the developing involucre for two species of
Compositae. He states for B. tripartita (as translated) : "The edge
of the bracts of the involucre of the very young inflorescence possesses
no indentation — but, instead, at fairly regular distances apart,
several-celled trichomes. These have stiff, strongly cuticularized
walls and are bent hook-like. . . . The outer surface of the cell
wall shines forth through the delicate strip of cuticle, beautifully
ornamented. Through the inter-hooking of these marginal trichomes
there is obtained an exact enclosure of the bud. Later, as it seems,
the hair-structure in question is broken asunder; the bracts of the
matured involucre are twisted in an extremely irregular way, and
a mass of many-shaped, several-celled trichomes surrounds the
disrupted bract apex."

Anthers and style at anthesis. — Cassini (Opuscul. Phytolog. 1:
31. 1826) and, much later, Friedrich Hildebrand (Geschlechtsver-
haltnisse Compos. 66. 1869) described and illustrated the surface
of the style branches for B. tripartita. To translate from Hildebrand :
"The extreme apex [of each style branch] possesses a fascicle or
tuft of sweeping-hairs and somewhat deeper down, separated by
a smooth flat surface from the upper hair-cluster, still a second
sweeping-hair region occurs." — Knuth (Blum. Insekt. Nordfrieschen
Inseln 88. 1894; Blutenbiol. 2, pt. 1: 598. 1898) described the behavior
of B. tripartita at and following anthesis rather minutely. To
translate: "Ray flowers almost constantly lacking.1 Cross section

1 Here we may note Thuillier's surprising and erroneous statement (Fl. Par.
ed. 1. 232. 1790), that there occur sometimes one or two imperfect florets "a la
circonference de la feuille." In his second edition (p. 422. 1799) he corrected
"feuille" to read "fleur."

THE GENUS BIDENS 29

of the head at most 1 cm. The sweeping-teeth at the apex of the
style are somewhat long, those following thereafter are shorter,
the lowermost the longest. They sweep the pollen forward out of
the anther cylinder, whereupon the latter withdraws entirely into the
corolla tube. Then the stigma branches unfold their papillose inner
surface, while meantime the heretofore widely spread corolla lobes
become again somewhat erect and the backwardly barbed calyx
teeth spread away from each other, so that the cross section of the
head above becomes finally 2.5 cm. The originally yellow flowers
become colored toward the end of the blooming-period an unsightly
brown." — In his Bliitenbiologie (p. 599), Knuth treated also of
B. cernua, citing H. Miiller for various details. To translate:
"About a hundred flowers compose a head. Each disk flower
possesses, according to H. Miiller, an approximately 1.5 mm. long
tube and an almost equally long, 1 mm. wide bell or limb. Out of
this there arises at the first of the flowering period the anther tube,
covered with pollen and about 1 mm. thick; in the later part of the
flowering period, moreover, the 1 mm. long style branches spread
apart. The structure of these accords quite well with that of the
foregoing B. tripartite,. The stigma papillae are so broad that light
pollen grains of the same flower remain fast upon the edge, so that
here, as also with the foregoing species, spontaneous self-pollination
is made possible." — We may note also that Meehan (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1893: 303. 1893) meanwhile had made a study of
anthesis in B. bipinnata and reported it to be essentially the same as
for Heliopsis laevis: "The style pushes up the staminal tube, starting
at nightfall. During the next day the pollen is pressed through the
divisions of the incurved staminal appendages, the style branches
protrude the following nightfall, the staminal tube retires the next
day, followed the following day by the retreating style."1

Genus BIDENS: Descriptio2

Linn. Sp. PI. 831. 1753 (maxima ex parte) ; Gen. PI. ed. 5. No.

840. 1754.

Plantae (familiae Compositarum) herbaceae vel fruticosae, annuae
vel perennes, erectae vel procumbentes vel etiam scandentes, glabrae
vel pilosae; caulibus teretibus vel angulatis, plerumque striatis.

1 Under the title "Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Pistills" Buchenau
(Linnaea 25: 622-633. 1852) gives a detailed account of pistil development in the
related Coreopsis bicolor Bosse (verisimiliter C. tinctoria Nutt.).

2 Regarding the gender of the wordBidens, I quote from Briquet and Cavillier
Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 215, footnote 1. 1917: "Linne Sp. ed. 1, p. 831 (1753) a introduit
dans la nomenclature botanique moderne un nom generique/eraimw. Independam-

30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Folia principalia opposita vel rarissime ternata, Integra vel dentata
vel incisa vel semel bis terve ternatim pinnatimve dissecta ; superiora
interdum alterna. Capitula nunc mediocria vel majuscula ad apices
ramorum vel in dichotomiis solitaria, nunc minora numerosiora
irregulariter corymboso-paniculata; nunc heterogama, radiata, flori-
bus radii 1-seriatis neutris vel rarius pistillatis, disci hermaphroditis
fertilibusque, nunc radio deficiente homogama. Involucrum saepius
campanulatum vel subhemisphaericum, bracteis plerumque 2
(rarius 3-4) -serialibus, basi saepe breviter (rarissime dimidio)
connatis, exterioribus saepius herbaceis nunc brevibus nunc in folia
elongata (raro etiam decomposita) expansis, interioribus plerumque
membranaceis saepius hyalino- vel flavido-marginatis. Flores
ligulati plerumque albidi flavive rarius rubri, lamina patente integra
vel saepius denticulata. Paleae angustae, subplanae, flores herma-
phrodites subtendentes. Flores disci corolla regulares, tubulosi,
limbo cylindraceo urceolatove raro 4- plerumque 5-fido. Antherae
basi integrae vel auriculis parvis muticis sagittatae. Styli floris
hermaphroditi rami superne hirti, appendicibus brevibus acutis
vel longioribus subulatis superati. Achaenia a dorso compressa
vel 3-4-gona, obovato-oblonga vel cuneata vel plus minusve linearia,
glabra vel pilis brevibus (his e tuberculis interdum ortis) sursum
vel rarius retrorsum spectantibus ciliata vel conspersa, marginaliter
rarissime tuberculato- vel submembranaceo-alata, apicaliter aequalia
vel attenuata nee distincte vel raro rostrata, nunc exaristata nunc
ad vel sub apice ipso aristis 1-8 rigidis plerumque persistentibus
plus minusve (antrorsum retrorsumve) barbellatis vel aculeolatis
rarissime ad glandulas parvas reductis munita.

SECTIONES GENERIS
No fewer than fourteen sections may be recognized.1 These are:

Sect. I. Campylotheca (Cass.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
ser. II. 7: 368. 1841 (pro genere, Cass. in Diet. Sci. Nat. 51:
475. 1827). Adenolepis Less. Linnaea 6: 510. 1831 (pro genere).

ment du fait que les noms de genre peuvent etre arbitraires (Regies nomencl.
art. 24), les termes bidens, tridens, etc., etaient employes en latin non seulement
comme substantifs masculins, mais aussi comme adjectifs: Bidens (sous-entendu
Herba) tripartita est done correct, mSme au point de veu du purisme, qui N'est
pas le n6tre. Les expressions Bidens tripartitus, cernuus, etc., doivent etre rejetees."

!Sect. Discopoda DC. (Prodr. 5: 604. 1836)=Cos/nos, sect. Discopoda (DC.)
Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 430. 1932.

Sect. Hydrocarpaea A. Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, II: 298. l&M) = Megalodonta
Greene, Pittonia 4: 271. 1901.

Sect. Adenolepis (Less.) O. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl (Pflanzenf. 4, v: 245.
1894)=sect. Campylotheca (q.v.).

THE GENUS BIDENS 31

Adenolepis (Less.) 0. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4, V:
245. 1894 (pro sect. Bidentis). — Nos. 1-59.

Demum plerumque fruticosae, saepissime glaberrimae, suci odore
carotae plus minusve similes. Capitula saepius numerosa, radiata.
Achaenia recta vel torta, saepius biaristata aristis plerumque
retrorsum hamosis. Plantae insularum Oceani Pacifici. (Type,
B. micrantha.)

Sect. II. Degeneria Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 213. 1932.— No. 60.1
Genitalia praesertim stylo longissimo valde exserta. (Type, B.
Cosmoides.)

Sect. III. Neurophyllum Sherff, op. cit. 214.— No. 61.
Herbae perennes, procumbentes, foliis crassioribus, perspicue
nervatis. (Type, B. clarendonensis.)

Sect. IV. Clomtonia Sherff, loc. cit.— No. 62.2
Frutices, foliis oblongis, acuminatis, etc. Cum characteribus
typi. (Type, B. monticola.)

Sect. V. Greenmania Sherff, op. cit. 88 : 297. 1929.— Nos. 63-73.

Herbae Americae tropicae perennes, plerumque scandentes,
caulibus saepe 5-10 m. longis; capitulis numerosis, normaliter radia-
tis; achaeniis elongatis, valde obcompressis vel omnino planis,
lateribus parallelis et saepissime valde setosis, apice plerumque
biaristatis aristis saepius longis nunc retrorsum hamosis nunc calvis.
(Type, B. Rubifolia.)

Sect. VI. Selvorngea Sherff, op. cit. 93: 214. 1932.— No. 74.3
Herbae perennes, glabrae; foliis sessilibus, decussatis, rigidis,

oblanceolato-oblongis, serratis, etc. Cum characteribus typi.

(Type, B. graveolens.)

Sect. VII. Fulsotsia Sherff, loc. cit.— No. 75.4
Caulis glaber fere nudus, foliis 3-4-jugis, parvis, sessilibus, in-
tegris, linearibus. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. fistulosa.)

Sect. VIII. Heterodonta (Nutt.) Sherff, loc. cit. Pro sect.?
Diodontae Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 361. 1841. Sect.

1 Named for Mr. Otto Degener, the well-known authority on the flora of the
Hawaiian Islands.

2 Name anagrammatic for monticola.

3 Name anagrammatic for graveolens.

4 Name anagrammatic for fistulosa.

32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Hederodonta Nutt. ex Walp. (generis Diatontae Nutt. ex Walp.)
Repert. 2: 615. 1843.— Nos. 76 and 77.

Plantae boreali-americanae, foliis plerumque simplicibus, capi-
tulis discoideis vel subradiatis et cylindricis vel ellipsoidalibus,
achaeniis planis lineari-cuneatis. (Type, B. Bidentoides.}

Sect. IX. Meduseae (Nutt.) Sherff, loc. cit. Pro sect. Diodontae
Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 360. 1841. Diodonta Nutt.
(sed syn. Coreopsis aurea Ait. et Diodonta Bidentoides Nutt. exclu-
denda sunt) loc. cit. Pro sect. Diatontae Nutt. ex Walp. Repert.
2: 615. 1843. Diatonta Nutt. ex Walp. (exclud. syn. Coreopsidem
auream Ait.), op. cit. 614. Diadonta Nutt. ex Walp. op. cit. 6: 164.
1846. Pro subsect. sectionis Eucoreopsidis Pfeiffer, Nom. Bot. 1:
1085. 1874 (non vere Torr. & Gray).— Nos. 78-82.

Plantae boreali-americanae; foliis plerumque pinnatis raro in-
divisis vel bipinnatis; capitulis radiatis luteis; achaeniis planis nunc
lineari-cuneatis nunc cuneato-obovatis saepe crasso-marginatis et
plus minusve tuberculatis, exaristatis vel biaristatis aristis saepius
antrorsum hamosis. (Type, B. polylepis.)

Sect. X. Platycarpaea DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836.— Nos. 83-94.

Folia plerumque simplicia vel pinnatim 3-7-partita (raro 2-3-
pinnatisecta) ; achaeniis ovalibus vel obovato-cuneiformibus, obcom-
presso-planis vel apicem versus tetragonis. (Type, or at least first
cited species, B. tripartita.)

Sect. XL Psilocarpaea DC. Prodr. 5: 596. 1836.— Nos. 95-218.

Plantae habitu valde diversae, nunc annuae nunc perennes,
herbae vel frutices; foliis simplicibus vel (etiam valde) decompositis;
capitulis discoideis vel radiatis, nunc minimis nunc maximis; achae-
niis plerumque plus minusve linearibus, planis vel tetragonis, apice
muticis vel aristatis. — A large section, containing more than half of
the species in the genus. Future studies may indicate the advisability
of splitting this section into several smaller groups. (Type species
not indicated by DeCandolle. B. fruticosa (Vest) DC., cited first by
DeCandolle, unknown both to him and to me. B. decolor ata H.B.K.,
the next species cited, reduces to B. aurea, which species may there-
fore serve as the section type.)

Sect. XII. Steppia (Schz. Bip. in Walp.) Sherff, op. cit. 215.
Pro sect. Coreopsidis, Schz. Bip. in Walp. Repert. 6: 163. 1846.—
Nos. 219-231.

THE GENUS BIDENS 33

Folia dentibus apicaliter setigeris saepius dentata; floribus tubu-
losis ad medium saepius tumido-articulatis vel anulatis; achaeniis
plerumque biaristatis aristis antrorsum hispidis. (Type, B. chaeto-
donta.)

Sect. XIII. Lesperthema Sherff, op. cit. 216.— No. 232.1
Involucri bracteae interiores basaliter vel etiam usque ad medium

connatae. Achaenia exteriora marginibus perspicue incrassata.

(Type, B. phelloptera,)

Sect. XIV. Ebussa Sherff, loc. cit.— No. 233.2

Involucri bracteae interiores basaliter vel etiam usque ad medium
connatae. Achaenia praecocia, clavato-linearia, exalata, apice plus
minusve incrassato-capitata vel crassiusculo-anulata. (Type, B.
praecox.)

CLAVIS

a. Plantae insulis Oceani Pacifici centralis nativae.*

6. Folia plerumque indivisa.
c. Inflorescentia monocephalica pedunculataque.

d. Folia tomentoso-pubescentia 11. B. Lantanoides.

d. Folia glabra.

e. Petioli laminas aequantes superantesve.
/. Achaenia alata.

56. B. mauiensis var. cuneatoides et var. Forbesiana.

f. Achaenia exalata 57. B. molokaiensis.

e. Petioli laminis breviores.
/. Folia basi late cuneata, utroque latere 3-5 dentibus

grosse dentata.

g. Folia membranacea, saepius 2-3 cm. lata, dentibus in
unico latere saepe usque ad 12; achaeniis costis
marginibusque dense setosis apice biaristatis.

59. B. Saint- Johniana.

1 Name anagrammatic for that of Thelesperma, which genus is strongly sug-
gested by the interior bracts, these being connate below (as are also those in Sect.

XIV).

2 Name anagrammatic in honor of Dr. Walter Busse, collector of the type, the
name Bussea having already been used (pro genere) by Harms (Bot. Jahrb. 33:
159. 1902) in another connection.

3 Introduced species, being readily distinguishable from the indigenous ones,
are here omitted. The introduced species commonly found in certain localities,
especially in the Hawaiian Islands, are: Bidens laevis, B. pilosa, B. biternata, B.
Cynapiifolia, andS. tripartita (the last apparently absent in the Hawaiian group).
The central Pacific region, as here taken, extends from the Tropic of Cancer
southward to slightly past the Tropic of Capricorn (Maretiri or Bass Isls.) and
from about 127° to 180° W. Long.

34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

g. Folia crassiuscula, 1-2 cm. lata, dentibus in unico
latere plerumque 3-5; achaeniis marginibus sparsis-

sime ciliatis apice exaristatis 58. B. cuneata.

f. Folia basi rotundata vel cordata, utroque latere 6-15

dentibus serrata 57. B. molokaiensis.

c. Inflorescentia capitulorum paucorum multorumve, cymosa vel

paniculato-corymbosa.
d. Capitula ad anthesin minuta, tantum 2-4 mm. alta.

e. Achaenia 6-8 mm. longa; speciebus insularum sandvicen-

sium 22. B. Degeneri.

e. Achaenia plerumque 2.5-6 mm. longa; speciebus hemi-

sphaerii australis.

/. Folia plus minusve oblongo-ovata, breviter acuminata,

petiolis crassiusculis 1.2-1.4 mm. latis. .1. B. Ahnnei.

/. Folia lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolato-

ovata, caudato-acuminata, petiolis tenuibus 0.6-0.8

mm. latis.

g. Achaenia plerumque lineari-fusiformia, corpore 2-3
mm. longa et 0.7 rarius usque ad 1 mm. lata, calva
vel brevissime 1- vel 2-aristata aristis adrecte his-
pidulis et usque ad 0.3 mm. longis; planta ex insulis

Marquesas 2. B. polycephala.

g. Achaenia lineari-oblonga, corpore 3.5-5 mm. longa et
1.25 mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis
0.5-1 mm. longis; planta ex insula Raiatea.

3. B. deltoidea.
f. Folia angustiora, plerumque anguste lanceolata vel

oblongo-lanceolata 13. B. australis.

d. Capitula ad anthesin majora.

e. Folia plerumque anguste lanceolata vel anguste oblongo-
lanceolata.
/. Plantae marquesianae.

g. Achaeniorum corpora circ. 4 mm. longa.

4. B. Jardinii.
g. Achaeniorum corpora circ. 6 mm. longa.

5. B. Bipontina.

f. Plantae nee marquesianae nee sandvicenses.
g. Capitula pauca (±8 in unico ramo).

THE GENUS BIDENS 35

h. Folia tenuiter petiolata; involucri bracteis exteri-
oribus 3-6 mm. longis, patentibus reflexisve;
achaeniis dense erecto-hispidis . .15. B. Mathewsii.

h. Folia alato-petiolata; involucri bracteis exterioribus
8-12 mm. longis, adpressis; achaeniis porriginosis.

19. B. orofenensis.
g. Capitula numerosiora.

h. Folia unico latere 20-40 (raro -75) -dentata; capi-
tulis 6-7.5 mm. latis et 3-4 mm. altis; involucri
bracteis exterioribus circ. 1 mm. longis interioribus
circ. 2 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 2-3 mm. longis.

13. B. anstmlis.

h. Folia unico latere 6-17-dentata; capitulis 15 mm.
latis et 6 mm. altis; involucri bracteis exterioribus
circ. 3 mm. longis interioribus circ. 3.5 mm.
longis; floribus ligulatis circ. 8 mm. longis.

12. B. mooreensis.

/. Plantae sandvicenses; achaeniorum corporibus 8-11.5
mm. longis.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2 mm. longae; capitulis
numerosis; multis foliis divisis; floribus ligulatis
plerumque 3-5.

h. Capitula distantia, planta lanaiensi. 21. B. distans.
h. Capitula congesta, planta molokaiensi.

52. B. micrantha var. caduca.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-5 mm. longae; capitulis
vix numerosis; foliis plerumque indivisis; floribus
ligulatis 7-8.
h. Achaeniorum aristae sub corporis apice positae.

20. B. hawaiensis.
h. Achaeniorum aristae ex apice ipso ortae.

35. B. Skottsbergii var. conglutinata.
e. Folia latiora.
/. Folia subtus pubescentia.

g. Folia utrinque pubescentia 7. B. Beckiana.

g. Folia supra sparsim pubescentia vel demum sub-

glabrata 8. B. cordifolia.

/. Folia plus minusve glabra (hie stant etiam f ormae depressae
sarmentosae humiles simplicifoliae Bidentis graciloidis).

36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

g. Caules ramive plus minusve glauci; plantis sandvicen-

sibus.
h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2.5 mm. longae.

i. Folia simplicia ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata.

26. B. ctenophylla.

i. Folia simplicia oblongo-lanceolata.
;. Achaeniorum aristae sub corporis apice positae.

20. B. hawaiensis.
j. Achaeniorum aristae ex apice ipso ortae.

35. B. Skottsbergii var. conglutinata.
h. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4-5 mm. longae.

23. B. asymmetrica.
g. Caules ramive interdum pallidi (B. Populifolia) sed

non glauci.

h. Folia plus minusve ovato-lanceolata vel ovata,

basaliter cuneata vel rotundata raro vix subcor-

data, petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis; plantis non sand-

vicensibus.

i. Capitula ad anthesin 3.3-4 cm. lata; foliis acriter

serrata 17. B. Henryi.

i. Capitula angustiora.
j. Folia leviter vel obsolete serrulata vel subin-

tegra.
k. Achaenia alata, 2.3-3 mm. lata.

9. B. hivoana.
k. Achaenia exalata, circ. 1 mm. lata.

10. B. hendersonensis et var. oenoensis.
j. Folia acriter serrata.

k. Folia crassiuscula; planta e Tahiti.

18. B. glabrata.
k. Folia membranacea.
I. Achaenia exalata.

w. Achaenia corpore 5-10 mm. longa.
n. Achaenia exaristata, corpore 9-10
mm. longa; involucri bracteis exteri-
oribus perspicue spathulatis quam
interioribus longioribus; planta ex
insula Raiatea. . . .14. B. raiateensis.

THE GENUS BIDENS 37

n. Achaenia biaristata, corpore 5-8 mm.
longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus
oblongo-linearibus quam interioribus
paulo brevioribus; planta ex insula

Pitcairn 15. B. Mathewsii.

m. Achaenia corpore 2.5-4.5 mm. longa.
n. Achaenia plerumque biaristata, cor-
pore 3.8-4.5 mm. longa; planta ex
insula Tahiti .... 16. B. aoraiensis.
n. Achaenia vix vel non aristata, corpore
circ. 2.5 mm. longa; planta ex insula

Hiva Oa 6. B. collina.

L Achaenia crassiusculo-marginata vel -alata,
marginibus apice in aristas productis.

27. B. glandulifera.
h. Folia si simplicia ovata, basi subcordata vel cordata ;

petiolis usque ad 6 vel etiam ad 10 cm. longis.
i. Planta ex insulis marquesianis; foliis subtus
secundum rachidis basim caespitose hispidis.

33. 5. uapensis.

i. Plantae ex insula Oahu; foliis glabris.
y. Folia obtuse dentata; achaeniis anguste lineari-
bus, exalatis, corpore 7-12 mm. longis.

34. B. Populifolia.

j. Folia acriter dentata; achaeniis late linearibus,
saepe alatis, corpore 1.2-2 cm. longis.

28. B. macrocarpa var. ovatifolia.

h. Folia si simplicia oblongo-ovata, basi late cuneata;

petiolis circ. 1-3 cm. longis; planta ex insula

Hawaii 35. B. Skottsbergii.

b. Folia plerumque divisa.

c. Capitula magna, ad anthesin 5 cm. lata; stylis 6-10 mm.
antheras superantibus, ramis abrupte longo-caudatis.

60. B. Cosmoides.
c. Capitula minora, plerumque solis stylorum ramis supra antheras

projectis.

d. Folia bipinnatim divisa, segmentis ultimis angustis (vel in
B. waianensi interdum lata).

e. Plantae decumbentes vel adscendentes.

38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

/. Capitula solitaria vel longe pedunculata.

56. B. mauiensis var. lanaiensis.
f. Capitula corymbosa vel paniculata.

55. B. Hillebrandiana.
e. Plantae erectae.
/. Pedicellae pedunculique minimi dense et insigniter

albido-pubescentes 26. B. ctenophylla.

f. Pedicellae vel pedunculi glabri.

g. Achaenia spiraliter volubilia vel torta; foliorum
segmentis late linearibus vel latioribus.

54. B. waianensis.

g. Achaenia recta vel paululum torta, corpore 8-13 mm.
longa, foliorum segmentis linearibus vel filiformibus,
vel raro latioribus ac dentibus elongatis angustis
perspicue dentatis.

53. B. Menziesii et var. filiformis et var. leptodonta.

g. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, corpore 6-9 mm. longa;

foliorum principalium segmentis rhomboideo-ovatis

vel cuneate lineari-lanceolatis, dentibus non elongatis.

37. B. sandvicensis var. typica f. compositior.

g. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, corpore circ. 3-7.5 mm.

longa.

h. Achaenia corpore 6-7.5 mm. longa. 36. B. obtusiloba.
h. Achaenia corpore circ. 3 mm. longa.

32. B. pulchella.
d. Folia ternatim vel pinnatim divisa, vel interdum imperfecte

bipinnata.

e. Plantae decumbentes vel adscendentes.
/. Capitula solitaria vel longe pedunculata.

56. B. mauiensis etiam var. cuneatoides et var. media,
f. Capitula cymosa, corymbosa, vel paniculata.

g. Paleae usque ad 1 cm. longae, achaenia matura biaris-

tata superantes 55. B. Hillebrandiana.

g. Paleae multo breviores atque achaeniis plerumque

exaristatis multo superatae.
h. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1.1-1.5 cm. lata.

25. B. graciloides.
h. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 6-8 mm. lata.

22. B. Degeneri var. Apioides et f . filicifolia.

THE GENUS BIDENS 39

e. Plantae erectae.

/. Achaeniorum aristae principales plerumque infra cor-
poris apicem ortae et corporis marginibus continuae,
vel deficientes.

g. Achaenia valde torta 54. B. waianensis.

g. Achaenia recta vel paulum curvata.

h. Achaenia angusta (0.5-1.7 mm. lata), atra, exalata
vel rarius subalata; capitulis ad anthesin 4-6
mm. alta et 1.5-2 cm. lata.

i. Capitula numerosa, saepe dense corymbosa vel
paniculata; achaeniis maturis plerumque ad
facies et margines glabris.

j. Ligulae apice saepe profundissime incisae;
achaeniis inferne plerumque 1-3-setosis, setis
elongatis erectis partim adnatis.

26. B. ctenophylla.

j. Ligulae non vel tantum moderate dentatae;
setis basalibus elongatis partim adnatis utro-
que margini achaeniorum deficientibus.

k. Achaenia matura perspicue ac intense nigra;
involucri bracteis exterioribus tantum circ.

1.5 mm. longis 52. B. micrantha et

var. kaalana et var. laciniata.

k. Achaenia matura atra vel parce nigra sed
non intense perspicueque nigra.

I. Involucri bracteae exteriores tantum 1-2
mm. longae.

m. Ligulae elliptico-oblongae, aegre denti-
culatae, 1.5-3 mm. latae; achaeniis
glabris.

n. Capitula distantia, planta lanaiensi.

21. B. distans.

n. Capitula congesta, planta molokaiensi.
52. B. micrantha var. caduca.

m. Ligulae cuneato-obovatae, dentatae vel

lobulatae, 3-5 mm. latae; achaeniis

basim versus lateraliter erecto-setosis.

40. B. fecunda.

40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

I. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque

2.3-5 mm. longae.

m. Foliola non nisi inferiora petiolulata.

38. B. conjuncta.
m. Foliola normaliter tenui-petiohilata.

40. B. fecunda.

i. Capitula p'auciora, cymoso-corymbosa vel hac
atque iliac sparsa; achaeniis maturis atris ac
non nitidis, ad margines setosis.

51. B. waimeana.

h. Achaenia matura saepe latiora, subbrunnea vel

brunneo-nigra, saepe alata; capitulis ad anthesin

7-15 mm. altis et 2-3 cm. latis.

i. Capitula ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta et circ. 3 cm.

lata; involucri bracteis subaequalibus circ. 6

mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 1-1.6 cm. longis;

floribus tubulosis 15-20. . . .28. B. macrocarpa.

i. Capitula ad anthesin 8-15 mm. alta et circ. 2 vel

vix 2.5 cm. lata; involucri bracteis exteriorfbus

minoribus plerumque 1.5-3 mm. longis; floribus

ligulatis 6-9 mm. longis; floribus tubulosis 30-45.

29. B. magnidisca.

/. Achaeniorum aristae deficientes vel principales plerum-
que ex apice ipso ortae.

g. Involucri immaturi bracteae exteriores reflexae; involu-
cro interiore perspicuo et ei Cosmidis bipinnati Cav.
simili 50. B. amplectens.

g. Involucri immaturi bracteae exteriores erectae vel

patentes.

h. Capitula plerumque solitaria, pedunculis usque ad
11 cm. longis, bracteis exterioribus valde foliaceis.

48. B. valida.

h. Capitula ac bracteae exteriores diversae.
i. Achaenia spiraliter volubilia vel valde torta.
j. Achaenia plerumque per 3-5 revolutiones voluta.

44. B. torta.

j. Achaenia plerumque per 0.6-2 revolutiones
voluta.

k. Folia caulina 3-5-partita.

THE GENUS BIDENS 41

1. Capitula numerosa, parva, ad anthesin
3.5-6 mm. alta et circ. 0.9-1.5 (rarius -2)
cm. lata.

m. Foliola saepius ovato-lanceolata vel late
oblongo-lanceolata, apice saepius sub-
obtusa vel tantum breviter acuminata.

n. Foliola juvenia plerumque pilis
numerosis fulvescentibus vel etiam
ferrugineis obsita; achaeniis 0.6-0.8
mm. latis, exaristatis.

45. B. fulvescens.

n. Foliola primo glaberrima; achaeniis
1-1.7 mm. latis, biaristata aristis
tenuibus db 1 mm. longis.

23. B. asymmetrica.

m. Foliola lanceolata breviter vel longe
acuminata, primo viridia.

n. Folia (petiolis inclusis) principalia
5-13 cm. longa 39. B. Wiebkei.

n. Folia (petiolis inclusis) principalia
1-2.5 dm. longa 43. B. Forbesii.

1. Capitula pauca, ad anthesin majora, 6-12
mm. alta et ± 2 cm. latajfoliisprincipali-
bus (petiolis inclusis) 1-2.5 dm. longis.

w. Achaenia apice calva vel irregulariter
1-2-aristata aristis usque ad circ. 1.3
mm. longis 46. B. Campylotheca.

m. Achaenia biaristata aristis longis (4
mm.), filiformibus, deciduis.

47. B. nematocera.

k. Folia caulina plerumque 5-7-partita.

1. Foliorum caulinorum foliola inferiora saepe
alternata; achaeniis anguste linearibus,
apicem versus anguste elongatis.

24. B. cervicata.

L Foliorum caulinorum foliola inferiora ple-
rumque opposita; achaeniis superne tan-
tum paulum angustatis.

42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

m. Internodia longa; foliis paucis et mag-
nis; capitulis paucis, pansis ad anthesin
3-4 cm. latis.

46. B. Campylotheca var. pentamera.

w. Internodia brevia; foliis plerumque sub-
numerosis, magnitudinis mediae; capi-
tulis plerumque numerosissimis, unico
specimine in herbario 50-200 ferente,
his pansis ad anthesin tantum circ.
1.5-2 cm. latis 54. B. waianensis.

i. Achaenia recta, curvata, vel tantum paulum torta.

j. Inflorescentiae rami late patentes, 1-pauci-capi-
tulati; internodiis caulis ac ramorum ple-
rumque longis.

46. B. Campylotheca et var. pentamera.

j. Habitus diversus.

k. Folia principalia plerumque 3-partita.

I. Foliola anguste lanceolata, crenato-serrata,
terminali apice longo-attenuato ; capitulis
non numerosis 31. B. Asplenioides.

1. Foliola lanceolata vel ovata (et non elonga-
tiora nisi cum capitulis numerosis),
acute serrata, terminale apicaliter acutum
vel acuminatum sed non longo-attenua-
tum.

m. Capitula ad anthesin minuta, 6-8 mm.
lata et 4-5 mm. alta.

22. B. Degeneri var. Apioides.

m. Capitula ad anthesin majora.

n. Caulis (basi excepta) et rami acute
tetragoni, superne herbacei.

o. Foliola lateralia plerumque sessilia;
achaenii corpore 10-16.5 mm.
longo.

p. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1.5-
2 (raro -2.5) mm. longae; achae-
niiscirc. 0.7-0.8 mm. latis, exaris-
tatis 45. B. fulvescens.

THE GENUS BIDENS 43

p. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-7
(plerumque 4-6) mm. longae;
achaeniis circ. 1 mm. latis,
plerumque aristatis.

38. B. conjuncta.

o. Foliola petiolulata ; capitulis numero-
sissimis; achaenii corpore 10-12.5

mm. longo 40. B. fecunda.

o. Foliorum majorum principalium foli-

ola lateralia petiolulata; achaenii

corpore 6-10 mm. longo.

p. Capitula demum in herbarii speci-

minibus siccis dense adgregata

ac plerumque inter se tangentia,

aequaliter vel subaequaliter

edita 41. B. coartata.

p. Capitula demum in herbarii speci-

minibus siccis sparsa, rariter

inter se tangentia, nee in eodem

nee fere eodem aequo stantia.

37. B. sandvicensis.

n. Caulis et rami rotundato-tetragoni,

superne vix herbacei.
o. Achaenia matura plus minusvetorta.
p. Achaeniorum aristae deficientes
vel usque ad 1 mm. longae.

23. B. asymmetrica.
p. Achaeniorum aristae elongatae et
inaequaliter flexuosae usque ad
4 mm. longae.

47. B. nematocera.
o. Achaenia matura recta vel curvata,

non torta.

p. Involucri bracteae exteriores ple-
rumque fere vel interdum plene
interioribus aequales.

51. B. waimeana.

p. Involucri bracteae exteriores
quam interiores tertio vel dimi-
dio breviores. 25. B. graciloides.

44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

k. Folia principalia saepius 5-partita.

/. Capitula 2-5-adgregata, ramis tenuibus
longis erectis nudis gesta, separatim
pedimculata pedunculis plurime 2-5.5
cm. longis; ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta.

49. B. Stokesii.

L Capitula cymoso-corymbosa vel paniculata,

pedunculis vel pedicellis plurime breviori-

bus; ad anthesin plerumque 4.5-7 mm.

alta.

m. Achaenia plerumque glabra, vel superne

sparsim setosa.

n. Foliola anguste lanceolata, crenato-
serrata, terminale apicaliter longo-
attenuatum; herba ex insula Niihau
(insularum Sandvicensium).

31. B. Asplenioides.
n. Foliola moderate vel late linearia.
o. Pedicellae pedunculique glabri.

42. B. Salicoides.

o. Pedicellae pedunculique albido-

pubescentes. . . .26. B. ctenophylla.

n. Foliola lanceolata vel ovata, acute

serrata, terminale apicaliter acutum

acuminatumve sed non longo-attenu-

atum 37. B. sandvicensis.

m. Achaenia marginibus moderate vel copi-

ose setosa.

n. Plantae plerumque 2-5 dm. altae.
o. Inflorescentia manifeste supra folia

exserta 30. B. micranthoides.

o. Inflorescentia (totius plantae et non

solius rami) non manifeste supra

folia exserta .... 25. B. graciloides.

n. Plantae plerumque 4-9 dm. altae.

o. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.6-3.1

cm. lata; achaeniis perspicue aris-

tatis (aristis circ. 4 mm. longis).

47. B. nematocera.

THE GENUS BIDENS 45

o. Capitula pansa ad anthesin usque
ad 1.5 cm.lata;achaeniorum aristis
deficientibus vel usque ad circ.
1 mm. longis.

p. Habitu B. asymmetricae adpro-
pinquans; foliis pinnatis, foliolis
ovato-lanceolatis, foliolo termi-
nal! folii majoris omnino circ.
6-16-dentato . . 51. B. waimeana.

p. Habitu B. sandvicensi adpropin-
quans.

q. Folia pinnata, foliolis ovatis vel
lanceolatis vel saepius ovato-
lanceolatis, foliolo terminali
folii majoris omnino circ. 22-
26-dentato.
37. B. sandvicensis var. setosa.

q. Foliola inferiora saepius rursus
partita, alia plerumque line-
aria, foliolo terminali folii
majoris omnino circ. 2-8-
dentato ... 37. B. sandvicensis
var. imminuta.

a. Plantae in America boreali centralique etiam
in insulis Occidentali-Indicis crescentes.

b. Herbae vel frutices perennes, scandentes, achaeniis linearibus

biaristatis plus minusve planis longe ciliatis.
c. Folia totius plantae plerumque indivisa.

d. Achaenia corpore 8-13 mm. longa . . 71. B. segetum var. patula.

d. Achaenia corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa 72. B. Shrevei.

c. Folia plerumque divisa.

d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-15 mm. longae.

e. Folia tripartita 73. B. Holwayi.

e. Folia bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta 69. B. Gentryi.

d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-8 mm. longae.
e. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-7-partita.
/. Foliolum terminale anguste lanceolatum; caule pilis
densis pubescenti ; planta jamaicensi .... 64. B. incisa.

46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

/. Foliolum terminale latius; caule glabro vel tomentoso.
g. Planta antillana, rarissime alibi crescens . .63. B.reptans.

g. Planta Americae septentrionalis australisque, rarissime
antillana. .65. B. squarrosa (et raro 71. B. segetum}.

e. Folia principalia 2-3-pinnata.

63. B. reptans var. Urbanii et var. dissecta.

6. Non scandentes (sed apud B. clarendonensem longe repentes).

c. Capitula perspicue radiata floribus ligulatis maxima ex parte
flavis vel aurantiacis.

d. Achaenia aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis (raro caducis).

e. Flores ligulati rubido-aurantiaci ; achaeniis validis, acute
quadrangulatis, plus minusve recurvatis, plerumque
4-aristatis 138. B. Sambucifolia.

e. Flores ligulati flavi.
/. Achaenia omnia valde cuneata, non alato-marginata.

g. Capitula hemisphaerica, ad anthesin plerumque cer-
nua; involucri bracteis exterioribus reflexis vel vix
adscendentibus; achaeniis transversim rhomboideis,
faciebus graciliter atque obscure striatis, saepe
tuberculatis.

h. Achaenia arcuata, valde carinata, cortice pallido
marginata; paleis apice plerumque flavidis; ligulis
usque ad circ. 1.7 cm. longis vel deficientibus;
capitulis demum saepius cernuis.

92. B. cernua et var. oligodonta.

h. Achaenia recta, plana, non cortice-marginata; paleis
apice rubidis; ligulis 1.5-3 cm. longis; capitulis
raro cernuis 93. B. laevis.

g. Capitula campanulata vel subhemisphaerica, ad anthe-
sin erecta; involucri bracteis erectis adscendentibus;
achaeniis biconvexis, grosse perspicueque striatis,
non tuberculatis. . . .94. B. hyperborea et varietates.

/. Achaenia exteriora obovata vel cuneato-obovata, mar-
gine plerumque interrupte crassiusculo-alata.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, saepius laeves vel
leviter ciliatae, 0.5-1.2 cm. longae.

78. B. aristosa var. Fritcheyi.

THE GENUS BIDENS 47

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 15-20, per-
spicue hispido-ciliatae, 1-2.7 cm. longae.

79. B. polylepis var. retrorsa.

f. Achaenia omnia magis elongata, plerumque cuneato-
linearia vel anguste linearia.

g. Ligulae plerumque bicolores, basi purpureae alibi
flavae 158. B. bicolor.

g. Ligulae unius colons.

h. Folia simplicia (raro formae simplicifoliae B. aureae

stant hie).

i. Folia oblongo-ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, mar-
gine integra vel raro 1-dentata; caule erecto.

101. B. integrifolia.

i. Folia ovato-lanceolata, serrata, petiolo adjecto
plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa; caulibus procum-
bentibus vel adscendentibus, 1-7 dm. longis;
planta numquam in india occidental! crescente.

150. B. triplinervia.

i. Folia rhomboideo-ovata, grosse serrata 5-16
dentibus in unico latere, petiolo adjecto 5-10
cm. longa; caulibus repentibus, usque ad 4 m.
longis; planta jamaicensi. 61. B. clarendonensis.

i. Folia linearia; caule erecto.

146. B. angustissima var. Linifolia.
h. Folia divisa.

i. Herbae annuae vel biennes.

j. Planta demissa, saepe ramosissima, plerumque
1-2.5 dm. alta, foliis petiolo adjecto 1-5
(rarius -7.5) cm. longis . 147. B. Anthemoides.

j. Planta erecta, moderate ramosa, plerumque
altior, foliis saepius 0.5-2 dm. longis.

k. Achaenia interiora corpore 10-16 mm. longa.

154. B. serrulata.

k. Achaenia omnia corpore 4-7 mm. longa.

I. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa vel
3-5-partita, rarissime bipinnata.

m. Planta ±3 dm. alta; foliis petiolo ad-
jecto 1.5-1.8 cm. longis; capitulis ad

48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

anthesin circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. latis; floribus
ligulatis plerumque 8.

98. B. Coreocarpoides.

m. Planta plerumque 5-10 dm. alta; foliis
petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longis;
capitulis ad anthesin 2-5 cm. latis;
floribus ligulatis plerumque 5 vel 6.

100. B. aurea.

L Folia principalia bi- vel subtripinnata.

97. B. Ferulae/olio, et varietates.

i. Herbae perennes.
j. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-20.

k. Folia principalia tripartita foliolis plus mi-
nusve ovatis 156. B. chiapensis.

k. Folia principalia bipinnatisecta segmentis
plus minusve linearibus.

155. B. Geraniifolia.

j. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-10.
k. Flores ligulati fertiles.

L Folia tripartita, foliolis ovatis vel rhomboi-
deo-ovatis 157. B. Ostruthioides.

I. Folia bipinnatisecta vel biternatisecta folio-
lis segmentisve cuneato-lanceolatis.
157. B. Ostruthioides var. costaricensis.

L Folia bipinnatim dissecta segmentis longis

filiformibus 141. B. nudata.

k. Flores ligulati steriles.

I. Foliola angustissime linearia, plerumque
0.3-0.6 mm. lata. .146. B. angustissima.

L Foliola latiora.
m. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6.

n. Foliorum segmenta primaria subfla-
belliformia 152. B. insolita.

n. Foliorum segmenta primaria non sub-

flabelliformia . 150. B. triplinerviavar.

macrantha et var. mollis.

m. Flores ligulati 7-10.

THE GENUS BIDENS 49

w. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-12
mm. longae 69. B. Gentryi.

n. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7 mm.
longae . . . 153. B. canescens (ac 147a.
B. Muelleri et rarissima 150. B. tripli-
nervia var. macrantha f. octoradiata).

d. Achaenia exaristata vel aristata aristis calvis vel antrorsum

setosis.
e. Achaenia exteriora late cuneata vel cuneato-obovata.

/. Achaenia nigra corpore 2.5-4.5 mm. longa; involucri
bracteis exterioribus 7-10 81. B. mitis.

f. Achaenia brunnea vel subnigra, corpore 5-7.5 mm. longa.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, glabrae vel mode-
rate ciliatae, quam interiores breviores.

78. B. aristosa et var. mutica.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 12-20, valde ciliatae vel
grosse hispidae, quam interiores plerumque longiores.

79. B. polylepis.
e. Achaenia exteriora anguste cuneata vel linearia.

/. Folia indivisa, nitido-subcoriacea, rhomboideo-ovata;
caulibus repentibus, usque ad 4 m. longis.

61. B. clarendonensis.
f. Folia divisa.

0. Planta demissa, saepe ramosissima, plerumque 1-2.5
dm. alta 147. B. Anthemoides.

g. Plantae erectae, moderate ramosae, altiores.

h. Achaeniorum corpus et aristae similes soliditate;
aristae transversim triangulatae.

80. B. coronata et var. tenuiloba*

h. Achaeniorum corpus et aristae soliditate dissimiles;
aristae transversim teretes.

i. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus
minusve dilatatae, 1-2 mm. longae.

82. B. Oerstediana.

i. Involucri bracteae exteriores usque ad apicem
lineares, 3-7 mm. longae.

j. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 12, plerumque
5-7 mm. longae 151. 5. acrifolia.

50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

y. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, plerumque
3-5 mm. longae 96. B. Schaffneri.

c. Capitula discoidea vel subradiata vel perspicue radiata ligulis

albis vel rosaceis vel rubris sed non vere flavis.
d. Achaenia late vel anguste cuneata, sub apice non angustata.1

e. Achaeniorum corpus striatum; foliis simplicibus vel pro-

funde incisis vel (apud B. tripartitam) 3-5-partitis.
/. Achaenia marginibus antrorsum hamosa, saltern basi ipsa.
g. Capitula terminalia 8-30-flora.

h. Achaenia fere linearia, transversim plano-convexa,
copiose pubescentia, sine costis medianis; aristis
angustissimis, patentibus, vix dimidio quam cor-

pore brevioribus 76. B. Bidentoides.

h. Achaenia plana vel biconvexa, sparsim pubescentia,
costis medianis perspicuis; aristis crassioribus,
longitudine non plus tertia parte corporis.
i. Capitula terminalia saltern 8 mm. longa.

77. B. Eatonii et varietates.
i. Capitula terminalia 4-7 mm. longa.

X B. multiceps (p. 208).
g. Capitula terminalia 30-60-flora.

h. Achaenia saltern matura ad apicem tetragona.

87. B. connata et varietates.

h. Achaenia plana 88. B. heterodoxa.

/. Achaenia marginibus retrorsum hamosa pro tota longi-
tudine.
g. Achaenia apice convexa ac cartilaginea.

h. Capitula hemisphaerica, ad anthesin plerumque
cernua; involucri bracteis exterioribus reflexis,
patentibus vel parce adscendentibus ; achaeniis
transversim rhomboideis, graciliter obscureque
striatis, saepe tuberculatis.

i. Achaenia recta planaque, non valde carinata,
sine marginibus corticis pallidae; paleis ad api-
cem rubidis; floribus ligulatis 1.5-3 cm. longis.

93. B. laevis.

1 For purposes of comparison, the steps under this d have been made to
correspond rather closely with those in Fassett's "A key to the northeastern
American species of Bidens" (Rhodora 27: 184-185. 1925).

THE GENUS BIDENS 51

i. Achaenia arcuata, valde carinata, cortice pallida
marginata; paleis ad apicem flavidis; floribus
ligulatis usque ad 1.7 cm. longis.

92. B. cernua et var. oligodonta.

h. Capitula campanulata vel subhemisphaerica, ad
anthesin erecta; achaeniis biconvexis, grosse ac
profunde striatis, non tuberculatis.

94. B. hyperborea et varietates.

g. Achaenia apice nee convexa nee cartilaginea.
h. Folia principalia 3-5-secta vel -partita.

i. Flores ligulati 8-11, circ. 3.5-8 mm. longi ; foliorum
lamina segmentisve profunde atque acerrime
incisis vel inciso-dentatis . . .91. B. amplissima.

i. Capitula normaliter discoidea (rarissime sub-
radiata) ; foliis normaliter 3-5-partitis, segmentis
serratis dentatisve sed non plerumque incisis.

89. B. tripartite,.

h. Folia simplicia 86. B. comosa.

e. Achaeniorum corpus non striatum; foliis saltern 1-2-
pinnatis, foliolo terminali plerumque petiolulato.

/. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5 (plerumque 4), non
evidenter ciliatae 83. B. discoidea.

f. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-16, regulariter copioseque
ciliatae.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-16; interiores quam
discus breviores; achaeniis brunneis vel olivaceis.

85. B. vulgata et varietates.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8; interiores disco
aequales; achaeniis subnigris.

84. B. frondosa et varietates.

d. Achaenia linearia vel clavata sed numquam manifeste
cuneata, supra saepe attenuata.

e. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3 vel 4, pro capitulo longis-
simae (1-2.5 cm.), nonnullae valde foliaceae atque irregu-
lariter 1-2-pinnatim partitae 124. B. Lemmonii.

e. Involucri bracteae exteriores simplices.

/. Achaeniorum aristae 3-5, regulariter una duaeve erectae
reliquae reflexae 137. B. riparia.

52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

/. Achaenia exaristata vel aristata aristis inter se non
regulariter diverse spectantibus.

g. Foliorum segmenta plerumque linearia vel capilli-
formia.

h. Herba perennis; floribus ligulatis 8-10, apice trun-
cate grosse dentatis, 1.3-1.6 cm. longis.

145. B. Pringlei.
h. Herbae annuae.

i. Flores tubulosi pauci, plerumque 5-13.

;. Foliorum medianorum ac superiorum segmenta
lineari-filiformia 0.5-1 mm. lata.

121. B. heterosperma.

j. Foliorum medianorum ac superiorum segmenta
multo latiora 114. B. leptocephala.

i. Flores tubulosi multo numerosiores.
y. Capitulorum juvenilium discus saltern dimidio
bracteis exterioribus brevior; foliorum seg-
mentis linearissimis 0.5-1 mm. latis.

125. B. capillifolia.

y. Capitulorum juvenilium discus bracteis exteri-
oribus fere vel plene aequalis.

k. Involucri bracteae exteriores sub apice ple-
rumque dilatatae;ligulisalbidis vel rosaceis.
132. B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata
et var. calcicola f. dissecta.

k. Involucri bracteae exteriores sub apice raro
dilatatae; ligulis flavis. .118. B. tenuisecta.

g. Foliorum segmenta anguste lanceolata vel latiora.
h. Achaenia omnia etiam primum exaristata.

i. Achaenia omnia valde clavata, glabra; ligulis
rosaceis 109. B. mollifolia.

i. Achaenia non clavata, supra antrorsum hispida;
ligulis albidis vel flavidis 111. B. Brandegeei.

h. Achaenia saltern interiora aristata.
i. Achaenia pauca, plerumque 5-14.

y. Achaenia matura plerumque plus minusve
recurvata, superne late distantia.

THE GENUS BIDENS 53

A;. Achaenia interiora corpore plerumque 12-21

mm. longa 107. B. Anthriscoides.

k. Achaenia interiora corpore plerumque 7-10

mm. longa 105. B. oligantha.

j. Achaenia matura recta vel subrecta, non

superne distantia.

k. Flores ligulati deficientes vel circ. 3, tantum
circ. 2.5 mm. longi . . . 114. B. leptocephala.

k. Flores ligulati circ. 5, plerumque 5-7 mm.
longi.

I. Folia pinnatim 3-5-partita.
ra. Achaenia exteriora badia rubrave.

104. B. amphicarpa.

m. Achaenia omnia atra . 103. B. oligocarpa.
I. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta.

131. B. pseudalausensis.
i. Achaenia plerumque 16-50.
y. Flores ligulati pro capitulo perspicui, albi vel
rosacei.

k. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-9.

I. Ligulae rosaceae ac caules adscendentes vel

plus minusve repentes, 1.5-4 dm. longi.

108. B. Chrysanthemifolia.

I. Nunc ligulae albidae vel rosaceae ac caules

erectae, nunc caules repentes subscanden-

tesve ac ligulae albae . . 132. B. pilosa var.

radiata, var. bimucronata, et var. calcicola.

k. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-16.

112. B. aequisquama.
j. Flores ligulati minuti vel deficientes.

k. Achaeniorum maturorum aristae 5-7 mm.

longae ac divaricatae 117. B. cornuta.

k. Achaeniorum aristae usque ad 4 mm. longae
vel deficientes.

1. Achaenia plerumque recurvata; aristis 4-6.
136. B. Cynapiifolia et varietates.
I. Achaenia recta vel subrecta.

m. Folia simplicia vel simpliciter pinnata.

54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

n. Achaenia valde dimorpha; nonnulla
exteriora clavata, badia vel rubro-
straminea, corpore tantum circ. 4.5-
5.5 mm. longa.

113. B. Bigelovii var. pueblensis.

n. Achaenia plus minusve similia.

o. Folia 5-partita foliolo terminal! circ.

2-3 cm. longo et 1-1.3 cm. lato;

achaeniis plerumque 2-aristatis.

134. B. domingensis.

o. Folia simplicia vel 3-partita, lamina
vel foliolo terminali 3.5-8 cm.
longa et 2-4 cm. lata; achaeniis
plerumque 3-4-aristatis.
128. B. tenera et var. paucidentata.

o. Folia rarissime simplicia plerumque
3-5-partita, lamina vel foliolo
terminali plerumque 2-10 cm.
longo, achaeniis 25-40, plerumque
2-3 (rarius 4-5) -aristatis.

132. B. pilosa et var. minor.

m. Folia foliolis saltern imis 2-3-pinnata.

w. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-3 mm.
longae; achaeniorum interiorum cor-
pore 6-12 mm. longo; planta mexi-
cana 129. B. duranginensis.

n. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7.5

mm. longae.

o. Achaenia dimorpha, exteriora cla-
vata, rubido-badia vel rubido-
nigra, corpore tantum circ. 4-7
mm. longa, saepe setosiora; interi-
orum maturorum corporibus 8-12
mm. longis.

p. Folia tripartita interdum termi-
nalibus interdum omnibus seg-
mentis 3-5-partitis, lobis ob-
longis vel cuneatis; involucri
bracteis exterioribus 6-9; achae-

THE GENUS BIDENS 55

niorum interiorum aristis saepe

3, circ. 1.5-3 mm. longis. . .113.

B. Bigelomi et var. pueblensis.

p. Folia 1-2-pinnata, segmentis pri-
mariis lateralibus circ. 2 jugis,
superioribus simplicibus inferi-
oribus saepius tripartitis, seg-
mentis lanceolatis acriter
serratis; involucri bracteis ex-
terioribus 8-12; achaeniorum
interiorum aristis 2, circ. 1-1.5
mm. longis . . 99. B. Townsendii.

o. Achaenia inter se similia vel sub-
similia, corpore quam 12 mm.
saepe longiora; involucri bracteis
exterioribus 3-5 mm. longis.

p. Aristae erecto-patentes . . 115. B.
bipinnata et var. biternatoides.

p. Aristae erectae vel suberectae.
133. B. subalternans.

a. Plantae austro-americanae.

b. Flores ligulati plerumque brunneo-rubri vel purpurei, sicci saepe
plus minusve cinnamomei.

c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5-3 cm. lata; achaeniis
valde tetragonis 3-4-aristatis aristis retrorsum et saepe oculis
pectinatim hamosis 139. B. Gardneri.

c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 4 cm. lata; achaeniorum sub-
tetragonorum aristis abortivis . . 143. B. Riedelii et var. hirsuta.

b. Flores ligulati diversi vel deficientes.

c. Herbae vel frutices perennes plerumque scandentes.
d. Folia indivisa.

e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata; foliis 1-3
cm. latis 62. B. monticola.

e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin plerumque 3-5 cm. lata;
foliis 3-5.5 cm. latis.

/. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae (plerumque 12-
14), spathulato-obovatae, apice rotundae vel obtusis-
simae 67. B. simplicifolia.

56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

/. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-9, late lineares vel lineari-

spathulatae, apice acutae.

g. Achaenia corpora 8-13 mm. longa . . 71. B. segetum var.
patula (rarissime etiam 65. B. squarrosa}.

g. Achaenia corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa 72. B. Shrevei.

d. Folia 3-5-partita.

e. Omnia folia tantum 2-3.5 cm. longa. .68. B. Vincaefolia.
e. Folia longiora.

/. Folia plerumque subcoriacea ac rugosa . 66. B. Rubifolia.
f. Folia plus minusve membranacea.

g. Foliola valde perspicueque caudato-acuminata; achae-

niis marginibus glabris 70. B. urophylla.

g. Foliola moderate acuminata vel obtusiora; achaeniis

ciliatis.

h. Foliola plerumque anguste lanceolata raro ovato-
lanceolata; achaeniis corpore 8-13 mm. longis.

71. B. segetum.

h. Foliola vel ovata vel ovato-lanceolata vel lanceolata,
raro angustiora; achaeniis corpore 6-9 mm. longis.

65. B. squarrosa.

c. Herbae annuae perennesve, non scandentes.
d. Una vel duae aristae erectae reliquae perspicue reflexae.

137. B. riparia et var. refracta.
d. Aristae diversae vel deficientes.
e. Folia simplicia.
/. Capitula discoidea.
g. Folia glaberrima.

h. Folia principalia (inferiora exclusa) usque ad 3.5
cm. longa et 0.2-1 mm. lata ... 75. B. fistulosa.
h. Folia principalia 5-9 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata.

74. B. graveolens.

g. Folia tomentosa 142. B. brasiliensis.

/. Capitula radiata.

g. Achaenia anguste cuneata, plana vel 3-4-angulata
angulis retrorsum hamosis 93. B. laevis.

g. Achaenia elongata et plus minusve lineari-fusiformia,
corpore glabra vel antrorsum setosa.

THE GENUS BIDENS 57

h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus
minusve dilatatae.

132. B. pilosa var. radiata f. indivisa.
h. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne angustatae.
i. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6.

150. B. triplinervia.
i. Flores ligulati plerumque 8-10.
y. Planta 1-2 m. alta; involucri bracteis exteriori-

bus 8-14 mm. longis 144. B. Chodati.

j. Plantae caules plerumque 2-6 dm. longi; invo-
lucri bracteis exterioribus 5-6.5 cm. longis.

148. B. andicola.
e. Folia divisa.

/. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia vel flagellaria (hac
stat raro etiam . . . 133. B. subalternans var. simulans).
g. Capitula discoidea vel vix subradiata.
h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-7, circ. 2-3 mm.
longae; achaeniis corpore 8-13 mm. longis.

122. B. exigua.

h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10, circ. 3^4 mm.
longae; achaeniis corpore 1-1.4 cm. longis.

140. B. flagellaris.

h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, circ. 4-6 (rarius
8) mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 1-2.4 cm. longis.

130. B. pseudocosmos.
g. Capitula radiata.

h. Flores ligulati plerumque 4-6.
i. Flores ligulati tantum 3-4 mm. longi.

106. B. Andrei,
i. Flores ligulati saltern 1 cm. longi.

150. B. triplinervia.

h. Flores ligulati plerumque 8 . . 148. B. andicola var.
tarijensis f. dissecta (sed vide etiam 150. B. tripli-
nerviam var. macrantham f. octoradiatam) .
f. Foliorum lamina vel segmenta latiora.

g. Capitula perspicue radiata, floribus ligulatis mani-

feste flavis ac saltern 1 cm. longis.
h. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6.

150. B. triplinervia et varietates.

58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

h. Flores ligulati plerumque 8.

148. B. andicola et varietates excl. var. Mandonii.

g. Capitula discoidea vel vix subradiata vel etiam
radiata sed cum floribus ligulatis albis rosaceisve non
vere flavis.

h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus dila-
tatae.

i. Achaenia interiora corpore 5-6 mm. longa, 2-3-

aristata aristis plerumque 1.5-2 mm. longis.

110. B. Abadiae et var. pilosoides.

i. Achaenia interiora corpore 6-16 mm. longa, 2-3
(-5) -aristata aristis 2-4 mm. longis.

132. B. pilosa et varietates.

h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plerum-
que non dilatatae.

i. Achaenia recurvato-falcata.

136. B. Cynapiifolia et var. portoricensis.

i. Achaenia recta.

y. Folia principalia unipinnata 3-5 foliolis.
k. Achaenia plerumque 2-aristata.

I. Herba gracilis, infra simplex; capitulis in
fructu circ. 1.5 cm. altis et circ. 1 cm.
latis .... 148. B. andicola var. Mandonii.

I. Herba subrobusta, infra valde ramosa;
capitulis cum fructibus circ. 2-2.4 cm.
alta et superne circ. 1-1.8 cm. lata. .148.
B. andicola var. Cosmantha f. Buchtienii.

k. Achaenia plerumque 3-aristata.

128. B. tenera.
k. Achaenia plerumque 4-aristata.

/. Achaenia plerumque 6-15 (raro -20);
aristis saepius patentibus.

128. B. tenera var. paucidentata.

I. Achaenia numerosiora; aristis erectis.

133. B. subalternans var. unipinnata.

j. Folia principalia saltern 2-3-pinnata.

k. Achaenia exteriora (saltern demum) divari-
cata . 136. B. Cynapiifolia var. portoricensis.

THE GENUS BIDENS 59

k. Achaenia exteriora semper erecta vel sub-

erecta.

/. Aristae erectae vel suberectae.
TO. Foliola lateralia superiora circumam-
bitu ovata, apice obtusa vel subacuta.
135. B. Malmei.

TO. Foliola lateralia superiora circumam-
bitu lanceolata vel linearia, apice valde
acuta vel acuminata.
133. B. subalternans et var. simulans.

1. Aristae patentes 115. B. bipinnata.

a. Plantae hemisphaerii orientalis africanae exclusae.
b. Achaenia moderate vel late cuneata non linearia, sub apice non

angustata.

c. Achaenia faciebus striata.

d. Achaenia marginibus saltern basi ipsa 1-paucis setis antror-

sum munita .... 87. B. connata var. petiolata et var. fallax.

d. Achaenia marginibus totam longitudinem retrorsum hamosa.

e. Achaenia apice convexa cartilagineaque.

/. Folia simplicia; achaeniis quadrangulatis quadriaristatis

corpore 5-7.7 mm. longis 92. B. cernua.

/. Folia normaliter pinnatim 3-5-partita; achaeniis planis
biaristatis corpore 3-3.5 mm. longis ... 90. B. radiata.
e. Achaenia apice nee convexa nee cartilaginea.

89. B. tripartita et varietates.

c. Achaenia faciebus non striata; foliis pinnatim 3-5-partitis.
d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8; interiores disco aequales.

84. B. jrondosa.
d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-16; interiores quam discus

breviores 85. B. vulgata.

b. Achaenia linearia, apicem versus saepe angustata.

c. Capitula perspicue radiata, floribus ligulatis saltern 8 mm. longis.
d. Ligulae albae vel ochroleucae . . . 132. B. pilosa var. radiata.
d. Ligulae flavae.

e. Folia petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longa; involucri bracteis
exterioribus 8-17; achaeniis cuneato-linearibus, corpore
4-7 mm. longis 100. B. aurea.

60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

e. Folia petiolo adjecto plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa; involucri
bracteis exterioribus 5-9 ; achaeniis interioribus linearibus
superne attenuates, corpore 6-9 mm. longis.

150. B. triplinervia var. macrantha.

c. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata floribus ligulatis plerum-
que 2-6 mm. longis. ,
d. Folia simpliciter pinnata.

e. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve

dilatatae 132. B. pilosa et var. minor.

e. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne angustatae et non

dilatatae 126. B. biternata et var. glabrata.

d. Folia saltern foliolis imis 2-3-pinnata.
e. Flores tubulosi 4-lobati, achaeniis 6-13, biaristatis; folio-
rum segmentis linearibus vel oblongo-linearibus.

123. B. parviflora.

e. Flores tubulosi 5-lobati; achaeniis plerumque 15-35.
/. Foliola ima tripartita caetera indivisa, omnia ovata vel
lanceolata, multiserrata.

126. B. biternata et var. glabrata.
f. Foliola omnia 1-2-pinnata 115. B. bipinnata.

a. Plantae africanae.

b. Flores ligulati rubidi vel violacei vel purpurei nee (vel sicci

false) flavi nee albi.
c. Achaenia faciebus glabra; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ.

6-8 166. B. rubra.

c. Achaenia faciebus plerumque setosa.

d. Ligulae atrorubrae vel atropurpureae .... 168. B. leptolepis.

d. Ligulae moderate violaceae 167. B. urceolata.

b. Flores ligulati flavi vel raro albi, aut deficientes.
c. Foliorum saltern perpauci basales dentes capilliformes vel in
setas veras elongatas desinentes; floribus tubulosis siccis ad
medium plerumque plus minusve tumidis articulatisve ac
fractis, plantis plurime abyssinicis vel eritreanis (raro 188. B.
Elliotii adpropinquat).
d. Folia simplicia.
e. Folia opposita.
/. Folia anguste elongato-lanceolata 227. B. superba.

THE GENUS BIDENS 61

/. Folia ovata vel anguste elliptica.

226. B. Dielsii et var. medusoides.

e. Folia ternatim verticillata 229. B. ternata.

d. Folia divisa.

e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1-2.5 cm. lata et circ. 5 mm.
alta.

/. Foliorum dentes saepissime seta terminati, involucri
bracteae exteriores circ. 8 230. B. setigera.

/. Foliorum dentes saepissime non setigeri, involucri
bracteae exteriores circ. 6 231. B. setigeroides.

e. Capitula majora, saepius 3-5 cm. lata.

/. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia.

219. B. chaetodonta var. glabrior et 225. B. chaetophylla.

f. Foliorum segmenta latiora.

g. Petioli brevissimi alato-marginati raro usque ad 1 cm.
longi 220. B. Rueppellii.

g. Petioli plerumque 1-4 cm. longi.

h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 16-24; foliorum seg-
mentis subtus albescentibus . . . 224. B. Cirsioides.

h. Involucri bracteae pauciores; foliorum segmentis
subtus viridibus pallidisve sed non albescentibus.

i. Folia 3-5-partita foliolis serratis ovatis vel
lanceolatis.

y. Achaenia corpore 3-4 mm. longa; involucri
bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-7 mm. longis.

221. B. Vatkei.

y. Achaenia corpore 3.5-4.5 mm. longa; involucri
bracteis exterioribus 1.3-1.7 cm. longis; foliis
3-5-partitis 223. B. articulata.

j. Achaenia corpore 4-6 mm. longa; involucri
bracteis exterioribus 1-1.6 cm. longis; foliis
3-partitis 222. B. rotata.

i. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta foliolis saepius oblongo-
linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis.

219. B. chaetodonta.

c. Foliorum dentes numquam (sed pro B. Elliotii interdum imper-
fecte) capilliformes nee in setas veras elongatas desinentes.

62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

d. Herbae annuae, achaeniis apice exaristato plus minusve
incrassato-capitatis vel crassiusculo-anulatis.

233. B. praecox.

d. Herbae annuae, achaeniis apice non incrassato-capitatis nee
crassiusculo-anulatis.

e. Capitula valde radiata.

/. Flores ligulati ±1.2 cm. longi, aristis retrorsum hamosis.

171. B. Schimperi (forsitan etiam 172. B. Onisciformis) .

/. Flores ligulati 2-2.5 cm. longi; aristis antrorsum hispi-

dulis vel deficientibus.

g. Involucrum maturum ± 2 cm. latum, bracteis exteriori-

bus 0.7-2 cm. longis . . 163. B. Steppia et varietates.

g. Involucrum maturum ± 1 cm. latum, bracteis exteri-

oribus circ. 4-7.5 mm. longis . . 182. B. kivuensis (vide

etiam 161. B. Grantii et var. Scaettae; etiam 163.

B. Steppia var. Elskensii).

e. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata floribus ligulatis

usque ad circ. 7 mm. longis.
/. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia.

g. Kami acutissime angulati et fere subalati.

102. B. acuticaulis.

g. Kami tantum moderate angulati vel subtetragoni.
h. Achaenia exaristata.

i. Achaenia circ. 5-7 mm. longa; capitulis pansis ad
anthesin 3.5-5.5 cm. latis.

163. B. Steppia var. ambacensis.

i. Achaenia 2.2-3.5 mm. longa; capitulis pansis ad
anthesin ± 1.2cm. latis 231. B.setigeroides.

h. Achaenia aristata.

i. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2 mm. longae,

interiores 4-5 mm. longae; ligulis manifestis

profunde incisis nunc 3-7 nunc 7-13 mm. longis.

95. B. diversa et var. megaglossa.

i. Involucri bracteae exteriores demum circ. 4-8
mm. longae.

j. Achaenia supra medium sensim angustata;
aristis retrorsum hamosis . . 120. B. paupercula.

THE GENUS BIDENS 63

j. Achaenia plerumque anguste sed perspicue
oblonga; aristis antrorsum hispidis.

119. B. straminoides.
/. Foliorum segmenta lineari-lanceolata vel latiora.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plerumque

dilatatae.
h. Disci flores (et quam ob rem achaenia) 6-12; foliis

plurime simplicia 127. B. Engleri.

h. Disci flores multo numerosiores; foliis plerumque

pinnatim 3-5-partitis . . 132. B. pilosa et varietates.

g. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus anguste

lineares itaque non dilatatae.

h. Folia pinnatim vel subbipinnatim 3-9-partita ; f oliolis
(vel segmentis) ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, multi-
serratis.

i. Foliola inferiora raro divisa.
y. Achaenia 2- vel 3-aristata, corpore 1.2-1.6 cm.

longa 116. B. cylindrica.

y. Achaenia (exteriora excepta) plerumque 4-
rariter 3-6-aristata, corpore usque ad 2.5

cm. longa 126. B. biternata var. glabrata.

i. Foliola inferiora plerumque divisa.

126. B. biternata.

h. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta 115. B. bipinnata.

d. Herbae perennes vel verisimiliter perennes.

e. Achaeniorum aristae saltern ad summam plurime retrorsum

hamosae vel retrorsum hispidae, raro deficientes.
/. Folia omnia indivisa vel interdum flabelliformi-incisa.
g. Folia rotundata vel flabellata.

h. Achaenia corpore 5-6 mm. longa . 213. B. Volkensii.
h. Achaenia exteriora corpore ± 9 mm. interiora ± 16

mm. longa 197. B. flabellata.

g. Folia plus minusve lanceolata.

h. Achaeniorum aristae valde retrorso-hamosae.

i. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-14, circ. 8-10

mm. longae 201. B. andongensis.

i. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, circ. 6-8 mm.
longae 200. B. Moorei et var. verrucosa.

64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

h. Achaeniorum aristae non nisi ad apicem retrorsum

hamosae.

i. Folia utrinque dense sed non perspicue verrucoso-
scabra, aliter glabra, 3.5-4.5 cm. lata.

202. B. Buchneri.
i. Folia subtus scabrido-hispida, 1.5-3 cm. lata.

204. B. Seretii.
/. Nonnulla vel omnia folia divisa.

g. Foliorum segmenta principalia linearia.

h. Paleae interiores supra longissime et perspicuissime
lineari-productae; achaeniorum aristis demum

valde divaricatis 196. B. lineariloba.

h. Paleae et aristae diversae.

i. Achaeniorum aristae nudae vel antrorsum hamosae
vel rarius perpaucis hamis retrorsum hamosae,
vel etiam deficientes.
j. Nonnulla folia indivisa alia paucilobata.

192. B. ambigua.
j. Folia omnia valde 1-2-pinnata.

k. Capitulapansaad anthesin circ.2-2.5cm. lata;
achaeniis 0.8-1.2 mm. latis . . 187. B. Taylori.
k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata;
achaeniis 1.4-2 mm. latis.

181. B. Schlechteri.

i. Achaeniorum aristae regulariter retrorsum hamo-
sae.
j. Folia (petiolo adjecto) plerumque 1.5-7 (raro

-9.5) cm. longa.
k. Foliorum segmenta plerumque late oblongeve

linearia 177. B. Whytei.

k. Foliorum segmenta angustiora.

L Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque
4-8 mm. longae.

m. Capitula discoidea 195. B. crocea.

m. Capitula radiata.

n. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5
cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta; achaeniis
corpore 9-13 mm. longis.

184. B. Bequaertii.

THE GENUS BIDENS 65

n. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.5-3 cm.
lata et 6-9 mm. alta; achaeniis
corpore 5-9 mm. longis.
o. Folia pinnata vel subbipinnatipar-
tita, subcarnosa, achaeniis interi-
oribus corpore 7-9 mm. longis.

173. B. Hoffmannii.

o. Folia bi-tripinnatipartita, valde

membranacea, achaeniis interiori-

bus corpore 6-7 mm. longis.

178. B. gracilior var. ukerewensis.

1. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-4 mm.

longae 180. B. palustris.

j. Folia (petiolo adjecto) 9-15 cm. longa.

189. B. Phalangiphylla.
g. Foliorum segmenta principalia latiora.
h. Nonnulla folia 1-2.6 dm. longa; foliolis lateralibus
1-4 jugis, late lanceolatis, 1-4 cm. latis; plantis

elatis 1-3 m. altis 186. B. magnifolia.

h. Folia plerumque usque ad 1 dm. longa; foliolis
lateralibus minoribus; plantis quam 1 m. non
(nisi B. kilimandscharicae) altioribus.
i. Folia principalia valde 2-3-pinnatisecta.
y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.5-4 cm. lata et

6-9 mm. alta 178. B. gracilior.

;. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 4-6 cm. lata et

1-1.3 cm. alta.

k. Involucri glabri bracteae exteriores circ.
5, plerumque 4-7 mm. longae, interiores

multo majores 185. B. Hildebrandtii.

k. Involucri dense hispido-tomentosi bracteae
exteriores ± 8, circ. 8 mm. longae, interiores

aequales 159. B. Holstii var. rupestris.

i. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis

dentatis vel vix subsectis.
y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 5-8 cm. lata et

circ. 1-1.2 cm. alta.

k. Foliorum segmenta plerumque lanceolata vel
ovato-lanceolata, apice angustata.

191. B. robustior.

66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

k. Foliorum laminae vel segmenta saepius ovata

vel ovato-lanceolata, apice saepius obtusa.

210. B. kilimandscharica var. retrorsa.

j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2-3.5 cm. lata et

5-8 mm. alta.
k. Foliolum terminate ovatum.

/. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4-5 mm.
longae; achaeniis corpore 5-6 mm. longis
et circ. 1 mm. latis .... 213. B. Volkensii.

I. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10 mm.
longae; achaeniis corpore 6-8 mm. longis
et circ. 1.3 mm. latis . . 212. B. ukambensis.

k. Foliolum terminate cuneate vel oblonge
lanceolatum.

I. Folia subsessilia vel breviter petiolata
petiolis 2-6 mm. longis; achaeniis cor-
pore circ. 5 mm. longis . . 214. B. lineata.

L Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2 cm. longis;
achaeniis corpore ± 9 mm. longis.

194. B. cinerea.

e. Achaeniorum aristae nunc manifestae et nudae vel plus
minusve antrorsum hamosae vel antrorsum hispidae,
nunc deficientes.

/. Folia plerumque indivisa.

g. Folia linearia 216. B. Schweinfurthii.

g. Folia latiora.

h. Folia (si simplicia) ovata vel subrhomboideo-ovata.

i. Involucrum late plano-hemisphaericum ; floribus

ligulatis 10-18 206. B. grandis.

i. Involucrum altius; floribus ligulatis 8-10.

y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin ± 2.8 cm. lata,
achaeniis corpore 4-5 mm. longis.

228. B. Neumannii.

j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 6-7 cm. lata,
achaeniis longioribus.

k. Flores ligulati 10-12.

208. B. Brucei et var. pubescentior.

k. Flores ligulati circ. 8.

THE GENUS BIDENS 67

I. Achaenia corpore 6-6.5 mm. longa.

209. B. Crataegifolia.
1. Achaenia corpore 7-9 mm. longa.

208. B. Brucei var. Swynnertonii.
h. Folia oblongo-lanceolata vel angustiora.
i. Folia subtus glabra vel aegre pubescentia.

j. Flores ligulati 6-8 198. B. Baumii.

j. Flores ligulati circ. 12.

k. Involucri bracteae extimae ovato-lanceolatae,
usque ad 1.5 cm. latae. .207. B. coriacea.
k. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineari-acumi-
natae vel anguste lanceolatae, 1.5-2.5 mm.
latae.
I. Folia subsessilia.

226. B. Dielsii et var. medusoides.
I. Folia principalia tenuiter longeque petio-

lata 199. B. ruandensis.

i. Folia subtus scabrida vel scabrido-hispida vel

glanduloso-pilosa.
y. Achaenia marginibus apiceque glabra.

215. B. Aspilioides.
j. Achaenia plus minusve setosa.

k. Folia inferne (plerumque sensim) ad basim

saepissime angustata ; folia principalia quam

internodia plerumque multo longiora.

/. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 1.3-1.7

(-3) cm. longae, in capitulo discum facile

superantes; achaeniis corpore 5-10 mm.

longis et 1.4-2 mm. latis.204. B. Seretii.

I. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 0.9-1.2

cm. longae, in capitulo juniore disco

subaequales; achaeniis corpore 1-1.4 cm.

longis et 3-4.5 mm. latis.

203. B. somaliensis.

k. Multa folia inferne lata et truncata; folia
principalia quam internodia breviora.

205. B. Stuhlmannii.
/. Folia plerumque divisa.

g. Foliorum segmenta linearia.

68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

h. Folia pinnata vel vix bipinnatisecta.

i. Involucrum ad anthesin ± 2.3 cm. latum et

± 1.1 cm. altum.

y. Foliolum terminale elongate tenuiterque lineare.

218. B. Rogersii.

y. Foliolum terminale late lineare vel anguste sub-
rhomboideo-lanceolatum . . . 217. B. nyikensis.
i. Involucrum ad anthesin multo minus.

y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1.4-2 cm. lata.

175. B. musoziana.

j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2-3.5 cm. lata.
k. Involucri plus minusve glabrati bracteae

exteriores 3-5.
Z. Involucrum superne ad anthesin 5-8 mm.

latum 174. B. Kirkii.

1. Involucrum superne ad anthesin 12-15 mm.

latum 192. B. ambigua.

k. Involucri pubescentis bracteae exteriores

7-14.
I. Bracteae exteriores 7-10; foliorum petiolis

0.5-4 cm. longis; achaeniis biaristatis.
m. Folia 4-8 cm. longa . 193. B. ugandensis.
m. Folia 0.7-1.7 dm. longa.

183. B. Mildbraedii.

I. Bracteae exteriores 10-14 ; foliorum petiolis
2-6 mm. longis; achaeniis exaristatis.

176. B. Mossii.
h. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta.

i. Involucrum pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. latum,
bracteis exterioribus circ. 1-1.2 cm. longis.

190. B. insecta.

i. Involucrum pansa ad anthesin multo angustius.

y. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineari-elongatae,

multae 8-11 mm. longae . . . 188. B. Elliotii.

y. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7 mm. longae.

k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 2-2.5 cm.

lata 187. B. Taylori.

k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata.

THE GENUS BIDENS 69

I. Glabra, 5-9 dm. alta, ovariis biaristatis.

181. B. Schlechteri.

1. Plus minusve hispida, ± 2 m. alta, ovariis
plemmque exaristatis . 182. B. kivuensis.
g. Foliorum segmenta lanceolata vel latiora.

h. Planta pusilla, prostrata 149. B. microphylla.

h. Plantae majores.

i. Folia principalia magna petiolo adjecto plerumque
1-2.6 dm. longa, foliolis lateralibus late lanceo-
latis plerumque 1-4 cm. latis.

186. B. magnifolia.
i. Folia principalia usque ad 1 rarius ad 1.5 dm.

longa.
y. Achaenia minima tantum 3-4 mm. longa et

0.6-1.2 mm. lata 179. B. microcarpa.

j. Achaenia majora.

k. Folia crassiuscula pinnatim 3-5-partita, foli-
olis late linearibus vel rhomboideo-lanceo-
latis, saepius integris vel 1-2-dentatis.

217. B. nyikensis.
k. Folia diversa.

I. Folia plerumque 3-5-partita foliolis ovatis

et apice obtusis.

w. Involucrum late hemisphaericum vel

subpatelliforme; bracteis exterioribus

plerumque adpressis . .206. B. grandis.

m. Involucrum altius; bracteis exterioribus

mox reflexis.

n. Achaeniorum aristae saepius 3, circ.
2-2.5 mm. longis (saepe unco unico

prominulo) 212. B. ukambensis.

n. Achaeniorum aristae 2, circ. 1-2 mm.

longae (supra semper glabrae).
o. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-8
mm. longae, quam interiores mani-
feste breviores . . 211. B. rhodesiana.
o. Involucri bracteae subaequilongae
(circ. 8-15 mm.).

210. B. kilimandscharica.

70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

I. Nonnulla vel multa folia 3-5-partita, foliolo

terminal! late angusteve lanceolate,
w. Folia valde membranacea, foliolis acer-
rimis, involucri bracteis exterioribus
inferne connatis. .232. B. phelloptera.
m. Folia crassiora, foliolis vel segmentis
obtusioribus, involucri bracteis exteri-
oribus inferne distinctis.

n. Herba glabra 165. B. asperata.

n. Caulis (saltern supra) et folia pubes-

centia.

o. Foliorum principalium petioli 2-3
cm. longi ; involucri bracteis exteri-
oribus 7-11 . . 209. B. Crataegifolia.
o. Foliorum principalium petioli 0.5-
1.5 cm. longi; involucri bracteis
exterioribus 13-16.

160. B. kamerunensis.
I. Folia dissectiora, segmentis apice subacutis

vel acrioribus.

m. Foliorum principalium segmenta termi-
nalia acriter elongata vel elongato-
attenuata.
n. Achaenia corpore 4.5-6 mm. longa et

0.6-1 mm. lata 178. B. gracilior.

n. Achaenia corpore circ. 1.5 cm. longa
et circ. 1 mm. lata.

185. B. Hildebrandtii.
m. Foliorum segmenta terminalia non acri-
ter elongata.

n. Flores ligulati 7-9, aurantiaci (i.e.,

rubido-flavi) ; achaeniis atro-brun-

neis corpore circ. 8-9 mm. longis.

164. B. rufovenosa.

n. Flores ligulati flavi.

o. Foliorum segmenta saepius crassius-

cula, subtus tomentulosa vel

piloso-pubescentia.

p. Achaenia interiora corpore 4-6

mm. longa; involucre superne

THE GENUS BIDENS 71

ad anthesin circ. 1.7-2.2 cm.

lata 159. B. Holstii.

p. Achaenia interiora corpore 6-
8.3 cm. longa; involucre su-
perne ad anthesin circ. 8-12

mm. lata 161. B. Grantii.

o. Foliorum segmenta manifeste mem-

branacea, subtus parce hispida.

p. Folia plus minusve hispida,

involucri bracteis exterioribus

linearibus hispidisque, achaeniis

0.6-1.4 mm. latis.

q. Folia supra subdense hispida;

bracteis exterioribus 5-9 mm.

longis, quam interioribus raro

longioribus; floribus ligulatis

circ. 2.5 cm. longis; aristis

antrorsum hispidulis ± 1.5

mm. longis . . 162. J5. Uhligii.

q. Folia supra sparsim hispida;

bracteis exterioribus 7-12

mm. longis, interiores superan-

tibus; floribus ligulatis circ.

1.5-1.8 cm. longis; aristis nunc

deficientibus nunc usque ad 1

mm. longis sed glabris . . 170.

B. Fischeri (cf. etiam 172. B.

Onisciformem, speciem cum

capitulis ad anthesin cernuis

et circ. 2 cm. latis, floribus

ligulatis 8-10 mm. longis, etc.).

p. Folia glabrata, involucri bracteis

exterioribus late oblongis ac

glabris, achaeniis 1.5-2.2 mm.

latis 169. B. taitensis.

ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED

Barn. Herb. Barnard College, New York City.

Berl. Herb. Berlin Botanical Garden, Germany.

Bish. Herb. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Bn. Herb. Ross S. Bean, Honolulu.

72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Boiss. Herb. Boissier, Geneva, Switzerland.

Bol. Herb. University of Bologna, Italy.

Brit. Herb. British Museum of Natural History, South
Kensington.

Bucht. Herb. Dr. Otto Buchtien, La Paz, Bolivia.

Bruss. Herb. National Botanical Garden, Brussels.

Buit. Herb. Buitenzorg Botanical Garden, Java.

Burn. Herb. Emile Burnat, Geneva, Switzerland.

Calif. Herb. University of California, Berkeley.

Can. Herb. Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Carn. Herb. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.

Cluj Herb. University of Cluj, Roumania.

Cop. Herb. University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Corn. Herb. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Coss. Herb. Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson (now in Mu-
seum of Natural History, Paris).

Deam Herb. Charles C. Deam, University of Indiana.

Deg. Herb. Otto Degener, Honolulu.

Del. Herb. Delessert, Geneva, Switzerland.

D.U.Prag. Herb. German University, Prague.

Field Herb. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

Flor. Herb. Institute of Botany, University of Florence,
Italy.

Gen. Herb. University of Geneva, Switzerland.

Goth. Herb. Gothenburg Arboretum (Botan. Tradgard),
Sweden.

Gray Herb. Gray, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.

Greene Herb. Edward Lee Greene, University of Notre
Dame, Indiana.

Hamb. Herb. Botanical Institute of Hamburg, Germany.

Hassl. Herb. Emil Hassler, Geneva, Switzerland.

Haw. Herb. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Hll. Herb. University of Halle, Germany.

Kew Herb. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, England.

Kiel Herb. University of Kiel, Germany.

Kioto Herb. Imperial University of Kioto, Japan.

Leyd. Herb. Royal Museum, Leyden, Netherlands.

Linn. Herb. Linnaeus, Linnean Society, London.

Lps. Herb. University of Leipsic, Germany.

THE GENUS BIDENS

73

Man. Herb. Bureau of Science of the Philippine Islands,

Manila.

Minn. Herb. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Mo. Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Mun. Herb. Munich Botanical Garden, Germany.

Mus. Cong. Herb. Musei Congoensis, Tervueren, Belgium
(recently amalgamated with that of the
National Botanical Garden, Brussels).

Mus. Prag. Herb. National Museum, Prague.

Mus. V. Herb. Museum Natural History, Vienna.

N. Eng. Herb. New England Botanical Club, Cambridge,

Massachusetts.

N.Y. Herb. New York Botanical Garden, New York City.

Oxf. Herb. University of Oxford, England.

Par. Herb. Museum of Natural History, Paris.

Penn. Herb. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Petrop. Herb. Botanical Garden of Leningrad (Hortus

Petropolit.), U.S.S.R.

Phila. Herb. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia.

Pom. Herb. Pomona College, Claremont, California.

Rog. Herb. Reverend F. A. Rogers, England.

Stanf. Herb. Stanford University, California.

Stockh. Herb. Museum of Stockholm, Sweden.

Transsilv. Herb. Museum Transsilvania, Cluj, Roumania.

Tur. Herb. University of Turin, Italy.

U.S. Herb. United States National Museum, Washing-

ton.

U.V. Herb. University of Vienna, Austria.

Webb Herb. Webb, Botanical Institute of University of

Florence, Italy.

Willd. Herb. Willdenow, Berlin.

Wis. Herb. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

1. Bidens Ahnnei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 165. 1923; ibid. 85: 23,
pi 1, figs. i-p. 1928. PL I, figs. i-p.

Fruticosa, ramosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule glabro. Folia petiolata
petiolis anguste marginatis et 1.5-2.5 (in cultu -4.5) cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 5-8.5 (in cultu -14.5) cm. longa et 2-3.5 (in cultu
-6.5) cm. lata, indivisa (vel juvenilia saepe irregulariter regulariterve
tripartita), membranacea, oblongo-ovata, apice breviter et sub-

74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

abrupte acuminata, basi ad petiolum valde rotundata sed non vero
cordata, argute serrata, non ciliata, supra glabra, infra ad venas
praecipue petiolum versus saepe pilis tenuibus articulatisque pilosa.
Capitula multa, minima, in inflorescentia dense corymboso-cymosa
disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7-12 mm. lata et 2-5 mm.
alta; pedicellis tenuibus, glabris, nudis vel saepius minute 1-4-
bracteolatis, 7-20 mm. longis. Involucrum glabrum, demum 4-5
mm. latum et 4-5 mm. altum; bracteis exterioribus 4-6, linearibus,
interdum ciliatis vel irregulariter 1-3-laciniatis, apice subacuto
saepius nitido-callosis, 2-2.5 mm. longis; interioribus oblongis, supra
saepe margine diaphano dilatatis, quam exterioribus non plerumque
longioribus. Flores ligulati 3-5, flavi, ligula anguste elliptico-
oblongi vel oblongo-ovati, 8-11 striis percursi, apice subintegri vel
acute dentati, tantum 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia minuta, exalata,
lineari-clavata, interdum paulo torta, subtetragona, atra, ad
angulos praesertim supra setulis suberectis instructa, circ. 8-sulcata
(toto achaenio), apice calva, tantum 3-4 mm. longa et 0.3-0.5
mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry, mountain near
Hakaui, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands, in 1916 (Field,
2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Nukahiva,
Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined: Charles Henry, mountain near Hakaui,
1916 (type, Field, 2 sheets) ; E. E. Sherff 3083, January 6, 1919, et
idem 3085, January 27, 1919, both cultivated in University of Chi-
cago greenhouses from achenes of type material planted Septem-
ber, 1917 (Field, many sheets); idem 3090, cultivated from type
achenes (Bish.).

The species was named for Mr. St. Ahnne, who, as President of
the Chamber of Agriculture of Tahiti in 1916, kindly enlisted the
services of Mr. Henry of Nukahiva in securing the type material
(cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 92. 1920).

Mr. Henry's original label bears the notation, "rare."

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, FIGS, i-p

Bidens Ahnnei: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6;;, exterior
involucral bract, X6; k, interior involucral bract, X6; I, ligule,
X6; m, palea, X6; n, disc corolla, X6; o, p, achenes, X6; all from
first type sheet.

THE GENUS BIDENS 75

2. Bidens polycephala Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 360. 1856; Sherff, Bot.
Gaz. 85: 23, pi. 1, figs. a-h. 1928. PI. I, figs. a-h.

Campylotheca polycephala Schz. Bip. loc. cit.

Coreopsis polycephala (Schz. Bip.) Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del
Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890; cf. Drake del Cast.
Fl. Polyhes. Fr. 108. 1893.

Fruticosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule glabro, tereti, ramoso. Folia
longe ac tenuiter petiolata petiolis 2-5 (pro inferioribus -10.5) cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 7-12 (inferiora -22) cm. longa, indivisa (vel
juvenilia saepe profunde tripartita), oblongo-lanceolata vel saepius
fere exacte ovata, apice acriter acuminata, margine plerumque argute
serrata serraturis 10-15 vel etiam usque ad 37 in unico latere, rarius
subintegra, non ciliata, membranacea, supra glabra, infra ad venas
(praesertim petiolum versus) pilis paucis tenuibus articulatisque
pilosa. Capitula corymbose disposita vel etiam subumbellata,
parva, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis usque ad 2.7 cm. longis, radiata,
pansa ad anthesin tantum 7-10 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta; disco
demum 3-4 mm. lato et circ. 4 mm. alto. Involucri bracteae exteri-
ores 4 vel 5, lineares vel lineari-oblongae, saepe acutae, margine
ciliatae vel saepe irregulariter 1-3-laciniatae, 1.2-2 mm. longae;
interiores oblongae, supra plerumque margine diaphano dilatatae,
quam exteriores dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati 3-5, flavi, ellip-
tici, plerumque 8-10 striis percursi, apice obtuso dentati, 4-5 mm.
longi. Achaenia in speciminibus spontaneis linearia vel lineari-fusi-
formia, exalata, tetragona vel obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, om-
nino manifeste 8 (unica facie 2) -sulcata, supra sensim angustata et
terminaliter in apicem crassum dilatata, angulis sparsim adscendenti-
setulosa, corpore 2-3 mm. longa et 0.7 etiam usque ad 1 mm. lata,
apice calva vel brevissime 1- vel 2-aristata aristis adrecte hispidulis
et usque ad 0.3 mm. longis; in speciminibus cultis angustiora et
magis elongata, corpore 2.5-3.2 mm. longa et 0.4-0.7 mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected \)yEdelstanJardin,NoAQ, Mt. Taiohae,
Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands, 1852-1854 (Par.).

Distribution: Known only from the islands of Nukahiva and
Tauata (Santa Christina), Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined : Bennett 45, Santa Christina (Berl.); F. B. H.
Brown 405A, alt. above 500 meters, Taipi Vai, Nukahiva, May 7,
1921 (Bish.); idem 405B, alt. 800 meters, ridge, Hakaui, Nukahiva,
eodem tempore (Bish.); Ch. Henry, very rare, Mt. Taie Kaoa,
northern Nukahiva, 1916 (Field) ; idem, very rare, Mt. Kaea, north-

76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

era Nukahiva, 1916 (Field); idem, Nukahiva, 1917 (Par.); Hinds,
Marquesas Isls., 1841 (Kew) ; Jardin 40 (type, ex herb. Schz. Bipon-
tini, Par.; aliud specimen sed sine numero ex herb. Jardinii, Par.);
Langsdorff, Nukahiva, 1813 (Brit.); E. H. Quayle 1588, alt. 800
meters, ridge, Nukahiva, October 18, 1922 (Bish.);E. E.Sherff3Q82,
cult, in University of Chicago greenhouses from seed (Ch. Henry,
Nukahiva, 1917) planted September, 1917, collected December 18,
1918 (Field, 6 sheets) ; idem 3084, same as 3082, but collected Janu-
ary 6, 1919 (Field, 4 sheets) ; idem 3084a, same as 3082, but collected
September 17, 1919 (Bish.); idem 30846, same as 3082, but col-
lected December 22, 1919 (Bish.); idem 3085z and 3086, same as
3082, but collected January 27, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets of each).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, FIGS, d-h

Bidens polycephala: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6;
6, exterior involucral bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6;
d, ligule, X6; e, palea, X6; /, disc corolla, X6; g, h, achenes, X6; all
from Ch. Henry, Mt. Taie Kaoa, Isl. Nukahiva, 1916, in Hb. Field.

3. Bidens deltoidea J. W. Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102: 46. 1933.

Suffruticosa, usque ad 1 m. alta, caule erecto glabro supra
ramoso, ramis subgracilibus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis basi
ipsa in juventute ciliolatis mox glabris usque ad 2.5 cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 4.5-11.5 cm. longa et 1.5-4 cm. lata, simplicia,
ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolata, apice caudata cauda
integra 7-18 mm. longa, basi sublate cuneata, margine acriter serru-
lata dentibus saepius inflexis, membranacea, glabra, venulis secunda-
riis 5-9 utroque latere costae instructa. Capitula subnumerosa
corymbose in inflorescentia usque ad 6 cm. longa terminali et in
axillis foliorum superiorum subtabescente disposita, campanulata,
radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 7 mm. lata et 4 mm. alta; pedicellis
glabris usque ad 2.5 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8,
oblongae vel attenuato-lineares, apice saepe obtusae, extus ad basim
pilis brevibus sparsim pubescentes, 1-3 mm. longae et sub 1 mm.
latae. Flores ligulati ± 4, subflavi, ligula elliptici, apice emarginati
vel breviter 3-lobati, 3.5-4.5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, 3 mm.
longae et 0.3-1 mm. latae. Achaenia obcompressa, lineari-oblonga,
atra vel apicaliter brunnea, utraque facie 4-sulcata, apicem versus
subsparsim breviterque setosa, corpore 3.5-5 mm. longa, biaristata
aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by John William Moore, No. 559,
at altitude of 300 meters, on ridge in wet clay soil, on mountain

THE GENUS BIDENS 77

at north side of Faaroa Bay, Island of Raritea, January 20, 1927
(Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Raritea, Society Islands.

Specimens examined: Moore 559 (type, Bish.).

In general habit simulating B. polycephala, from which it differs
in achenial characters.

4. Bidens Jardinii Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 360. 1856. PI. II.
Campylotheca Jardinii Schz. Bip. loc. cit.

Coreopsis Jardinii (Schz. Bip.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pacif. 209. 1890.

Glabra, suffruticulosa, forsitan 6-10 dm. alta, ramis teretibus,
repetito-trichotomis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus ± 2.5 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 10 cm. longa, principalia lanceo-
lata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice moderate acuminata, basi abrupte
angustata itaque late cuneata, marginibus eciliata sed multiserrata
serraturis nempe unici folii omnino circ. 10 cm. longi utrinque numero
31, acumine et basi vero integra; folia superiora decrescentia,
subrhomboideo-ovata, summa linearia. Capitula non numerosa,
subcorymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ±1.3 cm. lata et ± 6 mm.
alta, pedicellis insidentia 2-6 cm. longis efoliatis vel foliolo uno
alterove anguste lineari, 5-8 mm. longo, instructis. Involucrum
depresso-hemisphaericum, demum circ. 5-7 mm. altum et 1-1.6 cm.
latum, bracteis subaequilongis, exterioribus 6-8, oblongo-linearibus,
glabris, apice obtusis, demum 4-5 mm. longis, interioribus lanceolatis
nunc tergo minute pubescentibus et supra ciliolatis nunc glabratis;
unico receptaculo circ. 4.8 mm. diametro metiente. Flores ligulati
(forsitan 8?) aurei, ligula elliptico-oblongi, ±7 mm. longi. Achaenia
anguste lineari-oblonga, obcompresso-tetragona vel obcompresso-
triquetra, exalata, atra vel griseo-livida, omnino circ. 8- vel 9-sulcata,
marginibus et costis medianis setis adrectis perspicue obsita, apice
exaristata, circ. 4-5 mm. longa et circ. 0.7 mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 41, on the
Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.).

Distribution: Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined: Jardin 41 (type, Par.).

Related to Bidens australis Spreng. but differing in its exaristate
achenes and fewer, mostly larger, and more corymbose heads; to
Bidens Mathewsii Sherff, but differing in its shorter and exaristate
achenes and smaller, more numerous heads. The original description
by Schultz Bipontinus is here redrawn after careful study of his type.

78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II

Bidens Jardinii: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.65; b,
exterior involucral bract, X5.2; c, interior involucral bract, X5.2;
d, ray corolla, X5.2; e, palea, X5.2; /, achene, X5.2; all from type.

5. Bidens Bipontina Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 10. 1928.
PI. XXXIII, figs, m, n.

Bidens serrulata Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 361. 1856; non B. serrulata1
(Poir.). Desf. Tabl. Ecol. Bot. ed. 2. 130. 1815 (et Cat. Hort.
Par. ed. 3. 186. 1829).

Coreopsis serrulata (Schz. Bip.) Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890; cf. Fl. Polyn. Fr. 109. 1893;
non Coreopsis serrulata Poir. Encycl. Supplem. 2: 352. 1811.

Campylotheca serrulata Schz. Bip. loc. cit. etiam ex Brown, Fl. S. E.
Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130) : 356, fig. 64- 1935.

Fruticosa, glabra. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus saepius 2-3
cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad ± 11 cm. longa et ± 3.5 cm. lata,
membranacea, lanceolata, apice perspicue acuminata, basi subacuta,
subgrosse acriterque serrulata dentibus cuspidatis subinflexisque.
Capitula pauca, corymbose disposita inflorescentia ± 7.5 cm. longa
non exserta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 7 mm. alta et ± 4 cm. lata.
Involucri glabri vel subglabri bracteae exteriores circ. 5 vel 6,
lineares, acutae, 5-6 mm. longae, basi ± 1 mm. latae; interiores
ovatae, apiculatae, parce breviores. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi, ligula
oblongo-elliptici, circ. 2 cm. longi et ± 4.5 mm. lati. Paleae lineares,
apice acutae, 6-7 mm. longae et ± 0.8 mm. latae. Achaenia anguste
lineari-oblonga, valde obcompressa, exalata, griseo-livida vel apicem
versus straminea, faciebus glabra vel supra sparsim longo-pilosa,
marginibus valde piloso-ciliata pilis tenuibus albidis adrectis, corpore
6-7 mm. longa et 0.6-0.9 mm. lata, apice exaristata vel irregulariter
1- vel 2-aristata aristis minutis inutilibus calvis.

Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 132, on Island
of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.).

Distribution: Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined: Jardin 132 (type, Par.); E. H. Quayle
1235, alt. 500 meters, Nukahiva, October 15, 1922 (Bish.).

Description, except as to achenes, drawn largely from Quayle
1235 (Bish.).

1 The trivial name was misspelled serrutata at one point in Schultz Bipontinus'
article. See discussion in the text.

THE GENUS BIDENS 79

The type sheet bears four entirely denuded branches (cf. "speci-
mina valde manca," Schz. Bip. loc. cit.). A packet contains rem-
nants of a fruiting head, with about a dozen achenes. From these
I have drawn the above description of the achenes. No leaves re-
main, but Schultz Bipontinus described them as remotely and super-
ficially serrate. The name unfortunately was misprinted B. serrutata
in the original description. However, the correct spelling, B. serru-
lata, is found elsewhere in the original article of publication (op. cit.
356 et 362); also upon the type sheet, in Schultz Bipontinus' own
handwriting.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS, m, n

Bidens Bipontina: m, n, achenes, X6.4; both from type.

6. Bidens collina Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 96: 144. 1934.

Campy lotheca collina (Deg. & Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia
3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130): 354. 1935.

Frutex erectus, gracilis, ramosus ramis obscurissime adpresso-
setosis, circa 1 m. altus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis saepius
1.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-6 cm. longa et 1.5-3 cm. lata,
indivisa, oblongo-lanceolata vel oblongo-ovata, rotundato-truncata
vel fere subcordata, apice abrupte attenuata, membranacea, faciebus
glabrata, marginibus acriter serrulata (unico latere 8-20-dentata) .
Capitula corymbose disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.3-2 cm.
lata et circ. 5 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae hispidae exteriores 5-8,
lineares vel oblongae, apicem abrupte mucronulatum versus saepe
dilatatae, 1.5-3 mm. longae, interioribus lanceolato-oblongis dimidio
breviores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula oblongi
vel late oblanceolati, apice 2-3-denticulati, circ. 7-9 mm. longi.
Achaenia submatura plana, lineari-oblonga, sursum sensim angus-
tata, faciebus marginibusque perspicue erecto-setosa setis fulves-
centibus, corpore sub 2.5 mm. longa et sub 0.8 mm. lata, apice
erecte setosa setis pluribus (saepe 2 longioribus et aristis non
dissimilibus).

Type specimen: Collected by Adamson & Mumford, No. 400,
growing about 1 meter tall on exposed hillside at altitude of about
100 meters, Tehutu, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, May 19,
1929 (N.Y.).

Distribution: Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands.
Specimens examined: Adamson & Mumford 400 (type, N.Y.).

80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

7. Bidens Beckiana (F. Brown) Sherff, comb. nov.

Campylotheca Beckiana F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus.

Bull. 130): 359, fig. 66. 1935.

Fruticosa vel subarborescens, altitudine ignota; ramulis dense
patenterque crispo-pubescentibus, nodis erecte conferteque sordido-
hispidis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis patenti-pubescentibus
1.5-2 cm. longis basi non connatis, petiolo adjecto 5-7.5 cm.
longa, membranacea, cordato-ovata, apice acuminato-acuta, utrin-
que minute molliterque pubescentia, margine minute minimeve
serrulata (plerumque 10-12 dentulis per 1 cm.). Capitula ± 7 in
inflorescentia terminali pubescenti folia vix superante disposita,
radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 2.5 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri
pubescentis bracteae exteriores ± 6, lanceolatae, ± 6 mm. longae et
± 2 mm. latae; interiores vix longiores, 1.5-2 mm. latae. Flores
ligulati ± 8 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, 6-7 mm.
longae et ± 0.5 mm. latae. Achaenia linearia, arcuata, exalata, per-
spicue hirsuta, exaristata, 4-6 mm. longa et 0.5-0.7 mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by R. H. Beck, No. 1529, on Island
of Eiau, Marquesas Islands, September 20, 1922 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Eiau,
Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined: Beck 1529 (type, Bish.).

The description of the achenes is drawn from Brown's original
text. Unfortunately Brown may have relied upon the several abor-
tive and hence unrepresentative achenes (ovaries) at the periph-
ery of the receptacle (the type at present completely lacks mature
achenes).

8. Bidens cordifolia Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 361. 1856; Sherff, Bot.
Gaz. 85: 24, pi. 5, figs. h-n. 1928. PI. Ill, figs. h-n.

Campylotheca cordifolia Schz. Bip. loc. cit.

Coreopsis cordifolia (Schz. Bip.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pacif. 208. 1890.

Frutex, ± 5 dm. altus, ramosus; ramis striatis, infra minutissime
pubescentibus, supra dense tomentosis, oligocephalicis. Folia tenui-
ter petiolata petiolis 1.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-10 cm.
longa, 1.8-3.8 cm. lata, simplicia, ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata
vel cordata, apice acuminata, margine eleganter serrata serraturis
nempe ad latus singulum 25-40 vel etiam usque ad 60, supra sparsim
pubescentia vel demum subglabrata, infra minute sed dense pubes-

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate I

BIDENS POLYCEPHALA Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h)
BIDENS AHNNEI Sherff (figs, i-p)

"OF

of

THE GENUS BIDENS 81

centia; petiolis tomentoso-ciliatis vel demum inconspicue ciliatis.
Capitula breviter pedunculata pedunculis circ. 2-4 cm. longis,
radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2.5 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Invo-
lucri bracteae exteriores ovato-lanceolatae, acutae vel acuminatae,
minute tomentosae, demum reflexae, circ. 7 mm. longae; interiores
paulo breviores, late lanceolatae, minute plus minusve pubescentes.
Flores ligulati circ. 10-12, flavi (?-ochroleuci in specimine sicco),
ligula obovati vel cuneato-oblanceolati, irregulariter tridentati,
tubulo ad jecto circ. 9 mm. longi ; paleis linearibus, demum 9-10 mm.
longis. Achaenia linearia, tetragono-obcompressa, atra vel griseo-
livida, margine setis elongatis (interdum diametro achaenii multo
longioribus) conferte praecipue apicem versus ciliata, una facie
remote longo-pilosa, corpore exteriora 4-5 mm. interiora 6-8 mm.
longa, omnia 0.5-0.65 mm. lata, apice longe pilosa et saepius aristis
2 minutis calvis vel retrorsum paucihamosis coronata.

Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 199, on the
Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.).

Distribution: Known only from Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas
Islands.

Specimens examined: Barclay 3213, loam soil, wet ravines, Isl.
Nukahiva, January, 1840 (Brit.); Jardin 199 (type, Par.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III, FIGS,

Bidens cordifolia: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.75;
i, exterior involucral bract, X3.75; j, interior involucral bract,
X3.75; k, ray corolla, X3.75; I, palea, X3.75; m, disc floret, X6;
n, achene, X3.75; all from Barclay 3213, in Hb. Brit.

9. Bidens hivoana Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 96: 143. 1934.

Frutex ramosus, glaber, ± 2 m. altus. Folia opposita, subcon-
ferte ad ramuli finem disposita, petiolata petiolis conduplicatis mar-
ginatis basi dilatato-connatis 1.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto circ.
6-8 cm. longa et 2.5-3.8 cm. lata, indivisa, ovata, basi rotundata
vel raro vix subcordata, apice subacuta vel subattenuata, mem-
branacea, obsolete ac remote serrulata, eciliata. Capitula termina-
liter circ. 3-adgregata, pedunculata pedunculis suberectis glabratis
± 2.5 cm. longis, ut videtur radiata (ligulis in typo non plene cretis),
disco ad anthesin circ. 6-7 mm. crasso et circ. 9-11 mm. alto. Invo-
lucri glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 4, ovato-oblongae vel late
lanceolatae, obtusae, usque ad 8 mm. longae, quam interiores ob-
longae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati (fide lectorum descriptionis)
albi. Paleae angustissime lineares, usque ad 11 mm. longae. Achae-

82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

nia submatura plana, oblanceolata vel obovata, atro-brunnea,
glabra, apice bidentata dentibus glaberrimis deorsum in margines
membranaceas luteo-brunneas alis similes desinentibus, corpore
± 5.5 mm. longa et marginibus alatis adjectis 2.3-3 mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by Adamson & Mumford, No. 469,
growing 2 meters tall at altitude of 1,086 meters, in typical forest
of cloud zone, on crest north of summit of Mt. Temetiu, Tenatinaei,
Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, July 24, 1929 (N.Y.).

Distribution: Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined: Adamson & Mumford 469 (type, N.Y.).

10. Bidens hendersonensis Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps.
12. No. 19: 6, pi. 2. 1937.

a. Capitula perpauca (± 3 ad rami apicem) var. /3. oenoensis.

a. Capitula numerosiora.

6. Capitula perspicue et subconferte in inflorescentia magna

corymbiformi adgregata; foliorum laminis plerumque sub 5.5

cm. longis et 2-3 cm. latis. . .B. hendersonensis sensu stricto.

6. Capitula laxe disposita; foliorum laminis majoribus aut plus

minusve subspathulatis var. 7. subspathulata.

Frutex arborescens ± 4 m. altus, glaber, caule inferne circ. 2.5 cm.
crasso, cortice pallido-brunnea, ligno exteriore albo, medulla alba.
Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
plerumque 5-8 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, membranacea, oblongo-
ovata, apice obtusa et breviter mucronata, basi late cuneata vel
raro subrotundata, leviter serrata dentulis breviter cuspidatis.
Capitula multa, laxe corymbosa pedicellis tenuibus glabris saepius
1-4 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 1 cm. lata
et circ. 7 mm. alta. Involucri minute subsparsimque pubescentis
bracteae exteriores 4-6, plus minusve oblongae, crassiusculae, apice
subacutae, circ. 2-2.5 mm. longae; interiores oblongae, circ. 4-5 mm.
longae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula obovati, sub 5 mm. longi.
Paleae lineares, apice acutae, demum usque ad 1.2 cm. longae.
Achaenia anguste oblongo-linearia, obcompressa, nigra, utraque
facie 4-sulcata et plerumque glabra, marginibus exalatis erecte
setosa, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, apice biaristata
aristis retrorsum hamosis ± 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Ray-
mond Fosberg, No. 15107, at altitude of 33 meters, in jungle on ele-
vated, dissected coral, north end of Henderson Island, Low Archi-
pelago, June 17, 1934 (Bish., 2 sheets).

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate II

BIDENS JARDINII Schz. Bip.

OF THk

THE GENUS BIDENS 83

Distribution: Henderson (Elizabeth) Island, Low Archipelago
(Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands).

Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 15107 (type, Bish.,
2 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets).

Bidens hendersonensis var. ft. oenoensis Sherff, Bishop Mus.
Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 7, pi. 4. 1937.

Fruticosa, decumbens erectave, 1-3 m. alta, caule basi circ. 2.5
cm. crasso. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto plerumque 7-13 cm. longa et 3-5.3 cm. lata, membranaceis-
sima, subpallida, oblongo-ovata, apice obtusa vel subacuta, basi late
cuneata vel raro subrotundata, leviter dentata vel obsolete crenato-
denticulata dentibus minute cuspidatis. Capitula pauca (saepius
3-5-adgregata), tenuiter pedunculata pedunculo glabro ± 4 cm.
longo, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 8 mm. alta. In-
volucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, oblongo-obovatae, apice acutae
vel subacutae, glabratae vel minutissime glanduloso-pubescentes,
2-3 mm. longae; interiores oblonge ovatae, apice puberulentae, 4-6
mm. longae. Flores ligulati, ligula obovati, apice obscure denticu-
lati, ± 6 mm. longi. Achaenia marginibus et saepe costa mediana
erecto-setosa setis subflavidis, biaristata (vel obsoletissime triaris-
tata) aristis erectis retrorsum hamosis ±1.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis
Raymond Fosberg, No. 15183, under Tournefortia trees, at altitude of
2 meters, Island of Oeno, Low Archipelago, June 23, 1934 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Oeno, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or
Paumotu Islands).

Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 15183 (type, Bish.:
cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets).

Bidens hendersonensis var. 7. subspathulata Sherff, Bishop
Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 7, pi. 3. 1937.

Frutex 1.5-7 m. altus, interdum arborescens. Folia petiolo
tenui 1-2.5 cm. longo adjecto plerumque 4-10 cm. longa, lamina
diverse subspathulata (nunc plus minusve rhomboideo-oblonga,
nunc rhomboide oblanceolata, nunc lanceolato-spathulata), apice
subobtusa vel subacuta, basi late vel anguste cuneata, margine leviter
pauciterque crenato-serrulata. Capitula laxius disposita. Achaenia
confertius setosa.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis
Raymond Fosberg, No. 15173, bush 1.5 meters tall, open place in

84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

jungle on elevated, dissected coral, at altitude of 30 meters,
north center of Henderson Island, Low Archipelago, June 20,
1934 (Bish.).

Distribution: Henderson (Elizabeth) Island, Low Archipelago
(Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands).

Specimens examined: Harold St. John & Francis Raymond
Fosberg 15155, tree-like shrub, 3-7 meters tall, stem ± 4 cm.
thick, bark gray, sapwood and pith white, common in jungle on
elevated, dissected coral, alt. 30 meters, north center, Henderson
Isl., June 20, 1934 (Bish.; Berl.; Field) ;iidem 15171, bush 2 meters
tall, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.; Berl.; Field; Kew); iidem 15173
(type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Kew; U.S.).

11. Bidens Lantanoides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861;
Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 24, pi. 5, figs. a-g. 1928. PI. Ill, figs. a-g.

Frutex hirsutulo-pubescens, ramosus, ramis oligocephalicis.
Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque
4-6 cm. longa, simplicia, ovalia oblongave, apice acuta, basi late
cuneata, margine creberrime serrata. Capitula solitaria pedun-
culos foliis subaequantes terminantia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
± 2.2 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ.
8-10, lineari-oblongae, disco adaequantes, circ. 6-8 mm. longae;
interiores lanceolatae saepe paulo breviores. Flores ligulati flavidi,
ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice paucidentati. Achaenia lineari-
oblonga, subtetragona, omnino circ. 8-sulcata, brunneo-nigra, mar-
ginibus apiceque antrorsum hispidula, corpore circ. 8-10 mm. longa,
biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 0.5-1.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on the Island of Eimeo
(Morea), Society Islands, 1838-1842 (U.S.).

Distribution: Islands of Eimeo (Morea, Moorea) and Tahiti,
Society Islands.

Specimens examined: U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. (Capt. Wilkes),
Tahiti, 1838-1842 (Gray); eadem, Eimeo (Morea), 1838-1842
(type, U.S.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III, FIGS, a-g

Bidens Lantanoides: a, fruiting branch, X0.75; b, exterior invo-
lucral bract, X3.75; c, interior involucral bract, X3.75; d, ray corolla,
X3.75; e, palea, X3.75;/, disc floret, X6; g, achene, X3.75; a, from
type material in Hb. U.S.; b-g, from type material in Hb. Gray.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate III

BIDENS LANTANOIDES Gray (figs, a-g)
BIDENS CORDIFOLIA Schz. Bip. (figs, h-n)

OF THt
UNIVERSITY OF

THE GENUS BIDENS 85

12. Bidens mooreensis M. L. Grant, sp. nov.

Frutex ± 3.6 m. altus, multum ramosus, glaber, caule basaliter
4 cm. crasso; ramulis subteretibus. Folia opposita, petiolata peti-
olis subplanis sed non alatis 1.5-1.8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
6-9.5 cm. longa et 1.2-1.6 cm. lata, anguste oblongo-lanceolata
vel elliptico-lanceolata, longe acuminata (acumine integro 1.4-1.8
cm. longo), apice extreme parce acria, basi cuneata vel subacumi-
nata, margine acriter serrata 6-17 dentibus pro unico latere, utrinque
pallido-viridia vel (sicca) supra demum subatra. Inflorescentia
terminalis, corymboso-paniculata, patens, circ. 6 cm. alta et 9 cm.
lata, exserta, glabra, saltern 10-20-cephala. Capitula radiata, pansa
ad anthesin 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 6 mm. alta; pedicellis tenuissimis
saepe 3-4 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8,
lineares, apice dilatatae et subobtusae, circ. 3 mm. longae et 0.8 mm.
latae, quam interiores lanceolatae paulo breviores. Folia ligulati 5,
pallide flavi, ligula oblongi vel obovati, obsolete vel irregulariter
3-lobati, circ. 8 mm. longi. Paleae filiformes, ± 3.8 mm. longae et
0.3 mm. latae. Flores tubulosi 35-40, flavi, 5.5 mm. longi; ovario
1.2 mm. longo; corolla 3.8 mm. longa, tubuloso-campanulata, 5-
lobata; filamentis 1.2 mm. longis; antheris 1.4 mm. longis, basi
subacutis; styli ramis ovatis, acuminatis, extus pubescentibus;
poculo nectarifero circum styli basim 0.3 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia,
obcompressa vel subtetragona, nigra, exalata, marginibus plerumque
antrorso-setosa, utraque 2 facierum 4-sulcata, corpore 3.8-4.8 mm.
longa et circ. 0.6 mm. lata vix sub extremo apice biaristata aristis
0.4-0.5 mm. longis nudis vel pauciter retrorso-setosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 5386,
at altitude of 350 meters, in ridge forest of Crossostyles, Stenolobium,
Xylosma, and Fagraea, Putoa, District of Af areaitu, Island of Moorea,
February 18, 1931 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Moorea (known variously also as Morea,
Eimeo, Aimeo), Society Islands.

Specimens examined: Grant 5386 (type, Bish.).

Differs from perhaps its nearest ally, B. australis, in having fewer
leaf serrations, larger heads, longer involucral bracts, and larger
ray florets.

The description, as also the descriptions of three other species —
16, B. aoraiensis; 19, B. orofenensis; and 27, B. glandulifera — was
drawn from materials placed at my disposal by Dr. Martin L. Grant.
Dr. Grant had made, during the course of graduate study at the

86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

University of Minnesota, a detailed study of various species of
Bidens found by himself and others in the Society Islands. He had
recognized these four as new and very kindly contributed a copy of
his manuscript to me for use in the present volume. It will be noted
that B. orofenensis, several cotypes of which I had already studied
independently while determining numerous specimens collected on
the Bishop Museum's Mangarevan Expedition, has already been
published elsewhere (Bish. Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 4, pi. 1 . 1937).

13. Bidens australis Spreng. Syst. 3:453. 1826. PL IV.

Coreopsis 'fruticosa Forst. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Austr. 91. 1786 (nomen;

non Vest).

Campylotheca australis (Spreng.) Less. Linnaea 6: 509. 1831.
Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 66. 1841.

Bidens fruticosa (Forst.) Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 358. 1856 (non L.
nee DC.).

Coreopsis fruticosa Solander mss. in Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis 143.
1865-1868.

Suffruticosa, glabra, usque ad 3 m. alta; caule obtuse tetragono
vel subtereti, erecto, ramoso vel saepe ramosissimo. Folia tenuiter
petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-13 (-24) cm.
longa, indivisa, lanceolata oblongave et apice plerumque acuminata,
serrata dentibus parvis et plerumque 20-40 (raro -75) in unico
latere, non ciliata. Capitula parva, paniculato-corymbosa, supra
folia exserta, minute radiata, pansa ad anthesin 6-7.5 mm. lata et
3-4 mm. alta, tenuissime pedunculata pedunculis 1-3 cm. longis.
Involucrum vix hispidulum vel profecto saepe glabrum; bracteis
exterioribus 5-7, minimis, linearibus, supra saepe dilatatis, apice
plerumque subobtusis, raro subciliatis, circ. 1 mm. longis; interio-
ribus lanceolatis, circ. 2 mm. longis. Flores ligulati circ. 5, minimi,
ligula late ovati vel oblongi, apice plerumque denticulati, flavi,
2-3 mm. longi. Achaenia minuta, linearia, infra parce angustata,
obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, atra, sparsim suberecto-setosa,
paleas saepe superantia, corpore 2.5-6.6 mm. longa, brevissime biaris-
tata aristis divergentibus, retrorsum hamosis, 0.2-0.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by JohannGeorg Adam For ster, prob-
ably on Island of Tahiti (Par.; see discussion of type below).

Distribution: Islands of Eimeo (known also as Aimeo, Moorea,
and Morea), Tahaa, and Tahiti (Society Isls.) and also Tonga
(Friendly) Islands.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate IV

BIDENS AUSTRALIS Spreng.

THE GENUS BIDENS 87

Specimens examined: Banks & Solander, Tahiti, 1769 (Brit.;
U.S.); iidem, Tonga Isls. (Par.); Beechey, Tahiti (Kew); Bertero &
Moerenhout, Tahiti, 1831 (Par.) ; Bidwill, Eimeo (Kew) ; J. G.A.Forster,
Tahiti (Brit.; Par.); G. T. Lay & A. Collie (CapL Beechey' s Voyage),
Tahiti, March-April, 1826 (Brit., 2 sheets) ; Lepine 98, Tahiti (Kew);
Moerenhout, Tahiti, 1834 (Par.); J. Nadeaud 336, on precipices,
Tahiti, June 1, 1857 (Par.); Harold St. John 17398, shrub 3 meters
tall, in thicket on steep ridge, alt. 500 meters, east ridge, Mt. Purauti,
Isl. Tahaa, October 11, 1934 (Bish.; Field; speciminibus sterilibus
vel cum fructibus maturis sed nullis floribus); Webb, Tahiti (Kew).1

In 1769, Banks and Solander collected fine material of this species
in the Society Islands (Tahiti, fide Solander in Seem. loc. cit.) and
in the Tonga Islands. These collectors accompanied Captain Cook
on the first of his three famous voyages (cf. Encycl. Brit. ed. 11.
3: 333. 1910). Further specimens were collected on Tahiti during
Captain Cook's third voyage. Both sets of material are still extant
in excellent condition (Brit.). A sheet from the first voyage (Society
Islands) bears the name Coreopsis fruticosa mscr.2 One from the
third voyage bears the name Coreopsis fruticosa Soland. In Solan-
der's unpublished manuscript, at the British Museum of Natural
History, is his very complete and precise description of these plants
under the name Coreopsis fruticosa. This description was not pub-
lished until 1865-1868 (Seemann, loc. cit.).

Meanwhile, Forster, who was botanist on Captain Cook's third
voyage (cf. Encycl. Brit. ed. 11. 10: 674. 1910), listed a Coreopsis
fruticosa with the habitat "intra tropicos." He gave no description
and so the name amounts, with him, merely to a nomen nudum. In
fact, it seems entirely plausible that he meant merely to list a plant
collected by him on Cook's third voyage and which he had found to
match Solander's contemplated species that had been collected on
Cook's first voyage. Forster's small and rather scanty private speci-
men went into the hands of Sprengel, who gave the first published
description of it under the new name Bidens australis. This historic
fragment later became the possession of Schultz Bipontinus, still
later of E. Cosson, and now is in Paris. It agrees precisely with the

1 Chamisso's specimens from Oahu, cited by Lessing (Linnaea 6: 509. 1831)
for this species, are merely fragments with branchlets and leaves, but more or less
deficient as to heads (Hll.; Kew). At Leningrad (Petrop.) they are slightly more
ample than elsewhere and there display the simple-leaved state of B. micrantha
(as exemplified by Remy 281).

2 The Banks and Solander specimen at Paris is from the Tonga Islands (1769).
It matches the Society Islands plants, but the label bears none of Solander's
own notations.

88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

material in London, already mentioned as having been collected
likewise on Cook's third voyage. Schultz Bipontinus (loc. cit.) gave
a very full description of Forster's fragment, evidently unaware of
the much more ample duplicate material in London. Nor does he
seem to have known of the synonymous Bidens paniculata Hook.
& Arn., which was based on Captain Beechey's plant from
Tahiti (Kew).

The five fruiting heads remaining on Forster's private fragment
have achenes measuring, aristae included, about 3 mm. long (cf.
Schz. Bip. loc. cit., "1 Linie lang, oder etwas langer"). Those on the
duplicate material studied by Solander vary in length from 3 to 6
mm. (cf. Soland. in Seem. loc. cit., "bilinearia"). Those on the type
of B. paniculata Hook. & Arn. average slightly smaller, varying
from 2.5 to 3.9 mm. long, but this difference seems without much
significance.

Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861) erroneously associated
this species with the Hawaiian B. sandvicensis Less. Drake (del
Castillo, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209-210. 1890) erroneously referred
it to B. Menziesii (Gray) Sherff (Coreopsis Menziesii Gray), but
he had already given a good picture of it under the name Bidens
paniculata Hook. & Arn. (op. cit., pi. 40. 1888). From its general
habit, also its much smaller and more numerous heads, it is seen to
be affiliated more closely with such species as B. polycephala Schz.
Bip. and B. Ahnnei Sherff, both of the southern Pacific, than with
species such as B. sandvicensis Less, of the Hawaiian region. Nor
does B. australis resemble at all closely B. Lantanoides Gray, which
Seemann (loc. cit.) thought was "probably identical."

The plant is said by Mr. Collie to be mixed with coconut juice
and boiled by the natives of Tahiti, to produce a cathartic. They
know the plant as "motu" (Hook. & Arn., loc. cit.).

Additional material is much to be desired from the Island of
Tahaa. One of the St. John specimens had been considered by
Dr. Martin L. Grant, though somewhat doubtfully, as typifying a
new species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV

Bidens australis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.69; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X13.7; c, interior involucral bract, X13.7;
d, ray corolla, XlO.3; e, palea, X13.7;/, disc corolla, Xl0.3;gr, achene,
X6.86; all from Capt. Beechey, Tahiti (type of B. paniculata Hook.
& Arn.), in Hb. Kew.

THE GENUS BIDENS 89

14. Bidens raiateensis J. W. Moore, Bish. Mus. Bull.
102:47.1933.

Suffruticosa, usque ad 1 m. alta; caule erecto, supra ramoso,
glabro, subfusco, ramulis gracilibus glabris subviridibus. Folia
tenuiter petiolata petiolis glabratis 5-15 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto
3.5-9.5 cm. longa et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata, simplicia, elliptico-oblonga
vel obovata, apice acuta, basi cuneata, acriter dentata dentibus
2-5 mm. longis, membranacea, supra pilis acribus adpressis spar-
sissime instructa. Capitula in inflorescentia usque ad circ. 8 cm.
longa terminali et in axillis foliorum superiorum subtabescente dis-
posita, nunc pauca nunc numerosa, campanulata, radiata, pansa
ad anthesin 1.2-2 cm. lata et circ. 8 mm. alta; pedicellis gracilibus,
glabris, in axillis bractearum lanceolatarum acutarum 1-1.5 cm.
longarum plerumque fictis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, sub-
adpressae, spathulatae, apice subacutae, extus glabratae et supra
virides infra subfulvae, intus inferne pilis subrubiginosis instructae,
6-10 mm. longae, quam interiores longiores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6,
subflavi, ligula oblongo-obovati, apice emarginati vel breviter 3-
lobati, 7-10 mm. longi. Paleae ovato-oblongae, 7-8 mm. longae.
Ovaria 2.75 mm. longa setis binis caducis 0.1 mm. longis instructa.
Achaenia tenuiter linearia, irregulariter arcuata, subtetragona, exa-
lata, nigra, apice subcapitato exaristata, facie quaque 2-sulcata,
8-10 mm. longa et tantum circ. 0.6 mm. crasso.

Type specimen: Collected by John William Moore, No. 467, at
altitude of 450 meters, in wet clay soil, Mt. Temehani, Island of
Raiatea, January 1, 1927 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Raiatea, Society Islands.

Specimens examined: Martin L. Grant 5195, alt. 411 meters,
Temehani, District of Avera, January 29, 1931 (Minn.); Moore
467 (type, Bish.).

15. Bidens Mathewsii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 34. 1926. PI. V.

Campylotheca Mathewsii (Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia
3 (Bish. Mus. Bull. 130): 355. 1935.

Glabra, fruticosa, nunc extensa terra nunc forsitan 6-10 dm.
alta, ramis angulatis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2 cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 4-12 cm. longa et usque ad 4.7 cm. lata, indivisa,
ovata vel lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, membranacea, serrata
dentibus parce mucronatis, eciliata, apice acuta. Capitula pauca (± 8
in unico ramo), corymbosa, in typo (sed non plerumque) supra folia

90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

exserta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 1.3 cm. lata et ± 0.8 cm. alta.
Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, oblongo-lineares, glabratae,
apice obtusae, 3-6 mm. longae, patentes vel reflexae; interiores
lanceolatae, paulo longiores, apice et basim versus saepe minute
pulverulentae. Flores ligulati ± 5, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblongi
vel anguste obovati, apice plus minusve denticulati, ± 7 mm. longi.
Achaenia paleis elongatis parce aequantia, plerumque anguste rarius
late linearia, plana vel obcompresso-triquetra, exalata, atra, dense
erecto-hispida pilis stramineis, corpore 5-8 mm. longa et 0.5-1 mm.
lata, apice plerumque biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm.
longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Mathews, No. 110, Pit-
cairn Island, March, 1830 (Kew).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Pitcairn Island,
in southern Pacific Ocean.

Specimens examined : F. R. Fosberg & Roy Clark 11276, spreading,
leaves with parsnip odor, in rock crevices at top of cliffs, St. Paul's
Point, June 14, 1934 (BerL; Bish.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.; nom.
indig. alehau) ; Harold St. John 15003, trailing shrub, on steep turfy
slopes, summit of precipice above The Rope, alt. 200 meters, June
14, 1934 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; foliis fragrantibus
odore Alyxiae olivaeformis fide St. Johnii); Mathews 110 (type, Kew:
cotype, Gray).

A plant with the foliage habit sometimes of Bidens australis
Spreng., but having fewer and larger heads, more numerous and more
uniformly linear (not apically dilated) exterior involucral bracts,
and larger, much more hispid achenes.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V

Bidens Mathewsii: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57;
6, exterior involucral bract, X4.56; c, interior involucral bract,
X4.56; d, ray corolla, X4.56; e, palea, X4.56; /, disc floret, X4.56;
g, achene, X4.56; all from type.

16. Bidens aoraiensis M. L. Grant, sp. nov.

Frutex ± 2 m. altus, multum ramosus; ramulis subtetragonis,
duabus faciebus (his oppositis) depressis tomentulosisque, internodiis
7-15 mm. longis. Folia ramulorum apices versus conferta, opposita,
petiolata petiolis subplanis sed vix alatis 0.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto 4-8 cm. longa et 1.5-3 cm. lata, simplicia, glabra, ovata vel
ovato-oblonga, apice acuta acuminataque, basi cuneata vel acumi-
nata, acriter serrata (± 25 dentibus pro utroque latere), membranacea,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate V

BIDENS MATHEWSII Sherff

OF THt

THE GENUS BIDENS 91

supra flavido-viridia, infra paulo pallidiora. Inflorescentia terminalis
et in axillis superioribus disposita, corymboso-paniculata, circ. 5 cm.
alta et 4 cm. lata, non exserta, pubescens, 10-20-cephala; pedunculis
primariis tomentoso-sulcatis 0.5-2 cm. longis ultimis (pedicellis)
0.5-2 cm. longis et circ. 0.7 mm. crassis et inferne saepe paulum
tomentellis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 12 mm. lata
et 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae 3-seriales; extimae plerumque
6 vel 7, spathulato-oblongae (supra medium et basim versus dila-
tatae), puberulentae, tergo saepius 3-nervatae, apice subacutae,
3-4 mm. longae et circ. 1 mm. latae; medianae intimaeque apice
ciliatae vel puberulentae, 4-6 mm. longae et circ. 1.8-2 mm. latae.
Flores ligulati circ. 4, flavi, 3-denticulati, 7-9-nervii, ± 6 mm. longi
et ± 1.8 mm. lati, corolla mature decidua. Paleae lineares, acutae,
± 4 mm. longae et ± 0.6 mm. latae. Disci flores circ. 35-40, flavi,
± 6 mm. longi; poculo nectarifero circum styli basim circ. 0.5 mm.
alto. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, nigra, exalata, duabus facie-
bus plus minusve obsolete 4-sulculata et interdum valde mediano-
costata (itaque subtetragona), omnino et minutissime acri-papillata,
marginibus interdum setosa, corpore 3.8-4.5 mm. longa et circ. 0.7
mm. lata, sub apice saepius aristata; 2 aristis retrorso-hispidis,
aequalibus vel inaequalibus, usque ad 1-1.25 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 3794,
at altitude of 2,063 meters, in scrub forest on summit of Mt. Aorai,
District of Mahina, Tahiti, June 7, 1930 (Bish.).

Distribution: Tahiti, Society Islands.

Specimens examined: Grant 3794 (type, Bish.); idem 4419, alt.
1,015 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Mahina, Ahonu-Tuauru ridge,
November 7, 1930 (Bish.).

An additional specimen is cited by Grant in his manuscript:
Quayle, Mt. Aorai, Tahiti, August 1-3, 1922 (Bish.).

Differs from B. australis chiefly in the tomentose-channeled
twigs and peduncles, the broader and shorter leaves, the larger and
less numerous capitula, the longer exterior involucral bracts, and the
larger ray corollas. Differs from B. deltoidea in the acuminate (not
caudate) leaves with attenuate (not obtuse) bases, more numerous
lateral nerves and glabrous (not ciliate) petioles, larger capitula, etc.

17. Bidens Henryi Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 164. 1923; ibid. 85: 24,

pi. 2, figs. a-i. 1928. PL VI, figs. u-i.

Campylotheca Henryi (Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bish.
Mus. Bull. 130): 355. 1935.

92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Fruticosa, glabra, ramosa, circ. 1 m. alta. Folia superiora (infe-
riora non vidi) in petiolum 1-3 cm. longum subcuneato-angustata,
petiolo adjecto 5-11 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, in specimine typico
indivisa, ovato-lanceolata, satis acuminata, argute serrata 10-20
dentibus in unico latere, membranacea, non ciliata; inferiora majora
ac cordiformia vel oblonga sed basi cordata. Capitula in nonnullis
pedunculis ramum terminantibus et 5-6.5 cm. longis, pauca, pro
patria magna, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3.3-4 cm. lata et 8-10 mm.
alta; disco demum circ. 12 mm. lato et 9 mm. alto. Involucrum
glabrum vel basi parce hispidulum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8,
elongatis, linearibu^, patentibus, plerumque subacutis, subeciliatis,
7-10 mm. longis et 0.6-1.2 mm. latis; interioribus oblongo-lanceo-
latis 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 5-8, ligula oblongo-elliptici,
flavi, 9-14 striis percursi, apice parce denticulati, 1.2-1.9 cm. longi.
Achaenia linearia vel lineari-oblonga, exalata, atra vel griseo-livida
vel interdum ad terminos brunneo-straminea, faciebus glabra, mar-
ginibus glabra vel interdum supra adrecte 1-3-setosa; exteriora valde
obcompresso-tetragona sed non vere alata, corpore 5-8 mm. alta
et 1-1.6 mm. lata; interiora subtetragona, usque ad 1.1 cm. alta et
circ. 1 mm. lata; omnia apice raro calva, saepius apice vel sub
apice breviter 1-3-aristata aristis crassis, nudis vel obsoletissime
suberecto-denticulatis, 0.3-1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry, arid region [at
altitude of 1,050-1,200 meters], Atuona Valley Ridge on route to
Hanamenu, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, December, 1917
(Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Hiva Oa,
Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined: Forest B. H. Brown 1084, alt. above 900
meters, Feani, December 15, 1921 (Bish.); idem & Elizabeth D. W.
Brown 1018, alt. 800 meters, Ootua, eodem tempore (Bish.); Charles
Henry, arid region, Atuona Valley Ridge, etc. (type, Field : cotype,
Par., sub num. 14) ; E. H. Quayle 1600, alt. 800 meters, Hanaiapa,
October 30, 1922 (Bish.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, FIGS, d-4

Bidens Henryi: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X4.08; c, interior involucral bract, X4.08;
d, ray corolla, X2.72; e, palea, X4.08; /, disc floret, X4.08; g, h, i,
achenes, X4.08; all from type.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VI

BIDENS HENRYI Sherff (figs, a-i)
BIDENS PULCHELLA (Less.) Schz. Bip. (figs, j-p)

-.- '">ftMtf
»•»-

THE GENUS BIDENS 93

18. Bidens glabrata (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 292. 1929.

PI. VII.
Bidens Lantanoides var. (?) glabrata Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128.

1861.

Frutex, ramis subtetragonis, hinc inde hispidulis, minute striatis.
Folia breviter ac late petiolata petiolis basaliter ciliatis circ. 1 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 7-10 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, oblonga, basi
sensim attenuata apice subabrupte attenuata et breviter acuminata,
lamina glabra, crassiuscula, acriter serrata unico latere 11-19 dentibus.
Capitula corymboideo-paniculata, pedunculata pedunculis validis
usque ad 8 cm. longis, verisimiliter radiata, involucris demum basi
db 7 mm. latis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7, late lineares,
apice subobtusae, tergo non nisi basim versus pubescentes, circ. 4
mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae, 6-7 mm. longae. Achae-
nia submatura brunnea, matura atra, valde obcompressa, linearia,
nunc inferne nunc superne attenuata, glabra, exalata, unica facie
circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 4-5 mm. longa et circ. 0.8 mm. lata, apice
biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis usque ad 2.2 mm.
longis.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on Tahiti, Society Islands
(U.S.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Tahiti, Society
Islands.

Specimens examined : U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt.
Wilkes (type, U.S.).

The description is drawn from the two small branches on the type
sheet. These are somewhat fragmentary, yet quite sufficient to
indicate an identity specifically distinct from all heretofore known
Pacific species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII

Bidens glabrata: a, remnant of flowering and fruiting branch,
X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X5.44; c, interior involucral
bract, X5.44; d (young), e (older), achenes, X5.44; all from type.

19. Bidens orofenensis M. L. Grant ex Sherff, Bishop Mus.
Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 4. 1937.

Frutex ± 1 m. altus, caule basi ± 6 mm. crasso; ramulis crassis
sub inflorescentia circ. 3 mm. diametro, tomentuloso-canaliculatis,
brunneis. Folia petiolata petiolis alatis glabris 1-2 cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 10-13.5 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, membranacea,

94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, apice acriter acuminata, basi
cuneato-acuminata, perspicue serrata (dentibus patentibus 10-26
pro utroque latere), glabra. Inflorescentia terminalis corymbiformis
non vel pro parte parva exserta, pedunculis glabris 5-9 cm. longis.
Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 17-23 mm. lata et 7-10 mm.
alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8, adpressae, oblonge
lineares vel lineari-oblanceolatae, apice subacutae, tergo 3-nerviae,
glabrae, 8-12 mm. longae et 2-2.5 mm. latae, quam interiores
lanceolatae extus sparsim puberulentae intus apice tomentulosae
manifesto longiores. Flores ligulati (fide lectorum) pauci, parvi,
flavi. Paleae lineari-oblongae, ± 5.3 mm. longae et ± 1 mm. latae.
Disci flores flavi, 7 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura oblonge linearia,
basim versus angustata, plana vel costis medianis perspicuis subte-
tragona, dorsaliter (ut ventraliter) subobscure 4-sulculata, porriginosa,
maxima ex parte griseo-atra, corpore circ. 4 mm. longa et 1-1.2 mm.
lata, perspicue biaristata; aristis vix sub apice ortis, divergentibus,
apicem versus retrorsum infra antrorsum vel subantrorsum brevis-
simi-barbatis, circ. 2 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John and Francis Ray-
mond Fosberg, No. 17068, at altitude of 2,020 meters, summit and
shaded sides of steep ridge, south ridge of Mt. Orofena, Tahiti,
September 24, 1934 (Bish.).

Distribution: Tahiti, Society Islands.

Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 17068 (type, Bish.:
cotypes, Bish.; Field).

20. Bidens hawaiensis Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. l

PI. VIII.

Campylotheca hawaiiensis (Gray) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211,214.1888.
Coreopsis hawaiiensis (Gray) Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pacif. 209. 1890.

Frutex herbaceus, glaberrimus, caule plerumque glaucescens,
± 7 dm. altus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-3.5 cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 8-12 cm. longa et 2.5-3.5 cm. lata, crassiuscula,
interdum nitida, serrata, acuminata, plerumque indivisa, oblongo-
lanceolata. Capitula vix numerosa, corymboso-paniculata, medio-
cria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 5-8 mm. alta et circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata.
Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, obtusae, glabrae vel his-
pidae, circ. 2-3 mm. longae, quam interiores minores. Flores ligulati

1 Published as B. hawaiensis by Gray; trivial name later spelled hawaiiensis
by some writers.

Field Museum of Natural History-

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VII

BIDENS GLABRATA (Gray) Sherd

T"«- I

I II •» -

OF THfc

OF .'HINDIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 95

7-8, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, ad apicem plus minusve denti-
culati, ± 1 cm. longi. Achaenia recta, anguste linearia, exalata,
brunneo-nigra, corpore 8-11 mm. longa et 1-1.5 mm. lata, faciebus et
marginibus glabra, sub apice nudo breviter biaristata aristis erectis
et retrorsum barbatis, plerumque 1-2 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, on the Island of Hawaii,
Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (Gray).

Distribution: Islands of Maui (fide Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 214.
1888) : and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Ballieu 46, Hawaiian Isls. (Par.); William
Hillebrand, perhaps Isl. Hawaii (BerL); Macrae, Mt. Kaah (Mauna
Kea), Isl. Hawaii, June, 1825 (Gray); U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped.
(Capt. Wilkes}, Isl. Hawaii, 1840 (type, Gray: cotypes, Mun.; Par.).
B. distans, a species from the Island of Lanai, was confused by
me with this species in my conspectus of the species and varieties
of Bidens native to islands of the central Pacific Ocean (Bot. Gaz.
85:24.1928).

In the Hawaiian Islands this and the other species of Bidens are
known by the common name "kokoolau" (fide Degener, Ferns
Flow. PL Hawaii Nat. Park 295. 1930).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII

Bidens hawaiensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; &,
exterior involucral bract, X4.8; c, interior involucral bract, X5.6;
d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X4.8; /, disc floret, X5.2; g, h,
achenes, X3.6; i, fruiting head, Xl; all from type.

21. Bidens distans Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 362. 1930. PI. IX.

Frutex erectus, glaber, ramosus, verisimiliter 6-9 dm. altus, caule
subtereti glaucescenti. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-4.5 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 9-16 cm. longa, nunc pinnatim 3-5-partita
foliolis lanceolatis serratis dentibus acriter mucronatis, apice acutis
sed parce acuminatis; nunc indivisa lamina lanceolata ± 11.5 cm.
longa et ± 4 cm. lata, unico latere circ. 16-20 dentibus munita.
Capitula paniculato-corymbosa, numerosa, subdense disposita (dis-
tantia) pedicellis tenuibus plerumque 1-2 cm. longis, radiata, pansa
ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae
exteriores 4-6, oblongo-lineares, obtusae, minimae (1-2 mm. longae),
quam interiores lanceolatae multo minores. Flores ligulati plerum-

1 Hillebrand's specimen from East Maui (Berl.) is of doubtful identity.

96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

que 5, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, apice plus minusve denticulati,
8-12 mm. longi. Achaenia recta vel vix curvata, anguste linearia,
plana, exalata, atra vel ad apicem brunnea, utraque facie circ.
4-sulcata, corpore 8-11.5 mm. longa et 1.1-1.7 mm. lata, facie
marginibusque glabra, apice interdum paucisetosa, sub apice irregu-
lariter biaristata aristis erectis et retrorsum barbatis, usque ad
1 (rarius -3) mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 148L,
"at Gay's," on mountains near Koele,1 Island of Lanai, Hawaiian
Islands, June, 1918 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from Island of Lanai, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined: Forbes 148L (type, Field: cotype, Bish.);
George C. Munro, Kapano, Lanai, July 28, 1915 (Field) ; Joseph F.
Rock 8008, south coast of Lanai, July 28, 1910 (Gray).

Differs from J3. hawaiensis Gray in its smaller and more numerous
heads, minute exterior involucral bracts, fewer rays, mostly divided
leaves, etc. Differs from B. micrantha Gaud, in its more open inflores-
cence, dullish-black, not truly shining achenes, glaucescent stem, etc.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX

Bidens distans: a, flowering branch, X0.55; b, c, compound leaves,
X0.55; d, exterior involucral bract, X5.54; e, interior involucral bract,
X5.54; /, ray corolla, X4.43; g, palea, X3.88; h, disc floret, X6.09;
i, achene, X3.32; 6, from G. C. Munro, Kapano, July 28, 1915, in
Hb. Field; rest from type.

22. Bidens Degeneri Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 3. 1928.
PL X, figs. i-o.

Campylotheca dichotoma Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 212. 1888.

Coreopsis dichotoma (Hillebr.) Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar.

Pacif. 209. 1890.
Bidens dichotoma (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920; non B.

dichotoma Desf. Tabl. ed. 1. 108. 1804 (nomen nudum); nee B.

dichotoma Desf. Cat. PL Hort. Reg. Par. ed. 3. 185. 1829.

Multa folia indivisa B. Degeneri sensu stricto.

Folia plerumque 3-partita var. /3. Apioides.

1 Spelled Koala upon United States Geological Survey map. But a Mrs.
Greenland (nee Gay) informed H. Wiebke (fide O. Degeneri in lit., Feb. 9, 1928)
that the name is spelled locally Koele, not Koala.

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VIII

:;,: I'°RARY

OF THt
HWVWttTY ftp MMK81S

THE GENUS BIDENS 97

Humilis, prostrata vel erecta, inferne lignea, superne herbacea,
glabra, ramis brevibus saepe dichotomis et cymis veteribus annorum
priorum in furcis, verisimiliter usque ad 4 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter
petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-6.5 cm. longa,
parce carnosa, moderate serrata, nunc indivisa, ovata obovatave et
breviter acuminata, nunc tripartita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve basi
rotundatis vel cuneatis. Capitula minima, plerumque numerosa, radi-
ata, pansa ad anthesin 6-8 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta, in cymis minutis
3-5 (-poly) -cephalis disposita, pedunculis 2-5 cm. longis, pedicellis
2-20 mm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, glabrae
vel obscure glanduloso-hispidae, adpressae vel reflexo-patentes, 1-2
mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae plerumque breviores. Flores
ligulati circ. 3 vel 4, lutei, ligula ovati vel elliptici, apice irregulariter
plus minusve profunde incisi, circ. 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia,
curvata vel torta, exalata, obcompressa vel subtetragona, subnigra,
glabra vel supra sparsissime erecto-hispida, corpore 6-8 mm. longa
et circ. 0.6-1 mm. lata, nunc biaristata aristis tenuibus circ. 1 mm.
longis et apice retrorsum hamosis, nunc omnia exaristata, quam
paleae breves multo longiora.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Waikapu
("above Maalaea or on Haleakala," fide Hillebr. loc. cit.), Island of
Maui, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.).

Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Molokai, and Maui, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2162,
extremely common on arid, windswept, rocky sides at medium eleva-
tions, Pohakea Gulch, Maui, July 11, 1927 (Berl.; Field; Kew; Haw.);
iidem 2179, arid, windswept ridge north of Pohakea Gulch, near
Wailuku, Maui, July 23, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 8 sheets; Haw.;
Kew; Mun.) ; C. N. Forbes, sea cliffs, Halawa Valley, Molokai, August,
1912 (Bish.) ; idem 19820, Waimano Ridge, Oahu, October 27-30, 1914
(Bish.); Gaudichaud 220 pro parte and 221 pro parte, Hawaiian
Isls., September-October, 1836 (Par.); William Hillebrand, Waikapu,
Maui (Berl. ; type) ; H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 450, mountains near
Waikapu, Maui (Bish.; Gray).

The minute flowering heads are a distinguishing characteristic
of Bidens Degeneri, also the low stature, the small leaves, and the
often much thickened, ligneous stems. The achenes are less distinc-
tive. Mann & Brigham 450, with which Hillebrand stated his type
material to be "identical," has even the youngest achenes exaristate.
The Forbes material from Oahu has the numerous small, immature

98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

achenes likewise exaristate. Among the many hundreds of fruiting
heads found upon the Degener & Wiebke material, however, several
heads were observed to have the achenes mainly aristate.

B. Degeneri was named in honor of Otto Degener, formerly of
the University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Bidens Degeneri var. /3. Apioides Sherff, loc. cit.

E specie foliis plerumque 3-partitis, grosse serratis vel dentatis
vel etiam lobatis, foliolo terminali interdum subtripartito differt.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke, No.
21796, windswept ridge, north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku,
Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, July 23, 1927 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, north of Pohakea
Gulch, near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 21796 (type,
Field: cotype, Haw.).

Western Maui is connected with eastern Maui by a broad, sandy
isthmus, Wailuku, which appears to be the real home of the species.
Recently Degener & Wiebke, on finding many specimens of the
species proper, their number 2179, growing near Wailuku, observed
several bizarre plants which may be designated 21796. Regarding
these latter, Mr. Degener (in lit.) states: "Plants of this type are
somewhat rare and grow intermingled with typical ones." The
leaves have their leaflets deeply toothed or lobed and suggest in
outline the leaves of common celery, Apium graveolens L., whence
the varietal name Apioides.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X, FIGS, i-0

Bidens Degeneri: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; j,
exterior involucral bract, X5.88; k, interior involucral bract, X5.88;
I, ray corolla, X5.88; ra, palea, X5.88; n, disc floret, X5.88; o, achene,
X5.88; all from Forbes 19820 in Hb. Bish.

23. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 49. 1926;
ibid. 85: 25 and pi. 3, 1928. PI. XI and PI. XII, figs. a-4.

Bidens gracilis Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 368. 1841;
Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105, pi 13, figs. a-i. 1920; non Torr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. 2: 215. 1828.

Campylotheca gracilis (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 618. 1843.

fleld Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate IX

'b i &

BIDENS DISTANS Sherff

Of THt

THE GENUS BIDENS 99

Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl., Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 122. 1912. l
Bidens halawana Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 94: 589. 1933.

Herbacea vel demum fruticosa, gracilis, glabra, ramosa ramis
saepe rubescentibus, verisimiliter 6-9 dm. alta; caule infra obsolete
supra plus minusve acriter tetragono. Folia plerumque serrata vel
etiam laciniato-dentata, nunc indivisa et ovata vel lanceolata, basi
subcordata vel rotundata et saepius moderate asymmetrica, apice
acuta vel acuminata, petiolis adjectis 3-13 cm. longa et 1-3.5 cm.
lata; nunc tripartita, foliolis lanceolatis, foliolo terminali usque ad
4 cm. lato, lateralibus dimidio minoribus; petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm.
longis; raro foliis multo majoribus. Capitula parva, in inflorescentia
composite bracteato-cymosa disposita, in ramulis solitaria vel bina,
radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri
bracteae exteriores 6-9, patulae, lineares, apicem versus subglandu-
losae, alibi glabrae, apice subacutae, circ. 4-5 mm. longae, quam
interiores lanceolatae ad apicem saepe minutissime pubescentes
paulo (vel interdum fere dimidio) breviores. Flores ligulati saepius
4, flavi, ligula late oblongo-oblanceolati, apice saepe obsolete 2-3-
denticulati, 3-11 mm. longi. Achaenia plerumque plus minusve
torta, oblongo-linearia, nunc infra nunc supra angustata, non vere
alata, atro-brunnea, faciebus striata, glabra vel margine saepe 1-3
setis praedita, corpore 6-14 mm. longa et 0.8-1.5 mm. lata, nunc
brevissime biaristata aristis 0.3-0.8 mm. longis et glabris vel apicem
versus retrorsum hispidulis, nunc uniaristata vel etiam exaristata,
saepe omnibus tribus formis in eodem capitulo.

Type specimen: Collected by Abbe Urbain Faurie, No. 960,
Kalihi, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, October, 1909.2

Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3765,
shady bank, Pacific Heights Trail, October 14, 1934 (Field) ; Christo-
phersen, Wilder, & Hume 1502, alt. 300-500 meters, open forest,
head of Kalihi Valley, January 25, 1931 (Bish. ; Field) ; Otto Degener
2096, dry, sunny ridge, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, October 22, 1922
(Field, 3 sheets); idem 10035, open woods, rim of Mt. Tantalus,
November 12, 1935 (Field) ; idem & Kwan Kee Park 10066, eodem
loco, November 20, 1935 (Field) ; iidem, Yoshimasa Nitta, & William

1 LeVeille's original spelling was asymetrica, perhaps through influence of the
French asymetrique. However, the universally accepted (New) Latin form calls
for asymmetrica, which is here used in keeping with article 70 of the International
Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (Revision of 1930).

2 Type herbarium not cited by Leveille. Specimens of Faurie 960 occur,
however, in Hb. Brit., Hb. Del., and Hb. Par.

100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bush 4133, on partly forested lateral ridge, north slope of South
Halawa Gulch, about one mile from top of Koolau Range, April
17, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; type
collection of Bidens halawana Deg. & Sherff ) ; Degener, Park, & Nitta
4134, in forest, ridge on south slope of North Halawa Gulch, about
0.75 mile from No. 4133, April 17, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew;
Mo.) ; Degener, Park, & Takamoto 10332, partly wooded ridge, C.C.C.
Trail, Aiea, February 16, 1936 (Field, 2 sheets) ; Degener, Park, Top-
ping, Bush, & Potter 10070, open rainy woods at Middle Halawa Ridge,
May 26, 1935 (Field) ; Degener, Park, & T. Yamamoto 3237, in forest on
plateau, about 2.5 miles northeast of main road above Forest Reserve
fence, Red Hill, October 9, 1932 (Berl. ; Brit. ; Del. ; Field ; Goth. ; Gray ;
Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); iidem 4236, in thick, tall grass
near summit of ridge, about 2 miles northeast of main road just below
Forest Reserve fence, Red Hill, October 9, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.;
Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Faurie 960 (type
collection; Brit.; Del.; Par.); C. N. Forbes 11840, Moanalua Valley,
March 9, 1909 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg & Harold St. John 9343, alt.
460 meters, in wet forest, Kalauao-Waimalu Ridge, Koolau Mts.,
March 29, 1933 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Goth.; Gray; Mo.); William
Hillebrand, Nuuanu (Berl., 2 sheets, sub nom. Campylotheca macro-
carpa et var. /3.); idem 35, Oahu (Kew) ; Mann & Brigham 98 pro parte,
Oahu (Brit.; Corn.; Del., cum B. macrocarpa commixt.; Field; Mo.;
U.S.); Archibald Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Brit.); Thomas Nuttall,
Oahu (Brit.; type of B. gracilis Nutt.); Harold St. John 11181, shrub
3 ft. tall, alt. 510 meters, wooded ridge, main ridge running southwest
from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu, November 29, 1931 (Field);
D. LeRoy Topping 3834, dry, sunny bank, along new C.C.C. Trail,
Aiea, September 22, 1935 (Field); idem & Colin Potter (Degener
distrib. No.) 10037, middle Halawa Ridge, Nov. 10, 1935 (Field).

Until recently, no botanist appears to have given this species
serious attention. In 1843, Walper categorically transferred it along
with two others described by Nuttall from Bidens to Campylotheca.
In 1861, Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128) referred it, with Bidens
mutica Nutt., to B. sandvicensis Less. Nuttall's types of B. gracilis
and B. mutica are still extant in a state of excellent preservation
(Brit.). The type of B. gracilis is clearly distinct from that of B.
mutica. It is distinct also from the type specimen of B. sandvicensis
Less. (Berl.). In 1888, Hillebrand doubtfully referred the species to a
variety of B. macrocarpa, but Nuttall's type is not even remotely
matched by the type material (U.S.; Gray; N.Y.) of B. macrocarpa.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate X

/I

BIDENS MICRANTHA Gaud. (figs, a-h)
BIDENS DEGENERI Sherff (figs, i-o)

OF TKt
UNIVERSITY OF MilNQIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 101

It is, however, the same as Mann & Brigham 98, wrongly distributed
to various herbaria as B. hawaiensis. B. hawaiensis is a much coarser
plant and differs in many characters from Nuttall's B. gracilis.

The type material of Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl. is found to
be a coarser and more herbaceous form, inseparable in technical
characters from this species.1 The trivial name asymmetrica is here
taken up because of the homonym Bidens gracilis Torr.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI

Bidens asymmetrica: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6;
6, tripartite leaf, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; d, interior
involucral bract, X3.6; e, ray corolla, X3.6; /, palea, X3.6; g, disc
floret, X3.6; h, i, achenes, X3.6; all from type or cotype material
in Hb. Del. and Hb. Brit.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII, FIGS, a-4

Bidens asymmetrica: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.63;
6, tripartite leaf, X0.63; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.3; d, interior
involucral bract, X6.3; e, ray corolla, X6.3; /, palea, X6.3; g, disc
floret, X6.3; h, i, achenes, X6.3; 6, from Forbes 11840 in Hb. Bish.;
rest from Mann & Brigham 98, ibid.

24. Bidens cervicata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 99. 1920.
PL XIII, figs. h-p.

Glabra, supra herbacea, infra forsan suffruticosa; caule acute
tetragono, ramoso, ± 8 dm. alto. Folia membranacea, pinnata vel
summa tripartita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto 7-15 cm. longa, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis
(dentibus acribus et tenuiter mucronatis), sparsim ciliatis, 2.5-9 cm.
longis et 0.8-2.8 cm. latis. Capitula multa, subcorymbosa, radiata,
pansa ad anthesin 1.5-1.8 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri brac-
teae exteriores plerumque 5, lineares, glabratae, patentes vel reflexae,
1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interioribus multo breviores. Flores ligulati
circ. 5, flavidi, ligula ovato-lanceolati vel elliptico-oblongi, apice
saepe profunde et acriter dentati, 7-9 mm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter
linearia, nigra, exalata, exaristata, glabra vel 1-paucis setis munita,
torta, infra angustata, supra cervici-elongata, 1-1.3 cm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 1085K pro
parte, in Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, Island of Kauai, Hawai-
ian Islands, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish.).

1 The herbaceous form, with large, mainly simple leaves, is the plant had in
mind by Hillebrand (excl. syn. B. sandvicensis var. ovatifolia Gray) f or his Campy-
lotheca macrocarpa var. /3. (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888).

102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Waimea Drainage
Basin, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Forbes 1085-K" pro parte (type, Bish., cum B.
Cosmoidi commixt.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII, FIGS, h-p

Bidens cervicata: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.54; i,
one of larger leaves, X0.54; j, exterior involucral bract, X5.43; k,
interior involucral bract, X5.43; I, ray corolla, X3.26; m, palea,
X5.43; n, disc floret, X3.26; o, p, achenes, X3.26; i, from cotype in
Hb. Field; rest from type.

25. Bidens graciloides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 159. 1923.
PI. XIV, figs. ar-g.

Glabra, erecta vel repens, fruticosa, ramosa (ramis moderate
tetragonis) vel infra simplex, 1-6 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata
petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-6 cm. longa, nunc indivisa
et ovata, nunc pinnata vel rarius subbipinnata, foliolis 3 vel 5 (vel
rarius 7) ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, crenato-serratis, apice obtusis
vel acutis, 0.4-2 cm. latis. Capitula laxe subcorymbosa, non plerum-
que supra folia perspicue exserta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis
usque ad 6 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.1-1.5 cm. lata
et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, lineares vel
oblongo-lineares, apice obtusae vel acutae, nunc hispidae nunc fere
glabrae, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores.
Flores ligulati 4-5, flavi, ligula elliptici, apice dentati, 5-7 mm. longi.
Achaenia atra, plus minusve arcuata, plana, non vere alata, linearia,
marginibus et saepe costis medianis sparsim setosa, unica facie circ.
4-striata, corpore 4-8 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata, nunc exaristata,
nunc biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1.5
mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 24350,
ridge, right-hand side, Waialae Iki, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands,
March 2, 1917 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: William Bush 27, alt. 540 meters, grassy
slopes, Manoa Cliffs, Tantalus, June 11, 1929 (Field); Otto Degener
2264, cliffs at wet head of Kuliouou Valley, December 11, 1927 (Berl.;
Boiss.; Field; Haw.; Kew); idem 2265, arid, sunny slope at base of
Kuliouou Valley, December 11, 1927 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Haw.;
Kew) ; idem, K. K. Park & W. Hirai 4040, east ridge of Niu Valley,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XI

b tf

BIDENS ASYMMETRICA (Levl.) Sherff

. -

Of

omosnt of

THE GENUS BIDENS 103

summit of ridge at edge of forest, April 20, 1931 (Field) ; iidem 4041,
eodem loco et tempore, dry, grassy slope before reaching forest (Berl. ;
Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); iidem 4045, east ridge of Kuliouou Valley,
May 3, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.;
N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, & Nitta 4160, sunny, grassy slope,
middle ridge of Niu Valley, June 4, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Field;
Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); Forbes 18620,
Oahu, December 11, 1913 (Bish.); idem 24350 (type, Bish.); idem
24740 et 24770, between Niu and Wailupe, April 11, 1917 (Bish.);
A. A. Heller 1988 p.p., Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (N.Y.); D. Le Roy
Topping 3304, alt. 300 meters, open ridge, Niu Ridge, January 13,
1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.).

At times simulated by depauperate forms of B. sandvicensis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV, FIGS, a-g

Bidens graciloides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.67; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X6.67; c, interior involucral bract, X6.67;
d, ray corolla, X4; e, palea, X6.67; /, disc floret, X6.67; g, achene,
X4; all from type.

26. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 5. 1928.

PL XV and PI. XVI.
Bidens schizoglossa Sherff, op. cit. 88: 288 and pi. 19. 1929.

Frutex ramosus ramis rubescentibus subtetragonis vix glau-
cescentibus glabratis, 1.2-1.5 (rarius -2.7) m. altus. Folia petiolata
petiolis tenuibus 2-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-12 cm. longa,
membranacea, nunc simplicia, basim integram versus rotundata
vel late cuneata, supra medium raro integra plerumque perspicue
pectinato-dentata dentibus (in unico latere saepius 3-9) plerumque
prorsum spectantibus, apice acuminata, circumambitu ovata vel
rhomboideo-ovata, margine debiliter ciliata, supra glabrata, infra
saepe paucis setis sparsissime adpresso-hispida; nunc 1-2-pinnata,
foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis integris vel plus minusve
pectinato-dentatis, lateralibus minoribus. Capitula numerosa, in
inflorescentia corymbiformi vel paniculata disposita, radiata, pansa
ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. lata; pedicellis et
pedunculis minimis dense et insigniter albido-pubescentibus. Invo-
lucri bracteae dense hispidae, exteriores 5-8, lineares, patentes, apice
acutae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores.
Flores ligulati plerumque 5, ligula late lineari-oblongi vel obovati,
flavi, apice rotundato integri vel etiam acriter denticulati vel pro-
funde lobati, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia demum paleas anguste

104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

lineares paulo superantia, recta vel subrecta, sublate oblongo-linea-
ria, valde obcompressa, corpora nigro 8-11 mm. longa et 1.5-2
mm. lata, faciebus marginibusque glabra, apice (saepe imperfecte)
biaristata; aristis usque ad 1.2 mm. longis, in achaeniorum duos
subalatos stramineos margines decurrentibus, retrorsum barbatis vel
demum plus minusve calvis.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke,
No. 2128, arid, weed-covered "aa"1 slopes, between Puuwaawaa
and Huehue, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, August 22, 1926
(Field, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: A. Borges (Degener distrib. No.) 3799,
Huehue, November 26, 1929 (Field) ; Degener & Wiebke 2128 (type,
Field, 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Haw.; Kew; Par., etc.);
Degener & Yasuma Iwasaki 3813, usually 4 to rarely 6 feet high,
on arid "aa" lava flows1 near type locality north of Huehue, January
18, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.;
Mun.); iidem 3814, usually 5 to rarely 9 feet high, on extremely arid
and hot lava flows along road west of Puuwaawaa, eodem tempore
(Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Mo.); Alfred Meebold
(Degener distrib. No.) 4168, Huehue, May 22, 1932 (Berl.; Field;
Kew); idem 20821, Puuwaawaa, November, 1935 (Field); William
A. & C.B. Setchell, near Huehue, June 24, 1924 (Calif.; type of B.
schizoglossa Sherff) ; Carl Skottsberg 1954, 1955, and 19556, along the
Kona-Kohala Road in North Kona, near branch road to Puuwaa-
waa (Goth.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV

Bidens ctenophylla: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59;
b, portion of pedicel, X6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.54; d,
interior involucral bract, X3.54; e, ray corolla, X2.37; /, palea,
X3.54; g, disc floret, X3.54; h, achene, X3.54; a, mainly from cotype
in Hb. Kew; rest from cotype in Hb. Field.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI

Bidens ctenophylla: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.64; b,
exterior involucral bract, X6.36; c, interior involucral bract, X6.36;
d, e, ray corollas, X6.36; /, palea, X6.36; g, disc floret, X6.36; h, i,
achenes, X6.36; all from type of Bidens schizoglossa Sherff.

1 Aa, Anglicized from the Hawaiian and meaning a loose, rough type of lava
(fide Degeneri in lit.; cf. Degener, Plants Haw. Nat. Park. v. 1930).

THE GENUS BIDENS 105

27. Bidens glandulifera M. L. Grant, sp. nov.

Frutex ± 1.7 m. altus; ramulis gracilibus, lateribus plus minusve
canaliculatis, glabris vel axillis subporrigini-tomentulosis. Folia
subsparsim disposita, opposita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus subplanis
glabris vel facie superiore tomentulosis, petiolo adjecto 4.5-6 cm.
longa et d- 2.3 cm. lata, simplicia, membranacea, apice subabrupte
acuminata, basi lato-cuneata vel subrotundata, marginibus acriter
serrata (dentibus pro unico latere plerumque 15-20, nitide indurato-
apiculatis), subflavido-viridia, infra vix pallidiora, lamina glabra
vel glabrata. Inflorescentia terminalis et in axillis superioribus dis-
posita, corymboso-paniculata, circ. 5 cm. alta et aequaliter lata,
exserta, usque ad 20-cephala; pedunculis ultimis (pedicellis) sparsim
puberulentis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 11 mm. lata
et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri basaliter puberulenti vel rarius glabrati
bracteae exteriores circ. 8, spathulate lineari-oblanceolatae, apice
subacuta 5-6 mm. longae et circ. 1 mm. latae; interiores lanceolatae,
circ. 7 mm. longae et db 1.7 mm. latae. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, flavi
sed venis forsitan rubro-brunnei, obscure 3-5-denticulati, 8- vel
9-nervii, ligula obovati, circ. 6.5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, 4-7
mm. longae. Flores tubulosi circ. 30-35, flavi, circ. 6.6 mm. longi,
poculo nectarifero circum styli basim circ. 0.5 mm. alto. Achaenia
linearia, plana et bimarginata vel interdum trigona et trimarginata,
maximam partem subatra lateribus apiceque flavido-brunnea, utra-
que facie glabra et plerumque 4-sulculata, marginibus supra medium
antrorsum apicem versus retrorsum brevi-setulosa, corpore 7.5-9 mm.
longa et circ. 1.5 mm. lata, marginibus superne productis bi- (vel
tri-) aristata (aristis sub apice ipso ortis, retrorsum setosis, sub
1 mm. longis) ; summo corpore glabro vel 1- vel 2-setoso.

Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 4958, at
altitude of 530 meters, in ridge scrub, Tahuhuura, Mt. Tarapaia, Dis-
trict of Tevaitapu, Island of Borabora, January 3, 1931 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Borabora, Society Islands.

Specimens examined : Grant 4958 (type, Bish.).

Dr. Grant notes in his manuscript: "Serrations, margins of
petioles, and occasionally twigs and lower surfaces of midribs with
minute, sessile, callus-like, castaneous glands." These are, however,
comparatively inconspicuous.

28. Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920.

PI. XVII, figs. a-4.

Coreopsis (Campylotheca) macrocarpa Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5:
126. 1861.

106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Folia principalia ternata vel pinnata 3-5 foliolis.

B. macrocarpa sensu stricto.
Folia simplicia var. /3. ovatifolia.

Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, 1-2.4 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis te-
nuibus 2-10 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-2.2 dm. longa, subcrassa,
ternata vel pinnata velsumma saepe pro maxima parte simplicia et in-
feriora plus minusve bipinnata; foliolis (3-5) ovatis vel ovato-lanceola-
tis, cuspidatis, acriter et saepe creberrime serratis (dentibus interdum
valde inflexis), parce membranaceis, lateralibus 2-6 cm. longis et
1-2 cm. latis (imis interdum bipartitis vel etiam tripartitis), terminal!
majore saepius acuminate interdum tripartite, petiolulis lateralium
plerumque 2-15 mm. longis. Inflorescentia laxa, aperta, foliolis
linearibus vestita, folia superans. Capitula non numerosa, non
minuta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta et circ. 3 cm.
lata. Involucri bracteae subaequales, exteriores 5-7, crassae, late
lineares, glabrae, circ. 6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 5-7, flavi,
ligula anguste vel late elliptico-oblongi, apice trifidi, 1-1.6 cm. longi;
disci floribus 15-20. Achaenia pro capitulo magna, late linearia,
plana, striata, brunnea vel atro-brunnea, glaberrima vel marginibus
et apice setulosa, erecta vel subtorta, corpore 1.2-2 cm. longa et
(ullis alis adjectis) 1.5-2.8 mm. lata, exalata vel alata, alis in duos
dentes vel aristas sub corporis apice productis; aristis remotissime et
minutissime, antrorsum retrorsumque barbatis, vel raro glabratis.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian
Islands, 1840 (U.S.).

Distribution: Known only from the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined: E. H. Bryan, Jr., 847, shrub 2 meters tall,
alt. 690 meters, moist ridge in rain forest, Kaluanui, October 14, 1934
(Field) ; William Bush 25, alt. 600 meters, wind-swept, wet slope,
Wahiawa-Kahana Divide, June 9, 1929 (Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.;
U.S.); idem & D. L. Topping 3779 et 3780, shady bank, C.C.C.
Trail, Waipio, March 10, 1935 (Field); Otto Degener, open forest,
near Pauoa Flats, Mt. Tantalus, April 18, 1926 (N.Y.) ; idem 2674,
wooded, moderately dry slope, about halfway along lower trail
from Pauoa Flats to Mt. Olympus, February 25, 1928 (Field; N.Y.);
idem 2675, eodem loco et tempore, more shaded than No. 2674
(Field) ; idem & K. K. Park 4082, growing rarely up to 8 ft. high,
locally common in rain forest, just south of summit of Puu Lanipo
on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, November 11, 1931 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.;

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XII

BIDENS ASYMMETRICA (Levl.) Sherff (figs, o-t)
BIDENS CUNEATA Sherff (figs, j-p)

OF THt
UHIVERW OF

THE GENUS BIDENS 107

Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.);
iidem & W. Hirai 4043, wind-swept mountain summit, about half-
way along Waikane-Schofield Trail, April 4, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.;
Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.); Degener, Park, Potter, Bush, &
Topping 10071, near summit, Poamoho Trail, Laie, August 18,
1935 (Field); iidem 10072, open forest, Waimano, June 9, 1935
(Field; forma monstrosa); iidem 10073, near 4-mile post, Kipapa
Trail, Koolau Range, June 21, 1935 (Field); Degener, Takamoto, &
Martinez 10540, open rain forest near summit, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea,
March 15, 1936 (Field) ; Urbain Faurie 996, Panalieu, May, 1910
(Brit.); C. N. Forbes, Lanihuli Trail, October 14, 1908 (Bish.);
idem, Palolo Valley Ridges, December 17, 1908 (Bish.) ; idem 22210,
Waihiawa-Kahana Trail, August 17-20, 1915 (Bish.); idem (&
Labouchere) 23130, ridge and foot of Kalihi Valley, March 9, 1916
(Bish.); idem 25530, Manoa Ridge, March 17, 1919 (Bish.); idem (&
C. M. Cooke}, Koolauloa Mts. between Punaluu and Kaipapau,
May 3-8, 1909 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 9525, suffrutescent herb
0.4 meter tall, wet, bushy ridge, alt. 740 meters, Waikane-Schofield
Trail, divide between Kahana and Waianaeuka, May 14, 1933 (Field) ;
idem 10285, exposed ridge, alt. 740 meters, Waikane-Schofield Trail,
Koolau Mts., Kahana, September 22, 1933 (Field); idem 10726,
suffrutescent herb 1 meter tall, wet forest, alt. 550 meters, Palolo-
Waialae-Niu, Koolau Mts., December 27, 1934 (Field); idem &
K. Duker 8680, alt. 620 meters, rain forest, ridge, South Kipapa
Gulch, Koolau Mts., September 18, 1932 (Field; Kew); iidem 8803,
alt. 600 meters, wet forest, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Koolau Mts.,
Kahana, October 16, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew) ; Gaudichaud (Voy. la
Bonite} 220pro parte and 221 p.p., Hawaiian Isls., September-October,
1836 (Par.) ; M. L. Grant 7242, shrub 4 ft. tall, alt. 690 meters, in
Metrosideros forest, Kipapa- Waiawa Ridge, Waipio, August 7, 1934
(Field); A. A. Heller 2901, plentiful in forest, alt. 750 meters, on
and near summit, Konahuanui, November 2, 1895 (Brit.; Calif.;
Field; Kew; Minn.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Petrop.; Phila.); William
Hillebrand, Oahu (Kew) ; idem, Nuuanu (Berl. ; Gray) ; idem & J. M.
Lydgate, Konahuanui, October 29, 1870-1872 (Bish.);E. Y. Hosaka
1107 and 1108, on wet, denuded ridge, alt. 600 meters, Kipapa
Gulch, south ridge, Waipio, Koolau Mts., July 2, 1933 (Bish.; Field);
Noel Krauss 4128, wet, open woods in upper Manoa Valley along
Mt. Olympus, Pauoa Flats Trail, December 6, 1931 (Field); Mann
& Brigham, Oahu (U.S.); iidem 98 pro minim, parte, Oahu (Del.,
cum B. asymmetrica commixt.) ; Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.)

108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

4166, east ridge of Manoa Valley, June, 1932 (Field; Kew); Carl
Skottsberg 153 and 1536, alt. 500-600 meters, Koolau, Nuuanu-
Kalihi Ridge, August 13, 1922 (Goth.); idem 1776, Nuuanu-
Pauoa Ridge, September 12, 1926 (Goth.); idem 1859, ridge above
Kahana Bay, Koolau Mts., September 17, 1926 (Goth.); Harold
St. John 10154, low shrub, alt. 690 meters, upper ridge Waikane-
Schofield Trail, Kahana, January 19, 1930 (Field); idem 11193,
shrub 4 ft. tall, alt. 600 meters, wooded ridge, main ridge running
southwest from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu, November 29, 1931
(Bish. ; Field) ; U. S. S. Pacif. Expl Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Oahu,
1840 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Gray; N.Y.); D.L. Topping 3060, growing
3-4 ft. high, along ridge, Wahiawa-Waihane Trail, March 8, 1925
(N.Y.); idem 3341, dry ridge along trail at 600 meters alt., Waipio
Ridge, June 30, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.);
idem 3343, growing 3 ft. high along trail, open and dry, Waipio
Ridge (Field) ; idem 3346, open trail, Waipio Ridge, June 30, 1929
(Field); Wawra (H. M. Frigate Donau) 1664, Oahu, 1868-1871
(Petrop.); M. Yamaguchi 1218, wet mountain ridge, alt. 570 meters,
south ridge of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts., May 15, 1932
(Field); T. G. Yuncker (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4256, alt. 600 meters,
rainy region, Kipapa Gulch Trail, September 18, 1922 (Field; Kew).

Bidens macrocarpa can easily be told from all other species by
its large, flat, usually brownish achenes, with many of their subapical
aristae decurrent into flattened, lateral achenial margins or wings.
Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888) confused other names with
B. macrocarpa. Thus he listed as a synonym Bidens mutica Nutt.
The type of B. mutica (Brit.) is trueB. sandvicensis Less. He created a
var. 7. for plants from Niu and Makaleha, Oahu, to which he referred
(1) B. sandvicensis as understood by A. Gray "(pro parte)" and (2)
"probably also B. gracilis, Nutt." The type of his var. 7. (Brit.),
however, is likewise B. sandvicensis Less. (cf. footnote under B. sand-
vicensis Less., "Specimens examined"); and while indeed Gray had
usually treated such material as B. sandvicensis, it must be noted
that he was correct in so doing, as the species B. sandvicensis Less,
was a valid one and in the main Gray was fairly familiar with it.
B. gracilis Nutt. was of course quite unlike either B. macrocarpa
or B. sandvicensis and reduces to B. asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff.

According to Heller's printed note (Minn.), B. macrocarpa
"appears to be confined to the forest."

An apparently teratological form occurs with conspicuously
laciniate-dentate leaf divisions. The leaves are 1-2- or sub-3-

Fit-Id Museum ot Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XIII

BIDENS TORTA Sherff (figs, a-g)
B1DENS CEHVICATA Sherff (figs, h-p)

OF

|U|

THE GENUS BIDENS 109

pinnatifid. I have seen only one capitulum, and this one was very
immature.

Specimens examined: William Bush 7461, Mt. Tantalus, June 11,
1929 (Berl.; N.Y.); Degener, Park, Bush, Potter, & Topping 10069,
near summit, west of Poamoho Trail, Laie, August 25, 1935 (Deg.) ;
Degener, Park, & Hirai 4044, wind-swept mountain summit about
halfway, Waikane-Schofield Trail, April 4, 1931 (Deg.; N.Y.).

Bidens macrocarpa var. /3. ovatifolia (Gray) Sherff, op. cit.

85: 7. 1928.

Bidens sandvicensis var. ovatifolia Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128.

1861.
Campylotheca (Coreopsis) macrocarpa var. ovatifolia (Gray) Hillebr.

Fl. Haw. Ids. 215. 1888.

Caulis herbaceus. Folia simplicia vel pauca tripartita, ovata,
subcordata, longissime tenuiterque petiolata petiolis usque ad 6 cm.
longis. Ovaria coronula setularum superata, exaristata.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on the Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Oahu, Hawai-
ian Islands.

Specimens examined: U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt.
Wilkes, Oahu, 1840 (type, U.S.).

I have never seen another specimen exactly matching the type,
but Bush & Topping 3780 and Forbes 23130, listed under the species
proper, show in their lowermost leaves an approach to the ovatifolia
form. The type's capitula are referable to B. macrocarpa rather
than to B. sandvicensis. In fact, Drake del Castillo (Illustr. Fl.
Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890) equated the ovatifolia form outright with
B. macrocarpa (Coreopsis macrocarpa Gray). The exceptional nature
of the leaves, however, makes it seem best to retain a varietal status
for Gray's type, as was done by Hillebrand.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII, FIGS, a-i

Bidens macrocarpa: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.56; 6,
one of larger leaves, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.38; d,
interior involucral bract, X3.38; e, ray corolla, X3.38; /, palea,
X3.38; g, disc floret, X3.38; h (submature), i (mature, outer),
achenes, X3.38; a-h, from Forbes 23130 in Hb. Bish.; i, from Forbes,
Palolo Valley Ridges, Isl. Oahu, December 17, 1908, ibid.

110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

29. Bidens magnidisca Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
93: 216. 1932. PI. XVII, figs. j-l.

Herba erecta, perennis, fruticosa, glabra, caule tetragona, veri-
similiter 6-10 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque
ad 9 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2 dm. longa, acriter serrata,
nunc indivisa, ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, basi (saepe obliqua) late
cuneata vel rotundata vel truncato-subcordata, apice acuta vel
breviter acuminata, usque ad circ. 4.5 cm. lata; nunc pinnatim 3-5-
partita, foliolis ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, lateralibus basi valde
obliquis et saepe (praecipue superioribus) decurrentibus, plerumque
1-3.5 cm. latis. Capitula irregulariter paniculata, pedicellata pedi-
cellis glaberrimis saepius 1-2-bracteatis plerumque 1-3.5 cm. longis,
radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2 vel vix 2.5 cm. lata, 0.8-1.5 cm.
alta. Involucrum interius primum (pro capitulo juveni) late cylin-
dricum vel turbinato-globosum, glaberrimo-subnitidum et supra
clausum, exterius patens vel reflexum; demum bracteis exterioribus
(6-8) saepe irregulariter positis, glabris, ovatis vel linearibus vel
late oblongis, apicem obtusum versus saepe latioribus, plerumque
tantum 1.5-3 rarius 5 mm. latis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis
plerumque 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-8, non perspicui,
flavidi, ligula cuneato-lineares, apice acriter (saepe profunde atque
irregulariter) 3-4-dentati, tantum 6-9 mm. longi et 1.5-3 mm.
lati. Flores disci circ. 30-45, aurantiaci, limbo acriter profundeque
5-lobati, deorsum sensim angustati, stylis antherisque exsertis paleas
lineares ac flores ligulatos superantibus. Achaenia plana, lineari-
oblonga, utrinque moderate attenuata, aegre torta, glabra, brunneo-
nigra, valde mediano-nervata, utraque facie circ. 4-sulcata,
corpore 8-15 mm. longa et 1-2 mm. lata, apice ipso exaristata sed
infra apicem saepe irregulariter 1-2-aristata aristis brevibus validis
plus minusve calvis ex achaeniorum marginibus (alis) desinentibus
manifeste productis.

Type specimen : Collected by Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park, and
F. Kruse, No. 4080, much localized on sunny, grassy, shrubby slope,
western ridge of Kaipapau (not "Waipapau" as erroneously printed
in original description) Valley just within forest reserve, Hauula,
Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, October 11, 1931 (Field, 4 sheets).

Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Degener, Park, & Kruse 4080 (4 type sheets,
Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.;

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XIV

BIDENS GRACILOIDES Sherff (figs, a-g)
BIDENS WAIANENSIS Sherff (figs, h-p)

Of THt

THE GENUS BIDENS 111

N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); N. H. Krauss, alt. 300-360 meters, Hauula,
Koolau Mts., January 6, 1934 (Field).

Should be investigated as to possibility of hybrid origin.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII, FIGS, j-l

Bidens magnidisca: j (young) and k (flowering), heads, X0.67;
I, achene, X3.38; all from type specimens.

30. Bidens micranthoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 100. 1920.

PL XVIII.

Bidens angustifolia Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 369.

1841; non Bidens angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 416. 1783.
Campylotheca angustifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. 2: 618. 1843.

Herba glabrata, infra suffruticosa, supra ramosa ramis gracilibus,
3-5 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto 3-7 (-12.5) cm. longa et 2-5 (-8) cm. lata, pinnatim 3-7-
partita foliolis ovato-lanceolatis vel raro ovatis, serratis, ad apicem
plerumque acutis vel etiam longissime acuminatis, nunc membrana-
ceis, nunc subrugoso-crassiusculis, foliolis imis raro tripartitis. Capi-
tula supra folia exserta, laxe corymbosa, ad anthesin 5-7 mm.
alta et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares,
ad apicem subobtusae, glabratae vel glanduloso-pulverulentae, 1-2.5
mm. longae, interiores multo longiores. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavi,
ligula ovato-oblanceolati, ad apicem 2-4-dentulati, circ. 1 cm. longi.
Achaenia linearia, exalata, nunc recta nunc torta, atra, supra et
ad margines sparsim setosa, apice setoso-coronulata et biaristata
aristis retrorsum hamosis et usque ad 1.5 mm. longis vel saepe
plus minusve exaristata, corpore 7-9 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 704K,
Haupu Range, Nawiliwili Bay, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands,
October 31, 1916 (Bish.).

Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: R. S. Bean 1, arid, rocky place, east ridge,
Manoa Valley, Oahu, September 3, 1927 (Bn.) ; Beechey, Oahu (Kew) ;
WilliamBush (Degener distrib. No.) 4163, on slopes of Waimea Canyon
near lookout on way to Kokee, Kauai, June 9, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.;
Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.V.); idem 4164,
eodem loco (but at lower elevation) et tempore (Field, 2 sheets;
forma foliorum segmentis angustioribus quidem linearibus); Otto
Degener & Henry Wiebke 2167, dry, sunny canyon side, Olokele
Canyon, Kauai, July 3, 1926 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew);Faurie

112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

995, Kolea, Kauai, December, 1909 (Brit.); Forbes 494A', Wailua
Falls, Kauai, October 5, 1916 (Bish.); idem 592JRT, Nonou Mts.,
Kauai, October 16-17, 1916 (Bish.) ; idem 704K (type, Bish.: cotype,
Mo.); idem 18490, Waiolani Ridge, Oahu, October 27, 1913 (Bish.);
idem 20140, Oahu, November 17, 1914 (Bish.); Gaudichaud (Voy. la
Bonite), Hawaiian Isls., October, 1836 (Del.); Thomas Nuttall,
Oahu (Brit.; type of Bidens angtistifolia Nutt.); Swezey (Degener
distrib. No.) 4183, top of Puu Kapele, Kauai, July 13, 1932 (Field;
Kew);idem (Degener distrib. No.) 4206 pro parte, Kokee region,
Kauai, July, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; cumB. sandvicensi commixt.);
J. F. G. Stokes, cliffs at Puunui, Oahu, December, 1915 (Bish.) ; D.
LeRoy Topping 2939, Niu Ridge, Oahu, November, 1924 (Calif.).

Resembles more or less B. micrantha Gaud. In some cases the
similarity in foliage is very deceiving. The specimen by Beechey
had been determined as B. micrantha by Hooker and Arnott (cf.
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 86. 1841), although in this case the
foliage was very distinct from that of Gaudichaud's plate for B.
micrantha. Asa Gray, who later studied the Beechey plant, referred
it to B. sandvicensis Less. (cf. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861),
a species to which indeed B. micranthoides, through its Oahu material,
seems transitional. From both B. micrantha and B. sandvicensis
this species differs most noticeably in habit, being lower in stature,
apparently more open in its branching, and certainly with the in-
florescence much more open, the heads being variously scattered
and at more different levels, and not so corymbose.

As remarked in an earlier paper (Bot. Gaz. 76: 161. 1923),
Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127-128. 1861) suspected B. angusti-
folia Nutt. of belonging to B. sandvicensis, and Drake del Castillo
(111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890), evidently with Gray's treatment
at hand, definitely equated the two species. A study, however, of
Nuttall's type (Brit.) and the other specimens cited above shows
a plant with aspect very different from that of B. sandvicensis. It
is found to match exactly certain of these above cited specimens of
B. micranthoides. The name B. angustifolia is rejected, however,
because of the earlier homonym B. angustifolia Lam.1

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII

Bidens micranthoides: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.56;
b, larger and more compound leaf, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract,

1 A name referred by Lamarck himself (loc. cit.) and by A. H. Moore (Proc.
Amer. Acad. 42: 528. 1907) to Spilanthes urens Jacq.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XV

/ b

BIDENS CTENOPHYLLA Sherff

c

THE GENUS BIDENS 113

X5.57; d, interior involucral bract, X5.57; e, ray corolla, X2.79; /,
palea, X5.57; g, disc floret, X5.57; h, achene, X5.57; all from type.

31. Bidens Asplenioides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 101 and pi. 12,
figs. a-f. 1920. PI. XIX, figs. a-f.

Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter suffruticosa, glabra, ramosa,
caule subtetragona, ± 4 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus
3-7 cm. longis, petiolo adjecta 6-16 cm. longa, submembranacea,
pinnata vel ternata, foliolis lanceolatis vel anguste ovato-lanceolatis,
crenatis, non ciliatis, terminali ad apicem longe acuminate et 6-8 cm.
longo, lateralibus ad apicem acutis vel subobtusis et dimidio breviori-
bus. Capitula multa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm.
lata et 6-8 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-6 cm.
longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineari-spathulatae,
demum reflexae, glabratae, circ. 2 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae,
dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati (mancos tantum vidi) flavi, circ.
8-10 mm. longi. Achaenia (manca vidi) linearia, exalata, supra
glabrata vel sparsim setosa, apice nuda vel biaristata, corpore veri-
similiter 5-7 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by JohnF. G. Stokes, at Kaali, Island
of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands, January, 1912 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Niihau,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: J. F. G. Stokes, Kaali, etc. (type, Bish.).

The elongate, crenate terminal leaflets offer a curious superficial
resemblance in outline to the leaves or leaflets of some species of
Asplenium (A. pinnatifidum Nutt., etc.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX, FIGS, a-f

Bidens Asplenioides: a, branch, past fruiting, X0.54; b, exterior
involucral bract, X5.39; c, interior involucral bract, X5.39; d, ovary
(of ray floret?), X5.39; e, f, fragments of mature achenes, X5.39;
all from type.

32. Bidens pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 362. 1856;

cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 25 and pi. 2, figs. j-p. 1928.

PL VI, figs. j-p.

Adenolepis pulchella Less. Linnaea 6: 510 and pi. 6. 1831.
Campylotheca pulchella (Less.) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 212. 1888.
Coreopsis pulchella (Less.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif.
210. 1890.

114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Herba parva, annua, erecta, facie Heterospermi vel Chrysanthelli;
caule acute angulato, subglabrato vel apice hispidiusculo-puberulo,
infra simplici supra non valde ramoso, ±1.2 dm. alto. Folia petiolata
petiolis 2-6 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto tantum 1.5-2.2 cm. longa,
membranacea, ciliata, faciebus fere glabra, primaria bipinnata, f oliolis
lateralibus 2 jugis, segmentis Ipnge cuneatis obtusis saepe trilobatis.
Capitula terminalia, parva, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 5 mm. lata
et circ. 4 mm. alta, disco 5-10-floro. Involucrum cylindraceum,
bracteis extus hirsutiusculis; exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, ciliatis,
patentibus, apice obtusis vel abrupte subapiculatis et in sicco atris,
1.5-3 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, quam exterioribus
saltern dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati circ. 4 vel 5, lutei, emargi-
nati, ligula rotundo-elliptici, quam flores tubulosi paulo breviores.
Achaenia lineari-oblonga, atra, dorso convexa, ventre plana, navicu-
laeformia, superne subsubito inferne sensim angustata, exaristata,
faciebus 3-costata, erecto-ciliata, dorso apicem versus ventre omnino
erecto-setosa, circ. vel fere 3 mm. longa et 0.9 mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by Adelbert Von Chamisso, Island of
Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1816.1

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Von Chamisso, Oahu, 1816 (Berl.).

Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861) suspected this species
of being merely the awnless state of Bidens sandvicensis Less. An ex-
amination of Lessing's type material of the two species shows them
to be widely distinct. In fact, no other Hawaiian species combines
the dwarf habit, delicate bipinnate foliage, minute, terminal, shortly
pedunculate heads and small, exaristate achenes of B. pulchella. It is
not improbable that this is one of the doubtless numerous species
which have become extinct on the islands of the Hawaiian group
during the past century, since the coming of civilization and the
application of more intensive methods to the local agriculture and
grazing.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, FIGS, j-p

Bidens pulchella: j, entire plant, X0.68; k, exterior involucral
bract, X5.44; I, interior involucral bract, X5.44; m, ray corolla,
X5.44; n, palea, X5.44; o, disc floret, X5.44; p, achene, X5.44; all
from type.

1 No herbarium was cited for the type. A good specimen (the subject of my
plate) is preserved, however, in Berlin and may safely be taken as a type of the
species.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVI

BIDENS CTENOPHYLLA Sherff

OF TRt
UNIVERSITY OF 1UIMOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 115

33. Bidens uapensis (F. Brown) Sherff, comb. nov.

Campylotheca uapensis F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus.
Bull. No. 130) : 358 and fig. 65. 1935.

Fruticosa forsitan subarborescens, altitudine ignota, subglabra.
Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis interdum sparso-ciliatis basi con-
natis 2-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-10 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata,
membranacea, cordata, apice acuminato-acuta, basi rotundata vel
cordata, serrata (dentibus circ. 5 vel 6 per 1 cm.), subtus secundum
rhachidis basim squarrose caespitoseque hispida. Capitula subsoli-
taria pedunculis ramos terminantibus tenuibus ± 5 cm. longis folia
non superantibus, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ±2.5 cm. lata et circ.
6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-9, oblonge vel subrhom-
boide lineari-lanceolatae, manifeste 3-nervatae, inferne saepe ciliatae
aliter subglabrae, apice obtusae vel acutae, circ. 5-6 mm. longae;
interiores paulo longiores, subsparsim minutissimeque pubescentes.
Flores ligulati numerosiori (14 fide Brownii), flavi, ligula oblongo-
oblanceolati, apice plus minusve denticulati, ± 1.3 cm. longi et circ.
3-4 mm. lati. Paleae lineares, 5-7 mm. longae. Achaenia (fide
Brownii) oblonge linearia, exaristata, marginibus apiceque longo-
ciliata, saltern 4-5 mm. longa et ± 0.5 mm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by E. H. Quayle, No. 1149, at altitude
of 810 meters, Mt. Tekahoipu, Island of Uapou, Marquesas Islands,
September 9, 1922 (Bish.).

Distribution: Island of Uapou, Marquesas Islands.

Specimens examined : E. H. Quayle 1066, alt. 1,500 meters, Uapou,
September 7, 1922 (Bish.); idem 1149 (type, Bish.).

34. Bidens Populifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 438 and pi. 16. 1928.

PL XX.

Herba e radice (ut videtur) annua, usque ad 8 dm. alta, glabra;
caule tetragono, subsimplici vel etiam valde ramoso, non robusto.
Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus nunc 1.5-6 cm. nunc 6-10 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2 dm. longa, membranacea, palli-
diora, vix ciliata, serrata dentibus rotundatis obtuseque calloso-
apiculatis, plerumque indivisa, circumambitu ovato-cordata vel
deltoideo-cordata, basi saepe tantum subcordata vel etiam truncata
obliquave, apice nunc subobtusa nunc acuta vel rarius plus minusve
subacuminata; rariter (et plus minusve irregulariter) pauca 2-3-
partita, foliolo terminali late rhomboideo-lanceolato vel ovato-
lanceolato vel rotundato, lateralibus obliquis et rhomboideo-ovatis.
Capitula non numerosa, in inflorescentia corymbiformi disposita,

116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

radiata, pedicellata pedicellis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, pansa
ad anthesin circ. 3 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae
valde dissimiles, exteriores 5-7, patenti-reflexae, glabrae, nunc late
oblongo-lineares nunc spathulato-obovatae apice obtusae vel rotun-
datae, 1.5-3.5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, apicem versus
minute pubescentes, 5-6.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 6-8 (rariter
tantum 5), flavidi, ligula oblongo-lineares vel oblanceolati, apice
plerumque 3-dentati, 1.2-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia,
recta, exalata, subnigra, obcompressa, unica facie obsolete circ.
8-striata, margine sparsim erecteque ciliata, corpore 7-12 mm. longa
et 0.8-1.1 mm. lata et paleas apice rufescentes paulo demum saepe
excedentia, apice plerumque biaristata; aristis tenuibus, supra retror-
sum infra antrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Otto Degener, Ross S. Bean, D. Le Roy
Topping, and Anthony Apo, No. 2514, growing with Pandanus and
stunted Metrosideros, grassy slope back of small Hawaiian church
on east side of Kahana Valley, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands,
February 12, 1928 (Field, 4 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: R. S. Bean, Oahu, April 12, 1931 (Field;
Kew); idem 2322, sunny, rocky ridge, foot of left ridge of Kahana
Valley, January 1, 1928 (Field; Kew); William Bush & D.L. Topping
26, alt. 540 meters, wet slope, Kahana Valley Slope, June 9, 1929
(Field; Gray; U.S.); Degener, Bean, Topping, & Apo 2514 (type,
Field, 4 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.;
Mus. V., etc.); Degener, Park, Bush, Nitta, & Westgate 4114, dry,
grassy cliffs, about 3 miles up Kaipapau Valley, March 27, 1932
(Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Yama-
moto 4259, alt. 240 meters, among grasses and shrubs on lateral ridge,
northern slope of Kahana Valley, November 6, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.;
Calif.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.;
Par.; Phila.; U.S.; U.V.).

This species is characterized by the very distinct Populus aspect
of its foliage, the resemblance to the foliage of P. deltoides Marsh.,
for example, being at times very striking. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw.
Isls. 215. 1888) appears not to have known this plant. Under Campy-
lotheca macrocarpa he lists the (to B. Populifolia) faintly similar var.
ovatifolia, transferred by him from varietal rank under Bidens sand-
vicensis Less., where Asa Gray had originally placed it. He then gives
a detailed description of mature plants, a description which could

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVII

BIDENS MACROCARPA (Gray) Sherff (figs, a-t)
BIDENS MAGNIDISCA Dcg. & Sherff ex Sherff (figs, j-l)

'

s

THE GENUS BIDENS 117

not have come from the single, very immature type of the var. ovati-
folia (U.S.). The true var. ovatifolia, recently placed (Bot. Gaz.
85: 7. 1928) under Bidens macrocarpa, has sharply serrate leaves,
while B. Populifolia has round and obtuse teeth. It is clear from
Hillebrand's text that, the synonym var. ovatifolia Gray being ex-
cluded, his treatment applied to the herbaceous forms of Bidens
asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff, found upon the Island of Oahu. In fact,
we may note that one able student of the Hawaiian flora, Joseph
Rock, had labeled a cotype specimen of B. asymmetrica (Faurie 960,
Par.) with the equation: "Coreopsis macrocarpa Hbd. var. 0. Hbd.
Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl. (teste) Rock" (the latter name being
a synonym for Bidens asymmetrica). A consideration of these her-
baceous forms of B. asymmetrica (" . . . Achenes . . . often spirally
twisted . . . "), however, shows that they too have little in common
with the species here under discussion.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX

Bidens Populifolia: a, main portion of younger plant, flowering
and fruiting, X0.55; 6, leaf from lower part of same, X0.55; c, exte-
rior involucral bract, X3.32; d, interior involucral bract, X3.32; e,
ligulate floret, Xl.66; /, palea, X3.32; g, disc floret, X3.32; h, i,
achenes, X3.32; all from cotype material in Hb. Boiss.

35. Bidens Skottsbergii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 91: 311. 1931. PL XXI.

Flores ligulati 1.7-2 cm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati.

B. Skottsbergii sensu stricto.
Flores ligulati 1-1.4 cm. longi et 3-4.5 mm. lati.

var. /3. conglutinata.

Frutex glaberrimus, verisimiliter 1 m. altus, ramosus. Folia
tenuiter petiolata petiolis circ. 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-13
cm. longa, pallidiora, forsitan semper membranacea, indivisa,
oblongo-ovata, subgrosseserrata (unico latere saepius 12-18-serrata),
apice subobtusa, basi late cuneata, principalia 3.5-5 cm. lata. Capi-
tula pauca, laxe paniculata, pedunculata pedunculo subtenui usque
ad 9 cm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 cm. lata et 9-12 mm.
alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8-10, glaberrimae, nunc late
lineari-oblongae nunc oblongo-spathulatae, apice obtusae, demum
saepe patentes, 4-6 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae paulo
longiores, apice pubescentes. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula
nunc oblongi nunc obovati, apice truncate 2-5-dentati et saepe
subprofunde scissi, 1.7-2 cm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati. Achaenia
nigra, plana, lineari-oblonga, utraque facie plus minusve 8-striata,

118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

corpore glabro 8-10.5 mm. longa et circ. 1.35 mm. lata, lateribus
marginata sed non vere alata, apice ipso biaristata (aliter glabra);
aristis subvalidis, stramineis brunneisve, retrorsum multihamosis,
1.5-2 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg, No.
2092, near Puna Road, south of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian
Islands, September 30, 1926 (Goth.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Yoshimasa Nitta (0. Degener distrib. No.)
4126, cult, for tea in Kapoho, from seed collected at Kamailii (near
Kauleau), Puna, December 15, 1931 (Field); idem (0. Degener
distrib. No.) 4127, on "aa" lava, near English public school, Kapoho,
eodem tempore (Field) ; idem 4215, on "aa" lava, along railroad track
23 miles from Hilo toward Kapoho, eodem tempore (Field) ; Skotts-
berg 2092 (type, Goth.); H. St. John, R. S. Bean, & E. Y. Hosaka
11239, plant 4 ft. tall, alt. 60 meters, in open woods, 1 mile north of
Kaimu, December 21, 1931 (Bish.; Field).

Stands next to Bidens Populifolia (of the Island of Oahu), from
which it differs in its oblong-ovate, basally wide-cuneate leaf blades,
and its broader and more oblong achenes, these lacking erect apical
setae between the aristae and having the aristae more densely and
regularly retrorse-hamose.

Bidens Skottsbergii var. /3. conglutinata (Deg. & Sherff) Sherff,
Bot. Gaz. 92: 206. 1931.

Bidens hawaiensis var. conglutinata Deg. & Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 364.

1930; cf. Degener, Ferns Flow. PI. Hawaii Nat. Park 300

and pi. 89. 1930.

A specie floribus ligulatis minoribus (tantum circ. 1-1.4 cm. longis
et 3-4.5 mm. latis), foliis plerumque coriaceo-rugosis differt.

Type specimen: Collected by Antone Borges, No. 3798, on dry
lava flow of 1840, southeast of Pahoa, easternmost part of Island of
Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, November 18, 1929 (Field, 2 sheets).

Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Borges 3798 (type, Field, 2 sheets: cotypes,
Berl. ; Gray; Kew) ; Otto Degener & Yasuma Iwasaki 3819, being eaten
by cattle, on arid, sunny "aa" lava of the 1788 flow, between Pahoa
and Kalapana, February 7, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVIII

BIDENS MICRANTHOID'ES sherff

THE GENUS BIDENS 119

2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Otto Degener
& Henry Wiebke 2165, west slope of Polulu Valley, August 11, 1926
(Field); William Hillebrand, Hawaii (Kew).
Perhaps passing into the species proper.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI

Bidens Skottsbergii: a, flowering and fruiting spray, X0.55; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.29; c, interior involucral bract, X3.29;
d, ray floret, X2.2; e, palea, X3.29; /, disc floret, X4.39; g, achene,
X3.29; all from type.

36. Bidens obtusiloba Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 289 and pi. 20. 1929.

PL XXII.

Frutex glaber, ± 6 dm. altus, ramosus; ramis quadrangulatis,
internodiis inferioribus quam foliis plerumque multo brevioribus.
Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 3.5 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto usque ad 8 cm. longa, bipinnati- (plerumque biternati-) secta,
segmentis primariis circumambitu oblongo-ovatis vel saepe deltoideis,
membranaceis, obsolete ciliatis, 1.5-3.5 cm. longis et paulo angustiori-
bus, lateralibus breviter petiolulatis, omnibus in lobos vel dentes
obtusos atque apice minute cuspidatos rursus dissectis. Capitula non
numerosa, plus minusve corymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
1-1.5 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis usque
ad 1.8 cm. longis. Involucri nunc glabri nunc basi pubescentis
bracteae exteriores 4 vel 5, lineares, apice subacutae, circ. 2 mm.
longae, quam interiores lanceolatae dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati
circ. 4 vel 5, flavidi, ± 5 mm. longi, anguste obovati, apice 2- vel
3-dentati. Achaenia linearia, recta vel subrecta, atro-brunnea, valde
obcompressa, unica facie circ. 8-striata, duabus faciebus non nisi
summam versus setosa, marginibus erecto-setosa, apice exaristata
sed erecto-hispida, corpore 6-7.5 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata.

Type specimen : Collected by D. Le Roy Topping, No. 2941, Niu
Ridge, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 30, 1924
(Calif.).

Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Topping 2941 (type, Calif.); idem 3354a, a
single specimen growing with many Bidens sandvicensis plants, dry,
open ridge, Niu Ridge, March 2, 1930 (Field); Degener, Park, &
Nitta 4162, a single plant growing with No. 4161 (B. sandvicensis),
near base on western side of middle ridge of Niu Valley, June 4,
1932 (Field; Kew).

120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Nearest apparently to Bidens pukhella (Less.) Schz. Bip., the
type of which is a complete plant but only about 12 cm. tall, having
the several principal leaves tripinnatisect with narrower segments
than in B. obtusiloba and the achenes distinctly clavate and only
about 3 mm. long. A study of B. obtusiloba in its juvenile stages is
much to be desired.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII

Bidens obtusiloba: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.69; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X6.9; c, interior involucral bract, X6.9;
d, ray floret, X6.9; e, palea, X6.9; /, disc floret, X6.9; g, achene,
X6.9; all from type.

37. Bidens sandvicensis Less. Linnaea 6: 508. 1831; descript.
amplific. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 161. 1923. PI. XXIII, figs. a-h.

Bidens mutica Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 368. 1834.
Campylotheca mutica (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. 2: 618. 1843.
Campylotheca sandvicensis (Less.) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 214.

1888.

Campylotheca macrocarpa var. 7. Hillebr. op. cit. 215.
Coreopsis sandwicensis Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Castillo, 111.

Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890.

Bidens sandvicensis var. typica Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 296. 1929.

a. Folia principalia plerumque bipinnatisecta vel (saepe ternatim)
bipinnata var. a. typica f. 1. compositior.

a. Folia principalia plerumque pinnata.

6. Achaenia faciebus omnino perspicue setosa, marginum setis

longis et valde patentibus var. /3. setosa.

b. Achaenia faciebus glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-

setosa, marginibus moderate erecto-setosa, apice aristata vel

(etiam primo) exaristata.

c. Foliorum segmenta plerumque tantum 3-6 mm. lata.

var. 7. imminuta.

c. Foliorum segmenta plerumque 6-15 mm. lata.

B. sandvicensis sensu stricto.

Caulis herbaceus, erectus, quadrangulatus, sulcato-striatus,
glaber. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto 3-12 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita; foliolis ovatis vel
saepius ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, glabris, membranaceis,
subtus pallidioribus, lateralibus plerumque manifeste petiolulatis 1-4

THE GENUS BIDENS 121

cm. longis et 5-12 mm. latis (inferioribus rarissime rursus 3-5-par-
titis), terminal! longiore. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 11-14
mm. lata et 4-6 mm. alta, in paniculis corymboideis trichotomis sub-
fastigiatis disposita, ramis rigidis folia sua longe excedentibus.
Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, lineares, glabratae, obtuse acriterve
calloso-apiculatae, 2-5 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae longiores.
Flores ligulati circ. 5, lutei, ligula moderate vel late elliptico-oblongi,
apice denticulati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa,
exalata, parce curvata, non perspicue attenuata, atra, faciebus glabra
vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-setosa et circ. 4-sulcata, mar-
ginibus erecto-setosa, corpore 6-9 mm. longa et 0.5-0.8 mm. lata,
apice nunc biaristata aristis retrorsum et solum apice hamosis circ.
1 mm. longis, nunc subaristata vel etiam exaristata sed setis erectis
coronata.

Type specimen: Collected by Adelbert Von Chamisso, Island of
Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, in 1816 (Berl.).

Distribution: Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawai-
ian Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 2095, dry, sunny slope, Mt.
Tantalus, Honolulu, Oahu, December 2, 1922 (Field, 2 sheets);
idem 2672, wind-swept, exposed ridge, northeast slope of Nuuanu
Pali, Oahu, February 6, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.);
idem 2673, moist, shrubby slope, Upper Pauoa Flats, Oahu, February
25, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.; forma); idem 2677a, sunny
slopes from Woodlawn along east rim of Manoa Valley toward Mt.
Olympus, Oahu, February 28, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); idem &
Kazuto Nitta 3410, alt. 450 meters, moderately dry slope, east rim of
Manoa Valley (1 mile mauka of University), Oahu, January 13, 1929
(Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.); iidem 3411,
open slope, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 2 sheets;
Kew; Mun.; N.Y.; U.S.); iidem 3412, very much wind-swept,
sparingly wooded slope, rim of Manoa Valley (1.5 mile mauka of
University), January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); Otto
Degener & K. K. Park 4085, alt. 330 meters, dry, exposed, grassy
slope on elevation on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, Oahu, November 11,
1931 (Field; Gray); iidem 4087, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.;
Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.); iidem 4088, dry, shady, grassy slope,
eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4089,
eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, pro parte, aliter
var. typica f. compositior; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.); iidem &
Y. Nitta 4161, open forest on western side of middle ridge of Niu

122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Valley, Oahu, June 4, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.;
Mun.; N.Y.; U.V.); Degener, Hamilton Rodrigues, & Noel Krauss
3530, very wet, wooded slope, cliffs below and east of Nuuanu Pali,
Oahu, January 20, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); Degener,
Takamoto, & Martinez 10536, rare, on grass- and weed-covered slope,
talus southwest of Waimanalo Landing, Oahu, April 10, 1936 (Field) ;
Degener, Topping, & Shigeura 10067, open, wooded slope, Manoa Cliff
Trail, Oahu, November 20, 1935 (Field) ; Degener & Henry Wiebke
2601, exposed slope northeast of Nuuanu Valley, Oahu, November 20,
1926 (Field; N.Y.); iidem 2671, on way from Manoa Valley up to
Mt. Olympus, Oahu, January 9, 1927 (Field; N.Y.); F. R. Fosberg
9288, alt. 440 meters, dry forest, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Oahu, March
19, 1933 (Field); idem 9298, alt. 340 meters, dry slope, ridge above
Woodlawn, Manoa, Oahu, March 19, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10743, suffru-
tescent herb, 0.5 meters tall, alt. 400 meters, steep open slope, lower
slopes of Puu Konahuanui above Nuuanu Pali Road, Kailua, Oahu,
January 5, 1935 (Field) ; idem 10736, suffrutescent herb 1 meter tall,
alt. 400 meters, lower slopes of Puu Konahuanui above Nuuanu Pali
Road, Kailua, Oahu, January 5, 1935 (Field) ; Gaudichaud, Hawaiian
Isls. (Berl., 2 sheets); idem (Voy. la Bonite), eodem loco, October,
1836 (Del., 2 sheets); idem (Voy. la Bonite) 220 pro parte et 221 pro
parte, eodem loco, September-October, 1836 (Par.); A. A. Heller
2894, Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, October 29, 1895 (Calif.; Field; Mo.;
N.Y.; U.S.); William Hillebrand, Oahu (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.;
Kew) ; l idem 42, Maui (Kew) ; idem (similiter) 42, Kokolau, Hawaii
(Kew) ; Kastalsky, Oahu (Oxf.) ; (Mann & Brigham 428, once referred
to B. sandvicensis, is B. conjuncta;) iidem 541, alt. 600-900 meters,
Waimea, Kauai (Bish.; Boiss.; Brit.; Corn.; Mo.); Thomas Nuttall,
in fields, Oahu (type of Bidens mutica Nutt.; Brit.); K. K. Park &
D. L. Topping (Degener distrib. No.) 10074, grassy slope, Kuliouou
Valley, Oahu, June 23, 1935 (Field); J. Remy279, Oahu, 1851-1855
(Par.); idem 283, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); Seemann
2268, Oahu, 1850 (Kew) ; Harold St. John 12983, herbs 2-3 ft. tall,
alt. 360 meters, lower woods, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Oahu, March 26,
1933 (Bish.; Field); idem&F. R. Fosberg 13454 et 13459, bush 2 ft.
tall, alt. 330 meters, dry, open ridge, Hoary Head Range, Laaukahi,

1 The sheet at British Museum of Natural History was labeled "Campylotheca
macrocarpa Gray y. var. Hab. Niu, Makaleha, Oahu." It is clearly an original
specimen of Hillebrand's var. y. (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888). Unfortunately the upper
half of the sheet had been cut away and was missing, so that a specimen only from
Niu or only from Makaleha was seen by me. In Berlin, the Niu sheet is labeled C.
macrocarpa var. y., while the Makaleha sheet, though bearing identical material,
is labeled C. macrocarpa.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XIX

BIDENS ASPLENIOIDES Sherff (figs, a /)
BIDENS STOKESII Sherff (figs, g-o)

THE GENUS BIDENS 123

Koloa, Kauai, December 22, 1933 (Field); iidem 13465, alt. 270
meters, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.; Field); Swezey (Degener
distrib. No.) 4205, barren ridge, Milolii, Kauai, July 2, 1932 (Berl.;
Field; Gray; Kew; B. micranthae var. caducae adpropinquans) ; idem
(Degener distrib. No.) 4206 pro parte, Kokee region, Kauai, July,
1932 (Field; Kew; forma var. imminutae adpropinquans); D. L.
Topping 3354 p.p., growing 0.5-3 ft. high, alt. 300-600 meters, dry,
open ridge, Niu Ridge, Oahu, March 2, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.;
Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; U.S.; pro parte forma
compositior Deg. & Sherff, q.v.) ; idem 3763, shrubby hillside, Kuli-
ouou, Oahu, August 5, 1934 (Field).

For many years (cf. Sherff, loc. cit.) writers have confused
various other Hawaiian species of Bidens with B. sandvicensis Less.
Space permits only the more important of such errors to be noticed
here. In 1836, DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 598) equated B. sandvicensis
Less. withB. peduncularis Gaud. In 1856, Miquel (Fl. Ned. 2: 78)
likewise equated these two species. In the Berlin Herbarium are
certain Sandwich (Hawaiian) Island specimens sent by Gaudichaud
as B. peduncularis, and these specimens are close to B. sandvicensis,
but the original description of B. peduncularis was published by
Gaudichaud from material collected at Rawak of the far distant
Molucca Islands, and which in no way could be mistaken for B.
sandvicensis.1 In 1861, Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127-128) gave an
extended discussion of B. sandvicensis, referring to it B. mutica Nutt.,
B. gracilis Nutt., B. pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. (Adenolepis pul-
chella Less.), etc. The type of B. mutica (Brit.) matches Lessing's
type of B. sandvicensis (Berl.) very well.2 B. gracilis, however, is an
entirely different species (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105. 1920). B.

1 The Paris specimen (Par.) of Gaudichaud's is a mere fragment, but is probably
from his type material. It matches his description perfectly. It is trueB. biternata
(Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. So also is the authentic fragment of Gaudichaud's plant
found in the Prodromus Herbarium (Del.). Singularly, Miquel (loc. cit.) equated
B. peduncularis with B. biternata (B. chinensis), an equation erroneously rejected
fcy O. E. Schulz (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 179. 1914). Gaudichaud's Paris specimen
is labeled as coming from the Sandwich Islands (voyage of the corvette Uranie,
one of the two vessels used by Freycinet), butB. biternata is not known to occur in
that part of the world, and the specimen may well have come from Rawak as
stated by him when he published the original description. The fragment in the
Prodromus Herbarium is indeed labeled as coming from Rawak.

2 The type of B. mutica is very distinct from Bidens macrocarpa (Coreopsis
macrocarpa Gray), to which B. mutica was wrongly referred by Hillebrand (Fl.
Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) and by Drake del Castillo (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209.
1890).

We may note also that Hillebrand's var. 7. of Campylotheca macrocarpa Gray
was, likewise, not Bidens macrocarpa at all but, as seen from authentic specimens in
Berlin (Berl.) and London (Brit.), purely B. sandvicensis Less.

124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

pukhella is represented by a single small type specimen in Berlin,
and is so different in technical characters that by no stretch of the
imagination could it be equated with B. sandvicensis. Gray (loc. cit.)
suspected B. angustifolia Nutt. of belonging to B. sandvicensis, and
Drake del Castillo (loc. cit.), evidently with Gray's treatment at
hand, definitely equated the two species. A study of Nuttall's type
(Brit.) shows a plant with more dissected foliage and more slender-
awned achenes (B. micranthoides Sherff).

Depauperate specimens approach B. graciloides.

Bidens sandvicensis var. a. typica f. 1. compositior Deg. & Sherff
ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 296. 1929.

A var. typica foliis principalibus bipinnatisectis vel (saepe ter-
natim) bipinnatis differt. Achaenia biaristata aristis usque ad 1 mm.
longis vel demum (vel etiam primum) calvis.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Kazuto Nitta,
No. 3411a, on moderately dry, open slope at altitude of 450 meters,
east rim of Manoa Valley, one mile mauka of the University, Island
of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, January 13, 1929 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener & Nitta 341 la (type, Field); iidem
3412a, much wind-swept, sparingly wooded slope, alt. 600 meters,
east rim of Manoa Valley, 1.5 mile mauka of the University, January
13, 1929 (Field) ; Degener & Park 4086, on dry, sunny, windy, grassy
slope, alt. 330 meters, elevation on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, November
11, 1931 (Field; Gray); iidem 4090, eodem loco et tempore (Field;
Gray); cf. etiam Topping 3354 sub specie ipsa (speciminibus pro
parte parva hoc aequantibus).

The appearance of an entire plant is rendered strikingly unique
by the increased dissection of the leaves. In the case of each number
cited, however, the plant had been found growing near plants of the
variety typica. In the case of No. 3412a, furthermore, a small shoot
attached to one of the branches bears ordinary pinnate leaves such as
characterize var. typica proper.

Bidens sandvicensis var. /S. setosa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 6. 1928.
PI. XXXIII, figs. a-l.

Bidens setosa Sherff, op. cit. 70: 103. 1920.

A specie differt achaeniorum faciebus omnino perspicue setosa,
marginum setis longioribus et patentioribus.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XX

h A

BIDENS POPULIFOLIA Sheril

OF Ttft

OF ILLINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 125

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. S11K, in
Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian
Islands, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets).

Distribution: Islands of Kauai and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Urbain Faurie 961, Holokele, Hawaii,
March, 1910 (Brit.; Del.); Forbes 8UK (2 type sheets, Bish.: cotype,
Field).

The type material of B. setosa, from the Island of Kauai, was a
slightly monstrous or pathological form, as to vegetative parts, and
did not match any known species. The singularly hairy achenes
were unique and were relied upon as indicating a distinct species.
More recently, however, I found in the Delessert Herbarium a speci-
men from another collection, Faurie 961, from the somewhat remote
Island of Hawaii. This lacked all traces of any pathological condi-
tion. Its floral and achenial characters matched those of the type
precisely, but the foliage and growth habit were those of normal B.
sandvicensis Less.1 I concluded, therefore, that a varietal rank under
B. sandvicensis was more nearly expressive of the true status of the
setosa forms.

Bidens sandvicensis var. 7. imminuta Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff,
Bot. Gaz. 93: 217. 1932.

Planta ± 1 m. alta, multo ramosa ramis gracillimis. Folia pin-
natim 5-partita, foliolis infimis terminalibusque saepe 3-partitis,
foliolis indivisis vel foliolorum divisorum segmentis plerumque
lineari-lanceolatis saepius tantum 3-6 mm. latis et tantum 1-2.5 cm.
longis. Achaenia marginaliter basim versus atque apicem versus
moderate erecto-setosa, saepe 1-2-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis
usque ad 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, K. K. Park, & M.
Kwon, No. 4092, at altitude of 300 meters, on grassy, shrubby plateau,
narrow middle Waialae Ridge, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands,
November 14, 1931 (Field, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Degener, Park, & Kwon 4092 (2 type sheets,
Field: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.).

A single large plant observed in the field by the collectors yielded
upwards of a dozen sheets of herbarium specimens. The general

1 The achenes were mostly exaristate or shortly aristate. The duplicate in the
British Museum of Natural History, however, had the achenes mostly very dis-
tinctly biaristate with aristae retrorsely barbed and about 1 mm. long.

126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

aspect of a flowering branch is suggestive of Bidens micranthoides, a
species which grows only about 2-5 dm. high.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, FIGS. 0,-h

Bidens sandvicensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.6; c, interior involucral bract, X3.6;
d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6;/, disc floret, X3.6; g (aristate),
h (exaristate), achenes, X3.6; all from type.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS, d-l

Bidens sandvicensis var. setosa: a, b, c, various cauline leaves,
X0.58; d, portion of inflorescence, X0.58; e, exterior involucral bract,
X5.78; /, interior involucral bract, X5.78; g, ray corolla, X5.78;
h, palea, X5.78; i, disc floret, X5.78; j-l, achenes, X5.78; all from
1st type sheet.

38. Bidens conjuncta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 162. 1923.
PL XXIV, figs. a-h.

Caulis ramique herbacei, perspicue quadrangulati, sulcato-striati,
glabri, 5-8 (vel etiam usque ad 15) dm. alti. Folia tenuiter petiolata
petiolis plerumque 2-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-14 cm. longa,
ternatim vel pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis glabris, subtus pallidiori-
bus, acriter serratis dentibus perspicue apiculatis, ovato-lanceolatis,
acuminatis, lateralibus non (nisi interdum inferioribus) petiolulatis
sed sessilibus itaque plerumque conjunctis, quam terminali brevi-
oribus. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.2-2 cm. lata et 6-8
mm. alta, in paniculis corymboideis trichotomis disposita, ramis
rigidis folia sua longe excedentibus. Involucri bracteae exteriores
circ. 5, lineares, acutae obtusaeve, patentes vel reflexae, glabrae vel
hispidae, 2-5 vel saepe etiam usque ad 7 mm. longae, interioribus
lanceolatis plerumque longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, lutei, ligula
elliptico-oblanceolati, apice denticulati, 6-10 mm. longi. Achaenia
linearia, obcompressa, exalata, plus minusve curvata, parce atten-
uata, nigrescentia, faciebus glabra et circ. 4-sulcata, marginibus
glabra vel rarius sparsim erecto-setosa, corpore 10-16.5 mm. longa
et circ. 1 mm. lata, nunc ad vel infra apicem aristata aristis crassis
vel tenuibus saepe apicem versus retrorsum hamosis usque ad circ.
3 mm. longis, nunc subaristata vel etiam exaristata sed saepe setis
erectis brevibus paucis coronata.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 468M,
Honokahau Drainage Basin, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands,
September 25-October 17, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets).

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXI

Of

of

THE GENUS BIDENS 127

Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2164, in
damp scrub near timber line, Mt. Eke, Maui, August 30, 1927
(Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Par.); iidem 2178, in exposed bog and
light woods, near summit, Mt. Eke, August 29, 1927 (Field, 5 sheets) ;
C. N. Forbes 468M (type, Bish., 2 sheets); H. Mann & W. T.
Brigham 428, ridge east of Nuuanu, Oahu (Bish., 2 sheets).

This species, obtained by the late C. N. Forbes (cf. Sherff, Bot.
Gaz. 70: 98. 1920), might easily be confused with Bidens sandvicensis
Less., the general habit of the two being very similar. In fact, as
remarked in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 85: 26. 1928), B. conjuncta
may perhaps prove to be only a variety of B. sandvicensis. B. con-
juncta, however, appears to be fairly distinct in its usually larger
leaves with commonly sessile lateral leaflets, its larger and more
conspicuous external involucral bracts, its longer ray flowers, and
its larger achenes.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV, FIGS, a-h

Bidens conjuncta: a, cauline leaf, X0.41; b, exterior involucral
bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6; d, ray corolla, X3.6;
e, palea, X3.6; /, disc floret, X9; g, h, achenes, X3.6; all from 1st
type specimen.

39. Bidens Wiebkei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 435 and pi 14. 1928.

PI. XXV.

Erecta, glabra, infra demum fruticosa supra herbacea, usque ad
circ. 1 m. alta, ramis acriter tetragonis et siccis plus minusve pur-
purascentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus plerumque 2-4.5 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.3 dm. longa, 3- vel 5-partita, foliolis
membranaceis, lanceolatis, acriter serratis, imis 5-partitorum saepe
breviter petiolulatis, terminali moderate acuminato. Capitula
numerosa in inflorescentia corymboidea, tenuiter pedicellata pedi-
cellis fere glabris, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et circ.
4.5-6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, patentes vel
suberectae, lineares, apice subobtusae, tergo saepe hispidulae, 2-3
mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, plerumque 3^1.5 mm. longae.
Flores ligulati 4-6, flavidi, ligula oblongi vel late elliptico-oblanceo-
lati, apice circ. 3-denticulati, 5-9 mm. longi. Achaenia demum
nigra, valde obcompressa, curvata vel saepius etiam per 1-2.5 con-
volutiones torta, marginata vel alata marginibus glabris vel sparsis-
sime erecto-setosis nunc multo infra nunc ad corporis apicem in
1 vel 2 filiformes remote retrorsumque hamosas usque ad 1.5 mm.

128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

longas aristas productis vel saepius non productis, corpore faciebus
glabro vel sparsim erecto-setoso, nitido, 6-8 mm. longo et 0.9-1.2
mm. lato.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke,
No. 3005, in scrub vegetation, upper part of Halawaiki Gulch, Island
of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, June 21, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Molokai,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 3005 (type, Field, 3
sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.).

Allied to Bidens sandvicensis Less., a species unknown in its typical
state except from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii.

The species was named for Mr. Henry Wiebke, who, as a student
under Mr. Otto Degener, aided in collecting native Hawaiian plants
for taxonomic study.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV

Bidens Wiebkei: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.43; c, interior involucral bract, X3.43;
d, ray floret, X2.86; e, palea, X3.43;/, disc floret, X5.71; g, h, achenes,
X3.43; all from cotype in Hb. Mus. V.

40. Bidens f ecunda Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93 : 217. 1932.
Bidens ferax Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, op. cit. 94: 590. 1933.

Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, ± 1 m. alta, ramis tetragonis. Folia
petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-15 cm.
longa, pinnata; majora 5-partita, foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato-
lanceolatis, acriter serratis vel paucis undulato-integris, apice acutis
vel acuminatis, membranaceis, inferioribus tenuiter petiolulatis;
minora saepius 3-partita foliolis non dissimilibus nisi lateralibus
saepe sessilibus. Capitula plerumque numerosissima, plus minusve
paniculato-corymbosa, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis glabratis, pansa
ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae
exteriores circ. 5 vel 6, tenuiter lineari-oblongae, sparsim hispidae
et ciliatae, apice obtusae, circ. 2.5-3 mm. longae, quam interiores
anguste oblongae apicaliter pubescentes dimidio breviores. Flores
ligulati 4-6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel oblanceolato-obovati,
apice denticulati vel raro inciso-lobulati, 1-1.3 cm. longi. Paleae
lineares, superne saepius attenuatae ac demum coloratae, usque
ad 9 mm. longae, achaeniis maturis multo superatae. Achaenia
pauca (plerumque 8-12), parce patentia, tenuissime oblongo-linearia,
valde obcompressa vel interdum tetragona, nigra, faciebus 4-sulcatis

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXII

BIDENS OBTUSILOBA Sherff

OF THt

QF ILLINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 129

(4 faciebus 2-sulcatis) glabra, marginibus glabra vel sparsim erecto-
setosa, corpore longiora demum 1-1.3 cm. longa et circ. 0.5-0.7 mm.
lata, sub apice (rarius ad apicem) plus minusve erecto-setosa saepe
1-2 (raro 3) -aristata aristis acriter retrorsumque hamosis usque
ad 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park,
and William Bush, No. 4098, on cliffs and less often on grassy and
shrubby slopes, deep, precipitous gully on north central side of
Kahanahaiki Valley, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November
28, 1931 (Field, 4 sheets).

Distribution: Extreme western part of Island of Oahu, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener, Keaau Valley, February 7,
1932 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Goth.; Gray; Kew); idem & Park 4095,
near dry, partly shaded stream bed, first large side valley on south
of Makua Valley, September 7, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Kew); iidem &
William Bush 4096, on dry cliffs and less often on grassy slopes,
narrow northeast gully in Ohikilolo Valley, November 29, 1931
(Berl.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4098 (type, Field, 4 sheets: cotypes,
Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.;
Par. ; U.S. ; U.V.) ; iidem 4105, rare on moderately dry, grassy slope,
south crest of prominent side gully on southeast side of Keawaula
Valley and directly north of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 28, 1931
(Field ; Gray) ; Degener, Park, & Kwon 4108, dry, grassy ledges and
slopes, southern slope of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 1, 1931
(Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.;
Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); Degener, Park, Nitta, & Westgate 4117, dry,
grassy slope one-fourth mile from shore on south side of Keaau Valley,
March 23, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mun.;
type collection of B. ferax Deg. & Sherff).

Of the specimens cited here for B. fecunda, we may note Degener
et al. 4105 in particular. It was found growing within 20 feet of
B. torta and also of several plants (4102, Field: 4103, Brit.; Field:
4104, Field; Gray) which were clearly hybrids between the two
species. These hybrids resemble B. torta in having the achenes
spirally more or less twisted, although the twisting is much less
regular than in B. torta. In other respects the resemblance to
B. fecunda is much stronger.

41. Bidens coartata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86:436. 1928. PI. XXVI.

Perennis, infra fruticosa, ± 5 dm. alta, ramosa, caule ramisque
tetragonis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 6 cm.

130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.5 dm. longa, pinnatim 3 (-5)-
partita, foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis, membranaceis, acriter dentibus
calloso-apiculatis serratis, glabris atque eciliatis, imis saepe ad
marginem inferiorem plus minusve irregulariter divisis, terminali
apice breviter acuminate. Capitula subnumerosa et saepe in inflo-
rescentia densa subcorymboideaque coartata, radiata, pansa ad
anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae
glabrae vel glabratae, exteriores circ. 5-7, lineares, apice subobtusae,
circ. 3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae paulo longiores. Flores
ligulati plerumque 5, flavidi, ligula late oblanceolato-elliptici, apice
subintegri, circ. 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia, nigra,
exalata, plana, recta vel moderate torta, faciebus glabrata et levi-
ter paucistriata, marginibus sparsim suberecto-hispida, apice aegre
spinulosa sed exaristata, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm.
lata, demum quam paleae manifeste longiora vel saepius breviora.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 26776, on sunny
slopes from Woodlawn along east rim of Manoa Valley toward
Mt. Olympus, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 28, 1928
(Field, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener 2676, two-thirds the way up to
Mt. Olympus by way of Pauoa Flats, February 25, 1928 (Brit.;
Field; N.Y.); idem 26776 (2 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.;
Brit.; N.Y.); idem, Hamilton Rodrigues, & Noel Krauss 3529,
alt. 600 meters, sunny, shrub-covered embankment, east ridge of
Manoa Valley, February 3, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.);
A. A. Heller 1988 p.p., in Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (Calif.; Field;
U.S.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI

Bidens coartata: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.61; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X6.08; c, interior involucral bract, X6.08;
d, ray corolla, X6.08; e, f, paleae, X3.04; g, disc floret, X6.08; h, i,
achenes, X3.65; all from Degener, Rodrigues, and Krauss 3529, in
Hb. Field.

42. Bidens Salicoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 437 and pi. 15. 1928.

PI. XXVII.

Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, ramosa, ± 6 dm. alta, caule ramisque
plus minusve tetragonis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque
ad 5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 1.5 dm. longa, prin-
cipalia pinnatim sed saepe irregulariter 2-5-partita, foliolis moderate

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIII

BIDENS SANDVICENSIS Less. (figs, a-h)
BIDENS WAI MEAN A Sherff (figs, i-o)

OF THt

flf liMN&!S

THE GENUS BIDENS 131

vel late linearibus ac circumambitu foliis nonnullorum specierum
Salicis nonnihil similibus, integris vel interdum paucidentatis,
marginibus saepe parce revolutis, membranaceis, terminal! usque
ad 8 cm. longo et 12 mm. lato, lateralibus plerumque minoribus
et sessilibus vel imis subpetiolulatis; summa nunc indivisa, mine
ternata. Capitula subcorymboidea, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
± 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 6-8 mm. alta, graciliter pedicellata pedicellis
1-4 cm. longis. Involucrum glabratum, bracteis exterioribus circ.
6-7, anguste linearibus, apice calloso subacutis, costa mediana atris,
circ. 3-4 mm. longis, quam interioribus lanceolato-ovatis paulo
brevioribus. Flores ligulati 3 vel 4, forsitan interdum 5, flavidi,
lineari-elliptici, apice obsolete denticulati, 1.2-1.4 cm. longi. Achae-
nia linearia, plana, plumbeo-atra, exalata, recta vel moderate
torta, plerumque glabra, faciebus obscure sulcata (pro toto corpore
circ. 16 sulcis), corpore 7-10 mm. longa, apice ipso nunc 1- vel
2-aristata aristis nudis usque ad 1 mm. longis, nunc calvis.

Type specimen: Collected by Henry Wiebke, No. 3084, arid
region, East Ohia, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, July 17,
1928 (Field, 3 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Molokai,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Wiebke 3084 (3 type sheets, Field: cotypes,
Berl.;N.Y.).

The five specimens studied had come from a single plant, the
only one found.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII

Bidens Salicoides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.56; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.38; c, interior involucral bract, X3.38;
d, ray floret, X2.82; e, palea, X3.38;/, disc floret, X5.63; g (exterior),
h (interior), achenes, X3.38; a, from cotype in Hb. Berl.; rest from
1st type sheet.

43. Bidens Forbesii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 103 and pi. 14- 1920.

PI. XXVIII.

Herbacea supra, infra fruticosa, caule ramisque tetragona, glabra,
usque ad 4.5 m. alta. Folia inferiora magna, tripartita, petiolata
petiolis tenuibus 6-8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-2.5 dm. longa et
5-15 cm. lata, foliolis lanceolatis, longe acuminatis, membranaceis,
creberrime serratis dentibus acribus et longe mucronulato-inflexis,
1-1.4 dm. longis et 3.5-5 cm. latis; folia superiora minora, 7-10 cm.
longa et 4-5 cm. lata. Capitula parva, supra folia exserta, sub-

132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

corymbosa, pansa ad anthesin 4-5 mm. alta et circ. 1.5 cm. lata.
Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-6, anguste lineares, ad apicem acutae,
glanduloso-pulverulentae vel fere glabratae, patentes vel reflexae,
1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interiores paulo vel multo longiores. Flores
ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula anguste oblongo-obovati, apice valde
acriterque 2-dentati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia pro capitulo pauca
(10-14), angustissime elongato-linearia, superne attenuata, obcom-
pressa, nigra, faciebus glabris et manifeste 2-sulcata vel obscure
4-sulculata, marginibus sparsim antrorsumque setosa, corpore
1-1.6 cm. longa et sub 0.7 mm. lata, apice setosa et saepius minuto-
biaristata aristis saepe patentibus reflexisve nunc subrectis nunc
hamiformibus glabris, vel retrorsum 1-2-hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. S2K,
Waioli Valley, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 23, 1909
(Bish., 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from northern part of Island of Kauai
(Waioli to Wainiha), Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : UrbainFaurie 993, Wainiha, January, 1910
(Brit.); Forbes 82 K (type, Bish., 2 sheets); Harold St. John et alii
10947, alt. 180-450 meters, stream bank, Power Line Trail, Hanalei-
Kalihi Kai Ridge, January 1, 1931 (Bish.); St. John & Fosberg
13965, shrub 4.5 meters tall, stem 1.9 cm. thick at base, on moist
rocks near base of waterfall, alt. 330 meters, side gulch on west side,
0.75 mile upstream from intake, Wainiha Valley, Wainiha, January 1,
1934 (Bish.; Field); iidem 13975, plant 8 ft. tall, alt. 300 meters,
in moist bottom of woods, same locality and date (Field).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII

Bidens Forbesii: a, flowering specimen, X0.54; 6, leaf from sterile
branch, X0.54; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.37; d, interior involu-
cral bract, X5.37; e, ray corolla, X5.37; /, palea, X5.37; g, disc
floret, X5.37; h, very young achene, X5.37; i, mature achene (found
detached on, but glued to sheet), X5.37; a, c-i, from 1st type sheet;
&, from 2nd type sheet.

44. Bidens torta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105. 1920.
PI. XIII, figs. a-g.

Fruticosa, glabra, caule non crassa, 0.5-2.1 m. alta. Folia tener-
rime petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-16 cm. longa
et 2.5-10 cm. lata, tripartite, membranacea, serrata, ciliata, foliolis
acuminatis, terminali multo majore, oblongo-lanceolato, lateralibus
sessilibus vel breviter petiolulatis, ovato-lanceolatis. Capitula

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIV

BIDENS CONJUNCTA Sherff (figs, a-h)
B1DENS FULVESCENS Sherff (figs, i-o)

OF THt
DIVERSITY OF (MINIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 133

numerosa, laxe paniculata, mediocria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
circ. 1.7 mm. lata et 5 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ.
5, tenuiter lineares, glanduloso-pubescentes, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae,
interioribus paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, ligula oblongo-
oblanceolati, flavi, ad apicem plus minusve denticulati, circ. 7 mm.
longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, nigra, maxime torta, glabra,
corpore 9-13 mm. longa, ad apicem calva vel obscure 1-2-aristata
aristis glabris brevissimis (0.1-0.3 mm. longis).

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 20920,
at Kawailoa, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, March 2-5, 1915
(Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: E. H. Bryan, Jr., 793, erect shrub, 3 meters
tall, alt. 540 meters, in small clump of remnant native forest at
head of Manini Gulch, Waianae Mts., September 25, 1934 (Bish.;
Field); idem 827, erect shrub 2-3 meters tall, alt. 2,000 ft., on ridge
at edge of rain forest, Kukuiala Valley, October 9, 1934 (Field);
Otto Degener 4190, becoming 6 ft. high, in woods on summit ridge,
400 ft. west of top of Piko Trail, Makua Valley, July 18, 1932
(Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; U.V.); idem &
K. K. Park 4094, on grassy, shrubby slopes and cliffs, first large
side valley on south of Makua Valley, September 7, 1931 (Field, 2
sheets; Gray; Mo.); iidem & William Bush 4097, among grass and
bushes and on ledges, not in cracks of cliff, narrow northeast gully
in Ohikilolo Valley, November 29, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.;
Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem 4101,
on moderately dry, grassy slopes, prominent side gully on southeast
side of Keawaula Valley and directly north of Kahanahaiki Valley,
November 28, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.;
N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem & Colin Potter 10046 pro parte,
grassy, shrubby slope, west side of Makaleha Valley, July 21, 1935
(Field) ; iidem 10047, growing up to 7 ft. tall, grassy, shrubby slope,
half way between Makaleha Valley and ridge above Makua Valley,
same date (Field) ; iidem 10299, partly shaded ridge, east slope of
Puu Kaua, January 19, 1936 (Field); Degener & Takamoto 10293,
rare, on partly wooded ridge, Kawaiiki, February 9, 1936 (Field);
iidem & Martinez 10537, in sun with Lantana, etc., Ekahanui Ridge
along Waianae Contour Trail, April 21, 1936 (Field); F. R. Fosberg
& K. Duker 9044, bush 1.5 meters tall, alt. 510 meters, dry, bushy
slope at foot of cliffs, head of Makua Valley, Waianae Range,
November 25, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); Forbes 20920

134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(type, Bish. : cotype, Field) ; Martin L. Grant 7018, alt. 475 meters, in
Acacia-Metrosideros forest, Kaava-Kamokunui, District of Mokuleia,
July 1, 1934 (Field) ; idem 7395, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 900 meters, in
Metrosideros forest, Kalena, District of Waianae, September 30, 1934
(Field); idem 7456, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 840 meters, Kaala, Waianae
District, October 4, 1934 (Field); Carl Skottsberg 387, Makaleha
Valley, Waianae, August 30, 1922 (Goth.); Harold St. John 12250,
in tufts on sunny grass slope, alt. 630 meters, Piko Trail, Keaau-
Makua Forest Reserve, Waianae Mts., November 25, 1932 (Bish.;
Field) ; idem & Francis R. Fosberg 12178, shrub 3-6 ft. tall, in thicket,
alt. 600 meters, east ridge of 2nd gulch east of Puu Kaupakuhale,
northeast slope of Puu Kaala, Mokuleia, October 23, 1932 (Bish.;
Field) ; D. L. Topping 3308, shady hillside, Waimea Canyon, Feb-
ruary 3, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & Richard
Northwood (Degener distrib. No.) 4330, on partly shaded rocky
slope near falls, Waimea Canyon, February 19, 1933 (Field; N.Y.).
The leaves of this species appear to have rather large leaflets
in proportion to the thickness of the petiole. The terminal leaflet
becomes 1 dm. long and 4.4 cm. wide. The branches of the inflores-
cence are slender and widely diverging. The leaves and inflorescence
combine to give a striking superficial resemblance to certain Central
American specimens of B. squarrosa H.B.K. The achenes surpass
those of nearly or quite all other species in the amount of twist-
ing. The twisting commences early, in the young achene, and the
mature achenes are frequently twisted through four or five complete
revolutions.

B. torta X B. fecunda. — Specimens collected by Degener, Park,
and Bush (4102, Field: 4103, Brit.; Field: 4104, Field; Gray), within
20 feet of both parents,1 resemble B. torta in having the achenes
spirally more or less twisted, although the twisting is much less
regular than in B. torta. In other respects the resemblance to B.
fecunda is much stronger.

B. torta X B. amplectens. — Certain specimens collected by
Degener, Park, and Bush (4100, among bushes, grass, and rocks in
dry region, near upper part of trail in Keawaula Valley leading to
Kuaokala Forest Reserve, Oahu, November 28, 1931; Field; Gray)
were found growing near B. torta and B. amplectens and are unques-
tionably hybrids between the two. The general habit is of the latter,
but the achenes are more or less bent or curled, showing a very weak

1 For field data, vide Deg. et al. num. 4101 sub B. torta et eosdem num. 4105
sub B. fecunda.

eld Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXV

BIDENS WIEBKEI Sherff

OF THt
DIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 135

approach to the strongly twisted ones of the former. More recently
Mr. Degener has collected many additional plants nearby (at head
of Makua Valley, Oahu, April 4, 1932; Berl.; Brit.; Field; Goth.;
Gray; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.; U.S.; U.V.), in which, while
the general habit is that of B, amplectens, the achenes are practically
typical for B. torta.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII, FIGS, a-g

Bidens torta: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.54; b, exterior
involucral bract, X5.43; c, interior involucral bract, X5.43; d, ray
corolla, X5.43; e, palea, X5.43;/, disc floret, X5.43; g, achene, X3.26;
all from type.

45. Bidens fulvescens Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 435. 1928.
PI. XXIV, figs, i-o, and PI. XXIX.

Bidens personans Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, op. cit. 92: 205. 1931;
etiam 94: 589. 1933.

Fruticosa vel subfruticosa, caule ramisque tetragona et glabrata,
demum 1.5-2.5 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque
ad 9 cm. longis saepe sparsim ciliatis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2.2 dm.
longa, pinnatim 3- vel 5-partita, juniora plerumque pilis numerosis
fulvescentibus vel etiam ferrugineis obsita, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis
vel rarius etiam anguste oblongo-lanceolatis, apice subobtusis vel
breviter acuminatis, margine serratis et ciliatis, demum plus minusve
glabratis, supra valde viridibus, infra pallidioribus (venulis numerosis
perspicuis coloratis), imis nunc petiolulatis nunc sessilibus. Capitula
numerosa corymbo-paniculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin vix 1 cm.
lata et tantum 3.5-5 mm. alta, pedicellis tenuibus, pubescentibus,
saepius 0.5-2 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5,
lineares vel lineari-oblongae, patentes vel recurvatae, tantum 1-2
(raro -2.5) mm. longae, minute pubescentes vel glabratae, apice
subobtusae; interiores lanceolatae 3-4 mm. longae. Flores ligulati
plerumque 5, flavidi, ligula late oblanceolati, apice circ. 3-dentati,
circ. 5-9 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, obcompressa, glabra,
spiraliter per 1 vel 1.5 convolutiones torta, circ. 8-12 mm. longa
et 0.6-0.8 mm. lata, exaristata vel ad apicem rariter 1 vel 2 setis
munita.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 2515, in open
woods, north slope of Mt. Kaala, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands,
February 11, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from Island of Oahu, Hawaiian
Islands.

136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Specimens examined : William Bush 32, alt. 360 meters, semi-arid
valley, south slopes, Palikea, July 7, 1929 (Berl.; Field; Kew; type
collection of Bidens personans Deg. & Sherff ) ; idem 33, eodem loco
et tempore (Field) ; Degener 2515 (type, Field, 3 sheets) ; idem 4196,
alt. 600 meters, on weed- and grass-covered slopes in dry region,
Pohakea Pass, July 30, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.;
Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.V.); idem & Kwan Kee Park 4079, along
terminal ridge among grass or shrubs, often fog-swept, north of
Puumanawahua and south of Palikea, Waianae Range, September
27, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; N.Y.; Par.; Mus. V.); iidem & Y.
Nitta 4159, alt. 750 meters, on shrub- and grass-covered rocky
slope, lateral ridge north of summit ridge where it is about
equidistant from Puu Kamaohanui and Puu Pane, June 11, 1932
(Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.;
Par.); iidem 4159a, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Kew); Degener,
Park, Iwasaki, & Agliam 4400, on tree- and bush-covered, rocky
canyon wall, Kamokuiki Valley, April 12, 1933 (Berl.; Brit.; Field;
Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, Iwasaki,
& Bush 4243, northeast slope near summit, small valley immediately
southeast of Puu Hapapa, October 30, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field;
Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, & Takamoto 10115,
on dry, Lantana-covered ridge, Palehua, Waianae Range, November
23, 1935 (Field); iidem & Shigeura 10117, varying forms from dry
and from wet sides of ridge, Mauna Kapu, December 16, 1935
(Field, 3 sheets) ; Degener, Park, Shigeura, & Topping 10119, spring-
fed talus, Nanakuli Valley below Mauna Kapu, December 1, 1935
(Field; forma foliis juvenilibus subglabris, foliolis circumambitu
atypicis); Degener, Park, & Yamamoto 4240, along dry stream
bed among grass and bushes, small valley southeast of Palikea,
October 23, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray;
Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.); iidem 4241, on ridge northwest of small
valley cited for 4240, same date (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.;
Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); F. R. Fosberg 9103, alt. 1,160
meters, wet forest, Puu Kaala, eastern slope of Waianae Mts.,
Waianaeuka, January 8, 1933 (Field; Goth.; Gray); idem 10374,
more or less decumbent, wet forest, alt. 1,180 meters, Waianaeuka,
November 5, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10382, moist forest, alt. 850 meters,
Waianaeuka, November 5, 1933 (Field) ; Edward P. Hume 385, alt.
690 meters, shrub on dry, wooded ridge, Puu Hapapa, December 1,
1931 (Field); Park, Potter, & Topping (Degener distrib. No.) 10295,
summit ridge, Palikea, January 5, 1936 (Field, 3 sheets); Carl

THE GENUS BIDENS 137

Skottsberg 262, alt. 700 meters, Palehua-iki, Waianae, August 23,
1922 (Goth.); Harold St. John 13999 and 14000, shrub 0.5-1 ft. tall,
alt. 780 meters, main divide northwest of Puu Kanehoa, January 7,
1934 (Field); idem 11128, alt. 840 meters, ridge south of Puu
Hapapa, October 25, 1931 (Bish.; Field); D. L. Topping 3353, alt.
750 meters, open ridge, Puu Kanehoa, July 14, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.;
Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.); Philip Westgate (Degener distrib.
No.) 4132, open, moderately dry ridge, main ridge between Palikea
and Von Holt's mountain house, April 10, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray).
Appears to hybridize withB. micrantha var. kaalana (q.v.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV, FIGS, i-0

Bidens fulvescens: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; j,
exterior involucral bract, X6; k, interior involucral bract, X6; I,
ray corolla, X3.6; m, palea, X6; n, disc floret, X9; o, achene, X6;
all from cotype of B. personans in Hb. Field.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX

Bidens fulvescens: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.65; 6,
a lower, 5-partite leaf, X0.65; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.54;
d, interior involucral bract, X6.54; e, ray corolla, X6.54; /, palea,
X6.54; g, disc floret, X6.54; h, i, j, achenes, X3.92; a-h, from Skotts-
berg 262, in Hb. Goth.; rest from type material.

46. Bidens Campylotheca Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 359. 1856.

PI. XXX.

Campylotheca grandiflora DC. Prodr. 5: 593. 1836.
Coreopsis Macraei Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861.

a. Foliola 7-9 var. ft. pentamera f. 1. filicifolia.

a. Foliola usque ad 5.

6. Foliola plerumque 5 var. ft. pentamera sensu stricto.

6. Foliola rarius 5 B. Campylotheca sensu stricto.

Herbacea vel demum fruticosa, usque ad 4.5 meters alta, caule
tetragona gracilisque (vel infra interdum 2.5 cm. crassa), ramosa;
ramis gracilibus, elongatis (usque ad 1.8 m. longis!), patentibus.
Folia petiolata petiolis 1-5 (in foliis plantarum juvenum etiam usque
ad 9) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 1-2.5 dm. longa, nunc
indivisa et oblongo-ovata (plantarum juvenum etiam 5-6 cm. lata!)
vel oblongo-lanceolata breviter acuminata, nunc tripartita foliolis
lanceolatis et acutis vel breviter acuminatis lateralibus subsessilibus,
membranacea, puberulo-hirtella vel glabra, moderatim vel creberrime

138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

serrata dentibus saepius acriter apiculatis. Capitula laxissime
paniculata paniculo interdum etiam 3 dm. lato, radiata, pansa ad
anthesin ± 2 cm. lata et 6-12 mm. alta, pedicellis ultimis minute
bracteatis usque ad 8 cm. (supra ramulescentiam) longis. Involucri
glabri vel pubescentis bracteae variabiles, plerumque subaequales,
7 vel 8 exteriores lineari-oblongae vel oblanceolatae, apice obtusae,
tergo saepe perspicue trinervatae, 4-7 mm. longae, interiores late
lanceolatae. Flores ligulati circ. 5 (-8 fide Hillebrandii), flavi,
oblongi vel late elliptico-oblanceolati, apice acriter irregulariterque
dentati, ± 1 cm. longi. Achaenia lineari-subfusiformia, glaberrima
vel superne nonnullis setis erecte setosa, atra, subrecta vel valde et
saepe regulariter torta, exalata, ad margines crassa rotundataque,
corpore 7-12 mm. longa et 1.4-1.7 mm. lata, apice calva vel irregula-
riter 1-2-aristata aristis usque ad circ. 1.3 mm. longis, supra retrorsum
infra antrorsum obsolete spinulosis.

Type specimen : Collected by James Macrae at Mt. Kaah (Mauna
Kea), Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, June, 1825 (Del.).

Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined : Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 3000, sunny,
rocky slope, Punaluu Valley, Oahu, February 20, 1927 (Field, 7
sheets; Haw.); C. N.Forbes 195H, Hanehane, Kona District, Hawaii,
June 17, 1911 (Bish.); idem 346#, Honomalino, Kona District,
Hawaii, July 25, 1911 (Bish., forma plus minusve puberula, quam
ob rem typica); Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite) 220 pro parte and
221 pro parte, Hawaiian Isls., October, 1836 (Del.; Par.); William
Hillebrand 39, Hawaii (Brit.; Kew); Macrae, Mt. Kaah, Hawaii,
June, 1825 (type, Del.: cotypes, Berl.; Kew); idem, Oahu, May,
1825 (Kew) ; G. C. Munro 464, Kaiholena, Lanai, August 16, 1915
(Bish.); idem 505, Kohinahina, Lanai, February 12, 1916 (Bish., 3
sheets; Field, 2 sheets); J. Remy, Hawaii (N.Y.); idem 285, Hawaii,
1851-1855 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); St. John, Coulter, Hashimoto,
L/indsay, & Mitchell 11404, shrub 15 ft. tall, in woods, Puuwaawaa,
Hawaii, December 29, 1931 (Bish.; Field).

The specimens collected by Munro on the Island of Lanai are
glabrous forms, with the leaflets of the tripartite leaves somewhat
wider than in the type material from Oahu or in the Forbes specimen
(346H) from Hawaii. They do not, however, appear at all separable.
Asa Gray's description of the achenes, "calloso-marginatis" (Proc.
Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861) demands amplification. The mature
achenes on Remy 287, the specimen studied particularly by Gray,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVI

BIDENS COARTATA Sherd

OF THt

Of HUMUS

THE GENUS BIDENS 139

are rounded along the two margins and in some cases slightly thinner
marginally than in the part nearer the median line. There is no
suggestion, however, of wings. Regarding Gray's employment of
the new trivial name Macraei I have already written in another
place (Bot. Gaz. 70: 93. 1920; cf. ante, p. 19).

The reason for DeCandolle's use of the name grandiflora is not
apparent, for the flowering heads are only of average width when
compared with those of other Hawaiian species.

Bidens Campylotheca var. /3. pentamera Sherff,
Bot. Gaz. 85: 4. 1928.

Folia principalia plerumque 5-partita, jugi inferioris foliolis
lanceolatis, sessilibus vel vix petiolulatis, circ. 5-6.6 cm. longis et
1.4-2.9 cm. latis; capitulis pansis ad anthesin 3^4 cm. latis; flori-
bus ligulatis circ. 8, ligulis linearibus. Achaenia torta, non nisi ad
apicem setosa, exaristata vel rariter obsolete aristata 1 vel 2 aristis
minutis, glabris, etiam infra apicem positis et in achaeniorum
margines decurrentibus.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke,
No. 2163, fog-swept medium forest in Koolau Gap, Haleakala
Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, August 11, 1927 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Haleakala Crater,
Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2163 (type
and cotypes, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Haw.; Kew; Par., etc.);
iidem 2177 pro parte, wet, open forest in fog belt, Koolau Gap,
Haleakala Crater, August 11, 1927 (Field) ; Joseph F. Rock 8633,
Haleakala Crater, October, 1910 (Gray).

Bidens Campylotheca var. /3. pentamera f. 1. filicifolia
Sherff, loc. cit.

E varietate foliis 7-9-foliolatis, foliolis terminalibus et basalibus
saepe irregulariter 2-5-partitis, aliis simplicibus differt.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke,
No. 2177 pro parte, Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui,
Hawaiian Islands, August 11, 1927 (Field, 3 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Haleakala, Island
of Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2169, on arid cliffs near
.spring, between Crater House and Koolau Gap, August 18, 1927
(Field); iidem 2177 pro parte (type, Field, 3 sheets: cotype, Haw.,

140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

2 sheets); A. S. Hitchcock 14985, alt. 1800-3000 meters, moist,
shady cliff, Haleakala Crater, October 2-5, 1916 (U.S.).

One specimen of Degener & Wiebke 2177 is typical for the var.
pentamera, but the remaining specimens differ conspicuously in hav-
ing 7-9 leaflets, the terminal one and the two of the basal pair often
irregularly 2-5-parted. In view of the pronounced endemism of
Hawaiian plants, it seemed wise to interpret this distinction as
connoting a definite forma of B. Campylotheca var. pentamera. Such
interpretation was later given added force by the finding of the
Hitchcock plant, which had been collected some eleven years earlier
but matched the type very closely.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX

Bidens Campylotheca: a, branch with subflowering and sub-
fruiting heads, X0.55; b, c, additional leaves, X0.55; d, exterior
involucral bract, X3.3; e, interior involucral bract, X3.3; /, palea,
X3.3; g, disc floret, X3.3; h, achene, X3.3; all from Munro 505,

3 sheets in Hb. Bish.

47. Bidens nematocera Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 705. 1935.
Campylotheca grandiflora var. j3. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888.
Bidens Campylotheca var. nematocera Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928.

Plus minusve herbacea, glabra, ramosa ramis adscendentibus
tetragonis. Folia tenuiter petiolata inferiora (petiolo usque ad 9.5
cm. longo adjecto) usque ad 21 cm. longa, summa indivisa cetera
pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis acriter serratis membranaceis ovato-
oblongis ad basim cuneatis et imis plerumque petiolulatis apice
breviter acuminatis terminali usque ad 11.5 cm. longo et ad 4.4 cm.
lato; mediana (petiolo circ. 2-4 cm. longo adjecto) ± 1 dm. longa,
foliolis vix angustioribus. Capitula corymboso-paniculata, tenuiter
pedicellata pedicellis subsparsim hispidis 1-2.5 cm. longis, radiata,
pansa ad anthesin 2.6-3.1 cm. lata et circ. 8-9 mm. alta. Involucri
laxe glanduloso-hispiduli bracteae exteriores circ. 6, oblongo-lineares,
inferne saepe angustatae, apice subobtusae, demum plerumque
reflexae, 2-3.5 mm. longae; interiores ovato-oblongae circ. 5-6 mm.
longae. Flores ligulati 5 (-8 fide Hillebrandii), flavi, ligula obovato-
oblongi, apice 2-3-denticulati, 1.5-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia atra,
lineari-oblonga, aegre torta et arcuata, utrinque perspicue mediano-
costata, ciliata, corpore usque ad 1 cm. longa et circ. 1-1.2 mm. lata,
apice biaristata aristis longis (4 mm.) filiformibus interdum deciduis
erecte retrorsumque hamosis.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVII

OF THt
'.'NIVFHSITY ftf HilNQIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 141

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Waikolu,
Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Berl., 2 sheets).

Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Molo-
kai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : William Hillebrand, Waikolu (2 type sheets,
Berl.).

One type sheet bears a sterile, more or less basal shoot, with
large leaves very similar to those of Bidens Campylotheca of Oahu,
Lanai, and Hawaii. The achenes and the habit of the inflorescence,
as shown by the copious flowering and fruiting material on the
other sheet, are, however, entirely distinct.

48. Bidens valida Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 102. 1920. PI. XXXI.

Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter fruticosa, glabra; caule
tetragono, valido, ± 7 dm. alto. Folia (exsiccata) atra supra, acriter
serrata, non ciliata, petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa; superiora indivisa ovata vel ovato-
lanceolata, abrupte acuminata, 2-6 cm. lata; inferiora tripartita
(vel interdum 5-partita ? — tantum unum inferius vidi), foliolis lanceo-
latis, acuminatis. Capitula pauca, corymbosa, solitaria in pedunculis
subtenuibus, majuscula, involucre ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alto et
(supra) 11 mm. lato, demum circ. 1.4 cm. alto et (supra) 1.2-3 cm.
lato; pedunculis saepe bracteatis, 2-11 cm. longis. Involucri brac-
teae exteriores 7 vel 8, foliosae, obtuse oblongo-lanceolatae, glabrae,
apice obscure induratae, demum 1.5-1.8 cm. longae et 2-3 mm.
latae, interioribus longiores. Flores ligulati non observati. Achaenia
linearia, nigra, exalata, glabra vel sparsim setoso-hispida, apice
proprio exaristata, plerumque sub apice biaristata aristis brevibus
et retrorsum (1-3 setis) hispidis, corpore 8-13 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 27 K, at
Hanopu near Lihue, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 9,
1909 (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from Hanopu near Lihue, Island of
Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Forbes 27 K (type, Bish.: cotype, Field).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI

Bidens valida: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.54; b, a
tripartite leaf, X0.54; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.23; d, interior
involucral bract, X3.23; e, palea, X3.23; /, g, achenes, X3.23; all
from type.

142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

49. Bidens Stokesii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 101, pi. 12, figs. g-o. 1920.

PL XIX, figs. g-o.

Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter fruticosa, glabra; caule sub-
tetragono, ramoso, ± 6 dm. alto. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus
1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-9 cm. longa et 2.5-6 cm. lata,
ternata vel 5 foliolis pinnata, membranacea, non ciliata, foliolis
rhomboideo-ovatis vel lanceolatis, orbiculato-serratis, terminali in-
terdum breviter acuminate raro inciso-lobulato. Capitula pauca,
paniculato-corymbosa, tenuiter pedunculata (ad fines ramorum
10-14 cm. longorum nudomm) pedunculis 1-5.5 cm. longis, ligulata,
pansa ad anthesin circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata et 7 mm. alta. Involucri
bracteae exteriores circ. 8, lineares, glabratae vel sparsissime his-
pidae, apice induratae, 3-4 mm. longae, erectae vel recurvatae,
interioribus longiores. Flores ligulati 6-7, flavidi, ligula oblongi,
apice obscure denticulati, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra,
glabra, interdum plano-marginata sed non vere alata, saepe
biaristata aristis tenuibus et obscure retrorso-hamosis, corpore
db 7 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by John F. G. Stokes, at foot of pla-
teau, southeast, Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands, January, 1912
(Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from Island of Niihau, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined: Stokes, at foot of plateau, etc. (type, Bish.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX, FIGS, g-0

Bidens Stokesii: g, flowering branch, X0.54; h, i, additional
leaves, X0.54;;, exterior involucral bract, X5.39; k, interior involu-
cral bract, X5.39; I, ray corolla, X5.39; m, palea, X5.39; n, disc
floret, X5.39; o, achene, X5.39; all from type.

50. Bidens amplectens Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 99. 1920.

PI. XXXII.

Herbacea supra, infra verisimiliter suflruticosa, ramosa, caule
ramisque tetragona, glabra, probabiliter 5-8 dm. alta. Folia ple-
rumque pinnata, membranacea, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 2-4 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 4-12.5 cm. longa et 3-7.5 cm. lata; foliolis
3-5, ovato-lanceolatis, serratis (saepe irregulariter et grosse dentatis)
dentibus orbiculatis, ad apicem acuminatis, terminali saepe majore.
Capitula non multa, subsolitaria in pedunculis, laxissime corym-
bosa, adolescentia iis Cosmidis specierum non dissimilia, florescentia
6-8 mm. alta et 3-5.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-6,

Field Museum of Natural^History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVIII

BIDENS FORBESII Sherff

OF THt
OF I

THE GENUS BIDENS 143

patentes vel etiam valde reflexae, crassiusculae, lineari-oblanceolatae,
ad apicem subacutae et glanduloso-apiculatae, 3-6 mm. longae,
quam interiores paulo breviores. Flores ligulati 7-8, ligula anguste
obovati, apice obscure dentulati, 1.5-2.3 (rarius usque ad 4) cm.
longi. Achaenia submatura grisea vel subnigra, plana, exalata,
recta vel subrecta, marginibus apiceque setulosa, exaristata vel
breviter biaristata aristis dense (hamis subrectis, albidis, elongatis)
hamosis, corpore circ. 8-10 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes (with Henry
A. Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke), No. 18390, at Kawaihapai,
Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3684,
rocky hillside, gulch between Kaena Point and Kawaihapai, October
12, 1933 (Field); iidem 3744 et 3745, eodem loco, May 6, 1934
(Field); Otto Degener 2099, arid Lantana region in ravine, Kawai-
hapai, December, 1925 (Field, 2 sheets); idem 3531, dry slope at
edge of Forest Reserve (in valley east of the one in which No. 2099
was found), southeast of Kawaihapai Railroad Station, January 27,
1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & William Bush
3532, alt. 300 meters, on spring-fed cliffs, opposite Kawaihapai
Railroad Station, eodem tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew;
N.Y.); iidem & K. K. Park 4099, among bushes, grass, and rocks,
in dry region, near upper part of trail in Keawaula Valley leading to
Kuaokala Forest Reserve, November 28, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.;
Calif.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.;
Par.; U.S.; U.V.); Otto Degener & D. LeRoy Topping 4121, on
1/cm^cma-covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of
Keawaula Valley, March 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew);
C. N. Forbes (with H. A. Pilsbry and C. M. Cooke) 18390 (type,
Bish.: cotype, Field); E. P. Hume 305, alt. 180 meters, dry, wind-
swept fore hill, Nihoa Gulch, mountain side, Mokuleia, November
15, 1932 (Bish.; Field); Northwood & Topping 3767, rocky hillside,
new C.C.C. Trail, Kawaihapai, January 1, 1935 (Field).

B. arnplectens X B. waianensis. — B. waianensi achaeniis supra
medium valde recurvatis vel subtortis similis, aliter B. amplectenti
plus minusve similis.

Specimens examined: Degener & Topping 4120, on Lantana-
covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of Keawaula

144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Valley, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., March 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field;
Gray; Kew; Mo.).

Recently Mr. Otto Degener forwarded some specimens col-
lected by himself and Mr. D. LeRoy Topping along the trail leading
to the top of Keawaula Valley, on the Island of Oahu. One set,
numbered by Degener 4119, was B. waianensis (q.v.). Another
set, numbered by Degener 4121, was B. amplectens (v. supra). A
third set, numbered by Degener 4120, was found to be of hybrid
material, embodying throughout very emphatically the general
habit of B. amplectens but approaching B. waianensis in the curva-
ture or even the twisting of the distal half of the achenes.

B. amplectens X B. torta. — Vide sub B. torta.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII

Bidens amplectens: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.57;
6, exterior involucral bract, X3.44; c, interior involucral bract,
X3.44; d, ray corolla, X2.87; e, palea, X3.44; /, disc floret, X3.44;
g, achene, X3.44; all from type.

51. Bidens waimeana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 164. 1923.
PI. XXIII, figs. i-o.

Herba fruticosa, gracilis, erecta, ramosa, glabra, verisimiliter
4-8 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
6-9 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis membranaceis, ovato-
lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis. Capitula cymoso-corymbosa vel
irregulariter dispersa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata
et 5-6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, patentes,
lineares, acutae vel obtusae, glabratae vel leviter glanduloso-his-
pidae, interioribus lanceolatis saepe aequales. Flores ligulati
circ. 5, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice obsolete denticulati,
6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia atra, linearia, obcompressa, utrinque
moderate attenuata, recta vel leviter curvata, non manifeste striata,
faciebus rugulosa sed non pubescentia, marginibus suberecto-setosa,
corpore 6-8 mm. longa et 0.5-0.75 mm. lata, apice erecto-setosa,
saepe ad apicem vel interdum parce sub apice brevissime biaristata
aristis glabris vel rariter 1-2 hamis retrorsum hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Amos Arthur Heller, No. 2848, on
Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands,
October 1-8, 1895 (Mo.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on Kaholuamanoa,
above Waimea, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIX

BIDENS FULVESCENS Sherff

THE GENUS BIDENS 145

Specimens examined : Heller, on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea,
October 11-16, 1895 (Field); idem 2848 (type, Mo.: cotypes, Brit.;
Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; Petrop.; U.S.).

A species related toBidens asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff, B. micran-
tha Gaud., and B. micranthoides Sherff. It can be told from B.
asymmetrica by its straight or slightly curved, not twisted achenes;
from B. micrantha by its marginally setose, smaller, more slender,
and not conspicuously black achenes; from B. micranthoides by its
taller, more branching, less herbaceous habit. The type specimen
has the primary leaves mainly 5-partite; the cotypes examined have
many of the primary leaves 3-partite.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, FIGS, i-0

Bidens waimeana: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; /,
exterior involucral bract, X3.6; k, interior involucral bract, X3.6;
I, ray corolla, X3.6; m, palea, X3.6; n, disc floret, X3.6; o, achene,
X3.6; all from cotype in Hb. N.Y.

52. Bidens micrantha Gaud. Voy. Freycinet Bot. pi. 85 (sine

descript.). 1826; ibid. 464. 1830. PI. X, figs. a-h.
Campylotheca micrantha (Gaud.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827.
Coreopsis micrantha (Gaud.) A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861.
Bidens sandvicensis var. heterophylla Gray (excl. syn. B. luxurians

Hook. & Arn.), op. cit. 128.
Bidens Remyi Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. pi. 39.

1888; non B. Remyi (Hillebr.) Sherff.
Coreopsis Remyi Drake del Cast. op. cit. 210. 1890.
a. Achaenia plerumque multum irregulariterque curvata; planta ex

insula Oahu var. 7. kaalana.

a. Achaenia recta vel paulum curvata.
b. Foliorum principalium lamina vel foliolum terminale serratum

20-28 dentibus pro unico latere var. 6. caduca.

b. Dentes pauciores.

c. Folia 3-5-foliolata, foliolis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis,
quoque latere paucis dentulis ad medium serrato.

B. micrantha sensu stricto.
c. Foliola latiora, magis profunde serrata, ad medium etiam

laciniata var. /3. laciniata.

Frutex glaber, caule plus minusve rubidus, 6-9 dm. altus. Folia
gracilia, crassiuscula, irregulariter 3-5-foliolata vel summa simplicia,
petiolata petiolis 1.5-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-13 cm. longa,

146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

foliolis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, quoque latere paucis dentulis
ad medium serratis, 2-5 cm. longis et 4-12 mm. latis. Capitula
numerosa, paniculata vel corymbosa, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin
4-6 mm. alta et 1.2-2 cm. lata, pedicellis tenerrimis 1-2.5 cm. longis.
Involucri bracteae exteriores lineares, resino-pubescentes vel gla-
bratae, minimae (circ. 1.5 mm. longae), bracteis interioribus multo
minores. Flores ligulati 3-5, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, saepe ad
apicem obscure dentati, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra,
obcompressa, recta vel torta, facie et marginibus plerumque glabra,
corpore 7-10 mm. longa et circ. 0.8-1.5 mm. lata, apice nunc exaris-
tata et setosa, nunc breviter biaristata vel etiam (marginibus
excurrentibus sub apicem) irregulariter tri- vel quadriaristata, aristis
glabris vel retrorsum hispidulis.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Gaudichaud in the Hawaiian
Islands.1

Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Ballieu, Hawaiian Isls. (Par.); Adelbert
Von Chamisso, Oahu, 1817 (Berl., 2 sheets; Hll.; Kew; Petrop., 2
sheets; forma foliis indivisis); C. N. Forbes 14 H, Puuwaawaa
Mountain, Hawaii, June 8-14, 1911 (Bish.); idem 326Mo, ridge
and foot of Lahainaluna Valley, Maui, February, 1913 (Bish.);
Gaudichaud 71, Hawaiian Isls. (Del.); idem, sine num., Hawaiian
Isls. (Par., 2 sheets); William Hillebrand, Hawaii (Brit.); idem,
western and eastern Maui (Gray); idem, eastern Maui, 1870
(Kew); idem 43, Central Plateau, Hawaii (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew);
Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); G. C. Munro 122, Waiapaa, Lanai,
September 26, 1913 (Bish., the form close to Gaudichaud's type
illustration); idem 602, ridge to Puu Kukui, Maui (Bish.); J. Remy
281, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray; cotype, Coreopsis Remyi Drake del
Cast.); J. F. Rock 8200, alt. 1,200 meters, Kaanapali, western Maui,
August 25, 1910 (Gray).

The identity ofBidens micrantha Gaud, has long been a matter of
conjecture with most authors. Many appear to have assumed that
Gaudichaud's original plate was only a crude representation, and
that hence the delineation of foliage, etc., given there must not be
interpreted very literally. Consequently, various other species have
been referred arbitrarily toB. micrantha Gaud, to such an extent that
references in literature to B. micrantha Gaud, are almost entirely

1 Type herbarium not cited, but the Paris and Delessert herbaria contain
specimens.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXX

BIDENS CAMPYLOTHECA Schz. Bip.

OF THt

OF (HINDIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 147

untrustworthy. In studying the recent collections from the Hawaiian
Islands, I was impressed with the resemblance of a certain plant
(G. C. Munro 602) to Gaudichaud's illustration. The leaves possessed
the same peculiar outlines as in the drawing. A careful study of the
plant showed that it was positively the true B. micrantha. Several
other plants that, while varying in several minor details from this
plant, were seen to belong nevertheless with it specifically, were then
assembled. From this small group of specimens, together with some
of Gaudichaud's own original specimens (Del.; Par.), I have been
able to draw up the above description.

Gray's description of his B. sandvicensis var. heterophylla is seen
to have been derived primarily from his specimen (Gray) of Remy
281. But that plant, as I have pointed out before (Bot. Gaz. 70: 97,
footnote 9. 1920), is merely a form of B. micrantha. Contrary to my
former understanding of the matter, however, the name B. luxurians
Hook. & Arn. (nee alior.), although used by Gray synonymously,
must be kept distinct from Gray's var. heterophylla and so from B.
micrantha. The name B. luxurians Hook. & Arn. was based upon a
plant (Kew) collected by Captain Beechey on the Island of Oahu
and very different from B. micrantha Gaud.

Bid ens micrantha var. /3. laciniata (Hillebr.) Sherff,

Bot. Gaz. 85: 8. 1928.

Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216.
1888.

Foliola latiora, magis profunde serrata, ad medium etiam laciniata.

Type specimen : Found by William Hillebrand upon the Island of
Maui, Hawaiian Islands.1

Distribution: Islands of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Faurie 997, Wailuku, Maui, August, 1909
(Brit.) ; C. N. Forbes & C. M. Cook, Jr., 2AM, Maunahooma, western
Maui, May, 1910 (Bish. ; Field) ; William Hillebrand, south ridge of
valley of Wailuku, Maui, August, 1870 (Brit.); idem, Kula, eastern
Maui, 1871 (U.S.; sub nom. Campylotheca micrantha j3.); idem,
Haleakala Crater, Maui (Berl.); idem, Isl. Hawaii (Berl.); idem &
J. M. Lydgate, Kula, Maui (Bish.) ; J. M. Lydgate, eodem loco (Berl.) ;
J. Remy 280, Maui, 1851-1855 (Gray).

In his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand listed two

varieties under Bidens micrantha Gaud. (Campylotheca micrantha

t

1 Hillebrand's first cited locality, Honuaula, appears unrepresented by material
in herbaria. For specimens from his second and third localities, viz., Kula and
Wailuku respectively, see text.

148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Cass.). One of these was his var. laciniata, and for its habitat the
islands of Maui (Honuaula, Kula, Wailuku) and Hawaii were cited.
Fortunately, there still exists in the herbarium of the Bernice Pauahi
Bishop Museum a specimen collected by Hillebrand and Lydgate at
Kula, Maui, and determined on the original label as "ft. var. laciniata
Hbd." Still another original specimen is in the British Museum of
Natural History. It was collected by Hillebrand alone, at Wailuku,
and was labeled "Campylotheca micrantha ft. var." Additional speci-
mens are those by Lydgate, from Kula, and by Hillebrand, from
Haleakala Crater on Maui (both in Hillebrand's private herbarium,
Berl.). These plants came from Hillebrand's cited localities and
may be regarded as authentic for the var. laciniata. The plant
collected by Hillebrand on Hawaii has the leaves somewhat more
deeply incised.

Bidens micrantha var. 7. kaalana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 8. 1928.
Campylotheca micrantha var. 7. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888.

Kami acriter tetragoni praecipue si herbacei. Foliola plerumque
3, ad apicem basimque minus elongata, dentibus 8-22 pro unico
latere nunc perspicuis acribus apice saepe inflexis nunc minoribus.
Capitula minora et ligulae breviores. Achaenia multum irregulari-
terque curvata, plerumque exaristata sed corona setulosa coronata.

Type specimen: Found on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
(see text).

Distribution: Western Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : C. N. Forbes, Makaha Valley, Kaala Range,
February 12-19, 1909 (Field) ; Francis R. Fosberg 9482, erect, suf-
frutescent herb, 1 meter tall, alt. 640 meters, Halona Valley, Waianae
Mts., District Lualualei, May 12, 1933 (Field); idem 9515, suffru-
tescent herb, 0. 5 meter tall, alt. 640 meters, dry ridge, Pohakea
Pass, Honouliuli, eodem tempore (Field); William Hillebrand,
Waianae Range (Berl., type).

Hillebrand cited "Oahu! Kaala, and Waianae range" for his
var. 7. In the apparent absence from herbaria of authentic original
specimens, it had seemed unwise to attempt taking up this variety
and giving it a formal name. Some years ago, however, the now
deceased Charles N. Forbes sent me a large collection of Hawaiian
specimens of Bidens which he had collected (cf. Bot. Gaz. 70: 98.
1920), and among tjiese was one (Makaha Valley, Kaala Range, etc.;
now in Hb. Field) from the type locality cited by Hillebrand. This
matches Hillebrand's description very closely, and is so different

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXI

BIDENS VALIDA SherU

THE GENUS BIDENS 149

from typical B. micrantha that it may well be interpreted as repre-
senting a valid variety. More recently (1933), I have been lent the
entire Hillebrand collection of Bidens from Berlin. It contains two
sheets labeled Campylotheca micrantha Cass. var. y. One bears a
specimen from Makaleha, Oahu. This is true Bidens sandvicensis
Less, and must be discarded. The other bears two specimens from
Waianae Range, Oahu. These fit the type description closely and
are seen to match the Forbes plant from Makaha Valley.

The recently collected Fosberg 9482 is noteworthy in having larger
and more conspicuously serrate leaflets, their teeth often up to 18-22
on a single edge and frequently somewhat inflexed at the tip. (Its
general appearance comes close to that of the plate given by Drake
del Castillo [111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif . pi. 38. 1886] for Bidens micrantha
Gaud. Remy 280 and 282, which Drake had for B. micrantha, and
which I have not seen, were said by him to have come from Lanai
and Maui. Later, however, he gave [p. 210] Hawaii for the habitat.)
Fosberg 9488 (suffrutescent herb 0.7 meter tall, in dry forest, alt.
580 meters, Halona Valley, District of Lualualei, Oahu, May 12,
1933; Field) appears to be a hybrid between var. kaalana and B.
fulvescens. So also does Harold St. John 13123 (common, 2-4 ft.
tall, on open slopes, alt. 615 meters, Pohakea Pass, Halona, Lualualei
Forest Reserve, Oahu, May 12, 1933; Bish. and Field).

Bidens micrantha var. 5. caduca Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot.

22: 705. 1935.

Campylotheca sandvicensis var. 0. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888.
Bidens sandvicensis var. caduca Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928.

Folia superiora simplicia vel tripartita, laminis vel segmentis
magis elongatis oblongo-lanceolatis, dentibus (20-28 pro unico
latere folii simplicis vel folii tripartiti folioli terminalis) minus pro-
tractis. Capitula minora (pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 7-8 mm.
lata) et multo plura, inflorescentia corymbiformi sed vix exserta.
Achaenia matura atra circ. 1 cm. longa, aristis filiformibus vix
hamosis et mox caducis.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Island
of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.).

Distribution: Island of Molokai.

Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Molokai (type, Berl.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X, FIGS, a-h

Bidens micrantha: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X5.88; c, interior involucral bract, X5.88;

150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

d, ray corolla, X3.53; e, palea, X3.53; /, disc floret, X5.88; g, h,
achenes, X3.53; all from Munro 122, in Hb. Bish.

53. Bidens Menziesii (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920.
PI. XXXIII, figs, o, q-v.

Coreopsis (Campylotheca) Menziesii Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127.

1861.
Coreopsis Menziezii Gray ex Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar.

Pacif. 209. 1890.
Foliorum segmenta longe angusteque linearia, integerrima.

B. Menziesii sensu stricto.
Foliorum segmenta saepe etiam usque ad 1.8 cm. lata, perspicue

dentata var. /3. leptodonta.

Foliorum segmenta angustissima et plerumque filiformia.

var. 7. filiformis.

Suffruticosa, plerumque glabrata, 6-14 dm. alta, caule interdum
5 cm. crasso. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-6 dm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 6-15 cm. longa, bipinnata- (vel subternati-) secta,
summa 3-5-partita; segmentis longe angusteque linearibus, circ.
2-5 mm. latis, membranaceis, integerrimis, acriter apiculatis, mar-
gine minute plus minusve revolutis. Capitula plurima in corymbum
digesta, tenuiter breviterque pedicellata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
1-2 cm. lata et 3-4.5 mm. alta. Involucri plerumque glabrati
bracteae exteriores circ. 5, tantum circ. 1 mm. longae, lineares vel
lineari-spathulatae, apice subobtusae; interiores lanceolatae, circ.
2.5-3.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 4 vel 5, flavi, ligula oblanceolati,
apice subintegri, 6-9 mm. longi. Achaenia obcompressa, linearia,
demum leviter flexuosa vel aegre torta, glaberrima, subnigra, unica
facie circ. 4 primariis sulcis sulcata, apice calva rariusve obsolete 1
vel 2 setis munita, 8-13 mm. longa et 0.6-1.1 mm. lata, exteriora
saepe tenuiter subalata.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, upon the Island of
Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1840.1

Distribution: Islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian
Islands.

1 Gray mentioned no type, but the above specimen from Hawaii was the first
cited. Gray cited also the Island of Maui for further U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped.
material, and definitely cited Menzies and Remy as additional collectors of the
species. The Menzies and Remy plants are at Gray Herbarium, but my manu-
script contains no mention of my having seen the type specimen there. The Wilkes
specimen seen (U.S.) is the one from western Maui.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXII

A

BIDENS AMPLECTENS Shcrff

OF UL

UNIVERSITY Of ILUNOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 151

Specimens examined: F. D. Bennett, Maui (Berl.); Faurie 998,
Kamalo, Molokai, June, 1910 (Brit.); idem 999, alt. 1,000 meters,
Kamalo, Molokai, June, 1910 (Brit.); Degener & Wiebke 2894 pro
parte, dry, sunny slopes, alt. about 450 meters, small valley east
of East Fork of Kawela Gulch, Molokai, June 11, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.;
Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.) ; iidem 3006, arid, barren ledges, on cliffs,
east slope of Kapulei, Molokai, June 25, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.;
Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.); iidem 3007, hot, arid cliffs, second
eastern gulch, Wawaia, Molokai, June 27, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets;
N.Y.); iidem 3008, hot, barren cliffs, Kamalo Gulch, Molokai,
June 29, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes, ridge east of
Wainu, western Maui, August, 1910 (Bish.; Field); idem 116Mo,
mountains below Puu Kolekole, Molokai, July, 1912 (Bish.); idem
241#, Kanehaha, Kona District, Hawaii, June 23, 1911 (Bish.);
idem 590Mo, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.); William Hillebrand,
gulch of Kalae, Molokai, June, 1870 (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.); idem,
Molokai, 1870 (Kew); idem, Central Plateau of Hawaii (Berl.);
A. Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew, 2 sheets; Brit.); U. S. Expl. Exped.
under Capt. Wilkes, western Maui (U.S.); Henry Wiebke 3083,
arid cliffs, East Ohia, Molokai, July 17, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field;
Kew; N.Y.).

Bidens Menziesii var. ft. leptodonta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 9. 1928.
Campylotheca (Coreopsis} Menziesii var. ft. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls.
216. 1888.

Foliorum segmenta primaria saepe etiam usque ad 1.8 cm. lata,
interdum usque ad costam mediam secta, dentibus plerumque per-
spicue elongatis et tenuibus.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Island
of Maui, Hawaiian Isls.1

Distribution: Islands of Hawaii and Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: C. N. Forbes 162#, slopes of Hualalai,
Hawaii, June 15, 1911 (Bish.); Hillebrand 29, Kohala, Hawaii
(Kew) ; idem 298, Hawaii (Kew) ; idem, Maui (sub nom. Campylotheca
Menziesii ft. var., Brit.); J. F. Rock 8310, alt. 1,800 meters, Kemole,
Mauna Kea, Hawaii (Gray).

Hillebrand's var. ft., my var. leptodonta, was cited for eastern
Maui and also the Island of Hawaii. His description is faulty,

1 Hillebrand was not in the habit of designating his types as such, but the
authentic specimen in the British Museum of Natural History, labeled by him
Campylotheca Menziesii /3. var., appears to be the only one of its collection left by
Hillebrand and hence may well be regarded as a type.

152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

giving the leaves as 2 inches long, the primary segments cut to
the rachis. The leaves on some of his own material are over 5
inches long; only comparatively few of the primary segments are cut
to the rachis, but usually enough are thus deeply cut to impart a
distinctive appearance to the foliage.

Bidens Menziesii var. 7. filiformis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 9. 1928.

PI. XXXIII, fig. p.

Campylotheca (Coreopsis) Menziesii var. 7. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls.
216. 1888.

Foliorum segmenta secundaria angustissima et plerumque
filiformia.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Central
Plateau of the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.).

Distribution: Islands of Hawaii and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2894 pro parte, with
the species, dry sunny slopes, alt. about 450 meters, small valley
east of East Fork of Kawela Gulch, Molokai, June 11, 1928 (Berl.;
Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes
877 H, Koehe, Hawaii, June 17, 1915 (Bish.; Field); Hillebrand,
Central Plateau, Hawaii (type, Berl.); idem 30, eodem loco (Kew);
idem & J. M. Lydgate, cum specie commixt., Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.);
H. Mann & W. T. Brigham, Central Plateau, Hawaii (Bish.) ; iidem
520, alt. 1,800 meters, Hualalai, Hawaii (Bish.; Del.; Gray; Kew;
Mo.; U.S.); iidem 589, Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); J. Remy 290, Hawaii,
1851-1855 (Gray) ; J. F. Rock 8351, Nohonaohae Crater, Hawaii,
June, 1910 (Gray).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS. 0-V

Bidens Menziesii (figs, o, q-v): o, cauline leaf, X0.58; q, exterior
involucral bract, X5.78; r, interior involucral bract, X5.78; s, ray
corolla, X3.47; t, palea, X5.78; u, disc floret, X5.78; v, achene,
X3.47; all from Wiebke 3083 in Hb. Field.

Bidens Menziesii var. filiformis (fig. p) : small portion of branch
with two subtended leaves, X5.78; from Forbes 877 H in Hb. Field.

54. Bidens waianensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 104. 1920.

PI. XIV, figs. h-p.
Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata f. dissecta Skbg. Act. Hort.

Gothoburg. 2: 273. 1925.

Frutex glaber, supra ramosus, verisimiliter 5-8 dm. altus. Folia
gracilia, petiolata petiolis tenuissimis 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo

THE GENUS BIDENS 153

adjecto 4-12 cm. longa et 3-6 cm. lata, plerumque pinnata vel plus
minusve bipinnata, foliolis primariis lanceolatis serratis acuminatis
vel iterum pinnatis lobis ultimis linearibus integris ad apicem acriter
mucronatis. Capitula multa, corymbosa vel corymboso-paniculata,
pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alta et 1.5-2 cm. lata, breviter supra
folia exserta, floribus 15-25. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6,
lineares, glabratae vel sparsim glanduloso-pulverulentae, ad apicem
subacutae, 1-2 mm. longae, quam bracteae interiores dimidio bre-
viores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati,
ad apicem obtusi, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, subtetragono-
obcompressa, nigra, valde torta, glabra vel apicem versus remote
setosa, exalata, matura exaristata et 6-10 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 20230,
at Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands,
February 1 and 2, 1915 (Field).

Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener 3535, dry slope at edge of
Forest Reserve, valley southeast of Kawaihapai Railroad Station,
January 27, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem &
Kwan Kee Park 4078, sunny, moderately dry ridge near Puumana-
wahua, Waianae Ridge, September 27, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray;
Mo.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4115, windy, grassy, moderately dry plain,
Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range, March 13, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field;
Gray; Kew); iidem 4135, growing about 3 ft. high, comparatively
weed-covered and grassy plateau near pipe line, one-half mile south-
west of exact middle of summit ridge between Kaala and Kalena,
April 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 4136, com-
monly 5 ft. high, open forest ridge where rain is frequent, one-fourth
mile northeast of plants under No. 4135, same date (Berl.; Field;
Gray; Kew; N.Y.); iidem 4252, in dry, grassy, wind-swept
region, Kolekole Pass, March 13, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field;
Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); iidem 4253,
below Puu Kalena, same date (Berl.; Field; Goth.); iidem & Wm.
Bush 4129, rocky, rather dry slope partly covered with Lantana and
grasses, 500 ft. northwest of Puu Kailio (near Kolekole Pass),
May 1, 1932 (Field; Gray); iidem 4130, eodem loco et tempore
(Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4131, eodem loco et tempore
(Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); Degener, Park, Potter, & Bush
10046 pro parte, grassy, shrubby slope, west side of Makaleha
Valley, July 21, 1935 (Field) ; Otto Degener & D. L. Topping 4119,
LcmZcmo-covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of

154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Keawaula Valley, March 24, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 10539,
in dry scrub, northeast side of Puu Kumakalii, April 1, 1936 (Field) ;
Degener & Henry Wiebke 2321, wind-swept arid grassy slope, Kole-
kole Pass, January 1, 1928 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem
& Guberlet 2294, wind-swept arid ridge, Kolekole Pass, December,
1925 (N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 20230 (type, Field: cotype, Bish.); F.
R. Fosberg 10884, erect herb 1.5 meters tall, moist forest, alt. 780
meters, Puu Kawiwi-Puu Kaala ridge, Waianae Mts., March 31,
1935 (Field) ; J. A. Harris, Oahu, August 22, 1924 (Field) ; A. S. Hitch-
cock 13958, slope of hill, Schofield Barracks, pass at west end, July
6, 1916 (U.S.); E. Y. Hosaka 177, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 750 meters, on
dry slope, Puu Hapapa, back of Schofield Barracks, Waianaeuka,
March 16, 1930 (Field; N.Y.; forma foliis plerumque indivisis);
E. P. Hume 276, alt. 240 meters, dry slope, Waianae Valley, Waianae
Mts., November 5, 1931 (Bish.; Field); Alfred Meebold (Degener
distrib. No.) 4165, alt. 540 meters, Puu Hapapa, June, 1932 (Field;
Gray; Kew); Kazuto Nitta (Degener distrib. No.) 3879, alt. 510
meters, Mt. Kaala, October 13, 1929 (Field; forma foliis atypicis);
idem (Degener distrib. No.) 3880, alt. 450 meters, Mt. Kaala, October
13, 1929 (Field; forma); Carl Skottsberg 924, Waianae, October 24,
1922 (Goth.); idem 1135, Makaha Valley, October 24, 1922
(Field; cotype, Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata f. dissecta
Skbg.); J. F. G. Stokes, Kolekole Pass, 1915 (Bish.); D. L. Topping
3405, dry hillsides, along firebreak trail on northeast slope between
Mt. Kumakalii and Mt. Kalena, January 6, 1929 (Berl.; Field;
N.Y.); idem 3406, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Field; N.Y.; forma
foliis nunc simplicibus nunc tripartitis sed achaeniis maturis typica) ;
idem 3407, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.);
idem 3408a, eodem loco et tempore (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); idem 34086,
eodem loco et tempore (Field); U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt.
Wilkes, sine loco (U.S.); eadem, Oahu (Gray; N.Y.); eadem, Kaala
Mts., Waianae Range, 1838-1842 (N.Y.).

Asa Gray had determined the specimens collected under Captain
Wilkes as being Bidens micrantha Gaud. (Coreopsis micrantha Gray).
Later, in discussing Bidens micrantha (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127.
1861), he said: "Sandwich Islands, especially Oahu. Variable in the
foliage, which is commonly more dissected than in Gaudichaud's
figure." Clearly Gray had in mind the Wilkes plants, collected in the
Waianae Range on Oahu. A study of the more recent specimens
cited above, all collected in the same immediate locality, shows the
same peculiarities of foliage. Furthermore, the floral and achenial

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIII

BIDENS SANDVICENSIS var. SETOSA Sherff (figs. o-J)

BIDENS BIPONTINA Sherff (figs, wi, n)
BIDENS MENZIESII (Gray) Sherff (figs, o, q-v) and var. FILIFORMIS Sherff (fig.

THE GENUS BIDENS 155

characters are seen to be very distinct from those of the more widely
distributed Bidens micrantha, which occurs not only on Oahu but
also on Hawaii, Maui, and Lanai.

Hybrids with B. amplectens (q.v.) are known.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV, FIGS, k-p

Bidens waianensis: h, i, typical leaves, X0.67; j, exterior involu-
cral bract, X6.67; k, interior involucral bract, X6.67; /, ray corolla,
X4; m, palea, X6.67; n, disc floret, X6.67; o, p, achenes, X4; h, p,
from cotype in Hb. Bish.; rest from type.

55. Bidens Hillebrandiana (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff,

Bot. Gaz. 85: 6. 1928. PL XXXIV.

Campylotheca Remyi Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211 and 212. 1888.
Coreopsis Hillebrandiana Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar.

Pacif. 209. 1890.

Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 123. 1911.
Bidens Remyi (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920; non B. Remyi
Drake del Cast. op. cit. 78, pi. 39. 1888; nee Drake del Cast,
ibid. 210. 1890.

Omnino herbacea, late patens; ramis glabris, angulatis, 2-5 dm.
longis, nonnullis decumbentibus et nodis radicantibus vel adscendenti-
bus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
usque ad 12 cm. longa, nunc (rarissime) indivisa et ovata, nunc
pinnatim 3-5-partita, nunc bipinnata foliolis lateralibus longe (usque
ad 1 cm.) tenuiterque petiolulatis, segmentis obovatis vel oblongis,
obtusis, crenatis, saepe decurrentibus, membranaceis vel crassius-
culis, margine dentibusque eciliatis sed plus minusve induratis,
plerumque revolutis, glabris vel interdum adpresso-hispidis. Capi-
tula pauca vel subnumerosa, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis (nunc
simplicibus nunc plus minusve decompositis) usque ad 1 dm. longis,
radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et ± 1 cm. lata. Involucri
bracteae glabratae, exteriores circ. 4, lineari-oblongae, supra dila-
tato-obtusae, 1-3 mm. longae; interiores ovato-lanceolatae, dupli-
citer longae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi,
apice obtuso-rotundati et obscure denticulati, ± 5 mm. longi. Achae-
nia obcompressa, atra, lineari-oblonga, exalata, unica facie circ. 4-
striata, margine erecto-ciliata, corpore usque ad circ. 8 mm. longa
(paleas usque ad 1 cm. longas non aequantia) et circ. 1 mm. lata,
biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 1-2.3 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Jules Remy, No. 287, on the Island
of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1851-1855 (Gray).

156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Distribution: Islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian
Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2097,
exposed coast, Niulii, Kohala, Hawaii, August 6, 1926 (Field, 3
sheets; Haw., 2 sheets); iidem 2166, seacoast, Kohala, Hawaii,
July 31, 1926 (Field) ; Urbain Faurie 931, Wailau, Molokai, June,
1910 (first cited number of Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl.; Brit.;
Par.); idem 965, Hawaiian Islands, 1909 (second cited number of
Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl.; Brit.); C. N. Forbes 268M, Hana,
Maui, July, 1910 (Bish.; Field; Mo.); idem 524Mo, shore cliffs,
Wailau Valley, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg
9666, alt. 8 meters, talus slopes at foot of cliffs, Wailau Valley,
Molokai, July 4, 1933 (Field) ; idem 9916, alt. 5 meters, ocean bluffs,
Pauwalu Point, near Keanae, Maui, August 20, 1933 (Field);
Kazuto Nitta (for Otto Degener) & Henry Wiebke 3173a, on talus
slope and cliffs exposed to ocean spray during storms, western side of
Wailau Valley, Molokai, August 4, 1928 (Field); iidem 31736,
eodem loco, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets);
iidem 3173c, eodem loco, August 11, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2
sheets; Kew); iidem 3173d, eodem loco, August 12, 1928 (Berl.;
Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew); Jules Remy 287 (type, Gray);
Anthony Apo Tarn (Degener distrib. No.) 4249, between Pawela and
Huelo, eastern Maui, September, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field;
Goth.; Gray; Kew; Par.; nom. vulg., Aupana).

A species offering apparently only little difficulty in determi-
nation. The herbaceous, more or less prostrate branches, combined
with the foliage habit, are very distinctive. The Forbes plants from
Molokai and Maui have some of the' principal leaves bipinnate.
Faurie 965 has a few of the leaves simple and has been described by
LeVeill£ under the name Campylotheca Rutifolia. It appears different
in no important respect, however, from ordinary B. Hillebrandiana.

This species must not be confused with Bidens Remyi Drake
del Cast., which was published at first (1888) with only a plate and
analysis, the description following later (1890). Even though that
name (based upon J. Remy 281) is referable to B. micrantha Gaud,
(cf. Bot. Gaz. 70: 97, footnote 9. 1920), it nevertheless must be taken
as having precluded the acceptance of my name 5. Remyi (Hillebr.),
made later. Mr. 0. Degener suggested (in lit., February 21, 1927) the
taking up, therefore, of the trivial name Hillebrandiana for the plant
described first by Hillebrand under the name Campylotheca Remyi.1

1 1 am informed by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, of the New York Botanical
Garden (in lit., November 30, 1927), that Hillebrand's Flora Hawaiiensis was

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIV

I3IDENS HILLEBRANDIANA (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff

Of TR

IUI«»

THE GENUS BIDENS 157

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV

Bidens Hillebrandiana: a, fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, an individual
appressed-hispid leaf, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.6; d,
interior involucral bract, X4.5; e, palea, X2.8; /, achene, X2.8; all
from type.

56. Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920.

PI. XXXV, figs, a and e.

Coreopsis mauiensis Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 125. 1861.
Campylotheca mauiensis (Gray) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Isls. 211 and

213. 1888.

Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2.5 cm. lata.
Folia (rariter indivisa) plerumque trisecta vel etiam 3-5-partita
segmentis oblongis vel subcuneatis.

B. mauiensis sensu stricto.

Folia nunc indivisa nunc tripartita laminis segmentisve lanceolatis
vel ovatis vel subrhomboideis vel etiam late cuneato-spathu-

latis var. /3. cuneatoides.

Folia nunc indivisa laminis ovato-orbiculatis basi latissime cunea-
tis vel etiam subtruncatis, nunc 3-5-partita segmentis saepius
rhomboideo-ovatis et apice obtusis. .hybrida B. mauiensis
var. cuneatoides X B. Hillebrandiana.
Capitula pansa ad anthesin saepius circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. lata.
Folia principalia saepius 5-partita parce bipinnatisecta.

var. d. media.

Folia plerumque indivisa rarius tripartita var. «. Forbesiana.

Folia valde 2-3-pinnatisecta var. 7. lanaiensis.

Decumbens, inferne lignea, valde ramosa, sparsim pubescens,
mox glabrata, ramis 1.5-4.5 dm. longis, dichotomis, in furcis seniori-
bus pedunculos marcidos ferrentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2.5
cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 5 cm. longa, rariter nonnulla
indivisa et ovato-deltoidea, plerumque trisecta vel etiam 3-5-
partita segmentis oblongis vel subcuneatis, obtusis acutisve, inciso-
dentatis vel etiam pinnatipartitis, submembranaceis, margine ple-
rumque eciliatis. Capitula longe pedunculata pedunculis nudis
monocephalicis folia multo superantibus 7-18 cm. longis, radiata,
pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2.5 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucri

mentioned in the Journal of Botany for April, 1888, and was published "probably
in March" of that year. Dr. Barnhart finds Drake del Castillo's work (111. Fl.
Ins. Mar. Pacif., fasc. 4) referred to later, Nat. Novit., 2nd number for June, 1888;
he believes that Drake del Castillo's work (fasc. 4) was published "probably late
in May" of the same year.

158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

bracteae exteriores 6-8, oblongo-lineares vel lineari-spathulatae,
interdum ciliatae, ad apicem saepe glandulo-apiculatae, 3-4.5 mm.
longae, interioribus subaequales. Flores ligulati 7 vel 8, flavidi,
ligula elliptico-oblongi vel oblongo-oblanceolati, apice 3-dentati,
7-9 mm. longi; flores disci circ. 10. Achaenia plana, glabra, brunneo-
atra, oblonga, alata, recta vel parce curvata, corpore 6-8 mm.
longa et alis exclusis 0.8-1.2 (alis inclusis 1.5-2.1) mm. lata, alis
supra in dentes vel aristas obsoletas et interdum seta minuta hori-
zontali instructas productis.

Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, sandy or dry hills near
the coast, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (Gray; see dis-
cussion under var. cuneatoides}.

Distribution: Islands of Maui and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2678, extremely arid,
almost bare hills, from Papawai Point toward Puu Anu through
Manawainui Gulch, Maui, July 12, 1927 (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); iidem
2679, extremely dry, barren hills near McGregor, west Maui, July
10, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Kew); William Hillebrand, Molokai
(Berl.); idem, road between Lahaina and Wailuku, western Maui
(Berl.); idem & J. M. Lydgate, Isthmus of Maui (Bish.); Jules Remy
289, Maui, 1851-1855 (Gray); U. S. S. Pacif.ExpLExped. under CapL
Wilkes, sandy or dry hills, etc. (type, Gray: cotypes, N.Y.; Par.).

For critical notes see under var. cuneatoides.

Bidens mauiensis var. /3. cuneatoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 440.
1928. PL XXXV, figs, b-d, f-o.

A specie foliis nunc indivisis nunc tripartitis laminis segmentisve
lanceolatis vel ovatis vel subrhomboideis vel etiam late cuneato-
spathulatis, habitu fere Bidentis cuneatae differt.

Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke,
No. 2680, on barren aeolian deposits near Wailuku, Island of Maui,
Hawaiian Islands, July 9, 1927 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality on the Island of
Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2261, arid, aeolian
deposits, southeast of Wailuku, July 7, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field,
2 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem 2680 (type, Field: cotypes, Berl.;
Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; N.Y.); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 372, Isthmus
of Maui (Bish.; Brit.; Corn.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.;
U.S., etc.).

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXV

j cadi b

BIDENS MAUIENSIS (Gray) Sherff (figs, a, e); var. CUNEATOIDES Sherff (figs, b-d, f-o)

Of THt
UMIYERSITY OF

THE GENUS BIDENS 159

The type material of Bidens mauiensis (the species proper) had
the leaves, except for one small branchlet apparently somewhat
ignored by Asa Gray in writing his original description, rather well
dissected, with segments mostly linear to oblong, rarely rhombic-
ovate. The duplicate sheet in the Torrey Herbarium (N.Y.) has,
at the right, one specimen with some leaves tripartite and some
undivided, the blades or their segments more or less rhombic-ovate,
and somewhat suggestive of those of Bidens cuneata Sherff. Doubtless
had Gray seen this last specimen he would have presented a different
or an additional treatment. In any case, we are fortunate in having
at hand two new and excellent series of specimens collected in July,
1927, by Degener and Wiebke in the type region. Their Nos. 2678
and 2679 are of the species as described by Gray. Their Nos. 2261
and 2680 have the leaves simple or merely tripartite. These latter
thus match the ignored or at least undescribed specimens collected
with Gray's type of the species proper. They are matched in turn
by Mann & Brigham 372. The specimens of Mann & Brigham 372
at the Delessert Herbarium, the Bishop Museum, and the United
States National Herbarium have the leaves mostly simple, but else-
where they are mainly tripartite.

The pronounced difference between the two types of foliage
makes it appear worth while to treat the plants with simple or
tripartite foliage as varietally distinct.

Bidens mauiensis var. cuneatoides X B. Hillebrandiana

Folia nunc indivisa laminis ovato-orbiculatis basi latissime
cuneatis vel etiam subtruncatis, nunc 3-5-partita segmentis saepius
rhomboideo-ovatis et apice obtusis. Capitula ad anthesin non valde
radiata, disco circ. 1.2-1.4 cm. lato. Achaenia latiora alis inclusis
principalia 3.2-3.8 mm. latis.

Distribution: Southwesternmost East Maui.

Specimens examined: Anthony Apo Tarn (Otto Degener distrib.
No.) 4329, near the beach at Kanaio, Island Maui, November 28,
1932 (Field; N.Y. ; etc.).

Bidens mauiensis var. 7. lanaiensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 381. 1925.
Campylotheca mauiensis var. /3. (sine nom.) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw.

Isls. 213. 1888.

Var. foliis magis membranaceis et magis divisis, petiolis tenuibus
usque ad 5 cm. longis; capitulis minoribus, pansa ad anthesin
circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. latis; bracteis exterioribus minoribus; floribus

160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

ligulatis plerumque tan turn 5 vel 6; achaeniis brevioribus 5-7 mm.
longis, atris, plano-convexis vel etiam subtetragonis, mine anguste
alatis nunc exalatis, apice exaristatis sed minute coronulatis.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Island of
Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, in 1870 (Gray).

Distribution: Islands of Lanai and Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Lanai (Berl.) ; idem, eodem loco,
July, 1870 (Brit.; Gray; Kew); idem, eodem loco, 1870 (type, Gray:
cotype, Berl.); idem, northern Maui (Brit.).

The specimens from Lanai, as also the Hillebrand specimen from
"northern Maui," are of the same general habit as the typical B.
mauiensis from Maui (and Molokai), but in respect to the characters
noted above are definitely marked. It will be observed that there
are more pronounced differences than are found to occur in certain
other cases between two accepted species (e.g., Bidens connata and
B. comosa, B. coronata and B. mitis, B. pilosa and B. biternata). In
the case at hand, however, the remarkable degree of endemism mani-
fested by Hawaiian plants renders the value of these distinguishing
characters somewhat uncertain. For the present, I have thought
it best to follow mainly the treatment of Hillebrand and of Charles
N. Forbes, both of whom regarded the Lanai material as representing
a variety (or varieties) of B. mauiensis.

Bidens mauiensis var. 5. media Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 441. 1928.

Ex characteribus pro maxima parte var. lanaiensi similis sed
foliis principalibus saepius 5-partitis parce bipinnatisectis minus
decomposita; ex var. Forbesiana foliis non plerumque indivisis
differt.

Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 450, Maunalei,
Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, April 19, 1915 (Field).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Lanai,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: G. C. Munro 450 (type, Field : cotype, Bish.).

See remarks under next following var. Forbesiana.

Bidens mauiensis var. e. Forbesiana Sherff,
Bot. Gaz. 86: 441. 1928.

Ex characteribus pro maxima parte var. lanaiensi similis sed
foliis plerumque indivisis rarius tripartitis differt.

Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 451, Maunalei,
Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, April 19, 1915 (Bish.).

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVI

c a b d

BIDENS MOLOKAIENSIS (Hillebr.) Sherff

Of THt

of

THE GENUS BIDENS 161

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Lanai,
Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: G. C. Munro 451 (type, Bish.).

This and the var. media were included in a former paper (Bot.
Gaz. 80: 381. 1925) among the plants referred to B. mauiensis var.
lanaiensis. The considerations already referred to, however, for the
var. cuneatoides make it appear similarly preferable here to segregate
from the var. lanaiensis the two types of foliage which differ in not
being finely dissected.

The name Forbesiana alludes to Charles Noyes Forbes, who
before his death (in 1920) had studied the type plant and regarded
it as typifying a new variety.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV

Bidens mauiensis, figs, a and e: a, flowering branch, X0.67; e, leaf
from plant shown in a, drawn to show characteristic appearance of
leaves when dry and folded, X0.67; from one of several specimens on
type sheet in Hb. Gray.

Bidens mauiensis var. cuneatoides, figs, b-d, f-o: b, entire flowering
plant, X0.67; c, d, tripartite leaves, X0.67; /, exterior involucral
bract, X3.35; g, interior involucral bract, X3.35; h, ray corolla,
X3.35; i, palea, X3.35; j, disc floret, X3.35; k, anthers, X23.5; I,
upper portion of pistil, X23.5; m, peripheral ovary, X13.4; n, o,
achenes, X3.35; 6, c, m-o, from material in blue envelope on type
sheet of species proper, in Hb. Gray; d, from sheet bearing cotype of
species proper in Hb. N.Y.; f-l, from Mann & Brigham 372, in
Hb. Mo.

57. Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920.

PI. XXXVI.

Campylotheca molokaiensis Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 212. 1888.
Coreopsis molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pacif. 210. 1890.

Herba humilis, infra fruticosa; caule brevi subprostrato vel fere
erecto, ad apicem ramoso ; ramis parce dividentibus, saepe radicanti-
bus, 1.5-3 dm. longis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-3 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 2.8-7 cm. longa et 1-2.5 cm. lata, plerumque
indivisa, ovata vel subdeltoidea, ad apicem subobtusa vel sub-
acuminata, serrata, basi lata saepe subcordata; rarius plus minusve
tripartita, foliolis latis, terminali quam lateralibus multo majore.
Capitula solitaria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 8 mm. alta et 1.5-2.5

162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-2 dm. longis, disci
floribus circ. 10-24. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6-8, lineares
vel lineari-lanceolatae, crassae, saepe plus minusve hispidae, saepe
glandule apiculatae, bracteas interiores paulo excedentes. Flores
ligulati plerumque 8, flavi, ligula anguste obovati, apice plerumque
lobati, circ. 0.8-1.2 cm. longi. Achaenia late linearia, recta, exalata,
plus minusve ciliata, corpore 9-11 mm. longa, ad apicem (saepe
setosa et) biaristata aristis acribus et superne retrorsum ciliatis,
±1.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, near seashore
at Waikolu, on north shore of Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands,
in 1870 (Berl.).

Distribution: Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Urbain Faurie 994, Kamalo, June, 1910
(Par.); Otto Degener 2868, rocky, dry, clay slopes, Kapale Gulch,
May 6, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 4 sheets; Kew); idem & Henry
Wiebke 2869, exposed, grassy cliff ledges several hundred feet above
sea, Pohakunui, May 17, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 7 sheets; Kew);
iidem 3004, Naiwa coastal cliffs, above Kalaupapa, June 18, 1928
(Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 523Mo, shore cliffs, Wailau
Valley, September, 1912 (Bish.) ; idem 570Mo, Pelekunu Valley, Sep-
tember, 1912 (Bish.) ; F. R. Fosberg 9671, grassy clearing in forest,
Wailau Valley, July 4, 1933 (Field) ; Hillebrand, seashore, Kalawau
(Kalawao) and Waikolu, 1870 (type material, Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.;
Gray; Kew); Kazuto Nitta (forO^o Degener) & Henry Wiebke 3174,
on talus slope and cliffs exposed to ocean spray during storms, western
side of Wailau Valley, August 11, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field,
4 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem 31746, eodem loco, August 5, 1928
(Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mun.); J. Remy 288, Molo-
kai, 1851-1855 (Par.).

Bidens molokaiensis appears to hybridize with B. Hillebrandiana.1

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI

Bidens molokaiensis: a, flowering specimen, X0.72; b, exterior
involucral bract, X3.6; c, interior involucral bract, X3.6; d, ray

1 We may cite here two collections: Nitta & Wiebke 3175, collected with
3173 (B. Hillebrandiana) and 3174 (B. molokaiensis), but in slightly higher, richer
locality, August 11, 1928 (Field); iidem 3176, collected with 3173 and 3174, August
5, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; U.S.). Mr. Otto
Degener (in lit. September 18, 1928) regarded these as perhaps hybrids between B.
molokaiensis and B. Hillebrandiana, and to me No. 3176 appears as almost cer-
tainly so. Mature achenes of each were planted in October, 1928, but failed to
germinate.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVII

BIDENS COSMOIDES (Gray) Sherff

Of

THE GENUS BIDENS 163

corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6;/, disc floret, X3.6; g, h, achenes (show-
ing range of ciliation on same plant), X3.6; a-/, from cotype in Hb.
Kew; g, h, from Remy 288, in Hb. Par.

58. Bidens cuneata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 102 and pi. 13. 1920.

PI. XII, figs. j-p.

Frutex ramosus, verisimiliter 6-10 dm. altus, ramis dichotomis,
tenuibus, infra foliosis, supra in pedunculos productis. Folia cras-
siuscula, rhomboideo-ovata, dentata (dentibus in unico latere
plerumque 3-5), ad apicem acuta, ad basim anguste vel late cuneata,
petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-5 cm.
longa et 1-2 cm. lata. Capitula solitaria, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin
circ. 6 mm. alta et 2-2.5 cm. lata, pedunculis tenuibus 0.8-1.8 dm.
longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7, lineares, glabratae,
glandulo-apiculatae, bracteas interiores subaequantes. Flores ligu-
lati flavi, ligula late lanceolati, ad apicem denticulati, 8-11 mm.
longi. Achaenia linearia, exalata, ad margines sparsissime ciliata,
ad apicem ciliato-coronata, exaristata, 6-7 mm. longa.

Type specimen: Collected by William Allanson Bryan, at Dia-
mond Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, December 6, 1903
(Bish.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Diamond Head,
Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined : Bryan, Diamond Head, December 6, 1903
(type, Bish.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII, FIGS, j-p

Bidens cuneata: j, fruiting branch, X0.63; k, exterior involucral
bract, X4.41; I, interior involucral bract, X4.41; m, ray corolla,
X4.41; n, palea, X4.41; o, disc floret, X4.41; p, achene, X4.41; all
from type.

59. Bidens Saint-Johniana Sherff, Bish. Mus. Occas. Paps.

12. No. 19: 12 and pi. 6. 1937.

Fruticosa, implicata decumbensve, glabra, ramosa. Folia petio-
lata petiolis alato-marginatis basi subconnatisi 1 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto plerumque tantum 3-4 cm. longa et 1.7-3 cm. lata, ad
ramorum apices plus minusve adgregata, rhomboideo-orbiculata,
apice saepius rotundata, supra medium acerrime serrata dentibus
mucronatis inflexisque (saepius 3-12 pro utraque margine), inde
usque ad basim (petiolo incluso) angustata lateribus concavis, mem-
branacea. Capitula solitaria vei subsolitaria pedunculis tenuibus

164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

glabris ± 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 3 cm. lata et
± 8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, saepe crassiusculae,
anguste vel moderate oblongae vel oblongo-subobovatae, apice
obtusae, tergo plurinervatae et glabrae sed saepe longitudinaliter
rugosae, circ. 7-8 mm. longae; interiores ovatae, apice puberulentae,
paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula oblongo-obovati,
apice saepe obsolete denticulati, circ. 1.3 cm. longi. Paleae lineares,
superne attenuatae colorataeque, circ. 6-8 mm. longae. Achaenia
griseo-atra vel atro-brunnea, oblongo-linearia, obcompresso-tetra-
gona, facie quaque 2-sulcata, costis marginibusque perspicue brevi-
setosa setis acerrimis plerumque antrorsis rarius retrorsis, exalata,
recta vel subarcuata, corpore 6-9.3 cm. longa et 1-1.7 mm. lata,
sub apice raro in rostrum crassum et ± 1 mm. longum angustata,
apice biaristata; aristis erectis, tenuibus, 1-3.5 mm. longis, acerrime
supra plerumque retrorsum infra saepe antrorsum hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John, No. 15688, matted
or trailing over basalt ledges or soil and guano, at altitude of 30
meters, Southeast Islet, Marotiri Islands, July 22, 1934 (Bish.).

Distribution: Southeast Islet, Marotiri (Maretiri or Bass) Islands.

Specimens examined: Harold St. John 15683, trailing, shallow
soil on basalt, alt. 80 meters, the reduced state of drier, more exposed
places, Southeast Islet, July 22, 1934 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); idem
15688 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Kew).

60. Bidens Cosmoides (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920.

PI. XXXVII.

Coreopsis (Campylotheca') Cosmoides Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126.

1861.

Frutex erectus, valde sese extendens, 1.2-2.4 m. altus; ramis
herbaceis, glabris, plus minusve quadrangulatis. Folia membra-
nacea, ternata vel pinnata vel summa indivisa, petiolo adjecto 0.8-
1.4 dm. longa; foliolis (3-5, raro etiam -9) lanceolatis vel ovato-
lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, glabratis vel sparsissime hispidis,
saepe ciliatis, lateralibus sessilibus vel indistincte petiolulatis, 4-7
cm. longis et 1.3-2.8 cm. latis, terminali paulo majore; petiolis
tenuibus, plerumque fere glabris, 2-6 cm. longis. Capitula maxima,
solitaria, cernua, longe pedunculata pedunculis demum circ. 6-9
cm. longis, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 cm. alta et 5-6.5 (vel
etiam -9) cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, foliaceae,
oblongo-lanceolatae vel lineares, erectae vel reflexae, acutae vel
subobtusae, plerumque ciliatae, 1-2 cm. longae, interioribus longiores.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVIII

BIDENS CLARENDONENSIS Britt.

OF THfc
ilNIVFRSITY OF

THE GENUS BIDENS 165

Flores ligulati 8-14, flavi, ligula oblanceolati, acriter 2-3-dentati,
3-4 cm. longi; disci floribus circ. 50, genitalibus praesertim stylo
longissimo (circ. 3 cm. longo) valde exsertis. Achaenia matura non
vidi ; immatura linearia, exalata, plus minusve flexuoso-curvata, mar-
ginibus faciebusque hispidula, apice setuloso-coronulata et plerum-
que aristis 2 brevibus vel brevissimis munita.

Type specimen : Collected by the United States Exploring Expedi-
tion under Captain Wilkes, in mountains on Island of Kauai, Hawaiian
Islands, 1840 (U.S.).

Distribution: Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.

Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2168, sunny
slope in light forest, Halemanu, Kokee, June 27, 1926 (Berl. ; Field,
3 sheets; Kew; Par.); Urbain Faurie 933, Waimea, March, 1910
(Brit.); C. N. Forbes 218K, Wahiawa Mountains, August, 1909
(Bish.); idem 785K, west side of Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3-
August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets); idem W85K, eodem loco et tempore
(Bish.); idem 1698K, Kololau trail, Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3-
August 18, 1917 (Bish.); A. A. Heller 2791, Kaholuamanoa, above
Waimea, September 2-9, 1895 (Bish. ; Brit. ; Calif. ; Corn. ; Kew; Minn. ;
N.Y. ; Par., 2 sheets; Phila. ; U.S.) ; A. S. Hitchcock 15291 et 15388, alt.
1,080 meters, Kaholuamanoa, October 20, 1916 (U.S.); J. M.
Lydgate, Kauai (Bish.); Mann & Brigham, alt. 900 meters, Waimea
(Corn.); iidem 537, alt. 600-900 meters, Waimea (Brit.; Del.; Gray;
Kew; U.S.); J. Remy 278, Hawaiian Isls., 1851-1855 (Gray); J. F.
Rock 10291, Kaholuamanoa, October 20, 1911 (Gray, 2 sheets;
Par.); Mrs. Francis Sinclair, Jr., Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); H. St. John,
F. R. Fosberg, & V. Oliveira 13699, 4-6 ft. tall, alt. 1,110 meters, edge
of wet woods, Kokee, Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Decem-
ber 27, 1933 (Field) ; U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Kauai
(type, U.S.); Heinrich Wawra, Kauai (Berl.).

A strange and anomalous species. Not only are the acutely
toothed, numerous rays and the large, wide involucral bracts dis-
tinctive but the style column is remarkably elongate and might
with some botanists serve as a basis for a separate genus.

Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) cites only the Island
of Kauai for this species, listing the United States Exploring Expedi-
tion, Remy, Mann, and Knudsen as the collectors of it there. Gray's
citation of the Island of Hawaii for the type, collected by the U. S.
Exploring Expedition, was surely erroneous. The Gray Herbarium
lacks a specimen of the type collection, but the type itself (U.S.)
has "Mts., Kauai" on the label. The Sinclair plant, with "Hawaii"

166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

on the label, doubtless came from Kauai. Mrs. Sinclair has illustrated
this species elsewhere (Indig. Fl. Haw. Isls. pi. 19. 1885) and stated
that the various species collected by her came from the islands of
Kauai and Niihau.

According to Mrs. Sinclair, it is a "spreading bushy plant, five or
six feet high, with twining, interlacing, branches, one plant covering
from eight to ten feet of ground. It generally grows under the
shade of the open forest, in the mountain regions at various heights
above the sea, but seldom less than two thousand feet.

"In ordinary seasons it blooms in April and May, but occasionally
flowers may be found as late as the end of June or beginning of July.

"The Poolanui [nomen incolarum] is quite a striking flower,
not only on account of its size and colour, but also on account of the
great number in bloom at the same time — giving the sombre forest
quite a bright appearance during the spring months. It is a useful
fodder plant, cattle and horses eating it with avidity, but it soon
disappears if constantly eaten down."

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII

Bidens Cosmoides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; b,
exterior involucral bract, Xl.81; c, interior involucral bract, Xl.81;
d, ray corolla, Xl.81; e, palea, Xl.81;/, disc floret, Xl.81; g, anthers,
X7.26; h, upper portion of pistil, X 10.89; i, achene, Xl.81; a, from
Remy 278, in Hb. Gray; rest from Heller 2791, in Hb. Mo. and
Hb. Field.

61. Bidens clarendonensis Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
39:9.1912. PI. XXXVIII.

Perennis, glabra; caule repenti, subligneo, tereti, saepe 4 m.
longo, ramoso ramis teretibus. Folia petiolata petiolis superne
marginatis 1-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-10 cm. longa, nitido-
subcoriacea, valde odorata, indivisa, rhomboideo-ovata, grosse
serrata 5-16 dentibus in unico latere, apice acuta, basi late cuneata,
marginibus subindurato-revoluta et non ciliata, venis brunneis
numerosis perspicue venata. Capitula perpauca, subumbellata,
pedunculata pedunculis 0.5-2 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
circ. 2.5 cm. lata. Involucrum glabratum vel hispidum; bracteis
exterioribus 9-13, plus minusve biseriatim dispositis, late linearibus
vel lineari-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, rarenter paulum ciliatis,
8-11 mm. longis, 1.5-2 mm. latis, interiores saepe superantibus.
Flores ligulati circ. 5, aurantiaco-flavi, ligula oblongi, apice integri

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIX

BIDENS MONTICOLA Poepp. & Endlich.

or ut

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 167

vel saepius minute 2- vel 3-dentati, 1.5-2 cm. longi. Achaenia linea-
ria, subtetragona, longitudinaliter omnino circ. 8-sulcata (unica
facie plerumque 2-sulcata), glabra, corpore 8-10 mm. longa, bre-
viter et saepe inaequaliter biaristata (vel una vel etiam duabus
aristis saepe deficientibus) ; aristis mine retrorsum hamosis hamis
perpaucis, mine calvis, usque ad 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by William Harris, No. 10987, in Peck-
ham Woods, at altitude of 750 meters, Upper Clarendon, Jamaica,
July7,1911(N.Y.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality at Upper Claren-
don, Jamaica.

Specimens examined: Harris 10987 (type, N.Y.: cotype, Kew);
idem 11180, alt. 750 meters, Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon,
Jamaica, September 27, 1912 (Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII

Bidens clarendonensis: a, fruiting branch (one leaf drawn to show
characteristic venation), X0.69; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.45;
c, interior involucral bract, X3.45; d, ray corolla, X3.45; e, palea,
X3.45; /, disc floret, X3.45; g, anthers, X20; h, pollen grain, X414;
i, upper portion of pistil, X20;;, achene, X5.5; a, mainly from type;
rest from Harris 10987, in Hb. Field.

62. Bidens monticola Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 49,
pi 255. 1845. PI. XXXIX.

Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. var. monticola Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil.

6, pt. 3:245. 1884.

Frutex valde dumosus, glaber, 1.2-2.5 m. altus; ramis erectis
vel suberectis, teretibus, lignosis, principalibus plus minusve elon-
gatis, ramulis oppositis vel potius trichotomis. Folia petiolata
petiolis subalatis planis 0.7-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-10 cm.
longa et 1-3 cm. lata, oblongo-lanceolata vel rhomboideo-ovata,
apice acuminata, basi cuneata in petiolum attenuata, marginibus
argute et regulariter serrata, utrinque glaberrima, subtus in colorem
sordide badium vergentia. Capitula terminalia, subcorymbosa vel
etiam subracemosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata
et 0.7-1.3 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis parvis, glanduloso-
pubescentibus, viscosis, plerumque 1-4 cm. longis. Involucri insig-
niter glanduloso-pubescentis viscosique bracteae exteriores circ.
8-12, laxae, lineares, acutiusculae, 6-8 mm. longae, quam interiores
erectae paululum longiores vel interdum multo breviores. Flores

168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

ligulati circ. 6-8, ligula anguste obovati, apice rotundato obtuse
bidentati, obscure flavi, circ. 1-1.2 cm. longi. Achaenia demum
paleas superantia, linearia, subobcompresso-tetragona, atra, erecto-
(et interdum tuberculato-) setosa, corpore ± 8 mm. longa et ± 0.8
mm. lata (forsan tantum immatura vidi?) apice spinulosa et biaris-
tata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, circ. 1-1.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Eduard Poeppig, in calcareous,
herb-covered, rather dry places in the mountains about Casapi
(Cassapi), eastern Peru, 1829 (Mus. V.).

Distribution: Peru.

Specimens examined: E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 24114, alt.
1,800-2,400 meters, thickets and open woods, Huacapistana, Dept.
Junin, June 5-8, 1929 (Field); iidem 24249, eodem loco et tempore
(Field); Alexander Mathews, Peru (Kew); idem 1757, Casapi
(Kew; Oxf.; Petrop.); Poeppig, in mountains about Casapi (type,
Mus. V.); idem 1715, Cochero (Berl.; Kiel; Mus. V.; Oxf.; Par.;
Petrop.).

In general aspect simulating various Pacific Island species,
such as Bidens australis Spreng. and B. hawaiensis Gray. The
tetragonal achenes show that the species is very distinct from B.
Rubifolia H.B.K., with which Baker (loc. cit.) associated it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX

Bidens monticola: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.4; c, interior involucral bract, X3.4;
d, ray corolla, X3.4; e (outer, short-hairy), / (inner, glabrous), paleae,
X3.4; g, disc floret, X3.4; h, achene (showing 2 normal and 2 rudi-
mentary aristae), X3.4; all from A. Mathews, Peru, in Hb. Kew.

63. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3. 360.

1839.1 PI. XL.

Coreopsis reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1228. 1759; Amoen. Acad.

5: 381 (nomen) and 407. 1760; J. E. Smith, Spicilegium Bot.

fasc. 2: 20 and pi. 22. 1791-1792.
Coreopsis viminea Browne ex Smith, op. cit. 20.
Coreopsis scandens Smith, loc. cit.

Coreopsis variifolia Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allert. 206. 1796.
Bidens Coreopsidis DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836.

1 At a much later date, Hitchcock (Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Kept. 4: 101. 1893),
evidently unaware of G. Don's previous transfer of the Linnean species to Bidens,
made the transfer a second time.

THE GENUS BIDENS 169

Bidens Coreopsidis var. reptans (L.) DC. loc. cit.

Bidens Coriopsidis DC. ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Isls. 720. 1864

(sphalm).
Bidens Rubifolia var. Coreopsidis (DC.) Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil.

6,pt. 3:245. 1884.
Bidens reptans L glabrescens 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill.

7: 139. 1911.
Coreopsis caracasana Willd. ex 0. E. Schulz, op. cit. 140 (ex synon.

B. reptanti).
Bidens reptans var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz op. cit. 141. l

Folia principalia pinnatim 3- vel raro 5-7-partita.

B. reptans sensu stricto.
Folia principalia plerumque 2-3-pinnatisecta.

Foliorum segmenta anguste vel late lanceolata, acute submu-
cronato-dentata var. /3. Urbanii.

Foliorum segmenta linearia integraque var. 7. dissecta.

Suffrutescens, scandens; caule volubili, ad basim quadrangulo
vel demum subtereti, supra teretiusculo, setis brevissimis recurvatis
sparsim vestito vel glabro, viridi vel purpurascenti, usque ad 6.5
m. (vel ultra) longo, ramoso ramis squarrosis pendulisve. Folia
petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis et saepe reflexis, petiolo adjecto
0.4-1 dm. longa, membranacea, supra glabrata vel rarissime sparsim
pilosula, infra rarissime pubescentia vel tomentosula, interdum
utrinque glabra (f. glabrescens 0. E. Schulz), inferiora et summa
simplicia, reliqua 3- vel raro 5-7-partita, foliolis serratis, interdum
ciliatis, terminali oblongo-ovato vel lanceolato (saepe longe), acumi-
nate, 2.5-8 cm. longo et 1-3.5 cm. lato; lateralibus minoribus, acutis
vel acuminatis, basi inaequilaterali sessilibus vel breviter petiolulatis,
ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, vel infimis raro ad latus superius seg-
mento unico parvo sessili auctis vel trisectis (var. bipartita O. E.
Schulz). Capitula radiata, apice ramulorum tenuiter pedunculata
pedunculis nudis vel 1-3 prophyllis minutis obsitis 1-5 cm. longis,
pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. lata et 7-11 mm. alta. Involucrum plus
minusve hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 8-11, linearibus vel lineari-

!The West Indian Coreopsis chrysantha L. (Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1282. 1763),
omitted in the above synonymy, was based upon Bidens [americana] triphylla,
angelicae folio, flore radiato. Plum. Cat. PI. Amer. 10. 1703; Plum. PI. Amer. ed.
Burm. 1 : 42, pi. 53, fig. 1 . 1756. It is regarded by some (e.g., O. E. Schulz in Urban,
Symb. Antill. 7: 140. 1911) as synonymous withB. reptans. The illustration given
by Burmannus (Plum. PI. Amer. loc. cit.) is very crude and inaccurate for B.
reptans, yet its foliage aspect suggests that species more than any other Bidens of
the West Indies. DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 605. 1836) hesitatingly changed the
Linnean name to Bidens chrysantha ("Bidens? chrysantha").

170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

spathulatis, acutis, parce vel valde ciliatis, 4-8 mm. longis, quam
interioribus anguste oblongo-lanceolatis brevioribus, demum patenti-
bus recurvatisve. Flores ligulati 5-8, flavi, ligula elliptic! vel anguste
obovati, apice subemarginati vel acutiusculi, 1.2-1.7 cm. longi.
Achaenia plana vel obcompresso-tetragona, linearia, nigrescentia,
praesertim ad margines pilis erecto-patentibus plerumque 2-4-
adgregatis et saepe tuberculo parvo insidentibus pilosa, biaristata
(rarissime imperfecte triaristata); aristis tenuibus, maxima ex parte
retrorsum hamosis, saepe ad basim antrorsum setosis, 2.5—4 mm.
longis.

Type specimen: No single specimen was cited in the original
description (Sloane, Cat. PI. Jam. 125. 1696; idem, Voy. Jam. 1: 261,
pi. 1 54, figs. 2 and 3. 1707) . The first specimens studied, however, had
been found by Hans Sloane in the inland forests of Jamaica, partic-
ularly upon the Red Hills, going to Guanaboa and on Mt. Diablo.
The type illustration by Sloane (loc. cit.) is definite and character-
istic, admitting of no doubt as to its application.

Distribution: West Indies, where apparently restricted to the
islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Antigua, Mar-
tinique, and St. Vincent; very rare in southeastern Mexico (Gaumer
2083, State of Yucatan; Kerber 147, State of Vera Cruz) and Vene-
zuela (Linden 487 p.p., Prov. of MeYida).

Specimens examined: R. C. Alexander, Jamaica, 1850 (Gray);
Anderson, St. Vincent (Kew) ; Belanger 176, St. Pierre to Precheur,
Martinique, May, 1853 (Del.); Bertero, Jamaica (Del., type of
BidensCoreopsidis DC.); idem, eodem loco (Mo., sub nom. Coreopside
chrysantha W.); N. L. Britton 2621, hillside, Bower's Wood Road,
vicinity of Bog Walk, Jamaica, April 2, 1908 (N.Y.) ; idem & J. F.
Cowell 12789, vicinity of El Guero, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 18-
19, 1912 (N.Y. ; forma Bidenti incisae adpropinquans) ; N. L. Britton
& Arthur Hollick 2001, alt. 500 meters, Bluefields Mt., Jamaica,
March 6-7, 1908 (N.Y.); Stewardson Brown 145, vicinity of Mande-
ville, Jamaica, February 15-26, 1910 (N.Y.; Phila.); Patrick Browne
(verisimiliter Antigua fide J. E. Smithii loc. cit.; Linn.); Caley,
up the valley, St. Vincent, January 7, 1823 (Del.); Joseph Crawford
630, vicinity of Kingston, Jamaica, April 22-24, 1910 (N.Y.; Phila.);
idem 636, eodem loco et tempore (N.Y.; Phila.; forma varietati
bipartitae adpropinquans); Cuming 101, Jamaica (Mus. V.); Pere
Duss 1445, Martinique, 1881-1883 (Field; Mo.; N.Y.); Eggers 3437,
alt. 360 meters, at Banana River, Jamaica, January 21, 1888 (Mun.) ;
idem 6612, alt. 180-360 meters, Montrose Hills, St. Vincent, Decem-

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XL

BIDENS REPTANS (L.) G. Don

Of

THE GENUS BIDENS 171

her 26, 1889 (Hun.); G. F. Gaumer 2083, San Anselmo, Yucatan,
Mexico (Field); George P. Goll 572, Guayama Road, Puerto Rico,
November 18, 1899 (N.Y.); L. Guilding, St. Vincent (Kew); Ludwig
Hahn 408, Piton de la Case-Pilote, Martinique, January, 1867-
1868 (BerL; Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.;
Par., 3 sheets; Phila.; U.S.; forma circumambitu foliorum B. squar-
rosae adpropinquans) ; 0. Hansen, in mountains near Kingston,
Jamaica, 1897 (Cop.); William Harris 5617, Yallab. Valley, Jamaica,
December 13, 1893 (Brit.); idem 12303, alt. 570 meters, Hagley
Gap, St. Thomas, Jamaica, December 20, 1915 (Brit.; Gray; Kew);
idem 12209, Liguanea Ridge, St. Thomas, Jamaica, November 21,
1915 (Brit.; Field; Kew; Mo.); A. A. Heller 6081, on Adjuntas Road
near Ponce, Puerto Rico, November 21, 1902 (Del.; Field; Mo.;
Phila.); idem & uxor 874, on banks, Aibonito, Puerto Rico, March
22, 1899 (N.Y.); Heustin, Jamaica, 1730 (Brit.); A. S. Hitchcock,
Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, December 12, 1890 (Mo.; forma
tomentosa, foliis nunc indivisis nunc 3-partitis); Theodor Holm 61,
alt. 350 meters, Las Mesas near Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, February,
1915 (Mo.); E. Kerber 147, Atoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico, November,
1882 (Berl., 3 sheets; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets;
U.S.; forma B. squarrosae affinis et foliis plus minusve bipartitis
atypica; nom. vernac. fide Kerberi Te" de China) ; J. J. Linden 487 p.p,
alt. 3,300 meters, Prov. Me"rida, Venezuela, August, 1842 (Mus. V.);
March 1198, Jamaica, 1858 (Kew); Metcalfe, Jamaica, 1859-1860
(Brit.); Nicholson, Antigua (Kew); Purdie, hedges and waste places,
Manchester, Jamaica, November, 1873 (Kew); Rose, Fitch, &
Russell 3425, Antigua, February 4-16, 1913 (Field; Gray; forma
foliis plus divisis); Ryan, Montserrat (Cop.); J. A. Shafer 319,
Elberton, Montserrat, January 29, 1907 (Cam.; Field; N.Y.); idem
8943, Firmeza to Gran Piedra, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 4-5, 1911
(N.Y.); R. Shakespear, Jamaica (Brit.); Sieber 331, Martinique
(Berl., 4 sheets; Kew; Kiel; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V., 3 sheets; Par.;
U.V.) ; P. Sintenis 3876 pro parte, on slopes of Mt. Montoso (Cerro
Montuoso) near Maricao, Puerto Rico, November 23, 1884 (BerL;
Brit.; Kew; type material of var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz); idem 2919,
between Aibonito and Algarrobo, Puerto Rico, December 2, 1885
(Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mun.); idem 5576, in forests at the Rio Grande,
Aguada, Puerto Rico, December 4, 1886 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.);
H. H. & G. W. Smith 1220, common in dry forests or second-growth
thickets, alt. from near sea level to 300 meters, leeward side and
southern end of St. Vincent, December-February (Gray); F. L.

172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Stevens & W. E. Hess 4278, Manati, Puerto Rico, November 5, 1913
(N.Y.); J- A. Stevenson, Garrochales, Puerto Rico, December 6,
1914 (Gray); Wilson, Jamaica (Kew); Charles Wright 314 pro parte,
eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; Kew); Wullschlagel 317, in shady
places among bushes, Antigua, 1849 (Mun.).

The bibliographic status of Bidens reptans is very definite and
rests upon a direct and positive chain of synonyms going back to
pre-Linnean literature. G. Don (loc. cit.) based his name B. reptans
(1st) upon plate 22 of Smith's Spicilegium and (2nd) upon Coreopsis
reptans L. Smith's plate is seen to represent the common tripartite-
leaved form shown also in my own plate (q.v.). From a perusal
of Smith's text, it is seen further to have been drawn necessarily
from cultivated material raised in the hothouse, from seed received
from Jamaica by the Marchioness of Rockingham. Smith's plant is
the same species as the single Linnean specimen, still extant, of
Coreopsis reptans L. (Linn.).1 It is the same, too, as the species
illustrated in Sloane's Voy. Jam. pi. 154, figs. 2, 3 (1707), the single
reference given by Linnaeus, together with a harmonious description,
when he first published the name Coreopsis reptans (Syst. Nat. ed.
10. 2: 1228. 1759). Thus the two references given by Smith go back
clearly to the same species. Don's use of the Linnean name reptans
leads in any case back to the first Linnean publication of the name,
based upon Sloane's plant. From Sloane's text (Voy. Jam. 1: 261.
1707) we see that Sloane's plant was the "Chrysanthemum trifoliatum
scandens, flore luteo, semine longo, rostrato" reported in his earlier
Catalogus Plantarum Jam. (p. 125. 1696) to have been found in the
inland forests of Jamaica. In his later work he cites it definitely as
growing "among the Trees and Shrubs on the Red Hills going to
Guanaboa, on Mount Diablo, and the other inland woody parts of
this island." The type locality for B. reptans is seen, then, to be the
inland forests of Jamaica, especially those on the Red Hills and on
Mt. Diablo.

Coreopsis viminea was merely a manuscript name which Smith
found to have been given by Browne, in an unpublished Flora, to our

1 The sheet in the Linnean Herbarium has the letters Br and the name Coreopsis
reptans. The letters Br stand for Browne, according to the distinguished Linnean
student, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson (coram mense Julio, anno 1914). This sheet
bears, then, the plant referred to by Smith (loc. cit.). According to Smith it had
been sent in Dr. [Patrick] Browne's herbarium to Linnaeus and later was erro-
neously considered by Linnaeus [Amoen. Acad. 5: 407. 1760] as representing the
second Verbesina of Browne's Civil and Natural History of Jamaica (p. 319.
1756). Browne's second Verbesina was evidently a very different plant and the
Browne Jam. reference has justly been rejected by a long line of botanists since
Smith's time.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLI

BIDENS REPTANS var. URBANII (Greenm.) O. E. Schulz

THE GENUS BIDENS 173

Bidens reptans. C. variifolia Salisb. was based directly upon material
growing wild in Jamaica and collected by William Browne. Salis-
bury gave "C. reptans Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2. p. 1281" as a synonym.

Bidens Coreopsidis DC. was based upon the Jamaica material
collected by Bertero; the original Sloane plant also was cited. B.
Coreopsidis is seen to be clearly synonymous with B. reptans.

In leaf outline and in size of heads, B. reptans is highly variable.
Typically the leaves are mainly three-parted, a few being simple.
At times some or most of them have two or three pairs of lateral
leaflets, with the lowermost leaflets tending to have on their upper
edge a single miniature leaflet; this mere state is the var. bipartita
0. E. Schulz.1 Again, forms are found (e.g., Rose, Fitch, & Russell
3425, Antigua) with the leaves grading into the bipinnatisect type
and approaching too closely specimens that, beyond dispute, are B.
Urbanii Greenm. In fact, 0. E. Schulz (in Urban, Symb. Antill.
7: 141. 1911) referred B. Urbanii Greenm. as a variety to B. reptans.
In a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913), I expressed the opinion
that B. Urbanii, as well as the sister forms B. dissecta and B. Brittonii,
should be classed as separate species. An examination of numerous
additional specimens has since compelled the conclusion that B.
Urbanii and B. dissecta are best treated as mere foliage varieties of
B. reptans, while B. Brittonii must be regarded as varietally the same
as the Urbanii material, differing only in its pronounced foliar
pubescence.

Bidens reptans var. /3. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban,
Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911. PI. XLI and PI. XLII, figs. a-h.

Coreopsis scandens Sesse" & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 194. 1894 (pro
parte, ex una planta in Herb. Field; cf. B. squarrosam) .

Bidens Urbanii Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 271. 1907.

Bidens mexicana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 491. 1913.

Bidens Brittonii Sherff, op. cit. 492.

Bidens reptans var. Brittonii (Sherff) 0. E. Schulz, Repert. Sp. Nov.
26: 111. 1929.

Folia circumambitu triangulari-ovata, petiolo adjecto 3-11 (inter-
dum etiam usque ad 15) cm. longa; nunc pinnatim 5- vel 7-par-
tita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve; nunc et saepissime bi- vel tripin-
natisecta, segmentis anguste vel late lanceolatis et acute sub-
mucronato-dentatis, interdum ciliata, supra glabra vel minute

1 Regarding the too numerous transitional forms between B. reptans and B.
squarrosa, most of them more or less like this "var. bipartita," see under B. squarrosa.

174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

sparsimque hispidula vel moderate pubescentes, infra glabra vel
subglabra vel rariter valde tomentosa. Capitula radiata vel rarissime
discoidea. Involucrum glabrum vel inferne parce hispidum; bracteis
exterioribus 7-9, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, acutis vel sub-
obtusis, interdum ciliatis, squarroso-reflexis, 3-4.5 mm. longis;
interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis, quam exterioribus fere dimidio
longioribus. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, pallide flavi, ligula oblanceo-
lati vel anguste oblongi, 1-1.5 cm. longi, apice acuti vel subobtusi,
integri. Achaenia linearia, nigra, erecta vel vix recurvata, obcom-
presso-tetragona, ad margines et interdum ad costas medias pilis
saepe 2-4-adgregatis et plerumque tuberculo minimo insidentibus
ciliata, corpore 7-12 mm. longa, demum paleas multo superantia,
biaristata (vel rarissime tri- vel quadriaristata? — cf. Greenm. loc.
cit.); aristis subflavidis, retrorsum vel ad basim saepe antrorsum
hamosis, 2-3 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Paul Sintenis, No. 387, on the slopes
of Mt. Montoso (Cerro Montuoso), near Maricao, northwestern
Puerto Rico, November 23, 1884 (Field).

Distribution: Islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba; also in southern
Mexico and Guatemala.

Specimens examined: N. L. Britton 3654, hillside, Parish of St.
Thomas, Jamaica, September 15-19, 1908 (N.Y.); idem & J. F.
Cowell 1559, Monte Mesa, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, February 14-15,
1914 (Gray; N.Y.; sine radiis); iidem 4115, mountain forest, Monte
Montoso (Cerro Montuoso), Puerto Rico, February 13, 1915 (N.Y.;
vinea 8 m. longa); iidem & Shafer 12955, alt. 100 meters, river
valley, Ensenada de Mora, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 26-29, 1912
(N.Y.); E. A. Goldman 468, Apazote, near Yohaltun, Campeche,
Mexico, December 20, 1900 (U.S.) ; W. Hancock 35, in woods, between
Acapulco and Puerto Nuevo, Guerrero, Mexico, November 13, 1882
(Kew) ; Theodor Holm 61a, alt. 350 meters, Las Mesas, near Maya-
giiez, Puerto Rico, December, 1914 (Field; Mo.); E. Langlasse
689 p.p., alt. 300 meters, southern Mexico, December 2, 1898 (Kew) ;
Leon, Clement, & Roca 9820, alt. about 800 meters, Cobre Range of
Sierra Maestra, Cuba, July 11-August 14, 1921 (N.Y.); Ynes
Mexia 1305, slightly ill-smelling, alt. 100 meters, near Rio de Cuale,
Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, December 17, 1926 (Mo.; Stanf.); J. G.
Ortega 6108, Mezcaltitan, Santiago Ixc., Nayarit, Mexico, January,
1926 (Stanf.); Edward Palmer 95, vicinity of Acapulco, Guerrero,
Mexico, October, 1894-March, 1895 (Field; Gray; Kew; type
material of Bid ens mexicana Sherff); Sesse, Mocino, Castillo, &

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLII

BIDENS REPTANS var. URBANII (Greenm.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h)
var. DISSECTA O. E. Schulz (figs, i-s)

OF Itft
DIVERSITY OF IUINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 175

Maldonado 2915 (labeled also 1724), Mexico, 1787-1804 (Field;
sub nom. Coreopside scandenti); P. Sintenis 387 (type, Field:
cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Kew; Mo.; Mun.;
Mus. V.; Par.; U.V., etc.) ; F. L. Stevens & W. E. Hess 4873, Maricao,
Puerto Rico, November 18, 1913 (N.Y.); H. Von Tuerckheim 8237,
alt. 350 meters, Cubilquitz, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, Janu-
ary, 1902 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; U.S.); Charles Wright
314 pro parte, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; N.Y.).

The leaves of the type material of Bidens mexicana Sherff have
the leaflets much larger and simpler than do those on the type
material of B. Urbanii Greenm. Goldman's material from the State
of Campeche, Mexico (and cited by Greenman) has, however, leaf-
lets of both sorts. It clearly effaces all foliage distinctions between
the two and indicates definitely their common identity. In fact,
several cotypes of B. mexicana have been observed with leaves very
finely divided, grossly different from those on the type of B. mexicana
(Field) but similar to those on the type and cotypes of B. Urbanii.
While B. mexicana must, therefore, be reduced to synonymy with
B. Urbanii, it is interesting to note in particular the scantily divided
leaves on the type of the former. Some of these are seen to be 5-
partite as in B. reptans "var. bipartita" 0. E. Schulz and to offer a
strong gradation through that form to B. reptans. The floral and
fruiting characters in many specimens run too closely into those of
B. reptans. Therefore, as stated above, it has seemed wiser to adopt
0. E. Schulz's course and rank these forms under B. reptans, as the
var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz.

The type specimen of B. Brittonii Sherff, as also the cotype in
the Columbia College Herbarium (N.Y.), was mounted upon the
same sheet with a specimen of B. reptans proper.1 Upon the sheet
was written, evidently in Torrey's handwriting, "2 species," while,
just below, Gray had written, "no. A. Gr." In his diagnosis of
Wright's plants, Gray treated this form as a variety of B. reptans
with dissected leaves. But the fact that the leaves are pubescent
above and strongly tomentose beneath, as well as finely dissected,
made it seem certain to me in 1913, when studying these plants,
that two species had been confused and that Torrey's assumption
was correct. Dr. N. L. Britton, to whom the material was shown
for examination, came to a similar conclusion and later I named the
form with dissected foliage in his honor. Since then, however, the
finding of specimens of B. reptans with tripartite but pubescent-

1 Wright's No. 314 in the Kew Herbarium is all B. reptans proper.

176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

tomentose leaves and the finding of evidence that the parallel forms
B. Urbanii and B. dissecta are reducible to varietal rank under B.
reptans, have led to the conclusion thatB. Brittonii is only a variety of
B. reptans, and best equated with var. Urbanii.

Bidens reptans var. 7. dissecta 0. E. Schulz in Urban,

Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. PI. XLII, figs. i-s.
Bidens dissecta (O. E. Schulz) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913.

Bidenti reptanti var. Urbanii similis sed foliorum dissectione vali-
dior; foliolis 3-4 jugis, plerumque tripinnatisectis, segmentis linea-
ribus integrisque.

Type specimen: Collected by William Harris, No. 5420, weed
along roads at altitude of 810 meters, near Moy Hall in Blue Moun-
tains, Jamaica, November 9, 1894 (Berl.).
Distribution : Known only from Jamaica.

Specimens examined: Harris 5420 (type, Berl.: cotype, N.Y.);
idem (similiter) 5420, alt. 1,500 meters, Portland Gap, November 16,
1894 (Field); idem 12302, alt. 600 meters, climbing among shrubs,
roadside banks, Cedar Valley, St. Thomas, December 20, 1915 (Brit.;
Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; N.Y.; Phila.); C. R. Orcutt 3830, Arntully,
November 9, 1927 (Stanf.) ; E. E. Sherff, cult, ex unico achaenio e
Harrisio 12302, Chicago, Illinois, 1916-1920 (Field, etc.; multis
speciminibus) .

In December, 1915, the late William Harris, Superintendent of
Public Gardens for the Department of Agriculture in Jamaica, very
kindly made a journey to collect specimens of this variety for me.
Material obtained then at Cedar Valley, St. Thomas (eastern Jamaica)
was found to match the type material very closely. Characteristically,
the primary leaflets or their immediate subdivisions were seen to be
deeply toothed, giving them a more or less pectinate appearance. A
mature achene was planted and from cuttings of the resulting vine
many plants were obtained. These were transferred in the autumn
to a greenhouse. Some individuals were kept two years. They
flowered profusely but did not produce fruit. Their leaflets were
finely divided and lacked the pectinate appearance mentioned (which
is shown in my plate). They differed from the leaflets of var.
Urbanii only in having the segments narrower, making it appear
doubtful if more than varietal distinction between the two will ever
be considered justified.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

Bidens reptans: a, flowering branch, X0.7; b, a more compound
leaf (var. bipartita 0. E. Schz.), X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIII

BIDENS INCISA (Ker) G. Don

THE GENUS BIDENS 177

X3.5; d, interior involucral bract, X3.5; e, ray floret, X3.5;/, palea,
X3.5; g, disc floret, X3.5; h, achene, X3.5; a, from C. Wright 314, in
Hb. Kew; b, from Sintenis 3876, in Hb. Kew; rest from Heller 6081,
in Hb. Field.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI

Bidens reptans var. Urbanii: a, flowering branch, X0.6; b, more
compound leaf, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X9.1; d, interior
involucral bract, X9.1; e, ray floret, X3.04;/, palea, X4.25; g, disc
floret, X4.25; h, achene, X3.64; b, from cotype in Hb. Mo.; rest
from 2 sheets of Palmer 95 (type material of Bidens mexicana Sherff),
in Hb. Field.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII

Bidens reptans var. Urbanii, figs, a-h: a, leafy branch, X0.67;
6, portion of leaf, enlarged to show pubescence, X6.73; c, exterior
involucral bract, X4.04; d, interior involucral bract, X4.04; e, ray
corolla, X2.69; /, palea, X4.04; g, disc floret, X4.04; h, achene,
X3.37; all from C. Wright 314 pro parte (type collection of Bidens
Brittonii Sherff), a-g in Hb. Gray and h in Hb. N.Y.

Bidens reptans var. dissecta, figs, i-s: i, fruiting branch, X0.67;
j-m, various cauline leaves, X0.67; n, exterior involucral bract,
X4.04; o, interior involucral bract, X4.04; p, ray corolla, X2.69;
q, palea, X4.04; r, disc floret, X4.04; s, achene, X3.37; i-k and m-s,
from W. Harris 12302, in Hb. Field; I, from cotype in Hb. N.Y.

64. Bidens incisa (Ker) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3. 360.

1839. PL XLIII.

Coreopsis incisa Ker, Bot. Reg. 1 : pi. 7. 1815.
Bidens Coreopsidis var. incisa (Ker) DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836.
Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz in Urban,
Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911.

Herba perennis, scandens; caule fruticoso, tereti, dense pubes-
centi, ramoso, verisimiliter 2-6 m. longo. Folia parva, tenuiter
Detiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-7 cm. longa,
pinnatim 3-5-partita vel summa indivisa, foliolis submembranaceis,
serratis vel valde inciso-dentatis, supra pilis articulatis subadpresse
pilosis et flavido-viridibus, infra dense tomentosis et albidis; terminali
lanceolato vel ovato-lanceolato, acuminate, 4-11 dentibus in unico
latere ; lateralibus anguste ovatis, acutis. Capitula ramulos superiores
caulemque terminantia, umbellate cymosa, radiata, pansa ad anthe-
sin 1.5-2 cm. lata et 8-11 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tantum

178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

0.5-4 cm. longis. Involucri basis dense tomentoso-hispida; bracteis
exterioribus 7-10, linearibus, acutis, tomentoso-hispidis, patentibus
vel reflexis, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, piloso-
hispidis, quam exterioribus dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati
circ. 5, flavi, ligula ovali-lanceolati, ad apicem subacuti et integri,
± 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso-tetragona,
nigra, marginibus et interdum costis mediis piloso-ciliata, corpore
7-10 mm. longa, biaristata aristis plerumque de apice fere usque ad
medium retrorsum hamosis sed aliter antrorsum hamosis, 1.5-2
mm. longis.

Type specimen: Raised from seed from Jamaica, about 1812, in
the nursery of Messrs. Colville, King's Road, Chelsea, England;
represented by the colored plate which Sydenham Edwards pre-
pared from the "one living specimen" seen by Ker (Bot. Reg. 1:
pi 7. 1815).

Distribution: Jamaica.

Specimens examined: Alexander (postea Prior appellatus, fide
J. Hutchinsonii apud Herbarium Kewensem), coffee region, Blue
Mts., November 28, 1850 (Kew) ; Mrs. E. G. Britton (N. Y. Bot. Card.
Explor. Jamaica No.) 3824, near Clydesdale, Blue Mts., September,
21-24, 1908 (N.Y.); eadem (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Explor. Jamaica No.)
3867, near Marce's Gap, Blue Mts., October 3, 1908 (N.Y.); N. L.
Britton (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Explor. Jamaica No.) 73, banks, St.
Helen's Gap, vicinity of Cinchona, September 2-10, 1906 (N.Y.);
William Harris 11649, alt. 1,470 meters, Cinchona, September 20,
1913 (Brit.; Field; Kew; Man.; Mo.; Par.; Phila.); idem 12327, alt.
1,500 meters, over shrubs and low trees, Cinchona, February 4, 1916
(Brit.; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.); J. H. Hart, Jamaica (Field);
William Maxon 1138, alt. 1,050 meters, dryish roadside, near Silver
Hill Gap, April 15-16, 1903 (U.S.); (commun.) D. Morris, alt. 1,650
meters, Cinchona plantations, August, 1886 (Kew, 2 sheets); G.
E. Nichols 137, alt. 1,500 meters, Cinchona, July 26, 1903 (Mo.);
J. T. Rothrock, alt. 1,125 meters, Blue Mountains, December 12, 1890
(Penn., 4 sheets); idem 458, Jamaica, 1890-1891 (Phila.); Forrest
Shreve, Cinchona, October 25, 1906 (N.Y.); Alexander Taylor 4253,
trail to St. Helen's Gap, vicinity of Cinchona, April 7, 1909 (N.Y.);
Wilson, Jamaica (Kew).

Ker, as stated in a former article (Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913),
very justly separated this species from the smooth-stemmed B.
reptans (L.) G. Don. He laid too much stress, however, upon the
"indented ray" of the latter species, this character varying too

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIV

/ h

BIDENS SQUARROSA H.B.K.

THE GENUS BIDENS 179

much to be of definite value. The external bracts were described as
gibbous, but herbarium material fails to show this character to any
noticeable extent.

B. reptans var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz, based on Geo. E. Nichols
137, is merely a synonym for B. incisa. In the Nichols plants, which
had been found growing spontaneously, the terminal leaflets were less
than "about two inches long" (the measure stated for the type
specimen, raised in cultivation, of B. incisa).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII

Bidens incisa: a, flowering branch, X0.64; b, portion of same,
showing pubescence, Xl.l; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.84; d,
interior involucral bract, X3.1; e, ray corolla, X2.56;/, palea, X3.84;
g, disc floret, X5.1; h, i, achenes, X3.84; a-g, from Nichols 137
(cotypes of Bidens reptans var. tomentosa 0. E. Schz.) in Hb. Mo.
and Hb. Field ; h, i, from J. Hart, in Hb. Field.

65. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 187 (238). 1820.
PI. XLIV and PI. XLV, figs. a-g.

Bidens tereticaulis DC. Prodr. 5: 598. 1836.

Coreopsis trifoliata Bertoloni, Fl. Guat. 36. 1840.

Bidens antiguensis Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 100. 1891.

Coreopsis scandens Sesse* & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 194. 1894 (ex

descript. et pro parte; cf. B. reptans var. Urbanii).
Bidens tereticaulis var. sordida Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 115.

1903.
Bidens tereticaulis var. indivisa Robins. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.

31: 270. 1904.
Bidens Coreopsidis var. procumbens Bonn. Sm. Bot. Gaz. 42: 299.

1906.
Bidens tereticaulis var. antiguensis (Coult.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban,

Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911.

Perennis, scandens; caule fruticoso, tereti, ± 3.5 m. longo, ramoso;
ramis teretibus, glabris vel tomentosis. Folia petiolata petiolis
tenuibus 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa, principalia
pinnatim 3-5-partita vel rarenter indivisa, summa indivisa; foliolis
nunc ovatis, nunc ovato-lanceolatis, nunc lanceolatis, apice acutis
acuminatisve, serratis, membranaceis, supra plerumque pilis brevibus
conspersis et subtus pubescenti-hirtis, rarius glabratis vel densis-
sime tomentosis, terminali petiolulato, lateralibus sessilibus vel sub-
sessilibus. Capitula plerumque numerosa, terminalia, paniculata

180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

vel racemoso-corymbosa, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-4 (-8)
cm. longis nudis vel bracteolatis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5
etiam usque ad 4 cm. lata et 6-8 (vel etiam -15) mm. alta. Involu-
crum omnino hispidum vel glabratum supra; bracteis exterioribus
4-6, linearibus, apice indurato-apiculatis, 3-5 mm. longis, demum
squarroso-reflexis, interiores oblongo-oblanceolatas subaequantibus.
Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula anguste elliptico-oblanceolati,
apice integri vel minutissime denticulati et plerumque subacuti,
0.8-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso-
quadrangularia, nigrescentia, marginibus pilis longis plerumque
2-4-adgregatis et saepe tuberculo parvo insidentibus ciliata, corpore
6-9 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, erectis vel divaricatis,
retrorsum hamosis vel omnino nudis, 2-4 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime
Bonpland at altitude of 900 meters, between Caracas and Mt.
Buena vista, Venezuela, January, 1799-1803 (Par.).

Distribution: From states of Tamaulipas and Jalisco, Mexico,
southeastward through Central America and in South America to
Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil; also on St. Vincent, Windward
Islands.

Specimens examined : Allart 69, between Cotiza and Los Venados,
near Caracas, Venezuela, October, 1924 (N.Y.); idem 457, alt. 1,800-
2,000 meters, Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, December, 1924 (N.Y.jU.S.) ;
Ed. Andre 103, La Guayra, Venezuela, November 25, 1875 (N.Y.);
C. F. Baker 2121, Quesalguague, Dept. Leon, Nicaragua, January
17, 1903 (Calif.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); idem 2214,
Masaya, Dept. Masaya, Nicaragua, January-February, 1903 (Calif. ;
Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); Miguel Bang 16, alt. 3,000 meters,
vicinity of La Paz, Bolivia, 1889 (Phila.) ; idem 1406, Guanai-Tipuani,
Bolivia, April-June, 1892 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Kew;
Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Petrop.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); Berlandier 14, in
woods between Tampico and Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Janu-
ary 30, 1827 (Del., 2 sheets; Flor.); idem 730, Tantoyuca, Vera Cruz,
Mexico, December, 1830 (Gray; Par.); idem 2148, vicinity of Tan-
toyuca, Vera Cruz (Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Phila.; Mus. V.);
idem 2150, eodem loco, December, 1830 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray);
Bernoulli & Cario 1375, Retalhuleu, Dept. Retalhuleu, Guatemala,
December, 1877 (Berl.; Kew); iidem 1519, eodem loco, January,
1876 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew); Bilimek 203, Orizaba, Mexico, May,
1867 (Kew; Par., 2 sheets); Biolley 7028, near San Mateo, Costa
Rica, January 18, 1892 (Boiss.; Gray); Birschel, near Guarenas,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLV

BIDENS SQUARROSA H.B.K. (figs, a-g)
BIDENS VINCAEFOLIA Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff (figs, h-m)

of

THE GENUS BIDENS 181

Venezuela, April, 1854 (Kew) ; Botteri, Mexico, 1856 (Del., 2 sheets) ;
idem 443 and 444, Orizaba, Mexico, September, 1854 (Brit.; Par.);
idem 489, eodem loco (Gray) ; E. Bourgeau 30, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, September 5, 1866 (Par., 5 sheets); idem 1560, Valley of
Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, December 12, 1865 (Del.; Gray; Kew;
Petrop.); idem 3093, Orizaba, Mexico, October 3, 1866 (Kew; Par.,
3 sheets) ; Otto Buchtien 1575, alt. 570 meters, near Mapiri, Bolivia,
November, 1907 (Field) ; Salvador Calderdn 169, San Salvador, Sal-
vador, 1921 (Gray) ; Cochburn, Caracas, Venezuela (Brit.) ; C. Conzatti
122, alt. 1,200 meters, mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico, September 20,
1895 (Gray) ; idem 1581, alt. 1,800 meters, Cerro San Antonio, Oaxaca,
Mexico, October 28, 1906 (Field); idem 2269, alt. 2,000 meters,
Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, October 18, 1908 (Field); idem
& V. Gonzalez 1133, alt. 850 meters, Cordoba, Mexico, December,
1900 (Gray); G. P. Cooper 11, alt. 1,140-1,260 meters, Las Con-
cavas, near Cartago, Costa Rica (Gray); J. J. Cooper 5814 p.p.,
alt. 1,275 meters, Cartago, Prov. Cartago, Costa Rica, December,
1887 (Mun.); Padre Cornelio 59, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela, 1927
(U.S.); C. C. Deam 109, alt. 48 meters, Los Amates, Izabal, Guate-
mala, February 12, 1905 (Gray) ; Eggers 6612, alt. 180-360 meters,
Montrose Hills, St. Vincent, West Indies, December 26, 1889 (U.V.;
mihi non aliter e his insulis nota, tamen est vera B. squarrosa);
C. Ehrenberg 55, Mexico (Berl.); Endres 1, alt. 1,050 meters, Costa
Rica (Mus. V.); idem 45, Costa Rica (Kew); idem 133, alt. 1,200
meters, Costa Rica (Mus. V.);L. C.Ervendberg 67, Wartenberg, near
Tantoyuca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, November, 1858 (Del.; Gray; Par.;
Phila.); A. Fendler 41, near Tovar, Venezuela, 1854-1855 (Del., 2
sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila.); idem 696 and 6966, Venezuela
(Gray) ; H. Galeotti 2212, mountains, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico,
October-December, 1840 (Par.); idem 2340, moist woods on moun-
tains, eodem loco, October-November, 1840 (Del.; Par.); idem 2471,
mountains, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 1840 (Del.; Par.);
idem 2493, eodem loco (Del.; Par.); George Gaumer, Izamal, Yucatan,
Mexico, 1888 (Kew, 2 sheets); idem 951, eodem loco (Berl.; Gray;
Kew) ; idem et filii 23510, Xnocac, Yucatan, December, 1916 (Brit. ;
floris aromaticissimis fide Gaum, et ff.); E. A. Goldman 30, near
Metlaltoyuca, Puebla, Mexico, January 27, 1898 (Gray); idem 493,
Apazote, Campeche, Mexico, December 28, 1900 (U.S.); W. Han-
cock, Guatemala, 1882-1883 (Kew); E. T. Heyde 666, Guatemala,
1892 (U.S.); idem & Lux 4193, alt. 1,650 meters, Buena Vista,
Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, December, 1892 (Berl.; Field; Kew;

182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Mo.); C. Hoffmann 383, Valley of Rio Legardo, Costa Rica (Gray,
type of Bidens tereticaulis var. sordida Greenm.); E. W. D. Holway
4, alt. 1,500 meters, Guatemala City, Guatemala, December 31,
1914 (Gray) ; idem 110, alt. about 1,500 meters, Solola, Guatemala,
January 25, 1915 (Gray); idem 3667, State of Oaxaca, Mexico,
October 18, 1899 (Gray); Humboldt & Bonpland, Caracas, Vene-
zuela (Par., type); Harry Johnson 920, alt. 1,350 meters, Samac, Alta
Verapaz, Guatemala, October 20, 1920 (U.S. ; forma glabra foliis sim-
plicibus, floribus e lectore suaveolentibus) ; idem 921, alt. 1,200
meters, Samac, October 20, 1920 (U.S.; forma tomentosa foliis
simplicibus, elongatis, lanceolato-oblongis) ; C. Jurgensen 781, Mexico,
1843-1844 (Del.; Kew, 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman 5341, El
Rancho, Sierra de Las Minas, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala,
January 6, 1906 (Field) ; idem 5351, alt. 1,205 meters, Moran, Dept.
Amatitlan, Guatemala, February 11, 1905 (Field); idem 6118,
Volcan de Acatenango, Dept. Chimaltenango, Guatemala, February
8, 1907 (Field) ; idem 8035, alt. 1,050 meters, El Rancho, Guatemala,
January, 1908 (N.Y.); E. P. Killip & T. E. Hazen 2527, alt. 2,500-
3,100 meters, forest, Old Quindio Trail, "La Ceja" to "Agua Bonita,"
Dept. Tolima, Colombia, August 2, 1922 (N. Y. ; forma valde tomen-
tosa); iidem 9527, eodem loco et tempore (U.S.); E. P. Killip &
A. C. Smith 16896, alt. 2,800 meters, vicinity of California, Dept.
Santander, Colombia, January 11-27, 1927 (U.S.); iidem 23769,
thickets at about 700 meters alt., La Merced, Dept. Junin, Peru,
May 29-June 4, 1929 (Field); iidem 25348, alt. 700 meters, dense
forest, Rio Paucartambo Valley, Dept. Junin, June 19, 1929 (Field) ;E.
Langlasse 689 p.p., alt. 300 meters, Michoacan and Guerrero, Mexico,
December 2, 1898 (Berl.; Gray; forma foliis 5-partitis et B. reptanti
adpropinquans) ; Lehmann 8723, alt. 1,000-1,500 meters, Altamira
and Suaza above Tolima, Colombia, December (Field; forma);
P. Levy 306, alt. 40 meters, forests about Granada, Nicaragua,
December, 1869 (Cop., 2 sheets; Par.); Liebmann 621, Colipa,
Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; idem 622, Gualulu,
Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets; Kew); idem 623, Ejutla, Oaxaca,
Mexico, October, 1842 (Cop.); idem 628, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico,
1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets; Par.); idem 629, eodem loco, October,
1841 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; Lansberg, Venezuela (Berl.); J. Linden 1172,
Mirador, Vera Cruz, November, 1838 (Flor. ; Kew) ; C. L. Lundell
136, Honey Camp, Orange Walk, British Honduras, 1928 (Gray);
J. F. Macbride 3814, sunny thickets, about 1,800 meters, Yanano,
Peru, May 13-16, 1923 (Field); Maxon & Hay 3162, alt. about 550

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLVI

BIDENS RUBIFOLIA H.B.K.

Of

THE GENUS BIDENS 183

meters, bank, vicinity of Secanquim, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guate-
mala, January 4, 1905 (U.S.); Moritz 57, Caracas, Venezuela,
January, 1843 (Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets); E. W. Nelson 1508, alt. 1,560-
2,040 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 2, 1894
(U.S.); 'idem 1824, alt. 1,350-1,650 meters, 6 miles above Domin-
guillo, Oaxaca, October 30, 1894 (Gray); idem 3410, near Yajalon,
Chiapas, Mexico, November 21, 1895 (Gray); Gustavo Niederlein,
alt. 2,100 meters, Quezaltepec (Volcan de San Salvador), Salvador,
January 9, 1898 (Berl., 2 sheets); Oersted 150, Costa Rica, 1851
(Kew); idem 182, Segovia, Nicaragua, 1851 (Kew); C. R. Orcutt
3031, Sanborn, Vera Cruz, Mexico, March-April, 1910 (Field; Mo.);
Otto 515, Colombia (Kew) ; Edward Palmer 122, alt. about 15 meters,
vicinity of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, January, 1910 (Brit.;
Kew; Mo.; N.Y.); idem 713, Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, October-
November, 1886 (Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Mo.; Par.; Phila.); idem 1116,
San Luis Potosi to Tampico, Mexico, December, 1878-February,
1879 (Field; Kew; Phila., 2 sheets); C. C. Parry & E. Palmer (simi-
liter) 1116, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, Mexico, 1878 (Gray); Emilio
Pittier 112, forest, mountains near Galipan, Federal District, Vene-
zuela, October 25, 1921 (N.Y.; U.S.); H. Pittier 1838, alt. 600
meters, hedges about Copan, Honduras, January 9, 1907 (Field);
idem 5912, alt. 1,100-1,700 meters, between Caracas and La Guayra,
Federal Distr., Venezuela, February 28, 1913 (Berl.); idem 8243,
alt. 800-1,200 meters, Lower Cotiza, near Caracas, Venezuela, October
26, 1918 (U.S.); idem 11250, alt. 1,400 meters, in bushes on hills
above Los Teques, Miranda, Colombia, November 18, 1923 (Del.);
C. G. Pringle 3373, extensively trailing over dry ledges, shrubs, etc.,
Tamasopo Canyon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, November 28, 1890
(Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cam.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Man.; Mo.;
Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); C. A. Purpus 3633, Zacua-
pan, Vera Cruz, Mexico, October, 1909 (forma foliis plerumque 5-
partitis; Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Mo.; Par.); J. N.
Rovirosa 70, vicinity of San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico, 1888
(Phila.); idem 688, in thickets between San Juan Bautista and
Atasta, Tabasco, about 1890 (N.Y.; Phila.); H. H. Rusby 1642,
alt. 600 meters, Guanai, Bolivia, May, 1886 (Boiss.; Brit., 2 sheets;
Field; Kew; Mus. V.; Phila.); A. de St. Hilaire 1198, State of Sao
Paulo, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par., 2 sheets) ; Salle 443, Orizaba, Mexico,
September, 1854 (Berl.; Kew); idem 444, eodem loco (Berl.); Salvin
& Godman 294, Dulmas, Guatemala, 1861 (Kew); Carl Sartorius,
Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Par.);L. Schlim 255, alt. 1,050 meters,

184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Prov. Ocana, Colombia, October (1846-1852; Brit.; Del.; Par.);
A. Schott 145, Mgrida, Yucatan, Mexico, December, 1864 (Brit.);
Seemann, Panama (Brit.); (Sello 590 and 4548, once put here, are at
least partly B. segetum;} Sinclair, Ecuador (Kew) ; C. L. Smith 298
and 633, alt. 1,650-1,800 meters, Monte Alban, near Oaxaca, Oaxaca,
Mexico, October, 1894 (N.Y.); idem 587, Coatzacoalcos, Isthmus of
Tehuantepec, Vera Cruz, Mexico, February 6, 1895 (Gray; Mo.,
2 sheets) ; H. H. Smith 519, alt. 600 meters, Jiracasaca, Santa Marta,
Colombia, October, 1898-1901 (Berl.; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Field;
Man.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.); J. D. Smith 2354, alt. 1,500 meters,
Antigua, Dept. Zacatepe"quez, Guatemala, April, 1890 (first and
second type sheets of Bidens antiguensis Coult., Field; cotypes,
Berl.; Kew; Mun.);L. C. Smith, alt. 1,800 meters, Rancho de Cal-
deron, Oaxaca, Mexico, September 10, 1894 (Gray) ; P. C. Standley
19096, alt. 650-850 meters, vicinity of San Salvador, Salvador,
December 20, 1921-January 4, 1922 (Gray); idem 20220, alt. 800-
1,000 meters, vicinity of Ahuachapan, Dept. Ahuachapan, Sal-
vador, January 9-27, 1922 (Gray); idem 21844, vicinity of Izalco,
Dept. Sonsonate, Salvador, March 19-24, 1922 (Gray) ; idem 22603,
dry slope along road from San Martin to Laguna de Ilopango,
Dept. San Salvador, Salvador, April 1, 1922 (Gray) ; H. Sydow 1,
Grecia, Costa Rica, January 17, 1925 (Field) ; idem 39, coffee plan-
tation near San Jose", Costa Rica, January, 1925 (Field); R. Tate
172, 173, and 288, Nicaragua, 1867-1868 (Brit.); Ad. Tonduz 7058,
alt. 1,100 meters, vicinity of San Francisco de Guadalupe, Prov.
San Jose", Costa Rica, January, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew;
Mo.; Mun.); idem 7248, eodem loco, January 4, 1893 (Del.; Boiss.;
Gray); idem 7265, banks of the Rio Maria Aguilar near San Jose",
Costa Rica, December 29, 1892 (Boiss.; Gray; Par.); idem 9850,
environs of San Pedro del Mojon, Costa Rica, January, 1896 (Berl.;
Brit.; Mun.);1 idem 13600, thickets, Nicoya, Costa Rica, January,
1900 (Berl.; Brit.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets) ;L. V. Velasco 8873,
San Salvador, Salvador, December, 1905 (U.S.); Von Christmar,
Campeche, Mexico (Berl.); H. Von Tuerckheim 297, in bushes,
vicinity of Coban, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, December,
1879 (Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.V., 3 sheets); idem (similiter) 297,
alt. 1,290 meters, eodem loco, May, 1886 (forma foliis pro
maxima parte simplicibus; Berl.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.; Par., ubi foliis

1 Tonduz 12284 (alt. 1,800 meters, forests, Mala Via au Copey, Costa Rica,
April, 1898; Gray) was cited by Greenman for his B. tereticaulis var. sordida.
It is an uncertain form between B. segetum var. patula, which Dr. Scherzer
collected at San Jos6, and this species.

THE GENUS BIDENS . 185

tripartita; Phila.); idem II. 1475, alt. 1,350 meters, eodem loco,
November, 1906 (Brit.; Field); idem 7900, on rocks, alt. 350 meters,
Cubilquitz, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, January, 1901 (Berl.;
Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); Wawra 545, Vera Cruz, Mexico
(forma B. reptanti var. Urbanii valde adpropinquans; Berl.; Mus.
V.); idem 669, eodem loco (Berl.; Mus. V.); A. Weberbauer 840, alt.
2,400 meters, between Sandia and Cuyocuyo, Peru, April 27, 1902
(Berl.); idem 6583, 1,900-2,000 meters, Mantaro River at Huachicna,
Prov. Huancayo, Peru, April 6, 1913 (Berl., 2 sheets); C. Werckle
63, Costa Rica (Berl.); R. S. Williams 160, alt. 1,440 meters, Apolo,
Bolivia, April 15, 1902 (Brit.; Field).

DeCandolle, in describing his Bidens tereticaulis (loc. cit.), stated
that it differed from B. squarrosa in having glabrate leaves, all of
which were trisected, in having heads smaller, and in coming from
a different region ("Differt .... a B. squarrosa foliis glabrius-
culis . . . capitulo minore, foliis etiam superis trisectis et patria").
But he had not seen the type material of B. squarrosa, as is
evidenced by his failure to use the abbreviation "v.s." in con-
nection with its description (op. cit. 599). At Paris is still preserved
Kunth's type of B. squarrosa. Upon the label are the words "Bidens
squarrosa mihi . . . Caracas." This is positively the specimen
which Kunth had at hand in drawing up his description. In a former
paper (Bot. Gaz. 64: 36, pi 9. 1917) I have discussed the plant and
presented a plate drawn directly from it, with an attempt at the
utmost fidelity to all details. It consists of a branchlet coming from
a portion of a stem. The leaves of the branchlet are simple, as
described by Kunth. One well preserved leaf, still attached,1 and
certain similar but more fragmentary leaves, some of them broken
loose, remain with the stem proper. These leaves are very important,
as they establish definitely and beyond all question the identity of
B. squarrosa with pubescent forms of B. tereticaulis DC., and not with
B. reptans (L.) G. Don (with which it is equated by 0. E. Schulz,
op. cit. 140).

The presence of pubescence in this species is not of specific
importance, a fact recognized by Greenman (loc. cit.) and by Schulz
(op. cit. 142) when they treated very tomentose specimens as mere
varieties of B. tereticaulis. Nor is the presence of several or even

1 At least when I examined it in 1914, as may be seen from a photograph
taken by myself at that time and now deposited, with many hundreds of others
of the genus Bidens, in the herbarium of Meld Museum. The specimen was very
brittle and certain parts were observed to crack even during my cautious handling
of it.

186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

many undivided leaves of decisive value, a fact recognized by
Robinson (loc. cit.) in treating as merely a variety of B. tereticaulis
a specimen with all its leaves simple. That Coulter (loc. cit.)
treated his B. antiguensis (cf. Sherff, op. cit., pi. 10} as a distinct
species is easily explained by the fact that the strong superficial
resemblance of his first type specimen's foliage to that of certain
hispid forms of B. pilosa var. radiata (B. leucantha [L.] Willd.) led
him to contrast it with that plant, from which he very properly
regarded it as distinct. It is interesting to observe that Coulter also
noted the remarkable variation in pubescence ("exceedingly variable
in pubescence, from glabrous to pilose-pubescent").

The plant described by Coulter has the achenial awns glabrous.
This character, which, however, is inconstant in some cases, is
noticeable in nearly all the specimens of B. squarrosa from Central
America (in South America and Mexico the awns are almost always
barbed). The tendency to have smooth awns is apparently the only
means by which a separation of the Central American forms from
the species proper might be undertaken.1 In view of the wide range
of variation in leaves, flowering heads, and inflorescence, it seems
unwise at the present time to select one or two forms (e.g., vars.
antiguensis and sordida) and recognize for them a varietal rank.

Bidens Coreopsidis DC. var. procumbens Bonn. Sm. is a form of
this species. Its leaves are mainly 5-parted and the leaflets are
slightly narrower than in most specimens. It approaches rather
closely B. reptans (L.) G. Don var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz, described
from Puerto Rico. In fact, an occasional specimen from Central
America or Mexico simulates so strongly the Puerto Rico material
that the two practically pass into each other, making distinctions
difficult except upon a purely geographic basis. Yet the general
aspect of Bidens reptans (the species proper) is usually so distinct
that botanists almost uniformly have retained B. squarrosa (B.
tereticaulis) as of separate specific rank.

With the usually very distinct B. segetum and its var. patula of
South America, B. squarrosa is connected by three specimens from
Costa Rica and apparently by a few doubtful forms from South
America. One Costa Rica plant, Scherzer 853, alt. 2,730 meters,
San Jose", September-November (Mus. V.) is closer to B. segetum

1 Like B. reptans and other members of the Section Greenmania, B. squarrosa
often has different parts of one plant growing under widely diverse conditions
of light and atmosphere because of the climbing habit and the great length of the
stems and branches. Thus two specimens of strikingly different aspect may be
gathered from the same plant.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLVII

BIDENS SIMPLICIFOLIA C. H. Wright

THE GENUS BIDENS 187

(var. patula) in technical characters. The somewhat similar type of
B. tereticaulis var. sordida Greenman, also collected in Costa Rica,
appears closer, however, to B. squarrosa, to which it apparently must
be referred. Tonduz 12284, a supplementary specimen cited by
Greenman for his B. tereticaulis var. sordida, is a more uncertain form,
apparently almost as justly referable to B. segetum as to B. squarrosa.
Just what the exact significance of these more or less intermediate
forms is, I am unable to judge satisfactorily. In any case it seems
entirely without warrant to merge the two species into one.

Coreopsis trifoliata Bertoloni is represented, according to Dr.
S. F. Blake (in lit., January 5, 1926; cf. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 53:
217. 1926), by merely a small fragment about 1 dm. long (Hb. Bertol.
now in Bol . ) . It was collected by Velasquez, Vulcano d' Acqua ( Volcan
de Agua). Dr. Blake concludes from his own careful study of the
type fragment that it is a form of B. squarrosa.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV

Bidens squarrosa: a, fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, c, portions of
branches drawn to show pubescence, X0.57; d, e, exterior involucral
bracts, X 3.45; /, g, interior involucral bracts, X3.45; h, i, ray corollas,
X3.45; j, palea, X3.45; k, I, disc florets, X3.45; m, anthers, X 28.75;
n, pollen grain, X805; o, upper portion of pistil, X 17.25; p, achene,
X4.31; all from J. D. Smith 2354 (two type sheets of Bidens
antiguensis Coult.), in Hb. Field.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV, FIGS, a-g

Bidens squarrosa: a, flowering branch, X0.73; b, exterior involucral
bract, X3.66; c, interior involucral bract, X3.66; d, ray corolla,
X2.92; e, palea, X3.66; /, disc floret, X2.92; g, achene, X2.92; all
from Berlandier 2150 (cotype of Bidens tereticaulis DC.), in Hb.
Gray, except d and radiate heads of a, which are amplified accord-
ing to better preserved heads of Pringle 3373, in Hb. Field.

66. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 186 (237), pi. 381.

1820. PI. XLVI.

Bidens floribunda H.B.K. op. cit. 187 (238).
Kerneria Rubifolia (H.B.K.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 399. 1822.
Bidens rugulosa Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 24: (I) 184. 1851.
Bidens Rubifolia var. floribunda (H.B.K.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban,
Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911.

Perennis, scandens, ± 4 m. alta; caule fruticoso; ramis tetra-
gonis vel subteretibus, glabris. Folia tenuiter petiolata, petiolis 1-5

188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-16 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita vel
summa indivisa; foliolis subcoriaceis et saepe rugosis vel raro mem-
branaceis, serratis, plerumque glabris, margine interdum revolutis,
supra nitidis et satiate viridibus, subtus pallidioribus; lateralibus
subsessilibus, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, 1.5-6
cm. longis; intermedio petiolulato, ovato-oblongo vel lanceolate,
apice anguste acuminate vel etiam obtuso, 4-12 cm. longo, plerumque
8-14 dentibus in unico latere. Capitula corymbosa, radiata, pedun-
culata pedunculis 1-4 (vel interdum etiam 12) cm. longis. Involu-
crum basi plerumque hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8-10,
linearibus, nunc hispido-ciliatis et in tergo hispidis, nunc fere omnino
glabris, 3-6 mm. longis, plerumque patentibus vel reflexis, quam
interioribus nunc vix longioribus nunc dimidio brevioribus. Flores
ligulati saepius 5, flavi, ligula oblongi, obsolete tridentati, 1.2-1.6
cm. longi. Achaenia paleas multo superantia, linearia, plana vel
obcompresso-quadrangularia, paucisulcata, scabriuscula, margini-
bus hispida, fusco-nigra vel nigrescentia, corpore 0.9-2.1 cm. longa,
interiora superne attenuata, biaristata vel rarissime subtriaristata,
aristis erectis vel patentibus vel reflexis, retrorsum hamosis, 3.5-5.5
mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime
Bonpland at Quito, Ecuador, 1799-1803 l (Par.).

Distribution: In the region of the Andes, Venezuela to Peru.

Specimens examined: Bro. Ariste- Joseph, Paramo de Usme,
Colombia, 1922 (U.S.); Miguel Bang 2031, Bolivia (Kew; N.Y.;
forma); Justin Goudot, Bogota, Colombia (Del.); idem, eodem loco,
November, 1844 (Par. ; Webb) ; /. F. Holton 265, eodem loco, October
28, 1852 (Boiss.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.); Humboldt & Bonpland, Quito,
Ecuador (Par., type and duplicate, 2 sheets) ; iidem, alt. 2,700 meters,
at foot of Mt. Javirac near Quito, February (Par. ; type of Bidens
floribunda H.B.K., the simple-leaved state); Jameson 497, near
Pasto, Colombia (type material of Bidens rugulosa Turcz.; Boiss.;
Brit.; Del.; Petrop.; Webb); H. Karsten, Bogota, Colombia (Mus.
V.); idem, Chiquinquira near Bogota, Colombia (Mus. V., sub nom.
Bidente spirali Schz. Bip.); E. P. Killip & Bro. Ariste-Joseph 11922,
alt. 3,700 meters, Paramo de Choachi, near Bogota, Colombia,
August 8, 1922 (U.S.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 17204, alt. 3,000-
3,600 meters, in woods, western slope of Paramo Rico, Dept. San-
tander, Colombia, January 15-19, 1927 (U.S.; planta juvenili);

1 The type sheet bears no citation of locality but the Bonpland duplicate at
Paris gives Quito. This had not been seen by Kunth, hence his query, "Crescit
in Regno Quitensi?"

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XLVIII

BIDENS UROPHYLLA Sherff

Of

THE GENUS BIDENS 189

iidem 18779, alt. about 3,200 meters, dense forest, Quebrada de Pais,
north of La Baja, Dept. Santander, January 31, 1927 (U.S.); W.
Lechler 2127, Tabina, Peru (Kew); F. C. Lehmann 4703, alt. 2,800-
3,000 meters, west slopes near Paramo of Guanacas, Prov. Popayan,
Colombia, March (Berl.; Kew; Petrop.); idem 5965, alt. 2,500-2,800
meters, in dense forests on the Alto de Pesares above Popayan,
Colombia, March (Berl. ; Kew) ; J. J. Linden 487 p.p., alt. 1,200-4,350
meters, high Andes, Truxillo and MeYida, Venezuela, 1842 (Del.;
per hanc formam magna anomalaque specimina num. 53 Mandonii —
q.v. — Bidenti Rubifoliae conjuncta sunt); idem (similiter) 487,
Caracas, Venezuela, April, etc., 1842 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Mus. V.);
J. F. Macbride 3468, alt. about 2,550 meters, Cani, Peru, April 16-26,
1923 (Field); G. Mandon 53, alt. 3,000 meters, in woods (nemoribus),
between Motoato and Alto de Soque, Bolivia, June 1, 1860 (Del.;
Kew; Mus. V., etc.; vide Lindenii 487 ex MeYida, etc.); Mutis 26,
Colombia (Linn.); F. W. Pennell 8858, alt. 2,100-2,500 meters, edge
of forest above Salento, Dept. Caldas, Colombia, July 25-31, 1922
(U.S.); H. Pittier 1432, alt. 2,550 meters, below Pitaio, Rio Palo
Basin, Tierra Adentro, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, February, 1906 (Field;
U.S.); Rivet 924 and 2220, Soja, equatorial South America, April,
1905 (Par. ; atypica) ; (L. Schlim 255, formerly referred at Kew to
this species, is seen, at least in some herbaria, to be B. squarrosa;)
A. Stubel lOla, vicinity of Bogota, Colombia, April-May, 1868
(Berl.); J.J. Triana 1367, alt. 2,700 meters, Colombia (Berl.; Par.);
idem 1368, alt. 2,700 meters, Prov. Bogota, Colombia, 1851-1857
(Brit.; Par.); idem 1369 p.p., Colombia (Berl.).

The foliage is at times 3-partite as in the type material, or again it
is mostly 5-partite, as in my plate. The leaves are typically sub-
coriaceous and strongly rugose, characters failing to show in the
plate, but in herbarium specimens usually very distinctive. The
specimens cited by Turczaninow for his Bidens rugulosa (Jameson
497) are mutually rather dissimilar in foliage, varying from typical
or nearly so to a form with lanceolate leaflets, these hardly rugose
but more closely and finely serrate, a terminal leaflet having as many
as 46 teeth on each side. Of the latter form an extreme, such as
Turczaninow must have had for his description, is in Kew, on the
same sheet with two other specimens more nearly typical for B.
Rubifolia. It suggests B. segetum Mart, very strongly. In fact, J. G.
Baker (in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 245. 1884), doubtless influenced
by this material at Kew, synonymized the name B. speciosa Gardn.
(=B. segetum) with B. Rubifolia H.B.K. We may note also that

190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

some forms of B. segetum var. patula (Gardn.) Sherff approach in
foliar rugosity very closely to B. Rubifolia; e.g., Goudot 1.

Seemann 686, from Ecuador, has foliage typical for B. squarrosa
H.B.K., but in the characters of the inflorescence is like B. Rubifolia
and B. segetum. Lehmann 4703 has the rugose leaves of B. Rubi-
folia but small flowering heads as in B. squarrosa. Through these
and certain other specimens much confusion has arisen in literature,
but it appears that the maintenance of B. squarrosa and B. Rubifolia
as distinct species is more in harmony with the Linnean species
concept.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI

Bidens Rubifolia: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.58; b,
tripartite leaf, X0.58; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.91; d, interior
involucral bract, X2.91; e, ray floret, X2.91;/, palea, X2.91; g, disc
floret, X2.91; h, achene, X2.32; all from Lehmann 4703, in Hb. Kew.

67. Bidens simplicifolia C. H. Wright, Kew Bull. 1906: 5. 1906.

PL XLVII.

Frutex scandens, 3 m. altus; ramis teretibus, striatis, glabris.
Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.8-2 dm.
longa et 4-7 cm. lata, indivisa; lamina nunc valde ovata nunc
oblongo-ovata, apice acuminata basi primum rotundata deinde ad
petiolum decurrente, margine (non alte) serrata atque eciliata, facie-
bus glaberrima. Capitula corymbosa, subtenuiter pedicellata pedi-
cellis glabris usque ad 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
± 4 cm. lata et circ. 1.4-1.6 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores
numerosae (plerumque 12-14) ac perspicuae, demum patentes vel
subreflexae, spathulato-obovatae vel -oblanceolatae, tergo glabrae,
margine sparsim ciliatae, saepius 3-nervatae, apice rotundatae vel
obtusissimae, 6-9 mm. longae et 1.5-2.6 mm. latae; interiores
lanceolato-oblongae, brunneae, anguste hyalino-marginatae, subtiles,
apicaliter pubescentes, paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi,
ligula late oblongo-oblanceolati, apice subintegri, circ. 1.5-1.8 cm.
longi. Paleae lineares, pro capitulo submaturo 1-1.4 cm. longae.
Achaenia linearia lateribus plus minusve parallela, valde obcompressa,
atra, utraque facie circ. 8-sulcata et glabra vel sub apice spar-
sim erecto-setosa, marginibus densissime suberecto-ciliata, corpore
submatura 8-14 mm. longa et circ. 0.5-0.7 mm. lata, apice perspicue
biaristata aristis tenuibus, stramineis, supra retrorsum hamosis basi
saepe antrorsum hamosis, moderate patentibus, 5-6 mm. longis.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIX

BIDENS SEGETUM Mart.

THE GENUS BIDENS 191

Type specimen: Collected by Heinrich Franz Alexander Eggers,
No. 15725, in dry, bushy places, Agua Amarga at El Recreo, Ecuador,
April 10, 1897 (Kew).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in Ecuador.

Specimens examined: Eggers 15725 (type, Kew: cotypes, Berl.;
Field; Mun.).

In 1915 (Bot. Gaz. 59: 309) this species was referred by me to
Bid ens floribunda H.B.K. Subsequent study of additional material
has shown, however, that B. floribunda is merely a simple-leaved
state of B. Rubifolia H.B.K., whereas B. simplicifolia is apparently
distinct.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII

Bidens simplicifolia: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.52;
b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.56; c, interior involucral bract,
X2.1; d, ray corolla, X3.1; e, palea, Xl.56; /, disc floret, X2.5; g,
anthers, X8.2; h, upper portion of pistil, X7.47; i, achene, X2.08;
chiefly from cotype in Hb. Field, but partly from cotype in Hb.
Berl. and partly from type in Hb. Kew.

68. Bidens Vincaefolia Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
59: 303. 1915. PL XLV, figs. h-m.

Herba perennis, verisimiliter volubilis; caule angulato vel tetra-
gono, ramoso; ramis glabris vel subglabris, tetragonis, striatis. Folia
petiolata petiolis ciliatis 1-1.8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-3.5 cm.
longa, tripartita vel raro indivisa, subcoriacea vel membranacea,
subtus pallidiora et ad venas minute pubescentia, marginibus integris
vel rarius serratis et in specimine sicco subrevolutis; foliolo terminali
lanceolato, 1-2 cm. longo; lateralibus oblanceolatis vel obovatis,
0.6-1.3 cm. longis. Capitula pedunculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
circ. 1 cm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta. Involucrum basi hispidum, bracteis
subaequalibus; exterioribus circ. 5, linearibus, plus minusve pubes-
centibus, nigro-striatis, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis,
subglabris. Flores ligulati circ. 6 vel 7, flavi, nonnullis lineis nigro-
striati, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, 5-8 mm. longi. Achaenia
linearia, plana, atro-fusca, corpore circ. 1 cm. longa, biaristata aristis
retrorsum hamosis, 1-2.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Hermann Karsten at Bogota,
Colombia (Par.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality of Bogota, Colombia.

Specimens examined: Karsten (type, Par.: cotype, Mus. V.).

192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

This species appears unique, being distinct in general aspect from
any other species known to me. The type sheet, originally in
Schultz Bipontinus' own herbarium, bears several small specimens.
These are remarkably uniform and are allied most closely with
Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., the leaves of which are much less diminu-
tive. While true B. Rubifolia grows at Bogota (e.g., /. F. Holton
365, October 28, 1852), Karsten and Schultz Bipontinus evidently
regarded the Karsten plant as specifically distinct. This course I also
must adopt, as I am unable to connect the two forms in herbaria by
any intermediate ones.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV, FIGS, h-m

Bidens Vincaefolia: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.73; i,
exterior involucral bract, X3.66;;, interior involucral bract, X3.66;
k, ray corolla, X2.92; I, palea, X3.66; m, disc floret, X2.92; all from
type.

69. Bidens Gentry! Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 608. 1936.

Herba perennis, gracillima, circ. 1 m. alta; caulibus paucibus
ex unica radice, parce rectis sed non certe volubilibus, subteretibus,
sulculatis, glabris, tantum circ. 1-1.3 mm. crassis. Folia petiolata
petiolis tenuibus glabris plerumque 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
principalia 1-1.3 dm. longa, bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta; foliolis
lateralibus primariis (imis tenuiter petiolulatis) 2 vel 3 jugis,
membranaceissimis, glabratis vel margine sparsim setuloso-ciliatis,
segmentis plus minusve lineari-oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis termi-
nali anguste attenuate; folioli terminalis segmento terminali angustis-
sime lineari-acuminato usque ad 5.5 cm. longo. Capitula corymbose
disposita (3 vel 4 ad caulis finem), pedunculata pedunculo tenui
glabro ± 7 cm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 3.8-4.3 cm.
lata et ± 1.2 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, patentes
vel subreflexae, lineares, apice acutae, glabratae, circ. 9-12 mm.
longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae, non nisi apice pubescentes,
breviores. Flores ligulati 7-9, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati,
apice saepe 2- vel 3-denticulati, ± 2 cm. longi. Paleae superne sen-
sim angustatae, apice obtusae, sub 1 cm. longae. Achaenia sub-
matura linearia, subtetragono-obcompressa, brunneo-atra; corpore
glaberrimo vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-setuloso, sub 1 cm.
longo et sub 1 mm. crasso, omnibus (4) faciebus 2-sulculatis; aristis
abortivis vel 2, tenuibus, sub 3 mm. longis, suberectis, retrorsum
hamosis hamis paucis albidis acerrimis.

Type specimen: Collected by Howard Scott Gentry, No. 1700,
growing a meter high, stalks several from the base, pine slope in

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate L

BIDENS SEGETUM Mart.

Of

THE GENUS BIDENS 193

Upper Sonoran region, Final, Sierra Charuco, State of Sonora,
Mexico, September 9, 1935 (Field).

Distribution: Southern Sonora and western Chihuahua, Mexico.

Specimens examined: Gentry 1700 (type, Field); idem 2847, a
colony on sunny slope, in transition, pine-oaks, San Jos£ de Final,
Rio Mayo, Chihuahua, September 22, 1936 (Field).

Apparently intermediate between Bidens reptans var. Urbanii
and B. urophylla, although not known definitely as yet to have a
climbing habit. From the former it differs in its larger capitula,
longer exterior involucral bracts, eciliate achenes, etc. From the
latter it can be told at once by its more compound leaves, larger and
more numerous ligulate florets, etc.

70. Bidens urophylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 32. 1926.
PI. XLVIII.

Herba glabra, verisimiliter perennis scandensque, forsitan 1-3 m.
alta vel longa; ramis aegre angulatis vel teretibus. Folia peti-
olata petiolis tenuibus 2.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-14 cm.
longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis anguste lanceolatis, mem-
branaceis, usque ad 1.6 cm. latis, valde et perspicue (prominentibus
anguste linearibus cauda 1-3.5 cm. longa) caudato-acuminatis,
pauciserratis unico latere 2-6 mucronatis dentibus munito, margine
eciliatis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 3 cm. lata et 0.9-1.4
cm. alta, pro maxima parte verisimiliter corymboso-paniculata.
Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, anguste lineares, subglabrae,
crassiusculae, apice subacutae, 5-8 mm. longae; interiores latiores
et paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, sicci albo-flavidi, ligula
oblongo-elliptici, apice denticulati, ± 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia matura
non visa; submatura fusco-nigra, linearia, plana vel subtetragona,
corpore 9-12 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, omnino etiam ad mar-
gines glabra vel ad summam sparsissime setulosa, biaristata aristis
supra retrorsum infra antrorsum hamosis, tantum circ. 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins,
in thickets ("sepibus") at the margins of forests near Mariana,
State of Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1817-1820 (Mun.).

Distribution: Known only from vicinity of Mariana, State of
Minas Geraes, Brazil.

Specimens examined: Martins, near Mariana (type, Mun.).

The type had been labeled Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., probably by
J. G. Baker. Indeed, from its general habit, the species does appear
to be without doubt a close relative of such species as B. Rubifolia

194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

H.B.K., B. squarrosa H.B.K., B. segetum Mart., B. reptans (L.) G.
Don, B. Holwayi Sherff, and B. Shrevei Britt., all of them perennial
climbers. From these it differs decidedly in its remarkably caudate-
tipped leaflets and in its achenes, which are almost entirely glabrous,
even on the margins, and have only short aristae.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII

Bid ens urophylla: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; b,
exterior involucral bract, X4.94; c, interior involucral bract, X 4.94;
d, ray corolla, X4.94; e, palea, X4.94;/, disc floret, X4.94; g, achene,
X4.94; all from type.

71. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 307. 1834.
PI. XLIX and PI. L.

Coreopsis brasiliensis Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 479. 1834.

Bidens speciosa Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 126. 1845.

Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip. Linnaea 30: 181. 1859-1860.

Bidens silvatica Schz. Bip. ex Baker in Mart. Fl. Brazil. 6, pt. 3: 245.
1884.

Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. var. silvatica Baker, loc. cit.

Bidens pallida Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 389. 1907; cf. Sherff,
Bot. Gaz. 81: 53 and pi. 4- 1926.

Bidens speciosa var. silvatica (Schz. Bip. ex Baker) 0. E. Schulz in
Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911.

Folia omnia simplicia ovato-lanceolata usque ad 5.5 cm. lata.

var. ft. patula.

Folia plerumque 3- vel etiam 5-partita; raro simplicia laminis mode-
rate angusteve lanceolatis B. segetum sensu stricto.

Perennis, scandens, ± 9 m. alta (vel longa) ; caule fruticoso, tereti ;
ramulis plus minusve teretibus, glabris vel pubescenti-tomentosis.
Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.6-
1.5 cm. longa, plerumque tripartita sed interdum multa indivisa (var.
silvatica [Schz. Bip. ex Bak.] 0. E. Schulz) vel raro pauca 5-partita;
foliolis anguste lanceolatis vel raro ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis,
minute et acute serratis, crassiusculis vel submembranaceis, supra gla-
briusculis vel hispidulis, subtus plus minusve pubescentibus vel etiam
glaberrimis, lateralibus sessilibus et basi valde inaequilateralibus vel
(pro foliis 5-partitis) infimis petiolulatis et basi aequilateralibus,
terminali petiolulato, plerumque 20-45 dentibus in unico latere
serrulato, circ. 1.2-2.5 vel rariter usque ad 3.3 cm. lato. Capitula

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LI

c « b J I

BIDENS SEGETUM var. PATULA (Gardn.) Sherff

OF THL
DIVERSITY OF HUMS

THE GENUS BIDENS 195

paniculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 cm. lata et 9-12 mm.
alta, pedunculata pedunculis 1-5 cm. longis. Involucrum hispidum;
bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, late lineari-spathulatis, ciliatis, apice
acutis vel subacutis, reflexo-squarrosis, 5-7 mm. longis, plerumque
quam interioribus lanceolatis paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati 5
vel interdum 6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice acuti vel
subacuti, ±1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso-
tetragona, atra, marginibus apiceque valde hispida pilis longis
plerumque 2-4-adgregatis et saepe tuberculo minuto insidentibus,
corpore 8-13 mm. longa, demum paleas multo superantia, biaristata;
aristis tenuibus, supra retrorsum hamosis sed basim versus antror-
sum hamosis, 3.5-5 mm. longis, plerumque patentissimis.

Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins,
in Brazil, communic. anno 1827 (Tur.).

Distribution: Peru (where very rare) and Bolivia eastward to
states of Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and Parana, Brazil; recently col-
lected (Solis 460) in Costa Rica.

Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte, Coripati,
Yungas, Bolivia, April 25, 1894 (type ofBidens pallida Rusby, N.Y.:
cotypes, Boiss. ; Brit. ; Cop. ; Del. ; Gray; Kew; Mo. ; N.Y. ; Phila., etc.) ;
P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Del., 5 sheets; Kew; Mus. V.,
3 sheets; N.Y., forma foliis indivisis; Par., 8 sheets); idem 8, in
shade, Cachoeira (Caxoeira) do Campo, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April,
1839 (Del.); idem (similiter) 8, Minas Geraes, Brazil, 1841 (Par.);
idem 105, eodem loco, 1840 (Berl.; Boiss.; forma foliis indivisis);
P. Dusen 4123, along stream in woods, Lago, Parana, Brazil, March-
July, 1904 (Brit.; U.V.); idem 9817, margins of small forests, Porta
Grossa, Parana, Brazil, March 31, 1910 (U.S.); idem 16866, alt.
740 meters, edge of forest, Jaguariahyva, Brazil, March 24, 1915
(Berl., 2 sheets; Mo.; U .S.) ; George Gardner 509, Organ Mts., Brazil
(Kew; forma subtomentosa) ; idem 510, Serra dos Orgaos, State of
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, February, 1837 (a Gardnero loc. cit. pro var.
tomentosa sed non nominata habita: Berl.; Brit., 3 sheets; Del.;
Flor.; Kew; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 511, in forests, alt. about
900 meters, eodem loco, February-May, 1837-1838 (type collection
of Bidens speciosa Gardn.; Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets; Del.); A. Glaziou
2624, Petropolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, March 24, 1879 (Cop.;
Par.); idem 12881, road from the Iron Mine, vicinity of Rio de
Janeiro, April 24, 1881 (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Par., 2 sheets; Petrop.);
T. H. Gomer 1743, April 2, 1918 (Field); S. E. Henschen 193, Caldas,
Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1868 (U.S.); F. C. Hoehne 2690, Pocos de

196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Caldas, Minas Geraes, January 9, 1919 (Field) ; E. W. D. & Mary
M. Holway 1407, Juiz de Fora, Minas Geraes, December 17, 1921
(U.S.); iidem 1713, alt. 1,100 meters, stem to 1 inch in diameter,
climbing over trees to 30 feet and then hanging down, Pocos de
Caldas, State of Sao Paulo (U.S.); Langsdorff, Minas Geraes, Brazil
(Kew); Lund & Warming 603, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (Cop.);
Martins, grassy stream banks above Serra do Mar (near Santos),
Sao Paulo, Brazil, December (Mun.) ; idem, Brazil, 1827 (Kew) ; idem,
Brazil, communic. 1827 (type, Tur.); idem 823, Brazil (Berl.; Del.;
Kew; Mun., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 1018, thickets
and shady forests, Mainarde, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April (Mun.);
MendonQa 1120, Tacarchy, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, April, 1888
(Berl.); idem 1254, Brazil (Berl.); Pohl 1624, Brazil (Mus. V.);
A. Raimondi 7198, Chorillos, Prov. Contumaza, Dept. Cajamarca,
Peru, 1875 (Berl.); A. F. Regnell 1-193, Caldas, Minas Geraes (Par.,
sub nom. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip.); idem (similiter) 1-193,
eodem loco, April, 1865 (Cop., 2 sheets); idem (similiter) 1-193,
eodem loco, April 15, 1867 (Berl.); Ludwig Riedel 138x, mountain
forests, Serra dos Orgaos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April,
1823 (type collection, Bidens silvatica Schz. Bip.; Gray; Kew; Par.;
Petrop.); idem 2122, shady forested places, Itu, State of Sao Paulo,
Brazil, March, 1834 (Petrop., 4 sheets); Riedel & Langsdorff 206,
Brazil (Petrop.); A. Russell 218, State of Sao Paulo, December 15,
1897 (Field); H. Schenck 3398, Queluz, Minas Geraes, March 31,
1887 (Berl.); idem 3481, Congonhas do Campo, Minas Geraes, April
3, 1887 (Berl.); Schuch 1824, Brazil (Mus. V.); W. Schwacke 9317,
Ouro Preto, Minas Geraes, April, 1893 (Berl.); Seemann 686, Loja,
Ecuador, August (Kew); Sello 590, Brazil (Berl.); idem 1104, Brazil,
1819 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 4548, Brazil (Berl.); idem 5670, Brazil
(Berl.); L. B. Smith 2301, vicinity of Monte Serrat, Mt. Itatiaya,
State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 11, 1929 (Gray); F. Solis R.
460, alt. 1520 meters, forest margins, Hacienda Montecristo, Costa
Rica, November 20, 1936 (Field); Jose Steinbach 5584, alt. 400
meters, orilla del bosque, Rio Surutu, Buena Vista, Prov.
Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, April 15, 1921 (Del.; Field);
A. de St. Hilaire, Minas Geraes, 1816-1821 (Par.); idem 1190,
eodem loco (Par., 3 sheets; forma tomentosa); idem 1199, State of
Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par., 4 sheets); E. Vie 2585, Brazil,
April, 1892 (Hamb.); idem 3403, Brazil, April, 1894 (Hamb.);
Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, May 7, 1864 (Cop.;
Gray; Par.); A. Weddell 2656, Goyaz, April, 1844 (Par.); Widgren,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LII

BIDENS SHREVEI Britt.

OF

HF lillNOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 197

Minas Geraes, 1845 (Cop.; Mun.; U.S.); idem 251, Caldas, Minas
Geraes, March 27, 1846 (Berl.; Cop., 2 sheets; Flor.; Kew; Mun.;
Par.; Petrop.; U.V.); idem 252, Minas Geraes, 1845 (Berl.).

Varies widely in pubescence, leaf division, and leaf outline. The
type material has leaves glabrate above. Gardner 510, by Gardner
regarded as a variety (var. tomentosa in herb.) has smaller leaves and
is tomentose. These extremes are connected, however, by various
intermediate forms (e.g., Warming, Hb. N.Y.). The var. silvatica
is merely a foliage state supposedly having undivided leaves. The
Riedel specimen at Kew has one branch with all simple leaves and
another branch, from the same stem, with all leaves simple except
two lower ones. One of these has an additional lateral leaflet and the
other has two lateral leaflets, being tripartite as in the species
proper.

Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip. was a name given to Regnell's
Ser. I, No. 193 (pro parte), collected at Caldas in the State of Minas
Geraes. The type material from Schultz Bipontinus' herbarium
(Par.) is clearly Bidens segetum Mart.

Bidens segetum var. /3. patula (Gardn.) comb. nov.
PI. LI.

Bidens speciosa var. patula (Gardn.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb.

Antill. 7: 142. 1911.

Bidens patula Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 405. 1848.
Bidens longipetiolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 131. 1912.

Folia omnia simplicia, ovato-lanceolata, usque ad 5.5 cm. lata.

Type specimen: Collected by George Gardner, No. 4254, bushy
banks of the Rio San Bernardo, near San Bernardo, Goyaz, Brazil,
May, 1840 (Kew).

Distribution: Colombia, where approaching Bidens Rubifolia
H.B.K., to State of Goyaz in Brazil, and to Bolivia and Peru.
Represented (somewhat doubtfully) in Costa Rica by very scanty
material.1

Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte, Coripati,
Yungas, Bolivia, April 25, 1894 (Carn. ; foliis simplicibus, lanceolato-
ovatis, petiolis 1.5-2 cm. longis); Gardner 4254 (type, Kew:
cotypes, Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Flor.; Kew, 3 sheets; N.Y.); Const.
de Jelski 628, 749, 750, and 751, Callacate, Peru, May, 1879
(Berl.); E. P. Kittip & A. C. Smith 20871, alt. 1,000-1,300 meters,

1 Regarding its presence in Costa Rica, see under B. squarrosa H.B.K.

198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

between Chinacota and La Esmeralda, Dept. Norte de Santander,
Colombia, March 19, 1927 (U.S.);Lwwd 644, loco ignoto, December
31, 1863 (Cop.);1 A. Raimondi 3906, Callacate, Dept. Cajamarca,
Peru, May, 1879 (Berl.); A. Weberbauer 3857, alt. 2,000-2,400
meters, below San Pablo, Prov. and Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, April
29, 1904 (Berl.); R. S. Williams 194, alt. 1,140 meters, Michariapo,
Bolivia, April 9, 1902 (B. longipetiolata Rusby, type, N.Y. : cotype,
Brit.).

The var. patula would seem at first from a study of merely the
type specimens (Gardner 4254) to be specifically distinct, as thought
by Gardner. But an examination of technical characters in various
herbaria convinces me of the soundness of O. E. Schulz's policy in
treating it as merely a variety of B. segetum. In fact, with the
accumulation of more herbarium specimens in the future, even the
varietal distinctions will perhaps be found so fluctuating that
maintenance of the var. patula will be considered inadvisable. In
this connection may be noted the specimens of Miguel Bang 2152.
Most of these are referable to B. segetum proper, but the one at the
Carnegie Museum has the leaves all simple, lance-ovate, and the
petioles 1.5-2 cm. long, thus placing it with the var. patula.

The leaves vary in petiolar length, and it appears that B. longi-
petiolata Rusby, a species described from specimens lacking mature
achenes, is merely a form of var. patula with especially long petioles
(up to 4.5 cm.). Through the var. patula, B. segetum doubtless
passes into the related species, B. squarrosa H.B.K. (cf. p. 186 and
p. 184, footnote 1). Through the Goudot specimens, it approaches
Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX

Bidens segetum: a, flowering branch, X0.57; b, portion of leaflet,
lower surface, showing characteristic venation, X0.57; c, exterior
involucral bract, X2.28; d, interiot involucral bract, X2.28; e, ray
floret, X2.28; /, palea, X2.28; g, disc floret, X2.28; h, portion of
mature achene, X2.86; a-g, from Gardner 511, mainly in Hb. N.Y.;
h, from P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, Brazil, in Hb. Mus. V.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L

Bidens segetum: a, flowering branch, X0.61; b, exterior involucral
bract, X3.05; c, interior involucral bract, X3.05; d, ray corolla,

1 Here may be mentioned the interesting plant, Scherzer 853, referred to
under B. squarrosa as coming from Costa Rica (alt. 2,730 meters, San Jose; Mus.
V.), which appears closer to B. segetum (var. patula) than to B. squarrosa.

THE GENUS BIDENS 199

X2.44; e, palea, X3.05; /, disc floret, X3.05; all from Miguel Bang
2152 pro parte (type and various cotypes of Bidens pallida Rusby).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI

Bidens segetum var. patula: a, fruiting specimen, X0.68; 6, one of
larger cauline leaves, X0.68; c, k, portions of leaf, lower surface,
showing pubescence, X3.4; d, I, exterior involucral bracts, X4.08;
e, m, interior involucral bracts, X4.08; /, ray corolla, X4.08; g, n,
paleae, X4.08; h, o, disc florets, X4.08; i, achene, X4.08; j, flowering
branch, X0.68; a-t, from cotype, in Hb. Gray; j-o, from Williams
194 (type of Bidens longipetiolata Rusby), in Hb. N.Y.

72. Bidens Shrevei Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 37: 359.

1910. PL LIT.

Herba perennis, fruticosa, scandens, glabra; caule tetragono,
saepe etiam 5-6.5 m. longo, ramoso; ramis tenuibus, acriter tetra-
gonis, conspicue subnigro-striatis, 3-6 dm. longis. Folia tenuiter
petiolata petiolis 1.5-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-11 cm. longa,
saepe recurvata, simplicia, ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice
acuminata vel tantum subacuta et basi plerumque subtruncata,
serrata, non ciliata, membranacea, sicca subbrunneo-viridia venis
brunneis. Capitula non numerosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin
3-5 cm. lata et 1.2-1.5 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis saepius
nudis, 2-6 cm. longis. Involucri basis parce hispida ; bracteis exterio-
ribus 7-9, late linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, fere foliaceis, apice
acutis pubescentibusque, margine paucis pilis raro ciliatis, 6-9
mm. longis, squarroso-reflexis plerumque fere a primo, interioribus
subaequalibus. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavidi, ligula elliptici, apice
obtusiusculi, 1.5-2 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompresso-
tetragona, ad latera et saepe ad costas medias pilis saepe 2-4-
adgregatis et plerumque tuberculo insidentibus erecto-patentibus
obsita, nigrescentia, corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa, interiora demum paleis
multo longiora, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, brunneo-flavidis, fere ad
basim retrorsum hamosis, divaricatis, 4-5 mm. longis, hamis raro
caducis.

Type specimen: Collected by Forrest Shreve on banks at higher
altitudes in the Blue Mountains, Cinchona, Jamaica, November,
1905 (N.Y.).

Distribution: Jamaica, also in Colombia.

Specimens examined: N. L. Britton & A. Rollick 1792, rocky
bank below Hardware Gap, vicinity of New Castle, Jamaica, March
1, 1908 (N.Y.); W. Fawcett 8221a, near Cinchona, Jamaica, Novem-

200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

her 27, 1905 (Field; Kew); W. Harris 6735, alt. 1,515 meters, St.
Catherine's Peak, Jamaica, 1896 (Brit.); A. S. Hitchcock, Blue
Mountain Peak, Jamaica, December 12, 1890 (Mo.); D. Morris,
alt. up to 1,800 meters, Jamaica, February, 1884 (Kew); C. R.
Orcutt 7054, Arntully, Jamaica, November 22, 1928 (Stanf.); H. H.
Rusby & F. W. Pennell 647, alt. 2,000-2,500 meters, Cordillera
Oriental, east of Neiva, Dept. Huila, Colombia, August 1-8, 1917
(Field; Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.); Roger Shakespear, Jamaica, 1777 (Brit.);
Shreve, Cinchona, Jamaica, November, 1905 (type, N.Y.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII

Bidens Shrevei: a, flowering branch, X0.6; 6, a leaf with oblong
shape, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3; d, interior involucral
bract, X3; e, ray corolla, X3; /, palea, X3; g, disc floret, X3; h,
anthers, X15; i, pollen grain, X700; j, upper portion of pistil, Xlo;
k, achene, X3; 6, from Fawcett 8221a, in Hb. Field; rest from type.

73. Bidens Holwayi Blake & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 39.

1917. PI. LIII.

Herba scandens; caule demum 20-30 m. longo, adscendente
(ex Holwayo) in altitudinem 12-15 m.; ramis tetragonis, glabris,
striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 1.5-4 cm. longis basi connatis et
hispido-ciliatis, petiolo adjecto 6-18 cm. longa, tripartita vel summa
indivisa, ciliata, supra non manifeste hispida (nisi ad venas), infra
plus minusve piloso-hispida, serrata; foliolis lateralibus ovatis vel
ovato-lanceolatis, terminali ovato-lanceolato vel lanceolate. Capi-
tula magna, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 cm. lata, pedunculata
pedunculis (in unico specimine observato) 12-13 cm. longis. Involu-
crum ad basim dense piloso-tomentosum, bracteis exterioribus 8 vel
9, late linearibus, hispido-ciliatis, subsparsim hispidis, 9-15 mm.
longis; interioribus saepe paulo brevioribus, anguste lanceolatis, ad
faciem exteriorem piloso-tomentosis, marginibus diaphanis. Flores
ligulati 5 vel interdum verisimiliter etiam 6 vel 7, ligula lineari-
elliptici, flavi, 9-11-striati, 2.3-3 cm. longi, ad apicem irregulariter
2-4-lobulati. Achaenia linearia, subplana, atra, setis albidis sub-
erectis ciliata, ad facies (praecipue ad costas medianas) sparsim his-
pida, corpore ±1.3 cm. longa, ad apicem nonnullis erectis setis
coronata, biaristata; aristis 4-7 mm. longis, divaricatibus et
retrorsum hamosis hamis tenuibus.

Type specimen: Collected by Edward W. D. Holway, No. 816,
Quezaltenango, Guatemala, January 31, 1917 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from type locality of Quezaltenango,
southwestern Guatemala.

THE GENUS BIDENS 201

Specimens examined : HolwaySlQ (type, Gray).

A strange species of uncertain status. The leaves are not unlike
those sometimes found on Bidens squarrosa. The tetragonal branches,
the large heads (in anthesis about 6 cm. across), their very large
involucral bracts, all stamp the species as being distinct from B.
squarrosa. Apparently B. Rubifolia and B. segetum var. patula are
much more closely related to B. Holwayi. Possibly one of them, par-
ticularly B. segetum var. patula, may some day be shown, by means of
various connecting or intermediate forms, to be conspecific with it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII

Bidens Holwayi: a, branch in subfruiting stage, X0.56; b, exterior
involucral bract, X2.8; c, interior involucral bract, X2.8; d, ray
corolla, X2.8; e, palea, X2.8; /, disc floret, X2.8; g, achene, X2.8;
all from type.

74. Bidens graveolens Mart. Isis 1824: 590. 1824. PI. LIV.
Bidens venosa Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 405. 1848.
Bidens Regnellii Schz. Bip. Linnaea 22: 570. 1849 (nomen).

Herba stricta, perennis, glaberrima, 8-12 dm. alta, caule tereti
vel superne angulato, apicem versus ramoso, e basi tumida et lignea.
Folia sessilia, suberecta, rigida, oblonga vel cuneato-oblanceolata,
apice acuta vel interdum orbiculata, 5-9 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata,
tripli- vel quintuplinervata, utrinque perspicue venosa, grosse ser-
rata 7-12 dentibus in unico latere. Capitula terminalia, paniculata
vel interdum subcorymbosa, longe pedunculata et breviter pedicel-
lata pedicellis plerumque 3-11 mm. rarius usque ad 6 cm. longis,
discoidea, ad anthesin 6-9 mm. lata et 9-14 mm. alta, floribus (fide
Riedelii et Lundii) atrorubescentibus et sapore odoreque Crithmo
maritimo similibus. Involucri (sicci rubro-brunnei) bracteae exteri-
ores 4-6, lineares, crassiores, acriter calloso-apiculatae, glanduloso-
rugosae, saepe pubescentes, nunc tantum circ. 5-6 mm. nunc etiam
8-10 mm. longae, interiores oblongae vel oblongo-lanceolatae, 8-13
mm. longae. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, glabra vel supra et ad
apicem erecto-hispida, plumbeo-nigra (vel ad apicem straminea),
corpore 1.1-1.5 cm. longa et 1.1-1.4 mm. lata, biaristata aristis
erectis retrorsum scabris et 1-4 mm. longis vel rarius exaristata.

Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von
Martins, on high, grassy plains, Diamantina, Minas Geraes,
Brazil, March (1817-1820). l

1 Should be at Brussels (Bruss.; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 247, footnote 3. 1926).
I have studied the authentic specimen at Munich (Mun.).

202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Distribution: Central and eastern Brazil.

Specimens examined : P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, January- April,
1840 (Brit.); G. Gardner 4257, fields between Arrayas and San
Domingos, Goyaz, May, 1840 (type collection, Bidens venosa Gardn.:
Berl.; Brit,, 2 sheets; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.;
Par.); A. Glaziou 18315, Morro do Pires, Minas Geraes, January,
1891 (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Par.); idem 21588, Corrego do Brejo, Goyaz,
December 6, 1894 (Berl.; Par., 2 sheets); Lund, in fields, Batataes
and Franca, State of Sao Paulo (Cop.); idem, in fields, Caxoeira do
Campo, February, 1835 (Cop.) ; Martins, high, grassy plains, Diaman-
tina, Minas Geraes, March (cotype, Mun.); Pohl, Olio d'Agna (Mus.
V.); idem 605, Brazil (Berl.; Kew, 2 sheets); idem 4382, Brazil
(Mus. V.) ; A. F. Regnell II: 164, Caldas, Minas Geraes, February and
December, 1847 (sub nom. Bidente Regnellii Schz. Bip.; Berl.; Par.);
idem (similiter) II : 164, Batataes, Sao Paulo, February, 1849 (Stockh.) ;
idem (similiter) II: 164, Caldas, April 18, 1867 (Stockh., 3 sheets);
Riedel & Lund, Brazil (Kew, 2 sheets; Par.); iidem 2326, grassy
fields, Batataes and Franca and elsewhere between the Rio Pardo
and the Rio Grande, Sao Paulo, May-June, 1834 (Petrop., 4 sheets) ;
A. de Saint Hilaire 1200, Minas Geraes, 1816 (Par., 2 sheets);
Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, February- April,
1864 (Cop.); idem, Lagoa Santa, March 7, 1865 (Cop.; N.Y.; Par.);
idem 637, Lagoa Santa, March, 1866 (Cop.); Widgren, Caldas,
Minas Geraes, February 17, 1846 (Stockh.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV

Bidens graveolens: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and
fruiting specimen, X0.67; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.68; d,
interior involucral bract, X2.68; e, palea, X2.68; /, disc floret, X4;
g, achene, X2.68; h, achene, X2; all from Gardner 4257 (cotype of
Bidens venosa Gardn.), in Hb. Kew.

75. Bidens fistulosa Schz. Bip. ex Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras.
6, pt. 3: 247. 1884. PI. LV.

Perennis, herbacea, glaberrima, 9-15 dm. alta; caule simplici,
e radice crassiuscula lignosaque, tereti, abunde et perspicue striato,
cavo (sed medulla plus minusve abundante), internodiis medianis
longissimis (1.5-4.3 dm.) et perspicuis; ramis paucis, elongatis, sub-
nudis, suberectis. Folia sessilia, 3-4 juga, non serrata, adscendentia,
non ciliata, firmula, venis inter se paribus intervallis distantibus;
inferiora indivisa, squamis non valde dissimilia, breviter lineari-
oblonga, obtusa, ± 8 mm. longa et ± 3 mm. lata; principalia indivisa

THE GENUS BIDENS 203

vel interdum 2- vel 3-partita, usque ad 3.5 cm. longa, lamina seg-
mentisve anguste linearibus, 0.2-1 mm. latis. Capitula 4-6, laxe
corymbosa in pedunculis ramos superiores terminantibus et usque
ad 1 dm. longis, ut videtur discoidea, disco demum (achaeniis non
inclusis) ± 1.4 cm. lato et 8 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum vel
minutissime pubescens; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, linearibus, 4-5
mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 5-7 mm. longis. Achaenia
matura linearia, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, brunneo-atra,
omnino circ. 16-sulcata, glabra, corpore 15-17 mm. longa, biaristata;
aristis erecto-patentibus, subulatis, levibus, 1.5-2.5 mm. longis, ut
videtur saepe caducis.

Type specimen: Collected by Ludwig Riedel, No. 506, in fields at
Rio Pardo, Brazil, September, 1826 (Par.).

Distribution: Southeastern Brazil.

Specimens examined: Riedel 506 (type, Par.: cotypes, Kew;
Petrop., 2 sheets); H.A.Weddell 2996, Goyaz to Cuyaba, Novem-
ber-December, 1844 (Par., 3 sheets).

With its remarkably long cauline internodes, these reaching a
length even of 43 cm., its numerous regular cauline striations, its
abbreviated, linear, parallel-veined leaves, etc., Bidens fistulosa
occupies a unique position in the genus and is closely approached by
no other known species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV

Bidens fistulosa: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and
fruiting plant, X0.68; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.06; d, interior
involucral bract, X4.06; e, palea, X3.38; /, g, disc florets, X3.38; h
(shortest outer), i (longest inner), achenes, X2.7; all from Weddell
2996, in Hb. Par.

76. Bidens Bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20:
281. 1893. PI. LVI.

Diodonta Bidentoides Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 361. 1841.

Coreopsis Bidentoides (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339. 1842.

Diatonta Bidentoides Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm).

Flores tubulosi glabri, achaeniis corpore 6.5-13 mm. longis et circ.
0.7-1 mm. latis, aristis 6-9 mm. longis; foliis basi raro lobatis,
dentibus raro divaricatis B. Bidentoides sensu stricto.

Flores tubulosi inferne sparsim pilosi, achaeniis corpore 6-10 mm.
longis et 1-1.5 mm. latis; folia basi saepe lobatis, dentibus acri-
bus saepe divaricatis var. /3. mariana.

204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Herba annua, erecta, glabra; caule paniculato-ramoso, pur-
purascenti, 2-8 dm. alto. Folia ad basim in petioles tenues 1-3.5
cm. longos attenuata, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.8 dm. longa, membra-
nacea, indivisa vel raro 1-2-lobata, lanceolata, ad apicem longe
acuminata, serrata. Capitula erecta, plerumque discoidea, demum
late turbinata, disco usque ad 1.5-2 cm. longo et 1.3-1.7 cm. lato.
Involucrum glabrum, bracteis exterioribus 4 vel 5, foliaceis, lineari-
spathulatis, inaequalibus, 1.5-4.5 cm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis,
valde membranaceis, apicem versus saepe etiam pseudo-petaloideis,
discum subaequantibus. Flores ligulati saepius deficientes; tubulosi
4-lobati, omnino glabri. Achaenia anguste lineari-cuneata, adpresso-
hispida, corpore 6.5-13 mm. longa et usque ad 1 mm. lata,apicebiaris-
tata aristis tenuibus antrorsum hispidis et etiam 6-9 mm. longis,
vel saepe duabus aliis abortivis aristis imperfecte quadriaristata.

. Type specimen: No type was cited by Nuttall. The original,
dwarfed material described by him (Brit.) was thought to have
come from the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A sheet of
better developed material (Phila.), however, was, for a certainty,
collected by Nuttall at Philadelphia and is labeled in Nuttall's own
handwriting.

Distribution: About mouth of Susquehanna River, Maryland;
also ascending Delaware River to Tinicum, Pennsylvania, and
Maurice River to Millville, New Jersey.

Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1295, Delaware River shore,
Morrisville, Pennsylvania, October 9, 1910 (Gray; Phila.); C. A.
Boice, on ballast, Camden, New Jersey, October 2, 1879 (Phila., 2
sheets); W. H. Canby, near Wilmington, Delaware (Field; forma
radiis parvis); idem, Delaware River shores, Wilmington, October,
1865 (Field; Kew); A. Commons, tidal banks of Delaware River, Wil-
mington, October 3, 1866 (Field); idem, eodem loco, August 31,
1899 (Phila.); N. C. Fassett 257, tidal shores of Hudson River,
Glenmont, Bethlehem, New York, Sept. 18, 1922 (Gray); Albrecht
John, Delair, New Jersey, September 26, 1897 (Phila.); idem, below
Washington Park, New Jersey, September 14, 1895 (Phila. ); Bayard
Long, river shore, Delair, New Jersey, September 30, 1907 (Phila.);
idem, muddy shore of Maurice River, Millville, New Jersey, October
7, 1909 (Gray; Phila.); Alex. MacElwee 1992, muddy shores of
Delaware River, West Deptford, New Jersey, September 20, 1900
(Phila., 2 sheets); I. C. Martindale, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
1870 (Phila.); idem, Camden, New Jersey, September, 1879 (Field);
H. B. Meredith, Delaware River shore, Taylor, New Jersey, October

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LIII

BIDENS HOLWAYI Blake & Sherff

THE GENUS BIDENS 205

3, 1923 (Phila.); Thomas Nuttall (type material: Brit.; Phila.);
T. C. Palmer, tidal banks of Delaware River, Chester, Pennsylvania,
September 9, 1896 (Gray) ; C. F. Parker, shores of Delaware River,
Camden, New Jersey, September 25, 1867 (Field) ; idem, eodem loco,
September 21, 1874 (Field; Kew; Mo.); A. H. Smith, Tinicum,
Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); idem, tidal marsh, eodem
loco, September 23, 1867 (Field); idem, abundant, growing 3-4 ft.
high along tidal marshes below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Septem-
ber 24, 1867 (U.S.); idem 59 p.p., tidal mud, Tinicum, Pennsylvania,
October 6, 1866 (Phila.); Witmer Stone, shores of Delaware River,
Fish House, New Jersey, September 18, 1908 (Phila.); H. K.
Svenson, tidal shores of Hudson River, Rensselaer, New York,
October 15, 1922 (Gray, 2 sheets); W. Trimble, vicinity of Bridge-
port, New Jersey, October 1, 1883 (Phila.) ; C. S. Williamson, shores
of Delaware River, Bordentown, New Jersey, September 11, 1904
(Phila.); T. A. Williamson, Camden, New Jersey, September, 1897
(Gray).

Nuttall (loc. cit.) classed the five United States species, Bidens
coronata, B. mitis, B. aristosa, B. polylepis, and B. Bidentoides under
his new genus Diodonta. For B. polylepis (B. involucrata [Nutt.]
Britt.) he erected the separate subgeneric section Meduseae (in
reference to its medusoid exterior involucres). For B. Bidentoides
he erected the section Heterodonta. His doubts about the status of
Heterodonta are shown by his use of an interrogation mark and
further by his words (loc. cit.) "this section, or rather genus." In
recent years, authors have been uniform in accepting Britton's
reference of Nuttall's plant to the genus Bidens. The names Dio-
donta and Heterodonta, in so far as they represented generic concepts,
have been entirely abandoned.1

Bidens Bidentoides var. /3. mariana (Blake) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.

90: 394. 1930.
Bidens mariana Blake, Rhodora 31 : 88, fig. 1 . 1929.

Folia basim versus saepe profunde laciniato-lobata, marginibus
acriter serrata dentibus interdum divaricatis, principalia petiolo
adjecto 13-24 cm. longa. Flores tubulosi inferne sparsim pilosi.

1 By creating the name Diodonta, Nuttall sought to make a place between
Coreopsis and Bidens for several species which, in the upward direction of the
barbs or bristles on their achenial awns, were considered more closely allied to
Coreopsis and yet, in general aspect, were seen to be closer to Bidens. We may
note that Cassini's employment of the name Campylotheca for another group of
intergradient species marked a similar attempt. In either case, it is doubtful if
competent botanists in the future will ever again seek to segregate the inter-
mediate forms under separate generic names (cf. pp. 17-23).

206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Achaenia corpore 6-10 mm. longa et 1-1.5 mm. lata, plerumque
2- (raro usque ad 4-) aristata aristis 3-6 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Sidney F. Blake, No. 9698, on sandy
shore of Northeast River, near Carpenter's Point, Charlestown,
Maryland, September 17, 1926 (U.S.).

Distribution: Maryland.

Specimens examined: Blake 9698 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Field;
Gray); idem 9703, sandy shore of Susquehanna River, Havre de
Grace, September 17, 1926 (Field; Gray; U.S.); G. H. Shull 399, in
vegetable refuse at mouth of drain of bog one-half mile south-south-
west of Havre de Grace, September 20, 1902 (Gray; Mo.; N.Y.).

In 1926, Dr. S. F. Blake submitted his specimens Nos. 9698 and
9703 to me for study. He had suspected them of representing a new
species. Notwithstanding this, I felt compelled at that time to refer
them to Bidens Bidentoides. Later, he published his B. mariana,
based upon these and certain other plants. This naturally led to a
careful investigation of the entire matter on my part. Especially
did a survey of the closely related B. hyperborea and B. connata,
together with their several varieties, prove helpful. In this way it
was found at once that B. mariana differed from B. Bidentoides to
about the same extent as, for example, B. connata var. fallax differed
from B. connata var. typica. To recognize B. mariana as a species,
therefore, would immediately (if consistency is to be sought) entail
an elevation of numerous forms that Fassett, Fernald, Fernald and
St. John, and other writers have regarded as varieties. It has
seemed wiser to adopt the alternative course and reduce B. mariana
to varietal rank.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI

Bidens Bidentoides: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62;
b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.86; c, interior involucral bract,
Xl.86; d, palea, Xl.86; e, disc floret, X3.72; /, achene, X3.1; a,
from Shull 399, in Hb. Mo. ; &-/, from William M. Canby, Delaware
River, above Wilmington, August 20, 1878, in Hb. Field.

77. Bidens Eatonii Fern. Rhodora 5: 92, pi. 45, figs. 11-13. 1903.

PI. LVII, figs. a-f.

Bidens Eatonii var. typica Fass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925.
a. Achaeniorum interiorum corpora 6.8-9 mm. longa; aristis 2,

rariter 4.
b. Capitula saltern juvenia anguste cylindrica.

c. Aristae retrorsum hamosae . . . .B. Eatonii sensu stricto.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LIV

b f

BIDENS GRAVEOLENS Mart.

THE GENUS BIDENS 207

c. Aristae antrorsum hamosae var. j3. fallax.

b. Capitula late cylindrica vel etiam campanulata.
c. Involucri bracteae interiores colore nunc jejune flavo nunc
atro-brunneo striatae; foliis inferioribus saepe tripartitis.

d. Aristae omnino retrorsum hamosae var. y. interstes.

d. Aristae retrorsum atque antrorsum hamosae.

e. Aristae 2.8-3.7 mm. longae var. d. illicita.

e. Aristae 0.5-2 mm. longae var. e. mutabilis.

c. Involucri bracteae interiores plerumque nitenti-striatae striis
succinis vel purpureo-brunneis, aevo demum nitenti-nigres-

centibus; foliis simplicibus var. f. simulans.

a. Achaeniorum interiorum corpora 9-11 mm. longa, aristis saepius 4.
b. Capitula plerumque cylindrica; foliis petiolatis petiolis 1-3

cm. longis, inferioribus saepe divisis var. 17. kennebecensis.

b. Capitula subcylindrica vel latiora, etiam campanulata; foliis
subsessilibus vel breviter lateque alato-petiolatis, non divisis.

var. 6. major.

Herba annua, erecta, glabra, simplex vel ramosa, 2.5-6 dm. alta.
Folia basi in petiolos tenues vel alato-marginatos 1-3.5 cm. longos
attenuata, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 dm. longa, membranacea, indivisa
vel saepe lobis lateralibus 1 vel 2 instructa, lanceolata, apice longe
acuminata, serrata. Capitula erecta, discoidea, juvenia anguste
cylindrica demum turbinato-cylindrica, disco 1.1-1.4 cm. alto et
0.8-1.1 cm. lato. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5, foliaceae,
1-2 (-3) cm. longae; interiores quam discus paulo breviores. Achaenia
8-25, plana, lineari-oblanceolata vel anguste cuneata, duabus facie-
bus uninervata (ac saepe manifeste vel obscure striata) et sparsis-
sime piloso-hispida, marginibus basaliter 1-paucis hamis antrorsum
aliter plurime retrorsum hamosa, corpore exteriora 6-6.8 mm.
interiora 6.8-9 mm. longa, omnia 1-1.7 mm. lata, apice 2-4-aristata
aristis retrorsum hamosis et 2-4.3 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Alvah A. Eaton, brackish shores of
Merrimac River, Newburyport, Massachusetts, September, 1902
(Gray?).

Distribution: About mouth of Merrimac River, Massachusetts.

Specimens examined: A. A. Eaton, shore of Merrimac River,

below Newburyport, September 26, 1903 (N. Eng.); idem & M. L.

Fernald, Salisbury, October 2, 1902 (Gray) ; iidem, brackish, muddy

margin of Merrimac River, Newburyport, October 2, 1902 (Can.;

208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Gray, 5 sheets; N. Eng.); A. A. Eaton & B. L. Robinson, shores of
Merrimac River at the "Laurels," Newburyport, September, 1903
(N.Y.).

As with, for example, Bidens Bidentoides and some of the varieties
of B. connata and B. hyperborea, geographic isolation and local con-
ditions of the habitats appear to afford a potent stimulus for the in-
ducement of distinct forms. The duplicate specimens sent out to
various herbaria have not been in all cases sufficiently mature or
distinctive to impart an adequate concept of the species or variety
in question. At present the collections of B. Eatonii and varieties
in Gray Herbarium, though scanty to be sure, are still more com-
plete than found anywhere else. After a close study of these materials
at Gray Herbarium, and having in mind the various considerations
of endemism mentioned by Fassett (Rhodora 27 : 142. 1925) and other
writers, I have deemed it wise to make the minimum of changes in
their nomenclatural status.

Occasionally in various parts of the genus Bidens, plants are
found which have had the tops broken off or for some other reason
have become especially ramose, often fastigiately so. The heads
are usually much dwarfed and much more numerous in such cases.
The technical characters are then usually somewhat abnormal.
Bidens multiceps Fass. (Rhodora 27: 145. 1925), described as a
hypothetical hybrid of B. connata X Eatonii, may represent such a
case.1 Three of the specimens cited by Fassett and examined by me
(Johnston & Fassett 903 and 905, tidal shores of the Taunton River,
Massachusetts, October 21, 1923, Gray; iidem 906, tidal shores,
Three-mile River, Dighton, Massachusetts, October 21, 1923, N.
Eng., type) appear to be merely abnormal growth forms of B.
Eatonii. A collection by S. F. Blake, however, was made in the
general type locality (Blake 10771, tidal shore of Three-mile River,
North Dighton, Massachusetts, September 20, 1928, Gray), and
this shows some plants of apparently natural growth forms that are
atypic for B. Eatonii. But even here, there is one specimen of the
teratological kind. Furthermore, an additional collection by Blake
(10771A and B; Gray) shows plants too close to B. connata and its
var. petiolata.

1 "B. connata X Eatonii (?), planta 2-6 dm. alta ramosissima super basem
simplicem; foliis lanceolatis simplicibus 2-4 cm. longis integris vel cum dentibus
utrinque 1-2 instructis; petiolis brevibus; capitulis multis late cylindratis, termi-
nalibus 4-7 mm. altis 15-18-floris; bracteis exterioribus 1-1.5 cm. longis integris
latioribus ad apicem obtusum; achaeniis exterioribus 4-7 mm. longis, planis, 2-4
aristis retrorso-barbatis; achaeniis interioribus 7-8 mm. longis, planis vel trigonis
vel saepe in costis alatis, aristis 2-4 retrorso-barbatis." (Fass. loc. cit.)

THE GENUS BIDENS 209

Bidens Eatonii var. /3. fallax Fern. Rhodora 5: 92, pi. 45, fig. 14-
1903. PI. LVII, fig. g.

A specie differt achaeniorum aristis erecte barbatis.

Type specimen: Collected by Alvah A. Eaton, brackish shore of
Merrimac River, Newburyport, Massachusetts, September, 1902
(Gray).

Distribution: About the mouth of the Merrimac River, Massa-
chusetts.

Specimens examined: A. A. Eaton, Moseley's, Newburyport
(N. Eng.); idem, brackish shore of Merrimac River, Newburyport
(type, Gray, 3 sheets) ; idem & M. L. Fernald, brackish, muddy bank
of Merrimac River, Newburyport, October 2, 1902 (Gray; N. Eng.,
2 sheets); iidem, brackish margins of pools near Merrimac River,
Salisbury, October 2, 1902 (Gray); A. A. Eaton & B. L. Robinson,
muddy shores of Merrimac River at the "Laurels," Newburyport,
September, 1903 (N.Y.).

Bidens Eatonii var. 7. interstes Pass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925.
Bidens heterodoxa var. interstes Fass. op. cit. 26: 178. 1924.

Herba 1-8 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis marginatis vel
anguste alatis 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 17 cm. longa
et 4 cm. lata, lanceolata vel rarius anguste ovata, serrata, inferiora
saepe profunde secta vel tripartita. Capitula campanulata, prin-
cipalia 8-10 mm. alta et 8-12 mm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores
2-5, plerumque 3, suberectae, lineari-oblanceolatae, acutae; interio-
res striis nunc debiliter flavis nunc atro-brunneis striatae. Achaenia
plana vel costis medianis paulo carinata, exteriora corpore 5.5-
6.5 mm. interiora corpore 6.5-8 mm. longa, omnia marginaliter
retrorsum vel ad basim antrorsum hamosa; aristis 2 vel rarius 4,
retrorsum hamosis, marginalibus 1.5-4 mm. longis, intermediis multo
brevioribus.

Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 852,
rocky places on tidal shores of the Kennebec River, Gardiner,
Maine, September 18, 1923 (Gray).

Distribution: About estuaries, Maine.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 852 (type, Gray); idem 920,
rocky places, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Gardiner, September
18, 1923 (Gray); idem 2101, Hatch's Corners, West Dresden,
September 9, 1924 (Gray); idem 2120, estuary of Sheepscot River,
Alna, September 12, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2122, tidal shores at
mouth of Eastern River, Dresden, September 13, 1924 (Gray);

210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

idem 2125, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Woolwich, September
18, 1924 (Gray); idem 2127, estuary of Kennebec River, South
Gardiner, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2128, from type
station, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray).

"The achenes are similar to those of var. typica, but a little
broader in proportion to their length, while the heads are campanu-
late instead of cylindric" (Fassett, op. cit. 27 : 143. 1925). The general
aspect of the plants is very close to and in some cases identical with
that of B. connata var. petiolata, compelling an examination of the
achenes for certain identification.

Bidens Eatonii var. d. illicita Blake, Rhodora 31 : 100. 1929.

Capitula majora campanulata, circ. 30-32-flora. Achaenia exte-
riora corpore 6-7 mm. longa et 2 mm. lata, 2-aristata; interiora
corpore 6.8-7.5 mm. longa et 1.5-1.8 mm. lata, 2-3-aristata, pilis
marginalibus omnibus antrorsis vel rariter perpaucis ad basim
extremam retrorsis; aristis 2.8-3.7 mm. longis, hamosis (basi antror-
sum, medio retrorsum vel utroque, apice antrorsum aut retrorsum).

Type specimen: Collected by Sidney F.Blake, No. 10784A, tidal
shore of Merrimac River, Amesbury, Massachusetts, September 22,
1928 (U.S.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in Massachusetts.

Specimens examined : Blake 10784A (type, U.S.).

Bidens Eatonii var. e. mutabilis Fass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925.

Herba habitu foliisque var. interstitem valde simulans. Achaenia
exteriora corpore 5.5-6 mm. interiora corpore 7-7.5 mm. longa, aristis
2, retrorsum antrorsumque setosis, 0.5-2 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 2116,
tidal estuary shores of the Kennebec River, Cedar Grove, Maine,
September 9, 1924 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from mouth of Kennebec River,
Maine.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2116 (type, Gray) ; idem 2123,
estuary of Kennebec River, Dresden, September 16, 1924 (Field;
Gray).
Bidens Eatonii var. f. simulans Fass. Rhodora 27: 144. 1925.

Habitu achaeniisque var. interstitem simulans. Folia lanceolata,
simplicia. Involucri bracteae interiores plerumque nitenti-striatae
striis succinis vel purpureo-brunneis, aevo demum nitenti-nigres-
centibus.

THE GENUS BIDENS 211

Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward, in brackish
marsh, Old Lyme, Connecticut, October 1, 1915 (Gray).

Distribution : About mouth of Connecticut River, Connecticut.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2363, tidal shores of Con-
necticut River, Essex, October 13, 1924 (Gray); idem 2364, tidal
shores of Connecticut River, East Haddam, October 12, 1924
(Gray); R. W. Woodward, in brackish marsh (type, Gray); idem,
hidden among tall grass and sedges in brackish marsh, Old Lyme,
September 9, 1917 (Gray; N. Eng.); idem, eodem loco, September
29, 1917 (Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng.) ; idem, sandy shore just above high
water line, Old Lyme, September 2, 1918 (Gray; N. Eng.).

A variety too close to var. interstes of Maine. The technical
characters relied upon are of doubtful value. The floras of inter-
mediate estuaries from Connecticut to Maine will perhaps yield
overlapping and intergrading forms.

Bidens Eatonii var. r\. kennebecensis Fern. Rhodora 19: 76. 1917.

Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, inferiora saepe divisa.
Capitula plerumque cylindrica. Achaenia exteriora corpore 8.8-9.8
mm. interiora corpore 9.5-10.5 mm. longa.

Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Bayard
Long, No. 14822, tidal mud flats and swales by Cathance River,
Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Gray).

Distribution: Maine to Massachusetts.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 140, tidal swales of Andros-
coggin River, Brunswick, Maine, September 17, 1921 (N. Eng.);
idem 2130, tidal shores of Eastern River, Dresden Mills, Maine,
September 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2300, tidal shores of Merrimac
River, Amesbury, Massachusetts, October 16, 1924 (Gray); idem
2362, eodem loco et tempore (Gray) ; Fernald & Long 14822 (type,
Gray) ; iidem 14823, tidal mud flats, Cathance River, Bowdoinham,
Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Field; Gray, 2 sheets; Kew; N. Eng.) ;
iidem 14824, border of salt marsh, Back River Creek, Woolwich,
Maine, September 15, 1916 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.).

Bidens Eatonii var. 8. major Fass. Rhodora 27: 144. 1925.

Herba 4-15 dm. alta, caulibus inferne saepe prostratis nudisque.
Folia breviter alato-petiolata vel ad basim angustata et subsessilia,
simplicia, lanceolata, grosse serrata, 0.5-1.5 dm. longa. Capitula
subcylindrica vel campanulata, principalia 1.3 cm. alta, floribus
18-20 (-33). Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 3, lineares,
acutae, 1-2.5 cm. longae et 2-3 mm. latae. Achaenia exteriora

212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

corpora 6-7.5 mm. longa, interdum 2- saepius 3-4-aristata; interiora
corpore (8-) 9-11 mm. longa (costis ad apicem saepe crassis), inter-
dum 2- saepius 4-aristata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, usque ad
5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 2301,
tidal shores of the Quinnipiac River, North Haven, Connecticut,
October 14, 1924 (Gray).

Distribution : New York to Connecticut.

Specimens examined : N. C. Fassett 2301 (type, Gray) ; idem 2302,
tidal shores of the Quinnipiac River, North Haven, Connecticut,
October 14, 1924 (Gray); idem 2365, tidal flats, eodem loco et
tempore (N. Eng.) ; idem 2368, growing 1.5 meters tall, tidal shores,
eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng.); H. K.Svenson, shores of Hudson
River, near upper limits of tide, Hudson, New York, September 30,
1923 (Gray).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII

Bidens Eatonii, figs, a-/: a, flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.63; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.15; c, interior involucral
bract, X3.15; d, palea, X 3. 15 ; e, disc floret, X 6.3 ; /, achene, X3.15;
all from type material.

Bidens Eatonii var. fallax, fig. g: achene, X3.15; from type.

78. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281.
1893. PI. LVIII, fig. h.

Coreopsis aristosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 140. 1803; Hook. f. in

Curtis, Bot. Mag., pi. 6462. 1879.
Coreopsis aristata Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. PL 3: 2253. 1804.
Coreopsis aurea Lindl. Bot. Reg., pi. 1228. 1829 (nee alior.).
Diodonta aristosa (Michx.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2.

7: 360. 1841.

Diatonta aristosa (Michx.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843
(sphalm).

Achaenia exaristata var. 0. mutica.

Achaenia perspicue aristata.

Aristae antrorsum setosae B. aristosa sensu stricto.

Aristae retrorsum hamosae var. 7. Fritcheyi.

Herba annua vel biennis, glabrata vel parce pubescens, 0.3-1
(vel etiam -1.5) m. alta, caule purpurascenti, subtetragono, ramoso.
Folia petiolata petiolis 1-1.5 (-3) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-
1.5 cm. longa, pinnata vel bipinnata, segmentis lanceolatis vel

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LV

b f

BIDENS FISTULOSA Schz. Bip. ex Baker

THE GENUS BIDENS 213

lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inciso-serratis vel pinnatifidis, mem-
branaceis, ciliatis, subtus parce pubescentibus. Capitula radiata,
pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucrum saepe
hispidum, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus 8-10, linearibus,
mine parce mine valde ciliatis, 0.5-1.2 cm. longis. Flores ligulati
6-10, aurei, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, apice obtuso integri sub-
denticulative, 1-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia plana vel subplana, sub-
nigra vel flavidulo-nigra, apice bi- (rarissime quadri-) aristata aristis
corpus aequantibus et erecto-setosis, margine suberecte aciculato-
ciliata; interiora anguste cuneata vel obovato-cuneata, faciebus
strigosa, 5-6.5 mm. longa; exteriora obovata, strigosa, saepe rugoso-
tuberculata, margine plemmque interrupte crassiusculo-alata, inte-
riora parce aequantia.

Type specimen: Collected by Andre Michaux in the general
region of Illinois (Par.?; perhaps not seen by me).

Distribution: Maine to Minnesota, southward to Virginia,
northern Alabama, central Mississippi, and southeastern Texas.
Probably only adventive in eastern part of range.

Specimens examined: S. M. Bain 422 p.p., low fields, Jackson,
Tennessee, September, 1892 (N.Y.); B. F. Bush 67, Dunklin County,
Missouri, September 17, 1893 (Gray) ; idem 3659, swamps, Williams-
ville, Missouri, October 14, 1905 (Mo.); idem 5175 pro parte, Webb
City, Missouri, September 25, 1908 (N. Y. ; in Hb. Gray hie numerus
B. polylepis var. retrorsa Sherff est) ; idem 8249, sandy fields, Courtney,
Missouri, October 6, 1917 (Mo.); A. Commons, abundant in Cherry
Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September, 1899 (N.Y.); John
Davis 1319 pro parte, woods, Oakwood, Missouri, October 4, 1911
(Mo., cum var. mutica commixta); idem 3446, bottoms, Pike Co.,
Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Mo.); idem 3911, damp soil, Oak-
wood, Missouri, September 13, 1913 (Mo.); idem 6119 p.p., West
Hannibal, Missouri, September 4, 1915 (Mo.) ; idem 6160 p.p., west of
Oakwood, Missouri, Sept. 11, 1915 (Mo.) ;idem 6264 p.p. and 6276 p.p.,
Eolia, Missouri, August 30, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6346, fields, Oakwood,
Missouri, November 12, 1915 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 10157, northwest of
Hovey Lake, Posey Co., Indiana, September 20, 1911 (Deam);
idem 32932, southwest of Oaktown, Indiana, September 19, 1920
(Deam); idem 33031 pro parte, vicinity of Mt. Vernon, Indiana,
September 25, 1920 (Phila.); idem 34865, roadside, east of Kouts,
Porter Co., Indiana, September 15, 1921 (Deam); idem 37935 p.p.,
south of Terre Haute, Indiana, September 13, 1922 (Deam) ; F. W.
Dewart 40, St. Louis, Missouri, September 8, 1892 (Mo.) ; H. Eggert,

214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

wet places, eodem loco, September 6, 1877 (N.Y.); idem, swampy
places, vicinity of Haverhill, Missouri, September 19, 1893 (Mo.);
idem, low ground, vicinity of Batesville, Mississippi, September 16,

1896 (Mo.); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, August, 1847
(U.S.); N. M. Glatfelter, St. Louis Co., Missouri, September 19,

1897 (U.S.) ; Elihu Hall, sloughs, Athens, Illinois, September, 1864
(Par.); Mabel P. Hollister 94, in woods, southeast of Prescott,
Arkansas, August 29, 1912 (U.S.); M.E. Jones, wet ground, Grinnell,
Iowa, August, 1877 (N.Y.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 2640, prairie, Roby,
Indiana, September 20, 1906 (Mus. V.); idem 3502 pro parte, north
of Catlin, Illinois, September 24, 1912 (Field, cum var. Fritcheyi
commixta) ; 0. S. Ledman, vacant lot, St. Louis, Missouri, September
12, 1916 (Mo.) ; F. T. Macfarland &W. A. Anderson, Jr., 275, roadside
and fields, La Center, Kentucky, August 15, 1923 (Mo.); Charles
Mohr, Cullman, Alabama, August 6, 1896 (Field; achaeniis imma-
turis); E. J. Palmer 8928, open, sandy ground, Sicard, Ouachita
Parish, Louisiana, October 13, 1915 (Mo.); Mrs. E. E. Rogers 259,
Norwich, Connecticut, October 11, 1902 (Gray); E. E. Sherff 2032
pro parte, Chicago, Illinois, October 4, 1915 (Field); C. W. Short,
wet prairies of Illinois, 1837 (N.Y.) ; J. D. Smith, low thickets, near
Jackson, Mississippi, September 6, 1885 (Gray); E. S. Steele, near
the water, Great Falls, Virginia, September 18, 1899 (U.S.); W. F.
Thurrow, Hockley, Texas, 1890 (Field ; achaeniis immaturis) ; L. F.
Ward, between Sherman and Texarkana, Texas, September 22, 1877
(U.S.); idem, Arcadia, Missouri, August 24, 1878 (U.S.); idem, near
Chesapeake Junction, District of Columbia, September 10, 1905
(U.S.); John Wolf 73, Canton, Illinois, 1881 (U.S.).

Bidens aristosa var. /3. mutica A. Gray ex Gattinger, Fl. Tenn.
172. 1901; cf. K. M. Wiegand in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 1281.
1903; cf. (A. Gray) Gatting. ex Fernald, Rhodora 15: 78. 1913.

PL LVIII, figs. a-0.

Coreopsis aristosa var. mutica Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2:
295. 1884.

Var. achaeniis exaristatis.

Type specimen: No type was mentioned by Gray, but at Gray
Herbarium there are two sheets of material equivalent to types.
One has a plant at the left by Hale from Louisiana. This has the
printed label of Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America, also
the inscription by Asa Gray (in pencil), "C. aristosa exaristata!" At the
right is a better specimen, rich in achenes. This has the printed
label of "George Engelmann, M.D. St. Louis, Mo." with the written

THE GENUS BIDENS 215

inscription (not in Gray's but doubtless in Engelmann's hand-
writing), "Coreopsis aristata var. mutica St. Louis Sept. 1846." An
official Synoptical Flora of North America label is on the sheet,
stamping it as authoritative for Gray's variety. The second sheet is
labeled (in Asa Gray's hand), "Coreopsis aristosa, var. mutica. St.
Louis, Fritchey." It likewise has the official Synoptical Flora of
North America label attached.

Distribution: Massachusetts and Virginia westward to Illinois
and Missouri. Probably only adventive in eastern part of range.

Specimens examined: S. M. Bain 297, low fields, Henderson,
Tennessee, August 29, 1892 (Gray) ; Florence Beckwith 71, Quincy,
Illinois, September, 1917 (Field) ; B. F. Bush 7741, dry soil, Livonia,
Missouri, September 21, 1915 (Mo.); idem 9305, Courtney, Missouri,
October 17, 1920 (Mo.); W. M. Canby, marsh, Wilmington, Dela-
ware, September 5, 1900 (Carn.); J. J. Carter, shore of Safe Harbor,
York Co., Pennsylvania, September 14, 1906 (Phila.); idem, Norfolk,
Virginia, September 6, 1907 (Phila.); John Davis, meadows, Fall
Creek, Adams Co., Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Del., 2 sheets);
idem 24, roadsides, Oakwood, Missouri, September 13, 1913 (Mo.,
2 sheets); idem 55, roadsides, Aberdeen, Missouri, September 29,
1912 (Mo.); idem 245, Eolia, Missouri, June 26, 1916 (Field); idem
1319 p.p., Oakwood, Missouri, October 4, 1911 (Mo.); idem 1348,
meadows, eodem loco, September 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 3293, rich
banks, Hannibal, Missouri, September 7, 1916 (Mo.); idem 3431,
bottoms, Bear Creek, eodem loco, September 18, 1914 (Mo., 2 sheets) ;
idem 3433, roadsides, Eolia, Missouri, September 20, 1914 (Mo.,
2 sheets); idem 3741, bottoms, Shepherd, Illinois, September 16,
1914 (Mo.) ; idem 3806, rich soil, bluffs of Mississippi River, Hanni-
bal, Missouri, September 7, 1916 (Mo.); idem 3814, railroad banks,
Helton Station, Missouri, September 12, 1914 (Mo.); idem 6119 p.p.,
meadows, west of Hannibal, Missouri, September 4, 1915 (Mo.);
idem 6160 p.p., meadows, Oakwood, Missouri, Sept. 11, 1915 (Mo.);
idem 6218, fields and bottoms, Canton, Missouri, September 8, 1915
(Mo., 2 sheets); idem 6264 p.p. and 6276 p.p., fields and roadsides,
Eolia, Missouri, August 30, 1915 (Mo.) ; idem 6345 p.p., bluffs, Helton
Station, Missouri, Sept. 12, 1915 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 12482, east of
Dana, Indiana, Sept. 29, 1912 (Deam); idem 26524, bank of old
channel of Kankakee River at the Baum Ridge, Porter Co., Indiana,
September 15, 1918 (Deam) ; idem 29826, northeast of Kouts, Porter
Co., Indiana, September 13, 1919 (Deam); idem 33031 pro parte,
vicinity of Mt. Vernon, Indiana, September 25, 1920 (Phila.); idem

216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

37928, south of Toronto, Indiana, September 12, 1922 (Beam);
T. Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew); idem 166, eodem
loco (Kew); George Engelmann, vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri,
September, 1846 (Gray; Mo.); idem, prairies and along fences,
St. Louis, Missouri, August, 1847 (Berl.); J.Q. A.Fritchey, Bridgeton,
Missouri, October 3, 1859 (Mo., 2 sheets) ; F. C. Gates 9953, Carthage,
Illinois, September 5, 1916 (Field); idem 10041, Crooked Creek,
Hancock Co., Illinois, September 10, 1916 (Field) ; C. B. Graves 259a,
Windham, Connecticut, September 17, 1902 (Gray) ; J. M. Greenman,
Jr., & M. T. Greenman 3712, Kirkwood, Missouri, September 7, 1913
(Mo.); E. J. Hill 107, wet ground, Chicago, Illinois, September 8,
1893 (Field); Holton, Illinois (Field); John Kellogg 146, Jerome,
Missouri, September 15, 1913 (Mo., 2 sheets); H. B. Meredith,
below Greenwich Point, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 7,
1921 (Phila.); H. N. Patterson, vicinity of Oquawka, Illinois, Sep-
tember (Brit.; Carn.; Field; Kew, 2 sheets; N.Y.); A. S. Pease
3061, Soldiers' Field, Brighton, Massachusetts, October 6, 1903
(N. Eng.); S. F. Poole 118, Sharon, Massachusetts, September,
1905 (Gray); T. C. Porter, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, September 12,
1900 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 1644, Lehigh River, Lehigh Co., Pennsyl-
vania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.); A. N. Rood, Warren, Ohio, Sep-
tember 11, 1911 (Gray); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 4081, St. Louis,
Missouri, September 23, 1904 (Berl., 2 sheets) ; E. E. Sherff 2032 pro
parte, ditch, Chicago, Illinois, October 4, 1915 (Field, 4 sheets);
W. R. Taylor, Essington, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1914 (Phila.).

The existence of a variety with awnless achenes was suspected
by Torrey and Gray, who wrote, "If we mistake not, the achenia
are sometimes awnless!" (Fl. N. Amer. 2: 340. 1843). Later, Gray
(Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 295. 1884) definitely published the
varietal name mutica for the plants with awnless achenes. In 1901,
Gattinger (loc. cit.) listed the variety under Bidens aristosa (Michx.)
Britt., carelessly citing A. Gray as the author of the combination
given, although Gray himself created the varietal name under a
species of Coreopsis, not of Bidens. In 1913, Fernald (loc. cit.) dealt
with this laxity in nomenclatural treatment and, with a view to
establishing a more definite status for the variety, set it forth as
"B. aristosa, var. mutica (Gray) Gattinger . . . ." It happens,
however, that in 1903 Wiegand (loc. cit.), evidently unaware of
Gattinger's treatment, published the combination "B. aristosa mutica
(A. Gray) Wiegand." This, in turn, was overlooked by Fer-
nald, but is clearly the alternative publication (rather than

THE GENUS BIDENS 217

Fernald's) that would have to be accepted by anyone disposed to
attack the validity of Gattinger's treatment.1

Bidens aristosa var. 7. Fritcheyi Fern. Rhodora 15: 78. 1913.
PL LVIII, fig. i.

Var. achaeniorum aristis retrorsum hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected by John Quincy Adams Fritchey, St.
Louis County, Missouri, October 3, 1859 (Gray).

Distribution: Indiana and Kentucky to Illinois and Missouri;
adventive in District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Maine, and
perhaps elsewhere in the eastern United States.

Specimens examined : S. M. Bain 422 p.p., low fields, Jackson, Ten-
nessee, September, 1892 (N.Y.); Biltmore Herb. 2060a, damp soil,
Hollow Rock, Tennessee, August 14, 1897 (Mo.); S. F. Blake 8644,
waste ground along Speedway, East Potomac Park, Washington,
District of Columbia, October 1, 1923 (Field); John Davis 6119 p.p.,
dry woods, Hannibal, Missouri, Sept. 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6345 p.p.,
open woods, Marion County, Missouri, September 12, 1914 (Mo.);
C. C. Deam 12160, west of Shelburn, Indiana, August 24, 1912
(Deam); idem 38126, roadside ditch, southwest of New Marion,
Indiana, September 23, 1922 (Deam) ; W. W. Eggleston 5211, Kut-
tawa, Kentucky, September 27-October 9, 1909 (N.Y.); idem 5390,
Stiles Station, Kentucky, October 6, 1909 (N.Y.); C. E. Faxon,
made land, South Boston, Massachusetts, August, 1878 (Gray);
M. L. Fernald, wool waste, North Berwick, Maine, August 25, 1897
(N. Eng.); G. H. French, Jackson Co., Illinois, September 4, 1878
(N.Y.); J. Q. A. Fritchey, St. Louis Co., Missouri, September 21,
1858 (Gray) and October 3, 1859 (type, Gray); H. A. Gleason, wet
bottom lands, Herod, Illinois, August 23, 1902 (Deam); idem 41,
Champaign, Illinois, September 29, 1898 (Gray); Elihu Hall,
sloughs, Athens, Illinois, 1861 (Par.); idem, Athens, Illinois, Septem-
ber, 1868 (Field; Gray); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 3502 pro parte, north of
Catlin, Illinois, September 24, 1912 (Field, cum specie ipsa com-
mixta, 2 sheets) ; idem & E. E. Sherff 40, common in moist ground,
near Athens, Illinois, August 25, 1916 (Gray) ; J. C. Parlin & M. L.
Fernald 958, around wool waste, North Berwick, Maine, September
25, 1897 (N. Eng.); A. S. Pease 12392, railroad ditch, Champaign,
Illinois, September 11, 1909 (Gray) ; Robert Ridgway, Olney, Illinois,

1 The name, according to established custom, must of course read B. aristosa
var. mutica, followed either by "(Gray) Gray ex [or in] Gattinger" or, since Gray's
name appears twice, by merely "Gray ex [or in] Gattinger." The second rendition
accords with the style used in this monograph.

218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

September 2, 1914 (Gray); idem 77, Fox Prairie, Olney, Illinois,
September 11, 1917 (Field); idem 95, Sugar Creek Prairie, Richland
County, Illinois, September 12, 1914 (Gray).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII, FIGS. 0,-j

Bidens aristosa, fig. h: from John Davis 1319, in Hb. Mo.

Bidens aristosa var. mutica, figs, a-g: a, fruiting specimen, X0.63;
b, exterior involucral bract, X3.16; c, interior involucral bract,
X 3. 16 ; d, ray floret, Xl.26; e, palea, X3.16; /, disc floret, X3.16;
g, achene, X3.16; all from Sherff 2027, in Hb. Field.

Bidens aristosa var. Fritcheyi, fig. i: achenes, X3.16; both from
type.

79. Bidens polylepis Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 78. 1922.

PI. LVIII, figs. k-r.

Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: 74. 1834.
Diodonta involucrata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 361. 1841.
Diatonta involucrata Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm).
Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893;

non Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, Bot. 1891: 49. 1891 (cf.

Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 160. 1923).
Achaenia apice exaristata vel obscure bidentata dentibus erecto-

hispidis B. polylepis sensu stricto.

Achaenia biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis var. /3. retrorsa.

Herba annua vel biennis, glabra, 0.3-1 m. alta; caule tetragono,
ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo
adjecto 8-15 cm. longa, plerumque bipinnata, foliolis lanceolatis vel
lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, acriter serratis, membranaceis, cili-
atis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 7-9 mm.
alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae plerumque 15-20,
saepius patentes vel reflexae, lineari-elongatae, perspicue hispido-
ciliatae, dorso hispidae vel glabratae, 1-2.7 cm. longae, interiores
lanceolatas manifeste superantes. Flores ligulati circ. 8, aurei,
ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, apice integri vel obscure denticulati,
1-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia plana, brunnea vel atro-brunnea, facie-
bus tuberculato-setosa vel fere glabra, apice calva vel obscure
bidentata dentibus erecto-hispidis, margine interrupte crassiusculo-
alata et antrorsum ciliata, exteriora cuneato-obovata circ. 5.5-6.5
mm. longa, interiora cuneato-oblanceolata corpore circ. 6.5-7.5
mm. longa.

THE GENUS BIDENS 219

Type specimen: Collected by Thomas Nuttall along the Salt
River in Arkansas (Brit.).1

Distribution: From western Illinois westward to Iowa, Kansas,
Colorado, and Texas; adventive eastward to Pennsylvania and
Maryland.

Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram, Frazer, Pennsylvania, Sep-
tember 12, 1909 (Phila.); John Bright, Potomac River, near Han-
cock, Maryland, September 2, 1918 (Carn.) ; S. H. Burnham, Osa-
watomie, Kansas, September 1, 1893 (Gray); B. F. Bush, Courtney,
Missouri, September 27, 1893 (Berl.); idem 170A, low ground,
Greene Co., Missouri, September 21, 1893 (Gray; Kew); Hem 1705,
common on low ground, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 27, 1893
(U.S.); idem 319, abundant in wet prairie, Vinita, Oklahoma,
September, 1894 (Mo.); idem 910, common on low ground, Sheffield,
Missouri, September 6, 1896 (U.V.); idem 7767, bottoms, Sheffield,
September 4, 1916 (Gray) ; W. M. Canby, high ground near Newport,
Delaware, September 9, 1879 (Gray); idem, reclaimed marsh land,
Wilmington, Delaware, September 25, 1899 (Gray); idem, Cherry
Id. Marsh, Wilmington, September 5, 1900 (Gray; Phila.);2 M.A.
Carleton, Johnson Co., Kansas, August 25, 1892 (Mo.); idem, St.
George, Kansas, September 8, 1892 (N.Y.); Albert Commons, Cherry
Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September 8, 1898 (Phila.)
and 1899 (Gray) ; 2 idem, abundant, eodem loco, September 16, 1899
(Phila.); Delzie Demaree 13675, moist creeks, 9 miles southeast of
Monticello, Drew Co., Arkansas, September 4, 1936 (Field); T.
Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1833 (Del.); W. W. Eggleston
12071, Carthage, Missouri, October 1-3, 1915 (N.Y.; U.S.); A.
Fendler 398, prairie hollows near 110 Creek, Kansas, September
20, 1847 (Mo.); idem 444, eodem loco et tempore (Brit.); T. J. &
M. F. L. Fitzpatrick, common in waste places, Decatur Co.,
Iowa, September 16, 1899 (N.Y.); A. S. Hitchcock 734, wet soil,
Pottawatomie Co., Kansas, 1896 (Par., 2 sheets); J. F. Joor, Jack-
sonville, Texas, October 8, 1884 (Mo., 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman,
Manhattan, Kansas, September 2, 1886 (N.Y.; U.S.); ex herb.
Thomas Nuttall, Salt River, Arkansas (type, Brit.); J. H. Oyster,
Miami Co., Kansas, July, 1883 (Field) ; C. C. Parry 31, headwaters
of Clear Creek and alpine ridges east of Middle Park, Colorado, 1861

1 Nuttall cited secondly the material by Dr. Zina Pitcher. The Pitcher speci-
men is still extant (Phila.); also at least one duplicate of it (N.Y.).

2 Plantae Canbyi Commonsiique in hac palude lectae Bidenti aristosae bracteis
exterioribus debiliter vel valde adpropinquant. Una planta (Commons, September
8-16, 1899; Hb. N.Y.) pro B. aristosa a N. L. Brittonio habita est.

220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(Gray) ; H. Patterson, Oquawka, Illinois, 1873 (Gray) ; Zina Pitcher,
Arkansas (N.Y.; Phila.); M. P. Somes 3832, Des Moines, Iowa, Sep-
tember 14, 1909 (N.Y.); P. C. Standley 8321, pasture, vicinity of
Springfield, Missouri, August 28, 1911 (U.S.); idem 9049, open field,
eodem loco, August 20, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9455, open field, vicinity
of Straff ord, Missouri, August 27, 1912 (U.S.) ; G. W. Stevens 2430,
woods near Ottawa, Oklahoma, August 27, 1913 (Gray) ; idem 2544,
moist slough, in shade by Spring River, near Ottawa, August 29,
1913 (Gray); idem 2991^, waste place, Tulsa, Oklahoma, October
30, 1913 (Gray); W. C. Stevens, Lawrence, Kansas, August (U.S.);
H. K. Svenson 482, old field, Eva, Tennessee, August 28, 1922
(Gray); William Trelease 640, Truhey Creek, Joplin, Missouri,
October 7, 1897 (Mo.); S. S. Van Pelt, Narrowsville, Pennsylvania,
September 9, 1904 (Phila.) ; Charles Wright, Texas (Par.; Gray).

Daniels (Univ. Missouri Studies, Sci. Ser. 1: 378 [reprint 236].
1907) lists a supposed hybrid of this species with Bidens comosa.
Such a hybrid is unknown to me.

Bidens polylepis var. ft. retrorsa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 386. 1925.

PI. LVIII, fig. s.
Bidens involucrata var. retrorsa Sherff, loc. cit.

A specie achaeniorum biaristatorum aristis retrorsum hamosis
differt.

Type specimen: Collected by B. F. Bush, No. 5175 pro parte,
Webb City, Missouri, September 25, 1908 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from Indiana and Missouri.

Specimens examined: Bush 170, common on low ground, Mc-
Donald Co., Missouri, September 1, 1893 (Field); idem 5175 pro
parte, Webb City, etc. (Gray; hie numerus in Hb. N.Y. vera
Bidens aristosa est) ; C. C. Deam 35010, roadside north of Coal City,
Indiana, September 22, 1921 (Deam; fragment, in Field); E. J.
Palmer 1480, abundant on moist prairies, Webb City, Missouri,
September 25, 1908 (Mo.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII, FIGS. k-S

Bidens polylepis, figs, k-r: k, flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.63; I, exterior involucral bract, X3.16; m, interior involucral
bract, X3.16; n, ray corolla, Xl.26; o, palea, X3.16; p, disc floret,
X3.16; q, r, achenes, X3.6; k, mainly from type, in lesser part
from Zina Pitcher, Arkansas, in Hb. Phila.; l-r, from B. F. Bush,
Courtney, Missouri, September 27, 1893, in Hb. Berl.

Bidens polylepis var. retrorsa, fig. s: achene, X3.16; from type.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LVI

BIDENS BIDENTOIDES (Nutt.) Britt.

Of W

THE GENUS BIDENS 221

80. Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281.

1893; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 495.1913. PI. LIX, figs, m and p-u.
Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1281. 1763 (ex descript.,

exclud. synon.).

Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 139. 1803.
Coreopsis trichosperma var. aurea Edwards, Bot. Reg. 1228. 1829

(non Nutt.).
Diodonta coronata (L.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360.

1841.

Diatonta coronata (L.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 614. 1843 (sphalm).
Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. loc. cit.
Foliola plerumque lanceolato-linearia et inciso-dentata, achaeniis

corpore 5-7 mm. longis B. coronata sensu stricto.

Foliola (segmentave) angustissime linearia et saepe etiam integra,

achaeniis minoribus var. /3. tenuiloba.

Herba annua vel biennis, glabra, erecta, ramosa, 3-15 dm. alta;
caule subtereti, saepe purpurascenti. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-1.6
cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.4 dm. longa, pinnata (nonnulla
inferiora saepe irregulariter bipinnata segmentis lanceolatis vel
linearibus) vel rarissime indivisa lanceolataque, foliolis 3-7 (-9),
minime ciliatis, acutis vel acuminatis, plerumque lanceolato-lineari-
bus et inciso-dentatis. Capitula pauca vel multa, paniculato-
corymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-6 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta.
Involucrum basi plerumque glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8,
linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, margine levibus vel ciliatis, extrin-
secus rariter hispidis, disco rarissime longioribus, interiores ovato-
lanceolatas subaequantibus. Flores ligulati 7-9, aurei, ligula
elliptico-obovati vel obovato-lanceolati, 1-2.5 cm. longi, termino
obtuse apiculati vel obsolete denticulati. Achaenia anguste cuneato-
oblonga vel interiora cuneato-linearia, plana vel inconspicue quad-
rangulata, brunnea vel interdum subnigra, faciebus levia vel plus
minusve rugoso-hispida, marginibus suberecte ciliata, corpore 5-7
mm. longa, apice biaristata aristis validis subulatisque 1-2 mm.
longis, erecte setosis.

Type specimen: The single specimen in the Linnean Herbarium
has on the back of its sheet "Pennsylvania" but Linnaeus apparently
ignored or overlooked this and cited Virginia (then embracing much
more territory than now) as the home of the species.

Distribution: From Massachusetts, southernmost Ontario, and
northern Wisconsin southward and southwestward to Virginia,
Kentucky, and Nebraska.

222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Specimens examined:1 H. G. Allebach, salt marsh, Ocean City,
New Jersey, October, 1918 (Phila.); anon., Pennsylvania (Linn.);
G. B. Ashcroft, Berea, Ohio, July, 1897 (Field); E. B. Bartram,
Newport News, Virginia, September 16, 1907 (Phila.) ; J. B. Brinton,
swamp, Westville, New Jersey, September 20, 1879 (Penn.); idem,
Hammonton, New Jersey, September 6, 1891 (Penn.); N. L. Britton,
Garretson's Meadows, Staten Isl., New York, September 23, 1892
(N.Y.); idem, Whiting, Indiana, August 29, 1893 (N.Y.); idem 1488,
Staten Isl., New York, September 6, 1879 (Carn.); John Bright,
salt meadow bogs, Cape May Co., New Jersey, September 4, 1925
(Carn.); A. B. Burgess 320, swampy ground near creek, Prairie
Rhonde, Michigan, September 25, 1903 (Field); Agnes Chase 639,
Larix swamp, Miller, Indiana, September 8, 1897 (Phila.); eadem
1699, prairie, Chicago, Illinois, August 28, 1901 (Field); J. R.
Churchill, Rehoboth, coast of Delaware, September 10, 1908 (Gray) ;
Fred Clements 2868, Cams, Nebraska, August 14, 1893 (Gray);
Albert Commons, river shore, Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Dela-
ware, August 31, 1899 (Phila.) ; idem, Wilmington, September 16, 1899
(Phila.; forma foliis tripartitis, foliolis dentatis, terminali anguste
lanceolate quam lateralibus oblongo-lanceolatis multo longiore sed
achaeniis typica); J. W. Congdon, South Kingston, Rhode Island,
September 7, 1878 (Carn.); C. A. Davis 5158, marshes, Alma, Michi-
gan, September, 1892 (Phila.); Mary A. Day & M. L. Fernald 48,
wet meadows of Neponset River, Dedham, Massachusetts, Septem-
ber 6, 1901 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Phila.;
U.V., etc.); C. C. Deam, swamp near Lake Gage, Steuben Co.,
Indiana, August 12, 1903 (Berl.); idem 5376, prairie south of
Bluffton, Indiana, September 13, 1908 (U.V., 2 sheets); idem 19034,
north of Medora, Indiana, September 13, 1915 (Deam; forma typica
specimini Linnaei herbarii simillima); idem 22018, northwest of
Laketown, Indiana, September 17, 1916 (Deam); idem 29813, near
Waverly Beach, Indiana, September 13, 1919 (Deam) ; idem 30229,
southwest of Vallonia, Indiana, September 27, 1919 (Penn.); idem
42209, southeast of Tefft, Indiana, August 19, 1925 (Deam) ; C. K.
Dodge, near Port Huron, Michigan, August 31, 1894 (U.S.); idem
81, Rush Lake, Huron Co., Michigan, August 25, 1908 (Gray);
R. R. Dreisbach 1117, Brown's Mills, Burlington Co., New Jersey,
September 4, 1922 (Carn.; Phila.); idem 1139, Atsion, New Jersey,
September 9, 1922 (Carn.); idem 1878, Ancora Station, New Jersey,

1 No attempt was made to distinguish in various herbaria between the species
proper and the form with narrower leaf divisions, var. tenuiloba. Thus all are
listed here.

THE GENUS BIDENS 223

September 9, 1923 (Phila.); idem 1926, edge of pond, Deerfield,
New Jersey, October 6, 1923 (Phila.); A. A. Eaton, North Easton,
Massachusetts, September 11, 1903 (Berl.); D. C. Eaton, marshes,
Hackensack, New Jersey (Field); Fernald 17613, Harwichport,
Massachusetts, October 13, 1918 (Phila.); idem & B. Long 17612,
near Fresh Pond, Dennis, Massachusetts, September 2, 1918 (Phila.) ;
Fernald, Hunnewell, & Long 10690, near Chebacco Lake, Essex,
Massachusetts, September 11, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); Freedley,
Pennsylvania (Del.); C. D. Fretz, May's Landing, New Jersey,
September 12, 1912 (Phila.; forma foliis indivisis, lanceolatis, den-
tatis, anguste petiolatis; achaeniis atris, aristis brevibus paten tibus);
H. A. Gleason & F. D. Shobe 218, boggy prairie, Sun Lake, Lake
Villa, Illinois, August 9, 1906 (Gray) ; J. M. Greenman 337, Riverside,
Massachusetts, September 5, 1897 (Mo.) ; J. H. Grove 498, swamps,
New Egypt, New Jersey, August 20, 1907 (Phila.) ; J. W. Harsh-
berger, Cedar Bog, west of Point Pleasant, New Jersey, September
9, 1912 (Penn.) ; A. A. Heller 1247, Northwest, Virginia, September
6, 1893 (Penn.; Phila.) ; P. Heuser, Arlington, Staten Isl., New York,
August 25, 1896 (Berl.); idem, eodem loco, September 8, 1896 (Berl.,
2 sheets); J. H. Holmes 557, Salem Co., New Jersey, September,
1890 (U.S.); L. S. Hopkins 2335, Kent, Ohio, August 25, 1913
(Carn.) ; Albrecht John, below Washington Park, New Jersey, Sep-
tember 14, 1895 (Phila.); 0. E. Jennings, Pymatuning Swamp,
Linesville, Pennsylvania, August 19, 1904 (Carn., 3 sheets; forma
foliorum segmentis latioribus); idem, Sandy Lake, near Stoneboro,
Pennsylvania, August 30, 1923 (Carn., 3 sheets); T. H. Kearney
2375, near Northwest, Virginia, November 8, 1898 (U.S.); A. B.
Klugh 8, Point Pelee, Ontario, September 14, 1905 (Gray); C. H.
Knowlton, cranberry bog, Harwich, Massachusetts, October 14,
1920 (Phila.); Louis Krautter, Jr., Halsey, Nebraska, August 20,
1907 (Penn.); W. Krebs 61, swamps, Cleveland, Ohio, August-
October (Berl.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 538, prairie swale, Hammond,
Indiana, September 28, 1898 (Field); idem 2640, prairie, Roby,
Indiana, September 20, 1906 (Berl.; Field) ; idem, 2901, Pine, Indiana,
September 28, 1910 (Gray); idem 3314, swamp, South Haven,
Michigan, September 3, 1911 (Field); /. A. Lapham, swamps, Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin (Phila.); C. D. Lippencott, Swedesboro, New
Jersey, September 10, 1892 (Phila.); Bayard Long, Manahawken,
New Jersey, September 8, 1906 (Phila.); idem 4719, Mullica River,
Atlantic Co., New Jersey, August 21, 1910 (Phila.); idem 4868,
Hartford, New Jersey, September 5, 1910 (Phila.); idem 5195 and

224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

5288, Forked River, Ocean Co., New Jersey, September 29, 1910
(Phila.); idem 6939, Ancora, New Jersey, October 28, 1911 (Phila.);
Alex. MacElwee, Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sep-
tember 21, 1895 (Phila.); John Macoun 1150, Rondeau, Ontario,
October, 1885 (Brit.); idem 5061, eodem loco, September 25, 1894
(Gray); E. A. Mearns 160, Minnesota River, Fort Snelling, Min-
nesota, August 29, 1889 (N.Y.); Andre Michaux, North America
(type material of Bidens trichosperma Michx.: Berl.; Del., ubi cum
nom. Neetoux quoque; Par.); W. S. Moffatt, swamps, Pine, Indiana,
August 31, 1895 (Field); Ch. More, moist places, New Jersey, August,
1838 (Del., 2 sheets); E. L. Mosely, Marblehead Sandspit, Ohio,
September 16, 1908 (Carn.); ex herb. Nuttallii, ex Massachusetts
(Brit., sub nom. C. coronata L.); F. W. Pennell 3571, Parkdale, New
Jersey, September 13, 1911 (Phila.); idem 6622, Point Pleasant,
New Jersey, September 22, 1915 (Phila.); J. E. Peters, May's Land-
ing, Atlantic Co., New Jersey, October 12, 1887 (N.Y.); T. C.
Porter, Budd's Lake, New Jersey, September 19, 1878 (N.Y.); J. T.
Rothrock, Spy Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 20,
1864 (Field); P. A. Rydberg 1642, sandhills, Middle Loupe River
near Thedford, Nebraska, August 19, 1893 (N.Y.); J. H. Sandberg.
Hennepin Co., Minnesota, August, 1889 (Penn.); F. Scammon,
Chicago, Illinois, September, 1860 (N.Y.); A. Schrader 127, Ohio,
1864 (Berl.); J. H. Schuette, Cedar Swamp, Green Bay Marsh, Wis-
consin, August 17, 1878 (Field); Charles Shaffer, Spotswood Dam,
New Jersey, September 18, 1871 (Phila.); E. E. Sherff 1747, ditch,
South Chicago, Illinois, August 24, 1912 (Mo.); idem 1997, wet soil,
near Carpenterville, Illinois, September 22, 1912 (Field); E. F. Ship-
man, Benton Co., Indiana, August, 1876 (Phila.); C. W. Short, banks
of Ohio River, Fernbank, Ohio (Kew); idem, rich soils, Lexington,
Kentucky, 1835 (Kew; forma nonnullis foliis tripartitis ac foliolis
1.5-1.8 cm. latis) ; idem, marshes around Louisville, Kentucky, 1835
(Phila.) and 1840 (Phila.); idem, marshes, Kentucky, 1840 (Brit.);
Joseph Schrenk, Weehawken, New Jersey, 1884 (Mo.); Forrest Shreve,
fresh-water marshes of Choptauk River, Dover Bridge, Caroline
Co., Maryland, September 16, 1907 (U.S.); idem 401, Charlestown,
Maryland, September 12, 1904 (U.S.); G. H. Shull 356, north of
Bush River Station, Maryland, September 10, 1902 (U.S.); A. H.
Smith, T. C. Porter, & J. Leidy, Tinicum Isl., Pennsylvania, Sep-
tember 8, 1868 (Penn.); Stewart, Illinois (ex herb. Asae Grayi, Kew;
forma achaeniis parvis B. miti adpropinquans sed foliis typica pro
B. coronata var. tenuiloba}; idem, peat bogs, Peoria, Illinois, 1869

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LVII

1

BIDENS EATONII Fern. (figs, a-/); var. FALLAX Fern. (fig. g)

:;;: '."»RARY

OF THt
UNIVERSITY ftp (HINDIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 225

(Gray); John Torrey, New York, 1843 (Del.); Frank Tweedy, pine
barrens, New Jersey, September, 1880 (Berl.; achaeniis plus minusve
eis B. mitis adpropinquantibus) ; L. M. Umbach 2035, marsh, Clark,
Indiana, September 2, 1907 (Mus. V.); idem 2051, marsh, Miller,
Indiana, September 6, 1907 (Mus. V.) ; E. G. Vanatta, Queen Anne
Co. (at point opposite Chestertown), Maryland, August 15, 1902
(Phila.); idem, Chestertown, Maryland, August 3, 1904 (Phila.);
George Vasey, Ringwood, Illinois, 1861 (Gray) ; Von Rabenau, Arling-
ton, Staten Isl., New York, September 7, 1890 (Berl.); C. A. Weath-
erby, open swamp, Wenham, Massachusetts, October 12, 1915 (N.
Eng.) ; W. C. Werner, Cedar Swamp, Champaign Co., Ohio, September
10, 1892 (N.Y.); H. E. Wetherill, Norristown, Pennsylvania, 1891
(Penn.); A. Wetzstein, St. Marys, Ohio, September, 1898 (Berl.);
C. F. Wheeler, swamp near Lansing, Michigan, July 23, 1897 (Gray) ;
W. F. Wight 112a and 113, Kalamazoo River, Allegan Co., Michigan,
September 11, 1902 (U.S.); E. Wilkinson 5126, Richland Co., Ohio,
August 29, 1893 (Field) ; idem (similiter) 5126, low woods, Mansfield,
Ohio, August 29, 1895 (Carn.); C. S. Williamson, Chicago, Illinois,
September 2, 1898 (Phila.); idem, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
August 23, 1903 (Phila.); 0. R. Willis, Hightstown, New Jersey,
September, 1845 (Field) ; A. B. Wolcott 75, low prairie south of dunes,
Mineral Springs, Indiana, September 13, 1911 (Field) ; H. A. Young,
Cedar Pond, Lynn, Massachusetts, September 13, 1879 (N. Eng.).

Britton, at the time of transferring several American species
from Coreopsis to Bidens, assumed that this species had already been
transferred by Fischer. In fact, as his citation proves, he rested his
assumption entirely upon Steudel. But a careful examination of
Steudel (Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1840), with proper regard for his use of
italics for synonyms, shows that Fischer's plant was Coreopsis
coronata Hooker (a true Coreopsis) and not Coreopsis coronata L.
Steudel even emphasized this fact with the words nee alior. after C.
coronata Hooker, to which he referred Bidens coronata Fischer.
Thus the Linnean species was left in Coreopsis until Britton's treat-
ment of it as a species of Bidens.

In the Linnean Herbarium there still exists the original superb
specimen of Coreopsis coronata L. (cf. Bot. Gaz. 59: 314, fig. 3. 1915;
cf . pi. LIX, fig. m) . It lacks mature achenes, but its several beautiful,
8-rayed heads, with the rays strikingly well arranged on the paper,
leave little doubt that Linnaeus had this specimen at hand when
describing his C. coronata (Sp. PL ed. 2. 2: 1281. 1763; "radio magno,

226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

octopetalo," etc.).1 While, indeed, Linnaeus cited in his synonymy
plants of Vaillant and Plummier, these have been justly excluded
by subsequent authors. Thus, for forming a true conception of
C. coronata L., there are left the Linnean specimen and description.
The latter, by itself, is inadequate. The former, in Gray's time,
seemed likewise disappointing, as being too nearly intermediate
between C. mitis Michx. (C. aurea Gray, non Ait.) and C. tricho-
sperma Michx.2 But, in later years, numerous specimens of these
last two species have been added to our American herbaria and show
very clearly differences in leaf outline that Gray, with his scantier
material, evidently could not properly evaluate. A comparison with
these specimens shows at once that the single remaining Linnean
specimen is Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. and hence Bidens tricho-
sperma (Michx.) Britt.3

We may remark also that Nuttall (loc. cit.) equated C. tricho-
sperma Michx. with Coreopsis coronata L., for the concept of which
latter he relied upon Gray ("fide Gray"), a fact which evidently
indicates that in his earlier years Gray had considered Coreopsis
coronata L. to be the species common in the northeastern United
States (our Bidens coronata), not that found in the southeastern
United States (OUT Bidens mitis).

1 In fact, Asa Gray and various others appear to raise no question whatever
as to the authenticity of this specimen and refer to it as "the specimen of the
Linnean Herbarium" (a fact of importance if it be argued that the habitat, Penn-
sylvania— vide sub "Type Specimen" — is in conflict with Linnaeus' published
habitat, Virginia).

According to Jackson's scholarly researches (Proc. Linn. Soc. 124th Session,
suppl. — Index Linn. Herb. — : 8, sub num. 3; 25, sub Explanation; 62, sub Coreop-
side coronata, 3. 1912), the inscription Cor. coronata is in Linnaeus' own hand-
writing and the specimen was first "enumerated" by Linnaeus (as possessed in
his private herbarium) by underscoring in the second volume of the twelfth
edition of the Systema Naturae, published in 1767, thus proving its accession
between the spring of 1755 and about or later than 1767.

2 Dr. N. L. Britton wrote me in 1915 that, many years before, he had examined
the Linnean type, but, while entertaining doubts as to its true status, felt con-
strained, for want of achenes, to follow Gray's treatment, except as to generic
affiliations. Professor M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium informed me shortly
afterward that Gray's fragment at Gray Herbarium, from the Linnean Herbarium
(where certain heads were missing on the single type specimen), showed "perfectly
characteristic fruit of B. trichosperma, not of B. coronata of recent authors," thus
confirming my conclusions in a most emphatic way.

3 Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 294. 1884) did equate, though somewhat
provisionally, the C. coronata of the Linnean Herbarium with a species of the
southeastern United States, Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff, which latter he erro-
neously called Coreopsis aurea Ait.

The type of B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. is still extant (Par.) and was
studied in 1924; also the cotypes at Berlin (Berl.) and Geneva (Del.). The material
matches the Linnean Herbarium Coreopsis coronata well.

THE GENUS BIDENS 227

Nuttall's herbarium (Brit.) has a plant of B. coronata from
Massachusetts. Its first determination, "trichosperma Michx.," had
been crossed out and "C. coronata Linn." substituted.

Bidens coronata var. /3. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
86: 446. 1928. PI. LIX, figs, n and o.

Coreopsis trichosperma var. tenuiloba Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt.

2: 295. 1884.
Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba (Gray) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot.

Club 20: 281. 1893.

Bidens trichosperma var. tenuifolia (Gray) Britt. ex Farw. Ann.
Kept. Comm. Parks and Blvds. Detroit 11: 92. 1900.

A specie caule saepe altiore, foliolis segmentisve angustissime
linearibus et saepe etiam integris, achaeniis minoribus differt.

Type specimen: Collected by George Vasey, sloughs in northern
Illinois, 1862 (Gray).1

Distribution: With the species proper and usually commoner.

Specimens examined : E. P. Killip 13273, Alsion, Atlantic County,
New Jersey, September, 1928 (Field) ; also many specimens already
listed with those of species proper (cf. p. 222, footnote 1).

Frequently, where many specimens are examined in the field,
the var. tenuiloba is found to pass over into the species proper. The
more finely divided foliage appears to be the most pronounced
diagnostic character, but even this is inconstant. Rarely the achenes
are exceedingly diminutive and then a strong approach is made to
Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff, as noted by Gray (loc. cit.).

Farwell's plant, not seen by me, was referred with an interroga-
tion to this variety. It was described as "a peculiar form found on
Belle Isle [a pleasure island at Detroit, Michigan]. It has the outer
linear involucral bracts twice longer than the inner and equal to
the rays in length."

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX, FIGS. m~U

Bidens coronata, figs, m, p-u: m, flowering spray, X0.61; p,
exterior involucral bract, X3.05; q, interior involucral bract, X3.05;

1 Gray mentioned no type but gave "Peat bogs, Indiana and Illinois, Vasey,
Stewart, &c." Whence the first cited material, that collected by Vasey, may well
be regarded as the type. Gray had at least two specimens by Vasey, the first
from Ringwood, Illinois, in 1861, a plant with broader leaf segments and really
of the species proper, hence to be excluded here; the second from northern Illinois,
in 1862, a fine specimen with very narrow leaf segments, clearly the kind that
inspired the name tenuiloba. The supplementary specimen by J. T. Stewart
was collected in peat bogs at Peoria, Illinois, 1869. It is a fine, large, branched
plant (Gray).

228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

r, ray corolla, Xl.22; s, palea, X3.05; t, disc floret, X3.05; u, achene,
X3.05; m, almost entirely from the Linnean Hb. specimen regarded
here as type, but in very small part from Sherff 2014, in Hb. Field ;
p-u, from Sherff 2014, ibid.

Bidens coronata var. tenuiloba, figs, n, o: cauline leaves, X0.61;
w, from Sherff 2044, in Hb. Field; o, from Sherff 2015, ibid.

81. Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 43. 1926.
PI. LIX, figs. a-l.

Coreopsis mitis Michx. Fl. Amer. Bor. 2: 140. 1803.

Coreopsis trichosperma var. "0. aurea?" Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818

(exclud. synon. Ait.).

Coreopsis arguta Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 567. 1814.
Coreopsis ambigua Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 75. 1834.
Diodonta mitis (Michx.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360.

1841.

Diodonta leptophylla Nutt. loc. cit.

Diatonta leptophylla Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm).
Diatonta mitis (Michx.) Nutt. ex Walp. op. cit. 614 (sphalm).
Coreopsis aurea var. subintegra Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339.

1843.

Coreopsis aurea var. leptophylla Torr. & Gray, loc. cit.
Coreopsis aurea var. incisa Torr. & Gray, op. cit. 340.
Coreopsis heterophylla Bertol. Misc. Bot. 7: 43. 1848 (ex descript.

et patria).

Coreopsis cuspidata Bertol. op. cit. 44 (ex descript. et patria).
Coreopsis Jasminifolia Bertol. loc. cit. (ex descript. et patria).1
Bidens coronata var. leptophylla (Nutt.) Mohr, Contr. U. S. Nat.

Herb. 6: 808. 1901.

Bidens aurea var. leptophylla (Nutt.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 316. 1915.
Leidon mite (Michx.) Shuttlw. ex Sherff. op. cit. 81: 44, footnote 20.

1926.

Bidens mitis var. subintegra (Torr. & Gray) Sherff in herb.
Bidens mitis var. incisa (Torr. & Gray) Sherff in herb.

Herba annua, plus minusve glabra; caule tenui, 3-10 dm. alto,
obscure quadrangulato, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-2 (-3)

1 Professor Luigi Buscalioni, Director of the Royal Botanical Garden of the
University of Bologna, informs me (in lit., October 24, 1931) that C. heterophylla
Bertol., C. cuspidata Bertol., and C. Jasminifolia Bertol. are not represented in
the Bertoloni Herbarium at the University of Bologna, and that perhaps they are
still in the hands of Bertoloni's heirs. Cf. footnote under Bidens canescens.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LVIII

BIDENS ARISTOSA (Michx.) Britt. (fig. h); var. MUTICA Gray ex Gatting. (figs, a-g);

var. FRITCHEYI Fern. (fig. i)
BIDENS POLYLEPIS Blake (figs, k-r); var. RETRORSA Sherff (fig. s)

OF Tfit
0F

THE GENUS BIDENS 229

•

cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.4-1.2 dm. longa, membranacea, vari-
abilia; nunc indivisa, lanceolata vel ovata, serrata, apice acuta vel
acuminata (var. subintegrae) ; nunc Integra vel saepius pinnata
3-7-partita foliolo terminal! plerumque elongatissimo, lamina seg-
mentisve linearibus et plerumque integris (formae plus minusve
typicae) vel latioribus inciso-serratisque (var. incisae), rarissime
valde pinnato-decomposita. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin
2-5 cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 0.2-1.2 dm. longis.
Involucrum basi glabrum vel sparsim hispidum ; bracteis exterioribus
7-10, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, saepius ciliatis, apice acutis
obtusisve, 5-10 mm. longis, interiores saepe superantibus. Flores
ligulati circ. 8, aurei, ligula 1-2.5 cm. longi, oblanceolati vel elliptico-
obovati, apice integri vel minime denticulati. Achaeniorum 2 facies
unicostatae; corpore subplano vel parce trigono, late cuneato, nigro,
saepe rugoso aliter fere glabro, ad apicem dentibus acribus circ.
0.5-1 mm. longis et antrorsum setosis bidentato, 2.5-4.5 mm. longo.

Type specimen: Collected by Andre Michaux in North America
(Par.).

Distribution: Southeastern United States from Maryland to
Texas, but chiefly in coastal states from North Carolina to Louisi-
ana. Apparently found once in Cuba (Rug el 633), where doubtless
adventive.

Specimens examined: Andrew Allison 46, vicinity of Lake
Charles, Louisiana, 1904 (U.S.) ; Baldwyn, Georgia (type of Diodonta
leptophylla Nutt.; Brit.); H. C. Benke 3843, Palatka, Florida, March
10, 1924 (Field); Chapman, Florida (Kew); idem, Florida, 1845
(Brit., 2 sheets; uno specimine cum foliis pro maxima parte lanceo-
latis, alio cum foliis valde dissectis); Cooper, Alabama (type of
Coreopsis ambigua Nutt.; Brit.); A. H. Curtiss, Eden, Georgia, 1875
(U.S.); idem, Walton Co., Florida, 1885 (N.Y.); idem 1472, near
Jacksonville, Florida, October (Berl.; Brit.; Carn. ; Field. ; Gray; Kew;
Mo.; Phila.); idem 4486, eodem loco, September 30, 1893 (N.Y.);
idem 5322, swampy places in pine barrens, eodem loco, October 22,
1894 (Boiss.; Field; Kew); Drummond, New Orleans, Louisiana,
1832 (Kew); idem, Louisiana, 1832 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco, 1833
(Kew); idem, Jacksonville and Covington, Louisiana, 1832-1833
(Brit.); A. P. Garber, Levy Co., Florida, November, 1877 (Field,
2 sheets; Phila.); Gates, Alabama, 1831 (N.Y.); E. J. Grimes 4546,
banks of canal, Wallacetown, Virginia, October 2, 1921 (N.Y.);
Josiah Hale, Louisiana (Phila., 3 sheets); R. M. Harper 1562,
Satilla River swamp near Woodbine, Georgia, August 23, 1902

230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

»

(Berl.; Brit.; Field; Mo.); A. S. Hitchcock 915, vicinity of Eustis,
Florida, June-July, 1894 (Field); idem 917, Lake City, Florida,
June- July, 1898 (Field); idem 918, Hernando Co., Florida, June-
July, 1898 (Field) ; 0. E. & Grace K. Jennings, flood plain of Peace
River, vicinity of Fort Meade, Florida, December, 1919 (Carn.,
3 sheets; forma foliis parvis indivisisque, nunc rhomboideis nunc
rhomboideo-lanceolatis nunc oblongo-lanceolatis) ; J. F. Joor, Long
Beach, Mississippi, September 16, 1891 (Mo.); A. B. Langlois,
Cotes Blanches, Louisiana, October 10, 1884 (N.Y.); E. A. Mearns,
Kissimmee, Florida, May 7, 1901 (U.S.); Marie Meislahn 107,
Clarcona, Florida, November 5, 1899 (U.S.); Michaux, North
America (type, Par.: cotypes, Berl.; Par.); Charles Mohr, Mobile,
Alabama, October, 1878 (U.S.); idem, borders of ponds and streams
in the low country, eodem loco, October 4, 1886 (U.S.); idem,
Poplarville, Mississippi, October 4, 1894 (U.S.); idem, Mobile,
Alabama, October, 1899 (U.S.) ; G. V. Nash 112, swamps, vicinity
of Eustis, Florida, March 12-31, 1894 (Phila.); idem 150, eodem loco
et tempore (Berl.; N.Y.); idem 336, eodem loco, April 1-15, 1894
(Berl.; Field; Kew; Par., 2 sheets); L. B. Ohlinger 400, marsh, Polk
Co., Florida, May 12, 1894 (Field); Edward Palmer 285, Indian
River, eastern Florida, 1874 (U.S.); B. H. Patterson, Orlando,
Florida, December 3-11, 1917 (Carn., 2 sheets); idem, Kissimmee,
Florida, December 7, 1917 (Carn.); Rafinesque (labeled "Appalach-
ian Mts. in Alabama"; Petrop.); F. Rugel, near St. Marks, Florida,
August, 1833 (Field); idem 278, swamps, Macon Co., North
Carolina, September, 1842 (appellata Leiodon aureum Shuttlw.;
Brit.; Kew); idem 360, meadows of Swannanoa (Swanano) Valley,
North Carolina, August, 1841 (Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets; Kew); idem
483, Florida, 1845 (N.Y.; U.S.); idem 547, Florida, 1845 (U.S.);
idem 633, Cuba (I),1 1849 (Brit.); Forrest Shreve & W. R. Jones 1304,
marshes of Nanticoke River near Vienna, Maryland, August, 1906
(U.S.); J. D. Smith 16, swamps of Muddy Creek, North Carolina,
August, 1881 (N.Y.); P. C. Standley & H. C.Bollman 10274, swamp,
vicinity of Black Mountain, Buncombe Co., North Carolina,
September 2, 1913 (U.S.); S. M. Tracy 4762, Biloxi, Mississippi,
September-October, 1898 (Field); idem 6445, eodem loco, October
8, 1899 (Brit.; Gray; U.S.); idem 6929, Clearwater, Florida, April
20, 1900 (Mo., pro nova specie Coreopsidis a E. L. Greeneo habita);
idem 7140, Bradentown, Florida, October 26, 1900 (Cam.; Field);
idem 7351, Manatee, Florida, December 5, 1901 (Carn.) ; L. F. &

1 The label is a printed one and so "Cuba" is perhaps correct. The species
does not ordinarily grow there, however.

THE GENUS BIDENS 231

Rosamond Ward, Jacksonville, Florida, February-March, 1891
(U.S.); Otto Westerlund 10, Pittman, Florida, November, 1889
(U.S.); C. S. Williamson, Palatka, Florida, April, 1897 (Phila.);
S. H. Wright, Volusia Co., Florida (Field).

As stated in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 81: 43. 1926), the name
Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff, at first considered as pertaining to a
species from the southeastern United States, has been found to
belong to the Mexican species described by Ortega as Bidens hetero-
phylla. Michaux's name Coreopsis mitis is found to be, in reality,
the first name published for the southeastern United States species,
which is the species to be considered here. Torrey and Gray (loc.
cit.) divided this species into three varieties, subintegra, leptophylla,
and incisa, on the basis of the amount of leaf division. But in this
species the variation in leaf division is so fickle that the maintenance
of varieties is often difficult. Thus, in a considerable number of
cases, a specimen in one herbarium belongs to one variety and one
or more duplicates in other herbaria belong to another variety.
Michaux (or rather, to speak more accurately, his author, Richard)
described the leaves but scantily ("foliis petiolatis; infimis duplicato-
pinnatifidis; supremis lineari-tripartitis"). I have studied specimens
of his original material (BerL, ex Kunthio, cui datum erat ab A.
Ricardo, anno 1827; Par., ex herb. Drake ex herb. A. Richard e
Michx. ips.). Their leaf segments are slender and fit the var. lepto-
phylla better than the var. incisa, to which latter Torrey and Gray
referred the Michaux material.

This being the case, it becomes evident that, if varietal distinctions
are to be erected, the species proper may be considered as embracing
the plants with compound foliage and linear leaf divisions, leaving
the various other foliage forms to constitute two more or less inter-
grading varieties, subintegra (Torr. & Gray) Sherff and incisa
(Torr. & Gray) Sherff. The var. subintegra will include forms with
leaves undivided (and ovate to lanceolate) or tripartite (with ovate
to lanceolate leaflets). The var. incisa will include forms with the
leaves more dissected, a specimen by Chapman (Florida, 1845;
Brit.) having its multisect leaves looking even like the fronds of
some ferns.1

1 Of the specimens cited for Bidens mitis, the following are fairly typical,
as to linear leaf divisions, of the species proper :Baldwyn; Chapman (Kew); Curtiss
1472 (Carn., pro parte; Field; Mo.); idem 4486; Drummond, in 1832 (Kew) and
1833 (Kew, 1 of 2 sheets) ; Garber (Field, 1 of 2 sheets); Harper 1562; Hitchcock
915; Joor; Michaux; Mohr, in 1878; Ohlinger 400; Rugel 483 (N.Y.) ; Shreve & Jones
1304; Tracy 6445 (Brit.); Westerlund 10.

232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Coreopsis ambigua Nutt. is represented by the type, still extant
(Brit.)- It is the form described by Torrey and Gray as var.
subintegra.

Leidon mite (Michx.) Shuttlw. was the name printed on Rugel's
label for a specimen of this species (Berl.), with Coreopsis mitis
Michx. cited as a synonym. The generic name was more properly
spelled on various other herbarium labels, Leiodon. Similarly, the
name Leiodon aureum Shuttlw. was printed upon some of Rugel's
labels (No. 278) and distributed for this species.

Nuttall's "Coreopsis trichosperma var. /3. aurea?" was correctly
referred by me (in my mss.) several years ago to this species (B.
mitis). The plate in Edwards' Botanical Register (no. 1228), is of
B. coronata (L.) Britt. This plate was made in April, 1829, and
based upon more northern material than B. mitis (Mr. Thomas,
New York).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX, FIGS, a-l

Bidens mitis: a, flowering spray, X0.61; b-e, diverse cauline leaves,
X0.61;/, exterior involucral bract, X3.05; g, interior involucral bract,
X3.05; h, ray corolla, Xl.22; i, palea, X3.05; j, disc floret, X3.05;
k, I, achenes, X3.05; a, f-k, from Curtiss 1472, in Hb. Field; b, c,
from Mr. Cooper, Alabama (type of Coreopsis ambigua Nutt.), in
Hb. Brit.; d, from type of Diodonta leptophylla Nutt., in Hb. Brit.;
e, from Rugel 547, in Hb. Mo.; /, from A. B. Langlois, southern
Alabama, in Hb. Field.

82. Bidens Oerstediana (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
80: 385. 1925. PL LX.

Coreopsis Oerstediana Benth. ex Oerst. Vid. Meddel. Kj0benh. 1852:

93. 1852.

Herba annua, glabra, erecta; caule tereti, moderate ramoso,
± 6 dm. alto. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis,
petiolo adjecto usque ad 9 cm. longa, pleraque pinnatim 5-secta
foliolis inferioribus plerumque 2-3-sectis, omnibus angustissimis
(0.5-1.2 mm. latis) eciliatis et apice acutis. Capitula tenuiter
pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 10 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad
anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et 0.7-1 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae bise-
riales, exteriores circ. 7-10, lineares, apicem versus plus minusve
dilatatis, ad apicem subobtusae, tantum 1-2 mm. longae; interiores
lanceolatae, 4-7 mm. longae, saepe ad medium reflexae. Paleae
superne elongatae et sensim attenuatae, bracteis interioribus longi-
ores. Flores ligulati 8-10, aurei, ligula oblongo-elliptici. Achaenia

THE GENUS BIDENS 233

solum immatura visa, non vere alata, brunnea, obcompressa, lineari-
lanceolata, inferne latiora, superne longe angustata, faciebus pauci-
striata et glabra vel ad costam moderate hispida, margine erecte
ciliata, corpore 3-4 mm. longa, apice erecto-hispida et biaristata
aristis antrorsum et breviter sed dense hispidis, 2-3 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Anders Sandoe Oersted, No. 181, in
savannahs on northeast slope of Mt. Masaya, Nicaragua, 1851 (Kew).

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in western
Nicaragua.

Specimens examined: Oersted 181 (type, Kew).

This species from Nicaragua1 was collected by Oersted on Mt.
Masaya in the year 1851. It does not appear to have been collected
since then. In fact, the region round Masaya has been explored
botanically very little. The type specimen at Kew2 is a slender,
herbaceous plant, quite unlike the fruticose species so commonly
found in Mexico and Central America for true Coreopsis. Bentham's
original description likened it to some species of Bidens, but withheld
it from Bidens because of the upwardly barbed achenial aristae. The
young achenes were described as "subalata." The type specimen,
though slightly immature in its achenes, is a plant related to Bidens
coronata (L.) Britt. (B. trichosperma Michx.), of the northeastern
United States. Its achenes are not more plainly margined or sub-
winged than the average Bidens achenes of similar stage of maturity.3

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX

Bidens Oerstediana: flowering specimen, X0.67; 6, exterior invo-
lucral bract, X5.38; c, interior involucral bract, X5.38; d, ray floret,
X5.38; e, palea, X5.38; /, disc floret, X5.38; g, very immature
achene, X5.38; all from type.

83. Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
20: 281. 1893. PI. LXI.

Coreopsis discoidea Torr. & Gray Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339. 1842.
Bidens tenuissima Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. and Grit. 1: 200. 1906.
Bidens tenerrima Greene ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913.

1 Not Brazil, as stated in the Index Kewensis.

- The Oersted plants in the Herbarium of the University of Copenhagen,
from which Dr. Carl Christensen generously loaned me the material of Bidens and
Coreopsis, do not appear to have among them a duplicate of this species.

3 Dr. Sidney F. Blake, of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry, has
kindly examined the type and likewise concluded that the plant was closer to
Bidens than to Coreopsis.

234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Herba annua, erecta, glabra, 0.3-1.8 m. alta; caule purpu-
rascenti, obtuse tetragono, diffuse ramoso. Folia membranacea,
petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.2
dm. longa, tripartita, foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis,
acuminatis, serratis, omnibus plerumque petiolulatis, interdum
obscure ciliatis. Capitula numerosa, discoidea, parva, disco demum
7-9 mm. lato et 6-7 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum; bracteis
exterioribus 3-5 (plerumque 4), foliaceis, lineari-spathulatis, mem-
branaceis, non evidenter ciliatis, plerumque discum superantibus,
0.7-2.5 cm. longis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis, membranaceis,
discum subaequantibus. Flores tubulosi 5-lobati. Achaenia sub-
nigra, subplana, lineari-cuneata, saepe tuberculata, piloso-hispida,
corpore 3-6.2 mm. longa, biaristata aristis 0.2-2.2 mm. longis, aristis
marginibusque erecto-hispida.

Type specimen: Collected by William Starling Sullivant, No. 52,
Columbus, Ohio, 1839 (N.Y.).

Distribution: Northern Nova Scotia, southern Quebec, and
Minnesota southward to District of Columbia, Alabama, Louisiana,
and Texas.

Specimens examined: S. F. Blake 2985, Maquam Bay, Swan ton,
Vermont, August 20, 1911 (N. Eng.); A. E. Blewitt 1103, shore of
Lake Quassapaug, Middlebury, Connecticut, September 18, 1908
(N. Eng.); idem 1148, swamp, Waterbury, Connecticut, August 23,
1910 (N. Eng.); 0. H. Brown 112, swamp, Cold Spring, New Jersey,
September 10, 1914 (Phila.); Stewardson Brown, Budd's Lake, New
Jersey, 1894 (Phila.); W. M. Canby, sandy river shores, Salisbury,
Maryland, August (Kew); idem, Salisbury, Maryland, September,
1865 (Field); Carpenter, low land and water, Feliciana, Louisiana,
July (N.Y.); J. R. Churchill, Lakeville, Long Island, New York,
September 25, 1899 (Gray); John Clayton, Virginia, 1734, etc. (Brit.,
two sheets); Collins & Fernald 11460, Moscow Pond, Hopkinton,
Rhode Island, September 3, 1914 (N. Eng.);F. V. Coville, Ithaca,
New York, September 27, 1884 (Kew; U.S.) ; Joseph Crawford, Tully-
town, Pennsylvania, September 12, 1894 (Phila., 3 sheets); Mary A.
Day & M. L. Fernald 49, wet margins of pools, Neponset Meadows,
Dedham, Massachusetts, September 6, 1901 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.;
Can.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V.); C. C. Deam,
ditch, Steuben Co., Indiana, September 11, 1904 (Gray); idem 630,
southeast of Montpelier, Indiana, September 24, 1905 (Deam);
Delzie Demaree 13756, old bogs, Yorktown, Bayou Bartholomew,
Lincoln Co., Arkansas, September 20, 1936 (Field); idem 13793,

THE GENUS BIDENS 235

swamp 3 miles west of McGehee, Desha Co., Arkansas, September
26, 1936 (Field); idem 13895, edge of Wilson Lake, Ashley Co.,
Arkansas, October 11, 1936 (Field); idem 13960, on logs in Bayou
Bartholomew, Jefferson Co., Arkansas, October 11, 1936 (Field);
C. K. Dodge, near Port Huron, Michigan, August 28, 1895 (Gray) ;
T. Drummond 203, San Felipe, Texas, 1834-1835 (Kew; Oxf.);
idem 268 pro parte, St. Louis, Missouri (Kew); idem 553, New
Orleans, Louisiana (Kew); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri,
September, 1846 (Par.; Phila.) and 1858 (Berl.); H, Eggert, along
Mississippi River near East St. Louis, Illinois, September 6, 1874
(Gray); N. C. Fassett 2876, floating dock, Minneiska, Minnesota,
September 6, 1926 (N.Y.); idem 2878, floating dock, Winona,
Minnesota, September 11, 1926 (N.Y.); M. L. Fernald & B. Long
10673, Lakeville, Massachusetts, August 26, 1913 (Phila.); iidem
17597, Brewster, Massachusetts, September 7, 1918 (Phila.); iidem
& G. S. Torrey 10674, swampy thickets near head of Harbor Pond,
Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (Gray; Phila.); C. D.
Fretz, Bristol, Pennsylvania, September 14, 1886 (Phila.); A. P.
Garber, vicinity of Easton, Pennsylvania, 1868 (Field) and July,
1869 (Phila.); J. M. Greenman 2143, Beaver Pond, Lincoln, Massa-
chusetts, August 23, 1903 (Mo.); Josiah Gregg, above Shreveport,
Louisiana, September 28, 1847 (Phila.); J. V. Haberer 1458, gravelly,
inundated shore of Oneida Lake at Davis Point, Lenox, New York,
August 2, 1906 (U.S.); idem 3359, gravelly, inundated shore of
Oneida Lake at Jewel, New York, August 27, 1905 (U.S.); Hale,
Louisiana, 1842 (Gray); idem 402, eodem loco (N.Y.); E. B. Harger
4833 p.p., wooded swamp, Long Hill, Connecticut, August 25, 1905
(N. Eng.); A. A. Heller & E. G. Halbach 601, about Long Pond,
Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, September 16-17, 1892 (Field; Phila.);
Heuser, Rahway, New Jersey, 1865 (Calif.); G. W. Letterman, alt.
90 meters, edge of swamp, Texarkana, Arkansas, October 19, 1894
(N.Y.)',Lindheimer, swamps, Houston, Texas, October, 1842 (Gray);
C. D. Lippencott, Budd's Lake, New Jersey, September 4, 1894
(Phila.); John Macoun, McKay Lake, Ottawa, Ontario, August 3,
1911 (Can.); Marie-Victor in 8197, Ottawa Co., Quebec, September
1, 1919 (Par., 2 sheets); A. H. McKay, on beaches, Pictou, Nova
Scotia, September, 1875 (N.Y.);C. Mohr, swampy thickets, Alabama,
October 18, 1896 (U.S.); E. L. Moseley, on floating log, cove of San-
dusky Bay, Ohio, September 12, 1895 (Cam.; Field); H.N.Pat-
terson 382, Oquawka, Illinois (Berl.); A. S. Pease 1371, Andover,
Massachusetts, September 6, 1901 (N. Eng.); T. C. Porter, Delaware

236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

River, near Easton, Pennsylvania, September 14, 1869 (Field;
Par.; Phila.); idem, eodem loco, September 27, 1869 (N.Y.); idem,
eodem loco, September, 1875 (Par., 2 sheets) ; idem, Easton, Pennsyl-
vania, September 27, 1875 (Field); idem, Budd's Lake, New Jersey,
September 15, 1875 (Phila.); idem, Delaware River, above Easton,
Pennsylvania, October 1, 1886 (Phila.); E. S. Steele, vicinity of
Washington, District of Columbia, September 7, 1899 (Del.); W.
S. Sullivant, Columbus, Ohio, 1840 (Phila.) and very common in
swamps, eodem loco, 1842 (Phila.); idem 52, eodem loco, 1839 (type,
N.Y.); S. M. Tracy 8585, Saratoga, Mississippi, October 2, 1903
(type material Q{ Bidens tenuissima Greene: Brit.; Mo.; Penn., etc.);
L. F. Ward, Washington, District of Columbia, September 24, 1882
and October 3, 1880 (U.S.); J. H. Wibbe, Oswego, New York (Par.);
T. A. Williams, Tacoma Park, District of Columbia, September 18,
1900 (Par.); C. S. Williamson, rocky shores of Green Pond, Morris
Co., New Jersey, August 18 and 21, 1904 (Phila.); idem 2474, near
Higbee's Beach, Cape May Co., New Jersey, September 22, 1912
(Phila.); Charles Wright, Connecticut (Cam.).

As previously pointed out (Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913), Greene's
Bidens tenuissima, termed B. tenerrima on the labels of the type
collection, was originally described by Greene as "a gigantic ally of B.
connata but with almost minute heads." His type and cotypes are
merely tall, slender forms of B. discoidea.

Britton (loc. cit.) reports having observed downwardly barbed
awns in this species. Wiegand (ibid. 26: 405. 1899), after having
made a special study of the North American species of the section
Platycarpaea, reported that he had never observed any retrorse
barbs in B. discoidea. Nor do I recall having seen any.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI

Bidens discoidea: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.63; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.15; c, interior involucral bract, X3.78;
d, palea, X3.78; e, disc floret, X6.32; /, achene, X4.42; a-e, from
Day & Fernald 49, in Hb. Field; /, from A. P. Garber, vicinity of
Easton, Pennsylvania, 1868, in Hb. Field.

84. Bidens frondosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753. PL LXII, figs, a, c-h.
Bidens frondosa var. a. major Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 99. 1835.
Bidens frondosa var. /3. minor Hook. loc. cit.
Bidens melanocarpa Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 405. 1899. l

1 Bidens melanocarpa f. pumila Lehmann, a printed name on label for A.
Lchmann 5092, but which I have not yet seen in literature, is purely synonymous

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plato LIX

BIDENS MITIS (Michx.) Sherff (figs, a-l)
BIDENS CORONATA (L.) Britt. (figs, m, p-u); var. TENUILOBA (Gray) Sherff (figs, n, o)

THE GENUS BIDENS 237

Bidens fondosa L. ex Stone, Ann. Kept. N. Jers. State Mus. 1910: 773.

1910 (sphalm).

a. Achaeniorum aristae antrorsum hispidae var. 0. anomala.

a. Achaeniorum aristae retrorsum hamosae.

b. Plantae glaucescentes var. 7. pallida.

b. Plantae virides.

c. Foliorum dentes lanceolato-attenuati, medii 5-6 mm. longi.

var. 5. stenodonta.

c. Foliorum dentes latiores B. frondosa sensu stricto.

Herba annua, plus minusve glabra, paniculato-ramosa, 5-12 dm.
alta, caule tetragona et plerumque purpurascens. Folia petiolata
petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 (-2) dm.
longa, pinnatim 3- vel 5-divisa, membranacea, ciliata, supra ple-
rumque glabrata, infra glabrata vel obscure sparsimque vel etiam
subvalde setis minutis vestita; foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, ser-
ratis, terminali tenuiter petiolulato. Capitula obscure ligulata
vel interdum discoidea, ad anthesin circ. 1 cm. lata et 6 mm. alta.
Involucrum ad basim hispidum; bracteis exterioribus (5-8) conspicue
ciliatis, saepe longissimis (etiam 3-5 cm.) et foliaceis, lineari-spathu-
latis; interioribus ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, brevioribus (demum
5-7 mm. longis). Flores ligulati minuti (vel deficientes), aurei,
2-3.5 mm. longi, ligula cuneato-obovati, ad apicem plerumque
2-3-dentulati ; tubulosi aurantiaci, 4-5-lobati. Achaenia plana,
anguste cuneata, subnigra, subglabra vel piloso-hispida, corpore 6-10
mm. longa, faciebus valde 1-nervata, biaristata aristis retrorsum
hamosis et 3-4.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: No particular specimen was cited by Linnaeus.
For more complete discussion see text below.

Distribution: Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island, Magdalen Islands, etc., to New Brunswick, thence across
North America through Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and southern
Saskatchewan to Washington, southward to District of Columbia,
West Virginia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, and California;
rarely southeastward to Florida; collected once in French Guiana
(Leblond 331); in Europe established in Sicily, and in peninsular
Italy at Lucca, Pisa, Florence, etc.; also in Germany (cf. Verh. Bot.

with B. frondosa. The plant is merely a dwarfed form (collected in Germany) and
utterly unworthy of separate rank. So also for B. melanocarpa f . simplex Lehm.
printed on label iorA.Lehmann 5093.

238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Ver. Brandenb. 1896: Iv. et ibid. 1897: 89); found once in Portugal
(Cunha 1260). J

Specimens examined: L. R. Abrams 6758, 3-5 miles above
Auburn, California, September 15, 1917 (N.Y.) ; R. T. Anderson 12562,
Aylmer, Ontario, August 9, 1899 (Berl.); C. R. Ball 490, infrequent,
in low ground, vicinity of Alexandria, Louisiana, May 29, 1899
(Can.; Gray) ; Edwin B. Bartram 1251, creek margin, Bradford Hills,
Chester Co., Pennsylvania, October 2, 1910 (Gray); idem 1369,
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1910 (Phila.); W.Behrend-
sen, on floating wood, Potsdam, Germany, September 26, 1896
(Cop.); idem 4106, on floating wood, Havel River, near Potsdam,
September, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets; Mun.; Mus. V.;
U.V.); J. Boll, Dallas, Texas, 1871 (Del., 2 sheets); T. S. Brandegee
706, Oil Creek, Fremont Co., Colorado, September, 1873 (Calif.);
H. E. Brown 51, alt. 300 meters, vicinity of Pendleton, Oregon,
August 30, 1896 (Del.); A. B. Burgess 305, creek bottoms, Prairie
Rhonde, Michigan, September 25, 1903 (Field) ; B. F. Bush 167 pro
parte, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 28, 1893 (Gray; Kew);
idem 346, Swan, Missouri, September 24, 1899 (Gray); idem 809,
Courtney, Missouri, September 11, 1899 (Gray); R. Chalmers, wet
places, Campbellton, New Brunswick, July, 1877 (Can.); idem,
swamps and ditches, eodem loco, August 17, 1884 (Gray); E. B.
Chamberlain 437, Bristol, Maine, August 27, 1897 (N. Eng.); Fred
Clements 2894, Lomo, Nebraska, August 18, 1893 (Gray) ; Culbertson
(Distrib. C. F. Baker, No. 4651), Millwood, Fresno Co., California,
October 4, 1904 (Del.; Field; Kew); A. Ricardo da Cunha 1260, mar-
gins of Rio Nabao, Thomar, Portugal, September, 1887 (Berl., 2 sheets;
Boiss.); J. A. Cushman 1717, Spencer Bay, Piscataquis Co., Maine,
August 25, 1907 (N. Eng.); R. A. Dixon 365, vicinity of Huntsville,
Texas, July 9-12, 1909 (Field); Alice Eastwood 47, along Platte
River, Denver, Colorado, August 18, 1910 (Gray; Kew); A. D. E.
Elmer 611, Loomiston, Washington, August, 1897 (Berl.); Fernald,
Bissell, Graves, et al. 22874, Sissiboo River, Weymouth, Nova Scotia,
August 21, 1920 (Phila.); Fernald & Collins, Nouvelle, Bonaventure
Co., Quebec, July 19-20, 1904 (Gray) ; iidem & York 11461, north-
east of Sand Pond, Warwick, Rhode Island, September 8, 1914
(Phila.) ; Fernald &Long 14841, tidal mud flats at mouth of Souadabs-
cook Stream, Hampden, Maine, September 11, 1916 (Cop.); iidem
22876, Third Lake, Windsor Junction, Nova Scotia, August 31, 1920

1 A specimen by Abbon (Del.), purporting to come from Monterrey, State of
Nuevo Leon, Mexico, is doubtless mislabeled (cf. Standley, Science n. ser. 65: 130.
1927).

THE GENUS BIDENS 239

(Phila.); iidem 24697, Harper Lake, Shelburne Co., Nova Scotia,
August 5, 1921 (Phila.); iidem & St. John 8200, boggy margin of the
strand at the Narrows, Alright Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August
21, 1912 (Gray); iidem 8201, swale along Hillsborough River, St.
Andrews, Prince Edward Isl., August 26, 1912 (Gray); Fernald,
Long, & Torrey 10675, border of pond hole, east of Great Salt Pond,
Black Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (Gray); Fernald &
Wiegand 4150, Birchy Cove (Curling), region of Humber Arm, Bay
of Islands, western Newfoundland, September 2, 1910 (Gray);
Adr. Fiori 1377, Marsh of Fucecchio, Prov. Florence, Italy, Septem-
ber 20, 1909 (Gray);1 G. L. Fisher, St. Thomas, Ontario, September

20, 1908 (U.V.); J. Fowler, Kingston Mills, Kingston, Ontario,
September 12, 1899 (Field) ; G. B. Grant 5278, Mt. Shasta, California,
September, 1902 (Calif.); J. M. Greenman 545, Gandy Creek, West
Virginia, September 15, 1904 (Field); idem 1713, Tiverton, Rhode
Island, September 27, 1903 (Gray) ; idem 1799, Cumberland, Rhode
Island, September 13, 1903 (Gray) ; R. Gross, Kopenick on the Spree
River, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, October 3, 1908 (Mus. V.)
and September 6, 1909 (Cop.) and September 22, 1909 (Berl.);
J. H. Grove 619, New Egypt, New Jersey, September 15, 1907
(Phila.); G. Guttenberg, near Wheeling, West Virginia, September,
1878 (Carn.) ; Josiah Hale, Alexandria, Louisiana (N.Y.) ; A. A. Heller
10240 p.p., alt. 1,350 meters, farm near Reno, Nevada, September

21, 1910 (Berl.; Del.; Gray); idem 11134, Chico, on Big Chico Creek,
California, September 12, 1913 (Berl.; Del.; Gray); F. Hermann,
Bernburg, Anhalt, Germany, September 15, 1905 (Calif.); A. F.
Hill 2357, Swans Isl., Hancock Co., Maine, August 17, 1915 (N. Eng.) ;
H. T. Holm, low thickets, Brookland, District of Columbia, Septem-
ber, 1908 (Cop.); J. H. Holmes, Woodlawn, Virginia, August, 1888
(Field); Hortus Cliff ortianus (Brit.); Hortus Upsalensis (Brit.); 0. E.
Jennings, Kittanning, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1904 (Carn.);
W. L. Jepson, Grand Isl., Lower Sacramento River, California,
September 17, 1891 (Penn.); M. E. Jones 620, alt. 1,800 meters,
near South Boulder, Colorado, August 15, 1878 (Berl.) ; Joh. Lange,
ditch near Lucca, Compartimento of Tuscany, Italy, September,
1861 (Cop.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 3540, Catlin, Illinois, September 27,
1912 (Field) ; idem 3693 and 3701, near brook, Deer Park Canyon,

1 Label gives following note: "Oss.-Pianta originaria dell'America sett., ma
ora talrnente diffusa in parecchi luoghi paludosi della pianura toscana da pre-
sentarsi come specie affatto indigenata. La sua scoperta in Toscana data dal
1849, epoca nella quale il Caruel la rinveniva presso Firenze lungo la ferrovia di
Prato; ma gia sino dal 1860 era abbondante nei dintorni di Lucca e di Pisa. Adr.
Fiori & A. Beguinot curant., Fl. Ital. Exsicc. Ser. II."

240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

LaSalle Co., Illinois, September 6, 1914 (Field) ; idem 3800 and 3802,
near road, Starved Rock, Illinois, September 7-8, 1914 (Field);
Leblond 331, French Guiana, 1792 (Del.); Alfred Lehmann, alt. 100
meters, near Gundorf, Leipsic, Saxony, October 5, 1904 (Mus. V.);
idem 5092, muddy ditches at Bohlitz-Ehrenberg near Leipsic, Octo-
ber, 1906 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.; sub nom. B.
melanocarpa f. pumila); idem 5093, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.;
Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.; sub nom. B. melanocarpa f. sim-
plici) ; E. Levier, vicinity of Florence, Italy, October 8, 1868 (Mus. V. ;
U.V., 2 sheets) ; idem, eodem loco, 1872 (Berl.; U.V.) ; idem, abundant
in marshes about Lake Sibolla near Altopascio, Lucca, Italy, Sep-
tember 27, 1874 (Berl.; Gray; Mun.; Mus. V., 3 sheets); idem,
marshes at Lake Sibolla, near Lucca, Italy, September, 1876 (Boiss.);
idem, near Village of Brozzi west of Florence, Italy, October 20,
1887 (Mus. V.); F.Lindheimer, Industry, Texas, August, 1844 (Kew);
idem 888, Texas, 1849-1851 (Berl.; Field); C. G. Lloyd, near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, September 18, 1882 (U.V.); Bayard Long 6903, West-
ville, New Jersey, September 22, 1911 (Phila.); A. Ludwig, floating
wood, Potsdam, Germany, September 28, 1906 (Mus. V.); J. M.
Macoun, borders of marshes, Selkirk, Manitoba, July 20, 1884
(Can.); John Macoun, moist places, Brackley Point Road, Prince
Edward Isl., September 5, 1888 (Can.); idem, Medicine Hat, Sas-
katchewan, August 10, 1895 (Cop.); idem, in ditches by the brook,
Morden, Manitoba, August 5, 1896 (Can.); idem, marshes at Spring-
field Junction, Nova Scotia, August 2, 1910 (Can.); idem, Chelsea
Road, Hull, Quebec, August 11, 1911 (Can.); W. R. Maxon 5878,
low, open woods, edge of swamp, vicinity of Lanham, Maryland,
September 22, 1912 (Field) ; H. B. Meredith, Delaware River, Wash-
ington's Crossing, Pennsylvania, September 20, 1923 (Phila.);
E. D. Merrill 529, East Auburn, Maine, July, 1895 (N. Eng.); C. F.
Millspaugh 26, low ground, Miller, Indiana, September 22, 1900
(Field); idem 3880, roadside ditches, Lakeside, Berrien Co., Michi-
gan, September, 1914 (Field); idem 3951, Ephraim, Wisconsin,
September 20, 1915 (Field); C. J. Moser, Pennsylvania, August,
1832 (Del., 2 sheets) ; Aven Nelson 2749 p.p., Platte Canyon, Laramie
Co., Wyoming, August 27, 1896 (Carn.); idem 8209, banks of irri-
gating ditches, Dry Creek, Colorado, August 25, 1900 (Kew); idem
8656 p.p., Platte Canyon, Wyoming, September 4, 1901 (Del.; U.S.);
J. C. Nelson 4196, Hayden Isl. (opposite Vancouver, Washington),
Oregon, October 8, 1921 (Field); J. B. Norton 280, wet places,
Riley Co., Kansas, August 31, 1895 (Gray; U.V.);L. H. Pammel 84,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LX

BIDENS OERSTEDIANA Sherff

OF THt

of IUIHOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 241

Ames, Iowa, September, 1909 (Gray); idem 3851, Charles City,
Iowa, September 4, 1902 (Gray) ; idem & C. R. Ball 63 p.p., ledges,
Boone Co., Iowa, August 22, 1896 (N.Y.); Parlatore, Palermo,
Sicily (Del.); Poeppig, in wet meadows, Pennsylvania, August,
1824 (Del.); H. W. Pretz 11221, vicinity of Centre Valley, Pennsyl-
vania, October 2, 1921 (Phila.); Rafinesque, North America, August,
1828 (Mus. V. ; sub nom. Bidente tripteridi) ; J. Reverchon 519, moist
places, Dallas, Texas, September, 1876 (U.V.); Roberti, ditches,
Lucca, Prov. Lucca, Italy, August, 1876 (Berl., 2 sheets; U.V., 2
sheets); B. L. Robinson, Phillips, Maine, August 4, 1903 (Gray);
idem 361, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, September 7, 1897 (Gray);
Rottenbach, Riidersdorf, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, September
19, 1898 (U.V.); H. E. Sargent 76, Wolfboro, New Hampshire,
August 17, 1909 (Gray) ; P. Savi 3627, ditches in vicinity of Lucques
(Lucca), Italy, September, 1861 (Del.; Mus. V.);F. C. Seymour 8,
Granville, Massachusetts, September 15, 1913 (Gray) ; E. E. Sherff
1871, West Pullman, Chicago, Illinois, August 30, 1912 (Field);
G. H. Skull 400, in refuse, near Havre de Grace, Maryland, Sep-
tember 20, 1902 (Gray); A. H. Smith 59 p.p., Gray's Ferry, Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1866 (Phila.); H. H. Smith 6041,
banks of Dairy Creek, Hillsboro, Oregon, August 7, 1915 (Field);
S. Sommier, in marshes, Vicopelago near Lucca, Tuscany, Italy,
October, 1874 (Field) ; E. S. Steele, vicinity of Washington, District
of Columbia, September 17, 1896 (U.V.) and September 25, 1896
(Del.) and September 7, 1902 (Cop.); Witmer Stone 10803, Lawnside,
New Jersey, September 7, 1908 (Phila.); idem 10907, Delanco,
New Jersey, September 11, 1908 (Phila.); W. N. Suksdorf 1591, low,
damp places, Columbia River, West Klickitat County, Washington,
September 14, 1893 (Boiss.; Field); Todaro 1479, along brooks,
Sicily, October (Berl.); John Torrey, State of New York, 1843 (Del.,
2 sheets) ; ex herb. Vaillantii (Par. ; sub nominibus postea pro syno-
nymibus Bidentis frondosae a Linnaeo citatis); A. C. Waghorne,
Newfoundland, September 3, 1896 (Del); W. F. Wright 175, sandy
bank of lake, Lake Edward, Quebec, August 24, 1904 (Gray; atypica,
habituB. connatae var. fallaci similis).

The original Linnean description of Bidens frondosa1 is accom-
panied by two synonyms, the first one being "Bidens canadensis

1 "frondosa. 4. Bidens foliis pinnatis serratis, seminibus erecto-distantibus
calycibus frondosis, corollis radiatis. Habitat in America septentrionali. Folia
ternata aut ex 5 pinnata, supra glabra, striata, serrata. Calyces frondosi; radius in
corolla brevissimus, saepe mutilatus."

242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

latifolia, flore luteo. Tournef. inst. 362 j"1 the second being "Chrysan-
themum cannabinum bidens virginianum, caule erecto firmo sub-
rubente. Moris, hist. 3. p. 17. s. 6. t. 5. f. 21." Wiegand (Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club 26: 409. 1899), in trying to trace back the Lin-
nean species, encountered "considerable difficulty." Finally he inter-
preted B. frondosa L. to be the plant later described by Greene as
B. vulgata. For the B. frondosa of Linnaeus and of my text, he
was left, then, apparently with no name, so he created the name B.
melanocarpa. With Wiegand's conclusions, Greene (Pittonia 4 : 246.
1901) took vigorous issue. As pointed out in a former paper (Bot.
Gaz. 61: 498. 1916), Greene gave a good survey of pre-Linnean
authors and their treatment of the plant finally named B. frondosa
by Linnaeus. As additional evidence of the accuracy of Greene's
conclusions regarding the characters of true B. frondosa L., there are
the three specimens of Linnaeus' (Linn., 2 sheets; Herb. Hort.
Cliff, in Brit.) and one of Vaillant's (Par.). The first of these has a
flowering head with 9 or 10 elongate, foliose exterior involucral bracts
(cf. Linn. loc. cit., "calycibus frondosis") and "HU 4, frondosa" is
written on the sheet.2 Pinned with this sheet is a second sheet having
a plant without label, but which is coarser and has about 14 exterior
involucral bracts on the largest head. The third specimen is among
the Hortus Cliffortianus specimens and matches the first specimen,
even to having the same elongate, foliose type of exterior bracts.
Linnaeus clearly had the first or the third specimen, and probably
both, in mind when he drew up his description of B. frondosa for the
Species Plantarum. The second specimen is probably B. vulgata
Greene, but it is not labeled, and has no historical significance. The
fourth specimen is the one formerly in Vaillant's private herbarium.
This matches the two labeled Linnean specimens perfectly. Bearing
as it does, in Vaillant's own handwriting, the early names3 afterward
cited by Linnaeus as synonyms for B. frondosa, it shows that Vaillant,
himself a student of the genus Bidens, likewise understood this species
to be the smaller-headed, fewer-bracted, less robust form (and not
theB. vulgata of Greene).

1 In the third edition (1719), to which I have access, the page is 462, of vol. 1.

2 Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, formerly of the Linnean Herbarium and known
during the later years of his life as a Linnean authority of high rank, assured me
that "HU" was used by Linnaeus to indicate that the plant had been raised "in
Horto Upsalensi."

3 1 am indebted to Professor P. Danguy of the Museum of Natural History of
Paris for comparisons made with Vaillant's known writing to verify the authen-
ticity of these names. An extra label on the sheet "Bidens frondosa L." was
written, according to Professor Danguy, by Lamarck.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXI

BIDENS DISCOIDEA (Torr. & Gr.) Britt.

Of

W

THE GENUS BIDENS 243

Bidens frondosa var. /3. anomala Port, ex Fern. Rhodora 5: 91.
1903; cf. Blake, ibid. 27: 34. 1925. PI. LXII, fig. *.

Differt achaeniorum aristis antrorsum hispidis, non retrorsum
hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Aubrey Henry Smith, banks of
Delaware River, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September and
October, 1869 (Gray).

Distribution: Cape Breton Island and through Nova Scotia to
Maine, thence southward near the Atlantic coast into District of
Columbia; also in Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska.

Specimens examined: Anon, (distrib. Univ. Montreal No. 28576),
Berthier-en-bas, estuary of the St. Lawrence River, Septem-
ber 1, 1928 (Gray) ; S. F. Blake, along C. & 0. Canal, near Cabin
John, Maryland, October 5, 1924 (Gray); idem 8392, muddy shore,
Analostan Isl., Washington, District of Columbia, September 14,
1921 (Field; Gray); idem 8680, vicinity of Cabin John, Maryland,
October 21, 1923 (Field); idem 8839, Nantasket, Massachusetts,
September 4, 1924 (N. Eng.); Burk, Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); idem, Laurel Hill, Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); W. M. Canby, Wil-
mington, Delaware (Can.); idem, meadows, Brandywine, Delaware,
August, 1867 (Field); F. S. Collins 3253, Orleans, Massachusetts,
September 14, 1914 (N. Eng.); Albert Commons, tidal banks of
Delaware River, near Wilmington, Delaware, October 8, 1875 (Kew) ;
N. C. Fassett, Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September
16, 1899 (Phila.); idem 408, farmyard, Squirrel Isl., Boothbay,
Maine, September 5, 1921 (N. Eng.); M. L. Fernald & B. Long
24698, gravelly sea beach, Yarmouth Bar, Nova Scotia, August 22,
1921 (Gray) ; iidem 24699, margin of thicket bordering cobbly beach
of Parr Lake, Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, September 4, 1921 (Cop. ;
Phila.); Fernald, Wiegand, & Eames 14492, Narrows Isl., Black Lake,
St. Lawrence Co., New York, August 30, 1922 (Gray); iidem 14494,
limestone ledges of Lake Ontario, southwest of Chaumont, New
York, August 27, 1922 (Gray); Kate Furbish, Brunswick, Maine,
1907 (N. Eng.); Elihu Hall, Kansas, 1869 (U.S.); Hooker, North
America, 1835 (Del.); C. D. Howe & W. F. Lang 1466, dry soil,
roadside, Purcell's Cove, Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia, September
2-6, 1901 (Field; Gray); iidem 1527, sphagnous edge of swamp,
eodem loco et tempore (Gray) ; Bayard Long 6895, vicinity of New-
bold, Westville, New Jersey, September 22, 1911 (Phila.); John
Macoun, St. Ann's Harbor, Cape Breton Isl., August 9, 1898 (Gray) ;

244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Marie-Victorin 21206, estuarine shores, Cap Rouge, Quebec, August
19, 1925 (Gray); T. C. Palmer, marshes of the Delaware River,
Chester, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1896 (Gray) ; L. H. Pammel &
C. R. Ball 63 p.p., on ledges, Boone Co., Iowa, August 22, 1896
(Field) ; Rafinesque, Arkansas (Del.) ; P. A. Rydberg 1707, Middle Loup
River, near Thedford, Nebraska, August 26, 1893 (Berl.); J. Rousseau
21208, estuarine shores, He aux Oies, Quebec, August 26, 1925
(Gray) ; idem 21209, estuarine shores, Berthier-en-bas, Quebec, Aug-
ust 28, 1925 (Gray); A. H. Smith, banks of Delaware River, near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Kew); idem, eodem loco, September-
October, 1868 (Berl.; Field) and September-October, 1869 (type,
Gray); C. E. Smith, tidal mud of Delaware River, Tinicum,
Pennsylvania (Gray; cum specie ipsa lecta sed distincta);1 H. K.
Svenson & N. C. Fassett 913, shores of Kennebecasis River, Lakeside,
New Brunswick, August 25, 1923 (Gray); iidem 914, Restigouche
River, Tide Head, New Brunswick, August 16, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 915,
tidal flats of St. Lawrence River, Levis, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray).

Bidens frondosa var. 7. pallida Wieg. Rhodora 26: 5. 1924;

cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 386. 1925.

Bidens melanocarpa var. pallida Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26:
406. 1899.

Parce glaucescens, ramis omnibus adscendentibus vel erectis,
valde caulem principalem superantibus; foliis inferioribus ternatis,
superioribus indivisis minoribus, in petiolis brevioribus (3-4 cm.
longis) latius marginatis, glabris, non nitidis, venis inconspicuis;
foliolis brevioribus, ovato-lanceolatis, brevi-acuminatis, grosse et
acriter paucidentatis, terminali inferne in petiolulum alatum angus-
tato; capitulis longioribus, in pedunculis longioribus; involucre
exteriore erecto, foliaceo, quam capitulo 1-3-plo longiore, bracteis
rariter ciliatis interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis; disci florum corolla
majore (usque ad 3-4 mm. longa), saepe 4-dentata, propius lutea,
quam aristis breviore; achaeniis corpore 5-10 mm. longis, non
papillatis; aristis longioribus (quam corpore tantum circ. dimidio
brevioribus).

Type specimen: Collected by Brother Peter, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
in 1896 (N.Y.).2

1 For remarks upon the significance of the upward direction of the hairs of the
achenial awns see p. 20.

2 At least Wiegand lists this first among his specimens examined. It is clear
from his text, however, that he was influenced in his evaluation and description
of this variety more by his field study of the abundant specimens growing along
the shores of Cayuga Lake, near Ithaca, New York.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXII

BIDENS FRONDOSA L. (figs, a, c-h); var. ANOMALA Port, ex Fern. (fig. t);
var. STENODONTA Fern. & St. J. (fig. 6)

THE GENUS BIDENS 245

Distribution: Rare and known only from widely scattered locali-
ties in Nova Scotia, New York, Illinois, and (fide N. C. Fassettii in
lit.) Wisconsin.

Specimens examined: Brother Peter, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1896
(type, N.Y.); John Wolf 172, Illinois (Gray).

The var. pallida is rare in herbaria. Wiegand reports it as
abundant in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York, along the shores of
Cayuga Lake, "where its habit makes it quite conspicuous." I my-
self have not observed it growing.

"In many respects," says Wiegand (loc. cit.), "the reduction of
the leaves and lengthening of the peduncles suggests a condition
similar to that which in B. connata and B. comosa was determined to
be a 'second growth,' but here the plants seem to be perfectly normal
and healthy." While I should hardly have ventured to treat this
form as worthy of varietal rank, any attempt to interfere with its
status, in the absence of further field observations at least as careful
and extended as those of Dr. Wiegand, would seem for the present
unwarranted.1

Bidens frondosa var. 5. stenodonta Fern. & St. John,
Rhodora 17: 22. 1915. PL LXII, fig. 6.

Var. dentibus foliorum lanceolato-attenuatis, mediis 5-6 mm.
longis; involucri bracteis exterioribus lanceolatis, acuminatis, ple-
rumque 2.5-5 cm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Karl
McKay Wiegand, No. 6375, boggy, open woods, Whitbourne, New-
foundland, August 8, 1911 (Gray).

Distribution: Prince Edward Island northeastward to Magda-
len Islands and Newfoundland.

Specimens examined: Fernald, Long, & St. John 8199, boggy
margin of a brackish pond southeast of Etang du Nord village,
Grindstone Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 15, 1912 (Gray);
iidem 8202, border of salt marsh, Bunbury, Queens Co., Prince
Edward Isl., August 9, 1912 (Gray); Fernald & Wiegand 6375 (type,

1 Since the above remarks were written, Wiegand (Rhodora 26: 5. 1924) has
published the following: "The taxonomic status of the plants included originally
under this variety is not clear. They have the appearance of hybrids, also of
ecological forms. Sporadic plants of this type still are found about Cayuga
Lake." Still later (Wieg. & Eames, Fl. Cayuga Lake Bas. 419. 1926), he published
(with Eames): "The leaves of var. pallida are apparently always smooth. As to
characters, var. pallida might well be a hybrid of B. frondosa and B. comosa, but
the restricted range of the variety near the lake shore does not support this assump-
tion. This variety is of doubtful standing, and should be studied further."

246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Gray); iidem 6376, Norris Arm, Newfoundland, August 21-22,
1911 (Can.; Gray; Phila.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII

Bidens frondosa, figs, a, c-h: a, flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.62; c, exterior involucral bract, Xl.87; d, interior involucral
bract, Xl-87; e, ray floret, X6.23; /, palea, Xl.87; g, disc floret,
X5.61; h, achene, X2.49; a, c, d, f, g, h, from Sherff 1831 in Hb.
Field; e, from Millspaugh 3824, ibid.

Bidens frondosa var. stenodonta, fig. b: leaf, X0.62; from type.

Bidens frondosa var. anomala, fig. i: achene, X2.49; from A. H.
Smith, banks of Delaware River, 1868, in Hb. Field.

85. Bidens vulgata Greene, Pittonia 4: 72. 1899.
PI. LXIII, figs, a and c-h.

Folia principalia pinnatim plerumque 3-5-partita.

Planta plerumque plus minusve glabrata . .B. vulgata sensu stricto.

Planta plerumque valde perspicueque puberula. .var. 0. puberula.
Folia principalia bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta — var. 7. schizantha.
Herba annua, 0.3-1.5 m. alta; caule obtuse tetragono, saepe
purpurascenti, plerumque plus minusve glabrato, ramoso ramis
saepius fastigiatis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-5 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 dm. longa, pinnata, plerumque 3-5-
partita, plerumque fere glabra, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis,
serratis, non perspicue ciliatis. Capitula inconspicue radiata,
demum (bracteis exterioribus exclusis) 1.5-2.8 cm. lata et 1.2-1.8
cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus vel subvalidis, 0.4-2.3
cm. longis. Involucrum plus minusve hispidum, bracteis exteriori-
bus 10-16, foliaceis, inaequalibus, lineari-spathulatis, hispido-
ciliatis, demum 1-2 (-3) cm. longis; interioribus ovato-lanceolatis,
demum 7-9 mm. longis. Flores ligulati minimi, flavidi, ligula
obovato-lanceolati, infra sparsissime pilosi, 2.5-3.5 mm. longi;
tubulosi flavi, 4- vel 5-lobati. Achaenia plana, obovato-cuneata vel
oblongo-cuneata, brunnea vel olivacea, saepe tuberculata, duabus
faciebus unicostata et glabra vel interdum breviter hispida, margi-
nibus antrorsum setosa vel supra retrorsum hamosa, corpore
6-12 mm. longa, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et
3-4.2 mm. longis.

Type specimen: No particular type was mentioned by Greene.
The species was established by segregation from Bidens frondosa L.

THE GENUS BIDENS 247

Distribution: In North America from Nova Scotia to Quebec
and Alberta southward to North Carolina, Missouri, Nevada, and
California.1 Introduced into Sicily and southern Italy.

Specimens examined:2 LeRoy R. Abrams 12046, Blue Lakes,
Lake Co., California, August 25, 1927 (Stanf .) ; Anon., loco ignoto
(Linn.); A. L. Bakke, vicinity of Forest City, Iowa, August, 1912
(Kew); E. B. Bartram, Devon, Pennsylvania, October 28, 1911
(Penn.); M. S. Bebb 363, Fountaindale, Illinois (Berl.); Robert
Bebb 755, Tracy, Illinois, September 14, 1901 (Field); S. F. Blake
2843, shore of Missisquoi River, Swanton, Vermont, August 17,
1911 (N. Eng.); idem 3002, St. Albans, Vermont, August 22, 1911
(Phila.); A. E. Blewitt 1147, dry bank, Waterbury, Connecticut,
August 27, 1910 (N. Eng.); E. Bourgeau, Saskatchewan, Canada,
1857-1858 (Berl.); N. L. Button, Westport, New York, September
6, 1892 (N.Y.) ; B. F. Bush 808, common in woods, Courtney, Mis-
souri, September 11, 1899 (Gray); W. C. Cusick 1768a, alt. 925
meters, Tules of Grand Ronde Valley, Oregon, August 9, 1897
(Gray); C. K. Dodge 143, near Port Huron, Michigan, August 25,
1904 (U.S.); Drake & Dickson, Portland, Oregon, September, 1886
(Field); Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew); idem 238,
eodem loco (Kew); Hy. Edwards, Sacramento, California, Novem-
ber 3, 1876 (N.Y.); Fernald & Wiegand 4151, bank of stream, Truro,
Nova Scotia, September 11, 1910 (Gray); Fernald, Hunnewell, &
Long 10676, vicinity of Chebacco Lake, Essex, Massachusetts,
September 11, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.) • Fernald &Long 14842, Hamp-
den, Maine, September 11, 1916 (Phila.); G. L. Fisher, St. Thomas,
Ontario, September 3, 1904 (U.V.) ; idem 11, eodem loco, September
17, 1905 (U.S.; U.V.); F. F. Forbes, Brookline, Massachusetts (cult.
e seminibus ad Leeds, North Dakota lectis), August 25, 1907 (Del.);
Michel Gandoger 1334, Naples to Capracotta, Italy, 1871 (Mo.);
F. C. Gates 2194, roadside ditch east of Urbana, Illinois, October 14,
1907 (Gray, forma monstrosa achaeniis atypicis) ; idem 10083, yard,
Carthage, Illinois, September 12, 1916 (Mo.); E. B. Harger 4160,
Oxford, Connecticut, October 2, 1903 (Phila.); A. A. Heller, Lan-
caster, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1900 (Del.) ; idem 10240 p.p., alt.
1,350 meters, near Reno, Nevada, September 21, 1910 (U.S.); R. M.

1 Field Museum has one specimen labeled as having been collected by Arsene,
near the Prison, Morelia, Mexico, June, 1909. In view, however, of the deceptions
known to have been practiced in connection with some of the plants bearing
Arsene's name (cf. Standley, Science 65: 130. 1927), it is not safe to include Mexico
in the distributional range.

2 Including perhaps several plants that belong properly to var. puberula.

248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Homer B281, along streams, Wartsburg, Washington, August 20,
1897 (Gray); Thomas Howell, Sauvies Island, Oregon, October,
1886 (Par., forma abnormalis cum facie B. comosae) ; M. E. Hyams,
Statesville, North Carolina (Carn.); 0. E. Jennings, north of Glen-
shaw, Pennsylvania, October 13, 1918 (Carn.); C. H. Knowlton,
Plymouth, New Hampshire, August 24, 1916 (Phila.) ;F. 0. Kreager
527, Chewelah, Washington, August 26, 1902 (U.S.); 0. E. Lansing,
Jr., 2626, old cornfield, Riverdale, Illinois, September 20, 1906
(Berl.; Field; Mus. V.); idem 3983 and 3992, vacant lots, Chicago,
Illinois, September 28, 1915 (Field); J. B. Leiberg 916, Wallula,
Oregon, September 17, 1894 (Berl.); Bayard Long 6782, Melrose,
Pennsylvania, September 17, 1911 (Phila.); idem 6843, Ashbourne,
Pennsylvania, October 7, 1911 (Phila.); Martha L. Loomis 587,
beside railroad, Sherborn, Massachusetts, August 30, 1911 (N. Eng.);
Alexander MacElwee 1526, roadsides along Perkiomen Creek, Sellers-
ville, Pennsylvania, October 10, 1899 (Carn.) ; John Macoun (Herb.
Can. No.) 10934, Ross Creek, Medicine Hat, Alberta, August 10,
1895 (Can.); idem (Herb. Can. No.) 21835, wet places, Algonquin
Park, Ontario, August 16, 1900 (Berl.); idem (Herb. Can. No.) 60395,
waste, cultivated ground, Wakefield, Quebec, August 28, 1903
(Can.); W. R. Maxon, moist roadside ditch, vicinity of Oneida,
New York, August 26, 1895 (U.S.); J. F. Macbride 728, old
neglected orchard, Falk's Store, Canyon Co., Idaho, August 14,
1910 (Carn.; Del.; Field); idem 1627, stream banks, Sweet, Idaho,
August 14, 1911 (Del.; Gray); E. A. Mearns 158, Fort Snelling,
Minnesota, September 4, 1889 (U.S.); H. B. Meredith, vicinity of
Palatine, New Jersey, October 16, 1923 (Phila.) ; Aven Nelson 2749 p.p.,
Platte Canyon, Wyoming, August 27, 1896 (Gray); idem 8656 p.p.,
margins of marshes, eodem loco, September 4, 1901 (Boiss. ; Gray) ;
W. H. Over 5146, moist places, Clay Co., South Dakota, Septem-
ber 7, 1914 (U.S.);L. H. Pammel 19, Ames, Iowa, September, 1904
(Gray); P. E. Pierron, Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, Septem-
ber 7, 1877 (Cop.); H. W. Pretz 9112, near Allentown, Pennsyl-
vania, September 8, 1917 (Phila.); idem 10513, vicinity of Wes-
coesville, Pennsylvania, September 19, 1920 (Phila.); B. L. Robinson
557, alt. 400 meters, open roadside gutters, Ringville, Massachu-
setts, August 17, 1912 (Gray); Sandberg, MacDougal, & Heller
914, Spokane, Washington, August 17, 1892 (U.S.); E. P. Shel-
don, Lake Benton, Minnesota, August, 1891 (Field); E. E. Sherff
1830, moist prairie, Chicago, Illinois, August 30, 1912 (Field);
E. C. Smith 537, roadsides and woods, Hinsdale, Illinois, September

THE GENUS BIDENS 249

9, 1902 (Field) ; H. H. Smith 6064, Chicago, Illinois, September 18,
1914 (Field) ; P. C. Standley 5614, alt. 900-1,500 meters, open slope,
vicinity of Eagles Nest near Waynesville, North Carolina, Septem-
ber 7, 1910 (U.S.); idem 9006, oak woods, vicinity of Springfield,
Missouri, August 20, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9308, vicinity of Ash Grove,
Missouri, August 24, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9816, thin woods, vicinity of
Rogersville, Missouri, September 3, 1912 (U.S.) ; E. S. Steele, vicinity
of Washington, District of Columbia, October 2, 1902 (Cop.) ; idem
& uxor 215, alt. 550 meters, Sweet Springs, West Virginia, September
5, 1903 (Gray) ; W. N. Suksdorf 1591, low damp places along Colum-
bia River, West Klickitat Co., Washington, September 14, 1893
(Gray); Augustino Todaro, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, 1840 (Berl.);C. A.
Weatherby 2071, sandy bank of Connecticut River, East Windsor,
Connecticut, September 30, 1906 (N. Eng.); K. M. Wiegand 916,
damp ditch, Truxton, New York, September 6, 1909 (Gray); E.
Wilkinson 4874, Mansfield, Ohio, September 6, 1895 (Cam.); C. S.
Williamson, Lake Manawa, Iowa, August, 1898 (Phila.); idem 2223,
Fort William, Ontario, August 12, 1912 (Phila.); idem 2326, eodem
loco, August 21, 1912 (Phila.); idem 2420, Buffalo, New York,
August 25, 1912 (Phila.).

It is interesting to note that many years before Greene's study
of this species it had been treated as distinct at the Botanical Garden
of Pisa and had been named Bidens lucida. A search for this name
proved fruitless, but I have seen at least four sheets of material
(Berl., C. Loeffler legit, ex herb. A. Braun, etc.) so named.

Bidens vulgata var. /3. puberula (Wieg.) Greene,
Pittonia 4: 250. 1901.

Bidens frondosa var. puberula Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 408.

1899.

Bidens puberula (Wieg.) Rydb. Fl. Pr. Plains Cent. N. Amer. 849.
1932.

Plerumque valde et perspicue puberula.

Type specimen: Collected by Joachim Heinrich Schuette, Green
Bay, Wisconsin (Gray).

Distribution: With the species proper.

Specimens examined: E. B. Harger 6181, meadow thickets, Rocky
Hill, Connecticut, September 24, 1912 (Gray); C. H. Knowlton,
Boston, Massachusetts, September 5, 1916 (Phila.); Pammel & Ball
64, Ames, Iowa, August 22, 1896 (Berl.; Field; Gray); L. H. &
Violet Pammel 56, eodem loco, September, 1909 (Gray); A. S. Pease,

250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

waste ground, Champaign, Illinois, September 25, 1919 (Gray);
J. H. Schuette, Green Bay Marsh, Wisconsin, September 7, 1897
(Field, 2 sheets); idem, field, Ashwabenon, Wisconsin, August 26,
1878 (Field) ;L. R. Waldron & T.F. Manns, vicinity of Fargo, North
Dakota, August 13, 1901 (BerL; Gray).

A variety at times very striking because of its dense pubescence.
At other times the pubescence is weak and distinction from the species
proper is difficult. For this reason I have not in the past differen-
tiated consistently between the two forms; thus the list of specimens
cited for the species proper doubtless includes several which are
referable to var. puberula.

Bidens vulgata var. 7. schizantha Lunell, Amer. Midi.
Nat. 5: 65. 1917. PL LXIII, fig. 6.

Bidens vulgata var. dissectior Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 380. 1925.

A specie foliis principalibus bipinnatis vel tripinnatisectis differt.

Type specimen: Collected by Joel Lunell, No. 1161, in waste or
cultivated places, western North Dakota, September, 1915 (Minn.).

Distribution: Saskatchewan to Lake Superior and western
North Dakota.

Specimens examined: E. Bourgeau (Palliser's Brit. N. Amer.
Expl. Exped.), rather rare, willow marsh at edge of Saskatchewan
River, Saskatchewan, September 18, 1857 (BerL; Gray; Kew; Par.;
cotype and type specimens of var. dissectior Sherff) ;O.E. & G. K.
Jennings 2178, fields, 4 miles southwest of Murillo, west of Fort
William, Ontario, August 22, 1912 (Cam.);lMnell 1161 (type, Minn.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII

Bidens vulgata, figs, a, c-h: a, flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.4; d, interior involucral
bract, X2.4; e, ray floret, X3.6;/, palea, X2.4; g, disc floret, X3.6;
h, achene, X2.4; all from Sherff 1881, in Hb. Field.

Bidens vulgata var. schizantha, fig. 6: cauline leaf, X0.6; from
E. Bourgeau, Saskatchewan, September 18, 1857 (type of Bidens
vulgata var. dissectior Sherff), in Hb. Par.

86. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 24 : 436. 1897;
cf. Hook, ex Short & Peter, Suppl. Cat. PL Kentucky 598. 1833;
cf. Hook, ex Short in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 352. 1843.

PL LXIV.

Bidens comata L. ex W. J. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 99. 1835
(nomen subnudum).

THE GENUS BIDENS 251

Bidens connata var. comosa A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 261. 1867.
Bidens comosa var. acuta Wieg. op. cit. 26: 411. 1899.
Bidens acuta (Wieg.) Britt. Man. 1001. 1901.

Bidens riparia Greene, Pittonia 4: 261. 1901; non B. riparia H.B.K.
Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 185 (236). 1820.

Herba annua, glabra, erecta, caule pallido saepe valida, 3-8 dm.
alta, ramosa ramis brevibus et suberectis. Folia subsessilia vel
petiolata petiolis marginatis, pallida, indivisa, elliptico-lanceolata,
regulariter serrata vel interdum (in speciminibus depauperatis)
integra, saepe obscure spinuloso-ciliata, 4-12 cm. longa. Capitula
discoidea, ad anthesin parva, matura (bracteis exterioribus non
inclusis) 1.5-2.2 cm. lata et 1.1-1.3 cm. alta. Involucrum basi fere
glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, magnis, foliaceis, linearibus vel
lanceolatis, suberectis vel parce patentibus, spinuloso-ciliatis, saepe
serratis, basim versus angustatis, apice acutis, 2-5 cm. longis; inte-
rioribus valde membranaceis, lanceolatis, capitulo paulo brevioribus.
Florum tubulosorum limbus saepe tantum 4-lobatus. Achaenia sub-
plana, una facie ad lineam medianam costata, marginibus retrorsum
hamosa et interdum tuberculata, aliter fere glabra, cuneata, olivaceo-
brunnea vel interdum subpurpurascentia, corpore 5-10 mm. longa
et 2.5-3 mm. lata, apice 3- (rarissime 2- vel 4-) aristata aristis
retrorsum hamosis et plerumque 4-6 mm. longis.

Type specimen: No specimen was cited, but Illinois was the first
mentioned, type locality.

Distribution: From Maine, Quebec, and North Dakota south-
ward and southwestward to North Carolina, Tennessee, New
Mexico, and Utah.

Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1372, Valley Forge, Pennsyl-
vania, October 16, 1910 (Phila.); J. M. Bates, St. Paul, Nebraska,
September 17 and 25, 1910 (Gray; N.Y.); W. M. Benner, Telford,
Pennsylvania, September 14, 1913 (Phila.); idem, above Point
Pleasant, Pennsylvania, September 16, 1923 (Phila.); N . L. Britton,
Four Corners, Staten Isl., New York, September 23, 1894 (N.Y.);
B. F. Bush 31, Courtney, Missouri, September 11, 1892 (Gray);
idem 49, eodem loco, September 28, 1892 (Gray); idem 164, wet
banks, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 30, 1893 (Field; Mo.; U.S.;
type material of Bidens riparia Greene) ; idem 216, Courtney, Mis-
souri, October 15, 1896 (U.V.); idem 802, common in low ground,
eodem loco, September 11, 1899 (Gray); idem 804, eodem loco et
tempore (Cam. ; Gray) ; idem 1798, common in bottom, eodem loco,
October 19, 1902 (Gray) ; idem 1816 and 1817, common in bottom,

252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

eodem loco, October 21, 1902 (N.Y.) ; idem 1891, bottoms, eodem loco,
September 22, 1903 (Gray; N.Y.); idem 6164 and 6165, bottoms,
eodem loco, August 24, 1910 (Gray); V. H. Chase 123, west of Wady
Petra, Illinois, September 15, 1897 (Field) ; D. Clarke, Flint, Michigan,
1866 (Phila.) ; C. A. Davis, low grounds, Alma, Michigan, September
29, 1893 (Phila.); idem 4872, Alma, Michigan, September 29, 1893
(Phila.); idem 6039, eodem loco et tempore (N.Y.); C. C. Deam,
Wells County, Indiana, September 21, 1902 (Berl.); R. R. Dreisbach
167, Pickaway Co., Ohio, September 4, 1912 (Phila.); Thomas
Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew) ; idem 315, eodem loco
(Kew); E. H. Eames 159, moist roadside, Stratford, Connecticut,
September 24, 1902 (Gray); H. Eggert, Indian Lake, St. Clair
Co., Illinois, October, 1876 (Cam.); W. W. Eggleston 5290,
Kuttawa, Kentucky, September 27-October 9, 1909 (Mo.); George
Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1866 (Gray); idem 566,
eodem loco, September, 1834 (Berl.); M. L. Fernald, damp field,
Orono, Maine, September 19, 1889 (N. Eng.); idem, ditch, Dexter
lime quarries, Lincoln, Rhode Island, October 6, 1906 (Gray);
William Findley, Collingdale, Pennsylvania, October 3, 1911 (Phila.) ;
W. H. Forwood 224, near Fort Meade, Black Hills, South Dakota,
September 8, 1887 (U.S.); J. R. Gardner 809, Fayette Co., Iowa,
September 3, 1898 (N.Y.); G. Guttenberg, near Wheeling, West
Virginia, October, 1878 (Cam.); E. B. Harger, Oxford, Connecticut,
September 27, 1917 (Phila.) ; A. A. Heller, about the mouth of the
Tucquan, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, September 20, 1901 (Berl.;
Par.) ; Katharina R. Holmes, near Apollo, Westmoreland Co., Penn-
sylvania, September 3, 1902 (Carn.); 7. F. Holton, Kanawha
Salines, West Virginia, October 8, 1849 (Field) ; L. S. Hopkins, Kent,
Ohio, September 20, 1913 (Carn.); Janin 28, Albany, New York,
1827 (Del.); 0. E. Jennings, swampy spot with Typha, south of
Logan's Ferry, Pennsylvania, September 23, 1916 (Carn.); idem,
Conger, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1904 (Carn.); M. E. Jones
1063, alt. 1,290 meters, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 24, 1879 (Berl. ;
Brit.; Field; U.V.); T. H. Kearney 138, Plummer's Isl. in Potomac
River, near Cabin John, Maryland, August 21-23, 1903 (N.Y.);
idem 185, eodem loco, August 30, 1903 (N.Y.); C. H. Knowlton,
Sturbridge, Massachusetts, September 27, 1917 (Phila.); C. D.
Lippencott, Swedesboro, New Jersey, October 5, 1894 (Phila.);
C. G. Lloyd, near Cincinnati, Ohio, September 18, 1882 (U.V.);
idem, eodem loco, September 2, 1883 (Mus. V.) ; Bayard Long 6787,
Edge Hill Station, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1911 (Phila.);

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXIII

c d e a g f h

BIDENS VULGATA Greene (figs, a, c-h); var. SCHIZANTHA Lunell (fig. 6)

THE GENUS BIDENS 253

J. Lunell, alkaline soil, Leeds, North Dakota, September 10, 1901
(Beam) ; idem, Towner, North Dakota, September 10, 1908 (N.Y.) ;
idem, Leeds, North Dakota, September 6, 1909 (Mun.); idem, dry
bottoms, eodem loco, September 9, 1917 (Deam); Alexander Mac
Elwee, Lyonville, Pennsylvania, October 4, 1908 (Phila.); Alexander
MacElwee, Jr., West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August, 1874
(Phila.); Marie-Victorin 9737, moist places, vicinity of Longueuil,
Quebec, September 10-October 9, 1919 (Gray; Par., 2 sheets);
idem 15466, Longueuil, September, 1922 (Gray); C. J. Moser,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, August, 1832 (Kew); G. S. Miller, Jr.,
Passage Creek, Virginia, September 5, 1897 (U.S.); G. V. Nash,
along a pond, vicinity of Clifton, New Jersey, September 24, 1892
(N.Y.); H. W. N orris, near Ithaca, New York, 1889 (Mo.); J. B.
S. Norton, Manhattan, Kansas, September 1, 1892 (type material
oiBidens acuta [Wieg.] Britt.; N.Y.); idem 281 p.p., wet places, Riley
Co., Kansas, September 21, 1895 (N.Y.); B. H. Patterson, west of
Ligonier, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1917 (Can.); A. S. Pease,
edge of pond, East Watertown, Massachusetts, October 8, 1908
(N. Eng.); Robert Peter, damp soil, Lexington, Kentucky, September,
1833 (Kew); P. E. Pierron, Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, Sep-
tember 3, 1877 (Cop.); W. M. Pollock, Upshur County, West Vir-
ginia, August 28, 1895 (U.S.) ; T. C. Porter, Chestnut Hill, Easton,
Pennsylvania, September 22 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 11220, vicinity
of Centre Valley, Pennsylvania, October 2, 1921 (Phila.); Rugel
448, in swampy places near Rutherfordton, North Carolina, Sep-
tember, 1841 (Brit.; Del.; Kiel; Mus. V.); A. Ruth 32, near Tennessee
River, Knoxville, Tennessee, September, 1896 (N.Y.; forma involu-
cri bracteis exterioribus giganteis); A. Schrader 129, Ohio, 1864
(Berl., 2 sheets); Schweinitz, Salem, North Carolina (Phila.); E. E.
Sherff 2046, in pasture, near Glenwood, Illinois, October 7, 1915
(Field); C. W. Short, bottom of dried mill pond, etc., Lexington,
Kentucky (Kew; Phila., 2 sheets); idem, Rock Isl., Ohio River,
1840 (Phila.) ; A. H. Smith, Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
September 23, 1866 (Penn.); B. H. Smith, alt. 1,800 meters, Ojo
Caliente, New Mexico, August 26, 1893 (Phila.; plantis parvis sed
certe hac specie); idem, eodem loco, August 25, 1894 (Phila.); P. C.
Standley 9853, low ground, vicinity of Turner, Missouri, September
5, 1912 (U.S.);«fem 9869, along stream, vicinity of Graydon Springs,
Missouri, September 7, 1912 (U.S.); E. S. Steele, vicinity of Wash-
ington, District of Columbia, August 24-September 4, 1896 (U.V.);
idem, eodem loco, September 16, 1899 (Del.); idem & uxor 226, alt.

254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

600 meters, Sweet Springs, West Virginia, September 6, 1903 (Gray) ;
Witmer Stone 10818, 10820, and 10824, Delaware River meadows,
Tinicum Township, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.);
W. C. Werner 409, Columbus, Ohio, September 27, 1892 (Gray);
C. F. Wheeler & E. S. Steele, alt. 490 meters, vicinity of Millboro,
Virginia, August 30, 1907 (U.S.); Charles Williamson, Council
Bluffs, Iowa, August, 1898 (Phila.); H. A. Young, Revere, Massa-
chusetts, September 27, 1879 (N. Eng.).

Hooker (loc. cit.) listed B. Bidens comata L. as a determination for
Thomas Drummond 540, from St. Louis, Missouri. Later, Short
and Peter (loc. cit.) listed the name Bidens comosa Hooker. Still
later, Torrey and Gray (loc. cit.) stated: "This species [B. connata
Muhl.] is introduced into Dr. Short's Catalogue of Kentucky plants
under the name of Bidens comosa, Hooker, but we are not aware
that Sir Wm. Hooker, or any other author, has published a species
with this name. In the account of Drummond's collections in the
United States, however, a 'Bidens comata Linn.' is enumerated; but
as Linnaeus has no such species, we suppose B. connata, Muhl. to be
intended." We may add to Torrey and Gray's observations by
noting that the words comata and comosa, while very distinct in
pronunciation and in print, are apt to be similar in script.
Thus, despite the fact that the name comosa (in the sense of leafy) is
indeed appropriate for the plants so designated, it might be that the
name originated not through an intentional changing of words, but
rather from a misreading of the really equivalent word comata as it
appeared in script. Short's plants in herbaria are variously labeled.1
The name comosa Hook, ex Short & Peter therefore not only is a
nomen nudum but fails to admit of definite interpretation. Fortu-
nately, Gray (loc. cit.) did not cite Short's name when establishing
the var. comosa nor did Wiegand (loc. cit.) go back to Short when
elevating the name to specific rank.

Daniels (Univ. Missouri Studies, Sci. Ser. 1: 378 [reprint 236].
1907) lists a supposed hybrid between B. comosa and B. polylepis
(Coreopsis involucrata Nutt.). Such a hybrid is unknown to me.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV

Bidens comosa: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.56; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X2.22; c, interior involucral bract, X2.22;
d, palea, X2.22; e, disc floret, X4.45; / (outer), g (inner), achenes,

1 Three random specimens of this species collected by Short (Phila.), for
example, have severally the determinations: "B. connata /3. petiolata"; . . . "B.
cernua var. minima?"; . . . "B. cernua?"

ield Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXIV

BIDENS COMOSA (Gray) Wieg.

THE GENUS BIDENS 255

X4.45; all from E. E. Sherff, Elgin, Illinois, October 5, 1913, in
Hb. Field.

87. Bidens connata Muhl. in Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1718. 1804.
PI. LXV, fig. d.

Bidens connata var. typica Fass. Rhodora 30: 31. 1928.

a. Folia principalia indivisa vel fere tripartita, nunc solum grosse

dentata nunc etiam in segmenta 3 lato-lanceolata secta.
6. Achaeniorum margines non antrorsum hamosae nisi interdum

ad basim.

c. Petioli alati; foliis principalibus saepe trisectis.
d. Involucri bracteae exteriores longitudine raro 1.5 cm.

superantes B. connata sensu stricto.

d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-6 cm. longae . . var. rj.fallax.
c. Petioli anguste marginati.

d. Folia plerumque indivisa, rarius 2-3-secta . . var. 7. petiolata.
d. Folia principalia saepius 3- (vel etiam 5-) lobata.

var. e. gracilipes.

b. Achaeniorum margines summam versus plus minusve antror-
sum hamosae.
c. Aristae antrorsum ac retrorsum hamosae . . . var. d. ambiversa.

c. Aristae solum antrorsum hamosae var. /3. anomala.

a. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-7-partita, foliolis anguste lanceolatis.

var. f . pinnata.

Herba annua, glabra, saepe ramosa, 0.4-1.5 m. alta, caule ple-
rumque purpurascenti. Folia petiolata petiolis alatis et 0.5-3 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.6 dm. longa, dentibus acutis exten-
sisque valde serrata, margine spinulis inconspicuis vestita, princi-
palia plerumque tripartita (rarissime omnia indivisa, acuminata,
elliptica vel lanceolata, basi angusta sed non in petiolum evidenter
angustata); foliolo terminali lanceolate, saepe in basim petiolula-
tarn angustato, lateralibus lanceolatis vel triangulato-ovatis, saepe
oppositis connatisque. Capitula (bracteis exterioribus non inclusis)
demum 1.2-1.4 cm. lata et circ. 1 cm. alta, discoidea vel rariter
inconspicue radiata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis.
Involucrum superne plerumque glabratum; bracteis exterioribus
4-5 (-7), rariter valde foliaceis, linearibus, integris, sparsim setoso-
ciliatis, plerumque 1-2 (rarius -4) cm. longis; ihterioribus ovato-
lanceolatis quam capitulo paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati (nisi
deficientes) minimi, aurei; flores tubulosi 4-5-lobati. Achaenia

256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

cuneata, subnigra vel debiliter purpurascentia, pauca marginalia
plana vel trigona et saepe 2-3-aristata, omnia reliqua plerumque
tetragona quadriaristataque, margine basaliter 1-paucis erectis hamis
aliter hamis semper vel fere semper retrorsis munita, faciebus
tuberculato-setosa, corpore 3.5 (exteriora) -6.5 (interiora) mm.
longa; aristis retrorsum hamosis, 1-3.6 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Gotthilf Henry Ernst Muhlenberg in
North America (Willd., Herb. No. 15021-1).

Distribution: Nova Scotia and Quebec southward to New Jersey
and westward. A single specimen observed from Alabama (collected
by Rafinesque).

Specimens examined : C. F. Batchelder, Winchester, Massachusetts,
October 7, 1917 (Phila.) ; idem 2071, along brookside by Lake Salton-
stall, Branford, Connecticut, September 12, 1914 (N. Eng.; capitulis
radiatis); Boott, Boston, Massachusetts, 1829 (Kew); Brinton &
Keller, Egg Harbor, New Jersey, September 22, 1894 (Phila.);
F. S. Collins 956, Cranberry Bog, Eastham, Massachusetts, Sep-
tember 6, 1910 (N. Eng.); J.F. Collins, M.L.Fernald, & H. H. York
11462, Warwick, Rhode Island, September 8, 1914 (N. Eng.);
Eames, Randolph, & Wiegand 13200, Montezuma, New York,
September 9, 1919 (Gray); iidem 13201, Aurelius, New York, Sep-
tember 9, 1919 (Gray); A. A. Eaton & M. L. Fernald, brackish
margin of pool, Salisbury, Massachusetts, October 2, 1902 (Gray);
C. E. Faxon, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (Gray); M. L. Fernald
& Bayard Long 10681, Greenough Pond, Yarmouth, Massachusetts,
September 19, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 10687, Winter Pond,
Winchester, Massachusetts, October 5, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem
14844, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Phila.);
iidem 17604, north of No Bottom Pond, Brewster, Massachusetts,
September 7, 1918 (Phila.); iidem 24695, Lahave River, Bridgewater,
Nova Scotia, August 16, 1921 (Gray; Phila.); iidem & G. S. Torrey

10679, Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (Phila.); iidem

10680, near Grace Point, Block Isl., September 14, 1913 (Gray;
Phila. ; nonnullis foliis 5-partitis) ; M. L. Fernald & E. E. Sherff, near
Winter Pond, Winchester, Massachusetts, July 27, 1913 (Field);
M. L. Fernald & C. A. Weatherby, shore of Winter Pond, Winchester,
September 22, 1908 (Gray); iidem (PLGrayanaeExsicc.) 298, eodem
loco (Berl.; Can.; Cam.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets); Grace Gilbert, Pine
Grove, Newton, Massachusetts, Sept., 1893 (Gray); A. Gershoy 737,
Como Lake, Belmar, New Jersey, Sept. 7, 1917 (Gray); P. Heuser,
Lutheran Hill, Long Isl., New York, September 10, 1894 (Berl.);

THE GENUS BIDENS 257

idem, Cypress Hill near Brooklyn, New York, September 29, 1894
(Berl.); G. G. Kennedy, Portsmouth, Rhode Island, September 19,
1907 (Gray); idem, Bailey's Beach, Newport, Rhode Island, Sep-
tember 19, 1907 (Gray); idem 8, meadow ditch, Danvers, Massa-
chusetts, September 7, 1907 (Gray); John Macoun, St. Anne de
Beaupre", Quebec, August 30, 1905 (Gray); Marie-Victorin 16247,
River Je"sus, Rosemere, Quebec, September 22, 1922 (Gray); H. B.
Meredith, Cape May, New Jersey, October 10, 1920 (Phila.) ; Muhlen-
berg, North America (type in Willd., Herb. No. 15021-1); S. T.
Olney, Block Isl., Rhode Island (Mun.); T. C. Porter, Delaware
River above Easton, Pennsylvania, September 5, 1899 (Cam.);
idem, Pot Rock on Delaware River above Easton, September 7,
1899 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 10288, vicinity of Slatedale, Pennsylvania,
August 1, 1920 (Phila.); Rafinesque, Appalachian Mts., Alabama
(Petrop.); F. C. Seymour 1550, Tea Lane, Chilmark, Martha's
Vineyard, Massachusetts, September 21, 1916 (Gray); Witmer
Stone 10823, meadows of Delaware River, Tinicum Township,
Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.); E. F.
Williams, Weston, Massachusetts, September 29, 1895 (Gray);
idem, Concord, Massachusetts, September 17, 1899 (Gray); R. W.
Woodward, Old Saybrook, Connecticut, September 29, 1915 (Gray).

Bidens connata var. /3. anomala Farwell, Ann. Rept. Comm. Parks
and Blvds. Detroit 11: 91. 1900. PI. LXV, fig. k.

A specie achaeniorum aristis erecte barbatis differt.

Type specimen: None cited. Presumably a specimen had been
found growing at Detroit, Michigan.

Distribution: Maryland, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Specimens examined: S. F. Blake 8680, edge of Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal, vicinity of Cabin John, Maryland, October 21, 1923
(Field); idem 8901, eodem loco, October 5, 1924 (Gray); R. W.
Chaney 184, edge of Hamlin Lake, Ludington, Michigan, August
20, 1910 (Gray; N.Y.); N. C. Fassett 4259, muddy edge of a ditch,
"The Narrows," Minocqua, Wisconsin, September 14, 1927 (Wis.,
2 sheets); A. D. Selby 6, Ohio, September 6, 1890 (Gray).

Bidens connata var. 7. petiolata (Nutt.) Farwell, Ann. Rept.
Comm. Parks and Blvds. Detroit 11: 91. 1900.

PI. LXV, figs, a, /-j.

Bidens petiolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 99. 1834.
Bidens connata var. inundata Fern. Rhodora 23: 298. 1921.

258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Folia plerumque indivisa, lanceolata, usque ad 1 (rarius 2) dm.
longa et usque ad 3 (rarius etiam 7) cm. lata, moderate acriterque
dentata dentibus unico latere saepius 6-12; petiolis tenuibus, usque
ad 5 cm. longis, marginatis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5,
plerumque 1-2 cm. longae. Achaenia exteriora corpore plerumque
4.2-4.6 (interdum usque ad 6.5) mm. longa, interiora saepius circ.
6.2-6.5 (rarius usque ad 8) mm. longa.

Type specimen: No type was cited by Nuttall. The nativity
was given by him as "on the margins of ponds in various parts of
New England." The Nuttall Herbarium has two authentic sheets
starred with Nuttall's customary asterisk as being of new material
(although on the labels he had used a trivial name referring to the
lanceolate rather than petiolate nature of the leaves). One (Phila.)
says "Massachusetts" and the other (Brit.) gives "Northampton"
(Massachusetts) .

Distribution: Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and Minnesota,
southward to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas. Also
rarely adventive in France and Germany.

Specimens examined^. B. Bartram 1280, creek margin, Bradford
Hills, Pennsylvania, October 2, 1910 (Gray); idem 1339, Paoli,
Pennsylvania, October 16, 1910 (Gray); J. M. Bates 5424, Red
Cloud, Nebraska, October 3, 1910 (N.Y.); C. H. Bissell 295, South-
ington, Connecticut, August 31, 1891 (N. Eng.); Ezra Brainerd, along
creek, Middlebury, Vermont, September 23, 1904 (Gray); 0. H.
Brown 113, New England Marshes, Cold Spring, New Jersey,
September 18, 1913 (Phila.); B. F. Bush 36, Courtney, Missouri,
September 11, 1892 (Gray); idem 806, eodem loco, September 11,
1899 (Gray) ; E. B. Chamberlain 443, swamp, Bristol, Maine, August
28, 1897 (N. Eng.); F. S. Collins 511 and 540, Eastham, Massa-
chusetts, September 1, 1907 (N. Eng.); William Darlington, West
Chester, Pennsylvania (Phila.); John Dams 5203, Riverview Park,
Hannibal, Missouri, September 8, 1916 (Mo.); idem 9058, pastures,
near Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Hannibal, September 14, 1918 (Mo.);
C. C. Deam 5369, northwest of Decatur, Indiana, September 8, 1908
(Deam; forma capitulis perspicue radiatis); Donnot (Soc. Cenomane
d'Exsicc. No. 1650), Percey-le-Petit, canal de la Marne a la Saone,
Department of Haute-Marne, France, September, 1923 (Gray);
R. R. Dreisbach 2-217, Vereeville, Pennsylvania, September 25, 1922
(Phila.); T. W. Edmonson, Haley's Station, Renfrew Co., Ontario,
August 25, 1902 (Phila.); M. L. Fernald, Vanceboro, Maine, Sep-
tember 1, 1908 (Gray) ; idem 2895, low woods, Glenburn, Maine,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXV

BIDENS CONNATA Muhl. ex Willd. (fig. d); var. ANOMALA Farwell (fig. k); var. PETIOLATA
(Nutt.) Farw. (figs, o, f-j); var. FINN ATA Wats. (fig. e); var. FALLAX (Warnst.) Sherff (figs. 6, c)

THE GENUS BIDENS 259

September 6, 1898 (N. Eng.); idem & D. H. Linder 22868, Quinan,
Nova Scotia, October 8, 1920 (Phila.); iidem 22871, springy sp hag-
nous bog, Sand Beach, Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, October 6, 1920
(Field; Gray, 3 sheets; Phila.) ; M. L. Fernald & B. Long 10682, White
Pond, Chatham, Massachusetts, September 9, 1913 (N. Eng.;
Phila.); iidem 10686, Dennis Pond, Yarmouth, Massachusetts,
September 19, 1913 (Phila.); iidem 14845, Back River Creek, Wool-
wich, Maine, September 15, 1916 (Phila.); iidem 22866, sandy
brooksides and springy ditches, Baddeck, Nova Scotia, August 27,
1920 (Gray, 2 sheets; Phila.); iidem 22867, pools at base of gypsum
cliffs, Port Bevis, Nova Scotia, August 29, 1920 (Gray; Phila.);
iidem & D. H. Linder 22869, springy sphagnous bog, Sand Beach,
Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, September 7, 1920 (Field; Gray); iidem
22870, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); Fernald, Long, & Torrey
10684, Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (New Eng.);
iidem 10685, Harbor Pond, Block Isl., September 13, 1913 (Phila.) ;
(M. L. Fernald & C. A. Weatherby 17609, once referred to var.
petiolata, is apparently better construed as var. gracilipes;) J. M.
Greenman 501, Concord, Massachusetts, Oct. 9, 1898 (Mo.); Gustave
Guttenberg, Erie, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1879 (Carn.); E. B.
Harger 4833 p.p., Huntington, Connecticut, August 25, 1905 (Phila.);
J. W. Harshberger, Ocean City, New Jersey, August 23, 1900 (Penn.) ;
A. A. Heller, in limestone, Dillerville Swamp, Lancaster Co.,
Pennsylvania, September 13, 1901 (Berl.); A. S. Hitchcock 735
pro parte, wet soil, Atchison Co., Kansas, 1896 (Mo.); R. Hoffman,
muddy bank in shade, Indian Creek, Dodson (vicinity of Kansas
City), Missouri, September 30, 1916 (Mo.); J. M. Macfarlane,
Holly Beach, New Jersey, September 12, 1907 (Penn.); idem,
Peak's Isl., Casco Bay, Maine, September, 1913 (Penn., 2 sheets) ;
John Macoun, wet places, Hull, Quebec, August 23, 1884 (Can.);
idem, Ottawa, Ontario, August 28, 1894 (U.S.); idem, Brown's
Lake, Wakefield, Quebec, August 29, 1903 (Can.); idem, Italy
Cross, Nova Scotia, August 22, 1910 (Can.); idem, Casselman,
Ontario, September 13, 1911 (Can.); P. Magnus, Prov. Brandenburg,
Germany, November 3, 1895 (Berl.); Marie-Victorin 28084, edge of
stream, Les Greves, Quebec, September 23, 1928 (Gray); W. R.
Maxon 5962, near Cabin John, Maryland, October 10, 1912
(U.S.); A. H. McKay, on beaches, Pictou, Nova Scotia, Sep-
tember, 1875 (N.Y.); E. A. Mearns 159, Camp Douglas, Wis-
consin, September 11, 1890 (U.S.); C. J. Moser, Pennsylvania,
August, 1832 (Mus. V.); G. V. Nash, stony shore, in water, vicinity

260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

of Clifton, New Jersey, September 25, 1892 (N.Y.); J- B. Norton
281 p.p., Riley Co., Kansas, September 21, 1895 (Gray; U.V.); B. H.
Patterson, Chautauqua, New York, September 3, 1910 (Carn.); F. W.
Pennell 6625, Point Pleasant, New Jersey, September 22, 1915
(Phila.); Albert Ruth 63, open places, Knoxville, Tennessee, Sep-
tember 10, 1905 (Gray) ; J. H. Sandberg 919, Silver Creek, Minnesota,
August 29, 1891 (U.S.); H. E. Sargent 73, shore of Lake Wentworth,
Wolfboro, New Hampshire, September 2, 1909 (Gray); idem 77,
Wolfboro, September 18, 1909 (Gray) ; J. H. Schuette, in cedar swamps,
Wisconsin, September 7, 1878 (Field); F. C. Seymour 9, Granville,
Massachusetts, September 15, 1913 (Gray); J. A. Shafer, Presque
Isle, Pennsylvania, September 9-12, 1900 (Carn.);E. E. Sherff 1803,
Elgin, Illinois, August 27, 1912 (Field); G. H. Skull 399%, vicinity
of Havre de Grace, Maryland, September 20, 1902 (U.S.); E. S.
Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, August 24,
1896 and September 7, 1899 (Del. ; forma nonnullis capitulis radiatis,
ligulis circ. 3 vel 4 flavis ± 5 mm. longis); idem & uxor, alt. about
900 meters, vicinity of Aurora, West Virginia, September 11, 1898
(Del.); Harold St. John 1345, Sable Isl., Nova Scotia, September 12,
1913 (Gray); idem & G. S. Torrey 891, Lincoln, Rhode Island,
October 19, 1913 (N. Eng.); Witmer Stone 6236, meadows along
Delaware River, Tinicum Township, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania,
September 20, 1903 (Phila.); idem 10725, Atlantic City, New Jersey,
September 4, 1908 (Phila.); idem 10860, Pennsylvania, September
9, 1908 (Phila.); idem 10908, Delanco, New Jersey, September 11,
1908 (Phila.); idem 11052, Seaside Park, Ocean Co., New Jersey,
September 27, 1908 (Phila.); 7. Tidestrom 6890, wet places, Emporia,
Virginia, September 22, 1913 (U.S.); S. S. VanPelt, Palermo, New
Jersey, September 20, 1908 (Phila.); Herman von Schrenk, Ithaca,
New York, October 1, 1892 (Mo.); C. S. Williamson, Williamson
School, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, September 23, 1906 (Phila.).
Bidens connata var. inundata Fern, was based upon Fernald &
Under 22871 (type), Fernald, Long, & Under 22869 and 22870, and
Fernald & Long 22866 and 22867, all from Nova Scotia. It was
described as "closely simulating var. gracilipes Fernald ... of the
Cape Cod quagmires but with much larger achenes." The leaf
margins do at times suggest those in var. gracilipes, but are matched
quite closely by those in several specimens of var. petiolata from
various widely separated localities. The achenes likewise match
those of var. petiolata, leaving me entirely unable to distinguish
inundata separately.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXVI

'" b a d

BIDENS HETERODOXA Fern. & St. J. (figs, a, c-g); var. ORTHODOXA Fern. (figs. 6, h)

THE GENUS BIDENS 261

Through the var. petiolata, B. connata approaches B. Eatonii
Fern., the var. inter stes of which frequently can not be distinguished
(from B. connata, var. petiolata) except by its achenes.

Bidens connata var. 5. ambiversa Fassett, Rhodora 30: 33. 1928.

Herba subsimplex vel ramis tenuibus ramosa, 3-7 dm. alta.
Folia mediana dentata dentibus utrinque 1-4 plerumque 3 (quorum
inferiores saepe 1.5 cm. longi sinibus paene ad rhachidem extendenti-
bus sunt), 4-7 cm. longa; superiora saepe simplicia cum dentibus
grossis utrinque 1-4. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineares vel lan-
ceolatae, 1-3.5 cm. longae. Achaeniorum margines sparsim vel
dense setis plerumque antrorsis setosi; aristis hamis (nunc sursum
nunc retrorsum vel saepius utroque versis) munitis; achaeniis
exterioribus planis, biaristatis, corpore circ. 5 mm. longis et 2-2.5
mm. latis; interioribus superne obcompresso-tetragonis, quadri-
aristatis, corpore 6-8 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 4257,
in moist kettle hole, with copious growth of Dulichium, Minocqua,
Oneida County, Wisconsin, September 14, 1927 (Wis., 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from northern Wisconsin, where it
has been collected chiefly in sphagnum bogs.

Specimens examined: Fassett 4257 (Wis., 2 type sheets); idem
4258, sphagnum bog, margin of Hill Lake, Minocqua, September 13,
1927 (Wis.); idem 9016, quaking bog, Big Wildcat Lake, Boulder
Junction, Vilas Co., September 2, 1929 (Wis.); idem 9021, eodem
loco et tempore (Wis.).

Bidens connata var. e. gracilipes Fern. Rhodora 21: 103. 1919.

Folia primaria lobata, lobis 2-4 basalibus divergentibus decur-
rentibus, lobo terminali foliisque superioribus lanceolato-attenuatis
anguste serratis dentibus subfalcatis, petiolis gracilibus vix mar-
ginatis. Achaenia exteriora corpore 3-4 mm. interiora 4.5-5 mm.
longa, omnia plerumque quadriaristata aristis marginalibus 2-2.5
mm. longis, aristis intermediis brevioribus.

Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Charles
Alfred Weatherby, No. 17608, sandy beach of Seymour Pond, Har-
wich, Massachusetts, September 19, 1918 (Gray).

Distribution: Maine and southward to Connecticut.

Specimens examined: R. C. Bean, F. W. Bird, & C. H. Knowlton,
wet shore of Mashpee Pond, Mashpee, Massachusetts, September 16,
1916 (N. Eng.); A. E. Blewitt 1123, Hall and Upson Pond, Water-
bury, Connecticut, September 15, 1911 (N. Eng.); M. L. Fernald

262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

& B. Long 10683, peaty margins of small ponds west of White Pond,
Chatham, Massachusetts, September 9, 1913 (Gray; N. Eng.);
iidem 17602, between Grassy and Lower Simmons ponds, Dennis,
Massachusetts, August 22, 1918 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.;
forma var. petiolatae adpropinquans) ; iidem 17606, quagmire in
woods south of Sparrow Young's Pond, Chatham, Massachusetts,
August 20, 1918 (N. Eng.); iidem 17607, borders of peaty quagmires
east of Buck Pond, Harwich, Massachusetts, August 30, 1918
(Field; Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng., 2 sheets; Phila.); iidem & A. H.
Norton 14843, swales and peaty shores of Little Ossipee River,
Limington, Maine, August 29, 1916 (N. Eng., 2 sheets; Phila.);
M. L. Fernald & C. A. Weatherby 17608, sandy beach, Seymour
Pond, Harwich, September 19, 1918 (type, Gray, 2 sheets: cotypes,
Cop.; Field; Kew; N. Eng., 2 sheets); iidem 17609, sandy beach,
Gull Pond, Wellfleet, Massachusetts, September 19, 1918 (Gray;
N. Eng.; forma var. petiolatae adpropinquans).

Bidens connata var. f. pinnata Wats, in Gray, Man. ed. 6:
284. 1890. PI. LXV, fig. e.

Bidens Sandbergii Rydb. Fl. Pr. Plains Centr. N. Amer. 849. 1932.

A specie differt foliis pinnatis, 5-7 foliolis angustis et plus
minusve inciso-dentatis.

Type specimen: Collected byF. L. Conillard, Richfield, Hennepin
County, Minnesota, June, 1889 (Gray).

Distribution: Wisconsin (ex Aldrich & Fassett, Science 70: 45.
1929) and Minnesota.

Specimens examined: Z. L. Chandonnet, wet sandy shores of
lakes, Luce, Minnesota, August 25, 1911 (U.S.); idem, eodem loco,
August 23, 1912 (Penn. ; U.S.) ; F. L. Conillard (type, Gray) ; O.Lakela
1858 and 1860, Duluth, Minnesota (Field); P. A. Rydberg 9649,
White Bear Lake, Minnesota, September 15, 1926 (N.Y., 2 sheets,
pro specie nova, Bidente Sandbergii, a Rydbergio); J. H. Sandberg,
wet sandy shores, Ramsey Co., Minnesota, August, 1890 (Penn.);
idem 929, Ramsey Co., September 2, 1891 (U.S.); idem 6009, wet
places, Ramsey Co., August, 1891 (N.Y.; Phila.).

The specimens examined clearly represent B. connata as apart
from any other species and show no evidence of hybridity.1 (But

1 Bidens connata appears to hybridize very rarely in nature. I have seen two
sheets of material (Hb. W. C. Ferguson) collected by W. C. Ferguson, Plattsdale,
Long Island, New York, Sept. 20, 1919, which appeared clearly to be of hybrid
origin — B. connata X B. cernua. The leaves were tripartite as in typical B. con-
nata; the heads were radiate and much like those of B. cernua. A further specimen

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXVII

BIDENS TRIPARTITA L. (figs, a, 6, d-i); var. CERNUAEFOLIA Sherff (fig.

Of

If

THE GENUS BIDENS 263

cf. Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 3: 495. 1913; these authors have
considered that the var. pinnata is possibly a hybrid between B.
cernua and B. aristosa.}

Fassett (Rhodora 30: 34. 1928) gives an amplified description,
based, however, upon fewer collections than those studied by me.
More recently, he has reported (Science 70: 45. 1929; cf. McLaugh-
lin, Ecological Monographs 2: 376,.%. 31. 1932) finding this variety
upon certain relic lakes in northwestern Wisconsin, a few miles
northeast of the type vicinity. As touching upon the constancy of
this interesting foliage form, we may note that Sandberg collected
it in 1890 in the same locality where Rydberg collected it thirty-
six years later.

Bidens connata var. 77. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
76: 154. 1923. PI. LXV, figs. 6 and c.

Bidens tripartite^ L. var.? fallax Warnst. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.

31: 157. 1880.
Bidens decipiens Warnst. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 45: 392 and 475.

1895.

Bidens connata Warnst., op. cit. 475, non exacte Muhl.
Bidens tripartita var. fallax Warnst. in Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club

26: 413. 1899.
Bidens connata var. fultior Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 24. 1915.

Folia primaria laminis vel lobis terminalibus saepius grosse
inaequaliterque dentatis, dentibus utrinque plerumque 5-10; invo-
lucri bracteis exterioribus foliaceis, oblanceolatis, majoribus 3-6
cm. longis et 0.5-1.5 cm. latis; achaeniis 4-6-aristatis.

Type specimen : Collected by C. Warnstorf, shore of Lake Neurup-
pin (where undoubtedly adventive from North America), Province
of Brandenburg, Prussia, September 10, 1895 (herbarium not cited;
various sheets in Del., Field, Kew, etc.).

Distribution: Quebec southward to Rhode Island and westward
to Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; also at several places in
northern Germany,1 where doubtless introduced from North
America.

by Emile F. Williams (Neponset Marshes, Readville, Massachusetts, Sept. 23,
1900; Gray), "with remarkably short rays — awns barbed downwards," has been
collected as a supposed hybrid between B, connata and B. coronata (B. tricho-
sperma Michx.).

1 Specimens by Abbon (Del.) and Arsene (Field) purporting to come from
Mexico, are unquestionably mislabeled (cf. Standley, Science n. ser. 65: 130. 1927).

264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1339, roadside ditch, Paoli,
Pennsylvania, October 16, 1900 (Gray); F. Erichsen, Hamburg,
Germany, September 18, 1902 (Mus. V.); N. C.Fassett 2883, floating
dock, Minneiska, Minnesota, September 8, 1926 (N.Y.); idem
2884, damp ground, Rohrer's Slough, Cochrane, Wisconsin, Sep-
tember 7, 1926 (N.Y.; Wis.); idem 2888, rocky shore of Mississippi
River, Alma, Wisconsin, August 23, 1926 (Wis.); idem 2976, wet
shore, Fountain City Slough, Fountain City, Wisconsin, September
9, 1926 (Wis.); idem 12820, Potosi, Wisconsin, September 8, 1930
(Wis.); Fernald, Long, & Torrey 10688, Dickens Point, Block Isl.,
Rhode Island, September 15, 1913 (Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng.; Phila.;
type and cotype sheets of var. fultior Fern. & St. John) ; Grantzow,
Prenzlau, Germany, August, 1877 (Del., 2 sheets) ; R. Gross, Kope-
nick on the Spree River, Prov. Brandenburg, Prussia, September
22, 1908 (Berl.); Heiland, Schluesoh, Prov. Brandenburg, August,
1876 (U.V.) and September, 1876 (Berl.); R. Hulsch, on driftwood,
Rathenow, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, September, 1896 (Berl.,
2 sheets); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 2641, Indiana (Berl.; Field; Mus. V.);
Olga Lakela 1719, Duluth, Minnesota (Field); A.Ludwig, driftwood,
Potsdam, Prussia, September 28, 1906 (Berl.); A. R. Paul, on drift-
wood upon the Parmitze, Stettin, Prov. Pomerania, Germany, Sept.
7, 1898 (Berl., 2 sheets); Rottenbach, along canal, Berlin, Prussia,
September 26, 1896 (Berl.); idem, on the lime lake at Riidersdorf,
Prov. Brandenburg, Prussia, September 19, 1898 (Del., 2 sheets);
Justus Schmidt 4107, on floated timber, Hamburg, Germany, Sep-
tember, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.);
H. K. Svenson & N. C. Fassett 918, tidal flats of St. Lawrence River,
Levis, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray) ; C. Warnstorf, shore of Lake
Neuruppin, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, October, 1877 (Berl.;
Mus. V.); idem, especially common on floated timber, eodem loco,
September, 1895 (Del.; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; U.S.; U.V.; type
collection of Bidens decipiens Warnst.); C. A. Weatherby, clearing in
cedar swamp, Dennis, Massachusetts, September 28, 1915 (N.
Eng.); E. F. Williams, Lake Massapoag, Sharon, Massachusetts,
September 10, 1899 (Gray) ; E. J. Winslow, North Grafton, Massa-
chusetts, September 19, 1912 (N. Eng.); R. W. Woodward, low
meadows, Franklin, Connecticut, September 25, 1915 (Gray).

Most of the European specimens of B. connata are so different in
general aspect from the more common forms in America that they
have been perplexing to botanists. Their primary leaves are less
slenderly and distinctly petiolate than in B. connata proper, and

THE GENUS BIDENS 265

also fewer- toothed, the teeth being usually larger and more irregular.
The outer involucral bracts are distinctly foliaceous, the well devel-
oped ones being mostly 3-6 cm. long. Indeed, for some time it
seemed to certain European botanists that the European plants
represented a new form,1 and Warnstorf did in fact name them
B. tripartite, L. var.? fallax, afterwards changing the name to B.
decipiens. Later, he referred the name B. decipiens to B. connata
Muhl.

In 1915 Fernald and St. John (loc. cit.) described a variety fultior
from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Their specimens (Gray)
are so closely identical with certain of the European specimens (for
example, Heiland 876; C. Warnstorf, shore of Lake Neuruppin;
both in U.V.) that they can scarcely be distinguished. In fact, the
only difference which I can find is that several leaves on Fernald
and St. John's material are tripartite, a difference seen to be incon-
sequential as additional specimens have been studied.

Fassett (Rhodora 30: 32. 1928) cites additional specimens and
records that "in Wisconsin, var. fallax grades into var. typica, al-
though some individuals are well marked with bracts 6 cm. long.
The few large irregular teeth of the leaves, mentioned both by
Fernald and St. John and by Sherff, do not seem to be characteristic
of most Wisconsin material."

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV

Bidens connata, fig. d: leaf, with portion of adjacent stem, X0.58;
from Lea 105, in Hb. Field.

Bidens connata var. petiolata, figs, a, f-j: a, flowering specimen,
X0.58; /, exterior involucral bract, Xl.74; g, interior involucral
bract, Xl.74; h, palea, Xl.74; i, disc floret, X4.06;;, achene, X4.64;
a, f-i, from Sherff 1803, in Hb. Field; ;, from Tin. Holm, Brookland,
District of Columbia, September 30, 1902, ibid.

Bidens connata var. fallax, figs. 6, c: simple and tripartite leaves,
X0.58; from Fernald, Long, & Torrey 10688 (type of var. fultior Fern.
& St. John), in Hb. Gray.

Bidens connata var. pinnata, fig. e: cauline leaf, X0.58; from
J. H. Sandberg, Minnesota, in Hb. Field.

Bidens connata var. anomala, fig. k: achene, X4.64; from Aug.
Selby, Ohio, September 9, 1890, in Hb. Field.

1 But cf. Baenitz (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 45: 485. 1895), who merely equated
B. decipiens Warnst., the European form, with B. connate Muhl. of America.

266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

88. Bidens heterodoxa Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 23. 1915.
PI. LXVI, figs, a and c-g.

Bidens tripartite, var. heterodoxa Fern. ibid. 15: 76. 1913.
Foliorum simplicium lamina vel 3-5-partitorum foliolum terminale
anguste lanceolatum vel etiam anguste ovatum, acerrime (vel
etiam incise) serratum.
Achaeniorum aristae antrorsum setosae.

B. heterodoxa sensu stricto.

Achaeniorum aristae retrorsum setosae var. 0. orthodoxa.

Foliorum simplicium lamina vel 3-partitorum foliolum terminale
oblongo-lanceolatum vel lanceolato-ovatum, grosse ac subacriter
dentatum.

Achaeniorum aristae leves vel obscure scabridae . var. 8. agnostica.
Achaeniorum aristae retrorsum setosae .... var. 7. Monardaefolia.
Herba annua, erecta, glabra, 1.5-9 dm. alta; caule subtetragono,
purpurascenti. Folia membranacea, simplicia vel 3-5-partita, petio-
lata petiolis 0.5-4 cm. longis et saepe subalatis; lamina vel foliolo
terminali lanceolate vel anguste ovato, 2.5-12 cm. longo, argute
grosseque serrato vel etiam inciso-dentato. Capitula discoidea
vel debiliter radiata, ad anthesin 7-12 mm. lata et 5-8 mm. alta,
pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus et 1-5 cm. longis. Involucrum
glabrum vel sparsim hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 3-6, late lineari-
spathulatis, foliaceis, elongatis, interdum sparsim ciliatis, 1-2 cm.
longis; interioribus oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis, 7-9 mm. longis.
Flores ligulati (saepe deficientes) flavi, ligula oblanceolati vel oblongo-
obovati, ± 4 mm. longi. Achaenia plana, strigosa, duabus faciebus
unicostata, plerumque 2-4-aristata, margine aristisque antrorsum
barbellatis; marginalia cuneata, 4-5 mm. longa et 1.8-2 mm. lata,
aristis 1.5-2 mm. longis; interiora paulo angustiora, 6-7 mm. longa,
aristas 2-3 mm. longas gerentia.

Type specimen: Collected by Merritt L. Fernald, Bayard Long,
& Harold St. John, No. 8206, border of salt marsh, Bunbury, Prince
Edward Island, August 28, 1912 (Gray, 3 sheets).
Distribution: Prince Edward Island.

Specimens examined: Fernald, Long, & St. John 8205, fresh,
spring-fed marsh, Southport, Queens Co., Prince Edward Island,
August 22, 1912 (Field; Gray, 2 sheets); iidem 8206 (type, Gray, 3
sheets: cotype, Field); iidem 8207, border of salt marsh, Bunbury,
Queens Co., Prince Edward Island, August 28, 1912 (Field; Gray);
iidem 8317, sandy sea strand at the Narrows, Alright Isl., Magdalen

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXVIII

BIDENS TRIPARTITA var. REPENS (D. Don) Sherff (figs, a-/)
BIDENS LINEARILOBA Oliv. (figs, g-o)

v

THE GENUS BIDENS 267

Isls., Quebec, August 21, 1912 (Gray) ; Fernald & St. John 11210,
border of a fresh pond (recently an arm of the sea), back of sand
hills, Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, August 22, 1914 (Gray).

A rather enigmatic species as yet. It is one that from its general
habit might easily be confused with B. connata Muhl. vars. typica,
fallax, and petiolata. The achenes, however, are consistently flat
and frequently only 2- (instead of 4-) awned, whereas "a check-
study of B. connata and its varieties shows that in that species all
well developed central achenes of the heads are consistently 4-
awned and with the highly developed mid-ribs becoming almost
wing-like in maturity" (Fernald, op. cit. 19: 258. 1917). The wide
gap in distributional ranges between those of the species proper with
its var. orthodoxa and those of the vars. Monardaefolia and agnostica
might at first excite suspicion as to the specific identity of the two
sets of forms. Such gaps are common, however, for the region in
question (vide Fernald, loc. cit.).

Bidens heterodoxa var. /3. orthodoxa Fern. Rhodora 17: 24. 1915.
PI. LXVI, figs. 6 and h.

Var. aristis achaeniorum retrorsum setosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Fernald, Long, & St. John, No.
8203, shallow water near margins of brackish ponds, southwest of
Etang du Nord Village, Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands, Que-
bec, August 15, 1912 (Gray, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Magdalen Islands, Quebec.

Specimens examined : Fernald, Long, & St. John 8203 (type, Gray,
2 sheets: cotype, Field); iidem 8204, boggy margin of the strand at
the Narrows, Alright Isl., Quebec, August 21, 1912 (Field; Gray).

Bidens heterodoxa var. 7. Monardaefolia Fern.
Rhodora 19: 259. 1917.

Planta racemose ramosa, ramis brevibus axillaribusque. Folia
longe petiolata, simplicia vel 3-partita, laminis vel lobis terminalibus
oblongo-lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis, grosse dentatis. Achaeni-
orum aristae retrorsum setosae.

Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward, strand of
Pocotopaug Lake, Chatham, Connecticut, September 21, 1915
(Gray, 10 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in Connecticut.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2369 pro parte, shores of
Pocotopaug Pond (Lake), Chatham, October 12, 1924 (N. Eng.,

268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

cum var. agnostica commixta); idem 2370, eodem loco et tempore
(N. Eng., 2 sheets); Woodward, eodem loco, September 21, 1915
(type, Gray, 10 sheets: cotypes, N. Eng., 2 sheets).

The foliage of this and the next following variety offers a strong
general resemblance to that of certain well-known species of Monarda
(e.g., M. didyma L. and M. fistulosa L.).

Bidens heterodoxa var. 5. agnostica Fern. Rhodora 19: 259. 1917.

Habitus foliaque ut apud var. Monardaefoliam. Achaeniorum
aristae leves vel obsolete scabrae.

Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward and Charles
Humphrey Bissell, strand of Pocotopaug Lake, Chatham, Connecti-
cut, September 21, 1910 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in Connecticut.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2369 pro parte, shores of
Pocotopaug Pond (Lake), Chatham, October 12, 1924 (N. Eng.,
cum var. Monardaefolia commixta); R. W. Woodward, eodem loco,
September 21, 1915 (Gray, 5 sheets).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI

Bidens heterodoxa, figs, a, c-g: a, flowering and fruiting branch,
X0.61; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.88; d, interior involucral
bract, X4.88; e, palea, X4.88; /, disc floret with submature achene,
X4.88; g, achene, X4.88; all from Fernald, Long, & St. John 8205,
in Hb. Field.

Bidens heterodoxa var. orthodoxa, figs. 6, h: b, small flowering
plant, X0.61; h, achene, X4.88; both from Fernald, Long, & St.
John 8204, in Hb. Field.

89. Bidens tripartita L. Sp. PI. 831. 1753. PI. LXVII,

figs, a, b, and d-i.
Bidens nodiflora L. op. cit. 832 (B. nudiflora Steud. Nom. ed. 2,

sphalm).
Bidens tripartita var. /3. flore radiato Zinn, Cat. Hort. Ager. Goett.

406. 1757.
Bidens tripartita var. 0. pumila Retz. Observ. 55. 1774; ed. 2. fasc.

1: 28. 1791; Retz. Prodr. Fl. Scand. 154. 1779.
Bidens cannabina Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 44. 1778.
Bidens frondosa var. a. Lam. Diet. Bot. 1 : 413. 1789.
Bidens effusa Thuill. in Hb. Del.
Bidens tripartita var. 0. Conyza palustris (Loes.) Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1716.

1804.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXIX

BIDENS RADIATA Thuill. (figs, a-g)
BIDENS TRIPARTITA var. ORIENTALIS (Velen.) Sherff (figs, h-n)

OF THt
UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 269

Bidens pumila (Retz.) Steud. Nom. ed. 1: 108. 1821.

Bidens tripartita var. /3. minima Lej. Rev. Fl. Spa 171. 1824; cf.

Wirtgen, Fl. Reg. Gobi. 97. 1841; Fl. Preuss. Rheinprov. 246.

1857; Wimmer, Fl. Sches. Preuss. Oesterr. Anth. 216. 1841.1
Bidens tripartita var. a. major Wimmer & Grabowski, Fl. Siles. 2:

118. 1829.

Bidens tripartita var. /3. minor Wimm. & Grabowski, loc. cit.
Bidens cernua var. tennis Turcz. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836.
Bidens tripartita var. 5. tennis (Turcz. ex DC.) DC. loc. cit.
Bidens cannabina Tausch, Flora 19: 396. 1836.
Bidens tripartita var. integra Peterm. Fl. Lips. 602. 1838.
Bidens tripartita var. a. discoidea Wimmer, Fl. Sches. Preuss. Oesterr.

Anth. 216. 1841.
Bidens tripartita var. /3. radiata Wimm. loc. cit. ; Willd. ex Beckhaus,

Fl. Westf. 582. 1893.

Bidens pygmaea [pro var.!]2 Kittel, Deutschl. Fl. ed. 2. 702. 1844.
Bidens tripartita var. /3. integrifolia Wirtgen, Fl. Preuss. Rheinprov.

246. 1857.
Bidens tripartita L minima (Wirtg.) Larsson, Fl. Werml. o. Dal 221.

1859.

Bidens tripartita var. glareosa Schz. Bip. in Hb. Par.
Bidens tripartita var. /3. ramosissima Schz. Bip. in Hb. Mus. V.
Verbesina tripartita (L.) Ruprecht, Fl. Ingrica 1: 563. 1860.
Pseudohepatorium foemina Dodon. ex Ruprecht, op. cit. 564.
Verbena supina Trag. ex Ruprecht, loc. cit.; cf. Kirschleger, Fl.

Vog.-Rhen. 1:364. 1870.
Bidens tripartita subvar. minima (Wirtg.) Coss. & Germ. Fl. Par.

ed. 2: 487. 1861.

Bidens tripartita var. ruderalis eutripartita Schur in Hb. Kew.
Bidens tripartita var. a. eutripartita Schur in Hb. U. S.
Bidens tripartita var. heterophylla Schur in Hb. Par.
Bidens tripartita var. simplex Schur in Hb. Gray.

1 For a discussion of var. minima Huds. (Fl. Angl. ed. 2: 355. 1778), which is
referred to Bidens cernua L., see p. 298, footnote 4.

2 Kittel, in accordance with his peculiar custom of avoiding the prefix "var."
and using the generic initial, used the name B. pygmaea. It is clearly evident in
his text, however, that he meant a variety, not a species. But cf. Briq. & Cavill.
(Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 217. 1917), who fail to discriminate in this respect. (Really,
Kittel's omission of the designation "var." is, by itself, unimportant, since such
eminent botanists as Linnaeus and Augustin DeCandolle — to name only two
examples — likewise omitted it, using merely a Greek letter. In the main body
of their text, however, they repeatedly referred to their lettered forms as varieties.)

270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bidens arenicola Gandoger, Fl. Lyon. 122. 1875.

Bidens arenaria Gandoger, loc. cit.

Bidens tripartite, var. a. typica Beck v. M. Fl. Nied. Oesterr. 2, 2:

1191. 1893 (exclud. synon. B. hybrida Thuill.).
Bidens tripartita var. minor f. pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Beck v. M.

loc. cit.
Bidens tripartita var. minor f. Integra (Peterm.) Koch ex Beck v. M.

loc. cit.
Bidens tripartita var. cannabina (Lam.) Beckhaus, Fl. Westf. 582.

1893.

Bidens tripartita var. /3. indivisa Corbiere, Nouv. Fl. Norm. 316. 1893.
Bidens tripartita f. stolonifera Bolzon, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1895:

323. 1895.
Bidens bipartita L. ex Halacsy, Conspect. Fl. Graec. 2: 578. 1902

(sphalm).

Bidens tripartita var. a. genuina Rouy, Fl. Fr. 8: 218. 1903.
Bidens tripartita var. latifolia Rouy, loc. cit.

Bidens tripartita var. minor sub var. pumila (Retz.) Rouy, loc. cit.1
Bidens tripartita f. gigantea Evers in Hb. Mus. V.
Bidens tripartita var. cannabina (Lam.) Tausch ex Fiori in Fiori &

Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 302. 1904.

Bidens tripartita var. reptans Caldesi ex Fiori, loc. cit. (fide Fiori).
Bidens tripartita f. pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp.

Marit. 6: 217. 1917.
Bidens tripartita subvar. pumila (Retz.) Rouy ex Briq. & Cavill.

op. cit. 217 and 327.

Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 216.
Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita var. major Wimm. & Grab.

ex Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 216 and 327.
Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita var. pumila (Retz.) Roth ex

Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 217 and 327.
Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita var. pumila f. Integra (Peterm.)

Koch ex Beck v. M. ex Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 217 and 327.
a. Achaenia marginibus levia vel tantum parce retrorso-hamosa.

var. 7. repens.

a. Achaenia marginibus valde retrorso-hamosa.
b. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa.

c. Folia oblongo-lanceolata var. /3. cernuae/olia.

1 For a discussion of hybrids between B. tripartita and B. radiata see p. 294.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXX

B1DENS TRIPARTITA var. HIRTA (Jord.) Sherff

OF THt

f (HINDIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 271

c. Folia subovata var. e. hirta.

b. Folia principalia normaliter 3-5-partita.

c. Achaenia corpore exteriora 5-6 mm. longa et 2.2-2.5 mm.
lata, interiora 6-7.5 (-8.5) mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata.

B. tripartite, sensu stricto.

c. Achaenia corpore exteriora 4-4.5 mm. longa et 2.2-2.5 mm.
lata, interiora circ. 4.5 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata.

var. 8. orientalis.

Herba erecta, annua, saepius 2-7 (interdum gigantea et usque
ad 20, interdum minima et tantum 1-2) dm. alta; caule subtetragono,
glabro, gracili vel subgracili, virente vel valde purpurascente, ramoso;
ramis subtenuibus, laxis. Folia breviter petiolata petiolis marginatis
usque ad 1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia plerumque 3-9
cm. longa, pallida vel laete viridia; inferiora simplicia lanceolata
dentataque; superiora medianaque normaliter 3- vel 5-partita, seg-
mentis membranaceis ovatis vel lanceolatis, acutis vel longe angus-
teque acuminatis, irregulariter paucidentatis, segmento terminali
tripartitorum simplici vel basi lobis duobus lateralibus interne
saepius integris externe 1-2-dentatis instructo; summa lanceolata,
simplicia vel trifida; omnia subtus parce hirtula et margine ciliata.
Capitula solitaria ad terminos ramulorum, discoidea vel rarissime
subradiata disco demum circ. 1-2 cm. lata (bracteis exterioribus
exclusis) et circ. 1-1.5 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus
plerumque usque ad 4 cm. longis. Involucrum basi glabrum vel
pubescens; bracteis exterioribus 5-9, foliaceis, linearibus vel lanceo-
latis, integris vel dentatis, acutis vel anguste acuminatis, margine
setoso-ciliatis, patulis, 1-3.5 cm. longis; interioribus ovatis vel ovato-
lanceolatis, apice obtusis vel breviter acuminatis, 6-9 mm. longis.
Achaenia obovato-cuneata, obcompressa, brunnea vel subatra, ad
margines et rarissime ad costam medianam retrorsum hamosa, alibi
glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime pilosiuscula, corpore exteriora
5-6 mm. longa et 2.2-2.5 mm. lata, interiora 6-7.5 (-8.5) mm. longa
et 1.5-2 mm. lata, omnia biaristata vel saepe imperfecte triaristata
(rarissime quadriaristata) ; aristis suberectis, brunneis vel purpuras-
centibus, retrorsum hamosis, duabus principalibus 2-3.5 mm. longis.
Type specimen: In the Hortus Cliff ortianus set (Brit.; for
more extended discussion see following text and especially p. 276,
footnote 1).

Distribution: Eastern hemisphere. In Eurasia from northern
Ireland through Norway, Sweden, Finland, Turkestan, southeastern
Siberia to Japan and even to Kamchatka Peninsula, southward to

272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

France, Italy, Turkey, Persia, and British East India. In the Philip-
pine Islands. Rare in northern Africa (Algeria, etc.). In south-
eastern Australia (New South Wales).1

Specimens examined: N. Alboff 460, alt. 600 meters, Abkhasia,
Trans-Caucasia, October 14, 1893 (Boiss.); anon., Sakawa, Isl.
Shikoku, Japan, October 10, 1890 (Berl.); 5. Balansa, moist ground,
vicinity of Rehitze, Dist. Lazistan, Asiatic Turkey, September, 1866
(Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V.); John Ball, near Belfast, Ireland, August,
1837 (Mo.); idem, Dromtine Lough and Sneem, Kerry Co., Ireland,
September 22, 1859 (Mo.); idem, vicinity of Colico, near Lake
Como, Italy, August 21, 1863 (U.S.) ; A.Bennett 107, Croydon, Surrey,
England, 1881 (Barn.); Henri Bernet, ditches, Geneva, Switzerland,
August, 1860 (Boiss.); C. Billot 2866 (collected by M&niez), wet
places at Louhans, Saone-et-Loire, France, September, 1860 (U.S.);
idem 2866bis (collected by G. E. Paris), in radish field, very wet
soil, near Chambe'ry, Savoie, France (U.S.); Blau 2012, Bosnia,
September 10, 1869 (Berl.); Addison Brown, ballast near Com-
munipaw Ferry, New Jersey, July 3, 1880 (N.Y.); P. & E. Carlstrom
(Reliq. Mailleanae 1267), in swampy places, vicinity of Stora-Sched-
wic, Dist. Dalecarlia (Dalarne), Sweden, August 28, 1862 (Burn.;
Cop.; Del.; D.U. Prag.; Kew; Par., 2 sheets) ;Fr. Castella, edge of
road, alt. about 800 meters, Ramont, toward Lussy, Fribourg, Switzer-
land, September 5, 1905 (U.S.) ; G. von Cederwald, Holm, Sweden, 1866
(Gray); J. F. Collins, M. L. Fernald, & A. S. Pease, damp hollow in
arbor- vitae swamp, Perce", Quebec, August 16-20, 1904 (Gray);
iidem 6175, towards Cap Blanc, Perce", August 16-20, 1904 (Gray);
E. Cosson, Prov. Constantine, Algeria, July 17, 1861 (Cop.) ; N. H.
Cowdry 1015, side of moat, very common, Peking, China, September,
1919 (Kew); Dimonie, Macedonian region, European Turkey, July,
1908 (Mus. V.); 0. Duhmberg 278, Altai, Siberia, 1881 (Berl., 3
sheets); idem 419, eodem loco, 1881 (Berl.); Evers 476, shady
ditches near Madonna Mariellina, September 6, 1903 (Mus. V.,
sub inscript. "f. gigantea bis Mannshoch") ; Faber, damp roadsides,
Hai City, Manchuria, 1891 (Berl., 2 sheets); Urbain Faurie 162,
Shonai, Japan, September 22, 1897 (Berl.; U.V.); idem 417, common
in herb-covered places, Fusan, Corea, October 4, 1901 (Berl.);
idem 1171, Mombetsu, Japan, September 27, 1887 (Kew, 2 sheets);

1 Bidens tripartita was cited by Bigelow for Massachusetts (Fl. Bost. ed. 2.
294. 1824), but Bigelow's plant was the tripartite-leaved form of Bidens connata
Muhl. B. tripartite is not known to me from the western hemisphere, but doubtless
occurs in the eastern United States about ballast and waste heaps. Fassett
(Rhodora 27: 185. 1925) includes it for eastern North America.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXI

BIDENS AMPLISSIMA Greene

OF TRt

THE GENUS BIDENS 273

idem 3372, Aomori, Japan, October, 1899 (Berl.; var. cernuaefoliae
adpropinquans) ; idem 4083, in wet places, near Aomori (Berl.);
idem 4854 and 4855, in marsh, Kushiro, Japan, September 19,
1889 (Kew) ; idem & J. -B. Verlot 4916, ditches, near Grenoble, Isere,
France, September, 1885 (Boiss.); Fiori, near Modeno, Italy, Sep-
tember 9, 1885 (Berl.);0. R. Fries (fasc. 16, no. 1), Upsala, Sweden,
1858-1864 (Berl.; Boiss.); H. A.Froding, Vermland, Sweden, August
22, 1904 (Calif.); Gandoger (sine num.), Arnas, Rhone, France, Sep-
tember, 1872 (Mus. V.) ; idem 599, gravels of the Saone River at Anse,
Rhone, France, August 6, 1866 (Kew, sub nom. B. arenaria) ; idem
600, glades, Nousols (Monsoult, Department Seine-et-Oise?),
France, August 19, 1858 (Kew, sub nom. B. glaberrima) ; idem 967,
Arnas, near Villefranche, Rhone, France, August 11, 1869 (sub nom.
B. arenaria Gandog. Fl. Lyon. 122: Mo.; U.V.); Giuseppe Giraldi
274, hill at Fu-kio, northern Shen-si, China (Berl.); idem 3059,
Ki-fon-san, northern Shen-si, China, September, 1899 (Berl.);
Grantzow, Prenzlau (Hindenburg), Prussia, August, 1876 (Mus. V.,
sub nom. B. cernua X tripartita);1 A. A. Hamilton, Centennial Park,
New South Wales, March, 1909 (Mus. V.); Heinrich Handel-
Mazzetti, Gotzeus bei Innsbruck, Austrian Tyrol, August, 1897
(U.V.); C. Haussknecht (Iter Syriaco-Armenicum), alt. 450 meters,
ditches about Maranh, August 22, 1865 (Mus. V.); Hass 17, alt. 30
meters, Kiao-chau (Kiautschou), Prov. Shan-tung, China, October 10,
1905 (Berl.); Hayek 3795 p.p., calcareous soil, alt. 330 meters, Hoche-
negg, southern Styria (Steiermark), Austria (Gray); A. Henry 9903,
rice fields below Pan-Zu-Lua, Mengtse (Meng-tsz, Prov.Yun-nan),
China, November 19 (N.Y.); H. Hollmen 384a, in ditch connected
with the sea, near Abo, Finland, August 28, 1885 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.,
2 sheets; Mo.; U.V.); idem 3846, Nystad, Birkholm, Huvilanlahti,
Finland, August, 1881 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mo.; U.V.);2 Jeanpert
1202, ditches, Saint-Denis, Seine, France, September 19, 1901
(Boiss.; foliis indivisis); Karl Keck, Aistershaim, Upper Austria,
August 23, 1861 (U.V.); idem, ditches near Aistershaim, August,
1889 (U.V.);Lom's Keller, bushy, swampy places, vicinity of Vienna,

1 Grantzow 876 (Mus. V.) likewise came from Prenzlau and likewise was
regarded by Grantzow as being a hybrid between B. cernua and B. tripartita and
he remarks in both cases that he found his (supposed) hybrids "nur unter den
Eltern." The leaves are indeed almost simple, somewhat suggesting B. cernua,
but the general aspect and fruit characters are those of B. tripartita. (Elsewhere in
herbaria, normal specimens of B. radiata have been carelessly taken for hybrids
between B. cernua and B. tripartita.)

2 From Hollmen's printed label is taken the following: "In Finlandia australi
usque ad c. 62° frequenter aut frequentissime obvius, in australi parte Finlandiae
mediae ad c. 63° haud frequens. In vicinitate Sinus Bottnici ad c. 64° progreditur."

274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Austria, August 28, 1880 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman,
Goettingen, Germany, August 23, 1879 (U.S.); A. Klammerth 1268,
in fields at Aschbach near Wegscheid, Bavaria, August, 1911 (Berl.;
Mus. V.; U.V.); T. A. Knapp, along brook, Hasanbeili, Persia,
September 19, 1884 (U.V.); V. L. Komarov 1535 p.p., River Mu-dan-
dsian, Manchuria, September 19, 1896 (Berl., sub nom. var. limosa
Kom.; plantis tantum circ. 1.5 dm. altis, achaeniorum immaturorum
marginibus retrorsum spinulosis) ; idem 3291 p.p., Kamtchatka Penin-
sula, August 27, 1909 (Mus. V., forma valde pumila et var. orientali
adpropinquans, foliis simplicibus longo-lanceolatis, achaeniis parvis
submaturis subnigris); Fr. Kornicke, Leningrad, Russia, August,
1857 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem, on the Karposka, at the Botanical
Garden, Leningrad, September, 1857 (Berl.); Th. Kotschy (PL alepp.
kurd. moss.) 457, Asiatic Turkey (Berl. ; Mus. V., 3 sheets, forma paucis
foliis tripartitis) ; B. Krug 454, alt. 600 meters, Lauschan Mountains,
Kiao-chau (Kiautschou), Prov. Shan-tung, China, September, 1910
(Berl.); idem 631, iisdem montibus, 1905 (Berl.); A. Loher 3637,
Trinidad, central Luzon, Philippine Islands (Kew); Maximowicz
(iter secund.}, Hakodate, Japan, 1861 (Cop.; Mus. V.); idem (iter
secund.}, Yokohama, Japan, 1862 (Berl.; Gray); Meisner, near
Geneva, Switzerland, September 14, 1826 (N.Y.); K. Menjabe,
Azuma, Prov. Iburi, Japan, August 22, 1884 (Gray); Moniez 2866
(vide C. Billot 2866) ; H. Mortensen, Denmark, September 15, 1888
(Mo.) ; M.F. Milliner, shore of stream at Penzing, Austria, September
6, 1876 (Mus. V.); Mustafa 490, Noi, Kurdistan, Asiatic Turkey,
1874 (Kew) ; J. Natsumura, Tokyo, Japan, September 30, 1879 (U.V. ;
nomen japonicum, Tokogi); R. Oldham 411 pro parte, Nagasaki,
Japan, 1862 (Boiss.; Cop.; Kew; Mun.); J. Paczoski, Pereiaslaf,
Poltava, Little Russia, August 21, 1891 (Boiss.); idem, Kamienka,
Distr. Gorodnia, Chernigof, Little Russia, July 9, 1892 (Boiss.);
Ove Paulsen 2141, forest, Piribasar near Enseli, Prov. Gilan (Ghilan),
Persia, 1899 (Cop.); Petermann, vicinity of Leipsic, Germany
(Mus. V., 15 specimina, tantum 7-12 cm. alta et sub nom. var.
minima Peterm.); K. Petersen, Christiania, Norway, 1888 (Mus.
V.); F. Petrak 691, ditches in meadows, Weisskirchen, Moravia,
Czechoslovakia, August, 1911 (Gray); G. N. Potanin, plain about
Kuku-hoton, Ordos, Mongolia, August 23, 1884 (Mus. V.); idem, in
marshes, eodem loco, August 25, 1884 (N.Y.);#. Preissmann, alt.
600 meters, Marienbad, Bohemia, August 15, 1915 (Mus. V.);
A. Regel, Kara Kul (Karakol) and Ala-tau, Turkestan, September,
1876 (Kew, achaeniis var. orientali adpropinquans) ; P. F. Reinsch

THE GENUS BIDENS 275

304, Erlangen, Bavaria, September 1, 1900 (Del.); Aladar Richter,
between Taga and Sucutard, Prov. Transsilvania, Roumania, August
30, 1901 (Cluj, 2 sheets); A. V. Rosthorn 1049, Nan-chuan, Prov.
Sze-chuan (Szechuen), China, 1891 (Berl.); De Sardagna, Valle del
Sale, Trent, southern Tyrol, September 4, 1878 (U.V., 2 sheets);
Schlagintweit 866, alt. 2,070-2,250 meters, environs of Skardo,
Prov. Balti, Tibet, August 6-September 4, 1856 (Gray);Fr. Scklan-
busch, vicinity of Alingsas, Sweden, July, 1893 (Cop.); Schrenk,
Sungaria (Berl. ex Petrop.); C. H. Schultz Bipontinus, Erlangen,
Germany, 1826 (Mus. V.);Schur 2001a, Briinn, Moravia, July, 1870
(U.S., sub nom. a. eutripartita Schur); idem 2001 (c? non distincte
scriptum), among rubbish, Vienna, Austria, August 30, 1867 (Kew,
sub nom. var. ruderali eutripartita}; A. Schweinfurth, Nijni-Nov-
gorod, Great Russia, July, 1863 (Berl., 1 interiore achaenio 4-aris-
tato); Fr. Sennen 2687, alt. 1,150 meters, prairie ditches, Caldegas,
Cerdagne, Spain, September 11, 1916 (Burn., sub nom. B. tripartita
var. biaristata Sennen) ; idem & Fr. Septimin 178 p.p., ditches, Portia
to Fortianell, Catalonia, Spain, October, 1906 (Burn.); T. Symono-
wiczowna 737, Minojty, Dist. Lida, Lithuania, 1898 (Berl.; Mus. V.;
U.V.); Tanaka 20, Japan (Mus. V.); Taquet 1028, in rice fields,
Hongno, Isl. Quelpaert (Quelpaerd), Corea, October 15, 1908
(Berl.; Del.); Telsman 48, Dittmannsdorf, Silesia, August, 1889
(U.V.); T. Thomson, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, Kashmir, British East
India (Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.); J. L. Thuillier,
Etang de St. Hubert, France (Del., sub nom. B. effitsa; forma parva
valde ramosa); idem (Del., sub nom.B. tripartita; auctoris specimen,
Fl. env. d. Paris ed. 2. 1799); Tokubuchi, Horomambetsu, Prov.
Hidaka, Japan, August 20, 1892 (Mo.); L. A. Waddell, alt. 3,600
meters, Lhasa, Tibet, September 15, 1904 (Kew); K. Watanabe,
Sakawa, Isl. Shikoku, Japan, October 11, 1888 (Gray); H. C. Watson,
North Surrey, England, 1865 (Carn.); N. Zelenetzuy, Simferopol
(Sympheropol), Crimea, June 1, 1885 (Boiss.).1

The historical setting of Bidens tripartita L. is very definite and
admits of no doubt — fortunately so, since Linnaeus (loc. cit.) made it
the first or type species of his genus Bidens. Linnaeus' original
description ("Bidens corollis flosculosis, calycibus subfoliosis, semi-
nibus erectis, foliis trifidis") is rather meager. However, his first
cited synonym refers directly to the Hortus Cliffortianus. The

1 The juice of this species dyes cloth yellow (Lightfoot, Fl. Scot. 1: 462. 1777;
Gray, Brit. PI. 2: 448. 1821; J. E. Smith, Engl. Fl. ed. 1. 3: 399. 1825; W. Baxter,
Brit. Flow. PI. 6: 446. 1843). "It is very acrid and when chewed, excites salivation"
(Baxter, loc. cit.; cf. Gandoger, Fl. Lyon. 122, concerning B. arenaria. 1875).

276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

original Hortus Cliffortianus specimen is still in an excellent state of
preservation (Brit.)1 and this, together with the main specimen2
of the Linnean Herbarium, is seen to be the common, usually purple-
stemmed species known to practically all European writers since the
days of Linnaeus as B. tripartita.

Much confusion has arisen in literature concerning Bidens nodi-
flora L. The name was founded by Linnaeus directly upon "Bidens
nodiflora, brunellae folio" in Dillenius, Hort. Elth. 52, pi. 44, /• 52.
This Dillenian plant was clearly illustrated and was a form of Bidens
tripartita L. The Linnean Herbarium has Linnaeus' own specimen
of Bidens nodiflora L. and the resemblance to the Dillenian plate
(No. 44) is very close. It happens, however, that Dillenius had
given another plate with the name "Bidens nodiflora folio Tetrahit"
(op. cit. pi. 45, fig. 53} and in that plate was shown the plant later
named Synedrella nodiflora by Gaertner. The use by Dillenius
of the name nodiflora for these two unlike species led subsequently
to confusion. Thus many instances are found in which "Synedrella
nodiflora (L.) Gaertn." is erroneously given and it must be noted
here that Linnaeus should in no way be accredited with this name
in Synedrella.

Many writers have sought to segregate, under such names as var.
pygmaea, var. pumila, etc., the tiny dwarfed plants often produced
by B. tripartita under adverse conditions. As dwarfed forms can
be evoked, under certain conditions, in practically every species of
phanerogam, the maintenance of such names as var. pygmaea, var.
pumila, etc. (as also of such names as var. normalis, var. typica, etc.),
seems of little value. Thus, in all cases in which a varietal or even
specific name rests upon a form which clearly is B. tripartita but has
not had opportunity to grow to normal size, I have reduced the name
to synonymy, viz.: var. pumila Retz.; B. pumila (Retz.) Steud.;
var. minor Wimm. & Grab.; var. Integra Peterm.; var. minima

1 Its label reads, "Chrysanthemum. Cannabinum aquaticum folio tripartitum
diviso. H. L. Bidens foliis tripartite divisis Caesalp. 488, Bidens tripartitus."
In the Hortus Cliffortianus (p. 399. 1737) Linnaeus placed this with var. a. of his
first species of Bidens and gave Bidens foliis tripartito divisis Caesalp. syst. 488" as
his first synonym. But if we discard the Hortus Cliffortianus herbarium specimen
and go back to the work of Caesalpinus (De Plantis 16: 488, cap. XVII. 1583),
we meet with the same species.

2 From which my plate is largely taken. A second sheet in the Linnean
Herbarium is pinned to the main or first sheet and bears a smaller specimen
raised from seed in the Garden of Upsala (Hort. Upsal.). This smaller specimen is
specifically identical. (Concerning the status and authenticity of the main or
larger specimen as representing Linnaeus' concept, cf. B. Daydon Jackson, Proc.
Linn. Soc. 124th Session, suppl. — Index Linn. Herb. — : 8, sub num. 1; 25, sub
Explanation; 44, sub Bidente tripartita, 1. 1912.)

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXII

BIDENS CERNUA L. (figs, a, d-k); var. OLIGODONTA Fern. & St. J. (figs. 6, c)

OF TKt

UHIYEBSITY OF ILLINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 277

Wirtg.;1 var. pygmaea Kittel; var. integrifolia Wirtg.;2 f. minima
(Wirtg.) Larss.;3 sub var. minima (Wirtg.) Coss. & Germ.; var. minor
f . pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Beck von M. ; var. minor f. Integra (Peterm.)
Beck von M.; var. indivisa Corb.; var. minor sub var. pumila
(Retz.) Rouy.4 Similarly, all cases of self-evident duplication have
been treated by reduction to synonymy, viz.: var. major Wimm.
& Grab.; var. discoidea Wimm.; var. typica Beck von M.; var.
genuina Rouy.

B. cannabina Lam. was a substitute name5 used by Lamarck
for B. tripartita L., which he cited, along with "Bidens foliis
tripartite divisis Tournef. 462," as synonymous. B. Jrondosa var.
a. Lam. is likewise referable, by straight synonymy, to B. tripartita.

Rarely B. tripartita has a few minute ray flowers. Loeselius (Fl.
Pruss. 53, pi. 10. 1703) was apparently the first to publish an illus-
tration of this rare radiate form, using the name, "Conyza palustris,
foliis tripartito-divisis." In 1757, Zinn (loc. cit.) listed it as var. 0.
flore radiato. Later, Vitman (Summa PI. 4: 458. 1790) noted this
form ("Petal, luteo-fusca. Var. fl. radiato") and, still later, Willdenow
(loc. cit.) employed the name "var. /3. Conyza palustris" (Loes.) Willd.
In 1836, Tausch (loc. cit.) used again the nameB. cannabina for the
common discoid form of B. tripartita and treated Conyza palustris,
etc., of Loeselius as synonymous. Certain authors (e.g., Me"rat, Rev.
Fl. Par. 251. 1843) appear to have misconstrued the import of
Tausch's equation of the .two names, thinking that his B. cannabina
was meant as a name given particularly to the radiate form of B.

1 In his treatment of B. tripartita L., Wirtgen rejected B. minima Huds.
("B. minima L.")i placing this latter form rather as a variety of B. cernua L.
In 1841, it will be observed, both Wimmer and Wirtgen published the name var.
minima. As Wirtgen's var. minima is apparently the first to rest purely upon the
dwarf B.triparlita form, I have credited him rather than Wimmer or the earliest
writers in the subsequent combinations; e.g., f. minima (Wirtg.) Larss.

2 Wirtgen's short description ("mit ungetheilten lanzettl. Bl., etwas entfernt
vom Wasser") stresses the simple, lanceolate leaves of plants in drier habitats and
omits mention of any dwarf habit, although of course his description could refer
only to the more or less dwarfed forms. We may note, in passing, that K. Beck-
haus (Fl. Westfal. 582. 1893) credits Celakovsky with the authorship of the varietal
name integrifolia but it is doubtful if Celakovsky's use of this name antedates
Wirtgen's.

3 As stated elsewhere (Bot. Gaz. 64: 31. 1917), Druce (Fl. Berks. 283. 1897)
treated this dwarf form as forma minima, with the idea apparently that such
treatment was new. Evidently he was unaware of Larsson's much earlier use of
the name.

4 In addition may be mentioned var. /3. auriculata Tausch (Flora 19: 396. 1836).
It was described rather briefly: "foliis plerisque integris, inferioribus 1-2-auricula-
tis." It is apparently a mere dwarfed form of the species proper.

5 Evidently taken from one of the pre-Linnean synonyms cited by Linnaeus.
Cf. Cannabina aquatica folio tripartite diviso C. Bauhin. Pin. ed. 2. 321. 1671.

278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

tripartite,. Tausch's description ("floribus discoideis. . . .") shows,
of course, that he used the name B. cannabina mainly for the common
discoid form.1 Beckhaus (loc. cit.) reduces the name cannabina to
varietal rank under B. tripartita, but without good reason.

The rare radiate form is by a few authors separated as var.
radiata Wimm. Beckhaus (loc. cit.) reports that it once was found at
Bielefeld, Prussia.2 Var. tennis (Turcz. ex DC.) DC. is merely a
small form or state of the species "capitulis paucifloris, foliis indivisis
aut vix basi grossius tridentatis" (DC. loc. cit.).3 Verbesina tri-
partita (L.) Rupr. is a direct synonym forB. tripartita L.4 Pseudo-
hepatorium foemina Dodon. ex Rupr. is admitted here with some
reluctance as it is really a pre-Linnean name (Rembert. Dodonaeus
Mechl. Stirp. Hist. Comm. Imag. 67 and pi. 1553), though published
in binomial form by Ruprecht. So, also, for Verbena supina Trag.
ex Rupr. (which goes back to Tragus, De Stirp. Germ., etc., 211.
1552).

B. tripartita var. latifolia Rouy was a name applied to small
plants collected by P. and E. Carlstrom (Reliq. Mailleanae 1267).
Excellent specimens examined by me (Burn., D.U.Prag., etc.) are
merely small forms (12-30 cm. high) of B. tripartita.

B. tripartita var. indivisa Corb. ("Feuilles lance'ole'es, indivises.
— Qa et la" — Normandy, France) fits, from its description, a speci-
men by Mr. Aucher Eloy, No. 3847, northern Persia, 1837, sub nom.
B. cernua (Del.). This specimen had been labeled "B. tripartita 5.
indivisa DC." by DeCandolle many years before Corbiere's name
was published.

A number of herbarium names have been included among the
synonyms, with the thought that some of these may perhaps have
been published in literature not examined by me. Bidens effusa

1 Among Tausch's plants preserved at Leipsic is a specimen of B. cannabina
Tausch, with the data, "fl. inundat. Bohemiae Tausch!" It is in fine condition and
is normal B. tripartita L.

2 For other references to this form, cf. J. E. Smith, Eng. Fl. ed. 1. 3 : 399.
1825; ibid. ed. 2. 3: 400. 1828-1830; Mossier, Handb. Gewachsk. (Fl. Deutschl.)
2: 1503. 1833; Steinworth, Phan. Fl. Fiirst. Liineb. 106. 1849; Garcke, Fl. N. M.
Deutschl. ed. 2. 174. 1851; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 309. 1857; Benth. Fl.
Austr. 3: 543. 1866; O. Kuntze, Tasch. Fl. Leipz. 137. 1867; Kirschleger, Fl. Vog.
Rhen. 364. 1870; Seubert, Excurs. Suddeutschl. 170. 1878.

3 DeCandolle's type sheet of var. tenuis is in the Prodromus Herbarium (Del.).
It has Turczaninow's original specimen, also two others. All three are merely
small, dwarfed forms of B. tripartita L.

4 Ruprecht (loc. cit.) gives an extended review of the history of Bidens as a
genus. He rejects the name Bidens and adopts, for such species as B, tripartita
L. and B. cernua L.,the generic name Verbesina.

THE GENUS BIDENS 279

(leg. J. L. Thuillier, Etang de St. Hubert, France, August; Del.) is
merely a bushy state. Bidens tripartita var. glareosa Schz. Bip.
(Par.) is a rather small plant of B. tripartita. Bidens tripartita var.
ft. ramosissima Schz. Bip. was a name applied to a plant by Th.
Kotschy (PL alepp. kurd. moss. 457); a few leaves are tripartite
on the specimens examined (Mus. V., 3 sheets; Berl.), the rest are
simple. Bidens tripartita var. ruderalis eutripartita Schur was the
name applied to Schur 2001 pro parte, in ruderatis, Vienna, Austria,
August, 1867 (Kew). Elsewhere (U.S.), the name Bidens tripartita a.
eutripartita Schur was applied to Schur 2001a, Briinn, Moravia, July,
1870. Bidens tripartita var. heterophylla Schur was applied (Par.) to
Schur 11225B, September 24, 1874. Another .specimen (Gray) by
Schur, from near Briinn, Moravia, was labeled B. tripartita var.
simplex.

Bidens tripartita var. ft. cernuaefolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 288.
1929. PL LXVII, fig. c.

Folia indivisa vel summa subtripartita, breviter petiolata petiolis
alatis circ. 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-9 cm. longa, oblongo-lanceo-
lata, membranacea, glabra, leviter serrulata, apice acuta sed parce
acuminata, basi sensim rotundata. Achaenia cuneato-oblanceolata,
plana, purpurascenti-atra, faciebus glabra striataque, marginibus
retrorsum hamosa, corpore 7-8 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata, apice
biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 3-4 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by R. C. Ching, No. 4672, rare along
open ditch, at altitude of 120 meters, Pei Chen, Province of Anhwei
(Ngan-hui; Nganhwei), China, September 15, 1925 (Calif.).

Distribution: Known for a certainty only from type locality of
Pei Chen, Province of Anhwei, China; but perhaps occurring also in
Formosa (B. Shimadei Hay., vide infra).

Specimens examined: R. C. Ching 4672 (type, Calif.).

Among the probably more than two thousand sheets of Bidens
tripartita material studied, all specimens heretofore examined have
proved referable either to the species proper or to one of the following
three varieties. This plant, from the little known Province of
Anhwei, appears to represent a variety quite distinct. The leaves
bear a strong resemblance to those found in some forms of Bidens
cernua L. and of B. laevis (L.) B.S.P.

B. Shimadai Hay. (cf. Bot. Gaz. 85: 15. 1928) is construed, from
its description and the figure given, to be a simple-leaved form of B.
tripartita, probably best referred to the var. cernuaefolia. Hayata

280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(loc. cit.) applied this name to a plant collected by Y. Shimada at
Schichiseizan, Formosa, September, 1916. He described the plant as
being near to B. tripartite,, but stated that it differed "in the simple,
not lobed, leaves." l

Bidens tripartita var. 7. repens (D. Don) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.

81: 45. 1926. PI. LXVIII, figs. a-/.
Bidens repens D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 180. 1825.
Bidens trifida Buch. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2. 3: 411. 1832.
Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl. Bull. Acad. Internat. Geogr.

Bot. 20: 3. 1910.
Bidens minuscula LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl. loc. cit.

Saepius tantum 1-4 dm. alta, foliis nunc simplicibus et anguste
lanceolatis, nunc tripartitis segmentis anguste lanceolatis vel saepe
cuneato-lanceolatis. Achaenia cuneato-linearia, brunneo-subnitida
vel subnigra, marginibus levia vel debiliter retrorso-hamosa, corpore
plerumque 5-8 mm. longa, apice 2- vel 3-aristata aristis retrorsum
hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected in State of Nepal, British East India.
Don's book was based primarily upon plants collected in the years
1802-1803 in Nepal by Dr. Hamilton, but was supplemented by
plants sent in more recently by D. Wallich.2 It is evident from
Don's text, and considering all available herbarium data, that his
Bidens repens was based upon (1) "Bidens frondosa Linn.? Hamilton
Mss.;" (2) "B. tripartita Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 60;" (3) the speci-
mens sent in by Wallich. The Hooker Herbarium (Kew) has one
specimen (omitted from the list below) that is probably the Roxburgh
plant seen by Don and that might be regarded as the type or its
equivalent. In any case, the Wallich plants (vide "Specimens
examined") all exactly match each other and also Don's description
and are equally representative of his concept.

Distribution: From Island of Quelpaert (Corea) and Province
of Chi-li (China) to Province of Yun-nan (China), to northern and
eastern British East India, southward to Island of Luzon (Philip-
pine Isls.), Java, and Dutch New Guinea.

1 It may be remarked in passing, that normal B. tripartita grows in Formosa.
Hayata lists a normal specimen of B. tripartita collected in the type locality for his
B. Shimadai: T. Soma, Schichiseizan, March, 1916.

2 Thus we read, on Don's title page, ". . . sive Enum. vegetabilium, quae in
itinere per Nepaliam proprie dictam et regipnes conterminas, ann. 1802-1803.
Detexit atque legit D. D. Franciscus Hamilton, (olim Buchanan) M.D. . . .
Accedunt plantae a D. Wallich nuperius missae. . . . David Don. . . . 1825."

THE GENUS BIDENS 281

Specimens examined: C. A. Backer 12506, alt. 1,700 meters, near
pool, Tclaga Pattenggang, Preanger Regencies, Java, March 24, 1914
(Buit.; achaeniis tenuissimis sed ad corporum margines retrorsum
hispidis; Calif .); Bretschneider, Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China (Berl.);
C. B. Clarke 23674, alt. 900 meters, Raipur, British East India,
October 15, 1874 (Kew); idem 41686A, alt. 1,425 meters, Kohima
(Koluma), Naga Hills Distr., British East India, October 22, 1885
(Kew); idem 41825A, alt. 1,650 meters, Chekwema (Kegwima),
Naga Hills Distr., British East India, November 9, 1885 (Kew);
Henry Collett, alt. 1,500 meters, Kulu Valley, British East India,
October 17 (Kew) ; M . P. Edgeworth, alt. 1,500-2,400 meters, Hima-
laya region, British East India, 1844 (Kew; forma e specie ipsa
non valde differens); E. E. Maire, ditches at alt. 2,500 meters,
plain of Tung-chuan (Tong-tchouan), Prov. Yun-nan, China, Sep-
tember, 1910 (Mus. V.); idem, ditches, pools, eodem loco, September,
1912 (Del.); R. Oldham 411 pro parte, Nagasaki, Japan, 1862
(N.Y.); Maximo Ramos 5537, Rio Trinidad, Benguet Prov., Luzon,
Philippine Isls., December, 1908 (U.S.); R. R. Stewart 10056,
Gund, Kashmir, Sind Valley, northwestern Himalaya, September 1,
1928 (N.Y.); R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 3, alt. 1,200 meters,
below Almora, Kumaon, Himalaya region, British East India (Gray;
Kew) ; Makoto Takenouchi, alt. about 1,300 meters, wet meadow on
Mt. Hizengajho, Kudzu Mountain Range, Prov. Bungo, Kyushu
IsL, Japan, August 29, 1924 (Field; plantis pumilis typo B.
minusculae LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl. valde similibus); Taquet 1031,
alt. 1,000 meters, wet, herb-grown places, Hallaisan, Quelpaert
Isl., Corea, September 18, 1908 (cotypes Bidens minuscula LeVl. &
Vant. ex LeVl.; Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mun.); idem 1035, alt. 900 meters,
forests, Hioton, Quelpaert Isl., Corea, September 18, 1908 (cotypes
Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl.; Berl.; Kew); T. Thomson,
alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, Kumaon, Himalaya region, British East
India (Kew); idem, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, British East India
(temperate region), October, 1848 (Kew, 2 sheets); idem 1238, eodem
loco, June, 1845 (Kew; Oxf.); Versteeg 1192, Dutch New Guinea,
August 3, 1907 (Berl.; Kew; achaeniorum corporibus margine
paucihamosis) ; idem 1543, eodem loco, July 31, 1907 (Berl.; Kew;
a Versteegii numero 1192 non differt); Wallich (cat. 3187, comp.
297a), Nepal, British East India, 1821 (Berl.; Brit.; Del., sub
inscript. "297. Bidens tripartita Rogb. herb. 1824. A Nepalia.
Comp. angl. des Ind. 1830"); Warburg 3142, Java, September,
1866 (Berl.).

282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant. and B. minuscula LeVl. & Vant.
were described from specimens collected by Taquet in Corea. B.
Taquetii (Taquet 1035) is described as having heads radiate, ligules
3-striate. The several cotypes examined (Berl.; Kew) uniformly
lack rays, but even were tiny rays present they alone could not be of
conclusive value in diagnosis, since true European B. tripartita (vide
supra) has been known for many years to produce, in rare cases,
small rays. B. minuscula (Taquet 1031) is merely a dwarfed form of
B. Taquetii. Its several cotypes studied (Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mun.)
excel, however, in having mature achenes. These have the slender,
cuneate-linear, often almost glossy bodies with smooth margins,
observed in a number of specimens from the Orient. Quite generally
in herbaria this far-eastern form has been referred to B. tripartita.
The dwarfed plants of it, however, do not resemble the dwarfed
plants of B. tripartita commonly found, for example, in Europe.
Rather do they have slender, oblanceolate leaves. Among the larger
plants, various intergradations in foliage are found, particularly
in Japan and Formosa, between the form of the Orient and the one
typical in Europe. We have also the fact that in the particular
oriental form under discussion the smooth margins of the achenes are
strikingly different from the spinulose margins of normal B. tripartita
achenes. In view of these considerations, it seems wisest to treat
the Taquet plants as representing a geographic variety.

Reference to literature shows that long ago this eastern variety
was listed for Nepalia (India) by Roxburgh, who published the manu-
script name Bidens trifida previously given it by Buchanan, and gave
a full description. Roxburgh's description of the achenes ("flat,
wedge-shaped, smooth, without angles; horns two, rarely three,
backwardly hispid, diverging") is significant.

In the British Museum of Natural History are two old sheets,
labeled in pencil, "B. repens Don." The plants are similar to the
cotypes of B. Taquetii LeVl. & Vant., and match the description of
B. trifida Buch. ex Roxb. They match also Don's earlier but less
ample description, published in 1825, of B. repens. At least one
plant was collected by Wallich, likewise in Nepalia, and bears
Wallich's list No. 3187a. Don's text included plants "a D. Wallich
nuperius missae," and it is probable that he had seen these sheets
before publishing his description of B. repens. In any case, his
description rested primarily, as did Roxburgh's, upon the material
collected by Buchanan1 in Nepal, and thus, with B. repens Don,

1 Known in literature also as Francis Hamilton (cf. Don, loc. cit.; Alph. DC.
Phytogr. 418. 1880).

THE GENUS BIDENS 283

B. trifida Buch. ex Roxb. is seen to be synonymous.1 (Additional
data are given above under "Specimens examined.")

Bidens tripartita var. 6. orientalis (Velen.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
81:47.1926. PI. LXIX, figs. h-n.

Bidens orientalis Velen. ex Bornm. Bot. Centralbl. 36: 61. 1888
(nomen); Velen. Sitzb. Boehm. Ges. Wiss. 1888: 49. 1889.
(Cf. etiam Fl. Bulg. 250. 1891.)

Bidens orientals Velen. Sitzb. Boehm. Ges. Wiss. 1888: 48. 1889
(sphalm).

Var. achaeniis parvis, obovato-cuneatis, planis, nitidis, purpureo-
nigris vel saepius nigrescentibus, ad margines retrorsum tubercu-
lato-hamosis, alibi glabris vel apicem versus sparsissime pilosius-
culis, corpore exterioribus 4-4.5 mm. longis et 2.2-2.5 mm. latis
interioribus circ. 4.5 mm. longis et 1.5-2 mm. latis, omnibus biaris-
tatis vel saepe imperfecte triaristatis, aristis retrorsum hamosis,
duabus principalibus circ. 2 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Velenovsky, No. 1888, on the shores
of the Kamtchik (Kamcyk) River, Bulgaria (non visum).

Distribution: Spain, Jugo-Slavia, and eastern European Russia
(Kazan) southeastward to Montenegro and European and Asiatic
Turkey.

Specimens examined : Lujo Adamovic, wet places, Vran ja, Serbia,
September 2, 1903 (Berl.); idem, marshes, Adrianople, Vilayet of
Adrianople, European Turkey, July, 1906 (Berl., 2 sheets; Del.;
Kew; Mus. V. ; U.V.) ; Joseph Bornmuller 9, swamps, Kebedze, Varna,
Bulgaria, September 21, 1889 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Phila.; U.V.);
idem 1177 (Berl.) ; Charreli 692, alt. 250 meters, Acropolis of Seres,
Vilayet of Saloniki, European Turkey, August 21, 1888 (Berl.);
Friedrichsthal 1088 (1688?), lake near Saloniki, Vilayet of Salo-
niki, European Turkey (Mus. V.); S. Korzchinsky, Raifa, Distr.
Kazan, Government of Kazan, Russia, 1884 (Berl.); D. I. Litwinow
38, edges of water, near Ashabad, Turcomania, November 15, 1897
(Berl.; Del.); F. S. Meyers & J. E. Dinsmore 1904, wet places, shore
of Lake Huleh, Palestine, September 2, 1921 (Del., 2 sheets);
Prodan, marshy places near Bezdan, Jugo-Slavia, September, 1914

1 Mention may be made also of Vladimir L. Komarbv 1535 p.p., collected
along the Mu-dan-dsian River, Province of Kirin, Manchuria, Sept. 19, 1896
(Berl.; Brit., etc.). This is a small, slender mud form with elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate leaves, and achenes moderately retrorse-hooked on margins. It was
distributed under the name 5. tripartita var. limosa Komarov. The plant is an
intermediate form between var. repens and the species proper (cf. p. 274).

284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(Transsilv.); Jos. Rohlena, Bar, Montenegro, August, 1910 (Berl.);
C. K. Schneider 1018, sandy places near Studena, near Nisch, Ser-
bia, September 5, 1907 (Berl.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Phila.);
Bros. Sennen & Septimin 178 p.p., ditches, Fortia to Fortianell, Cata-
lonia, Spain, October, 1906 (Cluj; Mus. V.); Sintenis Bros., Pristav,
Dobrudja Division, Roumania, September 18, 1872 (Berl.); iidem
419, Babadag, Dobrudja Division, Roumania, September 12, 1873
(Kew); P. Sintenis 1119 ("Bunarbaschi: Kirk Goez"), Asiatic
Turkey, September 12, 1883 (Berl.; Brit.; Coss.; Kew; U.V.); Vences-
laus Stribrny, swamps at Sadovo (near Philippopolis), Bulgaria,
May 28, 1893 (Bucht.; Cluj; Del.; Mus. V., 2 sheets); idem, near
waters at Sadovo, Bulgaria, August, 1893 (Berl.; Del.; Mus. V.;
U.V.); idem, eodem loco, August, 1894 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew);
idem, swamp meadows, eodem loco, September 3, 1893 (Boiss.);
idem, marshy places, eodem loco, September 15, 1896 (U.V., 3
sheets); idem, swamp meadows, eodem loco, September 27, 1896
(Del., 2 sheets); idem, marshy places, eodem loco, September 10,
1898 (Del., 2 sheets) ; idem, marshy places, eodem loco, October, 1906
(Cluj); Urumoff 52, Bulgaria, 1895 (U.V.); Welwitsch 243, Tagus
River region, Lusitania, 1848 (Del.).

The most distinctive feature of the several specimens examined
from the type region is the small, often black achenes. Numerous
intergradations between these and typical B. tripartite, achenes are
found in European material, however, and in no other characters
can I find sufficient constancy to warrant specific segregation from
B. tripartite, L. Evidently it is more logical to rank these small-
fruited extremes, especially common in Bulgaria and Serbia, as a
variety of B. tripartita L.

Bidens tripartita var. e. hirta (Jord.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz.
81: 47. 1926. PI. LXX.

Bidens bullata L. Sp. PI. 833. 1753; Harduin, Animadv. Bot. pi. 18.
1764.

Bidens hirta Jord. in Gren. & Godr. Fl. Fr. 2: 168. 1850; cf. Boullu,

Bull. Soc. Dauph. 1880: 423. 1880.
Bidens tripartita sub-var. rugosa Coss. & Germ. Fl. Par. ed. 2: 487.

1861.
Bidens tripartita var. hispida Car. & St. Lag. Fl. Bass. Moy. Rhone

459. 1889.
Bidens bullata var. hirta (Jord.) Coste, Fl. Fr. 2: 357. 1903; cf. Fiori

in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 302. 1904.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXITI

d c b a

BIDENS LAEVIS (L.) B.S.P.

OF THt

THE GENUS BIDENS 285

Bidens fastigiata var. hispida Jord. ex Car. & St. Lag. Et. Fl. 459,
fide Rouy, Fl. Fr. 8: 219. 1903.

Bidens tripartite, var. genuina sub-var. rugosa Coss. & Germ, in
Rouy, op. cit. 218.

Bidens tripartite, subsp. bullata (L.) Rouy and subsp. bullata var.
hirta (Jord.) Rouy, op. cit. 219.

Bidens bullata vars. typica and glabrescens Fiori, loc. cit.

Bidens bullata var. eu-bullata Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 218.
1917.

Bidens tripartita subsp. bullata var. glabrescens (Fiori in Fiori &

Paol.) Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 219 and 327.
Bidens tripartita subsp. bullata var. hispida Car. & St. Lag. ex Briq.

& Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 218 and 327.

Caulis erectus. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa, subovata,
dentata, saepius crassa, plerumque setosa et saepe plus minusve
bullata, basi abrupte breviterque petiolata petiolo alato; superiora
saepe ternata, subsessilia, foliolis lateralibus et saepius minimis.

Type specimen: No particular specimen was cited as the type.
The authors (Grenier and Godron) evidently had a number of
Jordan's specimens in mind along with certain other materials.1

Distribution: Southern Italy near Naples; northern Italy, where
common from provinces of Padua and Florence westward to provinces
of Turin and Cuneo; in southeastern France (departments of Isere,
Rhone, etc.) and very rare northwestward to Paris.

Specimens examined: Anon., ditches, Padua and Pa via, Italy,
August-September (Mus. V.); anon., Pontche"ri to Lyon, France,
September 3, 1836 (Mus. V.); C. Billot, Lyon to Pontche>i, France
(Berl.); idem, La Verpilliere near Lyon, France (Coss.); A. Boullu,
Charvieux, Isere, France, September, 1851 (U.V.); idem, PontcheYi,
Isere, France, August, 1853 (Kew); idem, Pontche"ri, Charvieux,
Isere, France, September 15-October 9, 1883 (Boiss., sub nom. B.
hirto-tripartita Boullu); idem, Rochelaise, Isere, France, 1883 (sub
nom. B. hirto-tripartita) ; idem 310, lie de Rubens, PontcheYi, Dept.
Isere, France, September 6-October 14, 1882 (Coss.; Del.; Mus. V.;
U.V.); idem 798, along the Bourbre at Charvieux, Isere, France,
September, 1851 (Coss.); idem 3769, cool, wet places, PontcheYi,
Isere, France, September 6-October 14, 1882 (Boiss.; Coss.);

1 They prefaced (loc. cit.) their descriptive paragraph with: "B. hirta Jord.
ined.; B. bullata Balbis! fl. lyon. I, p. 376 (non L.). Schultz, exsicc. 664!" They
closed with: "Hab. Lyon, a la Tgte-d'Or, a Pontcheri," etc.

286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

ex herb. A. Braun, ditches, etc., Padua, Italy (Berl., 3 sheets) ; Cesats
(& Camel) 156, near Villa-franca and along streams at Monteserrato,
near Verona, Italy, September (Coss.; U.S.); Cesats (Cisati, Cesati),
Villa-franca, Italy, October, 1859 (Berl.); E. Ferrari & Vignolo-
Lutati, Prov. Cuneo, Italy, August 31, 1912 (Field); Adr. Fiori &
A. Beguinot 1376, alt. 13 meters, sandy clay soil, Padule di Fucecchio,
Etruria, Prov. Florence (Firenze), Italy, September 20, 1909 (Kew;
U.V.); Michel Gandoger, moist places near Naples, Italy, August,
1871 (Kew); idem 88, marshes near La Verpilliere, Dept. Isere,
France, July 28, 1872 (Field); idem 88[6], La Verpilliere, Isere,
France, July, 1874 (Mo.); idem 1410, Turin, Italy, 1871 (Mo.);
Grenier, Lyon, France, 1846-1852 (Kew); Alexis Jordan, Lyon,
France (Kew); idem, PontcheYi, Lyon, France (Mus. V., 4 sheets);
idem, (a la tete d'or) Lyon, France, 1849 (Berl.); idem, marshes, edge
of Rh6ne River, Lyon, France (Del.); idem, La Verpilliere, Dept.
Isere, France, September, 1841 (Cop.); idem 664, marshes at edge
of the Bourbe at PontcheYi, Dept. Isere, France, September 12, 1842
(Coss.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew; Mus. V.); C. Martin, moist places at
La Verpilliere, Isere, France, September, 1851 (Coss.; Mus. V.);
Antonio Mori, near Castelfranca dell' Emilia, Italy, September 11,
1884 (Mus. V.); idem, Bologna, Italy, October, 1887 (Berl.); idem,
wet places, near Bologna, October, 1888 (U.V.); idem, ditches,
vicinity of Villa Colombaro, Prov. Modena, Italy, September, 1892
(Berl.; Mus. V.); idem, eodem loco, September, 1893 (Cop.; Del.);
idem, eodem loco, September, 1894 (Berl.); idem, eodem loco,
September, 1896 (Mus. V.); F. Negri 2103, moist places, Casale
Monferrato, Italy, September, 1878 (Boiss. ; Coss. ; Kew) ; Romualdo
Pirotta, Valle la Veniera, near Reggiolo, Prov. Reggio Emilia,
Italy (Flor., forma plus minusve glabra); Taponnier, vicinity of
Lyon, France, September (Berl.; Mus. V.); anon. (leg. Weddell?},
islands of Seine River, Paris (Charenton), France, 1841 (Par., ex
herb. Wedd. et sub nom. Bidens tripartita L. var. ft. rugosa).

Linnaeus presented a rather distinctive description of his Bidens
bullata, but gave its habitat as America. The single well-preserved
specimen in the Linnean Herbarium matches the original description
very closely. There can be no doubt that Linnaeus drew his descrip-
tion either from this specimen or from another identical with it.
However, the plant is seen at once to be a European form, entirely
unknown from America or any other continent than Europe. The
plate of B. bullata published by Harduin (Animadv. Bot. pi. 18.
1764) differs in no important respect except that the principal

THE GENUS BIDENS 287

leaves are undivided, instead of being tripartite with the lateral
lobes small and inconspicuous, as in Linnaeus' specimen. The
various herbarium specimens distributed by Jordan from the vicinity
of Lyon, under his name B. hirta, have the leaves undivided, but
certainly cannot be said to differ consequentially from Linnaeus'
plant. In fact, other specimens have been collected in the same
locality that have the leaves tripartite, just as in the Linnaean
plant (e.g., Boullu 310). The variation in the amount of roughness
is likewise considerable. In view of this variation in leaf division and
in amount of roughness, there can be no question that the plants of
Linnaeus and of Jordan are specifically identical.

Furthermore, these plants are connected by many apparently
freakish specimens1 with B. tripartita, and doubtless are to be
regarded more accurately as a rather well-marked foliage form of
that species. Rouy (loc. cit.) appears to have come to a similar
conclusion, but his adoption of subspecific rank for B. bullata, and
his making B. hirta a variety of the subspecies are too unconven-
tional to secure wide acceptance, nor do they seem other than mere
attempts to maintain distinctions for which no real basis exists. It
happens, however, that Coste (loc. cit.) definitely published the
name hirta as a variety, although under the species B. bullata (!).2
In this curious way the name hirta was the first to receive publica-
tion with varietal rank, and, under the International Rules, must
be adopted instead of bullata.

It may be noted that the Abbe" Boullu, whose collections of this
variety extended over more than thirty years, paid particular
attention to the matter of variation in its leaves. Finding various
forms intermediate between B. hirta Jord. and B. tripartita L., and
having assumed that B. hirta as well as B. tripartita was a valid
species, he suspected the intermediate forms of being hybrids.3
In the genus Bidens hybridity is so rarely encountered that, in the
absence of more positive evidence, the intermediate forms would
seem best accounted for on the basis of ordinary variation. Boullu

1 Especially branches from more or less injured stems.

- The manifest unwillingness of so many writers to equate the names hirta and
bullata as synonyms surely must have been because Linnaeus erroneously cited
America as the home of bullata, and, further, because they had never seen the
Linnean Herbarium specimen. Had they seen this plant, they would have been
quick to realize that it was the form found in Europe and nowhere else.

3 "Dans la Flore de France de Gr. et God. il est dit des feuilles de cette espece
ovales, fprtement dentees, ce qui semble exclure toute idee de division; or parmi les
exemplaires qu j'ai recoltes pres de la Bourbre a Pont-de Ch6rui, bon nombre
portent quelques feuilles bi ou tripartites tant6t dans le haut, tant6t dans la bas
de la plante. J'ai trouve la le Bidens hirta comme perdu dans une f6ret de B.

288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

described (Bull. Soc. Bot. Lyon, ser. 2. 7: 6 and 109. 1889) two of
these supposedly hybrid forms under the names B. hirto-tripartita
Boullu (with leaves broad, often tripartite) and B. tripartito-hirta
Boullu (with leaves narrow, but likewise often tripartite). For the
first of these two names, Rouy (Fl. Fr. 8: 219. 1903) has proposed
the name, XB. Boullui var. subbullata; for the second, XB. Boullui
var. subtripartita.

Cosson and Germain's B. tripartite, sub-var. rugosa, a plant found
about Paris, is seen from its description1 to belong to this variety.
I find no authentic specimen in the large Cosson Herbarium at
Paris (Par.), but the main herbarium at Paris (Par.) has a specimen
from the environs of Paris (Charenton, on the islands of the Seine
River, collected in 1841) given by Weddell in 1848 and clearly the
source of Cosson and Germain's sub-variety. It is a remarkably
hispid-scabrous form. In fact, its extreme roughness had been
noted by Weddell, for his label reads, "Bidens tripartite!, L. var. ft.
rugosa." Evidently the name sub-var. rugosa was later derived
from this. Cosson & Germain's comment, "Assez commun," is
doubtless inaccurate, for such extremely rough forms appear rare in
the vicinity of Paris.

B. bullata var. glabrescens Fiori is seen upon examination of the
original materials (Flor.) to be merely a rather glabrous form of
var. hirta.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII

Bidens tripartita, figs, a, b, d-4: a (normal) and b (dwarf) flowering
and fruiting specimens, X0.67; d, exterior involucral bract, X4.02;
e, interior involucral bract, X4.02; /, palea, X4.02; g, disc floret,
X4.02; h (outer), i (inner), achenes, X4.02; a, chiefly from main
specimen of Bidens tripartita in Hb. Linn., but slightly from Caspary,
hb. No. 331811 in Hb. Field; 6, from hb. FL Ingricae 308 (hb. No.
11839), in Hb. Field; d-i, from Caspary (as in a).

Bidens tripartita var. cernuaefolia, fig. c: cauline leaf, X0.67;
from type.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII, FIGS, a-f

Bidens tripartita var. repens: a, entire flowering plant, X0.68; 6,
exterior involucral bract, X3.4; c, interior involucral bract, X3.4; d,

tripartita L., atteignant pres de deux metres de hauteur. Les sujets a feuilles
divisees seraient-ils un produit hybride de ces deux especes? Sur les pieds isoles
que j'ai rencontres en plusieurs autres lieux, je n'ai pas observe cette division des
feuilles." (From a printed clipping attached to sheet in Herb. Boiss.)

1 "Tiges et rameaux rugueux-scabres, parsemes d'aiguillons setiformes courts.
Feuilles ord. rudes-scabres."

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXIV

BIDENS HYPERBOREA Greene (figs. 6, d, f, h,j, I);
var. GASPENSIS Fern. (figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, in)

Or THt
ONIttRSITY OF if 1 1*818

THE GENUS BIDENS 289

palea, X3.4; e, disc floret (4-lobed) with submature achene having
aristae barbed chiefly on inner side, X4.08; /, achene, X4.08; a-e,
from Taquet 1035 (cotype of Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant.), in Hb.
Kew; /, from Taquet 1031 (cotype of Bidens minuscula LeVl. &
Vant.), in Hb. Kew.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX, FIGS, h-n

Bidens tripartite, var. orientalis: h, entire flowering and fruiting
plant, X0.63; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.77;./, interior involucral
bract, X3.77; k, palea, X3.77; I, disc floret, X3.77; ra (biaristate),
n (triaristate), achenes, X3.77; all from Bornmuller 9, in Hb. Kew.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXX

Bidens tripartita var. hirta: a, flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X2.04; c, interior involucral bract,
X2.04; d, palea, X2.04; e, disc floret with submature achene, X2.04;
all from Jordan, Lyon, France, in Hb. Kew.

90. Bidens radiata Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. 2: 422. 1799; cf. Oerst.

in Vid. Medd. 1862: 312-319, pis. 3, 4, figs. 1-17. 1863.

PL LXIX, figs, a-flf.

Bidens tripartita var. 7. Lam. & DC. FL Franc, ed. 3. 4: 219. 1805.
Bidens foliosa Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 56. 1813 (nomen

subnudum); J. C. Loudon, Hort. Brit. 335. 1830; cf. Sherff, Bot.

Gaz. 86: 446. 1928.
Bidens tripartita var. C, F. V. Me'rat, Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 4. 2:

370. 1836.

Bidens tripartita var. 0. pinnatifida Turcz. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836.
Bidens fastigiata Michalet, M^m. Soc. Emul. Doubs, ser. 2. 5: 29.

1854.
Bidens platycephala Oerst. Ind. Sem. Haun. 27. 1859; Linnaea 30:

753. 1859-1860; Vid. Medd. 1862: 312-319, pis. 3, 4, figs.

1-17. 1863.

Bidens intermedia Opiz ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Europ. 348. 1879.
Bidens polycephala Oerst. ex E. Fiek, FL Schlesien 218. 1881.
Bidens tripartita f. pinnatifida (Turcz. ex DC.) Beck v. M. Fl. Nied.

Ost. 2, pt. 2: 1191. 1893.
Bidens tripartita var. a. genuina sub var. pinnatifida (Turcz. ex DC.)

Rouy, Fl. Fr. 8:218. 1903.
Bidens radiata f. perpusilla Dom. Sitzungsb. Vgl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss.

19: 34. 1905.

290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Erecta, stricta, annua, glabriuscula, fastigiate ramosa, 3-7
(raro -20) dm. alta, caule ramisque stramineis vel rariter purpuras-
centibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
6-13 cm. longa, membranacea, subflavido-viridia (in speciminibus
depauperatis simplicia sed) plemmque pinnatim tri- vel quinquepar-
tita; foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis, serratis, plus minusve
ciliatis. Capitula ad ramorum apicem 2-4-adgregata, plerumque
breviter pedunculata pedunculis 0.5-3 cm. longis, discoidea,1 demum
flavido-straminea, facie superiore valde convexa, inferiore concava,
disco demum circ. 1.5 cm. lato ac 6-7 mm. alto; floribus tubulosis
numerosis, plerumque 100-240. Involucrum basi sparsim hispidu-
lum; bracteis exterioribus 7-14, linearibus, sparsim denticulato-
ciliatis, foliaceis, 6-20 mm. longis, interiores lanceolatas superantibus.
Achaenia cuneata, grisea vel griseo-nigra, plana, dorso non costata,
altera facie costa mediana inconspicue costata, marginibus retrorsum
hamosa, alibi (faciebus) glaberrima, corpore 3-3.5 mm. longa,
biaristata; aristis stramineis, retrorsum hamosis, 1.6-2.2 mm. longis.

Type specimen: No particular specimen cited by Thuillier. He
stated the species to occur at Chaville, at the pond at the Rendez-
vous de Chasse and at the pond at St. Hubert, France (authentic
specimens by Thuillier, Del. and Par.).

Distribution: Sweden and Finland, northward to the end of the
Gulf of Bothnia (circ. 66° N. Lat.) ; in northwestern and southwestern
European Russia; in western Europe southward to the departments
of Loir-et-Cher and Jura in France, to Bavaria and to Lower Austria;
also widely distributed in northeastern Asia from the Altai and
Ircut (Irkutsk) region eastward to Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin
Island and the Province of Kirin (in Manchuria); adventive in
vicinity of Oxford, England, in 1874 (Garnsey 756). Frequently
hybridizes with Bidens tripartite, L.

Specimens examined: Anon, (type material of Bidens foliosa
Willd.; Berl.; Mus. V.; Willd., sub num. 15020-5); C. Baenitz,
Lowenhagen, East Prussia, September-October, 1878 (Berl., 3
sheets; Field; Mus. V.); idem, in dried-up pond near Lowenhagen,
East Prussia, August 20, 1889 (Berl.; Field); Hugo Bohnhof 186,
Vladivostok and Lake Khanka (Lake Kanka; L. Hanka) region of
northeastern Asia, 1898-1899 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Field; Kew; Par.,
2 sheets); Erf. Bonnet & Th. Delacour 311, dried-up banks of the pond
of Saint-Quentin near Trappes, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France, Sep-

1 Not radiate as implied in the trivial name. Thuillier's own specimens are
discoid! (Cf. DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836; "discoidea in ipsissimo auct. specim.")

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXV

BIDENS DIVERSA Sherff (figs, a, b, d-i); var. MEGAGLOSSA Sherff (fig. c)

nf 14k

•» «»"*

THE GENUS BIDENS 291

tember 2, 1882 (BerL; Del.; Mus. V.); A. Collier, in flooded places
near Reichenbach, Silesia, September 8, 1887 (Cop.); idem 47, pond,
eodem loco, August, 1887 (Boiss.; U.V.);Celakovsky, shore of Beraun
River at Radotin, Bohemia, September, 1872 (U.V., 2 sheets) ; idem
3067, along fish ponds near Chudenic, Bohemia (Berl. ; Boiss. ; Cop. ;
Del.; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); Otto Collin, among Bidens
cernua and B. tripartite,, on muddy and flooded banks of ditches along
public road, not far from Tavastburg, southern Tavastehus, Finland,
August, 1885 (Mus. V.) and August 10, 1897 (U.S.) and August 11,
1897 (Corn.); idem, Tavastehus, August 22, 1898 (Cop.); idem, on
muddy sides of road, north of Tavastehus, southern Tavastehus,
Finland, August, 1903 (Gray; N.Y.); K. F. Dusen, rare, in swampy
places near Ydre, Ostsogothia, Sweden, August, 1870 (Kew); A.
Engler, vicinity of Reichenbach, Silesia, October 2, 1870 (U.V.);
Urbain Faurie 734, Korsakofski (Korsakof), Sakhalin (Sagalien,
Sachalin), Japan, September, 1908 (Berl.; Brit.); G. Fischer & K.
E. Harz 826, alt. about 260 meters, in mud, near Mullersdorf on the
Aisch River, Bavaria, September 10, 1904 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray;
Mun.); H. A. Froding, Ulfsby, Lake Friken, Vermland, Sweden,
August 24, 1911 and September 8, 1913 (Cop., sub nom. var. Integra
f. gracili); idem, eodem loco, September 8, 1914 (Cop., sub nom. B,
radiata var. latiloba) ; idem, eodem loco et tempore (Cop., sub nom.
var. aberrante; forma plus minusve aberrans, plantis 10-15 cm.
altis, B. tripartitae adpropinquantibus et forsan cum ea specie
hybridis); H. E. Garnsey 756, vicinity of Oxford, England, 1874
(U.V.) ; E.Gaudefroy 13, borders of ponds at St. Hubert, 10 km. north-
northeast of Rambouillet, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France, September 8,

1872 (U.V. ; hie unus duorum originalium locorum a Thuill. datorum) ;
0. Gelert, Kirkevaerlose, Sjaelland (Sjelland, Zealand), Denmark,
September 25, 1889 (Berl., 2 sheets); Kurt Harz, near Bamberg,
Bavaria, September 26, 1908 (Mus. V.); idem 5090, alt. 260 meters,
in swampy places near Willersdorf, "Bavaria," September, 1904
(Berl.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.);F. Heidenreich,
at mill pond, Tilsit, East Prussia, August 28, 1871 and September 6,
1876 (U.V.); idem, eodem loco, September 5, 1872 and August 26,

1873 (Mus. V.); idem, wet banks of Memel (Niemen) River, Tilsit,
East Prussia, September 5, 1872 (U.V.); A. Hulphers, Karlstad,
Vermland, Sweden, August 15-20, 1901 (Cop.; N.Y.); idem, Sunne,
Vermland, August 16, 1914 (Cop., sub nom. B. radiata L integra);
Herb. Florae Ingricae Cent. VII, 308 pro parte, Government of
Petrograd, Russia (Kew; Mus. V., 2 sheets; Cop., verisimiliter cum

292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

B. tripartite, commixt.); idem Cent. VII, 3085, in flooded places,
marshes, ditches, margins of wet fields, also among sedges, nearly
always fairly abundant, eodem loco, July-September, 1861 (Field;
Kew); Jos. John (F. Petrak Distrib. VI) 573, drained pond near
Marienbad, Bohemia, September, 1910 (Del.; Gray); F. Karo 397,
swamps, ditches, Nerisynsk (Nerchinsk), Transbaikalia, Siberia,
1890 (Berl.; Boiss.; Kew; Mus. V.); A. 0. Kihlman 385, ditch near
Jyvaskyla, northern Tavastehus, Finland, August 31, 1899 (Berl.;
Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew);1 V. L. Komarov, Sajan Mts., along
headwaters of the Ircut (Irkutsk) and Oka rivers, Government of
Ircut (Irkutsk), Siberia, 1902 (Berl.) ;idem 1535 p.p., Prov. Kirin, Man-
churia, October 7, 1896 (Berl.); idem 3291 p.p., Kamtschatka (Kam-
chatka) Peninsula, 1909 (Berl.) ; Fr. Kornicke, Isl. Crestofski (Isl.
Krestovskoi), Leningrad, Russia, August, 1857 (Berl., 2 sheets);
J. Lange (Fries, Herb. Normale, Fasc. XVI), Hellebaek (Holbaek),
Zealand (Sjelland, Seeland), Denmark (Berl.; Boiss.; Kew; Mo.);
Ledebour, Altai, Siberia, 1831 (Par.); Harold Lindberg, on sandy
bank, vicinity of Lojo, Nyland, Finland, August 20, 1893 (Cop.);
idem 973 p.p., edge of ditch, vicinity of Jorois, etc., Prov. Mikkelin
(Prov. St. Michel), Finland, August 23, 1911 (Cop.; Del., 2 sheets;
Kew, cum eodem 974 commixt. ; Mo.) ; C. 0. Lindholm & V. G. Weners-
borg, Sweden, August, 1894 (Berl.) and July, 1895 (Cop.; N.Y.);
Lorenzen 4108, swampy places at Borsholm near Helsingor (Elsi-
nore), Zealand, Denmark, August, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Mun.;
Mus. V.; U.V.); E. Martin Sllbis, Dept. Loir-et-Cher, France,
September, 1882 (Del.; U.V.); Maximowicz, Amur, Siberia (Berl.;
Mus. V.); E. Michalet, France, August, 1845 (Boiss., sub nom.
Bidente fastigiata Mich.); idem (Herb. Mich., Fasc. 1, 27), Pleurre,
Canton Chaussin, Dept. Jura, France, October 14, 1853 (Par., sub
nom. Bidente fastigiata Mich.) and September 25, 1854; idem,
pond, Fays Champrougier, Canton Sellieres, Distr. Poligny, Dept.
Jura, August 28, 1855 (Coss., sub nom. B. fastigiata Mich.); idem,
cantons of Chaussin and Sellieres, Dept. Jura, 1853, 1855, etc.
(Del.; Kew; Mus. V.; Par.; sub nom. B. fastigiata Mich.); idem,
Distr. Poligny, Dept. Jura, 1855 (Par., sub nom. B . fastigiata Mich.);
idem (C. Billot Fl. Gall, exsicc.) 2088, Canton Chaussin, Dept. Jura,

1 The printed label for the Kihlman plant gives the following important dis-
tributional note: "In Finlandia austro-orientali frequens, media in Finlandia
usque ad c. 63° etiam satis frequens et multis plagis frequentior est quam B.
tripartitus. In austro-occidentali parte minus frequenter vel sat raro crescit. In
Alandia adhuc nunquam lectus est. In vicinitate septentrionalis partis Sinus
Bottnici usque ad 65° 50' plurimis locis adnotatus est, in australis partis vicinitate
adhuc non est lectus."

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LXXVI

BIDENS SCHAFFNERI (Gray) Sherff

THE GENUS BIDENS 293

September-October, 1856 (Mus. V.); H. Mortensen, vicinity of
Birkerod, Denmark, September 9, 1871 (U.V.); idem, Denmark,
August 14, 1882 (Mus. V.); idem, Denmark, August 4, 1889 (Mo.);
A. S. Oersted, Denmark, 1865 (Cop.); J> Paczoski, in flooded places,
Borysth. Lubecz, Distr. Gorodnia, Government of Chernigow
(Chernigof), Little Russia, August 11, 1892 (Boiss.; 1-2 dm. alta,
sub nom. var. borysthenica Paczoski) ; N. E. Petersen & Joh. Lange
68, peaty places and drained marshes at Viedams Mose and in the
drained lake Klare So near Hellebaek (Holbaek), Zealand, Denmark
(Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.); K. Polak, Lake Duda, Sobeslau,
Bohemia, August, 1877 (Del.); Przewalski, at Lake Khanka (Lake
Hanka), Manchuria (Berl.; Flor.); S. Salm, Konigswart near Marien-
bad, Bohemia, October 8, 1910 (Cop.); Fr. Schmidt, Sakhalin (Saga-
lien, Sachalin), Japan, 1860 (Kew) ; Schumann, Peilau near Reichen-
bach, Silesia, September, 1870 (Kew) and September, 1872 (Mus.
V.); idem, at margin of fish pond, eodem loco, September, 1874
(Mus. V.); A. Schwarz 1466, alt. 282 meters, in drained pond,
Dechsendorf near Erlangen, Bavaria, September 1-11, 1912 (Del.;
Gray; Mun.); Alois Teyber, in wooded places, Hoheneich, Lower
Austria, August 30, 1905 (Mus. V.); idem, banks of pond, wooded
area, eodem loco, September 3, 1905 (U.V.); idem, wooded
areas, peat moor, etc., Lower Schrems, Lower Austria, August,
1906 (U.V., 2 sheets); idem, wooded areas, Heidenreichstein,
Lower Austria, August, 1908 (U.V.); idem, Gopprechts near Lit-
schau, Lower Austria, August, 1908 (U.V.); J. L. Thuillier (Del.,
auctoris exemplum pro Fl. Env. Par. ed. 2, anno 1799); Karl Tool,
pond, Wittingauer Becken, southern Bohemia, July 31, 1902 (Berl.,
sub nom. Bidente radiata f. perpusilla Dom.); D. L. Topping 2365,
Vladivostok and vicinity, Siberia, May-October, 1919 (U.S.);
Turczaninow, at the Argun River, Dahuria (Daur, Dauria), Siberia,
1833 (Del., sub nom. Bidente tripartita 0. pinnatifida) ; Velenovsky,
abundant on shores of the Pilsky Pond, Blatna District, Bohemia,
August 16, 1882 (Mus. V.); X. Vendrely & J. Paillot 2QSSbis, dried
mud at edge of pond at St. Hubert, 10 km. north-northeast of
Rambouillet, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France, September 15, 1872 (Mo.;
hie unus duorum originalium locorum a Thuill. datorum); F. Vier-
happer, wooded places, shore of pond at Heidenreichstein, Lower
Austria, September, 1915 (Mus. V.); Ant. Weidmann, Lomnitz,
Bohemia, July 14, 1883 (Mus. V.); idem, Rybnyk, etc., Silesia, July
28, 1885 (U.V.); Otto Wellenius, Prov. Tavastehus, Finland, Sep-
tember 10, 1898 (Cop.).

294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

In general habit Bidens radiata is intermediate between B.
cernua and B. tripartite,. The several authentic original specimens
of B. fastigiata Mich, in various herbaria are identical with one
from Oersted's type collection of B. platycephala (Cop.), and with
others from Thuillier's type collection of B. radiata (Del.; Par.).
Indeed, Oersted himself compared these three species and found them
identical.1 MeYat (loc. cit.) reduced the Thuillier species to varietal
rank under B. tripartita L. (var. C), but, more than three decades
before, Lamarck and DeCandolle (loc. cit.) had given much the
same treatment, publishing the name B. tripartita var. 7. By mod-
ern authors, B. radiata is commonly ranked as a separate species,
and with good reason. Only rarely is there any difficulty in dis-
tinguishing it from B. tripartita and even then the forms examined
appear to be hybrids. Thus Schube (Theod., Verbr. Gefasspl. Schles.
315. 1903) considered an intermediate form studied by him to be a
hybrid. Likewise did Collin (Medd. Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica
1886: 255. 1886) regard a certain intermediate form. Teyber (Verh.
Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 56: 74. 1906) proposed the name Bidens fennica
for these hybrids. Teyber's specimens (Alois Teyber, in forested areas,
Hoheneich, Lower Austria, September 9, 1905, type; idem, peat moor
at Schrems, L. Austria, August, 1906; idem, forested areas, Gopprechts
near Litschau, L. Austria, August, 1908; idem, forested areas, Hohe-
neich, L. Austria, August, 1906; idem, forest, Frommberg near Kirch-
berg, L. Austria, August, 1908; idem, forested areas, Heidenreichstein,
L. Austria, August, 1908 — all in U.V.) are intermediate between B.
tripartita and B. radiata* Thuillier himself appears to have sus-
pected the occurrence of hybridity here. This is shown in his

1 For a more extended discussion see the classic treatment by G. Schwein-
forth, Verh. Bot. Vereins Brand. 2: 142-152, etiam 226-227 et 2 tabulae. 1861
(issued by the author also separately and thus available in certain libraries as a
separate with the illustrations differently placed). Cf. Kornicke, Bonplandia
8: 222-227. 1860; etiam Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 13: (181) 381. 1863.

2 Additional specimens similarly construed by their collectors, apparently with
justice, are: Sweden: H. A. Froding, Sunne, Sundsvik, Vermland, Sept. 17, 1910
(Cop.); A. Hillphers, eodem loco, Aug. 20, 1914 (Berl.). Finland : Harold Lindberg
973 pro parte, edge of ditch, vicinity of Jorois, etc., Prov. Mikkelin, Aug. 23, 1911
(Kew, quo cum Lindbergii 974 commixt.); idem 974, among B. radiata and B.
tripartita on bank of Lojo, Sept. 3, 1911 (Cop.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets). Bohemia:
Velenovsky, growing with both parents, shores of pond, Pilsky near Cekanic,
Aug. 16, 1882 (Mus. V.). Styria: Hayek 3795 p.p., marshy places in forests, etc.,
Hochenegg (Kew).

B. tripartita f. fastigiata A. Franchet (Plant. David. 1 [Plant. Mongol.]: 165.
1884) apparently belongs with these hybrid forms: "478. — B. tripartita, L. L. Sp.,
1165. — Forma, fastigiata. Mongolie: Gehol, danslesmarais; (n°21156is). Rameaux
dresses, etroitement fastigies; capitules entoures de longues feuilles bracteales
rayonnantes. Port du B. radiata Thuill.; mais les achanes sont tout a fait ceux du
Bidens tripartita."

THE GENUS BIDENS 295

description and naming (loc. cit.) of a Bidens hybrida,1 which he
differentiated from B. tripartite, L. It happens that Thuillier speci-
mens of B. hybrida are still extant in good condition at Paris (Par.),
Berlin (Willd.), and Geneva (Del.). The Paris specimen was
formerly in the herbarium of Dr. F. V. MeYat and bears the name
"Bidens hybrida Thuillier" written probably (according to an oral
statement by the late Mr. Louis Anfray of the Museum of Natural
History of Paris) by Thuillier himself. It is much closer to B.
radiata than to B. tripartite, (with the var. typica of which latter it
had been erroneously equated by Beck von Mannagetta, Fl. Nied.
Oesterr. 2: 1191. 1893). The Berlin specimen is numbered 15013-5.
Willdenow had labeled it "Bidens tripartite?" It is true B. radiata.

The official Thuillier set of specimens, however, is the set at Geneva
(fide Lasegue, Mus. Bot. Deless. 72. 1845). The type of B. hybrida
there preserved is, without question, of hybrid origin. It is purple-
stemmed like B. tripartita but in the greater number and the character
of the achenes is closer to B. radiata.*

B. radiata has been mistaken by many botanists for a form or
variety of B. tripartita L. B. tripartita var. pinnatifida Turcz. ex DC.
was based upon a plant collected in 1833 at the Argun River, Dahuria
(southwest of Lake Baikal, Siberia). The type specimen (Del.) is
positively B. radiata. Bohnhof 186, widely distributed to herbaria
as a specimen of B. tripartita var. pinnatifida, is purely B. radiata.
It is very likely that C. F. Schultz (Prodr. Fl. Stargard. 208. 1806)
had B. radiata in mind when he described a form under B. tripartita
as follows: "1. Lacinia foliorum intermedia pinnatifida. — cum prae-
cedente [B. tripartita] promiscue occurrit." At even an earlier date,
Roth (Tent. Fl. Germ. 2, pt. 2: 301. 1793) stated under B. tripartita:
"Variat 1. Lacinia foliorum intermedia pinnatifida."

1 B. tripartita var. 0. Lam. & DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3. 4: 219. 1805; B. tripartita y.
hybrida (Thuill.) DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836; B. tripartita var. B, F. V. Merat. Nouv.
Fl. Env. Par. ed. 4. 2: 370. 1836; cf. var. partita Peterm. ex Beckhaus, Fl. Westfal.
582. 1893; cf. Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 302. 1904.

Thuillier's original treatment follows: "Hybrida. I. B.foliis subpinnato-5-parti-
tis; laciniis longo-lanceolatis. — Habitus B. tripartitae.

"Habitat in paludibus. Flores spurco-lutei; Julio, Augusto . . . [annua] ....

"I. Bident Hybride. Feuilles souspinnees a cinq, parties. Lanieres ou folioles
longuement lanceolees. Du reste ressemble a 1'espece appelee Bidens 3-partita.
Fleurs d'un jaune-sale; en Juillet et Aout. Se trouve dans 1'etang de Marcoussis,
c6te du pavilion de chasse."

2 Touching the occurrence of hybridity between B. radiata and B. tripartita
we may add the observation of Prof. Karel Domin of Prague, who states (in lit.
in Herb. Berl., cum suo specimine B. radiatae f. perpusillae Dom.) that where the
two species grow together in southern Bohemia they almost always hybridize.

296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

B. foliosa Willd. was listed as an "annual. Growing always in
the open." It was listed later by Link (Enum. PI. Hort. Berol.
305. 1822) and by J. L. London (loc. cit.), the latter giving a more
extended description and evidently having seen authentic material.
The type in the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin is Herb. Willd.
No. 15020-5. Ascherson, in 1869, had labeled it "B. radiata Thuill.
fol. indivisis." A duplicate sheet in the Berlin Herbarium bears
three plants all with leaves likewise simple. The achenes on all
four plants are typical for B. radiata, with which the name B. foliosa
must be considered synonymous. The reason for Willdenow's name
foliosa is hardly apparent until one examines the duplicate specimen
in Vienna (Mus. V.). This is a spray with gigantic leaves, which
measure up to more than 2.1 dm. long. One leaf is tripartite, with
the terminal leaflet oblong-lanceolate; the others are simple. This
mostly simple-leaved form of B. radiata is much rarer than are
simple-leaved forms of the sister species, B. tripartita.

B. radiata f. perpusilla Dom. is represented in Berlin by a packet
of four tiny plants, 3-6.5 cm. tall. These are so diminutive and
indistinctive of B. radiata, as opposed to B. tripartita, that were it
not for an authoritative determination by Domin, one might well
hesitate at referring them positively to either species. In keeping
with my policy of rejecting all such forms, dwarfed temporarily
because of peculiar conditions in the habitat, the forma perpiLsilla
is here reduced to synonymy with the species proper.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX, FIGS, a-g

Bidens radiata: a, fruiting specimen, X0.63; 6, exterior involucral
bract, X3.77; c, interior involucral bract, X3.77; d, palea, X3.77; e,
disc floret, X3.77; / (outer), g (inner), achenes, X3.77; all from
Michalet 27, in Hb. Kew.

91. Bidens amplissima Greene, Pittonia 4: 268. 1901. PI. LXXI.
Bidens cernua var. elata Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 352. 1842.
Bidens elata (Torr. & Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 312. 1915.

Annua, ramosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule plerumque robusto, obtuse
quadrangulato, scabrido vel interdum fere usque ad apicem subgla-
brato. Folia sessilia vel inferiora breviter alato-petiolata, 0.8-2 dm.
longa, membranacea, glabra, ciliata, superiora indivisa, cetera pro-
funde pinnatimque tripartita; lamina indivisorum vel foliolis triparti-
torum elliptico-lanceolatis, profunde atque acerrime incisis vel inciso-
dentatis, duobus lateralibus foliolis in petiolum vel costam medianam
connato-decurrentibus. Capitula erecta vel subcernua, pauca, incon-

THE GENUS BIDENS 297

spicue radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 2.5 cm. lata et ± 1.2 cm. alta,
breviter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 3 cm. longis. Involucrum
basi saepe hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8-10, foliaceis,
ciliatis, nunc lineari-lanceolatis integris et circ. 1-2 cm. longis, nunc
elongatis incisis et usque ad 7.5 cm. longis; interioribus ovato-lanceo-
latis, demum 8-12 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 8-11, parvi, flavidi,
ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice saepe denticulati, 3.5-8 mm. longi.
Achaenia cuneata, obcompressa vel subplana, olivaceo-viridia,
marginibus costisque medianis retrorsum hamosa, aliter glaberrima
vel raro faciebus minime pubescentia, corpore exteriora circ. 5 mm.
longa et sub apice 2.3-2.6 mm. lata, interiora 5.5-7 mm. longa et
1.5-2 mm. lata, omnia bi- quadri- (fere semper tri-) aristata, aristis
suberectis, subrobustis, retrorsum hamosis, 2-4 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by John Macoun (No. 73), in wet
places along Lomas River, Vancouver Island, British Columbia,
August 12, 1887 (Greene).

Distribution: Vancouver Island, British Columbia.1

Specimens examined: W. R. Carter, Quamichan, August 22,
1917 (Gray); Hooker, Northwest Coast of North America, com-
munic. January, 1835 (Gray); Macoun (73), Lomas River, August
12, 1887 (type, Greene: cotypes, Can., ubi etiam locus Alberni datur;
Gray, sub Macounii num. 73) ; idem, Lost Lake, near Victoria, July
2, 1908 (Can.) ; Scouler, Strait of Juan de Fuca (Brit.; Kew; N.Y.).

An excellent specimen of this species, collected by Dr. Scouler at
the Strait of Juan de Fuca, is in the Torrey Herbarium, now included
in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. It is identical
with the Scouler specimen of Hooker's herbarium (now in Kew), a
specimen referred by Hooker (Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 314. 1833) to
B. Chrysanthemoides Michx. (but entirely distinct from Michaux's
two type specimens at Paris). It is identical also with the type and
cotype specimens of B. amplissima Greene. It is very different from
the type (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 313, fig. 2. 1915) of B. quadriaristata
DC. var. dentata Nutt. (Brit.), a plant cited synonymously by
Torrey and Gray, but probably never seen by them, as indeed
their failure to use their customary exclamation marks would
partly imply.

Wiegand (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 412. 1899), following Torrey
and Gray's treatment, likewise equated these two forms. Assuming

1 Sauvies Island, Oregon, is cited by Piper and Beattie (Fl. Northwest Coast
375. 1915) for this species. Their citation is clearly based, however, upon Nuttall's
type plant (Brit.) of Bidens quadriaristata var. dentata, collected by Nuttall upon
"Wappatoo Island" (now Sauvies Island) at the outlet of the Willamette River,
Oregon, and which is merely a form of Bidens cernua.

298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

the correctness of this equation, he employed the name Bidens
dentata (Nutt.) Wieg. for the species. Greene (loc. cit.) justly denied
the identity of the two, although he had not seen Nuttall's type.1

Wiegand (loc. cit.) regarded the Macoun plant as representing
a very good species, standing, in structural characters, "almost
intermediate between B. cernua and B. comosa on the one hand and
between B. cernua and B. frondosa on the other." To me it has
presented some difficulty. While locally restricted in distribution
and usually easy to distinguish from related species,2 its peculiar
aspect has inspired the suspicion that ultimately it will be proved
to be of hybrid origin.

The name Bidens elata, advanced in 1915 as a synonym for
Torrey and Gray's var. elata, is at variance with the International
Rules and must be dropped (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 61: 504. 1916).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXI

Bidens amplissima: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.61; b,
c, tripartite leaves, X0.61; d, exterior involucral bract, Xl.83; e,
interior involucral bract, Xl.83;/, ray corolla, Xl.83; g, palea, Xl.83;
h, disc floret, X6.14; i, achene, X2.44; a, b, d-i, from Dr. Scouler,
Strait of Juan de Fuca (type and cotype specimens of Bidens cernua
var. elata Torr. & Gray), in Hb. N.Y. and Hb. Kew; c, from John
Macoun 73 (cotype), in Hb. Gray.

92. Bidens cernua L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.3 PI. LXXII,
figs, a and d-k.

Coreopsis Bidens L. op. cit. 908.

Bidens minima Hudson, Fl. Angl. 310. 1762 (probabiliter maxima ex
parte); cf. L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 2: 1165. 1763.4

1 Which, as stated in p. 297, footnote 1, was a mere form of Bidens cernua L.

2 The Macoun specimen in London (Brit.) is a curious, freakish one seemingly
allied with B. connate.

3 The name Bidens conica L. op. cit. 833, is clearly a misprint for B. cernua.

* Hudson's description, "minima. 3. Bidens foliis lanceolatis sessilibus, floribus
seminibusque erectis. Verbesina minima Cat. giss. 167. app. 66. R. Syn. 188. t.
7. f. 2 . . . ," is unsatisfactory and does not distinguish between the dwarf
forms of B. cernua L. and B. tripartita L., both of which are common in the English
flora. While Hudson cites Dillenius' synonym (Cat. Giss.) first, the vague treat-
ment given by Dillenius leaves little doubt that Hudson's concept was based
primarily on the cited figure in Ray's Synopsis. In fact, it is seen on turning to
Ray (loc. cit.) that Ray himself cited "Dill. Cat. Giss. 167 & App. 66," and evidently
Hudson, in citing Ray, merely took the Dillenian synonym from Ray but cited it
first for better historical sequence.

Under these circumstances it seems only right to stop with the reference in
Ray, discarding all earlier ones. Ray's crude and inexact figure shows a seemingly

THE GENUS BIDENS 299

Coreopsis Ridens Gunn. Fl. Norv. 2: 87. 1772 (sphalm).

Bidens tripartite, var. minima Hudson, Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 355. 1778

(probabiliter maxima ex parte).

Coreopsis quadricornis Krocker, Fl. Silesiae 2, pt. 2: 481. 1793.
Bidens cernua var. Coreopsis Bidens Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1717. 1804.
Bidens cernua var. radiata Roth, Tentamen 1: 351. 1788.
Bidens cernua var. Bidens minima J. E. Smith, Eng. Fl. 3: 400. 1825.
Bidens cernua var. discoidea Wimm. & Grab, (cum formis glabra et

hispida), var. radiata formae glabra Wimm. & Grab, et hispida

Wimm. & Grab., et var. nana Wimm. & Grab. Fl. Silesiae 2: 117.

1829.1

radiate head. As radiate heads are exceedingly rare (I have never seen any) in
B. tripartite, but very common in B. cernua, it would appear that the plant was
probably a dwarfed form of B. cernua. In such case, however, the biaristate achene
shown by Ray is strongly atypic, so much so that DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 594-595.
1836), with apparent reliance upon the delineator's fidelity to nature, referred the
Ray figure to a variety tenuis of B. tripartita and excluded it from his concept of
Bidens cernua var. minima. (Cf. Ruprecht, Fl. Ingric. 1: 564. 1860: "in fig. apud
Rajum achaenia tantum incuria pictoris biaristata videntur, nam planta ex habitu
ad V. integrifoliam [=B. cernua] pertinet." Cf. etiam Neilreich, Fl. Nied.-Oester-
reich 339. 1859, sub B. cernua: "Ob B. minima Huds. Fl. angl. ed. I. p. 310, L.
Spec. ed. II. p. 1165 hierher pder zu B. tripartita gehort, ist zweifelhaft, weil
die Abbildung der Verbesina minima in Raii Syn. brit. p. 188 t. 7 f. 2, auf die sich
Hudson beruft, die sitzenden Blatter der B. cernua und die 2grannigen Achenen
der B. tripartita darstellt.")

Hill (Brit. Herb. 461, pi. 66, fig. Dwarf hemp agrimony. 1756) reproduced Ray's
figure very exactly. He described the plant under the name Dwarf Hemp-Agri-
mony and cited Ray's name Verbesina minima. In the copies of Hill's work which
had the plates colored (e.g., in Libr. Field Mus.), a definitely radiate effect is
secured by bright yellow coloring, making the plant appear unmistakably as
jB. cernua. Later, Hill (Veg. Syst. 3:123, pi 89, fig. 7. 1761) renamed the Dwarf
Hemp-Agrimony, Bidens Dilleniana, evidently with Dillenius' authorship of the
early name Verbesina minima in mind (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 30. 1917). In his
later publication, however, Hill gave a poor illustration with the leaves more oval
and the head undistinctive. He altered the description just slightly (calling the
leaves oval, rather than oblong as at first). Thus is introduced an element of
doubt as to whether Hill really distinguished between the dwarf forms of the two
species, B. cernua and B. tripartita.

Many authors, realizing the confusion that has existed here, have treated the
two dwarf forms collectively without effort toward distinction. Thus H. Stein-
worth (PI. Fl. Luneb. 106. 1849) states: "Von beiden Arten [i.e., B. tripartita and
B. cernua] auf Torfboden nicht selten eine Zwergform: minima L." Retzius (A. J.,
Obs. Bot. fasc. 1: 28. 1791) had long before cautioned against confusion in this
matter: "B. tripartita L. var. /3. pumila teneraque caule simplicissimo unifloro,
quam pro minima Sp. PI. 1165, ne habeant Tirones moneo."

We may note, in passing, that Hudson himself did not distinguish
very carefully here. This is shown by the fact that while in his first edition he
cited synonyms that would indicate his having a form of B. cernua L. in mind, he
later reduced his B. minima to varietal rank under B. tripartita.

Bidens cernua subvar. minima (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Fl. Paris ed. 2. 488. 1861)
was based directly upon B. minima L. So also, probably, was Coreopsis minima
Hort. ex Steud. (Norn. ed. 2. 1: 420. 1840).

1 Wimmer and Grabowski (loc. cit.) do not indicate whether the names glabra
and hispida are meant technically for subvarieties or formae. Briquet and Cavil-
lier (Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 220 and 326. 1917) give them as formae.

300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bidens cernua var. minima DC. Prodr. 5: 595. 1836. l

Bidens cernua var. C, F. V. Me"rat, Nouv. Fl. Env. Par. ed. 4. 2: 370.

1836.
Bidens quadriaristata var. dentata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser.

2. 7: 368. 1841; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 313, fig. 2. 1915.
Bidens mixta Kittel (pro var.B. cernuae!), Taschenbuch Fl. Deutschl.

ed. 2. 2: 626. 1844.

Bidens cernua var. rugosa Coss. & Germ. Fl. Paris ed. 1. 395. 1845.
Bidens cernua f. radiata (Roth) et f. minima (Huds.) Larsson, Fl.

Wermland 220. 1859 (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 31. 1917; cf.

Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 220 and 326. 1917).
Verbesina integrifolia Ruprecht, Fl. Ingrica 1: 564. 1860.
Verbesina minima Dillen. ex Rupr. loc. cit.

Bidens cernua sub var. rugosa Coss. & Germ. Fl. Paris ed. 2. 488. 1861.
Bidens cernua var. ligulata Bonnet, Pet. Fl. Paris 211. 1883.
Bidens cernua var. natans Osswald & Sagorski ex E. Sagorski,

Mittheil. Thiir. Bot. Verein ser. nov. 2: 23. 1892.
Bidens cernua vars. typica et radians (cum f. mixta [Kitt.]) Beck von

M. Fl. Nied. Oesterr. 2, pt. 2: 1191. 1893.
Bidens dentata (Nutt.) Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 412. 1899 (ex

synon. Nutt.).

Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wieg. op. cit. 417.
Bidens cernua var. Integra Wieg. op. cit. 418.
Bidens cernua var. Bidens Farwell, Ann. Rep. Comm. Parks and

Boulevards, Detroit 11: 91. 1900.
Bidens gracilenta Greene, Pittonia 4: 255. 1901.
Bidens ciliolata Greene, op. cit. 256.
Bidens prionophylla Greene, loc. cit.
Bidens glaucescens Greene, op. cit. 258.
Bidens lonchophylla Greene, loc. cit.
Bidens Macounii Greene, op. cit. 259.
Bidens Cusickii Greene, loc. cit.
Bidens leptopoda Greene, op. cit. 260.

1 DeCandolle rejected Ray's plant as a synonym (see p. 298, footnote 4)
and introduced Bidens minima L. only interrogatively. He rested his plant
directly upon Fl. Dan. pi. 312. Since, as shown in p. 298, footnote 4, Hudson's
text for Hudson's minima involves a doubtful concept or probably two concepts
intermixed, it is unwise to set this name off as "B. cernua var. minima (Huds.)
DC." as has been done occasionally (e.g., Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17:25. 1915;
Fern. ibid. 24: 207. 1922).

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate LXXVII

BIDENS FERULAEFOLIA (Jacq.) DC.

OF THt
UNIVERSITY Of IIMNQiS

THE GENUS BIDENS 301

Bidens marginata Greene, op. cit. 262.
Bidens leptomeria Greene, op. cit. 264.
Bidens Kelloggii Greene, op. cit. 267.
Bidens cernua var. elatior Torr. ex Greene, op. cit. 268.
Bidens cernua var. genuina Rouy, cum subvars. rugosa (Coss. &
Germ.) Rouy et ligulata (Bonn.) Rouy, Fl. France 8: 217. 1903.
Bidens cernua var. monocephala Zersi ex Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti,

Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 301. 1904.

Bidens elliptica (Wieg.) Gleason, Ohio Nat. 5: 317. 1905.1
Bidens graveolens Kom. Bull. Jard. Imper. Bot. (Leningrad) 16: 178.

1916.
Bidens cernua f. discoidea (Wimm. & Grab.) Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp.

Marit. 6: 220. 1917.

Bidens cernua f. ligulata (Bonn.) Briq. & Cavill. loc. cit.
Bidens cernua f. typica (Beck v. M.) Briq. & Cavill. loc. cit.
Bidens filamentosa Rydb. Fl. Pr. Plains Cent. N. Amer. 850. 1932.
Folia in apices longe acuminato-attenuatos angustata, primaria
acriter serrata 4-24 jugis dentium; involucri bracteis exteriori-
bus circumambitu a lineari usque ad lanceolatum, apice acutis

vel subacutis B. cernua sensu stricto.

Folia apice plerumque obtusa vel rotundata, primaria integra vel
dentata 1-6 jugis dentium remotorum; involucri bracteis
exterioribus circumambitu a oblongo usque ad spathulatum,

apice obtusis vel rotundatis var. /3. oligodonta.

Herba annua, erecta, breviter ramosa, 1-9 dm. alta, ramis
suberectis vel adscendentibus; caule subtereti, glabro vel scabrido-
hispido, purpurascenti vel stramineo (saepe pallidissimo). Folia
normaliter opposita (rarissime verticillata), normaliter sessilia,
indivisa (rarissime 1 vel 2 lobis lateralibus 2-3-partita), marginibus
sparsim ciliata, aliter glabra, lineari-lanceolata vel lanceolata, apice
acuminata, inaequaliter serrata, basim versus saepe angustata, basi
connata, 4-17 (-22) cm. longa. Capitula primum saepe erecta sed
demum cernua, ligulata vel discoidea, pansa ad anthesin 1-5 cm.
lata et 0.6-1.2 cm. alta (ligulis non adjectis tantum 1-2 cm. lata).
Involucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 5-8, foliaceis, lineari-
lanceolatis, subsparsim aciculato-ciliatis, inaequalibus, patentibus,
capitulo plerumque longioribus; interioribus valde membranaceis,

1 Pre-Linnean synonymy is as follows: Bidens folio non dissedo Caesalp.
De Plantis 16: 488, cap. XVII. 1583; Bidens folio non dissecto Tpurn. Instit. 462.
1719; Bidens corona seminum relrorsum aculeata, foliis amplexicaulibus, floribus
nutantibus, L. Fl. Suec. 239 (No. 664). 1745.

302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

ovato-lanceolatis vel obovato-lanceolatis, capitulo non longioribus.
Flores ligulati (si praesentes) 6-8, flavi, ligula ovato-lanceolati, apice
acuti vel minute denticulati, capitulo dimidio longiores; tubulosi nor-
maliter 5-lobati.1 Achaenia anguste cuneata, quadrangulata, angulis
retrorsum hamosa (et saepe tuberculata), corpore 5-6.5 (-7.7) mm.
longa et saepe purpurascentia, apice flavida et quadriaristata aristis
tenuibus retrorsum hamosis et 2-3 mm. longis.

Type specimen : A good specimen exists in the Linnean Herbarium
at London, but the name Bidens cernua traces back by synonymy
directly to Caesalpinus 16: 488, cap. XVII, to the plant there con-
trasted with the present B. tripartite/, and mentioned only briefly
("eodem reperitur aliquando folio non dissecto").

Distribution: In North America from British Columbia east-
ward to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and
Magdalen Islands, and southward to California, New Mexico,
Tennessee, and North Carolina; in Europe throughout the British
Isles and known on the continent eastward to past the 35th meridian
and from Norway, Sweden, and Finland at the north to southern
France, northern Italy, European Turkey, and the Crimean Penin-
sula at the south; in Asia known from Asiatic Turkey southward
to Palestine, from British East India, from Japan and from various
localities between western Mongolia and southeastern Siberia.
Absent from the southern hemisphere.

Specimens examined: Lulu F. Allabach, LaSalle Isl., Les Cheneaux
Isls., northwestern Lake Huron, August 25, 1920 (Carn.); anon.,
loco ignoto (Linn.; sub num. 2 et nom. cernua}; anon., loco ignoto
(Linn. ; pro Coreopside et sub nom. Bidente, i.e., hie specimen Coreopsis
Bidens L. est);B. Balansa, alt. about 1,100 meters, borders of marsh,
Cesarea (Caesarea, Kaisariyeh, Kaisarieh), Palestine, September 1,
1856 (Del.); J. Ball, near Sneem, County Kerry, Ireland, September
20, 1859 (Gray); E. B. Bartram 1302, Morrisville, Pennsylvania,
October 3, 1910 (Gray); M. S. Bebb, Fountaindale, Illinois (Field);
Henri Bernet, Grand-Laconnex near Geneva, Switzerland, October
1866 and September, 1868 (Boiss.) ; Biltmore Herb. 1386 p.p., swampy
places, Highlands, North Carolina, September 7, 1897 (Mus. V.);
F. T. Bioletti, Lake Merced, San Francisco, California, August, 1892
(Calif.) ; C. H. Bissell 293, Southington, Connecticut, September 23,
1892 (Gray); idem & D. H. Linder 22863, Pottle's Lake, North

^uchenau (Abh. Senckenb. Gesellsch. Frankf. 1: 119. 1854) and Wydler
(Flora 43: 516. 1860) have described tetramerous florets for B. cernua. In these
there was a regular alternation between the calyx projections (achenial aristae),
the corolla lobes, and the stamens.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LXXVIII

BIDENS FERULAEFOLIA var. FOENICULAEFOLIA (DC.) SherlT (figs. a-i>;
var. LUDENS (Gray) Sherff (figs, j-s)

OF THt
UHIVFRSITY flf ItMNIIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 303

Sydney, Cape Breton Co., Nova Scotia, August 27, 1920 (Phila.);
J. W. Blankinship 259, wet places at alt. 1,350 meters, Bozeman,
Montana, August 23, 1905 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Cop.; Phila.); Bohn-
hof 314, sands of Lake Hanka (Lake Kanka; L. Khanka), south-
eastern Siberia, August 21, 1899 (Berl.; Del.; N.Y.); E. Bourgeau,
Saskatchewan, 1857-1858 (Berl.; Mus. V.); Hem. Braun, wet
places at Goyss near Bruck, Hungary, September 28, 1879 (Mus.
V.); Mrs. F. A. Briggs, Rainier, Oregon, 1893 (Phila.); W. P. Brooks,
Southern Hokkaido, Japan, 1884 (Calif.); H. E. Brown 35, alt.
300 meters, near Milton, Oregon, August 26, 1896 (Del.; Phila.);
A. B. Burgess 319, swampy ground near creek, Prairie Rhonde, Mich-
igan, September 25, 1903 (Field); B. F. Bush, Courtney, Missouri,
September 27, 1893 (U.V.); idem 34, eodem loco, September 11,

1892 (Gray; forma pro var. Integra Wieg. determinant K. M. Wie-
gand) ; idem 165, river banks, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 28,

1893 (Field; Kew); idem 807, bottoms, Courtney, Missouri, Sep-
tember 11, 1899 (Gray; Mo.); idem 1887, eodem loco, September 22,

1903 (Gray); Fr. Castella, peat bogs, Lentigny, Canton Fribourg,
Switzerland, September 10, 1902 (U.S.); Girard de Cesaree, Vilayet
of Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, September 7, 1893 (Boiss.) ;E. B. Chamber-
lain & L. 0. Eaton, quaking bog, East Livermore, Maine, August 27,

1904 (Gray; planta minima); R. W. Chaney 249, Hamlin Lake,
Mason Co., Michigan, September 18, 1910 (Field); Agnes Chase 2733,
islets of Potomac River near Cabin John, Maryland, October 5,
1904 (Field); June A. Clark 298, pond margin, Boise, Idaho, August
26, 1911 (Can.; Del.; Field); D. Clarke 29, Flint, Michigan (Cam.);
Fred Clements 2920, Ainsworth, Nebraska, August 29, 1893 (Gray) ;
L. Corbiere, Cherbourg, France, September 26, 1886 (U.S.);/1. V.
Coville 1341, shore of Klamath Lake between Modoc Point and
mouth of Williamson River, Oregon, August 29, 1902 (U.S. ; forma a
Leibergii 689 non differt); W. C. Cusick 1408, bogs, etc., Oregon,
August, 1886 (U.S.; type material of Bidens lonchophylla Greene);
idem 1453, Oregon (Field) ; idem 1768, tules of the Grand Rond Valley,
Oregon, August, 1897 (Field; Kew; type collection of Bidens Cusickii
Greene) ; H. E. Day 402, Manchester, Vermont, September 6, 1898
(Gray); Dimonie, along bodies of water near Ohrida, Macedonia,
European Turkey, July, 1908 (Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.V.); Duftschmid,
grassy meadows near Waldhausen, Upper Austria, August 20, 1856
(Mus. V.); D. L. Button, Brandon, Vermont, September 5, 1921
(Carn.) ; Alice Eastwood 48, along Platte River, Denver, Colorado,
August 18, 1910 (Gray; Kew);F. Elmquist 3981, in marshes, Ostro-

304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

gothie, Brenas, Sweden, July 25, 1896 (Boiss.; Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.);
Evers 477, shaded ditches at Madonna Mariellia, Monfalcone,
Coastland (Kiistenland), September 6, 1903 (Mus. V.); Urbain
Faurie 3138, Plain of Sapporo, Japan, September 12, 1888 (Kew);
Favrat, Mar£cages, Switzerland, September 3, 1873 (U.V.);#. Faxon,
near Boston, Massachusetts, October, 1883 (Gray; formam pro var.
elliptica Wieg. determinant K. M. Wiegand); M. L. Fernald, wood-
land pool, Somesville, Mt. Desert Isl., Maine, September 21, 1892
(N. Eng. ; planta minima) ; idem, Long, & St. John 8210, Etang du
Nord Village, Grindstone Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 15,
1912 (Gray); iidem 8211, wet bogs and mossy pond margins among
sandhills, Coffin Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 17, 1912
(Gray; planta minima); iidem 8212, North Lake, Kings Co., Prince
Edward Isl., Aug. 24, 1912 (Gray) ; iidem 8213, Dundee, Kings Co.,
Prince Edward Isl., August 26, 1912 (Gray) ; iidem 8214, Southport,
Queens Co., Prince Edward Isl., August 28, 1912 (Gray); (Fernald
& St. John 11211, formerly referred to B. cernua proper, is var. obli-
godonta, q.v.); G. L. Fisher, St. Thomas, Ontario, September 13,
1908 (U.V.); J. Fowler, Kingston, Ontario, September 12, 1899
(Field) ; Friedrichsthal 1086, Lake Ledes near Saloniki, Macedonia,
European Turkey (Mus. V.); R. Frohock, Maiden, Massachusetts,
August, 1880 (N. Eng.; forma nonnullis foliis 2-3-partitis foliolis
lateralibus ovatis subacuminatis infra in petiolum decurrentibus) ;
H. E. Garnsey 455, vicinity of Oxford, England, 1876 (U.V.); F. C.
Gates 2002, Urbana, Illinois, September 26, 1907 (U.S.); L. N.
Goodding 495, edge of a pond, Lower Canyon Creek, Big Horn Co.,
Wyoming, August 6, 1901 (Field); ex herb. Gulielmi Gourlie, Jr.,
vicinity of Glasgow, Scotland (Berl.) ;G. B. Grant 106, Sisson, northern
California, September, 1902 (Del.);1 J. M. Greenman 543, Dry Fork
River, near Harman, West Virginia, September 12, 1904 (Field);
A. A. Heller 11718, alt. about 1,140 meters, vicinity of Deetz Station
near Black Butte, Siskiyou Co., California, August 25, 1914 (Del.,
2 sheets; Field; Penn.); idem & E. G. Halbach 600, Long Pond,
Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, September 16-17, 1892 (Boiss.); L. F.
Henderson 3855, Salmon, Idaho, August 31, 1895 (U.S.; type of
Bidens marginata Greene) ; Herb. Ingricae Cent. Ill, 309, in marshes
and at edges of streams, Government of Leningrad, Russia, Septem-
ber, 1860 (Field); idem Cent. VIII, 3096, in ditches and marshes,

1 Grantzow has two sheets (Del.) of simple-leaved Bidens tripartita from
Prenzlau, Germany (ditches at Hindenburg, only under the parents), August, 1876,
labeled B. tripartita X B. cernua; also additional sheets labeled August, 1875, and
August, 1876 (U.V.). I can find no trace of Bidens cernua present in any of these.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXIX

BIDENS TOWNSENDII Shertf

OF THfc
UNIVERSITY QF

THE GENUS BIDENS 305

eodem loco, September, 1864 (Field; Mo.; Mus. V.);idem VIII, 309c,
eodem loco et tempore (Mus. V.); A. S. Hitchcock 735 p.p., wet soil,
Atchison Co., Kansas, 1896 (Gray; U.V.) ; R. Hoffman, peat bog, San-
desfield, Massachusetts, July 12, 1907 (N. Eng.; planta minima);
0. A. Hoffstad, vicinity of Sandefjord, Norway, August, 1893
(Mus. V.); I. F. Holton, Kanawha, West Virginia, October 8, 1849
(Field); Clifton D. Howe 1464, roadside swamp, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, September 1, 1901 (Field) ; T. J. Howell, Sauvies Isl., Oregon,
September, 1882 (Field); 0. E. Jennings & G. E. Kinzer, Ohio
Pyle, Pennsylvania, September 10, 1905 (Cam.); 0. E. Jennings
& uxor 5173, swamp pasture, near Fort William, Ontario, Sep-
tember 5, 1913 (Carn.) ; iidem & R. H. Daily, bank of river below
Nipigon, Ontario, August 31, 1912 (Carn.); E. L. Johnston 394A,
Brighton, Colorado, September 8, 1908 (N.Y.); M. E. Jones 673,
alt. 1,500 meters, Platte River, Denver, Colorado, August 22, 1878
(Berl.; forma B. laevi adpropinquans) ; idem 4144, Albuquerque,
New Mexico, September 4, 1884 (Boiss.; Del.; Field; U.V.); idem
5978, alt. 1,800-1,950 meters, Kingston, Utah, September 3, 1894
(Boiss.; N.Y.; U.S.); T. H. Kearney 475, near Wasioto, Kentucky,
September, 1893 (Boiss. ; Gray) ; Louis Keller, ditches at Moosbrun
near Vienna, Lower Austria, August 28, 1880 (Mus. V.); idem,
edges of swamps at Kirschenteuer i. Rosental, Prov. Karnten
(Carinthia), Austria, August, 1907 (Mus. V.); A. Kellogg & W. G. W.
Harford 437 pro parte, Lake Merced, San Francisco, California,
August 22, 1868 (Boiss., Brit., et Kew, quo cum B. laevi commixt.;
N.Y.; U.S.; type material of Bidens Kelloggii Greene); E. Kindt,
Beckendorf near Boitzenburg (Boizenburg) on the Elbe River,
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, August 28, 1907 (U.V., 2 sheets);
V. Komardv, eastern shores of Lake Chan-chai, July 20, 1913 (Petrop. ;
type of Bidens graveolens Kom.) ; Fr. Kornicke, Leningrad (Berl.) ; Axel
Lange, Surrey, England, September 8, 1895 (Cop.) ; 0. E. Lansing, Jr.,
1594, bottom land, Calumet River, Porter, Indiana, September 13,
1902 (Field) ; idem 3981, swampy margins of Calumet River, Clarke,
Indiana, September 17, 1915 (Field); J. B. Leiberg 689, alt. 1,580
meters, near Fort Klamath, Oregon, August 8, 1894 (Berl.; Calif.;
N.Y.);G. W. Letterman, near water, vicinity of Denver, Colorado,
August 20, 1884 (U.V.); B. E. Livingston, vicinity of Grand Rapids,
Michigan, July 30, 1890 (Carn.); J. Lunell 55, Leeds, North Dakota,
August 20-September 3, 1899 (Gray); Lyall, Chilliwack Prairie,
British Columbia, October, 1859 (Kew) ; J. F. Macbride 297, Falk's
Store, Canyon Co., Idaho, June 28, 1910 (Carn.; Del.; Gray);

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

J. M. Macfarlane, Peak's Isl., Casco Bay, Maine, September, 1913
(Perm., 3 sheets); J. M. Macoun, borders of marshes, Muskeg Isl.,
Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, August 11, 1884 (Can.; U.S.); idem,
mouth of Salem River, British Columbia, August 27, 1902 (Gray);
John Macoun, margins of lakes and marshes, Little Slave Lake,
Alberta, September 20, 1872 (Can.); idem, margins of streams and
lakes, Moira River, Ontario, September 14, 1877 (Can., type of
Bidens prionophylla Greene); idem, swamps and ditches, Brackley
Point, Prince Edward Isl., September 5, 1888 (Can.); idem, Lulu
Isl., mouth of Fraser River, British Columbia, July 27, 1889 (Can.);
idem, Leamy's Lake, Hull, Quebec, September 6, 1889 (Can.); idem,
New Westminster, British Columbia, August 28, 1893 (Can.; cf.
numeros 457 et 458 infra) ; idem, Brandon, Manitoba, July 29, 1896
(Can. ; type of Bidens leptopoda Greene) ; idem, by the river, Wake-
field, Quebec, August 30, 1903 (Field) ; idem, St. Anne de Beaupre",
Quebec, August 30, 1905 (Berl.; Gray); idem, Annapolis, Nova
Scotia, September 1, 1910 (Can.) ; idem, ditches, Kingsmere, Quebec,
August 23, 1911 (Can.); idem, Manor Park, Ottawa, August 25,
1911 (Can.); idem, Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, September 5, 1911
(Can.) ; idem 457, New Westminster, British Columbia, August 28,
1893 (Can.; Gray; Greene; pro var. elliptica Wieg. determinavit
K. M. Wiegand; type material of Bidens Macounii Greene); idem
458, eodem loco et tempore (Can. ; Gray) ; idem & William Herriott,
Battle River, Alberta, August 15, 1906 (Can.; Field); iidem, east
of Beaver Hill Lake, Alberta, August 22, 1906 (Can.; Field);
Malbranche (Reliq. Mailleanae 1266), banks of Seine River near
Rouen, France, August, 1855 (Cop.; Mus. V.; U.S.); M. 0. Make,
Salmon Arm, British Columbia, August 13, 1911 (Can.); E. Martin
3027, ditch at base of bank of pond at St. Hubert, Commune of
Veilleins, Dept. Loir-et-Cher, France, last of September, 1892 (Berl.;
Boiss.; Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.); W. Masarakij 1074, wet, sandy soil
along stream, near Preobrashenskaja, Distr. Luga, Prov. St. Peters-
burg, August 19, 1906 (Berl.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V.); W.
C. McCalla 2514, vicinity of Edmonton, Alberta, September 14, 1918
(Can.); F. T. McFarland 161, Lexington, Kentucky, October 11,
1923 (Phila.); S. E. Meek, near Henry, Illinois, September 12-16,
1906 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); Michener & Bioletti, Lake Merced, San
Francisco, California, June 12, 1892 (N.Y.); C. F. Millspaugh 14,
wet river bank near Lake, Indiana, September 22, 1900 (Field);
M. E. Moricand (i.e., Stefano), vicinity of Vienna (Wien), Austria,
(Del.) and Venice (Venetia), Italy, September (Del.); EM,. Moseley,

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXX

BIDENS AUREA (Ait.) SherfT

OF Ttlk
UNIVERSITY Of liilKQiS

THE GENUS BIDENS 307

Castalia, Ohio, September 19, 1895 (Field) ; John Murdoch, Jr., 4307,
alt. 1,350 meters, Pactola, South Dakota, August 12, 1910 (Gray);
Atten Nelson 1707, Centennial Valley, Wyoming, August 17, 1895
(Carn.); idem 8657, margins of marshes, Platte Canyon, Laramie
Co., Wyoming, September 4, 1901 (Boiss.; Del.); J. C. Nelson 4131,
Minto's Isl., south of Salem, Oregon, August 13, 1921 (Phila.);
idem 4796, ditch by roadside, Sauvies Isl., Multnomah Co., Oregon,
September 16, 1922 (Phila.; forma ternis foliis ad singulos nodos
verticillatis) ; J. B. Norton 282, wet places, Riley Co., Kansas, July 2,
1895 (U.V.); Thomas Nuttall, Wappatoo Isl. (Sauvies Isl.; Brit.,
sub nom. Bidente quadriaristata var. dentata); R. Oldham 411 pro
parte, Nagasaki, Japan, 1862 (Del.); Joseph Paczoski, Pereiaslaf
(Pereiaslaw), Government of Poltava (Poltawa), Little Russia,
August 6, 1891 (Boiss.); L. H. Pammell & R. E. Blackwood 3932,
alt. 1,950 meters, Weber River, Peterson, Utah, July 18-24, 1902
(Gray); Franz Petrak (Distrib. I) 95, marshes at Skalitzka near
Weisskirchen, Moravia (Mahren), Czechoslovakia, August 26, 1908
(Gray; planta minima); idem (Distrib. VII) 692, meadow ditches,
vicinity of Weisskirchen, August, 1911 (Gray) ; Mairlot Pollem, ditch,
Belgium, September 28, 1901 (Mus. V.); S. F. Poole 80, Sharon,
Massachusetts, September, 1905 (Gray); G. N. Potanin, Taituhai,
plain of eastern Ordos region, Mongolia, August 30, 1884 (Berl.;
Gray; Mus. V.); idem, Lake Orok-nor, Desert of Gobi (Shamo),
Mongolia, September 1, 1886 (Gray) ; E. Preissmann, alt. 270 meters,
swampy places, Poltschach, southeastern Styria (Steiermark),
August 26, 1881 (Mus. V.); Wolfgang Puchtler 825, alt. 350 meters,
ditches at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg, Upper Franconia (Ober-Franken),
Bavaria, August, 1904 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray); idem 1720, alt. 390
meters, ponds, Berneck, Upper Franconia, July 13, 1918 (Del.);
F. Raine, marsh near Dormans, Surrey, England, September 3, 1905
(Gray); Regel, Varposka, Government of St. Petersburg (Berl., 2
sheets; Mus. V., 2 sheets); Aladar Richter, Cluj, Prov. Transsilvania,
Roumania, September 23, 1901 (Cluj; sub nom. Bidente cernua f.
elongata A. R., planta tenui simplicique) ; B. L. Robinson, boggy
meadow after mowing, Hancock, New Hampshire, September 13,
1899 (Gray) ; idem 400, ditches, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, September
11, 1897 (Gray); Rugel, French Broad River near Dandridge, Ten-
nessee, September, 1842 (Mus. V.); P. A. Rydberg 1696, near Thed-
ford, Nebraska (Cop., 2 sheets); idem (similiter) 1696, Middle Loup
River, near Mullen, Nebraska, August 17, 1893 (Berl.; N.Y.); idem
9646, Moore Lake, Anoka Co., Minnesota, September 5, 1926

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(N.Y., 2 sheets; pro Bidente filamentosa Rydb.); idem 9648, White
Bear Lake, Minnesota, September 15, 1926 (N.Y.; numero 9646
aequale et similiter a Rydbergio pro sua Bidente filamentosa habi-
tum); H. Sabransky, ditches, Ebersdorf, eastern Styria (Steiermark),
August, 1908 (Mus. V.); J. H. Sandberg 985, Minneapolis, Minne-
sota, September 23, 1891 (Field; U.S.; type collection of Bidens graci-
lenta Greene); J. A. Sandman 386, seashore near Uleaborg, Finland,
August 29, 1884 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mo.);1 Sandvik, southwestern
Finland, August 6, 1861 (Berl.) ; H. E. Sargent 74, Lake Wentworth,
Wolfboro, New Hampshire, September 2, 1909 (Gray) ; J. T. Scovell
& H. Walton Clark 1225, beach at Long Point, Lake Maxinkuckee,
Indiana, October 30, 1900 (Field); F. L. Scribner 108, Dog Creek near
Missouri River, Montana, September 11, 1883 (Gray); A. D. Selby
& J. W. T. Duvel 1261, near Orville, Ohio, September 4, 1899 (Field) ;
iidem 1266, Killbuck Swamp, Wayne Co., Ohio, September 15, 1899
(Carn.) ; F. C. Seymour 87, Granville, Massachusetts, September 20,
1913 (Gray);#. P. Sheldon, University Park, Oregon, September 14,
1902 (Field) ;E. E. Sherff 2029, along stream, Skokie Marsh, west of
Glencoe, Illinois, October 3, 1915 (Field) ; idem 2047, Thorn Creek,
northwest of Glenwood, Illinois, October 7, 1915 (Field); H. G.
Simmons, Augustenhof, Schleswig-Holstein, August 11, 1893 (Cop.);
P. Sintenis 1832, wet places, Katarina (Katerina), Vilayet of Salo-
nica, European Turkey, September 9, 1889 (Berl.); J. K. Small,
Pleasant Grove, Pennsylvania, October, 1903 (N.Y.); idem & A.
M. Huger, Chimney Rock to Hendersonville, North Carolina, Octo-
ber 3, 1901 (N.Y.);B. H. Smith, Cherry Creek, Denver, Colorado,
August 24, 1884 (Phila.); W. Spreadborough, mouth of Salmon River,
British Columbia, August 27, 1904 (Can.); E. S. Steele, river swamps,
vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 18, 1896
(U.V.); idem & uxor 219, alt. 550 meters, Sweet Springs, West
Virginia, September 5, 1903 (Gray); Stefano (vide Moricand);
Stoliczka, vicinity of Islamabad, northwestern Himalaya, British
East India (Mus. V.); Gabriel Strobl, ditches, at Admont, north-
western Styria, June, 1876 (Mus. V.); W. N. Suksdorf 932, wet
meadows near Spangle, Washington, July 12, 1889 (Berl.; Boiss.;
Del.; Field); idem 1592, wet ground, Falcon Valley, Washington,
September 20, 1894 (Boiss.; Field) ; T. Symonowiczowna 736, Minojty,
Distr. Lida, Lithuania (Berl.; Mus. V.); B. C. Taylor, Center City,

'Printed label of Sandman 386 states: "Forma radiata in Finlandia rara aut
rarissima et tantum in litoribus vel in vicinitate maris lecta est. Ad oras Sinus
Bottnici nonnullis locis occurrit; rarissime ad oram intimae partis Sinus Finlanden-
sis ad Mare Album crescit. F. typica multo frequentior est; in interioribus etiam
partibus Finlandiae australis invenitur."

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXI

BIDENS INTEGRIFOL1A Brandeg.

OF Tfk
UMW5MITY 8P /Mf«8IS

THE GENUS BIDENS 309

Minnesota, 1892 (Boiss.); C. G. H. Thedenius, Goteborgstrakten,
Sweden, August, 1902 (Man.); T. Thomson, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters,
Kashmir, British East India (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew,
2 sheets; Mus. V.; aristis interdum tantum 1-8-hamosis) ; L. Vagner,
ditches and other wet places, Comitat of Marmaros (Maramaros,
Marmaross), Hungary, August-September (Mus. V.); S. S. Visher
2224, Sand Creek, Bennett Co., South Dakota, August 12, 1911
(Field); A. Von Hayek 796, alt. 635 meters, in grassy places near
Selzthal, Styria (Steiermark), Austria, July, 1908 (Berl.; Mus. V.;
U.V.); S. C. Wadmond 1232, Racine and Kenosha counties, Wis-
consin, September 7, 1899 (Phila.); L. F. Ward, along the canal,
vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 10, 1876
(U.S.; planta ad dextram forma Bidenti leptomeriae Greenei aequa-
lis) ; idem, Eastern Branch Marsh, District of Columbia, July 7, 1878
(U.S.; type of Bidens leptomeria Greene); E. Wilson, Armstrong,
British Columbia, 1904 (Can.); Ferdinand Winter 345, Saarbriicken,
Rhine (Rhein-Provinz), September, 1866 (Berl.); idem 751, St.
Johann, Saarbriicken, Rhine, September, 1863 (Berl.; hoc et num.
345 et nonnulla alia specimina a Wintero pro hybridis inter B.
cernuam et B. tripartitam habita, sed videntur vere B. cernua)',
Witasek, Mitterburg, Istrian Peninsula, Prov. Coastland (Kiisten-
land), August, 1901 (U.V.); E. Witting, swamps at Lake Leonhard,
near Villach, Prov. Carinthia (Karnten, Karnthen; Mus. V.); Wolf-
gang, flooded marshes, Lithuania (Mus. V.); W. F. Wright 251,
near Ouatchonan Falls, Lake St. John, Quebec, August 29, 1904
(Gray) ; R. T. Young, common in marshes on the plains, near Boulder,
Colorado, September 14, 1904 (Field); A. Zahlbruckner, ditches at
St. Georgen, Kleine Karpaten (Little Carpathian) Mts., north-
western Hungary, September, 1883 (Mus. V.); N. Zelenetzuy (N.
Zelenetzkij), Krima (Crimea) Peninsula, South Russia, July, 1885
(Boiss.); Alois Zick 825a, alt. about 720 meters, peaty soil, swamp
ditches at Wildpoldsried near Kempten, Bezirk of Swabia (Schwa-
ben), Bavaria, September 7, 1913 (Del.; Gray); Zupancic 781,
marshes near Laibach (Labacus), Prov. Carniola (Krain, Krajina),
Jugo-Slavia, August (U.V.).1

Linnaeus gave a short description for Bidens cernua: "Bidens
seminibus erectis: foliis lanceolatis amplexicaulibus, floribus cernuis.
Fl. suec. 664." The character cernua, taken with the lanceolate
leaves and with the habitat cited ("in Europa ad fontes & fossas")

1 The juice of this species said by Lightfoot (Fl. Scot. 1: 462. 1777) to dye cloth
yellow. It also excites salivation (Gandoger, Fl. Lyon. 122. 1875).

310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

leaves not the slightest doubt as to the identity of B. cernua. Lin-
naeus' first cited synonym, Fl. Suec. 664, rests by synonymy upon
Bidens folio non dissecto Tourn. Inst. 462, which in turn goes back
directly to Bidens folio non dissecto Caesalp. 16: 488, cap. XVII,
published in 1583.

In the Linnean Herbarium are only two specimens of this species.
One, in the Bidens cover, is marked "2 cernua" and the other, in the
Coreopsis cover, is marked "7 Bidens." The latter is clearly the
radiate form meant by Linnaeus for his Coreopsis Bidens; the former
is the discoid form. Linnaeus expressly declared his doubts as to
whether the radiate form was a distinct species or only a variety of
B. cernua, although Valantius held the latter view (L. Fl. Suec. ed.
2: 300. No. 772. 1755).1

Numerous attempts have been made in literature to segregate
the various forms of B. cernua into formae, subvarieties, varieties,
and even separate species. The trouble with this work has been
that, with the apparent exception of var. oligodonta Fern. & St.
John, these forms vary so indiscriminately that the "characters"
listed for one form will elsewhere reappear in almost endless over-
lapping combinations with those of other described forms and hence
the lines of demarcation disappear (regarding difficulties in such
cases, vide H. M. Hall, Proc. Internat. Congr. PL Sci. 1926, 2: 1571.
1929). Thus there are plants dark green or pale and subglaucous,
tall or dwarf, radiate or discoid, smooth-stemmed or scabrous-
stemmed, wide-leaved or narrow-leaved, etc.2

1 So, too, concluded Roth (Tentamen 2, pt. 2: 303. 1793): "omnino mera
tantummodo varietas est Bidentis cernuae;" also C. F. Schultz (Prodr. Fl. Stargard.
208. 1806): "floribus radiatis in fossis cum praecedente [B. cernua] cujus mera
varietas est;" also numerous other students of the subject since then.

1 A plant has even been found having single leaves (never more than one at a
node) pinnate with linear segments (Asch. & Graebn. Fl. N.E. Deutsch. Flach-
landes ed. 2: 716. 1898; cf. specimen Frohockii citatum supra). A form appeared
spontaneously several years ago along the lagoons in Jackson Park, Chicago,
Illinois, having the leaves definitely verticillate in threes. A specimen was given
to Dr. Henry C. Cowles, who in turn presented it to me. The plant unfortunately
was lost in mounting. The same form has been found again in Oregon (J. C. Nel-
son 4796; Phila.).

If varieties other than oligodonta are to be maintained for North American
material, then the leaf characters appear to offer the most acceptable basis of
separation. We should in such case recognize the species proper and the vars.
integra Wieg., elliptica Wieg., and oligodonta Fern. & St. John. We may note
here that Fernald (Rhodora 24: 206. 1922) presents the results of a study of B.
cernua in eastern North America in which he treats these (and other) forms. His
distributional ranges as given are:

"B. cernua (typical) . . . extending northeastward to Chicoutimi, Rimouski
and Bonaventure Cos., Quebec, Magdalen Islands and Cape Breton,

THE GENUS BIDENS 311

Bidens quadriaristata var. dentata Nutt. was based upon a small,
fragmentary specimen (Brit.) from Wappatoo Island (now called
Sauvies Isl.) at the outlet of the Wahlamet (now Willamette) River,
northern Oregon. Elsewhere I have published a photograph of it
(Bot. Gaz. 59: 313, fig. 2. 1915). It might by some be construed as
representing B. laevis (L.) B.S.P., but B. laevis is not known to range
nearly so far north in the western United States. Nuttall's variety
(as also the nomenclaturally synonymous B. dentata Wieg.) should
not be confused with the widely different B. amplissima Greene.

In 1901, Greene (loc. cit.) described a number of new species of
Bidens. On examination of his types and cotypes, I was dismayed
to find that most of these species represented what ordinarily had
been regarded as mere ecological forms of Bidens cernua and B.
laevis. Direct conversation with Dr. Greene himself showed that
back of his viewpoint regarding B. cernua (Greene, op. cit. 251-253)
was the absolute conviction that the American specimens were
native to America, and, being so, were hence specifically different
from European specimens.1 Personal field study for several autumns,
combined with a careful examination of a vast amount of B. cernua
material from different parts of the northern hemisphere, has
convinced me only the more of the utter impossibility of separating
the many forms as species. Scarcely a form occurs in North America
that is not duplicated by a similar form in Europe. Even Greene
(op. cit. 252) was compelled to declare "after careful and repeated
comparisons made between European and American specimens of

Nova Scotia; Eurasia. In Nova Scotia unknown from west of Annapolis

and Lunenburg Cos."
"Var. Integra . . . Prince Edward Island; Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Illinois

to western North Carolina, Oklahoma and South Dakota."
"Var. elliptica . . . extending northeastward to the Ottawa Valley, Ontario

and Quebec, and Prince Edward Island."

The relevant part of his key (omitting the var. oligodonta already treated
above) is here Latinized:

Folia basi late connata vel subconnata, infra medium vix angustata

Folia circumambitu a lineari usque ad oblanceolatum, dentata 4-13 jugis dentium
grossorum 1-5 mm. altorum B. cernua sensu stricto.

Folia circumambitu a lineari-oblongo usque ad lanceolato-oblongum, dentulata
12-24 jugis dentium vix 1 mm. altorum var. Integra.

Folia basi perspicue angustata, circumambitu elliptico-lanceolata. . .var. elliptica.

1 In emphasizing his views upon this subject, Dr. Greene exclaimed: "I defy
you to find a single species of Compositae that is native both to Europe and to
North America." As to the nativity of B. cernua, we should note that it was
known from Europe much earlier than from North America (cf. DC. Prodr. 5: 594.
1836: "in Europae et nunc in Amer. borealis fossis inundatis et aquaticis frequens")

312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

so-called B. cernua, I acknowledge inability to detect any strong
technical characters upon which to separate them." l

Again, in a single colony of B. cernua, frequently three or more
dissimilar forms occur, with numerous intergradations. Thus, in a
single small colony north of Elgin, Illinois, many plants were diminu-
tive, matching forms doubtless included with the corresponding
dwarf forms of B. tripartite!, by Hudson in his B. minima;2 some were
tall and robust, matching B. leptopoda Greene (the type of which the
late Mr. James M. Macoun of the Canadian Geological Survey
Herbarium at Ottawa kindly permitted me to examine); and some
were small plants grown from the rooting nodes of tall plants trampled
by cattle, and were practically identical with B. marginata Greene.
In the same way, several of Greene's types are found on comparison
with their cotypes in other herbaria to be merely slight variants
from the standard form. In certain of these cases, Greene's descrip-
tion was much too narrow to fit even the few cotypes examined.

B. leptomeria Greene, founded upon a plant from Eastern Branch
Marsh, Washington, District of Columbia (L. F. Ward, July 7, 1878;
U.S.), is seemingly a more or less teratological form with long
peduncles. Several other specimens from the same vicinity (all in
Hb. U.S.) connect this extreme perfectly with normal B, cernua.

Occasionally specimens are found which represent apparently
hybrids with B. connata. One such plant is F. F. Forbes, swamp on
Brookline Water Works Land, Cow Bay, Dedham, Massachusetts,
September 21, 1911 (Gray).

Bidens cernua var. /3. oligodonta Fern. & St. John, Rhodora
17: 25. 1915. PI. LXXII, figs. 6 and c.

Herba humilis, plus minusve depressa, ramosissima, 0.5-2 dm.
alta; caulibus glabris vel sparse hispidis; foliis crassis, rhomboideis
vel elliptico-oblanceolatis, apice obtusis, ad basim angustatis, sub-
integris vel pauco-dentatis, dentibus utrinque 1-5 obtusis, foliis
primariis 2-5 cm. longis et 0.5-1.5 cm. latis; capitulis hemisphaericis

1 Illustrative of Greene's regrettable carelessness displayed in much of his
work on Bidens is the case of B. Kelloggii (Greene, loc. cit.). In naming certain
forms B. Kelloggii, he treated them as segregates of B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. Then he
actually stated that "Dr. Torrey . . . more correctly referred them to B. cernua."
In passing, we may note that while Greene's type of B. Kelloggii (U.S.) is not
distinct from B. cernua, sheets of the type number (Kellogg & Harford 437) in
certain herbaria (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew) bear an additional specimen of B. laevis (L.)
B.S.P. mixed with the B. cernua.

2 See second footnote under synonymy for B. cernua.

THE GENUS BIDENS 313

0.5-1 cm. latis; bracteis foliaceis oblongis vel late oblanceolatis, apice
obtusis, plerumque 1.5-2 cm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Merritt L. Fernald, Bayard Long,
and Harold St. John, No. 8208, peaty margin of a brackish pond
southwest of Etang du Nord wharf, Grindstone Island, Magdalen
Islands, Quebec, August 22, 1912 (Gray, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, Massa-
chusetts, and "locally inland to western New York" (Fern. Rhodora
24: 207. 1922).

Specimens examined : Fernald & St. John 11211, border of a fresh
pond back of sandhills, Tracadie, Prince Edward Isl., August 22,
1914 (Gray); Fernald, Long, & St. John 8208 (type, Gray: cotype,
Field); iidem 8209, wet brackish sand, North Lake, Kings Co.,
Prince Edward Isl., August 22, 1914 (Gray); A. S. Pease, sandy
shore of Success Pond, Success, New Hampshire, August 27, 1907
(N. Eng.).

Of all the many described varieties, forms, etc., of B. cernua, this
is the only one which, so far as it is known at present, can easily be
maintained with varietal distinction (cf. discussion under species
proper).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII

Bidens cernua, figs, a, d-k: a, flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.61; d, e, diverse cauline leaves, X0.61;/, exterior involucral bract,
X3.03; g, interior involucral bract, X3.03; h, ray corolla, X3.03; i,
palea, X3.03; j, disc floret, X4.85; k, achene, X4.85; a, f-j, from
Greenman 543, in Hb. Field; d, from Coville 1341, in Hb. U.S.; e,
from A. J. Grout, Vernon, Vermont, September 13, 1895, in Hb.
Field; k, from Sherff 2047, in Hb. Field.

Bidens cernua var. oligodonta, figs. b, c: characteristic cauline
leaves, X0.61; from 1st type sheet.

93. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Prelim. Cat. N.Y. 29. 1888.
PL LXXIII.

Helianthus laevis L. Sp. PL 906. 1753. *

Coreopsis radiata Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. No. 5. 1768 (ex descript.).

Coreopsis Helianthoides Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 91. 1786.

(Verisimiliter.— Cf. Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 356. 1856.)
Coreopsis perfoliata Walt. FL Carol. 215. 1788. (Verisimiliter.)
Bidens Chrysanthemoides Michx. FL Bor. Amer. 2: 136. 1803.
1 As to PI. Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 1 (not ed. 2). 104.

314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bidens Helianthoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 181 (230). 1820.
Coreopsis flammula Banks ex Steud. Nom. ed. 1: 108. 1821 (fide

Steud.).

Kerneria Helianthoides (H.B.K.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 399. 1822.
Bidens quadriaristata DC. Prodr. 5: 595. 1836.
Coreopsis perfoliata Bosc ex DC. loc. cit.
Campylotheca? Helianthoides Endl. Bemerkungen iiber Die Flora

Der Sudsee Inseln 168. 1841. (Verisimiliter. Vide Coreopsis

Helianthoides Forst. supra.)
Bidens Chrysanthemoides vars. a., /3M 7., and 6. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.

Amer. 2: 353. 1842.

Coreopsis serrata DC. Prodr. 5: 595. 1836.
Bidens Nashii Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25: 481. 1898.
Bidens elegans Greene, Pittonia 4: 254. 1901.
Bidens lugens Greene, loc. cit.

Bidens formosa Greene, op. cit. 264; non (Bon.) Schz. Bip.
Bidens Parryi Greene, op. cit. 265.
Bidens expansa Greene, op. cit. 266.
Bidens Persicaefolia Greene, loc. cit.
Bidens Chrysanthemoides var. Nashii (Small) Jepson, Fl. W. Middle

Calif. 544. 1901.
Bidens speciosa Parish, Zoe 5: 75. 1907-1908; non Gardner in Hooker,

Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 126. 1845.
Bidens levis B.S.P. ex Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 1085. 1925.

Herba nunc annua nunc perennis, erecta vel basi procumbens;
caule subtereti, simplici vel sparsim ramoso, glabro, 3-10 dm. alto.
Folia sessilia, indivisa, lineari-lanceolata vel lanceolata vel rariter
ovato-lanceolata, utrinque angustata vel ad basim interdum lata
et connata, apice saepe acuminata, regulariter serrata dentibus
saepe tenuibus et fere subulatis, glabrata vel margine saepe sparsim
ciliata, 5-15 cm. longa. Capitula plerumque pauca, ligulata, erecta
vel demum saepe cernua, ad anthesin 3-7 cm. lata et 8-11 mm. alta.
Involucrum basi plerumque hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8,
parce foliaceis, lineari-lanceolatis, apice obtusis acutisve, margine
subsparsim aciculato-ciliatis, capitulo rarissime lingioribus. Flores
ligulati 7 vel 8, aurei, ligula obovato-lanceolati, apice rotundi et
saepe minute 2-3-denticulati, 1.5-3 cm. longi. Achaenia anguste
cuneata, plana vel 3-4-angulata, angulis retrorsum hamosa, angulis
faciebusque interdum tuberculata, apice 2-4-aristata aristis 3-5 mm.
longis et retrorsum hamosis, corpore 6-9 mm. longa.

THE GENUS BIDENS 315

Type specimen: Collected by John Clayton, No. 195, in "Virginia"
(as bounded in early days; Brit., ex herb. Gronovii).

Distribution : From New Hampshire and Massachusetts southward
along the coast to Florida and westward from Florida to California;
southward through Mexico; in South America mainly from Colom-
bia to Chile, thence through Argentina to Uruguay and southern
Brazil; established in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Molokai, etc.).

Specimens examined: LeRoy Abrams 4177, Alviso, Santa Clara,
California, September, 1902 (Berl.; Del.; Mus. V.; N.Y.); Ed. Andre
551, alt. 2,600 meters, Facatativa, Colombia, 1875 (Kew; N.Y.);
G. Andrieux 312, Yotla, near City of Mexico, State of Mexico,
May 15 (Del.; Kew, 2 sheets, communic. 1834; Mus. V.); anon.,
Delaware Co., Pennsylvania (U.S. ; type of Bidens formosa Greene) ;
anon., fresh-water pools, Honolulu and Wailupe, Oahu, Hawaiian
Isls. (Bish.); anon., ex Biltmore Herb. No. 138& p.p., swampy places,
Highlands, North Carolina, September 7, 1897 (U.V.); J. Arecha-
valeta, in flooded places along banks of Santa Lucia River, La
Barra, Uruguay, April, 1869 (Berl.); idem 4021, Montevideo, Uru-
guay, February, 1876 (Kew); Alwin Aschenborn 478, Mexico (Berl.);
Bade 102, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1831 (Del.); C. F. Baker 1697,
Alviso, California, September 16, 1902 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Del.;
Gray; Mo.; Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.S.); idem 3727, Pomona, California,
October 1, 1903 (Can.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.); C. F. Batchelder,
Merrimack, New Hampshire, August 26, 1919 (Phila.); F. W.
Beechey, California (Kew); Berlandier 606, about City of Mexico,
State of Mexico, August, etc. (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Mo.; Mus. V.);
Bertero, ditches, marshy places, near Angostura, Chile, February,
1829 (Del)', idem 97, about Lake Amleo, Chile, March, 1828 (Del.);
C. Bettfreund 193 and 199, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Berl.); A. E.
Blewitt 1146, wet meadow, New Haven, Connecticut, September 17,
1910 (N. Eng.) ; H. N. Bolander 2405, swamp, San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, 1863 (Gray; U.S.); J. Boll, Dallas, Texas (Del.);Bosc, Caro-
lina (Del., sub nom. Coreopside perfoliata);E.Bourgeau 147, Mexico,
May 17, 1865-1866 (Kew); idem 510, Mexicalcingo and Canal near
City of Mexico, State of Mexico, July 17, 1865 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.;
Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; N. Eng.; Par., 4 sheets) ; Ernest Braunton 132,
Cienaga Swamp, Los Angeles Co., California, August, 1902 (U.S.) ;
idem 576, Los Angeles River, Los Angeles Co., California, July, 1902
(U.S.) ; idem 665, wet places, usually in water, eodem loco, September,
1902 (U.S.); idem 728, Oak Knoll, Los Angeles Co., California,
October, 1902 (Calif.; U.S.); Brenning, Buenos Aires, Argentina,

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

January, 1894 (Berl.); W. H. Brewer 91, Los Angeles, California,
1860-1862 (Calif.; Gray; U.S.)', Bridges 67, marshes, Quillota, Chile,
1832 (Kew) ; J. B. Brinton, banks of Schuylkill River, southeastern
Pennsylvania, August 29, 1879 (Penn.); idem, Woodbury, New
Jersey, September 21, 1879 (Phila.); idem, Holly Oak, Delaware,
August 19, 1888 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco, July 14, 1889 (U.V.,
2 sheets); idem, Rock Hill, Pennsylvania, September 15, 1889
(Penn.); idem, Holly Oak, Delaware, September 29, 1889 (Phila.);
idem, Centre Square, Pennsylvania, September 17, 1891 (N.Y.;
Penn.); idem, Tylersport near Sellersville, Pennsylvania, September
18, 1892 (Penn.); N. L. Britton 424, bank of Miami River, Florida,
April 3, 1904 (N.Y.); E. S. Burgess, District of Columbia, September,
1888 (N.Y.); ex herb. Burmannii (Del., sub nom. Coreopside per-
foliata); A. L. Cabrera 168, Ensenada, near La Plata, Argentina,
February 9, 1928 (Field) ; L. T. Chamberlain, Danvers, Massachusetts,
August (N.Y.); Agnes Chase 2665, muddy edge of slough, Four
Mile Run, Alexandria County, Virginia, September 21, 1904 (Field) ;
John Clayton (num. 195 ex Gronovio loc. cit.), "Virginia" (Brit.,
ex herb. Gronovii; type) ; Chloris Platensis Argentina 1177, Argentina
(N.Y.); G. W. Clinton, Cayuga marshes, New York, 1864 (Gray);
J. W. Congdon, South Kingston, Rhode Island, September 7, 1878
(Carn.); C. Conzatti 124, alt. 1,550 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, State
of Oaxaca, Mexico, April 19, 1896 (Gray) ; Cruckshank, Chile (Kew) ;
J. B. Davy 2918, Bakersfield, California, October, 1896 (Calif.);
Walter Deane & E. L. Rand, Swansea (Touisset), Massachusetts,
September 25, 1909 (Gray); Miss Button, Boston, Massachusetts,
1827 (Del.; type of Bidens quadriaristata DC.); E. H. Eames 1, edge
of pond, Bridgeport, Connecticut, September 27, 1897 (Gray); A.
A. Eaton 159, shore of river and hammock back of Miami, Florida,
November 8, 1903 (Field); Carl Ehrenberg 38, Mexico (Berl.); idem
1496, in marshes near City of Mexico, State of Mexico (Berl.; U.S.);
A. D. E. Elmer 4209, Alviso, California, September, 1902 (Berl.;
Del.; Mus. V.; N.Y.); A. Fendler 439, New Mexico (Brit.);Fernald,
Hunnewell, & Long 10689, Wenham, Massachusetts, September 11,
1913 (Phila.); C. N. Forbes 534Mo, Wailau Valley, Molokai, Hawai-
ian Isls., September, 1912 (Bish.);Fox 149, Buenos Aires, Argentina
(Kew); Fraser, South Carolina (Del.); Gay, Chile (Berl.; Boiss.;
Gray; Kew); Gibert 908, in flooded places along banks of the Santa
Lucia River, Uruguay, April, 1869 (Kew); G. B. Grant 4553, rich,
wet woods and plains, September, 1901 (N.Y.) ; E. L. Greene, Marshall
Hall, Maryland, September 28, 1898 (Greene; type of Bidens lugens

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXII

BIDENS AMPHICARPA Sherff (figa. a-i)
BIDENS OLIGOCARPA Sherff (figs, j-l)

OF m
UNIVERSITY OF ILUHWS

THE GENUS BIDENS 317

Greene); Josiah Gregg 604, Mexico, 1848-1849 (Gray); C. A. Gross,
May's Landing, New Jersey, September 12, 1882 (Carn.);G. Gutten-
berg, near Wheeling, West Virginia, September 7, 1878 (Cam.);
Ludwig Hahn 9, Mexico, 1870 (Berl.); Hale 403, southeastern United
States (N.Y.); G. R. Hall, canal banks at Riverside, California, 1905
(Phila.); J- W. Harshberger 102, on chinampas, Lake Xochimilco,
Valley of Mexico, August 15, 1896 (Penn.); C. V. Hartman 95,
alt. 1,530 meters, Cochuto, Sonora, Mexico, October 4, 1890 (Kew;
Penn.); E. Hassler 1474, vicinity of Lake Ypacaray, Paraguay,
November, 1885-1895 (Boiss.; Kew; HassL); idem 12378, eodem
loco, November, 1913 (Berl.; Brit.; Cop.; Del.; Hassl.; Mo.}; Hex-
amer & Maier, Hudson Co., New Jersey, September 28, 1854 (Gray) ;
G. Hieronymus 490, Lake of Peitiado at Cordoba, Argentina,
April, 1877 (Berl.; U.S.); William Hillebrand, Kapalama near Hono-
lulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls. (Berl.); idem, Waikiki near Honolulu,
Oahu (Berl.); idem 1998, Hawaiian Isls. (U.S.); P. A. Hollermayer
102, growing even in salt water, shore of Lake Budi, Prov. Cautin,
Chile, March 15, 1919 (Berl.); Theo. Holm, river bottom back of
Marshall Hall, Maryland, September 28, 1898 (Gray; type material
of Bidens lugens Greene) ; E. S. Hoar, shallow water, Concord River,
Concord, Massachusetts, September, 1858 (N. Eng.); Humboldt &
Bonpland, Mexico (Par.; type of Bidens Helianthoides H.B.K.);
Pedro Jorgensen 2725, El Chaco Terr., Argentina (Mo.); T. H.
Kearney, Jr., 2391, near Northwest, Virginia, November 8, 1898 (U.S. ;
type of Bidens elegans Greene); Ida A. Keller, Argus, Pennsylvania,
September 18, 1892 (Phila., 2 sheets); Kellogg & Harford 437 pro
parte, California (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; cum B. cernua commixt.);
C. H. Knowlton, swamp, Hyde Park, Massachusetts, September 19,
1908 (Gray); A. F. K. Krout, Lehigh Co., Pennsylvania, 1868
(Phila.); F. Kurtz 9061, Toma de Malpaso, Cordoba, Argentina,
March 29 (N.Y.) ; F. E. Leibold 3089, Chile, 1868-1871 (Mus. V.);
F. Lindheimer 1 1 1. 435, banks of streams, New Braunfels, Texas,
1846 (Berl., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets) ; idem 887, Texas, October,
1850 (Berl.; Brit.; Cop.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.; Phila.); C. D. Lippen-
cott, Swedesboro, New Jersey, September 18, 1892 (Phila.); Bayard
Long 4526, Fish House, Camden Co., New Jersey, August 17,
1910 (Phila.); idem 4840, Delair, New Jersey, September 2, 1910
(Phila.); Alexander MacElwee 1545, Rockhill, Pennsylvania, Octo-
ber 11, 1899 (Carn.); Alexander MacElwee, Jr., Delaware River,
at Washington Park, New Jersey, September 27, 1894 (Phila.);
J. M. Macfarlane, North Wildwood, New Jersey, September, 1907

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(Perm.); K. K. Mackenzie 3791, swamps, Little Falls, New Jersey,
August 30, 1908 (U.S.) ; W. L. McAtee 1709, St. Vincent Isl., Florida,
October 30, 1910 (U.S.); A. J. McClatchie, San Gabriel River bottom,
vicinity of Whittier, California, June 27, 1892 (N.Y.); Mentzel,
Texas, July (Mus. V., 3 sheets); Andre Michaux, North America
(type material of Bidens Chrysanthemoides Michx.; Berl., ex Kun-
thio ex A. Ricardo; Par., 2 sheets; Willd., ex A. Ricardo); G. V. Nash
2336, Tallahassee, Florida, August 7-9, 1895 (type material of
Bidens Nashii Small; Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; U.V.); C. Osten 6128,
Carrasco, Dept. Montevideo, Uruguay, April 6, 1912 (Field);
Edward Palmer 18, Sonora, Mexico, 1869 (Gray; U.S.); idem 239,
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, July, 1886 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew);
idem 291, along watercourses, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango,
Mexico, June, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets); idem
633, Uvalde, southwestern Texas, 1879-1880 (Kew; U.S.); idem
1843, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, January 5-February 6, 1892 (N. Eng.) ;
S. B. Parish, stream banks, San Bernardino, California, October,
1893 (U.S.; type of Bidens expansa Greene); idem 183, in running
water, San Bernardino, California, August, 1881 (Boiss.; Calif.;
Mun.); idem (similiter) 183, borders of streams, San Bernardino
Valley, California, September, 1882 (Berl.; Kiel; U.V.); idem 4598,
alt. 300 meters, San Bernardino, California, November 3-5, 1899
(Phila.; U.S.); idem 5134, vicinity of San Bernardino, California,
November 5, 1901 (N.Y.); idem 5319, alt. 300-750 meters, eodem
loco, October 11, 1903 (Field); Parry, Bigelow, Wright, & Schott
(Mexican Boundary Survey) 580, Valley of Rio Grande below Dona
Ana, New Mexico (U.S.; type of Bidens Parryi Greene); R. A.
Philippi, Prov. Conception, Chile, 1862 (Boiss.; Del.); Eduard
Poeppig, marshes, Cove Creek, Pennsylvania, September, 1824
(Mus. V., 7 sheets); H. W. Pretz 11536, Trexlertown, Pennsylvania,
September 3, 1922 (Phila.); C. G. Pringle 7368, swamps, Guadala-
jara, Jalisco, Mexico, October 16, 1895 (Berl.); Jules Remy 258 bis,
Hawaiian Isls., 1851-1855 (Gray; Par.);1 J. Reverchon, marsh,
Dallas, Texas, September, 1876 (Boiss.); idem 518 and 518a, com-
mon, eodem loco, September, 1884 (N.Y.) ; idem 3355, Dallas, Texas,
October 17, 1902 (Gray; U.S.); idem 3355a, eodem loco et tempore
(Mo.); Rose & Fitch 17964, vicinity of Devil's River, Texas, October
16, 1913 (U.S.) ; Rugel, marshes near Portsmouth, Virginia, August,
1840 (Berl.); Schaffner 233 and 253, near Chapultepec, Mexico,
September, 1855 (Berl., 2 sheets; Cop.; Gray; Mus. V.); Alb. Schmitz,

1 Edelstan Jardin 32, Oahu, was collected about the same years and was
determined as this species by Schultz Bipontinus (Flora 1856: 356. 1856).

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXIII

BIDENS OLIGANTHA Brandeg. (figs, a-k)
BIDENS ANTHRISCOIDES DC. (figs, i-q)

OF THt
UNIVERSITY flf IWNQIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 319

Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Mus. V.) ; Schnyder 913, Buenos
Aires, Argentina (Berl.); A. Schott, Arroyo San Felipe, western
Texas (Field); F. L. Scribner, Girard Point, Pennsylvania, August
30, 1880 (Penn.); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 1277, Lake of Patzcuaro,
Michoacan, Mexico, November 1, 1895 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew;
N.Y.); Seler 66, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 13, 1910 (Berl.);
G. H. Shull 380, in salt marsh, east shore of Bush River near mouth,
Maryland, September 16, 1902 (U.S.); idem 398 >4 entrance to bog
near Havre de Grace, Maryland, September 20, 1902 (U.S.); J. K.
Small, Dillerville Swamp, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, October, 1888
(Mo.); idem & J. J. Carter 957, the Everglades, back of Miami,
Florida, November 17, 1903 (N.Y.; Phila.); iidem 1459, Miami,
Florida, October 2&-November 28, 1903 (N.Y.); Small & Nash,
the Everglades, west of Miami, Florida, November 1-9, 1901 (N.Y.) ;
J. K. & G. K. Small 4254 and 4324, east shore of Lake Okeechobee,
etc., Florida, November 11-25, 1913 (N.Y.); iidem 4424, beyond head
of New River, Florida, eodem tempore (N.Y.); iidem 4482, near
Miami Canal, Florida, November 26-December 20, 1913 (N.Y.);
A. H. Smith, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, September, 1866 (Penn.);
idem, Delaware River, September, 1870 (Penn.); Uselma C. Smith
657, Cape May, New Jersey, October 8, 1892 (Phila.); E. S.
Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 25,
1896 (Del.); Styles, Chile (Phila.); C. W. Swan, Acton, Massa-
chusetts, September 6, 1884 (Can.); J. R. Swinerton, Newport
News, Virginia, October, 1889 (Mun.); G. Thurber 794, margin of Ojo
Caliente, Chihuahua, Mexico, October (Gray); J. W. Tourney 680,
Bradshaw Mts., Arizona, June 23, 1892 (U.S.; type of Bidens Per-
sicaefolia Greene); Mrs. J. A. Tracey 77, flowering twice a year, alt.
2,580 meters, savanna dykes and streams, Bogota, Colombia (Kew) ;
J. J. Triana 1377, alt. 2,660 meters, marshes, Prov. Bogota, Colom-
bia (Berl.; Par.); Uhde 454, Mexico (Berl.); idem 648, eodem loco
(Berl., 2 sheets); E. Ule 1589, in swamps of the delta of the Rio
Tubarao, Santa Catharina, Brazil, April, 1890 (Berl.; Gray);
E.G.Vanatta, Chestertown, Maryland, August 4, 1902 (Phila.); B. H.
Patterson, Kissimmee, Florida, December 7, 1917 (Carn.); L. F.
Ward, vicinity of Denver, Colorado, August 19, 1881 (U.S.);
E. F. Williams, Rowley, Massachusetts, September 3, 1906 (Gray);
C. S. Williamson, San Bernardino, California, June, 1903 (Phila.);
G. W. Woolson, Lodi, New Jersey, September, 1872 (U.V.); Charles
Wright 347, western Texas, October, 1849 (Gray);#. C. Wurzlow, wet
soil, bank of Barataria Canal, Louisiana, October 22, 1912 (N.Y.)-

320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

The types of Bidens Chrysanthemoides Michx. and B. Helian-
thoides H.B.K. appear precisely the same. The original description
of both species shows their achenes to have been 2-aristate in each
case, although many specimens have since been gathered with
the achenes often 3- or 4-aristate. Indeed, one of Michaux's dupli-
cates, sent by Richard to Willdenow (Willd.) has 4-aristate achenes
and another, sent by Richard to Kunth (Berl.), has both 3- and
4-aristate achenes. A study of numerous specimens from the United
States and Mexico seems to indicate a slight tendency for the western
specimens to be more often 2-aristate, the eastern ones more often
3- or 4-aristate, but the variations are so abundant as to defy all
attempts at delimiting the separate forms or races in a specific way
(cf. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 353. 1842).

Small's B. Nashii, founded on southeastern United States
material (Florida to Louisiana), is the form originally treated by
Torrey and Gray (loc. cit.) as B. Chrysanthemoides var. ft. Gray
(Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 296. 1884) later abandoned the var. ft.
as well as Torrey and Gray's three other varieties. Jepson (loc. cit.)
has reduced B. Nashii to varietal rank under B. Chrysanthemoides.
An examination of a large number of specimens shows that at most
it is only a minor form of B. laevis and is much too inconstant to
merit varietal rank. It is not a variation confined to the south-
eastern United States but occurs as far west as California and at
least as far north as Massachusetts.

Greene cites a single sheet for Bidens formosa, a plant from Dela-
ware County, Pennsylvania, but in Field Museum are 5 sheets of
material (all by J. K. Small, Wetzel's Swamp, N. Harrisburg, Sep-
tember, 1887) from the same state, and these show all gradations
between B. formosa and B. laevis. Again, Greene terms his B. Parry i
an unwelcome species, "as uniting the habit of B. cernua and the
fruit of the Platycarpaea group of species." But even if B. Parryi
were a valid species, it would not be the first species to do this; for
all the material of B. laevis that has flat, biaristate achenes does the
same; and, moreover, B. radiata Thuill. (B. platycephala Oerst.) had
long been noted as a species that likewise united B. cernua with
B. tripartita, the latter a principal species of the Platycarpaea group
(cf. G. Schweinfurth, Verh. Bot. Verein. Brand. 2: 145. 1861). In-
deed, Greene on another occasion (op. cit. 261) had been led to con-
sider B. radiata in this same connection, having suspected his B.
leptopoda of being that species. DeCandolle, in monographing the
genus Bidens (Prodr. 5: 594. 1836), defined the subgeneric section

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXIV

BIDENS ANTHEMOIDES (DC.) Sherff (figs, a-j)
BIDENS ANDREI Sherff (figs, k-s)

OF int
UNIVERSITY OF IUWOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 321

Platycarpaea with the evident purpose of admitting just such species
as B. cernua, and actually classed B. cernua among the Platycarpaea.
Both B. Parryi Greene (from Texas) and B. Persicaefolia Greene
(from Arizona) are of the form more common in Mexico and often
referred by authors to B. Helianthoides H.B.K. B. expansa Greene
is the same form described by Parish for his B. speciosa and is similar
to the B. Nashii forms. B. elegans Greene and B. lugens Greene
both were mistakenly associated by Greene with B. cernua L. and
then segregated as being worthy species. A study of their types
(U.S.) shows them to be unmistakably mere forms of B. laevis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIII

Bidens laevis: a, flowering specimen, X0.62; 6, c, d, diverse cauline
leaves, X 0.62 ; e, exterior involucral bract, X 2.47 ; /, interior involucral
bract, X2.47; g, ray corolla, X1.24; h, palea, X2.47; i, disc floret,
X4.94;/, achene, X2.47; a, e-i, tromE.F. Williams, Rawley, Massa-
chusetts, September 3, 1906, in Hb. Gray; 6, from Palmer 239, ibid.;
c, Bourgeau 510, ibid. ; d, from J. Hale (a specimen cited for Bidens
Nashii Small), in Hb. N.Y.;;, from Agnes Chase 2665, in Hb. Field.

94. Bidens hyperborea Greene, Pittonia 4: 257. 1901.
PI. LXXIV, figs, b, d, f, h, j, I.

Bidens colpophila Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 21. 1915.

Bidens hyperborea var. colpophila (Fern. & St. John) Fern. ibid. 20:

149. 1918.
Bidens hyperborea var. typica Fassett, ibid. 27: 167. 1925.

a. Achaenia exteriora corpore 4.2-5 mm. interiora usque ad 7 mm.
longa, aristis marginalibus 1.8-3 mm. longis.

B. hyperborea sensu stricto.
a. Achaenia exteriora corpore 6-8.5 mm. interiora 7.5-10 mm.

longa, aristis marginalibus 3-5 mm. longis.

6. Kami adscendentes, cauli angulum minus quam 45° facientes.

c. Involucri bracteae exteriores saepius lineares, acutae, raro

latitudine 2 mm. excedentes; foliis anguste lanceolatis,

longo-attenuatis, dentatis 2-8 jugis dentium gracilium

basi raro quam 0.5 mm. latiorum var. /3. cathancensis.

c. Involucri bracteae exteriores lanceolatae vel raro lineares,
saepe obtusae, latitudine 2 mm. excedentes; foliis lanceola-
tis, non valde attenuatis, dentatis 1-5 jugis dentium gros-
sorum basi saltern 1 mm. latorum. . . .var. d. laurentiana.

322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

6. Kami median! inferioresque patentes, cauli angulum plus quam
45° facientes.

c. Folia principalia integra vel usque ad 3 jugis dentium dentata.
d. Folia membranacea, dentata (1 vel) 2 vel 3 jugis dentium;
involucri bracteis exterioribus utrinque 1- (raro 2-)
dentatis; interioribus late oblongis, 3-4 mm. latis.

var. e. Svensonii.

d. Folia interdum parce membranacea, integra vel dentata
1-2 jugis dentium; involucri bracteis exterioribus integris
vel raro utrinque 1-dentatis; interioribus anguste oblon-
gis, 2-3 mm. latis var. f. gaspensis.

c. Folia principalia dentata 4-6 jugis dentium . . var. y. arcuaws.
Herba annua, erecta, simplex vel ramosa ramis arte adscendenti-
bus, 1-7 dm. alta, caule glaberrimo vel etiam scabrido-hispido.
Folia membranacea, oblanceolato-acuminata, glaberrima et non
ciliata; ima subpetiolata; media superioraque sessilia, 0.3-1 dm.
longa et 6-13 mm. lata, normaliter remote serrata dentibus utrin-
que 3-10. Capitula plerumque erecta, pedunculata pedunculis 1-6
cm. longis, discoidea vel radiata, demum (bracteis exterioribus non
inclusis) 1-2 cm. lata et 1.1-1.3 cm. alta. Involucrum cylindrico-
campanulatum vel turbinato-hemisphaericum ; bracteis exterioribus
4-8, foliaceis, arte adscendentibus, glabris, remotissime ciliatis, line-
ari-lanceolatis, acutis vel subacutis, 1.5-4 cm. longis; interioribus
oblongis, subacutis, membranaceissimis, flavis, badio-striatis. Flores
ligulati (si praesentes) plerumque 5, interdum 6 vel 7, sulphurei,
valde membranacei, ligula anguste oblongo-ovati, apice 2-4-dentati,
bracteas interiores dimidio superantia; tubulosi nunc 4- nunc 5-
lobati. Achaenia anguste cuneata, plana vel subplana, subnigra,
marginibus nervisque retrorsum hamosa, 2- vel saepe 3-4-aristata,
aristis retrorsum hamosis; exteriora corpore 4.2-5 mm. interiora
corpore usque ad 7 mm. longa, omnia circ. 1-1.3 mm. lata, aristis
marginalibus 1.8-3 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by James Melville Macoun, in
swamps and ditches, Rupert House, James Bay, Quebec, Septem-
ber 5, 1885 (Can.).

Distribution: Massachusetts northward to New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia.1

Specimens examined : C. H. Bissell, river bank, Brunswick, Maine,
Aug. 13, 1911 (N. Eng.); A. A. Eaton & M. L. Fernald, brackish

1 Specimens by V. Jacquemont, subsaline marshes, Hackensack, New Jersey,
July 23, 1827 (Berl.; Par.), belong to this species, perhaps to one of its varieties.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXV

BIDENS CHBYSANTHEMIFOLIA (H.B.K.) Sherfl

OF THt
UNIVERSITY af IMINOIS

THE GENUS BIDENS 323

shore, Newburyport, Mass., Oct. 2, 1902 (Gray); N. C. Fassett 139,
shores, submersed at high tide, Abagadassett Point, Kennebec River,
Bowdoinham, Maine, August 16, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 292, tidal flats
of Sheepscot River, Alna, Maine, August 14, 1922 (Gray; N. Eng.);
idem 787, tidal mud of Mill River, near Newburyport Turnpike,
Rowley, Massachusetts, September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 794,
tidal shores of Salmon Falls River, Salmon Falls, New Hampshire,
September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 880, stony shore, tidal flats of
Kennebec River, Gardiner, Maine, September 18, 1923 (Gray);
idem 884, stony beach, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Gardiner,
September 18, 1923 (Gray) ; idem 895, tidal shores of Mousan River,
Kennebunk, Maine, September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 2102, tidal
mud flats of Pleasant River, Columbia Falls, Maine, August 30,
1924 (Gray); idem 2103, tidal mud flats of River Philip, Oxford,
Nova Scotia, August 24, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2104, small brook flowing
into Shediac River, Shediac, New Brunswick, August 23, 1924
(Gray) ; idem 2106, tidal shores of Kennebec River, West Woolwich,
Maine, September 8, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2107, tidal shores, Pleasant
River, Columbia Falls, Maine, August 17, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2108,
eodem loco, August 30, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2109, estuary of Harring-
ton River, Harrington, Maine, August 17, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem
2111, tidal shores, Union River, Ellsworth, Maine, August 17, 1924
(Gray); idem 2112, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); idem 2113, tidal
shores, Mill River, Rowley, Massachusetts, August 15, 1924 (Gray) ;
idem 2114, tidal shores of Mousan River, Kennebunk, Maine,
September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 2115, estuary of Shediac River,
Shediac, New Brunswick, August 22, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2126,
tidal shores of Kennebec River, South Gardiner, Maine, September
16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2129, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Rich-
mond Camp Ground, Sagadahoc Co., Maine, September 16, 1924
(Gray); idem 2131, tidal shores of Cherryfield River, Cherryfield,
Maine, August 17, 1924 (Gray); M. L. Fernald 2248, salt marsh,
Winnegance Creek, Phippsburg, Maine, August 23, 1909 (Gray;
N. Eng.) ; idem 2249, among sedges and rushes, eodem loco et tempore
(N. Eng. ; type of Bidens colpophila Fern. & St. John) ; idem & Bayard
Long 296, very abundant on muddy and gravelly tidal flats, Penobscot
River, Hampden, Maine, September 8, 1916 (Berl.; Can.; Cam.;
Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mun.; N. Eng.; Par.; Phila.); iidem
14826, border of salt marsh, Back River Creek, Woolwich, Maine,
Sept. 15, 1916 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 14829, tidal flats of Penobscot

324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

River, Bangor, Maine, September 7, 1916 (Field; Gray; Kew;
N. Eng.); iidem 14830, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Gray; N. Eng.;
forma capitulis radiatis quam forma discoidea sub num. 14829 lecta
rarior); iidem 14831, tidal mud flats at mouth of Reed Brook,
Hampden, Maine, September 8, 1916 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.); iidem
14832, tidal mud flats, mouth of Reed Brook, Hampden, Maine,
September 8, 1916 (Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 14833, tidal mud
flats at mouth of Souadabscook Stream, Hampden, Maine, September
11, 1916 (Gray; Phila.); iidem 14834, eodem loco et tempore (Gray;
N. Eng.; Phila.); M.L.Fernald & H. K. Svenson 1100, tidal mud,
North River, Hanover, Massachusetts, October 6, 1928 (Gray);
Kate Furbish, Cow Isl., Topsham, Maine, August, 1910 (N. Eng.);
J. M. Macoun, Rupert House, James Bay, etc. (type, Can.); Marie-
Victorin 15458, shores, in the intercoastal zone, Saint-Francois de
1'Ile d'Orleans, Quebec, August 24, 1922 (Gray); A. H. Norton,
Nonesuch River, Scarborough, Maine, August 20, 1919 (Gray;
N. Eng.); idem & Everett Smith, Abagadassett Point, Bowdoinham,
Maine, September 28-30, 1919 (Beam); H. K. Svenson & N. C.
Fassett 797, muddy tidal shores of Pleasant River, Columbia Falls,
Maine, August 28, 1923 (Gray); iidem 847, eodem loco et tempore
(Gray); iidem 848, tidal shores of Union River, Ellsworth, Maine,
August 29, 1923 (Gray); iidem 878, tidal shores of Narraguagus
River, Cherryfield, Maine, August 28, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 879, tidal
mud of Buctouche River, Coate Mills, New Brunswick, August 20,
1923 (Gray); R. A. Ware 4230, bank of Androscoggin River, Bruns-
wick, Maine, August 22, 1911 (N. Eng.).

On examination in 1916 of the cited specimens (Gray) of Bidens
colpophila, I made a careful study of them in the light of my drawings,
photographs, and notes taken the previous year from the three
small type plants (Can.) of B. hyperborea. My conclusion was that
they were conspecific. Later, Professor Fernald, who with Dr. H.
St. John had described B. colpophila, turned his attention again to
that species, reducing it to varietal rank under B. hyperborea. He
recognized also two other varieties of B. hyperborea, vars. cathancen-
sis and gaspensis. He gave (Rhodora 20: 146-150. 1918) an extended
discussion of B. hyperborea and these three varieties, with an analyti-
cal key for their determination. The vars. cathancensis and gaspensis
are here retained. Var. cathancensis is marked by its elongate, much
toothed leaves and in habit often approaches B. Bidentoides; var.
gaspensis by its tendency toward being depressed or matted1 and

1 The plant chosen for my plate did not have this depressed or matted habit
so pronounced.

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXVI

BIDENS MOLLIFOLIA Sherff

THE GENUS BIDENS 325

toward being much more highly branched for its size, the branches
usually being arcuate. Both varieties differ from the species proper
in having much larger achenes. The species proper has the "outer
achenes 4.2-5 mm. long; the inner 6-7 mm. long, with marginal awns
1.8-3 mm. long"; the two varieties each have the "outer achenes
6-8.5 mm. long; the inner 7.5-10 mm. long, with marginal awns
3-5 mm. long" (Fern. op. cit. 149).

In 1925, Fassett presented the results of further studies of B.
hyperborea and its varieties (Rhodora 27: 166-171). He followed
Fernald in retaining the var. colpophila, which he distinguished from
his (i.e., Fassett's) var. typica of B. hyperborea as follows:

"Plant simple and monocephalous: leaves oblanceolate and blunt,
entire or obscurely toothed var. typica.

Stem somewhat branching: leaves serrate var. colpophila."

When sheets of smaller specimens (e.g., Fassett 884) are studied,
practically all distinctions indicated in Fassett's key are obliterated.
The numerous specimens collected in recent years and labeled var.
colpophila appear to be merely what one would expect as to the
normal vegetative growth forms of B. hyperborea proper (i.e., var.
typica Fass.).1 Apparently, considerations of geographic isolation
were relied upon by Fernald and later by Fassett. When the so-
called colpophila form was known, as it at first was, only from Maine,
these geographic considerations were of somewhat more force than
now, when admittedly (and so listed by Fassett, loc. cit.) colpophila
material has been collected as far north as New Brunswick and at
least as far south as Massachusetts.

Fassett (Rhodora 27: 171. 1925) has described an apparent
hybrid between this species and B. cernua L., having "the habit of B.
hyperborea, and the achenes of B. cernua."2

1 The three slender, unbranched type plants of B. hyperborea have some of
the leaves missing, but several leaves still remain (one plant has four) and these
approach very closely the leaves on certain small, undersized specimens of the var.
colpophila. A study of Fernald's analytical key (op. cit. 149) shows that he, as
well as myself, failed to find any achenial distinctions for his var. colpophila. His
vegetative distinctions there given would seem to connote, as do those given later
by Fassett, merely different degrees of vegetative growth. Thus, for example,
Fernald( op. cit. 148) emphasized the "absolutely simple monocephalous habit"
of the B. hyperborea types; but a number of so-called colpophila collections more
recently made have one or many plants of this habit (e.g., Fassett 848 and 2111;
Svenson & Fassett 889). Since Macoun, in his collecting, failed to save any but
the three small specimens that Greene later took for his (Greene's) type of B.
hyperborea, obviously, for comparison (and if we disregard for the moment all
geographic considerations) we must select colpophila specimens of a growth stage
equivalent to that in the Macoun material.

! Norton, Welden, & Haren, Nonesuch River, Scarborough, Maine, September
25, 1924 (type, Gray: cotype, N. Eng.); A. H. Norton, eodem loco, August 20, 1919
(Gray).

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bidens hyperborea var. ft. cathancensis Fern.
Rhodora 20: 149. 1918.

Herba 3-7 dm. alta, ramis valde adscendentibus. Folia mem-
branacea costa central! subtus perspicua, apice longe attenuata,
principalia 0.6-1.4 dm. longa, dentibus acribus gracilibusque ad
basim raro 0.5 mm. latitudine excedentibus, numerosis. Involucri
bracteae exteriores 4-9, saepius lineares raro lanceolatae, apice acutae
vel acuminatae, margine integrae, 1.5-3.5 cm. longae. Achaenia
exteriora corpore 6-8.5 mm. longa et 1.4-1.7 mm. lata, interiora
corpore 7.5-10 mm. longa et 1.2-1.6 mm. lata, aristis mine 2 nunc
usque ad 4, marginalibus 3-5 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Bay-
ard Long, No. "14927" (surely a misprint for 14827), tidal mud flats of
Cathance River, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from estuaries of southern Maine.

Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 74, soft mud of tidal flats,
just below high tide level, Bowdoinham, August 26, 1920 (Gray);
idem (similiter) 74, atque 75, bordering mud flats at high tide level,
Bowdoinham, September 2, 1920 (Field); idem 160, tidal shores of
Kennebec River, East Bowdoinham, August 24, 1921 (Gray); idem
191, muddy shores, submersed at high tide, west shore of Kennebec
River, Bowdoinham, August 24, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 192, tidal
mud along Muddy River, Bowdoinham, August 23, 1921 (N. Eng.);
idem 910, tidal shores of Merrymeeting Bay, Bowdoinham, August
23, 1921 (Gray); idem 911, tidal shores, mouth of West Branch,
Bowdoinham, August, 1921 (Gray); idem 2117 and 2119, tidal shores
of Kennebec River, Hatch's Corners, West Dresden, September 9,
1924 (Gray); idem 2121, tidal shores of Eastern River, Dresden,
September 13, 1924 (Gray) ; M. L. Fernald & Bayard Long 295, tidal
flats, Bowdoinham, September 19, 1906 (Del.; Phila.); iidem 14825,
tidal mud flats of Cathance River, Bowdoinham, September 14 and
19, 1916 (Cop.; Gray; N. Eng.); iidem 14827, eodem loco et tempori-
bus (doubtless type material; Gray; N. Eng., 2 sheets); iidem 14828,
eodem loco et temporibus (Gray; N. Eng.).

Bidens hyperborea var. 7. arcuans Fern.
Rhodora 25: 44. 1923.

Herba 2-3 dm. alta, caulibus ramosis, ramis imis decumbentibus
vel arcuato-adscendentibus. Folia membranacea, attenuato-acu-
minata, argute serrata, principalia 0.6-1.3 dm. longa, costa subtus
prominente. Capitula 15-30-flora. Involucri bracteae exteriores

THE GENUS BIDENS 327

3-5, lineari-lanceolatae, acutae, plus minusve serratae, 2-6 vel etiam
-8 cm. longae. Achaenia exteriora corpore 5-5.6 mm. longa et
± 2 mm. lata, interiora corpore 8.5-9.5 mm. longa et 1.8-2.4 mm.
lata, aristis plerumque 4, marginalibus 4-4.7 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and
Arthur Stanley Pease, No. 25321, tidal mud of Miramichi River,
Newcastle, New Brunswick, July 30, 1922 (Gray, 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality of Newcastle,
New Brunswick.

Specimens examined : Fernald & Pease 25321 (type, Gray, 2 sheets).

Bidens hyperborea var. 8. laurentiana Fass.
Rhodora27: 169. 1925.

Herba 1-3 dm. alta, subsimplex ramis adscendentibus supra vel
interdum etiam ramis tenuibus infra ramosa. Folia principalia
adscendentia, lanceolata, non attenuata, 3-11 cm. longa, dentata
1-5 jugis dentium basi 1 mm. latitudine excedentium. Involucri
bracteae exteriores 3-6, lanceolatae, obtusae, 1-3.5 (-4.5) cm. longae
et 1.5-5 (-8) mm. latae, plerumque integrae raro dentatae 1-2 jugis
dentium. Achaenia exteriora corpore 7-8 mm. interiora corpore
8-10 mm. longa, aristis 4, marginalibus 3.5-4 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Fr. Marie-Victorin, No. 15461, at
a little higher than the Bridge of Quebec, shores in the intercoastal
zone with Gentiana Victorinii, Cap-Rouge, Quebec, August 29, 1922
(Gray, 2 sheets).

Distribution : Provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.

Specimens examined: Marie-Victorin 15461 (type, Gray, 2
sheets); idem 21207, estuarine shores, Cap-Rouge, Quebec, August
19, 1925 (Gray, 2 sheets); Fr. Holland 15460, shores at Beauport,
near City of Quebec, Quebec, August 8, 1922 (Gray) ; H. K. Svenson
& N. C. Fassett 819, estuary of Jacquet River, Durham, New Bruns-
wick, August 17, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 846, tidal flats above Mirimichi
River, 5 miles above Newcastle, New Brunswick, August 19, 1923
(Gray) ; iidem 882, tidal shores of Eel River, Dalhousie, New Bruns-
wick, August 16, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 883, tidal shores of Tabusintac
River, Almwick, New Brunswick, August 18, 1923 (Gray); iidem
885, muddy tidal shore of Boyer River, St. Michel, Quebec, August
9, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem (similiter) 885, clayey tidal shores of St. Law-
rence River, Montmagny, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 886,
tidal shores of Kouchibouguacis River, Bretagne, New Brunswick,
August 20, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 887, tidal flats of Tetagouche River,

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bathurst, New Brunswick, August 17, 1923 (Gray); iidem 888,
tidal flats of Kouchibouguacis River, Charleton, New Brunswick,
August 20, 1923 (Gray); iidem 889, 893, 897, and 898, tidal flats of
Restigouche River, Restigouche County, New Brunswick, August
16, 1923 (Gray; num. 893 B. cernuae similis); iidem 896, tidal shores
of Mirimichi River, Newcastle, New Brunswick, August 19, 1923
(Gray); iidem 912, tidal flats of St. Lawrence River, St. Jean-Port-
Joli, Quebec, August 10, 1923 (Gray).

A very imperfectly understood variety. Some of the plants
determined by Fassett as belonging here are included by me under
var. gaspensis (e.g. Svenson & Fassett 881; Marie-Victorin 15459;
Collins, Fernald, & Pease, dead waters between Balde" and the Baie
des Chaleurs, Bonaventure River, Quebec, August 5-8, 1904; iidem
5871).

Bidens hyperborea var. e. Svensonii Fass.
Rhodora 27: 170. 1925.

Herba 1-2.5 dm. alta, ramis inferioribus arcuato-adscendentibus
var. gaspensem simulans vel subsimplex. Folia principalia patentia
vel adscendentia, apice obtusa, dentibus utrinque 1-3 grossis obtusis.
Involucri bracteae exteriores (2 vel) 3 vel 4, lanceolatae, apice ob-
tusae, utrinque dentatae dentibus obtusis 1 vel raro 2; interiores
apice plus minusve rotundatae, 7-9 mm. longae. Achaenia exteriora
corpore 6 mm. longa, interiora corpore 8 mm. longa, aristis 4, mar-
ginalibus 2.5-3 mm. longis.

Type specimen : Collected by Henry Knute Svenson and Norman
Carter Fassett, No. 936, tidal shores, Rimouski River, Rimouski,
Quebec, August 14, 1923 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from type locality of Rimouski,
Quebec.

Specimens examined: Svenson & Fassett 899, tidal estuary of
Rimouski River, Rimouski, August 14, 1923 (Gray); iidem 936
(type, Gray).

Bidens hyperborea var. f. gaspensis Fern. Rhodora 20: 150. 1918.
PI. LXXIV, figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m.

Herba humilis, plerumque depressa et ramosior, 0.5-2.5 dm. alta,
ramis plerumque arcuatis. Folia numerosa, subcarnosa, apice
obtusa, costa centrali obscura; principalia 1.5-6.5 cm. longa, integra
vel 1-2 jugis dentium crassorum instructa. Capitula numerosa
discoidea vel subradiata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-4, oblanceo-

THE GENUS BIDENS 329

latae, subobtusae, integrae vel dentatae, 2-6 cm. longae. Achaenia
iis var. cathancensis similia.

Type specimen: Collected by J. Franklin Collins, Merritt L.
Fernald, and Arthur S. Pease, sine num., submerged at high tide,
brackish shores about mouth of Dartmouth River, Gaspe* Peninsula,
Quebec, August 26 and 27, 1904 (Gray).

Distribution: Quebec.

Specimens examined: Collins, Fernald, & Pease, brackish shore,
submerged at high tide, alluvial islands at mouth of Bonaventure
River, Bonaventure Co., August 4, 1904 (Gray, 2 sheets); iidem,
brackish shores, submerged at high tide, mouth of St. John River,
Douglastown, August 23, 1904 (Gray) ; iidem, brackish shores about
mouth of Dartmouth River (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Can.;
Carn.; Cop.; Gray, 2 sheets; Kew); iidem, brackish pools and dead
waters near mouth of Dartmouth River, August 26-27, 1904 (Gray) ;
iidem 5871, dead waters, between Bald£ and Baie des Chaleurs,
Bonaventure River, Bonaventure Co., August 5-8, 1904 (Gray);
Marie-Victorin 15459, shores, Saint Francois de 1'Ile d'Orleans,
August 24, 1922 (Gray); J. Rousseau 25346, flats at Montmagny,
September 10, 1926 (Gray) ; Svenson and Fassett 881, rocky places,
tidal shores of the St. Lawrence River, Cap St. Ignace, August 9,
1923 (Gray).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIV

Bidens hyperborea, figs. 6, d, f, h, j, I: b, entire fruiting specimen,
X0.63; d, exterior involucral bract, X2.52; /, interior involucral
bract, X2.52; h, palea, X2.52;;, disc floret, X2.52; I, achene, X2.52;
all from type sheet.

Bidens hyperborea var. gaspensis, figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m: a, flowering
and fruiting specimen, X0.63; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.52;
e, interior involucral bract, X2.52; g, ray floret, X2.52; i, palea,
X2.52; k, disc floret, X2.52; m, achene, X2.52; all from Collins,
Fernald, and Pease, mouth of Bonaventure River, Bonaventure
County, Quebec, August 4, 1904, in Hb. Gray.

95. Bidens diversa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 159. 1923.
PL LXXV, figs, a, b, d-i.

Involucrum glabrum vel subglabrum, ligulis usque ad 6 mm. longis.

B. diversa sensu stricto.
Involucri bracteae exteriores ciliatae, ligulis 7-13 mm. longis.

var. /3. megaglossa.

330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Herba annua, erecta, gracilis, glabra, ramosa, 3-6 dm. alta, caule
tetragono. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto
3-6 cm. longa, bipinnata, segmentis paucis, linearibus, acriter cal-
loso-apiculatis, membranaceis, margine saepe revolutis, 0.3-1.2 mm.
latis. Capitula ramos terminantia, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis
usque ad 15 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 8-13 mm. lata
et 6-9 mm. alta. Involucri glabri vel subglabri bracteae valde
inaequales (diversae), exteriores 5-8, lineares, obtuse vel acriter
calloso-apiculatae, 1-2 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae, 4-5 mm.
longae. Flores ligulati circ. 6-8, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice
profunde incisi, 3-7 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura obcompressa,
atro-brunnea, lineari-oblonga, faciebus glabra, exalata, marginibus
et apice erecto-setosa, corpore circ. 5 mm. longa et usque ad 0.7
mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis circ. 1 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Antunes, No. 315, in forest at
altitude of 1,760 meters, Mounyino, Portuguese West Africa, March,
1901 (Berl., 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality of Mounyino,
Portuguese West Africa.

Specimens examined: Antunes 315 (type, Berl., 2 sheets).

The species may be noted especially for its small flowering heads,
the inequality of the exterior and interior involucral bracts, and the
sharply and deeply bilobed ligules. It is close to Bidens paupercula,
but is easily distinguished by the characters of the rays and involucre.

Bidens diversa var. 0. megaglossa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92:202. 1931.

PI. LXXV, fig. c.

A specie bracteis exterioribus ciliatis, ligulis 7-13 mm. longis differt.

Type specimen: Collected by Newton, at Biballa, Serra da Chella,
Angola, June 3, 1883 (Berl., 2 sheets).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in Angola.

Specimens examined: Newton, Biballa, Serra da Chella, etc.
(2 type sheets, Berl.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXV

Bidens diversa, figs, a, b, d-i: a, flowering specimen, X0.62; b,
exterior involucral bract, X6.23; d, interior involucral bract, X6.23;
e, ray floret, X6.23;/, palea, X6.23; g, disc floret, X6.23; h, i, achenes,
X6.23; all from 1st type sheet.

Bidens diversa var. megaglossa, fig. c: exterior involucral bract,
X6.23; from type.

THE GENUS BIDENS 331

96. Bidens Schaffneri (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913.

PI. LXXVI.

Coreopsis Schaffneri Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 15. 1884.

Herba plerumque erecta, e radice perenni vel forsan saepius
omnino annua, pallide viridis, glaberrima, 6-9 dm. alta; caulibus
tetragonis, ramosis, gracilibus. Folia late petiolata petiolis 0.8-2
cm. (vel ultra) longis, petiolo adjecto 4-11 cm. longa, alia integra
alia pinnatim 3-5-partita; laminis vel foliolis anguste linearibus,
membranaceis vel oculis saepe fere subcarnosis, integerrimis, apice
acutis, 2-9 cm. longis, 0.6-1.6 mm. latis. Capitula corymboso-
paniculata, radiata vel rarius discoidea, pansa ad anthesin 1.3-1.7
cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-6
cm. longis. Involucrum basi pubescens; bracteis exterioribus 6-8,
anguste linearibus, apice acutis et mucronulatis, ciliatis, 3-5 mm.
longis, interiores lanceolatas saepe aequantibus. Flores ligulati
aurei, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice denticulati vel subintegri,
7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia lineari-clavata et inferne attenuata,
obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, supra antrorsum plus minusve setu-
losa, corpore 3.5-6.5 mm. longa, plerumque breviter biaristata; aris-
tis fere levibus, 0.2-0.6 mm. longis, demum interdum deciduis.

Type specimen: Collected by J. G. Schaffner, No. 202 pro parte,
Valley of San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, August,
1876 (Gray).

Distribution: Central Mexico from states of Durango and San
Luis Potosi southward to states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Hidalgo.

Specimens examined: A. Duges 9, State of Guanajuato, 1906
(Gray); Edward Palmer 268, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango,
April-November, 1896 (Calif.; U.S.); idem & C. C. Parry 488, alt.
1,800-2,400 meters, probably near San Luis Potosi, State of San
Luis Potosi, 1878 (Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; Par.); iidem
488}/£, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; N.Y.;
Par.); C. G. Pringle 11487, wet places, Nopala Station, Hidalgo,
September 3, 1903 (BerL; Cop.; Kew; U.S.; forma involucri bracteis
exterioribus interdum 12-16, aristis interdum longioribus et omnino
nudis) ; J. N. Rose 2530 p.p., near Huejuquilla, Jalisco, August 24, 1897
(U.S.); idem 2605, road between Mesquites and Monte Escobedo,
Jalisco, August 26, 1897 (U.S.); J. G. Schaffner 202 (hb. A. Vigner
No. 642) pro parte (type, Gray: cotypes, Brit.; Mun.; N.Y.); idem
(similiter) 202, eodem loco, 1879 (BerL); idem 203 (hb. A. Vigner
No. 643) pro parte, eodem loco, October, 1879 (Boiss.; Brit.; N.Y.).

332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Evidently placed by Gray in Coreopsis merely because of the
practically smooth awns of the achenes. In general habit, also in the
shape of the achenes (which are tetragonal and lack wings), Gray's
type is a true Bidens. The associate types collected by Parry and
Palmer (488 and 488^, not "448 and 448 }/%" as erroneously printed
in Gray's original citation), in the Gray Herbarium, match very
well Schaffner's No. 202, ibid., the type. In the Boissier Herbarium,
Schaffner 203 is accompanied on the sheet with additional material
which is true Bidens angustissima H.B.K. Elsewhere (Brit.; Gray;
Mun.), additional sheets of this number are entirely B. angustissima.
Gray's description of the root as perennial may have sprung from
some similar confusion (Gray did in fact actually compare his plant
with B. angustissima, "facie Bidentis angustissimae"). Where the
basal portions have been available in the herbarium, they have
seemed to connote an annual habit.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVI

Bidens Schaffneri: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.60;
6, exterior involucral bract, X 5.43 ; c, interior involucral bract, X 5.43 ;
d, ray floret, X3.62; e, palea, X5.43; /, disc floret, X6.2; g (outer),
h (inner), achenes, X3.62; all from Parry & Palmer 488, in Hb. Mo.

97. Bidens Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC. Prodr. 5: 603. 1836.

PI. LXXVII.

Coreopsis Ferulaefolia Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 65, pL 375. 1798.
Coreopsis ferulacea Hort. ex Enum. Stirp. in Horto Acad. Pisano Viv.

Ann. 1801 (probabiliter).

Coreopsis incurva Moench, Meth. Suppl. 245. 1802 (fide auctorum).
Bidens procera D. Don, Bot. Reg. 8: 684, pL 684. 1822.
Coreopsis angustifolia Pa von ex D. Don, loc. cit.
Kerneria Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 473. 1827.
Coreopsis Ferulifolia Jacq. ex Ind. Lond. 2: 294. 1930.
Achaenia corpore 4-6 mm. longa, compacte adgregata, 2-aristata.
Achaenia quam paleae maturae interdum breviora; aristis inter-

dum deciduis B. Ferulaefolia sensu stricto.

Achaenia quam paleae maturae saepius breviora; aristis multo

saepius deciduis var. 7. ludens.

Achaenia corpore plerumque circ. 8 mm. longa, laxe adgregata, saepe

3- vel 4-aristata var. /3. Foeniculaefolia.

Herba annua vel biennis, erecta, 0.3-1 (-2.5) m. alta; caule
subobtuse tetragono, glabro vel supra parce pubescenti, ramoso

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXVII

BIDENS ABADIAE DC. (figs, a, c-i); var. PILOSOIDES Sherff (fig. 6)

" tf tfti

THE GENUS BIDENS 333

ramis suberectis, teretiusculis vel angulatis. Folia petiolata petiolis
0.5-2.5 cm. (vel ultra) longis, petiolo adjecto 5-8 (-17) cm. longa,
glabra vel hispidula, saepe inconspicue ciliata, membranacea vel
fere subcarnosa, summa pinnata, inferiora bi- vel subtripinnata;
segmentis anguste vel mediocriter linearibus, sub apice acutis vel
subobtusis, apice mucronulatis. Capitula terminalia, erecta, corym-
bosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.2-3.3 cm. lata et 6-9 cm. alta,
tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis pilosiusculis, 1-6 cm. longis.
Involucrum basi saepe hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 8-10, lineari-
bus, ciliatis, extrinsecus glabratis vel pubescentibus, apice obtusis
vel mucronulatis, 2.5-4 mm. longis; interioribus ovato-lanceolatis,
late et perspicue diaphano-marginatis, quam exterioribus paulo
longioribus. Flores ligulati 5, aurei, ligula late elliptici vel ovato-
oblanceolati, saepe tridenticulati, 1.1-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia
lineari-cuneata, nigrescentia, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana,
angulis erecte scabrida vel tuberculato-strigosa, corpore 4-6 mm.
longa, exalata, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, flavidis, retrorsum hamo-
sis, 1-2 mm. longis, interdum deciduis.

Type specimen: Cultivated at Schonbrunn, Austria, from
achenes of unknown geographic origin. The plants were raised in
the open air during the summer. Given the shelter of a hothouse,
they bloomed in November and December.1

Distribution: Southern Arizona southward through western
Mexico to the states of Mexico and Jalisco, and very rarely into
Guatemala.

Specimens examined : Bro. G. Arsene, near Laguna de San Balta-
sar, vicinity of Puebla) State of Puebla, Mexico, August 16, 1906
(U.S.); idem, Mayorazgo, vicinity of Puebla, eodem tempore (U.S.);
idem 102, alt. 2,170 meters, Cerro San Juan, vicinity of Puebla,
August 5, 1906 (U.S.); idem 1410, alt. 2,120 meters, Mayorazgo,
upon the Atoyac, vicinity of Puebla, July 18, 1907 (U.S.); idem 2414,
alt. 1,850 meters, road of the Park, vicinity of Morelia, Michoacan,
Mexico, August 1, 1909 (U.S.); idem 3080, alt. 1,900 meters, flooded
places, vicinity of Morelia, October 3, 1909 (Gray); idem 10165,
between haciendas Santa Barbara and Cristo, upon the Alseseca,

1 1 do not appear to have found type material of this at Vienna, either at the
Hofmuseum (Mus. V.) or at the University of Vienna's Herbarium (U.V.) in the
Vienna Botanical Garden. However, the plant listed below as having been culti-
vated by Jacquin's son in 1809 (and given to DeCandolle) and now at the Delessert
Herbarium, matches the type plate very closely. Then, too, the specimen from
the elder Jacquin's own herbarium, although raised at the Vienna Botanical
Garden (Hort. Vindob.) instead of the Schonbrunn Garden, a short distance away,
was undoubtedly from the original material or from a lineal descendant.

334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

vicinity of Puebla, June 27, 1907 (U.S.); E. Bourgeau 502 pro parte,
Guadalupe Hidalgo, State of Mexico, August 23, 1865-1866 (Berl.;
Boiss.; Gray; Kew; U.S.) and July 10, 1865 (Kew); ex herb. Fauchei
50 (Boiss.); C. V. Hartman 47, in ditch, Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico,
September 25, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 834, San Pedro, Sonora, September
14, 1890 (Gray); idem 961, between San Pedro and Fronteras,
Sonora, September 20-24, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 991, Fronteras, Sonora,
September 25-29, 1890 (Gray); ex Hort. BeroL, 1858 (Berl.); ex
eodem, July 18, 1863 (Berl.); ex Hort. Dresd., July 18, 1878 (Berl.);
ex Hort. Bot. Monac., 1845 (Mun., 4 sheets) ; ex Hort. Duds Orleansis,
Paris, 1820 (Mus. V.); ex Hort. Par. (Del., 2 sheets); ex eodem,
November 1, 1814 (Kew); ex Hort. Pelon., November, 1819 (Kew);
ex herb. Jacquinii ex Hort. Vindob. (Mus. V.); Jacquin fil., cult, in
1809 (Del.); J. G. Lemmon 332, southern Arizona, 1881 (Gray);
idem 2767 et 2769, near Fort Huachuca, Arizona (Gray); idem &
uxor, Rucker Valley, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881
(Brit.; Calif.); iidem 2768, spring at "Hermitage," eodem loco et
tempore (Calif.); Edward Palmer 316 and 393, southwestern Chi-
huahua, August-November, 1885 (Gray; in Phila. num. 393 caulis
folia superiora pro maxima parte indivisa, angusto-elongata et faciem
faciei B. aureae adpropinquantem habet); idem 425, Guadalajara,
Jalisco, July-October, 1886 (U.V.); idem 426, eodem loco et tempore
(Boiss.; Mo.; U.S.); idem 668, 672, 677, and 682, vicinity of Durango,
State of Durango, April-November, 1896 (668, Calif, and Gray;
672, U.S.; 677, Berl. and Gray; 682, Mo., 2 sheets, and Gray);
idem 933, wet bottoms along watercourses, eodem loco, July-
November, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Gray; Mo., 2 sheets); ex
herb. Pavonii (Boiss., sub nom. Coreopside tripinnatifida) ; idem,
Mexico (Boiss.); C. G. Pringle 136, Mexico (Gray); idem 758, wet
meadow, Sacramento Valley, Mexico, September 27, 1886 (Berl.);
J. N. Rose 2530 p.p., Huejuquilla, Jalisco, August 24, 1897 (Gray) ;
J. T. Rothrock 671, Sonoita Valley, southern Arizona, September,
1874 (Gray); Osbert Salvin, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, August,
1873 (Kew); J. G. Schaffner, near San Angel, Mexico, September,
1855 (Gray; N.Y.); idem 202 p.p., Morales Mts., Valley of San Luis
Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, October, 1880 (Kew; forma, uno
achaenio corpore 12.5 mm. longo, aristis 3-3.3 mm. longis); idem
213, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Berl.; Gray); Schmitz,
along railroad from Guadalupe, State of Mexico (Mus. V., 2 sheets) ;
Walther Schumann 6, Mexico, September 20, 1884 (Berl.); idem
108, river bank, Mexico, September 10, 1885 (Berl., 2 sheets; U.V.);

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXVIII

BIDENS BRANDEGEEI Sherff (figs, a-fc)
BIDENS CANESCENS Bertol. (figs, l-s)

OF THt
UNIVERSITY Of IlilNQI*

THE GENUS BIDENS 335

idem 109, Mexico, 1885 (Berl., 2 sheets); George Thurber 1102 p.p.,
Sonora, September 11, 1851 (Field; Gray); J. W. Tourney 58, Chiri-
cahua Mts., Arizona, July 26, 1899 (Calif.); C. H. T. Townsend &
C. M. Barber 315, alt. 2,160 meters, State of Chihuahua, September 6,
1899 (Boiss.; Mo.); Charles Wright 1232, Sonora, 1851 (Gray; Mo.,
sub num. 12326t's); ex herb. Zuccarinii, cult. 1817 (Mun.).

The type of Bidens procera D. Don had been raised from seed sent
by Don Jose" Pavon to Lambert. Pavon had received the material
from Mexico, but the exact locality in Mexico is not stated by Don.
I have not knowingly seen the Lambert Herbarium specimens which
Don cited, but have studied carefully an original specimen from
Pavon's own herbarium (Boiss.). This agrees with Don's descrip-
tion and plate fairly well, the chief differences being attributable to
the fact that Don based his description mainly upon the taller and
more robust cultivated plants. Thus, early in his description, Don
described his plant as "orgyalis v. ultra," and later he described it
as "6 or 8 ft. high." I have seen no spontaneous specimens that
measured nearly so tall as in Don's cultivated plants. These latter,
however, are seen from Don's description and plate to match the
original plate and the various cultivated specimens, extant in
European herbaria, of B. Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC.

Most of the spontaneous specimens have a low stature (5-8 dm.
high) and slender branches; very rarely have they been found to
resemble the cultivated plants (illustrated especially well in Jac-
quin's plate), and then they appear to have grown in an aqueous
habitat.

Bidens Ferulaefolia var. /3. Foeniculaefolia (DC.) Sherff, Bot.

Gaz. 81: 39. 1926. PI. LXXVIII, figs. a-i.
Bidens Foeniculaefolia DC. Prodr. 5: 603. 1836.
Coreopsis foeniculacea Moc. & Sesse" ex DC. loc. cit.
Bidens carpodonta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 25. 1917.

A specie differt: habitu minus robusta, pilosior, foliorum seg-
mentis angustioribus. Achaenia pauciora, laxe adgregata, corpori-
bus plerumque circ. 8 mm. longis et circ. 0.6 mm. latis, aristis saepe
3 vel 4.

Type specimen: Collected by Mr. Mendez, west of Guanajuato,
District of Leon, State of Guanajuato, Mexico, in 1829 (Del.).1

1 Alaman collected separate specimens at the same place and time. Mendez
and Alaman each collected additional plants south of Guanajuato. DeCandolle
had four sheets in his herbarium. He clearly had both the Mendez and the Alaman
plants, but only those from the west of Guanajuato, in mind when writing his

336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Distribution: In Mexico from the State of Sonora southeastward
to the State of Guanajuato, and, if a specimen purporting to be by
Nicolas is truthfully labeled (cf. Standley, Science, new ser. 65:
130-133. 1927), further southeastward to the State of Puebla.

Specimens examined: Alaman, west of Guanajuato, Distr.
of Leon, State of Guanajuato, 1829 (Del.); idem 26, south of Guana-
juato, 1829 (Del.; Par.; Webb) ; Josiah Gregg 397, Mexico, September
1, 1848-1849 (Gray; Mo.); Mendez, west of Guanajuato, etc. (type,
Del.), and south of Guanajuato (Del.); Edward Palmer 681, vicinity
of Durango, State of Durango, September, 1896 (Berl.; Kew; Mo., 2
sheets, etc.) ; George Thurber 1102 p.p., Sonora, September, 1851 (Field) .

Asa Gray suspected Bidens Foeniculaefolia DC. of belonging to
B. procera (Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2: 298. 1884; cf. Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 16.
1884). The resemblance is very close, but B. Foeniculaefolia tends to
have a more wiry aspect, with narrower leaf divisions and more
pubescence. The achenes are less numerous and less compactly
arranged in the heads than those of typical B. procera, or B. Ferulae-
folia as we must call it. Furthermore, their bodies average about
8 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide, while the bodies of B. Ferulaefolia
are usually shorter and wider than this. The aristae are usually 2,
but at times 3 or 4,1 while in B. Ferulaefolia they seem constantly 2.
At the most, B. Foeniculaefolia does not exhibit enough differences
from B. Ferulaefolia to warrant more than varietal distinction.

Bidens Ferulaefolia var. 7. ludens (Gray) Sherff,
Bot. Gaz. 81: 39. 1926. PI. LXXVIII, figs. j-s.

Bidens ludens Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 390. 1886.

A specie vix differt. Achaeniorum aristae plus valde deciduae
et achaenia ipsa saepius quam paleae maturae breviora.

Type specimen : Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 293,
on cool hillsides and along streams, northwest of Chihuahua, State
of Chihuahua, Mexico, October, 1885 (Gray).

Distribution: Known only from the widely separated states
of Chihuahua and Oaxaca, Mexico.

Specimens examined: E. W. Nelson 1438, alt. 1,650-2,250 meters,
Valley of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, September 20, 1894 (Gray; U.S.);

description ("in Mexico ad occid. urbis Guanaxuato in prov. Leonina leger. et
mecum comm. cl. Mendez et Alaman"). Technically, the Mendez plant from
west of Guanajuato would probably be best accepted as the actual type.

1 DeCandolle is seen, from his description ("biaristatis"), to have overlooked
the additional aristae on his own material.

THE GENUS BIDENS 337

Pringle 293 (type, Gray); idem 757 pro parte, mountains near
Chihuahua, State of Chihuahua, October 3, 1886 (Berl.; Brit.; Mo.;
U.V.); A. Wislizenus 178, mountains at Cosiquiriachi, west of Chi-
huahua, September 19, 1846 (Mo.).

Asa Gray, shortly before his death, applied the name B. ludens
to Pringle 293. Gray's type specimens do not differ much in general
appearance from B. procera, which, as we have seen above, is refer-
able to the earlier synonym B. Ferulaefolia. The fruiting heads,
however, are noticeable because most of the achenes lack or have
dropped their aristae.1 In certain of the foregoing collections cited
for B. Ferulaefolia proper, particularly some of Palmer's plants,
there are heads in which most of the achenes have likewise lost their
aristae. Indeed, Don had noted this as one of the characters of his
B. procera.2 Another character noted in Gray's type material is the
usually greater proportionate length of the mature paleae. In most
of the heads they are longer than the achenes, but on the same plant
some heads may be found with exceptionally long achenes, these
surpassing the paleae. Evidently Gray's B. ludens is best regarded
as merely a variety of B. Ferulaefolia, if indeed entitled to rank
higher than just a forma.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVII

Bidens Ferulaefolia: a, flowering specimen, X0.66; b, exterior
involucral bract, X3.3; c, interior involucral bract, X3.3; d, ray
corolla, Xl.98; e, palea, X3.3;/, disc floret, X3.3; g, achene, X3.3;
all from Hort. Pelon., November, 1819, in Hb. Kew.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVIII

Bidens Ferulaefolia var. Foeniculaefolia, figs, a-i: a, entire flower-
ing and fruiting specimen, X0.58; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.49;
c, interior involucral bract, X3.49; d, ray corolla, X3.49; e, palea,
X3.49;/, disc floret, X3.49; g (outer), h and i (inner), achenes, X3.49;
all from Palmer 419 (cotype of Bidens carpodonta Sherff), in Hb. U.S.

Bidens Ferulaefolia var. ludens, figs, j-s: j, flowering and fruiting
specimen, X0.58; k, exterior involucral bract, X3.49; I, interior
involucral bract, X3.49; m, ray corolla, X3.49; n, palea, X3.49; o,
disc floret, X3.49; p (average outer), q (average inner), r and s
(extremely longest inner), achenes, X3.49; j, mainly from cotype

1 " . . . aristis subulatis . . . (persistentibus vel deciduis)." — Gray, loc. cit.

2" . . . aristis . . . deciduis . . . having flat cuneiform seed with deciduous (not
permanent) awns." — Don, loc. cit.

338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

in Hb. Field, modified slightly from Pringle 757, in Hb. Field; k-l,
n-s, from cotype in Hb. Field; m, from Pringle 757, in Hb. Field.

98. Bidens Coreocarpoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 185. 1935.

Herba glabrata, ramosa, erecta e radice simplici tamen forsan
perennis, ± 3 dm. alta, ramis tenuibus suberectis. Folia non per-
spicua, pinnatim 3- vel 5-partita vel summa simplicia, breviter
petiolata petiolis plus minusve hispido-ciliatis 2-8 mm. longis,
petiolo adjecto 1.5-3 cm. longa, segmentis rhachi similibus linearibus
crassiusculis acriter indurato-apiculatis 0.4-1 mm. latis. Capitula
elongato-pedunculata pedunculis subcorymbose dispositis tenuissi-
mis saepius nudis plerumque 8-12 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad
anthesin circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucrum
glabrum, bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, adpressis, oblongo-linearibus,
apice subacuto induratis, quam interioribus oblongo-ovatis dimidio
brevioribus. Flores ligulati plerumque 8, flavi, circ. 7-nervati,
ligula plus minusve oblongi, apice denticulati, 7-9 mm. longi. Flores
disci sub 3 mm. longi. Ovaria plana, oblongo-linearia vel cuneato-
linearia, corpore ± 1.5 mm. longa, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum
hamosis.

Type specimen: Collected by Edward William Nelson and
Edward Alphonso Goldman, No. 7389, at altitude of 15-60 meters,
from Cape San Lucas to San Jose del Cabo, southernmost Baja
California, January 4, 1906 (U.S.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in southernmost
Baja (Lower) California.

Specimens examined: Nelson & Goldman 7389 (type, U.S.).

99. Bidens Townsendii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 363. 1930.
PI. LXXIX.

Herba annua, erecta, subsimplex, 8-10 dm. alta, caule acriter
tetragono glabra. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 2.5 cm.
longis, petiolo adjecto circ. 8-10 cm. longa, 1-2-pinnata; segmentis
primariis lateralibus circ. 2 jugis, superioribus simplicibus inferioribus
saepius tripartitis, segmentis secundariis lanceolatis membranaceis
acriter serratis adpresse setosis, apice acuminatis, sub medio circ.
0.7-1.7 cm. latis. Capitula pauca, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis
3-6 cm. longis, subradiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 1.2 cm. lata et circ.
6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae subaequales exteriores 8-12, anguste
lineares, superne non spathulato-dilatatae, apice acerrimo induratae,
3-6 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae. Flores ligulati ± 5, rudi-

THE GENUS BIDENS 339

mentarii, ligula obovati, albidi vel subrosacei, plus minusve per-
spicue striati, circ. 4 mm. longi. Achaenia exalata, exteriora clavata,
obcompresso-tetragona, rubido-nigra, hinc inde saepe sparsim setosa,
corpore circ. 4-4.5 mm. longa et 1-1.2 mm. lata, apice calva vel
biaristata, aristis stramineis retrorsum hamosis circ. 0.5 mm. longis;
interiora tenuiter linearia, corpore usque ad 11 mm. longa, nigra,
supra marginaliter setosa, biaristata aristis stramineis retrorsum
hamosis 1-1.5 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry Tyler Townsend and
Charles Melvin Barber, No. 415, near Chuichupa in the Sierra Madre,
State of Chihuahua, Mexico, September 6, 1899 (N.Y.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality in State of Chi-
huahua, Mexico.

Specimens examined: Townsend & Barber 415 (type, N.Y. : cotypes,
Gray; Mo.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIX

Bidens Townsendii: a, flowering specimen, X0.7; 6, fruiting head,
X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.6; d, interior involucral bract,
X5.6; e, ray corolla, X5.6;/, palea, X5.6; g, disc floret, X5.6; h and
i (outer), j (inner), achenes, X5.6; a, c-j, from cotype in Hb. Mo.; b,
from type.

100. Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 313. 1915
(ex synon. Ait. nee alior.) ; ibid. 81: 42. 1926. PI. LXXX.

Coreopsis aurea Ait.1 Hort. Kew 3: 252. 1789 (non aliorum).

Bidens mexicana Willd. Herb. No. 15034-1 (nee alior.).

Bidens heterophylla Ortega, Hort. Matr. 99, pi. 12. 1798.

Coreopsis lucida Cav. Descrip. 224. 1802.

Coreopsis nitida Hort. R. M. ex Elenchus PI. Hort. Bot. J. J. De-

stremx ann. 1805: 10. 1806.

Bidens heterophilla Ort. ex Elenchus, loc. cit. (sphalm).
Bidens luxurians Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 847. 1809 (nee alior.).
Coreopsis trichosperma var. "/3. aurea?" Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818

(tantum quoad synon. Ait.).

Bidens argutaH.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 181 (231). 1820.
Bidens decolorata H.B.K. op. cit. 182 (233).
Coreopsis tetragona La Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descrip. 1: 31. 1824

(ex descrip. et loco).

1 Less commonly, but probably with greater justice, cited "Dryander in Aiton."

340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Bidens arguta var. luxurians (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 5: 596. 1836.

Bidens tetragona (La Llave & Lex.) DC. loc. cit.

Bidens longifolia DC. op. cit. 597.

Diodonta aurea (Ait.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360.

1841 (ex synon. Ait.).
Diatonta aurea (Ait.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 614. 1843 (ex synon.

Ait).
Bidens Warszewicziana Regel cum vars. a. simplicifolia, /3. pinnata,

and 7. bipinnata, Flora 32: 183-184. 1849.

Bidens heterophylla var. Wrightii Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 15.

1883; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 298. 1884.
Bidens heterophylla var. typica Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal.

Ital. 3:303. 1904.
Bidens aurea var. Wrightii (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 16. 1928.

Herba erecta, perennis vel interdum annua; caule tetragono,
simplici ramosove, viridi vel subpurpurascenti, plerumque 0.5-1 m.
alto. Folia submembranacea, plerumque petiolata petiolis plus
minusve alatis et 0.2-4 cm. longis, glabra vel interdum tomentula
vel supra debiliter pubescentia, petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longa,
maxime variabilia; nunc indivisa, linearia vel lanceolata vel etiam
elliptico-oblonga, serrata dentibus brevibus longisve vel interdum
subintegra, saepe acuminata; nunc 3-5-partita, foliolis lanceolatis
linearibusve (raro etiam capillaribus), acriter tenuiterque serratis
vel integris, imis interdum connatis ad apicem petioli ; nunc rarissime
bipinnata, segmentis linearibus et integris. Capitula radiata, pansa
ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 0.6-1 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae
exteriores 8-17, lineares, apice acuto induratae, hispido-ciliatae,
faciebus saepe glabrae, 3-6 mm. longae, bracteis interioribus sub-
aequales. Flores ligulati plerunlque 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula obovati,
apice subintegri vel irregulariter dentati, 1-3 cm. longi. Achaenia
cuneato-linearia, subtetragona, nigra vel subnigra, plus minusve
erecto-setosa setis ad basim saepe papilliformibus, corpore 4-7
mm. longa, apice biaristata; aristis flavidis, tenuibus, supra retrorsum
hamosis, 1.5-2.7 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected at Kew Gardens in 1785, from plants
cultivated there from seed introduced that year by Charles, Earl of
Tankerville. No particular specimen is cited as the type, but the
one in London (Brit.) clearly is from the type material.

Distribution: From southern Arizona southward through most
parts of Mexico and reaching the Volcan del Fuego and Volcan de

THE GENUS BIDENS 341

Pacaya, Guatemala; adventive in recent years and becoming estab-
lished in France and Italy.

Specimens examined: Alam&n, Mexico, 1831 (Del.); Alwin
Aschenborn 189 and 433, Mexico (Berl.); A. Beguinot 1378 (Burn.);
J. L. Berlandier 717, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, 1827 (type
material of Bidens longifolia DC.; Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Gray); idem
1001, Cordillera de Guchilaque (near Cuernavaca, Morelos), October,
1827 (Berl. ; Del. ; Mus. V. ; Par.) ; idem 1091, Toluca, State of Mexico,
October, 1827 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets); Mateo Botteri, Mexico, 1856
(Del.); E. Bourgeau 263, Tacubaya, State of Mexico, June 5-15,
1865 (Berl.; Cop.; Gray; Kew); idem 382fa's, ditches near Tacubaya,
June 13, 1865 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets, 1 sub num. 382); idem
502 pro parte, Guadalupe, State of Mexico, August 23, 1865 (Mun.);
idem 603, fields and ditches, Mexico, September 8, 1865-1866 (Kew) ;
idem 851, edges of fields at Pedregal, State of Mexico, September
12, 1865 (Berl.; Cop.; Gray; Kew; Mun.); idem 957, San Nicolas,
State of Mexico, September 27, 1865 (Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew);
idem 3084, region of Mt. Orizaba, Mexico, September 20, 1866
(Boiss.; Kew; Par., 3 sheets; Petrop.); idem 3084fo's and 3085, eodem
loco et tempore (Kew); T. S. Brandegee, banks of Cofradia River,
vicinity of Culiacan, Sinaloa, October 20, 1904 (Calif.; Gray); idem
323, San Francisquito Mts., Lower California, October 18, 1890
(Calif.; Gray; Phila.); Carl Ehrenberg 353, Mexico (Berl., 2 sheets,
1 sub nom. B. heterophylla var. polycephala Schz. Bip.); H. Galeotti
2486, alt. 2,100 meters, Cordillera, State of Oaxaca, 1840 (Del.);
August Ghiesbreght 112, Plateau of Mexico, 1842-1843 (Del.; Gray);
idem 380, moist plains of the cold region, September-October (Gray) ;
Josiah Gregg 256, Saltillo, Coahuila, July 14, 1848 (Mo.); C. V.
Hartman 198, ditch, Oputo, Sonora, October 26, 1890 (Kew; Penn.);
idem 833, San Pedro, Sonora, September 14, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 962,
between San Pedro and Fronteras, Sonora, September 20-24, 1890
(Gray) ; Carl Heller 389, meadows, alt. 2,400-2,700 meters, Toluca,
State of Mexico (Mus. V.); ex Horto Chelseae (Brit., sub. num. 3417);
ex Horto Kewensi, ann. 1785 (Brit., type material); Humboldt &
Bonpland, alt. 1,800 meters, temperate places near Morelia (formerly
Valladolid), Michoacan (Par.; type of Bidens arguta H.B.K.); iidem,
Morelia (Par.; type of Bidens decolorata H.B.K.); A. F. Jeanjean,
rocks of Massane*, Villeneuve, France, October, 1912 (Field) ; J. G.
Lemmon, Rucker Valley, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September,
1881 (Brit.) ; idem 59, Creek of San Antonio, Tucson, Arizona (Gray) ;
idem 2770, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, September, 1882 (Boiss.; Field;

342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

Kew; Petrop.); idem & uxor 86, Ajusco Mts., State of Mexico, 1905
(Calif.; Gray); Lloyd 408, canyon, Huehuerachi, Sonora, December
10, 1890 (Gray; Kew); L. Motelay 585, subspontaneous, Bordeaux,
France, November, 1877 (Del.; Par.; U.V.); idem 1676, muddy
banks of the Garonne River at Bordeaux, France, November 14,
1877 (Boiss.; Kew; Par.); Frederick Muller 911, Orizaba, Mexico,
September, 1853 (N.Y.); idem 1672, eodem loco, August, 1853 (Kew;
Petrop.); E. W. Nelson, Atlixco, State of Puebla, July 25-August 1,
1893 (U.S.) ; idem 612, alt. 2,310-2,400 meters, west slope of Mt. Zem-
poaltepec, Oaxaca, July 5-13, 1894 (U.S.); idem 754, vicinity of
Totontepec, Oaxaca, July 15-20, 1894 (U.S.); idem 4853, alt. 2,100-
2,250 meters, base of Mt. Mohinora, Chihuahua, August 23-31,
1898 (Gray) ; E. J. Neyraut, slope of right bank of Garonne River,
above wharf of the Souys, Bordeaux-Bastide, Dept. Gironde, France,
November 19, 1899 (Burn.); C. R. Orcutt 3714, Ajusco, State of
Mexico, August 20, 1910 (Kew) ; idem 4076, Federal District, October
16, 1910 (Field); idem 4125, Telles, Hidalgo, September 21, 1910
(Field) ; idem 4604, State of Colima, October 24, 1910 (Field) ; Edward
Palmer 49 and 49^, Alvarez, State of San Luis Potosi, September
5-10, 1902 (Cam.; Field; Mo.; N.Y.); idem 269, vicinity of Durango,
State of Durango, April-November, 1896 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew;
Mo.); idem 348, vicinity of Saltillo, Coahuila, 1898 (Field; Kew;
Mo.); idem 365, alt. 2,655 meters, Cumbro, southwestern Chihuahua,
October, 1885 (Gray; Kew); idem 425, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Sep-
tember, 1886 (Boiss.; Gray; forma prope B. Ferulaefoliam); idem
487, between San Luis Potosi and Tampico, December, 1878-
February, 1879 (Phila.); idem 516, vicinity of Mapimi, Durango,
October 21-23, 1898 (Calif.; Kew; Mo.); idem 516 J/6, vicinity of
Torreon, Coahuila, October 13-20, 1898 (Field); idem 634, near
Parras, Coahuila, June 8-28, 1880 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Phila.; U.V.);
idem 669, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, September, 1896
(Gray); idem 670, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Gray; Mo.); idem
671, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Kew; Mo.); idem
676 and 678, eodem loco, April-November, 1896 (Boiss.; Field;
Gray) ; idem 679 and 683, eodem loco, September, 1896 (Gray) ; idem
680, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Gray; Mo.); idem 684, eodem
loco, April-November, 1896 (Gray) ; idem 938, eodem loco, November,
1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem 939, wet bottoms
and fields, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Mo.);1 idem
940, rich bottom lands, eodem loco, October, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.;

1 An additional sheet of Palmer 939 (U.S.) bears material cultivated in green-
house from the original achenes. The foliage is much dissected.

THE GENUS BIDENS 343

Field; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets) ; idem 944, rich soil, eodem loco, November,
1896 (Gray); idem 1739, Mexico, September 25-October 8, 1891
(Field) ; R. Pampanini, Cozzuolo, Italy, November 4, 1899 (Del., 2
sheets; Webb) ; Parry & Palmer 487, alt. 1,800-2, 400 meters, Mexico,
1878 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Phila.); Ove Paulsen, alt. 1,500 meters, Oak
Camp Station, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, September 23, 1913
(Cop.); G. Pellanda, moist fields and ditches, alt. 10 meters, Valley
of Pompeii, Naples (Napoli), Campania, Italy, November 4, 1912
(Field); idem (Fiori & Beguinot Fl. Ital. Exsicc. No.) 1378, sandy soil,
subspontaneous and abundant in fields, ditches, alt. 15 meters,
between Valley of Pompeii and Scafati, Prov. Salerno, Campania,
November 4, 1908 (Field; Gray; U.V.); C. G. Pringle, by streams,
Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, May 9, 1883 (Del.; Field; U.V.); idem,
eodem loco, May 9, 1884 (U.V.) and June 16, 1884 (Cam.);1 idem
6783, wet places, alt. 2,190 meters, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico,
September 6, 1897 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.;
Mun. ; Mus.V. ; Phila. ; U.V., etc.) ; idem 8749, alt. 2,340 meters, borders
of fields, Eslava, State of Mexico, September 17, 1903 (Berl. ; Boiss. ;
Cam.; Cop.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Phila., etc.);
C. A. Purpus 1549, fields, Pachuca, Hidalgo, September, 1905 (Calif.;
N.Y.); idem 3828, wet soil, Rio de San Francisco, Puebla, August,
1909 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Mo.; N.Y.); J. N. Rose 2995, west of
Bolanos, in the Sierra Madre, Jalisco, September 15-17, 1897 (Gray);
J. T. Rothrock 705, alt. 1,350 meters, Camp Lowell, southern Arizona,
September, 1874 (Field; Gray); Salle, Orizaba, Mexico (Del., 2
sheets; Kew); Osbert Salvin, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, 1873-1874
(Mus. V.) ; Wilhelm Schaffner 168, marshy meadows near Chapultepec,
State of Mexico, August, 1856 (Berl.); J. G. Schaffner 384a, marshes,
etc., Valley of San Luis Potosi, 1880 (Gray; Kew); idem 3846, eodem
loco et tempore (Gray); Scherzer, alt. 2,700-3,300 meters, Volcan
de Pacaya, Guatemala, August, 1854 (Mus. V.); C. J. W. Schiede,
near Angangueo, Michoacan, October, 1830 (Berl., 2 sheets); Alb.
Schmitz 79, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Mus. V.) ; idem 541 p.p.,
Colzada near Piedad, State of Mexico (Mus. V.); Eduard & Caecilie
Seler 444, near Chapultepec, State of Mexico, November, 1887
(Berl.); iidem 475, near Tlalelolco, Federal District, January, 1888
(Berl.) ; Smart 411, San Pedro River, Arizona, 1867 (U.S.) ; L. C. Smith
304, alt. 1,530 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, November 14, 1894

1 Here may be mentioned Pringle 758, wet meadows, Sacramento Valley,
Chihuahua, September 27, 1886 (Berl., 2 sheets; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets;
Mus. V.; N.Y.; Penn.; Phila.; U.V., etc.). Some of the specimens (e.g., Kew,
Mus. V., and Penn.) appear to pass into Bidens Ferulaefolia.

344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

(Gray); idem 910, alt. 2,100 meters, near Puebla, State of Oaxaca,
November 6, 1895 (Gray); Uhde 644 and 646, Mexico (Berl.);
Charles Wright 1233, Sonora, 1851 (Gray) ; idem 1233fo's, eodem loco
(vel in Arizona australi fide A. Grayi Syn. Fl.), 1851-1852 (Kew).1

The name Coreopsis aurea Ait. has been associated by botanists
for more than a century with a plant native to the southeastern
United States. The description given by Aiton is rather short:
"aurea 2 Coreopsis foliis serratis: radicalibus tripartitis;

caulinis trifidis integrisve lanceolato-linearibus. Hemp-leav'd Coreop-
sis. Nat. of North America. Introd. 1785 by Charles Earl of Tan-
kerville. Fl. August & September. H. (Perennis)." The specimen
collected from the type plants in Kew Gardens in 1785 is still extant
in good condition in the British Museum of Natural History.2 This
specimen bears a superficial resemblance to the plant of the south-
eastern United States, Coreopsis mitis Michx., and, from the con-
fusion found in literature, appears to have deceived every botanist
who had examined it. I misinterpreted it in 1914 (Bot. Gaz. 59: 314.
1915). In 1924, however, having in the meantime determined many
hundreds of herbarium specimens of Bid ens heterophylla Ort., I
found immediately on reexamination that Aiton's type was merely
a cultivated form of that species. This surprising discovery led to
a careful search through the remains of the single flowering, worm-
eaten head. Two aristae were extracted. These both were retrorsely
barbed. Such aristae are entirely unknown in the species from the
southeastern United States, but are typical for B. heterophylla Ort.3
Obviously, the name aurea, published by Aiton nine years prior to
Ortega's heterophylla, and transferred to Bidens by me in 1915, must
be considered the valid trivial name for this well known species.

As stated in an earlier paper (Bot. Gaz. 76: 157. 1923), the Berlin
Herbarium contains several specimens under the name B. luxurians
Willd. One, from the Kunth Herbarium, was collected at the Berlin
Botanical Garden, apparently in 1806 4 or about three years before

1 A few additional specimens are cited in the text.

2 There is nothing mysterious about the Aiton material's being in this institu-
tion rather than at Kew. The Aiton plant had been carried, without doubt, to
Banks or Splander, then got into the Banksian Herbarium, and thus finally found
its way, with other Banksian specimens, into the British Museum of Natural
History (cf. James Britten, Journ. Bot. 50, Suppl. 3: 15. 1912).

3 Another specimen was found in the same herbarium and had come from the
old Chelsea Garden. It had the number 3417 and a copy of the original description
of Coreopsis aurea was upon the label. It had the same peculiar aspect as the Aiton
type, so much so that it might well have been gathered from the same plant. All
its achenial aristae were retrorsely barbed.

4 The date is given "1806-12," whence I assume that it was December, 1806.
There is the possibility, however, that 1806-1812 was intended.

THE GENUS BIDENS 345

the date of publication of B. luxurians. A second one was collected
in the same garden but the label bears no date. A third has a label
saying merely "ex horto?" A fourth is segregated in the Willdenow
Herbarium (No. 15019-1). These all are positively B. aurea.

Bidens tetragona (La Llav. & Lex.) DC. was described as being
very frequent in moist meadows and in deep excavations in the
environs of the City of Mexico. It had a tetragonal stem, lanceolate
leaves, eight yellow rays, etc. The "tetragonal stem" excludes the
lanceolate-leaved B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. of the vicinity of Mexico and
limits B. tetragona definitely to B. aurea.1

Bidens Warszewicziana was founded by Regel upon plants which
bloomed in the Botanical Garden at Zurich in the years 1848 and
1849, from seed collected by Julius Von Warszewicz in the region
of Guatemala. Three specimens in the Boissier Herbarium, from the
Geneva Botanical Garden, October, 1855, are B. aurea. A specimen
(U.V.) from the Botanical Garden of Vienna in 1869, obtained from
seed sent from the Botanical Garden at Prague in 1868, is likewise
B. aurea. Similarly, a specimen from the Leipsic Botanical Garden
in 1857 and several others, mainly from the Berlin Botanical Gar-
den (all in Berl.), are without exception B. aurea. Regel's description
of the species and its varieties shows that he relied largely upon the
capricious variations of the foliage for his distinctions and apparently
was unaware that these various forms had already been noted long
before under the well known but synonymous B. heterophylla.

Bidens arguta H.B.K. and B. decolorata H.B.K. are merely forms
with lanceolate, undivided leaves. B. longifolia DC. is likewise a
form of this species, having the leaves elongately linear-lanceolate.
The variation in foliage is so great as to be very deceptive at times.
Thus a single sheet often may be found (e.g., Pringle 758, U.V.)
with leaves varying from undivided and lanceolate to pinnate or
bipinnate and with segments lanceolate, linear or even capillary.

Bidens aurea var. Wrightii (Gray) Sherff is a form with especially
slender, even linear leaves and by some writers is recognized varie-
tally. It is typified, among the specimens cited, by Berlandier 717;
Bourgeau 502 pro parte (Mun.); Lemmon, Rucker Valley, etc.; idem
59; Orcutt 4604; Rothrock 705; Smart 411; C. Wright 1233 and 1233fo's.

Specimens of B. aurea in Italy are said (Prof. Renato Pampanini,
Florentiae, in mense Julio, ann. 1924, coram mihi testatus) to pro-
duce fertile achenes seldom, if ever, and to reproduce commonly
from a rhizome.

1 B. tetragona (La Llav. & Lex.) DC. is not to be confused with Kerneria tetra-
gona Moench, a species which reduces to Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip.

346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXX

Bidens aurea: a, b, lower and upper portions of flowering speci-
men, X0.6; c-e, diverse cauline leaves, X0.6; /, exterior involucral
bract, X3; g, interior involucral bract, X3; In, ray corolla, Xl.8;
i, palea, X3; ;, k, disc florets, X3; I, m, achenes, X3.6; a, 6, f-k, m,
from Pringle 6783, in Hb. Field; c, from Pringle 8749, ibid.; d, from
Rothrock 705, ibid. ; e, from Palmer 671, I, from Purpus 3828, ibid.

101. Bidens integrifolia Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.
4: 279. 1912. PI. LXXXI.

Herba glaberrima, erecta e radice repente, ± 8 dm. alta; caule
inferne subtereti et superne angulato, ramis tetragonis. Folia prin-
cipalia simplicia basi in petiolum 0.5-3 cm. longum sensim vel suba-
brupte angustata, petiolo adjecto 9-12 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata
(Brandegeeus usque ad 5 cm. longa, 2.5 cm. lata dixit inaccurate!),
oblongo-ovata vel saepius late oblongo-lanceolata, apice obtusa vel
subacuta, hie illic obsolete ciliata, membranacea, margine integra
vel raro 1-dentata; summa interdum tripartita, foliolo terminali
multo maximo. Capitula terminalia, subcorymbosa, pedunculata
pedunculis 5-9 cm. longis, radiata, 23-30-flora. Involucrum basi
sparsim hispidum, bracteis exterioribus 7-9, linearibus, acutis, ciliatis,
calloso-apiculatis, 4-6 mm. longis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis,
paulo (saepe circ. dimidio) longioribus. Flores ligulati pauci (circ. 5),
parvi, ligula elliptici, apice dentati, 5-7 mm. longi (an vidi matures?).
Achaenia linearia vel lineari-clavata, obcompresso-tetragona, nigra,
omnino 8-sulcata, infra glabra, supra sparsim breviterque hispidula,
corpore 3.6-5 mm. longa, longe biaristata, aristis flavidulis, retrorsum
hamosis, suberectis, 3.5-4 mm. longis.

Type specimen: Collected by Carl Albert Purpus, No. 5126,
along brooks near Guascama, Minas de San Rafael, San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, June, 1911 (Calif.).

Distribution: Known only from type locality, Guascama, Minas
de San Rafael, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Specimens examined: Purpus 5126 (type, Calif.: cotypes, Berl.;
Brit.; Field; Gray, 2 sheets; Mo.).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXI

Bidens integrifolia: a, entire flowering and fruiting specimen,
X0.61; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.87; c, interior involucral
bract, X4.87; d, ray corolla, X4.87; e, palea, X4.87; /, disc floret,
X4.87; g, anthers, X40; h, pollen grain, X460; i, upper portion of
pistil, X40;j, achene, X4.87; all from cotype, in Hb. Field.

THE LIBRARY OF THE

OCT8-1937

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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